GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING 
 AND TRAINING 
 
 MR 13 1919 
 
 FARMERS’ RULLETIN 471 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry 
 
 WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Issued December 19, 1911; revised, November, 1917 
 
 Show this bulletin to a neighbor. Additional copies may be obtained free from the 
 Division of Publications, United States Department of Agriculture 
 
 OF UliNOiS UBtUR 
 
 GEORGE C. HUSMANN 
 
 Pomologist in Charge of Viticultural Investigations, Office of 
 Horticultural and Pomological Investigations 
 
 WASHINGTON I GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE I ISII 
 
S EEDLINGS, cuttings, layers, and grafts are four 
 means of propagating the vine, but the first is 
 only good for originating new varieties, and the 
 young plants are seldom used even for grafting stock; 
 so practically only three methods are available, each 
 of which brings vines true to name. Descriptions of 
 all these methods are found in this bulletin. 
 
 The principles, methods, and objects of pruning 
 both the young and the bearing vines in winter and 
 summer are presented in such a way as to enable the 
 reader to grasp and practice them without further 
 instruction. 
 
 The training systems followed in the principal 
 grape regions as varied by the nature and habit of 
 the different varieties are elaborated and illustrated, 
 so that a selection may be intelligently made appli- 
 cable to the development of a few vines on a city lot 
 or through the varying conditions to an extensive 
 vineyard. 
 
 The great and rapidly increasing number of per- 
 sons interested in grape growing will find much of 
 value in this pamphlet. 
 
iiV.iOU 
 
 <c '3 ^ t Z\ b 
 n \ b d ? f , 
 
 GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND 
 TRAINING. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 J Importance of grape culture 3 
 
 3 Propagation of the grape 3 
 
 Soil and location 8 
 
 Description of the parts of a vine — 8 
 
 Care and training of young vines — 10 
 
 Page. 
 
 The pruning of bearing vines 13 
 
 Training and training systems 15 
 
 The principal grape regions of the 
 
 United States . 26 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF GRAPE CULTURE. 
 
 B Y NATURE the grapevine is a great rambler. Forms of it are 
 found in our woods striving to overtop the tallest trees, and 
 .single plants overspread large areas. Again, other forms are grown 
 as mere bushes, 2 or 3 feet high, producing crops ranging from 1^ 
 to 22 tons of fruit to the acre. No other fruit-bearing plant responds 
 so generously to attention, adjusts itself to so many conditions, or is 
 used for such a variety of purposes. For these reasons its culture 
 has always kept pace 
 with civilization. 
 
 Grapes are often 
 grown on soils too 
 poor for other pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Native species of 
 the grape are found 
 in nearly all parts 
 of the world, and no 
 country is blessed with a greater number of them than our own. It is 
 therefore reasonable to conclude that grapes can be successfully 
 grown almost everywhere in this country, results with them de- 
 pending largely upon the selection of varieties of the species suited 
 to the respective conditions. (Fig. 1.) 
 
 Fig. 1.- 
 
 -An experiment vineyard of the Bureau of Plant 
 Industry. 
 
 PROPAGATION OF THE GRAPE. 
 
 SEEDLINGS. 
 
 In ordinary practice grapevines are propagated from seed, from 
 cuttings, by layering, or by grafting. For originating new varieties, 
 seedlings must of course be used. The individual seedlings differ 
 so widely that they are seldom used by the intelligent planter even 
 for grafting stock. 
 
 471 
 
 3 
 
4 
 
 FARMERS* BULLETIN 471. 
 
 CUTTINGS. 
 
 Cuttings for propagation may be prepared at any time after the 
 vines have become dormant. Other things being equal, and if they 
 are afterwards well cared for, the sooner they are prepared after 
 the vines have become dormant the better. The length of the cut- 
 tings may vary from 8 to 20 inches, depending on the climatic and 
 other conditions of the locality in which they are to be planted. 
 Usually, the hotter and drier the climate the longer the cuttings will 
 need to be. They should always be made from young, well-matured 
 wood, and preferably from medium-sized, short- jointed wood. 
 
 To make cuttings, cut close below the lower bud, 
 making the cut somewhat slanting (fig. 2), and 
 leave about an inch of wood above the upper bud 
 or eye. If a small piece of the old wood or a whorl 
 of buds can be left to form the butt end of the 
 cutting, so much the better. The cuttings should 
 be tied in convenient-sized bundles, the butts being 
 turned the same way. The bundles should then be 
 heeled in or buried in trenches, butt ends up, and 
 well covered with 8 to 6 inches of soil.- (Fig. 6.) 
 Inverting the bundles causes the butts to callus 
 while the tops remain dormant, and the cuttings ! 
 are ready to throw out rootlets as soon as planted ; 
 whereas, if the bundles are heeled in with the tops 
 up the latter often start to grow before the roots to 
 support them do. 
 
 In the spring, when the ground has become warm 
 enough, plant the cuttings in soil made mellow by 
 plowing and cultivating. The planting may be 
 done in slanting trenches, 3 or 4 feet apart, which 
 can be made with a plow. Deepen the trenches 
 with a spade if necessary. Set the cuttings at such 
 depth that only the upper buds will project above the ground and 
 firm the soil well around them. The cuttings should be spaced 2 to 3 
 inches apart, the distance between them differing with the varieties, 
 some rooting more readily than others. Keep the soil clean with hoe 
 and cultivator, and stir often during the summer to keep it mellow 
 and moist. Frequent stirring in many localities is better than 
 irrigation. 
 
 LAYERS. 
 
 All varieties of the vine may be propagated by layers. The 
 Kotundifolia vines are nearly always propagated in this manner, 
 
 471 
 
 Fig. 2. — A bundle of 
 grape cuttings. 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 
 
 5 
 
 but with other species layering is usually resorted to only with varie- 
 ties which do not root readily from cuttings. In layering choose 
 canes of the last season’s growth, preferably those that start near the 
 base of the vine. (Fig. 3.) 
 
 It is well, the summer before, to leave on the vine for this purpose 
 some shoots starting close above ground and allow them to grow as 
 long as possible. In pruning these canes all the well-developed buds 
 are left. The ground is made mellow, a trench about 2 inches deep 
 is drawn from the vine with the hoe, and the cane is bent down and 
 fastened in it. Each bud on the cane will usually produce a shoot, 
 which by this process is made to grow upward. When these shoots 
 are well started the trench should be filled with soil. Each of the 
 shoots then takes 
 root at its base. To 
 assist the roots in 
 starting, a slight in- 
 cision should be made 
 in the cane opposite 
 each shoot. The 
 plants are taken up 
 in the fall or win- 
 ter, being divided by 
 severing the original 
 
 Cane behind each • FlG- ^ vine two canes layered, showing the 
 
 . . . method of propagation by layers. 
 
 shoot, which, having 
 
 its own system of roots, becomes a new vine. (Eig. 3.) Canes may be 
 layered either in the fall or in the spring. 
 
 GRAFTING. 
 
 There are many so-called methods of grafting. The following de- 
 scriptions include only those most generally used. Bench, nursery, 
 and vineyard grafting are resorted to in general vineyard practice. 
 The mechanical operations performed are similar and the underlying 
 principles are the same, the essential difference being, as the names 
 imply, the place where the work is done. 
 
 Bench grafting is done on benches or tables, usually indoors during 
 winter. Cuttings of resistant varieties that root easily or good, 
 young, rooted plants are usually bench grafted. 
 
 The grafting of vines growing in the nursery is called nursery 
 grafting. This form of propagation is usually resorted to with 
 varieties resistant to phylloxera that do not grow readily from cut- 
 tings. Booted cuttings of other varieties are grafted in the nursery 
 and the resulting vines planted in the vineyard. 
 
 471 
 
6 
 
 FARMERS 9 BULLETIN 471. 
 
 In vineyard grafting the vines growing where they are to remain 
 are grafted. 
 
 Some of the important practical advantages of grafting are: 
 (1) Changing worthless vines into valuable ones; (2) insuring non- 
 resistant varieties against phylloxera by grafting them on resistant 
 stocks; (3) obtaining quickly plenty of wood for propagating pur- 
 poses by grafting new or scarce varieties on strong vines; and (4) 
 producing resistant vineyards by grafting valuable resistants or direct 
 producers on roots of growing vines and then allowing the scions to 
 make roots of their own. 
 
 The selection and proper keeping of the scions for grafting are very 
 important. Medium-sized, short- jointed, firm, well-ripened wood 
 should be selected. Do not allow the scions to dry out, but keep them 
 
 dormant until used by covering 
 completely 'with fairly dry sand in 
 a cool, dry cellar. 
 
 In all grafting a joining of the 
 inner bark of the stock and scion 
 must be accomplished. This bark 
 is thicker on large than on small 
 stocks ; hence it is usually thicker on 
 the stock than on the scion. The 
 union, especially in vineyard graft- 
 ing, needs to be closely observed 
 when the scions are inserted. In 
 bench grafting, scions and stocks 
 of like diameter can be selected, 
 making possible such perfect graft- 
 ing that the inner barks ‘join at 
 almost every point, allowing their 
 knitting to become easy and complete. (Fig. 5.) 
 
 In bench grafting, the visible and adventitious buds are cut out of 
 the cuttings used as stocks so as to prevent as much as possible the 
 sprouting of suckers from the stocks after they are planted. 
 
 In vinevard grafting, many operators, a month or so before graft- 
 ing, cut off the stem of the vine an inch or two above where it is to be 
 grafted so that the stock may bleed profusely. Water sprouts that 
 otherwise would appear are thus to a great extent eliminated. 
 
 In cleft grafting, the vines are cut off at a smooth place near and 
 preferably a little above the surface of the ground, unless it is de- 
 sired to have the grafts establish themselves on their own roots, as it 
 makes the removal of water sprouts and roots starting from the scion 
 much easier and lessens the danger of injuring the scion before it is 
 thoroughly knitted to the stock. (Fig. 4.) 
 
 471 
 
 Fig. 4. — Vines grafted according to the 
 cleft-graft method : At the left with 
 two scions ; at the right with one 
 scion. 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 
 
 1 
 
 In bench grafting, a smooth surface for grafting is selected above 
 a node on the stock. The node keeps the stock from splitting below 
 it during the grafting process. After cutting off the stock, whether 
 a vine or a cutting, split it longitudinally with a sharp knife or 
 shears, or if a heavy vine with a chisel. In cleft-grafting stocks not 
 more than an inch in 
 diameter the shears 
 can be used in mak- 
 ing both the horizon- 
 tal and the longitudi- 
 nal cuts. (Fig. 4.) 
 
 To prevent the bruis- 
 ing of the bark in cut- 
 ting, keep the blade 
 of the shears on the 
 side where the scion 
 is to be inserted. To 
 prepare the scion, cut 
 with a sharp knife a 
 simple wedge, begin- 
 ning at or slightly 
 below a bud and mak- 
 ing a long sloping cut 
 toward the middle 
 and a similar one on 
 the opposite side. 
 
 Scions of two eyes are 
 preferable. To insert, 
 open the cleft and 
 push the scion in 
 firmly until the bud is 
 just above the upper 
 end of the stock, tak- 
 ing care that the in- 
 ner barks of stock 
 and scion fit closely. 
 
 When large vines are 
 grafted it may require 
 a metal wedge to open the cleft, 
 each side, are frequently used. 
 
 Another favorite method with small stocks, especially in bench 
 grafting when the diameter of the stock is the same or very little 
 greater than that of the scion, is the English cleft, split, or whip 
 graft. (Fig. 5, E .) By this method a sloping transverse cut is 
 
 Fig. 5. — Bench-grafted cuttings of grapevines, showing 
 three methods of grafting : A, C , F, Grafts tied with 
 raffia ; B, bench cleft graft ; D, bench whip graft ; E, 
 English cleft, split, or whip graft. 
 
 In large vines two scions, one on 
 
8 
 
 FARMERS* BULLETIN 471. 
 
 made upward on the stock and a split downward from the middle of 
 the cut. In the scion just the reverse but a like split and cut are 
 made. Then the upper wedge made in the scion is pushed into the 
 split of the stock in such a way that the inner barks join and fit 
 closely. 
 
 When grafting is done near the ground on stocks strong enough 
 to hold the scions firmly no. tying is necessary ; otherwise they should 
 be tied with raffia, as shown in figure 5, A, C, and F. In either case 
 a stake should be driven at the side of the graft to protect it and to 
 provide a support for the young shoots. It is good practice to press 
 a little moist soil over the cut around the junction of the graft and 
 to cover the scion completely with fine dirt, hilling it up sufficiently 
 to protect it from drying out. 
 
 When vines grafted above ground are not covered with dirt the 
 entire cuts should be waxed to exclude the air. The grafts should 
 be examined frequently and the suckers removed, and the roots start- 
 ing from scions that have been grafted on resistant stocks should be 
 cut off. 
 
 Bench grafts are also tied with raffia. (Fig. 5.) They may be 
 planted out directly, but bench-grafted cuttings are usually stored 
 or are heeled in upside down in damp, not wet, river sand, moss, or 
 other suitable material, to allow them to callus before planting. 
 (Fig. 6.) 
 
 SOIL AND LOCATION. 
 
 The soil and location best suited, the preparation of the soil, the 
 laying out of and cost per acre of establishing a vineyard, and the 
 cultivation and fertilization necessary for obtaining the best results 
 are not presented here, as they vary decidedly with differing condi- 
 tions of soil, climate, etc., and need to be dealt with in a special 
 treatise on the subject. 
 
 The uses and manipulation of the vine for various purposes and 
 the insect and fungous enemies of the grape, with methods of com- 
 bating them, are discussed in other publications. 1 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTS OF A VINE. 
 
 A clear understanding of the names of the different parts of a vine 
 is necessary before the subject of grape training is considered. 
 
 i Farmers’ Bulletins : No. 27, Important Insecticides ; Directions for Their Prepara- 
 tion and Use. No. 175, Home Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape Juice. No. 
 243, Fungicides and Their Use in Preventing Diseases of Fruits. No. 284, Insect and 
 Fungous Enemies of the Grape East of the Rocky Mountains. Yearbook Papers : No. 281, 
 Grape, Raisin, and Wine Production in the United States. No. 354, Some Uses of the 
 Grapevine and Its Fruit. These publications are issued for free distribution and may 
 be obtained upon application to the Secretary of Agriculture or any Member of Congress. 
 
 471 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 9 
 
 Figure 7 illustrates a vine, the different parts of which are shown by 
 letters, as follows: Z, trunk, the stem or main body of the vine; B , 
 branches, which are 
 of mature wood, 
 being several years 
 old; A y arms or 
 ramifications of the 
 branches, usually 
 of wood two or 
 more years old; C, 
 canes, called shoots 
 when green and 
 canes when mature ; 
 
 S, suckers, the 
 shoots which start 
 below the ground 
 from the main body ; WS 9 water sprouts, the shoots which start above 
 the ground from wood older than one year ; Z, laterals, the secondary 
 
 The basal eye or 
 bud, which is not 
 reckoned in count- 
 ing the eyes on 
 a spur, is near the 
 base of the cane t 
 When more than 
 four eyes of a cane 
 are left in pruning 
 it is generally 
 called a fruiting 
 cane. 
 
 Water sprouts 
 and suckers do not 
 ordinarily produce 
 bearing shoots. 
 
 Below the basal 
 bud on each cane 
 are one or more 
 dormant buds, 
 which grow and 
 produce sterile 
 canes only when 
 too few eyes are 
 left in pruning or when the eyes have been destroyed. At the base of 
 each eye on a cane there are two dormant buds. Sometimes one of 
 16627°— Bull. 471—17 2 
 
 shoots of a cane. 
 
 Fig. 7. — Diagram of a grapevine, showing the different parts 
 and illustrating the four-cane system of training: A, Arms 
 or ramifications of the branches, usually of wood two or 
 more years old ; B, branches which are of mature wood, 
 being several years old ; C, canes, called shoots when green 
 and canes when mature ; L, laterals, the secondary shoots 
 of a cane ; 8, suckers, the shoots starting below the ground 
 from the main body ; T, trunk, the stem or main body of 
 the vine ; W. 8., water sprouts, the shoots which start 
 above the ground from wood older than one year ; 1, 2, 3, It, 
 2-year old arms. 
 
 Fig. 6. — Grafts or cuttings ready for heeling in. 
 
10 
 
 FARMERS' BULLETIN 471. 
 
 these grows the season it is formed, making a lateral from which 
 secondary laterals also may grow. 
 
 The first and secondary laterals bear the so-called second and third 
 crops of grapes. 
 
 CARE AND TRAINING OF YOUNG VINES. 
 
 The treatment given vines during the first years of their growth 
 largely determines the profit and pleasure to be derived from them. 
 
 If improperly cared for during 
 this period satisfactory returns 
 are not obtained afterwards. 
 
 PLANTING CUTTINGS OR ROOTED 
 VINES. 
 
 If cuttings (fig. 2) are planted 
 and the supply is sufficient, two 
 in each place increases the chances 
 of getting a full stand. Should 
 both cuttings grow, one of them 
 can easily be pulled up without 
 injuring the other. To protect 
 the cuttings 
 from drying out, 
 plant them so 
 that the top bud 
 projects only a 
 trifle above the 
 ground. 
 
 If rooted vines, 
 
 either plain or grafted, are used, the roots should 
 be cut back to 3 to 4 inches, depending on their 
 vigor. Only one cane of the top should be left, and 
 
 O «/ A ' JJ JUjr. €7. V 1UC 
 
 this should be cut back to two or three good buds. pruned at the 
 (Fig. 8.) If grafts are used, all scion roots and all yef r .° f the flrSt 
 suckers should be carefully removed. 
 
 During the first year after planting, no pruning or training is 
 usually given, although it is, perhaps, a good plan with vigorous 
 plants, especially if the season is propitious, to rub off all except the 
 straightest and strongest of the young shoots that start. (Fig. 9.) 
 The following winter the vines should be pruned and staked before 
 they start to grow, the size of the stake used depending on the 
 method of training adopted. In ordinary stool or spur pruning, or 
 
 471 
 
 Fig. 8. — A grapevine showing the method 
 of pruning roots ready for planting. 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 
 
 11 
 
 where the vines are to be trellised or arbored afterwards, a stake 1J 
 to 2 inches square should be used, long enough so that after being 
 driven 1J feet into the ground it will reach 1 or 2 inches above where 
 the vine tied to it is to be headed. If the vines are to be pruned to 
 canes and the latter tied to stakes, it will be necessary to use stakes 2 
 inches square and 5 to 6 feet long. (Fig. 11.) When Rotundifolia 
 varieties are to be grown on overhead arbors, posts projecting about 
 7 feet above the ground 
 should be planted on 
 the side of each vine 
 opposite the prevailing 
 wind. (Figs. 10 and 
 11 .) 
 
 FIRST PRUNING AFTER 
 PLANTING. 
 
 The first pruning 
 after planting may be 
 done at any time dur- 
 ing the winter when 
 the vines are dormant 
 and not frozen. The 
 extent of the pruning 
 will depend on the 
 growth made. If the 
 growth has been small, 
 all the canes except the 
 strongest should be re- 
 removed, and this one cut back to two eyes. (Fig. 9.) If a strong 
 growth has been made and there is one straight well-ripened cane, all 
 other growth should be removed and this cane cut back to the height 
 at which it is intended to head the vine. The cane should be tied 
 securely and, as it is to become and remain the trunk or main body 
 of the vine, should be kept as nearly erect and straight as possible. 
 (Fig. 12.) 
 
 SUMMER PRUNING. 
 
 Where the vine was cut back to two buds only one should be 
 allowed to grow. All other young shoots should be removed (fig. 12), 
 preferably when quite young and not more than 3 or 4 inches 
 long. This concentrates all the force and growth of the plant 
 into the cane, which is to become the trunk of the vine. The shoot 
 
 471 
 
12 
 
 FARMERS BULLETIN 471. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 12. — Vines growing in a vineyard the first year, show- 
 ing single shoots tied to stakes. 
 
 left to grow must be kept carefully tied to the stake to cause it to 
 grow erect and also to protect it from being broken by the wind or 
 
 other agency. When 
 a shoot has grown 
 to a foot above 
 w r here it is intended 
 to head it should be 
 topped slightly 
 above where the 
 head is to be, caus- 
 ing laterals to grow 
 where they are de- 
 sired. Only such 
 shoots should be al- 
 lowed to grow as are needed for shaping the vine for the following 
 season. (Fig. 13.) All suckers should be promptly removed. 
 
 WINTER PRUNING. 
 
 By the third year all vines should have erect, straight stems with 
 two or more canes growing from the principal part, out of which 
 
 the head or crown is 
 to be formed and 
 from which the 
 growth of the vine 
 is to be renewed 
 from year to year. 
 (Fig. 13.) 
 
 The vine, when 
 permitted to do so, 
 bears its fruit on 
 shoots from the last 
 year’s wood growth; 
 therefore, the cardi- 
 nal point underlying 
 all correct pruning, 
 be the method of 
 training what it 
 may, is first to grow 
 and shape or adjust 
 the main body or 
 permanent part of 
 the vine to the method of training desired. After this has been done 
 the growth on this, the fruit-bearing part of the plant, should be so 
 pruned that it will be renewed from year to year, never allowing the 
 
 471 
 
 
 Fig. 13. — Vines headed back for different systems of train- 
 ing : A, The spur and fan systems ; B, the four-arm re- 
 newal system ; G the two-arm Kniffin, Munson, umbrella, 
 and overhead systems. 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 
 
 13 
 
 plant to overbear but making it bear to its full capacity. If this is 
 done the body of the plant gradually becomes stronger and its fruit- 
 ing capacity increases correspondingly, no wasteful plant growth is 
 allowed at the expense of fruitage, and the vines are easily kept clear 
 of insects and fungous diseases. The manner of renewing the growth 
 on the body of the vine so as to leave the body permanent is illustrated 
 in figures 7 and 14, which show the same vine before and after pruning. 
 
 In figure 7 the 2-year-old arms 1, 0, 3, and which grew during 
 the previous summer, were the only ones allowed to remain of all the 
 canes when the vine was pruned in the winter. The canes shown 
 grew from these and bore fruit the next summer. When pruned the 
 following winter, as 
 seen in figure 14, only 
 the canes <z, b , c, and 
 d were left, and these 
 were tied to the wire 
 in the same manner as 
 the arms 7, 0, 3, and 
 4 of the season before. 
 
 (Fig. 7.) The spurs 
 shown (fig. 14, Sp.) 
 are canes cut back to 
 one to four eyes for the 
 purpose of starting 
 new canes to be left 
 the following year. 
 
 It took 10 cuts to 
 prune the entire vine. 
 
 Not only do differ- 
 ent countries have dif- 
 ferent methods of pruning and training, but methods often vary in 
 the several districts of the same country. The inherent peculiarities 
 of the varieties themselves often require special methods to obtain the 
 best results. No attempt will be made to describe methods other 
 than those that appear most applicable and have proved most satisfac- 
 tory for the grape species grown in various parts of the United States. 
 
 THE PRUNING OF BEARING VINES. 
 
 PRINCIPLES CONSIDERED IN PRUNING. 
 
 To prune intelligently, the age, size, and condition of the plant, 
 the location, climate, soil, and other features of its environment, and 
 the principles governing its life must be considered. 
 
 471 
 
 Fig. 14. — A vine pruned according to the four-cane 
 Kniffin system : C, Canes, called shoots when green and 
 canes when mature ; Sp, spurs, canes cut back to one 
 to four eyes ; T, trunk, the stem or main body of the 
 vine ; a, b, c, d , arms succeeding those shown at their 
 2-year old stage in figure 7 at 1, 2, 3, k- 
 
14 
 
 FARMERS* BULLETIN 471. 
 
 A statement of some of the more important of these life principles 
 follows: The sap flows with greatest force to the outer extremities; 
 the more upright a branch is, the more sap flows into it; the sap 
 when abundant and active produces wood; the more abundant the 
 flow of the sap, the larger and later the fruit; the ascending sap 
 grows richer the farther it flows ; checking the flow of the sap makes 
 the plant bear earlier and produces more and richer fruit. The vine 
 usually bears its fruit on new shoots growing from the wood of the 
 previous year. The time for pruning is in winter, when the vines 
 are dormant. They should not be cut when frozen or while the sap 
 is flowing rapidly. Summer pruning is practiced on the young 
 growth to regulate the quantity of fruit and the shape of the plant. 
 
 OBJECTS OF PRUNING. 
 
 In pruning, one or more of the following objects are usually ac- 
 complished: Parts of plants removed, renewed, promoted, or re- 
 tarded; wounded and diseased plants cured ; the shapes and habits 
 of plants modified; the size and quantity of the fruit increased or 
 diminished; the quality of the fruit improved; the fruit made to 
 ripen earlier or later ; a regular succession of fruit secured ; and the 
 spraying, training, cultivation, and gathering of the fruit facilitated. 
 
 METHODS USED IN PRUNING. 
 
 There are various ways in which the objects of pruning are accom- 
 plished. For instance, the growth and health of a plant are promoted 
 and the size of the fruit is increased (1) by removing all the diseased 
 parts and suckers; (2) by shortening extended shoots, side shoots, and 
 laterals; (3) by putting upright the part whose rapid growth is de- 
 sired; and (4) by removing the fruit buds or fruit. The plant is 
 retarded in growth and made to bear earlier and richer fruit by 
 shortening the leading shoots and leaving the fruit-bearing wood and 
 by bending down the branches and ring-pruning them. The healing 
 of wounded and diseased plants is promoted by removing the injured 
 parts and dressing the wound. The head of a plant is renewed by 
 cutting off the branches above; the head is made to grow thicker by 
 cutting back the outer branches and to grow thinner by amputating 
 all canes on which there is too much growth. 
 
 There are so many species of grapes, each having peculiarities of 
 its own and therefore responding most readily to certain cultural 
 methods to which it is best adapted, that the pruning, training, and 
 growing of vines, which otherwise may appear quite 'simple, become 
 complicated operations in which comparatively few people become 
 expert, and vineyards in which serious mistakes are not made are 
 rare. 
 
 471 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 15 
 
 TRAINING AND TRAINING SYSTEMS. 
 
 Around city homes where there is room for only a few vines, they 
 are often trained on porches, fences, outbuildings, trees, etc. Where 
 there is sufficient space an arbor like that shown in figure 15 is a 
 
 Fig. 15. — A grape arbor. 
 
 good and attractive support, making the vine furnish a shady bower 
 or walk as well as fruit. In vineyard practice some growers use 
 only a stake or post on which to train each vine. (Fig. 11.) 
 
 THE TRELLIS. 
 
 A support very generally used on which to train the vine consists 
 of substantial posts of durable timber planted at regular intervals, 
 the distance apart 
 varying with the 
 different grape va- 
 rieties and the dis- 
 tances between the 
 plants. (Fig. 16.) 
 
 To the posts some- 
 times only two, but generally three, strands of No. 10 or No. 12 wire 
 are fastened, the first, second, and third wires being 24, 40, and 56 
 inches, respectively, from the ground. The end posts of the rows 
 should be firmly braced. 
 
 Fig. 16. — Diagram of an ordinary trellis, showing the braces 
 (A,B,C) and devices ( D ) used for tightening the wires. 
 
 The two most common methods of bracing 
 
16 
 
 farmers' BULLETIN 471. 
 
 Fig. 17. — A pruned and an unpruned vine 
 at different ages, showing the method 
 of pruning by the renewal system : A, 
 Second year ; B, third year ; C, fourth 
 year ; D, an unpruned vine in its fourth 
 year. 
 
 are shown in figure 16, A and B. 
 Another post-bracing method 
 often used is shown at C in figure 
 16. As wire contracts in cold and 
 expands in warm weather, the 
 trellis wire should not be stapled 
 to the end posts, but should be 
 fastened to them by some device 
 like a simple reel, as shown at D 
 in figure 16. Some use a clamp 
 pulley and a rope for tightening 
 the wire and then w T ind the slack 
 part two or three times around 
 the end post to fasten it. 
 
 THE HIGH-RENEWAL OR 
 UPRIGHT SYSTEM. 
 
 In the high-renewal or upright 
 system of training, all the sea- 
 son’s growth is cut off each year 
 except the head of the vine, which 
 is cut back, leaving a cane and a 
 spur on each side, and the canes 
 are tied to the lower wire on the 
 trellis. The length of the canes 
 and the number of the eyes left 
 on them will vary with the vari- 
 ety and size of the vine. The 
 fruiting shoots growing from the 
 canes are trained upright and 
 fastened to the wire overhead. 
 Figure IT, A , shows a vine pruned 
 according to this system at the 
 end of the second and figure IT, B , 
 at the end of the third year. Fig- 
 ure IT, I) and C , shows the same 
 vine a year later, before and after 
 pruning. This system is the one 
 most generally practiced in the 
 training of American grape va- 
 rieties. Vines trained by this 
 system can be easily laid down 
 and covered in winter in the ex- 
 treme northern sections. 
 
 471 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 
 
 17 
 
 A small amount of wood is left in pruning healthy vines and a good 
 quality of fruit is obtained. 
 
 THE HORIZONTAL-ARM SPUR SYSTEM. 
 
 In the horizontal-arm spur system two horizontal arms, one on 
 each side, are grown from the body of the vine at the lower wire of 
 the trellis and tied to this wire. These arms remain, but the canes 
 on them are cut back every year to spurs of two fruitful buds each. 
 The fruit-bearing shoots growing from these are tied to the wires 
 overhead, the number of spurs left depending on the variety and size 
 of the vine. New spurs to replace those becoming weak or out of 
 shape are grown from new shoots starting from the horizontal arm. 
 
 In this system the 
 vines are pruned and 
 trained the same as 
 for the high-renewal 
 system, up to the end 
 of the fourth year. 
 
 Sometimes the hori- 
 zontal arms are also 
 renewed. Figure 17, 
 
 Z>, represents an un- 
 pruned vine. Figure 
 18 represents the same 
 vine pruned accord- 
 ing to this system. 
 
 This system was at 
 one time extensively 
 practiced in the Chautauqua grape belt on Lake Erie. With it 
 more fruit is obtained from some varieties than by the preceding 
 method, which results in too much wood growth; otherwise it is not 
 as good. More old wood is left and the pruning is more tedious and 
 expensive than with the high-renewal system. 
 
 THE HORIZONTAL BLOCK SYSTEM. 
 
 A system combining some of the points of each of the preceding 
 ones is the horizontal block system. In this the vines are manipu- 
 lated as with the preceding systems and pruned in the same way for 
 the first four years, after which the unpruned vine is pruned as shown 
 in figure 19. As practiced in the same localities this system appears 
 to be a combination of the high-renewal and the horizontal- arm 
 spur systems. 
 
 471 
 
 Fig. 18. — A vine in its fourth year pruned according to the 
 horizontal-arm spur renewal system. 
 
18 FARMERS 9 BULLETIN 471. 
 
 THE FAN SYSTEM. 
 
 In the fan system the vine growth, which is trained to an upright 
 trellis, is annually renewed to within a short distance from the 
 ground. The vines are cut back usually to four canes and as 
 many spurs each year ; the canes are spread out and tied to the trel- 
 lis, giving the vine 
 the shape of a fan. 
 Figure 20, A and C, 
 shows an unpruned 
 vine in the third 
 and fourth years. 
 Figure 20, B , shows 
 the same vine 
 pruned the fourth 
 year for this 
 system. 
 
 The advantages 
 claimed by the ad- 
 vocates of this sys- 
 tem are (1) that 
 most of the old 
 wood is dispensed 
 with each year, (2) that the vines can be easily laid down and covered 
 in winter when needful in the extreme northern sections, and (3) 
 that if after pruning the canes are tied and spread fan shaped on 
 
 Fig. 19. — A vine in its fourth year pruned according to the 
 block system. 
 
 Fig. 20. — A vine at different ages, showing the method of training by the fan system : 
 A , An unpruned vine in its third year ; B, a pruned vine in its fourth year ; C, an 
 unpruned vine in its fourth year. 
 
 the trellis, as they should be, the young upright-growing shoots 
 fasten themselves by their tendrils and need practically no tying. 
 This system has the disadvantage of bearing the fruit too low and 
 is not now so generally in use as formerly. 
 
 471 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 19 
 
 THE HUDSON HORIZONTAL SYSTEM. 
 
 The Hudson horizontal system, extensively practiced, as its name 
 implies, along the Hudson River, uses an ordinary two-wire trellis. 
 A strong stake reaching to the top wire of the trellis is driven behind 
 each vine. Four perpendicular slats which do not touch the ground 
 are fastened to the trellis, two on each side of the vine and 12 to 15 
 inches apart. Woven- wire fence could be substituted for the slats. 
 The vine is annually renewed back to the trunk, which is about a foot 
 high, and a single cane and spur are left at each pruning, the cane 
 long enough so that when tied it reaches to the top of the stake. 
 About six bearing shoots left to grow on each side of this cane are 
 fastened horizontally to the slats. The clusters hang free from the 
 shoots. When the shoots become too long they should be summer 
 pruned. From the spur left on the trunk the cane is grown erect 
 and tied to the stake, to become the fruiting cane to be left the next 
 
 Fig. 21. — A vine at different ages, showing the method of training by the Hudson hori- 
 zontal system : A, A pruned vine in its third year ; B, a pruned vine in its fourth 
 year ; C, an unpruned vine in its fourth year. 
 
 year. Figure 21, A y shows a vine at the end of the third year pruned 
 according to this system. Figure 21, C and B , shows the same vine 
 before and after pruning a year later. 
 
 The advocates of this system claim for it a more uniform distribu- 
 tion of the young shoots and say that the fruit hangs well supported 
 and protected. 
 
 THE FOUR-CANE KNIFFIN SYSTEM. 
 
 On the trunk of the vine at the lower wire of a two-wire trellis, 
 about 30 inches from the ground, two canes and two spurs are left 
 of last year’s growth, and two more canes and spurs are left at the' 
 top wire, about 56 inches from the ground. These canes, which are 
 tied to the wire on each side of the vine, produce fruiting shoots 
 which are allowed to hang down or droop as seen in figure 7. The 
 same vine as it appears after pruning at the end of the fourth year 
 when trained according to this four-cane Kniffin system is shown in 
 471 
 
20 
 
 FARMERS 9 BULLETIN 471 . 
 
 figure 14. This system is named after William Kniffin, who first 
 employed it. It has been extensively used along the Hudson River 
 and elsewhere, and is said to be especially adapted to strong-growing 
 varieties. Vines trained by this system are easily and quickly pruned 
 and require only a limited amount of labor in the growing season. 
 
 THE UMBRELLA OR TWO-CANE KNIFFIN SYSTEM. 
 
 A system very generally used in the training of American vines, 
 known as the umbrella or two-cane Kniffin system, differs from the 
 foregoing in that no canes or spurs are left at the lower wire, the 
 trunk of the vine extending directly to the top wire, where the growth 
 is annually cut back to two canes and two spurs, one on each side, 
 which are fastened to the top wire. It is best to tie the trunk to both 
 the upper and lower wires to prevent violent wdiipping of the hang- 
 ing shoots. Some growers dispense with the lower wire. Figure 22, 
 A and i?, shows a vine, trained according to this system, before and 
 
 after pruning at the 
 end of the fourth 
 year. 
 
 This system is 
 really an improve- 
 ment on the four- 
 cane Kniffin system. 
 The absence of the 
 two lower canes in- 
 sures a good upright 
 trunk, and the re- 
 newal of the fruit-bearing wood to one head makes the vine more 
 easily pruned, leaves less old wood, and results in cleaner and better- 
 ventilated vines. 
 
 THE MUNSON SYSTEM. 
 
 The Munson system derives its name from its originator, Prof. 
 T. V. Munson, of Denison, Tex. As first practiced by him, use was 
 made of two rows of light posts or stakes, the posts being driven 
 opposite each other, their tops being about 18 to 20 inches apart. 
 Wires were stretched along the tops of the posts in each row, with 
 a third wire somewhat lower and midway between them upon cross 
 wires. 
 
 Munson now uses single posts. Across the top of each post a 
 crossbar of wood is fastened. The outer wires of the trellis are fas- 
 tened to the outer ends of the crossbar, and the inner wire is fastened 
 to the post the desired distance lower down. The writer secures 
 essentially the same results in practice by using durable posts suffi- 
 
 471 
 
 Fig. 22. — A pruned vine ( A ) and an unpruned vine ( B ), 
 showing the method of training by the umbrella system. 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 
 
 21 
 
 ciently heavy to allow pieces of 2 by 4 inch joist, 2 feet long, to be 
 firmly spiked to them either at the side or on top, when sawed off 
 at the right height for the purpose. The outer wires are stretched 
 on the cross joist, and the lower wire is either stapled against or run 
 through the posts at the desired distance below, as shown in figure 
 23, B. Four to 4J feet above the ground is a good height for the 
 
 lower wires for 
 most varieties. 
 
 By this system 
 a single main 
 trunk for each 
 vine is grown and 
 tied to the lower 
 wire. In pruning 
 this trunk two 
 canes and two 
 spurs are an- 
 nually left. The 
 canes running to 
 the right and to 
 
 the left are se- 
 curely tied to the 
 lower wire. The 
 outer wires are 
 for the sole pur- 
 pose of support- 
 ing the growing 
 shoots, which 
 naturally develop 
 from the canes 
 and gradually 
 droop toward the 
 ground. Figure 
 23, A and B, shows 
 the vines pruned 
 and unpruned, trained after the modified Munson system. The 
 writer considers this the best all-round system of training for use in 
 localities where rains and storms occur during the growing season. 
 It protects the fruit and places it in the most advantageous surround- 
 ings for the best results. It makes practicable and facilitates spray- 
 ing for fungous diseases and insect pests and,' after the original out- 
 lay for the trellis has been incurred, lessens the cost of all operations 
 and makes them easy and pleasant. 
 
 471 
 
 Fig. 23. — Unpruned vines (A) and pruned vines (B), showing 
 the method of training by the modified Munson system. 
 
22 
 
 FARMERS* BULLETIN 471. 
 
 THE OVERHEAD UAYWOOD SYSTEM. 
 
 In the overhead system, which has been used to some extent in 
 New York, the vines are carried upon a canopy or overhead arbor 
 6 feet above the ground, consisting of three horizontal wires stretched 
 
 at the same height. 
 The center wire is 
 fastened to posts 
 which are placed at 
 regular intervals, and 
 the side wires are at- 
 tached to 3-foot cross 
 arms of wood fas- 
 tened to the posts. 
 The head of the vine 
 is annually cut back 
 to five canes and five 
 spurs. The canes are 
 fastened on the wires, 
 two in one direction 
 and three in the 
 other, this division 
 being alternated each 
 year. Figure 24, A and B , shows vines pruned and unpruned, 
 trained according to this system. 
 
 It has no advantages over the modified Munson system just de- 
 scribed and to the writer appears inferior in every way. 
 
 THE CHITTENDEN SYSTEM. 
 
 The Chittenden system as employed in Michigan is similar to the 
 overhead system, but the trellis is lower, not exceeding 4 or 5 feet. 
 
 THE MULTIPLE CROSS-WIRE SYSTEM, OR OVERHEAD ARBOR. 
 
 The multiple cross-wire system is used largely with the Rotundi- 
 folia varieties of the South, which are usually planted 10 by 20, 15 by 
 15, or 20 by 20 feet apart. In following this method a substantial, 
 durable post reaching 7 feet above the ground is planted at each vine. 
 Rows of well-braced posts, running parallel with and also at the ends 
 of the rows of vines, are set at the boundaries of the vineyard. From 
 the tops of these posts on the four sides of the vineyard a No. 10 
 galvanized wire is run along the tops of the inside posts down each 
 row in both directions as a governor wire. No. 14 wires, 2 feet apart, 
 are run parallel with the governor wires until in this manner the 
 
 471 
 
 
 showing the method of training by the overhead Caywood 
 system. 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 
 
 23 
 
 entire area has been regularly covered. It has been the general custom 
 to cause a single trunk to grow erect from the ground up alongside 
 each inside post, keeping it tied thereto. When the vine has reached 
 the top of the post it is pinched in or cut back so as to make it throw 
 out shoots to grow and spread over the arbor. When this object is 
 accomplished it is the general practice to do no more pruning, the 
 growers asserting that the vines prune themselves. There is no rea- 
 son, however, why the Rotundifolia varieties should not be pruned 
 and the fruit-bearing tops regularly renewed. Some growers con- 
 struct arbors entirely of wood, using slats instead of wires. (Fig. 25.) 
 
 Fig. 25. — Vines trained by the multiple cross-wire system or overhead arbor. 
 
 From experiments as to the best methods of training Rotundifolia 
 varieties, which the United States Department of Agriculture is con- 
 ducting under the direction of the writer for the purpose of improv- 
 ing the quality of the fruit, getting better and more regular fruiting 
 results, counteracting black-rot injury, etc.., there is reason to be- 
 lieve it will soon be necessary to advocate the growing of Rotundifolia 
 varieties on an upright trellis. 
 
 THE OVERHEAD TRELLIS OR PARRALES SYSTEM. 
 
 The overhead trellis or parrales system is used in Almeria in 
 training the Ohanez and other Almerian varieties of grapes, large 
 quantities of which shipped in cork dust reach our markets every year. 
 The trellis used is practically the same as the overhead-wire trellis 
 
 471 
 
24 
 
 FARMERS* BULLETIN 471. 
 
 just described as in 
 use for the Rotun- 
 difolia varieties. 
 The Almerian vines 
 are planted about 
 15 by 15 feet apart 
 and trained with a 
 straight stem to a 
 height of about 7 
 feet. From the top 
 of this stem fruit- 
 ing canes varying 
 from 10 to 15 in 
 number and from 
 1 to 6 feet in length,- according to the strength of the vine, are run 
 out in all directions. These canes are annually renewed as near 
 back to the main stem as possible with canes grown from spurs left 
 for this purpose. (Fig. 26.) 
 
 THE CROSS-WIRE SYSTEM. 
 
 The single cross-wire system is used in the vicinity of Marl- 
 boro, N. Y. In this 
 system posts are set 8 
 feet apart each way 
 and made to project 
 feet above the 
 ground, a single wire 
 running on top from 
 post to post in both 
 directions. A single 
 trunk vine is trained 
 up each post, four 
 canes being run from 
 it at the top of the 
 post and one cane is 
 fastened to each of the 
 radiating wires. These 
 canes are renewed each 
 year. Figure 27 illus- 
 trates a vine pruned 
 
 Fig. 27. — A pruned vine, showing the cross-wire system 
 after this system. of training. 
 
 471 
 
GRAPJE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 
 
 THE SPUR, STOOL, OR SHORT PRUNING SYSTEM. 
 
 25 
 
 The spur, stool, or short pruning system is the one so extensively 
 used in California with the stockier growing varieties of Vinifera. 
 It is the simplest and cheapest method of pruning and training vines. 
 By this method the body of the vine is grown to the desired height, 
 and shoots are permitted to grow from only the 
 two uppermost buds. The two resulting canes 
 are cut back in the winter to spurs of two eyes 
 each. The following year these spurs are allowed 
 to produce growth and the resulting canes are 
 again cut back to spurs and all of them allowed 
 to remain if the vine is strong enough. (Fig. 
 
 13 , A.) Thus the vine under ordinary conditions 
 at the beginning of the 
 fifth year consists of a trunk 
 from which spring four or 
 five arms, on each of which 
 a cane has been cut back 
 to a spur, as shown in fig- 
 ure 28 . When the vine is 
 pruned the following winter 
 all or nearly all the outer 
 canes that have grown from 
 the spurs are entirely re- 
 moved. The spurs of the 
 last season are cut off just 
 outside the inner canes, which are cut back to 
 spurs, the pruning each winter after this being 
 to promote a regular system of spur renewal. 
 As the vines become older and stronger and can 
 stand more cropping, more spurs are left to 
 increase the fruiting capacity of the plant. In 
 course of time the arms of the respective spurs 
 are renewed and entirely new arms and spurs 
 are grown. The head of the vine should be 
 kept well balanced and given a globular form, 
 if possible. Some varieties on which the lower 
 eyes are not sufficiently productive may be improved by increas- 
 ing the length of the spurs and the number of eyes, leaving four 
 or even five eyes to a spur according to the variety of vine. 
 
 471 
 
 Fig. 28. — A pruned vine 
 in its fifth year, show- 
 ing the method of 
 training by the spur, 
 stool, or short system. 
 
 Fig. 29. — A pruned vine 
 in its fifth year, show- 
 ing the method of 
 training by the cane 
 system. 
 
26 
 
 FARMERS* BULLETIN 471. 
 
 THE LONG OR CANE PRUNING SYSTEM. 
 
 The long or cane pruning system is also in general use in California. 
 When vines are trained according to this system the fruit is borne 
 on canes which are tied to a stake as shown in figure 29, the spurs 
 which are left to grow from them producing canes for the following 
 year. In pruning, the canes which fruited the previous year as well 
 as the arms on which they grew are entirely removed, the canes pro- 
 duced from the spurs left the previous year furnishing the fruiting 
 canes and spurs needed. In this manner the head of the vine is 
 renewed from year to year, and as the plants grow older and stronger 
 
 the fruiting capacity is increased by leaving 
 more canes and spurs. Figure 13, A , shows a 
 vine at the end of the second year; figure 30, 
 at the end of the third year ; and figure 29, at 
 the end of the fifth year, pruned according 
 to this system. 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL GRAPE REGIONS OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 There are three distinct viticultural regions 
 in the United States which segregate them- 
 selves by the grape species grown in them. 
 
 The Yinifera region, in which Yinifera va- 
 rieties are almost exclusively grown, is located 
 almost entirely west of the Rocky Mountains, 
 so much of it being in California that those 
 not conversant with grape varieties errone- 
 ously call them California grapes. With few 
 exceptions either the spur, stool, or short 
 pruning system is used for the stockier grow- 
 ing varieties, and the long or cane pruning 
 system is usually used for the longer grow- 
 ing varieties, but either system is often modi- 
 fied to suit individual varieties. Thus the spurs are sometimes left 
 longer in the spur system, and either spurs and canes left longer or 
 spurs cut on the laterals in the cane system. 
 
 Stakes only are used to give the vines the necessary support; this 
 method allows the vineyard to be cultivated crosswise as well as 
 lengthwise. 1 Yines trained on trellises are comparatively rare in 
 California. 
 
 The more generally known Yinifera varieties grown in this district 
 are the Alexandria, Alicante Bouschet, Aramon, Burger, Cabernet 
 
 1 “ See Grape, Rasin, and Wine Production in the United States,” Yearbook, U. S. Dept, 
 of Agriculture, for 1902. , 
 
 471 
 
 Fig. 30. — A pruned vine in 
 its third year, showing 
 the method of training 
 by the cane system. 
 
GRAPE PROPAGATION, PRUNING, AND TRAINING. 27 
 
 Sauvignon, Calmette, Carignane, Chasselas de Fontainebleau, Corni- 
 chon, Emperor, Flame Tokay, Green Hungarian, Grenache, Malaga, 
 Mission, Mondeuse, Mourestel, Pizzutella, Petit Syrah, Purple Da- 
 mascus, Riesling, Semilion, Sauvignon Vert, Sultanina, Sylvaner, 
 Yaldepenas, and Zinfandel. 
 
 The Muscadine region of the South Atlantic and Gulf States 
 includes the entire southeastern coastal plain extending from the 
 Potomac to Florida, reaching well up into the Blue Ridge Moun- 
 tains and along the Gulf coast to the Rio Grande River, spreading 
 to the north along the Mississippi River into the great central plains to 
 southeast Missouri and the Tennessee River. In this region improved 
 varieties of the Rotundifolia and Munsoniana species are grown for 
 various purposes, the better-known varieties of these being the Eden, 
 Flowers, J ames, Mish, Scuppernong, and Thomas. The multiple cross- 
 wire system or overhead arbor is almost exclusively used. As pre- 
 viously mentioned, these arbors are very similar to the overhead trellis 
 or parrales system used in Spain with the Almerian varieties commonly 
 seen in our markets packed in cork dust and called u Malaga ” grapes. 
 
 The third or American native-grape region is the one in which 
 improved varieties of the more northern native grape species and 
 hybrids of them and the Vinifera species are grown. This region 
 comprises all that part of the United States which lies east of the 
 Rocky Mountains. Of late years a few plantings have also been made 
 in parts of Oregon and Washington, but the industry is most extensive 
 in the States west of the Hudson River and north of the Ohio River 
 that border on the Great Lakes and in the more centrally located States 
 of the Mississippi Valley. In this district the high-renewal, hori- 
 zontal-arm spur, horizontal block, fan, Hudson horizontal, four-cane 
 Ivniffin, umbrella or two-cane Kniffin, Munson, overhead Caywood, 
 and Chittenden systems are used, the localities in which they origi- 
 nated or are most common being stated in the description of the 
 various systems. The varieties most extensively grown are the fol- 
 lowing: Agawam, America, Barry, Beacon, Berckmans, Brighton, 
 Brilliant, Campbell, Carman, Catawba, Champion, Clinton, Concord, 
 Cottage, Cynthiana, Daisy, Dawn, Delaware, Diamond, Diana, Duch- 
 ess, Eaton, Elvicand, Elvira, Empire State, Fern, Gold Coin, Gaertner, 
 Goethe, Headlight, Ilerbemont, Herbert, Iona, Isabella, Ives, Jaeger, 
 Janesville, Jefferson, Lady, Laussel, Lenoir, Lindley, Lutie, Martha, 
 Massasoit, Merrimac, Missouri Riesling, Moore, Muench, Nectar, 
 Niagara, Noah, Norton, Olita, Perkins, Perry, Pocklington, Prentiss, 
 Rommel, Salem, Triumph, Ulster, Vergennes; Victor, Washington, 
 Wilder, Winchell, Wetumka, Woodruff, Worden, and Wyoming. 
 
 471 
 
3 0112 072910695 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF A 
 CULTURE RELATING TO FRUITS. 
 
 AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BY THE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 ( Farmers’ 
 
 Bulletin 644. 
 
 (Farmers’ Bulletin 721 
 
 The Home Fruit Garden : Preparation and Care. ( Farmers' Bulletin 154. ) 
 
 The Propagation of Plants. (Farmers’ Bulletin 157.) 
 
 Pruning. (Farmers’ Bulletin 181.) 
 
 Blackberry Culture. (Farmers’ Bulletin 643.) 
 
 Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape Juice. 
 
 Muscadine Grapes. (Farmers’ Bulletin 709.) 
 
 Growing Fruit for Home Use in the Great Plains Area. 
 
 Dewberry Culture. (Farmers’ Bulletin 728.) 
 
 Muscadine Grape Sirup. (Farmers’ Bulletin 758.) 
 
 Growing Cherries East of the Rocky Mountains. (Farmers’ Bulletin 776.) 
 
 Home Uses for Muscadine Grapes. (Farmers’ Bulletin 859.) 
 
 Raspberry Culture. (Farmers’ Bulletin 887.) 
 
 Growing Peaches: Sites, Propagation, and Cultural Methods. (Farmers’ Bullel 
 tin 917.) 
 
 Horticultural Experiments at the San Antonio Field Station, Southern 
 (Department Bulletin 162.) 
 
 The Handling and Storage of Apples in the Pacific Northwest. (Department 
 Bulletin. 587. ) v 
 
 Testing Grape Varieties in the Vinifera Regions of the United States. (Dt 
 partment Bulletin 209.) 
 
 Experiments in the Control of Grape Anthracnose. (Bureau of Plant Industrj 
 Circular 105.) 
 
 FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING 
 OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 Raspberries. (Farmers’ Bulletin 213.) Price 5 cents. 
 
 Insect and Fungous Enemies of the Grape East of the Rocky Mountain^ 
 (Farmers’ Bulletin 284.) Price 5 cents. 
 
 The Grape Leaf hopper in the Lake Erie Valley. (Department Bulletin 19.g|j 
 Price 10 cents. 
 
 Factors Governing the Successful Storage of California Table Grapes. (D<| 
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 Development of Sugar and Acid in Grapes during Ripening. (DepartmerJ 
 Bulletin 335.) Price 5 cents. * 
 
 MHMj 
 
 The Raisin Industry. (Department Bulletin 349.) Price 10 cents. 
 
 The Grape Leaf-Folder. (Department Bulletin 419.) Price 5 cents. 
 
 The Chemical Composition of American Grapes Grown in the Central ai 
 Eastern States. ( Department Bulletin 452. ) Price -5 cents. jHHH 
 
 The Control of Black-Rot of the Grape. (Bureau of Plant Industry Bullet! 
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 Grape Investigations in the Vinifera Regions of the United States with RefeM 
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 Field Studies of the Crown-Gall of the Grape. (Bureau of Plant Industi^ 
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 Grape-Spraying Experiments in Michigan in 1909. (Bureau of Plant Industi 
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 28 
 
 o