UNIVERSITY OF 
 ILLINOIS LIBRARY 
 AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 
 AGRICULTURE 
 
/ 
 
 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/reportofagricult1188newm 
 

 Agricultural Library 
 
 UL 
 
 Uiop Production 
 
 BULLETIN No. 1 
 
 NEW SERIES. 
 
 REPORT OF 
 
 -^Agrigultu^al Experiment Station.^ 
 
 Agricultural and Mechanical College, Auburn, Ala., 
 July 1888. 
 
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 REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL 
 
 EXPERIMENT STATION, 
 
 A®I€IIiffSM AS» MbOBAIIOAI €®LEE€E, 
 
 AUBURN, ALA., JULY, 1888. 
 
 BOARD OF VISITORS: 
 
 COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES ON EXPERIMENT STATION .* 
 
 Hon. J. G. Gilchrist, Hon. R. F. Ligon, Hon. J. B. Mitchell. 
 BOARD OF DIRECTION : 
 
 W. L. Broun President. 
 
 J. S. Newman Director and Agriculturist. 
 
 N. T, Lupton Vice -Director and Chemist. 
 
 P. H. Mell y Botanist.* 
 
 Biologist.f 
 
 Assistants : 
 
 Isaac Ross 
 
 E. R. Lloyd, M. Sc 
 
 J. T. Anderson, Ph. D.... 
 L. W. Wilkinson, M. Sc 
 T. D. Samford, B. Sc 
 
 ( First Assistant Agriculturist in charge 
 
 ( of Live Stock and Dairy. 
 
 Second Assistant Agriculturist. 
 
 First Assistant Chemist. 
 
 ' Second Assistant Chemist. 
 
 Assistant BotanisL 
 
 * Prof. Mell has also charge of Meteorological observations, 
 t To be filled. 
 
Circulating copy 
 
 Agricultural Library 
 
 REPORT OF J. S. NEWMAN, DIRECTOR. 
 
 OUTLINE OP WORK. 
 
 The experiment station of the A. & M. College was established 
 under State law in the summer of 1883. 
 
 An exhausted farm of 226 acres was purchased to be used for the 
 purpose. Much of it was turned out on the commons ; the build- 
 ings and fences on the remainder were in a very dilapidated con- 
 dition. A large portion of the land had been abandoned for cul 
 tivation on account of its poverty and gullied condition. 
 
 Under these circumstances, with only one official connected 
 with the Station, the Director, who was also prof, of Agriculure, 
 progress in development was slow , especially since the funds ap- 
 propriated to the Station were small in amount Notwithstanding 
 these difficulties, considerable progress has been made in some 
 departments of the work, — especially is this true of the Horticul- 
 tural department. 
 
 Field experiments have been conducted each year, and bulletins 
 furnished the Department of Agriculture for publication, as re- 
 quired by law. 
 
 The equipment, so far as machinery and improved impliments 
 are concerned, has been, until now, inferior to that of an ordinary 
 well conducted, private farm. 
 
 Much time 5nd labor have been expended in clearing up pine 
 thickets, tilling gullies, building fences, and arranging for a supply 
 of water under pressure. 
 
 The only experiment, so far, conducted with cattle, has been 
 that of intense inbreeding with thoroughbred Jerseys — This has 
 been continued for four years, under careful supervision, with 
 apparently favorable results. 
 
 Besides experiments already completed, a large number are 
 now in progress in field, orchard, vineyard, and garden. 
 
 The cotton plant has been made a subject of special inquiry, 
 both as to its development above ground, and its root growth. 
 
 Similar inquiries have been made with regard to the corn plant 
 
 In both, varieties have been compared, inquiries made as to 
 the fertilizers best adapted to their growth upon the soil of this 
 Station, and with the additional facilities which will now be sup- 
 
6 
 
 plied through the Congressional appropriation, inquiries will be 
 multiplied and carried to much greater detail. 
 
 The experiment work upon the Station is divided into two gen- 
 eral classes : 
 
 First, The demonstration of facts already known to the ad- 
 vanced agriculturist, but not generally disseminated. 
 
 Second, Original investigation having for its object the dis- 
 covery of truth. So far as the study of plants is concerned, in- 
 vestigations will be made first upon the most useful and gen- 
 erally cultivated plants in the Southern States. 
 
 Feeding experiments will be principally confined to inquiries 
 looking to determining the nutritive value of peculiarly southern 
 crops, and their digestibility. Besides the experiments reported 
 on the following pages, inquiries are in progress with reference 
 to cotton, corn, sweet potatoes, tobacco, forage plants, ground- 
 peas, sorghum, wheat, and in the orchard, pears, apples, plums, 
 peaches, figs, quinces and cherries. 
 
 All of these have been planted in considerable variety for the 
 purpose of ascertaining which varieties are best adapted to this 
 soil and climate, as well as to record the characteristics, both as 
 to vegetation and reproduction of varieties. 
 
 The diseases affecting the different species of fruits and vines, 
 as well as their enemies amongst birds and insects will be sub- 
 jects of special investigation. 
 
 Fifty-eight varieties of grapes are being fruited £nd propagated, 
 sixty varieties of strawberries, and twenty-nine of raspberries. 
 
 The soil of the Station ie principal^ either sandy or pebble 
 drift, mostly with clay sub-soil generally beyond the reach of 
 the plow. There is, however, sufficient area of clay subsoil within 
 reach of the plow to vary the investigation so far as soil is con- 
 cerned. 
 
 The soils of the Station, therefore, represent a large area of the 
 State of Alabama ; a portion of which lies above the prairie region 
 extending nearly across the State, but a still larger area lying be- 
 tween the prairie belt and the gulf. 
 
 In order to investigate the properties, physical and chemical, 
 and the needs of typical soils throughout the State, ten such soils 
 have been collected from the virgin forests, keeping the soil and 
 subsoil separate and replacing them in their natural relative posi- 
 tion in bins prepared for the purpose and placed under identical 
 circumstances. Each soil and subsoil is being subjected to chem- 
 
 
7 
 
 ical and mechanical analysis in the laboratory, and plant analysis 
 in the field. 
 
 Each soil and sub-soil is divided into eight parcels and placed in 
 as many bins. 
 
 The cotton plant is growing in each bin. To these has been ap- 
 plied different elements and combinations of elements of plant 
 food for the purpose of inquiring which of these elements are • 
 needed by each particular soil. This will be repeated from year 
 to year until a sufficient number of tests have been made to 
 eliminate the variable factor of climatic influences resulting from 
 difference in seasons. 
 
 Additional barns, silos, offices and working rooms are being sup- 
 plied, and a complete outfit of improved machinery and farm im. 
 plements has been purchased. 
 
 It is proposed to test by.the Dynamometer the draft of different 
 tools and machines, and manufacturers will be invited, at a stated 
 period each year, to send to the Station specimens of their imple- 
 ments, plows especially, to be carefully and accurately tested, 
 and the results reported in the Station Bulletins. 
 
 A new and complete laboratory building is now thoroughly 
 equipped for work in the chemical department. 
 
 A complete meteorological outfit has been purchased, and 
 microscopes ordered for thorough work in investigation of the 
 secrets of animal and vegetable life especially the fungi injurious 
 to useful vegetation, as well as the habits of insects, friendly or, 
 injurious to vegetation. 
 
 A Creamery will be equipped during the present year, with 
 the best modern appliances by means of which the most approved 
 methods of handling milk and butter will be demonstrated, and, 
 in connection with that department, feeding experiments with 
 special reference to milk and butter production will be conducted. 
 
 The Experiment Station being in immediate connection with 
 the college grounds, the members of the agricultural classes have 
 exceptional opportunities for acquiring familiarity with its work 
 and of becoming acquainted with methods of scientific investiga- 
 tion. 
 
 The Station was re-organized under the act, known as the 
 a Hatch Bill,” to take effect the hirst of April. It came too late 
 for the inauguration of new experiments in the held or garden. 
 
 The following results are from experiments commenced under 
 the old organization and completed since April 1st : 
 
8 
 
 Experiments With Table Corn. — 
 
 Object — To compare earliness of varieties. 
 
 Planted March 7th, except Hickory King, White Pearl and 
 Perry’s Hybrid, which were planted March 22nd. 
 
 Results. 
 
 Name of Variety. 
 
 Seedman. 
 
 First Tassel. 
 
 [ Time Edible. 
 
 1. Early Minnesota 
 
 F erry 
 
 May 9 ... . 
 
 May 30 
 
 2. Old Colony 
 
 “ 31 
 
 June 18 
 
 3. Corv 
 
 “ 
 
 8 
 
 May 28 
 
 4. Black Mexican 
 
 “ 
 
 “ 18 
 
 June 1 
 
 5. Crosby’s Ex. Early Sweet 
 
 “ 
 
 12 
 
 “ 2 
 
 6. Early Southern 
 
 T.Leets’ Early 
 
 “ 
 
 “ 15 
 
 “ 5 
 
 
 “ 14 
 
 “ 1 
 
 8. Excelsior Sweet 
 
 “ 
 
 “ 21 
 
 “ 18 
 
 9. Perry’s Hybrid 
 
 K 
 
 «. 14 
 
 “ 4 
 
 10. Boynton’s Early 
 
 II 
 
 “ 12 
 
 w 2 
 
 11. Lanareth’s Sugar 
 
 Landreth . . . 
 
 “ 25 
 
 « 18 ! 
 
 12. Hudson’s Bay (field) 
 
 44 
 
 M 12 
 
 “ 1 
 
 13. Old Cabin Home 
 
 it 
 
 June 5 
 
 “ 22 
 
 14. 2d 1st Early Landreth’s Market 
 
 
 May 11. 
 
 May 30 ! 
 
 15. Golden Beauty 
 
 U. S. Pep 
 
 “ 29 
 
 June 21 
 
 16. Clark’s Flour Corn 
 
 June 15 
 
 July 2 
 
 17. Stabler’s Early 
 
 44 it 4C 
 
 May 16 
 “ 28 
 
 Tune 9 
 
 18. Egyptian 
 
 44 it U 
 
 “ 15 
 
 19. Cory 
 
 4( 44 44 
 
 “ 10 
 
 May 29 
 
 20. White Giant Normandy 
 
 44 44 4 4 
 
 June 1 
 
 June 18 
 
 21. Improved Evergreen 
 
 22. Livingston’s Evergreen Sugar 
 
 23. Adam’s Early 
 
 44 44 44 
 
 May 28 
 
 “ 15 \ 
 
 Livingston . . 
 Exp’t St’n . . 
 
 “ 23 
 
 “ 18 
 
 “ 11 
 
 “ 5 
 
 24. Evergreen Sweet 
 
 “ 25 
 
 “ 20 
 
 25. New Hickory King 
 
 44 44 
 
 Tune 2 
 
 *• 22 
 
 26. Champion Early White Pearl 
 
 it 44 
 
 “ 4 
 
 “ 28 
 
 27. Perry’s Hybrid 
 
 44 44 
 
 May 27 . 
 
 “ 22 
 
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 Soft. . 
 Soft. . 
 Soft. . 
 Soft. . 
 
 Firm.. 
 Soft. . 
 
 
 Not Prolific . 
 Prolific . 
 
 Not Prolific 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 44 
 
 Prolific 
 
 Not Prolific. 
 Prolific 
 
 Not Prolific . 
 
 Not Prolific. 
 
 Prolific 
 
 Not Prolific . 
 Not Prolific. 
 Not Prolific . 
 Not Prolific . 
 Not Prolific. 
 
 Prolific 
 
 Not Prolific 
 
 Prolific 
 
 Not Prolific. 
 Not Prolific . 
 
 
 Very Good.] 
 
 Good 
 
 V ery Good . 
 
 Good 
 
 V ery Good . 
 Very Good. 
 
 Good 
 
 V ery Good . 
 
 Good 
 
 Good 
 
 Very Good. 
 
 Good 
 
 V ery Good . . 
 
 Good 
 
 Good 
 
 V ery Good . 
 
 Good 
 
 V ery Good . . 
 
 Good 
 
 Good 
 
 Very Good.. 
 Good 
 
 
 Deep Red . 
 Light Red 
 Deep Red 
 
 44 
 
 Light R. 
 
 4 4 44 
 
 Deep Red. 
 Light Red 
 Deep Red 
 
 Red 
 
 Red 
 
 Light Red 
 Red 
 
 Light Red 
 
 Deep Red . 
 Light Red 
 
 Red 
 
 Deep Red. 
 
 Round . 
 
 44 
 
 Conical ; 
 Oblong. . 
 Round .. 
 
 a 
 
 Oblong. 
 
 Oblong. . 
 Oblong. . 
 
 Conical . . 
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 Oblong. 
 Round . . . 
 Oblong. . 
 
 Round . . 
 
 44 
 
 Small 
 
 Large . . . 
 Medium . . 
 Small .... 
 Medium . . 
 
 44 
 
 Small 
 
 Large 
 
 Medium . . 
 
 Small 
 
 Large .... 
 Medium . . 
 no sample 
 Medium 
 
 a 
 
 no test. . . . 
 medium . . 
 
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 Lai ge 
 
 Medium .. 
 
 44 
 
 !no test. . . . 
 
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 44 
 
 no test. . . . 
 
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16 
 
 MULCHED AND UNMULCHED STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 To compare the production of mulched with that of unmulched 
 plants. In the early spring of 1887 two hundred plants of the 
 Sharpless variety of strawberries were planted in fertile, pebbly 
 drift. 
 
 One hundred of the plants were mulched with oat straw and one 
 hundred left unmulched. 
 
 During the spring of ’87 the flower stalks were pulled from 50 
 of the mulched and fifty of the unmulched plants for the purpose 
 of ascertaining the effect of this treatment upon the production the 
 next year. 
 
 During the fall of 1887 eleven of the unmulched plants died 
 while only one of the mulched perished. 
 
 These were care f ully replaced with plants of the same age from 
 an adjacent bed in order that the final test of productiveness 
 might be made upon equal number of plants in each case. 
 
 Last spring the following notes were made : viz. The un- 
 mulched plants commenced ripening their fruit April 18th, and 
 the mulched April 24th. 
 
 The mulching therefore had the effect of retarding the ripening 
 of the berries six days. 
 
 * The patch was divided into four plats as follows : 
 
 1st. Fifty plants, unmulched which were allowed to ripen their 
 fruit in 1887, the first season after planting. 
 
 2d. Fifty plants, mulched which bore fruit the first season. 
 
 3d. Filty plants, unmulched from which the fruit stalks were 
 removed the first season. 
 
 4. Fifty plants, mulched from which the fruit stalks were removed. 
 
 Mulching increased the yield several quarts from fifty plants, 
 nearly doubling the yield. 
 
 Removing the fruit stalks the first season did not pay. 
 
 Twenty-five selected berries from these plats weighed upon the 
 scales in the chemical lobaratory, one pound; and 22 of them filled 
 a quart measure. 
 
 The unmulched being earlier than the mulched plats, sustained 
 grearter loss from late frosts. The extent of this could not be as- 
 certained. 
 
REPORT OF N. T. LUPTON, CHEMIST, 
 
 During the year ending July 1st, a large amount of work has 
 been done in the Laboratory by the chemist in charge and his as- 
 sistants, Messrs. L. W. Wilkinson and B. S. Burton. $ince the 
 1st of April, Dr. J. T. Anderson has been employed as First As- 
 sistant Chemist of the Agricultural Station, mid has been en- 
 gaged on the analysis of representative soils of the state. 
 
 The work of the year has been mainly in connection with the 
 State Department of Agriculture, of which the Professor of 
 Chemistry in the Agricultural and Mechanical College is made 
 by law, “the official chemist.” He is required “on the applica- 
 tion of the Commissioner to analyze and certify the analysis of 
 all fertilizers, samples of which are furnished him,” also, of such 
 other materials as the Commissioner may direct 
 
 The Director of the Agricultural Experiment station is also au- 
 thorized to have such analyses made as may be necessary to car- 
 ry on the experimental work under his supervision. 
 
 The variety and extent of this work can be seen from the fol- 
 lowing tabular statement of the number and character of the 
 quantitive analyses made during the past four years. It is 
 scarcely necessary to state that in the analysis of fertilizers, only 
 those constituents have been determined which are required un- 
 der the law, viz : Water soluble, citrate soluble and acid soluble 
 
 phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash. 
 
 NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF qUANTATIVE ANALYSIS MADE IN THE STATE 
 LABORATORY DURING THE PAST FOUR YEARS, UNDER THE { 
 
 GENERAL SUPERVISION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF 
 AGRICULTURE AND THE DIRECTOR OF 
 EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 
 Number of Analyses. 
 
 
 1884-85. 
 
 1885-86. 
 
 1886-87. 
 
 1887-88, 
 
 Acid phosphates with nitrogen and potash 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 79 
 
 65 
 
 Acid phosphates with potash 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Acid phosphates 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 41 
 
 52 
 
 Natural guanos 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 Phosphatic rocks and deposits 
 
 103 
 
 27 
 
 
 3 
 
 Marls and calcareous rocks .... 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 Mucks 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Cotton seed meal 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Cotton seed hull ash 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Cave earths 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Composts. 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 Kainit and potash salts. 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Feed stuffs 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Nitrogenous material 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 Cane juice and begasse 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 Iron ores 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Clays 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 Waters 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 Soils 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 14G 
 
 131 
 
 175 
 
 186 
 
 In addition to the above, a considerable number of minealogical specimens, such 
 as pyrites, limestones, marles, etc., were determined qualitatively, and some other 
 work done not properly belonging to the Department of Agriculture or Ex. Station. 
 The details of the analysis of fertilizers are as follows : 
 
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS REPORTED BY DR. N. T. LUPTON, STATE CHEMIST, FROM SAMPLES FURNISHED BY MANUFAC 
 
 TURERS AND OTHERS, FOR SEASON OF 1887*88 — SEPTEMBER TO JULY. 
 
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Phosphates With Nitrogen and Potash. 
 
 COMMERCIAL VALUE 
 
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 Geneva, Ala. 
 Atlanta, Ga. . 
 Geneva, Ala. 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 44 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. . . 
 Clayton, Ala.. 
 Selma, Ala. . . . 
 
 Savannah, Ga. 
 
 (4 44 
 
 44 4 
 
 Newnan, Ga. 
 Montgomery. 
 
 44 
 
 Troy, Ala... 
 Atlanta, Ga.. . 
 
 Oxford, Ala . . 
 Mobile, Ala... 
 Savannah, Ga. 
 Alexandria, Ala 
 
 Opelika, Ala. . 
 Mobile, Ala. . . 
 Pickensv’le Ala 
 Greenville, Ala 
 Oxford, Ala... 
 Fayette, C. H. 
 Young’boroAla. 
 
 44 4 4 
 
 A. Station, Ala 
 
 Malone & Corns 
 Treadw’ll, A.&co 
 Malone & Col’ns 
 
 Adair Bros & co 
 Clayton F’r Co 
 C W Hooper &co 
 
 D L Roberts .... 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 44 
 
 44 44 
 
 Coweta Frtl’r co 
 
 44 44 
 
 N H Holmes.. 
 
 44 44 
 
 A. H. Rainer. . 
 A H Rainer. . . . 
 So. acid phos co. 
 
 4 • * 44 
 
 44 44 
 
 O WCooper & co 
 Frank S Roberts 
 Ham’d, Hull &co 
 Freeman& Du’g’s 
 
 44 44 
 
 Murphy, D & F 
 Frank S Roberts 
 W G Hinton &S 
 J Steiner & sons 
 O W Cooper. . 
 J B Collins.... 
 W. G. Whitman 
 
 44 4 4 
 
 J. S. Newman . . 
 
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24 
 
 The methods of analysis used are those adopted by the Associa- 
 tion of Official Agricultural Chemists at their last meeting in 
 Washington and published in pamphlet form. 
 
 In soil analysis, the methods published by the Department of 
 Agriculture at Washington have been strictly followed, and great 
 care has been taken to secure accurate results. While soil analy- 
 sis has, of late years, fallen somewhat into disrepute, on account 
 of hasty conclusions drawn from imperfect data, and a want of 
 thorough study of all the conditions of plant growth, it has an im- 
 portant value in the scientific investigation of the productive ca- 
 pacity of soils and the means best adapted to restore fertility and 
 to prevent exhaustion. 
 
 In accordance witjj the plan of experimentation agreed upon 
 for the Station, representative soils with sub-soils from different 
 portions of the State have been collected which will be analyzed 
 ith great care, and their productive value with and without fer- 
 tilizers, determined by carefully conducted and accurate experi- 
 ments at the Station. Important conclusions, it is believed, will 
 be drawn from these results, not only of general scientific value, 
 but of practical utility to the agriculturists of Alabama and other 
 states. 
 
 The results of soil analysis thus far completed are as follows : 
 
 RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF AIR-DRIED SOILS AND SUB-SOILS. — SOIL RECEIVED 
 
 FROM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 1 
 
 Virgin Soil. 
 
 Cul’d or worn s’i 
 
 
 Soil. 
 
 SU 
 
 Soil. 
 
 Subso’l 
 
 Soil marked 
 
 ' 1 (a) 
 
 i (b) 
 
 2 (a) 
 
 2 (b) 
 
 Station number 
 
 1001 
 
 1002 
 
 1003 
 
 1004 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Moisture 
 
 ; 3 686 
 
 1 535 
 
 0 981 
 
 0 512 
 
 Insoluble Silica 
 
 82 131 
 
 88 718 
 
 89 713 
 
 91 602 
 
 Hydrated Silica 
 
 2 253 
 
 2 173 
 
 1 909 
 
 2 161 
 
 Soluble Silica 
 
 0 194 
 
 0 115 
 
 0 307 
 
 0 067 
 
 Sesquioxide of Iron, F, 0 3 
 
 1 434 
 
 1 505 
 
 0 813 
 
 1 028 
 
 Alumina, A1 2, O 3 
 
 3 028 
 
 3 140 
 
 1 867 
 
 2 590 
 
 Phosphoric Acid, P 2, O 5 
 
 0 059 
 
 0 093 
 
 0 056 
 
 0 060 
 
 Lime, Ca.O 
 
 : 0 091 
 
 0 031 
 
 0 086 
 
 0 034 
 
 Magnesia, Mgo 
 
 0 058 
 
 0 023 
 
 0 072 
 
 0 012 
 
 Potash, K 2, O 
 
 0 062 
 
 0 090 
 
 0 034 
 
 0 092 
 
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 0 184 
 
 0 718 
 
 0 440 
 
 0 281 
 
 Sulphuric Acid, S03 
 
 0 101 
 
 0 041 
 
 0 056 
 
 0 021 
 
 Chlorine, Cl 
 
 0 009 
 
 0 on 
 
 0 015 
 
 0 014 
 
 Carbonic Acid, C O 2 : 
 
 0 180 
 
 0 058 
 
 0 106 
 
 0 095 
 
 Volatile and Organic Matter 
 
 5 838 
 
 2 064 
 
 3 208 
 
 1 112 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 99 308 
 
 100 315 
 
 99 663 
 
 ~~99 681 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 0 379 
 
 0 274 
 
 0 293 
 
 0 253 
 
 The Air-dried soil contains 
 
 Coarse Gravel 
 
 31 20 
 
 22 11 
 
 26 18 
 
 18 IS 
 
 Fine Material. 
 
 68 80 
 
 77 88 
 
 73 82 
 
 81 87 
 
25 
 
 REPORT OF P. H. MELL, BOTANIST. 
 
 So short a time has elapsed since the organization of the 
 Experiment Station, but little can be said of the Botanical work. 
 
 An outline of some of the plans proposed, however, may not be 
 amiss here. 
 
 The investigations in this department were intended by the 
 laws establishing the station to cover the entire state. In other 
 words it is contemplated to write in popular language a botany 
 of Alabama that will be equally intelligible to the farmer and 
 valuable to the scientific student. This will not be the work of 
 a few months, nor will it be accomplished by one person. But it 
 must be the work of years and through the combined efforts of 
 the earnest farmers of Alabama and the officers of the Experiment 
 Station. 
 
 As we look over the field before us it seems best at present to 
 divide the work as follows: 
 
 1. The Classification and determination of the relative econom- 
 ic values of all wild plants useful for forage and other like agri- 
 cultural purposes. 
 
 2. The classification of all noxious weeds and a discussion of 
 the best and cheapest methods of eradicating them. 
 
 3. The medical plants of the State. 
 
 4. Trees and shrubs that are suitable for lumber and building 
 interests. 
 
 It will also be a matter of importance to examine these wild 
 plants while under a state of cultivation and thus prove their 
 adaptation to the wants of the farmer. 
 
 Valuable assistance in the prosecution of this work may be 
 rendered by the farmers of the State if they will send specimens 
 of plants to the Station carefully collected in the following man- 
 ner: 
 
 1. In the case of an herb or grass the entire plant must be 
 sent including roots, stem, leaves, flowers and, if possible, the fruit 
 also. Select fifteen or twenty vigorous, well grown specimens 
 and place them between sheets of thick unsized paper, taking 
 care to spread the leaves and adjust the flowers so that the small- 
 est proportions of parts are not folded and bent out of shape. Place 
 a pressure of 30 or 40 lbs on the paper and place aside to dry 
 When the plant is too long for the size of the paper, bend the 
 stems until reduced to proper proportions. 
 
26 
 
 2. Take careful notes of the plant surroundings. The charac- 
 acter of soil, whether found on up land or loyr land, moist or dry- 
 land, foreest or open field, time of flowering and seeding, etc., 
 height of plants. State whether the plants are in large or 
 small nnmbers. Are stock known to eat them, etc. 
 
 3. In case of large trees and shrubs it will be best to take sec- 
 tions of the trunk and collect the leaves, flowers and fruits. The 
 sections must be cut ten inches long and the bark left on un- 
 bruised. These specimens should then be numbered and careful- 
 ly packed in strong boxes and shipped by freight to the station at 
 Auburn. Notes must be taken concerning the tree, where it is 
 found, kind of soil, common name, if known, and if it has been 
 used for any special purpose. Place a number on the note corres- 
 ponding to that on the section. Send the notes by mail to Au- 
 burn. The leaves must be pressed between paper as already de- 
 scribed. 
 
 4. In sending specimens through the mail or by express do not 
 roll the papers but pack them spread out as they come from the 
 press. Lay the sheets containing the plants one on top of the oth- 
 er, place at the top and bottom of the package stout paste board. 
 Wrap all with strong paper and address to Experiment Station, 
 Auburn, Ala., (Department of Botany.) In every shipment send 
 notes, name and post office. 
 
 The grasses are best collected between the first of May and the 
 first of October. Many plants mature their seeds by the first of 
 June, and they must be collected early in the spring just as soon 
 as the flowers are formed well. 
 

AVERAGE PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES, FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 
 
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30 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA BY 
 
 P. H. MELL. 
 
 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTH FOR THE STATE. COMPILED FROM 
 ALABAMA WEATHER SERVICE REPORTS, FOR FOUR YEARS (84-88). 
 
 January 43 8 deg’s. 
 
 February 48 6 “ 
 
 March 54 3 “ 
 
 April 64 5 “ 
 
 May 71 9 “ 
 
 June 77 6 “ 
 
 July 
 
 81 
 
 
 deg’s. 
 
 August 
 
 78 
 
 2 
 
 *• 
 
 September 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
 October 
 
 64 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 November 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 it 
 
 December 
 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR THE STATE. 
 
 Spring. . 
 Autumn . 
 
 69 7 deg’s. I Summer 78 9 
 
 63 9 
 
 Winter 47 5 
 
 Average for the State 65 deg’s. 
 
 AVERAGE PRECIPITATION FOR SEASONS FOR FOUR YEARS 1884-88). 
 
 Spring 4 26 inches. I Summer 3 90 inches. 
 
 Autumn 7 77 “ | Winter 5 11 “ 
 
 Average precipitation for North Alabama 49 56 inches' 
 
 Average precipitation for Middle Alabama 50 46 “ 
 
 Average precipitation for South Alabama 54 22 “ 
 
 Average precipitation for State 50 88 “ 
 
 Yearly average clear days 116 
 
 “ fair days 119 
 
 “ “ cloudy days 126 
 
 AVERAGE BAROMETER FOR THE STATE FOR EACH YEAR. COMPILED FROM RE- 
 
 PORTS FROM ALABAMA WEATHER SERVICE. 
 
 1884, from March 1st, 1184, to March 1st, 1885 30 089 
 
 1885, from March 1st, 1885, to March 1st, 1886 30 081 
 
 1886, beginning January 1st 30 087 
 
 1887 30 144 
 
 1888, — January 1st, to June 1st 30 130 
 
 Maximum Barometer, 30,800. Observed on 3d of January, 1887, at Livingston. 
 
 Minimum Barometer, 28.955. January 3d, 1886, at Auburn. 
 
 First killing frost in fall in North Alabama occurs between 
 the eighteenth of October and sixteenth of November. 
 
 In Middle Alabama it occurs between the twenty-fourth of 
 October and twenty-sixth of November. In South Alabama it 
 occurs between November seventh and twenty-fifth. 
 
 During a period of seventeen years (1871 to 1888), the highest 
 recorded summer temperature was 109 degrees, which occurred at 
 Livingston on the sixth of June, 1885. 
 
31 
 
 The lowest recorded temperature during the same period was 
 seven degrees below zero at Gadsden, on the eleventh of January, 
 1886, making an absolute range within the seventeen years of 116 
 degrees. These were exceptional periods, however, because, 
 comparing one year’s average temperature with averages of oth- 
 er years, we find there is only a range of 2.8 degrees, thus indi- 
 cating that the climate of the State is mild and uniform ; no verv 
 great extremes. 
 
 SOIL TEMPERATURES. 
 
 MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SOIL, AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS, FOR UP-LAND, ON EX- 
 PERIMENT STATION, 1888. 
 
 The data in the following tables represent the averages of ob- 
 servations taken three times per day at 7:30 a. m, 2:30 p. m. and 
 6:30 p. m. 
 
 SET I. 
 
 Depth. 
 1 inch 
 3 “ 
 
 6 “ 
 
 9 “ 
 12 « 
 24 “ 
 36 “ 
 48 “ 
 60 “ 
 
 MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SOIL AT DIFEERENT DEPTHS ON 
 
 Months. 
 
 May. 
 
 June- 
 
 . 74 deg’s. 
 
 81 deg’s. 
 
 .74 
 
 80 5 “ 
 
 .73 
 
 80 
 
 .72 5 “ 
 
 79 
 
 .71 5 “ 
 
 78 5 “• 
 
 .71 5 “ 
 
 76 5 “ 
 
 .68 
 
 74 
 
 .66 5 “ 
 
 72 
 
 .65 5 “ 
 
 70 5 “ 
 
 UPLAND ON THE EX- 
 
 PERIMENT STATION, 1888. 
 
 SET II. 
 
 Depth. 
 1 inch 
 3 “ 
 
 6 “ 
 
 9 “ 
 12 “ 
 24 “ 
 36 « 
 48 “ 
 60 “ 
 72 “ 
 84 “ 
 
 Months. 
 
 May. 
 
 73 deg’s. 
 
 June. 
 
 79 5 deg’s. 
 
 73 
 
 “ 
 
 80 
 
 72 5 
 
 tc 
 
 79 5 “ 
 
 72 
 
 
 79 
 
 .71 
 
 
 78 
 
 69 
 
 « 
 
 75 5 *• 
 
 67 
 
 
 73 
 
 66 
 
 
 71 5 “ 
 
 65 
 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 
 67 5 “ 
 
 63 5 
 
 “ 
 
 67 5 “ 
 
 62 5 
 
 u 
 
 66 5 
 
32 
 
 MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SOIL AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS ON LOWLANDS. EX1 
 RIMENT STATION, 1888. 
 
 Depth. 
 1 inch 
 3 “ . 
 6 “ . 
 9 “ . 
 12 “ . 
 24 “ . 
 36‘ ‘ . 
 48‘ ‘ . 
 60‘ * . 
 
 SET. III. 
 
 Months. 
 
 May. 
 
 June 
 
 .73 5 deg’s 
 
 80 de* 
 
 
 80 
 
 74 
 
 80 
 
 71 5 “ 
 
 78 
 
 .71 5 “ 
 
 77 5 “ 
 
 .68 5 “ 
 
 75 5 ‘* 
 
 .67 5 “ 
 
 73 5 “ 
 
 .67 5 “ 
 
 72 5 “ 
 
 .65 5 “ 
 
 70 
 
 i 
 
 Circulatin g copy 
 
 Agricultural Library 
 
 
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 630.7AL1BN.S. C005 
 
 BULLETIN AUBURN, ALA. 
 
 3 0112 019400057