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The historic event which has just been cele- brated not only throughout the United Kingdom and the British Colonies, but in all parts of the world, and in which a deep interest has been manifested by people of all nationalities, will necessarily occupy a prominent place in the annals of Her Majesty’s reign, and a contemporary re- cord of the incidents connected with it cannot fail to he of important use. The copious and graphic accounts of the magni- ficent and varied scenes witnessed in London during the Jubilee are reproduced from the columns of The Times , in which they appeared day by day in due order. The record of this unprecedented manifestation of love and loyalty towards a British Sovereign has been necessarily confined to the United Kingdom ; but it is right to add that in ail parts of the world, from Canada to Australia and from Copenhagen to the Cape of Good Hope, Queen Victoria’s Jubilee was commemorated by de- monstrations of affection and esteem. 1—2 i THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 1837-1887. (The Times, June 21 , 1887 .) To-day, when a world-wide Empire celebrates the jubilee of (^ueen Victoria and testifies to the loyalty, gratitude, and affection inspired by fifty years of unswerving devotion to duty and unde- viating regard for her people’s well-being, it is natural and fitting to look back over the last half- oentury and note the changes if has wrought. !Sfh€> Sovereigns are few in all countries who can oelobrate the jubilee of their accession, and the history of England furnishes only throe examples. The long reigns of the Third Henry, the Third Edward, and the Third George were all, like that of Victoria, epochs of great and far- reaching transformations. The first is remarkable for the great constitutional struggle required to give roality to the concessions of the Great Charter, a struggle carried on against immense odds by the splendid integrity and patriotism of Simon de Monteort. The second heard the knell of medireval chivalry sounded from the lips of the “ bombards ” on the field of Cressy, and saw the completion of that process of fusion which, beginning on the morrow of the Conquest, produced the English people. In the reign of Edward our sinewy A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 5 mother tongue superseded French even in the mouths of nobles and schoolmasters ; Geoffjrey Chaucer, passing it through the mint of his genius, did for it what Dante & century earlier had done for Italian ; and John Wycliffe asserted tho freedom of thought in classic English prose, which is yet as fresh, as vivid, and as modern as the orations of John Bright. Tho reign of George III. saw a great ex- tension of English commerce and industry. During its earlier years Brindley carried his canal ovor tho Irwoll, and tho country was rapidly pro- vided with a system of inland water carriage loudly called for by increasing population and traffic. Tho three great inventions of the spinning jenny, the spinning machine, and the mule laid tho foundations for the immense subsequent ex- pansion of tho cotton and woollen industries. Tho new canals and the progress of engineering fur- nished copious supplies of coal to every part of tho country, and the conversion of the steam engine by tho genius of Watt from a scientific toy into a source of almost unlimited mechanical power enabled tho abundant fuel to b© turned to excellent account. A series of wars loft this country in posses- sion of a long array of colonies originally founded by its rivals, and with a high mili- tary and naval reputation. The loss of tho American Colonies, brought about by tho obstinate folly'- of the King and the incapacity of a Legislature which had entirely ceased to repre- sent the English people, was a severe blow to the 6 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. national pride, but hardly affected the national prosperity. The discredit into which representa- tive institutions had fallen drove the people to find other modes of expressing their will. Early in the reign the House of Commons was obliged to abandon the attempt to maintain the secrecy of its debates ; the Press assumed new functions and learned to bear the weight of new responsi- bilities ; and the favourite of the Sovereign, with a majority at his back as compact and as docile as it was corrupt, was driven from office by the new organization of public opinion. . . j Only a brief interval of seventeen years divides the death of Geouge III. from the accession of Victobia. It was a period of national collapse due less to the exhaustion of England, of which there were few signs till after Waterloo, than to the im- poverishment of the Continent. So long as war lasted it gave a stimulus to English industry and commerce which more than compensated the drain upon the national purse. In England alone was industry secure from the irruption of armed men, and capital free to operate in confidence of ample returns. From England belligerent Europe was compelled to draw its supplies of manufactured articles, and English shipping alone could be relied upon to transport its raw materials. The peace of Paris brought about an immediate con- traction of foreign orders. Compulsory demands ceased at once, and the Continent had little money, to spend upon commodities with which it couldj dispense. A great industrial population had grown! A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. f up in England, dependent for its daily wages upon the foreign demand thus summarily curtailed, and the sudden loss of a considerable percentage of its employment threw it into acute distress. At the beginning of the present reign, and for some years afterwards, the condition of the mass of the population was deplorable. Reforms of our in- stitutions, the urgency of which had been patent to Pitt, had been postponed by the double strain of war and of commercial activity. As foreign nations recovered from the depression and insecurity of the Napoleonic era, they naturally strove as far as possible to supply their own needs, and thus reinforced the primary cause of English distress by introducing a new and permanent force which has not even yet re ached its full development. Political abuses and social wrongs, which passed unregarded while the nation was intent upon amass- ing wealth or prosecuting foreign enterprises, were thrown into prominence by its enforced leisure, and the cry for reform was accentuated by the more terrible cry for bread. The neglected problems of a hundred years pressed for revision, and the best men in every department of national activity awoke to the consciousness that the whole social and industrial system had to be made new in order to meet the imperative needs of a new time. The history of the reign of Queen Victoria is the history of the national effort thus called forth and of its manifold results. The practical instinct of the race early seized Upon the err eat truth which had dawned upon tP *THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. the sagacious mind of Pitt, that political rear- rangements, however important in their place, can- not meet the requirements of a modern State. Re- distribution of the existing stock of wealth wa3 felt to be a wholly inadequate solution of the great problem, which could be met only by an advance all along the line to new victories over nature. Hence the keynote of the Victorian era is the de- velopment of scientific research, the concomitant growth of practical invention, and the expansion of industry which these have brought about. Other ages have been fruitful of profound scientific con- ceptions, or have been illustrated by great inven- tions and discoveries, but it would be difficult to point to any half-century in the history of the world in which equal progress in speculative science has been combined with anything approach- ing to the magnitude, variety, and importance of the applications of science to practical ends which distinguish the present reign. It is us true to-day as at any former period that nothing great can be done in pure science save by men who make the discovery of truth the sole aim of their efforts, and who prize no other reward. But it is no less true that abstract and applied science go hand in hand as they never did before, and that each owes enormous obligations to the other. For if the triumphs of the workshop have been achieved by means of the discoveries made in the laboratory, on the other hand the labora- tory depends for every step of its advance upon the technical skill and hitherto un- 1 JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 9 rivalled precision of the workshop. Physical science has reached a stage at which the verifica- tion of its hypotheses and the supply of new data for its speculations demand appliancos of extra- ordinary excellence, and in many cases a collation of experience and experiment which nothing but the practical inventions of the age could render possible. It is doubtless to the co-ordination of the two forms of intellectual activity that we owe the rapidity of rocont advance. An unprece- dentedly large army of inquirers has simultaneously pushed the interrogation of nature in a thousand directions, and has attained unprecedented results* But beside them has been working an army larger and equally keen of men eagerly seeking to utilize for practical ends every crumb of available infor- mation, and giving to scientific ideas a concrete application which often forms the starting point for new processes of scientific induction. The fundamental conceptions of the material universe entertained by educated men have been revolutionized during the last fifty years. The simple atomic theory of the older chemistry has given place to a molecular theory, which itself has undergone considerable development. The out- lines of the elements which the older chemistry accepted as an ultimate analysis are melting tinder the gaze of the spectroscopist, who across the haze of their wavering figures catches glimpses of a simple primal matter. The evolution of matter is, however, like the evolu- tion of living forms, a philosophical concep- 10 THE QUEERS JUBILEE. tion which must always rest rather upon the general necessities of thought than upon actual experiment. The immutability of certain forms of matter in all the conditions that we can devise or have any experience of is as absolute as the persist- ence of specific types in the animal or vegetable king- dom. The most refractory substances have been vapo- rized in the electric arc, and the most attenuated gases have assumed the solid form under the com- bined influence of intense cold and enormous pres- sure. But we have made no nearer approach to actual evidence either of material evolution or of the complexity of the so-called elements, than may be inferred from certain spectroscopic observa- tions of the sun and some experiments tending to show that in some cases we have confounded two or more very similar elements under one name. Apart, however, from these abstruse speculations, the whole tendency of physical and chemical in- vestigation has been to bridge the gulf formerly fixed between molar and molecular motion and between chemical and mechanical force. There is an obvious interdependence between this scientific movement and the doctrine of the conservation of energy, which is one of the main philosophical achievements of the epoch under discussion. According to that doctrine, the total energy of any body or system of bodies is a quantity as absolutely fixed and as incapable of suffering either increase or diminution as the matter of which these bodies are . composed. | Energy, like matter, may assume an endless \ A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. *1 variety of iorms ; but the force put forth by the locomotive is as indestructible as the particles which compose its framework or its fuel. But to balance our account we have to take cognizance not only of the forces of impact or pressure of which we have direct experience and conceive curselvosto have tolerably full understanding, but also of the forces of attraction and repulsion in their various forms, concerning which we as yet know absolutely nothing beyond the fact of their existence as inferred from their effects. To refer the whole complex sum of these energies to a general law, and to deal with them on fundamental physical and mathematical principles, is the aim of the physical science of to-day. Notwithstanding all superficial resem- blances, it stands differentiated from the science of all past ages by the clearness with which it apprehends the nature of this quest and the un- rivalled range of the analytical methods it has brought to bear. In the domain of biology the theory of evolution, first placed upon a scientific basis by the genius of Darwin, is a product of the same great movement of philosophic thought which brought forth the molecular theory of matter and the doctrine of the conservation of energy. The idea of evolution itself was not new, but what was new was the proof that in the vast geological changes established by the labours of Lyell and other workers in the same field, in the visible tendency to variation in existing plants and animals, and in the evidence collected by ISf *HE QUEEN'S JUBILEE, Darwin’s industry and observation of the power of the struggle for existence to exercise, in given conditions, a selective and protective influence upon occasional variations, we have all the data required for the construction of a co- herent theory. Evolution has now definitely taken its place as a working scientific hypothesis, not, indeed, capable of explaining all the facts of biology, but consistent with these facts and furnishing — the most that a scientific hypothesis can ever do — the means of systematizing our knowledge in preparation for a further advance. The study of embryology is already modifying profoundly the interpretation put upon the evo- lutionary theory, and is probably paving the way for some new generalization. Mr. Herbert Spencer’s application of the theory of evolution to the facts of social order is the expression, in the sphere of human thought and action, of the intellectual movement of which Darwin made himself the exponent in the field of biology. But striking as is the enlargement of the in- tellectual horizon during the last fifty years, the imagination is more powerfully impressed by the enormous extension of the applied knowledge which vivifies and transforms old industries, in- vents now ones, abridges the whole mass of social labour, annihilates the obstacles of time and space, destroys the enemies of the general well- being, and endows the whole population with conveniences, comforts, and luxuries which a century ago were beyond the reach of Kings. A JUBILEE! RETROSPECT. 13 It seems as if the tree of national effort, after long putting forth scanty leaves and rare blos- soms, had suddenly borne a load of fruit. Know- ledge, which had long lain dormant or had led only to slow and trivial change, seems suddenly to haveacquirod a new significance in the mindsofmen, and to have taken on a now and unprecedentedly rapid development. Physical science had made great advances between the age of Elizabeth and the close of tho last century ; but relays of swift horses represented at one period as at the other the most rapid attainable mode of travelling or of trans- mitting news. The power of steam had been practically utilized by Watt a hundred years ago, and tho investigation of electrical phenomena had made great progress before the accession of Victoria, but the whole of the vast improvements in locomotion and the transmission of news which we now enjoy have been effected since that event. With the excep- tion of one or two short lines, the whole railway system of the country is the creation of the last half-century, and its effect upon the fortunes of the nation can hardly be over-estimated. The England of to-day has, in fact, beon rendered pos- sible only by the railway system, which in turn has beon fed by the industries it fostered, and depends for its very existence in the form we know upon the modern development of telegraphy and engineering. It is easy, but not particularly useful, to give statistics showing the growth of railway enterprise since George Stephenson began his task 1£ THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE, of developing steam communication. No figures can add to the impressiveness of the consideration that, whereas railways are now everywhere, fifty years ago they were practically nowhere. Our whole modern system of commerce has grown up around this efficient system of intercommunica- tion, and depends absolutely upon rapid transit for its very existence. Bub the direct results of the application of steam to locomotion are probably trivial in comparison with its profound influence upon the social life and even the moral character of the nation. The population of th6 country, formerly attached to the soil on which it was born by necessities stronger than feudal custom, has been endowed with the power of easy, rapid, and comparatively cheap locomotion. For good and for evil the habits of mind belonging to an ago characterized upon the whole by per- manence of local relationships have given place to the habits proper^ to a time in which labour is nomadic, and all the relations of life in the remotest districts are profoundly affected by the attraction of distant centres of population. The immense increase of these centres, and the corresponding depopulation of rural districts, is one of the most obvious results, not, indeed, of railways alone, but of that industrial revolution in which they havo played a central and indispensable part. That revolution may be defined as a great and sustained move- ment in the direction of economizing and orga- nizing labour. ^ [Railways have powerfully pro< 4. JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 15 motect economy by reducing to a fraction' of its former amount the time spent in the transport of goods and workmen, and they have no less power- fully promoted organization by equalizing condi- tions and combining a thousand isolated stores of industrial energy into one central reservoir. Nor must we leave out of sight the enormous effect they have produced by facilitating the transmission of correspondence and news. While the railways were yet in their cradle they were utilized for the carriage of the mails, but the whole postal system was so chaotic and inefficient that the public could have reaped but little advantage save for the drastic reforms advocated by Rowland Hill in 1837, and carried into effect, in spite of the opposition of the Post Office officials, in 1840, The establishment of the penny post, together with the novel rapidity and regularity of the ser- vice rendered possible by railway extension, is in itself a reform which in earlier ages would have sufficed to render a reign illustrious. It has been supplemented by a telegraph system which as far transcends the penny post as that surpasses the clumsy and costly system of the last century ; and the telegraph is in turn yielding the palm to the telephone, in the use of which, however, this country, owing to the obstructiveness of the Post Office, is far behind America and some Continental States. * The maritime supremacy of this country was fully established long before the accession of Victoria, and - the - marine ; steam ^ engine was 16 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. familiar long before the locomotive. Patents for screw propellers were even taken out a century ago, although they were not successfully applied until 1837, when Ericsson attained a speed of ten miles an hour. In the following year the Great Western performed what was then the extra- ordinary feat of making the passage from Bristol to New York in eighteen days. Considerable suc- cess had thus been attained before the present reign in the application of steam to marine trans- port, but the advance that has since been made is not less remarkable than the improvement in land transport. The voyage to New York is now performed in six days, and ships are actually sailing between Liverpool and the Isle of Man at a speed equivalent to doing the New York passage in five. But the real measure of the revolution that has taken place must be sought in the super- session of sailing vessels by steamers for all the purposes of commerce, and the consequent multi- plication of the resources of industry. At the beginning of the reign the tonnage of British steamships was considerably under one hundred thousand tons. It is now aboub four millions. But just as the immense growth of railways has not prevented a large increase in the traffic of the canals, so has the increase of steam shipping left room for an addition of fifty per cent, to the tonnage of British sailing vessels. The increase of steam tonnage taken alone gives but an imperfect idea of the progress that has been made, For by continual improvements in A JUBILEE PwETEOSPECT. IT marine engines each ton of shipping is moved at a greatly increased rate and a greatly diminished cost, while, as regards a very large and important portion of our trade, the opening of the Suez Canal, to which we supply four-fifths of its traffic, has still further economized time and labour. In this connexion by far the most important achieve- ment of recent years is the oponing of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the establishment of a line of steamers connecting its western terminus with India, China, and Japan. We thus gain a shortened route to the East, passing entirely over great ocean highways and British territory instead of through a land-locked sea and a narrow gut which accident or design may at any moment rondor impassable. In view of the expansion of commerce during the last half-century, and of the immense undeveloped resources of Canada, it would be rash to set any limits to the future pos- sibilities of this great Imperial highway. The universal acceleration of locomotion and transit is the most extended and general appli- cation of science to the groat modern purpose of economizing labour and time. Every department of industry can, however, show special applications for effecting the same result. The staples of our trade have been the object of a continued atten- tion, which during the last fifty years has brought about a complete transformation in their methods and in all the attendant conditions. The cotton trade, as we have already seen, received a great extension in the last century through the inven* x8 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. tions of Arkwright, Hargreaves, Crompton, Cartwright, and Peel. But it had to contend with very great difficulties. The raw material was brought from great distances by slow, expensive, and uncertain modes of conveyance. At the same time the new machinery, ingenious as it was, called for the unremitting attention of skilled artisans, and its produce could not even then compete success- fully, after paying the costs of outward transport, with the fabrics mado by dint of infinite patience and hereditary skill by the natives of India. All the conditions, however, were changed by the great wave of mechanical invention which distinguishes the present reign. IS team reduced the cost of the raw material and facilitated the placing of the finished article upon distant markets. Applied to the whole of the machinery employed in the numerous processes through which the fibre has to pass, it not only increased its actual efficiency, but pointed the way to its indefinite improvement. The machinery of a modern cotton mill includes some of the most ingenious creations of the human mind, and the total cost of attendance upon a pair of self-acting mules with over 2,000 spindles may be put at about three pounds a week. The power loom has undergone improvements not less re- markable, so that one weaver, with the aid of learners, now takes charge of four or even six looms. Subsidiary processes, such as bleaching and printing, have also been brought to a high: state of perfection by the combination of chemical and mechanical skill, f In the year 1861 a crushing A" JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 19 calamity reduced the cotton districts, with theii vastly increased population, to a state of distress even greater than that which marked the opening years of the reign. The Civil War in America suddenly cut off the principal supply of the raw material, and brought the population of Lancashire face to face with famine. The catastrophe was faced with splendid fortitude and mitigated by magnificent charity. Up to the middle of 1863, when things began to improve, two millions sterling had been distributed in aid of the suffer- ing population. It has been computed that masters and operatives together lost at the rate of twenty millions por annum for the three years of famine, and to this must be added an immense consequential derangement of industry in other directions. On the other side must be set the stimulus given to British shipping by the total destruction of the American carrying trade. The English woollen trade dates from the Plan- tagenets, and the export of the raw material was long one of the chief sources of the country’s wealth. But the woollen like the cotton trade has undergone enormous development since the beginning of the reign, and the expansion of the industrial population of Yorkshire is not less remarkable than the growth of Lancashire. Im- proved machinery and the application of steam have had the same effects in both cases, and the opening up of colonial sources of supply has furnished our mills with unlimited quantities of fibres, in many respects better suited to modern 20 frHE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. requirements than the produce of our own flocks. During the last thirty-five years the imports of wool from Australia have risen from forty to four hundred millions of pounds, a fact which bears eloquent testimony to the success of modern science in abolishing distance. A much more characteristic product of the Vic- torian age is the iron trade, which in its various departments offers the widest scojje for scientific advance. Fifty years ago the total yearly output of crude iron in this country did not greats ex- ceed one million tons. A certain quantity of fine foreign iron was imported for the purposes of the Sheffield cutlers, but it was burdened with a very heavy import duty. We now import, not- withstanding all our own improvements and im- mense productive power, a quantity of foreign iron which is nearly equal to one-half of the total consumption of 1837. In the meantime our own production has risen from one to ovor eight million tons, while tho general production of the world, so far as materials oxist for estimating it, appears to have increased in much the same pro- portion. Tho enormous absorption of iron for many years past has been duo to the great develop- ment of engineering, the constant increase in the employment of machinery, the extension of rail- ways, and the substitution of iron for wood in shipbuilding. These applications of the metal would not, however, have been so freely made had not science effected great reductions in tho cost and great improvements in the quality of iron in A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 21 its various forms. The blast furnace is one of the discoveries which, after having long failed to exert any important influence upon manufacture, were taken up and turned to splendid account by the great scientific and industrial move- ment of the present epoch. In 185G Sir Henry Bessemer introduced his process of conversion, which, by blowing air into molten pig iron from below, effects rapid combustion of the extraneous matters contained in tho ore, with a riso of temperature so great that many tons of finished steel can be obtained in a molten condition. Tho Bessemer process was the rosult of a very great expenditure of money, thought, and time. Even when finally complete it was found to be applicable only to ores containing not more than one part of phosphorus in a thousand. Very little British iron ore answers to this de- scription, but the difficulty was overcome by tho invention of the Gilchrist-Thomas, or basic, process. As a result of those inventions and improvements, the price of steel has been so greatly reduced as to bring it into competition with iron in every department of industry. This cheaply produced and admirable material has not, however, superseded the manufacture of steel by the older processes for purposes re- quiring special excellence. More steel than ever is made at Sheffield by the process of cementation, and the output of the Siemens-Martin process, by which steel is produced from malleable iron by the aid of heated gaseous fuel and the hot blast, 'SZ * rm : queen’s jubilee; lias increased enormously since its introduction a few years ago. The invention and the energy of our metallurgists have been stimulated by nothing more powerfully than by the demands of modern artillerists for steel capable of withstanding tre- mendous strains. To meet them Sin Joseph Whitworth devised the plan of cooling the finest steel under enormous pressure applied by hydrau- lic machinery, which is itself one of the most re- markable scientific products of the age. The steel thus produced is of surpassing strength and homogeneity, and is turned out in huge ingots of from sixty to eighty tons. These masses of metal are forged, cut, turned, and bored by modern machinery with as much ease and pre- cision as clay in the studio of the sculptor. It may seem rash to speak of finality in presence of the extraordinary progress of the iron industry during the last fifty years, yet it seems probable that the very greatness of our advance precludes the attainment of any similar results in the future. The combustion of a ton of coal produces a de- finite amount of heat, and the conversion of a ton of iron ore demands an equally definite quantity. When the total work that the fuel can accomplish is expended in the conversion of the ore, there is no possibility of further econcmy, and that result 0 as been so nearly attained that we can pronounce the margin for future saving to be very small, j. This exhaustive application of science to in- dustry is exceptional, but we may note as the result of the activity of the last half-century a A jubilee" retrospect. 23 corresponding, though less complete* improvement of processes in every department. Steam, iron, tools of unrivalled precision due to the patient skill of Whitwouth, the engineering skill in which this country is unsurpassed, and the inventiveness in which it is surpassed only by our kindred across the Atlantic, have revolutionized the methods of almost every branch of manufacture that ' can be named. The great staples of our trade have, in- deed, lost some of their relative importance through the prodigious growth of miscellaneous industries. New regions have been opened up to commerce, supplying new materials, making new demands, and suggesting new needs. The growth of material well-being consequent upon increased command over nature and increased efficiency of labour has produced wholly new industries, which our capital, our enormous manufacturing plant, and the trained dexterity of our workpeople have enabled us to undertake with success and profit. People who fret under the ills which it may be assumed will attend every stage of human develop- ment are frequently heard to complain that all this economy of labour has brought no cessation of toil. The statement is only partially true, since although we may be said to live fast, and many of us find the tear and wear as much as we can endure, yet there can be no question what- ever that life is upon the whole very much easier for the great mass of the population than it was fifty years ago. It is true, however, that leisure 24 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. has not increased in proportion to tlio saving of time and labour effected by science. The ex- planation is to be found in the homely adage con- cerning the impossibility of both eating your cake and having it. We expend in procuring novel comforts, conveniences, and luxuries by far the greater part of the labour we have saved by press- ing steam and machinery into our service. For that reason we are still kept busy, and probably it is well that wo are. But thoughtless com- plaints of the undiminished hardships of existence and of the maladies of overpressure are con- clusively disposed of by the single fact that the average expectancy of human life has largely increased during the last fifty years. Every class down to the poorest, and not exclud- ing even absolute paupers, has adopted a standard of living very much higher than that which con- tented our grandfathers or even our fathers, and finds life ameliorated and sweetened at every step by improvements purchased either by private or public expenditure of which they could hardly have dreamod. Increase of population is the inevitable result of an economy of labour which has not been fully absorbed by a rise in the standard of living and increased consumption of the fruits of labour. Such an increase was thoroughly established in this island long before the accession of Queen Victoria. Its persistence throughout the great struggle which came to an end in 1815 is a proof of the ease with which the burden of war A. JUBILEE BETBOSPECtf. 53 was borne. In 1801 the population of Great Britain was under eleven millions ; in 1841 it had risen to nearly nineteen millions. In 1881 the decennial census gave a total of over thirty millions, which, assuming the continuance of the rate of increase then disclosed, has now risen to about thirty-two millions. The increment during the present reign must therefore be placed not lower than thirteen millions. During the same period the population of Ireland has sunk from over eight millions to a little over five millions at last census, and to an estimated total of something undor five millions at the pre- sent time. This retrograde movement makes the figures for the United Kingdom somewhat less striking than those for Great Britain, but it is in reality an evidence of the same advanc'e in mate- rial prosperity which has occurred in this country. For the rapid increase of the Irish population during the earlier decades of the century was ren- dered possible only by the diversion to that sole end of all the resources which in more advanced societies are first applied to the ele- vation and ennoblement of life. Ireland was in the condition of a semi-savage com- munity whose food supply should be greatly increased without any particular effort on its own part. Such a community at once pro- ceeds to breed up to the new level of subsistence, and that is what the backward districts of Ireland did under the combined influence of ignorance, superstition, laziness, increase of food, and the taE QUEEN'S JUBILEE.* * V > pax Britannica, The potato failed in 1846, after having shown premonitory symptoms of the break- up of its constitution, and with its failure the whole basis of the inflation of Irish population disappeared at a blew. The steady reduction which has gone on since that date, although doubtless accompanied in its earlier stages by much human suffering, is essentially a healthy process of accommodation of population to re- sources, and is accompanied, in spite of very grave drawbacks, by a rise in the standard of living which could never have occurred under the potato regime. Thus the reduction of population in Ireland is an effect of the same effort towards material improvement which has been accom- panied here by a rapid increase. That Ireland shares in thi3 improvement on any terms she owes to her political connexion with Great Britain ; that she has not shared in it more fully she owes to herself. It follows from what has been said that great as is our actual population, and grave as are the problems involved in its continuing increase at the rate of a thousand per day, it is actually smaller in relation to its total resources and means of sub- sistence than was the lees numerous population of the early years of the reign. The total expendi- ture per head upon the necessaries and comforts of life has groatly increased, yet the surplus wealth remaining after that expenditure is pro- vided for has increased not less remarkably. At the accession of Queen Victoria the condition of A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 27 ; the masses of the population was In many re- spects most unsatisfactory. The factory system was just completing the destruction of domestic industries, and the change, though profitable enough to capitalists, was disastrous to work- men. It meant the breaking up of a whole social system highly conducive to rational inde- pendence of character and to kindly feelings be- tween class and class. It involved the degrada-^ tion — for we can hardly give the process a milder name — of the artisan from the position of an inde- pendent tradesman with a place of business of his own, to that of a mere unit in an army of opera- tives drilled with novel rigour and subjected to the extreme penalties provided by the law of the market, then first completely organized in the in* terests of the employer. The immediate result of this change was widespread suffering, with a great consequent ombitterment of feelings ; and the next was the long series of strikes and the numerous trade organizations, by means of which the work- men gradually regained the sense of independence, of self-respect, and of capacity to treat upon not too unequal terms, of which they had been rudely deprived. If the workmen were dissatisfied, the lot of the masters was not one of unalloyed felicity. Adverse commercial conditions ham- pered the expansion of trade and doomed capital to disastrous idleness. Thus it came about that the whole of industrial England, however divided against itself upon certain points, was banded together in a resolute endeavour to find some way 23 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. of escape from the difficulties and actual perils of its situation. The passing of the Reform Act in the previous reign had given the great industrial centres a voice in legislation, while the minute and comprehensive scrutiny to which the whole body of our institutions had been subjected by Bbntham provided a long catalogue of abuses to be abolished and remedies to be ap« plied. The greatest of English industries, that of food-growing, was, from the nature of its necessary conditions, insusceptible of the indefinite expan- sion and improvement which science can effect in other directions, and it had, in addition, been pro- tected, under the influence of ideas not unnatural in the conditions which gave them birth, from the competition that proved so powerful a stimulus to scientific and manufacturing effort. An abundant supply of food at reduced prices was clearly per- ceived to be the indispensable condition of cheapened production and extended sales. Iienco among tho first objocts of attack by the disciples of Adam Smith, tho followers of Bentitam, and the whole deeply interested industrial host at their back, was the duty upon corn which shelter od the British farmer from foreign competition. An Anti-Corn Law League was formed, which found its laureate in Ebenezer Elliott, and its apostles in Richard Cobden, John Bright, Charles Vie- wers, and a phalanx of less prominent labourers in the same field. The battle raged fiercely be- tween the old England established upon tho theory cf national self-suflicingness, and the new A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 29 England based upon the fact that the nation had outgrown the capacities of its soil and .had staked its wealth and prosperity upon success in catering for the wants of the world. The triumph of the new order of things was signalized by the passing of the Corn Importation Act in 1840, which not only Sf.~u.ck a blow at the predominance of the landed interest, but also shattered its political organization. Tho dual character of the industrial upheaval found expression in a double current of reforming effort. The Anti-Corn Law agitation and the Free Trade movement, of which it formed a part, constituted tho capitalistromedy for theevils which all admitted* Although honestly desirous of doing the best it could for tho whole community, the capitalist class did not escape the common blunder of assuming that in doing tho best it could for itself it exhausted the possibilities of progress. Its ideal was a middle-class ideal of constantly ex- tending markets supplied by means of tho cheap- ened labour of operatives paid in accordance with tho great law of demand and supply. Its arguments, founded upon a political economy in which humanity counted for little more than so much effective labour, were exactly adapted to tho classes who had money to buy that labour and the hope of making more money by reselling it. They were developed by tho labours of such men as John Stuart Mill into a body of doctrine of great logical pretensions and of an apparent exhaustive- ness and authority which the ; next generation so THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. will find it rather hard to understand. They thoroughly dominated a middle-class Parlia- ment, and were by it embodied in legislation with remarkable completeness. But alongside of the capitalist cure for social evils was carried on from the first a movement for their treatment by totally different measures. As viewed from the artisan standpoint the problem was to be solved by the interference of the State in aid of the poor and the weak. Far from accepting the removal of obstacles to the working of the law of de- mand and supply as a complete and sufficient account of social duty, the operatives and their advocates insisted strongly upon the necessity for direct intervention to counter-work the blind opera- tions of political economy. Henco arose demands for factory legislation and measures to ameliorate the general condition of the labouring popula- tion, formulated often in impracticable shapes by Richard Owen, but afterwards embodied in actual legislation by the efforts of a group of reformers among whom Lord Shaftesbury held the most prominent place. Yet greater impatience with social ills produced the demands of the Chartists, who saw no hope of substantial progress save in large political changes. The Social Reformers and the Chartists were, however, wings of the same army. They differed as to methods, but both were inspired by discontent with things as they were, and by profound disbelief in the adequacy or fitness of the remedies which political economy prescribed. Much would have been gained had the capitalists A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 31 jand operatives succeeded in harmonizing their / views and carrying out together the measures re- quired for the common good. But it seems vain to hope that average men can ever be got to see more than one side of ihe truth at a time with sufficient clearness to carry out practical reforms. Capitalists, Social Reformers, and Chartists each saw part of the truth, but they had to apply their doctrines in succession instead of concurrently. As the Free Trade movement died out through the exhaustion of its held, the demand for legislation to limit individual freedom and lend to the weak the protection which Free Trade denied gathered overwhelming strength from the patent fact that the capitalists had said their last w T ord and had left grievous evils untouched. After a certain amount of factory legislation, mine legislation, sanitary legislation, and general State intervention had been achieved, it became evident that the reforming capacities of a middle-class Parliament were exhausted, and the Chartist remedies in turn came to the front. Household suffrage has been established by successive Acts of Parliament, and has given to the legislative machine all the effi- ciency that can be hoped from the admission of the masses to political power. Each step in that direc- tion has been followed by renewed activity in pass- ing measures founded upon the belief that the State has the right and the power to intervene for the redress of every injustice or grievance that may result from the play of individual forces. The paternal legislation, which it was tho great aim of 82 f ‘THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. the older political economy to sweep away, has been replaced by a new body of statutes not less penetrating in their operation. It is now fully admitted in practice that the capitalist diagnosis of social maladies was mistaken and the capitalist treatment inadequate. We affirm by annual addi- tions to the list of things prohibited and of inspectors to enforce the prohibiti on, that the old legislation was wrong not because it was paternal, but because it was out of date. The State, under democratic guidance, has become as active and as inquisito- rial as it is under absolute monarchies ; and the differences that may be noted, sometimes advan- tageous and sometimes the reverse, are traceable either to our insular conditions or to substitution of the will of a mult itude of counsellors for the initiative of a limited number of great men. The movements just referred to have necessarily exerted a profound influence upon national finance. During the earlier years of the reign the national revenue habitually fell short of a comparatively moderate expenditure. Of that revenue three- fourths was collected in the shape of Customs and Excise, two items which in those days bore a very different meaning from that to which the present generation is accustomed. The Excise laid the finger of cold obstruction upon a great variety of manufactures, and the Customs tariff included upwards of twelve hundrod articles. In ninety- nine cases out of a hundred these duties brought no appreciable advantage to the Exchequer, and their chief beauty appeared, in fact, to lie in tho A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 33 circumstance that no one paid them. They were intended to prevent monoy from going out of the country, people apprehending at that timo very imperfectly or not at all the truth that commodities are exchanged for commodities, not bought with the precious metals which measure exchanges. Locking back upon the fiscal system of that time, many are now disposed to de- nounce it as unjust, but the contemporary complaint was rather of its impolicy. It was because it throttled industry, not because it directtypressedupon thepoor, that the Free Traders laboured for its abolition. They undoubtedly chose their ground wisely, even if their reasons for the choico were not exactly scientific, since the impolicy of a fiscal system is very much more easy to demonstrate than its injustice. Yielding to the growing clamour for reform, Sir Robert Peel in 1842 reduced or extinguished the duties on more than half the articles in the tariff, imposing an in- come-tax for three years to make good the deficiency. His policy was financially successful, and in 1845 ho carried it further, roimposing the income-tax. In the following year came the abandonment of the corn duties, and then followed the wholesale destruction of the old fiscal system, the cost of each successive reform being borne by the income- tax. In 1853 Mr. Gladstone produced an ela- borate Budget aiming among other things at the gradual extinction of this novel and dis- tasteful impost. But the Crimean War supervened ; the income-tax instead of being reduced was raised 34 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. to sixteen pence in the pound, and instead of dis- appearing altogether in I860, according to Mr. Gladstone’s scheme, has become the mainstay of every successive Chancellor of the Exchequer. There is thus a curious irony about the finan- cial history of the reign. Reason declares that those who furnish the revenue ought to de- termine the expenditure, but we have so managed matters that when the mass of the population were directly taxed in a hundred ways they had no voice in the direc- tion of policy, while now that every addition to the expenditure is met by raising the income- tax those who pay it are outvoted twenty times over by electors who pay nothing but duties upon one or two luxuries which easily degenerate into poisons. Since Queen Victoria ascended the Throne a very great increase has taken place in the national expenditure, an increase which is properly re- garded with jealousy by the advocates of economy, but which is, nevertheless, not dispro- portionate to the general expansion of national commerce and wealth. The long period of peace wdiich followed the close of the Peninsular War engendered a habit of mind to which war seemed an anachronism and almost an impossibility. The nation was exceedingly busy wdth the material and moral changes to which we have just referred, and, being itself w r ell content to rest upon the military laurels it had gained at the beginning of the century, it was unwilling to sup- A JUBILEE RETROSPECT# S& iposo that other nations were in a less pacific frame of mind. The Great Exhibition of 1851, which was largely due to the sagacity and strength of will of the Prince Consort, and which had bene- ficial and far-reaching effects upon the national life, seemed to many, if not to most, to be the sign and almost the guarantee of a long period of tranquillity. It seemed incredible that the world after this great demonstration of the triumphs of peaceful industry should dream of relapsing into disastrous struggles. Events falsified these glowing anticipations with singular rapidity. Two years after the Great Exhibition a European war broke out, in which this country was one of the principal combatants, and which rudely demon- strated the incapacity of a military system covered with the rust of forty years to maintain our reputation or defend our interests against serious attack. The immediate results of the Cri- mean War were an increase of direct taxation, an arrest of the process of reducing indirect taxa- tion, a large addition to the National Debt, and a permanent enhancement of the cost of the de- fensive services. But the Crimean War did not stand alone. It was very quickly followed by the Indian Mutiny, which severely strained the military resources of the Empire ; and that again was succeeded by a period of European disturb- ance which produced in succession the seven weeks' war, by which Austria was deposed from the primacy of Germany ; the Franco-German War, which completed the great work of constituting 2—2 68 the Queen’s jubilee. the German Empire as we now know it ; and a Russo-Turkish War, the direct effects of which are still among unsolved European problems. The event that was expected to begin an era of peace proved, in fact, the pre- cursor of a long period of war and of energetic preparation for war, in which this country has been compelled, reluctantly and spasmodically, to tako its part. Hence has arisen a greatly increased outlay upon the Army and Navy, which, however, even at its highest, does not represent an extrava- gant premium for the insurance of our great wealth and coveted advantages. Unhappily, our middle- class Parliament has never produced statesmen capable either of directing warlike expenditure themselves or of frankly intrusting it to trained soldiers. The defences of the nation have been the sport of faction, and the services, starved in moments of fancied security and hurriedly reinforced by all sorts of costly makeshifts in moments of panic, are still unworthy of the sums spent upon them, and inade- quate for the work they may be called upon to perform. Nevertheless, immense advances have been made. The Militia, which after Waterloo had been allowed almost to disappear, is now a reality. The Regular Army is numerically stronger than at the beginning of the reign, is composed of a vastly superior class of men, possesses officers abreast of the scienco of the day, and is provided with a reserve. We have followed Germany’s example with halting A JUfclLEE fcETROSMICT. feT Bteps, often missing what is essential and slavishly copying what is unsuitable to our conditions ; still we have, upon the whole, made great progress. The most remarkable, and in many respects the most important, military movement of the reign has, however, been carried out by the energy and good sense of the people, with very scanty en- couragement from official persons. The acute apprehensions of invasion produced in 1859 by the truculent tone of the French Press, the untrust- worthiness of Louis Napoleon, and tho utterly de- fenceless condition of the country, led to the establishment of the Volunteer force. The Prince Consort stood almost alone among men in high position in appreciating the importance of this movement and in extending to it enlightened and hearty support. The Volunteers have fought their way to official recognition by dogged perseverance, and now form a force which would be of in- estimable value if we only possessed a War Office capable of providing for its mobilization and scientific application in emergencies. Expenditure upon the Navy has more than kept pace with that upon the Army, and has been largely wasted by mismanagement of a precisely similar kind. At the beginning of the reign our men-of-war were still built of wood and carried only smooth-bore guns. Now they are crowded with machinery, are encased in steel or iron plates ranging up to twenty inches in thickness, and are armed with costly rifled guns throwing huge projectiles at almost inconceivable velocities. The science of 3S THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. the Victorian era has applied itself to nothing with greater assiduity or more surprising results than to the development of engines of destruction. The cost of the long struggle between ships and guns has been enormous, but there are fortunately signs that it has to some extent worked out its own cure by showing that safety is to be looked for in the simplification rather than the further elaboration of apparatus. Torpedoes, quick-firing machine guns, and a remarkable recent develop- ment of vertical fire appear not unlikely to do for armour on ships what the introduction of gunpowder did for armour on men. The defensive services do not, however, account for the whole of the increase in national expendi- ture during the reign, an increase which, so far as paid out of taxation, about equals the total present cost of the Army and Navy. The whole civil ad- ministration of the country has undergone a corresponding expansion, due in part to simple automatic increase of pre-existent machinery, but more largely to the development of enlarged ideas concerning the standard of municipal comfort and the social duty of the State. Sanitation and Education taken by themselves account for a very large additional expendi ture in directions which are practically novel, and they are typical of a great num- ber of smaller items which modern society demands as a matter of course, and which fifty years ago were, equally as a matter of course, dispensed with. But the picture w T ould be very incomplete were we to confine our attention to the increase of Imperial A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 39 expenditure. During the reign of Queen Victoria an immense extension of local government and municipal activity has taken place. To the increased civil expenses that figure in the Budget has to be added a far greater expansion of local taxation. The total receipts of local authorities for the year ending Lady-day, 1885, were close upon forty-four millions. Of this sum nearly twenty-seven millions were raised by rates, against a total levy at the beginning of the reign of under six millions. But local authorities have not been hampered by the pedantic rule that every year must pay for its own purchases, whether they are of permanent value or perish in the using. Local debt now amounts to about one hundred and eighty millions — a huge sum which has been ex- pended, and in the main economically expended, in supplying water, gas, sewerage, drainage, hospitals, cemeteries, roads, and recreation grounds, or public improvements having similar aims. The returns of the Local Government Board are eloquent, for any one who can look beyond the figures, of the profound and far-extending trans- formation that has passed over England since the Queen’s accession. In these local undertak- ings may be found not merely the satisfaction of new needs and the establishment of a softened and rationalized social existence, but also the development of one of the remedial pro- cesses which a healthy society puts forth for the averting of threatened evils. Local autho- rities have become the proprietors of ro- 40 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. munerative commercial undertakings, just as the State has become the owner of a profitable carry- ing trade and a gigantic banking business. While men have been fighting about co-operation and socialism, the community has quietly established both as working institutions under safeguards which have disarmed the most lynx-eyed critic. The Parliamentary history of the last half-cen- tury is a remarkable one. In its first decade tlieTory party was shattered by Sin Robert Peel’s adop- tion of Free Trade principles, which, however good in themselves, were not accepted by the majority of those who placed him in power. At the close of the period the Liberal party has been destroyed with equal completeness by Mr. Gladstone’s sudden conversion to the doctrine that Ireland ought to have a separate Parliament. These two occasions are typical of the two currents of Par- liamentary activity which have shaped the legis- lation and determined the party fortunes of the reign. The normal development of national policy due to the great social changes of the age lias been continually crossed and interfered with by the necessity for dealing in Ireland with a societjr several generations behind that of England and Scotland. Twenty years after the first Reform Bill the necessity for further change had been admitted by the Liberal party, and in 1854 Lord John Bussell brought in a measure which had to be withdrawn in consequence of the Crimean War. In 1859 Mr. Disraeli made a similar attempt, which led to a dissolution. At that period ' k ' JUBILEE ^ETROSPECf. 4 <41? Lord Palmerston’s influence was preponderant, and it was clear that nothing of a very thorough- goingkind would be attempted in his time. On his death, in 1865, Lord John Russell became Premier, and in I860 Mr. Gladstone introduced a Franchise Rill, but a considerable section of the party seceded with Mr. Lowe at their head, and the Government resigned. In the following year Mr. Disraeli, who did not command a majority in the House of Commons, brought in and passed by dint of extraordinary Parliamentary dexterity and great success in educating his party, a Reform Bill enfranchising all ratepayers in boroughs and greatly lowering the property qualification in counties. Assimilation of the franchise in boroughs and counties immediately became the cry of ad- vanced Reformers, and in 1885, after a contest with the House of Lords, Mr. Gladstone’s Go- vernment carried in consultation with the Opposi- tion measures making household suffrage universal and effecting a very extensive redistribution of seats. The total result of electoral changes is that whereas at the beginning of the reign this country was still to a large extent aristocratically governed, though the middle classes were the most powerful political force, at the end of it a highly democratic form of government is fully established under forms technically unchanged. Thus throughout a great portion of the reign, although great legislative changes have been effected and great controversies have been carried on, the reform of the electoral system has furnished 42 *TIIE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. the battle-cry of opposed parties. But the' Irish question has been kept before the country with not less persistency. From the time of O’Connell and thegreat Repeal movement down to the present moment the history of legislation is chequered with continual attempts to solve Irish difficulties or to repress Irish discontent. In 1870 Mr. Gladstone carried a l Land Bill, followed eleven years later by a second, which abolished agrarian contracts and replaced them by arrangements made by the autho- rity of Parliament. 1ST o nation and no epoch can show such great and steady efforts for social amelioration as those put forth by the Parliament of this country on behalf of Ireland during the second half of the reign. But the leaders of the later Repeal movement, more cunning than O’Connell, have understood that agrarian discon- tent alone can give them political leverage, and have used all the power and resource's of an organization supported by foreign contributions to prevent any settlement of agrarian difficulties. The final extension of the franchise has thrown political power in Ireland into the hands of the most ignorant and most easily misled section of the community, with the result that, while not a single Liberal holds an Irish seat, a compact body of Separatists forms a third and exceedingly active party in the House of Commons. We should have to reckon Ireland as reversing the story of progress, were it not that even there, in spite of all the labours of conspirators, A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 43 there is a distinct material and moral improve- ment. It is a fact which illustrates the strength and the weakness of the English character that fifty years ago there was in England no national provision whatever for securing the blessings of elementary education to the mass of the people, although Englishmen had to travel no farther than the Scottish border to find in full operation a universal and excellent sys- tem of parochial education maintained by local rates upon property. The first sign that the subject had begun to arrest the serious attention of statesmen was a small grant of public money in 1833 for the assistance of existing elementary schools. In 1839 a letter addressed by Hek Ma- jesty’s command to the President of the Council by Lord John Russell set forth Her Majesty’s deep concern at the want of instruction among the poorer classes of her subjects, a want, it was added, “ which is not in accordance with the cha- “ racter of a civilized and Christian nation.” As a result of this letter a Committee of Council on Education was appointed, which took over from the Treasury the administration of education grants, appointed inspectors, and insisted for the first time upon inspection as a condition of assist- ance. Her Majesty had thus been two years upon the throne before the foundation of an Edu- cation Department was laid. That it was laid even then was largely due to the ability j&nd insistence with , which the subject waa 44 *HE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. pressed upon the attention of Ministers by Sir James Kay-Shuttlewobth, who, as Secretary to the new Committee, afterwards directed educa- tional work with equal zeal and sagacity. The next step was taken by the Minutes of 1846, pro- viding for a better supply of pupil teachers, for the extension of training schools, and for the better payment of teachers. Under these Minutes the grant steadily rose, exciting apprehensions which led to the appointment of the Duke of Newcastle’s Commission. It reported, in 1861, in favour of continuing public support to the elementary schools, but pointing out that the bulk of the scholars were neglected in order to push on a few show pupils. At that time the Vice-President of the Education Department was Mr. Lowe, who was determined at all costs to put an end to the payment of money to teachers who shirked their work. TJie Devised Code was his remedy, under which all payment was to be by results, and results wero to be measured, necessarily, by an arbitrary and mechanical rule. Opinion has developed very remarkably since that time, the Government grant has risen to about three millions and the total expenditure upon elementary education to nearly seven millions, but the Revised Code still holds its €>wn as the basis of our system. In 1870 Mr. W.- E. Forster applied a remedy to the quantitative inadequacy of the school system, which the Newcastle Commission h$k d,_ p &ifited iouti , by .carrying^ his Elementary A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 45 Education Act, which placed upon the ratepayers everywhere the duty of providing whatever school accommodation voluntary effort had failed to supply. This great work, which links his name for ever with our national system of education, was carried through with infinite pains and diffi- culty. The political Dissenters never forgave him for his recognition of the efforts made by the clergy of the Church of England in the cause of education, and his refusal to supplant voluntary by rate-supported schools when the voluntary ones satisfied the tests of the Educa- tion Department. But although he refused to supersede, the establishment of a national system necessarily discouraged, private effort, which accordingly is a diminishing quantity. The broad effect of the Education Act has been to treble the number of children in average attendance, to more than treble the number of certificated teachers, to improve their status and their prospects, thus at- tracting a bettor class of men ; and to exert upon the juvenile population of the country a discipli- nary influence which, apart altogether from actual acquirements, is a potent instrument of social advance. While the reign of Queen Victoria is thus honourably distinguished by a great and, upon the whole, a successful effort to deal with the arrears of several generations so far as elementary education is concerned, it has done but little for the improvement of secondary education. Partial attempts at improvement _ there have been, and 46 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. something has been effected by the general ad- vance of public intelligence, but we are still without anything that can be called a national system of secondary education. By the Endowed Schools Act of 1869, providing for the resettlement of a great many educational trusts, the number of endowed schools has been greatly increased, and their quality has no doubt been improved. A corresponding im- provement has doubtless taken place in pro- prietary schools, and the worst sort of private venture schools have, it may be hoped, disappeared. Competition has been brought to bear to a considerable extent by the examina- tions of the College of Preceptors and the Ox- ford and Cambridge Local Examinations, while parents, even when themselves uneducated, have become more exacting. Looking at the matter in a vaguely optimist spirit, it is easy enough to congratulate ourselves upon marked improvement. But no radical reform has taken place, no national system has been established, no State tests or State guarantees have been applied, and the great scientific revolution of the age, although it has disturbed, has not permeated or transformed the mass of secondary schools. For technical education there is no systematic provi- sion whatever, and the middle classes of this country are, consequently, in the unenviable posi- tion of being worse equipped than those of any great European State for the keen competition of, modern commerce and industry* X JUBILEE RETROSPECT* 4 Oxford and Cambridge at the beginning of the reign had emerged to some extent from the melancholy stagnation of the Georgian era. Ox- ford had, indeed, advanced so far as to recognize that it was a scandal for an ancient and richly- endowed seat of learning to give degrees without any examination whatever, and such men as Whately, Milman, and Arnold were among the earlier products of the awakening. The accession of the middle class to power at the passing of the Reform Bill, the general stirring up of the public mind that followed, and the jealousy aroused by the narrowly sectarian charac- ter of both Universities, but more especially and flagrantly of Oxford, led to an overhauling of the whole University system. A Royal Com- mission of Inquiry was issued for Oxford in 1850 and two years later for Cambridge. Both these Commissions were followed by legislation in the next few years, and the spirit of reform which had already taken hold of both Universities was quickened and guided by the action of Parlia- ment. Further changes both internal and ex- ternal have since followed in rapid succession. After many struggles, tests were at last abolished in 1871, and in the following year the Duke of Cleveland’s Commission held an inquiry into the financial position of the Colleges with a view to freshlegislation. Though begunin 1876, this legisla- tion was not completed until 1882, and it is too early to measure all its results. It has, however, destroyed clerical privilege, abolished nearly all restrictions 48 (Che queers jubilee. upon marriage, strengthened the central authority of the Universities, and compelled the Colleges to contribute for the carrying on of Univorsity work, established new professorships and revised the duties of old ones, limited the tenure of fellow- ships unless connected with actual University work, and in other similar ways introduced a better system and more serious purpose into the entire University organization. Recognition has been Blowly and, at first, grudgingly given to the natural sciences, and laboratories and museums have been provided either by the Universities themselves or by private munificence, as in the case of the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge, built and equipped by the present Duke of Devonshire. But it is still possible for a man to pass with credit through his College course and to carry away a University certificate of his education without knowing anything whatever of the physical sciences, or of any one of them. Impatience with the defects of the older Universities had led, some years beforo the Queen’s accession, to the institution of the London Univorsity, in which Lord Brougham played a prominent part. In 1836 the London University was changed into University College, and the University of London was established as a purety examining and degree- giving body. For the first twenty years of its existence its degrees were granted only to the students of affiliated Colleges, but since 1858 its examinations have been thrown completely open. It tests results without making the slightest A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 49 inquiry into the mode of their attainment, and has exercised an enormous influence upon educa- tion throughout the whole empire. In 1846 Mr. John Owens, a Manchester merchant, bequeathod about £100,000 for the endowment of a College in that town, which was oponoa five years lator. In 18*70 it was reconstituted as a public corporation, and in 1873 now and commodious buildings, sup- plied wholly by private effort, were opened. In 1880 it obtained a charter and degree-giving powers as Victoria University, and promises to remain to futuro times one of tho most remarkable and boneficont memorials of the reign. Tho Scottish Universities, like tho English, have been the subject of legislation during the last fifty years, but, like the English, they suffer from the absence of a system of secondary education. Until that want is suppliod tho whole of our higher and elementary education must remain more or* less incoherent and incomplete. Spiritual movements lend themselves less readily than matorial or social ones to such analysis as can bo attempted here. But, whatever may have been the speculative basis of tho great movement in the religious world which the reign of Queen Victoria has witnessed, we cannot greatly err in assuming that the misery in which largo classes of the population wore plunged at tho beginning of the epoch, and the stimulus of the general effort made by tho nation to bring its new resources to bear upon the task of social ameliora- tion, had much to do with determining tho revival *50 'the queen’s jubilee. of the Churches. The Catholic, or, as it is named from an accident of its method, the Tractarian, movement in the Church of England is the first to arrest the attention of the observer. Beginning as an academical and a scmewhat exclusive intel- lectual effort in the direction of ecclesiastical re- vival, it speedily obtained allies of greater breadth of view and more practical aims than its origina- tors. They, in fact, shortly found themselves stranded in an eddy of the stream they had set in motion, and while the Catholic revival vivified and transformed the English Church, itself being modified and transformed in the process, its distinguished pioneers, with Newman and Ward at their head, joined the Church of Home. After their secession the Tractarian, subsequently better known as the Ritualistic, movement descended into the market-place, allied itself, consciously or not, with many nascent popular impulses, and exerted a profound and enduring influence upon both the external presentment and the inner life of religion. Public attention was, of course, most powerfully arrested by the extrava- gances of its least judicious partisans. Childish mimicry of Roman ritual aroused the contempt of the more masculine portion of the community, and exaggerated priestly pretensions founded upon extreme Eucharistic doctrines excited yet stronger repugnance. But these things were the fringe of a movement which in its more rational manifestation has effected ! a welcome improvement in the architecture^ A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 51 the decoration, the services, and the social activity of the Church of England. Nor has its effect been limited to that Church alone, for the Nonconformist sects have one and all felt its influence, and show it, more or less fully, in similar ways. While the Church has gained in vigour it has also gained in breadth. An Evangelical movement went on alongside of the Ritualistic one, and in 1849 Bishop Phiixpotts, of Exeter, brought its legality to the test by refusing to institute Mr. Gorham on account of his Evangelical views concerning baptismal regenera- tion. The judgment of the Privy Council went against the Bishop, and laid down the principle that in all such suits the law must refuse to pronounce upon truth or falsehood of doctrine, and must interpret the formularies of the Church simply and strictly as documents defining a legal contract. This judgment caused immense excitement and called forth a solemn protest from Dr. Pusey, Mr. Keble, and Arch- deacon, now Cardinal, Manning. But it has been a haven of refuge for all parties in turn. In 1860 another storm was raised by the publication of “ Essays and Reviews, ” and the Broad Church party, represented by such men as Professor Jowett, Dean Stanley, and Frederic Denison Maurice, found itself in the position formerly occupied by the Evangelicals. The Privy Council re-affirmed the great principle of the Gorham judgment — that the articles and formularies of the Church are to be dealt with according to the legal > 52 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. rules for the interpretation of legal instruments. The storm took some time to subside, but it effectually cleared the air ; all parties have learned to prize the secular tolerance which secures freedom for each and forbids ascendency to any ; and the Church, by its increasing hold upon the mass of the people on one hand, and its in- creasing adaptation to the intellectual movement of the age on the other, has effectually disposed of the prognostications of those who could see no salvation save in the bigoted enforcement of a narrow creed. Among the dissenting sects a similar spirit of comprehension has made way, and it is easy to find Congregational chapels differing as widely between themselves in doctrine and in ritual as tho most widely-separated congregations of the Church of England. Contemporaneously with the great Oxford movement, there arose , in Scotland tho struggle which was terminated in 1843 by the disruption of the Church of Scotland and the formation of the Free Church, with Dr. Chalmers as its first Moderator. Though carried on under ecclesiastical forms, and often in repellent metaphysical language, that move- ment was essentially tho inevitable demand of a thoroughly democratic body for the right to nominate its own ministers. Had the essential quarrel been a doctrinal one, the Courts would un- doubtedly have taken the samo lino with the same results as in England. But though doctrinal in form it was in essence a mere question of legal right to appoint j that right was unquestionably A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 53 Vested by law in the patrons ; consequently the Courts, acting on the principle of the Gorham I judgment, and construing ecclesiastical documents by legal rules, brought about disruption instead of comprehension. A generation later Mr. Disraeli abolished patronage in tho Church of Scotland, which now differs from tho Free Church in nothing but tho possession of endowments. In 1869 Mr. Gladstone carried a Bill for the Disestablishment of the Irish Church upon the ground that it was not tho Church of the mass of the people, or, as ho preferred to phrase it, was a “ branch of the upas tree of Protestant ascen- “ dency.” Tho Irish Church has since that event fully held its own in numbers and in financial prosperity. Literature and Art in the Victorian age have been seized upon like Science and made to subserve the practical needs of a rapidly pro- gressive population. They claim attention rather by their volume, vigour, variety, and adaptation to the every-day wants of mankind, than by tho at- tainment of supremo excellence or classic perfec- tion. Great achievements in art or letters are usually tho . product of times of comparative re- pose. Mastery over the known facts of tho world and a tolerably undisturbed faith in some intelligible theory of its construction can alone give the serenity and tranquillity which are as indispensable to great art as a polished surface to tho reflection of material objects. But the men of the Victorian age have lived in the 54 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. midst of almost cataclysmal mental changes. Now facts have rained upon them with a rapidity which bailies hypothesis, and stamps theory as obsolete before half the world has be- come reconciled to its existence. In such a time of intellectual flux anything like monu- mental art is impossible, since neither the artist nor the age possesses the permanence of mood re- quired for a true presentment. Although, how- ever, the Victorian era has not produced much that the most liberal charity can conceive as belonging to all time, it has shown immense fertility and vigour in supplying the intellectual wants of the present. Just as the material con- dition of England is summed up by saying that this is the age of railways, so its intellectual con- dition is briefly but adequately characterized by saying that this is the ago of newspapers. The Press has been steadily growing in power and im- portance for the last century, but in the general national awakening of the beginning of the reign it advanced with giant strides. Great mechani- cal improvements have been imperatively de- manded, and many problems involving the applica- tion of steam, electricity, and improved machinery to the production of newspapers have been suc- cessfully carried out, having their origin in most cases in the office of this journal. The duty upon newspapers has been abolished, and this relief, taken in conjunction with the discovery of new and cheap materials and processes for the production of paper just good enough for the use A jubilee betbospe^ 55 of tho day, has enormously stimulated what in any case would have been an irresistible demand for copious daily supplies of news and comment. The effort after rapidity and freshness, which finds its highest expression in the daily Press, is felt in every part of our system. Weekly journals have lost in influence and importance by no fault of their own. Monthly magazines find it increasingly difficult to maintain their hold upon the public. Quarterlies probably could not be founded at all at the present day, and continue to exist as the vehicle of opinions chiefly of a retrospective kind. Books follow the same law, and the circu- lating library system, which has largely superseded the purchase of books for private study, is a result of the general cultivation of rapidity. Authors find it necessary to say at once, however imperfectly, what they have to say, because the movement of events more than keeps pace with the elaboration of their thought. The social organism, in fact, carries on its business by conversation, instead of, as formerly, by set speeches and formal debates. But serious men are no more hasty and superficial than in the most deliberate of bygone days, while the superficial are at least in process of emergence from the crass ignorance and blank indifference of their prototypes. Moreover, there is to be noted in the Victorian age a mastery of form and a triumph over technical difficulties which call for explanation from those who declaim against superficiality. Tennyson led the way with the curious and subtle felicity of his diction. 66 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. But one of the most conspicuous facts of con-' temporary literature is a general excellence of mere workmanship to which none but the greatest men of past ages attained. Yv^o have verse writers of all degrees of original faculty ; some true poets, if not great ones, with a real message to deliver, others merely the “ idle singers of an empty day.” But in simple dexterity of execution both classes contrast very strikingly with all bub the greatest of thoir predecessors, and with even the best of the immediately preceding age. Scientific method has been brought to bear in other departments of literature with tho most remarkable results. The study of history by such men as Carlyle, Stubbs, Freeman, and Maine has boen carried out with a thoroughness and solidity of which the historians of the past had but little conception, while in Macaulay the reign can show a master of the earlier method. Literature repays its debt to science by becoming in such hands as Huxley’s tho efficient ally of research. The immense de- velopment of tho novel is one of the most charac- teristic literary phenomena of the age. Dickens has had a legion of imitators, and, though we have not been wanting in novelists of large calibre, like Thackeray, the majority of the novels that chase one anothor to oblivion are of very low artistic quality. In painting, although Turner stands unique and Unapproachable in his own sphere, and although we have portrait painters, like Sir J ohn Millais, who need not fear comparison with tho great painters of tho past, yet it can hardly be pre- A JUBILEE RETROSPECT. 57 tended that the last fifty years have beon con- spicuous for display of the highest qualities of art. But at iho same time there can be no doubt that in all that comes within the sphere of patient training of hand and eye to overcome technical difficulties a groat and general advance has beon made during that period. Her Majesty’s reign, in short, need not fear com- parison with earlier periods in any achievement that falls within the scope of conscientious in- dustry, patient effort, and thoroughgoing investi- gation. In all but those supremo manifestations of the human intellect which we ascribe to genius, its products are in quality at least equal, and in most cases superior, to those of any earlier period of our history, while in quantity and varioty of intellectual effort and in diffusion of intellectual interest it is entirely unapproachable. Thus, in whatever way we may view the domestic history of this nation during the last half-century, wo find the phenomena those of rapid expansion and accompanying growth in complexity of organi- zation. This expansion has dominated our in- ternal politics, and largely, though insensibly, modified our Constitution. It has swept away a great mass of privileges, electoral, educational, sectarian, and social, abolished a whole body of legislation affecting individual liberty, con- structed a great and growing body of statutes re- asserting the control of the State, concentrated in the House of Commons the powers alike of Executive and Legislature, and all but rendered 68 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE.. that House incapable of adequately discharging the functions of either. In external, or what we may call Imperial as distinguished from national affairs, expansion is again the dominant and formative agency. Our Colonies have increased in territorial extent, but much more markedly in population and resources. The white population of the North American Colonies has quadrupled since the be- ginning of Her Majesty’s reign ; that of Australasia has been multiplied by twenty-five. In South Africa the area of British territory has been more than doubled. The total value of the export and import trade of the Colonies was about fifty-five millions ; it now amounts to considerably over four hundred millions. Self-government, more or loss complete, has been introduced almost everywhere. During the early years of the reign it was thought impossible that the Colonies could be retained in the Empire, and a powerful school of politicians went so far as to make their separation an object to be distinctly aimed at. But in more recent times, owing to causes among which must be reckoned the increased interest of the mass of the popu- lation in political affairs, the current of thought and feeling has been completely reversed. Imperial Federation is universally recognized as a thing desirable in itself and not impossible of realization at seme future day, while a practical beginning has been made by the esta- blishment of arrangements for mutual defence of a kind totally new in Colonial history. Our Indian Empire has been enlarged since the acces- A JUBILEE RETROSPECT* 59 ■ Bion cf the Queen by the addition of the Punjab and Burmah, besides other practical extensions of authority by administrative changes. Its gross revenue has risen from about twenty-two millions sterling to nearly seventy-one millions, and its external trade from twenty-one to something approaching one hundred and sixty millions. The revolt of the Sepoys in 1857 led to the transfer of the government from the East India Company to the Crown, and in 1876 the Queen, by the advice of Mr. Disraeli, assumed the title of Empress of India. Hoads, railways, canals, irrigation works, and lucrative industries have enormously increased the resources of the country, and, in conjunction with the order and security of British rule, have led to an increase of population that must tax the statesmanship of the future. But while the British Empire has thus been grow- ing at home and abroad other States have by no means been stationary. At the Queen’s acces- sion Germany was a collection of petty princi- palities divided by mutual jealousies and foreign intrigue. To-day Germany is the most powerful military State of the Continent, and her example has given a tremendous impetus to military prepa- rations everywhere. Italy was a geographical ex- pression ; she is now a military and naval Power which has to be reckoned with in all European combinations. Bussia lias conquered the desert spaces of Central Asia, once thought an impassable barrier, and her railways, her tele- graphs, and her troops are on the frontier 60 THE QUEERS JUBILEE. of Afghanistan, the outer gate of India. The* growth of armaments, under the influence of uni- versal military service and improved modes of communication, has dwarfed into comparative insignificance the military efforts which this country can put forth ; hut our own ifisular situa- tion, and the distance of our great possessions from any European base of attack, save us from what would otherwise bo the unavoidable necessity of imitating the military systems of our neigh- bours. Not only has our military position been thus altered by the expansion of other nations, but our industrial supremacy is also challenged. Steam, machinery, and electricity have altered all the conditions abroad as well as at homo, and other nations, and notably the United States, perhaps because they had lee-way to make up, have entered into the industrial battle with a better educational equipment than our own. The very greatness of our advance and the colossal character of the apparatus by which modern contests, whether warlike or industrial, must be decided impose a tremendous responsibility upon all who bear any part in the direction of our national affairs, liecont proof lias been afforded that serious dangers may arise in the most unexpected man- ner and from the least likely quarters. The chronic insubordination of a large section of the Irish people, the disappearance of intelligible dis- tinctions of principle corresponding to distinc- tions of name in English nolb ics, and the recent THE QUEEN AND HER PEOPLE. 61 nd mission to the franchise of large numbers of electors whom with customary want of forethought we had neglected to educate for their new func- tions, produced a situation of perilous instability. From it sprang a desperate attempt, too nearly successful, to drive a wedge into the very heart of the vast and delicate organization of the British Empire by effecting the disruption of the United Kingdom itself. In the frustration of that design history will rocognizo the most momentous and far-reaching political triumph of the Victorian ago, and from it, we trust, will date a new phase of national development which may make the next half-century not unworthy of that which closes with the Jubiloe of the Queen. THE QUEEN AND HER PEOPLE. (The Times, June 21, 1887.) To-day the Jubilee of the Queen engrosses the thoughts of the groat multitudes who live under the sway of the British Crown. During half a century, no toast has been drunk of toner and with greater fervour and sin- cerity throughout the vast British Empire than that of “ The Queen : God bless her. ,, Those who have given utterance to these simple yet most expressive words express a keen personal feeling as woli as discharge a loyal duty, their lips obey- ing the prompting of their hearts. It is not easy to analyze or explain a great popular sentiment, but it cannot be questioned that, when the hearts 62 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE, of many millions beat as one, they do so in response to a pervading and imperative feeling. There was a time when the English people were loyal with little reflection, being ready to cheer any wearer of the Crown, and even to give their lives for the Sovereign simply because he occupied the throne. In the present age, the people have become too critical to be impulsive and unreasoning in their devotion to the Sovereign, and their homage, being no longer a mere matter of form, possesses the greater value and ought to be the more highly prized. We believe, indeed, that the singular strength and warmth of attachment to the Queen which all sorts and conditions of her people delight to manifest is chiefly due to the prevailing conviction that she cordially reciprocates all their good and kindly wishes, and that there exists in her breast a large fund of perfect loving sympathy and an inexhaustible spring of pure affection for them. Hence it may be said without the slightest exaggeration that the people are personal sharers in the Queen’s sorrows and pleasures, while she is a partaker in all their joys and triumphs. Her affection for them is the measure of their loyalty to her. The community of sentiment and closeness of association between the Queen and her people render her position different from that of the other two female Sovereigns whose names adorn our history, and whose reigns were glorious and renowned. Elizabeth was a woman of remarkable capacity and a ruler of extraordinary vigour ; the THE QUEEN AND HER PEOPLE. 63 great men of her time trembled while acting as her servants, and the people were more ready to lavish admiration than love upon her. She was little known in her own day as “ Good Queen Bess it was during the reign of James, whom none could respect, and of Charles, whom many bitterly hated, that Elizabeth was m ost deeply regret ted and that her memory was most fondly praised. £?or was Anne a really popular Sovereign. She had, it is true, a most difficult part to play, and it would have taxed greater powers than those with which nature had endowed her to succeed in her heavy task. During several years of her reign she was a voluntary puppet in the hands of the imperious and dictatorial Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, and she escaped from this subjection to become an involuntary puppet in the wily hands of the intriguing EadyMasham. Her lot was an unhappy one. From her husband she derived no comfort or help, as his lifo was largely passed in immoderate eating and drinking. Only one child out of 17 lived long enough to give her a taste of the pleasures cf motherhood, and that one, the Duke of Gloucester, died at the age of 11, after giving promise of possessing no ordinary ability. As with Elizabeth, so with Anne ; her praise was most loudly sounded by those who lived after her, and who looked back from the days when England was sad and gloomy under George I. to those when England was great and joyous under the sceptre of a gentle Queen. In all essential particulars the reign of Victoria is dissimilar to those of Elizabeth and Anne. THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. 64 There was something romantic in its begin- ning; thcro is much that is wonderful and glorious in its course. Anno ascended the throne at the ago of 38, Elizabeth at that of 25, while the Queen was but 18 when, shortly after 5 o'clock on the morning of the 20th of June, 1837, the' Archbishop of Canterbury and the Lord Chamber- lain announced to her that she had succeeded William IV. Her reign has been so brilliant as a whole that the difficulties of its open- ing have been cast into tho shade. The task of the young Sovereign was far more arduous in reality than is now generally supposed. The country had passed through a revolution which, though more peaceful than that of 1G88, was quite as significant and fundamental. The excite- ment had not wholly subsided. Party spirit ran high, and everything was judged from a political point of view. Even the young Queen was not spared, and, incredible though it may appear in these days, it is nevertheless true that the Tory party was conspicuously wanting in chivalry to her, on the ground that she was supposed to be too much in the power of the Whigs and reposed too great confidence in Lord Melbourne. Pie was her first Prime Minister, and it is doubtful whether, among the eight distinguished men who have held that high office since, any one has acted with greater delicacy or rendered more efficient service than he. The Queen found in him both a Minister and a friend. Hot till the age of 12 did the Queen learn that. 65 THE QUEEN AND HEE PEOPLE. she might 0110 day mount the throne, and when this knowledge came to her she remarked to her governess, the Baroness Lehzen, with an amount of sense far in excess of her years, that, “ Now, many a child would boast, but they don’t know the difficulty. Thero is much splendour, but there is more responsibility.” At a later day, when Her Majesty read this passage, she wrote the following note : — “I cried much on learning it, and ever deplored this contin- gency.” The contingency had been kept in mind by her instructors, and her education was framed with a view to preparing hor for the high and most onerous duties which she might live to dis- charge. It is possible that her early training was almost too strict. When hor old governess died, in 1870, the Queen wrote that, while she adored, she “ was greatly in awe of her.” Mr. Greville, who was not given to pay compliments, records of the Baroness Lehzon that she was “ a clever, agreeable woman.” One result of the teaching which the Queen received was to make her rely implicitly upon the advice of her responsible Ministers in affairs of State. She was so scrupulous in so doing that after her accession she did notdiscuss such matters with her mother, whom she fondly loved ; and she acted thus in order, pro- bably, to avoid the reproach rather unjustly cast upon George III. of suffering his mother to be a power behind the Throne. .She trusted then to Lord Melbourne for advice and guidance, and she did well. His abilities were solid rather than com 3 1 66 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. " spicuous ; just as Byron made a parade of vices of which he was guiltless, so did Melbourne assume an air of indolence and indifference which was not natural to him. Those who did not know him thoroughly were surprised that he could suddenly break with all hi3 accustomed habits, deny himself enjoyments which seemed necessary to his existence, and devote himself month after month to attend- ing upon the young Queen and giving her instruc- tion as to matters about which it was indispensable that she should be rightly informed. Commenting upon this, as an eye-witness, Mr. Greville re- marks : — “ Melbourne’s manner to her is perfect, always respectful, and never presuming upon the extraordinary distinction he enjoys ; hers to him is simple and natural, indicative of the confidence she reposes in him, and of her lively taste for his society, but not marked by any unbecoming familiarity,” The Queen has frankly acknowledged how much she liked and how deep was her sense of obligation to him. It gratified her to learn after his death — and she made an entry to that effect in her u Journal” — that her “ last letter to poor Lord Melbourne had been a great comfort and relief tohim,” and, wl en learn- ing tha t he had died on the 24th of November, 1848, she wrote these touching words in hei u Journal ” : — Truly and sincerely do I deplore the loss of one whc was a most kind ancl disinterested friend of mine, and most sincerely attached to me. He was indeed, for the firsl two years and a half of my reign, almost the only friend THE QUEEN AND HER PEOPLE. 67 I had, except Stockmar and Lekzen, and I used to see him constant^, daily. I thought much and talked much of him all day. This statement suffices to show how lonely the Queen felt in her high station when her reign began. Nor did she then enjoy, by way of com- pensation, that measure of public sympathy which has waxed as the years rolled on, and for which, happily, any more than attached friends, she had not long to wait. When she went to prorogue Par- liament in person on the 23d of December, 1837, the chronicler of the period, from whom we have already quoted, makes the following entry, which no one can read now without amazement, if not incredulity : — The Queen went to the House yesterday without pro- ducing any sensation. There was the usual crowd to look at the linery of carriages, horses, Guards, &c., but not a hat raised nor a voice heard ; the people of England seem inclined to hurrah no more. Early in May, 1839, tho Melbourne Administra- tion resigned, and Sir Pobert Peel, being commissioned by the Queen to form a new one, declined the task three days afterwards. He did so on the ostensible ground of the following letter having been sent to him : — u The Queen, having considered the pro- posal made to her yesterday by Sir Pobert Peel, to remove the Ladies of her Bedchamber, cannot consent to a course which she con- ceives to be contrary to usage and is repugnant to her feelings.” Lord Melbourne returned to office, and the wrath of the Tories was terrible, 3 — 2 68 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. Their attacks were levelled against Tier Majesty as well as her Minister. Had the whole truth been known then as it is now much ill-feeling and deplorable conduct would have been averted. Then, as at all times in her reign, the Queen acted with what she conceived to be a strict regard alike for Court practice and constitutional etiquette. On her side, unfortunately, there was a mis- understanding as to what Sir Ilobert Peel would demand of her, while he was unaware that all that he really desired would readily be granted. It was asserted, however, that the Bedchamber plot, as it was termed, had been fomented by the Whigs, And that Her Majesty had permitted herself to boa tool in their hands. Trifling as the whole affair seems now, it was magnified into one of great moment at the time. The impartial historian of Queen Victoria’s reign must bo gratified to find that nothing more important than the Bedchamber plot has even temporarily impaired the harmony between the Queen and her constitutional advisers. Six months after tho Bedchamber plot had been a source of irritation to many, an announcement was made which caused rejoicing throughout the land ; indeed, it may be truly said that the begin- ning of Her Majesty *e great popularity, as well as of her domestic bliss, dates from the 23d of Novem- ber, 1839, when at a special meeting of tho Privy Council she announced her resolve to many her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. They were born in the same year, and their attach- ment was mutual. In 1830, when still Princess Vic- THE QUEEN AND HER PEOPLE. 69 toria,she had written to King Leopold expressingher wish that he would 6i take care of the health of one so dear to her ” as Prince Albert. Moreover, she declared that “ she never had an idea, if she married at all, of any one else.” In a letter to Baron Stockmar, written on the 15th of October, after the marriage had been arranged, the Queen says : — “ Albert has completely won my heart, and all was settled between us this morning. . I feel certain he will make me very happy. I wish I could say I felt as certain of my making him happy, but I shall do my best.” Quite as trying as any of the ceremonies in which she played the leading part was that of the formal announcement of her ploasuro to the Privy Council, and this was the scene as described by an eye-witness in the Council Boom : — “ All the Privy Councillors seated them- selves, when the folding doors w’ere thrown open and the Queen walked in, attired in a plain morning gown, but wearing a bracelet containing Prince Albert’spicture. She read the declaration in a clear, sonorous, sweet-toned voice, but her hands trem- bled so excessively that I wonder she was able to read the paper which she held. Lord Lansdowne made a little speech, asking her permission to have the declaration made public. She bowed assent, placed the paper in his hands, and then retired.” On the news being made public, the gratification that the Queen was to bo married was enhanced by the fact that she could not marry the King of Hanover. The accession of the Queen had severed Hanover from England — a union which had alwavs 70 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. t>een detested ; while the marriage enabled the hope to be entertained that other heirs to the throne might appear, and the chance of the un- popular Duke of Cumberland, who had become King of Hanover, ever sitting upon the English throne be finally extinguished. On the 10th of February, 1810, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert became man and wife, and a happier or more attached couple w r ere never joined in holy matrimony. They lived to find that the lapse of 21 years had not lessened by one iota the love of the earlier days of their marriage. The depth of the Queen’s attachment made her bereavement the more trying. When she had been a wife for six years she wrote as follows to Baron Stockmar : — I feel very lonely without my dear Master ; and though I know other people are often separated for a few days, I feel habit could not make me get accustomed to it. This I am sure you cannot blame. Without him everything loses its interest. ... It will always be a terrible pang for me to separate from him even for two days, and I pray God never to let me survive him. Prince Albert not only reciprocated the love with which he was blessed, but he also displayed a pru- dence and abnegation which no other man, perhaps, might have done. In a letter written to the Duke of Wellington in 1850 he set forth his own view of his position, and intimated that his purpose had been “ to sink his own individual existence in that of his wife, to aim at no power by himself or for himself, to shun all contention, to assume , THE QT7fcEN AND HER PEOPLE, '71 I no separate responsibility before the public, but make his position entirely a part of hers, to fill up every gap which, as a woman, she would naturally leave in the exercise of her regal functions — continually and anxiously to watch every part of the public business, in order to be able to advise and assist her at any moment in any of the multifarious and difficult questions or duties brought before her, sometimes inter- national, sometimes political or social or personal to place all his time and powers at her com- mand, “ as the natural head of her family, super- intendent of her household, manager of her private affairs, sole confidential adviser in politics, and only assistant in her communications with the officers of the Government, besides being the husband of the Queen, the tutor of the Boyal children, the private secretary of the Sovereign, and her permanent Minister.” 1 Though the elaborate and most valuable work by Sir Theodore Martin, and Her Majesty's “ Journals, "have given the public much insight into the lives of the Queen and the Prince Consort, yet it is doubtful whether the importance and useful- ness of the part played by the Prince will ever be adequately appreciated outside of a limited circle. To him, indeed, both the country and the Queen are under heavy obligations. His wdse and sedate counsel enabled Her Majesty to pursue the path which led to a popularity earned for benefits re- ceived by the nation. It is true that he could have achieved nothing without the Sovereign's 72 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. hearty co-operation and countenance, but it is equally true that had he not stood at the Sove- reign's right hand many of her good deeds would never have been performed. Chief among the works to which the Prince Consort and the Queen Bet their hands was one which no ruler had over given the like thought, and this was to improve the condition of thoso lowest in the social scalo, to render them happier in their homos, and to raise them in the scalo of humanity. This was a nobler aim and ambition than that of any conqueror whoso glories are hymned by poets and blazoned forth by historians. In 1848 the Prince first presided at a public meeting of the Society for Improving the Condition of the Working Classes ; his speech on that occasion was as distinguished for good sense as for genuine philanthropy ; he preached the doctrine of self-reliance while inti- mating a wish to aid those who were ready to help themselves, and this speech produced a deep im- pression throughout the land. Writing with refe- rence to it the Queen said : — “ The Prince made a speech on Thursday which ha3 met with more general admiration, from all classes and parties, than any speech I remember.” From this time onwards the Prince shared in the popu- larity of the Queen to a greater extent than before. They had both touched the public heart soon after their marriage, and the evidence of this, supplied in one of the Queen's letters to King Leopold, is not more interesting than the explanation of their popularity. The occasion THE QUEEN AND HER PEOPLE. 73 was the opening of the Royal Exchange on the 28th of October, 1844. XIor Majesty wrote : — Nothing ever went off better, and the precession there, ns well as the proceedings at the Royal Exchange, were splendid and royal in the extreme. It was a fine and gratifying sight to see the myriads of people assembled, more than at the Coronation even, and all in such good humour and so loyal. I seldom remember being so pleased with any public show, and ray beloved Albert was most enthusiastically received by the peojde. . . . The articles in the papers, too, are most kind and gratifying. They say no Sovereign was ever more loved than I am (I am bold enough to say), and this because of our happy domestic home, and the good example it presents. It was a happy thought which mado the Queen and the Prince give up much time to journeying through the country and extending their travels to Franco and Germany. With the exception of George IV., no reigning member of tho House of Bruns- wick had made himself personally?- acquainted with tho United Kingdom over which ho ruled ;the first two Georges were only too happy to visit Ger- many and spend as much time there as they could, while Goorgo III. thought he had mado a great effort when ho visited a few noteworthy places in England. The only other member of tho Royal House who had visited Scotland was the Duko of Cumberland, whom the Highlanders execrated as “tho Butcher. ’ ’ In 1842 tho first Royal visit was paid to the North, and both the Queen and the Prince were so highly gratified that they repeated their visits till, in 1848, they resolved to form for them- selves a Highland home. The public know from Her Majesty’s “Journals ” how profound was the im« 74 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. pression made upon her by Scotland, and in particular by the Scottish Highlanders. The poetry of the Highlands entered her soul. She became as enthusiastic about them as Sir Walter Scott, and never has the Wizard of the North had a more appreciative reader of his verse and prose than Her Majesty the Queen. When a child of nine she was introduced to SirWalter Scott at the house of her mother, the Duchess of Kent, where he was then dining. Nothing could have pleased him more, had his life been prolonged for but a few years longer, to have learned that “ the little Princess Victoria,” as Queen of England, had become nearly as fond as himself of the “ land of brown heath and shaggy wood,” and of the works from his pen in which its charms were lovingly set forth. She was able, however, to gratify another eminent Scotsman when she returned from her visit in 1844, and then, as she records : — u Lord Aberdeen was quite touched to hear I was so attached to the dear, dear Highlands, and missed the fine hills so much. There is a great peculiarity about the Highlands and Highlanders ; and they are such a chivalrous, fine, active people. Our stay among them was so delightful. Indepen- dently of the beautiful scenery, there was a quiet, a retirement, a wildness, a liberty, and a solitude that had such a charm for us.” It was the pro- found impression made upon Pier Majesty by the Highlanders that has made her prefer them as her personal servants, and caused her to write of John Brown in 1865 — u He has all the independence 75 *HE QUEEN AND HER PEOPLE.' and elevated feelings peculiar to the Highland race, and is singularly straightforward, simple- minded, kind-hearted, and disinterested ; always ready to oblige ; and of a discretion rarely to be met with.” This affection of Her Majesty for the northern part of the island may seem excessive and even eccentric to those who are unaware that, as she proudly boasts, there is Stuart blood in her veins, and that she feels most at home in the land where the unhappy Stuart family made their last fight for the Crown, and where they found devoted and chivalrous adherents. The passage in w T hich she states this was written on the 12th of September, 1873, after Lochiel, whose ancestor fought against the House of Brunswick, had acted as Her Majesty’s guide over the region of Prince Charles’s wanderings : — It was a scene one could not look on unmoved. Yes ; and I feel a sort of reverence in going over those scenes in this most beautiful country, which I am proud to call my own, where there was such devoted loyalty to the family of my ancestors— for Stuart blood is in my veins, and I am now their representative, and the people are as devoted and loyal to me as they were to that unhappy race. It was Her Majesty’s desire to see as much aa she could of other countries as well as of her own, and no other English Sovereign has gained so much knowledge of her own and of foreign lands from actual observation. Whether at home or abroad it has uniformly been her custom to note the condition of the people ; all her letters and notes of travel contain tokens of the interest taken in those among whom she moved. Three 76 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. years after her marriage she crossed the Channel, along with the Prince, and visited the King of the French at Chateau d’Eu. After referring to her reception by the King, she adds : — The people are very respectable-looking and very civil, crying ‘ ‘ Vive la Reine d’Angleterre.” The King is so pleased. The caps of the women are very picturesque, and they wear also coloured handkerchiefs and aprons, which look very pretty. . . . It is the population, and not so much the country, which strikes me as so extremely different from England— their faces, dress, manners, everything. On her way to Germany in 1845 she passed through Antwerp, where she noted “ the women in hats and caps and cloaks, with their jugs of brass, going to market, all looking so pretty and foreign — and to me so amusing and delightful — as everything new and interesting is.” On arriving at Gotha she observed that “ the peasant women not only wear a different costume, but look quite different ; have longer faces, are dark and hand- somer.” The beauty and pretty ways of the German children naturally attracted Her Majesty’s attention and elicited her praise ; but she appears glad to record, as highly compli- mentary to herself, “ I overheard the people saying that I look ‘ selir JSnglisch ,’ that is, very English.” To the impressions made upon her by the Scotch, the French, and the Germans may be added how she was impressed by the Irish people and by the English artisans in a great manu- facturing centre. At Cork she was most favourably impressed with the looks of the women ; at Belfast THE QUEEN AND HER PEOPLE. 77 Bhe was disappointed owing to the lack of female beauty, while struck with the high spirits, enthu- siasm, and admirable behaviour of the people everywhere. A short extract from her “ Journals” describing what she saw at Cork will suffice for the presont : — The crowd is a noisy, excitable, but very good- humoured one, ruuning and pushing about, and laughing, talking, and shrieking. The beauty of the women is very remarkable, and struck us very much ; such beautiful dark eyes and hair and such fine teeth ; almost every third woman was pretty and some remarkably so. They wear no bonnets, and generally long blue cloaks ; the men aro very poorly, often raggedly, dressed, and many wear blue coats and short breeches with blue stockings. The description of the appearance of the people at Manchester, though in contrast to this picture, evinces Her Majesty’s keenness of observation as well as largeness of sympathy : — “ The mechanics and workpeople, dressed in their best, were panged along the streets, with white rosettes in their button-holes ; both in Salford and Man- chester a very intelligent, but painfully un- healthy-looking population they all were, men as well as women.” The instances abound of Her Majesty’s per- sonal interest in her people’s welfare. A re- ference has already been made to what Prince Albert did with her concurrence and help to alleviate the condition of the toiling masses ; it may now be added that wherever Her Majesty had tho power to remove hardship she used it readily and effectively. A striking illustration 78 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. of this is the following passage in a letter written by her to Lord Palmerston in 1857 : — The preseat position of the Queen’s Army is a pitiable one. The Queen has just seen in the camp at Aldershot regiments which, after 18 years’ foreign service in most trying climates, had come back from India to be sent out after seven months to the Crimea. Having passed through this destructive campaign, they have not been home for a year before they are to go to India for perhaps 20 years ! This is most cruel and unfair to the gallant men who de- vote their services to the country, and the Government is in duty and humanity bound to alleviate their position. For all those in close association with herself the Queen has shown the greatest consideration. Much used to be said about the miserable way in which farm labourers are housed, but of late years the improvement is marked and praiseworthy. This is largely duo to the example set by the Queen and the Prince Consort. The venerable sanitary reformer, Mr. Edwin Chadwick, has borne the following testimony on this head : — “ If all the cottage property in the United Kingdom were maintained in the same condition as that of Her Majesty and the Prince Consort the death-rate would be reduced more than one-third, or nearly one-half. It would be as if every third year there were a jubilee, and there were no sickness and no deaths.” Of all the achievements during the present reign none has been more popular than the Great Exhibition in 1851, and none owed so much as it to the Queen and the Prince. As that peace festival has not realized all the over-sanguine THE QUEEN AND HEK PEOPLE. 79 expectations which were originally formed, there has been a tendency to treat it as a failure. The truth is that it is difficult to over-estimate the benefit which that Exhibition conferred indirectly upon the country. To the lessons taught and learnt therein we owe the vast stride in artistic manufacture and decoration which now enables our workers in clay and the precious metals, in stone, iron, and brass, to rival the nations of the Continent who, till then, were acknowledged as our superiors. Asa gigantic train- ing school for the nation nothing has surpassed it . Shows of the like kind have now become so com- mon as to be almost unprofitable as well as stale ; but tb© real use and advantage of the first Great Exhibition should not be disputed simply because the succeeding ones have proved less interesting and valuable. The Prince was happily inspired when he planned that Exhibition, and it remains one of the brightest among the many splendid objects which are associated with his name and which owed their success to his direction. As a mere spectacle the Great Exhibition of 1851 was one which has not been surpassed. Every- thing about it was novel, the building itself having the aspect of such a marvellous palace as looks so beautiful in a fairy tale, but is never beheld in reality.- At this distance of time and in view of the changes which have happened, it appears in- conceivable that the obstacles thrown in the way of that Exhibition should have been so many and formidable. Foreign Governments, 80 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. and that of Prussia in particular, droaded lest those who visited England to see the Exhi- bition should return home imbued with Liberal if not revolutionary ideas. When the pre- sent German Emperor and Empress desired to accept the Queen’s invitation to bo present, they were forbidden to accept it by the late King of Prussia on the ground that their lives would be in danger from Republican assassins, and the prohibition was not withdrawn till the invited guests had expressed their determination to accept the invitation. It was proposed that the foreign Ambassadors and Ministers should present an address to the Queen on the opening day ; but this was rejected, chiefly at the instance of Baron Brunnow, the Russian Ambassador. Almost up to the last moment the opponents of an Exhibition, which is a memorable event in the Queen’s reign, strove with all their might to render it a failure. This is clearly set forth in a letter from Prince Albert to the Dowager Duchess of Coburg, v/ritten a fortnight before tho Exhibi- tion was opened ; tho following passage will be read with a feeling akin to incredulity : — The opponents of the Exhibition work with might and main to throw all the old women into panic and drive myself crazy. The strangers, they give out, are certain to commence a thorough revolution here, to murder Victoria and myself, and to proclaim the Red Republic in England ; the plague is certain to ensue from the confluence of such vast multitudes, and to swallow up those whom the increased scarcity of everything has not already swept away. THE QTTEEN AMD IEEE PEOPLE 81 A curious commentary upon tho prophecies of evil to which the Prince refers is the circum- ctanco that no International Exhibition has been so successful as that of 1851, and that the ono which was tho most bitterly opposed called forth tho groatest enthusiasm and yielded tho largest profit. Immediately before tho opening day tho Queen visited the Exhibition along with the Prince, and then Her Majesty wrote in her “ Diary ;; : — Wo remained two hours and a half, and I came bach quite beaten, and my head bewildered, from the myriads of beautiful and wonderful things, which now quite dazzle my eyes. On tho opening day, Her Majesty wrote in her “ Diary” a sketch of tho proceedings which clearly recalls them to those who were eye-witnesses, and which gives a vivid picture to those who wore not so favoured. Wo must add that, simply as apiece of picturesque writing, the following passage possesses extraordinary merit : — The great event has taken place— a complete and beautiful triumph — a glorious and touching sight, one which I shall ever be proud of for my beloved Albert and my country. . . Yes ! it is a day which makes my heart swell with pride and glory and thankfulness. . . The Park presented a wonderful spectacle, crowds streaming through it, carriages and troops passing, quite like the Coronation day, and for me the same anxiety — no, much greater anxiety on account of my beloved Albert. . . . The Green Park and Hyde Park were one densely- crowded mass of human beings, in the highest good humour and most enthusiastic. I never saw Hyde Park look as it did — as far as the eye could reach. A little rain 82 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE, fell just as we started ; but before we came near the Crystal Palace the sun shone and gleamed upon the gigantic edifice, upon which the flags of all the Nations were floating. We drove up Rotten Row and got out at the entrance on that side. The glimpse of the transept through the iron gates, the waving palms, flowers, statues, myriads of people filling the galleries and seats around, with the flourish of trumpets as we entered, gave us a sensation which I can never forget, and I felt much moved. In a few seconds we proceeded, Albert holding me, having Vicky [the Princess Royal] at his hand, and Bertie [the Prince of Wales] holding mine. The sight, as we came to the middle, where the steps and chair (which I did not sit on) were placed, with the beautiful crystal fountain just in front of it, was magical — so vast, so glorious, so touching. One felt — as so many did whom I have since spcken to — filled with devotion, more so than by any service I have ever heard. The tremendous cheers, the joy ex- pressed in every face, the immensity of the building, the mixture of palms, flowers, trees, statues, fountains — the organ (with 200 instruments and 600 voices which sounded like nothing), and my beloved husband, the author of this “ Peace Festival,” which united the industry of all nations of the earth — all this was moving indeed, and it was and is a day to live for ever. God bless my dearest Albert, God bless my dearest country, which has shown itself so great to-day ! One felt so grateful to the great God, who seemed to pervade all and to bless all ! Ten years after the grand event which was a joy to the Queen and her people, years during which she and her husband had been unremitting in attending public ceremonies and entertainments, the pall of a great affliction darkenod the land. The death of the Prince Consort was felt to bo a national calamity, and it is difficult to say whether grief for his untimely end or pity for the bereaved 83 THE QUEEN AND HER PEOPLE. Sovereign were the more keenly felt. In truth, the one was mourned with a heartfelt sorrow, and the other commiserated with equal sincerity. If a nation’s mourning could have really lightened the grievous burden laid upon the Queen, that burden ought to have been easily borne. Even at the most trying moment in her life, when a display of weak- ness might have been regarded as natural and excusable, the Queen displayed a degree of forti- tude and a sense of duty which commanded general admiration. Calling her children around her, she declared that, though crushed by the irreparable los3 she had sustained, she yet hoped to do her duty to them and to her country. It is needless to point out how well that noble resolution has been kept, or to do more than express the appre- ciation which the people entertain of the self- denying devotion and beautiful spirit of their Queen. The day has come for the people to manifest their thankfulness that the Queen has been spared to reign over them for half a century, and th8 demonstration is the most splendid which has ever been known in this country. It may not be inopportune to express the hope that Her Majesty may continuo to play that more prominent part on public occasions which she has done several times of late, the opening of the People’s Palace at the East-end being the most notable. Her years render her more susceptible to fatigue ; yet, so long as she enjoys such good health as at present, it is to bo hoped that she may be able to 84 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. give ner people pleasure by frequently ap- pearing among them. When her grief was still fresh, and when shrinking from all State ceremonial, as was most natural on her part, the Queen was most ungraciously censured. With a mixture of cruelty and injustice, it wa3 assorted at a meeting of working men that Her Majesty was so absorbed in her grief as to have lost all sympathy with her people. Thi3 baseless charge was met by Mr. Bright in a passage of such truth and pathos that it deserves to be quoted. He said : — I am not accustomed to stand up in defence of those who are possessors of crowns. But I could not sit here and hear that observation without a sensation of wonder and of pain. I think there has been, by many persons, a great injustice done to the Queen in reference to her desolate and widowed position. And I venture to say this, that a woman, be she Queen of a great realm or be she the wife of one of your labouring men, who can keep alive in her heart a great sorrow for the lost object of her life and affection, is not at all likely to be wanting in a great and generous sympathy with you. Twenty-one years have passed away since those words were spoken, and no one can suppose that the sentiment of devotion to the departed has ceased to be active in the breast of the Queen. To many of her people she is a name rather than a living reality. A generation has grown to manhood since tho happy days in the Queen’s reign when her appearance and that of Prince Albert enlivened all State ceremonies and many public entertainments. Wo cherish the hope that the celebration of Her THE QUEEN AND HER PEOPLE. 85 Majesty's jubilee may mark thebeginningoi a new and brighter period, both in her own existence and in tho social annals of the country. Whatever may be Her Majesty’s determination on this head, we feel confident that her love for her people will not wane or over grow cold. It is always active and is manifested at ©very opportunity. Ho calamity which causes misery and distress loaves her unmoved ; she is over fore- most with her purse and sympathy in aid of tho sufferers. Moreover, she has founded two orders of merit for the encouragement and reward of heroism — the Victoria Cross for bravery in battle ; the Albert Medal for bravery in saving life on sea or land. Hor must it be forgotten that even in her retirement the Queen keeps herself well informed as to the progress in literature, science, and art of her country and her time, and it is a link between her and her people that the books with which they solace their leisure she reads during the pauses of her onerous official labours. It is the good fortune of Her Majesty to find much happiness in her family circle, and to have lived to see the children who have been spared to her only loss popular than herself. With just pride she might point to them as her jewels. Her children have in turn had children born to them, and the Queen’s great-grandchildren unite in cele- brating her jubilee. As a daughter, a wife, a Queen, and a mother Her Majesty requires no eulogium. Moreover, she is in actual fact our most religious as well as THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. gracious Queen, Her own example has been a3 valuable to the furtherance of true and unosten- tatious piety as it has been to the maintenance of purity in life and action. As a Sovereign she has witnessed changes which have revolution- ized the world, without aff eeting the stability of her throne. It is firmly based upon her peopled affections. So long as the happy accord which exists between herself and her people shall endure, there is no dangerto her crown. We rejoice that it is as emphatically true to-day as it was when Mr. John Bright spoke the words at Manchester in 1858, “ We are prepared to say that if the throne of England be ill led with so much dignity and so much purity as we have known it in our time, and as we know it now to be, w^e hope that that venerable Monarchy may be perpetual.” Preparations for the Jubilee had been actively in progress for some weeks, and within the few days preceding the day itself a vast number of Royal, princely, and other distinguished person- ages arrived in this country until on the eve of the ceremonial. THE ARRIVAL IN LONDON. The Queen remained at Windsor Castle until Monday, June 20, when she left for Buckingham Palace. The Mayor and Corporation, wearing their municipal robes, had assembled at the bottom of the well-known hill beneath the Castle in order to do honour to the Sovereign upon her de- S7 THE QUEEN AND HEIt PEOPLE. parture for London. At 25 minutes past 11 Her Majesty, accompanied by Prince and Princess Henry of Battenborg, left Windsor Station by special train, and a few minutes before noon Pad- dington Station was reached. Here extraordinary efforts had been made to brighten the appearance of the arrival platform by the use of flags, drapery, and flowers, the whole effect produced being won- derfully pleasing. There were also in waiting the chairman of the Great Western Railway Com- pany and a number of his colleagues upon the board of directors. Outside were two landaus, opened, with four horses, and a number of breaks bearing the Royal arms. There was no delay at the station. Her Majesty, dressed in black, proceeded at once to her carriage ; their Royal Highnesses Prince Henry of Battenborg and Princess Beatrice followed. No sooner was a glimpse of Her Majesty obtained by the crowd, which had now attained very large proportions, than a tremendous burst of cheering filled the air, and the Queen enjoyed the first experience of the magnificent welcome which her people had pre- pared for her. But, having regard to the strain upon her endurance which was to follow, it would have been unreasonable to expect anything in the nature of delay. The Countess of Err oil, followed by the Equerries in attendance, General Du Plat and Colonel Carington, and by Lord de Ros, took her place in the second carriage ; then Her Majesty and suite proceeded rapidly in the direc- tion of Buckingham Palace. In front went a cap- 88 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. tain's escort of Life Guards, under tho command of Captain French, to whom foil the honour of preceding Her Majesty upon this momentous occasion. All along tho line of route there was abundant evidence for oye and ear of tho enthu- siastic feeling of tho people. Eagware-road wa3 bright with flags and drapery, windows wero crammed with spectators, and it was clear that the inhabitants of the district had determined to use to the utmost such chances of showing warm loyalty as fell in their way. Her Majesty appreciated tho cordiality of her welcome, and, as loud and continuous cheering greeted her ap- proach, bowed frequently in graceful recognition. Through the Marble Arch, across the park, at Hyde Park-corner, along Constitution-hill there was the same fervid expression of feeling. In the neighbourhood of the Garden Gate of Buckingham Palace an immense crowd was collected, and the acclamation was almost deafening . But the whole progress only consumed 20 minutes or thereabouts ; and although a crowd continued to remain in the neighbourhood of tho Palace for a considerable space of time, there really was nothing to see after half-past 12. This fact tho police endeavoured to impress upon the people, but without success, and the sightseers persisted for a long time in gazing expectantly into the empty courtyard. THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. $9 THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. (The Times, June 22, 1887.) Yesterday, from the earliest moment of dawn until long after night had fallen, the people of this country, of the whole Empire, and especially tho population of London, wore keeping high festival in celebration of the jubiloo of thoir Sovereign. There has never boon a day to which tho subjects of the Queen, and the Sovereign herself, could look back with a larger measure of grateful and rightoous pride. A national pageant has proceeded amidst circumstances of unrivalled splendour, tho voice of a mighty people has been heard rejoicing with no uncertain sound ; Kings and Princes from the Continent of Europe and oven from tho distant parts of Asia and tho far Pacific, and welcome representatives of Her Majesty’s Indian and Colonial Empire have assembled to take their share in tho universal joy and triumph. The Sovereign, in spite of her burden of half a century of powor, has assumed her part in the imposing ceremony by which her fifty years of glory and prosperity have been celebrated. In the venerable Abbey, which from old times has been the scene of the coronation of our Kings, attended by numerous descendants and by a crowd of illustrious person- agos, Her Majesty has made her offering of thanks to God for tho great blessing of a long and prosperous reign .which ha3 been bestowed 90 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE." upon her and upon her people/ - She has put aside her own sorrows and griefs, in order to join in the song of jubilant exultation which the nation is singing with one accord. The result has been happy beyond all anticipation and hope. Everybody had known that the occasion of the jubilee would be remarkable ; few, perhaps, had been ableto realize the fervour and the strength of the popular feeling. The sounds no less than the sights of yesterday were a revelation. Surely nover was any manifestation of Royal pomp so successful in calling forth from an assemblage so completely representative and unanimous such cordial expressions of loyalty, of sympathy, and of affection as those which were heard yesterday. The entire ceremonial from beginning to end was full of unprecedented interest and significance. The day was one of which every particular is worthy to be treasured in memory. We may well be forgiven, therefore, if we linger over its history and endeavour to impress it in detail upon the minds of our readers. Throughout Monday night and during the early hours of yesterday morning the principal thorough- fares of the West-end of London presented an appearance of extraordinary animation and activity. Carpenters and upholsterers continued industriously at work, almost the last of their tasks being the completion of the magnificent triumphal archway spanning the spot at which the Royal procession was destined to pass from Picca- dilly into Regent-street on its way to Westminster THE CELKBKATION IN LONDON. 31 Abbey. Most active of all were the floral decora- tors who by the very nature of the material at their disposal were compelled to postpone their work till the latest possible moment and then to execute it with the greatest possible despatch. Of the effect of the gorgeous drapery, the flags and pennons, the avenues and stands of Venetian masts, the scrolls and banners, the festoons of evergreens, and like decorations, enough has previously been written to give a general idea to those who were unable to be present in London yesterday at the celebration of a ceremonial of paramount interest and surprising splendour. But the effect of the floral decorations was loft up to the very last to anticipation and the beautiful result produced came as a delightful surprise to all those who had watched the gradual adorn- ment of London. On the route of the pro- cession no house was more noticeable than one at the top of Piccadilly which till a late hour on Monday night showed nothing but a tradesman’s placard as the pledge of graceful beauty to come. This is believed to have been the residence of Sir A. Borthwick, but it must be candidly confessed that Piccadilly in its present state is altered beyond recognition. All the old landmarks are there, no doubt, but they are disguised in splen- dour which is puzzling no less than delightful. Howbeit, at midnight or thereabouts on Monday an army of florists set to work there and elsewhere, and the vast crowd which had thronged the west- end with the object of studying the preparations 92 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. and obtaining the first enjoyment out of the illuminations watched with interest and with loudly-expressed. approval, tho process of wreath- ing first one liouso and then anothor w r ith garlands of choice flowers. Vehicular traffic at this moment w r as greatly impeded owing to the fact that at Hatchett’s Hotel (hero broke out a fire among tho decorations which necessitated the presence ' of fire engines and the con- sequent obstruction of an immense stream oi vehicles. The promise of illuminations had brought a large number of persons of all classes out into the streets, and there was no ground for disappointment, although the somewhat bois- terous wind rendered it prudent not to light Chinese lanterns and other materials of illumina- tion better suited to a calm than to a gusty night. Throughout the night the streets continued to be full of animation, and snatches of song combined with occasional bursts of cheering showed that Londoners and tho visitors to London were deter- mined to enjoy their festival of patriotism and loyalty to tho utmost. Anxiety with regard to the weather soon disap- peared. Tho strong easterly wind which blew at nightfall rendered the prospect of rain remote, the clear starlight sky and cool air kept tho spirits of the people at tho topmost point throughout the night. With dawn hopo was merged in cer- tainty and the world prepared itself in full confidence for a day of uninterrupted and un- allovod pleasure. Immigration from the east-end THIS CELEBRATION IN LONDON 93 to tlio west commenced at a very early hour, and tho most fashionable neighbour- hoods wore astir at an unwonted time. This activity was due to the advice freely ten- derod in all quarters, and it may fairly be said with tho utmost prudence and good senso. Thoso who wore among tho first to arrive at their appointed places may perhaps have felt that they had taken unnecessary trouble, but let them reflect a moment upon tho conse- quences which would havo ensued if tho whole mass of fashionable spectators had attempted to make its way simultaneously, and they will see at once that it was woll worth while to rise early in tho morning. Let tho day be judged by its fruits and there will bo no ground for anything but abundant and grateful satisfaction. At 9 in the morning locomotion in the neighbourhood of Whitehall and the Abbey was miraculously easy, but tho multitudinous stands were for the most part fully occupied. If their occupants had post- poned their arrival until the last moment the task which by universal confession tho police accom- plished to a marvel would have been far from simple. As matters stood there was little or no difficulty in making progress from end to end of tho route of tho procession, in watching the lines of military and Volunteors take up their positions, and in studying tho aspect of the streets. And the progress was pleasant. Nowhere between Trafalgar-square, thickly crowded with spectators, and Buckingham Palace, was there the 94 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. slightest sign of ill-feeling on the part of the populace or upon that of the police. The former, indeed, seemed to recognize the uniform courtesy and the necessary firmness with which the con- stables performed a duty which must before the day ended have placed an enormous strain upon the endurance of individual members of the force ; and the police in their turn seemed to feel that on such an occasion the people must be treated with leniency. Hence came it that the history of the day only revealed one fatal accident. From beginning to end the scone was imposing and bright. Northumberland-avenue pre- sented the appearance of a vast grand stand as far as the buildings were concerned ; below was an assemblage of spectators kept back by a line of police in front of whom stood members of that most picturesque of Y olunteer corps, the London Scottish. Trafalgar-square was a sea of faces, and the line of route was bright with scarlet uniforms and enlivened by the splendid appearance of the Hussars. Waberloo-place and that part of Regent- street into which that fine thoroughfare runs pre- sented a magnificent appearance, and the view of the wide roadway, newly gravelled for the proces- sion after the fashion which prevailed in the good days of Samuel Pepys, spanned with arches more splendid than any to be met with at any part of the route, garlanded "with wreaths, lined with troops, was inexpressibly pleasant to the eye. But a glance upwards to the walls of the houses re- vealed a sight which could not readily be forgotten* ME CELEBRATION IN LONDON, $5 The picture frame at v?hich men had been gazing for many days was completed, and the picture itself was in place. Eager faces innumerable and dresses suited to the sunny season of the year com- bined to produce an inexpressible brilliancy of effect. Here there was one decoration, not yet mentioned, which cannot justly bo passed over. The street is, as every passer-by must have noticed, conspicuous for uniformity of architectural style. At the centre, on each side, are colonnades rising from the first floor to a considerable and im- posing height. Here the pillars were encircled by spiral bands of dark red and dark blue, intersecting one another in the happiest possible taste. Per- haps it may be said that nowhere in London is there to be witnessed a happier use, upon a larger scale, of simple decorative materials. All along Piccadilly the scene was still brilliant beyond conception, and as the morning advanced the difficulties of the police increased ; but nowhere was there a sign of that roughness which might reasonably have been expected upon an occasion of such general excitement. As one turned down Constitution-hill the aspect of affairs changed. The pavement, indeed, was crammed with specta- tors, for the most part in the silence of suspense ; the police and the military were present as before. But the background was changed. In the place of a long line of houses resplendent with drapery and crowded with eager faces, there was the soft, green foliage of trees rustling and waving in the gentle wind which tempered the heat of the day, and, on 96 THE QUEENS JUBILBk. the whole, the contrast was not otherwise tiian delicious. At last the starting point was reached. The broad space in front of Buckingham Palace was seen to be full of Cavalry, whose helmets and sabres dashed and glittered in the sun, the effect produced being particularly striking when a vehicle containing this or that illustrious personage passed. The Palace itself was abso- lutely devoid of decoration. A few persons looked from tho windows upon the scene beneath ; once Her Majesty was observed to come without at- tracting general notice to a side window look- ing towards tho Garden Gate, and there were a large number of people, many of them ser- vants, on the top of tho Palace. Of delight for tho eye, however, the multitude of troops and tho rapidly recurring passages of vehicles containing distinguished guests afforded an abundant supply. The concourse of spectators was large ; but there w r as abundance of space, so that everybody was enabled to obtain a reasonable share of the view of passing events. In the vicinity of the Palace the crowd was for the most part and up to a certain point extra- ordinarily silent. The arrival of tho Duke of Cam- bridge with the Horse Guards staff at 10 o’clock provoked, as was natural, much cheering, since England could hardly produce a more distinguished company of military men, nor could the person- ages themselves have been more splendidly attired; and occasional incidents produced a chorus of ac- clamation. But there was little in the nature of THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 97 loud and continuous cheering, and it was evident throughout that tho assemblage had fixed its interest upon the principal event of the day. Lot it be supposed that the preliminary proces- sions have started, and that the hour of 11 has been reached. At this time the vast crowd, orderly and well conducted beyond all precedent, was manifestly in tho full fervour of anticipation. In the almost absolute silence which ensued for the space of a quarter of an hour or thereabouts, broken only by occasional cheers, the strains of the National Anthem were distinctly audible, and at last the fateful moment came. A blare of trumpets announced to the world the welcome fact that the Queen herself was on her way, and the excitement became almost painful. First came the advanced party of the 1st Life Guards, then a series of aides-de-camp and equer- ries, among whom, as representatives of tho Volun- teer forces, were the Duke of Westminster and Lord Truro. Upon each and all the multitude gazed with intense interest, and in truth the pro- cession of notabilities was a splendid sight. But still, and throughout the passage of the carriages conveying the Royal suite, there was an almost oppressive absence of cheering, nor did the im- posing column of the Head Quarters staff of the Commander-in-Chief, with all its splendour of ap- pearance, call forth a full measure of applause. Not until almost the last of the Royal carriages came did the pent-up voice of the people break forth. But when the famous cream-coloured horses 4 98 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. — they have the appearance of being nearer to 16 hands than to 15 — came into full view then the rich and tumultuous chorus of loyalty and affection broke forth in unrestrained strength. Her Majesty’s face, not altogether free from an expression of anxiety easily to be understood in a Sovereign so thorough^ capable of appreciatingthe momentous significance of the ceremonial in which she was to take the principal part, loosened the voice of the assembly. Her white bonnet, a tri- bute to the exultant joy of her subjects, was re- garded as a sign of especial goodwill, and she began her magnificent progress in the midst of a burst of loyal cheers which became the con- tinuous accompaniment of her route through the principal streets of the capital to the venerable Abbey which is the historic scene of Royal cere- monies. With Her Majesty were the ever-popular Princess and the Crown Princess of Germany, both of whom were enthusiastically cheered ; but it was manifest that the main interest of the assem- blage was centred on the Sovereign herself, seated in State, wearing the Orders appertaining to hor Royal and Imperial position, and engaged in celebrating with worthy pomp and majesty her righteous reign of half a cen- tury. As the majestic cortege swept slowly up Constitution-hill, the thunder of applause con- tinued to salute the ear, and when Her Majesty came within the confines of Piccadilly she saw for the first time the conspicuous evidence of the welcome prenared for her. Here the crowd was unprece- THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON/ 99 "dentediy great, and the volleys of cheers which rose clearly above the constantroar of acclamation were full of loyal cordiality. Pavilion after pavilion, gay with flags and flowers, crowded with loyal sub- jects of Her Majesty, poured forth a copious flood of rapturous sound. Hats were thrown up into the air, handkerchiefs were waved in welcome, everybody vied with his neighbour in active de- monstrations of loyalty and delight. Surely no nobler sight has ever been witnessed than that of our Queen, accompanied by a guard of honour composed solely of her kin by blood and her rela- tions by marriage, and yet representing half the royal families of Europe, as she made her trium- phal progress through the Abbey. The English people, who assembled literally in their millions to watch the gorgeous scene from first to last, have certainly much cause for gratitude to those illustrious guests of their Queen who have come to honour them and her by their presence on this occasion of universal jubilee. f The effect which the procession produced as a whole can hardly have been ob- tained with greater advantage than by those who, after seeing the last of the cavalcade as it left Buckingham Palace, rushed across St. James’f Park towards the Duke of York’s Column. Here a magnificent view of the whole progress down Kegent-street and W aterloo-place, with the gorgeous environment described above, was to be obtained with the utmost ease. The spectators, too distant to be able to distinguish any indi- 4 — 2 100 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. viduals except Her Majesty, gazed upon an un- matched sight. Overhead and at the sides was a rich blaze of varied colour, and down the roadway there seemed to flow a majestic river whose surface glittered incessantly under the powerful rays of the noonday sun. All knew that the glitter came from sabres and decorations, from the rich trap- pings and dazzling weapons of the Indian escort, not the least impressive accompaniment of the procession, from helmets and cuirasses. Nevertheless, the likeness to a river of gold flowing between banks of extraordinary richness and splendour, was too strong to bo resisted, and was mentioned by many persons as the procession vanished out of sight down the eastern portion of Pall-mall. So onward the Queen proceeded in state amid the thunder of applause through Cockspur-street, past Trafalgar- square, between the lofty walls of Northumber- land-avenue, to the Embankment which bears her name. Here thero was a new variety of scene. On the right was a scries of stands and awnings, on the left and beyond tho pedestrian spectators was tho river, bearing an unwonted burden of barges and steamers, bedecked with flags, and dancing in tho sunlight. And now the climax was almost reached. The Houses of Parliament burst into view, and as tho corner into Bridge- street was turned it was clear that tho whole vicinity of Westminster Hall and tho Abbey had been changed beyond recognition. Tiers of soats rose in all directions. From tho front of THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 101 St. Margaret’s Church, from Palace-yard, from the space by the Sessions House, from the centre of Parliament-square, rose a unani- mous and loud-voiced chorus. A momen- tary stoppage in the course of the procession gave the spectators an additional chance of giving ex- pression to their loyalty and Her Majesty a new opportunity of indicating her Royal gratitude. Then the procession passed out of sight for a while, and Pier Majesty, with solemn form and ceremonial, seated upon the ancient coronation chair, offered fervent thanksgiving for the blessing of a Jong and prosperous reign which had been ac- corded to her. In the interval the populace dis- persed from the Embankment and collected itself upon the return route in such numbers that, great as the applause had been while Pier Majesty ad- vanced towards the Abbey, it was louder still on her return. All the way up Whitehall new faces gazed upon the procession, with waving of hand- kerchiefs and echoing shouts, and it was impos- sible not to call to mind the scenes of national gladness and national sorrow which havo been witnessed in that place. But the finest sight of all was to bo seen at Trafalgar-square on the roturn journey. The wide space was literally black with spectators, mostly of the poorer classes, who from points of view not attained without some danger and risk, from benches and boxes, from costermongers’ barrows, from the backs of the famous lions, and from one another’s shoulders, obtained to the full 102 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. as fine a view of the Royal procession as those who had spent many guineas upon a seat in a grand stand. Here, too, there was a hoarse and con- tinuous roar, and the air of excitement was ex- ceedingly striking. “ Here she is ; I have seen her ; she is alive ! ” roared a sturdy patriot from the East-end, and his companions of the crowd entered into his delight. Everywhere there was enthusiasm, and everywhere perfect order, so that nothing marred the occasion. From henceforward the Royal progress was through spectators for the most part of another class, but it may well be sup- posed that the shouts which came from the great edifices in Pall-mall did not affect her more deeply than the hearty welcome accorded to her by her humbler subjects in Trafalgar-square, Here this general description of the progress of a procession of unique historical interest may well come to an end. The whole of the programme of the day was completed in the most successful pos- sible manner. After many hours spent at different points in the route there is but one regrettable in- cident to record in the shape of the accident which unfortunately befell the Marquis of Lome on Con- stitution-hill. From this it is earnestly to be hoped that no evil result may ensue. Her Majesty and her subjects may justly congratu- late themselves. A great fact has been celebrated with all imaginable pomp and all worthy cere- monial. The Queen, to all appearance, has endured the fatigue of the day in a wonderful manner ; she has seen with her own eyes and THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 103 heard with her own ears the passionate demonstra- tions of loyalty of which her people arecapable. She has seen the Heir Apparent greeted with a welcome hardly inferior to that with which she herself was saluted. She has heard the affectionate cheers of the people as her children’s children took part in a unique celebration. And the people have much ground for gratitude and pride. An infinite number of people have participated in the sight from rich pavilions, from ■ humble structures, and from the pavement of the streets ; and there has boen nothing of disturbance or disorder, nothing to regret, and much over which to be thankful and to rejoice. For the rest yesterday was a day of high festival in London and throughout the country. At night beacons flared on every hill-top as on the occasion of the attempted Spanish invasion, and the art of the illuminator turned London into a fairy city. The Mansion-house, the Royal Exchange, the Bank of England, Lombard-street, and many other great buildings in the City delighted the eye with a profusion of varied lights. Parts of the Strand and its environs were brilliantly illuminated, notably the Lyceum Theatre. In all the principal thoroughfares of the West-end, or in nearly all, beautiful devices in crystal glittered with light, fairy lamps shed their soft glow, transparencies collected their crowds of admirers. Grosvenor- place was ablaze with gas jets, tastefully arranged, Grosvenor-square was full of beautiful illumina- tions. Even in the outlying districts there was 104 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. hardly a place where some sight of beauty and sign of loyalty was not visible. In brief, there can be no question that a triumphant and perfect success has been achieved. A State pageant has taken place before the eyes of the people ; its significance has been understood. A solemn service of thanksgiving has been rendered in the sanctuary of the nation ; its serious import has not been overlooked. Finally, the people have kept high festival, and have conspicuously and manifestly enjoyed a national holiday. THE START FROM BUCKINGHAM PALACE. Those of Her Majesty’s subjects who wished to be among the first to greet their Queen upon her jubilee flocked to St. James’s Park, Constitution- hill, and the Green Park, which had early in the morning enormous throngs of people. Every point which commanded a view of the grand entrance of Buckingham Palace w~as occupied by masses of people anxious to testify their devoted loyalty to their Sovereign. The sight of the Royal ensign floating above the quadrangle of the Palace, only to be seen at a distance, was cheered a 3 an unwonted spectacle. At 9 o’clock the Palace itself had a sombre appearance in contrast to the streets. No window was decorated, even the Royal ensign could not be seen at a less distance than the Horse Guards Parade 5 the only signs of joyous- ness were in the people themselves and in the marching and counter-marching of troops. But THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 105 It was early seen that the Queen was in full sym- pathy with her subjects. Those on the westward side of the Mall and in the Green Park saw Her Majesty come to a window and gaze at the gather- ing crowds. This was sufficient. The one touch of nature was thus given. It was apparent at once to those who saw and to the many thousands who only heard of the Queen’s appearance that she had come forward to see the massos who had assembled to do her honour, and instantly a tre- mendous cheer was given. The people interested themselves early in the assemblages of troops and State personages. The Yeomen of the Tower marched into the Palace, their quaint costume and stately demeanour attracting much attention. Then marched in some 500 sailors armed as a light infantry regiment. Of these 100 were from the Wellington, 50 from the Sultan, 50 from the Minotaur, and 300 from the Excellent and Yernon combined. The bluejackets were warmly cheered as they marched into the Palace gates, and took up their position as one side of the guard of honour. The 1st Battalion of the Scots Guards, under Colonel Graham, part from St. George’s Barracks and part from Chelsea Barracks, took post outside the Palace as early as 9 o’clock, and formed line on the right and left sides of the Palace, so as to mark off an immense square. The police took ground in the rear, and so kept the populace from pressing on the ranks. This force was followed by the 1st and 2d Life Guards, the Royal Horse Guards, and the 10th Hussars, 106 ^HE QUEEN’S JUBILEE/ who were stationed at the top of the Mall and opposite the Palace, The Gentlemen Cadets from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, forming a strong battalion of infantry under Colonel Cameron, first marched into the enclosure of the Palace, but subsequently left to form the first guard of honour on the right of Consti- tution-hill, The Gentlemen Cadets from the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, formed the first guard on the left, next to the Scots Guards, Within the Palace enclosure the Grenadiers and the body of sailors already mentioned formed the two lines of the first guard of honour. The passage of troops, and the incoming and out- going of escorts, gave great interest to the scene for the first two hours. The vast space of the parks afforded room for people to choose vantage spots. Space was kept in the roadway for the Royal pro- cession, and nothing more, and the whole of the route was nowhere more free than in the parks between the Palace and Hyde Park-corner. The police, who were here under Mr, Superintendent Draper, were in thorough accord with the people, whose behaviour afforded striking evidence of the fact that the population of London is emi- nently loyal, order-loving, and kindly. A little Hindoo woman stood on the edge of the crowd over by the Mall, anxious to see her Queen. The troops of horse soldiers on that side and the pushing of the crowd interfered somewhat with the comfort and ease of their fellow-subject from the East. The officers of the Scots Guards the celebration in London. 107 beckoned the woman to cross, and she was handed across the road by the police to a spot between the ranks of the Guards, where she could see and bo seen. The act was performed amid the cheers of the onlookers. In all cases where people fainted - — and many overtaxed their strength in the burning heat — kindly succour was quickly afforded. The Ambulance Service, which had gathered early in Scotland-yard, seemed to be ubiquitous, and did good service both to civilians and to soldiers. At 10 o’clock the scene was worthy of a Royal gathering. The Palace itself seemed to have put aside its sombreness. The great roof was thronged, the windows were open, and on the northern side, within the Palace enclosure, there had gathered a gay company. Troops lined the ground. The 1st and 2d Life Guards were massed, with their bands, on the southern side ; the 10th Hussars, with their band, were opposite the Palace. Now came, on horseback and in carriage, bearers of great names in English history and holders of high position in the State, many of them in uniform and wearing knightly orders. While the people were regarding the gathering of well-known and eminent persons on the open space at the top of the Mall, the soldiers were called to attention, the bands struck up the National Anthem, and the crowds cheered as the Duke of Cambridge, with Lord Wolseley and a brilliant staff, rode past. Then followed quickly the eevoral members of the Royal Family . in closed 108 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. carriages, including the Princess of Wales and her sons and daughters, the Duchess of Albany, and the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh. They were most heartily received by the spectators. In all cases, on the appearance of any member of the Royal Family, the troops were called to arms and the bands played a few bars of the National Anthem. Precisely at 11 o’clock the first procession set out from the Palace amid a fanfare of trumpets and the playing of the National Anthem by the bands, the foreign Sovereigns and their dis- tinguished attendants and the representatives of the great States being in closed carriages. The people were evidently disappointed that the carriages in the first procession were closed ; but the King and Queen* of the Belgians were recognized and heartily cheered. The King of Denmark, the King of Saxony, and the King of the Hellenes, all of whom wore the Order of the Garter, were likewise cor- dially cheered by the people, who evidently accepted the presence of foreign rulers as a direct compli- ment to the nation as well as to the Queon. The chief procession did not leave the Palace until shortly before half-past 11 o’clock. It was heralded by the soldiers being called to attention, the fanfare of trumpets, the playing of the bands, and the rattle of kettledrums. All the carriages of this procession were open, those of the Ladies in Waiting preceding the Royal ladies. Lord Lathom, the Lord Chamberlain, was recognized and cheered. The young Princesses of Wales and THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON 109 tho Princess Beatrice and Princess Louise (Marchioness of Lome) were warmly greeted ; but when Her Majesty appeared, seated with her eldest daughter (the Crown Princess of Germany) and tho Princess of Wales, cheers broke out instantly with boundless enthusiasm and spread along the route with great rapidity. Her Majesty seemed greatly touched by the reception even thus early on her way, as she again came face to face with her subjects. Tho enthu- siasm was sppntaneous and universal. The men waved their hats and tho women their handker- chiefs, and the cheers completely drowned tho strains of tho combined bands, so thoroughly and with such accord did the people give vent to their feelings of loyalty and esteem for the Queen. Similar enthusiasm was evoked by Her Majesty all the way up Constitution-hill, and Hyde Park- corner was reached amid like demonstrations ot loyalty. The brilliant cavalcade of horsemen composed of the Queen’s sons, sons-in-law, grandsons, and grandsons-in-law followed, and these presented one of the most brilliant scenes of the whole procession. Tho three Koyal brothers, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Duke of Connaught, who rode in line, were warmly cheered. The Indian cavalry, which, with the field officer’s escort of the 1st Life Guards, brought the procession to a close, received a wel- come which could scarcely be other than very gratifying to them< 1X0 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE, There was no hitch until the procession had gone about 300 yards from the Palace, when the Marquis of Lome, who was dressed in Highland costume, came to the ground. It was seen in the Quadrangle at Buckingham Palace that the Marquis’s horse was a restive one, and before his lordship mounted a handkerchief was tied over the animal’s eyes. The cheer- ing made the spirited horse rear, and the animal making a sharp curve the Marquis came to the ground. Instantly the military and police ran to his assistance, while all the Princes stopped and inquired whether he was hurt. Luckily, he fell upon the soft ride along Constitution-hill, and quickly got up. The accident was not seen by the Queen, as the view in front of her car- riage was covered by the Indian cavalry, but she was quickly informed of the incident, and made very earnest inquiries as to whether the Marquis had been injured. His lordship did not rejoin the procession, but returned on foot to Buckingham Palace, where he obtained another horse from a Royal Artillery officer and rode by himself to the Abbey via Birdcage- walk. He re- turned the same way. No sooner had the procession passed than the people strove to change positions, and for a time the crowd began to move, and there was a pros- pect of some confusion, but this was quickly over- come, and order was kept until the return. The Queen when she re-entered Buckingham Palace seemed greatly fatigued. She continued, however, ; ‘THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 1H to acknowledge the reception given to her up to the moment of entering the gates. The brilliant escort of troops was massed in front of tho Palace, and for a long time afforded a line spec- tacle to many thousands* of persons gathered at the spot. THE PROCESSION IN PICCADILLY. Nowhere can the route of the procession have presented a scene of greater beauty and animation than in Piccadilly. This thoroughfare, with the varied palatial mansions on its north side and the umbrageous trees and undulating pastures of th8 Green Park on the south, must at all times com- mand admiration ; but when, as yesterday, its inherent claims to distinction among the most ' splendid streets of the metropolis are enhanced by the addition of exceptional festive adornments, he would be hard to please indeed who should refuse to acknowledge that as the scene of a glittering spec- tacle it cannot be excelled. To describe in detail the decorations of the mansions in this prominent portion of the route taken by the Royal procession would require a week’s labour, and general epithets can give but an imperfect idea of the splendid appearance of the place. Every house was draped in part with fabrics many-hued and bright, and from windows innumerable fluttered flags of every shape and colour. Every balcony, permanent and temporary, was “ lady-laden,” and the dresses of the occupants, pink, blue, mauve, gray, and white, almost eclipsed in effect the elaborate adornments 112 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. y Df the Houses from which they viewed the scene. Bo dazzling was the display of colour that at intervals the eyes of the onlooker turned instinc- tively away from the sun-smitten walls to seek relief in the restful green of the fold age of the park. The prevailing colour of the draperies by which porticoes, balconies, and windows were adorned was scarlet, and in some cases it had been thought sufficient to cover unsightly frontages and corners with cloth of that colour. The embellishment of the majority of the houses was, however, more elaborate. One in particular stood out from the rest with pre-eminent claims to admiration. In front of it in the recess on one side of the portico a platform had been erected, and upon this a pro- fusion of palms and other plants had been arranged between and about several giant Japanese um- brellas, beneath which sat the fortunate inmates of the mansion and their friends, protected from the sun. About the pillars of the doorway was fixed a white marble bust of the Queen surrounded with flowers. The balcony was festooned with roses, red and white, and blooms of the same flower were tastefully arranged in garlands round the windows and grouped in bouquets about the walls. The preparations made by the Naval and Military Club, although quite different in character, did not fail to excite attention. The whole of the carriage entrance was filled with a stand rising from the wall contiguous to the pave- ment, tier above tier, until it reached the middle of the building, where it was crowned, if the THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 113 inotapnor may be pormittod, by a bank of flowers disposed in front of the balcony. Corbeilles of roses were placed here and there at points where they could not obstruct the view of the visitors, and the gray facade of the club was saved from the chaige of being monotonous in hue by the lines of the illuminative lamps, pink and green, which out- lined the windows. Further eastward the two mansions most conspicuous for decoration wore that occupied by the Baroness Burdett-Coutts and Devonshire-house. The former was literally covered with drapery from the ground to the top- most story. Temporary pillars, coloured white and red, hid the ironwork of the balconies, and were linked together by garlands of laurel and fern, from which depended baskets of flowers. In the centre of the frontage a large trophy was dis- played, formed of hangings of ruby velvet, draped around a wreath of laurel, encircling the initials u V.R.” Surmounting the trophy was a large gilt crown. From every window hung blue and white cloths, arranged in voluminous folds. At Devonshire-house a large stand was filled with the friends of the Duke. The pillars carrying the awning were wreathed with foliage and flowers ; trophies of flags were fixed upon the wall beneath ; pennons fluttered from the summits of the sup- ports, and large-leaved plants gave a cool ap- pearance to the interior. At the north-east corner of the park the unfinished building which is to bo the home of the Isthmian Club accommodated many hundred spectators*tiers ’ 114 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. of seats having been erected at each story. The build* ing in it3 present state cannot be called “ a thing of beauty,” and as its position and great height render it very conspicuous, it was essential tiiat attention should be drawm from its inchoate con- dition in order that the coup d’ceil up tho incline eastwards might not be spoilt. The respon- sibility which wa3 thrown upon them was not shirked by the contractors or builders, and the place was made to look bright, if not beautiful. Scarlet cloth was plentifully disposed about the walls and th8 scaffolding erected for the construc- tion of the roof was to a large extent hidden from view by banners and lines of flags. At this point of the route thd road was spanned by a largo piece of bunting bearing in large white letters the in- scription — “ Piccadilly rings with cheers “ Telling the love of fifty years.” Immediately beyond, near the top of St. James’s-street, garlands of artificial flowers were suspended from the houses, giving to the crossways which here meet together the appear- ance of having been prepared for a May Day festival. At the other end of Piccadilly wdiere the Poyal procession emerged from Constitution- hill no decorations of this kind had been at- tempted, the idea probably being that the great place which now exists at the top of Grosvenor- place is too vast to admit of effective embellish- ment. The owners of the palatial mansions in the neighbourhood, however, did not apply the same THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 115 reasoning to their own cases. The houses at the top of Grosvenor-place and in Grosvenor-crescent wore largely flag-bedizened ; and St. George’s Hospital, which accommodated an immense num- ber of sightseers, w r as dressed for the occasion in gala attire. At Apsley-houso there was an excep- tionally fine display of banners, and to the great houses near it multitudinous trophies of flags lent charm and variety. It was noticeable that the suggestion made a short time back that handsome tapestries and rug3 hung out of windows formed very effective decorations had borne good fruit. Several houses were orna- mented in this manner, and the admiration which they evoked should certainly* encourage people to follow this practical suggestion on the occasion of any future public festivity and rejoicing. To say that Piccadilly was full at 9 o’clock from end to end is but to give a faint impression of the volume of the crowd of vehicles and human beings that thronged the street. By that hour the spectators who were the fortunate holders of in- vitations to private houses or of tickets for the stands erected in their establishments by specu- lative tradesmen were nearly all in their places. The roadway appeared to be completely blocked by the mass of heterogeneous vehicles — barouches, breaks, wagonettes, victorias, cabs — which sought to make their way along it, Eveiy now and then th9 block would move a short distance and then remain stationary for several minutes, and as its size was being every moment added to 116 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. it really at one time seemed as if the task of clearing the streets for the passago of the processions could not bo successfully performed. The difficulty, however, was one in appear- ance only, for as soon as the traffic was stopped at the western end of the thoroughfare the aggregation of carriages rapidly thinned until it disappeared altogether under the experienced direction of the police. To attempt to compute the] numbers of the people upon the pavements would be to set oneself an impossible task. They stood at many points 15 deep — men, women, boys, and girls, all intent upon seeing the show, happy, good-humoured, and patient beyond praise. To stand for hours in a densely-packed crowd is at no time a trivial undertaking, but a still heavier demand was made upon the patience of those who do it when, as yesterday— “ To solemnize this day, the glorious sun “ Stays in his course, and plays the alchemist ; “ Turning, with splendour of his precious eye, “ This meagre cloddy earth to glittering gold.” In spite of the intense heat which boat upon them, in spite of the pushing, almost crushing, to which they were subjected, the people retained their equanimity from first to last, but a few unfortunately failed to support physically the discomforts which they had to endure. Several men and more than one woman succumbed to the heat and fainted. A way was cleared for these sufferers into the park, where restoratives were applied with successful results. THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 117 While waiting for tho appearance of the proces- sions the public for tli9 most part remained silent, but now and again, becoming weary of tho extreme quiet, knots of young men burst into song, the National Anthem and the “ Maid of tho Mill 99 being the most frequently-repeated among the items of their repertoire. These amateurs helped in a measure to fill a void which was generally felt to exist. Excepting their performances not a note of music was heard in Piccadilly, and many and frequent were the expressions of the wish that a military band could have been stationed in the park to enliven tho periods of waiting. By a quarter past 10 o’clock the last carriage had passed into St. James’s-street, the 4th Battalion of the Boyal Fusiliers and tho 2d Battalion of the Kifle Brigade had lined the roadway, and the mounted constables had cleared the streets of foot passengers. The first cheers were raised when the carriage conveying the daughters of the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh to the Abbey passed on its way. Tho three young Princesses, who were attired in white, bowed right and left, and the dignity with which they performed that act of courtesy was the cause of many appreciative re- marks. Tho first of the great processions was that of tho Indian Princes. Plaving assembled in Hyde Park, it slowly moved up the road preceded by a party of Hussars and a troop of Life Guards. The carriages were open, and consequently the public had a full view of the distinguished visitors 118 3THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. who have come from Her Majesty’s Eastern dominions for the celebration of the jubilee. They were attired in the many-coloured, gem-decked turbans and flowing vestments of their native land and were the objects of the serious interest of the multitude. The Maharajah and Maharanee of Kutch Behar and the Maharajah Bolkar, whose shoulders were covered with bullion woven into his tunic, were recognized and loudly cheered. But, apart from the personalities of individuals, the subject that gave rise to the most excited comment, and the greatest amount of wonder was the turban of his Highness the Itao of Kutch, which, when the sun flashed upon it, really blazed with the scintillating lights of diamonds, rubies, and emeralds. The next procession was disappointing to the public, because the carriages were closed. As it was evident, however, that they contained person- ages of note, the livery of the coachmen and foot- men being of the Koyal colour, eyes were strained at every point of the route in order to catch a glimpse of the occupants, and when it was seen that the third carriage contained her Boyal High- ness the Duchess of Teck the silence that had till then prevailed was at once broken, and cheer after cheer was raised. The next in order to pass were the carriages conveying the Persian and Siamese guests of Her Majesty and the Queen of Hawaii. They were accompanied by an escort of the 2d Life Guards and passed at a trot. At 11 o’clock the cheers of the people near Buckingham THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 119 Palace announced the departure of the great pro- cession of foreign Potentates. It was attended by a field officer's escort of the 1st Life Guards, and headed by a party of the Royal huntsmen. Each carriage wa3 drawn by two bays, whose har- ness, heavy with gilt, glittered brightly with the sun's rays. Their manes were decorated in claret- coloured ribbons. The hammer-cloths were re- splendent with scarlet and gold, and the coachmen and footmen, of whom there were three behind each carriage, were, it need hardly be said, in full dress, three-cornered hats, wigs, and knee breeches. These carriages again were closed, and the public consequently had but little opportunity of recognizing the royalties within. If any of them should think that the welcome of the people was cold they may rest assured that it was from no want of admiration or goodwill that the crowd at certain portions of the road refrained from cheer- ing, but simply because they did not know who were in each one of the 14 carriages that passed, Whenever any one caught sight of and recognized the King of Saxony, the King of the Belgians, the King of the Hellenes, or the King of Denmark cheers were at once raised, silence ensuing, how- ever, until the recognition wa3 repeated further on. A party of Life Guards followed the procession, and two mounted footmen rode behind it. A long interval having supervened, a rush of people pell-mell from the direction of Constitu- tion-hill at last announced, as plainly as words could have done, that the last and greatest pageant 120 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. of all had loft the Palace, and might soon do ex- pected . Nor had the public long to wait before the opportunity wa3 given them of manifesting aloud their feelings of loyalty and affection for their Sovereign. At a quarter to 11 an advance party of Hussars and Life Guards, headed by officers holding high command, slowly turned the corner into Piccadilly. They wore followed by outriders in scarlet, beautifully mounted on bay horses, and then came the carriages containing the ladies-in- waiting and the great officers of the Household. There were in all 11 open carriages in this proces- sion. The sixth conveyed Princess Victoria oJ Schleswig-Holstein, Princess Margaret of Prussia, and Prince Alfred of Edinburgh. In the seventh were the Princesses Victoria and Sophie of Prus- sia, Princess Louis of Battenberg, and Prin- cess Irene of Hesse. The eighth carriage con- veyed the Princesses Maud, Victoria, and Louise of Wales, who looked charming in their light dresses. The Duchess *of Connaught and the Duchess of Albany, who was easily recognized by the half-mourning which she wore, wore in the ninth carriage. The Duches3 of Edinburgh, Prin- cess Beatrice, Princess Louise, and Princess Christian came next. The carriages of the Royal Princesses were each drawn by four horses, ridden by postilions. Between the 11th carriage and the Quoen’s rode the procession of Princes, preceded by the Master of the Buckhounds and the Royal Whip and hunts- men. The appearance of this part of the pageant THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 121 was the signal for cheers such as are seldom heard nowadays, and truly it was a sight which is not likely to be forgotten. First came the grandsons of Her Majesty, amid whom Prince Albert Victor in the uniform of the 10th Hussars was con- spicuous ; then Her Majesty’s sons-in-law, the Crown Prince of Germany, looking magnificent in the white uniform and silver helmet of an officer of Cuirassiers, Prince Christian, the Grand Duke of Hesse, and Prince Honry of Batten borg ; and lastly the Prince of Wales, wearing a Field- Marshal’s uniform and riding a splendid chestnut charger, the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Duke of Connaught. The cheers which greoted this great spoctaclo wore continued until the Queen’s carriage passed, when they increased in volume. Her Majesty rode with tho Crown Princess of Germany and the Princess of Wales in an open baroucho, drawn by six cream-coloured horses, ridden by postilions and attended by grooms on foot. Her Majesty, who seemed to be almost overcome by the fervid manifestations of affection which her appearance evoked, kept bowing to tho right and left as tho procession progressed at a foot’s pace. The Crown Princess of Germany appeared greatly pleased to witness this enthusi- astic reception of Pier Majesty, and the Princess of Wales, whose dress was pronounced by tho ladies to be a marvel of elegance and taste, acknowledged the acclamations of the people with her wonted grace. 122 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. FROM PICCADILLY TO CKARING-CROSS. At an hour of the morning when the neighbour- hood of Piccadilly-circus usually presents an aspect of quietude which during the day and for some time past midnight is denied to it, it was yesterday crowded with vehicles and pedestrians. The im- provements consequent on the opening of Shaftes- bury-avenue have so changed the former appear- ance of this well-known spot that it can now only be described as a circus by courtesy,as it really forms a large irregular open space permitting the collec- tion of an enormous concourse of people. In com- mon with Piccadilly and Waterloo-place the road- way forming the old circus had been decorated with tali Venetian masts, in some cases surmounted by crowns and covered in red, while festoons of evergreens and flowers were stretched across the street. At the circus these w^ere attached to a central pole, and presented a pretty effect. At the entrance of Waterloo-place a lofty triple arch was erected, spanning the road and footways, and nearly as high as the houses. It bore the legend, “ Victoria, all nations salute you,” surmounted by the Royal Arms, and formed the first of a series of coloured inscriptions of large size suspended at intervals between the houses throughout the whole length of the street. The first suspended device was “ 1837— Jubilee — 1887,” and upon the re- mainder in consecutive order appeared, i( The British Isles : the Indian Empire : Your Colonies and Dependencies : in Europe : m THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 123 ’Asia : in America : in Africa : Australasia : Oceana : givo you good greeting,” tlio last four words, at the end of Waterloo-place, being upon a triple arch similar to that at the top. In addition to these inscriptions, Waterloo-place was festooned with evergreens and flowers between tall masts, and altogether exhibited as pretty a piece of organized street decoration as anywhere on the route of the procession. The western end of Pic- cadilly formed a gay picture of colour, flags and streamers being suspended across the street and waving from most of the houses. Eastward of Devonshire-house to the circus there was hardly a house in which some more or loss successful at- tempt had not been made at decoration, with the exception of the Museum of Geology, the usual sombre appearance of which was only relieved by a stand covered with red cloth a little above the Tevel of the ground. At most of the houses red and yellow were exclusively employed, and the eye turned with relief to the few places where blue and other colours were introduced. This was the case at Messrs. Lincoln and Bennett’s, who had a long blue banner at the corner of their premises extending almost down the entire front. Loyal inscriptions were frequent, those in some cases being in a poetic vein, as that at Messrs. Miller and Sons, at the corner of Duke-street, which ran — “ O Lord 6tretch forth thy mighty hand, “And bless our Queen and fatherland.” Piccadilly-hall exhibited the loyal device, “Dieu protege la Reine, ,; The huge front of Burlington- 124 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. house was relieved by scarlet cloth at some of the windows and by a few flags, but there was other- wise no such decorative attempt as at the houses of business in Piccadilly. At the circus itself the decorations to the buildings round were not par- ticularly noticeable oxcept in the case of the County Fire office facing the top of Waterloo- placo, where the prevailing scarlot had been dis- carded and the whole building from the ground to the roof had been tastefully draped in cloth striped in throe or four colours. The effect of this round the architraves of the windows and on the cornices and linos of the building was very good and presented a marked contrast to the surround- ing scarlet. The establishment of Messrs. Swan and Edgar at the corner of Piccadilly and the new building of the Pavilion Music- hall and the Piccadilly Restaurant, at the corner of Shaftesbury-avenue, wore also deco- rated in good taste. In Watorloo-place the majority of the houses presented a gala appoarance, some of the decorations being remarkably elabo- rate. The prettiest by far was that of the largo premises of Messrs. Howell and James, which was covered with ornaments, flowers, fans of various shape, and bannerets being freoly used, the house itself being surmounted by live large flags on tall masts. Messrs. Elkington exhibited some pretty trophies of arms in embossed silver. Although at a very early period largo numbers of people began to congregate on the footways at and near the circus, the circulation of vehicles and pedestrians THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON 125 was uninterrupted until the arrival of the troops to keep the ground. On the inner side of the circus the 2d Volunteer Battalion Royal Fusiliers, under Lieutenant-Colonel Routledgo, lined the footways, while at the open sides of the Circus, to the north and east, a squadron of the Scots Greys, assisted by a largo body of police, kept the ground. Owing to the large open space behind the troops, and three great thoroughfares debouching at this point, the pressure of the crowd hero soon became exceedingly strong. As the time for the Queen’s arrival drew near a mass of human beings collected, filling the entire space from tho corner of Piccadilly to the County Fire office, and across from Shaftesbury-avenue and for some distance in front of tho Criterion. Tho number of people assembled at this spot could not have been less than 20,000. The pressure of this enormous crowd renderod the work of keeping the lino here an exceedingly difficult one, and it re- quired at times all the exertions of tho cavalry and the police to provent the crowd breaking through. Arduous as their duties were, both soldiers and police acted with admirable temper and discretion. The crowd, also, though doubtless containing a largo proportion of tho rougher element, was good humoured and apparently less intent on horse-play than is often the case. The great majority had evidently deter- mined to enjoy tho show, and their only anxiety was to obtain as good a position from which to view it as possible. For this purpose lampposts. 126 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. masts, or any projections on houses were climbed and held to with desperate tenacity. One of the most amusing incidents while waiting for the procession at the circus oc- curred in connexion with an ornamental clus- ter of shrubs and flowers which had been made to form a centre for the decorations of the circus, it being surrounded by Venetian masts, while from a centre mast festoons of flowers and evergreens stretched across to the masts on the footways. The line of the Scots Greys and the police was originally extended to include this cluster, but the crowd pressed forward and the line was formed on the other side of it. It thus became an oasis in the mob, and was quickly stormed by a number of men and boys, and the plants and shrubs carried off. For some time the 20 or 30 men and boys who had gained a position on this structure retained their places, but were at length routed single-handed by the man in charge of the decorations, and compelled to get down, the custodian subsequently remaining in solitary possession of his castle till the conclusion of the ceremony. Hard by this point, and almost front- ing the County Fire office, is a small triangular piece of ground in the middle of the roadway, fenced in with an ugly wooden railing. The por- tion of this towards Waterloo-place was protected by a high, close wooden paling, and on one end of the ground a rough stand was erected. This fence and stand, which were presumably put up by or with the consent of the Metropolitan Board of THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 127 Works, were the only temporary structures at the circus which some attempt had not been made to render sightly by covering with cloth or otherwise dec orating, and their appearance did much to spoil the general effect of the surrounding decorations. The tedium of waiting for the appearance of the processions was beguiled by selections of music played by the band of the 2d Volunteer Battalion Koyal Fusiliers, and on the outskirts of the crowd negro minstrels found ready audiences and made large gains. For some time before the processions started, carriages with company going to the Abbey served to interest the waiting throngs. After that the time hung somewhat heavily until the first procession appeared. The appearance of the Indian Princes excited great curiosity, and their gorgeous dresses elicited many admiring comments. After another interval of waiting, the procession of foreign Kings and Princes went by, considerable disappointment, however, being ex- pressed that they were seated in closed carriages. The interval between this and the Queen’s pro- cession was a long one, and when at last the mem- bers of our own Koyal Family appeared they were greeted with hearty cheers. During the whole time that the procession passed through Pic- cadi lly-circus the cheering was continuous, and at the sight of Her Majesty it became enthusiastic, the people at the windows and on stands waving their handkerchiefs and, alike with those in the street, doing everything in their power to show their loyalty. For those who had 128 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. waited so long to catch a glimpse of their sovereign the time occupied by the passing of the processions seemed all too short, though the crowd began to disperse, apparently well satisfied at having ob- tained, at least, a passing glance of the Queen, CHARING-CROSS AND TRAFaLGAR-SQUARE. Never, it is probably quite safe to say, has Charing-eross presented so brilliant a scene as that of yesterday, and never has there been gathered together at this central point of the metropolis a crowd at once so vast and so enthu- siastic. The streets and the buildings in this neighbourhood had all changed their normal aspect and put on their brightest garb. Wherever the eye turned it met a blaze of colour.' Flags, streamers, banners, and festive bunting of various kinds appeared on all sides. The build- ings were mostly draped with crimson cloth, and the windows were lighted up with thousands of animated human faces and with the summer hues of ladies’ toilets. The Strand Yestry had done their part most royally. Venetian masts covered with crimson cloth, adorned with heraldic shields and surmounted by a crown, lined the road at either side. Streamers and garlands linked them together at a few yards’ interval. Spanning the road just op- posite the Nelson Column were two large crimson banners trimmed with gold and bearing the scriptural aspirations, “The Lord bless and keep thee,” u The Lord make His face to shine unon thee,” Along THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON* 129 this part of the route, however, mottoes and de-' vices were decidedly scarce. One house hung out a “ Welcome to our Queen and Empress ” upon a light blue and white scroll, and on 1 another “ God save the Queen ” appeared in' large white letters upon a crimson cloth. The’ most ambitious effort, however, in this direction' was a device with the following Tennysonian quoJ tation after the letters and figures “ V.R., 1837-! 1887 ” “ Thro’ all this tract of years, ** Wearing the white flower of a blameless life “ In that fierce light that beats upon a throne.” It was not long after dawn when some few en-4 thusiastic sightseers appeared in Trafalgar-squarel as an advance guard of the thousands who some' hours later were to be massed here. But the* morning was well advanced before any consider-' able crowd had assembled. Until 7 o’clock passage’ along the streets was perfectly free, and up to 9; the traffic, pedestrian and vehicular, was not ! seriously impeded. This proved a pleasant smH prise to those who about this time were making their way to their reserved seats at different points along the route. Indeed, the difficulty of reaching, one’ s destination had been greatly over-estimated, 1 and people were in their places at 7 o’clock who' could easily have reached them up to 9 o’clock,’ The miscalculation, however, was altogether on the right side and was probably submitted to without regret. The open space at this point of the route would, it was fully realized, afford ono 5 130 * HE queen’s jubilee. of the very best — probably the best-view of the Boyal procession, and every available spot, whether on the ground or on the surrounding buildings, was fully occupied. Every window had its full complement, and nearly every roof. The National Gallery accommodated a large number of persons on its slates, and so did the Church of St. MartinVin-the-Fields. More than 2,000 persons watched the proceedings from the windows of the Grand Hotel, and these, unlike many thousands who secured seats at windows along the route, had paid nothing for the privilege, the rooms of the hotel havingbeen let in the usual course and at the usual price to the ordinary guests. The insurance offices and some of the shops devoted such accommodation as they had to friends, but many windows were let at extremely high prices, 20 and 30 guineas being in some instances paid for a single window. Below, the multitude had a con- siderably less pleasant lot, for as time wore on the pressure became very great, there was occa- sionally some rather disquieting surging to and fro, and the view ultimately obtained of the pro* cession was, owing to the intervening lines of police, of soldiers, and at some places of cavalry, not very good. Some members of the crowd did indeed obtain gratis a most excellent coign of vantage, but these were the fortunate few who succeeded in climbing on to the base of the Nelson column and tho lions, or on to ono or other of the statues in Trafalgar-cquare. In this they were not interfered with by the police ; but Some more THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 131 adventurous, though less fortunate, individuals, who had secured places on the top of the lamp- posts, were ruthlessly degraded from their exalted positions, to the great satisfaction and amusement of the spectators and in some cases only after a lively skirmish between the constables and the culprits. The crowd at this portion of the route was exceedingly well behaved and good humoured. A large number of well-to-do people, being denied window accommodation owing to the excessive price of seats, had ventured into the crowd. The ladies were not among the least courageous in working their way to the front, and though there were several cases of fainting fits and hysterics attended to by the ambulance in waiting, no serious accident of any kind occurred among the masses congregated here. The pressure of the crowd at the point where the Strand opens out into Charing-cross was very great and tried the police severely, but with the assistance of a detachment of Horse Artillery and of the Royal Marines the line of route was kept quite clear. It was about a quarter-past 11 o’clock when the head of the first procession reached Trafalgar-square. The appearance of the Indian visitors aroused some interest but very few cheers. Shortly afterwards the second procession con- sisting of the foreign Princes passed by in closed carriages and in silence. The crowd felt no dis- position to cheer those whom it did not see. But when at a few minutes past 12 o’clock the Queen’s processionjapproached there wasgreat enthusiasm, j 6-2 1 132 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. Princess Beatrice appeared to be, after the Princess of Wales, the most generally recognized of the Princesses, and was very cordially received. The Queen was greeted with a loud and continuous roar of cheers as the Royal carriage passed by on its way to the Abbey. The demonstration of enthusiasm was even more cordial when the return journey was being made. After the pro- cession had for the second time gone by the crowd broke up, but Charing-cross continued considerably thronged throughout the day. THE SCENE ON THE EMBANKMENT. Early yesterday morning the crowd began to assemble inNorthumberland-avenue and on the Em- bankment for the purpose of viewing the proces- sion. The points selected by those who were first to arrive were those which enabled people to have rapid access to the spots w r hero the procession could be again viewed on its return from the Abbey. At half-past 8 the police took up their places along the route, and shortly aftor this the London Scottish marched up and lined the road. By this time — namely, 9 30 — the seats in the different stands were being rapidly filled and the London Scottish received a cordial reception from the people assembled. General Gipps, accom- panied by Colonel Sterling, passed several times along the route, conferring with the officers in charge of the different posts and with the heads of the nolice. It must be admitted that nothin^ THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 133 could have exceeded the perfection of the police arrangements, and the way in which they dealt with the masses of people emerging from the District Kailway station at Charing-cross- bridge wa3 beyond praise. A more good- humoured crowd bent on pleasure and amuse- ment has seldom been assembled, and their chaff of the persons passing down the road with pass tickets to the Abbey was of the merriest and lightest description. The procession of the Indian Princes and the junior members of the Royal Family reached the Embankment at about 11 o’clock, the Queen of Hawaii, the Maharajah Holkar, and the Duchess of Teck being specially cheered. Some considerable delay occurred before the second procession of Royal personages with their staffs arrived. From the fact that the car- riages were all closed few of those who took part were recognized, and the programmes which were being sold in the street were of very little assistance as a means of identifying the occupants of the coaches. How- ever, the King of Denmark and the Crown Princo pf Austria met with a hearty reception. Some ten minutes after the Queen’s procession arrived, and its approach was heralded, long before it could bo seen, by the vociferous cheers of the public along the route. The reception accorded to the Princes pf the Royal Family was everything that could bo desired, the Duchess of Albany, who was among the first carriages, being specially selected for au ovation. However, the portion of the procession 134 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE which attracted the greatest attention was natu- rally the Queen’s carriage and her bodyguard of Royal Princes. The Prince of Wales was mounted on his magnificent golden chestnut horse named Vivian, after Lieutenant-Colonel Ralph Vivian, his former owner. The Crown Prince of Germany rode a fine bay horse, the property of the Queen, and Prince Albert Victor a chestnut charger which he had recently purchased in Ireland. Prince George was mounted on a black horse, the pro- perty of the Prince of Wales, and the Duke of Cambridge on his well-known black charger. The Prince of Wales was dressed as a Field-Marshal, and his horse caparisoned with blue cloth shabraque, trimmed with gold, and gold reins. Prince Albert Victor was in full dress of the 10th Hussars, his horse caparisoned with red shabraque, trimmed with gold, and gold reins and shell bridle. The Duke of Connaught wore the uniform of a General, with aiguillette as Queen’s A.D.C. Immediately after the procession passed a rush was made to the points where it could be seen on its return, and the streets became densely crowded. IN PARLIAMENT-SQUARE. From an early hour every available spot of standing ground in and about Parliament-square from which a good view could be had of the Royal procession had been occupied by an enthusiastic but orderly crowd, and by 9 o’clock but few places remained untenanted in the stands which had 135 THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. been erected inside the square, and, indeed, wherever a stand could possibly be erected. On no part of the route of Her Majesty’s procession could a more complete change be seen from the usual aspect of the locality . W hat in ordinary circumstances is an open space devoted to grass plots and flower gardens was now covered by stands, every one of which was crowded long before the appointed hour for the procession to appear. Certainly the most had been made of the available space. Inside the railings of New Palace-yard a stand had been erected for the police and minor officials of the Houses of Parliament and their friends. On the corner of the gardens facing it was a stand for the officials of the House and a limited number of members of the Parliamentary Press. On the north-west corner of the square were seated the friends of members of Parliament, while yet another stand occupying the corner of the gardens nearest the Abbey held the agents and representatives of our colonies. Every window and every roof which could command a view of the procession was crowded, a number of spectators watching the pro- cession from the roof of the House of Commons, while that of St. Margaret’s Church was densely crowded. From the Westminster Sessions-house the Middlesex magistrates consoled themselves for their usual arduous duties with an excellent' view of the pageant, while the fullest use had been made of the front of Westminster Hospital. While it is to be hoped that the funds of that institution have received an ample addition from the letting of 136 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. the many seats which had been built up on the front of the building, it is a little diffi- cult to imagine that all those who havo been patients of the hospital for the last few days can have regarded the proceedings with the equanimity which such a thought ought no doubt to inspire. However, the decorated galleries added greatly to the gaiety of the scene, and, being for the greater part just opposite to the main . entrance of the Abbey, formed one of the best positions for wit- nessing the spectacle. By the statue of Canning and by St. Margaret’s Church provision had also boon made for spectators. It is perhaps un- fortunate that at the time of this great cele- bration the ravages of the London atmo- sphere should have made it necessary to hide the beautiful north front of the Abbey with a network of scaffolding, but, owing to the mass of colour formed by the roofed stands and by the temporary covered entrances to the building, the attention of the spectator was to a consider- able extent taken off from what would otherwise have been a prominent and somewhat unsightly feature. On the north side of the square some slight attempt had been made at decoration. Along the first floor of Palace-chambers ran the inscription in red and white, “ The King’s throne is established in righteousness,” while here and there red cloth was hung from the windows. The interest, however, of the whole scene pre- vented the poor appearance of the buildings on that side of the square from becoming unfortunately THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. 13 7 conspicuous, and tlio attention of the crowd was centred more in the event of the day than in the appearance of a few houses. Although very closely packed in some places, and although before even the appearance of the first procession many of them had been in their places for five or sit hours, the behaviour of the crowd throughout tho day was excellent. From the great pressure caused by the mass of people pressod into a very narrow space, the polico had sometimes consider- able difficulty in keeping tho crowd within the lilies just in front of Westminster Hospital, where a good view could be obtained t of the entrance to the Abbey. On the whole, however, the duties of the police around Parliament-square were com- paratively light when once the great mass of traffic caused by cabs and carriages setting down those who had got seats in neighbouring stands had ceased. In this work the police wore directed by Sir Charles Warren himself, until the traffic was reduced to that of carriages setting down their occupants at the Abbey doors. As i3 usually the case with an English holiday crowd, their merri- ment was easily moved by any slight incident during the period of waiting for the procession to appear, and much amusement was caused by the over-zealous driver of a water-cart, who for some little distance after starting copiously moistened tho feet of the Guards who lined the street. Shortly before 10 o’clock Mr. Gladstone, accompanied by Mrs. Gladstone, drove down to the Houses of Parliament in a victoria, and 138 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE, was received with considerable cheering, varied with a few expressions of disapprobation. Mr. W. H. Smith drove down almost immediately afterwards, but being in a brougham was not re- cognized by many of the people, the same being the case with regard to the Prime Minister, who had driven down shortly before. Mr. Goschen was also well received by the crowd. Shortly after this cheers were raised on the appearance of the Lord Mayor, who was accompanied in his carriage by the Lady Mayoress and his sword and mace bearers. They were followed by several carriages containing City officials of various degrees in their gowns of office. The whole civic party entered the Abbey by a covered passage from the square just to the west of St. Margaret’s Church. At about half-past 10 loud cheers, renewed again and again, were raised at the appearance of the party of bluejackets vho were to form a guard of honour. Their position was in front of the west entrance, while the Scots and Grenadier Guards kept the lines, a squadron of the 1st Royals being drawn up across the road opposite to the entrance of New Palace-yard • The Volunteer Medical Corps had a stretcher party ready for emergencies in the centre of the square, while a’police ambulance was also upon the ground. At about 11 o’clock the members of the House of Lords, headed by the Lord Chancellor, leaving the Palace by St. Stephen’s porch, crossed over to the Abbey, entering it at Poet’s-corner, while soon afterwards the Commons, following the Speaker, emerged from the . same ^ door of the Palace and, THE CELEBRATION IN LONDON. * ^139 entered the Abbey by a covered passage leading past the end of the south transept of St. Mar- garet’s. Immediately behind the Speaker came Mr. Gladstone and Mr. W. H. Smith, walk- ing together, followed by members of both the front benches. Shortly after 11 o’clock the pro- cession of Eastern Princes began to arrive, but it was getting on to half-past 12 before the cream- coloured horses of the Queen’s carriage were seen turning the corner from the Embankment. Loud cheers were raised as Her Majesty passed along, those in the stands and those on the pavement joining with equal heartiness in their greetings. The escort of Royal Princes which rode before Her Majesty also excited the enthusiasm of the crowd, the popular interest centring specially in the Prince of Wales and the Crown Prince of Ger- many. On approaching the west end of the Abbey the Queen’s carriage stopped for a short time while her Royal escort dismounted. The carriage then turned the corner and drew up under the tem- porary porch which had been erected opposite to the entrance of the Abbey. On the platform covered with matting which ran the whole breadth of the west front, by the entrance, the ladies and officers of the Household received the Queen on alighting, and she was then conducted to the retiring rooms which had been built for her use between the Abbey and the temporary entrance. At half-past 1 the cheers of the crowd opposite to the entrance of the Abbey announced that the service was over, and some of the mem- 140 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. bers of the Royal assembly had appeared, but it was not until another quarter of an hour had passed that Her Majesty, whose countenance showed that she was deeply affected by the service and by the reception she had met with from her people, entered her carriage and left the Abbey amid the renewed acclamations of her subjects. THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. (The Times, June 22, 1887.) At 9 o’clock the many doors of Westminster Abbey, old and new, were thrown open to ticket holders, and the building invaded in all parts save those reserved for especially distinguished guests by a vast throng representative in the fullest sense of the classes and masses of English life. Some apprehension had naturally been felt as to the possibly jarring effect of the temporary woodwork and upholstery in combination with the venerable and impressive architecture of tho Abbey itself. But a first glance at the interior of the edifice as it had left the hands of the con- tracting tradesmen was reassuring to the most fastidious mind. The sumptuous carpeting of the nave and the Royal dais, figured with tho Cross of the Bath and manufactured of tho particular shade of crimson associated with that Order, the indigo blue of tho stalls and benches of the canons and prebendaries, tho snowy surplices of the choir, and the scarlet, blue, and gold of THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE, 141 countless uniforms blended into one harmonious whole, which in the subdued light of the grand old shrine formed a picture of surpassing beauty, the effect bo mg heightened from time to time by the prismatic tints shed by the rays of the sun as they streamed through the stained-glass windows. English life is sometimes said to be destitute of colour. No such reproach i3 certainly to be laid against the great assem- blage brought together in Westminster Abbey for the Jubiloe ceremonial ; and the remark applies not less to tho serried ranks of the public, flanking and overlooking the nave, than to tho mighty concourse of foreign Princes and potentates, diplomatists, peers, Judges, and dignitaries of the State occupying the choir, tho transepts, and the saerarium. All that portion of the Abbey from the organ screen to tho western entrance was purely English in its character. It was official, military, naval, civic, clerical, lay — what you will ; and at the present moment, we may remark, no official record enables us to guess more than approximately the quality, to say nothing of the names, of these thousands of privileged spectators. Outside the sections of the Abbey coming directly within the cognizance of the Lord Chamberlain and the Dean of Westminster they wore an undefined and name- loss throng. But they were picturesque — grandly bo — strewing the nave with masses of colour only to be compared to those of a rich parterre of flowers, and forming in the overhanging galleries 142 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE, clustering masses of bloom and blossom, sugges- tive of a grand horticultural f$te. Contrary to popular belief, the Lord Chamberlain’s office has not been a centre of official patronage and favouritism in the matter of tickets, but a sorely taxed distributing agency for the whole of the United Kingdom. Every corporate body, every class, every interest of any kind, scientific, legal, literary, artistic, theatrical, and even trades unionist, was invited to make known its needs beforehand, and these were officially met as far as was consistent with the space at command. The general course adopted by the bodies appealed to was to form committees responsible for the proper distribution of the tickets intrusted to them, and upon the discretion of these committees, as regards the disposal of the allotted number of seats, no re- strictions whatever were imposed. Provincial mayors, civic functionaries, officers and men of the Militia, the Yeomanry, and the Volunteers, learned professors, doctors, lord lieutenants, sheriffs — everybody privileged to wear robe, gown, hood, scarf, or uniform contributed as ho could to the enlivenment of the scene. But it would be difficult to over-estimate how much in this great kaleido- scopic spectacle was due to the ladies. Everywhere the pink, the mauve, the saffron, the blue, or the purple of spring fashions met the eye and filled the dimmest recesses of the Abbey with a radiant splendour, the possible garishness of which was toned down by the cloistral aspect of the cluster- ing pillars and fretted vaults of the glorious THU THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 143 edifice that stands as a masterpiece of early Eng- lish architecture. To the ladies more especially was due the brightness of the galleries overlooking the Royal dais from above the altar, and contain- ing the representatives of the English Church at home and abroad, and of the universities and other seats of learning, as well as the many distin- guished persons who owed their presence to the courtesy of the Dean of Westminster. Theology and learning are not usually picturesque, but for once the profusion of female costume in their midst, aided by the variegated tints that traversed the whole interior of the Abbey, lent them an appropriately festal and joyous aspect. The interest of the occasion centring in Her Majesty, it was naturally around the Royal dais or haul pas, situated directly under the lantern, that the principal participants in the thanksgiving cere- mony were grouped ; and during the three hours that elapsed, from the opening of the doors to the commencement of the service, the arrangements made for the accommodation of the various crowned heads or their representatives, the mem- bers and connexions of the English Royal Family, and the swarthy potentates of the East, come to do honour to the Queon, furnished the early visi- tors with an endless theme of speculation. For the sake of clearness, we may at once explain what these arrangements were. To the front of the Royal dais was to be seen the Coronation chair, covered with cloth of gold and incasing that old gray stone on jvhich the ^ Sovereigns t of England THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. ■144 from Edward the Confessor downwards, and before them a long line of Scottish Kings, have been crowned. It was here facing the altar that Her Majesty was to sit. Beside and behind her were the places appointed for her own immediate family and their connexions near or distant, from the Crown Prince of Germany to the Princess Irene of Hesse, and from the Prince of Wales to the Here- ditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen. On either side of the altar within the sacrarium were the ap- pointed places of the various crowned heads or their representatives from Europe, Asia, and even the distant Hawaiian Islands ; the southern tran- sept was set apart for the peers and peeresses, to the number of over 500, flanked by the members of the Diplomatic Body, the Royal Household, and a number of Her Majesty’s specially invited guests ; in the northern transept were located the members of the House of Commons and their wives or ladies, 600 or more ; while the choir as far as the organ screen was devoted to the younger Royal children, the ladies and gentlemen in attendance in the processions of the Queen and of the Royal guests, and the Indian Princes and their suites. Only the Royal dais remained untenanted till past noon, at which hour the service was timed to begin. Many members of Parliament and their friends were in attendance by 10 o’clock. It was not till 11, how- ever, that they began to settle into their places. At that hour the Speaker came down the centre gang- way, attended by chaplain, clerks, and serjeant, and preceded by the mace, which was laidona ledgre THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 145 in front of him. Mr. Courtney, Chairman of Committees, took his seat on the Speaker’s right, and Mr. W. H. Smith, leader of the House, on his left. On the front bench also were to be soon, beyond Mr. Courtney, Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Matthews, Mr.E. Stanhope, Mr. Goschon,Mr. A. Balfour, and Mr. Mundeila ; and beyond Mr. Smith Sir Henry Holland, Lord G. Hamilton, Mr. Ritchie, Mr. Childers, Sir William Harcourt, and Mr. Camp- bell-Bannerman, A vacant place botween Mr. Smith and Sir Henry Holland was filled subse- quently by Lord Hartington, who came in with characteristic lateness after 12 — an hour after the Speaker, and only just before the arrival of the Queen’s procession. He had, it was understood, waited to see the earlier part of the procession, and then come on. All the principal politicians were present except Mr. Bright, Mr. Chamberlain, and Lord Randolph Churchill. Mr. Morley was in the second row- on the right of the Speaker, and Lord 0. Beresford, Sir C. Russell, Sir E. Clarke, Sir Lyon Playfair, Mr. Raikes, Mr. Caine, Mr. Craig Sellar, Sir J. Gorst, and Sir J. Mowbray occupied prominent seats ; while fur- ther back it was easy to discover Sir E. Hamley, Lord Cranborne, and Mr. Sykes. To members’ wives and lady friends was appropri- ated the gallery of the north transept, which pre- sented the most beautiful or at least the most varie- gated and softly-tinted body of colour in the Abbey — a distinction due, no doubt, to its being filled ex- clusively with female costume in all the hues of '146 *HE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. the' rainbow. Almost simultaneously with the arrival of the Speaker appeared Lord and Lady Salisbury, the Lord Chancellor, Lords Lytton, Ashbourne, and Cadogan in the robes of their order ; other members of the Upper House fol- lowed soon after together with the Ambassadors and Foreign Ministers, and the various occupants of the southern transept and adjoining galleries. By 11 o’clock the whole upper portion of the Abbey began to rival in colour and animation the densely-packed nave, notwithstanding that it was upon the latter that the splendour of the morning chiefly fell. As the sun advanced upon his western course, and withdrew his rays from the space beneath the lantern, the choir, the transepts, and the sacrarium became wrapped in a comparative gloom, but a compensating radiance was supplied by the scarlet and ermine of the peers’ robes, the gold embroidery of the Windsor uniforms and the rich and many-hued costumes of the members of the Diplomatic Body and the Royal Household, together with the sheen of the reredos with its alabaster figures and the golden vessels of the communion table. The first official incident of the day was the ar- rival of the Corps of Beefeaters, without whose presence no Royal pageant is complete. Lining the nave along which the various processions w r ero to pass they added an agreeable element of noveltv to the scene, their quaint Elizabethan hats, garlanded with the red and white roses of Y ork and Lan- caster, and their brick-redjioublets and hose pre- THri THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 147 senting a refreshing contrast to their modern and more brilliant surroundings. Following imme- diately and quite unobserved came a small party of the junior members of the Royal Family — the Princess Feodore of Saxe-Meiningen, the Prince Albert and the Princess .Louise of Schleswig- Holstein, the Princess Alix of Hesse, and the Princesses Marie, Victoria, and Alexandra of Edin- burgh — who took their places in the choir. The same absence of ostentation marked the subsequent arrival and dispersion in the choir and sacrarium of the Princess Frederica, Baroness von Paw T ©l Rammingen, and the Baron von Pawel Rammin- gen, attended by the Hon. Evelyn Paget ; Prince Edward of Saxe-W eimar and the Princess Edward of Saxe- Weimar, the Prince of Leiningen and her Grand Ducal Highness the Princess of Leiningen, the Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and the Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, with the Countesses Feodora and Victoria Gleichen and Count Edward Gleichen. It was not until the Indian chiefs and their suites put in an appearance that the somewhat flagging attention of the public began to be aroused and to mark the near approach of the grand and stately ceremonial of the day. The swarthy visages of these Orientals, with their dusky, aesthetic hues of maroon and saffron, and their flashing diamonds were not more impressive than their stately and solemn gait, wdiich told of a familiarity with ceremonial of which not merely 148 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. our own Princes but even those of the brilliant Courts of Europe are unable to boast. Deputies of the Rajah of Kapurthala, the Maharajahs of Bhurtpore and Jodhpore, and the Nizam of Hyderabad were followed by the Thakur Sahib of Goudal, the Thakur Sahib of Limri, the Thakur Sahib of Morvi,tlie Maharajah ofKutch Behar,the Maharanee of Kutch Behar, the Rao of Kutch, and last but not least — for state processions are arranged inversely to their natural order of pre- cedence — the majestic Holkar, magnificently tur- baned and bejewelled. So far neither organ nor trumpet has emitted a note. The entrance of the persons named has taken place amid the most perfect silence, while others hardly less notable in their way have glided in unperceived, their appearance in the choir or the sacrarium being the first indication of their rank or importance. This is so, for example, with the Princess Victoria of Teck and tho Princes Adolphus, Francis, and Alexander of Teck, the Horeditary Prince Frederick of Anhalt, Prince Ernest of Saxe-Meiningen, the Duke of Teck, and her Royal Highness the Duchess of Teck. The dusky Queen of Hawaii, too, who has made the journey from her distant ocean home for the ex- press purpose of paying honour to her sister Queen, was recognized by few, despite her curious dress of heavy stuff, bespangled with gold, and her truly regal bearing. Alas ! the Queen of Hawaii, having had no previous relations of an official THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 149 character with the Court of St. James’s, has not been able to secure such precedence as would entitle her to musical recognition, and is among the earliest arrivals in the sacrarium, her immediate neighbours being his Highness Abu’n Nasr Mirza Hissam us Sultan oh of Persia, the Prince Devawongso Yaroprakar of Siam, and the Prince Komatsu of Japan. But at length the organ speaks, and to the measured beat of the stately “ Marche Pontifi- cal, ” played by Dr. Bridgo, the organist of the Abbey, enters a long procession of Her Majesty’s Royal 'guests and their attendants, comprising the Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, G.C.B.,the Prince Ludwig of Baden, the Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, G.C.B., the Princess Philip of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar,the Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar, the Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, G.C.B., the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, K.G., the Infante Don Antonio of Spain, the Infanta Donna Eulalia of Spain, the Due d’ Aosta, the Crown Prince of Sweden, the Crown Prince of Portugal ,the Crown Princess of Portugal, the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strolitz, K.G., the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the King of Saxony, K.G., the Queen of the Belgians, the King of the Belgians, K.G,, Prince George of f 150 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. Greece, the Crown Prince of Greece, the King of the Hellenes, K.G., and the King of Denmark, K.G. Their Imperial, Royal, Serene, and Grand Ducal Highnesses enter two by two and move up tho nave in somewhat straggling order. Resplendently uniformed, their passage through the choir to the sacrarium seems to light up that portion of the Abbey which, deprived of tho rays of the westering sun and tenanted for the most part by swarthy Orientals, has assumed a sombre aspect. This procession, dispersing itself in the sacrarium, fills up the only remaining blank in the scene with tho exception of the Royal dais itself, and adds a vivid patch of colour exactly where it is needed for the harmony of the picture. It is now getting late. The Royal guests have been tardy and the hour for the opening of the service is past. The organ has ceased ; a long and impressive silence ensues. The whole assemblage is on the tiptoe of expectation, for the next and last procession is the Queen’s. y At length, half an hour after the time appointed for the Queen’s arrival, there is a stir outside the western doorway of the Abbey, where the rays of the sun illumine the scarlet upholstery into a ruddy glow. The Gentlemen-at-Arms, in their uniform of scarlet and gold with white-plumed casques, fall into order ; then, a signal being given by the Lord Chamberlain, the corps of Royal trumpeters, stationed in the oman loft, sound a THE THANKSGIVING SEEVICE. 151 stirring fanfare — very appropriately, since the Hebrew word Jnbel, from which the name of this memorable anniversary is derived, signi- fies the sound of a trumpet — the organ peals forth the march from Handel’s Occasional Oratorio , and at the same moment the glittering head of the Queen’s procession enters the nave. First come the clergy — six minor canons, six canons residentiary, the Bishop of London, the Archbishop of York, the Dean of Westminster, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, in the order named, the Dean of Westminster, as the successor of the ancient Abbots, yielding precedence only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Bishop of London is robed as a peer; the Dean and the Archbishops wear the heavily-embroidered copes associated with the service of the Abbey. Following the clergy, come in quick succession the Heralds of Lancaster and Windsor, the Gentlemen Ushers, the Comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain’s Department, the Groom of the Robes, the Lord in Waiting, the Groom in Wait- ing, the Groom of the Stole to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, and the Yice-Chamberlain — a brilliant group. Outside is heard a long, deep, reverberating cheer, the volume of which fills the Abbey itself and announces more eloquently than the silver trumpets, the arrival of the Queen. Even while the vast expectant assemblage is being thrilled by the sound the immediate pre- cursors of Her Majesty enter the nave, the members of the Royal House, near or distant. 1 , 152 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. walking three and three in inverse order of prece- dence as follows His Highness the Hereditary Prince of Saxe- Meiningen His Royal High- ness the Prince Henry of Prussia, K.C.B. His Highness the Prince Christian Victor of Schles- wig-Holstein His Royal High- ness the Prince George of Wales, K.G. His Serene High- ness the Prince Louis of Batten- berg, K.C.B. His Royal High- ness the Here- ditary Grand Duke of Hesse His Imperial High- His Royal High- Plis Royal High- ness the Grand ness the Prince ness the Prince Duke Serge of Albert Victor of Williamof Prussia, Russia Wales K.G. His Royal Highness the The Marquis of Lome, K.T. Prince Henry of Batten- berg, K.G. His Royal Highness His Imperial and His Royal Highness the Prince Chris- Royal Highness the Grand Duke of tian of Schleswig- the Crown Prince Hesse, K.G. Holstein, K.G. of Germany, K.G. His Royal Highness His Royal Highness HisRoyal Highness the Duke of Con- the Prince of the Duke of Edin- naught and Strath- Wales, K.G. burgh, K.G. earn, K.G. There is a momentary lull in the clangour of the trumpets, and from all parts of the Abbey whence the western entrance can be seen every eye is strained to catch a glimpse of the Royal lady who is the centre of this brilliant pageant. Again the silver trumpets give tongue ; Garter appears, and then comes the Queen, escorted with much courtly obei- sance by the Lord Chamberlain and the Lord Steward. Robed in black as usual, Her Majesty vet makes concession to the joyous character of THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 153 the day so far as to wear a bonnet of white Spanish lace, in which sparkle diamonds, while her bosom is adorned with the Orders of the Garter and the Star of India. The stirring strains of Handel thundered from the organ give expres- sion to the sentiment of the people, which else- where would doubtless find vent in a deafening cheer of loyalty and enthusiasm, for these vener- able walls impose silence. But the entire assem- blage evinces its respect by rising to its feet as the Queen passes to the Itoyal dais and takes her seat in the historic chair of Scono, once a bone of contention between the English and the Scots, and now the accepted symbol of their union. It is a solemn as well as a joyous moment this passage of the Queen through the Abbey, for, as J eremy Taylor observes, it is strangely decreed that our Sovereigns should celebrate the most glorious events of their lives amid the dust of their ancestors — a terribly eloquent memento mori . So it is with bowed head and reverent mien that the Queen advances to take her part in a ceremony which she can never see again ; and there is probably no heart in the mighty throng that does not extend to her its silent sympathy. After the Queen comes a procession of Itoyal and Impe- rial Princesses, arranged in the natural order oi precedence as follows, the most exalted in rank being nearest Her Majesty’s person : — Her Imperial and Royal Her Royal Highness Highness the Crown the Princess of Princess of Germany Wales THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. 1 154 Her Royal Highness the Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein Her Royal Highness the Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn Her Royal Highness the Princess William of Prussia. Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise of Wales. Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise, Mar- chioness of Lome Her Royal and Imperial Highness the Duchess of Edinburgh Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany Her Royal Highness the Hereditary Princess of Saxe-Meiningen. Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Elizabeth of Russia. Her Royal Highness the Her Royal Highness the Princess Maud of Wales. Princess Victoria of Wales. Her Royal High- Her Royal High- Her Royal High- ness the Princess ness the Princess ness the Princess Sophie of Prussia. Victoria of Margaret of Prussia. Prussia. Her Grand Ducal Highness Her Grand Ducal Highness the Princess Irene of Hesse. the Princess Louise of Bat- tenberg. Her Royal Highness the His Royal Highness the Princess Victoria of Schles- Prince Alfred of Edin- wig-Holstein. burgh. Arrived at the Royal dais the groups of Princes and Princesses dispose themselves respectively to the right and left of the Que9n, facing the altar, and with this arrangement the picture is complete. A noble picture it is — one that has never been equalled in this country, and the like of which no eye that has rested upon it may THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 155 hope to see again. In the centre of the haut pas sits the Queen ; the members of her family are grouped beside and behind her in the following order, reckoning in each case from left to right . — To the right : — The The Prince Crown Prince The Grand of of Duke of Wales. Germany. Hesse. The Prince The Duke The Duke William of of of Prussia. Edinburgh. Connaught. The Grand The Prince The Prince The Prince Duke Serge Albert Henry George of Victor of of Russia. of Wales. Prussia. Wales. The Prince The The Christian Hereditary The Prince Hereditary of 1 Grand Duke Henry Prince of Schleswig- of of Saxe- Holstein. Hesse. Battenberg. Meiningen. The The Prince The Prince The Prince Marquis Louis of Alfred Christian of Lome. Battenberg. of Victor. Edinburgh. To the left : The Princess ; — The Crown Christian of The Princess Princess of Schleswig- of Wales. Germany. Holstein. The Princess The Princess The Duchess Beatrice, Louise, of Princess Henry Marchioness Edinburgh. of Battenberg. - of Lome. ; 156 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. The Princess William The Grand The Duchess The Duchess of Prussia Duchess of of Elizabeth Albany Connaught The The The The Princess Princess Princess Hereditary Louis Louise Victoria Princess of of of of Saxe- Battenberg Wales. Prussia Meiningen The The The The Princess Princess Princess Princess Irene Maud Sophie Victoria of of of of Hesse. Wales. Prussia. Wales. The The The Princess Princess Mistress Margaret Victoria of of of Schleswig- the Prussia. Holstein. Robes. In front, within the sacrarium, the Kings and Princes assembled in honour of the occasion are ranged on either side of the altar, namely : — To the right : — Prince George of Greece. The Infante Antonio de Orleans. The Princess Liliyewokalani The Duke d’Aosta. of Hawaii. The Crown Prince of Greece. The Grand Duchess of The Crown Prince of Portugal. Mecklenburg- Strelitz. The Crown Prince of Sweden. The Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 157 The Queen of The Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Hawaii. The King of Saxony. The Queen of the The King of the Belgians. Belgians. The King of the Hellenes The King of Denmark. To the left : — The Prince Abu’ n Nasr Mirza Hissam us Sultaneh of Fersia. The Prince Devawongse V aroprakar of Siam. The Prince Komatsu of Japan. The Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. The Prince Ludwig of Baden. The Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe- Weimar. The Prince Hermann of Saxe- Weimar. The Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklen- burg- Strditz. The Prince Ludwig of Bavaria. The Duke of Saxc-Coburg and Gotha. Around and above wherever the eyo turns, a rosplendont Ten Thousand, destined, it may be, to a record no less enduring in the world’s annals than that of the army of Xenophon ! It is a scene which a Hubons might despair to reproduce — grand, majestic, thrilling to tears, and in every sense a worthy memorial of the golden wedding of the Queen and the nation. The Princess Philip of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha. The Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg- Strelitz. The Infanta Eulalia of Spain. The Crown Princess of Portugal. 158 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE.* As soon as the Royal dais is filled the service ordered by the Queen in Council is begun, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Dean of West- minster, and the Bishop of London officiating. As a “ thanksgiving and prayer ” it is appropriately simple, with special music, partly selected by the Queen from the compositions of the late Prince Consort, partly composed and arranged for the occasion by Dr. Bridge, and rendered by a choir of 300 voices (recruited from all the Chapels Royal, St. PauPs, and other churches) and by the great organ of the Abbey, with the support of brass and drums. After a blessing upon the Queen has been asked in the shape of prayers and responses, the Te Deum laudcimus of the late Prince Consort is performed, and proves to be a fittingly impressive work, originally written for soli, chorus, and orchestra, but adapted to the organ and the brass without loss of effect. It is in the key of C, and is written in a solemn and at the same time devotional style, well suited to the character of the words. Short soli are interspersed with the chorus, but upon the latter the chief burden of the work lies. Three special prayers are subsequently pro- nounced by the Archbishop of Canterbury in the following terms : — Almighty God, we humbly offer unto Thy Divme Majesty our prayers and hearty thanksgivings for our gracious Sovereign lady, Queen Victoria, unto whom Thou has ac- complished full 50 years of sovereignty. We praise Thee that through Thy grace she hath kept the charge Thou gavest her in the day when Thou didst set the crown upon ^ her j THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 159 1 head, bidding her “ to do justice, stay the ~ growth of iniquity, and protect the Holy Church of God ; to help and defend widows and orphans ; to restore the things gone to decay ; maintain the things that are restored ; punish and reform what is amiss, and confirm what is in good order ; to keep the Royal law and lively oracles of God.” We bless Thee thatThou hast heard through sorrow and through joy our prayer that she should always possess the hearts of her people. And we humbly pray Thee thai for the years to come she may rejoice in Thy strength, and, at the resurrection of the just, enter into Thine im* mortal kingdom. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. Almighty God, who didst call Thy servant Victoria, oul Queen, as at this time to the throne of her ancestors in the governance of this realm ; we yield Thee humble thanks for the abundance of dominion wherewith Thon hast exalted and enlarged her Empire, and for the love of her in which Thou hast knit together in one the hearts of many nations. We praise Thee for the swift increase of knowledge with power for the spreading of truth and faith in her times and gifts above all that we could ask or think. And humbly we beseech Thee that, overmaster- ing both sinful passion and selfish interest, and being pro- tected from temptations and delivered from all evil, the unnumbered peoples of her heritage may serve Thee, bearing one another’s burdens and advancing continually in Thy perfect law of liberty, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. O Lord our God, who upholdest and governest all things in heaven and earth, receive our humble prayers with our hearty thanksgivings for our Sovereign lady Victoria, as on this day set over us by Thy grace and providence to be our Queen, and so together with her bless Albert Edward Prince of Wales, the Princess of Wales, and all the Royal Family, that they all, ever trusting in Thy goodness, pro- tected by Thy power, apd crowned with Thy grace and endless favour* may continue before Thee in health, peace. 160 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE: joy, and honour, and live long and happy lives upon earth, and after death may obtain everlasting life and glory in the Kingdom of Heaven, by the merits and medi- ation of Christ Jesus our Saviour, who with the Father and the Holy Ghost liveth and reigneth ever one God, world without end. Amen. Aftorwhicli is sung the people’s prayer “ Exaudiat To Dominus ” to the 5th Gregorian tone arranged by Dr. Bridge. The Dean roads the lesson, Pet. ii. 6-18, and then comes the anthem specially composed by Dr. Bridge for the jubilee, to the words u Blessed be the Lord thy God, which de- lighted in thee to sot thee on His throne, to be King for the Lord thy God.” This is in the key of E, and commences with a suave allegretto. The National Anthem plays a conspicu- ous part in the musical design. It enters towards the close of the first chorus, and again is heard in the final climax. Nothing, in short, could be better suited to the solemnity of the occasion. Two more prayers are offered in the following terms : — Blessed Lord, the Prince of the Kings of the earth, *\V ho callest Christian Princes to defend Thy faith, and maintain Thy spiritual Kingdom ; grant that no errors may disturb the peace of Thy Church, nor causeless divi- sions weaken it. Give unto our Queen all heavenly graces, for the service of Thy true religion and the hallowing of Thy name among all nations. And that these blessings may be continued to after ages let there never be one wanting in her House to receive the sceptre of our United Kingdom, that our posterity may see her children’s children, and peace upon the Israel of God,! Amen. THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 161 O God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, our only Saviour, the Prince of Peace ; give us grace seriously to lay to heart the great danger we are in by our unhappy divisions. Take away all hatred and prejudice, and whatsover else may hinder us from godly union and concord ; that as there is but one Body, and one Spirit, and one Hope of our calling, one Lord, one Faith, one Baptism, one God and Father of us all, so we may henceforth be all of one heart and of one soul, united in one Holy Bond of Truth and Peace, of Faith and Charity, and may with one mind and one mouth glorify Thee ; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. During the service the Queen is visibly affected, following the words carefully in the book handed to her by tho Lord Chamberlain, and the impress sive ceremonial cannot be without its effect upon tho most cynical. When the benediction comes, tho Queen, who has sat during the prayers, half rises, evidently with the intention of kneeling at the prie-dieu in front of her, but it is too far off ; she therefore drops back into tho Chair and rests her head upon her hands as tho final blessing is pronounced. This brings the prescribed cere-* monial to a close, but the family character of tho gathering around the Queen gives rise to a display of affection, loyalty, and devotion between the Sove- reign and the assembled Princes and Princesses of her own House, undreamt of in the LordChamber- lain’s philosophy. First the Prince of Wales Balutes Her Majesty on the hand and receives in return a kiss on the cheek. The Crown Prince and tho Grand Duke of Hesse pay their homage likewise, tho former kneeling! but retire without tho fi 362 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. gracious salute of the Royal lips. Then, carried away by the impulse of the moment, Her Majesty embraces all the Princes and Princesses of her family with manifost emotion, and to complete the tenderness and pathos of the scene calls back the Crown Prince and the Grand Duke of Hesse with a winning smile to con- fer upon them the privilege they had failed to re- ceive or to claim. Her Majesty then makes an obeisance to the foreign Royalties, which is re- turned by them, the organ strikes up Mendelssohn’s thrilling u March of the Priests ” in Athalie, and the brilliant throng fades away as it came, never to recover form or substance within the ex- perience of the existing generation. THE RETURN THROUGH WHITEHALL. The scene in Whitehall was but a repetition, varied in some particulars, of that in every other part of the route. Unstinting hands had lavished decorations on the houses. Venetian masts sur- mounted by crowns, festooned with evergreens and embellished with trophies and streamers, were to be seen on every hand. Bright crimson cloth to which the sunshine gave an additional splendour succeeded in partially concealing the fronts of the dingy houses. Flaunting colours, graceful draperies, and welcoming inscrip- tions bore witness everywhere to loyal rejoicings. No space was loft unused for the purpose of witnessing the processions. At almost every THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 163 point where it was possible to erect a temporary structure for the accommodation of spectators such a structure had been erected, and not an inch of the space so provided wa3 left unoccupied. A grand stand just opposite the Horse Guards was the largest of these erections in Whitehall, and one of the largest on the route. Over 3,000 seats were here provided and every one of them was tenanted. Enclosures capable of accommodating a consider- able number of spectators had been made in front of the Homo Office and some of the other Government Offices, and these, like all the other enclosures, were tilled to their utmost capacity. Large numbers of ladies took up positions on the roofs of the houses, where their picturesque costumes and sunshades contributed in no small degree to heighten the brilliancy of the general effect. The Chapel Royal and Gwydyr-house were both appropriately draped. Richmond- terrace was decorated with red cloth and festooned with laurel, and coloured hangings relieved the monotony of the buildings of several of the Govern- mental departments. Parliament-street was very tastefully decorated with the conventional flags and bunting, and the street, unlovely as it ordinarily is, looked very smart in its holiday attire. A pleasant contrast to all this gaiety and brilliancy of colour was afforded by the foliage of the tall trees in Whitehall-gardens and in the enclosure of Mon- tague-house (the residence of the Duke of Buc- cleuch). Whitehall was thronged with people from very early in the morning, and even so soon 6—2 m *he queen's jubilee.' as 5 o’clock it presented a busy and animated ap- pearance. From this time the scene was one of bustle and excitement, which increased as the morning wore on. Looked at from above the spec- tacle was a most remarkable one. The incessant stir of carriages and foot passengers, the marching of regiments of cavalry and infantry through the yard of the Horse Guards into the roadway of Whitehall, the brilliant uniforms and magnificent equipages of distinguished personages on their way to Westminster, the pealing of bells, and the in- spiriting strains of military bands conspired to create a scene of thrilling interest. In spite of the excessively crowded condition of the streets the work of keeping the roadway free for the passage of carriages was accomplished without the least apparent difficulty. Indeed the orderliness and good humour of those who thronged the foot- ways was a matter of general comment. Every one appeared to enter heartily into the spirit of the occasion, and in Whitehall the regulation of the crowd was conducted with an ease and readi- ness to which the people themselves, by their temper and obedience, very largely contributed. The roadway was lined on either side by guards of honour composed of the Hon. Artillery Company, the 3d Middlesex Artillery, and the bluejackets — the last of whom were loudly cheered as they marched past to take up their positions. At 10 o’clock the stream of carriages which up till then had been moving in the direction of the Abbey came to an end ; and from that time the THE THANKSGIVING SEEVICE. 165 Droad thoroughfare of Whitehall, yellow with the gravel which had been strewn across it, was kept clear until after the return of the processions from the Abbey. The band of the Life Guards took up its position in the centre of the roadway, just opposite the entrance to the Horse Guards, to- gether with a detachment of the same regiment. The golden uniforms of the band and the resplendent accoutrements of the Guards made a brave show as they glittered in the sunlight, and contrasted happily with the redcoats and bluejackets on either hand. During the long interval of wait- ing — an interval which lasted several hours — the spectators in Whitehall were beguiled with ex- cellent music by the various military bands stationed in the neighbourhood. The shrill notes of the bagpipes alternated with the strains of drums and trumpets playing familiar airs and marches, and the people testified with hearty applause to their appreciation of this method of whiling away what became after the lapse of some time a rather tedious interim. Shortly before 2 o’clock a general movement of expectation in- timated the approach of the procession. The guards of honour came to attention and shouldered arms ; the sound of cheering, at first low and in- distinct, grow louder by degrees and more pro- nounced ; the bands struck up the .National Anthem, and the 10th Hussars were seen in the distance. As the procession moved slowly on- wards the excitement increased in intensity. Enthusiastic and reiterated cheering greeted the 166 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. Queon and the Royal Family as they passed dowr the long lines of spectators. Every sign of wel- come, every evidence of loyalty, was lavished with a spontaneous and impressive heartiness which would be difficult to equal and impossible to sur- pass. The Queen’s carriage paused for a moment as it reached the grand stand, where Her Majesty met with a reception with which she seemed much gratified, and which she smilingly acknowledged by repeated inclinations, Similar greetings were accorded to Her Majesty throughout the whole of Whitehall. THE SCENE IN PALL-MALL. Pall-mall was not so profusely decorated as many other parts of the Royal route. Clubland is rather undemonstrative, and the clubs which line Pall-mall do not readily combine for any con- certed action. There were no triumphal arches, no Venetian masts, and no festoons across the road, as in Piccadilly and Waterloorplace. Flags were plentiful, however, and in some few cases, especially in the neighbourhood of the War Office, they were hung from lines stretched across the street. Of red draperies of every hue, from the military scarlet which appropriately decorated the War Office to the dull marone which was em- ployed in some few cases, there was an abundant display. So long as the streets were empty there was some lack of harmony in these various colours. But the characteristic decoration THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 167 of Pall-mall was that furnished by the visitors themselves, who thronged and clustered in every window* in every balcony, and in many a special gallery constructed along the street, and harmonized the crude reds of the original drapery with the manifold hues of ladies in bright array. The various clubs, if they did not combine, vied with each other in the hospitality which they offered to the lady friends of their members. Their galleries were gaily decked and protected by brightly-coloured awnings from the glare of the midsummer sun. There is apparently nothing which ladies enjoy more than to visit those t( temples of luxury and ease ** in v/hich men spend so much of their time. Accordingly com- mittees and officials of the Pall-mall clubs have had no sinecure for the last few days. They have had to withstand the clamour of two or three applicants for each seat at their disposal, to perform miracles of compression and accommodation, and after all to disappoint many applicants, and there- by to incur the suspicion of favouritism and partiality in the distribution of the seats allotted by them. When the whole thing was done, how- ever, and the ladies had taken their places, the effect was brilliant in the extreme. In most of the clubs the special galleries erected were reserved for ladies alone, so that the re- sulting bands of colour were undisturbed by that preponderance of black which in a mixed assembly so greatly mars the general effect. At the stand in front of the War Office, however, 168 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. gentlemen wore admitted, and the contrast be- tween this stand and those in front of the clubs was in consequence strongly marked. Two of the clubs — the Carlton and Junior Carlton — displayed exceptional taste in decoration by placing large clusters of dowers and shrubs in the cressets which at night are used for illumination. It is to be regretted that this pretty idea was not more generally adopted, for the sight of flowers and greenery was peculiarly refreshing in an atmosphere whose parching clouds of dust must have reminded the bronzed and medalled soldiers who lined the thoroughfare of the desert which apparently they had not long quitted. The clubs were early astir. Very soon after 7 o’clock the first lady visitors began to arrive, and perhaps they were wise thus to take time by the forelock. They thronged into the clubs and wandered through the spacious rooms, not unwill- ing to rest for a while before taking their seats in the outside galleries, where until the sun had gathered strength the easterly breeze was de- cidedly eager and nipping. Those who came early came easily, for until 9 o’clock the streets were passable both for carriages and pedestrians with comparative ease ; those who counted on reaching Pall-mall after that hour and had a long distance to come found themselves compelled to travel at a foot’s pace, and in many cases to quit their carriages and force their way through the crowd on foot. Waterloo-place very quickly be- came impassable, and its footways were thronged. THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 169 but Pall-mall itself from Waterloo-place to St. James ’s-streot remained comparatively empty until all the processions had passed on their way to Westminster. From the Reform Club east- wards to the AtheiUttum a sidelong view of the earlier procession was obtained, but the visitors to the clubs west of the .Reform had to wait for any real appreciation of the spectacle until the procession passed along Pall-mall on its return. However, the appearance of the street itself afforded ample entertainment and occupation to the sightseers. First came the long lines of vehicles with their gaily dressed occupants brilliant in the sunshine. Then when these had ceased the street was alive with military move- ment. Lastly the troops took their stations, the buildings became thronged from pavement to parapet, and those who had to wait longest were cheered by the strains of two bands, one stationed opposite the War Office, and the other at the foot of St, James’s-street, opposite St. James’s Palace. Before 11 o’clock all the visitors were in their places and the head of the first procession was beginning to appear at the angle of Waterloo- place. This excited much enthusiasm, and even more curiosity, for it consisted of the Indian Princes and their suites. A slight interruption occurred as one of the carriages passed into Pall- mall and neared the colonnade of the Opera- house. This was caused apparently by the horse of one of the Royal carriages getting its leg over 170 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. the trace. The procession was arrested for a few minutes and the occupants of the carriage were compelled to alight. The mishap was soon remedied, however, and the procession passed on. It was soon followed by the second procession, which seemed to cause much disappointment from the fact that all the carriages were closed. Asa consequence, few of the inmates were recognized. A long interval then occurred, but at last, a few minutes before 12, the appearance of the advance- guard and the growing volume of cheers swelling down Waterloo-place announced to the spectators in Pall-mall that the Royal procession itself was about to come into view. It came and passed in all its stately magnificence. Cheer followed upon cheer in a thrilling crescendo of sound as the body- guard of Princes passed on and the Royal carriage itself, drawn by its six cream-coloured horses and followed by its glittering escort, moved slowly and majestically into Pall-mall. All heads were un- covered and the spectators in all the balconies and galleries rose with tumultuous acclamation as the Sovereign passed by. This wa3 the end of the first part of the Royal pageant, so far as western Pall-mall was concerned. JN'o sooner had the rearguard of the Queen’s pro- cession passed than an extraordinary scene ensued. Up to this moment Pall-mall itself had remained comparatively empty. There was little to be seen of the procession from the level of the street, and the thronging multitudes had accordingly gathered in Waterloo-place. These THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 171 wore now released from the restraint which the police and military had maintained while the processions were passing, and began to pour in dense masses along Pall-mall. For a while there was apparent confusion, but long before the leading files of the returning procession appeared all was order again. W aterloo-place was by this time thronged from si do to side as far up as Charles-street, its slope affording spec- tators at least a chance of seeing over the heads of thoso who stood in front of them ; while behind the lines of soldiery in Pall-mall there was scarcely an inch of standing-room left. The spec- tators at the clubs which commanded both pro- cessions eagerly took advantage of the interval between the two to do justice to the good cheer which their entertainers had provided for them, As all had breakfasted betimes, midday was none toe early for lunch, and the cool breezes which through- out the day tempered the heat of the sun seemed, to judge from the appearance of the stands during the interval, to have provided every one with an excellent appetite. The resources of clubs are considerable, but they were heavily taxed yesterday. Every one wanted lunch at once, and every one wanted it in a hurry. On such occasions a little organization and a little patience work wonders, and long before the pro- cession reappeared the galleries and stands along Pall-mall were all refilled with visitors refreshed and eager for the real spectacle of the day. In some cases their ranks were reinforced by visitors 172 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. from the Abbey who managed to make their way across the Park in time to view the returning procession. It was past 2 o’clock before the calling of the troops to attention in Waterloo-place gave notice that the head of the procession was approaching. A squadron of Scots Greys had been drawn up in a semicircle between the Guards’ Memorial and the eastern corner of Pall-mall to keep the crowd back, and in front of these the Guards were placed. The pressure was great at this point, and once or twice there seemed to be some slight misunderstanding between the troopers and the people behind ; but the timely intervention of an officer re-established good relations in a moment. All w^as quiet as the procession slowly came into view. The Queen’s own procession now came first and now the spectators in Pall-mall could fully realize how truly magnificent it was. To describe it in detail is unnecessary, and would be almost impossible. No living Englishman has ever seen its like. Its mere spectacular magnificence was unrivalled ; its moral significance was absolutely unique. The stately splendour of an ancient monarchy ; the fifty years of a glorious reign ; the breadth and width of an unparalleled empire ; the love and loyalty of a whole people ; the multitudi- nous welcome of a vast city ; all that the country has of eminence, of worth, and of dignity — these, and much more than these, were represented in the procession which escorted the Queen through one of the stateliest streets of her capital under a eky as brilliant as even an English summer day THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. l73 has ever furnished forth. From first to last the pageant was worthy of an occasion unique in the history of the English nation and of a Sovereign enthroned in the affections of a generous people. From first to last it was a demonstration oi loyalty and love undisturbed by the slightest sign of discord and unmarred by any more serious mishap than such casualties as must always occur whenever large crowds are gathered together. To judge from the experience of Pall-mall, the whole jubilee ceremonial has passed off with a success and eclat surpassing all possible expectation, and has endowed all who witnessed it with memories of a great pageant that can never bo effaced, and with a conviction that can never fade of the love that knits together a great Sovereign and a great people. IN ST. JAMES’S-STREET. Probably owing to the fact that the Royal pro- cession was only to pass through St. James’s- street on the return journey the concourse of sightseers on the pavements and roadway of that thoroughfare was in the early part of the morning unexpectedly thin — in fact, the street presented more the appearance of a summer promenade than anything else. As there was plenty of room to move about many took the opportunity of in- specting the decorations which were universal throughout the street. At the bottom of the gently sloping gradient immediately opposite 17 4/ THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. St. James’s Palace stood two handsome white Corinthian columns with their capitals enriched with gold and groups of flags and coats of arms. Along the whole length of the street on either side masts, painted white and picked out with gold, were placed at intervals of about 20 or 30 yards, fes- toons of evergreens and artificial flowers being suspended between them. From the roofs of the houses also at regular intervals flagstaffs projected horizontally, from which banners of all devices floated in the breeze, the Royal Standard and the Union Jack predominating. The fronts of all the clubhouses, which include Boodle’s, "White’s, Brooks’s, Arthur’s, the Devonshire, the New Uni- versity, the Cocoa Tree, the Conservative, and the Thatched House, were effaced by stands erected for the accommodation of ladies, who for this day at all events reigned supreme where on ordinary days their presence is not tolerated ; and the brightness and freshness of their costumes did much to relieve the monotony of the red baize which, with a little yellow occasionally introduced, formed the chief adornment of these temporary structures. The drapery used in the decorations at the San- down Club was perhaps the most effective of all. The balconies were all hung with folds of blue cloth fringed with gold on a ground of crimson, and on the front facing St. James’s Palace was placed a bust of the Queen in an alcove hung with crimson velvet curtains, also fringed with gold. The premises of the Royal Fire and Life In- surance Company at the corner of Jermyn- THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE. 175 street were also effectively decorated, the first floor balcony bearing the inscription, “ Touched with human joy and love, hourly joys be still upon you and a little lower down on the same side the line from Lord Tennyson’s Jubilee Ode, “ Hail to the glorious year of Her Jubilee,” stood boldly out on the front of a house. In addition to the stands erected at the club- houses and on the shop fronts a large stand was constructed on the southern side of the street, which accommodated a great number of ladies and gentlemen, and every window in every house had its occupants, while hundreds betook themselves to the more airy and, at the same time, more smoky atmosphere of the housetops. The Cold- stream Guards were told off to keep this portion of the route, but it was not until the populace, having feasted their eyes on the pageant as it moved along Piccadilly, begun to pour into St. James’s-street to await its return that their duties became in any way arduous. On State occasions of this kind we are accustomed in England to see many nationalities represented, and therefore no one seemed surprised when Buffalo Bill, accompanied by a troupe of his Indians of the Wild West, passed, about 9 30, from Jermyn- stroet into Piccadilly, escorted by a small crowd of admirers. This and other incidents, such as the passage of a regiment of Dragoons and three squadrons of the 1st Life Guards down the street on their way to Westminster served to keep interest alive until the hour ap- i ft THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. proached for the first procession to pass through Piccadilly. Then, indeed, the crowd began to grow thicker, and in order to keep the carriage way in Piccadilly clear, a double cordon of men of the celebrated 10th Hussars was drawn across the upper end of the street. The uniforms of thi3 fine body of men, who looked very smart and were well mounted, added not a little to the picturesque- ness of the scene, the leopard skins over the scarlet shabracques of the officers, together with their unique trappings of cowry shells, being much ad- mired. The first procession passed the top of St. James’s-street at about 10 minutes to 11, and the enthusiasm of the crowd, which was very dense at this point, was raised to a high pitch at the sight of their Indian fellow subjects, and cheer after cheer arose as the carriages filed slowly by. The Royal Princesses, who followed in the next part of the procession, also received an ovation, and the mounted Princes, English and foreign, in their splendid uniforms called forth a genuine burst of enthu- siasm ; but it was not until the Queen’s carriage came in sight that the real heartiness of the cheer- ing became apparent. The procession having passed, the position of the Hussars was altered so as to keep back the crowd in Piccadilly and open the way from St. James’s-street. Then followed an interval of patient waiting during which the services of the ambulance corps were frequently called into requisition. Two men of the Royal Fusilier Militia Battalion had early in the day been THE THANKSGIVING SERVICE 177 carried off on stretchers, but now the applicants for* medical relief came fast — women fainting and women in hysterics were continually being brought in by the police, some being treated on the spot and some being carried off on stretchers ; and truly the flasks of the men must have been almost as unfailing as the widow’s cruse of oil or they could not have satisfied all the calls made upon them. At about 10 minutes past 2 the head of the pro- cession turned the lower corner of St. James’ s- street, and by this time the footways and the openings of all the streets loading into it were thronged with people. As the Royal carriage progressed slowly up the hill the plaudits of the populace rang out lustily again and again. In afew moments it was all over. The procession was by, the soldiers and police were withdrawn, and the street was one moving human mass. THE RETURN ALONG PICCADILLY. The concourse of people who waited in Picca- dilly to see Her Majesty return was nearly as large as the multitudinous crowd that acclaimed her in the morning. The interval while the service was being performed in the Abbey was taken advantage of by those who desired to inspect the decorations of the houses, and they sauntered to and fro criticizing and admir- ing. The streets were cleared unnecessarily soon, and more than three-quarters of an hour elapsed after the public had been confined to the pave- 178 THE QUEEN 7 S JUBILEE. ment before there were any indications that the pageant was returning. The only difference in the order of progress on the route from the Abbey to Buckingham Palace was that Her Majesty’s procession this time came first. Her reception in Piccadilly was as hearty as it had been earlier in the day, and she seemed less overcome, while not less pleased. The feature of the pageant that attracted most attention was again the procession of Boyal Princes, who acknowledged in military fashion the deafening cheers raised in their honour. Among the other ornamental accom- paniments of the pageant the spocial escort of Indian cavalry was second to none in interest* THE ILLUMINATIONS. FftOM THE GOLDEN GALLEBY OF ST. PAUL’S. (The Times, June 22 , 1887 .) Emerging from the winding, narrow stairways that pierce the thickness of the walls of the great Cathedral into the keen night air of the Golden Gallery, one’s first impression is that of an im- mense void stretching into limitless space. Soon the eye gets accustomed to the surrounding gloom and begins to notice objects far below. To say that London, even in its jubilee splendour, repre- sents a sea of light would be an exaggeration. The space covered by its streets and its suburbs extend- ing far away to the rural solitudes of Surrey and THE ILLUMINATIONS. 179 of Kent is too enormous for that, the mass of its buildings too towering. Rather does it resemble a scene of darkness, with streaks of phosphorescence such as the ripple of the waves throws up on a sul- try summer’s evening. Nevertheless, the bird’s- eye view from the height of IS fc. Paul’s, 290ft. above the level of the street, is by no means gloomy on such a night as this. Everything denotes that some festivity is going forward ; that the greatest city in the world delights to honour the Sovereign who has ruled over it and over the Empire of which it is the capital and centre for 50 years. Shouts and snatches of song, occasionally taking the definite form of the National Anthem or “Rule Britannia,” rise from below, the distance mellowing the harsh- ness of the northern voices of Saxons or Danes, or whatever we be. An Italian crowd might be more sweet- throated, a French crowd might be more vociferous, but in neither of them would the voice of the heart speak with a truer ring. This is what struck the favoured few who, by the courteous invitation of the Dean of St. Paul’s, had ascended to the Golden Gallery and placed themselves under the trusty guidance of Mr. Green, the Dean’s verger — an old gentleman who knows every stone of the Cathedral, and has from its summit seen the City and its surrounding country on more than one memorable occasion. “ The last time I saw anything like this,” remarks Mr. Green, “ was when I took Dickens up here to view the illuminations at the close of the Crimean War.” We then proceed on our tour 180 THE QUEEN r S JUBILEE. round tho outside of the Cathedral, taking in the chief buildings or, what in this case is the same, the chief centres of light on the way. By far the finest view is that to the south-west. Right below is Ludgate-hill and its continuation, Fleet-street, piercing the darkness like a luminous snake and running parallel with a curve of the river, on the smooth surface of which a steamer with its red and blue lights is now and then seen gliding along. De Keyser’s Hotel is conspicuous in tho foreground. Further down is a large flare of light which must be the river frontage of Somerset House. The new Medical Examination Hall on the Embankment, recently opened by Her Majesty, also is not behind in its loyal display. Still lower down, Charing-cross Station stands boldly forth, and the Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament closes up the view in this direction. Turning to the south-east the prospect widens. Here many beacon lights are seen on the more elevated points. A lurid glow in the sky shows that there must be a large bonfire on Blackheath. Rockets rise from the same neighbourhood at frequent intervals ; others are seen from the direction of the Crystal Palace. Many of these and others still further distant are signal rockets, and their loud detonation for a moment silences tho unceasing din from the streets below. It is by their means and by that of tho glaring beacon lights that tho loyalty of London radiates into tho surrounding counties down to the shores of the sea. Proceeding still a little further to the left* THE ILLUMINATIONS. 181 the Gity proper opens to the view. Here also the chief thoroughfares, Cannon-street and Cheapside, are brilliantly illuminated, but outside their imme- diate surroundings there are large areas of darkness, although the large railway stations present a brilliant appearance and the General Post Office, or at least the Telegraph Department, dis- ports a far-shining “V.R.” An almost magic effect in this neighbourhood is produced by the steeple of St. Magnus, lit up by the electric light of some building opposite and rising into mid-air with startling brilliancy. Here is a subject for a painter of night scenes. Turner would have posi- tively delighted in it. For Mr. Whistler the out- line would be too graphically defined. Ho would profor the silvery dimness of the river with the reflex of the lights from the bridges. Very con- spicuous in the same direction is also a large patch of brightness produced apparently by a lavish display of coloured lamps. Opinions are divided as to whether this is Finsbury-square or the Artillery grounds in that neighbourhood. Altogether the identification of buildings and of localities baffles at times even the experienced eye of Mr. Green, and the various references in the above are given subject to correction. To- wards the north the atmosphere is clearer than in any other direction, and the sky shows the sub- dued splendour of the shortest night of the year. Nevertheless it is distinctly perceptible that the dwellers On the northern heights of London are conscious of the advantages of their situation and 182 *HE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. mean to make the most of their opportunity. Primrose Hill, or what is conjectured to be such, displays a huge beacon, and to judge by the glow in the sky, the bonfires on Highgate- hill and on Hampstead Heath must be of enormous dimensions. They flicker and rise and fall as fresh material is off and on added to the flame, and the mind’s eye can picture to itself crowds of merrymakers basking in the harmless conflagration and enjoy- ing its warmth, by no means unwelcome in the keen north-easterly breeze which blows and rises to the strength almost of a moderate gale in the Golden Gallery. Lovers of the picturesque will be glad to hear that the latest inventions of modern science, as viewed from the top of St. Paul’s, go, comparatively speaking, for little in the general picture. The electric light is seen in very few places, and the limelight flashing at in- tervals from the roof of what may be either the Savoy or the Avenue Theatre is distinctly of the nature of a stage effect, and therefore leaves little impression on the mind. Gas, which is a large component of the illuminating power employed, has almost attained to the dignity of history ; but infinitely more effective than all others are those primitive illuminants which our ancestors of a hundred or even of three hundred years ago might have used, beacons and bonfires on the heights, and coloured oil lamps picking out the chief fea- tures of the architecture. Of the latter effect, the true principle of illumination, there were, by the THE ILLUMINATIONS, *83 way, far too few specimens, and in this respect we might have taken an example from the recent festivities at Florence and from the famous illu- mination of St. Peter’s in Rome. But for detailed criticism of this kind the Golden Gallery of St. Paul’s is scarcely the place. The small group of spectators assembled there were, indeed, not in the mood for any criticism at all. The few words that were spoken were uttered in a hushed voice, so great was the feeling of almost religious awe produced by the scene below, and by the thoughts and associations which that scene naturally called forth. One involuntarily recollected a similar feeling expressed in one of Wordsworth’s finest sonnets and also inspired by the vastness of London, although seen under a very different aspect : — “ Dull would he be of soul who could pass by “ A sight so touching in its majesty ; “ This city now doth like a garment wear “ The beauty of the night.” THE CITY. When darkness set in last night the vast crowds of spectators who thronged the principal streets from the close of the procession until early this morning had no occasion to feel disap- pointment at the meagre display or monotony of design which characterized the illuminations. Everything and everj’body seemed to be in a thorough state of preparedness, and the brilliancy of the lighted streets, the wealth and variety of 184 THE QUEEN 7 S JUBILEE. colour, the vast concourse of admiring sightseers, the good humour and orderly behaviour of the surging crowd made an appropriate complement to the magnificence of the earlier pageant. Soon after the Royal procession passed on its return journey the people began to crowd the thoroughfares in Piccadilly, Pall-mall, and Sfc. James’s-street in order to obtain a bird’s-eye view of the character of the external designs which were to be lighted up for their enjoyment when dark- ness approached. The vehicular traffic was also resumed to some considerable extent during the few remaining hours. At 8 o’clock, however, the crowd became so dense and locomotion on foot so difficult that the police stoppedall omnibus and cab traffic in those thoroughfares. The result was appreciable. The crowd flowed eastward and westward in two close parallel streams without any hindrance ; and spectators . who cared to examine with a critical eye and in some detail either the decorations or the designs which were to be illuminated a short time afterwards could do so with comparative quietude of mind and without fear of being- violently run down by omnibus or cab. Happily the night proved as fine in regard to weather as the day had been brilliant, thus enabling the many thousands of people who ventured out to see the illuminations to enjoy themselves in comparative comfort. For magnificence of display the City, as a whole, undoubtedly eclipsed the West-end, and nowhere, indeed, in clubland was the effort THE ILLUMINATIONS. 185 made to compete with the truly gorgeous exhibi- tion presented within the area embracing the Mansion-house, the Bank of England, the Royal Exchange, and the immediately adjoining “ money- land. ” It would be quite impossible to record within any reasonable limit the minor illumina- tions and the displays in the various by-streets within the City boundary. It must therefore suffice to state that there were few thoroughfares where some loyal effort was not made, principally in the form of the ubiquitous “V.R.,” orthe scarcely loss general star or crown, formed by diminutive oil lamps. In Fleet-street the illuminations at the various newspaper establishments attracted most atten- tion. In every window" at the Daily News office there w"as an arc lamp, surrounded by incandes- cent lights, effectively lighting up the floral and other decorations of the premises. At the Daily Telegraph office there were lines of variegated gas lamps over the entire front, with stars, the letters “ V.R.,” and a scroll bearing the motto tc Long live our Queen, ” surmounted by a crown. The display, which was all in crystal, was very brilliant and tastefully arranged. The office of the Daily Chronicle was also effectively illuminated in crystal. In the centre of the building was a St. George’ s star ; and on the two sides of the office there were medallions, with the letters “ V.R .” on either side. Handsome crystal ovals were used for the illuminations at the offices of Funch and the Momma Advertiser ; and at the premises of the 186 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. Sporting Life was a display in wreaths of laurel formed of illumination lamps with “ V. R.,” sur- mounted by a crown, and the dates 1837-1887 below. In Bride-street the Standard office was illuminated with a star, having on either side the letters “ V. R.,” all in crystal. On Ludgate- hill there was nothing worth special notice. The premises of Messrs. Hitchcock and Williams in St. Paul's Churchyard were gaily decorated, and illuminated with two stars and a crown in gas-jets. On the south side of the cathedral long outlines of gas-jets stretched across the premises of Messrs. David Evans, S. Northcote and Co., and F. Cook, Son, and Co., all adjoining. A small crown was exhibited at Messrs. Pawson’s. Plain gas devices illumined many of the buildings in Cheapside, where a pretty effect was produced at Queen Anne's restaurant, which was lighted up with coloured incandescent electric lamps. The Atlas Insurance Company displayed a crystal concave medallion, surmounted by a crown, and supported on either side by the letters u V.R." in crystal; and the Hew York Assurance Company's premises had a crystal illumination with a portrait of the Queen. At Mercers’-hall, in Ironmonger-lane, were displayed an eight-pointed star and the letters “ Y.R." in coloured illumination lamps. The offices of the Gresham Life Assurance Com- pany were effectively illuminated with stars, a crown, and the“V.R.,"and three lines of variegated oil lamps, to the number of some hundreds. The superb displays — all of which were carried THE ILLUMINATIONS. 187 out by Messrs. Defries — at the Mansion-House, the Bank of England, and the Royal Exchange, attracted dense crowds. The official resi- dence of the Lord Mayor was illuminated in the following manner : — The pillars were entwined with hundreds of coloured gas-lamps, surmounted with garlands of lamps in green with ornaments in ruby. Fronting the columns was a crystal medallion having the Royal arms in the centre, surrounded by the motto, “ Long live our Queen,” and with an Imperial crown above. This was encircled with wreaths of laurel leaves in natural colours, and on either side were the letters “ V.R.” in blue. Surmounting each of the three centre lamp-posts was a Royal crown, the two outside lamps being surmounted with crystal shields bearing the dates 1837 and 1887. The motto 66 God guard your Throne ” was below the pediment, and the line of building above was outlined with richly coloured gas-lamps. The Royal Exchange was illuminated with some 25,000 oil lamps in various colours, and nearly four hours were occupied in getting them all lighted. On the front of the building was a huge oval, with wreaths of laurel surmounted by a Royal crown. On either side were two shields, with the arms of the City in the centre. The eight massive columns were snaked with golden lamps, with garlands oi green lamps, tied with bows of blue above. At the back of the building there was an outlining of lamps, with a medallion containing a portrait of the Queen, surmounted 188 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. by a Royal crown and surrounded by wreaths of laurels in tmtod greens, and the letters “V. R. ,; on either side. On thoThreadneedle-street and Cornhill sides of the edifice the pillars are outlined with amber-coloured lamps, with a scroll device in the centre composed of variegated lamps representing roses, fleurs-de-lis, and baskets of flowers, supported by u V. R.” Festoons of lamps were above this. The Bank of England lookod gorgeous, no fewer than 10,000 gas lights being employed in its illumination. The building was outlined in variegated lamps, ruby lights sur- rounding the windows, and above the structure wore festoons of white lamps with ruby knots, sur- mounted by 12 large stars. In the centre, over- looking the Royal Exchange, was an elegant crystal medallion, with the motto “Long live our gracious Queen,” surmounted by a Royal crown in jewels, the device being in the centre of a laurel branch in natural colours. On each side of the medallion wore the letters “ V. R.” and a Brunswick star in crystal. On the east and west wings of the build- ing were the dates 1887 and 1837, each in the centre of a largo crystal medallion with laurel. The Princes-stroot and Bartholomew- lane ends of the Bank wore festooned with variegated lamps. In Princes-street the premises of the Union Bank of London, the Metropolitan Life Assurance Company, the Joint Stock Bank, and the UnionBank of Australia were all brilliantly illuminated with crystal devices. The display at Grocor’s-hall was very pretty. In the centre was a scroll device THE ILLUMINATIONS. 189 showing flowers and ornaments surmounted by a crown, having as a pendant a medallion with the letters u V.R.” On the right of this was a shield with a crown above, with the Royal quartering in the centre, and encircled with laurel leaves ; and on the left a similar shield, but with a portrait of the Queen in the centre. An eight-pointed star was at either end of the building. The premises of the Northern Assurance Company at the corner of Moorgate-stroet and Lothbury woro brilliantly lighted up by a radiant crystal shield with the Scottish arms in the centre in stained glass, sur- mounted by a Royal crown, and surrounded with crystal laurels . On either side were the letters “ V . R . 1 9 in crystal, and on both sides of the building wore laurels in natural colours encircling the letters N.A.C.” Gas lamps in variegated colours out- lined the facia and summit of the building. In Moorgato-streot tho offices of the London and River Plate Bank and of tho Bank of Rio Janeiro were illuminated. In Lothbury, St. Margaret’s Church had a lining of gas jets, as had also the Bank of Scotland, a thistle in gas surmounting the door. A gas star was the only illumination at tho Imperial Bank. At the London and Westminster Bank tho facia was outlined with ruby and other coloured illumination lamps. In tho centre of tho building were a costal medallion with the Royal arms surrounded with tho motto, u God save the Queen,” and arabosquo ornaments, surmounted by a Royal crown and encircled with wroaths of laurel leaves formed with tinted green illumination 190 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. lamps. The letters “ V.R. ” and the dates 1837 and 1887 were on either side. The Alliance Assur- ance Company’s offices and those of the Alliance Bank in Bartholomew-lane were plainly illumin- ated. Drapers’-hall, in Throgmorton-street, was lighted with 120 incandescent glow lamps of 20 candle power, the letters “ V.R. I. ” forming the inscription. At the warehouse of Messrs. F. Hutb and Co., in Tokenhouse-yard, the outline of the building and portico were followed by rows of in- candescent lamps, while on each side of the door- way were the letters “ V.R. ” in coloured lights. The buildings of the Stock Exchange in Throg- morton-street and Broad-street were well lighted up, a tracing of gas being used in the former thoroughfare and the electric light, both arc and incandescent, in Broad-street. Threadneedle-street generally was brilliantly lighted up, the display of the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company by Messrs. De- fries being certainly one of the finest and most elaborate gas illuminations in the City. Below the facia were festoons and tassels in green lamps with ruby ornaments, the facia also being out- lined with lamps. Above this was a handsome crystal medallion, in the centre of which was a portrait of Her Majesty in stained glass, on the surroundings being the motto “ Long live our Gracious Queen,” with the Royal arms at the sides, the whole surmounted by a handsome Imperial crown and encircled by a laurel wreath in tinted green crystals united ^>y a knot in blue. THE ILLUMINATIONS. 191 On either side of this medallion were two elaborate scrolls in coloured gas lamps, representing gar- lands of fleur-de-lis and roses, each scroll having as pendants two choice medallions in crystals, sur- mounted by plumes, with the portraits of the Prince and Princess of Wales in the centre in stained glass. Above this was a grand crystal star with St. George’s Cross and Garter, with the motto “ Honi soit qui mal y pense.” On either side were the letters u V.B.” in crystal, connected by garlands of coloured lamps. The windows were outlined with variegated lamps and surmounted by a scroll device, consisting of a profusion of lamps presenting the appearance of garlands of roses supported at either end by baskets of flowers, with a crystal medallion in the centre bearing the arms of the Company. The Sun Insurance Ofl^ces were well lighted up with an extensive tracing of gas jets and a star. At the Bank of Australasia was displayed a choice crystal medallion. Qn either side weie the letters “ V.R.” in crystal. The Merchant Taylors’ Hall looked very gay both with decorative and illumina- tion displays. The City Bank, the Consolidated Bank, the National Bank of India, the Capital and Counties Bank, the Baltic and the Oriental Bank, in the same thoroughfare, were all effectively illuminated. In Bishopsgate-street St. Botolph’s Church presented a very pretty appearance. The windows were outlined and the whole structure was adorned with many coloured lamDS. The grounds were 192 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. decorated and illuminated with variegated oil lamps and strings of Japanese lanterns. At half past 9 the clergy and the choir assembled out- side the building, and the National Anthem, printed copies of which wore distributed, was enthusiastically sung. At Messrs. Hill and Son’s a crystal medallion was displayed. Messrs. Whit- more and Craddock’s promises were illuminated with candles in sconces fixed to the windows, ornamental shades being used to hoigliton the effect. A shell-shape crystal device, with the motto “ God save the Queen,” supported by the letters “ V. It.” in crystal, was used for illumi- nating the National Provincial Bank. The pre- mises of the Royal Bank of Scotland, the Com- mercial Bank of Scotland, Messrs. Pinkney and Sons, and Messrs. Baring wore brilliantly lighted. In Cornhill the chief display was that by the Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Com- pany, a handsome crystal medallion, with the royal quartering in the centre, and surmounted by a crown on oitlier side. There wore also crowns in various coloured lamps and St. George’s stars in crystal. The word “ Victoria ” in ruby- coloured lamps was on the summit of the build- ing. A beautiful oval in crystal, with the royal arms in the centre, surrounded by the motto “ God Save the Queen,” lighted up the premises of the National Discount Company. The Union and the London and Lancashire Insurance Offices were effectively illuminated with crystal stars and variegated coloured lamps i and there THE ILLUMINATIONS. 193 wore displays less brilliant at the establishments of Messrs. Silver, Savory, and the Railway Passengers’ Assurance Company. The most effect- ive display in Leadenhall-streot.'was that of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Com- pany — the letters “V.R.,” with crystal device in the centre, containing the motto “ God protect oui Queen,” a ship on either side, each vessel sur- mounted with the dates 1837 and 1887. There were also displays by the London and St. Katha- rine Dock Company and at the Ship and Turtle. Fenchurch-stroet contained no display worth notice, but crossing Gracechurch-street — in which Messrs. Capper and the Queen Insurance Companj had illuminated their promises with crystal devices — and entering Lombard-street there was i very brilliant display. Messrs. Barclay’s esta- blishment was lighted up with incandescent electric lamps, but generally gas was the prevailing light. The combined illuminations— with crystal devices predominating — of Messrs. Glyn, Lloyds, Robarts, Lubbock, and Co., the London and County Bank, the Pelican, the Phoenix, and the Royal Insurance Companies, produced a dazzling effect, which was added toby the displays of Messrs. Smith, Payne, and Smiths and of Messrs. Matheson and Co. In King William-street the whole of the premises of the National Lifo Assurance Com- pany were outlined with oil lamps. The Life Association of Scotland displayed a medallion, crown, and the inevitable “V. R. ” all in crystal. The premises of the London Life and of the Lon- 7 194 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. don and Lancashire FireCompanies displayed crowns and lines of gas jets. In Old and New Broad- streets there were decidedly good displays. That of the Stock Exchange has been mentioned. The Eastern Telegraph Company, the National Bank, the Chartered Mercantile Bank, the City of Lon- don Club, the Bank of New South Wales, the Telegraph Construction Company, the Church of St. Peter-le-Poer, Winchester-house, and the Marine Insurance Company’s offices were all illuminated. At Winchester-house 10 arc lamps of 2,000-candle power each depended from the summit of the building ; the display of the Eastern Telegraph Company was by means of in- candescent lamps, and the church was outlined with oil lamps, the other illuminations referred to being in gas. The exhibition of the Marine In- surance Company was very interesting, the star in the centre being flanked by two ships, one illus- trating Messrs. Green’s East Indiaman Seringapa- tam, afloat in 1837, and the other the style of vessel which is built nowadays, and which was de- picted by the P. and O. Company’s Victoria. The North London Railway Station was grandly illu- minated, lamps of various colours outlining the structure. In the centre of the building was a crystal shield, having a transparency of a locomotive in the centre, surmounted by a Royal crown, and surrounded by laurel leaves formed of illu- mination lamps in natural colours, with the letters “ V.R.” and stars on either side. The adjoining station and hotel of the Great Eastern THE ILLUMINATIONS. 195 Company wore most gaily decorated and illu- minated. Cannon-street contained no very brilliant display, but at the railway station, at the offices of the Kent and General Assurance Companies, of the Merchant Banking Company, and of Messrs* J. J. Colman, and at Cordwainers’-hall there were small illuminations. In Queen Victor ia-street noticeable displays were made by Maclure and Company, by the British and Foreign Bible Society (where small variegated oil lamps were used wdth pretty effect), and the Thames Plate Glass Works Company (the windows insido being lighted with the different coloured lamps sold by the company). The display at The Times Office appeared to be much admired. The whole of the central portion of the building was brilliantly outlined with illumination gas lamps, the principal colours of which w r ere blue, amber, ruby, and green, artistically arranged. For each of the 15 windows outlined — there being five on each floor — 50 lamps were used, and the large Royal crown in the centre was composed of 80 lamps in profuse colours. About 1,000 lamps w r ere used for the display. Hew Bridge-street was fairly lighted up by the illuminations at the Hand in Hand and Rock As- surance offices and at the Bridewell, A superb dis- play in various crystal devices was made at De Keyser’s Hotel at the corner of the Embankment. In Holbornthe offices of the Prudential Assurance Com- pany were lighted up by about 150 incandescent lamps 7-2 196 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. surmounted by a powerful arc lamp ; and on the other side of the thoroughfare Messrs. Wallis and Company’s vast building was effectively illumi- nated. Holborn Viaduct was altogether devoid of illuminations, and the same remark applies to Farringdon-street. In Newgate-street there was simply a star at the shops of Mr. Phillips and Mr. Wentworth. In Aldersgate-street there was no noticeable display, and at St. Martin ? s-le-Gr and the General Post Office was in sullen gloom. The various City clubs were illuminated. AT THE WEST-END. In Oxford-street, despite contrary anticipations, a beautiful spectacle of illuminations and decora- tions awaited the immense crowds which poured from all directions into that great central an d western thoroughfare. Until the end of last week little had been done by the Oxford-street trades- men to mark the occasion, but during Saturday and Monday a transformation was effected. In New Oxford-street, where perhaps more might have been done, the most notable sight was the new building erected for Messrs. Pears, where much time and trouble had evidently been expended upon ail illumination which throughout the evening attracted the attention of enormous masses of people. Under the quotation from Shakespeare, “ A pattern to all princes living with her and all that shall succeed/’ was a large portrait of Her Majesty, and the whole was brilliantly lit up by a large gas star and wreath, THE ILLUMINATIONS. 197 While from the top of the house numerous electric lamps showed to advantage a number of large flags hanging from the windows. Mudie’s had a large Star, and, nearly opposite the building of Messrs. Pears, the frontage of Mr. Henry Glave’s establish- ment was covered with large Chinese lanterns. The premises of the London and County Bank, at the corner of High-street and New Oxford-street, wore lit with a large gas star, and at the opposite corner the Horse Shoe bore in bold characters the motto “ God bless our Queen ; God bless us every one.” Standing at this corner and looking west- ward the scene was a remarkable one, for Oxford- street proper, as light almost as day, contained many hundreds of flags and other decorations stretched across its broad roadway, overhanging masses of struggling human creatures. The first building to strike the view was that of Messrs. Parkins and Gotto, which was decorated with ex- tremely pretty festoons of different coloured papers, while, close by, the building of Messrs. Collinson and Lock was beautifully illuminated and decorated. Upon the white building wreaths of green leaves had been arranged, while every window was hung with red and gold curtains, and the wholo was lit with innumerable small white electric lamps. In the decoration of Messrs. Heath’s premises great taste had been dis- played. In the centre window was a snow white statue of the Queen on a pedestal surrounded by plants and ferns, while on two columns the letters “V.R.” were surrounded by lines of gas jets, 198 ' THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. with two very large stars on either side, Over the Princess’s Theatre America and England were repre- sented shaking hands , and between the American and British flags wore the words u One touch of nature makes the whole world kin.” The Pantheon was illuminated with largo Chinese lanterns, and Poland and Son’s building had a very handsome glass shield in the centre. The premises of Peter Robinson were lighted with electric lamps hung round the building, and a picture of the Queen was surrounded by devices representing every ' nation. Sykes, Josephine, and Co. had a pretty selection of variegated lamps, while Pouchey’s was decorated with flags and lamps, and St. George’s- hall, in Langham-place, and the residences in Cavendish-place and Mortimer-street were gaily illuminated in tli8 same manner ; but neither the Polytechnic nor the Marl borough Rooms made any particular effort to mark the occasion. In Oxford- street west of Oxf ord-cir cus more care and taste had been displayed than in any other part of the road. The premises of the Royal Orthopsedic Hospital and of the adjoining General Council of Medical Education were brightly illuminated, while on the large building of Messrs. Laurie and Marner a somewhat novel form of decoration had been adopted, long and narrow strips of prettily painted canvas being placed as shutters in all the windows and lit up with large gas set pieces. Messrs. Marshall and Snelgrove’s house had the front completely covered with gas ornaments, a large gas device — THE ILLUMINATIONS. 199 “ Jubilee, 1887, God bless our Queen ” — forming the centre-piece. A prettily illuminated building upon a small scale was that of Mr. John Bumpus, where there was a portrait of Her Majesty, illumi- nated with lamps, which also drew attention to the following inscription : — u Thy jubilee is marked by love and tenderness all thine own and given to thee by all — ( a sweet flower fully blown, the grace and grandeur of thy Throne/ Messrs. Gillow’s promises w T ere very handsomely decorated with flags and illuminated with gas, while the building of Messrs. Mortlock boro two inscrip- tions — “ Great Albion’s Queen for 50 glorious years ” and “ Wife, mother, friend, not Queen alone. ” Grosvenor-square might have been expected to do full justice to such an occasion as yesterday, and the crowds which surged into it from Park- lane. Oxford-street, and Bond-street until the early hours of this morning could not fail to be delighted with the splendid illuminations which had been in course of preparation for days past. Variegated lamps of every description, gas designs, illuminated pictures, flowers, flags, and brilliant glass ornaments were utilized in order to illuminate the houses. There was not a mansion which had not taken a share in the decorations, and the effect of the whole, with the green space in the centre, was brilliant in the extreme. On the eastern side of the square Earl Eitzwilliam’s residence wa3 illuminated with innumerable pink and white lamps suspended from iron bars by 200 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. small brass chains, while large designs in gas, taking the shape of va30S, star3, and crowns, surrounded the large letters u V.R.” On this side of the square the illuminations were chiefly com- posed of tasteful little lamps, and the balconies of the house occupied by Sir John Kelk wore covered with them. The Earl of Home’s house had a double row of blue lamps along the balconies, while a pretty gas star and small white lamps completed the illuminations here ; and the resi- dence of Sir W. CunlifFe Brooks was similarly decorated. Flags and lamps marked the houses of Colonel Howard Vincent, M.P., and ofthe Duchess of Marlborough; and at the house of Mr. Richardson- Gardner, M.P., on the southern side of the square, there was a large and handsome view, painted upon canvas, of Windsor Castle and the river Thames, surmounted by a portrait of the Queen. This was mounted upon a great box-like structure and illuminated from behind, and it attracted very great attention. The outside of the house of the Earl of Dartmouth had a large crown in the centre, and was illuminatedotherwise with Chinese lanterns surrounded by flags. At the Earl of Harrowby’s house there was a very pretty crown, surrounded by hanging strings of variegated lamps, and “ V.R.” in blue, the whole presenting a remarkably pretty picture. But one of the most brilliantly illuminated houses was that of Mr. E. L. Lawson, which had a crown and the letters “ V. R.” in the centre, innumerable lamps hanging from chains, and beautiful festoons of THE ILLUMINATIONS. 201 flags. Mr. C. H. Wilson, M.P., had his residence brightly lit up with variegated lamps and rows of lamps suspended from chains. Sir Charles Tennant followed this example, and had also a handsome shiold with “ V\R.” in the centre. An attractive spectacle was presented by the house of the Marquis of Lothian, which was illuminated with a handsome and peculiar design. A large star composed of small lamps lit up a large thistle, and exposed the motto “ Nemo me impuno lacessit.’* Lord Calthorpe had a pretty crown and a star uponhishouse, with the illuminated letters“V .R.,” and the same design was adoptod at the house of Mr. H.L.W. Lawson, M.P., in very brilliant colours, while the house was gaily decorated with flags. The other houses in the square were all very prettily illuminated and decorated, including those of the Danish Minister, Mr. R. Benyon, and Lady Margaret Charteris,as well as the Italian Embassy. In Park-lane one of the most beautifully decorated mansions wasthatof Lord Tweedmouth, though few of the residents failed to decorate and illuminate their houses in a very tasteful manner, Chinese lanterns and small lamps of different colours being chiefly resorted to. In Upper Brook-street, Upper and Lower Grosvenor streets, Mount-street, Curzon-street, and all the adjoining streets, the crowds inspected and cheered the illuminations and decorations. In Great Stanhope-street, Chesterfield-gardens, and Queen-street there were many houses bril- liantly illuminated which would -deserve, under 202 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. ordinary circumstances, more than cursory notice. InBerkeley-square, the residences of the Earl of Powis, Sir Theodore Brinckman, Mr. F. B. Mildmay, M.P., and Mr. Albert Brassey were particularly noticeable, while the residence of the Earl of Londesborough was magnificently illumi- nated. Perhaps one of the most brightly lit up and prettily decorated thoroughfares in the whole metropolis last night was Bond-street, and whether the sightseers entered this important street from Piccadilly or from Oxford-street, their eyes were met by a beautiful and harmonious display of light and colour which did full credit to the occasion which called it into existence. More taste and ingenuity were shown in this quarter of a mile of roadway than perhaps has ever been seen in it before upon any occasion of public rejoicing, and the addition of the illumi- nations and decorations to the garlands hung from Venetian masts, which had been fixed along each side of the street, formed a spectacle long to be remembered. At the Fine Art Society, which was effectively decorated with wreaths of real evergreens and flowers, were exhibited the mottoes “ Hail, Queen of Faith and Freedom, pure and wise,” and “ Towards thee this year thy children, turning, salute with love.” The illuminations outside Cadbury’s and Savory and Moore’s pre- mises were very handsome, and from the Grosvenor Gallery lines of electric lamps had been hung THE ILLUMINATIONS." ‘203 across the roadway. Electric lamps were also used to illuminate the premises of Messrs. Beale and Inman and other firms. Taking St. George's Hospital as the starting point and proceeding eastward along Piccadilly the spectator leaves the magnificent illuminated decorations on the houses of the First Lord of the Treasury, the Duke of Northumberland, Sir E. Guinness, and a few others on the right. Apsley-house immediately arrests attention. Here the display of artistic lighting, if not large in volume as compared with some others, is certainly interesting. Above the doorway “ God save the Queen ” arranged in gas-jets, with V.R.” sur- mounted by a crown and flanked by the date 1887, produces an effect which is certainly pleasing. The neighbouring houses belonging to Mr. H. A. Bass, M.P., Mr. W. B. and Lady M. Beaumont, and Baron F. de Rothschild have arrangements of stars and crowns, with, in one case, a variation in- troduced in the shape of well-arranged coloured lamps. A large crowd took up an almost perma- nent position opposite the beautifully-decorated house occupied by Sir A. Borthwick,M.P. In addi- tion to the usual window illuminations, a bust ol Her Majesty, surmounted by a floral crown, was shown to advantage in the darkness by an in- genious arrangement whereby the electric light from a lamp was cast upon the top of the bust, the whole being thrown into prominent relief. The people seemed to be very much charmed with the novelty of the design, judging from their by no THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. means scant expressions of admiration and the frequent cheers they raised for the hon. baronet. There was no more tastefully illuminated building in Piccadilly last night than the Bachelors’ Club, with its varied and well-conceived arrangement oi fairy-lamps. At the Junior Athenpeum Club there was also an admirable display of fairy-lamps fes- tooned across the windows, with a crown and fleur- de-lis designed by Faraday and Son. The Savile Club had an arrangement of coloured lamps, while outside the St. James’s Club a large star, flanked by the letters “ V.R.,” was seen to great advan- tage. The manner in which the Badminton Club was lighted called forth a good deal of commenda- tion. A large number of fairy-lamps were hung round the windows, while a few brilliantly tinted Chinese lanterns swung to and fro in the balcony. The Naval and Military Club showed a beautiful array of fairy-lamps, with the letters “ V.R.” surmounted by a crown and flanked right and left by “ 1887 , ” The Turf Club displayed a shield and crown with “ V.R.” interwoven ; while the Baroness Burdett-Coutts introduced an element of novelty by showing an exceedingly pretty ar- rangement of Chinese lanterns depending from the balcony, with a number of braziers containing flambeaux running round the edge of the roof. The most brilliantly lighted exterior in Picca- dilly was unquestionably Devonshire-house, At the western end of the wall in front of the house a star arrangement of gas jets is shown. Over the first gateway is an outlined shield with the date THE ILLUMINATIONS. 205 “ 1837 ” in the centre and surmounted by a crown. Then comes another star containing “ Honi soit qui mal y pense ” round th© border, [n the centre of the wall is a large inscription y u God save the Queen,” surmounted by “ V. R.” md crown with a scroll underneath. Over the eastern gateway is another outlined shield with “ 1887 ” and crown on the top, the coping of the wall being set off by a profuse display of gas jets. Lincoln and Bennett, St. James’s-hall, Prince’s hall, and a few other establishments showed in- teresting illuminated devices. In St. James’s-street there was really no note- worthy display with the exception of the revolving coloured light above the insurance office. White’s was conspicuous for its device of “ Victoria Regina 99 with the dates“ 1837 ’’and “1887,” while Brooks’s, Arthur’s, the Conservative Club, and the Sandown Park Club had each illuminations framed on familiar lines. Turning into Pall-mall, the first illumination which arrests attention is that on the western wal) and gateway of Marlborough House. Here, “ God save the Queen ” is displayed in large letters on the top of the wall, while above the front gateway “ V. R.” and the crown are outlined by means ol fairy lamps. The Athenseum was adorned with six classic braziers with flambeaux in balconies, a stringing of gas jets along north, south, and east fronts, and “Victoria Regina” indoublelineletten over the portico. The United Service Club had & large dovice representing the rose, shamrock, and 206 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. ' thistle, with the motto “ United Services ” over the portico, and 18 large braziers on the west and north sides. Messrs. Faraday and Son designed and executed these devices. There was but a meagre display of jubilee illuminations at the War Office, but the Carlton, the Army and Navy, the Junior Carlton, the Reform Club, the Travellers’, the National Conservative Club, and the Oxford and Cambridge Union Club all displayed illuminations worthy of their reputation and of the occa- sion. The Langham Hotel was illuminated with a colossal “ V.R., ” and from this point many per- sons viewed the different mansions in Portland- place, which presented a pleasing sight with their many devices of gas jets and fairy lamps. Soon after 8 o’clock had struck the illumination of Charing-cross and the principal thoroughfares in its neighbourhood began. The most striking feature of Charing-cross itself was the Grand Hotel, the whole front of which, from the Strand to Northumberland-avenue, was rendered brilliant with parallel lines of fairy lights arranged along the balconies of the windows of each story, while on both fagades of the building a huge “ V. It.’ 3 was designed in small electric lamps. In North- umberland-avenue the Hotel M^tropole, the Con- stitutional Club, and the National Liberal Club were conspicuous. In Whitehall the unrelieved gloom of many of the buildings was noticeable, all the Government offices being innocent of any at- tempt at illumination. Lord George Hamilton’s THE BONFIRES AND BEACONS. 207 residence adjoining the Admiralty, however, bore over the entrance the customary design of crown, “ V. R.,” and floral supports ; and several private houses at the Charing-cross end of the thoroughfare were very prettily decorated. In Whitehall, however, the most brilliant display appeared outside Richmond- terrace and at the Duke of Buccleuch’s residence. In Cockspur-street the Union Club was dis- tinguished by a large crystal shield with the Royal Arms in stained glass, encircled by a wreath of laurel leaves and flanked on either side with the letters “ V.R.” WTvterloo-place was a splendid sight. The United Service and the Athenasum clubs both displayed a number of great gas torches. The balconies of the windows of the Charing-cross Hotel were decorated with flags and crimson drapery, while more flags fluttered from the roof. At the approaches to the station were powerful electric lamps, and over the centre gateway was a large shield with the Royal Arni3 in colour. Coutts’s Bank, the Lyceum Theatre, and the offices of the Graphic and the Illustrated London News were the most effectively decorated buildings in the Strand. THE BONFIRES AND BEACONS. THE SIGNAL GIVEN FROM MALVERN. (The Times, June 22 , 1887 .) The well-known range of Malvern hills, which is said to form the backbone of the midland coun- ties, was a great centre of attraction yesterday, 208 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. not only to local residents and visitors, but to the military and ordnance authorities. Thousands of persons assembled to witness the prepara- tions for and the lighting, at 10 o'clock last night, of the central beacon fire, which, it had been announced, was to be the signal for the lighting of all tho other beacon fires on the highest points of ground all over the kingdom. The idea was started last January by the Worcestershire Jubilee Committee, and the then High Sheriff of Worces- tershire, Mr. Millward, took tho matter in hand and organized a scheme for a general lighting up of beacon fires on heights all over England on the Jubilee night. The idea was at once approved in other counties in England and Wales, and the result was that last night between 500 and 1,000 beacon fires were lighted in the 52 counties of England and Wales, besides bonfires set ablaze by private individuals in different parts of tho country, which may, perhaps, be calculated at as many more. It was arranged that Malvern should start tho lighting up at 10 o'clock, a flight of rockets at the time of lighting up the beacon fire on the crest of tho highest point of the Malvern range being the signal for lighting all the other beacon fires within tho range of sight, which in their turn spread the signal north, south, east, and west. The Malvern beacon stands about 1,400ft. above the level of the sea, a low elevation compared with Skiddaw, 3,000ft., or Scawfell, 3,166ft., which is the highest English mourn tain, or with Snowdon, 3,571ft., the tallest THE BONFIRES AND BEACONS. 209 of our Welsh mountains, which, with Cader Idris, 2,900ft., and Plinlimmon, 2,500ft., are in the list of beacon fires of last night. The beacon fire on the Malvern Hills, it was arranged, should be lighted on the top of the Worcestershire beacon, which is immediately above Groat Malvern, and for this purposo a committee, with Colonel Twyman at its head, had during the past week collected fuel, with no small amount of. labour, at the sum- mit, comprising old timber sleepers, anthracite coal, and other inflammable materials, with a pro* fuse supply of paraffin, making up a pyre 15ft. in height and about 100ft. in circumference. The building was in the form of a truncated cone. A trench was cut round the cone to prevent possible accidents from tho accidental ignition of the paraffin, and it is a curious fact that only four hours before tho bonfire was lighted flames burst out among the gorse at the foot of the hill immediately below tho cone, but whether the fire was caused by accident or design is unknown. At first its spreading up the hill caused some alarm, but it was happily extinguished beforo any great damage was done. The coremony of lighting the beacon fire was preceded, according to precedent, by a little allegorical prelude. At 9 o’clock a proces- sion was formed on the terrace at the eastern base of the hill, and a number of tho principal in- habitants, bearing torches, wound their devious way up the height to a plateau known as St. Ann's Well. Here they halted and the National Anthem was sung by thousands of voices, on which a vener- 210 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. able u hermit of the hill ” emerged from the hill fastness and inquired the cause of this disturbance of his repose, and after a reply by a youthful “ fairy of the spring ” the intruders proceeded on their way, the procession dividing at this point, one portion turning towards the north and ascending to the top of the North Hill, where the rockets were to be fired, and the other proceeding as direct as circumstances permitted up the W or- cestershire beacon to light the beacon fire. Here the party were augmented by many thousands of persons, who had gathered from all parts, and who assembled round the beacon pile. Directly the Abbey clock struck 10 the first flight of rockets was sent up from the North Hill, and simul- taneously Colonel Twyman applied a torch to the top of the heap of inflammable materials on the Worcestershire beacon, which was quickly ablaze. The night was clear and cloudless, but the atmosphere washeavy and there was a north-east wind blowing. All round the county, from every point of vantage, people were on the look-out, and in a very short time fires were visible from many sur- rounding eminences in Worcestershire, Gloucester- shire, and Herefordshire. Worcester Cathedral, which, with the surrounding city, is clearly visible from Malvern, was illuminated by a brilliant exhi- bition of electric lights, and the city itself, being pro- fusely illuminated, seemed enveloped in a blaze of fire. At 10 o’clock the signal rocket w r as fired, and almost immediately the beacon glowed forth and in two minutes presented a brilliant light, In the short RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 211 interval fires had broken out and rockets had been fired north and south, at Martley, Woodbury, Bredon Broadway, and Bredon Hills, while numerous other lights sprang up on other and more distant hills along the Severn Yale. The exact localities could not be clearly defined in the haziness of the atmosphere, but enough was seen in the half-hour devoted to the rocket signalling and beacon firing to warrant the decision that the result was highly satisfactory, regarded from an Ordnance point of view. RELIGIOUS SERVICES. PRO-CATHEDRAL, KENSINGTON. (The Times, June 22 , 1887 .) By the express desire of the Pope thanksgiving services took place in the Roman Catholic churches yesterday morning, the principal service being celebrated at the Pro-Cathedral, Kensington, by Monsignor Ruffo- Scilla, the Envoy-Extraordinary from the Vatican to Queen Victoria, in the presence of Cardinal Manning. The function was one of the most impressive and elaborate which has been performed in any Roman Catholic church in this country since the Reformation, and was attended by a large number of the leading Roman Catholic laity. As the ceremony at "Westminster Abbey was one of semi- state only, the Duke of Norfolk was not obliged to be present officially as Hereditary Earl Marshal, and his Grace accordingly accompanied the Papal Envoy, who is his guest, to the Pro-Cathedral. There were also present the Earl and Countess of Denbigh, Lord Emly, Lord Camoys, 212 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. Lord Fitzgerald, the Earl of Gainsborough, Lady O’Hagan, Lord Ralph Kerr, Lady Mary Howard, Lord Howard of Glossop, Lord Edmund Talbot, Don Antonio Gibbon, Mr. Hussey-Walsh, Mr. Alderman Stuart Knill, and Mr. G. Elliot Ranken. The Papal Envoy arrived at the entrance to the Pro- Cathedral in Kensington High-street punctually at 10 o’clock, where he was received by the Provost and Canons of the Westminster Chapter, Monsignor Moore, Admini- strator of the Pro-Cathedral, and a large number of the clergy. Monsignor Ruffo-Scilla was then vested in the Cappa Magna (a ceremony never before witnessed in a London street in modem times) and solemnly conducted to his throne on the Epistle side of the high altar. Cardinal Maiming then took his place at the corresponding throne on the Gospel side, and the ceremony of vesting the two dignitaries began. Under ordinary circumstances the public devotions of a Roman Catholic dignitary appear to the uninitiated somewhat complicated, and the ceremony of vesting which precedes the celebration of Pontifical High Mass is especially remarkable, as every part of it is regarded as symbolical and executed with great care and circumstance. It is therefore not remarkable that in yesterday’s ceremonial the vesting of a Cardinal Archbishop and an Archbishop, who is also a Papal Envoy Extraordi- nary, was even more than usually complicated. In point of fact almost half an hour had elapsed before the service of the Mass was begun. However, all difficulties as to precedence and the adjustment of the ceremonial were happily solved by the courtesy of the Cardinal, who waived every right to which his exalted dignity entitled him in favour of the Papal Envoy and requested him tc perform the ceremonies of , the Mass, not as a Bishop is re- quired to do when officiating in a strange diocese, but aa if for the nonce the diocese of Westminster were his own. One point only his Eminence would not yield to his illus- trious guest. When the Te Deum was to be sung after the RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 213 Mass in thanksgiving for the many blessings bestowed upon the nation during the 50 years of Her Majesty’s happy reign, Cardinal Manning insisted on acting as cele- brant himself. “ I cannot give up that,” he said, “ I am an Englishman and feel it and his voice had all its old clearness, and more than its ordinary strength as he sang the first verse alone, so that every word was audible throughout the great church. Though the service was made as short as the require- ments of the Roman Ritual permitted — so as to allow those present to reach Westminster in time to see the Royal pro- cession leave the Abbey — the musical portions of it were rendered with unusual solemnity and impressiveness. The Eyrie, Gloria in Excelsis , and Credo of Mozart’s Mass No. 2 wore sung with fine effect by a choir of 40 selected voices, under the direction of Mr. William Buels, the Rev. Father Cox presiding at the organ. At the offertory the Veni Creator Spiritus , set as a baritone solo by Mr. Santley, was finely sung by Mr. E. F. Buels, and the music of the Sanctus , Benedictus, and Agnus Dei was taken from Gounod’s Messe du SacrS Cceur . At the subsequent exposition of the Most Holy Sacrament and Benediction (given by Cardinal Manning) Bishop’s O Salutaris , Dr. Crookall’s Te Deum (founded on the Ratisbon chant), and Schubert’s Tantam Ergo were sung. During the service the scene in the church was exceed- ingly effective. The high altar was ablaze with about 200 lights, and the five side altars were profusely deco- rated with choice flowers and lighted candles. On tho altar rails (outside which the peers and other distinguished laity were seated) were six massive silver-gilt candle- sticks and a corresponding number of great vases of flowers. Within the sanctuary the prelates and their attendants were effectively grouped. The Papal Envoy was attended by Monsignor Tylee (chaplain to the Marquis of Ripon) and Monsignor Merry du Val (a nephew of Count di Torre Diaz) as deacons of honour ; and by Mon- 214 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. signor Moore as assistant priest, and two students from St. Thomas’s Seminary, Hammersmith, a3 deacons of the Mass. The Cardinal Archbishop was attended at his throne by the Provost and Canons of the Westminster Chapter. At faldstools near the entrance to the Sanctuary knelt the Bishop of Northampton (Monsignor Riddell), the Bishop of Nottingham (Monsignor Bagshawe), the Bishop of Portsmouth (Monsignor Virtue), and the titular Bishop of Amycla (Monsignor Weathers). Monsignor Patterson, titular Bishop of Emmaus, was prevented from being present as he was pontificating at a similar function at St. Mary’s Church, Cadogan-street, of which he is missionary rector. The service was directed by the Rev. E. Bans and the Rev. D. Corkery. At the close of the service a procession round the church took place, in which all the dignitaries present walked, The Envoy’s train and that of the Cardinal were borne by two little boys, Eelix Formon and Lord O’Hagan. The organ meanwhile played “ God save the Queen,” and certain of the most loyal members of the congregation accompanied it with their voices. Monsignor Ruffo-Scilla was then conducted by the Cardinal and clergy with dufl ceremony to the Duke of Norfolk’s carriage, and departed bestowing his blessing on the crowds which waited in the street. THE SYNAGOGUES. The Rev. Dr. Adler, the Venerable Chief Rabbi, has arranged a special service for use in all the synagogues of the British Empire. The principal service was held yesterday at the Great Synagogue, Duke-street, Aldgate, of which Lord Rothschild and Mr. A. Rosenfeld are wardens. The interior was decked with flowers, the ark, in which the scrolls of the law are kept, being the centre of the floral decorations. The worshippers com- prised representatives of all the metropolitan J ewish con- RELIGIOUS SERVICES. 215 gregafcions, The service was chanted by the Rev. M. Hast, assisted by a fine choir and orchestra under the direction of Mr. Henri de Solla. It is not usual to have instrumental music in this synagogue, but an exception was made on this occasion. A prelude and overture having been played, the Hundredth Psalm was sung, and the usual afternoon service read, which was followed by Psalm xxi. The Rev. Dr. Hermann Adler, Delegate Chief Rabbi, then delivered a sermon from the text, “ He withdraweth not His eyes from the righteous ; He is with kings upon the throne ; yea, He doth establish them for ever and they are exalted.” He said that he might speak to them of the marvellous growth and expansion of the Empire. He pre- ferred, however, to dwell upon the righteousness and Godly fear that had been the leading traits in the character of our beloved Sovereign. This love of righteousness was the spring of the unswerving loyalty with which the Queen had inspired her people, so that her people’s love was the brightest gem in the Imperial crown. There existed a small band of enthusiasts who claimed that the in-dwellers of this island were descended from the lost ten tribes of Israel. Never was theory broached that rested on a more slender foundation . England had, however, a moral kin- ship with Israel. The ark having been opened, the prayer specially written for the jubilee by the Chief Rabbi was said, as well as the usual prayer for the Royal Family. A very fine rendering of Psalm lxi. by A. M. Friedlander was effectively sung. The magnificent “ Hallelujah,” by the late Mr. Mombach, was greatly heightened in effect by the introduction of “ high-sounding cymbals,” “ the sound of the trumpet, ” &c. The service concluded with the singing of the National Anthem in Hebrew, in which the entire congregation joined* 216 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. THE QUEEN'S REIGN. (The Times, June 22, 1887.) “ The great event has taken place — a complete u and beautiful triumph — a glorious and touching H sight.” So wrote Queen Victoria herself six- and-thirty years ago, of the first great pageant oi her reign, when her life was still young and when its deeper sorrows were still unknown to her. Wo can find no better words to describe the unparalleled ceremonial of yesterday. It was a great event indeed ; no living Englishman has seen a greater. It was a complete and beautiful triumph both for the Queen herself and for her loyal and affectionate people ; it was a glorious and touching sight for all who had the good fortune to witness it. The whole history of the Queen’s long reign, the whole genius of the English people, were represented either in symbol or in substance in the solemn thanksgiving in Westminster Abbey, and in the long progress ol the Royal pageant through the thronging multitudes of London. The scone in the Abbey itsolf has never been surpassed either in material splendour or in moral significance. A coronation is the only public function which in external magnificence can properly bo compared with it. But in all other respects save that of external magnificence the two occasions are essentially different. A coronation is a State pageant, and nothing more. It may inspire hope, but it cannot record achievement. A jubilee,, on the other hand. THE QUEEN'S REIGN 217 of such a reign as that of the Queen, is a retrospect full to overflowing of personal sympathy and national thankfulness. It is the personal character of the relations which the Queen’s long reign has established between the nation and its Sovereign which made the great event of yesterday incomparable and unique. It is not alone because the nation has prospered and advanced under her rule that we all knelt in spirit beside her yesterday as she gave thanks to the Giver of all good gifts in Westminster Abbey. It is also because she has made us the sharers in her own personal joys and sorrows, and has shown us, as no other Sovereign ever did, that a Queen is but a woman who yearns for human sympathy, and can give it in return even more liberally than it is bestowed. For fifty years the Queen has associated herself with ail the sorrows and all the happiness of her people. That loving sympathy in which she has never failed was re- turned in full flow yesterday, not only in West- minster Abbey, whoro the Queen’s salutation of her children and kindred was the one touch of nature which mado the whole assembly kin, but through- out the long triumph of the Sovereign’s brilliant progress through the streets of her capital. The eventful scones of yesterday are described elsewhere in all their picturesque and multitu- dinous detail. Our purpose here is not so much to describe the occasion as to point its moral and to draw forth some few of its lessons. The theme is far too vast for anything like complete or ex- 218 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. haustlve treatment. We have already dwelt in copious detail on some of the main achievements, material, intellectual, social, and political, of Queen Victoria's long and glorious reign. There is no occasion to re-open this chapter to-day. The events of yesterday now engage all men's minds, and, for the moment at least, they eclipse those of the past fifty years. When we begin again to look further afield, it is to the future rather than to the past that we may profitably direct our gaze. At this moment, however, yesterday is all in all. From first to last the whole ceremonial was a bril- liant and unexampled success. We say unexampled because the whole history of the world contains no record of an experiment so bold as that of con- ducting a great State ceremonial in the midst of nearly five millions of people. But the people of England, though most attached to precedent in some things, are the most ready of all peoples to make precedents in others. They trusted themselves, and their rulers trusted them. The result has justified the confidence of both. The Queen her- self ran no risk whatever from her people. They would have torn in pieces any one who had dared to lift a finger against her. From first to last, from highest to lowest, throughout the triumphant pro- gress of Her Majesty from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Abbey and back again, the voice of the people was that of unanimous and joyous acclaim. In the Abbey itself the most representa- tive gathering of the nation and of the Itoyal Family ever assembled together within that historic THE QUEEN’S REIGN. 219 building gave thanks in entire unison with the Queen for the manifold blessings vouchsafed both to Sovereign and people. In the streets the same harmony prevailed, and the city’s millions re- joiced to see their Sovereign in their midst. But,' as every one knew, there were many dangers lurk- ing in the vast concourse — dangers of panic, dangers of unavoidable mishap, and possible dangers, at any rate, of actual treason and misfeasance. Some few mishaps there were, as is inevitable in a great crowd ; and of one of these we regret to have to record that Lord Lorne was the victim, though we are happy to be able to add that his fall from his horse at an early stage of the Loyal procession did not prevent his subsequent appearance in the Abbey. This was the most serious, or, at any rate, the most conspicuous, of the misadventures which are almost inevitable on such occasions ; and, for the rest, the casualties were not numerous, con- sidering the vast concourse of people in the streets. For this, and for the total absence of all attempt at violence and disturbance, as well as for their admirable management of the crowded throngs who witnessed the procession, the utmost credit is due to the police. It is as well not to dwell now upon the anxiety which the apprehension of dyna- mite outrages has long caused to the authorities responsible for thoir prevention. In such a matter all is well that ends well, and success in prevention is the only true measure of the adequacy of the precautions taken. But because nothing happened we are not hastily to assume 220 TIIE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. that there was no real danger ; on the contrary, it is safer and juster to those in authority to conclude that their precautions were equal to the emergency, and to give ample credit where, as every one could see yesterday merely from the dispositions that were manifest and beneficial to all, immense credit was due. “ The great event has taken place — a complete “ and beautiful triumph,” and the actual jubilee is now over. Its memories will last for many a day, its deeper lessons and associations can only be effaced with life itself. Such magnificence as yesterday witnessed is worthy of a great nation on a great occasion, and the greatness of the occasion is attested not merely by the warmth of popular feeling exhibited throughout the land, but by the kindly sympathy shown by foreign Sovereigns and peoples and by the organs of public opinion throughout Europe — indeed, we might say throughout the civilized world if the phrase had not become somewhat hackneyed of late. The Queen herself was manifestly deeply affected, alike by the solemnity of the service in the Abbey and by the unbounded enthusiasm which welcomed her throughout hor progress to and fro. We may bo justly proud of so glorious a pageant and of the retros})ect which it fittingly commemorates. But wo must not allow the jubilee and its celebration to speak to us only of the past. Wo can best show our thankfulness for the blessings we have enjoyed in the past by increasing our efforts .for further im- THE JUBILEE CELEBRATION. 221 provement in the future. We have made great progress in material prosperity in the past fifty years. It behoves us in the years that are to come to endeavour to secure the more abiding fruits of that progress in national happiness and moral well- being. The last fifty years have vastly improved the condition of the poor, but very much still re- mains to be done before we can permit ourselves to say that the condition of the poor is creditable to the civilization of a humane and Christian nation. It is difficult in a secular journal to do more than touch upon the necessity for moral and religious improvement, but that is a perennial need which no nation which respects itself should ever hesitate to acknowledge. It will avail us little to have taken stock of the last fifty years and found much to be thankful for if the retrospect does not gird us up to fresh efforts and new endeavours after a higher na- tional ideal . For nations not to advance is to fall into decadence, and the best lesson of yesterday’s jubilee will be lost upon us if we do not resolve that fifty years hence our children shall be able to say that we have sought after virtue and taken counsel with wis- dom, and have thus made happier for them a world which our fathers made more prosperous for us. THE JUBILEE CELEBRATION. (The Times, June 22, 1887.) Amidst a tumult of rejoicing unequalled in the memory of this or .many past generations the Queen’s Jubilee culminated yesterday in a passion of festivity and thanksgiving. Such a scene has 222 THE queen’s jubilee. seldom been witnessed in Europe, and no English' eyes are for ages likely to look upon its like again.' We have endeavoured to describe its outward manifestations. Only they who lived in and through it can realize its wondrous thrill and glow. Not London alone, but all England trans- formed itself for the time into a huge Court at which the nation and empire rendered fealty to its Sovereign. Englishmen have not the art possessed by other nationalities of arranging a pageant with themselves as the players in it. Yesterday no flaw or defect would have been visible to the most critical scrutiny, foreign or native. A flood of enthusiastic emotion swept away the least suspicion of awkwardnesses and shortcomings. Every heart was so absolutely in tune with the perfect June weather that it was even difficult to be properly and consciously grateful for the happy accident. It seemed the day’s natural right. On other occasions of the performance of a solemn religious function the curiosity exhibited outside has appeared casual and sometimes impertinent. A peculiar feature of yesterday was the entire unity of the whole demonstration. From the moment Her Majestv left the Palace to that in which she re-entered it, she was traversing a series of colossal aisles lined with hundreds of thousands of thanksgiving lieges. The great Abbey was merely the sanctuary of a still more majestic cathedral and an abounding congregation. That must have been the dominant sensation of the thousands who had made their THE JUBILEE CELEBRATION. 223 way thither through the eager and radiant town. The exquisite charm of the solemn rite in which they joined was that it was offered for a multitude infinitely larger outside, which everywhere wa3 swelling the chorus of praise and gratitude. No fitter shrine could have been found for the mighty heart beating throughout the land. Blemishes had been discovered which were supposed to disqualify it for the purpose. Inconveniences and dangers were reckoned up which should have insured it against selection. Many of the charges had a semblance of justice. Only, they happen to have been tried, and though it was proved that they ought to have come true, they have not. Westminster Abbey has solemnized the Jubilee thanksgiving ; and cavilling is dumb with ad- miring delight. Pictures have been painted with touching effect, whatever the artistic performance, of the girl’s awakening to hear she was become a Queen. Her coronation was a gorgeous ceremonial. Her people rejoiced with her at her bridal, and mourned with her in her bereavement. Her life and reign have been more than commonly fruitful in opportunities for the outpouring of the poetry of a nation’s loyal pride in and affection for its Sovereign. In their entire compass no scene was ever depicted on canvas, narrated by historian, or conjured up by a poet’s fancy, more pathetic or more august than the spectacle of Victoria Queen and Empress kneeling yesterday at the foot of the throne to thank Heaven for her reign, with 224 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. all its joys and all its griefs, of fifty marvellous years. The great ones of her enormous realm were there, and many besides. The eye wandered over groups of statesmen, writers, orators, famous soldiers and sailors, ermine-clad judges, divines in rarely worn vestments, Asiatic princes gleaming with jewels, forms and faces as fair as they were Royal and noble, a bench crowded with Kings and heirs of Kings. The centre to which the gaze constantly returned as tho reason and interpretation of the whole was the figure seated, solitary, in all that sunshine of splendour, on her chair of State. On her account alone the rest were there, whatever their degree ; the thought of her filled the mind. She could scarcely have been more apart had the lovely edifice been empty of all but herself and the priests ministering at the altar. When the congregated thousands com- pelled attention to them, they were felt to be present as witnesses and representatives rather than by any right of their own. They were met together to attest the judgment of Great Britain and tho world that Queen Victohia had redeemed the pledge she accepted on that throne, beside that altar, half a century ago. Ancient Sovereigns of England, whose heiress in blood as well as prerogatives sho is, wore their crown at frequent stated seasons before their subjects, and received their homage. For her it has been needless to remind either them or herself of her title to obedience by such formalities. Yet yesterday’s was a demonstration not altogether unlike those THE JUBILEE CELEBRATION. 225 in favour with her Saxon, Norman, and Plan- tagenet ancestors. If they who rendered homage yesterday were the Princes of her blood, and not high feudatories of the Grown, they were not the less fully commissioned to tender it on behalf of the Anglo-Saxon world which recognizes her as its noblest type of Royal devotion to duty. In her hours of darkest sorrow the Queen has never neglected her obligations to her Crown # : The solo omission which her subjects have ever regretted has been her repudiation for herself of the pleasures and pastimes of existence. They have longed to see her sharing once more with them the lights, as she always has been ready to sympathize with the shadows, of life. The zeal with which they welcomed yesterday her personal participation in the splendours of her Jubilee will have affirmed the fervour of their desire that she could be more with them than hitherto. At the same time their demeanour, at once enthusiastic and respectful, must have indicated that they have no intention to intrude unduly upon her retire- ment, or to treat some indulgence of their wish as an onerous earnest of unrestricted compliance. They understand the limits of human strength in a position heavy for any woman to bear, and in her most severely tried. They look for no sudden revolution in their Queen’s habits because she has been celebrating the lapse of many burdensome years. They know that her isolation from social gaieties is fully compatible with as much tender- ness for her people at large as she showed with 8 226 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE, feminine sweetness and Koyal grace towards children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren at the close of the Abbey thanksgiving. All they ask is that she should suffer her Jubilee to shed its rays forwards as well as backwards. They want their Sovereign never to forget that they court occasions for paying her homage as solicit- ously as any of her masterful predecessors on the throne at Westminster manufactured pretexts for exacting it. THE QUEEN’S GUESTS. (The Times, June 20 , 1887 .) The following is the official list of Pier Majesty’s guests on the occasion of the Jubilee : — His Majesty the King of Denmark, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, Her Majesty the Queen of the Belgians, His Majesty the King of Saxony, His Majesty the King of the Hellenes, his Imperial Highness the Crown Prince of Austria, his Imperial and Hoyal Highness the Crown Prince of Germany, her Imperial and Royal High- ness the Crown Princess of Germany, her Royal Highness Princess Victoria of Prussia, her Royal Plighness Princess Sophie of Prussia, her Royal Highness Princess Margaret of Prussia, his Royal Highness the Crown Prince of Portugal, her Royal Highness the Crown Princess of Portugal, his Royal Highness the Crown Prince of Sweden, his Royal Highness the Duke of Sparta, his Royal Highness the Infante of Spain, Don Antonio, her Royal Highness the Infanta of Spain, Doha Eulalia, his Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Serge, her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Elizabeth, his Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Hesse, her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Irene of Hesse, her Grand Ducal THE QTJEEN’S GEESTS. 22 f Highness Princess Alix of Hesse, his Royal Highness the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, her Royal Highness the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, his Royal Highness the Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe- Weimar, his Royal Highness the Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, her Royal Highness the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, his Royal High- ness the Duke of Coburg, his Royal Highness the Duo d’Aosta, his Royal Highness Prince William of Prussia, her Royal Highness Princess William of Prussia, his Royal Highness the Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse, his Royal Highness Prince Henry of Prussia, his Royal High- ness Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, his Highness the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, her Royal Highness the Hereditary Princess of Saxe-Meiningen, his Royal Highness the Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg, her Royal Highness the Princess Philip of Saxe-Coburg, his High- ness Prince Hermann of Saxe-W r eimar, his Grand Ducal Highness Prince Louis of Baden, his Royal Highness Prince George of the Hellenes, his Serene Highness the Prince of Leiningen, her Grand Ducal Highness the Princess of Leiningen, his Serene Highness Prince Louis of Battenberg, her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Louis of Battenberg, his Serene Highness Prince Hohenlohe- Langenburg, their Serene Plighnesses Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe- Weimar, his Royal Highness the Prince of W’ales, her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales, his Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, her Royal High- ness the Duchess of Edinburgh, his Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught, her Royal Highness the Duchess of Connaught, his Royal Highness Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, her Royal Highness Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, his Christian Highness Prince Victor of Schleswig-Holstein, her Highness Princess Vic- toria of Schleswig-Holstein, her Royal Highness Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lome, the Marquis of Lome, her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany, her Royal High- 8—2 228 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. ness Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg, his Royal Highness Prince Henry of Battenberg, his Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, his Serene Highness the Duke of Teck, her Royal Highness the Duchess of Teck, her Serene Highness Princess Victoria of Teck, his Highness Prince Frederick of Anhalt, and his Highness Prince Ernest of Saxe-Meiningen. THE JUBILEE HONOURS. (The Times, June 21 , 1887 .) The Queen has been graciously pleased, on the occasion of Her Majesty’s jubilee, to confer the dignity of an Earldom upon Lord Londesborough. Her Majesty has also been pleased to confer Peerages of the United ^Kingdom upon The Earl of Strathmore and on Viscount Galway. Her Majesty further has been pleased to confer the dignity of a Peerage upon each of the follow- ing gentlemen : — Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart., M.P. Sir William Armstrong, C.B. Sir James M’Garel-Hogg, Bart., K.C.B., MP The Bight Hon. George Sclater-Booth, M.P. E. Fellowes, Esq. H. Eaton, Esq., M.P. The Queen has been pleased, on the occasion THE JUBILEE HONOURS. §29 of Hor Majesty’s jubilee, to approve of the follow- ing gentlemen being sworn Members of Her Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council : — John Floyer, Esq. Sir John Cowell, K.C.B. Hor Majesty has been pleased to confer the dignity, of a Baronetcy upon each of the following gentlemen : — Sir A. Borthwick, M.P. T. VV. Evans, Esq. Charles Dalrymple, Esq., M.P, W. Gilstrap, Esq. Colonel Thursby. W. H. Houldsworth, Esq., M.P. S. Cunliffe-Lister, Esq. C. E. G. Phillips, Esq., of Picton. It. Moon, Esq., Chairman, London and North- Western Railway. W. Pearce, Esq., M.P. B. Loder, Esq. T. Lucas, Esq. Sir Charles Clifford. The Queen has been pleased to confer the honour of Knighthood upon the following gen- tlemen : — Pryce Jones, Esq. Warrington Smyth, Esq. H. Mitchell, Esq., of Bradford. E. Galsworthy, Esq. Dr. Garrod. G. H. MacLeod, Esq., Queen’s Surgeon, Edin- burgh. 230 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. H. W. Parker, Esq., President Incorporated: Law Society. J. C. Cuthbertson, Esq., School Board, Glasgow. W. C. Leng, Esq., Sheffield. H. Doulton, Esq. T. Edridge, Esq., Croydon. W. J. Farrer, Esq., High Bailiff of Westminster. Dr. Aitken, Netley Hospital. H. F. Bristowe, Esq., Q.C., Vice-Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. J. Wright, Esq., C.B., late Chief Engineer t< the Navy. Alderman Lawrence. Andrew Maclean, Esq., Partick. Thomas Storey, Esq., Lancaster* John Smith, Esq., Derby. Arnold White, Esq. J. C. ’Robinson, Esq., Surveyor of Pictures. George Martin Holloway, Esq. The Lord Mayor of York. The Lord Provost of Glasgow. The Mayor of Liverpool. The Mayor of Leeds. The Mayor of Sheffield. The Mayor of Bristol. The Mayor of Salford. The Mayor of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The Mayor of Portsmouth. The Mayor of Norwich. The Mayor of Windsor. The Queen has been pleased, on the occasion of Her Majesty’s jubilee, to confer the honour of THE JUBILEE HONOURS. 231' Knight of the Garter (Extra) upon H.I.H. the Crown Prince of Austria. The Queen has been pleased to approve the fol- lowing appointments and promotions in the Order of the Bath, Civil Division, being made on the occasion of Her Majesty’s jubilee : — To be Knights Grand Cross (Honorary). H.I.H. the Grand Duke Serge of Russia. H.R.H. the Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse. H.H. the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Moiningen. H.H. the Khedive of Egypt. General H.S.H. Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, K.C.B. Vice-Admiral H.S.H. Prince Victor of Hohen- 1 ohe-Langenburg . H.S.H. Prince Louis of Battenberg, K.C.B. To be Knight Grand Cross. General the Bight Hon. Sir Henry Ponsonby, K.C.B., Private Secretary to Her Majesty. To be Knights Commanders. Sir Evelyn Baring, K.C.S.I., C.B. Stevenson Arthur Blackwood, Esq,, C.B., Secretary to the General Post Office. Charles Thomas Newton, Esq., C.B., British Museum. John Simon, Esq., M.D., C.B., late Medical Officer, Privy Council Office, Hugh Owen, Esq., C.B., Permanent Secretary Local Government Board. William Eraser, Esq., C.B., Deputy Keeper of the Records, Scotland, 232 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. Charles Lister Ryan, Esq., C.R., Assistant Auditor-General . Sir Edward Walter, commanding Corps of Com- missionaires. Captain Douglas Galton, C.B. Sir Digliton Probyn, K.C.S.I., C.B., Comp- troller of the Prince of Wales’s Household. Major Edwards, C.B., Assistant Private Secre- tary to the Queen. Dr. Arthur Mitchell, M.D., C.B., Lunacy Com- missioner, Scotland. To be Companions. The Earl of Iddesleigh, Deputy Chairman, Inland Revenue Department. John Molineux, Esq., Inland Revenue Depart- ment. W. H. Cousins, Esq., Inland Revenue Depart- ment. Algernon Turnor, Esq., Financial Secretary to the Post Office. Samuel Seldon, Esq., Customs Department. John Malcolm Ludlow, Esq., Registrar of Friendly Societies. Professor W. H. Flower, British Museum. C. G. Barrington, Esq., Auditor of the Civil List. Godfrey Lushington, Esq., Permanent Under- secretary to the Home Office. Carey John Knyvett, Esq., Home Office. Professor Brown, Agricultural Department of the Privy Council, THE JUBILEE HONOURS. 233 Henry Longley, Esq., Chief Charity Com- missioner. Henry Calcraft, Esq., Permanent Secretary to the Board of Trade. J. G. Swanston, Esq., Fisheries Department, Board of Trade. Lieutenant-Colonel Pearson, Assistant Commis- sioner Metropolitan Police. Colonel Schaw, R.E., Deputy Director of Works, War Office. The Hon. Slingsby Bethell, Reading Clerk, House of Lords. Reginald Palgrave, Esq., Clerk of the House of Commons. S. B. Provis, Esq., Assistant Secretary, Local Government Board. W. S. Dunbar, Esq., Scotch Office. J. Skelton, Esq,, Secretary to the Board of Supervision, Scotland. Captain Butler, Divisional Magistrate, Ireland, Sir W. Kaye, Q.C., LL.D,, Assistant Under- secretary, Ireland. H. Craik, Esq., Secretary, Scotch Education De- partment. General H. L. Gardiner, Equerry to the Queen. General Lord Alfred Paget, Clerk-Marshal. G. West, Esq., late Consul at Suez. R. W. Holmes, Esq., Treasury Remembrancer, Ireland. A. J. Finlaison, Esq., Actuary, National Debt Office. S. Roberts. Esq., Board of Works, Ireland. 234 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. ■7 F. Holmwood, Esq., Consul at Zanzibar. The Queen has been pleased on the occasion of Her Majesty’s Jubilee to approve the following promotions and appointments in the Order of St. Michael and St. George : — To be Knights Commanders. Clement Hill, Esq., Foreign Office. Colonel Moncrieff, Public Works Department, Egypt. I H. E. Mustapha Fehmy Pasha, Minister to the Khedive. J. H. Fawcett, Esq., Consular Judge, Constanti- nople. G. Taubmann, Esq., founder of the Royal Niger Company. Kirby Green, Esq., Her Majesty’s Minister at Morocco. Colonel Mansfield, Minister to Columbia. M. John Antoniadis. Major-General Teesdale, Y.C., C.B. To be Companions. W. F. Mieville, Esq., Sanitary Commission, Egypt. The Marchesino De Piro-Malta. H. E. Zulfikar Pasha. H.E. Osman Pasha Orphi. Colonel L. V. Swaine, C.B., Military Attach^. Colonel F. Chenevix-Trench. A. T. Crawford, Esq., Commission First Grade, Bombay. THE JUBILEE HONOURS. 235 R. J. Kennedy, Esq., Second Secretary, Con- stantinople. Major Bigge, C.B., Assistant Private Secretary to the Queen. Sir Oscar Clayton. M. Ambrosia Sivadino. ORDER OF ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE. The Queen has been graciously pleased to give directions for the following promotions in, and appointments to, the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George : — To be Ordinary Members of the First Class, or Knights Grand Cross of the said Most Distin- guished Order : — Sir Edward William Stafford, K.C.M.G., formerly for many years Prime Minister of New* Zealand. Sir Thomas Elder, Knt., for many years a Member of the Legislative Council of South Australia. To be Ordinary Members of the Second Class, or Knights Commanders of the said Most Distin- guished Order : — Edward Newton, Esq., C.M.G., late Lieutenant- Governor and Colonial Secretary of Jamaica. Malcolm Fraser, Esq., C.M.G., Colonial Secretary of Western Australia. William Henry Marsh, Esq., C.M.G., lata Colonial Secretary and Auditor-General of Hong- kong. 1 236 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard, iSsq., M.A., D.C.L., C.M.G., Administrator and Chief Magistrate of British Bechuanaland. John William Akorman, Esq., Speaker of the Legislative Council of Natal. James Alexander Grant, Esq., M.D., of Ottawa, in the Dominion of Canada. To be Ordinary Members of the Third Class, or Companions of the said Most Distinguished Order : — John Fitzgerald Burns, Esq., Colonial Treasurer of New South Wales. Major-General Edward Harding Steward, Mili- tary Adviser to several of the Australasian Colonies. William Frederick Haynes Smith, Esq., Attorney- General of British Guiana. Francis Fleming, Esq., Colonial Secretary of Mauritius. James Bussell, Esq., Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Hongkong. George William Bobert Campbell, Esq., In- spector-General of Police and Prisons of Ceylon. Captain Tolmie John Tresidder, B.E., for services rendered in connexion with the drainage of Malta. Francis Bi chard Bound, Esq., M.A., of the Colonial Office, for special services in British Bechuanaland. THE JUBILEE H0N0U11S. 237 (From the London Gazette.') WAR OFFICE, June 21 The Oueen has been graciously pi eased on the occasion of the celebration of the completion of the 50th year of Her Majesty’s reign to give orders for the following promotions in, and appointments to, the Most Honourable Order of the Bath : — To be Ordinary Members of the Military Division of the First Class, or Knights Grand Cross of the said Most Honourable Order : — Admiral Sir George Greville Wellesley, K.C.B. Admiral Sir Edward Gennys Fanshawe, K.C.B. General Sir Edward Cooper Hodge, K.OjB. General the Right Honourable Sir Thomas Montagu Steele, K.C.B. General Sir Edwin Beaumont Johnson, K.C.B., C.I.E., Royal Artillery. General Sir Henry Wylie Norman, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., C.I.E., Bengal Staff Corps. To be Ordinary Members of the Military Division of the Second Class, or Knights Commanders of the said Most Honourable Order — viz : — Admiral Henry Chads. General James Macleod Bannatyne Fraser-Tytler, C.B., Bengal Staff Corps. Admiral Charles Farrell Hillyar, C.B. Admiral Sir Edward Augustus Inglefield, Knt., C.B. General Penrose Charles Penrose, C.B., Royal Marine Light Infantry. Admiral Arthur Gumming, C.B. Lieutenant-General and Honorary General William Parke, C.B. Admiral Sir Reginald John Macdonald. K.C.S.I. General John Alexander Ewart, C.B. Admiral Edward Bridges Rice, C.B. Admiral Augustus Phillimore. 238 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. Admiral the Right Honourable Richard James, Earl of Clanwilliam, K.C.M.G., C.B. General Charles Loudon Barnard, C.B., Royal Marine Artillery. Lieutenant-General John Luther Vaughan, C.B., Bengal Staff Corps. Lieutenant-General Lothian Nicholson, C.B., Inspector- General of Fortifications. Major-General and Honorary Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Marshman Havelock- Allan, Bart., C.B., V.C. Lieutenant-General Robert Hume, C.B. Lieutenant-General Henry D’Oyley Torrens, C.B., com- manding the troops in South Africa. Vice-Admiral Richard Vesey Hamilton, C.B. Vice-Admiral Thomas Brandreth. Surgeon-General John Harrie Ker Innes, C.B., Honor- ary Surgeon to the Queen. To be Ordinary Members of the Military Division of the Third Class, or Companions of the said Most Honourable Order, viz. : — Lieutenant-General Richard George Amherst Luard. Lieutenant-General Eyre Cliailoner Henry, Lord Clarina. * Lieutenant-General John Cockburn Hood, Bengal Staff Corps* Major-General Charles Frederick Torrens Daniell, com- manding the troops, Northern District. Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets James Nicholas Dick, Royal Navy. Major-General George Cornelius Hankin, Bengal Staff Corps. Major-General Somerset Molyneux Wiseman-Clarke, commanding tho troops, Belfast District. Major-General Robert John Hay, Royal Artillery, Governor Royal Military Academy. Rear-Admiral Alfred John Chatfield. “ Major-General George Forbes Hogg, Bombay Staff ( Corps. THE JUBILEE HONOURS. 230 Major-General Frederick Roome, Bombay Staff Corps. Major-General Howard Codrington Dowker, Madras Staff Corps. Major-General George Tomkyns Cliesney, C.S.I., C.I.E., Royal Engineers. Major-General William Godfrey Dunham Massy. Surgeon-General Herbert Taylor Reade, V.C., Medical Staff. Major-General William Bannerman, Bombay Staff Corps. Major-General Godfrey Clerk, Deputy Adjutant-General to the Forces. Captain Edward Hobart Seymour, Royal Navy, Aide-de- Camp to the Queen. Captain Edmund St. John Garforth, Royal Navy. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel William John Chads. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Thomas William We3t Pierce, Bombay Staff Corps. Captain Arthur Thomas Brooke, Royal Navy. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Adolphus Haggerston Stephens, half -pay. Captain Arthur Knyvet Wilson, V.C., Royal Navy. Colonel Cecil Brooke Le Mesurier, Royal Artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Henry Blundell Hollins- head Blundell, half-pay. Captain John William Brackenbury, C.M.G., Royal Navy. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Arthur Thomas Moore, V.C., Bombay Staff Corps. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel John Sidney Hand, half- pay. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel George Carr Hodding, Madras Staff Corps. Colonel Eardley Maitland, Royal Artillery, Superin- tendent Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Fitzrov W r illiam Fre- mantle Regimental District, TOE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. $40 Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel (temporary Major- General) Henry James Alderson, half-pay, Royal Artillery, Director of Artillery and Stores, War Office. Deputy Surgeon-General Jeffery Allen Marston, BI.D., Medical Staff. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Aubrey Harvey Tucker, Regimental District. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel John Worthy Chaplin, V.C., half -pay. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Benjamin Williams, Bengal Staff Corps. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Robert Byng Patricia Price Campbell, Bengal Staff Corps. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Augustus Charles Twentyman, half-pay. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Charles Walker Robin- son, half-pay, Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster- General, Aldershot. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Frederick Amelius Ogle, Royal Marine Artillery. Lieutenant-Colonel George Harry Thorn Colwell, Royal Marine Light Infantry. The Queen has also been pleased to give orders for the following promotions in, and appointments to, the Most Honourable Order of the Bath as Additional Members thereof : — To be Additional Members of the Military Division of the First Class, or Knights Grand Cross of the said Most Honourable Order — viz : — Admiral Sir William Houston Stewart, K.C.B. Admiral Sir John Edmund Commerell, K.C.B., V.C. Lieutenant-General and Honorary General Sir Charlei Lawrence D’Aguilar, K.C.B. , Royal Artillery. Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald Alison, Bart., K.C.B., Commanding the Division, Aldershot. Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Henry Brownlow, K.C.B.* Bengal Staff Corps. THE JUBILEE HONOURS. 241 To be Additional Members of the Military Division of the Second Class, or Knights Commanders of the said Most Honourable Order — viz : — Vice-Admiral William Graham, C.B. Vice-Admiral Nowell Salmon, C.B., V.C. Major-General (Honorary) George Hutt, C.B. Inspector- General of Hospitals William Mackenzie, M.D., C.B., C.S.I., Indian Medical Service, Honorary Physician to the Queen. Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets James Jenkins, C.B., Royal Navy. Major-General Martin Dillon, C.B., C.S.I., Commanding a Division, Bengal. Major-General George Byng Harman, C.B., Military Secretary, Headquarters of the Army. Rear-Admiral George Tryon, C.B. To be Additional Members of the MilitaryDivision of the Third Class, or Companions of the said Most Honourable Order : — Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel George Stewart, Bengal Staff Corps. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Alexander George Ross, Bengal Staff Corps. Lieutenant- Colonel and Colonel Kennett Gregg Hender- son, half-pay. Colonel Hugh Pearce Pearson, Regimental District. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Frederick Hammond, Bengal Staff Corps. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Eustace Beaumont Burnaby, the King’s Own (Yorkshire Light Infantry). Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Charles Richard Pennington, Bengal Staff Corps. Lieutenant- Colonel and Colonel Arthur Chichester William Crookshank, Bengal Staff Corps. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Charles Wolfran Nugent Guinness, Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, the Duke of Albany’s), 242 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel Matthew 'William Edward Gossett, the Dorsetshire Regiment. Lieutenant- Colonel and Colonel George Armand Furse, half-pay. Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster-General, Southern District. Deputy Commissary-General and Honorary Colonel Emilius Hughes, C.M.G., Commissariat and Transport Staff. Major and Colonel Coleridge Grove, the East Yorkshire Regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel John Crosland Hay, the Gordon Highlanders. Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel William Vesey Brown- low, Assistant Commandant and Superintendent Riding Establishment, Cavalry Depot. Deputy Commissary-General and Honorary Colonel Clifford Elliott Walton, Commissariat and Transport Staff. Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Long Grant, Madras Invalid Establishment. Assistant Commissary-General of Ordnance and Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert James Mills, Ordnance Store Department. The Queen has also been pleased to give orders for the following promotion in and appointment to the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, in connexion with Her Majesty’s Auxiliary Forces, and as Additional Member thereof : — To be an Additional Member of the Civil Division of the Second Class, or Knight Commander of the said Most Honourable Order — viz. : — • Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel Donald Matheson, C.B., 1st Lanarkshire Engineer Volunteer Corps. To be Additional Members of the Civil Division of the THE JUBILEE HONOURS. 243 Third Class, or Companions of the said Most Honourable Order — viz. : — Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant and Honorary Colonel Charles John Reed, 3d Brigade, Northern Division, Royal Artillery. Lieutenant’Colonel Commandant and Honorary Colonel Charles Thomas John Moore, 4th Battalion, the Lincoln- shire Regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant and Honorary Colonel Thomas Coningsby Norbury Norbury, 3d and 4th Battalions, the Worcestershire Regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel John Scott, 1st Renfrew and Dumbarton Artillery Volunteer Corps. Lieutenant-Colonel David Gamble, 2d Volunteer Batta- lion, the Prince of Wales’s Volunteers, South Lancashire Regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel Henry Acland Fownes Luttrell, 3d Volunteer Battalion, the Prince Albert’s (Somersetshire Light Infantry). Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel Walter Spencer Stanhope, 2d Volunteer Battalion, the York and Lancaster Regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel Sir William Henry Humphery, 1st Volunteer Battalion, the Hampshire Regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel Henry Eyre, 4th (Nottinghamshire) Volunteer Battalion, the Sherwood Foresters (Derbyshire Regiment). Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant and Honorary Colonel Robert Peter Laurie, 3d London Rifle Volunteer Corps. Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel John Lowtker flu Plat Taylor, 24th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps. The Queen has also been pleased to give orders for the following promotions in, and appointments to, the Most Honourable Order of the Bath : — To be Ordinary Members of the Civil Division of the 244 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. Third Class, or Companions of the said Most Honourable Order — viz. : — Evan Colville Nepean, Esq., Director of Army Contracts. War Office. Principal Veterinary Surgeon George Fleming, Head Quarters Staff of the Army. The Queen has also been pleased to give orders for the following promotions in, and appointments to, the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, as Additional Members thereof : — To be Additional Members of the Civil Division of the Second Class, or Knights Commanders of the said Most Honourable Order — viz. : — Colonel Georga Ashley Maude, C.B., Crown Equerry. Colonel Waltif Bice Olivey, C.B., Chief Paymaster, Army Pay Department. INDIA OFFICE, June 21. [After a recital of alterations in the constitution of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, among others, establishing a new class of Knights Grand Commanders,] The Queen has been further pleased, in pursuance of the Statutes aforesaid, to make, on the occasion of the celebration of the completion of the 50th year of Her Majesty’s reign, the following appointments to the said Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire — viz. : — The Bight Honourable Donald James, Lord Beay, C.I.E., Governor of the Presidency of Bombay. The Bight Honourable Bobert, Lord Connemara, Governor of the Presidency of Madras. General Sir Frederick Sleigh Boberts, Bart., G.C.B., K.C.I.E., V.C., Commander-in-Chief in India, to be Knights Grand Commanders of the said Order. The Queen, in order to mark the high sense and esteem in which Her Majesty holds the said Order, and to give an additional proof of hor affectionate regard for — THE JUBILEE HONOURS. 245 Field-Marshal his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, K.G., K.T., G.C.E., K.P., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., Vice-Admiral his Royal Highness the Duke of Edin- burgh, K.G., K.T., K,P., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., K.C.B., Major-General his Royal Highness tlio Duke of Con- naught and Strathearn, K.G., K.T., K.P., G.C.S.I., G.O.M.G., C.B., has been pleased to nominate and appoint their Royal Highnesses to be Extra Knights Grand Commanders of the said Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire. Her Majesty has also been pleased to nominate and appoint — Field-Marshal his Royal Highness the Duke of Cam- bridge, K.G., K.T., G.C.B., K.P., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., to be an Extra Knight Grand Commander of the said Most Eminent Order. WAR OFFICE, June 18. The Queen has been pleased to give orders for the appointment of the undermentioned officers to be Com- panions of the “ Distinguished Service Order ” - FOR OPERATIONS IN BURMAH. Fleet Surgeon Thomas D’Arcy Bromlow, M.D., Royal Navy. Staff Engineer William Nicklin, Royal Navy. June 21. The Queen has been graciously pleased to confer the decoration of the Royal Red Cross upon the undermen- tioned Nursing Sisters under the provisions of Clause 5 of Her Majesty’s Warrant, dated April 23, 1883, viz : — Miss Louisa Jane Mackay, Army Nursing Sister ; Miss Christina Fergusson, Army Nursing Sister ; Miss A. B. Holland, Army Nursing Sister ; Miss Edith King, Stafford- house Committee ; Miss Emma Durham, Stafford-house Committea. 246 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEjs. ADMIRALTY, June 21. Lieutenant his Royal Highness Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert of Wales, K.G., has been this day appointed Personal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen. The following promotions have this day been made : — Commanders Alfred Arthur Chase Parr, George William Hill, Orford Churchill, Harry Francis Hughes-Hallett, Reginald Friend Hannam Henderson, Charles Sedglield Donner, to be Captains in Her Majesty’s Fleet. Lieutenants John Leslie Burr, Ronald Richard Mac- donald Hall, Frank Hannam Henderson, Henry Lucius Fanshawe Ro 3 -le, Edward Henry Bayly, John Warde Osborne, Charles Paget Streeten, William Shearbum White, Charles Henry Sheffield Pretyman, Archibald James Pocklington, James Richard Broadley, Arthur Napier Heathcote, Henry Louis Fleet, Frederick William Fisher, Gerard Marmaduke Brooke, James Henry Thomas Burke, to be Commanders in Her Majesty's Fleet. Sub-Lieutenants Bryan Godfrey Godfrey-Faussett, William Philip Lodder, Charles Mure, Lawrence Eliot Power, Augustus Richard Charles Warren, Charles Joseph Thaddeus Dormer, Robert Edmund Ross Benson, Robert John Prendergast, Arthur Trevelyan Taylor, Edward Win- throp, Charles William Stares Leggatt, Bertie Angelo Cator, Francis Fitzgerald Haworth Booth, Harold Wildey Hasler Helby, Edward Matthew Hale,Heathcoat Salusbury Grant, Maurice Henry Horatio Nelson, William Henry Forbes Montanaro, to be Lieutenants in Her Majesty’s Fleet. The following special promotions have this day been made in Her Majesty’s Fleet, under the provisions and sub* ject to the conditions of Article 252 of the Queen’s Regula- tions and Admiralty Instructions, 1879 * Chief Boatswain James Webber to be Lieutenant/ in re- cognition of services in the Nile and Khartoum Expedi- tions, 1884-5. Gunner Richard Archibald Cathie to be Lieutenant, in THE JUBILEE HONOURS. 247 recognition of services in the Soudan and Red Sea Expedi- tions, 1884-85. The following promotions have also been made this day : — Gunners WilliamBarrett, Alfred JamesKoberts, Thomas Stephens, Francis Lattimer, to be Chief Gunners in Her Majesty’s Fleet. Boatswains Patrick Barry, Thomas Hoskings Edwards, John Coombe, John Sandercock, to be Chief Boatswains in Her Majesty’s Fleet. Carpenters John James Lovell Turner, Charles Wyatt, to be Chief Carpenters in Her Majesty’s Fleet. WAR OFFICE, PALL-MALL, June 21. The Queen has also been pleased to approve the fol- lowing promotions and appointments in the Army : — 10th (Prince of Wales’s Own Royal) Hussars. — Lieutenant his Royal Highness Prince Albert Victor Christian Edward of Wales, K.G., to be Captain, in excess of the Establishment of the Regiment. Dated 21st June, 1887. Memoranda. General George Charles, Earl of Lucan, G.C.B., Colonel of the 1st Life Guards, to be Field-Marshal. Dated 21st June, 1887. His Royal Highness Prince Henry Maurice of Batten-' berg, K.G., is granted the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army. Dated 21st June, 1887. Maharaj Dhiraj Sir Partab Sing Bahadur, K.C.S. I., of Jodhpore, is granted the honorary rank of Lieutenant- Colonel in the Army. Dated June 21, 1887. Bandmaster Daniel Godfrey, Grenadier Guards, is granted the honorary rank of Second Lieutenant in the Army. Dated June 21, 1887*. 248 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. Bkevet. The undermentioned Majors to be Lieutenant-Colonelg. Dated June 21, 1887 : — Henry McLeod Hutchison, the Prince of Wales’s Own (West Yorkshire Regiment). John James Cahill Miller, the East Surrey Regiment. Henry Pcaseley L ’Estrange St. George, the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. St. Vincent Alexander Hammick, the Oxfordshire Light Infantry. Charles Atkinson Logan, the Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment). George Augustus Cox, the Leicestershire Regiment. William Daly, the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment). Rowland Hill, the Dorsetshire Regiment. Staff. The Queen has been graciously pleased to appoint Captain his Royal Highness Prince Albert Victor Chris- tian Edward of Wales, K.G., 10th (Prince of Wales’s Own Royal) Hussars, to be a Personal Aide-de-Camp to Her Majesty. Dated June 21, 1887. WAR OFFICE, June 20 MILITIA. Memorandum. 3d Battalion, the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders), bis Royal Highness Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, K.G., K.T., K.P., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., K.C.B., Vice-Admiral, Royal Navy, Personal Aide-de- Camp, to be Honorary Colonel of the Battalion. Dated June 21, 1887. AUXILIARY FORCES. The Queen has been graciously pleased to approve of the following Officers being appointed Aides-de-Camp (Super- numerary) to Her Majesty, for the service of her Auxiliary THE CHILDREN'S FETE IN HYDE PARK. 249 Forces in Great Britain and Ireland (with the rank of Colonel) — viz. : — Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel William Hale John Charles, Earl of Limerick, 5th Battalion the Royal Munster Fusiliers. Dated June 21, 1887. Lieutenant-Colonel-Commandant and Honorary Colonel the Right Honourable Charles Alexander, Earl of Home, Lanarkshire Yeomanry Cavalry. Dated June 21, 3887. Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel the Right Honourable William Henry, Earl of Mount Edgecumbe, 2d (Prince of Wales’s) Volunteer Battalion, the Devonshire Regiment. Dated June 21, 1887. j THE CHILDREN S FETE IN HYDE PARK. (The Times, June 23, 1887.) Hyde Park yesterday was the scene both of fe s- tivity and ceremonial, the children being tho happy mortals who were especially privileged to take part in the former and witness tho latter. It was a kind thought that prompted the organiza- tion of a monster treat for the boys and girls of the poorer classes in this season of general jubila- tion, and equally kind was the interest at once taken in the matter by the heads of our Eoyal house. It would be hard to conceive any form of enjoyment more calculated to impress upon youth- ful minds the exceptional circumstances of the pre- sent week than yesterday’s fete. Even if it had not been graced by the presence of Her Majesty and of the members of her family the occasion would pro- 250 THE QUEEN S JUBILEE. bably never have slipped from the memory of any child who shared in the day’s amusomonts, but as the little ones were not only entertained on a scale which must have surprised the most imaginative of them but were actually honoured by a special visit from the Sovereign herself, it is, indeed, likely to remain for ever indelibly fixed on their minds. To Mr. E. Lawson, who origin- ated the idea which was realized yesterday, the children owe a debt of gratitude. Thanks are also due from them to the many donors who supplied the funds required to defray the cost of the fete . First among these were the proprietors of the Daily Telegraph, who headed the list of subscriptions with a very large sum, and undertook the collec- tion of subscriptions and the general management of the festival. To the committee of organiza- tion, also, the gratitude of the children ought to extend. The task of arranging for their safety and providing for their wants involved no slight amount of forethought and care, and was fulfilled with a conscientiousness which deserved and com- manded success. The portion of the park which was the scene of the festivity was that which is seldom visited by any large concourse of civilians, except for the purpose of expressing dissatisfaction with the laws or the sj^stem of government. On this occasion, however, the Keformer’s Tree was forgotten, and nothing but expressions of satisfaction were heard. The playground for the children extended from the drive on the north of the Serpentine to the THE CHILDREN’S PflTEIN HYDE PARK. 251 north of the park ; it was bounded on the east by the trees which shadow the road- way leading to the Marble Arch, and its breadth westward was about a quarter of a mile. On this level expanse about 26,000 children disported themselves from noon till dewy eve. All were in the highest spirits, and all behaved as well as their best friends could wish. The amusements provided were multifarious and varied, and supplemented by impromptu addi- tions, such as racing and dancing, which gave scope for physical exercise. The day was lovely and not oppressively hot. With such conditions what wonder that the children enjoyed themselves? The duty of selecting them — for, of course, they W’ere but representatives of their class — had been performed under the supervision of Mr. J. Diggle, chairman of the London School Board. The selection had been made among the Board schools and voluntary schools of the metropolis, and that it had been made with care was evident. The children were all spruce andclean,and inmanycases attired with unostenta- tious taste. The dresses of many of the girls were simple white, the sashes which bound them being blue or yellow. Tho prognostications of ill-fortune which had come from some quarters were wholly unfulfilled, no greater mishap occurring to any child than a temporary indisposition brought on by heat and excitement. More than one case of this kind occurred, but the possibility that medical aid might be required in the course of the day had 252 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. been provided for, and the little patients were not left long unsoothod and unrelieved. That any child, however young, should bo lost with so many friends at hand ready to aid, was scarcely within the bounds of probability, but in case of emergency a special tent had been erected for the reception of stragglers who might be unable to give any lucid description of the direction in which they wished to go. The difficulties which straying children might otherwise have caused were also obviated by the simple expedient of re- quiring each boy and girl to wear a ticket bearing the name of the holder and the number of the tent allotted to his or her school. The watchful interest extended to their charges by the teachers who accompanied the small folk was almost in itself sufficient to reassure the most nervous of mothers. The playground was surrounded with Venetian masts, erected at short distances one from another. Near the Achilles statue there were clusters of these masts ; a gilt crown shone at the top of each, and between them hung a banner of plush velvet exhibiting in gold letters the following fervent wish for the Queen’s welfare : — “ God bless our Queen — not Queen alone, “ But mother, Queen, and friend in oue.” Though the children were not expected until nearly 1 o’clock several members of the com- mittee were upon the ground long before this completing the necessary arrangements. Little, however, remained to be done, and when the THE CHILDREN’S F&TE IN HYDE PARK. 253 guests of the day did arrive everything was in per- fect readiness. About 9 o’clock the police whom, to the number of over 3,000, Sir Charles Warren had detailod for different duties in connexionwith the fete commenced operations by clearing the en- closed ground of all unauthorized persons. During the day admission was strictly confined to those armed with invitation tickets, the issue of which had been by no means lavish, so that adults present bore but a very small proportion to tho juveniles. The goner al public, numbering many thousands, took up positions upon the out- skirts of the reserved space, which was at points of greatest pressuro fenced in with iron hurdles to prevent tho encroachments of the crowd. Among those who in this somewhat disadvantageous posi- tion patiently waited several hours were many of the children’s parents, and these can have obtained only a passing glimpse of tho Queen and but a distant view of the doings within tho privileged circle. About 11 o’clock a squadron of the 2d Life Guards and 200 men of the Foot Guards arrived to assist in keeping the ground, and later in tho day these were reinforced by two more troops of the 2d Life Guards to keep the roadway clear for the Queen. The presence of tho military added greatly to the brightness of tho scene. Soon after 1 o’clock all the children had safely passed into tho park and reached their allotted playground. About 13,000 belonging to schools on the south sido of London assembled in St. James’s Park at 12 o’clock, and, having been 254 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. marshalled by some 30 sergeants from Wellington Barracks, marched off four abreast, headed by Mr. Bonnet Burleigh and Mr. J. T. Helby, of the London School Board. Proceeding past Bucking- ham Palace and up Constitution-hill, they entered Hyde Park by the Grosvenor gate, and reached their destination without mishap and in capital order. A column almost as large, consisting of the children from the northern districts of London, assembled in Regent’s Park soon after 11 o’clock, and were put into position by Mr. Howard Vin- cent, M.P., Mr. H. Lawson, M.P., Captain E. W. Brodie, and Mr. W. Sheffield, drill instructor to the London School Board. This column also reached the park in good time and in good order. Smaller contingents that had assembled, the one in Battersea Park and the other in Kensing ton-gardens, also arrived. Twenty-six thousand children had now to be fed and to be amused for several hours. The first thing was to feed them, and they were accordingly marched off to the different tents, which were ranged at inter- vals of 50 yards, five on either side, about 60 yards distant from the central roadway up which the Queen was later to proceed. Each tent was 140ft. long by 40ft. wide, but its accom- modation was severely tried in ministering to the wants of about 2,500 children. There was, how* ever, no confusion. Each school knew the tent to which it was to proceed, and having marched thither, drew up outside. Then, in thoirturn, the* THE CHILDREN’S E&TE IN HYDE PARK. 255 children, in batches of 250, proceeded into the tent and received a paper bag containing their rations — a meat pie, a piece of cake, a bun, and an orange —and were also presented with a memorial silver- plated medal, having on one side a portrait of the Queen in 1837 and on the other a portrait of Her Majesty in 1887. During the afternoon lemonade, ginger beer, and milk were to be had in each tent, and there were four large water carts stationed in different parts of the ground which dispensed a plentiful supply of water to the thirsty. Each tent was in charge of one lady, who was assisted by 11 other ladies and 12 gen- tlemen. With such a staff the work of dissemina- tion rapidly proceeded, and the children were soon supplied with their much-appreciated paper par- cels. The ladies respectively in charge of the tents were the Duchess of Manchester, the Duchess of Abercorn, the Countess of Rosebery, the Duchess of Westminster, Mrs. Lawson, Countess Spencer, Lady Rothschild, the Countess of Lathom, Lady Randolph Churchill, and Lady Hayter ; and among those who assisted were the Duchess of Hamilton, the Marchioness of Londonderry, Countess Caaogan, the Earl of Fife, the Earl of Chesterfield, the Earl of Dunraven, Viscountess Mandeville, Lady Hastings, the Marchioness of Blandford, Lady Claud Hamilton, the Duke of Abercorn, Lord. Claud Hamilton, Viscountess Melgund, Countess of Gosford, Countess of Airlie, Lady Houghton, Lady Leconfield, Mrs. Edvrard Stan- 256 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. hope, the Hon. It. Spencer, M.P., Baron F. do Bothschild, M.P., the Marchioness of Ormonde, Countess of Zetland, Viscountess Coke, Viscoun- tess Newport, Viscountess Cranborne, the Coun- tess of Bective, Mrs. Kendal, Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, Mrs. Bancroft, Lady Edward Caven- dish, Countess Granville, Earl Spencer, Viscount Clifden, Prince and Princess de Wagram, Countess of Listowel, Lady Suflieid, Countoss of Londes- borough, the Countess of Lytton, Earl of Londes- borough, Bev. Lord William Cecil, Lady Sarah Churchill, Lady Charles Beresford, Lady Bossmore, Lady Clarendon, Viscount Valentia, the Countess of Galloway, the Countess de Grey, Lady Fitz- Gerald, Lord Hood, Lord Saltoun, Lord Bowton, Sir M.FitzGerald, and Lord Henry Vane Tempest. The children, having picnicked on the grass, pro- ‘ ceeded to roam at large in search of amusement.’ They could not go far without finding it. It wa3 indeed a case of Vembcirras des richesses , for the counter attractions were many and various. There were a score of Punch and Judy shows, eight marionette theatres, 86 cosmoramic views and peep shows, nine troupes of performing dogs, monkeys, and ponies, and, for the special benefit of the boys, several hundred “ Aunt Sallies 99 and “ Knock- ? em-downs.” Then there were 100 large lucky-dip barrels and a great distribution of pre- sents, to the number of 42,000, consisting of skipping-ropes, dolls, money-boxes, pencilcases, tin whistles, walking sticks, popguns, et hoc genus omne . Ten thousand small balloons, inflated THE CHILDREN’S PflTE IN HYDE PARK, 257 with gas, also afforded tho children considerable amusement. Meanwhile the proceedings were being enlivoned with much good music. The bands of the 2d Life Guards, Royal Horse Guards, Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, and Grenadier Guards, with two or throe civi- lian bands, were stationed in different points at such distances apart as to allow of their simultaneously playing without conflict, and the childron had the good taste to listen and appa- rently to appreciate. Flitting to and fro from one point of attraction to another, the young folks seemed to bo enjoying themselves greatly, and the time went quickly by. Tho Prince and Princess of Wales, with the throe Princesses, arrived soon after 4 o’clock and ap- peared much pleased by the manifest gratification which their presence afforded to the children, Their Royal Highnesses, after having been re- ceived by Mr. Lawson and conducted to the com- mittee tent, proceeded to one of the ordinary tents where the distribution of memorial cups was going on. Having made tlieir way through the juvenile and excited throng which pressed round them, the Prince and Princess handed a cup each to several of tho childron. Tho visit was quite unpremeditated and no arrangements had been made. It was, therefore, a case of first come first served, and tho chil- dren struggled hard, with outstretched hands, m their efforts to secure a cup from the hands of their Royal Highnesses* Tho Prince U 258 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. smiled good humouredly at their eagerness, and as he left the tent a God Bless the Prince of Wales ” was sung with much heartiness. Their Koyal Highnesses then returned to the committee tent, where the gentlemen and ladies, who earlier in the day had assisted in the tents, and other invited guests were assembled. At half-past 4 o’clock the bugle sound announced that the amusements must end and the music cease. The children accordingly betook themselves to their respective tents and, having been duly collected together under the charge of their masters and mistresses, proceeded to take up positions along the road to be traversed by the Queen. The bands were massed under the direction of Mr. Dan Godfrey, and drawn up opposite the Hag staff, where the Queen’s carriage was expected to stop. The Queen was expected on the ground at half- past 5, but it was considerably later before Her Majesty’s procession arrived. In the intorval several of the Boyal guests joined the Prince and Princess of Wales in the reserved enclosure, tho children cheering lustily as they drove past. The Crown Prince of Germany was recognized and duly acclaimed, and the Duke of Cambridge, as he rode by, was also tho object of the children’s plaudits. The King of the Hellenes, the King of Denmark, the Duke of Sparta, Prince William of Prussia, the Grand Duke of Hesse, Prince Edward of Saxe- Weimar, the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg- Strelitz, and other princely personages were each in turn the object of tho children’s wonder. THE CHILDREN'S FETE IN HYDE PARE. 259 When the time approached for Her Majesty’s appearance, oven Mr. Dalo’s huge balloon, which was unloosed from its fastenings and soared at once high into the air, failed to arouso anything approaching to the excitement which so interest- ing an evont was calculated to arouse. The thoughts of tho children were intent upon the Queen, and for the moment they wore engrossed with tho prospect of seeing her. It may be doubted oven whether they paid much attention to the pealing of tho sweet-toned bells which Mr. Irving had allowed the committee to remove from the Lyceum Theatre, where until rocently they wore nightly heard in the cathedral scene in Faust , and which now began to send across the playground their soft and modulated sounds. At last the appoaranco of a dozen mounted con- stables trotting up the roadway betokened that the chief event of the day might shortly be ex- pected. Nor were tho children disappointed this time, as they had been once or twice pre- viously when carriages had driven up which they thought might convey the Queen, but which held occupants who were unknown to them. The hoisting of tho Royal Standard to the top of the flagstaff and the strains of tho National Anthem, played by the massed bands, removed the last doubt as to the nature of tho cortege, which now slowly entered the park by the Achilles statue, First came a party of Life Guards with their flash- ing breastplates and plume-crested helmets, and then the Indian escort who had played so con- 9—2 2G0 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. spicuous a part in tiro pageant of tho preceding day. Thoir swarthy faces and stolid demeanour and the strange beauty of their uniforms will long linger in tho recollection of tho youthful spectators. Tho Boyal carriages, which wore immediately preceded by outriders in scarlet, were all open, and some were drawn by four horses. To complete the picture, for such it was, several of the .Royal Princes appeared in uniform, Prince Albert Victor being in tho dress of his regiment, the Duke of Edinburgh in that of a naval officer, and the Duke of Connaught wearing a maj or-generab s uniform. Then came the Queen’s carriage, and the Queen herself , looking none the worse for the fatigues of Tuesday’s ceremony. In the same carriage with the Queen were the Duke of Edinburgh and the Crowm Princess of Germany. In the carriages following were Princess Christian, tho Duchess of Connaught, and other daughters and daughtors- in-law of Her Majesty. The Queen’s carriage was stopped opposite the flagstaff and the chief ceremony of tho day was at once begun. Miss Lawson, on behalf of tho children of the London Board and voluntary schools, presented a bouquet, and tho Prince of Wales then led up to the carriage a little girl named Florence Dunn, to whom Her Majesty gave one of the memorial cups. The Prince having explained that tho child had never missed a single attendance during the seven years which she had passed at school, tho Queen expressed the pleasure which she felt in reward- ing so industrious a scholar. To Mr. Edward 261 THE WOMEN’S OFFERING TO THE QUEEN. Lawson, who was also presented to her, she inti- mated that she was extremely gratified to see tho charming scene which tho park presented. The Royal procession remained stationary a few moments longer while a verso of the u Old Hundredth ” was sung by the children, and then resumed its progress northwards, leaving the park by tho Fountain Gate for Paddington Station. The Prince and Princess of Wales and the Royal guests who had not left with the Queen took their departure shortly afterwards, and the children then returned to the tents, where simple refresh- ments were again served out. Their rod letter day had come to an end, as even the best things must, and, marshalled by their officers, they pre- pared to return to their homes, where the story of their doings on the occasion of the Queen’s Jubilee is pretty certain to be repeated many and many a time. THE WOMEN’S OFFERING TO THE QUEEN. (The Times, June 23, 1887.) Yesterday at Buckingham Palace the Queen re- ceived tho officers of the general committee of the women’s jubilee offering of £75,000. The officers were the Duke of Westminster, Mr. W. H. Smith, M.P., and Sir James M’Garel-Hogg, M.P. (tho trustees), Lord Charles Brudenell Bruce and Mr. Charles Morloy (the treasurers), and Major Thomas Tully and Mr Leonard Brok# 262 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. Willoughby, the honorary secretaries. There were about 200 ladies present, including the following ; — Duchess of Abercorn, Duchess of Athole, Dowager Duchess of Athole, Duchess of Beaufort, Duchess of Cleveland, Duchess of Bedford, Duchess of Grafton, Duchess of Marlborough, Duchess of Montrose, Duchess of Suther- land, Dowager Duchess of Koxburghe, Duchess of Welling- ton, Duchess of Westminster, Marchioness of Abergavenny, Maria, Marchioness of Ailesbury, Marchioness of Bath, Marchioness of Bristol* Marchioness of Downshire, Marchioness of Drogheda, Marchioness of Headfort, Marchioness of Hertford, Dowager Marchioness of Lans- downe, Marchioness of Londonderry, Marchioness Dowager of Londonderry, Marchioness of Ormonde, Marchioness of Ripon, Marchioness of Salisbury, Marchioness of Water- ford, Lady Louisa Egerton, Lady Adeliza Manners, Lady Ela Russell, Countess of Aberdeen, Dowager Countess of Aberdeen, Countess of Bandon, Countess Bathurst, Countess Beauchamp, Countess of Bradford, Countess Brownlow, Countess Cadogan, Countess of Charlemont, Countess of Dartmouth, Countess of Denbigh, Countess of Dysart, Countess of Elgin, Countess of Essex, Countess of Effingham, Countess Fitzwiiliam, Countess oi Gosford, Countess Granville, Countess of Haddington, Countess Howe, Countess of Harrowby, Countess of Erne, Countess of Ilchester, Countess of Kenmare, Countess of Latbom, Countess of Leicester, Countess of Longford, ; Countess of Lovelace, Countess of Macclesfield, Countess of Meath, Dowager Countess of Morton, Countess of Sand- wich, Countess of Seafield, Countess of Sefton, Countess Spencer, Countess of Shaftesbury, Theresa Countess of Shrewsbury, Countess of Stair, Countess Stanhope, Countess of Strafford, Countess Sydney, Countess of Whamcliffe, Victoria, Countess of Yarborough, Countess of Zetland, Lady Margaret Beaumont, Lady Elizabeth St. Aubyn, Lady Horatia Erskine, Lady Victoria Evans- Ereke. Lady Margaret Grahatn, Lady Jane Taylor, Lady THE WOMEN'S OFFERING TO THE QUEEN. 263 Edward Cavendish, Lady George Campbell, Lady George Hamilton, Lady John Manners, Lady Marion Alford, Viscountess Cranbrook, Viscountess Cross, Viscountess Downe, Viscountess Falmouth, Viscountess Hampden, Viscountess Halifax, Viscountess Massareene, Viscountess Midleton, Viscountess Ossington, Viscountess Parker, Viscountess Stormont, Viscountess Wolseley, Lady Elizabeth Biddulpb, Lady Mary Cooke, Lady Frances Baillie, Lady Hilda Brodrick, Lady Albertha Edgecumbe, Lady Jane Grimston, Lady Florentia Hughes, Lady Emily Pepys, Lady Gertrude Pleydell-Bouverie, Lady Alice des Vccux, Lady "William Seymour, Lady Charles Brude- nell Bruce, Lady Alwyne Compton (Ely), Lady Ave- Jand, Lady Balfour, Lady Bateman, Baroness Bolsover, Baroness Burdett Coutts, Lady Clinton, Lady Fitz- hardinge, Lady Egerton of Tatton, Lady Emly, Lady Foley, Lady Harlech, Lady Herbert of Lea, Dowager Lady Henniker, Lady Hillingdon, Lady Hothfield, Lady Inchiquin, Lady Kensington, Lady Kinnaird, Lady Londesborough, Lady Montagu of Beaulieu, Lady Mount- Temple, Lady Muncaster, Lady North, Lady Ormathwaite, Lady Palmer, Lady Revelstoke, Lady Ruthven, Lady Sudeley, Lady Vernon, Lady Wantage, Lady Wimborne, Lady Mayoress (York), Lady Provost (Edinburgh), Lady Provost (Glasgow), Lady Provost (Perth), Lady Provost (Aberdeen), Mrs. W. E. Gladstone, Hon. Mrs. Algernon Egerton, Hon. Lady Hamilton Gordon, Hon. Lady Birk- beck, Hon. Lady Campbell of Blytheswood, Hon. Lady M’Garel-Hogg, Hon. Lady Ridley, Hon. Mrs. Chandos Leigh, Hon. Mrs. I-Iardcastle. Hon. Mrs. Pitt-Rivers, Hon. Mrs. Maclagan (Lichfield), Hon. Mrs. Peek, Hon. Mrs. Portman, Hon. Mrs. J. G. Talbot. Hon. Mrs. Tennyson, Hon. Mrs. Tryon, Hon. Mrs. Percy Wyndham, Hon. Mrs. Arraytage, Lady Bailey, Lady Colebrooke, Lady Bruce, Lady Colqukoun of Luss, Lady Ellis, Lady Mac- donald Lockhart, Lady Lawrence, Lady Lopes, Lady Meyrick, Ladv Graham Montgomery* Lady Pease, Lady 264 !PHE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. Selwin-Ibbetson, Lady Vincent, Lady Waterloo, Lady Cowan, Lady Hardman, Lady Staples, Mrs. Benson (Canterbury), Mrs. Benyon, Mrs. J. E. Boehm, Mrs. Bradley, Mrs. Boyd-Carpenter (Ripon), Mrs. Cubitt, Mrs. Henry Fawcett, Mrs. Farnhain, Mrs. Walsham How (Bedford), Mrs. Arthur Cavanagh, Mrs. Magee (Peter- borough), Mrs. Cyril Flower, Mrs. S. E. Greaves, Sirs. Lambarde, Mrs. Papillon, Mrs. Prj’ce, Mrs. Robert Davies Bryce, Mrs. W. H. Smith, Mrs. Temple (London), Mrs. Thompson (York), Mrs. C. W. Townley, Mrs. Walter, Mrs. Wilberforce (Newcastle), Mrs. Charles Wilson, Miss Talbot, Miss Welsh, Girton College, Cambridge ; Miss Madeline Shaw-Lcfevre, Somerville Flail, Oxford ; Miss Clough, Newnham College, Cambridge ; Miss Wordsworth, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford ; Miss Schmitz, King’s College; Miss Blanche Shad well, Bedford College, Y ork- place, Baker-street, W. ; Miss Dash wood. The company assembled in tho White Drawing Room, where Her Majesty, who was preceded by Lord Lathom, the Lord Chamberlain, and Lord Bridport, was accompanied by the Crown Princess of Germany, Princess Beatrice, and other mem- bers of the Poyal Family. Her Majesty passed down the double row of ladies, and the Countess of Strafford, as President of the Committoe, then presented her with a beautifully illuminated address emblazoned with the arms of various towns of the kingdom, and tho names of subscribers in England, Scotland, and Wales, the scrolls of names being enclosed in an historical box which once belonged to George III. The Countess in- formed Her Majesty that the subscriptions were contributed by nearly 8,000,000 women in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, THE WOMEN’S OFFERING TO THE QUEEN. 2G? Her Excellency the Marchioness of Londonderry then, on behalf of the Irishwomen, presented the Queen with a handsome casket, carved out of Irish bog oak, with a representation of the Irish harp with golden strings on the cover. The presentations wero graciously received by Her Majesty, who spoke to many of the ladies, and the deputation then retired. The addross presented to the Queen wa3 as follows : — May it please your Majesty,— Wc venture to approach your Majesty to-day, on behalf of millions of your Majesty’s women subjects throughout the United Kingdom, who, differing in class, condition, and opinions, press joyfully forward on this momentous occasion to lay at your Majesty’s feet the homage of their deep and devoted loyalty. Tn asking your Majesty’s gracious acceptance afe our hands of an enduring memento of this auspicious anniversary, we are not unmindful of the sad fact that 50 years of public life are in this world never suffered to pass without bringing in their train heavy sorrows and anxieties, and of these we know too well that your Majesty’s share has been large. While, therefore, we bail with just pride and gladness an epoch that stands alone in history— whether of our own or of other nations — we humbly hope for permission to offer our Sovereign the tribute, not only of her people’s heartfelt congratulations, but that also of their reverent and loving sympathy. That no cloud of unhappiness may again arise to darken the pathway of our beloved Queen, that peace may be within her walls and prosperity within her palaces, and that the Almighty may grant her days to be long in the land, will ever be the fervent prayer of your Majesty’s loyal and dutiful women subjects and servants. 266 >IIE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. THE SECOND SERVICE IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. (The Times, June 23 , 1887 .) Yesterday, in order to meet the public wishes and urgent desires, the Jubilee Service of Westminster Abbey was repeated, with additions of sacred music which time did not permit of being given before the Queen and the august assembly on the previous day. Most fittingly, it will be considered, this occasion was made a means of charitable assistance to the voluntary institutions which ad- minister to the wants of the sick poor in London. The tickets of admission could only be obtained through the committee of Westminster Hospital, and these were granted in return for subscribed sums from half-a-crown upwards. It is intended that a third of the whole amount shall go to the funds of the Westminster Hospital, which has lost through the Abbey being closed on Hospital Sunday, a third to the Hospital Sunday Fund, and a third to the Western Dispensary of the Hospital Saturday Fund, this latter fund being regarded as the working men’s offering to institutions which carry on beneficent work for the multitude. Tickets, too, were given to working men through the Hospital Saturday Fund. The Abbey was in the same condition as when the Royal assembly on the previous day left it, and the whole of the service performed on the previous day on the occa- sion of theQueen’s presence was repeated, the Very THE SECOND SERVICE IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 267 Rev. the Dean occupying the position held on the previous day by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The other clergy taking part in this service wore the Sub-Dean, Canon Prothero, Canon Duckworth, Canon Rowsell, and Canon Furse. The whole of the seats were occupied, and the great congre- gation joined heartily in the service. The clergy came in procession to a march from Handel, and the Te I)eum Laudamus , JExaudiat te Dominus , and the anthem “ Blessed be the Lord thy God, which delighted in thee/’ specially composed by Dr. Bridge, were chanted by the combined choirs from St. Paul’s and Westminster, Mr. Hilton singing the bass parts and Mr. Kearton the tenor parts. This completed the service as given on the previous day. Madame Nordica then, with an accompaniment of trumpets, sang HandeFs “ Let the bright Seraphim/’ and the combined choirs chanted the Coronation Anthem, “ Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anointed Solomon king. And all the people rejoiced, and said God save the King.” The effect was very beautiful, and this was followed by an organ solo, a sonata in F, by Dr. Bridge. The Hallelujah Chorus was then chanted, and this was followed by the National Anthem, in which the congregation was expected to join, and in which most did join. There were two additional verses, one by Mr. S, Baring-Gould, the other by Mr. C. N. Skeffington, interpolated, and the service ended by the Bene-« diction being given by the Yery Rev. the Dean. Dr. Bridge presided at the organ. 2 68 'THE QUEERS JtTBILEE. It should be added that the Dean and clergy, out of consideration for the police and firemen on duty around the Abbey, retained tickets for the families of these officers. The services of both were very requisite, and the firemen kept their engines ready for service at a moment’s notice, the timber in the Abbey and the serious consequences of any carelessness rendering every precaution de- sirable. THE QUEEN AT ETON. (The Times, June 23, 1887.) Among the many interesting ceremonies of this memorable week none probably will have proved more agreeable and less trying to Tier Majesty than that which took place at Eton College last evening. The Queen having consented to stop at the college on her way from Slough to Windsor and to receive an address from the boys, as well as from the Provost and Fellows, great preparations were naturally made to give her a right Royal re- ception, for the visits of Royalty to Eton have since the abolition of the Montem been extremely rare. The Queen herself, though she often drives through the college precincts when residing at Windsor Castle, has not paid Eton an official visit since her marriage, when a ceremony somewhat similar to but much loss imposing than that of yesterday was observed. The Prince of Wales, too, though as a boy ho attended the lectures of Professor Pepper and others in the THE QUEEN AT ETON. 269 Hound School, has not often been seen in Eton. He and the Princess attended the Fourth of June festival four or five yoar3 ago, and, like the Queen, ho passed through Eton after his marriage with his bride and received an address. The memories of that visit are not, however, alto- gether pleasant ones, for Dr. E. Warro,tho present Head Master, who was one of the Assistant Masters, will, together with many others then as now in authority, remember with what pitiless force the rain came down all the afternoon, and how the Prince and Princess, being detained moro than an hour beyond the appointed time, they only halted long enough for the ad- dress to bo thrust in at the window of the closed carriage and the reply snatched from tho Princess hands. Doubly unforiunato, therefore, would it have been if tho weather had proved unfavourable yes- terday, hut there was never any reason to foar this when once tho hour of noon was reached, and the Customary tradition as to Queen’s weather was not broken. Eton, as might he imagined, was very profusely decorated for the occasion, the narrow street which leads from Windsor-bridge to the college itself being a blaze of colour, in which tho Eton blue of course predominated. With such crow T ds as there were in the streets of Wind- sor for many hours before tho Queen was expected to arrive it was no easy matter for those who were bound for tho ceremony at Eton to make their way down, especially as vehicular traffic was 270 THE QUEEN'S JUEILEE. nearly altogether suspended soon after 2 o’clock, but once landed within the precincts of the college there was an end to all crowding and crushing, so excellent were the arrangements which the college authorities had made. The whole of the space under i( the wall,” the name of which is too familiar to old Etonians to require further descrip- tion, was kept clear for the few persons outside the families and friends of the authorities themselves who had received invitations, and as all the other approaches to this enclosure, whether by w r ay of the playing fields, the quad- rangle, or the Slough-road, had been jealously barred, it was almost impossible that any one not personally known to the authorities should find his way wfithin the circle. These precautions may by some be regarded as extreme, but thoy had the double advantage of preventing any mishap and of keeping the ceremony very pleasantly select, and the sight was a remarkably pretty one, with the Eton V olunteers in their gray uniforms lining the west side of the road facing the Upper School, and the other boys lining “ the wall ” opposite to the number of nearly 800. The college buildings, too, including the venerable upper school and the mere modern class rooms opposite, as well as the different masters’ houses, looked unusually bright and cheerful with their variety of decoration, but the most original feature in the decoration of Eton was the gateway which was erected at the entrance to the college, and was just such as might have THE QUEEN AT ETON. m been built when Eton was founded by Henry YI. Over the arch are the Royal arms supported by two antelopes, and below them the motto “ Gratu- lamur Etoncnses,” ottering a welcome to all who pass underneath. On either sido are sculptured figures representing King Henry and Margaret of Anjou. On the other side of the arch, facing the college, are the Eton arms, with the motto “ Esto Perpetua,” and on either side the figures of St. Mary the Virgin and St. Nicholas, the patron saints of the college. Out of desire to adhere faithfully to historical consistency, the sculptor has effaced the features of the Virgin, so that the arch might seem to have suffered damage during the Reformation. Upon the top of this archway, so cleverly constructed that it was im- possible to beliove that it was an imitation one until one tapped the seeming stone and brick, were stationed four of the students of the college, their costumes being devised to signify the four provinces of the United Kingdom — England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. These four students acted as heralds to announce Her Majesty’s approach, and it was as nearly as possible 7 o’clock when a flourish of trumpets from the summit of this archway told that the Royal cortege was close at hand. The Queen had reached Slough at half-past 6, and, after being received ther9 by the Lord-Lieutenant and the High Sheriff of Bucks, and having received addresses from the magistrates and the Local Board, had entered her carriage to drive through Eton to Windsor. The Queen, who had a captain’s 272 THE QUEEN’S JUBILEE. escort of the Royal Horse Guards Blue under the command of Lord Kilmarnock, was accompanied by the Crown Princess of Germany, the Princess Christian, and tho Duke of Edinburgh, while in a second carriage came tho Princess Louise, tho Princess Henry of Battenberg, and the Duke of Coburg, and in a third tho Duke and Duchess of Connaught, Prince Albert Victor of Wales, and the Princess Victoria of Prussia. There wore four other carriages for the suite, but tho Queen’s carriage camo first, and was drawn up at the centre of tho lino formed by the Volunteers. At this point tho Provost of Eton, tho Head Master, the Vice-Provost, and most of the Follows, together with tho principal assistant masters, were waiting to receive tho Sovereign and present an address, while Mr. H. St. John Thackeray, K.S., captain of the school, and Mr. H. Marshall, captain of tho Oppidans, had been deputed to present tho second address from tho students. The Rev. T e Dalton, who was for somo years tutor to the Prince of Wales’s sons, was deputed to present a third address on behalf of tho Eton Local Board. Mrs* Hornby, tho wife of the Provost, Mrs. Warre, tho wife of the Head Master, and many other ladies had been provided with seats inside u tho wall,” and though invitations had been issued with a sparing hand, there were quite enough people present, outside the boys themselves, to greet Her Majesty with a loud volume of applause as tho carriage halted and the authorities, among whom was the Right Hon, Spencer Walpole, who is a THE QUEEN AT ETON. 273 member of the Governing Body, made a low obeisance to the Queen. By Her Majesty’s desire the three addresses were not read, but were handed in to her and taken charge of by the Duke of Edinburgh, who, seated opposite to his mother, assisted her to hand back the three separate pplies. Their ten our was, of course, much the fame, but the full text of that which she made to the Provost and Fellows was as under : — I am much gratified at your loyal and dutiful address m the occasion of the completion of the 50th year of my ]|eign. It is an infinite satisfaction to me to join with you in marking the great progress made since the beginning of rny reign in bringing the means of education within the reach of all classes of my subjects, and in raising the general standard of culture and of taste. I am confident that this great college will never cease to distinguish itself as it has hitherto done as a place where sound learning and healthy moral training are imparted to so many of the rising generation, among whom will probably be found the future leaders of the English people/’ Tho Queen was so full of smiles during the pro- cess of receiving these addresses and presenting the replies that the labour was evidently one of lovo to her, though tho most interesting part of the ceremonial was the briof interview between Her Majesty and tho Itev. J. Wilder, Vico- Provost of Eton. Mr. Wilder, who is now 90 years of ago and still halo and hearty, was a hoy at Eton when tho jubilee of George III. was celebrated, and ho was one of those who were deputed to offer their congratula- tions to Her Majesty’s grandfather. The Queen 274 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. had been informed of this and had intimatod her wish to say a few words to Mr. Wilder, who wa3 called up to the Queen’s carriage and spoken to with the Queen’s usual kindness and graciousness. It may be assumed that Mr. Wilder is almost the only Englishman who has had any part or lot in the celebration of these two jubilees, and as the only others in English history have been those of Henry III. and Edward III, — more than 110 years apart from each other — no one can have done so in earlier times. The whole ceremonial did not occupy more than five minutes, and the Queen’s carriage and those of her family and suite pro- ceeded at a walking pace up the Eton street, tli3 Eton boys,Y olunteers as well as the others, follow- ing in fours and, while the Queen was on her way through Windsor, going up the hundred stops and gotting on to the slopes of the Round Town’, where they were ready to cheer her afresh. Nothing could possibly have gone off better than this ceremony, which adds yet another to the long list of pageants which have served to bind Eton, as it were, still more closely to the Monarchy under the shadow of whose wings it nestles. THE QUEEN’S RETURN TO WINDSOR. 275 THE QUEEN’S RETURN TO WINDSOR. (The Times, June 23, 18S7.) The Royal cortege on quitting Eton proceeded at i walking pace, followed by the students and Volunteers, through Eton and over the Thames bridge to Windsor. The boys on reaching the foot of the hundred steps ascended to the Castle and Btationed themselves on the grassy base of the Round Tower facing the grand quadrangle, in which the Volunteers formed lino to receive tho Queen on her arrival at tho Palace. While Her Majesty was travelling between Slough and Eton the Royal personages who had boon invited to the ceremonial were assembling on the dais at the foot of the grand stand facing the memorial on the Castle-hill. Among those present were the Grand Duke of Hesse, the Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse, Princesses Irene and Alice of Hesse, Prince Christian, Prince and Princess Louis of Battenbeig, Prince Henry of Battenberg, and Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein. All the Piinces wore military uniform. Those near the statue included Sir H. L. Simpson, Mayor of Windsor, Mr. R. Richardson-Gardner, M.P., Baron Schroder, Mr. F. Barry, Mr. E. Lawrence, Mr. G. XL Long, Mr. S. Richardson- Gardner, the Mayoress, Miss Simpson, Miss Ricardo, and Miss Barry. The ladies carried magnificent bouauets for presentation to the 276 THE QUEEN V S JUBILEE. Queen and Princesses. A guard of honour of the 1st Coldstream Guards, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel J. Montgomery, was mounted on the Castle-liill, near Henry VIII. ’s Gateway, and anothor, of the Berkshire Volunteers, undoi Major Holmes, opposite. The Royal route from Windsor-bridge to the Great Western Station was kept by tho 1st Volunteer Battalion of the Berk- shire Regiment, under Colonel Lord Wantage, and High-street and Park-street by the Coldstream Guards, under Colonel Hall. Tho Royal Standard announcing the arrival of tho Queen was hoisted upon the Round Tower, and the bells of St. George’s Chapel and St. John’s Church pealod merrily while Her Majesty slowly made her way up Thames- street, amid the cheering of the spectators upon the slope near the hundred steps and along the route and tho waving of handkerchiefs from windows and balconies. It was a quarter-past 7 before the advance escort of the Royal Horse Guards, and tho strains of “ Homo, Sweet Home ” and u Aukl Lang Syne,” played by the band of tho Coldstream Guards, horalded tho approach of tho Queen, who received a magnificent ovation, tho cheering boing loud and prolonged. Tho Guards presented arms and tho band played the National Anthem as the Royal equipage passed. Immediately in front of tho draped memorial, Sir II. L. Simpson, tho Mayor, advancing to the Royal carriage, presented an address from the Jubilee Committee to ITor Majesty. It TIIE QUEEN'S RETURN TO 'WINDSOR. 277 wa3 read by Mr. G. H. Long, the hon. secre- tary, and contained the following passage : — We trust that your Majesty will look with satisfaction on the statue now to be unveiled. It has been placed here by the willing gift of about 3,000 subjects living in this town and in 20 parishes within a radius of three miles from this spot. We have hoped that it will be considered a not unworthy memorial of the 50 years during which in joy and sorrow Windsor Castle has been the home of Queen Victoria, and some acknowledgment of the irauy acts of personal kindness and Itoyal bounty which we of this town and district have received at the hands of oux Sovereign. The address, which was boautifully illuminated, was enclosed in a silvor gilt casket costing 1GU guineas. The reading of the address was followed by cheors. Her Majesty, in reply, said, — I receive with great satisfaction your loyal and dutiful address, and I accept with cordial pleasuro the statue by which you propose to commemorate the 50th year of my reign. I am deeply touched at the gratifying and enduring evidence which this work of art affords of your attachment to my throne and person. It is particularly pleasing to mo that this memorial should have been erected by the inhabitants of this neighbourhood, among whom so much of my reign has been spent and so many ovonts of my lifo have occurred. I trust that Windsor may ever share in all the prosperity and happiness which it may please God to bestow on the English people. The representatives of tho parishes contributing £78 THE queen's jubilee. to the jubilee fund were next presented to the Queen, and then, under the direction of Prince Christian, the Lord High Steward of Windsor, the statue was unveiled by Mr. Richardson-Gardner, M.P., Baron Schroder, Mr. F. Barry, and Mr. E. Lawrence, the last three gentlemen being the chairmen of the sub-committee. As the drapery fell from the memorial the unveiling was announced by a flourish of trumpets and by the drums of the 1st Battalion Coldstream Guards beating a ruffle, the troops presenting arms, and the bells ringing joyously. The memorial, which was designed by Mr. Boehm, is composed of bronze and Aberdeen granite. It is about 15ft. high, and presents an imposing appearance. The statue re- presents Her Majesty attired in Royal robes, wearing the Garter insignia, and holding an orb and sceptre. The Mayoress of Windsor subse- quently presented a bouquet of Marshal Riel roses to the Queen. Another beautiful bouquet of crimson roses and other rare flowers, tied with cream silk ribands, one of which was adorned with a prettily-painted view of Windsor Castle, was presented to the Crown Princess of Germany by Mrs. Richardson-Gardner, and others were pre- sented to Princess Christian, Princess Louise, and Princess Beatrice by Miss Simpson, daughter of the Mayor, Miss Ricardo, and Miss Barry. Mr. Richardson-Gardner, M.P., and other gentlemen were introduced to the Queen at the close of the ceremony, after which the Royal party continued their drive* amid the cheers of the spectators, to THE QUEEN'S RETURN TO WINDSOR. 279 tho Palace, which they entered by Georgo IV. ’s Gateway. The Queen and Royal Family witnessed at night a torchlight procession given by the Eton students at Windsor Castle in honour of Her Majesty’s jubilee. The school Volunteers and boys carrying flambeaux and Japanese lanterns marched with the bands of tho Royal Horse Guards and Coldstreams shortly after 10 o’clock to tho Quadrangle, where a large company had assembled. The boys formed tho centre of tho square joining the corridor, and on the appearance of the Queen and Court at the open windows they sang the National Anthem, accompanied by the band, and cheered Her Majesty. Other boys with Japanese lanterns arranged themselves on the slope of the Round Tower, and the tableaux within tho precincts of tho Palace wa3 singularly weird and novel. During the display the boys marched in procession, and under the conductorship of Mr. Barnby sang with very good effect, among other things, a jubilee song, “ Victoria, our Queen,” the verse of which was composed by Mr. A. C. Ainger, one of the college masters, and set to music by Mr. Barnby. Tho Round Tower of Windsor Castle was illuminated by electric lamps and the Palace windows with wax candles. The town of Windsor and Eton and tho college were also brilliantly illuminated, and there was a display of fireworks in tho Home Park. 280 TIIE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. FOREIGN SYMPATHY WITH THE JUBILEE. (The Times, June 24 , 1887 .) Tho J ubilee Day has come and gone, and we have now time to sum up its results. Nothing, perhaps, in all tho gorgeous pageantry of tho week lias been more remarkable — of course, after the display of spontaneous popular enthusiasm — than the manifestation of reverent sympathy by the re- presentatives of foreign Statos at onco with the personality of our Sovereign and with the institu- tions of our country. It is, to some extent, in tho natural order of things that the great monarchies of the old world should bo willing, and even eager, to recognize an event which bears testimony to the strength and the solidity of the monarchical principle. But the Queen’s Jubilee has elicited something more than this formal appearance of the leading members of the Itoyal caste to take their places in a procession and to be tho guests of Her Majesty on this unique occasion. It must not bo forgotton that other Powers, not enjoying a monarchical Government, have taken caro to show that they are not loss ready than any of their neighbours to acknowledge the worth of a fifty years’ reign during which public respect and esteem have crystallized around tho Throne. Franco and the United States have adopted republican institutions, yet their Governments rOREIGN SYMPATHY WITH THE JUBILEE. 281 havo not been backward in paying due honour to the Queen. Still more significant is the evidence to bo gathered from the foreign Press, showing that the importance of the ceremonial of this week is not misapprehended abroad. England and English affairs have not always bGon fairly or generously, judged in other countries, but in pre- sence of the striking display of national feeling which has been evoked by the Jubilee the voice of carping criticism has been hushed. In Germany, in Austria, in France, in Italy, both official and independent journalists havo borne their testi- mony without reserve to the impressive lessons taught by the surprising revelations of a deep- seated and living sentiment, which would carry this nation, if the need were to arise, through severe and arduous trials. We are glad to return thanks for the courtesy and the kindliness shown by almost all tho monarchies of the civilized world in sending their representatives to grace tho Jubilee. So brilliant a circle of guests has rarely been assembled for any such occasion, but necessarily their stay must be brief, and already, it will be seen, the gathering has begun to break up . Foremost among them all in political importance and in personal interest are the Crown Prince of Germany, the heir to the mighty Empire of which our own times have witnessed the up-building, his wife, tho Princess Royuvl of England, and hi* children. Other Sovereigns and Princes closely connected with our Royal Family havo also beoa 282 THE queen’s jubilee. present at a scene which no one interested in the permanence of the British Throne could contem- plate without pride and hope. The King of Den- mark, the father of the Princess of Wales, his son, the King of the Hellenes, and the Duke of Sparta, the heir to the crown of Greece, have been among us. The King and Queen of the Belgians, reigning over a State fashioned after the model of the British monarchy, belong to the house of Saxe-Coburg, doubly allied with our own Royal Family. Another branch of the same house was represented by the Crown Prince of Portugal, whose consort is the daughter of the Comte be Paris. The Austro-Hungarian Empire sent the Crown Prince Rudolph, the heir to all the kingdom, duchies, and principalities of the HAPSBURGS,and. the son-in-law of the Queen’s cousin, Leopold II. of Belgium. Spain had as her sponsors the aunt of the infant King, the Princess Eulalia, and her husband, Don Antonio, son of the Due de Montpensier. The representatives of Russia were the Grand Duke Serge, brother of the Czar and brother- in-law of the Duke of Edinburgh, and his wife, the daughter of the Grand Duke of Hesse and of our own Princess Alice. The Duke of Aosta, representing his brother, the King of Italy, was once himself a reigning Sovereign, and was then known as Amadeo of Spain. The King of Saxony; the Crown Prince of Sweden, and a host of highnesses — Imperial, Royal, and Serene — representing nearly all the FOREIGN SYMPATHY WITH TIIE JUBILEE. 283 reigning and princely houses of the German Empire, wero numbered among the guests. But many others appeared who must have been strange to the chamberlains of Continental Courts. Siam and Japan sent their envoys, and from the distant Pacific regions the Queen of Hawaii came to pay her tribute of respect to the ruler of the mighty Empire that extends its power over every Boa. So numerous and brilliant has been this assemblage of notabilities of every sort, that even the highest among them has, of necessity, at- tracted much less individual attention than if he had visited us alone. For this, however, our guests must have been prepared, and they have, no doubt, accepted it as inseparable from the peculiar conditions of the Jubilee. We know not whether Her Majesty’s foreign guests have in all cases been able to appreciate en- tirely tho significance of the remarkable events they have seen unfolded before their eyes. Many of them, no doubt, are perfectly capable of entering into the spirit of the scene. The Imperial family of Germany have a thorough and intimate know- ledge of English life and institutions ; the Heir Apparent to the Austrian Throne is a travelled and cultivated man ; the Kino of the Belgians, the Crown Prince of Sweden, and many others have had practical opportunities of observing in their own countries tho working of constitutional government on the English model. To the minds of all two facts, at least, must have been brought home. ‘ [The one is the extent* in territory,' in resources. 281 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE. and in population, of the British Empire, with its teeming colonies, its Indian dependencies, its rich and varied domains in every clime. The other is the stability of a dominion u broad based upon “ the pooplo’s will.” Wo do not challenge a comparison with the military power of other States, though, if a time of trial were to come upon the English race, Englishmen, wo aro sure, would bo ready, for adequate reasons, to incur sacrifices which would place them on a level in point of armed force with their neighbours. But, whether we owe it wholly to our insular position or not, it remains true that this country, alone among European States of the first rank, has passed through half a century, marked by revolutions all around, without suffering from any breach of social or political continuity. Since the year of the Queen’s accession the map of Europe has been again and again remodelled, and scarcely a single Continental Government stands on the samobasis as in 1837. In Germany the centre of gravity has been ehiftod from Austria to Prussia, and the ambition of the latter Power has been legitimately crowned by the erection of an Empire that stands up high amid its neighbours on the Continent. The (i Particularism ” of the small kingdoms and principalities has been swamped by the rising tide of unionist fooling, and the narrow’ jealousy of Parliamentary government, which was rampant throughout the old Con- federation, has disappeared. Austria, after losing all her Italian possessions, has been transformed FOREIGN SYMPATHY WITH THE JUBILEE. 285 into a dual monarchy ; Hungary, after passing through grievous disasters, has recovered her free- dom, and has successfully asserted hor claim to an equal share in the policy of the Empire. Russia, which has preserved the appearance of an immobile autocracy, lias been neverthe- less profoundly modified in her internal struc- ture by a far-reaching social revolution — the emancipation of tho serfs. Ifcaljg which was a u geographical expression ” when tho Queen ascended the Throne, has achieved the unity, long the dream of her poets and patriots, and has been recognized as one of the great Powers. Spain has been less fortunate ; civil wars and military revolts have left their mark on the country ; the monarchy has been again and again overturned ; Isabella II. was driven into exile and Amadeo was forced to abdicate, nor did Republican institutions, whether administered by advanced democrats or by autocratic soldiers, prove more stable. But the vicissitudes of French politics havo been tho most marked of all. Louis Philippe was reign- ing fifty years ago, but ho had soon to make way for tho {Second Republic, which was in turn transmuted into tho Second Empire. The down- fall of the ^Napoleonic system at Sedan has givonRo- publican institutions another chance in Franco, but when we reflect that in loss than sixtoen years the Republic has soon twenty-two Administrations, it is impossible to fool confident that tho revolutionary leaven has as yet worked itself out. Bo that as it may, it is in this country only among the greater 286 THE QUEEN'S JUBILEE European Powers that the fundamental institu-< tions of the Stato have remainod unaltered in form during the fifty eventful years measured by Her Majesty’s reign. This stability, it is needless to say, has not involved stagnation. If we have preserved the framework of our Constitution intact, we have known how to give scope for new ideas more effectively than if we had spent our energies in successive revolutions andreactions. Nature and history have fortified us against the dangers of dismemberment to which other States are exposed, and have exempted us at the same time from the appetite for territorial acquisition. Let us profit by advantages which the most fortunate of our foreign guests must envy. Let us be firm in resisting the madness that would sow in these islands the seeds of disunion and disintegration. UNIVERSITY OF ILLiN0!S, PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY GEORGE EDWARD WRIGHT, AT THE TIMES OFFICE, PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE, LONDON. 1887. -V J ' 1 . ;>>f Hi, , ' '■■TVL.f,: '■./ j'bv’llMi-' V. V" ; ' * > y . Jitjfyitrfi'ilj ■. fo’C I • n • *;•'•• >3 • - -if^iTV > ' ... ‘ ■ r-.if .f '■ • t' • «jf$ :rJ ‘ /• h* •;&$■£'< nil j 5 t> . f.ivl , • • ' . . - i,. • ? . -V*. .» • -•: $ ' ■ " : •• • . / A' ‘14 ‘c. -a . V ' * V r '- . ' • , ' ' *!*•«» . .ft* ' ' • < v : ■-/ ' , ' fV ■ / v ’ r V i •;\. ■ , ; .. 7 Vy % . • - , : ' ; i ; V- • r-».‘ i ' . UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 3 0112 051017074