THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY G30-7 . UWVERSHY i "TttRE LTBRARY CIRCULATING CHECK FOR UNBOUND CIRCULATING COPY Crop Yields From Illinois Soil Experiment Fields in 1933 Together With a General Summary for the Four- Year Period Ending in 1933 By F. C. BAUER Results from twenty-six fields are given in this bulletin UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 402 (May, 1934) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PA< 39 PART I. ROTATION SUMMARIES 42 Variations in Natural Productivity Levels 42 Response to Manure 44 Response to Crop Residues 45 Response to Limestone 47 Four-Ton Limestone Application Has Long-Time Effect 48 Response to Phosphate 49 . Response to Potash 51 Response to Limestone, Phosphate, Potash 51 Net Value of Crop Increases 53 Net Values for Total Yields 53 Most Effective Systems of Soil Treatment 55 Effect of Soil Treatment on Productivity Level 56 Relation of Soil Treatment to Crop Quality 57 PART II. CROP YIELDS FOR 1933 60 Aledo 60 Antioch 61 Bloomington 61 Carlinville 62-63 Carthage 63-65 Clayton 65-66 Dixon 66-67 Elizabethtown 67 Enfield 68 Ewing 69-71 Hartsburg 71-72 Joliet 72-73 Kewanee 74-75 Lebanon 76-78 McNabb 78 Minonk 79 Mt. Morris 80-^1 Newton 81-82 Oblong 83 Oquawka 83 Raleigh 84 Sparta 85-86 Toledo 87-88 Unionville 89 Urbana, Morrow Plots 90 Urbana, South Farm 90-91 West Salem 91 INDEX TO FERTILIZER AND TREATMENT MATERIALS.. . 91-92 Urbana. Illinois May, 1934 Publications in the Bulletin series report the results of investigations made by or sponsored by the Experiment Station Crop Yields From Illinois Soil Experiment Fields in 1933 Together With a General Summary for the Four-Year Period Ending in 1933 By F. C. BAUER, Chief, Soil Experiment Fields IOILS are somewhat like growing and aging human beings. Their ability to perform, that is to produce crops, and their require- ments for producing crops are constantly changing. The rapidity with which these changes take place depends, in a broad sense, on the quality of the materials from which a soil is formed, on the intensity of the weathering forces acting on these materials, and on the care exercised in management and treatment. Frequently these influences tend to impoverish soils and thus reduce performance. A successful agriculture cannot be established on impoverished soils. Soil management and treatment practices properly employed can do much to reduce variation in soil productivity and to uncover latent productivity that may exist. No single system of management or treatment, however, can be expected to give the best results on all soils, nor can a system that is effective on a particular soil at a particular time be expected to give the best results for all time to come. Systems of management and treatment must be adapted to the widely differing nature of soils and to their changing needs. Broadly speaking, farmers are interested in the simplest system of management that will give the most satisfactory results. In order to test the effectiveness of different systems of soil treat- ment on the yields of farm crops, the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station for a number of years has conducted field investigations in many sections of the state on extensive soil types differing widely in productiveness. Investigations along this line have been in progress at Urbana since 1876. The first of the present outlying soil experi- ment fields were established in the fall of 1901. Some of the original fields are still in operation ; some have been discontinued at one time or another for various reasons. During the crop season of 1933 twenty-six fields were in operation. Complete records from all the Illinois soil experiment fields up to and including 1924 were reported in Bulletin 273. Subsequent results have been reported annually in bulletin form. The present bulletin is 39 40 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, a continuation of this series. In the earlier bulletins the crop yields were presented merely as a matter of record, without comment or dis- cussion. In order, however, to give a better picture of the results as a whole, a general summary of the last rotation period on each field has been included in the more recent reports. In this bulletin a summary for the four-year period ending in 1933 is included as Part I. The crop yields for 1933 are presented in Part II. The tables in Part II, in addition to giving the 1933 yields for each crop in each series under each treatment, record the average yields of all crops for each treatment system in terms of pounds of digestible nutrients and indicate the ratio between the yields produced under treatment and those grown under no treatment. By means of the average yield figures one can readily observe the influence of any particular soil treatment in terms of all crops; while the ratio figures give one a direct measure of the relative importance of the various treatment systems in comparison with no treatment, the yields from the untreated plots being placed at 1.000. If one is interested in per- centage increases, he can readily determine them by subtracting 1.000 from any ratio figure and moving the decimal point two places to the right. Land left untreated as a check for the purpose of determining the value of the various treatment systems is provided by Plot 1 in the manure systems and Plot 5 in the residues systems. An index to the yields obtained with different fertilizer and treat- ment materials is given on page 91. Explanation of Symbols The following symbols are used in the tables to denote the soil treatments applied: = No soil treatment. M = Manure. One ton for each ton of crops grown is usually applied once in four years for the corn crop. R = Crop residues. Cornstalks, green-manure sweet clover, second-crop red clover, etc., are plowed into the soil. L = Limestone. For most fields limestone has been applied in amounts equiv- alent to 700 to 800 pounds an acre annually. In the future, applications are to be made when the need for them appears K = Potash. For many years kainit at the annual acre-rate of 200 pounds was used. Now muriate of potash is used at the rate of 100 pounds an acre for each corn and wheat crop. KC1 = Muriate of potash. rP = Rock phosphate. For most fields rock phosphate has been applied in amounts equivalent to 350 to 400 pounds an acre annually. sP = Superphosphate. Rates vary with the experiment. In general the rates approximate half the rock-phosphate rate. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 41 bP = Bone phosphate. Applications are similar to those of superphosphate. N = Nitrogen. The carrier and the rates of application vary with the experi- ment. Facts are given with the data. ( ) = Tons. To differentiate ton yields from bushel yields, the figures denoting tons are placed in parentheses. Soil Groups Represented 1 The results reported on pages 60 to 91 are for individual fields arranged alphabetically rather than by location or soil types. The gen- eral character of the soils represented by these fields is indicated by the following classification. The dates given indicate the years in which the various fields were established. Croup Location Year No. Description of Soil of field established 1. Dark soils with heavy, noncalcareous subsoils Semimature Bloomington 1902 | Aledo 1910 Young \ Hartsburg 1911 ( Minonk 1910 2. Dark soils with impervious, calcareous subsoils Young (due to erosion) Joliet 1914 3. Dark soils with noncalcareous subsoils Semimature Urbana 1876 Young Kewanee 1915 4. Dark soils with open, noncalcareous subsoils Sen-imature. . {M, X Morris !'!o Young McNabb 1907 5. Dark soils with impervious, noncalcareous subsoils ( Carthage 1911 Semimature ] Clayton 1911 ( Lebanon 1910 Mature Carlinville 1910 7. Gray soils with impervious noncalcareous subsoils Old (moderately well drained) { gJf g } jj| f Newton 1912 Old (poorly drained; slick spots numerous) i Raleigh 1910 I Toledo 1913 Old (very poorly drained; slick spots numerous) .... Sparta 1916 8. Yellow soils with noncalcareous subsoils f Enfield 1912 Mature { Unionville 1911 I West Salem 1912 11. Brownish yellow soils with calcareous subsoils Young Antioch 1902 14. Sandy loams and sands Semimature Oquawka 1915 16. Hilly land Mature . Elizabethtown 1917 'Classification prepared by R. S. Smith, Chief in Soil Physics and Soil Survey. 42 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, PART I. ROTATION SUMMARIES IT If NHE SUMMARIES on the following pages indicating, mostly in terms of money values, the results from soil treatments on the ^ Illinois soil experiment fields during the four-year period ending in 1933, give a clearer conception of the influence of the treatments than can be obtained by studying each field or each year independently. A very condensed form of summary is used. The crop yields for the four-year period have been averaged and converted to money values. These money values have in turn been reduced to an annual acre-basis. For those fields on which a four-year rotation is practiced and each crop is grown every year, an arrangement which prevails on most fields, this procedure condenses 16 crop yields into one figure. Such figures make it possible to see at a glance the relative advantage of any particular treatment for the four-year period. The crop prices on which these figures are based are the after- harvest prices of crops on Illinois farms as reported by the federal government. Each year's crop yields were figured at the prices for that particular year before the average was computed. Averaging these prices for the four-year period ending in 1933 gives the follow- ing figures: corn, 38 cents; oats, 22 cents; wheat, 60 cents a bushel; mixed hay, $8.27; clover hay, $9.22 and alfalfa, $12.25 a ton. Where deductions were made for the cost of treatment applied, crop residues were figured as costing 75 cents an acre annually, and manure, limestone, rock phosphate, and kainit at 75 cents, $3, $15, and $30 a ton respectively. Under average conditions these prices should cover the cost of application as well as purchase. When studying experimental results such as these in terms of money values, one should keep in mind that the above crop prices are the lowest reported for many years. At such prices increases in yield may appear somewhat insignificant when in reality they are of con- siderable importance from the point of view of crop response to soil treatment and of soil improvement. Variations in Natural Productivity Levels Illinois soils vary greatly in their natural productivity. This is evident from the results obtained from the untreated land on the twenty-five soil experiment fields listed in Table 1. The annual acre- value of the crops grown during the last rotation ranged from $2.00 at Ewing to $21.42 at McNabb. Values for the other fields are dis- tributed more or less regularly between these two extremes. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 43 TABLE 1. UNTREATED LAND: VALUE OF ALL CROPS GROWN ON UNTREATED LAND OF TWENTY-FIVE ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS, AND PRODUCTIVITY LEVEL OF EACH FIELD EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY LEVEL OF FIVE FIELDS HAVING GOOD PRODUCTIVE LEVELS* (Values represent average annual acre-returns for the four-year period ending in 1933) Section Produc- Rank Field County of Value tivity state level Darker colored soils perct. 1 McNabb Putnam NW $21.42 134 2 Aledo Mercer NW 17.75 111 3 Dixon Lee NW 16.52 103 4 Kewanee Henry NW 16.40 102 5 Mt. Morris Ogle NW 15.08 95 6 Hartsburg Logan C 14.80 92 7 Minonk Woodford c 14.18 89 8 Carthage Hancock w 14.03 88 9 Lebanon St. Clair sw 12.52 78 10 Clayton Adams w 12.07 75 1 1 Bloomington McLean c 11.52 72 12 Joliet Will NE 9.99 62 13 Carlinville Macoupin NSW 8.68 54 14 Antioch Lake NE 8.05 50 Sand soil 15 Oquawka Henderson W 7.17 45 Lighter colored soils 16 Oblong Crawford ESE 4.38 27 17 Toledo Cumberland ESE 4.23 26 18 Enfield White SE 3.52 22 19 Unionville Massac SE 3.26 20 20 Newton Jasper SE 2.78 17 21 West Salem Edwards SE 2.54 16 22 Raleigh Saline SE 2.30 14 23 Elizabethtown Hardin SE 2.23 14 24 Sparta Randolph SW 2.20 14 25 Ewing Franklin SE 2.00 12 'The average value of the crops for the above period from the Aledo, Dixon, Kewanee, Mt. Morris, and Hartsburg fields, which are representative of soils of good productive levels, was $16 an acre. This value is therefore taken to represent 100 percent in the last column. When the productivity levels of the respective fields are expressed as percentage variations from $16, the average value for the crops grown on the Aledo, Dixon, Kewanee, Mt. Morris and Hartsburg fields, which may be taken as representing soils of good productivity, comparisons may be quickly made. If these values are correlated with the soil groups listed on page 41, some interesting relationships become apparent. The darker-colored soils, for instance, range in productivity levels from 50 to 134 percent of the level of the soils of good produc- tivity. The lighter-colored soils range from 12 to 27 percent, which is about one-fifth the level of the darker-colored soils. The sand soils 44 BULLETIN No. 402 occupy a middle position at a 45-percent level, graphical presentation of these facts.) [May, (See page 56 for a Response to Manure In livestock systems of farming the amount of manure that can be produced and returned to the soil depends upon the productiveness of the soil. Tests show that when one-third of the produce grown is sold TABLE 2. MANURE: AMOUNTS APPLIED TO SOIL IN THREE SYSTEMS OF LIVESTOCK FARMING AND RETURNS FROM IT WHEN USED ALONE (For the four- year period ending in 1933) Amounts applied annually per acre Value when used alone Rank Field Alone With limestone With lime- stone and rock phos- phate Ton value Annual acre- value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Dixon tc 3 ms 01 .34 40 92 89 43 17 68 00 l 61 09 ,77 12 43 96 .95 .70 09 29 .73 .89 .81 59 tons 3.18 2.97 3.93 2.50 3.14 2.16 2.84 3.10 1.35 3.06 3.47 1.67 2.20 2.36 1.87 2.06 2.19 2.41 3.30 1.30 2.07 1.60 tons 3.23 3.08 3.91 2.47 3.33 2.18 3.00 3.00 1.65 3.30 3.41 2.19 2.09 2.51 1.94 2.26 2.25 2.75 3.25 1.29 2.23 1.56 3. 71* $2 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 4 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 .51 .25 .49 .84 67 .22 03 .63 .33 .66 .27 41 .74 00 87 .68 .48 01 60 30 ,75 65 05 $7 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 .55 .26 .07 .98 .82 .60 .40 .37 .33 .32 .91 .40 .07 .85 .76 .47 .44 .10 .97 .68 .56 .34 .18 Clayton 2 Aledo 3 Lebanon 1 Kewanee 2 Oquawka 1 Carlinville 2 Mt. Morris 2 West Salem 1 Carthage 2 Hartsburg 3 Elizabethtown .... Toledo 1 Oblong 1 Raleigh Newton Ewing Joliet 2 Minonk 3 Unionville Enfield Sparta McNabb .. 3 l Light lime application, 4 tons, made in 1912. *No limestone. and two-thirds fed, and allowance is made for one-fifth of the manure to be lost before it can be returned to the land, then for every ton of crops grown one ton of manure containing 25 percent of dry matter and 75 percent moisture can be returned to the soil. When manure was applied to the respective experiment fields on this basis, the amount returned annually per acre, when no supplementary treatments were used, ranged from about 4 ton on the least productive soils to 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 45 about 3}/ tons on the most productive soils, as may be seen from an inspection of Table 2. With supplementary treatments consisting of either limestone, or limestone and phosphate, the amount of manure returned to the soil on each field was increased, but the extremes in the range of the amounts applied were not greatly different from what they were when no supplementary treatments were used. The application of manure in the manner described increased the crop yields on all fields. Rather marked differences occurred, how- ever, in the size of the increases on the respective fields. The value of the crop increases where manure alone was used ranged from 18 cents an acre annually at McNabb on a highly productive dark-colored soil to $7.55 an acre at Dixon on a soil of good productivity. In a similar manner the ton-value of the manure applied ranged from 5 cents at McNabb to $4.41 at Elizabethtown on a yellow, low-productive soil. There is a tendency for the smaller applications to give the higher ton-values. This is not always true, however, as may be seen from a comparison of the results from the Elizabethtown and Sparta fields. Somewhat similar amounts of manure were applied at both places, but the ton-value at Elizabethtown was nearly three times as great as at Sparta. In a similar manner 1.92 tons at Lebanon were worth $2.84 a ton, but 2.09 tons at Joliet were worth only $1.01 a ton. These results indicate that some soils are more highly responsive to manure than others, and that this difference in responsiveness exists in both the more and the less productive soils. Response to Crop Residues Farms on which little or no livestock is fed usually produce more or less crop-residue material that may be used for soil improvement purposes. Cropping systems are easily devised in which the amount of such material available for soil improvement can be greatly in- creased. The value of such materials, as utilized on the soil experi- ment fields, is shown by the data in Table 3. This material has con- sisted chiefly of cornstalks, green-manure sweet clover, second-crop red clover and soybean chaff grown upon the land and plowed down in the absence of other soil treatments. In the early years the grain straws were also returned. This system of soil improvement may be rather effective on some soils and less effective on others, judging from the data in Table 3. The best results have been obtained on those fields where clover, espe- cially sweet clover, will grow without the application of limestone, such as those located on the dark soils with heavy noncalcareous sub- 46 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, TABLE 3. CROP RESIDUES: CROP INCREASES AND VALUES OF INCREASES RESULTING FROM PLOWING DOWN CROP RESIDUES IN ABSENCE OF OTHER SOIL TREATMENT (Figures represent average annual acre-increases and average annual acre-returns for the four- year period ending in 1933) Increases Value of crop increases Rank Field Corn Wheat Graino-ops M cropg 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Bloomington , bt, 10 [. .0 .8 .0 .6 .8 .1 .7 9 .0 .7 .0 .1 ,2 .2 .4 .0 .7 .5 .4 .6 .2 .8 .3 .9 ,0 bu. 13.2 3.6 4.3 3.7 6.7 1.4 3.2 1.0 6.7 2.8 1.5 .8 .9 2.2 .3 .5 -1.0 .1 1.3 4 4.'l 1.7 .1 .1 - .8 $2 3 2 2 2 1 2 1, 1 2 1 1 -l' .83 .19 .85 .17 62 70 06 93 92 .76 60 ,57 16 .21 ,22 ,42 ,55 ,80 ,51 ,23 67 63 ,35 07 .45 $4.82 3.19 2.94 2.17 1.67 1.44 .93 .78 .75 .61 .45 .43 .39 .37 .33 .31 .24 .24 .19 .17 .15 .09 .03 - .05 -2.79 Hartsburg , 12 Minonk , 8 Aledo , 8 Kewanee , 9 West Salem 1 6 Lebanon 8 Mt. Morris , 11 Antioch 2 1 Oblong 2 Raleigh 2 Enfield 2 Newton Carthage 13 Toledo 2 Unionville 3 Joliet 3 Oquawka 4 Ewing , , 1 Sparta 2 Clayton , 5 Dixon , 9 Carlinville 2 Elizabethtown -1 McNabb -7 Residues were used in addition to initial application of limestone, were used in addition to limestone and rock phosphate. 2 Residues soils. The poorest results, on the whole, were obtained on the less productive soils, where legumes grow poorly, if at all, without the application of limestone. Some of the dark-colored soils that will not grow sweet clover with- out limestone but which will grow good red clover (such as the Dixon field) do not show high returns for the crop-residues system. This is due, not to the fact that the system has no worth on such soils, but to the fact that in making the comparisons only one crop of clover hay is removed from the residues plot and two are removed from the check plot. This makes it difficult to measure the effects of crop residues on those fields where red clover is grown both as hay and as a residues crop. If the system has worth on such soils, it should be reflected in the grain yields. The fact that the Dixon field shows increased grain 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 47 yields in the residues system indicates that the system does have worth on that field; this is not true, however, for the McNabb field. (Re- sults from experiments dealing with various phases of crop-residues management are listed on page 46). Response to Limestone On most experiment fields an application of 4 tons of limestone an acre in addition to either manure or crop residues was made when the field was established. Subsequent applications were made at the rate of 2 tons an acre each four years thereafter until 1923, when all appli- cations were discontinued. The total amount applied to date to the respective fields ranges from 4 to 10 tons an acre depending upon the age of the field. On most fields a total of about 8^i tons an^cre has been applied, which is equivalent to about 700 to 800 pounds an acre annually. The influence of limestone on soil productivity is probably in large part indirect. Many soils will not satisfactorily grow legume crops such as red clover, sweet clover, and alfalfa until limestone has been TABLE 4. LIMESTONE: VALUES OF CROP INCREASES RESULTING FROM LIMESTONE USED IN ADDITION TO MANURE OR TO CROP RESIDUES (Values represent average annual acre-returns for the four-year period ending in 1933) Livestock systems Grain systems Rank Field Value Rank Field Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Oquawka $7 00 67 57 76 92 80 77 55 48 46 46 15 92 54 74 .22 03 29 25 06 .13 .12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Oquawka ..$6 61 56 72 12 06 59 40 37 17 15 11 93 74 72 67 57 57 07 00 S3 47 01 34 15 Ewing 6 Aledo ... 6 Enfield 6 Lebanon ... 5 Oblong s Elizabethtown ... 5 Elizabethtown. . .... 4 Sparta ... 5 Toledo 4 West Salem ... 4 Raleigh x 4 Carlinville ... 4 West Salem 4 Enfield ... 4 Sparta 4 Carthage ... 4 Clayton 4 Toledo ... 4 Newton 4 Unionville ... 4 Unionville 4 Oblong ... 3 Lebanon T> Mt. Morris ... 3 Carlinville T, Clayton ... 3 Carthage ? Raleigh ... 3 Aledo ? Ewing ... 3 Joliet ? Newton ... 3 Hartsburg 1 Bloomington ... 3 Mt. Morris 1 Dixon ... 2 Kewanee 1 Kewanee ... 1 Minonk Joliet ... 1 Dixon Hartsburg ... 1 Antioch Minonk 48 BULLETIN No. 402 applied. With a satisfactory growth of these legumes, especially when all or a part of the growth is plowed under, striking improvements in soil productivity are usually observed. Altho this increased produc- tivity may result directly from the residues of the legume crops grown, limestone must be given the credit for making the increase possible. Many of the fields which gave 'but little response to the crop- residues system of soil management (Table 3) are very greatly im- proved in productivity after the application of limestone (Table 4). The degree of such improvement appears to be more or less directly related to the natural ability of the soil to grow satisfactory legume crops. The more productive soils that naturally produce more or less satisfactory legume crops give the least response to applications of limestoi*2; those that naturally produce unsatisfactory legume crops give the greatest responses. It is therefore to be expected that soils varying widely in natural productivity will exhibit a wide range in response to limestone. These data indicate that some soils are in great need of limestone w r hile others have not as yet developed any need for it. Such results emphasize the fact that a definite soil-testing program is needed on every farm. Directions for making the necessary tests are given in Circular 346, "Test Your Soil for Acidity." Four-Ton Limestone Application Has Long-Time Effect When the West Salem field was established in 1912, limestone at the rate of 4 tons an acre was applied to each of three plots that were originally designed for crop production without limestone. One of these plots has never received any further treatment ; another has re- ceived manure alone, and the third has received crop residues only. Similar plots receiving regular applications of limestone were main- tained alongside the above plots and continued until 1923, when appli- cations were temporarily discontinued. The results obtained from these plots are of considerable interest in connection with the lasting effects of a single application of lime- stone and the time that may be allowed to elapse before additional applications are made (see Table 5). The single application of limestone steadily advanced the increase in crop yields until the seventh year. During the following two years the increases remained about stationary. Since the ninth year they have grown steadily smaller. After twenty-one years, however, there is still evidence of a decided influence from this one application, and if increases in yield decline no faster than they have declined during 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 49 TABLE 5. LIMESTONE: LASTING EFFECT OF A SINGLE APPLICATION, AND COMPARISON BETWEEN EFFECTS OF SINGLE AND REPEATED APPLICATIONS (Rotation averages are from the West Salem field, 1913-1933. Crops grown include corn, oats, wheat, and hay) Average annual acre- increases in crop yields Year c- i n \- Repeated applica- Repeated applica- smgie appi ca- tioM in addition tions in addition tion in 1912 tQ residues Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. 1913.... 41 123 20 1914 84 127 81 1915 162 161 178 1916 164 125 185 1917 216 186 243 1918 289 254 339 1919 365 355 435 1920 341 441 418 1921 353 475 444 1922 302 494 430 1923 269 508 371 1924 232 525 375 1925 228 510 394 1926 191 480 379 1927 189 542 424 1928 224 661 578 1929 184 615 550 1930 169 609 546 1931 228 728 659 1932 221 681 634 1933 219 583 547 the past ten years, the influence of the single application will persist for several years yet. The repeated applications of limestone showed little superiority over the single application until about the eighth year, since which time they have given much better results than the single applications. These results suggest that a second application of limestone on soils of this character might be delayed until about eight years after the initial application. The increases in crop yields for the repeated appli- cations, even tho none have been made since 1923 still show an upward trend. Response to Phosphate On most Illinois soil experiment fields one ton of rock phosphate an acre was applied when the field was started and one ton every four years thereafter until a total of 4 tons was reached. On some fields bone phosphate was applied at the annual rate of 200 pounds an acre until a total of 4,800 pounds was reached. Including all the years of the experiments, rock phosphate has been applied at the annual acre- rate of 350 to 400 pounds and bone phosphate at the rate of 150 50 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, TABLE 6. PHOSPHATE: VALUES OF CROP INCREASES RESULTING FROM PHOSPHATE WHEN USED IN ADDITION TO LIMESTONE AND MANURE OR TO LIMESTONE AND CROP RESIDUES (Rock phosphate is used except where designated. Values represent average annual acre-returns for the four-year period ending in 1933) Livestock systems Grain systems Rank Field Value Rank Field Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Elizabethtown $? 87 55 69 32 05 05 03 02 88 87 70 69 67 66 52 20 01 06 11 12 16 26 77 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Bloomington 2 .. .$9 64 09 86 41 38 14 13 46 20 67 66 57 56 53 52 11 06 00 SO 88 63 43 33 17 11 12 13 West Salem ? Bloomington ... 6 Ewing 1 Antioch . . 5 Enfield 1 Elizabethtown ... 5 Kewanee 1 Bloomington 3 ... 4 Newton 1 West Salem ... 3 Joliet 1 Joliet ... 3 Clayton 1 Kewanee ... 2 Lebanon . . . ... . . McNabb 1 ... 2 Carlinville Raleigh . . . 1 Oblong Carlinville . .. 1 Raleigh Dixon ... 1 Oquawka Oblong ... 1 Sparta . . ... Clayton . . . 1 Unionville . Ewing . . 1 Minonk Enfield ... 1 Toledo Unionville ... 1 Hartsburg. ... _ Lebanon ... 1 Dixon . _ Newton Carthage Toledo Mt. Morris Carthage Aledo Aledo McNabb 1 _ Hartsburg Sparta Mt. Morris Oquawka _ Minonk ...- *No limestone. 2 Bone phosphate. 'Superphosphate. TABLE 7. POTASH: VALUES OF CROP INCREASES RESULTING FROM POTASH 1 WHEN USED IN ADDITION TO CROP RESIDUES, LIMESTONE, AND PHOSPHATE (Values represent average annual acre-returns for the four-year period ending in 1933) Rank Field Value Rank Field Value 1 Ewing .$5 58 13 Carlinville. . .$1.33 2 Toledo . 4.56 14 Antioch 2 1.31 3 West Salem 3.71 15 Sparta 1 . 20 4 Enfield 3 62 16 Elizabethtown 1.15 5 Newton 3 . 24 17 Lebanon 1.07 6 Oblong 2 95 18 Mt. Morris . 1.03 7 Bloomington 1 . . 2 39 19 Carthage 83 8 Raleigh . 2 33 20 Dixon 63 9 Oquawka . . . . 1 74 21 Aledo 36 10 Unionville 1 63 22 Kewanee -.05 11 Clayton . . 1 57 23 Minonk - . 24 12 Joliet 1.44 24 Hartsburg -.53 Mostly kainit until 1932; since that time, potassium chlorid. 'Potassium sulfate. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS ix 1933 51 pounds. The results obtained from the use of the phosphates during the last four years are recorded in Table 6. In general, better responses were obtained in the crop-residues sys- tem than in the manure system, probably because the manure functions to some extent as a source of phosphorus. In both systems there are some fields that have given little or no response to phosphorus, prob- ably because the soil has not yet become deficient in available phos- phorus or because some other deficiency is of more importance than the phosphorus deficiency. These results indicate the desirability of testing the soil for avail- able phosphorus as described in Circular 441 of this Station, "Testing Soil for Available Phosphorus," before making plans to use phosphate fertilizers extensively. Response to Potash The potash used in these experiments was applied at the annual acre-rate of 200 pounds of kainit or 100 pounds of potassium sulfate or potassium chlorid ahead of corn and wheat. The more productive soils have given little or no response to potash, the less productive soils the best responses (Table 8). At the Hartsburg, Minonk and Kewanee fields, on soils of high productivity, potash was applied at a loss. At Ewing and other fields, on soils of low productivity, good increases have been obtained. A careful study of all the experimental data indicates that the favorable results for potash may have been influenced in part by the accompanying treatments. The limestone-sweet-clover treatment especially seems to have increased the effectiveness of the potash on some kinds of soil. More detailed experiments have been started on the Ewing and Toledo fields with reference to this problem. The reader is referred to the Tables on pages 69, 70, 87, and 88 for the 1933 results in these experiments. Response to Limestone, Phosphate, Potash The general response of the various kinds of soil represented by the experiment fields to applications of limestone, phosphate, and potash has been indicated by the data in the preceding tables. In this connection it will be of interest to note the differences in responses exhibited by the different crops when grown under different conditions of soil and soil treatment. Such data are presented in Table 8. On the darker-colored soils limestone appears to be more deficient than either phosphate or potash, so far as the growing of corn, oats and wheat is concerned. All three of these crops have responded to 52 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, TABLE 8. LIMESTONE, PHOSPHATE, AND POTASH: RELATIVE CROP RESPONSE TO THESE FERTILIZING ELEMENTS IN A CROP- RESIDUES SYSTEM Soil type and crop Actual yields Relative yields R RL RLP RLPK R RL RLP RLPK Grain crops, based on last rotation only Darker-colored soils Corn, bushels S3 4 60 8 61 1 62.6 100 113 114 117 Oats, bushels SI S9 4 6? 1 63.9 100 112 117 120 Wheat, bushels ?s 4 79 9 7 35.6 100 118 134 140 Lighter-colored soils Corn, bushels is 7 23 S ?4 8 35.1 100 143 158 227 Oats, bushels 13 ?8 ? 8 37.8 100 217 245 291 Wheat, bushels 7 8 ?0 S ?8 1 35.0 100 263 360 449 Sand soils Corn, bushels ?9 ?6 1 ?7 S 27 4 100 90 94 94 Wheat, bushels Rye, bushels 11 15 4 9 21 19 6 9 20 20 6 2 22.3 19.6 100 100 189 125 181 127 196 123 Legume crops, all years Darker-colored soils Clover (112), 1 tons.. 1.37 1 76 1 96 2 03 100 128 143 148 Alfalfa (ISVtons... 2.24 2 55 3 40 3 71 100 115 152 166 Clover-alfalfa (14), * tons. . . 1.41 2 27 2 77 3 10 100 161 196 220 Clover-timothy (2), 1 tons 1.23 1 30 2 24 2 56 100 106 184 208 Soybeans (46), l bushels 17.6 19 1 19 8 20 3 100 109 112 115 Lighter-colored soils Clover (15), 1 tons.. . .22 1 21 1 46 1 38 100 550 664 627 Mixed Hay (55), 1 tons .26 99 1 19 1 69 100 281 458 650 Soybeans (71), 1 bushels, 5.2 10 6 11 4 12 6 100 204 219 242 Sand soils Alfalfa (15), 1 tons... 1.28 2 79 2 80 2 89 100 218 219 225 Soybeans (19), * bushels 8.4 12 4 12 5 13 5 100 147 149 161 'Figures in parentheses indicate number of crops included in the averages. the application of limestone. The yields of corn and oats were changed but little by applications of phosphate and potash. Wheat was more favorably affected by both phosphate and potash and especially by the phosphate. The lighter-colored soils present a different situation. Here produc- tivity appears to be affected by deficiencies of all three mineral fer- tilizer materials. Limestone was highly important in the production of all three grain crops, but it was more important for oats and wheat 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 53 than for corn. On these soils potash appears to be more important for corn than either limestone or phosphate. For wheat limestone stands first in importance but both phosphate and potash stand high. The sandy soil gave but little response to phosphate and potash. The corn crop was severely handicapped by several very dry hot summers. A study of the results for the legume crops reveals somewhat dif- ferent relationships. On the dark-colored soils limestone appears to be about twice as important as phosphate in producing good crops of red clover. For alfalfa phosphate is about three times as important as limestone. Potash was of little value to red clover, but was of some value to alfalfa. A combination of red clover and alfalfa responded well to all three minerals, with limestone ranking first and potash last. None of the three fertilizer materials were of much importance in growing soybeans. On the light-colored soils limestone was of much value to soybeans ; on the sandy soils limestone was of first impor- tance ; phosphate was ineffective ; and potash was of some value. Net Value of Crop Increases In the livestock system of farming the naturally less-productive soils have tended to give the largest net acre-returns for the various systems of soil treatment (Table 9). In the grain systems of farming such a relationship is not so apparent, some of the more productive fields having given the highest net-acre responses. On the other hand some of the more productive soils have given little or no net response for any system of soil treatment tried. On the McNabb field, for instance, in both systems of farming the check plot gave the highest net returns. On a large number of the fields the livestock systems of soil treat- ment have given larger net acre-responses than the grain systems. A few of the more productive soils have given much better responses to the grain systems than to the livestock systems. From the farmers' point of view, however, the net value of the crop increases is not of so great interest as the total value of all crops with the cost of the treatment deducted. The importance of viewing the data from this standpoint is brought out in Table 10. Net Values for Total Yields Ranked by net values of total crops, the Illinois soil experiment fields (Table 10) fall into quite a different order than when arranged according to net value of crop increases. Even tho the net value of the crop increases for soil treatment may be considerably greater on 54 BULLETIN No. 402 [.May, the less productive soils than on the more productive soils, the net value of the total crops produced on the more productive fields is, of course, much greater. This value for the Aledo field was $24.28 an acre during the four-year period ending in 1933, while at Raleigh it was only $4.62. The Aledo field is on a young, dark soil with a heavy noncalcareous subsoil, while the Raleigh field is located on a mature TABLE 9. NET VALUES OF INCREASES FROM MOST EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS OF SOIL TREATMENT ON EACH FIELD (Figures represent annual acre-values of crop increases for the four-year period ending in 1933 after deducting cost of treatment) Livestock systems Grain systems Rank Field Treat- ment Value Rank Field Treat- ment Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Oquawka . ML $9.34 7.43 6.99 6.85 6.79 6.75 6.42 6.00 5.65 5.59 5.33 5.29 5.14 4.14 4.09 3.99 3.62 2.65 2.50 1.72 1.45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Aledo . RL $6.86 6.13 6.09 5.11 4.91 4.76 3.81 3.69 3.64 3.36 3.17 2.95 2.68 2.66 2.53 2.51 2.44 2.28 2.21 2.01 1.68 1.63 .35 Ewing .. ML West Salem . RLrPK West Salem ML Bloomington . . . . RLbP Clayton .. ML Elizabethtown . . Oquawka . RLrP . RL Lebanon . ML Eliza bethtown. ML Lebanon . RL Oblong .. ML Antioch . RLrP Toledo .. ML Ewing . RLrPK Raleigh . ML Toledo . RLrPK Enfield ML Sparta . RL Newton ML Enfield . RLrPK Dixon M Oblong . RLrPK Carlinville . . ML Carthage . RL Unionville . . . . ML Mt. Morris . RL Sparta ML Unionville . RL Carthage ML Carlinville . RL Aledo ML Hartsburg . R Kewanee .. M Newton . RL Mt. Morris. . ML Raleigh . RL Hartsburg ML Clayton . RL Joliet ML Kewanee . RL McNabb o Minonk . R Minonk . . Dixon . RL Joliet . McNabb . poorly drained gray soil with impervious noncalcareous subsoil. These figures emphasize the fact that from the farmers' point of view the total acre-production is of much greater importance than the increase that can be obtained for any particular soil treatment. Some soils, it is obvious, challenge the most skilful farming. Changes have been instituted on certain Illinois fields in an attempt to ascertain whether other crop rotations or other systems of soil treat- ment than those already tried will make possible a larger net total pro- duction. 1934} CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 55 TABLE 10. NET VALUES OF TOTAL CROPS FROM MOST EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS OF SOIL TREATMENT ON EACH FIELD (Figures represent total annual acre- values for the four-year period ending in 1933 after deducting the cost of treatment) Livestock systems Grain systems Rank Field Treat- ment Value Rank Field Treat- ment Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 McNabb . $21.69 21.51 21.25 18.53 18.15 18.11 17.44 16.97 15.80 15.37 15.27 13.21 11.26 10.25 10.23 9.53 9.39 8.98 8.82 8.19 7.36 7.30 6.48 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Aledo . RL $24 21 18 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 14 13 11 11 9 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 28 69 61 80 72 60 41 87 15 02 32 78 86 79 56 67 55 34 07 93 38 59 31 18 62 Dixon ... M McNabb . . Aledo ... ML Kewanee . . RL Kewanee . M Dixon . . RL Clayton . ML Mt. Morris. . . . . . RL Mt. Morris Lebanon .. ML . . ML Bloomington. . . .. RLbP Lebanon .. RL Carthage . . ML Hartsburg .. R Hartsburg . . ML Carthage , RL Minonk . Minonk , R Oquawka . . . ML Clayton .. RL Carlinville .. ML Oquawka .. RL Joliet .. ML Antioch . . RLrP Oblong .. ML Carlinville .. RL Toledo . . ML Joliet .. West Salem ML West Salem. . . . . . RLrPK Ewing .. ML Oblong .. RLrPK Elizabethtown. . . .. ML Elizabethtown . Ewing . . RLrPK . . RLrPK Enfield .. ML Newton .. ML Toledo .. RLrPK Raleigh . . ML Enfield .. RLrPK Unionville . ML Unionville .. RL Sparta .. ML Sparta .. RL Newton .. RL Raleigh .. RL Most Effective Systems of Soil Treatment Practically every system of soil treatment employed on the Illinois experiment fields has proved the most effective on some field (Tables 9 and 10). On some fields the simplest systems have been the most effective ; on others the most complicated systems have given the best results. On the gray, yellow, sandy, hilly, and less productive soils the livestock systems have generally proved of more value than the grain systems, while on some of the more productive dark soils the grain systems have been the more effective. The fact that no one system of soil treatment will give the best results on all soils is emphasised by these results. A study of these fields by rotation periods (data not presented here) reveals further that the most effective system for any particular field changes from time to time, tending to go from the simpler to the more complex. A clear lesson from these data is that farmers must be constantly on the alert if they are to make the most economic use of their soils. 56 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, Effect of Soil Treatment on Productivity Level Marked differences in the natural productivity levels of twenty-five Illinois soil experiment fields are shown by the data in Table 1. Whether the levels of the less productive soils can be economically raised to those of the naturally more productive soils thru the use of suitable soil treatments is a question that is frequently raised. The answer of these fields to this question at the present time is given in the accompanying graph. How SOIL TREATMENTS HAVE INFLUENCED THE PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS OF TWENTY-FIVE ILLINOIS EXPERIMENT FIELDS The relative productivity levels of the untreated soil of the above fields is indicated by the black portions of the bars, the average acre-values, in dollars, of the crops grown on the untreated land on five fields of good productivity (Aledo, Kewanee, Dixon, Mt. Morris, and Hartsburg), $16, being taken as 100. The shaded portion of each bar shows the net value of the crop increases from the soil treatment that has given the highest net return on the field represented. The low-producing soils, even with the most effective treatments, have reached productive levels only about half as high as the natural level of the better soils. In observing the treatment systems that have netted the highest returns, it should be kept in mind that low crop prices have taken some of the more com- prehensive systems temporarily from the list. When better prices prevail, phos- phate and potash, or both, will appear more frequently in the treatment systems giving the highest net returns. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 57 In this graph the natural productivity level 1 of each field is repre- sented by the black portion of each bar. The wide range in levels is very striking, the least productive soils the gray and the yellow ranking, as an average, less than 20 percent as high as the average of the five fields that are used as the standard of comparison Aledo, Kewanee, Mt. Morris, Dixon, and Hartsburg. How effective soil treatment has been in raising the productive levels of these fields is shown by the shaded portion of each bar. This part of the bar represents the increase in crop values resulting from the most effective soil treatment used on the field less the cost of the treatment. The most effective treatments on the less productive soils tended to give greater net increases than the most effective treatments on the more productive soils. With the less productive soils the in- creases attributable to treatment tend to be several times as large as the yields obtained without treatment. On the more productive soils the yields from the untreated land tend to be several times as great as the increases attributable to treatment. On each field, however, there is at least one treatment that has raised the productivity level of the soil enough to pay for itself. Whether the crop-producing capacity of the less productive soils can ever be brought up to the natural levels of the better soils seems doubtful, for the present levels represent the effects of treatments applied over periods averaging about twenty-five years. The gray and yellow treated soils today have levels only about 50 percent as high as the natural levels of the better untreated soils. The question of the economic worth of land in relation to crop production is another matter not discussed in this publication. Relation of Soil Treatment to Crop Quality Increases in yield do not measure all the crop benefits from soil treatment ; the quality of a crop may be so improved as to be a matter of considerable importance also. Corn grown on some soils is drier and better filled out than that grown on other soils, and because of this the shrinkage between field and market is much reduced. When corn was grown without treatment on highly productive dark soils with heavy noncalcareous subsoils 71 pounds of ears was required at husking time to make a bushel of shelled corn containing 15.5 per- cent moisture, which is the allowance for No. 2 shelled corn. This was an average of the past four-year period. A corresponding figure 'See Table 1 and discussion on pages 42 to 44 for method of figuring pro- ductivity levels. 58 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, x^ frti c*5 O ^* '" H ^ ^^ ^ *^* ^ .j. NT MOISTURI | = c n.s U 9) c srr o o O "^ ? Q Q O* O\ Q GO r*- oo O\ O O ^ ON O ^ ^ ON OC .O"")OOO ^N^iOf^O ance the cone H % g 3! tf> rt _z b Ml g U tO '> I n 3 t 2 S'l "^OOOOC^Os OOOOOOOOOO ^ OO ^^ *O NO OO ON O f*^ to >, 8 E c ELS OF CORN ?S) HUSKED 1 1933) ' = 1-55 5 S-g ^"S 10 to tn P T3"O " S ON ON ON t^OO^ONON ibtraction. RN PRODUCED: BUSH BUSHELS (70 POUNDS EAI our-year period ending in 1 M ^ = S M-S oS" 3 > 2 > 4) O \OOfSCO ^*iO^-HOr^ O^ O\ ON ^^ O\ Q\ ^^ O* O\ easily be calculated by si JTY OF CO EVERY 100 1 ults for the f 1 c g f 8.8-g jg SfirS |8| ^0 ^T f^l 10 NO NO '^ NO NO OO CO O ^" < 10 NO OO^Of^O practice may TON QUA! RKETED FOR based on res '8 E Q iss III J. to f So'Q O^ O\ ON ON ON O ON ON ON r treatment i by 100. 'REATMEN CAN BE MA (Figures are Ml z S S c 2 o gjn C S l O* O^ ON ON O^ ON O^ ^^ ON or any soil o s represente r H j < tf LSI (U rt M I U fS OO ON ON ON O CO O O O 1 O\ ON ON ON O^ ON _ _ ON o> v 8?.l .* <- .5 oo to. O '-s H ft2 U r" td J c < U, E V S. : : : : : : : : 8-0 W 3- 8 : : : : : : : : fc'w X IT- | * 2 c o ^ a I 2 : : ^ : : : : s 1 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 59 for the untreated dark soils with open noncalcareous subsoils in north- ern Illinois was 76 pounds, and for the untreated gray soils with im- pervious noncalcareous subsoils in southern Illinois, 84 pounds. Stated another way these results mean that corn grown on the first group of soils mentioned above was of such quality that for every 100 bushels (70 pounds to the bushel) husked, there were available for market 98 bushels containing 15.5 percent moisture. Corn grown on the second group made only 92 bushels for market, and corn grown on the last group mentioned made only 83 bushels for market (Table 11). Further study of the untreated plots in Table 11 shows a rather close relationship between the amount of shrinkage that takes place in corn and the productivity of the soil on which the corn was grown. This relationship does not hold for all soils, however, as may be ob- served by comparing the figures for the hilly, the sandy, and the dark soils with open noncalcareous subsoils. Differences in the locations of soils with respect to climatic influences may cause yield and quality differences that obscure the influences of inherent soil differences. Comparison of the shrinkage that has occurred in corn grown on differently treated plots on the same field shows that the raising of the productivity level by soil treatment has, with the exception of the hilly land, reduced the amount of shrinkage between field and market. This fact emphasizes in another way the rather close relation between soil productivity and crop quality. Thus in a broad way these experiments show that shrinkage is much less when corn is grown on naturally productive soils and soils made productive with suitable treatments than it is when grown on less productive soils. Units of Measure Used in Tables In all tables in Part II the figures representing yields of individual crops indicate bushels per acre except where they are placed in parentheses, in which case they indicate tons per acre. For a key to the symbols representing soil treatments, see pages 40 and 41. Digestible nutrients per acre, as indicated in the tables, are stated in pounds. Since all the crops grown on these fields are used principally as feed or food, their content of digestible nutrients furnishes the best common measure of their value for purposes of making comparisons. 60 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, PART II. CROP YIELDS FOR 1933 TABLE 12. ALEDO FIELD Rotation: Corn, corn, oats, clover Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 200 Series 300 Series 4OO Digestible Re- sponse index' 100 Wheat Stubble Second- Oats hay year Stover (Hubam) corn First- year corn Stover per acre, average all crops WEST HALF 1 31.8 53.4 2 M 31.0 75.0 3 ML 42.8 64.4 4 MLrP 43.0 63.1 50... 23.3 50.9 6 R 28.8 50.3 7 RL 48.3 62.8 8 RLrP... 42.8 66.6 ( ) ( ) ( .80) ( -86) 59.6 83.3 87.9 84.1 62.0 67.6 88.3 88.7 (1.27) (1.98) (2.21) (1.98) 52.8 80.2 85.6 85.0 59.0 67.8 82.1 82.9 (1.38) (1.96) (2.40) (2.25) Ibs. 2 072 2 820 3 248 3 190 9 RLrPK 45.5 10 0... . 28.8 69.1 55.9 86.2 59.0 85.0 50.9 2 850 1 889 1.000 1.361 1.569 1.540 1 920 1.000 2 143 1.116 2 840 1.479 2 809 1 . 463 1.484 1.000 EAST HALF 1 RL 38.7 54.4 2 MrP 37.7 75.6 3 MLbP 44.2 73.1 4 MLrP 43.3 70.6 5 RsP ... 33.7 48.4 6 RrP 36.3 55.0 7 RLsP 46.7 63.4 8 RLrP... .. 46.8 68.4 ( ) ( .62) ( .70) 64.5 80.8 81.4 82.3 62.3 60.3 60.1 81.1 (2.21) (2.37) (2.05) 79.3 78.2 76.0 83.9 64.6 69.5 83.7 87.4 (2.07) (2.40) (2.30) 2 380 2 871 3 096 3 169 9 RLrPK 45.8 10 RLrP... .. 39.7 70.3 70.9 85.6 75.2 85.4 84.0 2 859 2 657 1.144 1.386 1.494 1.529 2 097 1.092 2 197 1.144 2 526 1.316 2 832 1.474 1.489 1.407 *The figures in this column (response index) indicate the number of pounds of digestible nutrients produced on the various treated plots for every pound produced on their respective untreated or con- trol plots (see page 46). TABLE 13. ALEDO FIELD: PHOSPHORUS STUDIES Rotation: Corn, corn, oats, wheat Serial Series 500 nlnf Series 600 No. Soil treatment Oats Soil treatment Oats 1 R. . . 51.4 R... . 52.7 2 RbP . . . 62 . 8 RsP ... 58.9 3 RLbP . . . 70 3 RLsP . . 67 4 RL . . . 53 RL ... 57.0 Series 700 Series 800 Soil treatment Oats Soil treatment Oats 1 R. . . 54.4 R ... 49.7 2 RrP . . . 58.0 R slag P ... 56.9 3 RLrP . . . 61.4 RL slag P ... 57.5 4 RL . .. 57.0 RL ... 53.6 1934\ CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 TABLE 14. ANTIOCH FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, mixed hay, wheat 61 Plo Soil treatment Mixed hay Plot Soil treatment Mixed hay 1 0. . ( -57) 6 LRbP. . . . (1.03) ? LrP . (1.05) 7 LRK ( -92) s LRrP . (1.39) 8 LKbP .. (1.21) 4 LbP . (1.07) Q LRKbP . (1.56) 5 LKrP .. (1.18) 10 RKbP .. (1.23) TABLE 15. BLOOMINGTON FIELD Rotation: Corn, corn, oats, clover-alfalfa, wheat pj NORTH HALF SOUTH HALF No Soil treatment Corn Soil treatment Corn 1 R. . 22 8 0.. ... 14.6 2 RLbP .. 21.0 RL . . 19.8 3 RLrP .. 20.7 RLsP ... 23.5 4 RLbP .. 18.9 RLbP . . 24.6 5 RLKrP . . . 24.3 RLKsP .. 24.8 6 RLbP... . 24 7 RLbP. . . . 26.2 7 RLKrP ... 32 5 RLKsP .. 27.9 8 RLKbP . 28 1 RLKbP .. 26.4 9 RLKbP .. 29.2 RLKbP .. 27.5 10 RKbP . . 21.9 RKbP . . 22.7 11 RrP .. 16.1 RsP .. 19.0 Use of Digestible Nutrients as a Common Measure of Year's Yields of All Crops In studying the effects of soil treatments on the respective fields it is desirable to reduce to one figure all the crops grown in rotation for each individual treatment practice. Money values obviously are not a satisfac- tory common denominator because of the constant fluctuation of crop prices. Pounds of total produce are not satisfactory because a pound of such produce as hay or stover would be given equal value with a pound of grain. A common denominator which avoids both these disadvantages is pounds of digestible nutrients. Since the crops grown in these experiments are food and feed crops, the conversion of the harvested crops to pounds of digestible nutrients provides a satisfactory common denominator for the purpose of making comparisons. This is the method used in this publication.. 62 BULLETIN No. 402 TABLE 16. CARLINVILLE FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat, clover-alfalfa [May, Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 100 Oats Series 200 Wheat Series 300 Cl.-alf. Series 400 Soy- beans 1 Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index 1 0.. .. 14.1 10.6 (1.44) 10.0 Ibs. 425 1.000 2 M . . 26.9 30.8 (2.19) 11.6 801 1.885 3 ML .. 31.3 37.7 (3.69) 10.8 975 2.294 4 MLrP . . 25.8 40.9 (4.27) 13.1 1 046 2 461 5 5 6 17.7 (1 77) 6 7 432 1 000 6 R 4.2 18 2 (1 41) 8 6 439 1 016 7 RL .. 11.7 24.5 (3.30) 12.6 712 1.648 8 RLrP .. 11.1 36.5 (3.68) 10.1 837 1.938 9 RLrPK .. 19.7 39.8 (3.83) 12.9 973 2.021 ^ybeans were grown as a substitute for corn. TABLE 17. CARLINVILLE FIELD Rotation: Corn, wheat Serial plot Soil treatment 1 No. Series 500 Wheat Series 600 Corn Digestible nutri- ents per acre, average al 1 crops Re- sponse index 2 1 Le. . . 9.8 7.1 Ibs. 394 1.000 2 Le, 8-24-8 28.3 10.1 905 1.467 3 Le, 0-24-8 27.2 15.2 993 1.609 4 Le 19.5 14.2 787 1.000 5 Le, 8-24-8 23.3 13.7 866 1 404 6 Le, 0-24-8 22.7 14 6 872 1 413 7 Le 12.7 16.3 670 1.000 'In the beginning, Series 500 and 600 were left unplptted. A rotation of wheat and red clover was planned for one of these series for a period of six years, while alfalfa grew on the other for an equal time, after which the alfalfa was to be shifted. Prior to 1921 these plots had each received a total of 12 tons of manure, 8^ tons of limestone, 3 tons of rock phosphate, and approximately 2,500 pounds of kainit an acre. In 1921 these two series were plotted and, until 1929, were cropped somewhat irregularly without additional fertilization. In 1929 a rotation of corn and wheat (sweet clover) was planned. Fertilizers are being applied as follows: commercial 8-24-8 to Plots 2 and 5, 60 pounds an acre for corn and 125 pounds an acre for wheat; commercial 0-24-8 to Plots 3 and 6, 60 pounds an acre for corn and 125 pounds an acre for wheat. *The yields from Plots 1, 4, and 7 are averaged and used as the check or control for the more heavily treated plots. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 TABLE 18. CARLINVILLE FIELD Rotation: Corn, wheat 63 Serial Series 700 Series 800 No. Soil treatment 1 Soybeans 1 Soil treatment 1 Soybeans* 1 LeL (1 000) ( 39) LeL (5,000).. . ( .72) 2 LeL (4,000) .. (.37) LeL (20,000) . . . ( . 70) 3 LeL (2,000) . (.34) LeL (10,000) . .. ( .75) 4 LeL (2 000) treble sP . (.60) LeL (10,000) trebles?. . . (1.16) 5 LeL (2 000) sP . (.66) LeL (10,000) sP . .. (1.16) 6 LeL (2 000) rP . . (.63) LeL (10,000) rP . .. (1.18) 7 L (2,000) .. (.56) L (10,000) ... ( .62) Figures in parentheses denote the total amounts of limestone per acre applied since 1921. J Soybeans were grown as a substitute for corn. TABLE 19. CARTHAGE FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, clover, wheat Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 100 Clover Series 200 Oats Series 300 Series - 4.0O Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index Corn Stover Wheat SECTION A 1 0.. (1 98) 41 8 46.9 (1 . 76) 23 1 Ibs. 659 1.000 M (3 16) SO 9 53.9 (1.82) 28 6 7 160 1 302 3 ML . (3 70) 40 9 61.8 (2.21) 36 ? I 447 1 474 4 MLrP (3 S7) 49 4 68.5 (2 23) 38 4 7 562 1 544 s 0.. . (2 10) 40 o 45.0 30 s 1 650 1 000 6 R 9?) 4S 6 67.5 26 4 1 572 953 7 RL . (1 90) S9 7 77.1 36 ? 7 136 1 295 8 RLrP . (2, SS 4 74 4 ... 40 6 7 219 1 345 9 RLrPK . . . (2 61) S8 1 72 5 40 ? 7 317 1 404 10 (2. 95) 48. 1 50.5 .... 35. 8 2 046 1.000 SECTION B 1 rP... ... (2 .97) 48.1 46.4 (1 .69) 30.7 2 029 1.223 2 M+rP ... (3 .68) 36.2 51.8 (1 71) 32.4 2 232 1.345 3 ML+rP ... (4 .15) 32.2 61.0 (2. 10) 37.1 2 513 1.515 4 MLrP+rP ... (4 .07) 36.9 61.6 (2. 17) 42.2 2 590 1.561 5 rP... ... (3 14) 41.9 39.3 38.2 1 966 1.192 6 R+rP ... (2. 16) 55.0 58.1 40.2 2 014 1.221 7 RL+rP ... (2. .68) 49.4 69.4 36.0 2 196 1.331 8 RLrP+rP ... (2 32) 42.2 75.6 36.5 2 136 1.295 9 RLrPK+rP. . ... (3 03) 42.2 73.8 41.5 2 364 1.433 10 rP ... (3 38) 47.8 49.0 41.0 1 204 1.077 (Table 19 is concluded on page 64) 64 BULLETIN No. 402 TABLE 19. CARTHAGE FIELD, Concluded [May, Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 100 Clover Series 200 Oats Series 300 Series dflO Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index Corn Stover Wheat SECTION C Ibs. 1 sP... .. (2 .48) 33.4 47.6 (1 .68) 28.8 1 807 1.066 2 M+sP .. (3 .44) 40.9 47.2 (1 .73) 32.6 2 147 1.267 3 ML+sP .. (3 .67) 37.2 55.4 (1 .94) 36.0 2 330 1.404 4 MLrP+sP .. (3 .96) 38.1 60.4 (2 .05) 44.1 2 571 1.550 5 sP. .. .. (2 .84) 42.2 37.8 40.9 1 903 1.153 6 R+sP .. (1 .72) 51.9 58.5 35.6 1 829 1.108 7 RL+sP .. (2 .46) 48.8 76.1 37.8 2 231 1.358 8 RLrP+sP .. (2 .28) 34.7 72.1 36.2 2 040 1.236 9 RLrPK+sP .. (2. .44) 38.8 73.7 44.3 2 221 1.346 10 sP .. (2. 66) 48.1 42.3 33.6 1 851 .905 SECTION D 1 Complete fertilizer.. . (2.59) 46.6 47.0 (1 .73) 29 ,8 1 918 1.156 2 M + complete fert . . . (3.19) 46.9 48.6 (1 .72) 33 .5 2 140 1.290 3 ML-f complete fert. . (3.49) 49.7 55.4 (2 .05) 33 .1 2 323 1.400 4 MLrP-f complete fert (3.85) 55.3 56.6 (2 11) 37 .9 2 524 1.521 5 Complete fertilizer.. . (2.80) 48.4 37.9 33 1 1 835 1.112 6 R+complete fert. . . . (1.62) 51.2 52.8 33, 2 1 706 1.034 7 RL+completefert.. . (2.62) 52.2 66.2 38 4 2 189 1.321 8 RLrP-f complete fert (2.52) 45.9 72.2 34 9 2 152 1 304 9 RLrPK+complete fertilizer (2.58) 42.5 65.7 42. 6 2 169 1.308 10 Complete fertilizer.. . (3.25) 31.9 46.1 32. 5 1 946 .951 Note. For the purpose of studying the relative values of finely processed rock phosphate, superphosphate, and mixed fertilizers when used in addition to different basal soil treatments which have been common to all sections of this field since 1912, these series of plots in 1929 were divided into four sections extending across all plots: Section A receives the basal treatment only. Section B receives the basal treatment plus finely processed rock phosphate, 400 pounds per acre for wheat and 125 pounds for corn. Section C receives the basal treatment plus superphosphate, 250 pounds per acre for wheat and 125 pounds for corn. Section D receives the basal treatment plus a mixed fertilizer: namely, 125 pounds of 8-24-8 per acre for wheat and 62.5 pounds for corn. Fertilizers in addition to basal treatment on Sections B, C, and D are drilled in for wheat and hill-dropped for corn. 1934} CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 65 TABLE 20. CARTHAGE FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 500 Series 600 Oats Series 700 Corn Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index all crops Wheat Stubble hay (sw. cl.) 1 2 3 4 RI 36 ,5 9 3 4 (1-31) (1.56) 40.8 41.7 55.0 59.7 63.5 71.0 75.9 73.1 Ibs. 2 274 2 530 2 029 2 024 1.000 1.113 1.002 1.000 RL, RL, RI, KC1.. . . 39 KC1 . . 30 . . 30 Note. These series were replotted in the fall of 1930 with the plots extending crosswise of the original plots. A rotation of corn, oats, wheat (sweet clover) is grown. The fall growth of sweet clover is removed from Plots 1 and 2 but allowed to stand on Plots 3 and 4. The soil treatment is as follows: residues (cornstalks and sweet -clover green manure) on all plots; limestone to all plots as necessary for successful growth of sweet clover; potassium chlorid to Plots 2 and 3, 100 pounds per acre drilled with wheat and 50 pounds hill-dropped for corn. TABLE 21. CLAYTON FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, clover, wheat Seria plot No. Soil treat- Series 100 Clover Series 200 Oats Serie G 1(\C\ Series 400 Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index all crops Stubble hay (sw. cl.) Corn Stover Wheat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10W 10E 0.. n .19) .27) .32) .60) .72) .46) .56) .55) .74) .86) .92) 41.7 55.8 58.8 65.0 42.7 41.9 51.7 50.3 48.8 41 6 35.2 38.5 61.0 76.1 75.4 38.8 48.0 57.7 54.4 59.1 33.9 32.5 (1.19) (1.64) (2 30) (2.21) 8.8 16.1 22.7 24.5 10.7 14.8 22 9 26.0 30.0 13.8 11.2 (.25) (.37) (.67) (.77) 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 Ibs. 144 871 449 568 258 337 624 866 021 534 469 1.000 1.636 2.141 2.244 1.000 1.063 1.291 1.483 1.607 1.044 1.000 M... ML (3 MLrP (3 0.. (1 R RL (1 RLrP (? RLrPK (2 Cornstalks.. . . . (2 . (2 66 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, TABLE 22. CLAYTON FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat Digestible Serial Series Series Series nutrients Re- plot Soil treatment 500 600 700 per acre, sponse No. Wheat Oats Corn average index 1 all crops 1 RI , commercial 5-155 ...'.. 19 7 S? 44 6 1 Ibs. 370 962 ? RI , home-mixed 5-15-5 . .. 19 Q S6 8 6S ? 1 716 205 ^ RI ... 12 6 ss 1 S7 6 1 473 000 4 RI , home-mixed 015-5 . .. 26 7 S8 3 S4 S 1 677 177 s RT , commercial 0150 24 ? S7 1 49 1 1 547 088 IS RI . .. 17 s 48 4 49 ? 1 376 000 7 RI , home-mixed 005 . . . 22 7 SS S SS 7 1 609 130 8 RL, commercial 0-0-50 . .. 24 5 51 6 60 7 1 684 .183 Note. This land grew alfalfa from 1914 to 1920. From 1921 until 1928 a rotation of corn, oats, clover, and wheat was grown. In 1929 these series were laid out and the present rotation (corn, oats, wheat with sweet-clover seeding) was begun. The plan of fertilization is given in the above table: Residues, consisting of cornstalks and sweet-clover green manure, are plowed down on all plots. Limestone is applied to all plots in sufficient amounts to insure the growth of sweet clover. The additional fertilizers are applied to Plots 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 at the rate of 200 pounds an acre for wheat and 100 pounds for corn. Plot 8 receives KC1 at the rate of 100 pounds an acre for wheat and 50 pounds for corn. J The yields of Plots 3 and 6 are averaged and used as a check for the plots treated with mineral fertilizers. TABLE 23. DIXON FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat Soil treatment Series 900 Corn Series 1000 Wheat Series 1100 Oats Digestibli nutrients per acre, average all crops k Re- sponse index L, all residues 48.6 36.2 55.5 Ibs. 1 719 1.089 L, cornstalks and wheat straw 46.9 28.4 46.2 1 500 .950 L, cornstalks 48.1 33.0 44.6 1 579 1.000 L, cornstalks burned (ash returned).. . L, all residues, sweet clover 52.9 83.9 35.4 41.4 53.0 68.1 1 572 2 424 .996 1.535 L, cornstalk, wheat straw, sweet clover L, cornstalks, sweet clover 77.6 75.4 47.0 42.3 65.6 72.6 2 334 2 345 1.478 1.485 L, cornstalks burned (ash returned), sweet clover 72.0 42.3 66.9 2 252 1.426 Note. These series were laid out in 1924. A study is being made of the effects of returning crop residues to the soil. Cornstalks are burned on the ground or disked in for oats. Oats straw is returned as a top dressing for wheat, and wheat straw is plowed down for corn. The effects of sweet-clover green manure, in addition to the different combinations of nonlegume residues, are also being studied. Limestone has been applied to all plots at the rate of 4,000 pounds an acre; subse- quent applications will be made as necessary in order to grow a normal crop of sweet clover. Each yield given is the average of duplicate tests. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 67 TABLE 24. DIXON FIELD, Rotation: Corn, oats, clover, wheat Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 100 Clover Series 200 Oats Series 300 Series - 4.ftfl Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index Corn Stover Wheat SOUTH HALF 1 0.. (1 77) S3 4 48 Q (1.45) 26 ? Ibs. 1 703 1.000 M (3 1?) 67 5 84 1 (2.00) 39 8 2 724 1.600 3 ML . (3 .46) 6S 80 (2.06) 42 7 2 798 1 643 4 MLrP . (3 87) 69 7 8S 4 (1.91) 42 S 2 954 1 735 s (2 00) 60 o S8 3 28 7 1 862 1 000 6 R (1 1?) S9 4 64 6 34 8 1 770 .951 7 . RL (1 80) S7 8 7? 3 36 7 2 051 1.102 8 RLrP (2 10) S6 6 7? 5 35 S 2 112 1.134 9 RLrPK . . (2 4S) S6 6 86 s 38 S 2 394 1 286 10 (1 .31) 49. 7 58, .... 24 1 564 1.000 NORTH HALF 1 RL. . . ( 78) 47.8 58.2 29.5 1 480 .869 ? MrP . (3 S9) 66.2 78 6 (1 76) 42.5 ? 733 1.605 3 MLbP (4 OS) 70.6 75.6 (1 96) 46.5 7, 966 1.742 4 MLrP.. . (4 31) 70.9 81.2 n .93) 44.7 3 082 1.810 5 RsP ( .77) 59.7 64.8 6 RrP (1.25) 62.5 72.8 7 RLsP (1.47) 62.2 70.7 8 RLrP (2. 13) 66.2 74.7 38.5 1 726 .927 38.7 1 962 1.053 38.5 1 991 1.069 34.0 2 180 1.171 9 RLrPK (2.20) 64.4 92.4 10 RLrP (1.58) 68.1 68.0 37.0 34.2 2 420 1 972 1.301 1.261 TABLE 25. ELIZABETHTOWN FIELD, Corn, winter oats, mixed hay, wheat 1 Series 100 Series inn Series 400 Series 500 Digestible nutrients Re- Corn Stover Wheat Mixed hay Winter oats average all crops index 0... 14.0 ( .32) 1 8 ( ) 11.2 Ibs. 257 1.000 M 30 8 ( 71) 8 3 ( .31) 32.2 738 2 872 ML 47 2 (1 00) 21 4 (1.64) 53 4 1 544 6 008 MLrP 46 8 (1 04) 27 4 (1 75) 74 1 1 758 6 840 0.. R RL 14.0 , 11.8 39.4 1.8 1.4 7.6 (0 ) ) ( .95) 11.2 10.3 38 8 241 207 987 1.000 .859 4.095 RLrP RLrPK . 46.2 44.9 19.4 24.5 (2.06) (1.80) 40.3 68.1 1 491 1 628 6.187 6.755 'In 1932 the rotation was changed to corn, winter oats, standard hay mixture, and wheat. Series 200 was taken out ofthe system and will be used as a terracing demon- stration. Series 500 replaces Series 200 in the cropping system. 68 BULLETIN No. 402 TABLE 26. ENFIELD FJELD Rotation: Corn, oats, mixed hay, wheat [May, **?* ' Soil treat- Series 100 Mixed hay Series 200 Oats Series 300 Ser *r\ Digestible ies nutrients Re- per acre, sponse eat average index all crops Corn Stover Wh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10W 10E 0.. . ( ) ) .30) .54) ) ) .64) .66) .44) ) ) 6 10 17 16 7 8 16 17 18 11 10. ,3 ,5 ,7 ,9 .5 .9 .1 .5 ,6 ,3 9 32 36 56 57 27 30 28 22 51 30 31 .4 .6 .8 .5 .8 .8 .3 .6 .7 ,6 4 ( -84) 7 ( .95) 14 (1.90) 31 (2.04) 34 6 8 .... 22 25 32 12 8 .5 .2 .8 9 9 .1 .7 4 7 Ibs. 530 687 1 537 1 634 436 501 832 824 1 432 550 517 1.000 1.296 2.900 3.083 1.000 1.149 1.908 1.-867 3 282 1.064 1.000 M ML (1 MLrP (1 0.. ( R RL / RLrP . ( RLrPK (1 Cornstalks , ( TABLE 27. ENFIELD FIELD Rotation: Corn, wheat Soil treatment 1 Series 700 Corn Series Digestible nutri- Re- 800 ents per acre, sponse Wheat average all crops index 1-W 1-E 2-W 2-E 3-W 3-E 4-W 4-E 5-W 5-E 6-W 6-E LK.. 25 4 9 3 3 1 1 1 6 8 5 8 2 9 12 17 19 13 18 11 16 14 18 14 18 .9 .6 .0 .7 .2 .0 .5 .8 .0 .2 .9 .5 Ibs. 807 972 1 199 1 241 991 1 284 950 1 268 981 1 210 801 1 098 1.000 1.000 1.486 1.276 1.225 1.321 1.177 1.304 1.215 1.245 .993 1.130 LK 29. LK, rP, sP, sweet clover .... 35. LK, rP, sP, red clover 34. LK, rP, sweet clover 30 LK, rP, red clover 38 LK, rP, sP, sweet clover. . . . 30 LK, rP, sP, red clover 38. LK, rP, sweet clover 28 LK rP, red clover 34 LK sweet clover 19 LK, red clover .... 29 'Prior to 1933 these plots had received mineral fertilizers at the following rates: limestone, 4 tons an acre to all plots; rock phosphate, 4,000 pounds an acre to Plots 2 and 3 and 3,000 pounds to Plots 4 and 5; superphosphate, 100 pounds an acre to Plot 2 and 200 pounds to Plot 4. Beginning with 1932, KC1 at the rate of 100 pounds an acre is applied to all plots for each crop. Phosphates are applied for each wheat crop: rock phosphate, 400 pounds an acre, to Plots 4 and 5, and superphosphate, 250 pounds an acre, to Plots 2 and 4. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 TABLE 28. EWING FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, mixed hay, wheat 69 Series Series Digestible Serial inn ^/^ Series 300 Series nutrients nli-if- c u-il tro^tmont . . Aftfl nnr a/-rr> Re- sponse index No. 'i ' Corn Stover Wheat average all crops SECTION A 1 sP, KC1.. .. ( ) 14 1 ( 81) 10 S Ibs. 324 1.733 ? MsP, KC1 ... ( ) 17 (1 00) is 6 428 2.289 3 MLsP, KC1 ... (2.57) 10.8 4S 8 (1 88) 37 ? 1 757 9.385 4 MLrPsP, KC1 (1.87) 6.5 SO 4 n 94) 34 8 1 583 8.465 s sP, KC1.. .. ( ) .6 10 8 14 Q 404 2 623 6 RLsP, KC1. ( -77) 3.9 33 9 S3 1 993 6 513 7 RLsP, KC1 . (1.06) 6 2 4S 8 31 1 162 7 545 8 RLrPsP, KC1 ... (1.23) 6.5 SI 8 3S S 1 350 8.766 Q RLrPsPK, KC1 . . . .. (4.11) 8.8 S3 7 37 ? 2 125 13.799 10 sP, KC1 ...(o ) 1.6 21 l 19 .4 478 3.104 SECTION B 1 KC1.. (0 ) .6 15 .3 ( -74) 6.3 287 1 535 2 M, KC1 (0 ) 4 2 22 .7 ( -92) 12.2 470 2, 514 3 ML, KC1 (2.10) 13. ,7 51 .7 (1.93) 34.0 1 685 9 Oil 4 MLrP, KC1 (1.96) 7, ,5 51 .3 (1.93) 33.1 1 600 8 556 5 KC1.. (0 ) 2 ,6 13 .1 5.7 230 1 494 6 RL, KC1 ( .87) 6, ,5 29 .9 26.8 910 5. 909 7 RL, KC1 (1.04) 8, ,5 36 .0 27.3 1 038 6. 766 8 RLrP, KC1 (1.66) 5, ,9 47 .0 29.7 1 331 8 649 9 RLrPK, KC1 . . (1.90) 8, 8 53 ,7 36.9 1 569 10, 188 10 KC1 (0 ) 2. 9 25 .2 8.6 402 2, 610 SECTION C 1 0.. ( ) 3.6 7. 9 ( .77) 3 3 187 1.000 2 M (0 ) 4.9 24. 9 (1 .02) 5. 8 427 2.283 3 ML ( -70) 10.4 50. 5 (1 .72) 30 .5 1 251 6.690 4 MLrP 0.87) 7.5 56. 8 (1 .66) 29 8 1 586 8.481 5 0.. (0 ) 2.9 10 ,8 1 ,4 154 1.000 6 R (0 ) 4.6 14 .2 2 .7 217 1.409 7 RL ( .50) 9.8 34 ,4 14 2 736 4.779 8 RLrP ( .63) 7.5 40 ,5 25 2 956 6.208 9 RLrPK . . (1.52) 8.1 56 ,4 36 4 1 494 9.701 10 sP (0 ) 2.6 26 3 13 4 470 3.052 (Table 28 is concluded on page 70) 70 BULLETIN No. 402 TABLE 28. EWING FIELD, Concluded [May, Serial plot Soil treatment No. Series 100 Mixed hay Series 200 Oats Series 300 Series - 4.0O Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index Corn Stover Wheat SECTION D 1 NaNOs... . ( ) 3 <) 11 5 ( .58) 9 Ibs. 214 1 144 2 3 4 s M 1 All ML fertilizers MLrPJ residual NaNOs, KC1. . . (0 ) ( -68) ( .71) . ( ) 6, 8 9. 1 ,2 .8 ,4 3 19 45 54 16 A ,0 .3 ( .87) (1.31) (1.11) 8 28 31 8 .9 8 402 1 134 1 266 287 2.150 6.064 6.770 1 714 6 RL . ( .63) 7 1 17 17 ^ 822 5 338 7 RL (no sw. cl.) ( -69) Q 1 19 9 8 944 6 130 8 9 10 RLrP (oats straw) RLrP, (K residual) . . NaNOs, sP, KC1 .(1.46) (1.41) .(0 ) 4, 8 2. 6 1 6 49, 57, 31. ,7 ,7 4 26. 29 14 2 ,7 6 1 262 1 400 544 8.195 9.091 3.532 Note. In order to study the relative values of different methods of fertilization when added to the basal soil treatments that have been common on these series since 1911, the series in 1929 were divided into four sections extending across all plots: Section A of each plot receives the basal treatment plus KC1 at the rate of 100 pounds an acre for wheat, and 100 pounds for corn; also superphosphate at the rate of 250 pounds an acre for wheat and 250 pounds for corn. Section B receives KC1 as on Section A. Section C continues under the basal treatment except for Plot 10, which receives superphosphate as on Section A. Section D of the various plots is treated as follows: Plot 1 receives 166 pounds an acre of NaNOs as a top dressing for wheat and 83 pounds as a side dressing for corn. On Plots 2, 3, and 4 of this section all soil treatments are discontinued. Plot 5 receives NaNOs as on Plot 1 and KC1 as on Section A. On Plot 7 the sweet-clover catch crop is omitted. On Plot 8 oats straw is plowed down for corn at the rate of 2 tons an acre. On Plot 9 kainit is discontinued. Plot 10 receives NaNOs as on Plot 1 and KC1 and superphosphate as on Section A. Plot 6 in Sections A, B, and D received a 9-ton application of limestone in 1929. No sweet clover will be seeded on this plot in Sections A and B. TABLE 29. EWING FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat Serial plot No. Soil treatment Series 700 Oats Series 800 Wheat Series 900 Corn Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index all crops Ibs. 1 RK 4 9 9 4 17 ? 444 1.000 ? RK T 5 9 16 S 19 5 599 1.349 3 RK IsP (100).. 1 9 74 4 ?4 1 765 1.724 4 RK TrP (200) 4 6 ?S ?9 ? 870 1.960 S RK T, 2 6 19 6 70 1 633 1.426 6 RK I*P (200). . 3 6 ?> ? 3? 8 920 2.072 7 RK LrP (400) 2 ,9 22 37. 8 964 2.171 1934} CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 71 TABLE 30. EWING FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat Digestible Serial Series Series Series nutrients Re- plot Soil treatment 1 500- N 500-S 600 per acre, sponse No. Oats Corn Wheat average index all crops Ibs. 1 RK 2.1 32.8 14.8 742 1 000 2 RK, white biennial sweet clover . , 3.9 35.7 25.3 967 1.303 3 RK, red clover 3.9 32.8 25.0 899 1.214 4 RK, Hubam clover 3.1 29.3 25.8 873 1.177 5 RK, alsike clover 3.9 38.6 21.3 946 1.275 6 RK, yellow biennial sweet clover. , 3.1 36.3 18.8 866 1.167 Note. On these series a study is being made of the relative values of different legume catch crops. 1 Prior to 1917 all plots had received fertilizers at the following rates per acre: manure 8 tons, limestone 8 tons, rock phosphate 6,000 pounds, and kainit 2,400 pounds. Beginning with 1932, KC1 at the rate of 100 pounds per acre is applied broadcast to all plots for corn and wheat. TABLE 31 HARTSBURG FIELD (Series 500) Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat, clover-alfalfa Plot No. WEST EAST Soil treatment 1 Wheat Soil treatment 1 Wheat 1 24.5 2 M. 19.7 3 ML 23.3 4 MLrP 24.7 5 0.. . 20.0 6 R 17.8 7 RL 25.8 8 RLrP 22.7 9 RLrPK.. . 22.7 10 18.8 11 LeM.. . 21.0 12 LeML 16.7 13 LeMLrP 22.2 14 LeMrP 28.2 15 0.. . 19.0 Treble sP 30.0 M + treble sP 36.5 ML + trebles? 36.3 MLrP + treble sP 35.2 Trebles? . 33.7 R + treble sP 35 . 2 RL + treble sP 30.3 RLrP + trebles? 31.8 RLrPK + treble sP.... .30.5 Trebles? 30.5 LeM + complete fertilizer 31 .5 LeML + complete fertilizer 30.8 LeMLrP + complete fertilizer.. 33.3 LeMrP + complete fertilizer. . . 32.3 Complete fertilizer 26.5 J With the exception of treble s? and complete fertilizer (8-24-8), all treat- ments are residual, the last application having been made in 1923. Treble sP, 111 pounds an acre, and 8-24-8, 125 pounds an acre, were applied ahead of the wheat crop. 72 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, TABLE 32. HARTSBURG FIELD Rotation: Corn, corn, oats, wheat Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 300 Series 400 Digestible Series Series nutrients Re- 100 200 Second- First- per acre, sponse Wheat Oats year Stover year Stover average index corn corn all crops WEST HALF 1 0.. ... 27, 5 34.3 36.0 (1.25) 29.1 ( 80) Ibs. 1 354 1 000 ? M 33 3 38.1 46.2 (1.53) 49.3 (1 SO) 1 824 1 347 1 ML 33 ? 36.2 41.9 (1.53) 59.2 (1 6S) 1 891 1 397 4 MLrP 33 , 5 37 8 42 2 (1.41) 54.1 (1 48) 1 837 1 357 s . 25 s 30 3 39.9 38 9 1 359 1 000 6 R 28 3 32.8 32.5 53.2 1 483 1.091 7 RL 27, I 31.6 52.9 62.7 1 798 1.323 8 RLrP 32, 3 20.6 35.5 70.6 1 691 1.244 Q RLrPK . . . 32 3 31.2 36.4 64.3 1 690 1 244 10 .... 21. 8 33.8 43.2 40.4 1 388 1.000 EAST HALF 1 RL. . . 24 .3 29.1 43.1 46.7 1 460 1.078 2 MrP .... 35 .5 36.9 46.5 (1 .56) 47.6 (1.35) 1 832 1.353 3 MLbP .... 33 .2 38.4 49.5 (1 .44) 61.5 (2.20) 2 039 1.506 4 MLrP .... 36 .0 37.5 44.1 (1 .56) 59.4 (1.55) 1 957 1.445 5 RsP.. . 34 .8 36.6 27.6 45.2 1 438 1.051 6 RrP .... 34 .5 38.8 39.3 59.0 1 732 1.274 7 RLsP .... 35 .7 35.6 35.4 56.7 1 659 1.221 8 RLrP .... 31 .5 45.6 42.3 53.7 1 709 1.258 9 RLrPK.. . 31 .5 32.2 42.5 55.9 1 660 1.221 10 RLrP .... 27 7 30.9 47.6 39.8 1 484 1.062 TABLE 33. JOLIET FIELD Rotation: Corn, corn, soybeans, oats, wheat, clover-alfalfa Soil treat- Series 100 Series 200 Series 300 Second - First- Series 400 Digestible Series Series nutrients Re- 500 600 per acre, sponse rust- Plnvpfl Juv uw i*:i acir, >IMIU^< Stover year Stover ^iflif^ Wheat Oats average index corn all crops Ibs. 1 0.. . 21.8 18.4 ( .56) 19.1 ( .41) ( .89) 9.3 27.7 854 1.000 2 M.. 21.4 23.6 ( .96) 20.8 ( .74) (1.48) 8.1 32.7 1 037 1.203 ML 20.8 29.1 (1.00) 30.4 (1.00) (1.80) 9.7 33.3 1 225 1.434 4 MLrP 19.1 27.3 (1.00) 27.9 ( -96) (2.58) 16.1 34.5 1 366 1.600 5 0... . 20.1 10.8 6.4 (1.05) 7.6 34.8 694 1.000 6 M.... ... 21.7 13.4 6.9 ( -49) 6.2 33.9 621 .892 7 ML ... 19.3 17.5 13.7 ( -82) 6.2 40.5 761 1.096 8 MLrP ... 15.8 20.2 14.6 (1.01) 15.6 41.6 867 1.249 9 MLrPK... . 17.1 25.9 21.6 (1.62) 22.5 44.1 1 144 1.648 10 . .. 19.0 17.9 6.5 ( .81) 15.2 25.8 723 The second growth was practically all alfalfa. The crop on the residues plots was allowed to mature and was harvested as seed, the yields being at the following acre-rates: Plot 6, .79 bushel; Plot 7. 1.62 bushels; Plot 8, 3.04 bushels; Plot 9, 3.21 bushels an acre. The resulting chaff from each plot was returned to its respective plot. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 73 TABLE 34. JOLIET FIELD Rotation: Corn, barley, wheat, legume hay Serial plot Soil treatment No.' Series 700 Legume hay Series Series Series Digestible nutri- Re- 800 900 1000 cnts per acre, sponse Wheat Barley 1 Corn average all crops index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 RL, red clover . (1.03) 7.6 X.6 9.3 7.8 8.3 10.4 10.5 11.0 7.5 8.6 3.5 13.9 28.7 22.7 25.9 30.0 26.1 29.9 21.3 16.5 Ibs. 405 736 810 684 869 1 214 1 279 1 315 1 238 880 1 195 1 263 601 1.000 1.351 1.489 1.000 1.000 1.389 1.463 1.505 1.416 1.000 1.000 1.057 RLrP. red clover ... (1 . 80) RLrP. gypsum, red clover ... (1.42) RL, red clover ... (1.27) RL, alfalfa. . . (1.88) RLrP, alfalfa ... (2.96) RLrPL. alfalfa ... (3.38) RLrP. KC1, alfalfa RL, KC1, alfalfa ... (3.32) ... (3.57) RL, alfalfa ... (2.32) RL, red clover . (2 . 26) RLsP, red clover ... (2 . 38) LsP, red clover . ' ... (1.13) Note. In 1924 the rotation on the minor series at Joliet was changed to corn, barley, wheat, and biennial legumes (red clover on Plots 1 to 4 on all series and on Plots II, 12, and 13 on Series 700 and 900; alfalfa on Plots 5 to 10). All plots have received limestone at the rate of 5,000 pounds an acre. Plot 7 on all series has received in addition 8,000 pounds of limestone an acre. Fertilizers as designated above are applied at the following annual acre-rates: rock phosphate 400 pounds, potassium chlorid 100 pounds, gypsum 100 pounds. These fertilizers are applied twice in the rotation and ahead of the wheat and corn crops. Superphosphate is applied for the wheat crop at the rate of 250 pounds an acre. The last crops of clover and alfalfa are plowed down, excepting on Plots 713 and 913, where they are removed as hay. 'Plots 11, 12, and 13 appear only in Series 700 and 900. 2 Crop was destroyed by chinch bugs. TABLE 35. JOLIET FIELD, SPECIAL PHOSPHORUS STUDIES: STUDY OF EFFECTIVE- NESS OF ROCK PHOSPHATE AT DIFFERENT DEGREES OF FINENESS AND DIFFERENT RATES OF APPLICATION, AND STUDY OF DIFFERENT CARRIERS OF PHOSPHORUS Rotation: Wheat, clover Rock phosphate, degrees-of- fineness 1 study . Rock phosphate, rate-of- application study Comparison of phos- phorus carriers Soil treat- ment Buck- wheat 1 Soil treat- ment Buck- wheat 1 Soil treat- ment Buck- wheat 1 No phosphate .... . . . 11.5 . 12.3 No phosphate . 9.9 rP, 99% fine . . . 15.8 rP (250) . . . 13.9 rP (560) 16.7 rP, 95% fine. 17.6 rP (500) 16.2 bP (175) 14.4 rP, 90% fine . . . 17.6 rP (1,000) . ... .. 17.3 sP (280) 14.8 rP, 65% fine ... 15.5 rP (2,000) ... 15.8 Treble sP (140) ... 16.1 Note. This series was laid out in the fall of 1927. It consists of 75 small plots divided into three groups of 25 plots each. Five soil treatments, replicated five times, are studied in each group. On Plots 1 to 25 inclusive a study is being made of the relative effectiveness of different degrees of fineness of rock phosphate. The original application of the phosphate was at the rate of 1,000 pounds an acre; a subsequent application of 500 pounds an acre was made for the 1930 wheat crop. On Plots 26 to 50 inclusive a study is being made of the effects of different rates of application of finely ground rock phosphate. On Plots 51 to 75 a comparison is made of the effects of different carriers of phosphorus when ap- plied in equal money values. All phosphate!) are applied broadcast immediately after the wheat is drilled. 'Percentage passing thru 100-mesh screen. 'Buckwheat was grown as a substitute crop. 74 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, TABLE 36. KEWANEE FIELD Rotations Livestock Corn, oats, clover, wheat; Grain Corn, corn, oats, wheat Seric So! ll Soil treat- Sfjjf ment Closer Series Series 300 Series ,IAA Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index Oats Corn Stover Wheat i 2 3 4 0.. . (1.70) 60.9 70.5 73.9 68.0 59.8 77.1 80.9 82.6 (1.64) 22.4 (1.98) 28.7 (2.35) 36.1 (2.59) 41.4 Ibs. 1 812 2 629 2 814 2 851 1.000 1.451 1.553 1.573 M . . (3 . 50) ML .. (3.56) MLrP .. (3.47) Oats Second- year corn First- year corn Wheat Digestible nutrients Re- sponse index 5 6 7 8 9 0.... 63.3 68.0 76.3 79.7 82.1 87.0 57.6 69.6 81.2 85.6 84.1 22.6 28.5 37.7 40.8 41.0 2 032 2 317 2 561 2 705 2 721 1.000 1.140 1.260 1.332 1.339 R .. 60.9 RL .. 54.7 RLrP . . 60.2 RLrPK .... .. 55.8 Note.- In order to make a true comparison between livestock and grain cropping systems, the following changes were made in the above field in 1932. Plots 1 to 4 inclusive are continuing to grow the rotation of corn, oats, clover, wheat. On Plots 5 to 9 inclusive a rotation of corn, corn, oats, and wheat has been started. Green- manure crops consisting of Hubam clover with oats and common sweet clover in wheat are being seeded on Plots 6, 7, 8, and 9. Plot 10 has been removed from the standard work and will be used in more intensive investigations. (See next page for Table 37) TABLE 38. KEWANEE FIELD: SPECIAL PHOSPHORUS STUDIES No. 1 Rotation: Wheat, clover Rock phosphate, degree-of- fineness study Rock phosphate, rate-of- application study Comparison of phos- phorus carriers Soil treatment Clover Soil treatment Clover Soil treatment Clover No phosphate . (3 . 44) No phosphate . (2.97) No phosphate . (2.60) rP, 99%i (4 22) rP (250) . (3.08) rP (560) . (3.52) rP, 95% . (4.12) rP (500) . (3 . 36) bP (175) . (3.55) rP, 90% . . (4.36) rP (1,000) . (3.56) sP (280) . (3.01) rP. 65% . (4.32) rP (2,000) . (3.48) Treble sP (140) ... . (2.90) Note. This series was laid out in the fall of 1927. It consists of 75 small plots divided into three groups of 25 plots each. Five soil treatments, replicated five times, are studied in each group. On Plots 1 to 25 inclusive a study is being made of the relative effectiveness of different degrees of fi neness of rock phosphate. The original application of the phosphate was at the rate of 1,000 pounds an acre; a subsequent application of 500 pounds an acre was made for the 1930 wheat crop. On Plots 26 to 50 inclusive a study is being made of the effects of different rates of application of finely ground rock phosphate. On Plots 51 to 75 a comparison is made of the effects of different carriers of phosphorus when applied in equal money values. All phosphates are applied broadcast immediately after the wheat is drilled. 'Percentage passing thru 100-mesh screen. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 TABLE 37. KEWANEE FIELD Rotation: Corn, corn, oats, wheat 75 Serial plot Soil treatment No. Series 500 Oats Series 600 2nd yr. corn Series 700 1st yr. corn Series 800 Wheat Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops 1 RrP.. 73.0 72.6 76.3 40.7 Ibs. 2 527 2 RsP ... 74.0 74.9 82.4 40.7 3 104 3 RLrP ... 76.6 81.1 88.9 40.7 3 277 4 RLsP ... 74.2 75.7 81.8 40.8 3 099 (See preceding page for Table 38) TABLE 39. KEWANEE FIELD, SPECIAL PHOSPHORUS STUDIES No. 2, ROCK PHOSPHATE Continuous wheat Grade tro-mi* ' ru 1932 1933 11 Wheat Wheat Percent thru JQ 1933 No rP iT r!' ne 42.8 47.6 46.0 44.8 22.6 25.8 24.6 22.6 Fir rP rP le limestone (300) 82 62 42 45 43 4 9 7 23 24 25 4 4 5 (F353) 98 99 91 (F417) (302) (F299) Note. This series was laid out in the fall of 1931 in order to study the relative effectiveness of fineness of grinding of rock phosphate when applied in smaller amounts than in the preceding experiment (Table 38). This series will grow wheat continuously. In the fall of 1931 fine-ground limestone was applied to the limed plots at the rate of 2 tons an acre; at the same time the phosphates were applied to the different phos- phate plots at rates equivalent to 150 pounds an acre of 13-percent rock phosphate. Each crop yield is the average of five replicates. TABLE 40. KEWANEE FIELD, SPECIAL PHOSPHORUS STUDIES No. 3, CHEMICALLY PURE PHOSPHATIC MATERIALS Continuous wheat Soil treatment 1932 Spring wheat 1933 Wheat Soil treatment 1932 Spring wheat 1933 Wheat None 15.9 24.4 Ca 3 (PO4)t... 17.5 32.6 Fine limestone . 16.0 22.8 MgH 4 (PO 4 ) 2 . 17.6 36.5 CaH 4 (PO 4 )j H,O . 16.9 35.0 NaH 2 PO 4 H 2 O . 16.4 32.3 CaHPO 4 2 H 2 O . 17.1 32.6 NH 4 H 2 PO 4 . 18.0 33.9 Note. This series was laid out in 1932 for the purpose of studying the relative effects of chemically pure phosphatic materials on crop response and also on their chemical behavior in the soil. Wheat will be grown continuously in this experiment. In the spring of 1932 fine-ground limestone was applied to the limed plots at the rate of 2 tons an acre. The chemically pure phosphates are applied to their respective plots at rates equivalent to 10 pounds an acre of elemental phosphorus and ahead of each wheat crop. Each crop yield is the average of five replicates. 76 BULLETIN No. 402 TABLE 41. LEBANON FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat, clover-alfalfa [May, Seris plot No. Soil treat- ment Series Series 100 200 Wheat Oats Series 300 Series 400 Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index all crops Corn Stover Clover- alfalfa SECTION A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.. . 24 .5 .6 .8 .2 4 20.9 35.1 53.4 60.4 34.8 19.7 32.0 31.8 30.4 11.9 (1 (1 (I .88) .18) .32) .17) (1 (4 (4 (2 (1 (3 (3 (3 (1 .04) .97) .16) .19) .33) .90) .40) .39) .51) .65) Ibs. 686 1 541 2 230 2 276 1 263 1 319 2 149 2 211 2 376 1 326 1.000 2.246 3.250 3.318 1.000 1.044 1.702 1.751 1.881 1.000 M ...34 ML ...37 MLrP ...39 0.. . 27 R ...30 .2 .6 .8 .1 .3 33.5 59.1 58.8 64.2 47.4 24.5 46.3 51.0 58.8 29.3 RL . .. 34 RLrP . .. 35 RLrPK.. ...37 ...25 SECTION B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 rP .. . 27 ,4 ,5 ,3 .4 ,1 ,1 ,9 4 7 21.5 50.6 57.6 61.4 44.2 38.9 57.2 50.9 62.3 54.4 23.8 30.1 28.2 27.0 8.5 16.7 25.4 38.4 54.4 32.2 (1 (1 (1 .90) .23) .07) .03) (1 (3 (2 (3 (3 (3 (2 .05) .89) .18) .22) .03) .35) .33) .26) .37) .56) 774 1 635 2 211 2 218 1 508 1 389 1 856 1 945 2 235 1 663 1.128 2.386 3.238 3.233 1.194 1.100 1.470 1.540 1.770 1.179 M + rP . . . 38 ML + rP .. . 36 MLrP + rP 35 rP. .. . 31 R + rP .. . 31 RL + rP .. . 32 RLrP + rP ... 31 RLrPK + rP . 33 rP ... 27. SECTION C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 sP ... 23 ,7 ,3 .3 8 8 1 3 cS 26.2 49.3 60.8 60.8 42.4 34.5 53.8 53.4 58.8 44.2 27.3 44.7 21.8 20.6 11.4 15.5 16.6 20.8 42.9 35.6 (1 (1 .03) .52) .99) .98) (1 (4 (4 (2 (1 (3 (3 (3 (3 .08) .40) .39) .62) .83) 94) 66) 65) 54) 01) 801 1 525 2 211 2 269 1 543 1 289 1 824 1 892 2 184 1 753 1.168 2.223 3.223 3.308 1.222 1.021 1.444 1.498 1.729 1.322 M + sP ... 25, ML + sP ... 36 MLrP + sP ...37 sP... . 36. R + S P ... 34. RL + sP ... 32, RLrP + sP . .. 34. RLrPK + sP. . . 37. sP . .. 27. (Table 41 is concluded on page 77) 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 77 TABLE 41. LEBANON FIELD, Concluded * plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 300 Wheat Oats Corn Stover Clover- alfalfa Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index all crops SECTION D Ibs. 1 Complete fertilizer.. . 21.4 29 ,4 30 ,7 (1 .16) ( -41) 930 1.356 2 M -f- com. fert 28.2 46 ,5 42 9 (1 .47) (1.56) 1 559 2.273 3 ML + com. fert 29.9 49 o 43 ,9 (1 .49) (4.34) 2 338 3.408 4 MLrP + com. fert... 33.8 59 ,8 29 ,3 (1 .15) (4.21) 2 221 3.238 5 Complete fertilizer.. . 23.1 41 ,8 19 ,2 (2.48) 1 371 1.086 6 R + com. fert 31.4 29 ,8 33 ,6 (1.98) 1 435 1.136 7 RL -f- com. fert 32.2 55 ,7 31 ;"8 (3 42) 1 944 1.539 8 RLrP + com. fert... 33.9 54, 7 25, 6 \ v ***/ (3.57) 1 978 1.550 9 RLrPK + com. fert . 35.1 55 31 ,1 (3.51) 1 990 1.576 10 Complete fertilizer.. . 30.7 26 .9 38 .3 (3.02) 1 744 1.315 Note. For the purpose of studying the relative values of finely processed rock phosphate, superphosphate, and mixed fertilizers when used in addition to different basal soil treatments which have been common to all sections of this field since 1912, these series of plots in 1929 were divided into four sections extending across all plots: Section A receives the basal treatment only. Section B receives the basal treatment plus finely processed rock phosphate, 400 pounds an acre for wheat and 125 pounds for corn. Section C receives the basal treatment plus superphosphate, 250 pounds an acre for wheat and 125 pounds for corn. Section D receives the basal treatment plus a mixed fertilizer; namely, 125 pounds of 8-24-8 an acre for wheat and 62.5 pounds for corn. On Sections B, C, and D all fertilizers in addition to the basal treatment are drilled in for wheat and hill-dropped for corn. TABLE 42. LEBANON FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat Serial plot Soil treatment 1 No. Series 500 Wheat Series 600 Corn Series 700 Oats Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index all crops Ibs. 1-W Le... 20 9 28,4 19 9 907 1.000 1-E Le + sP 22 4 76 7 25 9 950 1.407 2-W LeM.. 26 Q 33 1 19 3 1 069 1.179 2-E LeM 4- sP 34 6 32 8 27 3 1 247 1.375 3-W LeML. . 26 47 31 1 349 1.487 3-E LeML + sP 36 1 SO s 41 6 1 642 1.810 4-W LeMLrP. . 25, Q 48 1 33 7 1 384 1.526 4-E LeMLrP + rP 34. 1 52 7 40. 8 1 637 1.806 'No manure or limestone has been applied since 1921. No rock phosphate has been applied on 4-W since 1921. 78 BULLETIN No. 402 TABLE 43. LEBANON FIELD Rotation: Wheat, potatoes {.May, Digestible Serial Series Series nutrients plot Soil treatment 800 900 per acre, No. Potatoes Wheat average all crops Ibs. 1 LeM... 57.3 32.2 1 065 2 LesP 57.8 33 4 1 097 3 LerP 52 33 1 1 060 4 LesPK 65.3 37.0 1 221 5 LerPK 50.8 37.3 1 200 6 Le, straw t 81.7 35.1 1 254 7 LesP, straw 83.2 33.9 1 233 8 LerP, straw 90.5 33.4 1 263 9 Le, treble superphosphate 49.8 36.1 1 120 10 Le, potassium phosphate 54.7 35.1 1 121 Note. In 1925 Series 800 and 900 were laid out on land which had received 8,000 pounds of limestone, 2,000 pounds of rock phosphate, and 15 tons of manure an acre in 1911. The land grew alfalfa almost continuously from 1911 to 1925. A rotation of wheat (sweet-clover catch crop) and potatoes is followed. Fertilizers are applied as indicated above. The phosphates are applied annually: rock phosphate, at the rate of 400 pounds an acre; superphosphate, 200 pounds; treble superphosphate, 100 pounds; and potassium phosphate, 200 pounds. Kainit, 200 pounds an acre, is applied for each potato crop. Two tons of manure is applied for potatoes. Straw is applied as a mulch when the potatoes are coming thru the ground. TABLE 44. McNABB FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat, clover Serial o_:i .. Series P' ot ment 10 No. Oats Series 200 Se 3 Cl< nes 00 Dver Series 400 Wheat Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index all crops Corn Stover 1 2 3 4 5 R. 55 .3 .9 .8 .4 73 83 83, 80 83. .8 .... 9 .... 8 (3.00) 1 (3.12) (1 (1 (2 (2. (2. .82) .69) .46) ,25) 06) 37.2 40.8 40.0 41.0 40.3 2 2 2 1 1 Ibs. 248 292 536 616 564 .866 .904 1.000 1.032 1.011 RrP 75 82 MrP 84 M 80 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 TABLE 45. MINONK FIELD Rotation: Corn, corn, oats, wheat 79 Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment 1 Series 100 Wheat Series 200 Oats Series 300 Series 400 Digestible Re- sponse index Second- year corn Stover First- year corn Stover per acre, average all crops SOUTH HALVES OF PLOTS 1 0.. . 27 5 45.0 34.8 ( -91) 33.2 d 10) Ibs. 1 444 1.000 ? M . .. 30 n 36.9 36.6 (1.04) 41.0 (1 .18) 1 547 1.075 T> ML . .. 27 6 35.9 39.0 (1.03) 39.1 n 20) 1 519 1.052 4 MLrP . . . 26 7 40.0 40.6 (1.10) 40.8 (1 ,22) 1 572 1.089 5 0.. . 25 1 40.0 28.4 27.9 1 156 1.000 6 R ...31 33.8 39.2 36.9 1 413 1.222 7 RL ...31 n 41.2 41.5 42 .4 1 542 1.334 8 RLrP ...33 n 44.7 42.4 42.3 1 595 1.380 Q RLrPK.. . 31. ? 43.8 36.9 39.7 1 478 1.279 10 . .. 23. 6 40.0 25.6 35.7 1 194 1.000 NORTH HALVES OF PLOTS 1 N.. .. 31.2 43.1 30.6 ( 93) 35.8 n IS) 1 463 1.013 ? MN . . 35.9 45.3 34.3 86) 46.5 (1 ?S) 1 695 1.174 3 MLN .. 31.3 30.6 41.2 (1 17) 42.1 (1 .32) 1 604 1.111 4 MLrPN.... .. 31.0 37.8 37.4 (1 1?) 39.3 (1 .33) 1 566 1.084 S N.. . 30.3 42.2 28.8 29.0 1 247 1.079 6 RN . . 33.4 47.2 34.2 39.4 1 489 1.288 7 RLN .. 31.0 40.9 40.0 41.9 1 518 1.313 8 RLrPN .. 31.7 44.1 37.8 44.4 1 548 1.339 9 10 RLrPKN... N . 31.0 . . 26.8 45.9 45.3 38.9 27.5 41.4 39.8 1 529 1 329 1.323 1.113 'On the north halves of all plots nitrogen fertilizers are applied as follows: For first-year corn, sodium nitrate, 83 pounds an acre (applied with a special hand distrib- utor or jabber on both sides of the hill and about an inch below the surface) at emergence, and ammonium sulfate, 83 pounds an acre when the corn is about 12 inches high. For wheat, ammonium sulfate at the rate of 165 pounds an acre is applied broad- cast as a top dressing about April 15. Units of Measure Used in Tables In all tables in Part II the figures representing yields of individual crops indicate bushels per acre except where they are placed in parentheses, in which case they indicate tons per acre. For a key to the symbols representing soil treatments, see pages 40 and 41. Digestible nutrients per acre, as indicated in the tables, are stated in pounds. Since all the crops grown on these fields are used principally as feed or food, their content of digestible nutrients furnishes the best common measure of their value for purposes of making comparisons. 80 BULLETIN No. 402 TABLE 46. MT. MORRIS FIELD Rotations Livestock Corn, oats, clover, wheat; Grain Corn, corn, oats, wheat [A/ay, Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 100 Series 200 Series 300 ^jjj* Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index Clover Oats Corn Stover Wheat 1 2 3 4 0. . .... (1.24) 34. 41. 46. 45. 8 7 1 6 66 79 81 79 .2 .6 .2 9 (1.72) 15 (1.86) 23 (1.84) 30 (1.86) 30. .8 .8 .0 8 i 2 2 2 Ibs. 540 203 508 421 1.000 1.431 1.626 1.572 M (2.64) ML .... (3.35) MLrP ....(3.05) Oats Second- First- year year corn corn Wheat Digestible at nutrients Re- sponse index 5 6 7 8 9 10-W 10-E 0.. . 36.3 46. 63, 80. 76. 75. 61. 54. ,3 1 3 ,2 3 7 7 50 63 78 82 87 52 46 .9 .7 .9 .5 .4 .1 11 12 21 .... 25 27 8 8 .9 .4 .2 .2 .8 .9 .0 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 434 792 227 310 380 588 437 1.000 1.250 1.553 1.611 1.660 1.105 1.000 R .... 39.8 RL 35.6 RLrP 40.3 RLrPK . 39.8 Cornstalks 36.2 .... 37.8 Note. In order to make a true comparison between livestock and grain cropping systems, the following changes were made in 1932: Plots 1 to 4 inclusive are continu- ing to grow the rotation of corn, oats, clover, and wheat. On Plots 5 to 10 a rotation of corn, corn, oats, and wheat has been started. As a green-manure crop on Plots 6, 7, 8, and 9, Hubam clover is seeded with oats and common sweet clover in wheat. TABLE 47 MT. MORRIS FIELD Rotation: Corn, barley, clover-alfalfa, alfalfa Digestible Serial Series Series Series Series nutrients Re- plot Soil treatment 500 600 700 800 per acre, sponse No. Corn Alfalfa 1 Alfalfa Barley average index all crops Ibs. 1 0.. . 76.5 (2.51) (1.14) 15.2 1 932 1.000 2 M . .. 81.1 (3.09) (1.45) 17.8 2 490 1.288 3 ML . .. 93.8 (3.20) (3.06) 22.5 2 860 1.480 4 MLrP . .. 78.0 (3.37) (3.16) 23.4 2 753 1.425 'Alfalfa was grown as a substitute for clover-alfalfa. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 81 TABLE 48. MT. MORRIS FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat, hay Soil treatment Series 900 Corn Series 1000 Hay Series 1100 Wheat Digestible Series nutrients Re- 1200 per acre, sponse Oats average index all crops Ibs. L, timothy . 55 ( 90) 18 ? 33 1 240 1.000 LrP, timothy , 59 4 (1 09) ?0 3 3 1 362 1.098 L, red clover , . 67 (4 01) 4 46 1 2 330 1.789 LrP, red clover , 76 j (3 87) 23 4 44 s 2 409 1.943 L, alfalfa. . . 78 3 (3 40) 11 40 2 236 1.803 LrP, alfalfa 78 8 73) 1 47 8 2 148 1 732 L, soybeans 58 4 6?) 11 6 37 1 1 893 1.527 LrP, soybeans 65 .7 (3 .65) 23 .5 35. 1 982 1.598 Note. These series were laid out for the purpose of studying the relative influ- ence of different forage crops on subsequent grain yields in a four-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat, and hay grown on limed and limed-phosphated land. All plots have received 2 tons of limestone an acre. Rock phosphate is applied at the rate of 400 pounds an acre for corn and 400 pounds for wheat. Four different forage crops (timo- thy, red clover, alfalfa, and soybeans) are grown in duplicate in both systems of soil treatment. The forage crops are removed as hay. TABLE 49. NEWTON FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat, redtop Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 200, Series Redtop Series 300 Sei 41 Digestible ies nutrients Re- X) per acre, sponse icat average index all crops Oats Seed Threshed Corn hay Stover Wl 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-N 10-S 0.. ,9 1 4 ,7 ,8 ,2 .8 2 ,8 6 6.7 7.9 8.6 8.6 6.2 7.8 10.2 4.4 9.6 6.1 5.6 (1 (1 ( (1 ( .83) .70) .14) .39) .66) .75) .98) .74) .46) .61) .51) 8.6 19.1 35.4 38.0 12.0 12.8 9.9 6.6 29.1 12.7 11.1 ( .50) ( .71) 3.1 (1.42) 16.8 (1.55) 24.7 4.2 9.9 22.1 Ibs. 363 494 1 035 1 239 337 354 454 442 1 022 313 269 1.000 1.361 2.851 3.413 1.000 1.050 1.347 1.312 3.033 1.164 1.000 M 4 ML... 11 MLrP 1? 0. . 4 R RL S RLrP 9 RLrPK 7 Cornstalks.. . .. 1 1 82 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, i 8 !"c O^~ONfNOO Q Q^ONOONrJ* O NONONOOO-H O 5 "2 > "2 H 4) C co ^ ~ rt "2 CO" S rv 1o . 4) 001 r.s 52 3 u w 3 ^ rt^ _3< CO ^p ro ro *~^ OO '^ ^5 ^* *~ < ro OO fN ^* O f^* *~* *"* ^5 *^ NO ON O ON ON ON OO ^J 4 ro tN ON t^ >O O ^* ^ ^^ ro O i. 2 1 & ^o ^c ^** 8 co "3 "ll s I NO *J -l U I U i ^^ OO PO i 1 * ro tN 11 fS ^2 OO ON tN vO ^^ ^"^ ON ON <"^ OO ^ " rs u 60 J5 J .T3 C > 8 OOt^-ONOcotN OO ^H > i O O t~~ NO 1O">OONONO NO -H tN -l *-i i-< fS tN tN tN i CS tN N tN tN O OO T}< rj< ro CN -OOO OOOOO OOOOO CS CO 1-1 tN 1-1 *& OO *O ^ NO IO *O NO NO ^ NO O CO O ON O O ...-o o rbonate as follows mounts applied si e limed plots. Ir ;rage of Plots 7 ar 8 -5 > i O 41 N tn X ; C 0> ' OT: 1 i SgSSs .5 O"~ +j ** mestone' Digestible per acre, sj rn average ii all crops v-< tN OO OO NO ^H 5 ^-H o NO OO ^ OO O *-* ^J* t^ NO t^ ** 10 t~^ OO OO ON OO NO ^^ O 1-1 tN IO OO Tj< tN OO NO t-^ O O c 8.^ ^ 18 S2 .a ^ O 4> "O Q. 3 ' 3 N g 8 g 3 'o j M iQ S t~ ON O -> ^> CO r- rj< ^ O OO NO NO CO tN Tj< fN t-- NO i-t tN tN tN tN i-< tN fS CN i-l i-> 1-1 i-> i-< i-< tN CO CO OO OO *""^ co tN kO *O *~^ '^ ^* tN ^^ ^^ ' OO NO co ^^ ^~* tN C O oj *^ 4), 3 " J= 3 *^" 9 bfl K j u - o _c ^ t^ ^tr 5 ^ a o NO ro NO *< Tt 1 tN OO O tN - tN tN t-- T!< 10 iO t^ NO NO ^, ^H ,_ M ^H tN tN tN tN tN tN tN tN tN fN r ~ - t^^< ^j< 0J J tN |0 *-> . CO _4) 4> U 1- ro tN tN -H ^H 1-1 1-1 tN-^^CNNO- 00 00 00 NO Tf NO lO Tf TJ< -rf rt "V es " "O u .c 4> 41 ... *-> g _g 8J:= <0 4> a*" 4,^2 rt _Q Q. C t^. * C/5 ^ & Limestone fineness i"! C C C C C C G ' - C $. ^ C^ JJOOO^ iSOOO^ JSOOO^ *T"J | C T1 1 C *rt _^ O 1 I B 1 Ci I I H 1 Q 1 1 9 rfi 2 ^*"? oo g c*-^ C co ^ a O O a) P ^ "2 So *t o~ * -M * fl. j -s.2 5 gr| 4 4 L -g ' ^ * ^S* ^ *V *V ^V ^ ^V K> K> ^V ^V ^ ^> ^> ^s> ^ ^ jisilli O 4) i_ jj j -C 1: 3 d ^- CN ro ^< IO >C t^ 00 ON O ^^ to CO rt H 4) 2l" a" *C 4> to C8 ' O. 4-1 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 TABLE 51. OBLONG FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, mixed hay, wheat 83 ^j* 1 Soil treat- No. ment Series 100 Mixed hay Series 200 Oats Series 300 Ser Af\ Digestible ies nutrients Re- per acre, sponse eat average index all crops Corn Stover Wh SOUTH HALF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.. .02) .04) .12) .51) .03) .03) .37) .09) .61) .01) 3 9 25 24 14 10 19 18 19 6 .8 .1 .2 ,9 .8 ,8 .5 ,0 ,3 4 25.0 30.0 50.1 51.9 23.9 27.6 34.9 42.8 57.3 31.8 ( .80) 9 ( .88) 19 (1.35) 33 (1.62) 35 14 15 .... 20 .... 24 29 .... 10 .2 .8 .3 .1 .7 .2 .8 .5 .2 ,7 1 1 1 1 1 Ibs. 457 678 449 601 534 560 092 147 503 523 1.000 1.484 3.171 3.503 1.000 1.049 2.045 2.048 2.811 1.000 M ( ML (1 MLrP (1 R ( RL (] RLrP n RLrPK . . n NORTH HALF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 RLsP. . r .12) .00) .75) .59) .06) ,36) ,20) .13) ,54) ,58) 6 10 20 23 14, 18 20. 16. 17. 9. ,6 5 1 ,3 5 2 1 4 7 6 25.7 41.8 55.2 46.0 29.7 36.1 39.6 40.0 56.4 42.2 22 (1.38) 27 (1.88) 35 (1.58) 31 21 22, .... 23. .... 23. 30. .... 20. .0 ,9 .0 ,5 ,5 6 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 619 180 682 494 687 866 139 104 476 918 1.354 2.582 3.681 3.269 1.287 1.622 2.133 2.067 2.764 1.755 MLrP MLbP M MLrP /I RL, under- acidulated P. . . RLrP .( RLbP (1 RLrP (1 RLrPK (1 RL, potassium P. . . I TABLE 52. OQUAWKA FIELD Rotation: Corn, soybeans, rye, clover-alfalfa, wheat, alfalfa S*"* 1 Soil treat- Series 100 Series 200 Series Digestible Series ^QQ Series 500 Series nutrients Re- ft l ment Clover- alfalfa Rye Alfalfa K - " Corn Stover Wheat average index bean8 all crops 1 0... . ( ) 15 4 Ibs. ( 67) 11 8 11 2 ( 55) 10 6 530 1 000 2 M . . ( .54) 22.6 (2.68) 12.2 21 2 ( 85) 16 4 1 155 2 179 3 ML .. (2.71) 27.8 (4.77) 10.1 31.6 (1.23) 21.1 2033 3.836 4 MLrP . (2 . 66) 27 9 (4 84) 9 8 27 7 (1 02) 21 1 998 3 770 5 0... . ( .30) 20 4 (1.10) '9 8 14 5 10 3 678 1 000 6 R... . . ( 14) 21.2 ( .96) 11.4 18 72 649 957 7 RL (1 04) 24 5 (4 17) 11 35 7 13 1 550 2 286 8 RLrP .. (1.09) 26.2 (4 03) 9 9 39 5 10 4 1 545 2 279 9 RLrPK... . (1.17) 25.4 (4.28) 13 2 48 6 15 1 1 732 2 555 10-W Cornstalks . . .. ( ) 20.4 ( .02) 9.5 38 3 83 601 1 015 10-E .. ( ) 15.7 ( .02) 9.3 31.9 . 5.3 592 1.000 84 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, TABLE 53. RALEIGH FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, mixed hay, wheat c ;->i Series Soil treat- 100 ft 01 ment Mixed No< hay Series 200 Oats Series 300 Ser At\ Digestible ies nutrients Re- per acre, sponse eat average index all crops Corn Stover Wh WEST HALF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.. . ( ) 30) 61) 14) 12) 11) 1.3 4.6 5.2 5.9 3.9 3.9 11 34 52 46 14 17, 37, 45, 53 25. .8 ,5 ,2 ,0 ,7 ,9 ,9 1 ,9 2 ( .60) 5 ( .97) 12 (1.76) 25 (1.76) 30 6 10 19. .... 26. 32, 8 .4 6 .1 ,1 6 .4 8 6 2 8 Ibs. 227 593 1 075 1 146 244 325 730 876 1 040 388 1 2 4 5 1 1 2 3 4 1 .000 .612 .736 .048 .000 .332 .992 .590 .262 .000 M . ( MI MLrP . ( R ( RL RLrP / RLrPK. . . ( (0 EAST HALF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 RL. . . ( 10) 12) 80) ) 42) 09) 17) 1.9 2.5 3.6 4.8 3.4 2.7 3.9 29 55, 56 56. 32, 38, 38. 42. 61, 36. .8 1 6 5 ,4 7 8 7 3 5 16, (1.42) 27. (1.69) 31, (1.85) 31, 22, .... 28. .... 28. .... 27. 31. 23. 5 8 ,7 7 3 9 3 1 357 578 1 030 1 033 399 500 808 648 801 942 1 2 4 4 1 2 3 2 3 2 .573 .546 .537 .551 .635 .049 .311 .656 .283 .428 MrP . ( MLbP . 1 MLrP RsP. . . ( RrP ( o RLsP RLrP . . RLrPK . . . ( . RLrP ( o 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 85 TABLE 54. SPARTA FIELD Rotation: Corn, cowpeas, timothy- vetch, wheat Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment 1 Series 500 Cow- peas Series 600 Hay 2 Series 700 Wheat Series 800 Corn Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index 3 all crops SECTION A (Timothy-vetch) 1 R. . (. 3S) ( 79) 16 6 9 9 Ibs. 453 1.079 ? RM 79) ( 46) ?? 6 7 8 633 1.507 ^ RML / SI) n 10) 37 4 1? 7 969 2.307 4 RMLrP. . . (. 3S) (i 33) 44 ? 14 4 1 089 2.593 s RMLrPK ?Q) ( 94) 43 14 6 979 2.331 6 R 88) ( .17) 20 .1 10, 576 1.371 SECTION B (Timothy) 1 R . . (.47) ( 24) 15.1 10.8 457 1.000 RM (.42) ( .42) 18.2 7.8 495 1.179 3 RML (.38) 29.6 13.1 874 2.081 4 RMLrP. . . (.81) (1.20) 31.6 14.3 1 000 2.381 S RMLrPK (.36) (1.20) 34.0 13.2 923 2.197 6 R (.19) ( -28) 15.6 7.8 382 1.000 Manure, lime and phosphate are residual. 2 Hay consists of timothy and vetch on Section A and timothy alone on Section B. 3 The average of Plots 1 and 6 in Sec- tion B is the check for all other plots in both sections. TABLE 55. SPARTA FIELD Nitrate Studies Soil treatment LeL, NaNO,. LeL. Plot E Corn 2.4 2.9 Plot F Wheat 14.6 13.9 86 BULLETIN No. 402 TABLE 56. SPARTA FIELD Rotation: Corn, soybeans, oats, wheat {.May, Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 100 Oats Series 200 Soy- beans Series 300 Series - 4ftfl Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index Corn Stover Wheat SECTION A 1 . 15 1 (.17) 2.3 ( 60) 3 4 Ibs. 217 1.000 ? M 17. 1 (.03) 3.2 80) 6 1 251 1.158 ^ ML 49 ? (.05) 9.6 (] ?0) 3S 8 859 3.959 4 MLrP 40, ? (.05) 8.3 (1 ?0) 41 8 890 4.101 s . 15 4 (.01) .7 5 S 160 1.000 6 R 17, 1 (.04) 3.2 ? 9 175 1.094 7 RL 35 , 4 (.11) 5.2 ?8 616 3.850 8 RLrP 35 7 (.05) 2.3 30 8 606 3.788 Q RLrPK . 42 8 (.22) 6.4 36 4 794 4.962 10 23, 8 (.06) 3.2 3 9 228 1.000 SECTION B 1 sP, KC1. . 16 ,4 (.31) 12.2 (1 .20) 6 1 427 1.968 2 M, KC1 ?? ,5 (.11) 7.1 (1 .00) 8 374 1.724 3 ML, KC1 46 4 (.05) 8.8 (1 .25) 33, ,5 858 3.954 4 MLrP, KC1 4? ,5 (.08) 9.6 (1 ,15) 36 .9 862 3.972 5 KC1.. 18 (.15) 1.3 14 ,4 320 2.000 6 R, KC1 ?1 2 (.20) 3.7 13 .6 366 2.288 7 RL, KC1 44 4 (.50) 8.8 31, ,8 834 5.212 8 RLrP, KC1 44 4 (.46) 7.6 31 .3 806 5.038 9 RLrPK, KC1 . . 47 3 (.56) 8.5 37 ,2 949 5.931 10 sP, NaNO 3 , KC1 . . . . 27. 7 (.26) 3.1 20 4 489 2.145 Note. In 1929 each series was divided into two equal longitudinal sections desig- nated as Sections A and B respectively. The plots in Section A are being continued under the original plan of fertilization. In Section B additional fertilization is as follows: potassium chlorid to all plots, 100 pounds an acre drilled with wheat and 50 pounds hill-dropped for corn; superphosphate (20 percent) to Plots 1 and 10, 250 pounds an acre drilled for wheat and applied broadcast for corn; sodium nitrate to Plot 10 at the acre-rate of 166 pounds in the spring as a top dressing for wheat and 83 pounds as a side dressing for corn at time of second cultivation. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 87 TABLE 57. TOLEDO FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, mixed hay, wheat No! Soil treat- ment Series 100 Mixed hay Series 200 Oats Series 300 Series A(V\ Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index Corn Stover Wheat SECTION A 1 RL, KC1.... 2 MrP, KC1... 3 MLbP, KC1. 4 MLrP, KG.. 5 RsP, KC1.. 6 RrP, KC1 . . . 7 RLsP, KC1. . 8 MLrP, KC1.. 9 RLrPK, KC1 . 10 RLrP, KC1.. (1.13) (1.49) (2.06) (1.94) ( -46) ( -75) (1.58) (1.76) (2.07) (1.61) 5.8 13.4 19.8 20.4 28.1 32.8 52.5 48.8 (1.09) (1.78) (1.60) 15.1 31.4 34.3 35.4 Ibs. 811 1 246 1 714 1 650 2.9 26.2 5.4 29.3 6.4 41.7 8.9 43.0 9.6 5.1 47.9 33.6 34.0 26.2 1 516 1 122 1.480 2.274 3.128 3.011 11.2 559 1.519 12.2 692 1.880 30.6 1 265 3.438 34.2 1 382 3.755 4.120 3.410 SECTION B 1 RL. . (1 .17) 10.8 31 .0 14 .1 870 1.588 2 MrP (1 .17) 12.8 35 .0 (1.02) 18 .9 1 034 1.887 3 MLbP (2 .41) 17.2 50 .0 (1.66) 24 .1 1 631 2.976 4 MLrP (2 .29) 14.3 43 .3 (1.52) 20 .6 1 461 2.666 5 RsP.. ( .51) 5.1 20 .7 7 .1 473 1.285 6 RrP ( .75) 5.1 21 .6 7 .3 546 1.484 7 RLsP (1 .62) 16.6 29 .0 18 .7 1 047 2.845 8 RLrP (1 .71) 15.9 29 .4 18 ,0 1 062 2.885 9 RLrPK.. (2 .20) 6.4 44 ,5 30 .4 1 449 3.938 10 RLrP (1 .24) 8.2 35 .3 15 .0 931 2.830 SECTION C 1 0.. / 52) 4.1 25.8 ( .90) 5 .1 548 1.000 2 M ( . 81) 10.5 35.1 (1 .08) 6 .0- 780 1.423 3 ML (1 59) 17.5 49.1 (1 .82) 21 6 1 396 2.529 4 MLrP (2, 33) 19.1 47.6 (1 .53) 19 .9 1 538 2.807 5 0.. ( 30) 9.0 18.0 3 .4 368 1.000 6 R ( . 42) 6.4 21.8 2 .7 418 1.136 7 RL (1, .12) 15.9 34.0 14 4 922 2.505 8 RLrP (1. 30) 17.8 28.6 20 ,1 968 2.630 9 RLrPK.. (2. .02) 4.8 44.1 30 .4 1 391 3.780 10 .02) 5.4 22.1 3 .9 329 1.000 (Table 57 is concliided on page 88) BULLETIN No. 402 TABLE 57. TOLEDO FIELD, Concluded [.May, Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 100 Mixed hay Series 200 Oats Series 300 Series - 4.0O Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index Corn Stover Wheat SECTION D Ibs. 1 R, KG.. .. ( .69) 6.4 33, ,5 6 .6 663 1 .210 2 M, KC1 .. (1 .04) 16.3 34, 2 (1.12) 10 .5 916 1 .672 3 ML, KC1 ,.. (1 .98) 26.1 48. 2 (1.67) 27 .2 1 591 2 ,903 4 MLrP, KC1 .. (2 .16) 26.1 50, ,7 (1.72) 34 .7 1 757 3 ,206 5 RL, complete fertilizer .. (1 .29) 14.3 25, 6 18 .9 916 2 .489 6 R, straw .. ( .56) 11.5 22. 6 5 .1 519 1 .410 7 RL, straw .. (1 .40) 17.2 39, 2 17 ,0 1 089 2 .959 8 RLrP, straw .. (1 .67) 19.1 39. 6 23 .1 1 245 3 .383 9 RLrPK, straw .. (2 .25) 13.4 48, 3 30 .4 1 543 4 ,193 10 RL .. (1 .33) 13.4 32. 1 12. 2 913 2, .775 Note. In order to make more detailed studies of the response of this soil type to different methods of fertilization, each series was divided in 1930 into four equal strips extending east and west across all plots. Beginning at the north these strips are designated as Sections A, B, C, and D respectively. On Sections B and C the soil treatment continues unchanged. Section A receives the same soil treatment as B plus KC1 at the rate of 100 pounds an acre broadcast ahead of wheat and corn. Section D receives the same soil treatment as C with additional fertilization as follows: crop residues to Plots 1, 5, and 10; wheat and oat straw returned to Plots 6, 7, 8, and 9; limestone (as needed to grow clovers) to Plots 5 and 10; KC1 to Plots 1, 2, 3, and 4, 100 pounds an acre broadcast ahead of wheat and corn; complete fertilizer (5-15-5), 200 pounds an acre to Plot 5 broadcast ahead of wheat and corn. TABLE 58. TOLEDO FIELD, Corn, soybeans, oats, wheat Digestible Serial Series Series Series Series nutrients plot Soil treatment 500 600 700 800 per acre, No. Soybeans Corn Wheat Oats average all crops Ibs. 1 RLrP, wheat and oats straw. 22.8 41.5 23.0 14.8 1 152 2 RLrP, KC1 . 23.4 47.6 28.6 13.4 1 288 3 RLrP. . 25.7 32.5 32.0 14.6 1 200 4 RLrP, wheat straw . 21.2 38.1 32.2 13.7 1 195 Note. Prior to 1923 these series were under the supervision of the division of Soil Physics and received a uniform treatment of residues, limestone, and rock phos- phate. In 1923 the series were replotted, the new plots extending across the original plots. From 1923 to 1930 inclusive the series were used in crop-variety investigations. In 1931 a rotation of corn, soybeans, oats (Hubam clover), and wheat (sweet clover) was undertaken. The soil treatment is noted in the above table. Limestone and rock phosphate are to be residual, KC1 to be applied at the rate of 100 pounds per acre broadcast ahead of wheat and corn. Residues are to consist of cornstalks, soybean straw, and green manure on all plots. In addition, wheat straw is to be returned to Plots 1 and 4 at threshing time, and oats straw is to be spread back on Plot 1 as a top dressing for the ensuing wheat crop. 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 TABLE 59. UNIONVILLE FIELD Rotation: Corn, soybeans, oats, wheat 89 Serial plot Soil treatment No. Series 100 Oats Series 200 Soy bear Series 300 Series 400 Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index all crops Stubble clover (Lespe- deza) s Corn Stover Wheat WEST HALF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.. . 8 5 1 2 S 8 6 7 ( .56) (1.20) (1.92) (1.96) 7.7 10.5 14.3 14.8 16.3 ( .70) 17.2 32.2 48.6 47.8 10.7 15.2 42.2 50.7 58.1 12.8 ( ( (1 (i .33) .82) .15) .73) 4.0 8.0 15.8 17.8 5.7 6.2 13.8 17.7 20.2 9.0 ( .45) ( .52) (1.08) (1.02) Ibs. 492 889 1 481 1 519 305 403 858 1 009 1 148 408 1.000 1.807 3.010 3.087 1.000 1.354 2.812 3.308 3.764 1.000 M 1 ML 3 MLrP 3 0.. . 1 R 1 RL 2 RLrP 2 RLrPK . . 3 1 EAST HALF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 L. . 3 7 6 9 2 8 8 6 7 (1.20) (1.89) (1.92) (2.17) (1.73) (1.50) 11.7 14.3 16.8 (1.67) 31.6 53.6 55.5 55.5 30.9 28.2 52.9 63.2 53.3 35.8 (1 (I (1 ! (' 66) 24) 57) 76) 80) 77) 91) 4.5 14.5 15.8 17.5 10.3 7.3 19.3 19.7 20.5 14.7 ( .59) ( .93) ( .88) (1.19) 842 1 475 1 539 1 700 878 763 1 014 1 171 1 111 983 1.711 2.998 3.128 3.455 2.879 2.502 3.325 3.839 3 . 643 2.409 MLrP 1 ML, KC1 4 MLrP, KC1 4 LsP. . . 1 L. NaNOi 1 RLsP, KC1 3 RLrP, KC1 3 RLrP, kainit 4 LsP. NaNOi 1 TABLE 60. UNIONVILLE FIELD Rotation: Wheat, cowpeas, timothy Serial plot Soil treatment 1 No. Series Se 500 7 Wheat Tin ries 00 lothy Series 800 Cowpeas Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index 2 all crops Seed Straw 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.. 6 .3 ,0 ,9 ,7 ,3 6 ,7 7 (1 (1 (1 (1 (1 i 1 ( .29) .68) .29) .59) .48) .40) .31) .68) 5.2 8.8 7.0 9.1 7.2 8.0 7.3 6.8 (1 (1 (2 (1 (1 (1 .68) .94) .69) .20) .76) .83) 54) 98) Ibs. 394 1 310 1 094 1 342 1 145 1 149 1 076 573 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 .000 .712 .265 .778 .371 .380 .228 000 MLrP . . . 18 RLrP .. . 16 RLrP, kainit ...18 RLrP, shale . . . 15 RLrP, common salt .. . 15 RLrP, Omaha K ... 16 ... 4 'Manure residual since 1927. *The average of Plots 1 and 8 is the check for all treated plots. 90 BULLETIN No. 402 [May, TABLE 61. URBANA, MORROW PLOTS Rotation Studies Section of plot Soil treatment Plot 3 (Continuous corn) Corn Plot 4 (Corn and oats rotation) Corn PlotS (Corn, oats, clover rotation) Soybeans 1 NW 0.. 4.1 10.0 30.2 6.7 24.7 (1.29) (2.41) (1.94) (2.18) SW MI NE ,rP 29.3 11.6 SE MLbP 26.4 Clover failed and soybeans were grown as a substitute crop. TABLE 62. URBANA, SOUTH FARM Southwest rotation: Corn, oats, clover, wheat Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 100 Series 200 Series Series 400 Oats Soybeans Wheat Corn Stover Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index all crops 68-SW RrP. . . 37 6 (2 ?9) 39.1 41.9 Ibs. 1 630 1 106 69-NW R 34, r? 10) 32.6 40.3 1 474 1 000 70-SW M 45 , 6 (? ?7) 35.8 52.2 ri .20) 1 806 1 000 71-NW MrP 47. 9 (? 40) 37.9 53.2 n 30) 1 888 1.045 68-SE RLrP. . . 42 8 (2 S7) 26.8 53.6 1 701 1.233 69-NE R 34, 4 (? 36) 24.8 35.1 1 379 1.000 70-SE M 46 4 (1 14) 29.2 45.8 (i .00) 1 623 1 000 71-NE MLrP 49, 3 (2 .43) 35.0 58.6 (i .60) 1 943 1.197 TABLE 63. URBANA, SOUTH FARM North-Central rotation: Corn, corn, oats, clover Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 500 Series 600 Oats Series 700 Clover Series 800 Digestible Re- sponse index Second- year Stover corn First- year corn Stover per acre, average all crops 48-S 49-N 50-S 51-N RrP. . . 16.5 65.4 65.2 68.8 66.8 (2.29) (1.58) (2.12) (2.17) 44.2 42.5 39.4 44.3 ( - :94) .90) Ibs. 1 653 1 432 1 847 1 954 1.154 1.000 1.000 1.058 R .. 15.4 M .. 33.0 ( .85) .95) MrP .. 38.2 1934] CROP YIELDS FROM ILLINOIS SOIL EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN 1933 TABLE 64. URBANA, SOUTH FARM South-Central rotation: Corn, corn, corn, soybeans 91 Serial plot No. Soil treat- ment Series 500 Series 600 Series 80Qi Digestible nutrients per acre, average all crops Re- sponse index Second- year corn Stover Third- year corn Stover 700 Soybeans First- year corn Stover 68-S 69-N 70-S 71-N RrP. . . R M . 17.5 .. 16.6 .. 26.3 (' ( '.SO) .42) 43.0 41.9 54.1 50.6 (i.'66) (1.05) 31.8 31.6 (2.42) (2.08) 37.3 37.0 36.4 38.3 ('.'70) ( .70) Ibs. 1 553 1 525 1 927 1 853 1.018 1.000 1.000 .962 MrP .. 27.9 1 A heavy infestation of chinch bugs caused the yields to be very irregular. TABLE 65. WEST SALEM FIELD Rotation: Corn, oats, wheat, mixed hay, wheat 1 Soil treat- ment Series 100 Soybeans* Series 200 Wheat Series 300 Oats Series 400 Series 500 Wheat Digestible nutrients Re- per acre, sponse average index 3 all crops Corn Stover 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.. ( . 45) .5 16.2 19.5 26.7 3.0 6.2 15.2 24.7 ."> i 6.1 23.1 30.0 34.4 11.2 14.2 22.8 21.7 30.2 13.2 44.6 59.4 63.4 ?3.7 34.2 39.0 32.3 ( .55) (1.17) (1.78) (2.12) 1.2 16.2 21.1 24.8 11.3 12.2 16.9 21.8 27.0 Ibs. 260 999 1 237 1 461 519 696 916 984 1 505 1.000 3.842 4.758 5.619 2^924 3.849 4.134 6.324 s ML 1 ( .82) ML ( .65) MLrP ( .95) L'... ( .71) RL 1 . . . . ( . 89) Rl . . . . ( . 83) RLrP ( .90) RLrPK (1.32) 'Initial application of limestone only. ^Soybeans ^rown as a substitute for mixed hay. 'The check for the residues plots is the digestible nutrients of Plot 1 less the stover value, or 238 pounds of digestible nutrients. INDEX TO FERTILIZER AND TREATMENT MATERIALS MINERAL FERTILIZERS Lime Carriers TABLES Limestone Standard on most fields Comparative tests 18, 34, 50 Nitrogen Carriers Ammonium sulfate 45 Sodium nitrate 28, 45, 55, 56, 59 Phosphorus Carriers Bone phosphate 12, 13, 14, 15, 24, 32, 35, 38, 51, 53, 57, 61 Rock phosphate Standard On most fields Rates of application. . . > 29, 35, 38 Fineness of grinding 35, 38, 39 Slag phosphate 13 Superphosphate 12, 13, 18, 19, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 38, 41, 42, 43, 51, 53, 56, 57, 58 Treble superphosphate 18, 31, 35, 38, 43 Comparison of carriers 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 51, 53, 56, 57, 59, 61 92 BULLETIN No. 402 Potassium Carriers TABLES Kainit Was standard on most fields prior to 1932 Omaha salts 60 Potassium chlorid Standard on most fields since 1932 Potassium sulfate 14, 15 Shale (potassium bearing) 60 Comparison of carriers 22, 28, 56, 57, 59, 60 Mixed Fertilizers 0-15-5 22 0-24-8 17 5-15-5 22, 57 8-24-8. 17, 19, 31, 41 Combinations 28, 56, 59 Miscellaneous Materials Gypsum 34 Sodium chlorid 60 ORGANIC MANURES Animal Manures Regular application On most fields Residual effects 28, 31, 42, 47, 54, 60 Crop Residues Combinations Standard on most fields Cornstalks 21, 23, 26, 46, 49, 52 Grain straws 23, 28, 43, 57, 58 Green manures Alfalfa 34, 48 Alsike clover 30 Comparison of legumes 27, 30, 34, 48 Hubam clover 12, 13, 30, 32, 41, 42, 45, 46, 49, 56 Lespedeza Seeded with Hubam and sweet clover on most southern fields Red clover 27, 30, 34, 48 Sweet clover White Standard on most fields Yellow.. ..30 SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS Legumes vs. nonlegume residues 25 Special phosphate studies 35, 38, 39, 40 Special forage studies 48 10.0005-34 5647 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA