the UNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS library .ItSobetn ^ UNlVfc.it l©orlb Ptctionarp of tfje U tra- tho - ra. 9 '- ic, ct. [Pref. intra-, and Eng. thoracic (q.v.).] Anat. A Path . : Within the thorax or breast : as, an intrathoracic tumour. * in- tra -trop'-ic-al, a. [Pref. intra-, and Eng. tropical (q.v.).] Situated or being within the tropics. 6ft- tra-u'-ter-ine, o. [Pref. intra-, and Eng. uterine (q.v.).] Zool. : Within the uterus. (Used of an embryo.) (Owen.) tra-v&l'-vu-lar, a. [Pref. intra-, and Eng.' valvular.) Hot. : Placed within valves, as the dissepi- ments of many Cruciferse. f In-tra-ve'-nous, a. [Pref. intra-, and Eng. venous (q.v.).] Introduced within the veins. '‘The intravenous Injection of ammonia '—Times, May 21, 1873. treas'-ure (s as zh), v.t, [Pref. in- (l), and Eng. treasure (q.v.).] To lay up as in a treasury ; to hoard up. " Which In their seeds And weak beginnings he intreasured Shakosp. : 2 Henry l V., 111. 1. * in- treat', * in-treate, v.t. & i. [O, Fr. en trailer, from Lat. tracto = to handle.] A. Transitive : 1. To treat, to use. "lie shall gather the lamhes together with his Anne, and carve them in hys bosome, and shall kyndlye */»- treaie those that beare youge.’ — Esaye. xL (155L) 2. To treat of, to discourse of. 3. To entreat, to beg, to implore. 4. To persuade ; to gain over by entreaties. “All this her weeping sister does repeat To the stern man, whom nothing could intrcatc. * Waller: Virgil ; dine id iv. B. Intransitive : 1. To treat, to discourse. { Foil owed by of.) " Stephyn Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, preached ftt Paules Crosse, mid there intreated of the Gospel 1 of that daie.”— Hall: Henry Ylll. (an. 85). 2. To beg, to entreat, to implore. (Followed by for.) “Then lets intreat for p*ace. and yeoldyng handes to him submit," Phacr. : Virgil ; jEneidos xi. * m-treat'-a-ble, a. [Pref. in- (2); Eng. treat; and suit, -able.] Implacable, inexorable. * in-treat'-an§e, * in- treat- aunce, s. [Eng. intreat; -ance.) Entreaty, solicitation. “The shepherd, ouercome with the earnest intreat . aunce of his owne wife, returned into the wood.”— Goldyng : Justine, fo. 8. * in-treat -ful, a. [Eng. intreat; -ful(l).l Full of entreaties. “ To seek for succour of her and her peares. With humble prayers aud intreat full tearea." Spenser : F. Q., V. x. 10. * in-treat'-ment, s. [Eng. intreat; -ment.) A begging or imploring for ; entreaty. “ For intreatment of peace, loue, and arnitle betwixt the two realines ."— Holinshed : Scotland (an. 1525). * ln-treat'-y, s. [Entreaty.] intrench' (1), v.t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. trench, s. (q.v.).] * 1. To make furrows or hollows in. “ His face Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care Sat on his faded cheek." Milton : P L., i. 601, 2. To surround or inclose with trenches, as in fortification ; to fortify with intrenchments : as, To intrench a camp. 3. To lodge within intrenchments ; to place In a strong and fortified position. " Intrenched before the town both armies lie: While night, with sable wings, involves the sky.” Dryden : Virgil ; JZneid xi. 1,318. * 4. To protect or defend in any way. “Spiritual gibberish is still better intrenched, and harder to be approached, for its having no weak 6ide of common sense.”— Warburton : Charge to the Clergy of Gloucester. * In-trench' (2). v.i. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. trench, v.] To trencli ; to encroach on that which belongs to another. (Followed by on or upon.) “ We dare not on your privilege intrench. Or ask ye why ye like them ? they are French.” Dryden : Prol. to Arviragus & Philicta. * In-trench'-ant, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. trenchant (q.v.).] Not to be cut ; indivisible, in vulnerable. “As easy may’st thou the intrenchant air With thy keen sword impress, as makes me bleed.” Shakesp. : Macbeth, v. 7. 2 n-trench -ment (1), «. £Eng. intrench (1) ; •ment.] I. Literally : 1. The act of intrenching. “ Their method of intrenchment was of I rat In origin." —Macaulay : Prophecy of Capys. (Iutrod.) 2. A defensive work, consisting of a ditch or trench, and a parapet made from the exca- vated earth. “Caesar forced some of their strongest Intrench - meats ; aud then carried the war directly iuto the territories of Cassibelan.”— Burke: Abridg. Eng. Hist., bk. i., ch. L IL Fig. : Any defence or protection. * in-trench'-ment (2), 5. [Eng. intrench (2); -ment.] The act of trenching or encroaching on tho property or rights of others ; an en- croachment. in-trep'-ld, a. [Lat. inlrepidus , from in- = not, and trepidus = fearful, timid ; Fr. inlri - pvde; Ital. & Sp. intrepido.] Fearless, bold, brave, daring, undaunted, dauntless. " He was intrepid, strong, fleet, patient of cold, of hunger, and of fatigue." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng.. ch. xiii. For the difference between intrepid and bold, see Bold. In-tre-pid'-i-tjr, s. [Fr. intrtpidite , from tn* trepide ; Ital. intrepidita.] The quality cr state of being intrepid ; fearlessness, boldness, courage. “That high and serene intrepidity which Is the virtue of great commanders.”— Macaulay : Hist. Ena . ch. xvL * In-trep'-ld-ly, adv. [Eng. intrepid ; -ly.) In an intrepid, fearless, or dauntless maimer. “Orlando, determined to pursue his forward intrepidly with his lifted Orlando Furioso, bk. xix. (Note 8.) * in'-tric-o-ble, a. [Lat. intric(o) = to eiv tangle, and Eng. -able \ Entangling, perplex* iug. in tric acy, 8. (Ena intrica(te) ; -cy.] 1. The quality or state of being intricate or tangled ; perplexity, complication. Involution. “ The intricacy of complicated systems."— Hamblen No. 180. ^ 2. An intricate or perplexing situation; a difficulty or perplexity. “ As perplexing that fable with very agreeable ploU and intricacies."— Addison: Spectator, No. 278. If For the difference between intrioacy and complexity , see Complexity - . m'-tric-ate, a. [Lat. intricatus , pa. par. of intricj ==■ to perplex, to embarrass: in-— in, and tricce— hindrances, wiles; Ital. intricato .] 1. Ord. Lang. : Entangled, involved, com- plicated, perplexing, obscure ; difficult to un- ravel or understand. “ The sense Is intricate , ’tis only clear W’hat vowels and what consonants are there." Dryden: Hind & Panther, li. 38k 2. Bot. ; The same as Entangled (q.v.). * In'-tri-cate, v.t. [Intricate, a.) To involve* to complicate, to perqilex, to make obscure. “ This by-path oi canning doth ’s embroil. And intricate the passage of atlairs." Daniel : To Lord Henry Howard. In’-tric-g,te-ly, adv. [Eng. intricate; -ly.) In an intricate manner; with perplexity, com- plication, or intricacy. “ By certain marks or notes intricately knotted."— Warburton: Divine Legation, bk. iv., § 4. in'-tric-ate-ness, 8. [Eng. intricate; -ness.] The quality or state of being intricate, com- plicated, or involved ; intricacy. “The difficulty ’and intricateness of the subject of our discourse."— Boyle : Works, iv. 418. * m-tri-ea'-tion, s. [Lat. intricatus, pa. par. of intrico = to entangle.] Entanglement, in- tricacy, complication. “The contact or itifrication of the cohering fins corpuscles.”— Boyle : Works, i. 420. In-trigue', s. [Fr. intrigue; Sp. ir.triga; ItaL intrigo .] [Intrigue, v.] * 1. Intricacy, complication. “ Though this vicinity of ourselves to ourselves can* Hot give us the full prospect of all the intrigues of our nature, yet wo have much more advantage to know ourselves, than to know other things without ua."— Hale : Orig. of Mankind. 2. The act of intriguing or plotting by secret and underhand ways or means ; a plot or scheme of an intricate or complicated nature, intended to effect some object by secret arts. “Busy meddlers with intrigues of state." pon.fret . The Choice. * 3. The plot of a play, romance, fable, &c. ; a complicated scheme of actions and eventi Intended to excite the interest of the reader or audience, and make them look forward eagerly to the development of the plot. ** As causes are the beginning of the action, the op- posite designs against that of the hero are the middle of it, and form that difficulty or intrigue which makes up the greatest part of the poeui."— Pope. {Todd.) 4. Illicit intimacy between persons of diffe* rent sexes : a liaison ; libertinism. “ Nor yet the swarms that occupy the brain, Where dreams of dress, intrigue, and pleasure reign.” Cowper : Retirement , 642. In-trigue', v.t. & i. [O. Fr. intriguer; Fr. intriguer, from Lat. intrico = to entangle, to intricate (q.v.) ; Sp. intrigar; Ital. intrigare.) * A. Trans. : To perplex ; to render intricate. ** How doth it perplex and intrigue the whole course of your lives.”— Scott: Christian Life, pt L,ch. iv. B. Tntrans. : To form, enter into, or carry on plots or schemes, usually of a complicated nature, with a view to effect some object by secret or underhand artifices ; to plot, to scheme. "The cardinal of York was uot satisfied to bo triguing for the popedoin after his death.”— Burnett Hist. Reform, (an. 1527). Ate, f At, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, thore ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pS^ «r. wore, wqlf. work, who. son ‘ mute, cub, cure, quite, our, rule, full ; try, Syrian, oa, 00 = e : ey = a. HU = kw. intriguer— intromission 2721 tn-trig -uer, ». [Eng. intrigufe ) ; -er.} One who intrigues ; one who forms or enters into secret or underhand plots ; a plotter ; a schemer. “ A gentleman of the Inns of Court, and a deep in- triguer."— Tatler, No. 193. • In-trig'-uer- jr, s. [Eng. intrigue; -ry.] The act, art, or practice of intriguing. • In-trig-uess, s. [Eng. intrigue); -ess.] A scheming woman. " The wife, for her part . . . was a compleat in- trig uess."— North : Examen, p. 197. 1[ Miss Edgeworth ( Manoeuvring , ch. i.) re- grets that “ a word used in the days of Charles If., and still intelligible in our times, ■hould have become obsolete.” In-trig' -umg, pr. par., a., & s. [Intrigue, v.] A. & B. As pr. par. £ particip. adj. : (See the verb). C. As subst. : The act or practice of plot- ting ; intrigue. In-trig'-umg-ly, adv. [Eng. intriguing; -ly.) In an intriguing, plotting, or scheming man- ner ; with intrigues or secret plots. • In-trig'-uish, a. [Eng. intrigvfe); -isA.] Connected with plots or intrigues. (North: Examen, p. 193.) •in-trlnse', * in-trince', a. [Intrinsic.] Entangled, intricate, complicated. “ Such smiling rogues as these. Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain. Which are too intrince to unloose." Shakesp. : Lear, IL 1 •In -trms'-e-cal, a. [Intrinsic.] 1. Inherent, natural, essential. "These measure the laws of God not by the infrin- tecal goodness and equity of them.’’— Tillutson. 2. Close, intimate, familiar. • In-trin -se-cate, * m-trm'-si-cate, a. [Lat. intrinsecus ; Ital. intrinsecato, intrinsi- cato.] [Intrinsic.] Entangled, perplexed, complicated, intricate. " With thy sharp teeth this knot intrinsieate Of life at once untie.” Shakesp. : Antony & Cleopatra, v. 2. In trin sic, in- trin'-sic-al, * in-trin- ae-cal, * in-trin-sick, * in-tryn-cic- all, «. & s. [O. Fr. intrinseque , from intrin- secus = inwards, from in- = in, into, and secus, from same root as sequor = Sp. & Port, intrin- seco ; Ital. intrinsico , intrinseco .] A* As adjective : I. Ordinary Language : I. Inward, internal, inherent. *2. Domestic, internal. *3. Intimate, close, familiar. 4. Existing because of natural reasons and not as a result of accident or extrinsic influ- ence ; belonging to the nature of a person or thing; not extrinsic. f Intrinsic value : A term commonly but erroneously used as a synonym of market price. [See Value, s., 1}.] * 5. Intricate, complicated. " Hys workinge toles are such vnsauerye sophismes, probleme3, subtyltyes, seconde intentions, intrynsicall moode3, with other prodigious scorceries." — Dale : Image, pt. li. (Pref.) II. Technically : 1. Anat. (Of muscles): Attached wholly to the bones of the limbs and their arches. 2. Scots Law: A term applied to circum- stances sworn to by a party on an oath of reference, so intimately connected with the oint at issue that they make part of the evi- ence afforded by the oath, and are inseparable from it. * B. As subst. : A genuine, true, or essential quality. "This history will display the very intrinsicals of the Castilian, who goes for the prime Spaniard.”— ! Sowell : Letters, bk. iv., let. 1L H The value of a thing is either intrinsic or real : the real value of a hook, in the proper sense, lies in the fineness of the paper, and the costliness of its binding ; and, in the im- proper sense, it lies in the excellence of its eontents, in opposition to the artificial value which it acquires in the minds of biblioma- niacs from being a scarce edition. The worth of a man is either genuine or native : the genuine worth of a man lies in the excellence of his moral character, in opposition to his adventitious worth, which he acquires from the possession of wealth, power, and dignity : the native worth of a man is that which is inborn in him, and natural, in opposition to the meretricious and borrowed worth which he may derive from his situation, his talent, or his efforts to please. (Crabb: Eng. Synon.) ln-trm-sl-cal'-i-ty, s. [Eng. intrinsical ; -ity.] The quality or state of being intrin- sical ; essentiality. in-trin -sic-ally, * in-trin- sec -al-ly, adv. [Eng. intrinsical ; -ly.] * 1. Internally, within. “ Till it be thrust by some other body from without, or intrinsically moved by an immaterial self-active substance.” — Bentley : Boyle Lectures. 2. Really, truly, in reality. "Lumps of base metal, nominally worth near a million sterling, intrinsically worth about a sixtieth part of that sum, were in circulation."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiL in-trin' -SIC-al ness, s. [Eng. intrinsical; -ness.] The quality or state of being intrin- sical ; intrinsicality. ln-tro-, pref. [Lat.] A Latin adverb, signi- fying within, used as a prefix to English words. in-tro-gess'-ion (ss as sh), s. [Lat. intro- = within, and cessio = a going.] Med. : A going or shrinking of the parts inwards. t ln-tro-curved', a. [Pref. intro-, and Eng. curved.] Bot. : The same as Introflexed (q.v.). in-tro dil'ge, v.t. [Lat. introduco, from intro- = within, and duco = to lead ; Fr. introduire ; Ital. introdurre; Sp. introducir.] 1. To bring or lead in ; to usher in. " Introduced her to the parks and plays.” Pope : Hie Basset Table, 63. 2. To pass or putin ; to insert : as, To intro- duce a finger into a crevice. 3. To insert, to interpolate. " Anything that i3 afterwards to be introduced in a more projier place." — Blair, vcl. ii., Lect. 30. 4. To bring into use or practice. “ A custom or habit introduced by the necessity of trade among them.” — Templet United Provinces, vol. ii., Lect. 30. 5. To bring forward with preliminary or prefatory matter ; to bring into notice ; to make known : as. To introduce a subject with a preface. 6. To bring before the public by writing or exhibition : as, To introduce a character on the stage. 7. To make personally known : as, To intro- duce a gentleman to a lady, 8. To produce ; to cause to exist ; to induce. " Whatsoever introduces habits in children deserves the care and attention of their governors."— Locke]: On Education. * m-tro-du' 9 e-ment, s. [Eng. introduce ; - ment .] Introduction. " Without the introducement of new or absolute forms or terms, or exotic models.”— Milton: Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth. m-tro dug' er, s. [Eng. introduce); -er.] One who or that which introduces. “ The introducer of those divisions into English poetry.” — Johnson: Proposal to Print the Works of Shakespeare. * in-tro-duct', v.t. [Lat. introductus, pa. par. of introduco = to introduce (q.v.).] To bring in ; to introduce. (Hacket : Life of Williams, i. 29.) in-tro-duc'-tion, 1 in tro-duc-ci on, s. [Fr. introduction, from Lat. introductionem, accus. of introductio ; from introductus, pa. par. of introduco = to introduce (q.v.) ; Sp. introduction ; Ital. introduzione.] / I. Ordinary Language : 1. The act of introducing, bringing, or leading in ; the act of inserting ; insertion. 2. The act of introducing or bringing into use, practice, or notice. 3. The act of making personally known to each other ; the state of being made known personally to each other. 4. That part of a book, treatise, or discourse which precedes the main part, and in which the author gives a general account of its ob- ject, plan, or subject; a prefatory or prelimi- nary discourse. 5. A treatise more or less elementary, on any hrancli of study ; a treatise introductory to more elaborate or scientific works on the same subject : as, an introduction to geology. II. Bib. Science : A department of Biblical science, the objects of which are stated by Prof. K. A. Credner, D.D., to be fivefold; (1) The origin of the individual hooks received into the sacred canon ; (2) the history of the canon and the origin of the collection of Scripture books ; (3) the history of the several translations, &c. ; (4) the history of the text ; and (5) the history of interpretation. It is divided into Introduction to the Old, and In- troduction to the New Testament. In-tro-dUC'-tive, a. [Fr. introductif; from Lat. introductus, pa. par. of introduco = to introduce (q.v.).] Serving or tending to in- troduce ; introducing or bringing forward ; introductory, " Laws, when prudently framed, are by no mean® subversive, but rather introductive of liberty.”— Blackstone : Comment., bk. i., ch. L * in-tro-duc -tlve-ly, adv. [Eng. introduo- tive ; -ly.] In a manner serving to introduce ; introductorily. * in tro due -tor, s. [Lat. from introductus, pa. par. of introduco = to introduce (q.v.).] An introducer. "We were accompanied . . . by ye introductor of ambassadors and ayd of [ceremonies."— Evelyn: Memoirs, Sept. 15, 1651. t in-tro-duc'-tor-i-ly, adv. [Eng. intro- ductory ; -ly.] In an introductory manner; by way of introduction. m-tro-duc'-tor-y, a. [Low Lat. introduo- torius, from introductus, pa. par. of introduco = to introduce (q.v.) ; Sp. introductorio.\ Serving to introduce ; serving as an introduc- tion to something further ; previous, prefa- tory, preliminary. " The introductory chapters have undoubtedly m bearing on the events which follow.” — Athenceum » Sept. 6, 1884, p. 303. * in-tro-duc'-tress, s. [Eng. introductor f -ess.] A female who introduces. in tro-flexed', a. [Pref. intro-, and Eng, flexed (q.v.).] Bot. : Flexed or bent inwards ; curved in- wards ; introcurved. * m-tro-gress'-ion (ss as sh), s. [Lat. intro- gressio, from introg reseats, pa. par. of introgre- dior : intro- = within, and gradior = to go, to walk.] The act of going in or entering; entrance. ln'-tro-It, m-tro'-lt-us, s. [Lat. introitus = a going in, from introeo = to go in : intro- = within, and eo = to go ; Fr. introit.] 1. In the Roman Church : Words recited by the priest in saying Mass, after the Confiteor, as soon as he has ascended the altar. The custom of reciting the Introit is of early origin, and has been attributed to Gregory the Great. The words are usually from some psalm, formerly recited entire, and have an antiphon, and are followed by a Gloria ; in some cases they are taken from other portions of Scripture, and occasionally from uninspired writers. The old English word is office, which corresponds to the Latin offleium, by which name the Introit is known in the Mozarabic, Carthusian, Dominican, and Carmelite mis- sals. At High-mass and in a Missa Cantata the Introit is sung by the choir, as the priest commences the Mass. 2. In the Anglican Church : A short anthem, psalm, or hymn, sung while the minister pro- ceeds to the table to commence the Commu- nion service. Formerly, in some English cathedrals, the Sanctus was sung as an In- troit. This practice arose probably from the fact that the Communion Service soon after the Reformation ceased to be performed chorally, a proof of which is found in the fact that for nearly two centuries — namely, from 1660 to 1840 — the Sanetus was never set to music ex- cept as an Introit, nor was the Gloria in celsis set hut as an anthem. m-tro'-lt-us, s. [Introit.] in-tro-miss'-ion, s. [Lat. intromissio, from intromissus, pa. par. of intromitto ; intro- = within, and mitto = to send.] * I. Ordinary Language : 1. The act of sending in ; the act of admit- ting ; admission. " A II the reason that I could ever yet hear alledged by the chief factors for a general intromission of all sorts, sects, and persuasions into our communion."— South: Sermons, vol. ii., cer. 12 . 2. The act of introducing or inserting ; in- sertion. boil, bop’; pout, jfSPrl; cat, gell, chorus, ghin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = ft -Clan, -tian = a ban. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, jion = xhun. -cious, -tious, -slous = shuo. -hie, -die, &c. = beL d'c-5. 2722 intromit— Intuition II. Scots Law: The act of intermeddling with the property or effects of others, whether legally or without authority ; also the dealing of a factor or agent with the money of his em- ployer. “And all intromission and diBpoaittoun of ouie casu- alty is, properties."— Bolimhed : Scotland tan. 15671- In tro-nut, v.t.th i. [Lat. intromitto, from intro- = within, and mitto = to seud.] ■•A. Transitive: 1. To send in, to let in, to admit 2. To allow to enter ; to be the medium by Which anything enters. “ Tinged bodies and liquors reflect some sorts of rays, and intromit or transmit other sorts. ' — Newton : Optics. 53. Intransitive : Scots Law : To intermeddle, to interfere. “Where the said officer or officers may not lawfully intromit or intermeddle." — Backluyt: Voyages, i. 271. * In-tro-mit'-tent, a. [Lat. intromittens, pr. par. of intromitto.] Sending or conveying in or into. * In-trd-mit’-tor, s. [Eng. intromit; -er.] One who intromits, an intermeddler. * in-tro-press’-ion (ss as sh), s. [Lat. intro- — within, and pressio = a pressing, pressure ; pressus, pa. par. of presso - to press (q.v.).] Pressure acting within ; internal pressure. * In-tr6-re-5ep'-tion, s. [Pref. intro-, and Eng. reception (q.v.).] The act of receiving within ; admission within. “ Were but the love of Christ to us ever suffered to come into our hearts (as species to the eye by introre- ccption ).” — Bammond : Works, iv. 564, In -tror'se, a. [Lat. introrsum & introrsus, adv. = (1) towards the inside, inwards, into, <2) within.] Sot. : Turned towards the axis to which it appertains. (Used specif, of anthers when the line of dehiscence is on their inner side facing the pistil.) * In-tro-spect'.r.L [Lat. introspeeto = to look within : intro- = within, and specto = to look.] To look into or within ; to view the inside of. t ln-tro-spec'-tion, s. [Lat. introspectio, from introspectus, pa. par. of introspicio — to look within : intro- = within, and specio = to look.] The act of looking into or within ; a view of the inside or interior ; examination of one’s own thoughts or feelings. “ The actings of the mind or imagination itself, by way of reflection or introspection of themselves.”— Bale : Orig. of Mankind, p. 55. | In-tro-spec'-tion-ist, s. [Eng. introspec- tion; -ist.] One given to introspection ; one who studies the operations of his own mind. ( Annandale .) f In'-tro-spec-tlve, a. [Eng. introspect ; -ive.) Looking within ; viewing inwardly ; examining one’s own thoughts or feelings. “ 4 1 expect,’ said Miss Merton, * that we are naturally more introspective than men. " — Mallock : Hew Re - public, bk. iiL, ch. iL * In-tro-sume’, v.t. [Lat. intro- ~ within, and sumo = to take.) |To take or receive in ; to absorb. fn- tro siis-ijcp'-tion, s. [Pref. intro-, and \ Eng. susception (q.v.).] * 1. Ord. Lang. ; The act of taking or receiv- ing in or within. 2. Anat. ; The same as Intussusception ( q.v.). •In tro ve -m ent, a. [Lat. intro- = within, and veniens, pr.* par. of venio = to come.] Coming in or between ; entering. "Scarce any condition which is not exhausted and obscured, from the commixture of introvenient na- tions, either by commerce or conquest.”— Browne: Vulgar Errours, bk. iv. ch. x. Jn-tro-ve-nl-um, s. [Pref. intro- (q.v.), and Lat. vena = a vein. ] Bot. : The obscuration of the venation by the abnormally developed parenchyma, as in Hoya, &c. f In tro ver’-sion, s. [Lat. intro- = within, and versio — a turning, from versus, pa. par. »f verto - to turn.] The act of introverting; the state of being introverted. * In -tro vert', v.t. [Lat. intro- = within, and verto — to turn.] 1. To turn in or inward. " His awkward gait, his introverted toes, Bent knees, round shoulders, and dejected looks, Procure him many a curse.'* Cow per : Task, iv. 633. 2. To turn or direct to one’s own heart or thoughts. Beyond Its natural elevation raised His introverted spirit.” Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. ViL In-trlide’, v.i. & t, [Lat. intrude, from in- => in, into, and trudo — to push, to thrust ; Ital. intrudere.) A. Intransitive: 1. To thrust or push one’s self forward Into any place or position ; to push in ; to force one’s way. “ Unprudent mau, that whan the Rntil Kinge did through intrude.” Phuer : Virgil ; aEneidos ix. 2. Specif. : To thrust or push one’s self for- ward into any place or position ; to force one’s self upon others ; to enter or put one’s self forward unwelcomely or without invitation ; to obtrude. '* There is society, where none Intrudes, By the deep Sea, and music in its roar.” Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 178. * 3. To intervene ; to be interposed. '* Where half the convex world intrudes between." Goldsmith : Deserted Village * 4. To encroach ; to trench. • ** Now, Henry, thou hast added to thy sin Of usurpation, and intruding force, A greater crime." Daniel : Civil Wars, Iv. 1. B. Reflex. ; To push or thrust one’s self for- ward. “ And that man is not meets for a rowme or mints- tmeion. whycb intrudeth hymselfe into the same."— Udal : Bebrues v. C. Transitive: 1. Ord. Lang. : To force or cast in ; to push or thrust forward unwarrantably : as. To in- trude one’s conversation upon people. 2. Geol. : To force in, as a volcanic rock may into sedimentary strata. [Intrusive.) In-trud'-ed, a. [Eng. intrude); -ed.] Geol.: Intrusive (q.v.). In-trud'-er, s. [Eng. intrud(e); -er.] One who intrudes ; one who thrusts himself in or enters where he is not wanted, or where he has no business. “ Hence, vain intruder 1 haste away. Wash not with unhallowed brine The footsteps of my Celia's shrine." Carew : To my Rival. if A man is an intruder who is an unbidden guest at the table of another : he is an inter- loper when he joins any society in such manner as to obtain its privileges, without sharing its burdens. Intruders are always offensive in the domestic circle : interlopers in trade are always regarded with an evil eye. * m-tru'-dress, s. [Eng. intruder ; -ess.] A female who intrudes. “ Joash should recover his rightful throne from the unjust usurpation of Athaliah, an idolatrous intru - dress thereinto." — Fuller : Pisgah Sight, pt. iL, bk. iiL, ch. x. * In-trunk', v.t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. trunk (q.v.).] To encase, to enwrap, to in- close. ** Had eager lqpt intrunJfd my conquer'd soul I had not buried living joys in death.” Ford : Loves Sacrifice, v. & In tr&'-sion, ». [Fr., from Lat. intrusus, pa. par. of intrude = to intrude (q.v.).] I, Ordinary Language : 1. The act of intruding or thrusting one’s self forward unwarrantably and unwelcomely where one is not wanted. • 4 Frogs, lice, and flies, must all his palace fill With loathed intrusion, and fill all the land.” Milton : P. L., xii. 178. 2. The act of encroaching or infringing ; an encroachment. 44 For 8ith he saieth they come Into the place by suc- cession, he layth not any inuasion, or intrusion, or other vnlawfull comming thor into."— Sir T.tMore: \Vorke8, p. 640. II. Technically : 1. Geol. : The operation of forcing through or into sedimentary strata. (Used of volcanic rocks.) [Intrusive-rocks.] 2. Law: An unlawful entry into or upon lands and tenements void of a possessor, by one who lias no right to the same. 3. Scotch Ch. : The settlement of a minister in a church or congregation against the will, or without the consent of the congregation. U Tlie term was frequently used during the ten years’ ecclesiastical controversy which culminated in the disruption of the Scotch Church in 1843. • In-tru'-^ion-al, a. [Eng. intrusion ; -al] Pertaining to intrusion ; noting intrusion. In-tru'-sion-Ist, s. [Eng. intrusion; -ist.] One who favours the intrusion or settlement of a minister in a church or congregation con. trary to the will, or without the consent of the congregation. In-tru'-sive, a. [Lat intrusns, pa. par. of intrudo - to intrude (q.v.).] Tending or apt to intrude; thrusting or entering without In- vitation or welcome ; obtrusive. ** Nor interrupting with intrusive talk The grand, majestic symphonies of ocean." Longfellow: Dedication, intrusive-rocks, s. pi. Geol. : Rocks of igneous origin which have forced their way through crevices or rents in sedimentary strata, or have broken them up. IT Intrusive sheets of eruptive rock may he distinguished from true lava flows whieii liave been subsequently overlaid conformably hy sedimentary strata, by the fact that the rocks, both above and below the intrusive sheets, are altered at the contacts, while in the case of lava-flows the rocks over which they ran have been altered, but the deposits above them show no trace of metamorphism. ( Rulley; St udy of Rocks, 2nd ed., p. 32.) In-tru'-slve-ly, adv. [Eng. intrusive; -ly.\ In an intrusive or intruding manner. in-tru- sive-ness, s. [Eng. intrusive; - ness.\ The quality or state of being intrusive. In-trust’, * en-trust', v.t. [Pref. in- (l), and Eng. trust (q.v.).] 1. (Of things) : To give in trust ; to commit or contide to the charge of a person ; to com- mit with confidence. (Followed by to befor* the persoE charged.) 44 That the series of our astronomical observation* might suffer no interruption by »my absence, I in- trusted the care of continuing them to Mr. Trevenen/ — Cook : Third Voyage, bk. v., ch. ix. 2. (Of persons): To charge with the care, custody, or supervision of anything ; to com- mit or confide the charge or care of anything to. (Followed by with before the thing in- trusted.) If For the difference between to intrust and to consign, see Consign. *In’-tu-ite, v.t. [Lat. intultus, pa. par. of intueor.] [Intuition.] To perceive by in- tuition. 44 As mathematical quantities only come into exist* ence by being intuited or constructed, so the pure con- cepts only exist when they are thought.”— 0. H. Lewes: Hist. Philosophy (1880), iL 612. in-tu-l'-tion, 8. [Fr., from Lat. intuitus , pa. par. of intueor = to look in or within : in- — into, and tueor = to look ; Sp. intuicion; ItaL intuizione.] L Ord, Lang, : The act of looking on ; a sight, a view ; a regard, an aim. 44 His disciples must not onely abstain from the ae$ of unlawful concubinate, but from the impurer intui- tion of a wife of another man."— Bp. Taylor: Great Exemplar , pt. iL, § 86. II. Phil. : A term borrowed from Scholastic Theology, where it signifies a knowledge of God supernat.urally obtained, and, by con- sequence, superior to knowledge obtained by ordinary methods. In passing into the ser- vice of Philosophy the word intuition has retained in some measure the idea of supe- riority, or at least of priority. In the French and Scotch schools all beliefs and judgments presenting themselves spontaneously to the mind, with irresistible evidence, but without the assistance of reasoning or reflection, are called intuitions, axioms, first principles, principles of common sense, or self-evident truths, and the recognition of these intuitions is the fundamental doctrine of Intuitionalism- Reid (Essay on Intell. Powers, ess. iv.) enume- rates twelve first principles or intuitions of contingent truths : (1) Everything exists of which we are con- scious. (2) The thoughts of which I am con- scious are the thoughts of a being called my- self. (3) The things which I remember did really happen. (4) We may be certain of our identity as far as we remember. (5) The tilings which we perceive exist, and are what we perceive them to be. (6) We have some power over our actions and the determinations of our wills. (7) The natural faculties by f&tc, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pit, «r, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, as ce — e; ©y = a; qu = kw. intuitional— inulol 2723 which we discriminate truth from error are not fallacious. (8) Thert is life and intelli- gence in our fellow-men. (9) Certain features and gestures indicate certain thoughts and dispositions of the mind. (10) Human testi- mony naturally awakens confidence. (11) In respect to events depending on human voli- tion, there is a self-evident probability, greater or less. (12) In the phenomena of nature, what is to be will probably be like to wliat has been in similar circumstances. In the school of Kant the word intuition ( Anschauung ) is nearly synonymous with perception. (See extract, and for Schelling’s leaching, see ^ Intellectual Intuition.) " Intuition is Beholding ; considered subjectively it Is a mental operation : objectively, it is the product of that operation, the Beheld. Time and Space may therefore be considered as pure forms of the mental operation Beholdiug; or as products of that operation. In the one case they are transcendental, in the other empirical. Just as we speak of Sensation in general, and of particular sensations, so Kant speaks of Intui- tion as the general faculty, and of intuitions as the acts and products of that faculty."— O. E. Lewes: Hist. Philosophy (1880), ii. 513. Intellectual Intuition : Metaph. : (For def. see extract). “In both [the Alexandrian and German Schools! the incapacity of Reason to solve the problems of Philo- sophy is openly proclaimed: in both some higher faculty is called in to solve them. Plotinus called this faculty Ecstasy. Schelling called it the Intellectual Intuition. The Ecstasy was not supposed to be a faculty possessed by all men. and at all times ; it was only possessed by the few, and by them but sometimes. The Intellectual Intuition was not supposed to be a faculty common to all men; on the contrary, it was held as the endowment only of a few of the privileged : it was the faculty for philosophizing."— O. E. Lewes : Eist. Philosophy (1880), in 577. In -tu-l'-tion-al, a. [Eng. intuition ; -a?.] Pertaining to, derived from or characterized by intuition ; intuitive. intuitional-reason, s. Phil. : (See extract). “ By Intuitional Reason I here wish to express what the Germans call Vernunft, which they distinguish from Verstand. as Coleridge tried to make English- men distinguish between Reason and Understanding. The term Reason is too deeply rooted in our language to be twisted into any new direction, and I hope by the unusual ‘ Intuitional Reason' to keep the reader's attention alive to the fact that by it is designated the process of the mind engaged in transcendental enquiry." — O. E. Lewes : Eist. Philosophy (1880), i., liv. hi-tu-l'-tion-al-ism, s. [Eug. intuitional; -ism.] lletaph. : The doctrine that the perception cf truth is from intuition. •In-tu-l'-tion-al-ist, s. [Eng. intuitional; ist .] An advocate or supporter of the doctrine of intuitionalism. [Intuition, II.] “By the Intuitionalists it is asserted that the tendeny to form them [primary beliefsj is an intellec- tual instinct inborn in man."— Carpenter ; Mental Physiology, § 201. In-tu'-l-tive, a. [Fr. intuitif, from Lat. in- tuitus, pa. par. of intueor.] [Intuition.] 1. Perceivea or seen by the mind immedi- ately without the intervention of argument or testimony ; exhibiting truth to the mind im- mediately on inspection. 2. Obtained or received [by intuition or aimple inspection. “Sometimes the mind perceives the agreement or disagreement of two ideas immediately by themselves, ^without the intervention of any other: and this, I think, we may call intuitive Knowledge." — Locke: Human Understanding, bk. iv., ch. iL, § L 3. Seeing clearly, not merely believing. 4. Having the power of discovering truth Immediately without reason or argument. “ Whence the soul Reason receives, and reason is her being. Discursive, or intuitive." Milton : P. L., v. 488. In-tu’-z-tive-iy, adv. [Eng. intuitive; -ly.] 1. In an intuitive manner ; by intuition. “For although with speech they intuitively conceive «ach other, yet do their apprehensions proceed through lealities ."—Browne : Vulgar Errours, ok. L, ch. xi. 2. On bare inspection ; without argument AT reasoning. “ The truth of mathematical axioms has always been supposed to bo intuitively obvious." — Stewart: Philo. Sophy of Human Mind. vol. ii, ch. IL, § 1. •fc-tu-mes'fe, v.i. [Lat. intumesco, from in- (intens.), and tumesco, incept, of tumeo = to swell.) To swell ; to become enlarged or expanded, as by heat. t In-tu-mes'-$en9e, in-tn-mes'-tjen-i^, ». [Fr. intumescence, from Lat. intumescens, pr. par. of intumesco.] [Intumesce.] 1. The act, state, or process of swelling or expanding, as with heat ; expansion. 2. A swollen or expanded mass. 3. Heat of mind ; excitement. “ There is little reason for doubting but the intumes- cence of nations would have found its vent." — Johnson : Taxation no Tyranny. * m-tu '-mu-late, v.t. [Lat. in- = in, into, and tumuldtus , pa. par. of tumulo = to bury, to entomb ; tumulus = a tomb.] To bury, to inter, to inhume, to entomb. “ He also caused the corps of King Richard y* Second to be taken from the earth, whom King Henry the Fourth had intumulate in the friers Church of Lang- ley."— Stow : Eenry V. (an. 1413). * in-tu' -mu-late, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. tumulatus, pa. *par. of tumulo = to bury.] Not buried ; unburied. * m-tur'-bid-ate, v.t . [Lat. in- (intens.), and turbidus = turbid (q.v.).] To make tur- bid, dark, or confused. ( Coleridge .) * in-tur-ges'-9en9e, * in-tur-ges -9911- 9y, s. [Lat. iiitunjescens, pr. par. of intur- gesco = to swell up: in- (intens.), and turgesco , incept, of turgeo = to swell.] A swelling ; the act or state of swelling. “ Not by attenuation of the upper part of the sea, but inturqescencics caused first at the bottom, and carrying tne upper part of it before them.” — Browne : Vulgar Errours, bk. vii., ch. xiii. in'-turn, s. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. turn, s.] A term in wrestling, when one puts his thigh between those of his adversary, and lifts him up. ( Halliwell .) “ And with a trip i* th’ inturn mawl him.” D' Ur fey: Collin's Walk. * In-tuse', s. [Lat. intnsus, pa. par. of in- tundo = to bruise.] A bruise, a wound. " And after, bailing searcht the intuse dee[>e. She with her scarfe did bind the wound fro’ cold to keepe." Spenser: F. Q., III. v. 33. in - tUS - SUS - 9cpt'- ed, a. [Lat. intus- - within, and susceptus, pa. par. of suscipio — to receive.] Anat. (Of a vessel or part, <£c.) : Received within another vessel or part. ln-tiis-sus-tjep'-tion, s. [Pref. intus-, and Eng. susception (q.v.).] 1. Ord. Lang. : The reception of one part within another. 2. Anat. : The term used when part of a tube is inverted within the contiguous part. (Owen.) The art, operation, or process of tak- ing dead matter into a living being. (Nichol- son.) 3. Pathol. : The accidental insertion or pro- trusion of an upper segment of the bowels into a lower. The varieties are ileo-ciecal, iliac, jejunal, and colic. It occurs most fre- quently in infancy and childhood, and in the adult death ensues in five or six days if the stricture is not removed. By drawing one portion of a toeless long stocking into the other, a correct representation of this condi- tion is obtained. Inflation, practised long ago by Hippocrates, is the most successful treatment. in-twine', en twine', v.t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. twine (q.v.).] 1. To twine or twist together. ** There grew two olives, closest of the grove. With roots intwined and branches interwove.” Pope : Eomer ; Odyssey v. 617 . * 2. To surround by a winding course. 3. To twine round. “ The flowering thorn, self-taught to wind. The hazle’s stubborn stem intwined.’' Beattie : The Bares ; A Fable. * In-twine'-ment, s. [Eng. intwine ; -rnent.] The act of intwiniug. m-twist', en-twist', v.t. [Pref. in- H), and Eng. twist (q.v.).] To twistor twine together. in'-u-la, s. [Lat. = inula, probably a corrup- tion o’f helenium ; Gr. ihiveov (helenio n) = elecampane.] [Def.) 1. Bot. : The typical genus of the composite sub-tribe Inulese (q.v.). The heads are pani- cled, corymbose, or solitary rayed, yellow ; the involucre campanulate, the bracts in many series, the receptacle flat, naked ; the ray flowers female or neuter, in one series ligulate ; the dark flowers tubular, having two sexes ; the fruit terete or angled, the pappus in one series, scabrous. About fifty species are known, of which the only important one is the Common Elecampane, I. Helenium, a native of Europe, and an escape in the United States. It was once much valued for its medi- cinal root, but is now neglected. 2. Pharmacy: (1) [Elecampane, Inulin.] (2) The dry roots of Inula racemosa, a West Himalayan and Cashmere plant, have a weak aromatic odour like orris, and act as a mild tonic. They are used in veterinary medicine. (Watts.) xn-ul -a-mide, s. [Lat. inul(a), and Eng. amide.'] Chem.. : CjjHoofOHJCO, NH». A compound obtained by passing ammoniacal gas into an alcoholic solution of inulic anhydride. It crystallizes in feathery crystals, sparingly soluble in alcohol. It melts at 210°, under- going decomposition, and is very feebly basic. m u'-le-ae, s. pi. [Lat. inul(a), and fem. pL adj. suff. -ece.] Bot. : A sub-tribe of tubuliferous compo- sites, tribe Asteroidese. in'-u-Hc, a. [Lat., &c. inul(a); -ic.] Derived from the genus Inula (q.v.). inulic-acid, s. Chem. : C 15 H 22 O 3 = C 15 H 20 O 2 + H-O. A monobasic acid, prepared by heating inulic anhydride with dilute potash, and decompos- ing the salt formed with hydrochloric acid. It crystallizes in delicate needles, melting at SO", and is sparingly soluble in water, bub very soluble in alcohol. When heated above 90°, it gives off its water, and is converted into the anhydride. The potassium and sodium salts are very soluble in water and in alcohol, but crystallize with great difficulty. Tlia ammonium salt is very unstable, decomposing on simply evaporating the solution. The silver salt, C 15 H 2 jAg0 3 , crystallizes in small brilliant scales. When inulic acid is dissolved in absolute alcohol, and dry hydrochloric acid gas passed into the solution, large colourless rhombic crystals are formed, which melt ab 140°, decomposing and giving off hydrochloric acid. This crystalline body forms salts, but they are very unstable. Its formula ia Ci 6 H 2 i 0 2 Cl. inulic-anfiydride, s. Chem. : C 15 H 20 O 0 . A white crystalline sub- stance, obtained by distilling elecampane root with steam, pressing the crystals between blotting-paper, and recrystallizing from al- cohol. It is almost insoluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol and ether. It melts at 66 °, and boils at 275° with partial decompo- sition. m'-u-lm, m'-u-line, s. [Lat., &c. inulfa); -in, -ine (Chem.) (q.v.).] Chem. : CgHipOs. A soft white tasteless powder, isomeric with and similar in its pro- perties to starch, discovered by Valentin Rosa in 1804. It is very widely distributed through- out the vegetable kingdom, being found in the roots of elecampane, dandelion, chicory, fever- few, in the tubers of the potato, the dahlia, and the Jerusalem artichoke, in the seeds of the sun-flower, and in many other plants. It is usually prepared from the sliced or rasped roots of the elecampane or the dahlia, by boiling with water in the presence or sodium carbonate. The liquid obtained is cooled by a freezing mixture, when the inulin precipitates. 1 T 0 obtain it pure, it is dissolved in hot water, filtered, and again exposed to a freezing mixture. On repeating this process three or four times, the inulin is obtained perfectly white. It is insoluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in cold water, blit very solubla in boiiing water. It dissolves in an ammo- niacal solution of cupric oxide, the solution yielding, after a few hours, a blue amorphous precipitate, insoluble in water and in am- monia, but soluble in tartaric acid. Its specific gravity is 1*349, and its optical lsevo- rotatory power [a] d = 34'6. When heated with water in sealed tubes at 100 °, or when boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, it is con- verted into a sugar, which lias all the proper- ties of levulose. Inulin is distinguished from starch by its giving a yellow or yellowish- brown instead of a blue colour with iodine ; by its solubility in aqueous cuprammonia, and by its inalterability under the influence of ferments. It appears to be a substance intermediate between gums and starch. Inulin has lately been examined by H. Kiliani. He assigns to it the formula, tive, the pronunciation is in-va-lid'. II. Law : Having no force or effect ; null ; void* “The bishop . . . did now clearly perceive how it* valid and insufficient it [the marriage] was."— Burnet : Hist. Reformation, an. 1527. B. As substantive : 1. One who is not strong in health ; ona who is weak, infirm, or delicate. “ Bath ... is always as well stowed with gallants aa invalids, who live together in a very good understand- ing.''— Xafler, No. 16 . 2. A soldier or sailor disabled either by sickness or wounds for active service. " H.M. troopship ‘ Oroutes ' lias arrived from Alex- andria with 150 naval invalids and time-expired men.’*’ — Daily News, Sept. 9, 1884. invalid-bed, s. A bed having conveni- ences for the sick or the wounded, having ele- vating head and shoulder portion, to give the patient a change of position ; a portion which conforms to the shape of the bended knees, and other conveniences for the patient’s com- fort. invalid-chair, s. A chair capable of as- suming and retaining any required position from the erect to the prone. Invalid is a general and patient a par- ticular term ; a person may be an invalid without being a patient ; he may be a itatievX without being an invalid. in-va-lid', v.t. & i. [Invalid, a.] A. Transitive: 1. To affect with disease or illness ; to render an invalid. “ Drawing the invalided stroller’s arm through hla. r ' — Dickens : Pickwick, ch. xlv. j 2. To register as an invalid ; to insert in the list of persons unfit for military or naval duty ; to give leave of absence from duty on account of illness or ill health. * B. Intrans. : To consent to be placed on the list of invalids. in- va! -l-date, r.f. [Eng. invalid; -ate; Fr* invalider ; Sp. invalidar ; Ital. invalidare. J To make invalid or not valid ; to weaken, lessen, or destroy the validity or force of ; to render of no effect or force ; to overthrow. “ Argument Is to be invalidated only by argument and is in itself of the same force, whether or not it convinces him by whom it is proposed."— Rambler^ No. 14. Cite, tat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot, or, wore, wglf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian a>, ce = e ; cy - a. qu = Uw, invalidation— invention 2725 In-val-I-da'-tion, s. [Invalidate.] The state of invalidating or rendering invalid ; the state of being invalidated. "So many invalidations of their rights."— Burke : Powers of Juries. • In'-va-lld-ism, s. [Eng. invalid ; -ism.] The quality or* state of being an invalid ; sick- ness, ill-health. In-va-Ild'-l-ty, s. [Fr. invalidity, from Lat. invdliditatem, accus. of invaliditas, from in- validus = not strong, invalid (q.v.).] 1. Want of validity, legal force, or efficacy ; irant of cogency. “I’ll show the invalidity of their objection.”— Gian- will : Pre-existence of Souls, ch. iv. 2. Want of bodily health or strength ; in- firmity. “ He ordered that none who could work should be Idle ; and that none who could not work, by age, weak- ness, or invalidity, should want ."—Temple. • In-val'-id-ness, s. [Eng. invalid ; -ness.] Invalidity. •In -val or-oas, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. valorous (q.v.).] Wanting in courage ; timid, timorous. In-val'-U-a-ble, o. [Pref. in- (intens.), and Eng. valuable (q.v.).] Precious above esti- mation ; so valuable that its worth cannot be estimated ; of inestimable value. " His friends adjured him to take more care of a life invaluable to liis country.” — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. vii. In-val'-n-a-bly, adv. [Eng. invaluable) ; - ly .] In an invaluable manner or degree; above all estimation ; inestimably. "That invaluably precious blood of the Sonne of God." — bp. Hull : Sermon of Thanksgiving, Jan., 1625. • In-val'-ued, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. valued (q.v.).] Invaluable ; inestimable. “Closely conveys this great invalued spoil. Drayton : Barons' Wars, vL 15. In-var i-a bil'-l-ty, s. [Eng. invariable ; My.] The quality or state of being invari- able ; invariableness. "This invariability in the birds’ operations." — Digby : Of Bodies, ch. xxxvii. fci-var'-i-a-tole, a. & s. [Fr.] A. As adj.: Not variable ; not subject or liable to change ; constant in the same state ; unchangeable, unalterable. “ According to some invariable and certain laws."— Burke : On Taste. (Introd.) B. As substantive : Math. : An invariable quantity ; a constant. invariable-function, s. Math. : A function which enters an equation, and which may vary under certain circum- stances, but which does not vary under the conditions imposed by the equation, is called the invariable of the equation. In a common differential equation which holds true for all values of x and y, the only invariables must be absolute constants ; but in an equation of differences in which the value of x only passes from one whole number to another, any func- tion which does not change value whilst x passes from one whole number to another, may be an invariable. In -var'-i-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. invariable; -7tess.l The quality or state of being invari- able ; constancy of state; unchaugeableness ; immutability. “ From the dignity of their intellect arises the in- variableness of their wills .’’—Mount ague : Devoute Essay es, pt. ii., tr. ii., § 3. In-var'-I-a-bly, adv . [Eng. invariable) ; -ly. ] In an invariable manner; without changing or altering ; constantly ; uniformly. “ He almost mvariably took that view of the great questions of his time which history has finally adopted.’’— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. ^In-var'-ied, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. varied (q-v.).] Unvaried, invariable, unchanging. in-va'-fion, s. [Fr., from Lat. invasionem, accus. of invasio = a going in, from invasus, pa. par. of invado = to invade (q.v.) ; Sp. in- vasion; Ital. invasione.] 1. The act of invading ; the act of entering Into the country of another with a view to conquest or plunder ; a hostile attack upon or entrance into the territory of others. “Found able by invasion to annoy Thy country.” Milton : P. R., iil 365 2. An attack or encroachment on the rights or privileges of others ; Infringement ; violation. 3. The approach or assault of anything dan- gerous or pernicious. “ What demonstrates the plague to be endemial to Egypt, is its invasion and going off at certain seasons." —A rbuthnot. U Invasion expresses merely the general idea, without any particular qualification ; in- cursion signifies a hasty and sudden invasion ; irruption signifies a particularly violent inva- sion ; inroad signifies a making a road or way for one’s self, which includes invasion and oc- cupation. ( Crabb : Eng. Synon .) * In-va'-sive, a. [Low Lat. invasims, from Lat. invasus, pa. par. of invado = to invade (q.v.); Fr. invasif.] Invading; aggressive. “ With them to dare The fiercest terrours of invasive war " Hoole : urlando Furioso, bk. xxxiii. * In-veck'-ee, a. [Etym. doubtful.) Her. : A term used by writers on heraldry for double arching. [Arched.] * in-vect', v.i. [Lat. invectus, pa. par. of in- veho = to carry into, to inveigh (q.v.).] To inveigh. " Fool that I am, thus to invect against her." _ Beaum . & Flet. : Faithful Friend, iil. 3. in-vect'-ed, a. [Lat. invectus, pa. par. of in- veho = to carry in.] Her. : The reverse to engrailed, all the points turning inwards to the ordinary thus borne, with the semicircles outward to the field. * In-vec'-tton, s. [Lat. invectio, from invec- tus, pa. par. of inveho .] Invective. In-vec'-tive, s. & a. [Fr., from Lat. invecti- vus, from invectus, pa. par. of inveho = to in- veigh (q.v.); Sp. invectiva; Ital. invettiva,] A. As subst. : A censorious or vituperate attack on a person ; a censure in speech or writing ; a severe or violent expression of cen- sure or abuse ; a bitter and reproachful accu- sation. " A tide of fierce invective seemed to wait behind her lips." Tennyson : Princess, iv. 451. B. As adj.: Censorious, satirical, vitupera- tive, abusive. “ Satire among the Romans, but not among the Greeks, was a biting invective poem.”— Dryden : Ju- venal. (Dedic.) m-vec'-tive-ly, adv. [Eng. invective; -ly.] In the manner of invective; abusively, censor- ously, satirically. “ Thus most invectively he pierceth through The body of the country, city, court.” Shakesp. : As You Like It, ii. 1. t 131 - vec'-tive- ness, s. [Eng. invective; -ness.] The quality of being invective or vi- tuperative ; abusiveness. “ Some wonder at, his invectiveness." — Fuller: Wor- thies ; Hants. in-veigh' (eigh as a), * in-vey, v.t. [Lat. inveho — to carry into or to, to inveigh : in- = in, into, and veho = to carry ; Sp. inveliir.] To utter or make use of invectives ; to ex- claim censoriously and abusively against a person or thing ; to declaim ; to utter cen- sorious and hitter language. (Usually followed by against , but sometimes by at and on.) “In regretting the depopulation of the country, I inveigh against the increase of our luxuries." — Gold- smith : Deserted Village. (To Sir Joshua Reynolds.) in-veigh'-er (eigh as a), s. [Eng. inveigh; - er .] One who inveighs ; a railer. “ One of these inveighers against mercury, in seven weeks, could not cure one small herpes in the face.” — Wiseman : Surgery, bk. viii., ch. ii. m-vei'-gle, * en-vei'-gle, * in-vea-gle, v.t. [Etym. doubtful ; by some thought to be a corruption of Fr. aveugler = to blind, from Low Lat. aboculus = blind : Lat. ah- — away, from, and ocvlus = an eye. By others referred to Ital. invogliare = to give a desire to, to make one long for, from in- = in, voglia = a wish ; Lat. volo = to wish. Puttenham, in 1587, ranks this word with those which had been quite recently introduced into the lan- guage.] To persuade to something bad or hurtful ; to entice, to seduce, to allure, to wheedle, to entrap. “A serjeant made use of me to inveigle country fellows, and list them in the service of the parlia- ment."— Tatler, No. 249. In-vei'-gle-ment, s. [Eng. inveigle; -ment.] 1. The act of inveigling ; seduction to evil ; enticement. 2. That which inveigles, seduces, or allures ; enticement. “ Through the inveiglements of the world, and the frailty of nis nature." — South: Sermons, vol. vi., ser. 4. m-vei'-gler, * en-vei'-gler, s. [Eng. in- veigle); -er.] One who inveigles, entices, or seduces to evil ; an allurer, an entieer. “ As still is seene in court enueiglers are Procurers of despite aud avarice.” Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 165. * In-veU' (ei as a), * in-vayl, v.t. [Pref in- (1), and Eng. veil (q.v.).] To covei, a> with a veil ; to veil, to cover. “ When streight a thicke awolne cloud Invayled the lustre of great Titan's carre." Broume : Britannia s Pastorals, bk. iit., a. 1U * In-vel-ope, v.t. [Envelope, v.] * In-vend-I-bll'-I-ty, s. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. vendibility (q.v.).] The quality or stats of being invendible ; unsaleableness. “ All that is terrible in this case is, that the author may be laughed at, and the stationer beggared by th*» book’s invendibility."— Drome. (To the Reader.) * In-vend'-i-tole, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng vendible (q. v.).] Not vendible ; not saleable ? unsaleable. * ln-ven'-cm, v . t , [Envenom.] In-vent’, v.t. [Fr. inventer, from Lat. inventut, pa. par. of invenio = to come upon, to find, to invent, from in- = in, upon, and venio = to come ; Sp. inventar; Ital. inventare.] * 1. To come or light upon ; to find, to nuet with. “ [She] vowed neuer to returne againe, Till him aliue or dead she did invent" Spenser : F. Q., III. v 10. * 2. To find out, to discover. “ Zoroastres, kyug of the Bactrians, who is spurted to liaue fyrst inuented arte-magicke.” — Goldyng : Justine, io. 1. 3. To contrive and produce, as a thing that did not exist previously. “ ‘They hunt old trails,’ said Cyri, ‘ very welfc; But when did woman ever yet invent l ' ” Tennyson : Princess, ii. 369. 4. To frame by the imagination ; to exco- gitate, to devise, to concoct, to falnicate. (Used in a good or bad sense.) “And they layde their heades togither, they had inuented an other captious question. "—Barnews Workes, p. 223. * 5. To feign. (1) To invent , feign, and frame, are ail occasionally employed in the ordinary con- cerns of life, and in a had sense ; fabricate and forge are never used any otherwise. Invent is employed as to that which is the fruit of one's own mind ; to feign is employed as to that which is unreal ; to frame is employed as to that which requires deliberation and arrange- ment ; to fabricate and forge are employed as to that which is absolutely false, aud requiring more or less eiercise of the inventive power. ( Crabb : Eng. £ynon.) (2) For the difference between to invent and to contrive, see Contrive ; for that between to invent and t,o find, see Find. in-vent' -er, r. [Inventor.] * in-vent'-fu) , a. [Eng. invent; -ful(l).] Fufi of invention ; inventive. * in- vent '- 1 tole, a. [Eng. invent ; -able.] Capable of hi mg invented ; discoverable. “ I thought [.here had been but one only exfjuisite way inventible ’ — Century of Inventions, No. 67. * in-vent'-i-tate-ness, s. [Eng. inventible ; -Tiess.] The quality or state of being in- ventible. in-ven'-tion v * in-ven-cioti, s. [Fr. in- vention , from Lat. inventionem, accus. of in- vention a coming upon, a finding out, from inventus, pa. par. of invenio = to find out, to invent; Sp. invencion; Ital. invenzione.] * 1. The act of coming upon, meeting with, or finding : as, the Invention of the Cross of St. Helena. 2. The act, operation, or process of finding out or discovering something new, or not pre- viously known ; discovery. “The finding out of apt matter, caHed otherwise invention, is a searching out of things true or things likely."— Wilson : Arte of Rhetor ique, p. G. 3. The act of excogitating, devising, or pro- ducing mentally ; excogitation. “Generally all stanzas are, In my opinion, but ty- rants and torturers, when they make invention obey their number, which sometimes would otherwise scan tie itself." — Drayton: Barons' Wars. (Pref.) 4. The act of contriving, framing, and pro- ducing something new : as, the invention of the steam-engine. 5. The power or faculty of inventing or ex- bSh, bo^; pout, jifiVl ; cat, 5ell, chorus, ^bin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = t '. -Qian, -tian = shaa. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -gion - zhiln, -cions, -tious, -sious = shus. -bie, -die, die. = b?!, tigb 2?26 inventious— invertebrata cogitating ; that skill or ingenuity which is, or may be, employed in contriving, devising, or excogitating anything new ; the creative and imaginative faculty ; specifically, in art, the conception or representation of a subject, the selection and disposition of its various parts, and the whole means by which the artist seeks to portray his thoughts. "Gifted by nature with fertile invention, an ardent temperament, and great powers of persuasion.” — Mac* aulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xx. 6. That which is invented ; an original con- trivance. " The invention all admired ; and each how he To be the inventor missed, so easy it seemed, Once found." Milton : P. L., vi. 498. 7. That which is mentally invented or ex- cogitated ; a thought, a desire, a scheme, a forgery, a fabrication, a fiction. '* We hear our bloody cousins, not confessing Their cruel parricide, filling their hearers With strange invention." Shakesp. : Macbeth, iil. 1. 8. Music: A term used by J. S. Bach, and probably by him only, for small pianoforte pieces, each developing a single idea, and in some measure answering to the impromptu of a later day. ( Sir G. Grove , in Diet, of Music.) II Invention of the Cross : Ecclesiol. & Church History : 1. The alleged finding of the cross of Our Lord by Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. [Holy-cross.] 2. A feast, celebrated on May 3, in honour of the event mentioned above. It is said to have been first celebrated in the Church of Santa Croce, at Rome. Gregory XI. (1370-78), who brought back the seat of the Popedom from Avignon to Rome, ordered a special office to be composed for this feast. Clement VIII. (1592-1605) raised it to a double of the second class, and removed parts of the old office. Mn - ven- tious, a. [Eng. invent; -ions.] Inventive. "Thou art a fine inventious rogue." — Ben Jonson : Cynthia's Revels, ii. L In -vent'-Ive, a. [Fr. inventif from Lat. in- ventus , pa. par. of invenio ; Ital. & Sp. in- ventivo.] 1. Quick at contrivance ; ready at expe- dients ; fertile in invention, imagination, or contrivance. " A beautiful and perfect whole Which busy man's inventive brain Toils to anticipate, in vain.” Cowpcr : Epistle to Lady A usten. * 2. Fabricating, false. ** The queen's fond hope inventive rumour cheers." Pope : Homer ; Odyssey i. 523. * In vent' ive - ly, adv. [Eng. inventive; -ly.] By the means or power of invention. in - vent - ivc - ness, s. [Eng. inventive; -ness.) The quality or state of Being in- ventive ; the faculty of invention ; invention. In vent’-or, in-vent'-er, * in-vent-our, s. [Fr. inventeur, from Lat. inventorem, accus. of inventor = a discoverer, from inventus, pa. par. of invenio; Ital. inventore.] One who invents, contrives, or produces something new. "0 mighty-mouthed inventor of harmonies." Tennyson: Milton. * in-ven-tbr'-l-al, a. [En inventory ; -a?.] Of or pertaining to an inventory. • In-ven tbr -I-al ly, adv. [Eng. inventorial ; -ly.] In manner*of an inventory. "To divide him inventorially would dizzy the arith- metic of memory."— Shakesp. : Hamlet, v. 2. In ven tor-y, * in-ven-tar-ie, * in-ven- tor ie, s. [Lat. inventorium ; Fr. inven- taire; Ital., Sp., & Port, inventario.] A list or catalogue of goods and chattels, containing a f ill, true, and particular description of each, with its value, made on various occasions, as on the sale of goods, decease of a person, storage of goods for safety, &c. ; hence, generally a list, an account, a catalogue. " To compare tlicir account with the inventories made in former visitations."— Burnet : Hist. Reform. (an. 1553). in ven-tdr-y, v.t. [Inventory, s.] To make or draw up an inventory of; to set down in an inventory ; to make a list, catalogue, or schedule of. " Tlie philosopher thought frlendB were to he inven- toried as well as goods." — Government of the Tongue. In -ven.'- tress, s. [Eng. inventor; -ess.] A female who invents. " Cecilia came, Inventress of the vocal frame." Dry den : Ode on St. Cecilia's Day. 1 in-ver-, pref. [Gael.] A confluence of rivers. It is used largely as an element in place names in Scotland, as Inverness , /nverary, Ac. * ln-ver-i-sim-Il'-i-tude, s. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. verisimilitude (q.v.).J Want of veri- similitude ; improbability. m-ver-mm-a'-tion, s. [Lat. in- — within, and verminatio (genit. verminationis) = the worms, the bots ; from vermino , to be troubled with worms ; vermis = a worm.] The same as Helminthiasis (q.v.). Mn-ver-nac'-u-ld, s. [Sp.] A greenhouse for preserving plants in winter. in verse', a. [O.Fr. invers (Fr. inverse ), from Lat. inversus , pa. par. of inverto = to invert (q.v.) ; Ital. & Sp. inverso .] I. Ord. Lang. : Opposite in order or rela- tion ; inverted, reciprocal ; opposed to direct. II. Technically : 1. Bot. : The same as Inverted (q.v.). (Loudon . ) 2. Math. : Two operations are inverse, when the one is exactly contrary to the other, or when, being performed in succession upon a given quantity, that quantity remains un- altered. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations, for, if we add to a the quantity 5, and from the sum subtract the quantity 6, the result will be a. Multiplication and divi- sion, raising to powers and extracting roots, differentiation and integration, are all inverse operations. If two variable quantities are connected by an equation, either one is a func- tion of the other. If it be agreed to call the first a direct function of the second, then is the second an inverse function of the first. The forms of direct and inverse functions, as dependent upon the connecting equation, may be determined by solving the equation with respect to each function separately. inverse or reciprocal proportion, s. Math. : The application of the rule of three in a reverse or contrary order. inverse or reciprocal ratio, s. Math. : The ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities. * in-versed', a. [Eng. invers(e); -ed.) In- verted ; turned upside down. " A inversed V did formerly stand for pupila, and M inversed j\[ for mulier." — Wilkins ; Secret & Swift Messenger, ch. x. in-verse'-ly, adv. [Eng. inverse; -fy.) In an inverse or inverted order or manner ; in an inverse ratio or proportion ; as, when one thing is greater or less in proportion, as another is less or greater. In-ver'-sion, s. [Lat. inversio, from inversus , pa. par. of inverto = to invert (q.v.) ; Fr* & Sp. inversion ; Ital. inversione.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. The act of inverting; change of order, so that the first becomes last and the last first; a turning or chauging of the natural order of things. " By an odd inversion of the command, nil that we do is first to pray against a temptation, and afterwards to watch for it.”— South : Sermons, vol. vL, ser. 10. 2. Change of place, so that each takes the place of the other. " The one protruding the other by inversion, where- of they make a backward motion.’— Browne : Vulgar Errours, bk. iiL, ch. xv. 3. A turning backward ; a reversing of the ordinary process : as. Problems in arithmetic are proved by inversion . II. Technically : 1. Chem. : The change which takes place when starch, dextrin, or sugar is boiled with a dilute acid. Different acids act with various degrees of rapidity; mineral more quickly than organic, acids ; sulphuric acid the most quickly of all. Thus starch and dextrin are changed into glucose, cane-sugar into invert sugar, maltose into glucose, &c. Inversion may also take place in the presence of fer- ments, or by prolonged boiling with water, 2. Geol. : The overturning or folding over of strata by igneous agency, so that the order of their succession seems reversed. 3. Gram. : A change of the natural order of words in a sentence. “Accustomed now to a different method of ordering our words, we call this an inversion, and consider it as a forced find unnatural order of speech."— Blair, voL L, lect. 1. T&te, f&t, faro, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; er. wore, w^lf. work, who, son ; mute, cub. cure, unite, cur, rttle. full i try. 4. Math. : The operation of changing the order of the terms, so that tlie antecedent shall take the place of the consequent and the reverse, in both couplets. Thus, from the proportion a : b : : c : d, we have, by inver- sion, b : a :: d : c. 5. Milit. : A movement in tactics by which the order of companies in line is inverted, the right being on the left, the left on tlie right, and so on. 6. Mus.: The transposition of certain phrases having a common root. (1) The inner- version of a chord is effected by making one of the inner notes act as a bass note, and by this means as many inversions can be made as there are actual notes in tlie chord, not counting the root. In such inversions the harmony remains the same, although tlie order of component parts is changed. (2) Intervals are inverted by making that which was the upper note the lower, and the reverse. Tlie inversion of an interval within tlie ootave may readily be found in the difference between the figure 9 and the interval known ; then an interval of a second becomes a seventh by inversion, &c. (3) The inversion of a subject is produced by inverting the intervals of which it consists. 7. Rhet. : A mode of argument by which the speaker tries to show that the arguments of liis opponent tell against his own cause, and in favour of the speaker’s. In-vert', v.t. [ Lat. i nrerto — to turn over: in- — towards, up, and verto=to turn ; Ital. invertere. J I. Ordinary Language : I. To turn upside down ; to place in an in- verse or contrary position or order. " The spear inverted, streaks the dust around * Pitt : Vixgil ; HZneid L * 2. To divert ; to turn into another channel or to another purpose ; to embezzle. " Solyman charged him bitterly with inverting hit treasures to his own private use, and having secret intelligence with his enemiet.*’— Enolles : Hist, qf th « Turkes. II. Technically: 1. Mus. : To change the order of the notes which form a chord, or the parts which com- pose harmony. 2. Math. : To place in a contrary order. To invert the terms of a fraction is to put the numerator in place of the denominator, and the reverse. in'-vert, s. [Invert, v.] 1. An inverted arch. 2. The floor of a canal lock-chamber. It is usually an inverted arch. 3. The lower part or bottom of a sewer, drain, &c. invert-sugar, s. Chem. : A mixture of dextrose and laevulose, obtained by boiling a solution of cane sugar, acidulated with sulphuric acid, and afterwards removing the acid with chalk. C 12 H 22 OP 1 = CsHuOc-f CyHjoOs. It is sweeter than cane sugar, and rotates tlie plane of polarisation to the left ( — 25°). Honey is the sugar of the nectaries of flowers, inverted by a ferment in the body of the bee. ln-vert'-ant, a. [Fr.] Her. : The same as Inverted (q.v.). In-vert'-e-bral, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Lat, vertebr(a) — a joint ; suff. -al.] The same as Invertebrate, a dj. (q.v.). in-ver-te-bra'-ta, s. pi. [Pref. in-; Lat. vertebra = a joint", especially one belonging to the spine, and neut. pi. suft -ata.] Zool. : A subdivision of the Animal King- dom, containing the animals which have n* jointed, bony, or cartilaginou" spinal column, witli a brain-case or limbs connected with an internal skeleton. The adults want even th* cartilaginous rod or notochord, though rudi- ments of it exist in the young of the Tunicated molluscs. A great group, or division founded, like tlie Invertebrata, on negative characters, is not homogeneous or natural, and animals of immense variety of form and structure aro brought together by the negative character of their being invertebrate. They are divided into the following great groups or types : Mollusca, Arthropods, Vermes, Eehinoderniata, Zoophyta, and Protozoa, with two interme- diate or connecting groups, tlie Tuuicata and the Molluscoida. (Prof. P. Martin Duncan, F.R.S., &c.) pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot» Sy rian, », ce = e ; ey = a. qu — kw« invertebrate— inveterably 2727 In -vert'-e-brate, a. & s. [Invertkbrata.] A. adjective : 1. Lzf. ; Destitute of vertebrae. “ It was evident that there was no proportion or equivalency between the vertebrate ana the inverte- brate groups."— Owen : Compar. Anat.; Invertebrates [Animals). 2. Fig. : Wanting in material or mental power ; weak. “ To me the Tory lyrics are quite as delightful as the Radicafdnes— so long as they are not invertebrate."— must. London News, Aug. 30, 1884, p. 195. E. As subst. : An animal destitute of verte- bra;. in-vert'-e-’brat-ed, a. [Eng. invertebrate); -ed.] Not having a backbone ; invertebrate. In-vert'-ed, pa. par. & a. [Invert, i’.] A. As pa. par. : (See the verb). B. As adjective : I. Ord. Lang. : Turned upside down ; turned the contrary way ; reversed, inverse. *’ O Winter, ruler of the inverted year, Thy scattered hair with sleet like ashes filled.’ 3 Cowper : Task, iv. 120. II. Technically : 1. Bot. : Having the apex of one thing in an Opposite direction to that of another, as in' many seeds. 2. Geol. ( of strata ) ; So tilted over by igneous or other agency that their position with re- spect to other strata is the opposite of what it originally was. Hence, unless special care be taken, its age, as tested by superposition, may be misread. The most ancient rocks are those most likely to be inverted. Thus, Mur- chison notes the inversion of the Silurians in Cornwall, in the Eifel, in the Alps, &c. “ Professor Sedgwick has shown, indeed, that these strata are inverted, the Lower Silurian (which lie now calls Cambrian), overlying the Devonian or Old Red rocks.” — Murchison: Siluria, ch. vii. 3. Her . ; Turned the wrong way : as wings are said to be inverted when the points are turned downwards. inverted-arch, s. Arch. : An arch whose crown is downward ; the key-stone being the lowest of the vous- aoirs, and the springings the highest. It is Used in foundations, the floors of tunnels, &c. inverted-commas, s. pi. Print. : Commas turned upside down ; they are used as the sign of a quotation (“ ”). In-vert'-ed-ly, adv. [Eng. inverted ; 4y.] In an inverse, contrary, or inverted order. “We have a pretty landskip of the objects abroad invertedly painted on the paper, on the back of the ey e. ' — Derham: Physico- Theology, bk. iv., ch. ii. (Note 38.) •in vert i ble (1), a. [Eng. invert; -ible.] Capable of being inverted. • in-vert'-i-ble (2), a. [Lat. in. = not, and verto = to turn.) Incapable of being turned ; inflexible. la vert'-in, s. [Eng. invert; and sufif. An (Cliem.).'] Chem. : The active principle of the yeast plant, obtained by repeatedly washing yeast, first with water and then with alcohol. On Shaking up the residue with ether, the in- vertin which rises to the surface is removed and carefully dried. Invertin has the power of inverting cane sugar, but has no action on maltose. fD-vest', v.t. & i. [Fr. investir, from Lat. in • vestio = to clothe in or with : in- = in, and vestio = to clothe ; vestis = a dress, clothing ; Bp. investir ; ItaL investire.] A. Transitive: L Ordinary Language : * 1. To dress, to clothe, to array. (Followed by with or in.) ** Invest me in my motley." Shakesp. : As You Like It, ii. 7. * 2. To put on ; to clothe, attire, or array With. ** Alas ! for plttie that so fair a crewe . . . Cannot find one this girdle to invest . ” Spenser : F. Q., IV. V. 18. * 3. Tc cover, as with a dress. - Thou . . . with a mantle did invest The rising world of waters dark ard deep." Milt** • P. L., lit 10. * 4. To cover, to fill. “ Palmy shades and aromatic woods, That grace the plains, invest the peopled hills, And up the more than Alpine mountain wave." Thomson : Summer, 782. 5. To clothe as with an office or authority ; to place in possession of a rank, office, or dignity. “ The licence of traducing the executive power with which you own he is invested." —Dry den : Epistle to the Whigs. *6. To adorn, to grace, to bedeck : as with clothes or ornaments. “ For this they have been thoughtful to invest Their sous with arts and martial exercises.” Shakesp. : 2 Henry l V., iv. A * 7. To confer, to give. “ If there can be found such an inequality between man and man, as there is between man and beast : or between soul and body, it investeth a right of govern- ment."— Bacon. 8. To lay out, as money in the purchase of some kind of property, usually of a permanent nature : as, To invest money in land. 11. Mil. : To blockade, to beleaguer, to sur- round or inclose with forces, so as to intercept succour of men or provisions. B. Intrans. : To make an investment : as, To invest in bank stock. % One is invested with that which is exter- nal : one is endued with that which is internal. We invest a person with an office or a dignity : one endues a person with good qualities. The king is invested with supreme authority ; a lover endues his mistress with every earthly perfection. ( Crdbb : Eng. Synon .) * m-ves'ti-ent, a. [Lat. investiens, pr, par. of investio.] ’ Covering, clothing. “This sand, which, when consolidated and freed from its investient shell, is of the same shape as the cavity of the shell.”— Woodward : On Fossils. * In-ves -tig-a-ble (1), a. [Lat. investiga- bilis , from investigo = to track out.] That may or can be investigated, searched out, or discovered by reasoning or research. “In doing evil, we prefer a less good before a’ greater, the greatness whereof is by reason investi'jable, and may be known.” — Hooker: Eccles. Polity, bk. i., ch. vii. * in-ves'-tig-a-tole (2), a. [Low Lat. in- vestigabilis, from Lat. in- = not, and vestigo = to track out.] That cannot be investigated or searched out ; unsearchable. " Through the investigate deep." Cotton : Eighth Psalm Paraphrased. m-ves'-tl-gate, v.t. [Lat. investigates, pa. par. of investigo = to track out : in- — in, and vestigo = to trace ; vestigium — a footstep, a track; Sp. & Port, investigar ; Ital. investi- gare.) To search or trace out ; to follow up, to pursue, to search into ; to examine and inquire into carefully and closely ; to examine into with care and accuracy. “ This process of investigating the truth in dark and ambiguous cases." — Jortin : Remarks on Eccles. Hist. in - ves - tl - ga'- tion, s. [Lat. investigatio, from investigatus, pa. par. of investigo; Fr. investigation ; Sp. investigation ; Ital. investi- gasione.] Tile act of investigation, inquiring, or examining closely into any thing or matter ; close and careful examination or research ; scrutiny, inquiry, inquisition. *‘ The delight which the mind feels in the investigo. tion of secrets." — Johnson : Life of Dryden. * in-ves'-tl-ga-tive, a. [Eng. investigate) ; -ive.] Given to investigation ; curious, care- ful, and exact in examination or investigation. ** When money was in his pocket he was more de- liberate and investigative.”— Pegge : Anecdotes of Eng- lish Language, p. 305. in-ves'-tl-ga-tor, s. [Lat., from investigatus, pa. par. of investigo; Fr. investigateur ; Ital. investigatore ; Sp. investigador.] One who in- vestigates or inquires carefully and closely into anything. " Reason, and the guide of life, the support of reli- gion, the investigator of truth." — Warburton : Led. to the Freethinkers. (Post-) * in-vest -i-on, s. [Low Lat. investio = a handing over, a putting into possession, inves- titure.] The same as Investiture (q.v.). in-ves'-ti-ture, s. [Fr. investiture ; Prov. & Ital. investitura; Sp. & Port, investidum.] [Invest.] I. Ordinary Language : I. The act of investing ; the state of being invested with anything : as, with the symbols of office, emolument, or dignity. [II.] “ Intending your investiture so near The residence of your despised brother." Marlowe : Tamburlaine, L I. 1 2. That with which one is invested ; gar- ments, vestments. II. Technically: 1. Ch. Hist. : If any bishop or other clergyman have the cure of souls and also a stipend, two elements, the one sacred and the other civil, exist in his position ; and as nearly every spiritual act carries civil consequences, and nearly every civil act connected with his benefice has sacred effects, scarcely any prudence can avoid periodical collision be- tween the ecclesiastical and the civil power. From the kingly or imperial point of view, a great political object will be served if the church can be made simply a tool in the hands of the civil government. From the papal point of view, and indeed from that of all church functionaries, a great ecclesiastical end will lie achieved if the State can be made an obedient handmaid of the Church. From the establishment of the Church under Con- stantine the Great, in the fourth century, the Roman functionaries increasingly interfered in ecclesiastical affairs, and by the eleventh lay patronage had been much abused, and simony largely prevailed. The emperors, kings, and princes of Europe had been accus- tomed to confer the temporalities of the larger benefices and monasteries by the delivery o t a ring and a staff, or erozier. When the bishop or abbot elect had received these, he carried them to tlie metropolitan, who returned them, to indicate that tlie Church had conferred on Lira sacred office. Pope Gregory VII. (Hilde- brand) considered that a ring and a erozier were insignia of spiritual office, and not of its temporal accompaniments, the erozier sym- bolising the pastoral charge and the ring tha celestial mysteries. He therefore wished the then reigning emperor, Henry IV., to desist from conferring investitures in such a form, or indeed at all. The emperor was willing to see simony terminated, but clung to in- vestitures, and Gregory on his part threat- ened to excommunicate any one conferring such investitures or receiving them. A fierce contest now arose between Henry and Gregory, continued by their successors. At last the pontiffs legates and the emperor came to an arrangement at the Diet of Worms, a.p. 1122, • one article of the treaty being that tlie em- peror should confer the temporalities of a sea or abbacy by some other symbols than tlie sacred ones of the ring and tlie erozier. 2. Law: The open delivery of seisin or pos. session. * I n vc st'-ive, a. [Eng .invest; -ive.] Clothing, investing, covering. In-Vest'-ment, s. [Eng. invest; -ment.] * 1. The actof investing, clothing, ordressing. t 2. The act of investing with or placing in possession of an office, rank, or dignity ; in- vestiture. 3. The act of surrounding, blockading, os beleaguering with an armed force ; siege, blockade : as, the investment of a town. 4. The act of investing or laying out money in the purchase of some species of property, usually of a permanent nature : as, the invest- ment of money in railway shares or in land. 5. Money invested. “The wreck of their investment in Mexican securi- ties.”— Pall Mall Gazette, Sept. 9, 1884. * 6. That which invests or clothes ; dreser, attire, vestments, clothes. “ You, my lord archbishop. Whose white investments figure innocence." Shakesp. : 2 Henry IV., iv. L. 7. That in which money is invested. “A certain portion of the revenues of Bengal has been, for many years, set apart to be employed in th® purchase of goods for exportation to England, and this is called the investment."— Burke : On the Affairs of India. m-vest'-or, 8. [Eng. invest; -or.] One who invests or makes an investment. “No prudent investor would calculate too muclh upon the permanent payment of Mexican coupons.”— PaU Mall Gazette, Sept. 9, 1884. * in-ves'-ture, v.t. [Eng. invest ; - ure .] 1. To clothe. 2. To invest, to instal ; to put into posses- sion of an office. “ Hath already investured him in the dukedom of Prussia.” — Asclutm : Affairs of Germany. * in-ves'-ture, s. [Eng. invest ; \-ure .] In- vestment, investiture. “ Before his investure and installation therein-”-— P. Holland: Suetonius, p. 127. * xn-vet'-er-a-bly, adv. [As if from an Eng. inveterab(le);’-ly.] In an inveterate maimer; inveterately. ( Colley Cibber : Careless Hus* band , v.) boil, b6^; poilt, Jdrfrl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ihg, -Sian* -tian — sham -tion. -sion = shun ; -(ion, -§ion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cions — shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b^l, d^i. 2728 _ inveteracy— invisoat© in -Vet'- er-a-gy, s. [Eng. inveterate; - cy .] The quality or state of being inveterate or of long duration ; the state of being firmly esta- blished by time ; long continuance ; the state of being deeply or firmly rooted or engrained in one's nature ; firmness or deep-rooted ob- stinacy of any quality or state gained by time. " Such the fixed inveteracy wrought By the impatience of my early thought." Byron : Childe ff avoid, iv. 76. in -vet'-cr- ate, a. TLat. inveteratus , pa. par. of invetero = to retain for a long time : in- (intens.), and vetus (genit. veteris ) = old ; Fr. inveUre; Ital. inveterato; Sp. invetcrado.] 1. Old, long established ; having existed or continued for a long time. “ It is an inveterate and received opinion that can- thandes, applied to any part of the body, touch the bladder, and exulcerate it”— Bacon: Nat. Hist. 2. Firmly or deeply rooted or established by long continuance ; deeply rooted ; obstinate. “ But the instantaneous reform of inveterate abuses was a task far beyond the powers of a prince strictly restrained by law." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. x. 3. Confirmed in any habit or practice by long use or continuance. “ The Spanish-American is an inveterate gamester.” —Daily Telegraph, Sept 6, 1884. * 4. Malignant, virulent. “In terms the most aggravating and inveterate.”— E. llrooke : Fool of Quality, ii. 84. * In vet'-er-ate, v.t. [Lat. inveteratus, pa. par. of invetero.] To fix or establish firmly by long continuance. [Inveterate, o.] “ Let not Atheists lay the fault of their sins upon human nature, which have their prevalence from long custom and inveterated habit."— Bentley : Sermons, I. f In veter-ately, adv. [Eng. inveterate ; -ly.] In an inveterate manner or degree ; with obstinacy ; virulently. “To it they w-ere most in veter at el y prone."— War- hurt on : Divine Legation, bk. iv., § C. $ In-vet'-er-ate-ness, s. [Eng. inveterate.; -ness.] The quality or state of being invete- rate ; inveteracy. “As time hath rendered him more perfect in the art, so hath the inveterateness of his malice made him more ready in the execution." — Browne: Vulgar Er- Tours, bk vii., ch. xii. * in-vet-er-a'-tion, s. [Lat. inveteratio , from inveteratus , pa. par. of invetero.] [Invete- rate, a.] The act of making inveterate ; hardening or confirming by long continuance. In -vexed', a. [Lat. in- = in, and vexi, perf. I indie, of veho = to carry.] Her. : Arched or enarched. * in-vict', a. [Lat. inv ictus.] Unconquered, indomitable, invincible. “ With as inuict a roynd and manly an herte let vs confesse the worde of God as wold Cryste die for his gospell."— Joye : Exposicion of Daniel, ch. ii. in -vld -i-ous, a. [Lat. invidiosus, from in- vidia = envy ; Ital. & O. Sp. invidioso ; Sp. envidioso. ] * 1. Envious, malignant. “ May with astonishment invidious view His toils outdone by each plebeian bee." Smart : Omniscience of the Supreme Being. * 2. To be envied ; enviable. Such a person appears in a far more honourable and invidious state."— Barrow. 3. Likely to incur or bring on hatred, odium, fil-will, or envy. “ He rose and took the advantage of the times, To load young Tumus with invidious crimes." Dryden : Virgil ; Alneid xi. 618. If Invidious in its common acceptation sig- nifies causing ill will ; envious signifies having ill will. A task is invidious that puts one in the way of giving offence; a look is envious that is full of envy. Invidious qualifies the thing; envious qualifies the temper of the mind. (Crabb : Eng. Synon.) In-vid'-I-ous-ly, adv. [Eng. invidious; -ly.] 1. In an invidious manner; enviously, ma- lignantly. " These were worded so invidiously.”— Burnet : Hist. Own Time (an. 1702). 2. In a manner likely to incur odium or ill- will. In vld'-i-ous-ness, s. [Eng. invidious; ■ness.] The quality or state of being invidious. “ We had with us neither spades nor pickaxes ; and if love of ease surmounted our desire of knowledge, the offence lias not the invidiousness of singularity. — Johnson : A Journey to the Western Islands. • In vig'-Il-an 9 e, * In vig'-Il-an ^y, s. [Pref. in- (2)| and Eng. vigilance (q.v.).] Want of vigilance ; neglect of vigilance or watching. * In-vlg'-dr, * In-vlg'-our, v.t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. vigor (q.v.).J To invigorate, to animate. “ What pomp of words ! what nameless energy Kindles the verse, invigours every line." Thompson : On Mr. Popes Works. m-vig or-ate, v.t. [Formed as if from a Lat. * invigor atus, pa. par. of *invigoro t from in- (intens.), and vigor — vigour, strength ; Ital. invigorare.] To endue with vigour ; to give vigour or strength to ; to strengthen ; to animate ; to give life and energy to. “Would age in thee resign his wintry reign, And youth invigorate that frame again. Cowpcr : Hope, 84. in-vig dr-a'-tion, s. [Invigorate.] The act of invigorating ; the state of being in- vigorated. “ By virtue of a supposed antiperistasis, or invigora- tion of the internal heat of the lime." — Boyle : Works, iv. 246. * in-vile', v.t. [Pref. in- (intens.), and Eng. vile (q.v.).] To render vile or of no value. “ It did so much invile the estimate Of the opened and invulgar’d mysteries." Daniel : Musophilus. * In-vII'-lage (age as lg), v.t. [Pref. in- ti), and Eng. village (q.v.).] To make into a village ; to reduce to the rank or condition of a village. " There on a goodly plain (by time thrown downe) Lies buried in his dust some auncient towne ; Who, now invillaged, there's only scene." Browne: Britannia's Pastorals, b. i., b. 3. * m-vin-ate, a. [Pref. in- (1) ; Lat. vin(um) = wine, and Eng. suff. -ate.] Incorporated with wine. “Christ should be impanate and invinate.”— Cran- ia er : Works, L 305. In vin ^i bll-I-ty, s. [Eng. invincible ; -ity.] The quality or state of being invincible ; iu- vincibleness. “Their absolute faith in the invincibility of their arms.” — Edin. Rev., Jan., 1871, p. 27. m-vm-91-ble, a. & s. [Fr., from Lat. invin- cibilis , from in- = not, and vincibilis = vin- cible ; vinco = to conquer; Sp. invincible; Ital. invincibile.] A. Js adjective: 1. Ord. Lang . : Incapable of being conquered or subdued ; unconquerable, insuperable, in- surmountable. “ Ills power secured thee, when presumptuous Spain Baptized her fleet invincible in vain." Cowper : Expostulation, 568. 2. Hist. : Belonging to or in any way con- nected with the secret society described under B. 3B. As substantive : Irish Hist. (PI.) : An Irish secret society, not identical with, though it developed from, that of the Fenians, in or prior to 1882. One of the main objects of the Invincibles was to “ remove ” (a euphuism for “ to assassinate ”) government officers or others who might incur the displeasure of the association or its leaders. On May 6, 1882, it achieved what doubtless it deemed a great victory, having on that day succeeded in “removing.” i.e., in stabbing to death. Lord Frederick Cavendish, who had just arrived from England as Secretary for Ire- land, and Mr. Thomas A. Burke, the Under- secretary, in the Phoenix Park at Dublin. The plot was directed against the latter gentleman, and the former, nobly interfering to protect his friend, shared his fate. The nefarious deed arrayed against the unknown murderers the moral feeling of the civilized world, and the government soon overcame the “ Invincibles.” On February 20, 18S3, twenty charged with complicity in the Phoenix Park murders were put on trial ; on July 14, Joseph Brady, who had been convicted of actual perpetration of the murder of Mr. Burke, was executed, as were others subsequently. The leading wit- ness, who revealed all the secrets of his fellow conspirators, was one James Carey, a member of the common council of Dublin. He was shot dead in a steamboat near Natal, on July 29, by an Irishman, O’Donnell, who was sub- sequently brought to England, tried, and exe- cuted for his crime in December, 18S3. Invincible Armada, s. [Armada.] in-vm'- 9 i-ble-ness } s. [Eng. invincible; -ness.] The quality or state of being invin- cible ; unconquerableness, insuperableness. "Against the invincibleness of the general custom (for tne most part) men strive in faith."— Wilkins : Real Character, bk. i. t ch. v. m-vm'- 9 l-bly, adv. [Eng. invincible); -ly,} In an invincible manner or degree; insupe- rably, unconquerably. “ And as ye have received, so have ye done Invincibly." Milton : p. L., vl. 80f. m-vi-o-la-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. inviolable ; -ity.i The quality or state of beiug inviolable. “ Our Constitution unites the most perfect security of the subjects' liberty with the most absolute inviola- bility of the sacred person of the sovereign. "—Up. Horsley : Works, vol. ili., ser. 44. In-vl'-o-la-ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. invtola- bilis t from in- = not, and violabilis = that may he violated ; violo = to violate ; Sp. in- violable ; Ital. inviolabile.] 1. Not to be profaned, injured, polluted, or treated with irreverence. 2. Not to be broken : as, a promise, a treaty, a contract, &c. “ He ought to have determined that the existing settlement of landed property should be inviolable.”— Macaulay : Ilist. Eng., ch. vi. 3. Not to be injured, tarnished, or defamed. * 4. Not susceptible of hurt or injury. “ He tried a third, a tough well-chosen spear. The inviolable body stood sincere." Dryden: Ovid; Metamorphoses xiL *5. Not to be broken ; unbreakable. “Their Almighty Maker first ordained, And bound them with inviolable bands." Spenser : F. Q., IV. x. 85. In-vI -o-la-ble-ness, s. [Eng. inviolable ; -ness.] The quality or state of being invio- lable ; inviolability. In-vi -6-la-bly, adv. [Eng. inviolab(le) ; -ly. | In an inviolable manner ; without profanation, breach, failure, or violation. “The path prescrib'd, inviolably kept, Upbraids the lawless sallies 01 mankind." Young : Night Thoughts, ix. 1,111. * m-vi'-o-la^ 9 y, s. [Eng. inviola(te); -cy. f The quality or state of being inviolate ; invio- lability. In vi o late, a. [Lat. inviolatus , from in- = not, and violatus , pa. par. of violo = to violate ; Fr. inviole ; Ital. inviolato ; Sp. inviolado. j Not violated or profaned; unhurt, uninjured, unbroken. “[She] bound her purpose with a solemn oath, A virgin life inviolate to lead." Congreve : Homer ; Hymn to Venus, * In-vi'-o-lat-ed, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. violated (q.v.).] Inviolated, unbroken, un- profaned. " For your honor to kene your promyse sincerly in- uiolated, & faithfully obseru ed.' —Hall : Henry IV, (an. 8). * in-vi'-d-lr.te-ly, * In-vi-o-late-lye, adv. [Eng. inviolate ; -ly.] In an inviolate manner; without violation ; so as not to be violated. “ Ail other things, which depend upon the eternal and immutable laws and rights of nature, remaining inviolately the same under both covenants, and as un- changed as nature itself. "—South : Sermons, voL x., ser. 6. * In-vi'-o-late-ness, s. [Eng. inviolate; -ness.] The quality or state of being invio- late ; inviolacy. * In'-vx-ous, a. [Lat. invius, from in- = not, and via = a way, a road.] Impassable, un- trodden. “And Virtue invious ways can prove." Butler: Hudibras, pt. L, ch. ilL * In'-vi-ous-ness, s. [Eng. invious; -ness.] The quality or state of being invious or im- passable. “Wlmt is called inviousness and emptiness, wher* all is dark and unpassable, as perviousness is the con- trary." — Ward: Transl. of Mores Pref to his Philoe. Works (1770). * ln-vi-ril'-I-ty, s. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. virility ( q.v.).] Want or absence of manhood ; loss or want of manliness or manly character; effeminacy. “The invirility of Nei’o, Holiognbalus or Sardanap*. Ins, those monsters, if not shames of meu and uatur*.” —Prynne : 1 HistiHo-Mastix, v. & * in-vi‘r'-6n, v.t. [Environ.] * ln-vis'-cate, v.t. [Lat. inviscatus , pa. par. of invisco = to daub with bird-lime : in- = in, on, and viscum — mistletoe, bird-lime; Sp. & Port, enviscar ; Ital. inviscare.] [Viscid.] To daub or besmear with glutinous or viscid matter ; to caUh or involve in glutinous mat- ter. “It hath in the tongue a raucous and slimy ex- tremity. whereby upon a sudden emission it inviscatei and taugleth those insects."— Browne: Vulgar Err ours, bk. ili., ch. xxii. Site, fat, fore, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, carnal, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marino ; go, pot, _or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, w, ce = e; cy - a. qu — kw. inviscerate— involucrated 2728 • iB-vis'- 9 er-at©, v.z. [Inviscerate, a.] To implant or root deeply. “ Our Saviour seemeth to have affected so much the inviscerating this disposition in.our hearts." — Hounta- gus : Devout e Essayes. pt. i., tr. xv., § L • in-vis ^er-ate, a. [Lat. invisceratus , pa. par. of inviscero — to put deep into the en- trails : in - = in, into, and viscns (pi. viscera) = the intestines, the entrails ; Ital. inviscerare.] Implanted or rooted deeply. " Man sigheth (as the Apostle saith) as burthened with inviscerate interests ."—Mountague : Devoute Es- say es, p. i., tr. xiv., § 3. * In -Vised, a. [Lat. invisus, from in - = not, and visus, pa. par. of video = to see.] Un- seen ; invisible. " The diamond ; why ’twas beautiful and hard. Whereto his invised properties did tend.” Bhakesp. : Lover's Complaint, 212. In- vis-l-bir -l-ty , s. [Fr. invisibility from invisible = invisible (q.v.); Sp. invisibilidad ; Ital. invisibilita.] 1. The quality or state of being invisible; incapability of being seen, or perceived by the sight. “ Around the ideas of religion she throws the ideas of invisibility."— Wallace : Kant, p. 189. * 2. That which is invisible. In-Vis'-I-ble, a. & s. [Fr., from Lat. invisi- bilis , from in- = not, and visibilis = visible (q.v.); Sp. invisible; Ital. invisibile .] A* As adj. : Not visible ; incapable of being seen ; not perceptible by the sight. “ I cannot saine, if that it be possible But Venus had him maked invisible Thus saieth the booke." Chaucer : Of Dido Queen e of Carthage. B. As substantive : I. Ordinary Language : I. God ; the Supreme Being. “ Our father Adores the Invisible only." Byron : Cain, i. 1. 1 * 2. A Rosicrucian, as not daring publicly to declare himself. II. Ch. Hist. (PI.) : Heretics who denied the visibility of the Church ; followers of Osiander, Flaccius, lllyricus, and Swenkfeld. (Shipley.) In-vl§'-i-ble-ness, s. [Eng. invisible ; -ness.] The quality or state of being invisible ; invisi- bility. In-vla i-bly, adv. [Eng. invisible) ; - ly .] In an invisible mauner; imperceptibly to the sight. “ Invisibly the fairy came.” Gay: Fables, 3. * ln-vi'-sion, 5. [Pref. in - (2), and Eng. vi- sion (q.v.).] Want or absence of vision or of the power of seeing. In -vi ta'-tion, s. [Fr. , from Lat. invitationem, accus. of invitatio, from invitatus, pa. par. of invito = to invite (q.v.) ; Sp. invitation.] 1. The act of inviting, or soliciting a per- son’s company at an entertainment, visit, ceremony, &e. 2. The words or document in which a per- son is invited. “He received a list, and invitations were sent to all whose names were in it."— Daily Telegraph, Sept 11, 1884. * 3. Allurement, enticement. ” To which there are greater invitations, greater mo. fives " - -Sharp : Sermons, voL L, ser. 15. In-vit'-a-tdr-y, a. & s. [Lat. invitatorius, from invitatus, pa. par. of invito = to invite.] A. As adj . : Containing or using invitation. B. As substantive : Bceles. : The invitatory psalm, Venite, ex- tultemus Domino (xciv. in Vulg., xcv. in A.V.) recited at the beginning of matins in the Roman Church, on all days except the Epiphany, when it forms part of the third, nocturn, and the last tkree days of Holy Week. Possibly a relic of the old Roman prac- tice of omitting the psalm on ferias. In-vite', v.t. & i. [Fr. inviter, from Lat. in- vito = to ask, to invite ; Sp. invitar ; ItaL in- vitare.] A. Transitive: 1. To allure, to attract, to entice, to pre- sent allurements or temptations to ; to tempt to come. “ God invited men onto the folowing of himselfe."— Sir T. More : Worket, p. 1,205. 2. To ask, to bid, to summon ; to ask or bid to an entertainment, visit, &c. ; to solicit the company of. “ When such company is invited, then be as sparing as possible of your coals." — Swift: Directions to Ser- vants. B. intrans. : To give invitation, to attract, to allure, to call. “ He that invites will not the invited mock." Waller : Of the Fear of God, i. 7. m-vite', s. [Invite, r.] An invitation. (Slang.) “ Guest after guest arrived ; the invites had been ex- cellently arranged ."—Dickens : Sketches by Boi ; Steam Excursion. * m-vi te'-ment, s. [Eng. invite ; -ment.] The act of inviting ; invitation. "By counsel and moral invitementsf—Bp. Taylor : Great Exemplar, pt. iii., dis. 17. m-vlt-er, s. [Eng. invitee); -er.] One who invites. “ Friend with friend, the inviter and the guest." Hurte: Epistle from Boetius to his Wife. m-vit'-mg, pr, par., a., & s. [Invite, v .] A. As pr. par. : (See the verb). As adjective : 1. Calling, summoning, bidding courteously. “The king of the country where her husband was had sent an inviting letter to come thither."— Banyan : PilgHms Progress, pt. ii. 2. Tempting, alluring, seductive, attractive : as, an inviting prospect. C. As subst. : Invitation. “ In drinking one to another and mutual invitings." —P. Holland: Plutarch, p. 558. in-vit'-xng-ly, adv. [Eng. inviting; -ly.) In an inviting manner ; attractively ; so as to invite or allure. "If he can but dress up a temptation to look in- vitingly, the business is done. " — Decay of Piety. * ln-vit'-mg-ness, s. [Eng. inviting ; -ness.] The quality or state of being inviting ; attrac- tiveness. ” An aptitude and inviting ness.” — Bp. Taylor: Arti- ficial Handsomeness, p. 165. * in-vit-rl-fi'-a-ble, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. vitrijiable’ (q.v.).] Not vitritiable ; in- capable of being vitrified. * in-vo-cate, V.t. [Lat. invocatus , pa. par. of invoco = to invoke (q.v.).] To invoke, to call upon ; to address in prayer. “Henry the Fifth I thy ghost I invocate." Shakesp. : 1 Henry VI., 1. 1. invocation, s. [Fr., from Lat. invoca- tionem, accus. of invocatio = a calling upon, from invocatus , pa. par. of invoco = to invoke (q.v.); Sp. invocation; Ital. invocazione.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. The act of invoking or calling upon in prayer. “There is In religion no acceptable duty, which de- vout invocation of the name ol God doth not either presuppose or infer.” — Hooker : Eccles. Polity. 2. The act of invoking or calling for the presence or assistance of any being, particu- larly of some divinity. “ Let us proceed upon Our invocation." Byron : Heaven & Earth, L L * II. Law : A judicial call, demand, or order : as, the invocation of papers into court. IT Invocation of Saints : 1. Roman Theology , &c. : The authoritative statement of Roman doctrine on this subject is found in a decree of the Council of Trent (sess. 25, held Dec. 3 and 4, 15G3), which or- dains that “all bishops and others having the duty of teaching ” should instruct the faith- ful — “ That the saints reigning with Christ offer their prayers to God for men ; that it is good and useful to invoke them, and to have recourse to their prayers, succour, and assistance to obtain benefits from God through his Sou Jesus Christ, our Lord, who alone is our Redeemer and Saviour.” Here two propositions are laid down in the plainest possible manner : — (1) That the saints do intercede for men ; (2) the utility of asking such intercession. Theologians allege Scrip- ture and tradition in support of the doctrine and practice (cf. Jer. xv. 1 ; Luke xv. 7 ; Rev. v. 8, vi. 9-11, viii. 3). The chief argument is from analogy ; the oneness of the mystic Body of Christ (1 Cor. xii. 12) ; the duty of mutual prayer, and the efficacy of the prayers of the just on earth (James v. 15-18) ; and the value which St. Paul set on the prayers of his fellow-Christians (Eph. vi. 18, 19 ; Col. iv. 3, 4 ; 2 Thess. iii. 1). But on the other hand cf. 1 Tim. ii. 5. It should be noted that tlie saints are asked to intercede for men, and not to bestow of their own power either temporal or spiritual blessings. Inscription* in the Catacombs show that the practice wa* common in the Early Church, and mention o < it is made by St. Gregory Nazianzen ( Oral . xxiv.), St. Basil (Orat. xliv.), St. Gregory Nys- sen (Orat. in S. Theod.), St. Ambrose (De Vid., cap. xi. n. 55), and St. Augustine (Serm. 324 ; cont. Faust, xx. 21). The devotion of the Church is chiefly towards the saints who died after Christ. To the Maccabees alone is ( feast celebrated in the whole Latin Church. (The texts are from the A.V. ; the Fathers from Migne.) 2. Anglican Theology, &c. : There were very many reasons why, when the Articles of Re- ligion were “ ratified and confirmed,” th* separation between the Reformed and Roman Churches should be made as marked as pos- sible, and the twenty-second of the Thirty- nine Articles strongly condemns the invocation of saints. The Liturgy is less unfavourable to the doctrine. In the canticle Benedicite, omnia opera, from the apocryphal portion of Daniel, the “ Angels of the Lord” (Dan. iii. 58 in th* Vulg.) and the “Spirits and Souls of the Righteous ” (iii. 86) are called upon to “ hies* the Lord,” to "praise him and magnify him for ever." Here there seems to be an admis- sion that angels and the departed just hear the invocations of, though there is no declara- tion as to their intercession for, members ol the Church militant. The practice, as a pri- vate devotion, was known in Caroline day*, and lingers, in a debased form, in country districts, in the rhyme — “ Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, Bless the bed that I lie on," &c. With the Oxford Movement the doctrine ofl the Invocation of Saints came to the front* Keble (Visitation of the Sick ) wrote — " O soothe us, haunt us, night and day. Ye gentle spirits far away. With whom we shared the cup of grace. Then parted ; ye to Christ’s embrace.” * xn'-vo-ca-tor-y, a. [Eng. invocat(e); ■ ory .) Making invocation ; containing invocation ; invoking. ln'-voife, s. [A corrupt, of envois, an English plural of Fr. envoi = a sending, from envoyer = to send.] Com. : A statement on paper concerning goods sent to a customer for sale or on ap- proval. It usually contains the price of th* goods sent, the quantity, and the charges upon them made to the consignee. Any other details respecting which it is important for the consignee to be informed are added, and in these respects it differs from a trade bill or definite account. in' -voice, v.t. [Invoice, s.] To write or enter in an invoice. in volte , v.t. [Fr. invoquer, from Lat. invoco = to call upon : in- = on, upon, and voco = to call ; Sp. invocar ; Ital. invocare.] 1. To call upon or address in prayer ; to solicit in prayer for assistance and protection ; to invocate. “ Whilst I invoke the Lord, whose power shall m« defend.” Surrey : Psalm lxxilL. 2. To call for solemnly or with earnestness. " Cheerful hope, so oft invoked in vain." Collins : Verses with a piece of Bride-cake. I 3. To call on in attestation : as, To invok* the name of the Deity. * 4. To call for judicially ; to order : as, To invoke documents into court. * in-vol'-u-ble, a. [As if from a fictive Lat. involubili's : in- = not, and volubilis = change- able, mutable.] Immovable, immutable (?). " Infallible, insoluble, insensible." Sylvester : Little Bartas, 16L. in - vol' - u - fel, in-vol-ix-fel'-lum, «. [Mod. Lat., dimin. of Lat. involucrum.] [In- volucre.] Bot. : A partial involucre occurring in an umbelliferous plant. in-vol-u-fel'-late, a. [Mod. Lat. involucel- latus, from involuccllum.] [Involucel.] Bot. ; Having around it an involucel. ln-vo-lu'-cral, a. [Eng. involucr(e); -nl.J Bot. ; Of or belonging to an involucre. in-vo-lu'-cra-ted, a. [Eng. involucr(e); -aUd.} Bot. ; Covered with an involucre ; having an involucre. bob, boy ; pout, jdtfcl ; cat, fell, chorus, fhin, bench ; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a$; expect, Xenophon, e^rlst. ph = t, •bias, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -gion = shun, -clous, -tious, -slous = sbus. -hie, -die, &c, — bfl, dfl 2730 involucre— inward In vo lu cre (ere as ker), in-vo-lu'- crum, s. [Lat. involucrum = a wrapper, a covering, a case, an envelope ; involvo = to roll to or upon : in - = in, upon, and volvo = to roll.] Botany : 1. Verticillate bracts surrounding the flowers of Umbelli ferae and Composite. Those sur- rounding the general umbel in the former order are called the universal involucre, and those around the umbellules the partial invo- lucre. An involucre may be calculated, scaly, imbricated, superimposed, &c. Liu- naeus calls the involucre the common calyx. 2. The peridium, volva, or annulus of some fungals. 3. The indusium of ferns. 4. (PL): The sporangia of Equisetaceae. ln-vo lu'-cred (cred as kerd), in-vo-lu - crat-ed, a. [Eng. involucr(e); -ed.] Bot. : Having an involucre. in-vo-lu'-cret, s. [Dimin. of Eng., &c. invo- lucre.] Bot. : An involucel.l in-vo-lu'-crum, s. [Involucre.] in-vol -un-tar ll-y, adv. [Eng. involuntary ; -ly-] In an involuntary manner ; not volun- tarily ; not spontaneously or of one's own choice ; against one’s will. “We shrink involuntarily from the remembrance of our task.’’— Idler, No. 102 . in -vol -un-tar-i-ness, s. [Eng. involun- tary ; -ness.] ‘ The quality or state of being involuntary. “I apprehend there is not an absolute involuntarU ness in this engagement, but a mixt one.”— Bp. Hall : Cases of Conscience, dec. i. p case 8. in-vol -un-tar-y, a. [Lat. involuntarius : in- = not, and voluntarius = voluntary.] * 1. Not acting according to will or choice ; unwilling. “The gath’ring number, as it moves along. Involves a vast involuntary throng.’’ Pope : Dunciad, iv. 82. 2. Not proceeding from choice; not done wil- lingly ; opposed to the will ; not spontaneous : as, involuntary obedience or submission. 3. Independent of will or choice. “It, is found by experience, that all the voluntary and motions of the body are performed by their [tiie nervesj means."— Reid : Intellectual Power 's, ess. 2, ch. ii. in' -vo lute, m'-vo-lu-tive, a. & s. [Lat. involvtus, pa. par. of involvo = to roll in, or on : in- = in, and volvo = to roll.] A, As adjective : * I. Ordinary Language : 1. Lit. : Rolled up, folded, rolled inward. 2. Fig. : Involved. “ The style is so involute ." — Poe : if (try in alia, cxvii. II. Technically : 1. Botany : (1) Rolled inwards. (2) (Of vernation) : Having the edges rolled inwards spirally on each side, as the leaf of the apple. (3) A name proposed for the embyro of mono- cotyledons. 2. Zool. : Having its margin turned inward, es in the genus Cypraea. B. As substantive : Geom. : If a thread be tightly wrapped about a given curve and then unwrapped, being kept stretched, each point of it will generate a curve, called an involute of the given curve. The given curve, with respect to any of its involutes, is called an evolute. Any given curve has an infinite number of involutes, and in order to fix the position of any one of them, it is necessary to know not only the evolute, but also one point of the involute. In -vo-lvit'-ed, a. (Lat. involvtus.) The same as Involute (q.v.). In -vo-lu'-tion, s. [Fr., from Lat. involu • tionem, acc. of involutio, from involvtus, pa. par. of involvo = to roll up; Ital. involuzione.] {Involve.] * I. Ordinary Language : 1. Tho act of involving, infolding, or rolling up. “This communication of names Is only in descen- sion, by reason of the involution, or comprehension of . presbyter within (episcopus)." — Bp. Taylor: Episco- pacy Asserted, 5 23. 2. The state of being involved, intangled, or implicated ; complication. “ All things are mixed, and causes blended by mutual involutions." — Qlanvill. 3. That which is wrapped or folded round anything. “ Great conceits are raised of the involution or mem- braneous covering called the silly-how, sometimes found about the heads of children."— Browne : Vulgar Errours, bk. v., ch. xi. * 4. A fold, a twist, a turning. “ Such the clue Of Cretan Ariadne ne’er explained. Hooks ! angles I crooks ! and involutions wild I " Shenstone : (Economy , iiL II. Technically : 1. Arith. Alg. : The operation of finding any power of a given quantity, the multipli- cation of a number into itself any given number of times : thus the third power of 2 is found by involution, or multiplication of the number by itself, and the product by the same number : thus 2 x 2 x 2 = 8. It is the reverse of evolution (q.v.). The operation of involution may be directly performed by con- tinued multiplication, but it is often performed by means of formulas, particularly by the binomial formula. 2. Gram. : The insertion of one or more clauses or members of a sentence between the agent or subject and the verb. 3. Path. : The restoration to its normal size of any part which has been abnormally de* veloped. The opposite of evolution. m-volve', v.t. [Fr. involver, from Lat. in- volvo = to roll in or up : in- = in, upon, and volvo = to roll; Sp. envolver ; Ital. involvere .] 1. Ordinary Language : * 1. To roll up ; to fold up ; to entwine. “The farre- resounding sea doth in his rage invade His sandy confines, whose sides grone with his involved wave." Chapman: Homer; Iliad ii. 2. To enwrap, to envelope, to infold, to cover with surrounding matter. “ Though long before the sinking day A wondrous shade involved them all." Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, vL 25. 3. To wrap up ; to surround. “ Also that reuerende study is involved in so bar- barous a laugage, that it is voide of al eloquence."— Sir T. Elyot : The Govemour, bk. i., ch. xiv. * 4. To mix or mingle together confusedly ; to confuse. *5. To take in, to include, to comprise. “ One death involves Tyrants and slaves.” Thomson : Summer, 1,022. 6. To include by rational or logical con- struction ; to imply ; to comprise as a logical or necessary consequence. 7. To connect by way of natural or neces- sary consequence. 8. To entangle, to implicate. “ Fond worldlings there involved in vaine delight." Stirling ; Domes-day ; The Fourth Houre. 9. To place in a position or state ; to include. “ Involving all the contending parties in the same destruction.” — Burke: A Vindication of Natural Society. 10. To make complicated or intricate. “Syllogism is of necessary use, even to the lovers of truth, to shew them the fallacies that are often con- cealed in florid, witty, or involved discourses. ’’ — Locke. 11. Arith. & Alg. : To raise a number to any given power by involution. U For the difference between to involve and to implicate , see Implicate. in-vol ved', pa. par. or a. [Involve.] In financial difficulties ; as, He is very much involved. * In-volv'-ed-ness, s. [Eng. involved ; -ness.] The quality or state of being involved. “As for the supposal this mistake is built on (the involvedness of all men in the guilt of swearing) it is as weak as it is uncharitable.’ —Boyle: Works, va 6. * m-vdlve'-ment, s. [Eng. involve; - merit .] The act of involving ; the state of being in- volved. *in-vur-gar, v.t. [Prof, in- (1), and Eng. vulgar (q.v!).] To cause to become or appear vulgar or common ; to vulgarise. “The opened and invulgared mysteries.” Daniel : Musophilus. * ln-vul'-gar, a. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. vulgar (q.v!), ] Not vulgar, not common, re- fined, elegant. “The sad parents this lost infant owed. Were as invulgar as their fruit was fair." Drayton : Moses, bk. J. m-vul-ner-a-bil'-I-ty, s. [Pref. in- (2), and Eng. vulnerability (q.v.).] The quality or state of being invulnerable. In-vul -ner-a-ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. in- - vulnerabilis, 'from in- = not, and vulnerabilis = vulnerable (q.v.) ; Sp. invulnerable ; Ital. invulnerabile.) 1. Not vulnerable ; incapable of being wounded or of receiving injury. " For, from his mother’s wombe, which him did bear#, He was invulnerable made by magicke leare." Spenser : F. Q., VI. iv. 4. *2. Unassailable; that cannot be attacked or moved. “ Prompt to assail, and careless of defence. Invulnerable in his impudence, He dares the world." Dryden : Hind & Panther, iil. 1,184. *3. Unassailable; that cannot be refuted: as, The argument is invulnerable. m-vul'-ner-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. invulner- able; -ness.] ‘The quality or state of being invulnerable ; invulnerability. m-vul-ner-a-bly, adv. [Eng. invulnerable); -ly.] In an invulnerable manner ; so as to be incapable of being wounded or injured. * m-vul'-ner-ate, a. [Lat. invulneratus , from in- = not, and vulneratus = wounded, pa. par. of vulnero = to wound ; vulnus (genib. vulneris) = a wound.] That is not or cannot be wounded ; invulnerable, unhurt. “ Not at all on those, That are invulnerate and free from blows.” Butler : Satire upon Marriage. * In-wall', v.t. [Pref. in- (1), and Eng. wall (q.v.). J To surround, inclose, or fortify with a wall. “Three such towns In those places with the garri- sons, would be so augmented as they would be able with little to inwall themselves strongly."— Spenser : On Ireland. * m'-wall, s. [Inwall, v.] An inner wall. “ With his weight th’ inwall his breast did knock." Chapman : Homer ; Iliad xiL in'- ward, a., adv., prep., & s. [A.S. innt- weard, innanweard = inward, a., from innan , inne = within ; suff. weard = towards, -ward.] A. As adjective : 1. Internal, interior ; being in or within. 2. Internal ; connected with or residing in the mind, soul, or thoughts. " With inward struggling I restrained my cries, And drank the tears that trickled from my eyes." Dryden : Ovid ; Heroic Ep. xL. * 3. Intimate, familiar, domestic. “ All my inward friends abhorred me.”- job xix. 19. * 4. Private, confidential. “ Sir, the king is a noble gentleman, and my familiar . . . for what is inward between us, let it pass."— Shakesp. : Love's Labour's Lost, v. 1. B. As adverb : 1. Towards the internal parts ; towards the interior ; within, internally. “ Arblastes sone & giimes withoute me bende, & ssote inward vaste iuou.” liobert of Gloucester, p. 58& 2. Into the mind or thoughts. ** So much the rather thou, celestial Light, Shine inward, and the mind through all her power* Irradiate." Milton : P. L., iu. 52. 3. In the mind or heart ; mentally. 4. With a curve or bernl towards the centre. “ He stretches out his arm iu sign ■ i peace, with hJj bre;u>t bending inward." — Dryden: Dufresnoy. * C. As prep. : Within. “ Inward mine harte I feele blede." Itomaunt of the Rose. IX As substantive : 1. That which is inside or within ; especially in the plural the internal parts ot an animal ; the viscera. “ The prince ... to his sire assigns The tasteful inwards and nectareous wines.” Pope : Homer; Odyssey xx. 325. * 2. An intimate, a familiar lriend, an asso- ciate. " I was an inward of bis." — Shakesp. : Measure f, s. pi. [Pref. iodo-, and Eng. phenol (q.v.).] Chem. : CgEUI'OH. By the action of iodine and iodio acid on phenol, in presence of an alkali, a mixture of three isomeric mono-iodo- phenols is obtained. When this is distilled in a current of steam, first a liquid, ortho- iodophenol, passes over, then a solid, meta- iodophenol, and lastly, at a higher tempera- ture, tri-iodo-, or para-iodophenol. The residue still contains a quantity of tri-iodophenol, which, however, may be extracted by alcohol. Ortho-iodophenol is a colourless, oily liquid, with a strong, disagreeable odour. It does not become solid even at - 23°, and is readily decomposed by chlorine, or by nitric acid. Meta-iodophonol is almost insoluble in water, but dissolves in alcohol and ether, from which it crystallizes in flat glistening needles. It melts at 64°-66°. Para-iodophenol is solu- ble in water, alcohol, ether, and carbon di- sulphide. It crystallizes from alcohol in large six-sided plates, from ether in the form of needles, and from carbon disulphide in short, thick prisms. From its aqueous solu- tion it is precipitated by hydrochloric acid, as a grayish-white flocculent mass. It has a faiut but unpleasant odour, and melts at 89°. i-6-do pro-pi on' ic, a. [Pref. iodo-; pro* pion(e), and suff. -ic.] Chem. : Composed of iodine and propionic- acid. iodopropionic-acid, s. Chem.: C 3 H 5 IO 2 . A monobasic acid, ob- tained by heating glyceric acid in syrupy solution, with phosphorus iodide, or by heat- ing acrylic acid and a solution of hydriodic acid to a temperature of 120°. C 3 H 4 O 2 +HI = C 3 H 5 IO 2 . It crystallizes in large colourless piates, which melt at 82°, and are insoluble in cold, readily in hot, water. When heated to 180° with concentrated hydriodic acid, it is converted into propionic acid. i-6-do-qum-ine', s. [Pref. iodo-, and Eng. quinine (q.v.).] Chem. : 2C2oHo 4 No02’l2- A brown crystal- line body, obtained by triturating quinine with iodine. It contains 28*0 per cent, of iodine, and possesses properties exactly simi- lar to iodocinchonine. i-o-do-sal-l-oyl'-lC, a. [Pref. iodo-, and Eug. salicylic (q.v.).] Chem. : Composed of iodine and salicylic- acid. iodosalicylic-acids, s.pl. Chem. : These acids are prepared by adding tincture of iodine, drop by drop, to a cola aqueous solution of barytic salicylate, C 7 H 4 Ba"C> 3 , and then precipitating with hydro- chloric acid ; or, by fusing one atom of sali- cylic acid with two atoms of iodine, and treat- ing the product with a solution of potash, which dissolves out the several iodosalicylic- acids. Mono-iodosalicylic acid, C 7 H 5 TO 3 , is a white crystalline mass, slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol and ether. It crystallizes from water, acidulated with sulphuric acid, in long silky needles, which melt at 196°. Di-iodosalicylic acid, C 7 H 4 I 2 O 3 , is a white amorphous mass, insoluble in water, but slightly soluble in alcohol and ether. It is soluble in water acidulated with sulphuric acid, from which it crystallizes in needle- shaped crystals. On being heated it does not melt, but at 214° is decomposed with separa- Bite, f&t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot* or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cuh, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, so, ce — e ; ey = a. qu — Uw, iodosulphuric— ipomoea 2733 tion of iodine. Tri-iodosalicylic acid, C 7 H 3 I 3 O 3 . This acid is very unstable, decomposing during the process of formation into carbonic anhy- dride and tri-iodophenol. l-o do sul-phur'-Ic, a. [Pref. iodo-, and Eng. sulphuric (q.v.).] Composed of iodine and sulphuric acid, lodosulphuric-acid, s. Chem. : H 2 SO 3 I 2 . When a mixture of iodine and lead sulphite is distilled, and the distil- late rectified over mercury, iodosulphuric- anhydride is obtained, and this, on being mixed with water, yields iodosulph uric-acid. It may also be prepared by passing sulphurous acid into iodide of starch, and distilling the decolourized liquid. The iodosulphates are prepared by neutralizing the acid with the corresponding bases. Sodium iodosulpliate, Na 2 SO 3 l 2 -t- 10 H 2 O, crystallizes in elongated prisms, which are slightly soluble in water and alcohol. I- 6 d yr-lte, s. [Fr. iodure, and suff. -ite.] Min. : Dana’s name for the iodargyrite of the British Museum Catalogue. i'-o-llte, s. [Gr. lov (ion) = a violet, and MOos ( lithos ) = stone.] Min. : An orthorhombic transparent or translucent mineral, generally blue, but in lome cases yellow, or yellowish-gray on the part perpendicular to the vertical axis. Hard- ness, 7 to 7’5 ; sp. gr. 2*56 to 2*66 ; lustre vitreous. Compos. : silica, 48T1 to 50*65 ; alumina, 28*72 to 33*11 ; protoxide of iron, 410 to 11*58 ; magnesia, 8*2 to 20*45, &c. Feeble double refraction present. Occurs in granite, gneiss, and more rarely in volcanic rocks, in Bavaria, Tuscany, Norway, Sweden, Greenland, the United States, &e. In its altered state it forms many minerals, such as Pinite, Fahlunite, &c. U Hydrous Iolite : Min. : (1) A variety of Iolite ; (2) Bonsdorff- ite ; (3) Auralite ; (2) and (3) = Fahlunite (q. v.). i' - on, i - one, s. [Gr. h !>v (ion), pr. par. of tipi (eimi) = to go.] Elect. (PI.) : The substances resulting from decomposition by electrolysis. [Anione, Katione.] I -6 -ni-an, a. & *. [Lat. Ionius, from Gr. 'luivios (lonios) = pertaining to Ionia, a dis- trict of Asia Minor in which Ionians from Attica settled about B.c. 1050. It extended from the river Hermus along the shore of the ASgean Sea to Miletus.] A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians. B. As subst. : A native or inhabitant of Ionia. Ionian-mode, s. Mus. : One of the ecclesiastical modes, com- mencing on the note C, corresponding exactly In tonality with the major diatonic scale as used in modern music. [Mode.] lonian-school, s. Philos. : The first school of Greek philo- sophy, the distinctive characteristic of which was its inquiry into the constitution of the universe. Thales of Miletus opened the in- quiry. The common notion that he taught “ the principle of all things was water,” must be taken with a distinction. Water, as the principle of Thales, was not water in any de- terminate form, but water instinct with vital energy, capable of taking an infinite number of forms. This doctrine appears in Hesiod (Theng., 133-136); and the “ ariston men hvdor" of Pindar (Olymp., i. 1) is proverbial. Thales is usually spoken of as the founder of the Ionian school ; he was more — he was the father of Greek speculation. He prescribed no method, and those who followed him did not accept his answer to the question, What is the Beginning of all things? But the special claim of Thales to notice lies in the fact that he was the first to ask the question, and the first to attempt to establish a physi- cal Beginning. " The whole ordinary arrangement of the Ionian School seems to have proceeded on the conviction that each disciple not only contradicted his master, but also returned to the doctrines of his master's teacher.” —O. H. Lewes: Uist. Philos. (1807), 1. 8. i-on -ic, a. | Lat, Ionicns, from Gr. ’Iovikos ( lonikos) = pertaining to Ionia (q.v.).] A. As adj. : Relating or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians. B. As substantive : Prosody : 1, An Ionic foot. 2. An Ionic verse or metre. Ionic-dialect, s. Philol. : The dialect of the Greek language spoken in Ionia. Ionic-foot, s. Pros. : A foot consisting of four syllables, either two long and two short (the greater Ionic), or two short and two long (the smaller Ionic). Ionic-metse, s. A mtrj consisting of Ionic feet. Ionic-mode, s. Mus. : [Ionian-mode]. Ionic-order, s. Arch. : One of the five orders of architec- ture, the distinguishing characteristic of which is the volute of the capital. Its main features are the same as in the Doric style ; their forms, however, are different. The Ionic order has more mouldings, its forms are richer and more elegant, and, as a style, it is lighter and more graceful than the Doric. The Doric order has been compared to the male, and the Ionic to the female figure. The Ionic column has a less diminished shaft and a smaller parabolic curve than the Doric. It is, like the Doric, channelled ; the flutings, which are twenty- four in number, are separated by annulets, and are therefore narrower, but at the same timed th an Dori( are termi- nated at the top and bot- tom by a final curvature. The column has a base, which, as essential parts, has a moulded or plain cavetto with a torus above, or the torus is placed above two ca- vetti, which are themselves sepa- rated by several intervening mouldings. The so - called Attic base is the form which most fre- quently occurs, and consists of two tori separa- ted by a cavetto, the whole having a plinth as basis. In the capital the Doric echinus is replaced either by a cyma ornamented with leaves, or, more generally, by an ovolo with a pearl-bead- ing beneath. Instead of the Doric abacus there occurs a cusliion-like band in its place, whose ends, wound in a spiral shape and coiled with elastic force, when viewed either from in front or behind, form volutes, which on both sides considerably exceed the diameter of the column, and also surpass the architrave in breadth. These volutes, or scrolls, when viewed from the side, appear to meet in the middle, and form a wavy line over the echinus. The architrave consists of several faciae, which project slightly one over the other, and which are separated by small hollowed mould- ings and capped by a moulded baud. The frieze is undivided, either plain or with ara- besques representing either implements used in worship or simple plants. The frieze also bears the name of the zophorus. As regards the proportions of the Ionic order, no such remarkable difference as in the Doric is per- ceptible in the monuments which have been preserved to us. The height of the column is from eight and a-half to nine times the lower diameter ; the distance between the columns averages about twice the diameter, while the height of the entablature is not quite one quarter that of the column. The most perfect specimens of the Ionic order are the temples of Minerva Polias and of Erectheus in the Acropolis at Athens, and of Fortuna Virilis and the Coliseum at Rome. Ionic sect or school, s. [Ionian School.] ionic COLUMN. l-o-md -l-um, s. [Latinised from Gr. lov (ion) = a violet ( Viola odorata), and elfios ( eidot ) = form.] Bot. : A large genus of Violacese, tribe Violeae, closely allied to Viola proper. The species ara chiefly from the sub-tropical parts of America. Ionidium parviflorum and some others ara violent purgatives and emetics. They are used in the disease Elephantiasis tuberculata, and /. parviflorum , I. Poaya, and I. Ituba as substi- tutes for ipecacuanha ; the last is given in South America in dysentery and gout. I. Ipe- cacuanha is White Ipecacuanha. i o-nop -sid-se, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. ionopsitg Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. - idea .] Bot. : A family of Orchids, tribe Vandeae. l-on-op-sis, s. [Gr. lov (ion) = a violet, and oi/us ( opsis ) = look, appearance.] Bot. : The typical genus of the family Ionop- sidae. It consists of small epiphytal orchids from tropical America. 1-6' -ta, s. [Gr. ] The name of the Greek letter i, and this being frequently indicated by a dot under other letters (as m), known as iota subscript, the word has come to mean a jot, a tittle, a very small quantity. I O f?, s. [See def.] A recognised contraction for I owe you. A paper with these letters on it, followed by an amount and duly signed. It is a simple acknowledgment of indebtedness to some particular person. “He teacheth od fellowes to play tricks with their creditors, who, instead of payments, write / O U.” — Breton : Courtier <£ Countryman, p. 9. I'-o wan, a. & s. A.. As adj. : Of or pertaining to Iowa, one of our Northern Central States. I3« As subst. : A native or inhabitant of Iowa. ip-e-cac-u-an'-ha (h silent), ip-e-cac'-Tj- an, s. [The native Brazilian name.] 1. Bot. : The plants producing the drug de- scribed under 2 . 2. Pharmacy: ( 1 ) The dried root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, a cinchonaceous plant from Brazil. [Cephae- lis.] The ipecacuanha from that country is called annulated, to distinguish it from the striated kind from Peru. It arrives from Rio Janeiro and elsewhere in contorted pieces, two to four inches long, about the size of a small quill, and knotted. The smell of ipe- cacuanha is slight, but disagreeable ; the taste bitter, aromatic, and slightly acrid. The active ingredients reside chiefly in the cortex. It contains a feeble alkaloid called ceretin. Its preparations are pills, powders, lozenges, and wine. In large doses it is an emetic ; in smaller ones it is an expectorant and an altera- tive. It is considered a specific in dysentery. “Dover’s powder” is a compound powder of ipecacuanha ; it is diaphoretic. Ipecacuanha, made into ointment, is a counter-irritant. (2) Various other plants produce a similar drug, as, for example, all the Alsodineae, a tribe of Violaceae. So also the l oot of Euphor- bia Ipiecacuanha is said bv Barton to be at least as good as tlie genuine ipecacuanha. •[[ The Ipecacuanha of Cayenne is Ionidium Ituba; that of Guiana is the root of Boerhaavia decumbens , one of the Nyctagos ; that of Vene- zuela is the root of Sarcostemma glaucvm, an Asclepiad ; Black Peruvian or Striated Ipe- cacuanha is Psychotria emetica; the False Ipe- cacuanha of Bourbon is Camptocarpus maurU tianus; False Brazilian Ipecacuanha is Ioni - dium Ipecacuanha; Undulated Ipecacuanha is Richardsonia scabra ; White Ipecacuanha ia (1) Ionidium Ipecacuanha, (2) Richardsonia scabra, (3) in India, Tylophora asthmatica , and the Wild Ipecacuanha of the \\ est Indies is Asclepias curassavica, called also Bastard Ipecacuanha. * ip'-o-cras, s. [Hippocras.] ip-6-mce -a, s. [Said to be from ( ips ), genit. t 7 ro 9 (ipos) = bindweed ; but Liddell & Scott do not recognize this sense of (ips). [Ips.] They give 11//09 (ipsos) = (1) the cork tree^ ( 2 ) the ivy ; o/xoio? (homoios) = similar.] 1 Bot. : A genus of Convolvulaceae, tribe Con- volvulese. Sepals five; corolla campanulate ; stamens five; style single; stigma bilobed: lobes capitate ; ovary two-celled, each cell' two-seeded. The species, which are nurae* rous, are found in the warmer parts of both b 6 il, boj' ; poilt, ; cat, 9ell, chorus, 5hin, bench ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. ph - tm -clan, -tian = shan. -tion. -sion = shun; -{ion, -$ion = zhun. -clous, -tious. -sious = shus, -bie, -die, &c. = bel, d$l* * 2734 ips— iris hemispheres. About a hundred are cultivated in gardens for their showy flowers, which are an ornament to trellis-work. Ipomcea tuberosa, the Spanish Arbour-vine of Jamaica, furnishes a kind of scammony ; the root of I. pandurata is employed in the United States as, jalap; I. Batatoides is the Male Jalap of Mestitlan ; I. Quamoclit is sternutatory ; I. Turpethum, a native of the East Indies, and I. operculata are purgative. The foliage of I. maritima is made into a fomentation, and applied to joints enlarged by scrofula. The Sweet Potato was formerly called I. Batatas, now it is Batatas edulis. [Batatas.] Ips, s. [Gr. Ti ji (ips) — a worm that eats horn and wood ; also one that eats vine-buds ; a cynips (?).J Entom. : A genus of beetles, placed by Stephens in the family Engidse, but now re- moved to Nitidulidfe. They have the club of the antennse three-jointed, and the last joint of the palpi truncate. The species live on the sap of decaying trees, and are usually found beneath loose bark where there is an exudation of sap. Four British species are known, some of them common. (Stephens.) Ipse dix'-it, phr. [Lat. = he himself said.] A mere assertion without proof. Ip-sis' -si-ma ver'-ba, phr. [Lat.] The very words ; ’the exact words or terms. *p -so fac'-to, phr. [Lat.] By the very act or fact. Ir-, pref. The form which the prefix in- assumes before words beginning with r. [In-, pref.] • ir'-a-cimd, a. [Lat. iracundus = angry.] Passionate. “ A spirit cross-grained, fantastic, iracund, iucom- patible." — Carlyle: Miscellanies, iv. 87. • ir-a-cun -di-ous-ly, adv. [As from an Eng? iracundious ; - ly .] Angrily, passionately. “ Drawing out his knife most iracundiously Nashe : Lenten Stuffe. I-ra-de, s. [Turk., from Arab, irada = will, desire.] A decree of the Sublime Porte. S' -rail, s. [Eng. J, and rail.] A double-headed rail with flanges on each side above and below, on the foot and tread ; hence like a capital I. I ra'-ni-an, s. & a. [Pers. Iran = Persia.] [Aryan.]" A. As subst. : Of or belonging to Iran : as, the Iranian languages. B. As adj. : A native of Iran. Iranian languages, s. pi. The Aryan as distinguished from the Turanian languages. l-raS- 91 -bir-I-ty, s. [Fr. irascililite, from irascible = irascible (q.v.); Sp. irascibilidad ; Ital. irascililita .] The quality or state of being irascible or easily excited to anger ; irritability. “ The irascibility of this class of tyrants.” — Rambler , No. 112 . i-ra. 3 '- 9 i-ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. irascibilis, from irascor = to be angry ; Sp. irascible ; Ital. irascibile.] Easily excited to anger ; choleric, hot-tempered, passionate, irritable. “ The hasty and somewhat irascible blacksmith.** Longfellow : Evangeline, L 3. I-ras'- 5 i-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irascible ; -ness.] The quality or state of being irascible ; irasci- bility. l-ras'- 9 i-bly, adv. [Eng. irascible) ; -ly.] In an irascible, choleric, or passionate manner. 1 -rate', a. [Lat. iratus. pa. par. of irascor = to be angry.] Angry, enraged. Ire, s. [O.Fr., from Lat. ira.] Anger, passion, rage, wrath, keen resentment. " Tiie ire of a despotic king Rides forth upon destruction’s wing." Scott : Marmion, iL 31. •i’re'-ful, *i‘re'-full, a. [Eng. ire; - ful(l).] Full of ire or anger ; angry, wrathful, enraged. "That ireful bastard Orleans, that drew blood From thee." Shakes p. : Henry VI., iv. 6. • ire' ful ly, adv. [Eng. ireful ; -ly.] In an Ireful manner; with ire; angrily, wrathfully. “ Irefully enraged, would needs to open anns." Drayton : Poly-Olbion, s. 4. "ire’ ful ness, s. [Eng. ireful; -ness.] The quality or state of being ireful ; ire, wrath, anger. " Throutrh trc/ulnessc and rashnesse." — Qoldyng ; Caemr. to. 204. i'-ren-arch, s. [Eirenaroh.] S-re'-ne, s. [Gr.] 1. Greek Myth. ; The goddess of peace. 2. Astros i . ; An Asteroid, the fourteenth found. It was discovered by Hind, on May 19, 1851. *i-ren'-ic, *I-ren'-ic-al, a. [Gr. eipijvocos (eirenikos) = pertaining to peace, peaceful : tip-gvg ( eirene ) = peace. ] Peaceful, pacific ; promoting or tending to promote peace. l-ren'-i-con, s. [Gr. eipuviKov (eirenikos)."] [Irenic.] A proposition, scheme, or arrange- ment for the promotion and maintenance of peace, especially in the church. [Eirenicon.] ire'-stone, s. [Eng. ir(on) ; -stone.] Min. ; A general term for any hard rock. i'-ri-an, a. [Eng. ir(is) ; -an.] Anat. : Belonging to or in any way connected with the iris. " The iris receives the irian nerves T—Dunglison. Ir-l-ar’-te-a, s. [Named after Juan Iriarte, a Spanish amateur botanist.] Bot. : A genus of Palms, tribe Areceae (q.v.). It consists of few species, all from South America. The hard outer wood of Iriartea exorrhiza, the Pashiuba or Paxiuba palm of Brazil, is brought to the United States and used in making umbrella handles. Ir' l flSUl, s. [Eng. Irish ; -ism.] An Irish- ism (q.v.) ; any Irish peculiarity of behaviour. I'-rid, s. [Lat. iris (genit. iridis); Gr. [pi; (iris), genit. tpiSo; ( iridos ) = the rainbow ; the plants described under 2.] 1. Ord. Lang. : The circle round the pupil of the eye ; the iris. “ Brown eyes, with a fine benignant light in their irids." — C. lirontS : Jane Eyre, ch. v. 2 . Botany ; (1) Sing. : A me'nher of the Iridacese (q.v.). (2) PI. : The name given by Lindley to the Iridacete (q.v.). I-rxd-a'-^e-se, I-ri&'-e-s®, * I'-rid - cs, s. Pi [Lat, iris (geuit, iridis).'] [Irid.] Bot. : Irids, an order of Endogens, alliance Narcissales. It consists of herbs, or more rarely of undershrubs, with tuberous or fibrous roots ; leaves generally equitant or distichous ; bracts spathaceous ; calyx and corolla adherent or coloured ; petals three ; stamens three ; ovary three-celled, many- seeded ; fruit capsular. Found at the Cape of Good Hope, the temperate parts of Europe and America, &c. I-rid'-33-a, s. [Lat. iris , genit. irid^is) ; fern, adj. sing. suff. - cea .] Bot. : A genus of Rose-spored Algals, order Ceramiaceae, sub-order Cerarneae, family Nema- stomidse or Cryptonemiaceas. Iridcea edulis is sometimes called Dulse, though the genuine Scottish Dulse is Rhodomenia palmata. l'-rid-al, a. [Lat. iris , genit. irid(is) = the rainbow ; Eng. adj. suff. - al .] Pertaining to or resembling the rainbow. I-rid-ec -tome, s. [Gr. 7pi? (iris), genit. TpiSo? (iridos) = the rainbow, the iris, and eKTOfiy ( ek - tome ) = a cutting out : e/c (ek) = out, and riy-vu > (temno) = to cut.] Burg. : A knife for operations on the eye. l-rid-ec'-to-my, s. [Iridectome.] S urg. : The act or operation of cutting out a portion of the iris for the purpose of forming an artificial pupil. ir-id-es'- 9 en 9 e, s. [As if from a Lat. * iri- descens , pr. par. of * iridesco = to become like a rainbow ; iris (genit. iridis) = a rainbow.] The quality or state of being iridescent; ex- hibition of colours like those of the rainbow. ir-id-es'~ 9 ent, a. [Iridescence.] Prismatic, rainbow-like ; exhibiting iridescence. " Here Gubbio's workshops gleam and glow With brilliant iridescent ayes." Longfellow : Ker.amot, l-rid'-l-an, a. [Lat. iris, genit. iridfis) = the rainbow ; Eng. adj. suff. -an.] Pertaining to the rainbow. (Annandale.) I-rid-i-o-, pref. [Iridium.] (See the com- pound.) iridio chlorides, s. pi [Iridium.] l-rid'-i-o-scope, s. [Gr. 7pi$ (iris), genit. t pifios (iridos) = a rainbow, the iris, and (skopeo) = to see, to observe.] An optical in- strument which shows the inside of the eye, used to detect foreign substances and disease. l-rid'-i-um, s. [Gr. 7pi? (iris) = the rainbow, and elSos (eidos) = form, appearance.] 1. Chem. : A tetrad metallic element, symbol Ir. ; atomic weight 198 ; discovered by Dcs- cotils in 1803, and by Tennant in 1804, in the black powder which remains when crude platinum is dissolved in nitro-hydrochloric acid. This powder is an alloy of iridium and osmium, called iridosmine or osmiridium. To separate the iridium from the alloy, the black powder is mixed with an equal weight of dry sodium chloride, and heated to redness in a glass tube, through which a stream of moist chlorine gas is transmitted. The further end of the tube is connected with a vessel con- taining ammonia. Iridium chloride and os- mium chloride are formed : the former remains in the tube in combination with the sodium chloride, whilst the latter, being a volatile substance, is carried forward into the receiver where it is decomposed into osmic and hydro- chloric acids, which combine with the am- monia. The iridium and sodium chloride left in the tube is dissolved in water, mixed with an excess of sodium carbonate and evaporated to dryness. The residue, after ignition in a crucible, is reduced by hydrogen at a high temperature, and treated successively with water and concentrated hydrochloric acid, by which all impurities are removed, and the metallic iridium left in a finely divided state. Iridium is a white, brittle, very hard metal, fusible, with great difficulty, in the flame of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe. It is insoluble in all acids, but when reduced by hydrogen at a red heat it oxidizes slowly and dissolves in nitro-hydrochloric acid. Iridium forms f-ur oxides — IrO, 11 * 203 , I 1 O 2 , and I 1 O 3 . The monoxide, or hypo-iridious oxide, IrO, is but little known. The sesquioxide, or iridious oxide, 1 ^ 03 , is unstable, having a great ten- dency to absorb oxygen and become dioxide. The dioxide, or iridic oxide, Ir 02 , is the most easily prepared and the most stable. It is prepared by boiling a solution of iridic chlo- ride with an alkali. The trioxide, or periridic oxide, I 1 O 3 , is unknown in the free state, but is found in combination with potash as a black crystalline powder, when indium is fused with nitre. Iridium forms four chlorides — IrCl, IrCl 2 , IryClg, and IrClj — but only two of them have been obtained in definite form — viz., the trichloride, or iridious chloride, I^Clg. and the tetrachloride, or iridic chloride, I 1 CI 4 . Iridious chloride combines with other metallic chlorides, forming compounds, called iridoso- chlorides, which are all olive-green pulveru- lent salts. Iridic chloride also unites with alkaline chlorides, forming iridio-chlorides, which are all of dark brown colour. There are three iodides of iridium analogous to the chlorides, and three sulphides analogous to the first three oxides. Iridic solutions give, with ammonium or potassium chloride, a crys- talline precipitate, which is distinguished from the platinum precipitate by its reddish-brown colour. 2. Min. : The -Native Iridium of Jameson is Iridosmine (q.v.). 1 - rid - 69 ' - mine, s. [Mod. Lat. irid(ium ) ; osm(ium), with suff. -ine (Min.) (q.v.).] Min. : An hexagonal opaque mineral of tin- white or light steel-gray colour and metallic lustre. Hardness, 6 to 7 ; sp. gr., 19*30 to 21*12. Compos. : iridium, 43*28 to 70*40 ; osmium, 17 ’20 to 40 85, &c. Found with platinum in Choco in South America, also in the Ural Mountains and in Australia. Varietits Newjanskite and Sisserskite. (Dana.) T-ris (pi. r-ri-de§;), s. [Lat. iris = Gr. Ipif (iris) = rainbow.] I. Ord. Lang. : The rainbow. II. Technically : 1. Anat. : The coloured portion of the eye surrounding the black central pupil. It con- sists of three layers, an anterior epithelial layer, a posterior layer of pigment called the uvea, and a middle fibrous layer. 2. Bot. : The typical genus of the order Iridacese (q.v.). The perianth is regular, its segments unequal ; sepals large, stipulate, reflexed ; petals smaller, sub-erect, stipulate ; stigmas three, very broad, petalotd. About forty-eight are known, all from the north ffato. f*t, faro, amidst, wbat.. fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot^ wore, W9I1, work, who, non; mute, cuu, cure, unite, our, rule, full; try, Syrian, re, ce - e. ey - a. qu = kw. irisated— iron 2735 temperate zone. Two are British, Iris Pseuda- corns, the Yellow Flag, common on river banks, canals, &e., and I. foetidissima, the Fetid Tree or Roast-beef plant, with blue purple flowers, and occurring chiefly in chalk or limestone districts. Other species are es- capes. The roasted seeds of I. Pseuda- corns are like coffee. It is a diuretic pur- gative and emetic, as are I. tuberosa, I. ver- sicolor, and I. vema . I. Florentine/, fur- nishes the violet- scented orris - root, which is slightly stimulating. It is used in the prepara- tion of the sweet- scented otto of roses. I. ensata has been supposed to furnish the irisa root of India. Dr. Stewart says that it is used externally in the treatment of rheumatism. In Chumlia the root and leaves are given in fever. Tile purple flowers of I. germanica and I, sibi- rica, treated with lime, furnish a green colour. I. sibirica is anti-sypliilitic ; I. foetidissima is said to be a cure for scrofula. K The Peacock Iris is the genus Vieus- seuxia, the Scorpion Iris I. alata, and the 8nake’s-head Iris I. tuberosa, or Hermodactylus tuberosus. The name iris is given to the genus because of the variety and beauty of the colours in the flowers. 3. Astron.: [Asteroid, 7]. iris diaphragm, s. Optics: A contractile diaphragm, simulat- ing the action of the natural iris, to regulate the size of the aperture in a microscope through which light passes. iris-disease, s. A skin disease (herpes iris), appearing generally on the back of the hands, and especially affecting children and fair women. It extends in a radiated manner in different shades of red, whence the name iris. iris root, s. Bot. £ Comm. : The same as jOrris-root (q.v.). • l'-ris-at-ed, a. [Eng. iris; -ated. 1 Ex- hibiting the prismatic colours ; resembling the rainbow. 1' -ri scope, s. [Gr. 7p« (iris) = the rainbow, and (TKoneoi (skoped) = to behold.] Mach. : An instrument invented by Dr. Reade for exhibiting the prismatic colours. It consists of a plate of polished black glass, having its surface smeared with a solution of soap, and dried by wash-leather. If the breath be directed through a tube upon the glass, the vapour will be deposited in coloured rays. i'-rised, a. [Eng. iris; -ed.) Containing col- ours like those of the rainbow. Ir -ish, a. & s. [A.S. yrisc .] A. As adjective : 1. Pertaining to Ireland or its inhabitants ; like an Irishman. “ Those early colonists who were proverbially said to have become more Irish than Irishmen.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xii. 2. Pertaining to the Highlands of Scotland. (Erse.] B. As substantive : 1. A native of Ireland ; in the pi., the people of Ireland. 2. The Irish language. * 3. An old game resembling backgammon. Irish Church, s. [Church of Ireland.] Irish-elk, s. [Elk.] Irish-elm, s. Bot. : Ulrnus montana nigra. Irish famine-fever, s. [Famine-fever.] Irish-furze, s. Bot. : Ulex strictus. Irish-heath, s. Bot. : Menziesia polifolia. Irish-moss, s. [Caragheen.] Irish Presbyterian Church, ». Ecclesiol. & Ch. Hist. : A Presbyterian Church, formerly called the Synod of Ulster, as having Its strength mainly within that province of Ireland. Its members are mostly descended from the Scotch Presbyterians, who came over by invitation of James I., between 1609 and 1612, to colonize Ulster. [Irish Society. ] The Church still remains identical in doctrine with the Scottish Establishment. In 1672 Charles II. conferred upon its members a small “ Regiuin Donum ’’ (Royal Gift). This having lapsed, was revived by William III. in 1690, and continued till the passing of the Irish Church Act in 1871. Compensation was given by the Act to the then living ministers en- titled to the gift. By the spontaneous transfer- ence of this money to the synod, the nucleus of a sustentation fund was obtained, and soon considerably developed by voluntary contribu- tions. By the census of 1S81 the Presby- terians in Ireland amounted to 485,503, the vast majority belonging to the Irish Presby- terian Church. In that year it had 36 presby- teries, 621 ministers, 557 wmgregations, 103,548 communicants, 78,820 families, 8,514 Sunday- school teachers, and 87,047 Sunday-scholars. It raised for all religious and charitable pur- poses £140,749. Irish Society, s. Hist. : A committee of citizens belonging to twelve London Companies, invited by James I. in 1613 to take part iu cultivating the confis- cated lands in Ulster, which, to the extent of 511,465 acres, had become vested in the Crown. The society in large measure built Londonderry, though walls and bastions had been erected there as early as 1609. They largely colonized the county of the same name, which was bestowed in honour of the twelve London companies. The full title of the society is the Honourable Irish Society. Irish-whin, s. [Irish-furze.] Ir'-ish-ism, s. [Eng. Irish; -ism.) A mode of expression or idiom peculiar to the Irish ; an iricism. Ir'-Ish-man, s. [Eng. Irish, and man.] A native or naturalized inhabitant of Ireland. * ir’-ish-ry, s. [Eng. Irish; -ry.) The people of Ireland, as opposed to the English settlers, known as the Englishry. “Choosing rather to trust the winds and waves than the exasperated Irishiy."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xii. ir'-lte, s. [Lat. iris = Gr. 7 pis (iris) = the rain- bow ; suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).] Min. ; A variety of Chromate (q.v.). I-ri'-tis, i-rid-i'-tis, s. [Gr. Ip 15 (iris), genit. ip/Sos (iridos); suff. -itis (q.v.).] Path.: Inflammation of the iris, accom- panied by vascularity, change in colour and appearance, irregularity and immobility of the pupil, with a visible aud varying amount of lymph deposited in, on, and round tiie iris. * irk, * irk-en, * yrke, * irk-yn, v.t. & i. [Sw. yrka = to urge, to press, from the same root as work and urge.] A. Trans. : To tire ; to weary ; to he, irk- some or wearisome to. (Now only used im- personally.) “ It irk., high Dame, my noble Lords, 'Gainst ladye fair to draw their swords." Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 21. B. Intrans . : To grow or become tired or weary. " To preche also thou myght not yrke.**—Myrc : In- structions for Parish Priests, 526. irk'-some, * yrke-some, a. [Eng. irk ; •some.] 1. Wearisome, tiring, tedious ; tiresome by long continuance or repetition. “ No higher recompence they seek Than honest maintenance, by irksome toil Full oft procured." Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. viii. * 2. Sorrowful, sad, weary. * 3. Weary ; tired. " Yrkesome of life and too long lingring night." Spenser : F. Q., I. ii. 6. irk'-some -ly, * irk'-som-ly, adv. [Eng. irksome; - ly .] In an irksome, tedious, weari- some or tiresome manner. “ A bar of iron eo irksomly long.”— Guardian, No. 143. irk'-some-ness, * yrke-som-nesse, s. [Eng. irksome ; -ness.) The quality or state of being irksome ; tediousness, wearisomeness. “ The irksomeness and weariness of a mind ruffled by resentment.''— Reid : Essays; On the Active Powers, ch. v. iron (as x-ern), * iren, *yren, *yrene, * yron. * yrun, * yzen, s. & a. [A.S., as subst., iren, yren, isen, irsem, as adj., iren , yren, isen, isern ; O. S. isarn ; O. H. Ger. isarn , isan, isen ; M. H. Ger. isen ; N. H. Ger. eisen ; Dut. ysen; Goth, eisarn ; Icel .jam; Dan. & Sw. jern ; Ir. iarran, earran, iarun ; Gael., as subst., iaruinn, iaruach, as adj., igruinn, iaruach ; Wei. haiarn ; Arm. houarn.] A. As substantive : I. Ordinary Language ; I. Literally: (1) In the same sense as II. 5. (2) An article made of iron ; spec., one for ironing clothes. 2 .Fig.: Anything strong, hard, or unyielding. II. Technically: 1. Bot. : A minute quantity of ferric oxide, Fe 2 O 2 , is necessary to the healthy growth of plants. 2. Chem. : Ferrum, a metallic tetrad ele- ment, symbol Fe, atomic weight 56", sp. grav. of pure iron 7'8. Iron occurs nearly pure ' or alloyed with nickel in meteorites, but is generally found in combination with oxy- gen and as a carbonate. It is widely diffused in rocks, and often forms the chief colouring matter of clays and sands. It also occurs combined witli sulphur. The chief ores used for the manufacture of iron are Magnetite, Hsematite, Brown oxide, Spathic ore, and. Clay ironstone. The ore is lirst calcined, to expel the water and carbonic acid and most of the sulphur, and to convert the oxides to peroxide, which prevents the waste of iron in the form of slag. The calcined ore is then ? smelted, with the addition of coke and lime- | stone ; the limestone unites with the silica [_ present and forms a fusible slag, whilst the oxide of iron is reduced by the action of the carbon monoxide. [Blast-furnace.] The iron thus obtained is called east or pig iron, and is very impure. Pure irou is prepared by placing four parts of line iron wire, cut in pieces, and one part of black oxide of iron in a Hessian crucible, and covering it with a mixture of white sand, lime, and potassium carbonate in the proportions used for glass- making ; a cover is then closely applied and the crucible exposed to a very high tempera- ture. Iron is a soft, tough, tenacious, malle- able, ductile, white metal, not acted upon by dry air; but it rusts in moist air containing carbonic acid, forming a hydrate of thesesqui- oxide. When heated to redness in the aii , i6 is coated witli black magnetic oxide, Fe 3 <) .. It burns in oxygen gas, black oxide being formed. Red-hot iron decomposes water, hy- drogen being given off. Iron is magnetic ; it is soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and in dilute sulphuric acid with evolution of hydro- gen. Iron unites with oxygen, forming fer- rous oxide FeO and ferric oxide Fe20 3 . Inter- mediate oxides are also known. The salts of iron have already been described. The al- chemists represented it by the symbol of Mars <$. [Ferrous, Ferric, Wrought-iron, Steel.] 3. Geol. : Iron is widely diffused through the rocks. Many are coloured red by its oxides. It is also deposited from ferruginous springs. [Iron-ore ; Boa Iron-ore.) 4. Hist. : Iron is mentioned in the Bible as early as Gen. iv. 22. Tubal Cain is described as having been an “ instructor of every artificer in brass (copper) and iron.’’ On the sepulchres of the Egyptian Thebes, butchers are de; icted as sharpening their knives on a round bar of metal which, from being blue, is assumed to ’ be iron. The steel weapons in the time of '■'Raineses III. are also painted blue. There are with them the representations of bronze weapons, which are painted red. [Iron Age (2).] Iron ore is said to have been discovered in Mount Ida about b.c. 1406. The Romans early knew it. There is so much iron ore in India that it must have been known from remote times. Iron mines came into operation in Britain B.c. 54, and still continue highly productive. The United States is exceedingly rich in iron, which has for many years been largely miued in Pennsylvania, while now a large product Is yielded by the mines of Michi- gan, West Virginia, Alabama, and some other states. In Missouri whole mountains of iron ore exist. Its production from the ores has been largely increased by the substitution of coal for wood as fuel and the employ ment of the hot b I st furnaces. The Bessemer process of converting crude iron into steel was discovered in 1856. iris. bSll, boy; poult, joufrl; cat, £eU, chorus, fhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a$; expect, Xenophon, exist, ing, •Clan, -tian = shan, -tion. -sion-shun; -tion, -sion - zhun, .tlous, -sious, .clous ~ sbus. -Me, -tUc, &U - bfl, dfl. J 2733 iron 5. Min. : Native iron occurs in masses or •mailer portions in meteorites. It is nearly pure, still it contains one to twenty per cent, ©f nickel with traces of cobalt, manganese, tin, copper, chromium, phosphorus, &c. Whe- ther unmeteoric native iron exists is doubtful. Specimens of ore so pure as to admit of direct forging into horseshoes have been mined at Shepherd’s Mountain, in the Iron Mountain district of Missouri, U.S. [Meteorite.] 6. Pharm. : In the hsematin or colouring matter of the blood per cent, is iron. When anaemia occurs, the administration of iron is of much use. It acts also on the nervous system. It often, however, causes constipation, and sometimes also stains the tongue and the teeth. It may be given in the form of reduced iron lozenges, saccharine carbonate of iron, compound mixture of iron, a pill of carbonate of iron, iodide of iron, &c. H (1) Iron Alum = Halotriehite ; Iron and Manganese Tungstate = Wolfram ; Iron Anti- monial Sulphuret = Berthierite ; Iron Apatite = Zwieselite ; Iron Arsenate = (1) Pharmacosi- derite, (2) Scorodite ; Iron Arsenide = Lolin- gite ; Iron Borate = Ludwigite or Lagonite ; Iron Carbonate = Chalybite or Siderite ; Iron Chromate = Chromite ; Iron Gymnite = Hy- drophite ; Iron Magnetic Oxide = Magnetite ; Iron Phosphate = (i) Vivianite, (2) Ludlamite ; Iron Pyrites = Pyrites, or Pyrite (q.v.) ; Iron fSesquioxide = (1) Haematite, (2) Gothite, (3) Limonite, (4) Turgite ; Iron Silicate = Lievrite ; Iron Sinter = Pitticite ; Iron Sulphate = Mel- anterite ; Iron Sulphide = (1) Pyrites, (2) Mar- casite, (3) Pyrrhotite ; Iron Tungstate = Wol- fram ; Iron Vitriol = Melanterite. (2) Carburet of Iron = Graphite ; Chloride of Iron = Molysite ; Columbate of Iron = Tanta- lite ; Cupreous Arsenate or Arseniate of Iron = Scorodite ; Diarsenate of Iron = Pitta- cite ; Magnetic Iron-ore = Magnetite ; Meteoric or Native Iron [II. 5] ; Olagist Iron = Haema- tite ; Oxalate of Iron = Humboldtine ; Oxide of Iron = Haematite ; Oxydulated Iron = Mag- netite ; Iron Sulphate = Melanterite ; Tanta- late of Iron = Tantalite ; Titaniferous Iron = Menaccanite. B. As adjective : 1. Lit. : Made of iron ; consisting to a greater or lesser extent of iron. 2. Figuratively : (1) Resembling iron in hardness. [Iron- •OUND.] "Though aged, he was so iron of limb. Few of our youth could cope with him.” Byron : Siege of Corinth, XXV. (2) In hardness and inflexibility. “While Erin yet Strove ‘gainst the Saxon's iron bit.” Scott : Rokeby, iv. 6. (3) In heaviness ; in mental dulness. [Iron- ITTED.) " Him Death’s iron sleep oppressed.” Philips. (4) In power of endurance, in permanence. (5) In absence of feeling. (6) In wickedness. [Iron-age, 1.] (7) In wretchedness. U (1) In irons : With iron fetters on the hands, the feet, or both. (2) To have many irons in the fire : To carry ont many projects at the same time. iron age, s. 1. Class. Mythol. : The last of the four great ages of the world described by Hesiod, Ovid, &e. It was supposed to be characterized by abounding oppression, vice, and misery. 2. Scientific archceol. : An age, the third in succession, in which weapons and many other implements began to be made of iron, stone having been used for these purposes in the first, and bronze in the second. As the advancement of each tribe or people is not necessarily at the same rate as that of their neighbours, the Iron Age probably did not begin everywhere simultaneously. In Denmark, and perhaps some of the adjacent regions, it may have commenced about the Christian era. iron-bark, iron-bark tree, s. Sot. : (1) Various Eucalypti : E. resinifcra, E. leucoxylon, E. melanophloia, Sec. ; (2) Sider- exylon. iron-block, s. A tackle-block with an Iron shell and strap. iron-boat, s. A boat made of iron sheets, riveted together. iron-bottle, s. An iron bottle with a screw-plug, for holding quicksilver. It is made hy swaging and drawing from a disc of tough wrought-iron. After being brought hy swaging to the form of an open-ended cylinder, it is put on a steel mandrel and driven through holes of decreasing dimensions till it becomes a long cylinder. The neck is pressed and twisted into shape, and fitted with a screw-stopper. iron-bound, a. 1. Lit. : Bound with iron. 2. Fig. : Surrounded or bounded with rocks : as, an iron-bound shore. iron-cage, s. Hist. : A cage of iron for the confinement of criminals. Louis XI. of France imprisoned the Cardinal de Balue in one of eight feet square for an act of treachery and ingrati- tude ; and, by one account, Timur similarly treated the Sultan Bayazid I., after taking him captive. iron-cased, a. Cased with iron ; iron- clad. iron-chamber, s. Puddling: That portion of the puddling- furnace in which the iron is worked ; the re- verberatory-chamber, the charge-chamber. iron-chlorides, s.pl. [Ferric-chloride; Ferrous-chloride. ] iron-cross, s. A cross of iron. *1 Order of the Iron Cross : Her. & Hist. : A Prussian order of knight- hood, instituted in 1813. iron-crown, s. A crown of gold set with jewels, made origin- ally for the kings of Lombardy, and de- riving its name from the fact that it en- closed within its round a circlet of iron, said to have iron-crown. been forged from one of the nails used in tlie crucifixion of Christ. It was supposed to confer upon the holder sovereignty over all Italy. It Napoleon I. was crowned with it at Milan on May 26, 1805. iron-earth, s. [Blue iron-earth.) iron-fiddle, s. A number of pieces of iron wire, of different lengths, fixed at one end, by whose vibration notes are produced. (Rossiter.) iron-fisted, o. Close-fisted, niggardly, covetous, miserly. iron-founder, s, One who makes iron castings. iron-foundry, iron-foundery, s. A place where iron castings are made. * iron-framed, a. Made or framed of iron ; hardy. iron-froth, s. Min. : A variety of Haematite. iron-furnace, s. Metal. : A furnace in which iron-ore or the metal is exposed to heat. The purposes and construction are various. iron-glance, s. Min. : A crystallized variety of Haematite. Called also Specular Iron (q.v.). iron-gray, a. & s. A. As adj. : Of a grayish hue, approximating to the colour of freshly-fractured iron. B. As subst. : A gray hue, approximating to the colour of freshly-fractured iron. * iron-handed, a. Harsh, severe, cruel. iron-hat, a. Old armour : A headpiece of iron, made in the form of a hat, and worn from the twelfth to the seventeenth century ; a steel-hat. iron-hearted, a. Hard-hearted, harsh, unfeeling, cruel. " Think, ye musters iron-hearted, Lolling at your Jovial boards.” Cowpcr : Negro's Complaint. iron-horse, s. 1. A railway-engine. 2. A bicycle, or other velocipede. “ Mr. S. started on his third day's Journey of the 650 miles ride on his ' iron-horse.' "—Echo, Oct. 29, 1875. iron-iodide, s. 1. Cliem. : Fej or Fel 2 . 2. Pharm. : It may be made into a syrup and a pilL Given in scrofula, phthisis, Ac. iron-liquor, s. Acetate of iron ; U6ed sm a mordant by dyers and calico-printers. iron-lord, s. A great ironmaster. iron-man, s. Cotton-manuf. : A name applied to the self- acting mule invented in 1825 by Roberts, of Manchester. iron-mask, s. Hist. : A mask, not really of iron, but of black velvet, worn by a mysterious state prisoner in France in the seventeenth century. Who he was is an unsolved historical problem. iron-natrolite, s. Min. : A dark-green, opaque variety of Na- trolite, having a fourth of the alumina replaced hy oxide of iron. iron-ochre, s. Min. : A variety of Haematite. iron-ore, s. Min. : Various minerals containing so largo an amount of iron in their composition as to be suitable for smelting. The chief are haema- tite, limonite, and clay-ironstone, which occur in extensive deposits in various parts of the world. H Argillaceous Iron-ore = Clay Ironstone (q.v.) ; Arsenicated Iron-ore = Pliarmacosi- derite ; Axotomous Iron-ore = Menaccanite ; for Bog Iron-ore, see Boo ; Brown Iron-ore = (1) Limonite, (2) Gothite ; Calcareous Iron- ore = Siderite ; Clay Iron-ore = Clay Iron- stone ; Green Iron-ore = Dufrenite ; Jaspery Iron-ore = a jaspery-looking red variety of Clay Ironstone, and Lenticular Iron-ore one with minute flattened concretions ; Magnetio Iron-ore -- Magnetite ; Micaceous Iron-ore = Haimatite : Ochreous Iron-ore = (1) Hema- tite, (2) Gothite ; Octahedral Iron-ore = Mag- netite ; Pitchy Iron-ore = Pitticite ; Red Iron- ore = Haematite ; Sparry Iron-ore — Siderite ; Specular Iron-ore = H iematite ; Titaniferou* Iron-ore = Alenaccanite. (Dana.) iron-paper, s. A name given to ex- tremely thin sheet-iron, which has been rolled thinner than the finest tissue -paper. iron-pipe, s. A pipe or tube made of iron. iron-pyrites, s. [Menaccanite.] U Maguetic Iron-pyrites = (1) Pyrrhotite, (2) Troilite ; Prismatic, or White Iron-pyrites = Marcasite. Iron-rations, s. pi. This term is applied to the supplies taken and carried hy the troops themselves on service beyond the sen, when detached from their transport. The ordinary iron rations for two days should be 2 lbs. of preserved meat and 2 lbs. of biscuits, supple- mented in such a manner as circumstances admit. ( Voyle .) iron-rutile, s. Min.: The ferriferous variety of Rutile (q.v.). iron-sand, s. Min. : (1) Menaccanite ; (2) Magnetite. iron-sheathed, a. Sheathed or cased in iron ; iron-cased, ironclad. iron-shod, a. Shod with iron. iron-shrub, s, Sot . ; Sauvagesia erecta. iron - sulphates, s.pl. [Ferric -sul- phate ; Ferrous-sulphate.) iron - sulphides, s. pi. [Ferrous-sol* PH IDE.) iron-tree, s. Bot. : (1) Siderodendron, (2) Parrotia perstoa. iron-weed, s. Bot. : The genus Vernonia. * iron-witted, a. Unfeeling, insensible, “ I will converse with iron-witted fools.” Shakcsp. : Richard III., lv. ft. iron (as i'-em), v.t. [Iron, s.) 1. To furnish or arm with iron. 2. To shackle or fetter with irons ; to hand- cuff. late, lit, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, er, wore, wplf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, re, co — o ; oy — a. qu = kw. ironclad— irradiate 2737 3. To smooth with a smoothing-iron. •' Littfe starched Johnny Crown at his elbow he found, H»is cravat-string new ironed." Rochester: Trial of the Poets for the Bays. fron-clad (iron as i'-ern), s. & a. [Eng* iron, and 1 clad.] A. As subst. : The system of plating ships , >¥1111 iron was first tried on some of the French floating batteries used at Kinburn in 1855 ; But, though the results were satisfactory, no advance was made until 1858, when the French again took the lead with the “ Gloire,” but were quickly followed by the first English armoured vessels of the “Warrior” class, to which were added, to strengthen the ironclad fleet, altered wooden line-of-battle ships, such as the “ Royal Alfred,” which were cut down and plated. All the early vessels were con- structed of wood, but the later specimens have teen built of iron framing, and few of the modern ships are alike. Non© of the early iron-clads mentioned were tested in actual war- fare, the first battle of iron-clads taking place between the Monitor and Merrimac, in the early days of our Civil War. The test here applied demonstrated that the days of wooden war-ships were at au end, and this fact was still further indicated by later events of the Civil War. Since its close the nations of Europe have been busy building iron-clad vessels, of various patterns, and increasing the thickness of protective arryor, as the power of rifled cannon increased. From war vessels with 3 or 4 inches of iron casting, the thickness has gradually increased, until vessels are now afloat with protective armor 24 inches thick, and with turrets plated with 36 inches of iron. Costly experiments of this kind were entered into by Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Ac., while the "United States held aloof, quietly watching the products of European navy yards as one by one they were rendered of questionable value by the rapidly increasing penetrative power of the great cannon now produced. About ten .years ago this country actively began to build si new navy, and has now afloat a fleet of iron- clads of the finest description yet made, and 6teadily growing in numbers. In armoring these vessels some highly useful lessons have been learned. Steel replaced iron ; and when it was found that even a great thickness of steel was incapable of resisting the power of our great rifled guns, new experiments were made, resulting in the production of a nickel- steel, of remarkable resisting powers, and of methods of hardening the surface of plates 60 effective that for the present the armor has W’on the battle, some of the newly-built American iron-clads being impenetrable by the ball of any cannon now in existence. The term iron-clad has now largely become a misnomer. Not only are many of the vessels so entitled built of steel, but steel has replaced iron generally in their armor, hence the phrase steel-clad has become a more correct designation. The monitor idea which played eo interesting a part in our Civil War, has largely gone out of use, the unseaworthy character of the low-decked monitors being a serious defect in their navigation. The original monitor went to the bottom in a storm. B. As adj. : Armour-plated ; strengthened with plates of iron to resist artillery. |ron-er, (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. iron, v. ; -er . ] One who irons. ♦ iron-flint (iron as i -ern), s. [Eng. iron , and flint.] Min.: Ferruginous quartz. Iron-heads (iron as i -ern), s. pL [Eng. iron, and Jieads.] Bot. : Centaurea nigra. i-ron-ic, i-ron-ic-al, a. [Fr. ironique, from Low Lat. ironic’us, from Gr. eipom/cos ( eironikos ) = dissembling ; ItaL & Sp. ironico.] 1. Pertaining to, containing, or of the nature of irony ;* saying one thing and mean- ing another. "The tone which Niebuhr calls ironical is rather that of indifference and uncertainty."— Lewis: C 'red. Early Roman Hist. (1855), i. 252. 2. Addicted to or using irony. l-ron -ie-atl-ly, adv. [Eng. ironical; - ly .] In an ironical manner ; with irony. i ron ic al-ness, s. [Eng. ironical ; -ness.] The quality or state of being ironical. iron-mg (iron as i'-ern), pr. par., a., & .s. IIkon, v.] A. & B. As pr. par. <& particip. adj. : (See the verb). C. As subst. : The act of smoothing clothes, &c., with an iron. ironing-board, s. Domestic: A board for laundry ironing, sometimes having a special shape, as for shirt-fronts, &c. [Sleeve-board.] ironing-lathe, s. Hat-making: A machine having mandrels carrying blocks on which hats are mounted for ironing. ironing-machine, s. A machine for ironing clothes, &c. Specific forms are made for laundry work, for hat-ironing, for hosiery, and for tailors. *iron-ish (iron as i'-ern), a. [Eng. iron ; - ish .] Somewhat resembling iron. " Some, who did thrust a probe or little stick into a chink of the coffin, which bringing out some moisture with it, found it of au ironish taste."— Wood: Athence Oxo7i. ; John Colet. *l'-ron-ist, s. [Eng. iron{y ) ;-ist.] One given to using irony ; one who deals in irony. “ To send to the metaphorist for his allegories, to the ironist for his sarcasms, &c." — Martitius Scrib - lerus : Art of Sinking, ch. xiiL iron-mas-ter (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. iron, and master.] A manufacturer of iron. tron-mon-ger (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. iron, and monger.] One who deals in iron wares or hardware. “ Obvious in the shops of blacksmiths, locksmiths, gunsmiths, cutlers, clockmakers, ironmongers, and others.’ —Boyle : Works, iii. 485. TT The Ironmongers’ Company is one of the London City Companies. It was incorporated by Edward IV. in 1463. iron-mon-ger-y (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. ironmonger; - y .] Ironware; hardware; such iron goods as are usually kept for sale in shops. iron-mould (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. iron, and mould.] A spot on cloth caused by iron rust. iron-mould (iron as i'-ern), v.t. [Iron- mould, s .] To spot or stain cloth, &c., by touching it with iron rust. * iron-sick (iron as i'-ern), a. [Eng. iron, and sick.] Naut. : A term applied to a ship when the bolts and nails have become so corroded or eaten with rust that she begins to leak. iron-side (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. iron, and side.] Originally one of the veteran soldiers of Cromwell's army ; a hardy veteran. iron-smith (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. iron, and smith.] One who works in iron, as a blacksmith, locksmith, &c. iron-stone (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. iron, and stone.] Min. : A “stone” or mineral into the com- position of which iron largely enters. IT (1) For Clay Ironstone, see Clay. (2) Blue Clay Ironstone = Vivianite ; Brown Clay Ironstone exists in compact masses, or in concretionary nodules ; it may be pisolitic or oolitic. {Dana.) ironstone-china, s. One of the con- tributions of Wedgwood to the ceramic ait. The materials of the Staffordshire ware are calcined flints and clay. The flints are burned in kilns, and then, while hot, plunged into water, by which they are cracked through their whole substance. They are then ground with water, in mills resembling the arrastra, to the consistence of cream. The clay, from Dorsetshire and Devonshire, is mixed with water, and in this state, as well as the flint, is passed through fine sieves to separate the grosser particles. The flint and clay are now mixed by measure, and the mixture is passed again through a sieve for better incorporation. In this state it is called slip, is evaporated to a proper consistence, and tempered in the pug-mill. Cups, pots, basins, and other round articles are turned rough on the horizontal potter's- wheel, and when half dried are again turned in a lathe. They are then fully dried in a stove, and polished up with coarse paper. iron-ware (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. iron , and ware.] Tools, utensils, &c., made of iron. iron-wood (iron as i'-ern), 8. [Eng. and wood.] Bot. : (1) Sideroxylon {Loudon) ; (2) various species of Diospyros (ebony) ; (3) Metrosidero * vera. That of North America (1) Ostrya vir- ginica, and (2) Carpinus americana; that of Jamaica Erythroxylon areolatum ; that of New South Wales Argyrodendron trifoliatum ; that of Tasmania, Notelcea ligustrina. Bastard iron wood is Xanthoxylon Pterota , Black iron* wood Olea undulata, and White Vepris lanceo - lata, (Treas. of Bot.) *' After this I made a great heavy pestle or beater o I the wood called ironwood." — Defoe : Robinson Crusoe, pt i. iron- work (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. iron , and work.] 1. Anything made of iron ; a general term for those parts of a structure, vessel, carriage, &c., which are made of iron. “The smashing of some of the ironwork, and th* complete disablement of the steamer."— Daily New* % August 26, 1884. 2. {PL): An establishment where iron is manufactured, wrought, or cast into heavy work, as cannons, rails, &e. iron-wort (iron as i'-ern), s. [Eng. iron, and wort.] Bot. : (1) Siderites ; (2) Galeopsis Ladanum. Yellow ironwort : Bot. : Galeopsis villosa. iron-y (iron as i'-ern), a. [Eng. iron; - y .] 1. Made or consisting of iron ; containing iron. " The 'irony particles carried off.” — Woodward: On Fossils. 2. Resembling iron in any of its qualities oc characteristics : as, an irony taste. l'-ron-y, s. [Fr. ironie, from Lat. ironia , from Gr. eiptoueCa (eroneia) = dissimulation, irony, from etpwv {eiron) = a dissembler; properly the pr. par. of eipw {eiro) = to speak ; Sp., Port., & Ital. ironia. ] A mode of speech in which the meaning is contrary to the words. The intention is mildly to ridicule undue pre- tensions or absurd statements while nominally accepting them unquestionably. “ In Plato’s comedy there is almost always some under-current of bitterness ; it is irony, not joyous ness."— Lewes : History of Philosophy, i. 207. * lr'-OUS, a. [Eng. ir{e); -ows.] Angry, wrath* ful, choleric, passionate. " An irous man, God send him litel might.” Chaucer : C. T., 7,597. * irp, * irpe, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A grimace % a contortion of the body. “ From Spanish shrugs, French faces, 6mirks, irps, and all affected humours."— Ben Jonson: Cyyithia't Revels, v. 11. * irp, adv. [Irp, s.] With grimaces or con- tortions. “Maiutaine your station, briske and irpe.”— Ben Jonson : Cynthia's Revels, iii. 5. ir-ra'-di-an9e, ir-ra'-di-an-9y, s. [Lat. irradians , pr. pr. of irradio = to irradiate (q.v.).] 1. The quality or state of being irradiant; the act of irradiating ; emission of rays of light upon any object. " Love not the heavenly spirits, and how their love Express they ?— by looks only, or do they mix Irradiance /" Milton: P. L„ viii. 617. 2. That which irradiates or renders irra* diant ; that which is irradiated. " Supreme irradiance / speed the distant ray ; Far speed the dawn of thy internal day.” Brooke: Universal Beauty, bk. vL * Ir-ra'-di-ant, a. [Lat. irradians, pr. par. of irradio.] Emitting beams of light ; irra- diating. “ So bright the lamp of night, the constant moon, ... Oft thro’ the fleecy cloud irradiant : bends, And to benighted hinds her influence lends." Boyse : To Marcella. * ir-ra'-di-ate, a. [Lat .irradiatus, pa. par. of irradio = to cast beams on : ir- = in- — on, upon, and radius = a ray.) Irradiated, illu- mined ; made brilliant or bright. “ Thou chief of bards, whose mighty mino With inward light irradiate, mirror-like The sov’reign planter’s primal work displayed." Mason : English Garden, bk. L ir-ra'-di-ate, v.t. & i. [Fr. irradier; Sp. irradiar ; Ital. irradiare .] A. Transitive : 1. Literally : 1. To illuminate or shed a light upon by boil, boy; pout, jtfwl; cat, fell, chorus, fhin, bench ; go, gem; thin, this, sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, pb =. Z. -man, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; tion, ?ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious - shus. -hie, -die, . Hall : The Reconciler. (To the Reader.) lr-rec on-qil'-a-bly, adv . [Eng. irrecon- cilable) ; -ly.] In an irreconcilable manner; in a manner not admitting of reconciliation. “The doctors differ infinitely and irreconcileably." —Bp. Taylor : Dissuasive from Popery, pt. i., § 6. * Ir-ree'-on-^le, v.t. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. reconcile (q.v.).] To prevent or hinder from being reconciled. “ As the object calls for our devotion, so It must needs irrcr.oncile us tosiu.” — Bp. Taylor: Life of Christ, iiL 15. * ir-rec'-on- 9 lled, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. reconciled (q.v.).] Not atoned for, not expiated. “ If a servant . . . die In many irrcconciled iniqui- ties."— Shakcsp. : Henry V., iv. 1. * Ir-rce' on-cjile-mcnt, s. [Pref. ir. = in- (2), and Eng. reconcilement (q.v.).] Want of reconciliation ; irreconciliation. “ Such an irrcconcilcment between God and Mam- mon." — Wake. *Ir-rec-dn- 9 U-I-a'-tion, s. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. reconciliation (q.v.).] Want of reconciliation, disagreement. * ir-rc-cord'-a-blc, a. [Pref. ir- — in- (2), and Eng. recordable (q.v.).] That cannot be recorded ; incapable of being recorded ; not fit to be recorded. ir-re-coV-er-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (i), and Eng. recoverable (q.v.).] 1. That cannot be recovered or regained ; incapable of being recovered ; not capable of being recalled. 2. Incapable of being remedied, restored, or made good ; irreparable, irremediable. “ Gave apprehensions of some loss irrecoverable to the province of Holland.” -Sir W. Temple: Memoirs* 1672-9. * 3. Incapable of being escaped from ot avoided. “ Till they fall into irrecoverable damnation.”— Apt Hall : Occasional Meditations, § 63. ir-re-cov'-er-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irreco- verable ; -ness.] The quality or state of being irrecoverable. ir re cov'-er a bly, adv. [Eng. irrecovera w bl(e) ; -ly.] In* an irrecoverable manuer or degree ; beyond recovery or remedy. “ O dark, dark, dark amid the blaze of noon ; Irrecoverably dark.” Milton : Samson Agonist es, 81. * ir-re-cu'-pcr-a-fcle, a. [Pref. ir- = bm- (2), and Eng. recuperable (q.v.).] 1. Irrecoverable. “ Thus irrecuperdble joy is went." Chaucer: Testament of Love , bk. L 2. Irremediable, irreparable. “ What irrecuperable damage either to us or them." — Sir T. Elyot : Oovernour, bk. L, ch. xxviL * Ir-re-cu'-per-a-bly, adv. [Eng. irrecit- perab{le) ; -ly.] Irrecoverably, irremediably, irreparably. * ir-re-ciired', a. [Pref. ir - = in- (2), and Eng. recure = recovery.] Incapable of beiug cured. * ir re cus a ble, a. [Lat. irrecusabilis , from ir- =■ in- = not, and recusabilis = that should be rejected ; recuso = to reject, to de- cline.] Not liable to exception. “It is a proposition irrecusable."— Thomson : Laio% of Thought, p. 138. ir-re deem a-bil' i-ty, s. [Eng. irredeema- ble; -ity.] The quality or state of being irre- deemable. lr-re-deem'-a-tole, a. [Pref. ir- in- (2), and Eng. redeemable (q.v.)/] Not redeemable ; not subject to be paid off at its nominal value. Applied especially to a depreciated currency. ir-re dcem'-a ble -ness, s. [Eng. irre- deemable ; -ness. ] The quality or state of being irredeemable ; irredeemability. lr-re-deem'-a-bly, adv. [Pref. ir-=in- (2), and Eng. redeemably (q.v.).] So as not to be re- deemed ; irrecoverably, irreparably ; beyond redemption or recovery. “ But though past time be gone, we are not to con- sider it irredeemably lost.”— Blair: Sermons, vol. iii, ser. 3. Ir-re-demt'-ist, s. & a. [Ital. (Italia) irre- denta.) : ir- = in- = not, and redenta, fern, of redento, pa. par. of redimere — to redeem ; Eng. suff. - ist .] A. As subst. : In Italian politics, one of the party of the Left, in whose accession to office in 1878 the cry of “Italia Irredenta," and pledges in favour of the recovery of the unre- deemed territory, were powerful factors. Un- redeemed Italy was held to include Trieste and the Trentino, in the occupation of Austria ; the canton of Ticino, in Switzerland ; and Nice and Malta, in the respective possession of France and England. The taking office by the Left was viewed with alarm in many coun- tries, especially in Austria, where the pre- cautionary measure was taken of strengthening and garrisoning the fortresses on the Italian frontier. The movement, however, had no solid foundation in the feeling of the Italian people. “ If tlie Italian Government has little to ftar from the Irredentists, the Austrian Government has still less."— Saturday Review, Dec. 30, 1882, p. 845. B. As adj. : Belonging to, or in any way connected with the Irredentists. “ An attack on the office of a newspaper which advo- cates the Irredentist cause.’’— Saturday Review, Aug, 25, 1883, p. 234. Ir-re du 9 '-i ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in-( 2), and Eng. reducible (q.v.).] Not reducible; fate, fit, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, campl, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go. not, or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, je, oo = e ; cy — a. q,u = kw. lrreducibleness— irremeable 2739 incapable of being reduced, or brought into a certain state, condition, or form. "These observations seem to argue the corpuscles of air to be irreducible into water."— Boyle: Works, L 60. • ir-re-dU9'-l-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irredu- cible; -7tess.] The quality or state of being irreducible. • ir r e - du9' -i-bly, adv. [Eng. irreducible) ; -ly.] In a manner not reducible ; so as not to be reducible. • ir-re-duc-ti-biT-1-ty, s. [Eng. irreduct- ible ; -ity. ] The quality or state of being irre- ductible or irreducible. • ir-re-duc’-ti-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. reducible (q.v.).] Irreducible. • lr-re- fiec'-tion, s. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. reflection( q.v.).] Want or absence of reflection. (Brougham.) • ir - re - flee'- tive, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. refleCive (q.v.).] Not reflective. ir-ref-ra-ga-biT-i-ty, s. [Fr. irrefragabilite, from irrefragable.] The quality or state of being irrefragable ; irrefragableness. Ir-ref ra-ga-ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. irref- ragabilis'= not to be withstood : ir- = in- =* not, and refragnr— to oppose, to withstand ; Sp. irrefragable ; Ital. irrefragabile.] Not re frag, able ; incapable of being refuted or confuted ; undeniable, incontestable, indubitable. “By these Inscriptions of irrefragable and undent* able antiquitie.” — Evelyn : Sculptures. Ir-ref'-ra-ga-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irrefrag- able ; -ness. J " The quality or state of being irrefragable ; incapable of being refuted ; in- contestability. ir-reF ra ga bly, adv. [Eng. irrefragable) ; •ly.) In an iirefragable manner ; in a manner not admitting of being contested or refuted ; with force or strength above refutation. “So dearly and irrefragably proved*”— South : Ser. mom, vol. iv., ser. 6. • irrefran'-gi-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. refrangible (q.v.).] Not refrangible ; not to be broken or violated. Irrefut'-a-ble, ir-ref -u-ta-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. refutable (q.v.)] Incapable of being refuted or disproved. “ I can return to it a full and irrefutable answer."— More : Antidote against Atheism. (Pref.) Ir-re-fut'-a^bly, ir-ref'-u-ta-bly, adv. [Eng. irrefutable); -ly.] In an" irrefutable manner ; so as not to be refuted ; irrefragably. •ir-re-gen'-er-a-9y, s. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. regeneracy (q.v.).] The quality or state of being irregenerate ; irregeneracy. Ir-re-gen-er-a'-tlon, s. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. regeneration (q.v.).J The quality or state of being regenerate , an irregenerate state. Ir-reg'-U-lar, a. & s. [Lat. irregularis; ir- = t7i- = not, and regularis = according to rule; regula = a rule; Fr. irregulier ; Sp. ir regular ; Ital. irregolare.] A. As adjective ; I. Ordinary Language : 1. Not according to rule or common form : as, an irregular building. 2. Not according to established rules, prin- ciples, customs, or usage : as, irregular pro- ceedings at a meeting. 3. Not according to the rules or principles Of art : as, an irregular verse. 4. Not in conformity with the law ; not •trictly legal. “The Declaration of Right, an Instrument which was indeed revolutionary and irregular." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., cb. xL 5. Not conformable to nature, or the usual course of natural laws ; nnusuaL " Whatever in those climes he found Irregular in sight or sonnd Did to his mind Impart. ' A kindred impulse. Wordsworth: Ruth. 6. Not in conformity with the laws of moral rectitude; immoral, vicious : as, an irregular life. 7. Not straight, not direct. “The placeof meeting was a flowery meadow, through which a clear stream murmured in many irregular meandera." — Jones: Arcadia. 8. Not uniform : as, Irregular motion. IL Technically : 1. Bot. (Of a corolla, tic.) ; Haring its sym- metry destroyed by some inequality of parts, as the corolla of the horse-chestnut, that of the violet, &c. 2. Geom. : Applied to a figure, whether plane or solid, whose sides as well as angles are notall equal and similar amongthemselves. 3. Gram. : Deviating from the common or regular form in respect to the inflectional ter- minations. 4. Music ; Applied to a cadence which does not end upon the tonic chord. 5. Mil. ; Undisciplined ; not embodied according to regular form : as, irregular cavalry. 6. Nat. Science ; Not symmetrical ; not ac- cording to the typical form of the species, genus, order, &c., to which it belongs. B. A3 subst. : One who does not conform to established rule ; specif., a soldier not under regular discipline. [A. II. 5.] U Irregular, that is literally not regular, marks merely the absence of a good quality ; disorderly, that is literally out of order, marks the presence of a positively bad quality. What is irregular may be so from the nature of the thing ; what is disorderly is rendered so by some external circumstance. Things are lanted irregularly for want of design ; the est troops are apt to be disorderly in a long march. Irregular and disorderly are taken in a moral as well as a natural sense. Irregular-bones, s. pi. Anat. : Bones of a complex figure, as verte- bra. Generally they are situated along tire median line of the body. Called also mixed bones. irregular-echinoids, s. pi. 1. Zoo!. : Echinoidea exocyelica, one of two groups of Echinoidea (Sea-urchins). They are generally oblong, pentagonal, heart-shaped, or discoidal, having no masticatory apparatus ; they have the anus outside the apical disc, and but four genital plates. The Irregular Echinoids are divided into eight families — Echinoconidae, Collyritidse, Ecbinonidre, Eciii- nobrissidae, Echinolampadae, Clypeastridse, Arranchytidae, and Spatangidae. 2. Palceont. ; (See the several families). irregular-reflection, s. • Optics : Reflection in all directions. * ir-reg'-u-lar-ist, s. [Eng. irregular ; -ist.) One who is irregular. (Baxter.) ir-reg-U-lar'-l-ty, s. [Fr. irregulariU, from Lat. irregularis = irregular (q.v.). 1. The quality or state of being Irregular ; deviation from regularity ; want of regularity or conformity to established rules, usage, or practice ; deviation from a straight line. *' I found It necessary to distinguish those irregur larities that are inherent in our tongue."— Johnson : Eng. Diet. (Pref.) 2. That which is irregular ; that which de- viates from the rest ; an inequality : as, an irregularity on the surface. 3. A deviation from law, human or divine* or from moral rectitude ; irregular, disorderly, or immoral practices. “ He . . . had been distln^nished there only by his irregularities." — Macaulay : Mist. Eng., ch. xix. 4. An impediment to taking holy orders. (Wharton.) lT-reg'-U-lar-ly, adv. [Eng. irregular; -ly ] In an irregular manner ; without or contrary to method, rule, or order. "The abodes of men irregularly massed." W ordsworth : Excursion, bk. viil * l Ir-reg’-u-late, v.t. [Lat. ir- = in- (2) = not, and regulatus, pa. par. of regulo = to regu- late (q.v.).] To make irregular, to throw out of order, to disorder. “ Its fluctuations are but motions subservient, which winds, shelves, and every interjacency irrcgulates.” — Browne : Vulgar Errours, bk. vii., ch. xvii. * jfr-reg'-u-lous, a. [Lat. ir- = in- = not ; regula — a’ rule, and Eng. adj. suff. -oits.] Law- less, unprincipled, licentious. "Oonapired with that irregulous devil, Cloten." Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 2. * Kr-rC-jScf -a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = i«-(2), and Eng. rejectable (q.v.).] That cannot be re- jected. "The latter (Armlnians) deny It to be irrejeclnble" — Boyls : Works, 1. 278. * ir-re-laps'-a-ble. a. [Pref. ir- = i/i-(2); Eng. relaps(e), and -able. 1 Not liable to relapse. (More.) * Ir-re-la'-tion, s. [Pref. ir- = in-( 2), and Eng. relation (q.v.).] The quality or state of being irrelative ; want of relation or connection. * lr-rel'-a-tive, o. & s. [Pref. ir- = i?t- (2), and Eng? relative (q.v.).] A. As adj.; Not relative; not connected witli other things ; single, unconnected. “ And from this last noted head, ariseth that other of joining causes with irrelative effects.”— Glanvill : Vanity of Dogmatizing, ch. xii. B. As subst. ; That which is not relative oi connected. * ir-rel'-a^tive-ly, adv. [Eng. irrelative ; -ly.] Uriconnectedly. "The severed leaves and portions of scripture do irrelatively betray and evidence their own heavenly extraction.”— Boyle: Works, ii. 276. ir-rel'- e - van 9 e, ir - rel - e - van - 9 y, s. [Eng. irrelevant) ; - cy .] The quality or state of being irrelevant : as, the irrelevance of an argument. Ir-rel'-e-vant, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2) ; Eng. relevant (q.v.).J Not relevant; not applicable or pertinent ; not serving to illustrate or sup- port. “ Most of them were of an irregular and irrelevant nature."— Burke: Charges against Warren Bastings. lr-rel'-e-vant-ly, adv. [Eng. irrelevant ; -ly. J In an irrelevant manner ; not pertinently. * ir-re-liev'-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. relievdbte (q.v.).] Not relievable ; that canuot be relieved. Ir-re dig 1 -ion, s. [Fr.] Want of religious feeling ; contempt of religion ; impiety, un- godliness. ‘‘The accusation of irreligion brought against him is not sufficiently made out.” — Jortin : Eccles. History . * ir-re-lig -ion-ist, s. [Pref. ir- = in-( 2), and Eng. religionist (q.v.).] One who is destitute of religious feeling ; an irreligious or uugodly person. lr-re lig'-ioiis, a. [Fr. irreligieux , from Lat. irreligiosus t from ir- — in- = not, and religiosut = religious ; Ital. & Sp. irreligioso .] 1. Destitute of religious feelings or prin- ciples ; contemning religion ; impious, un- godly. “ And it seldome or neuer chaunceth that any man is so irreligious."— Goldinge : Caesar, fo. 158. 2. Contraij to religion or religious prin- ciples ; impious, ungodly, profane, wicked. " There is nothing so irreligious but a violent pa«. sion may betray men t of— Stilling fleet : Sermons, voL i, ser. 10. II Irreligious is negative ; profane and im- pious are positive, the latter being much stronger than the former. All men who are not positively actuated by principles of re- ligion are irreligious. Profanity and impiety are, however, of a still more heinous nature ; they consist not in the mere absence of regard for religion, but in a positive contempt of it and open outrage against its laws. When applied to things, the term irreligious seems to be somewhat more positively opposed to religion : an irreligious book is not merely one in which there is no religion, but that also which is detrimental to religion, such as sceptical or licentious writings : the profane in this case is not always a term of reproach, but is employed to distinguish what is ex- pressly spiritual in its nature, from that which is temporal : the history of nations is profane, as distinguished from the sacred history contained in the Bible. On the other hand, when we speak of a profane sentiment, or a profane joke, profane lips, and the like, the sense is personal and reproachful ; im- pious is never applied but to what is personal, and in the worst sense. (Crabb : Eng. SynonJ lr-re-lig'-ious-ly, adv. [Eng. irreligious; •ly.] In an irreligious manner; profanely, impiously ; with irreligion or impiety. " To perform holy duties irreligiously."— Milton T Civil Power in Eccles. Causes. ir-rc-llg'- ious-ncss, s. [Eng. irreligious; -ness.] The quality or state of being irre- ligious ; irreligion, ungodliness “More especially the sin of irrcligiotisness and pro. phaneness.’ — Wilkins : Nat. Religion, bk. ii., ch. vi. •Ir-re-me'-a-ble, a. [Lat. immeabilis, from ir- — in- =■ not, and rejitea6iKs=returning , boll, bo^; podt, jo^rl; cat, 9eU, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, thisi sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing, 'clan, -tian = sham, -tion, -sion - shun ; -(Ion, -$lon - zhun. -clous, -tious, -sious — shua. -ble, -die, Ac. — b?!, d^L 2740 irremediable— irresolutely nmeo = to return : re- = back, and meo = to go.] Admitting of no return ; not permitting the retracing of one’s steps. “ Forbid to cross the irremeable flood.* Pope : Benner ; Iliad xxiii. 92. Sr-re-me'-dl-a-ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. irre- mediabilis, from i/r-=in-=noi, and remediabilis = remediable (q.v.) ; Sp. irremediable; Ital. irremediabile.] * 1. Incapable of being cured or healed ; incurable. “ Irremediable pains." — Rambler, No. 165. 2. Incapable of being remedied, corrected, or redressed. “ By deficiencies and inconveniences I here mean those things, which are wont to be complained of, and not irremediable."— Boyle : Works, iii., 350. ^-re-me'-di-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irreme- diable; -ness.]' The quality or state of being irremediable. ir-re-me'-dl-a-bly, adv. [Eng. remediable) ; - ly .] In an irremediable manner ; in a man- ner that precludes remedy or cure ; incurably, irretrievably. “ Leave him irremediably in the condition he hath brought himself into."— Sharp : Sermons, vol. iii., ser. 11 * ir-re-miss'-i-ble,* ir-re-miss-a-ble, a. [Fr., from Low Lat. irremissibilis , from ir- = in- = not, and remissibilis = that may or can be remitted, from remissus , pa. par. of remitto = to remit (q.v.).] That cannot be remitted, forgiven, or pardoned ; unpardonable. “ His other heresy that euery deadly sin after bap- tisme should be irr omissible." — Sir T. More: Works, p. 544. * ir-re-miss'-i-ble ness, s. [Eng. immissi- bit; -»ess.] The quality or state of being irre- inissible. “ Thence arises the aggravation and irremissiblemess of the sin against the Holy Ghost.” — Hammond : Works, voh i., p. 467. * ir-re-mxss’ l bly, adv. [Eng. irremissi- b{ly) ; -ly.] In an irremissible manner or de- gree ; nnpardonably. * ir-re-miss'-ion (ss as sh), s. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. remission (q.v.).] The act of re- fusing or delaying to remit or pardon. (Donne.) * ir-re- mxss' ive.n. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. remissive (q.v.).] Not remissive ; not remitting ; unforgiving. * ir-re-mitt'-a ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. remittable (q.v.).] That cannot be remitted or forgiven ; unpardonable. “ The sinne against the Holie Ghost, which they call irrremittable." —Uolinshed : Scotland (an. 1569). * ir-re-mov-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Pref. irremov- able ; -ity.] The quality or state of being irre- movable. * ir-re-mov'-a-ble, * ir-re-move-a-Me, a. [Pref. ir-'= in- (2), and Eng. removable (q.v.).] 1. Not removable ; that cannot be removed ; Immovable, unalterable. “ Constant devotion and irremoveable pietie to his Prince.” — P. Holland : Suetonius, p. 231. 2. Immovable, inflexible, determined. “ Hee’s irremaueable. Resolved for flight." Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, iv. 8. * Ir-re-mov'-a-ble-ncss, s. [Eng. irre- movable; -ness'] The quality or state of being irremovable ; irremovability. Ir-re rxxov'-a bly, adv. [Eng. irremovah(lc) ; -ly.] In an irremovable manner ; so as not to be moved ; inflexibly, unalterably. “ But above all, so firmly and irremoveably fixed to the profession of the true Protestant Religion."— Evelyn: Miscel. He vs from Brussels. * ir-re-mov'-al, s. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. removal (q.v.).] Absence or want of re- moval ; the state of not being removed. 6 ir-re-m&'-ner-a-tole. a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. reniunerable (q.v.).] Not re- munerable ; incapable of being x'emunerated or rewarded. * ir-re-nowned', a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. renowned (q.v.).] Not renowned; not celebrated, unrenowned. ir rSp-a^ra-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. irreparable; -ity.] The ’state or quality of being irrepar- able ; incapacity or impossibility of repair or recovery. lr-rep'-a-ra-ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. irrepa- rabilis = that cannot be repaired or restored : ir- = in- = not, and reparo = to repair (q.v.) ; Sp. irreparable ; ItaL irreparabile. ] 1. Incapable of being repaired or remedied ; irremediable ; incurable. “ Run into the most irreparable and pernicious dis- orders.” — Derham: Astro-Theology, bk. vL.ch. i., p. las. 2. Incapable of being recovered or regained ; irretrievable. “War hath determined us, aDd foiled with loss Irreparable ." Milton : P. L., ii. 331. Ir-rep'-a-ra-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irreparable ; -ness.] ’The quality or state of being irrepar- able. ir-rep'-a-ra-bly, adv. [Eng. irreparable); -ly.] In an irreparable manner ; incurably ; irretrievably ; beyond recovery or remedy. “ We find such adventures to have sometimes be- fallen artists irreparably." — Boyle : Works, L 334. * ir-re-peal-a-bil'-l-ty, s. [Eng. irrepeal- able ; -ity.] The quality or state of being ir- repealable. * ir-re-peal'-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. repeatable (q.v.).J Not repealable ; incapable of being legally repealed ; irrevoc- able. “ Such are the confidents that ingage their irrcpeal- able assents.” — Glanvill : Vanity of Dogmatizing, ch. xxiii. * ir-re-peal'-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. impeal- able ; -ness.] The quality or state of being ir- repealable ; irrej^ealability. * ir - re - peal' - a - bly, adv. [Eng. irrepeal- abl(c) ; -ly.] So as not to admit or be capable of repeal. * ir-re-pent'-am9e, s. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. repentance (q.v.).] Want of repent- ance or penitence ; impenitence. “ There are some dispositions blame-worthy in men, ... as unchangeableness and ir repentance." — Bp. Hall : Select Thoughts, § 47. * ir-re-pla9©'-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in (2), and Eng. replaceable (q.v.).] That cannot be replaced. “ That reserve which is necessary whenever general use of such incomparable and irreplaceable gems of art is advocated."— Athenaeum, Sept. 2, 1882. xr-re-plev'-x-a-Me, a. [Pref. ir- — in- (2), and Eng. repleviable (q.v.).J Law : Incapable of being replevied. ir-re-plev'-i§-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- - in- (2), and Eng. replevisable (q.v.).] Law : The same as Irrepleviable (q.v.). ir-rep-re-hen'-sx ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. irreprehensibilis, from ir- = in- = not, and re- prehensibilis = reprehensible (q.v.).] Not reprehensible ; free or exempt from blame ; blameless. “’Tis irreprehensible in physitians to cure their patient of one disease, by casting him intc another, less desperate." — Glanvill : Vanity of Dogmatizing, ch. xxii. ir- rep -re -hen' -si -ble -ness, s. [Eng. irreprehensible; -ness.] The quality or state of being irreprehensible. ir- rep -re -ben' -si -bly, adv. [Eng. irre- prehensib{le) ; -ly.) In an irreprehensible man- ner ; so as not to incur blame. * ir-rep-re-§ent'-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. representable (q.v.).] Not re- presentable ; incapable of being represented. " God’s irreprcsentable nature doth hold against making images of God ." —StUlingfleet. ir-re-press'-i-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. repressible (q.v.).] Not repressible ; in- capable of being repressed, restrained, or kept under control. ir-re-press'-l-bly, adv. [Eng. irrepressi- ble); -ly.] In an irrepressible manner or degree. ir-re-proa9h'-a-blo, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. reprodehable (q.v.).] Not reproach- able ; not deserving of or calling for reproach or blame ; free from reproach or blame ; blame- less, upright, iunocent. “ His intentions were irreproachable.”— Beattie: On Truth, pt. iii., ch. iii. If For the difference between irreproachable and blameless, see Blameless. ir-rc-proa9h'-a-blc-ncss, 5. [Eng. irre- proachable; -ness.] The quality or state of being irreproachable. ir re-proa9h'-a-bly t adv. [Eng. irreproach- able); -ly.) In an irreproachable manner ; in a manner beyond reproach or blarne ; blame- lessly ; faultlessly. “ From this time, says the monk, the bear lived ir- reproachably ."— a ddison : Switzerland. lr-re-prov'-a-ble, a. [Fr.] Not deserving or calling for reproof or censure ; blameless, unblamable, irreproachable. ‘‘Not only all other ways are dangerous and unpa** sable, and this irrcproveable, but also that there- is direct evidence enough to prove it solid and rational. " —Glanvill : Pre-existence of Souls, ch. v. ir-re-prov'-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. improv- able; -ness.] The quality or state of being irreprovable ; freedom from blame, censure, or reproof ; blamelessness. ir-re-prov'-a-bly, adv. [Eng. improvable); •ly.] In au irreprovable or irreproachable manner. * ir-rep-ti'-tious, a. [Lat. irrepto , freq. from irrepo = to creep in : ir- = in- = into, and repo = to creep. 1 Crept in ; secretly or privately introduced ; surreptitious. * ir-rep'-u-ta-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = hi- (2), and Eng. reputable (q.v.).] Not reputable ; disre- putable. "It’s very irrefutable for a young woman to gad about to men’s lodgings.”— Female Toiler, No. 4. * ir-re-Sil'-i-ent, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. resilient ’(q.v.).] Not resilient. * ir-re-9ist'-an9e, s. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. resistance (q. v.).] Forbearance to resist ; non-resistance ; passive submission or obe- dience. t ir-re-sist-i bir i-ty, s. [Eng. irresistible ; -ity.] The quality or state of being irresistible. *‘ In what bold colours has the Poet drawn his im- petuosity and irresistibility l "—Lewis : Statius, bk. x. (Note.). a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. resistible (q.v.).] Not resistible ; that cannot be resisted ; incapable of being suc- cessfully resisted or withstood ; superior to opposition or resistance. ‘‘But James supposed that the primate was struck dumb by the irresistible force of reason.” — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. vi. ir-re-§ist'-i-ble-ness, s. [Eng irresistible; -ness.] The quality or state of being irre- sistible. “ For the remotenesse, violence, irresistiblenesse of the blow, are the enemies of the church described by the speare and dart."— Bp. Hall: Defeat of Cruelty. ir-re-sist'-i-bly, adv. [Eng. irresistible ); -ly.] ‘‘in an irresistible manner ; in a manner or degree not admitting of resistance. “ For irresist ibly their power presides Iu all events, and good and ill divides.” Wilkie : Epigoniad, bk. viL * ir-re-sxst'-less, a. [Pref. ir-= iji-(intens.), and Eng. resistless (q.v.). ] Resistless ; incapable of being resisted or withstood ; irresistible. " When beauty in distress appears, An irresistlcss charm it bears." Talden : In Allusion to Horace, bk. ii., ode 4 . * ir-res'-6-lu-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. resoluble '{ q.v.).] 1. Incapable of being resolved or dissolved ; incapable of resolution into parts ; indisso- luble. “ I know it may be here alledged, that the produc- tions of chemical analyses are simple bodies, and upon that account irresoluble.” — Boyle : Works, iv. 74. 2. Incapable of being released or relieved, as from guilt. “ The second is in the irresoluble condition of our souls after a known sin committed. P —Bp. nail : Cases of Conscience, dec. 3, case 9. * ir-re§'-o-Iu-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irresolu- ble; -ness.] The quality or state of being ir- resoluble ; resistance to separation of parts. “ Quersetanus has this confession of .the irresolubl +• ?iess of diamonds." — Boyle : Works, i. 514. jr-res'-o-Xute, a. [Pref. ir- — in- (2), and Eng. resotute( q.v.).J Not resolute ; liotlirm or con- stant iii purpose ; not decided or determined ; wavering, hesitating, vacillating, undecided. “Weak and irresolute is man." Cowper : Human Frailty. ir-res -6-lute-ly, adv. [Eng. irresolute ; -ly.] In au irresolute, hesitating, cr wavering man- ner ; with hesitation. “Between the incompatible o. jects on which hla heart was set, ho, for a time, went irresolutely to and fro." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng. , ch. iv. ftite, fat, fare, amidst, what. Jail, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt, o„ wore, W 9 lf, work, who, s6n; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, ee= e; ey = a. qu^kw. irresoluteness— irritability 2741 fr-rcs'-o-lute-ness, s. [Eng. irresolute; -lies!.] The quality or state of being irreso- lute ; want of firmness of purpose ; hesita- tion, irresolution. ir-res-6-lu’-tion, s. [Pref. ir- = in • (2), and Eng? resolution (q.v.).] Want of resolution or firmness of purpose ; want of decision ; inde- cision ; hesitation ; fluctuation or wavering of the mind. " He had by his irretolution forfeited the favour of William.” — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvii. • Ir-re solv-a-bil'-i-ty, s. [Eng. irresolva- ble ; -ity.] The quality or state of being irre- solvable. Ir-re-solv'-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. resolvable (q.v.).] Incapable of being resolved. • ir re-^olv'-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irresolv- able ; -ness.] The quality or state of being irresolvable ; irresolvability. • ir-re-solved', a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. resolved (q.v.).] Not resolved, not settled in opinion, undetermined. "While a person is irresolved, he suffers all the force of temptation to call upon him." — Stillingfleet : Ser- mons, voL iv., ser. 11 . • ir-re-Solv'-ed-ly, adv. [Eng. vrresolved ; - ly .] Without settled opinion; hesitatingly, doubtfully. "Divers of my friends have thought it strange to hear me speak so irresolvedly.”— Boyle : Works, iii. 198. Ir-res-pect'-ive, a. [Pref. ir- — in- (2), and Eng. respective (q.v.). J 1. Not respective or having regard to cir- cumstances or conditions ; regardless of cir- cumstances ; not making distinction or differ- ence. " The execution of that decree . . . i3 equally free amd irrespective."— South : Sermons, voL viii., ser. xiii. * 2. Not respectful, not showing respect. •* Irreverend and irrespective behaviour."— Sir O. C. Jjevois. (Annandale.) If Irrespective of is used prepositionaliy in the sense of not having regard or respect to ; leaving out of account : as, Irrespective of that, there are other reasons. ir-res-pect'-Ive-ly, adv. [Eng. irrespective; -ly.] Without regard to circumstances or con- ditions. " Can he ascribe this reprieve to anything but to mercy, to mere uudeserved mercy, that places the marks of its favour absolutely and irrespectively upon whom it pleases ? "—South : Sermons, vol. vii., ser. 1L • ir-res'-plr-a-ble, * lr-res-pir'-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. respirable (q.v.).] Not respirable ; not fit for respiration. • ir-re apong-i bil' i-ty, s. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. responsibility (q.v.).] Want of responsibility ; freedom from responsibility. Ir-re-spons'-i-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. responsible (q.v.).] 1. Not responsible; not answerable; not liable to be called to account. "They left the crown, what, in the eye and estima- tion of law, it had ever been, perfectly irresponsible." — Burke : On the French Revolution. 2. Not trustworthy ; not to be relied on or trusted. " What a dangerous thing therefore is it for men to intrust such a treasure as their innocence and religion in such irresponsible hands." — Scott: Christian Life, pt. L, ch. iv. • ir-re-spons'-i-bly, adv. [Eng. irrespon- sible); -ly.] In an irresponsible manner; so as not to be responsible. f ir re apons'-xve, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. responsive (q.v.).] Not responsive. • ir-re -strain -a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. restrainable (q.v.).] That cannot be restrained ; incapable of restraint. " Irrestrainable, irresistible, or unalterable." — Prynnc : Treachery & Disloyalty, p. 91. • ir-re-sus'-^it-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. resuscitable (q.v.).J Incapable of being resuscitated or revived. • ir-re-SUS'-9lt-a-bly, adv. [Eng. irresus- citable) ; -ly.] So as not to be capable of re- suscitation. Ir-re-ten'-tive, o. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. retentive (q.v.).] Not retentive ; not apt to retain : as, an irretentive memory. * ir-re-tra9e'-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- — in- (2), and Eng. retractable (q.v.).] Not retraoeable ; incapable of being retraced. ir -re-triev' -a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. retrievable (q.v.).] Not retrievable ; that cannot be retrieved, recovered, or reme- died ; irrecoverable, irreparable. "Unaffected with irretrievable losses.” — Rambler , No. 48. ir-re-triev'-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irretriev- able; -ness.] "The quality or state of being irretrievable. ir-re-triev'-a-bly, adv. [Eng. irretrieva- ble); -ly.] In an irretrievable manner; irre- parably, irrevocably. "The danger they were in of being irretrievably lost"— Sharp : Sermons, voL v. (Pref.) * Ir-re-turn' -a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. returnable (q.v.).] Incapable of re- turning or of being recalled. " Forth irretumable flieth the spoken word.” Mirrourfor Magistrates, p. 429. * lr-re-veal'-a-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in - (2), and Eng. revealable (q.v.).] That cannot be revealed. * lr-re-veal a-bly, adv. [Eng. irreveala • b(le) ; -ly.] So* as not to be revealable. ir-rev'-er-en9©, s. [Fr., from Lat. irreve- rentia, from irreverens = irreverent (q.v.) ; Sp. irreverencia.] 1. The quality or state of being irreverent ; want of reverence or veneration ; want of a due regard or respect for the character, posi- tion, or authority of a superior ; irreverent conduct or actions. "That is the natural language, the true signification and import of all irreverence.”— South : Sermons, voL ii., ser. 3. * 2. The quality or state of being disregarded or treated with disrespect. " The irreverence and scorn the Judges were Justly In.” — Clarqtdon : Civil War. * ir-rev'-er-end, a. [Pref. ir- = in - (2), and Eng. reverend (q.v.).] Irreverent. "If any man use immodest speech or irreverend gesture." — Strype : Life of Abp. Orindal, App. bk. iL ir-rev'-er-ent, a. [Fr., from Lat. irreverens , from ir- = 'in- = not, and reverens, pr. par. of revereor = to revere (q.v.); Sp. & ItaL irreve- rente.] 1. Wanting in reverence or respect towards the Supreme Being, or any superior ; having no veneration ; disrespectful. " Witness the irreverent sou Of him who built the ark." Milton: P. L., xii. 101. 2. Proceeding from or characterized by ir- reverence ; expressive of or displaying a want of reverence or respect. " Dishonouring the grace by irrrvrrertt cavils at the dispensation. - ’ — Warburton : Divine Legation, bk. iL §4. ir-re V'-er-ent-ly, adv. [Eng. irreverent ; -ly.] In an irreverent manner ; without due regard or respect. "To speak irreverently of God, or to scoff at reli- gion.” — South: Sermons, vol. viiL, ser. 1. t ir-re-vers'-i-ble, a. [Pref. ir - = in- (2), aud Eng. reversible (q.v.).] 1. Not reversible ; incapable of being re- versed or turned the opposite way. 2. Incapable of being recalled, repealed, or annulled ; irrevocable. "This rejection of the Jews, as it is not universal, so neither is it final and irreversible." — Jortin: Re- marks on Eccl. Rist. t ir-re-vers'-i-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irrever- sible ; -ness. ] The quality or state of being irreversible. t ir-re-vers'-l-bly, adv. [Eng. irreversible ) ; -ly.] In an irreversible manner ; so as to be irreversible ; irrevocably. 11 Many myriads of solifidians have stumbled, and fallen irreversibly." — Hammond : Works, L 462. * lr-rev o-ca bil -i-ty, s. [Eng. irrevocable ; -ity.] The quality or state of being irrevocable. lr-rev'-o-ca-ble, * Ir-rev'-o-ka-ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. revocubilis, from ir - = in- = not, and revocabilis = revocable (q.v.) ; Sp. irre- vocable ; Ital. irrevocable.] Not revocable; incapable of being revoked or recalled ; that cannot be reversed, repealed, or annulled ; irreversible, unalterable. " Wrathful Jove’s irrevocable doom, Transfers the Trojan state to Grecian hands." Dryden : Virgil ; Hineid ii. 439. ir-re V-6-ca ble-ness, s. [Eng. irrevoea. bleness.] The quality or state of being irrevo- cable. ir-rev'-oe-a-bly, adv. [Eng. irrevocable ); •ly.] In an’irrevocable manner ; in a manner not admitting of repeal or recall ; beyond recall. “ I pledge my word, (rrevocahty past.' Byron : Nisus & EuryallM. * ir-rev’-o-ka-ble, a. [Irrevocable.] * ir-rev'-o-lu-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2V. and Eng. revoluble (q.v.).] That cannot roll or turn round ; not revolving ; having no rotatory motion. "Progressing the dateless and irrevoluble circle oil eternity [they Jshall clasp inseperable hands." — Miltons On the Reform, in England, bk. ii. * rr-rhe -tor' -Ic-al, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. rhetorical (q.v.).] Not rhetorical; unpersuasive. lr'-ri-gate, v.t. [Lat. irrigatus, pa. par. of ir» rigo = to moisten, to irrigate : in = on, upon, aud rigo = to moisten ; Ital. irrigare.] * 1. To water, to wet ; to fill with a fluid or liquid. " We say that bloud, coming to a part to irrigate it. is ... at length transmuted into the nature of that part.”— Digby : Of Bodies, cn. xxiv. * 2. To moisten. “ Their frying blood compels to irrigate Their dry-furred tongues.” J. Philips : Cider, bk. U. 3. To water, as land, by causing a stream to flow and spread over it. lr-ri-ga'-tion, s. [Lat. irrigation from irri- gatus, pa. par. of irrigo = to irrigate (q.v.) ; Fr. irrigation ; Ital. irrigazione.] I. Ord. Lang. : In the same sense as II. 1. II, Technically: 1. Agric. : The act of watering land by causing a stream to flow and spread over it. " This way of irrigation may by a cheap and easy mechanical contrivance be very much improved."— Boyle : Works, iii. 447. 2. Med. : The art or operation of making water trickle over an inflamed wound or other portion of the body morbidly affected. * lr-rig'-U-OUS, a. [Lat. irriguus — irriga- ting, from irrigo = to irrigate ; Ital. irriguo. J 1. Watery, watered. " The flow’ry lap Of some irriguous valley spread her store. " Milton : P. L., iv. 255. 2. Penetrating gently, as water into the earth. " Rash Elpenor . . . thought To exhale his surfeit by irriguous sleep.” Philips : Cider, bk. IL * ir-rif'-l-ble, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eng. risible (q.v.).] Not risible ; not capable of laughter. * ir-ri -gion, s. [Fr., from Lat. irrisionem t acc. oi irrisio = a laughing at, from irrisus , pa. par. of irrideo — to laugh at : in- = at, and rideo = to laugh ; Sp. irrision; Ital. irrU sione.] The act of laughing at or mocking another ; mockery, derision. " Then he againe, by way of irrision. Ye say very true indeed."—/*. Holland : Suetonius, p. 212. ir-rit-a-bll'-l-ty, s. [Fr. irritability from Lat. irritabilitatem, acc. of irritabilitas, from irritabilis = irritable (q.v.) ; Sp. irritabilidad ; Ital. irritdbilitd.] I. Ord. Lang. : The quality or state of being irritable or easily provoked or irritated ; sus- ceptibility to irritation ; petulance. " During some hours his gloomy irritobilif i/ kept hi* servants, nis courtiers, even his pr ts, in terror.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxi. II. Technically: 1. Anat. (Of a muscle): Vital contractibility, the property of visibly contracting, even after death, on the application of a stimulus. Ii varies in duration according to the muscle irritated. The right auricle has been found irritable for sixteen and a half hours after death. A voluntary muscle has been found irritable twenty-four hours after death. The great physiologist Albert Von Haller directed much attention to the subject of irritability. 2. Hot. : Excitability of an extreme character, in which an organ exhibits movements different from those commonly met witli in plants. Its known causes are three — atmospheric pressure, spontaneous motion, ami the contact of other bodies. Thus plants sleep, the compound leaves, where such exist, folding together ; so also the sensitive plant shrinks from touch. bSiL bo^ ; pout, j ; cat, fell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a$; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = t. -clan, -tlan — shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -§ion = shun, -cions, -tlous, -slous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — b$l, df U , 2742 irritable— iaagogics 3. Pathol. (Of any organ): Morbid excite- ment or excitability, often witli pain. Thus tliere may be irritability of the bladder. It -rit-a Me, a. [Fr., from Lat. irritabilis, from irrito = to irritate (q.v.) ; Sp. irritable; Ital. irritabile.] I. Ordinary Language ; 1. Easily irritated or exasperated ; petu- lant, fretful. “ His irritable and imperious nature was constantly Impelling him to quarrel with both." — Macaulay : Hut. Eng., ch. xvii. 2. Susceptible of being worked into a heat ©r painfuluess : as, an irritable sore. II. Technically: 1. Anatomy': (1) Gen. : Capable of being acted upon with effect by stimuli. (2) Spec. (Of muscles) : Capable of contract- ing under the influence of stimuli. [Irrita- bility, II. 1.] 2. Bot. : Capable of being excited to motion under the influence of certain stimuli. Ir -rit-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. irritable; -ucss.] The quality or state of being irritable ; •irrita- bility. Ir'-rit-a-bly, a civ. [Eng. irritab(le) ; - ly .] In an irritable manner ; with irritation. • ir'-rit-aa- 9 y (1), s. [Eng. irritant (1) ; -cy.] The quality or state of being irritant or irri- tating. Ir'-rlt-an- 9 y (2), s. [Eng. irritan(t) (2) ; - cy .] Scots Law: The quality or state of being Irritant or of no force or effect ; the state of being null and void. fr'-rit-ant (1), a. & s. [Fr., from Lat. irritans, (genit irritant is), pr. par. of irrito = to pro- voke, to enrage, stimulate, incite, or excite.] A. As adj. : Exciting irritation ; producing excitement ; causing pain, heat, or tension by mechanical injuries, chemical action, &c. B. As substantive : 1. Pharmacy : (1) Sing. : That which produces irritation or excitement of any muscle, nerve, or other organ or part of the body. (2) PI. : Garrod makes Irritants the first order of his second division, that of external remedies. He includes under it three groups — (1) Rubefacients, (2) Epispastics, Vesicants, or Blistering Agents, and (3) Pustulants. 2. Toxicology : An irritant poison (q.v.). % Pure irritant: A poison producing in- flammation without corrosive action on the tissues. irritant-poison, s. Toxicol. : A poison which produces inflam- mation with or without corrosive action on the tissues, as arsenic, mercury, or other mineral poisons. IT -rit-ant (2), a. [Lat. irritans , pr. par. of irrito == to invalidate : in- = not, and ratus = ratified, valid.] Rendering null and void; invalidating. irritant-clause, s. Scots Law : A clause in a deed declaring null and void certain specified acts if they are done by the party holding under the deed. It is supplemented by the resolutive clause. |r -ri-tate (1), v.t. & i. [Lat. irritatus , pa. par. of irrito = to irritate.] A, Transitive: L Ordinary Language : * 1. To excite, to stir up, to inflame. " Dydde with vneleane motions or coantyoances irritate the myndes of the dauncers ." — Sir T. Elyot : The Govemour, bk. I., ch. xix. 2. To excite heat, redness, and inflamma- tion in ; to inflame, to fret : as, To irritate a •ore. 3. To excite anger or displeasure in ; to vex, tc annoy, to exasperate. “ The persecution which the separatists had under- gone had been severe enough to irritate, but not severe enough to destroy .“—Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. L * 4. To give greater force or energy to ; to Increase ; to heighten. “ Air, if very cold, irritateth the flame, and maketh it burn more fiercely. "—Bacon. * 5. To excite, to heat, to stimulate. "Cold maketh the spirits vigorous, aud irritateth them.” — Bacon. II. Technically: 1. Physiol. : To excite irritation in ; to ex- cite the irritability of. [Irritability.] 2. Pathol. : To cause morbid excitement in. * B. Intrans. : To excite, to heat, to inflame. " Music too ... Is tempered by the law ; Still to her plan subservient melts in notes, Which cool aud soothe, not irritate and warm." Glover : Leonidas, bk. ii. * ir'-rl-tate (2), v.t. [Lat. irritatus, pa. par. of irrito = to invalidate : ir- = in- = not, and ratus = ratified, valid.] To invalidate ; to make of none effect ; to render null and void. (Scotch.) * ir -ri tate, a. [Irritate (1), v.] Excited, heightened, inflamed. “ When they are collected, the heat becometh more violent and irritate."— Bacon : Nat. Hist. lT-ri-ta'-tion, s. [Fr., from Lat. irritationem., accus. of irritatio, from irritatus , pa. par. of irrito = to irritate (1) ; Sp. irritacion ; Ital. irritazione.] L Ordinary Language : 1. The act of irritating, provoking, exas- perating, or vexing. 2. The state of being irritated ; anger, vexa- tion, annoyance, exasperation. 3. The act of exciting heat or inflammation. " It will often happen, that the fibres or motive organs of the stomach, bowels, and other parts will, by that irritation, be brought to contract themselves vigorously.” — Boyle : Works, v. 212. II. Technically: 1. Pathol. : An abnormally potent sensation or action, or both together, produced by me- chanical or chemical agents, or other causes. Even hunger will produce this action, simula- ting that produced by strength, but the reac- tion with increased weakness is great and im- mediate. 2. Physiology: (1) Gen. : The normal action, both in cha- racter and amount, produced by appropriate stimuli on any portion of the bodily frame. (2) Spec. : The contraction of the muscles under the operation of appropriate stimuli. * lr'-ri-ta-tive, a. [Eng. irritat(e) ; - ive. ] 1. Serving or tending to irritate or excite. 2. Accompanied with or produced by in- creased action or irritation : as, an irritative fever. * ir'-ri-ta-tdr-y, a. [Eng. irritate); - ory .] Irritating ; causing irritation. 41 By reason either of some passion or of some irri- tatory and troublesome humor in his behaviour."—- Hale : Rem. Erring Christians. * Ir-rlte', v.t. [Fr. irriter, from Lat. irrito = to irritate (1).] To irritate, to exasperate, to influence, to provoke. “ Irriting and provoking men unto anger.”— I? rafton : Edw. V. (an. 1). * Ir-ror-ate, v.t. [Lat. irroratus, pa. par. of irroro, from ir- — in- = on, upon, and roro = to distil dew ; ros (genit. roris) = dew.] To moisten with dew ; to bedew. * ir-rbr-a’-tion, s. [Irrorate.] The act of bedewing; the state of being bedewed. * ir-ru'-bric-al, a. [Pref. ir- = in- (2), and Eug. rubrical' (q.v.). J Not rubrical ; not ac- cording to the rubric. * lr'-ru-gate, v.t. [Lat. imigatus, pa. par. of irrugo : in- (intens.), and rugo= to wrinkle.] To wrinkle. * lr-rupt'-ed, a. [Lat. irruptus, pa. par. of irrumpo = to break into : in- = in, into, and rumpo = to break.] Broken violently aud with great force. ir-rup'-tion, s. [Fr., from Lat. irruptionem, accus. of irruptio, from irruptus, pa. par. of irrumpo; Sp. irrupcion ; Ital. irruzione .) 1. A breaking in ; a bursting in ; an attack. “ With terrible irruption humbug o’er Tile marble cliffs.” Falconer : .shipwreck, ill 2. A sudden invasion or incursion into a country ; an inroad. t ir-rupt'-ive, a. [Lat. irrupt(us), pa. par. of irrumpo; Eng. adj. suff. -ive.) Rushing or bursting in or upon. ir'-vlng itc^, s. pi. [For etym. see def.] Ecclcsiol. & Ch. Hist. : The followers of the Rev. Edward Irving, who was born at Annan, in Dumfriesshire, on August 15, 1792 ; in 1819 Cite, f&t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; wo, wet, here, camel, her, there ; or, wore, w®lf, work, who, son : mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rul«, full ; try. became assistant to the celebrated Dr. Chal. mers, in St. John's Church, Glasgow ; in July, 1823, was chosen pastor of a small Scottish Presbyterian congregation in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, aud attracting thither crowds of eminent people, had built for him a fine church in Regent Square, to which lie removed in 1829. On October 16, 1831, the gift of speaking in unknown tongues was alleged to have been bestowed upon some people, most of them females, in his congregation, the same phenomenon having arisen on a limited scale before in Glasgow. Irving believed that the miracle recorded in Acts ii. 4-11 had occurred again, and that Pentecostal times had returned. The more sober-minded of his flock and his ministerial brethren thought differently, and were strongly influenced by the consideration that no human being of any nationality recog- nised the new tongue as his own. Irving's views regarding the human nature of Christ were also deemed erroneous. On May 3, 1832, it was decided that Mr. Irving was unfit to retain the pastorate of Regent Square Church, and on March 15, 1833, the Presbytery of Annan, which had licensed him as a preacher, deposed him from the ministry. He died on Decem- ber 8, 1834. His followers are often popu- larly termed Irvingites, but the official desig- nation of tire denomination which lie founded is the Holy Apostolic Church. They use a liturgy framed in 1842 and enlarged in 1853. They have an altar on which candles are lit, and they burn incense (q.v.). As church officers they have apostles, angels, prophets, &c. In 1851 they had in England thirty chapels. In 1854 one was opened in GordonSquare, London, which is now their leading place of worship. IS, v. [See def.] The third person sing., pres, indie, of the substantive verb to be. It repre- sents the Sanse. asti, Goth, ist, Lat. est, Gr. iot (adelphos) = a brother, and Eng. suff. -ous.] Bot. (Of a diadelphous flower); Having the two “brotherhoods” or bundles of stamens equaL t is’-a-goge, tis-a-gogue, s. [Gr. «; 3 , which, on the addition of plumbic acetate, gives a precipitate of plumbic isatate. When this is suspended in water, decomposed with sulphuretted hydrogen, and the filtrate eva- porated in vacuo, a white floeculent deposit of isatic acid or trioxindol is obtained. Am- monium isatate is capable of existing only in solution. Barium isatate, C 8 H(;BaN0 3 , pro- duced by the action of baryta water on isatine, crystallizes in scales. The silver salt, C 8 Hg AgN0 3 , crystallizes in line yellow prisms, which are very soluble in water. Isatic acid unites with bromine aud chlorine forming bromisatie and clilorisatic acids. I-sat’-i-dse, s.pl. [Lat. isat(is); fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] Bot. : A family of Brassicaceae, tribe Noto- rhizese. IS' -a tine, s. [Eng., &c. isati(s) ; -ine.] Chem. : C 8 H 5 N0 2 = C 6 H 4 <^>CO. Ob- tained by suspending finely powdered indigo in three timesjits weight of boiling water, and adding gradually nitric acid of sp. gr. 1-35 until the blue colour has disappeared. On cooling, crude isatine is deposited, and may be purified by dissolving in potash, precipita- ting with hydrochloric acid, and crystallizing from alcohol. It crystallizes in the form of brilliant yellowish-red prisms, which dissolve readily in boiling water, in alcohol, and in ether. It may also be produced synthetically by the action of oxidizing agents on arnido- oxindol : p w ✓'CH vNH 2 ’HC1 C 6 u -1^, N hX CO + 0=x C6H 4 <£h>CO + nh 4 ci, or by the reduction of orthonitro-phenyl glyv oxalic acid in alkaline solution : C « H C0 + 3H 2°- Isatine does not unite with acids, but rather plays the part of an acid. It dissolves in po- tassie hydrate, forming a dark violet-coloured solution of potassium isatine, which, on addi- tion of argentic nitrate, gives carmine-red crys- tals of argentic isatine, C 8 H 4 N02Ag. It also yields crystalline compounds, with alkaline hydric sulphites. Boiling with concentrated nitric acid, it is converted first into nitro- salicylic acid, and finally into trmitro-phenol. When strongly heated, isatine fuses and sub- limes in part unchanged. Is' a-tis, 8. [Lat. isatis, from Gr. Irranc ( isatis ) = a plant, Isatis tinctorial), producing a dark dye-wood. (Del.)] Bot. : Wood. The typical genus of the Cruciferous family Isatid* (q.v.). It consists of tall, erect, annual or biennial branched herbs, with equal sepals and one- celled indehiscenfi pods, oblong, ovate, or orbicular, thick- isatis. ened in the middle, the wing or margin very broad. Species twenty-five to thirty. One, Isatis tinctoria (Dyer's Woad) is half wild in Britain. The ancient Britons are said to have stained them- selves blue with it. It is stiil cultivated in Lincolnshire, as l. indigotica is in China, for dyeing purposes. l-sa-td-sul-phur’ ia, a. [Eng. isat(is); o connective, and Eng. sulphuric.] (See the compound.) isatosulphuric-acid, s. Chem. : C 8 II 5 N02 S0 3 . Prepared by boiling indigo-carmine with sulphuric acid, and de- colorising by means of acid chromate of potassium. On adding nitrate of potassium to the hot filtered solution, potassium isato- sulphate is deposited in the form of a brownish- yellow sandy powder. By dissolving this powder in hot baryta water, and decomposing the barium salt formed, with an equivalent quantity of sulphuric acid, isatosulphuric acid is obtained in the free state. It is a strong acid, separating even some of the mineral acids from their salts. When evaporated in vacuo, it yields a yellow, silky, crystalline mass, which does not alter on exposure to the air. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, hut insoluble in ether and in benzene. It forms two classes of salts, monobasic and dibasic, the former of which are very stable compounds, retaining their water of crystalli- zation till heated above 100°. is - a, - trap - Ic, a. [Eng. &c. is(atis), and atropic.] (See the compound.) isatropic-acid, s. Chem. ; C 9 H 8 0 2 = C 6 II 6 C‘.£®? OH . An add isomeric with cinnamic acid, obtained together with atropic acid, by heating tropic acid with hydrochloric acid. It crystallizes in thin rhombic plates, which are slightly soluble in water. It melts at 200°, and is not oxidized by chromic acid. i'-sa-tyde, s. [Eng. isat(ine); suff. -yd* (Ch'em.) (q.v.).] Chem. : CigH 1? N ; 0 4 . A white crystalline owder produced by the action of nascent ydrogen, evolved from zinc and hydrochlorio boll, boy ; potlt, JdfrI; cat, 9011, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing. “Clan, -tlan — Shan. -tlon, -Sion = shun; -tlon, -$lon = zhun. -clous, -tlous, -sioua = ohus. -ble, -die, &a = b?l, dcU 2744 isch— Isis acid, on isatine. It is insoluble in water, but Blightly soluble in boiling alcohol and ether, from which it separates, on cooling, in micro- scopic scales. It softens when heated, chang- ing to a violet brown ; at a higher temperature it suffers partial decomposition. Isatyde bears the same relation to isatin, that indigo- white bears to indigo-blue. •isch, v.i. [O.Fr. issir, from Lat. exeo, from ex'- - out, and eo = to go.] To issue ; to come or go out. te - chse' - mi - a, s. [Mod. Lat., from Gr. terxaijuos ( ischaimos ) = staunching blood : tu>via (ischnophonia) — (see def.), icrxvorptnvos (ischno- phbnos) = thin-voiced ; itrxros (ischnos) = dry, withered, meagre, and C'CII'CH 3 . A mobile, colour- less oil of peculiar odour, obtained by dis- tilling isoamylic alcohol with zinc chloride. It lias a specific gravity of '663 at 0°, and boils at 35°. It is readily decomposed by an acid, even in the cold, hydrochloric acid producing isoamylic chloride, and hydriodie acid iso- amylic iodide. I-SO-a-myl'-lC, a. [Eng. iso(meric) ; amyl, and suff. -ic.] (See the compound.) isoamylic-alcohol, s. Isobutyl car- binol. [Amyl-alcohol] I-SO-ar'-ca, s. [Pref. iso- = equal, aud Lat. area (q.v.)’.] Palceont. : A genus of Arcadce. Fourteen species are knowu, from the Lower Silurian to the Chalk. I-fd-bar', t I-so-bare', s, [Pref. iso-, and Gr. fiapos (baros) = weight.] Phys. Geog. £ Meteor. (PI.) : Lines connect- ing places which have the same mean baro- metric pressure. Three modifications of them exist : those connecting places which have equal pressure in January, those which possess it in July, and those in which it exists during the whole year. The closer the isobars are the stronger the wind, the further apart the lighter the wind. I-SO-bar'-Ic, a. [Eng., &c. isobar; -ic.] Phys. Geog. & Meteor. : Having equal baro- metric pressure ; of or belonging to isobars. I'-so-bar-ism, * i-so-bar-ysm, s. [Eng. •isobar; -ism.] Phys. Geog. & Meteor. : Equality of baro- metric pressure. I-sd-bar-o-met'-ric, a. [Pref. iso- = equal, and barometric (q.v.).] Phys. Geog. & Meteor.: The same as Iso- baric (q.v.). I-SO'-bri-OUS, a. [Pref. iso- = equal, and Gr. ppiaui (briao) = to make strong, to be strong.] Bot. : An epithet proposed by Cassini for Dicotyledons because their force of develop- ment in connexion with the embryo is equal on both sides. I-SO-bu’-tane, s. [Eng. iso(meric); but(yl), and suff. -ane.] Chem. : (CH 3 ) 3 CH. Trimethyl-methane, or methyl-isopropyl, is formed by the action of zinc and hydrochloric acid on tertiary butyl iodide, or by the action of zinc on tertiary butyl alcohol iu presence of water. It is a colourless gas which liquefies at 17°. I-so-bii'-tene, I-so-bu'-tyl-ene, s. [Eng, iso(meric) ; bui(yl ), and sulf. -ene.] Chem. : ^ C II 2 , Isobutylene. Pro- duced by the action of alcoholic potash on isobutyl iodide, or on tertiary butyl iodide. It may also be formed by passing the vapour of isoamylic alcohol through a red-hot tube. It is an unpleasant smelling gas, which con- denses on cooling with a mixture of ice and salt, to a colourless liquid, which boils at — 6°. I-SO-bu'-tyl, s. [Eng. iso(meric), and butyl.] [Butyl.] isobutyl-alcohol, s. Chem. : Isopropyl carbinol. [Butyl alco- hol.] I-sd-bu-tyr-a-mlne, s. [Eng. isobutyl, and amine.] Chem. : CH(CH 3 ) 2 'CH 2 'NH 2 . Obtained by distilling potassium isobutyl sulphate with potassium cyanate, and treating the distillate, which contains isobutyl isocyanate, with pot- ash. It has a specific gravity of 0’7357 at 15°, and boils at G7°‘5. I-SO-bu'-tyl-ene, s. [Eng. iso(meric), and bu- tylene.] [Isobutene.] I-sd-bu-tyr'-a-mldc, s. [Eng. iso(meric ); butyr(ic), aud amide.] Chem. : C 4 H 7 0-NH 2 =(CH3)2 : CH'CO'NH 3 . Prepared by heating isobutyrie acid with am- monium thiocyanate. It is an agreeable, aromatic smelling, crystalline mass, soluble in water. It melts at 100°, and sublimes in the form of iridescent scales. I-s6-bu'-tyr-ate§, s. pi. [Eng. iso(meric), and butyrates.] Chem. : The salts of isobutyrie-acid, resem- bling in general properties the butyrates. Calcium isobutyrate, (CjII-OnXCa + 5H 2 0, crystallizes in monoclinic needles, which are slightly soluble in cold, but very soluble in hot water. Silver isobutyrate, C4H 7 0oAg, crystallizes from hot water in transparent scales. Zinc isobutyrate, (C4H 7 0 2 ) 3 Zn, crys- tallizes in monoclinic prisms, which are so- luble in cold water, but decrease in solubility as the temperature is increased. l-sd-bu-tjtr'-ic, a. [Eng. iso(meric), and butyric.] (See the compounds.) isobutyricacid, s. [Butyric-acid.] isobutyric-ether, s. [Butyric-ether.] I-so-bu-tyr-6, pref. [Isobutyrone.] (See the compound.) isobutyro nitrUe, s. Chem. : C 4 H 7 N = (CH 3 ) 2 CH-CN. Isopro- pylic-cyanide. Prepared by adding potassic- cyanide to isopropylie iodide, or by heating isobutyrie acid with potassic sulpho-cyanate. It is an oily liquid, possessing a peculiar aro- matic odour, and boiling at 107°. I-sd-bu'-tyr-one, s. [Eng. iso(meric) ; and butyrone.] Chem.: ((CH 3 ) 2 - CH) 2 CO. Diisopropyl-ke- tone. Obtained by the dry distillation of calcic isobutyrate, or by carefully oxidizing di-isopropyl oxalic acid. It distils at 124°, and is oxidized by chromic acid to isobutyrie, acetic, and carbonic acids. I-sd-cap-rd-, pref. | [Isocaproic.] (See the compound.) isocapro-nitrile, s. Chem. : C 6 H„N = (CH 3 yCH'CH 2 -CH 2 CN. Isoamylic cyanide. An unpleasant smelling oil, obtained by the dry distillation of isoamylio potassic sulphate with potassic cyanide, or by heating amyl iodide with potassic cyanide and alcohol. It boils at 146°, and has a specific gravity of O' 806. Like most other nitrils, it unites with metallic chlorides to form crystalline compounds. I-SO-ca-pro’-Ic, a. [Eng. iso(merie), and caproie.] (See the compound.) boil, bffr ; pout, j. [Eng. iso(meric), and dul- cite.] Chem. : C 6 H 12 0 6 H 2 0. Au isomeride of mannitan, obtained by boiling quercitrin with dilute mineral acids. It is iu the form of large transparent crystals, which are very soluble in water and melt at 107°, with loss of their water of crystallization. „ I-so-dy-nam'-xe, o. [Pref. iso-, and Eng. dynamic (q.v.).] Magnetism, &c. : Having equal force or power ; of equal size. isodyixamic-lines, s. pi. Magnetism : Lines connecting places in which the magnetism is of equal intensity. I-so-dyix’-a-xnous, a. [Gr. io-oWra/ros (iso- dunamos) == equal in power : pref. iso- ; Gr. ivrapis (dunamis) = power, might, strength, and Eng. suff. -ons.J Bot. ; The same as Isoerious (q.v.). I-SO-et'-CJ, 8. [Lat. isoetes ; Gr. Itroerys (iso- etes), as adj. = equal in years ; as subst. = an evergreen plant : pret iso- (q.v.), and Gr. «tos (etos) — a year.] Bot. : Quillwort ; a genus of Lycopodia- cere, formerly placed under Marsileaceae. It consists of aquatic or terrestrial plants, with long subulate or fili- form, often tubular leaves, sheathing at the base ; capsules sessile in the axils of the leaves, traversed by transverse threads, those of the outer leaves contain- ing globose macro- spores, and those of the inner oblong tri- gonous microspores, the crustaeeous in- tegument of the latter ISOETES. marked with three ra- L x*»‘. with capsule -t hue. marxea wun inree ra- 2. Cnpsuie cut across, a. diating lines. Known Spore, species six or eight, chiefly from the North temperate or from the warm regions. They are found in the regions named, and may be obtained both in the New and Old Worlds, in suitable localities. I-so-ge'-o-thcrm, s. [Pref. iso- ; Gr. (gl) = the earth or land, and Bippg (therme) = heat.] An isogeothennio line (q.v.). I-so - ge -o - ther'-mal, I-so-gc-6-thcr'- xxxic, a. [Eng., &c." isogeotherm; -al, -iej (See etym. and compound.) isogeothcrmic-llnes, s. pi. Geog. if Meteor : A term int roduced by Kup- ffer for lines drawn on a globe or map across those places in which the mean temperature of the soil is the same. dte, f5t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, piit. Cl, wore, W 9 lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, care, unite, cur, rule; full; try, Syrian. », ee = e; ey = a. qu = kw, Isogonlc— isopathy 2747 inso -goa -lC, a. [Gr. iiaos ( isogonios ) = equiaugular ; pref. iso-, and ymvCa ( gonia ) = an angle.] Magnetism : (See etym. and compound), isogonic-lines, s. pi. Magnetism : Lines connecting those places on the earth’s surface at which the declination of the magnetic needle is the same. The lirst chart of the kind was constructed by Halley, in 1700, I -so- graph*- Ic, a. Of or pertaining to isography. £ -s5- graph'- 1 - cal-ly, adv. In an iso- graphic manner. 5-SOg'-ra-pllj% «. The imitation of hand- writing. I- so- gyr' - ous (yr as ir), a. [Pref, iso- — equal, and Gr. *yvpos ( guros ) — a circle.] Bot. : Forming a complete spire. l-SO-hep'-tane, s. [Eng. isomeric), and hep- tane .] Chem . : CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH<^g 3 . ob . tained as etliyl-isoarayl, by decomposing a mixture of equal parts of ethyl- and amyl- iodide, by means of sodium. It is an oily liquid, boiling at 90°’3, and having a sp. gr. of 0'6969 at 0 °. Chlorine acts upon it in dif- fused daylight, a mixture of the primary and secondary chlorides being formed, which can- not be separated by fractional distillation. I-sd-hex'-ane, s. [Eng. iso(meric), and hexane.] Chem. : CH 3 *CH 2 -CH 2 -CH<|gg|. Prepared first by Wurtz, by acting on a mixture of ethyl-iodide and isobutyl-iodide with sodium. It was named by him, ethyl-butyl. Isohexane is a mobile liquid, boiling at 62°, and having a sp. gr. of O'TOll at 0°. Its vapour density is 3-053. I-ao-hy dro-, pref. [Eng. iso(meric ), and hy- drogen ). ] isohydro-benzoin, s. Chem. : C 14 H 14 O 2 . A crystalline compound formed by the action of sodium amalgam on an alcoholic solution of benzaldeliyde. It crystallizes from water in efflorescent, long, shining, four-sided prisms, from alcohol in an- hydrous monoclinic prisms. It melts at 1195°, and differs from hydro-benzoin in not being converted into benzoin when heated with strong nitric acid. f-so-hy'-e-tose, a. isohyetcse-linos, s. pi. Physic. Geog. & Meteor. : Lines passing over those places on a globe or map where the annual rainfall is the same. * X’-Sol-a-ble, a. [Eng. isolate) ; -able.] Cap- able of being isolated. I'-SoI-ate, v.t. [Ital. isolato, from isola, Lat. insula — an island ; Fr. isoler.] 1. Ord. Lang. : To place or set in a place by oneself or itself ; to place in a detached situa- tion ; to insulate ; to disassociate from others. 2. Elect. : The same as Insulate (q.v.). i'-sol-a-tsd, pa. par. & a. [Isolate, Insu- lated.] 1. Ord. Lang. : Separated or detached from others ; placed or standing by oneself or itself. 2. Elect. : [Insulated]. • i-sol-a-ted-ly, adv. [Eng. isolated; • ly .] In an isolated manner. I-sol-a'-tion, s. [Isolate, v.] The act of isolating ; the state of being isolated. i-so-le'-pxs, s. [Pref. iso-, and Gr. heme (lepis) = a scale, rind, or husk.] Named from »ie equal glumes. Bot. : A genus of Cyperacese, tribe Scirpeae. About a hundred species are known, mostly from temperate climates. £-Sol o gous, a. [Pref. iso-, and Gr. Adyoy (logos) = proportion.) Bearing the same pro- portion ; proportionate. isologous-series, s. Chem. : Applied to any series of compounds in which the terms differ, proportionately, in one or more of their elements, thus : — C 3 H 8 C:,H 6 C ;! H 4 C 3 Ho Propane. Propeue. Propine. Propone, is an isologous-series, in which the successive terms differ by II 2 . x'-so-mer, s. [Isomeride.] i-so-mcr'-ic, x-so-mer'-x-cal, a. [Gr. io-o/iepgs ( isomeres ) = having an equal share of anything : pref. iso-, and Gr. juepos (meros)= a part, a share.] Chem. : Pertaining to isomerism. I-som'-er-ide, i'-to air, s. [Eng., &c. isomer(ic) ; -ide.] Chem. : An isomeric body. I-Som -er-iSM, s. [Gr. io-opepijs (isomeres), and Eng. ; suff. -ism.] [Isomeric.] Chem. : A term applied to those bodieswhich are composed of the same elements, in the same proportions, but which differ either in their physical characteristics, or in their chemical properties. They may be divided into three distinct classes : isomeric, meta- meric, and polymeric bodies. Isomeric bodies or isomerides are those which show analogous decompositions and changes, when heated, or wiien treated witli reagents, but differ in physical properties. The terpenes, CjoHjg, constitute the chief ingredients in the essential oils of tur- entine, lemon, orange, juniper, &c. They ave the same composition, and resemble each other closely in their chemical actions, but they differ in odour, boiling point, and their action on polarised light. They are true isomers, in the strict sense of the word. Metameric bodies, or metamerides, are those which exhibit dissimilar transformations when heated, or when acted on by reagents. The mo- lecular formula, C 3 Hg 0 2 , represents the three compounds, propionic acid, ethyl formate, and methyl acetate. Propionic acid, a crystalline body, is converted by potash into potassium propionate ; ethyl formate, a colourless, aro- matic liquid, boiling at 56°, is resolved by potash into ethylio alcohol and potassium formate ; whilst methyl acetate, a colourless, volatile liquid, is decomposed by potash into wood spirit (methylie alcohol) and an acetate. These three compounds, which are composed of the same elements in the same proportions, differ in the nature of their products when acted on by reagents, and are said to be metameric with one another. Polymerio bodies, or pulymerides, contain the same elements in the same proportions, but have different molecular weights. The most striking example is exhibited by the hydrocarbons, all of which are multiples of the lowest, namely, metliene, CH 2 , which, however, is not known in the free state.JTlius we have ethylene, C 2 H 4 , propylene, C 3 H 6 , butylene, C 4 H 8 , amylene, C 5 H 10 , all of which possess the same per centage composition, but different molecular weights. All polynierides exhibit regular gradations of boiling points, and vapour densities. l-so mer-o mor phism, s. [Gr. lo-opep^ (isomeres), pop 2 -CH-CH 2 ’CHo-CH 2 CO OH. Isolieptoic acid. An unpleasantly smelling, oily liquid, obtained by heating a mixture or sodic ethylate and isovalerate in carbonio oxide. It boils at 210°-213°. Its barium salt forms an amorphous mass, whilst its calcium salt (C/HjijO.jLCa + 2H 2 0 crystallizes in mi- croscopic needles. i-sop'-a-thy, s. [Pref. iso-, and Gr. iroftj (pathej, naOos (pathos) = suffering.] Medicine : 1. The attempted cure of a disease by the virus of the same malady. boi 1 , bo^ ; pout, j<5wl ; eat, 9 ell, chorus, ^hlxx, bench; go, gem; thin, fhis; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. mg. •oiaja, -tian = sh aj x . -tion, -sion — shun ; -{Ion, -gion - gvifin. -cious, -tious, -sious — shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b$l, d$L 2748 2. The idea that, a diseased organ may be cured by eating the analogous organ of a healthy animal. i-so-pen'-tane, s. [Eng. iso(meric), and pen- tane.] [Pentane J I-so pen'-tene, s. [Eng. iso(meric), and pen- tene.l [Pentene.] I-so-pen-tyl'-a-mme, s. [Eng. iso(meric) ; -pentyl, and aniine.] [Amyl amine.] i-so-per-i-met'-ric-al, a. [Eng., &c. iso- perimetr(y); -ical.) Geo ro. : Of or belonging to isoperimetry (q.v.). I-so-per-im'-e-try, s. [Pref. iso-, and Gr. ■nepiyeTpov(pervmetron) — circumference ; Eng. suff. -y.] Geom. : Having equal perimeters, circum- ferences, or boundaries. i'-so phane, s. [Pref. iso- = equal, and Gr. aivui ( phaino ) = to cause to appear.] Min. : The same as Franklinite (q.v.). I-sbphdr-oiis, a. [Pref. iso- = equal, and Gr. <\>op6s (pharos) = bearing, carrying.] Bot. : Transformable into something else. I'-SO-pod, i-so-pode, a. & s. [Isopoda.] A. As adj. : Having the feet equal in length ; iropodous. B. As subst. : A crustacean of the order Isopoda (q.v.). “ One group of Isopods, the Onlscldae. ’’—Dr. Henry Woodward, in Cassell's Nat. Hist., vi. 210. £-sop o-da, s. pi. [Pref. iso and Gr. 7rov$ (pons), genit. tto 6 o 5 ( podos ) = a foot.] Zodl. : An order of Crustaceans, division Thoracipoda, legion Edriophthalraia. The body is composed of seven segments, as a rule nearly equal in size. The legs, which are seven pairs, are almost of the same length. They are fitted for walking, swimming, or ad- hering as parasites. The posterior (abdominal) appendages are converted into leaf-like respi- ratory apparatus. The heart is near the tail. Prof. Milne-Edwards divides the Isopoda into three sub-orders or sections, the Cursorial, Natatory, and Sedentary Isopods. The Cur- sorial section includes the families Oniscidse, Asellidae, and Idotheidee ; the Natatory two, Sphseromidse and Cyrnothoid® ; and the Seden- tary one, Bopyridse. The common wood-louse is a well-known example of Isopoda. 2. Palceont. : The Isopoda are believed to extend from the Devonian times till now. I-fio pod'-l-form, a. [Mod. Lat. isopodfa) ; i connective, and Lat. forma = form, shape.] Entom. (Of a larva ) : Shaped like an isopod. S- sop'- 6 - dOUS, a. [Mod. Lat. isopod(a); Erig. suff. -01/$.] Zool. : naving feet of equal length ; of, be- longing, or relating to the Isopoda (q.v.). "Various forms which may be I sopodous."— Nichol- son : PalAos (spondulos) = a vertebra.] Ichthy. : A sub-order of Teleocephali. It consists of soft-rayed fishes, with the head naked, an adipose fin or abdominal sutures often present ; dentition and habitat various. Families : Stomiatidae (the Stomiatoids), Sco- pelidae (the Scopebds), Synodontidae(the Syno- donts), Percopsidae (Trout Perches), Salmon idae (Salmon), Clupeidae (Herrings), Hyodontidae (Mooneyes), Engrauliaae (Anchovies), Albulidaj (Lady Fishes), Dussumieridae (Round Her- rings), and Elopidae (Jew Fishes). (Jordan: Vertebrates; Northern United States , 1876.) l-so-spor-ous, a. [Pref. iso- = equal, and Gr. anopos (sporos), anopa (spora) = a seed.] Bot. (Of Cryptogams): Having spores all of one size. The prothallium developed from them grows for a considerable time inde- pendently of the spore, and bearing both male organs (antheridia) and female ones (archegonia). It contains the orders Filices, Equisetaceae, and Ophioglossaceae. (Thome.) l-so-stem'-on-ous, a. [Pref. iso- ; Gr. cnpiLov (stcmon) = warp ; Lat. stamen (q v.), and Eng. suff. - os (trimorphos) = triple : pref. rpt-, from rpis ( tris ) = three, and /j-opfiij ( morphe ) = form.] Crystallog. : Presenting the phenomenon of isotrimorphism (q.v.). I-so-trop'-ic, I-so-trop'-oiis, a. [Pref. iso- = equal, and Gr. Tpomj (trope), or rpoiros (tropos) = a turn.) (For def. see compound.) isotropic-substances, s. pi. Optics, £c. : Substances singly refracting. (Rntley : Study of Rocks, 2nd ed.( p. 76.) (Op- posed to anisotropous = doubly refracting.) I-SOU-Vlt'-lC, a. [Eng. iso(meric), and uvitic.] (See the compound.) isouvitic-acid, s. Chem. : CgHg04 = C(;H,'j(C I { ^){00 ' OITVs A dibasic aromatic acid produced from gamboge by fusion with potassic hydrate, pyrotartaric acid and acetic acid being formed at the same time. It crystallizes in short rhombic prisms, which are very soluble in boiling water and melt at 160°. I-SO-va-ler'-lC, a. [Eng. iso(meric), and valeric (q.v.).] (See the compound.) isovaleric-acid, $. [Valeric Acid.] I-so-va-ler'-yl-ene, s. [Eng. iso( meric), and valerylene.] Chem. .' C ' -1 = (CHg^C'C’CHo. A liquid hydrocarbon, formed from brom - isoamylene by the action of alkalis. It possesses the odour of garlic, and boils between 42° and 45°. When treated with bromine, it yields two liquid compounds, a dibromide, CsHgBr,, boiling at 170°, and a tetra- bromide, CsHgBr^, which cannot be distilled unchanged. is-pa-lian'-ee, a. & s. [See def.] A. As adj. : Pertaining or relating to Ispa- han, in Persia. B. As subst. : A native or inhabitant of Ispahan. Ig'-ra-cl, s. [Heb. (Israel) ; Gr. ’lo-paijX (Israel) = lighter or soldier of God (Gesenius\ from GliP (Sarah) = (1) to intervene, (2) to be a leader, prefect, or prince, (3) to fight.] 1. The name divinely given to Jacob during the scene at Pcniel or Penuel as a memorial that, as a prince, he had power with God and with men and had prevailed (Gen. xxxii. 28). 2. The Jewish people ; a contraction for Children of Israel or House of Israel. (Hosea xi. 1.) •J A religious sect which appeared for the first time in 1SS3; in the Registrar-General's returns is called The New and Latter House of Israel. If Kingdom of Israel : Script. Hist. : The kingdom of the Ten Tribes, beginning with Jeroboam and ending with the Assyrian Captivity. gate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot, or, wore, w?lf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unit®* ciu - * rule, full; try, Syrian, m, opos ( phoros)=z bearing, carrying.] Zool. : A group or division of Insectivorous Bats having a nose-leaf ; but Mr. Dobson, who has deeply studied the subject, considers the arrangement unnatural. IS' -u -ret, s. [Eng. is(omeric), and -uret (q.v.).] Chem. : CON.JI4 = CH<^£y. 0H Hydr- oxyl-methenyl-di.imine. This base, which is isomeric with carbamide, is formed by the direct union of hydrocyanic acid with an alcoholic solution of hydroxylamine. It crys- tallizes in rhombic prisms, which are soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, and melt at 104°-105\ It has an alkaline re-action, and unites with one equivalent of acid, forming crystalline salts. On boiling the aqueous solution, it decomposes in a very complicated manner, yielding nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, guanidine, biuret, and urea. It, * hit, * hyt, pron. [A.S. hit, neut. of ha (q.v.) ; I cel. hit, neut. of hinn ; Dut. het, neut. of hij. The genitive case its is comparatively modern. It does not occur once in the Autho- rised Version of 1611, and is found but three times in all Shakespeare, and not once in Milton, although other writer had already be- gun to introduce it. In some parts of the country the rustics still employ his where edu- cated men would use its. In Levit. xxv. 5, where the modern editions read “ of its own accord," the edition of 1611 has “ of it own accord.” The A.S. genit. his was regularly used as the genit. of it up to the time of Shakespeare.] 1. A pronoun of the neuter gender corre- sponding with the masculine he and feminine she, the plural of all three being they. It is frequently classed as a demonstrative. “ Keep thy heart with all diligence ; for out of it ar« the issues of life ." — Proverbs iv. 23. 2. It is used as the nominative to impersonal verbs : as, It rains, it snows. 3. It is commonly used to introduce a sen- tence, preceding a verb as a nominative, but referring to a clause or distinct member of the sentence following : as, It is well known that he is dead. 4. It is frequently used to begin a sentence when a personal noun ,or the name of a person, or a masculine or feminine noun follows, and it may represent any one of the three genders, or either the singular or the plural number : as, “ It i3 I, be not afraid," “ It is these,” &c. T When a question is asked, it follows the verb : as, Who was it that betrayed Christ? 5. It is used absolutely for the state of a person or thing : as, “ How is it with the general?” (Shakesp.: Coriolanus, v. 5.) 6. It is used indefinitely after intransitive verbs, frequently imparting a ludicrous mean- ing. “If Abraham brought all with him, it is not pro. bable that he meant to walk it back again for hie plea. Bure/’ — Raleigh. lt-a-bal'-ll, s. [The Guiana name.] Bot. : (See etym. and compound). itaballi -wood, s. Bot. : The wood of Vochya guianensis. It is hard but not very durable. bojt ; pout, jtfwl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a:j ; expect, Xenophon, orflst. ph = fe •eian. -tian = 8h3.11. -tlon, -slon — shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -clous, -tious, -sioua = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bpl, del. , Z — Vol. 3 2750 itabiryte— iterately l-tafo'-ir-yte, I - tab'- ir - ite, *. [From Itabira, a mountain in Brazil.) Min. & Petrol. : A micaceous variety of hematite, occurring in micaceous schist in North and South Carolina, &c. Called also specular schist (q.v.). (Dana.) 6- ta - col - u - mite, i-ta-col'-u-myto, s. [From Itacolumi = the Giant, tile name of several Brazilian mountains.) Petrol. : A laminated granular flexible quartz rock, with a little talc, found in Brazil, Georgia, North Carolina, the Ural Mountains, &c. It sometimes contains diamonds and gold. S-ta-con'-ic, a. [Formed by transposition from aconitic (?).] (See the compound.) itaeonic-acid, s. Chem. : C 3 H 4 (CO’OH) 2 . A bibasic acid, iso- meric with citraconic and mesaconic acids, obtained by the dry distillation of citric acid, whereby water is first driven off and aconic acid formed. CoH 4 (OH)(CO‘OH)g = OH 2 + C 3 H 3 (CO-OH) 3 , the latter being further de- composed into CO 2 and itaconic acid. CLHo (CO-OH ) 3 = C0 2 + C:jH.((CO'OH) 2 . — It may also he prepared by heating to 160“ a mix- ture of citric acid and water in a sealed tube. Itaconic acid is inodorous, but has a strong acid taste. It crystallizes in rhombic prisms, soluble in 17 parts of water at 10° and melting at 161°. It bears a close resem- blance to citraconic acid, but differs from it in not yielding mesaconic acid when treated with nitric acid. ftf-a-ka, s. [The Guiana name of the tree.) itaka -.voocl, s. Pot. & Comm. : A kind of wood with black and brown streaks, much used in cabinet work. It comes from Machcerium Schom- bvrgkii, a papilionaceous tree, tribe Dalberg- iese, growing in Guiana. I tal ian (i as y), a. & s. [Ital. Italiano; Lat Italicus, from Italia = Italy; Sp. Italiano .) A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to Italy. B. As substantive : 1. A native or inhabitant of Italy. 2. The language spoken by the Italians. Italian-fceech, s. Pot.: The same a 3 Italian -oak (q.v.). Really an oak, and in no respect a beech. Italian-cloth, e. A thin, glossy fabric composed of mixed cotton and worsted, much used for coat linings, Ac. Italian-iron, s. A laundress’s smooth- ie g-iron for fluting and smoothing frills ; a Igauffering-iron. Italian-juice, s. Comm. : The extract of liquorice prepared in Calabria. There are several kinds ; but that prepared on the estates of the Mar- chioness Solazzi, and known as Solazzi juice, is the best. [Spanish-juice.) Italian-marble, s. [Marble.] Italian may, s. Pot.: Spirtm Filipendula. Italian-oak, s. Pot. : Qvercus /Esculus. Called also Italian- beech (q.v.). Italian-roof, s. A hip-roof. 8 ftal-ian ate (i as y), a. [Eng. Italian ; -ate.) Italianized ; made conformable to Ital- ian customs or practices. (Marlowe.) * i-tal'-ian-ate (i as y), v.t. [Eng. Italian; 1 -ate.) To render Italian ; to make conform- able to Italian customs ; to Italianize. S tal-ian ism (i as y), s. [Eng. Italian; -ism.] A phrase, idiom, or custom peculiar to or characteristic of the Italians or the Italian language. S-tal'-ian-Ize (i as y), v.l. & t. [Eng. Italian ; -ize.) A. Intrans. : To act or speak as an Italian ; to act the Italian. B. Trans. : To render Italian ; to give an Italian character to. l-tal’ Ic, a. & a [Lat. Italicus => Italian, from \ Italia — Italy.) A. As adjective : T * 1. Ord. Lang. : Of or pertaining to Italy for the Italians. _ 2. Print. : A term applied to a sloping type, commonly employed to give emphnsis or to draw special attention to a particular letter, word, or sentence. It is so called from having been invented by Aldo Manuzio (Aldus Manu- tius), an Italian printer, born in 1447, died in 1515. This line is printed in italic type. B. As substantive : Print. : An italic letter or type. ^1 Italic School of Philosophy : Hist. & Philos. : A term adopted by some writers to denote the Pythagorean and Eleatic systems taken together, but moro properly confined to that of Pythagoras alone. The reason of the name lies in the statement that Pythagoras taught in Italy, and more parti- cularly in the south and south-west. Italic-version, s. Ch. Hist. : The version of the Scriptures in Latin known as Vetus Itala. It was made early in the second century, the Old Testa- ment being translated from the LXX., not from the Hebrew. St. Jeromo was dissatisfied with it, and, after trying in vain to amend it to his satisfaction, made the Latin translation, now in common use in the Roman Church, known as the Vulgate, which was approved by the Council of Trent. I-tal'-i-§i§ 2 n, s. [Eng. italic; -ism.) An Italian idiom or custom ; an Italianism. l-tal'-i-yize, v.t. [Eng. italic; -ize.] To write or print in italic type; to make em- phatic or distinct by the use of italics. l-ta-mal'-ic, a. [Eng. ita(conic), and malic.) itaznalic-acid, s. Chem. : C 6 H 8 0 5 = C 3 H B (OH):(CO-OH) 2 . A homologue of malic acid. On heating itaconic acid with concentrated hydrochloric acid, itamono-chlor-pyrotartaric acid is formed, and this, on boiling with water or alkalies, yields itamalic acid. It crystallizes in long, deli- quescent needles, which are soluble in alcohol and ether, and melt between 60“ and 65°. At a higher temperature, it loses a molecule of water, and is re-converted into itaconic acid. It^h, s. [A.S. gictha.] [Itch, v.\ L Ordinary Language : 1. Literally : (1) In the same sense as II. (2) A sensation of uneasiness in the skin arising from the disease or other cause. 2. Fig. : A constant teasing desire or long- ing for something. “And this is what the world . . . Denominates an itch for writing.** Cowper: Epistle to Lady Austen. n. Path. : Scabies ; a disease arising from the irritation produced by the presence in the parts affected of the itch-mite (q.v.) and its ova. The animal burrows chiefly between the fingers, on the front of the forearm, on the abdomen, and the inside of the thighs. The • disease chiefly assails uncleanly people. It is very common among the natives of India and other Orientals, and exists, though less ex- tensively, in Europe. Where it is widely spread on the body, a sulphur-bath is the best remedy. ^ itch-insect, s. Zool. : An inaccurate name for the Itch- mite (q.v.). (Griffith & Henfrey.) itch-mite, s. Zool. : Sarcoptes scabiet, a small white para- sitic spider, of the family Acaridse, producing the disease called itch. The mouth is fur- nished with bristles ; so are the third and fourth pair of legs, while the first and second pair have suckers. [Itch.] itch, *icehen, * iken, *yechen, *yichen, v.i. [A.S. giccan; cogn. with But. jenken; Ger. jucken.] 1. Lit. : To have a sensation of uneasiness in the skin whicli causes in the person a desire to scratch or rub the part affected. 2. Fig. : To long ; to desire continually ; to feel a constant teasing desire. " Though I now bo old ami of the peace, If I eee a oword out, my linger itches to make on v."—Shakesp. : Merry Wives of Windsor, ii. 3. Itch' -•wood, s. [Eng. itch, and wood (q.v.).] Pot. : Inocarpus vitiensis. Itqh-y, a. [Eng .itch; -y.] Affected with th# itch ; of the nature of the itch. ** Excess, the scrofulous and itchy plague, That seizes Hret the opulent." Cowper : Task, iv. 582. -Ite, tuff. [Lat. -ites; Gr. -injs (dies). (See def.)] I. Ordinary Language : 1. As an adjectival suffix: Of or belonging to, as Dan ite. 2. As a substantival suffix: One belonging to : as, an Israelite, a man belonging to the people of Israel, II. Technically : 1. Chem.. : A suffix used in chemical terms in the naming of salts. When the name of the acid terminates in -ous, the name of the salt ends in -ite, and the word thus formed is connected by of witli the name of the has* combined with the acid. Thus from sulphur- ous acid come sulphites; as, sulphite of so- dium, sulphite of barium, &c. t 2. Min. : A mineral. Remotely it was de- rived from the Gr. -injs (-ites), which is an adjectival termination = of or belonging to, and required hlbos (lithos) added, before the meaning stone was supplied. Thus mipirgs ( purites) is = of or on fire, and jrupinjs hie os (purites lithos), fire-stone, not simply irupirijv (purites), is the mineral which strikes fire, as copper or other pyrites. When the Greek word was transferred to Latin, hie 05 (lithos) = stone, was dropped, and pyrites is used by Pliny for (1) flint, (2) a mill-stone, and (3) iron py- rites, sulphuret of iron. Mineralogists taking the word from Pliny’s Latin, and not from Greek, now attach to -ite the signification stone or mineral. 3. Palceont. & Palcco-bot. : Fossil. Used as the English equivalent of -ites in the termina- tion of many genera ; as ammonite, the Eng- lish equivalent of ammonites; belemnite, of belemnites ; Nipadites, of Nipa. i. Petrol. : Formerly -ite was used also for rock, but Dana, for discrimination's sake, altered it to -yte. Some still use -ite in place of -yte. i-tem, adv. & s. [Lat. = likewise, also.] A. As adv. : Likewise, also. " Item two lips indifferent red ; item two gray even* —Shakesp. : Twelfth Night , L 6. B. As substantive ; 1. A separate article or particular ; a single article. I could have looked on him without the help at admiration, though the catalogue of his endowment* had beeu tabled by his side, and I to peruse him by items.”— Shakcsp. : Cymbeline, i. 5. * 2. A hint, an inuendo. “ If this discourse have not concluded our weakness, I have one item more of mine ." — GlunvUL 3. A paragraph of news. * l-tem, v.t. [Item, adv.) To make a memo- randum of ; to note. “I have itemed it in my memory."— Addison: The Drummer , iii. L * it -er-a-ble, a. [Lat. iterabilis, from itero to repeat ; Sp. iter able.) Capable of being iterated or repeated. “Whereby they had made their acts iterablt by sober hands .”— Browne : Miscellanies, tract xi. *ii'-er-an 9 e, * lf-ter-ange, s. [Lat. it- erans, pr. par. of itero — to repeat.) The act of iterating or repeating ; iteration. ••What needs this itterance, woman f "—Shakesp. : Othello, v. 2. * It'-er-ant, ot. [Lat. iterans, pr. par. of itero.) Repeating, iterating. ** Waters being near, make a currentecho ; hut being farther oft', they make au iterant echo.’’ — Bacon : Pat. Hist. * it'-er-ate, v.t. [Lat. iteratus, pa. par. of itero = to repeat, from iterum — again ; Fr. Hirer; Sp. iterar ; Ital. iterare.) 1. To repeat ; to utter or say over again. “This Is the very cause why we iterate the psalm* oftener than any other part of Scripture ."— Hooker i Eccles. Polity. 2. To do over again, or a second time ; to repeat. “ Having wiped and cleansed away the soot, I iterated the experiment."— Doyle : IForta, iv. 552. * It'-er-ate, a. [Iterate, v.) Repeated. 45 The sacrament ot baptisine ones likewise niinistred, and uciier to be iterate. —Bp. Gardner: Explication , fa. 149. * It'-er-ate-ty, adv. [Eng. iterate ; - ly .] By repetition or iteration. “ Iterately affecting the pourtralts of Enoch, La> tarus, Jonas, Ac ."—Broume : Ume Burial, ch. iii Lite, fit, fare, amidst, what, f&ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt^ tt* were. wsu. work. whd. sen; mute. cub. cure, unite, cur, rule, fullj try, Syrian, es, « = e; ey »a. gu = kw. iteration— ixia 2751 It-er- a'-tion, s. [Lat. iteratio, from iteratus , pa. par. of itero = to repeat ; Fr. iteration ; Sp. iteracion; Ital. iter az lone.] 1. The act of iterating or repeating ; repeti- tion. "An iteration of the ones perfited sacrifice on the cross." — Bp. Gardner : Explication, fo. 149. * 2. Allegation, quotation ; readiness in quo- tation. " Thoa hast damnable iteration, and art indeed able to corrupt a saint."— SJiakesp. : 1 Henry IV., L 2. * It - er - a - tive, a. [EDg. iterate); -ive.] Iterating, repeating. ♦ lth-y-phall'-Ic, a. & s. (Gr. [ducpaAAi/cos ( ithuphallikos ) = of or pertaining to the i(hi- t]>aX\os ( ithuphallos ), or phallos (membrum virile erectum), carried at the festivals of Bacchus.] A. As adj. : Lewd, lustful, obscene, in- decent. B. As subst. (PI.): A lustful, obscene, or kmorous song or poem. " I omit noticing some edifying IthyphaTUcs of Sava* gius."— Byron : Vision of Judgment. I Preface.) 1 I-tln'-er-aHjy, s. [Eng. itinera(te ) ; -cy.] The act or practice of itinerating. i-tln'-er-an-fy, s. [Eng. itinerant); -ctj.] 1. The act or practice of passing from place to place, especially in the discharge of official duties ; the discharge of official duties by itinerating from place to place. 2. A body or number of persons who dis- charged official duties, not at one fixed place, but by passing from place to place. 1-tin -cr-ant, a. & s. [Lat. ilinerans, pr. par. of * itinera = to travel or journey from place to place ; iter (gen. itineris) = a journey from, itum, sup. of eo = to go ; Fr. itinerant .] A. As adj. : Passing or moving from place to place ; wandering, strolling, not stationary. “ A lone enthusiast, and among the fields, Itinerant in this labour." Wordsworth : Excursion , bk. i. B. As subst. : One who passes or wanders from place to place ; a wanderer ; a stroller ; specif, an itinerant preacher, one who moved from place to place preaching. " Yet not the noblest of that honour’d race Drew happier, loftier, more impassion’d thoughts Than this obscure itinerant Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. ii. ‘i-tin'-er-ant-ly, adv. [Eng. itinerant; -ly.) In an itinerant, wandering, or strolling man- ner. l-tin'-er-ar-y, s. & a. [Lat. itinerarium = an account of a journey, from * itinera = to travel ; iter (gen. itineris) — a journey ; Fr. tiineraire; Sp. & Ital. itinerario.] A. As substantive : 1. Ord. Lang. : A book of travels ; an account of the various places to be met with on any particular road or line. “Now Habassia, according to the itineraries of the observingst travellers in those parts, is thought to be In respective magnitude as bis; as Germany. Spain, France, and Italy coniunctlv.’ — Howell : Letters , bk. JL, let. 9. 2. Roman Ritual: A form of prayer in- tended for the use of clerics when travelling, and, for their convenience, placed at the end of the Breviary. The Itinerary consists of the canticle Benedictus, witli an antiphon, prayer, and two collects. Itineraries are not found in the older Breviaries ; hut Gavantus mentions an ancient Pontifical with an Itine- rary for the use of prelates rather longer than that at present employed. (Addis & Arnold.) B. As adj. : Travelling ; wandering or pass- ing from place to place ; itinerant. "It was rather an itinerary circuit of justice than a progress. "—Bacon : Henry VII. I-tm'-er-ate, v.i, [Lat. * itineratum, sup. of itinero .] [Itinerant.] To pass or go from place to place ; to wander. -l-tis, suff. [Lat. -itis ; Gr. -itis (-i(is).] Path. : Inflammation ; as, hepatitis = in- flammation of the liver ; pericarditis = inflam- mation of the pericardium. Its, pron. [See def.] The possessive case of the pronoun it (q. v.). It-seir, pron. [Eng. it, and self.) The neuter pronoun corresponding to the masculine him- self, and feminine herself. Itt-ner-ite, s. [Named by Gmelin after Von Ittner, who was the first to describe the mineral.] Min. : A variety of Haiiyne. It occurs massive or in granular dodecahedrons, is translucent, of a dark blue, ash-gray, or smoky- gray colour, and resinous lustre. Found in Germany. it'-trl-a, yt'-trl-a, s. [Yttria.] It'-trl-um, s. [Yttrium.] lt'-zi-bu, it-ze-tm, it-zi-boo, lt-cSe-bo, s. [Japanese.] Numis. : A Japanese monetary unit of account. It is a silver coin, value varying from Is. 4d. to Is. 5(d. sterling. It is a thin oblong plate, with square corners. Its use is now dying out, owing to the introduction into Japan of the decimal system. * i-ule', s. [Yule.] l-u'-H-dse, s. pi. [Lat. iul(us) (q.v.) ; fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] Zool. : A family of Chilognatha (Millipedes). The body is elongated and cylindrical, with numerous segments, each bearing two pairs of legs. They advance with a gliding motion, and roll themselves up when in danger. They may be seen in mossy situations or on the trunks of trees. They undergo a metamor- phosis, the larva commencing with only six feet. I-u'-K-dan, s. [Lat. iulid(ai); Eng. suff. -cm.] Zool. : A myriapod of the family Iulidae (q.v.) I-U'-li-form, a. [Lat. ivlus (q.v.), and forma = form, shape.] Entom. : Shaped like an iulus (q.v.). The iuliform larv;e or caterpillars were considered by Swainson as the pre-eminently typical kind. I-u'-lus, s. [Lat. iulis = a kind of millipede ; and iulus = a catkin ; Gr. iovhos (ioulos) = the first growth of the beard, a catkin, a centipede, or a millipede.] * 1. Bot. : An ament or catkin. 2. Zool. : The typical genus of the family Iulidte (q.v.). The body has from forty to fifty segments, each with a pair of small legs. One of the American species is about six inches long. l'-va, s. [According to Fuschius, an abbrevia- tion of Lat. abiga = Teucrium Iva of Linnseus, which it resembled in smell.] Bot. : The typical genus of the sub-tribe Ivese (q.v.). l-va'-a-rite, s. [From Ivaara, in Finland, where it occurs.] Min. : A variety of Schorlomite. It is black and opaque, with au adamantine lustre. iv-a-ran-cu'-sa, «. [Name in some Indian languages. ] Bot. : An essential oil, obtained from Andro- pogon Schoenanthus, an Indian grass. i'-ve-se, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. iv(a) ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -eat.] Bot. : A sub-tribe of Composites, tribe Senecionide®. -Ive, suff. [See def.] A common adjectival suffix in English, derived from the Latin -ivus ; it gives an active force to the stem to which it is suffixed : as motive, that which moves ; formative, that which forms, &c. l'-vied, a. [Eng. ivy ; -ed.] Covered or over- grown with ivy. “ Each ivied arch and pillar lone Pleads haughtily for glories gone !" Byron: Giaour. l'-vor-y, * i-vor-ie, * e-ver-y, s. & a. [O. Fr. ivurie; Fr. ivoire, from Lat. eboreus = made of ivory ; ebur (gen. eboris) = ivory ; ItaL avorio, avolio .] A. As substantive : L Literally: 1. Gen. : The hard material of the teeth ; enamel. [Dentine.] 2. Spec. : The tusks of the elephant, the narwhal, &c. (A tusk is simply a huge project- ing tooth.) II Ivory was brought from Tarshish by' Solomon’s ships (1 Kings x. 22). Homer often mentions it. Phidias, n.c. 400, made statues from it, plating them with gold. IL Fig. (PI.): The teeth. (Slang.) B. As adj. ; Consisting or made of ivory, resembling ivory. " Oft his heating fingers went Hurriedly, as you may see Your own run over the ivory key." Byron: Siege of Corinth, xir. 1] Vegetable ivory : Bot., &c. : The albumen of the seeds of a fine [palm, Phytelephas macrocarpa, found in South America, along the banks of the river Magdalena. The ivory consists of the coagu- lated milk. ivory-blaclk, ». A species of bone-black made by the calcination of ivory scraps, turn- ings, and sawdust. It is used as a pigment in the manufacture of paints and printers’ ink. Ivory-nut, s. [Ivory-palm.] ivory-palm, s. Bot. : Phytelephas macrocarpa. [Ivory, U.] ivory-paper, s. A superior kind of paste- board, with a finely prepared polished surface, used by artists. ivory-saw, s. A thin saw stretched in a steel frame for sawing ivory from the solid. It has a blade one-fortieth of an inch thick, one inch and a half wide, and fifteen to thirty inches long. The teeth, five or six to the inch. A frame-saw with a blade made of a line watch- spring is suitable for the purpose. ivory-shell, s. Zool. : The molluscous genus Eburna (q.v.). ivory-tablet, s. Small leaves of ivory, arranged in pocket-book form, for receiving memoranda. ivory-white, a. Bot. : White, verging to yellow, with • little lustre, as the flower of Convallaria majalis. (Lindley.) l’-vor-y-type, s. [Eng. ivory ; -type.] Phot. : A kind of picture in which two finished photographs are taken, one light in colour, made translucent by varnish, tinted on the back, and placed over a stronger pic- ture, so as to give the effect of a photograph in natural colours. Also known as Hellene- type. I’-vy, s. [A.S. ifig ; O. H. Ger. ephi, epfl, ephih, ephon; N. H. Ger. ephen, eppich, from Lat. apium — parsley.] [Apium.] Botany : 1. Hedera Helix, a well-known climbing shrub, adhering to trees or to walls by aerial rootlets ; the ordinary leaves are cordate, iive- lobed, those of flowering branches ovate or lanceolate ; flowers yellowish-green, in um- bels, appearing in October and November} berry globose, black, in one variety yellow. Wild in forests, woods, among rocks, &c . ; used also to train over walls and houses, with excel- lent effect. It is a sudorific, and its berries are emetic. “Direct the claaping ivy where to climfe." Milton : P. L., ix I17. 1 2. The genus Hedera (q.v.) If American Ivy is Ampelopsis hederacea; German Ivy, Senecio mikanoides ; Ground Ivy, Nepeta Glechoma; Coliseum or Kenilworth Ivy, Linaria Cymbalaria; and Poison Ivy, Rhus Toxicodendron. ivy-berry, s. The berry of the ivy. ivy-gum, s. A gum obtained from old ivy-bushes. ivy-mantled, a. Covered or overgrown with ivy. "Calls nature from her ivy-mantle-i den." Cowper : Charity, SS, ivy-tree, s. Bot. : The Otago name for Panax Colensoi. *I'-vyed, a. [Ivied.] i'-vy-wdrt§, s. pi. [Eng. ivy, and worts.] Bot. : The name given by Lindley to the order Araliace® (q.v.). IX'-l-a, s. [From ifo? (ixos) =. . . birdlime, from" the viscous character of some species (Paxton) ; cf. also Gr. ifia (ixia), ifiV rj ( ixine ) = Carlina gummifera, a composite plant, not tha modern ixia.] Bot. : A genus of Iridacete. It consists of beautiful Cape bulbs, with spikes of showy flowers. Ixia viridiflora has large sea-green flowers, with black markings. It is from tha Cape of Good Hope. b6il, bo^; potit, Jo&H; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9hin, ben?h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, asji; expect, Xenophon, exist. -Ing* ■dan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; [ion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -clous = shus. -bio, -die, &c. = b®!, dfi, | 2752 ixiolite— jack fe'-I o-lite, s. [Named by Nordenskiold after Ixion, a relative of Tantalus, ixiolite being a variety of tantalite. Min. : The same as KiMiTOTANTALiTE(q.v.). fcl-6-des, s. [Gr. ifwSi js ( ixodes ) = like bird- lime, sticky, clammy : i£o9 ( ixos ) = birdlime, and elS os ( eiclos ) = form, appearance.] Zool. : The typical genus of the family Ixo- diche. Ixodes rioinus is the Dog-tick, I. Du- gesii being also found on the dog, I. reduvius on the sheep, I. pictus on the deer or on mosses, and I. plumbem upon the Rock- swallow (Hirundo riparia) or in its nest. fa-c di-dfe, ixo'de i, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. ixodes (q.v.); Lat. fern. pi. ac£j. sufl'. -id® or masc. -ei.] Zool. : A genus of parasitic spiders, order Acarina. The mouth is suctorial. By means of it these parasites attach themselves to the bodies of sheep, oxen, dogs, and other mam- mals, holding on so tenaciously that, when pulled away, they often bring off with them part of the skin of the animal on which they were parasitic. Ix -O-lyte, s. [Gr. i£os (ixos) = the miseltoe, any viscous substance, and Avo> (luo) — to loose, to dissolve.] Jilin. : An amorphous mineral, of greasy lustre and hyacinth-red cclouv, becoming ochre-yellow or brown when pulverised. Found in a coal stratum near Gloggnitz. lx -or'-a, s. [Said to be altered from Sansc., &c. isliwar , a name of God. (See def.).] Bot . : A genus of Cinchonacese, tribe Coffese, family Psychotridse. Ixora coccinca is a fine Indian shrub, with scarlet flowers, which are presented as votive offerings in many Hindoo temples. [Etym.] It is used in India for various medicinal purposes. £-ynx, s. [Txrax.] S t -ar, s. [Corrupted Arabic.] Astron. : A fixed star in the constellation Bootes. Called also e Bootis. Sz'-ard, iz'-zard (1), s. [Etym. doubtful.] Zool. : A name for the Ibex (q.v.). “For^the carcass of an izzard he received only ten francs.” — C'apt. Mapne Reid : Bruin, ch. xxiii. *iz’ ZP.rd (2), s. [Prob. a corruption of 8 hard.) An old name for the letter Z. “You go over, the first chance you get, and hook every one of their ia&artte,”— A» Poe: X-ing a Paragrab, J. <&. The tenth letter and the seventh consonant in the English alpliabet. It was formerly in- terchangeable witli i, the same character being used for both. It is a palatal, its sound being that of g in gem or of dg in ridge, edge. Even up to a comparatively recent date i and j were not separated in English dictionaries, alpha- betical lists, &c. As a symbol, j is used in medical prescrip- tions at the end of a series of numbers for 1 : as, vij. = seven, viij. = eight, &c. J 5 ' al, ja'-el, s. [Arab, jaal; Chal. jaela.] (See etym. and compound.) jaal goat, s. Zool. : Capra Jaela, the Abyssinian Ibex, an ibex found in the mountains of Abyssinia, in Upper Egypt, at Mount Sinai, and probably in Persia. (Griffith’s Cuvier.) #&v>'-ber, * jaber, * jable, * jabil, * jab- ble, v.i. & t. [A weakened form of gabber, gabble, thefreq. forms from gab; Icel. gabba = to mock, to scoff.] [Gabble.] A. Intrans. : To talk rapidly and incohe- rently ; to chatter, to prate ; to utter non- sensical or unintelligible sounds. *‘J abb’ ring' spectres o’er her traces glide." Jones : Hymn to Laschma. B. Trans. : To utter rapidly and indis- tinctly ; to gabble. # J&b'-ber, s. [Jabber, p.] Rapid, indistinct, or nonsensical uttering of words ; gibberish. jab'-ber-er, s. [Eng. jabber ; -#r.] One who jabbers. “ Out-cant the Babylonian lal tourers At all their dialects of jabberers." Butler : Hudibras, ill. 2. jab'-ber-mg, pr. par., a., & s. [Jabber, v.] A. & B. As pr. par . £ particip. adj. : (See the verb). C. As subst. : Jabber, nonsensical talk, gib- berish. “ ’Twas chattering, grinning, mouthing, jabbering all.” Pope : Dunciad, iL 237. Jabbering crow, s. Ornith. : Corvus jamuicensis. * jab'-ber-mg-ljr, adv. [Eng. jabbering; -ly.] In a jabbering manner. * jab'-ber-ment, s. [Eng. jabber; -ment.] Jabber, nonsensical talk, gibberish. “ At last, and in good hour, we are come to his fare- wel, which is to be a concluding taste of his jabber- merit in law."— Milton : Colastcrion. jab'-ber-nowl, s. [Jobbernowl.] * jab'-ble, * jable, v.i. & t. [Jabber, v ] To splash, as water. * jab'-blo, s. [Jabble, v.] Agitation on the surface of water. jab -l-ru, s. [Brazilian jabiru , jaburu.] Ornith. : Mycteria, a genus of Ciconinaa (Storks). They resemble the adjutants, and are not much less in size. They are found in South America. jab-6 -ran -di, s. [A word used by some Indian tribes of Brazil.] Bol. : A plant, either a Piper or of the Butaceous genus Pilocarpus. The Indians believe it very useful in fevers, and a Portu- guese medical man, called Coutinho, having scut some of the leaves to M. Rabuteau, the celebrated Parisian pharmacist, the latter gentleman ascertained by experiment that they were powerfully sudorific. He believes them as valuable as cinchona. jab-or-o'-sa, s. {South American word.] Bot. : A genus of Solanacese. Jaborosa runci - nata is used in Soutli America as an aphro- disiac ja-bu-tl', s. [Brazilian.] Bot. : Psidiwn albidum, which furnishes an excellent dessert fruit used in Brazil. ja-bu-ti-ca'-ba, ja-bot-i-ca-bu-ras, s. [Brazilian.] Bot. : Eucalyptus cauliflora. . which furnishes one of the most agreeable fruits eaten in Brazil. ja'-ca, s. [Jack, (3).] jaca-tree, s. [Jack-tree.] jac'-a-mar, s. [Fr. jacamar ; Brazilian jaca- marica .] Ornith. (PL): The name generally given to the birds ranked under Galbulinae, a sub-family of Alcedinidfe or King-fishers. The Jacamars have the bill less stout than the typical Alce- dinae; their body also is more slender ; the tail long ; the toes either in two pairs, or two before and one behind, the anterior ones being united. They are bright-coloured birds, gene- rally with a good deal of green in their plumage. They are found in the tropical arts of South America aud in the West Indies, reeding in cavities of trees, and sallying forth from a branch or spray to capture the insects on which they feed. Sometimes elevated into a family, Galbulidae. j ac'-a-na, s. [In Brazil the name of the water- hen.*] Ornithology : 1. Sing. : The name of Parra, a genus of wad- ing birds belonging to the family Palaniedeidaj. The feet have four very long toes, sepa- rated to their root, and with their claws, especially the hind one, so long that lliese birds have been called by the French, surgeons. The wing is generally armed with a spur. The common species, Parra Jacana, is — ^ black with a red mantle, the primaries of the wings are green, and there are fleshy wattles under the bill. It occurs in all the warmer parts of America. 2. PI. : Parrin a, a sub-family of Rallidse. jac-a-r&n'-da, s. [The Brazilian name of one species J . brasiliana .] 1. Bot. : A genus of Bignoniacese. It con- sists of South American trees with showy flowers in terminal panicles. Jacaranda pro- cera and other species of the genus are used in syphilitic affections. 2. Comm . ; [Rosewood]. jac'-a-re, s. [Jackare and yackare, South American Indian names of the species.] Zool. : A genus or sub-genus of Alligators established by Dr. Gray. There are various species, as the Dog-headed Jacare (Jacare latirostris ), the Long-shielded Jacare (J. longi- scutata), the Eyed Jacare (J. ocellata), &c. All are American. * jae-a-too', s. [Cockatoo.] (Evelyn.) jac'-chus, i-ac'-chiis, s. [Gr., = a name of Bacchus.] Zool. : A genus of Cebidse, American Mon- keys, containing the Marmosets. More com- monly called Hapale (q.v.). jac'-con-et, s. [Jaconet.] * ja'-9ent, a. [Lat. jacens , pr. par. oijacco am to lie.] Lying down; recumbent; lying at length. “Because so laid, they [brick or squared stones] are more apt iu swaggingdowu, to pierce witli their points, than iu the^aceni posture /' — Reliquiae Wotton., p. 20. ja^-inth, s. [Hyacinth, II. 2 (1).] jac-i-ta'-ra, s. [The Brazilian name of the tree.] Bot. : Desmoncus macracanthos, a fine palm, fifty or sixty feet long, with a stem as thin as a cane. It grows along the Amazon and the Rio Negro. jack (1), * jacke, s. [Fr. Jacques, from Lat. Jacobus ; Gr. TaKto/9os (Iakobos), from the Heb. UpP] ( Yaaqob ) = one who seizes by the heel, (aqab) = a heel. In the princi- pal modern languages John, or its equiva- lent, is a common name of contempt, or slight. Thus the Italians use Gianni, whence Zani ; the - Spaniards, Juan, as bobo Juan = a foolish John = the French Jean, &c. Hence in English we have Jack-fool , Jack-an-apes, Jack-pudding , and perhaps Jackass. A Jack o’ the clock (Shakesp. : Richard II., v. 5) was a figure which, in old clocks, struck the hours upon the bell : hence the word Jack came to be applied to various implements, which sup- plied the place of a boy or attendant, as the jack which turns the spit in a kitchen, a boot- jack, &c. Still more generally it is applied to a large variety of implements or instruments which are used in the place of another hand or of an assistant, and in this way is frequently compounded with other words, the associated word expressing either its purpose, structure, or relation, as jack-screw, jack-frame, rail- jack, &c.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. The diminutive of the proper name John. 2. A term of contempt ; an upshot, a clown, a boor. “ Do you play the flouting jack."— Shakesp. : Much Ado About Nothing, i. I. 3. A common equivalent for a sailor ; a tar. * 4. A cant word for a Jacobite. " With every wind he sailed, and well could tack. Had many pendents, but abhorred a Jack." Swift : hlcgy on J udye Boat. Site, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot •r, wore, w^lf, work^who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. », ce - 6, ey - a. qu = k w, Jack— jackal 2753 5. A measure ; sometimes half-a-pint, some- times quarter of a pint. II. Technically: 1. As the name of an instrument : (1) Domestic: (а) An instrument for turning a roasting Joint of meat ; a t>ottle-jack ; a smoke-jack. So footboys, who had frequently the common name of Jack given them, were kept to turn the spit, or to pull off their master's boots ; but when instruments were invented for both these services, they were both called j'lcfcs." — irarrs .* Logic, pt. L, ch. iv. (б) A contrivance to assist a person in taking off liis boots ; a boot-jack. (c) A pitcher, formerly of waxed leather, but now of metal ; a black-jack. "Body of me, I'm dry still ; give me the Jack, hoy." Beaum. & Flet. : Bloody Brother, ii. 2. (2) Knitting : The pivoted bar or lever in a knitting-machine, from whoseendis suspended the sinker which forms the loop ; a beater. (3) Mach. : A lifting instrument ; a contriv- ance for lifting great weights. [Jack-screw.] (4) Metal-worlcing : A form of metal planing- machine which has short, quick motions, and Is used in shaping objects, planing seats for valves, &c. (5) Mining : A wooden wedge used in min- ing to aid in the cleavage of strata ; a gad. (6) Music: Formerly the hammer or quill- carrier of a clavichord, virginal, harpsichord, or spinet, but now an intermediate piece which conveys to the hammer the motion imparted to the key. (7) Nautical: (a) The cross-trees. (c) A small flag ; the union without the fly. (Union-jack.] (8) Sawing : A saw-horse or saw-buck. (9) Spinning: A coarse bobbin and fly-frame, operating on the sliver from the carding-mach- Ine and passing the product to, or fitting it lor, the fine roving-machine. (10) Sports: (а) Any one of the knaves in a pack of cards. “ He calls the knaves jacks." — Dickens : Great Ex- pectations, ch. viii. (б) The small bowl aimed at in the game of bowls. ( Butter : Human Learning, pt. ii.) (11) Weaving : The heck-box ; a grated frame for conducting the threads from the bank to the warping mill. 2. As applied to animals: (1) A male. [Jack-hare, Jackass.] (2) A young pike ; a pike. " Sometimes poor Jack and onions are his dish." King : Art of Cookery. (3) A name given to various brilliantly coloured fisb of the mackerel family, found in the West Indies. H 1. Jack-at-a-pinch : (1) A person unexpectedly or suddesly called upon to do something. (2) A clergyman who has no cure, but offi- ciates for a fee wherever wanted. 2. Jack-by-the hedge : Dot. : Alliaria officinalis. One of the names of Sisymbrium Alliaria. 3. Jack-in-a-basket : Kaut. : A basket on a pole marking a shoal ; a beacon. 4. Jack-in-office : One who is proud of a petty office. ( Wolcott : Peter Pindar, p. 18.) 5. Jack-in-the-box : (1) Ordinary Language : (a) A toy consisting of a box out of which, on raising the lid, a figure springs. (b) A game or sport in which some article of more or less value is placed on the top of a stick or rod, standing in a hole, and thrown at with sticks. If the article be hit so as to fall clear of the hole, the thrower is entitled to claim it. (2) Technically : (а) Bot. : Hernandia, a genus of Laurace®, and spec. H. sonora. So called because the seeds rattle in the seed-vessel. (б) Machinery : (i) A name conferred upon the jack-frame, a device for giving a twist to the drawn sliver and winding the same on a bobbin as it was received in the roving can. [Jack-frame.] (ii) A large, wooden, solid screw turning in a nut in a bridge-piece and rotated by means of a lever. It is a clumsy form of screw-press, used for various purposes. (iii) A screw-jack for lifting and for stowing cargo. (iv) A burglar’s implement, used for forcing a box-lock off a door. “Take care of the Jack-in-the-box : there never was but two made. ’— Albert Smith: Christopher Tadpole, ch. xiii. 6. Jack-in-the-box shears : Mech. : A pair of shears, the lower jaw of which is worked by a cam motion from below. This allows the knife to drop to its full extent immediately the cut is made, giving the work- man plenty of time to place the work in position ready for the next operation. 7. Jack-in-the-bush : Bot. : Cordia cylindrostachya. (IF. Indian .) 8. Jack-in-the-green : A chimney-sweep en- closed in a portable framework of boughs for the processions on the first day of May. 9. Jack-of-all-trades : One who can turn his hand to any business. 10. Jack-of-the-Buttery : Bot. : Sedum acre. 11. Jack-of-tlie-clock : A figure which struck the hours on the bell of a clock. 12. Jaclc-with-a-lantern, Jack-a-lantem : A will-o’-the-wisp ; an ignis fatuus. U Black jack : [Black-jack]. * jack adams, s. A fool. (T. Brown : Works, ii. 220.) jack a dandy, s. A little foppish fellow'; a coxcomb, a dandiprat. (S. Warren: Ten Thousand a Year, ch. vii.) * jack-a-lent, * iack-o-lent, s. 1. Lit. : A puppet which was thrown at in Lent, in Shrovetide games. 2. Fig. : A simple fellow. " You littl e Jack-a-lent, have you been true to us?"— Shakesp. : Merry Wives of Windsor, lit 3. jack-arch, s. Arch. : An arch of the thickness of one brick. jack-ass, s. [Jackass.] jack-back, s. Brewing : 1. A vessel below the brewery-copper which receives the infusion of malt and hops there- from, and which has a perforated bottom to strain off the hops. 2. A tank or cistern which receives the cooled wort in a vinegar-factory. jack-block, s. Naut. : A block used in sending the top- gallant mast up and down. jack-boot, s. [Jackboot.] * jack-cap, s. A helmet. ( Defoe : Tour, ii. 148.) jack-chain, s. The chain revolving on the wheel of a kitchen-jack. - jack cross-tree, s. Naut. : An iron cross-tree at the head of a top-gallant mast. jack-flag, s. Naut. : A flag hoisted at the] spritsail top- mast head. jack frame, s. Cotton-man. : A contrivance, formerly in great favour, for giving a twist to the roving as it was delivered by the drawing rollers. jack-fruit, s. The fruit of the jaca- tree (q.v.). jack-hare, s. A male hare. jack-head pump, s. A form of lift- pumps for mines and deep borings, in which the delivery-pipe is secured to the cylinder by a goose-neck. Jack Ketch, s. A hangman, an execu- tioner : said to be derived from Richard Jaquette, lord of the manor of Tyburn, where felons were for a long ti me hanged. jack-knife, s. A horn-handled clasp- knife with a laniard, worn by seamen. jack-ladder, s. Naut. : A ladder with wooden steps and side ropes. * jack-nasty, s. A sneak, a sloven. Jack-pin, s. Naut. : A belaying-pin in tbe fife-rail or elsewhere. jack-rafter, s. Carp. : One of the short rafters used in a hip-roof. jack-saw, s. Ornith. : A provincial English name for the Goosander, Mergus Merganser, a kind of duck. jack-screw, s. A lifting implement which acts by the rotation of a screw in a threaded socket. jack-sinker, s. Knitting-machine: A thin iron plate sus- pended from the end of the jack, and acting to depress the loop of thread between two needles. The jack - sinkers alternate with lead-sinkers, the former being movable sepa- rately, but the latter are attached to a sinker- bar, and move together. jack - snipe, s. Scolopax gallinula. A small snipe found in Britain. jack-spaniard, s. A scorpion. “Sitting on the sandy turf, defiant of galliwasps and jack-spaniards." —C. Kingsley : Westward Hole h. xviL jack-staff, s. Naut. : A flag-staff on the bowsprit-cap for flying the jack. jack-stay, s. Naut. : A rib or plate with holes, or a rod running through eye-holts, passing along the upper side of a yard, to which the sail is bent. jack-timber, s. Carp. : A timber in a building which is shorter than the other timbers, being inter- cepted by another piece ; as (1) a studding in a partition, which is intercepted by a brace or window or door frame ; (2) a rafter in a hip- roof, which meets the hip, and is shorter than those which run a full length and meet at the comb or ridge ; (3) a rib in vaulting or groining, shorter than the main rib. jack-towel, s. A coarse towel on a roller, jack-tree, s. [Jaca-tree.] •jack (2), * jacke (2), * jaque, * jak, * jakke, s. [O. Fr. jaque ; cf. Dut. jak ; Ger. jacke; Sw. joclca ; Itah giaco ; Sp. joco.] Old armour : A coat of mail ; defensive body- armour worn by troops from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centu- ries inclusive. It con- sisted of a leathern sur- coat worn over the hau- berk, and sometimes quilted likeagambeson. The illustration is taken from a MS. of the Ro- man de la Rose (1433). “ At those dayes the yo- men had theyr lymmes at lybertie, for theyre hosyn were than fastened w‘ one noynt, and theyr iackes (were] longe and easy to shote in.”— Fabyan (1415). jack (3). jac, ja -ca, s. [ Jaca is a word from the Indian Archipelago.] Bot. : Artocarpus integrifolia, a tree which furnishes an edible fruit, but inferior to the bread-fruit itself, to which it is allied. jack’-al, s. [In Ger. schakal ; Fr. & Sp. chaxxd; Turk, chical .] Zool. : The Canis (Sacalius) aureus, an animal JACKAL. of the family Canid®, and presenting a close affinity to the dog. It is yellowish-gray above. bSll, bo^ ; pout, jufrl ; cat, jell, chorus, chin, bench ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin, as ; expect, IJCenophon, exist, ph - t •dan. -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious - shus. -ble, -die, y women. II Technically : ' 1. Machinery : (1) A steam-jacket is a body of steam be- tween an inner and outer cylinder or casing ; jts usual purpose is to warm or maintain the warmth of the contents of the inner cylinder. (2) The steam space around an evaporating- an to heat the contents. Other jackets arc f wood or other non-conducting material. jackanapes— jacobinio Cylinders of steam-engines are sometimes covered with felt and an ornamental wooden casing to prevent radiation of heat. Steam- boilers, for the same purpose, are jacketed with felt on the upper part. Also called cleading, deading, lagging. 2. Nautical: (1) A double or outer coat. (2) A casing for a steam-chimney where it passes through a deck. If To beat or dust one's jacket: To thrash one. (Slang.) jack'-et, v.t. [Jacket, s.] 1. Lit. : To cover or envelop In a jacket : as, To jacket a steam-boiler. 2. Fig. : To thrash, to beat. (Slang.) *jack'-ey, s. [Jack (1).] A slang term for gin. * jack'-m^n, s. [Eng. jack (2), and man.) 1. A soldier dressed in a jack ; a horse- soldier. 2. A retainer, an attendant. (Scoff.) jack-plane, s. [Eng. jack (1), and plane.) Carp. : The first and coarsest of the joiner’s bench-planes ; the others being the trying, panel, and smooth planes. jack pudding, s. [Eng. jack (1), and pudding ; cf. Fr. jeon-pottage = John -pottage ; Ger. Hans-wurst = Jack-sausage.] A merry- andrew, a clown, a buffoon. * jack'-pud- dmg-hood, «. [Eng. jackpud- ding; -hood.] Buffoonery. ( tValpole .) jack raV -bit, s. A large American hare having very long legs and ears. Found on the western prairies (Lepus campestris ), in Texas and New Mexico (L. callotis), and in California ( L . califomicus). jack' -rib, s. [Eng. jack (1), and rib.] Arch. : Any rib in a framed arch or dome which is shorter than the rest. * Jack'-san^e, * jack'-sawse, s. [Eng. jack (1), and sauce.) An impudent or saucy fellow. " Every jacksauce of Rome shall thus odiously dare to controll and disgrace it.” — Bp. Hall: Uonour of the Marled Clergie, bk. ii., § 12. * jack'-smxtb, s. [Eng. jack (1), and smith.) A workman who makes jacks for roasting. "The celebrated watchmaker [Mr. Tompion] who was originally a jacksmith." — Dry den : Let . to Mr. Tonson (1696). jack'-son-ite, s. [Named by Whitney after Dr. C. T. Jackson ; suff. -ite (ilfiit.).] Min. : The same as Prehnite (q. v.). Found at lie Royale, Lake Superior, and Keweenaw Point, Michigan, U.S.A. jack' -straw, s. [Eng. jack (1), and straw.) * 1. A figure of a man made of straw ; a scarecrow. * 2. A person of no weight or substance. "An inconsiderable fellow and a Jackstraw i"— Milton : Def. of the People of England. (Pret) 3. A slip of straw, wood, ivory, bone, or other material, used in a child’s game, in which all the strips are thrown into confusion on a table to be picked singly with a hooked instrument without disturbing the rest. Jack-wood, s. [Eng. Jack, and wood.) Comm. : The wood of Artocarpns integrifolia. It is a furniture and fancy wood. Ja’-Cob (1), s. [Lat. Jacobus, remotely from the patriarch Jacob, Heb. (Yaaqdb).) [Jack.] Jacob’sladcler, s. 1. Bolt : The genus Polemonram. One species, the Blue Jacob’s-ladder (Polemonium comileum), is a plant with pinnate glabrous leaves and large blue or occasionally white flowers. 2. Naut. : A rope ladder with wooden rounds. 3. Mech. : The elevator used in brewhonse machinery for raising spent mash-stuff Jacob’s-staff, s. * I. Ordinary Language : 1. A pilgrim's staff, from the pilgrimages made to the Shrine of St. James (Lat. Ja co- bus) at Compostella in Spain. Cate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; or, wore, w’ur£c; Policy of the Allies. pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot» Syrian, se, ce = 6 ; ey — a, au — kw«. 2755 • j&c-o-bm'-i-cal-ly, adv. [Eng. Jacobini- cal ; - ly .] In a Jacobinical, revolutionary, or demagogic principles. • jSc'-o-bin-ism, s. [Eng. jacobin; -ism.] The principles* or objects of the Jacobins ; re- volutionary or demagogic principles. • jac'-o-bin-Ize, v.t. [Eng. jacobin; -ice.] To imbue or tint with jacobinism. **No country can be aggraudiaed whilst France is jacobinizedf— Burke : Policy of the Allies. • J&c'-o-blnly, arlo. [Eng. jacobin ; -ly.] Iu the manner of the Jacobins ; jacobin ically. J&c-o-blte, s. & a. [Lat. Jacobus = James ; Eng. suff. -ite.] A. As substantive : 1. Eng. Hist. : A partisan or supporter of James II., after his abdication, and of his des- cendants, the Pretenders ; one who opposed the Revolution of 1688 in favour of William and Mary. "Already, in the short space of six months, he had been several time a Jacobite, and several times a Wil» liamite." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. 2. Church History (PI.): (1) The followers of Jacob Baradaeus, a Monopliysite monk who restored the sect to prosperity after it had become extinct. He died at Eilessa in 578. (2) A name for the Monothelites (q.v.). (3) An order of mendicant monks, which arose and obtained the sanction of Pope In- nocent III., in the thirteenth century, but very soon became extinct. (4) A name forthe Dominicans. [Jacobin (1).] B. As adj. : Pertaining to the Jacobites ; holding the opinions of the Jacobites. • Jac-o-blt'-Ic, * jac-6-bit'-ic-al,n. [Eng. Jacobitie); -ic.] Relating or pertaining to the Jacobites ; supporting or adhering to the Jacobites. " Of all the counties of England. Lancashire was the SnosX jacobitical:'— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., cb. xxi. • Jac-6-blt' ic al ly, adv. [Eng. jacobitical; -ly.] Iu a jacobitical manner; like the Jaco- bites. Jic-O-blt-ism, s. [Eng. Jacobit(e ) ; -ism.] The principles of the Jacobites or adherents of James II. “ Between English Jacobitism and Irish Jacobitism there was nothing in common." — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xii. Ja-cobs'-lte, s. [Named by Damour after its original locality, Jacobsberg, Wermland, Swe- \ den ; suff. -ite (il/ire.).] ’ Min. : An oxide of iron and manganese, represented by the formula Inn (Fe2lnn2)0.i. Isometric, occurring in octahedrons : hardness = 6; sp. gr., 4'75 ; lustre, brilliant; colour, deep black ; streak, blackish-brown ; magnetic. Occurs with a white mica and native copper in a crystalline limestone, 3a -cob-s6n, s. The name of its discoverer. (See etym. and compound.) Jacobson’s-nerve, s. Anat . : The tympanic branch of the cranial nerves. • Ja-co'-bus, s. [Lat. = James.] A gold coin, current in the reign of James I. It was of the value of 25s. sterling. “His salary was the same with that of the Lord Lieutenant, eight thousand Jacobuses, equivalent to ten thousand pounds sterling a year.’' — Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xv. J&C -o-net, jac'-co-net, s. [Fr. jaconas.] Fabric : A fine, close, white cotton goods, Intermediate between cambric and lawn. J&c-quard (qu as k), s. [The name of a straw-hat manufacturer in Lyons, who died in 1834.] (See etym. and compound.) Jacquard-loom, s. A loom for weaving figured goods. A chain of perforated cards is made to pass over a drum, and the strings by which the threads of the warp are raised pass over an edge with a wire or leaden weight of small diameter suspended from each. These weights, at each stroke of the loom, are pre- sented to each successive card, and some of them are intercepted by the card, while others pass through the holes therein, the latter thus determining which threads of the warp shall be raised. In this way the figure on the card determines the nature of the figure on the fabric. Jacobinically— jagged Jacquerie (pron. zhak'-re), s. [Fr. Jacques = James.] [Jack (1).] Hist. : A name given to a revolt of the pea- sants against the nobles in Picardy, France, iu 1358. Any revolt of peasants. * jac -tan-fy, s. [Lat. jactantia, from jactans, pr. par! otjacto, frequent, of jacio — to throw.] A boasting, a boast. * jac-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. jactatio, from jacto, frequent, of jacio = to throw.] The act of throwing ; agitation or shaking of the body in exercise, as in riding. "Jactations were used for some amusement and allay iu great and constant pains .” — Sir \Y. Teraple : Of health & Long Life. * jac-ti-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. jactito , a double frequent, from jacio = to throw.] 1. A tossing or shaking of the body ; rest- lessness. " If tlie patient be surprised with jactitation, or great oppression about the stomach, expect no relief from cordials ."— Harvey : On Consumption, 2. Vain boasting, vaunting. IT Jactitation of marriage : Eccles. Law : A term applied to a false pre- tension or claim to be married made by any- one with a view to gain the reputation of being married. * Jac'-u-la-blc, a. [Jaculate.] Fit to be thrown. * jac'-u-late, v.t. [Lat. jaculatus, pa. par. of jaculor = to throw a dart or javelin ; jaculum = a dart ; jacio = to throw.] To throw or dart out ; to emit. * jac-u-la’-tion, s. [Lat. jaculatio, from jaculatus, pa. par. of jaculor.] The act of throwing or hurling missive weapons. " So hills amid the air encountered hills. Hurled to and fro with jaculation dire.** Milton : P. L., vi. 665. jac'-u-la-tor, ». [Lat., from jaculatus, pa. par. "of jaculor.] * 1. Ord. Ijtng. : One who throws or darts. 2. Zool. : The Archer-fish (q.v.). * jac-u-la'-tdr-y, a. [Lat. jaculatorius, from jaculatus, pa. par. of jaculor ; Fr. jaculatoire.] Throwing or darting out suddenly ; uttered or thrown out suddenly or in short sentences ; ejaculatory. jac'-u-lus, s. [Lat. = that which is thrown ; a fishing-net ; a serpent which darts at its prey ; a noose thrown over the horns of cattle.] Zool. : A genus of Dipodidse. Jaculus labra- dorius is the Labrador Jumping Mouse. jade (1), s. [Etym. doubtful, probably of Teu- tonic origin.] 1. A sorry nag ; a broken-down, worthless horse. ** They fall their crests, and like deceitful Jades, Sink in the trial.” Shakesp. : Julius Ccesar, iv. 2. 2. An old woman, a wench, a quean. (Used In contempt.) “A faded old woman, a heathenish Jade/" Longfellow : Musician's Tale, iv. 3. A young woman. (Not necessarily used In contempt!) “A aouple Jade she was and strang.” Burns : Tam O’Shanttr : jade (2), s. [Sp. pielra di hljada = kidney- stone. (King.)] Min. : A massive or sometimes cryptocrys- talline silicate of magnesia, allied to horn- blende, with sp. gr. from 2‘96 to 3-18, and hardness from 5 5 to 6"5. Damour divides it into “ Oriental Jade,” with sp. gr. 2’96 to 3'06 ; colours white and white variously tinted, greenish-gray, and many shades of green ; and “ Oceanic Jade,” sp. gr. 3 - 18, differing also from the former in possessing a silky lustre due to exceedingly delicate fibres. Found in situ in Central Asia, China, and New Zea- land. Much used for ornamental and other purposes by ancient peoples, having been found as implements in the remains of pre- historic lake-dwellings, and by Dr. Schlie- mann on the site of Troy. (For geographical distribution and archaeological uses, see Fischer: Nephrit u. Jadeit, Stuttgart, I860.) Jade, v.t. & i. [Jade (1), «.] A. Transitive: * 1. To ride or drive overmuch ; to overdrive. "It is a dull thiug to tire and jade anything too far.”— Bacon. * 2. To treat as a jade ; to spurn, to kick. “ The honourable blood of Lancaster Must not be shed by such a. jaded groom." Sha/cesp. .* 2 Henry VI., iv. L 3. To tire out, to fatigue, to weary. " He that is timorous and flexible . . . will be jacted and be rid like an ass."— South : Sermons, vol. vii.. ser. 4. * 4. To make appear like a jade ; to niak® appear ridiculous ; to befool. •‘ On my wedding night am I thus jaded I” Beaum. & Flet. : Woman’s Prize, i. L * B. Intrans. : To become weary or worn out ; to lose spirit. “ They are promising in the beginning, but they fait and Jade and tire iu the prosecution. '—South : jade'-ite, s. [Named by Damour from jade ; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min: A silicate of alumina, soda, a little lime, magnesia, and iron. Sp. gr. 3 28 to 34 ; hardness, 6'5 to 7 ; colours, milky-white, with bright-green veins and splotches, various tints of greenish and blueisli-gray, orange yellow, apple ami emerald-green (all green shades brighter than in oriental jade), rarely violet. The splinters fuse in the flame of a spirit- lamp. Damour, from analyses, suggests a relation to the epidotes. Found iu Central Asia, China (where, under the name of “ Feitsui," it is much prized), and as articles worked by the Aztecs, in Mexico. (See Fischer : Nephrit u. Jadeit, Stuttgart, 1880. ) * jad'-er-y, * jad'-er'-ie, s. [Eng. jade (1); -ry. J The tricks or manners of a jade. “ [He] seeks all foul means Of boystrouB and rough jad’rie to disseat His lord.” Shakesp. & Flet. : Two Noble Kinsmen, V. •£, Jad'-Ish, a. [Eng. jad(e) (1) ; -is A.] 1 1 . Like a jade ; vicious, ill-tempered. 44 So, in this mongrel state of ours. The rabble are the supreme powers. That horsed us on their backs to show u* A jadish trick at last, aud throw us." Butler : Hudibras, IIL 2. * 2. Unchaste, incontinent. •* ’Tis no boot to be jealous of a woman : for if th» humour takes her to be jadish, not all the locks and spies in nature can keep her honest.”— L’ Estrange. jag(l), * jagg, * jagge, s. [Ir. gag - a cleft; gagaim — to split or notch ; Gael, gag = a cleft ; gag = to split ; Wei. gage n = a cleft.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. A notch, a ragged protuberance, a cleft, a denticulation. “These inner garments, thus beset with long iagget and purses, might shine againe with varietie of threads seene quite through."— P. Holland: Ammiauus, p. 1L 2. A prick. "Affliction may gie him a jagg." — Scott : Heart of Midlothian, ch. ix. II. Hot. : A cleft or division. (Goodrich <& Porter.) jag-bolt, s. A holt with a barbed shank. Jag (2), a. [Etym. doubtful.] 1. A small load, as of grain, hay, or straw. 2. A saddle-bag, a pedlar's wallet jag (1), v.t. [Jao (1), s.] 1. To notch ; to cut into notches ; to form denticulations in. “ And vudemeath his breech was all to-t.ome and lagged." Spenser : F. Q., V. ix. 10. 2. To prick, as with a pin or thorn. Jag (2), v.t. [Jag (2), s.] To carry, as a load, jag-an-na’-tha, jag'-a-nat, jag'-gan- atb, S. [J UGGEUNAUT.J Jag-a-tai', s. [From Jagatai, the native name of Turkistan, from Jagatai, a son of Genghis Khan.] The dialect used by the iuhabitauts of Turkistan. "I could speak Jagatai lairly weli"— E. O' Donovan : Mere Oasii, ch. xxxvL jS.g'-er, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Ornith. : A name for the predatory guBs of the genus Lestris. (Swainson.) J&g'-er-y, S. [Jaggery.] ja' -ger-ant, ». [Jazerant.J j&g'-gcd, a. [Jag (1), s.] 1. Ord. Lang.: Having jags or notches; notched; specif., in heraldry, applied to a division of the field or of the outlines of the ordinary, when appearing rough, as if forcibly torn away. 2. Hot. : Cat in a coarse manner. boll, bo^; poilt, Jtfftrl; cat, fell, chorus, chin, benqh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. mg> -dan, -tlan — shan. -tion, -slon = shun ; -{ion, -glon = zhun. -tious, -sious, -clous = shus. -ble, -die, Ac. = b$l, d^l. 2756 jaggedness— jalapinolic jagged-chickweed, s. Bot. : The genus Holosteum. II. umbella - turn, the Umbelliferous Jagged Chickweed, is British. ja g -ged-ness, s. [Eng. jagged; -ness.] The quality or state of being jagged or notched ; unevenness. “ First draw rudely your leaves, making them plain, before you give them their veins or jaggedness."— Peach am : On Drawing. jag' ger (1), s. [Eng. jag (1) ; -er.) 1. One who or that which jags. 2. A small wheel, mounted in a handle and used for crimping and ornamenting edges of pies, cakes, &c., or cutting them into orna- mental shapes ; a jagging-iron. 3. A toothed chisel. j&g -ger (2), s. [Eng. jag (2) ; -er.] One who carries a jag or wallet ; a pedlar. “ I would take the lad for a j agger. "—Scott : Pirate, ch. v. Jag- ger- y, jag'-gher-ry, jag'-er-y, jag -gor-y, s. [Hind, j&gri.] ( Comm. : A kind of sugar separated from the juice of the flower and steins of the cocoanut, * Caryota urens, and some other palms. J&g -gihg, pr. par., a., & s. [Jag (1), v.[ A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See the verb). C. As siibst. : The act of cutting in jags or notches. jagging-board, s. Metall. : An inclined board in a buddls or frame on which slimes of ore are deposited to be gradually washed by a current of water to the inclined bed where the slimes are sorted according to gravity. jagging-iron, s. The same as Jagger (1 ), 2 (q.v.). Jag-gy, a. [Eng. jag; -y.] Full of or marked with jags ; jagged, uneven. " Her jaws grin dreadful with three rows of teeth ; Jaggy they stand, the gaping den of death." Pope : Homer ; Odyssey xii. 114. Ja'-ghir, ja'-gheer, ja'-geer, s. [Hind.] Land given by government as a reward for 1 services, especially of a military character. Ja- ghir-dar, s. [Hind.] One holding a jaghir (q.v.). ( Anglo-Indian .) J&-gnar' (u as w), $. [Braz. jaguara. ] Zool. : Felis onca, a ferocious-looking feline animal, a little larger than a leopard, which it resembles in colour, except that in the jaguar the spots are arranged in larger and more definite groups. It is found in the southern part of the United States, through Mexico, Central America, and Brazil, as far south as Paraguay. It can climb trees and swim rivers. In some places its chief food is the capybara, but it will attack horses, cattle, and even man. guar-on'-di (u as w), s. [A South Ameri- can word.] Zool. : Felis jaguarondi, a small long-bodied feline animal, of a variable dark-brown colour, found in the thick forests of Brazil, Paraguay, and Guiana, where it feeds on fowls, small mammals, &c. Jail, s. [Heb. (Iah or Yah), an abbreviation of Jehovah in its older form.] (For def., see etym.) [Jehovah.] “Sing unto God, sing praises to his name: extol him that rideth upon the heavens by his name JAH."— Psalm lxviii. 4. jail, *. [Gaol.] A prison ; a place of confine- ment for persona convicted of crime. * jail delivery, *. 1. Lit. : A judicial process for the release of prisoners from jail. It is effected by trial or by order of court. 2. Fig. : A release from any confinement or restraint, as of the soul from the body. Jail-fever, s. Path. : The name given prior to a.d. 1759 to a fever very prevalent in .jails, where the unhappy inmates were often half-starved. It was called also putrid, pestitential, malignant, camp or hospital fever. It is that now known aa typhus fever (q.v.). jail-keeper, A jailor. *Jail, v.t. [Jail.] To imprison. “ One whose bolts That jail you from free life." Tennyson ; Queen Mary, 11L 5. jail’-Tbird, ». [Eng.jatV, and 6 £rd.] A person who has been imprisoned for crime ; an incor- rigible rogue. •jail'-er, *jayl-er, *jail-or, s. [Eng. jail; -er.] Oue having charge of a jail and its inmates. Jain, Jai'-na, s. & a. [Sansc. jina = vic- torious over ali human passion and infirmities.] A. As subst. : A professor of the Jaiu faith. [Jainism.] B. As adj. : Of or belonging to the Jains or their worship. Jam-architecture, s. Arch. : The architecture of the Jains. Their chief seats in India being Guzerat and Mysore, the chief temples and ruins exist in those provinces ; the oldest are believed to be about Junaghar in Guzerat. There are fine ones on Mount Abu, a granitic mountain 5,000 or 6,00b feet high, in the same province. One temple there is of date between a.d. 1197 and 1247, another about a.d. 1032. In Jain architecture there is generally a horizontal dome supported by eight leading pillars, with other less important ones, the whole number in some cases amounting to fifty-six. There are cells as in Booddhist monasteries ; they are occupied, however, not by monks, but by the cross-legged images of the Tirthankars, to whom it is dedicated. There is elaborate orna- mentation ; the temples are surrounded by porticos. Some Jain temples have been con- verted into mosques. ( Fergusson , &c.) s. [Goozerathee, &c., Jam, from Sansc. jina = victor over all human passions and infirmities ; suff. -ism.] Religions: An Indian faith, most closely akin to Booddhism (q.v.). The Jains, like the Booddhists, disregard the authority of the Vedas. Like them, they give- high adoration to mortal beings ; but while the Booddhists practically confine their worship to seven Booddhas, the Jains nominally recognize seventy-two — viz., twenty-four for the past age, twenty-four for the present one, and twenty-four for the future. These are called Tirthankars or Tirtliakars — persons who have crossed over ( tiryata anena ) — i.e., the world compared to the ocean. They are then deified, and divine qualities are predicated of them in their present state. They are called supreme lords and gods of gods. Practically speaking, worship is confined to two of the Tirthankars, Parsanath and Maliavira. The latter is said to have teen the preceptor and friend of Booddha. This would look as if the Jaina faith had preceded Booddhism, but the period of its greatest glory was the eleventh or twelfth century of the Christian era, just after Booddhism had been driven from India. Fergusson thinks that it actually existed prior to the rise of Booddhism, and that when the latter system fell, perishing under the weight of its immense priesthood and its legions of monks, an effort was made by its friends to revive the old faith. But modern Hindooism was shooting up so vigorously, that its exist- ence could not be ignored. Jainism was obliged to derive various tenets and practices from it, so that it became rather a degenerate than a reformed Booddhism. *jakes, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A house of office ; a privy. " Their tenets were an horrible confusion of nil sorts of impieties, which flowed into this sect ns into ujakes — Jortin : Remarks on Ecclcs. Hist. (an. 379). * jakes-farmer, s. One who contracted to clean out the public privies and drains. ja'-kie, s. [A Guiana word (?).] Zool. : Pseudis paradoxa, a greenish frog, spotted and marked with brown, found in Guiana. jal'-ap, s. [Fr. jalap; Sp. jalapa. Named from the city Xalapa or Jalapa in Mexico, whence the drug was first brought.] 1. Phar. : The dried tubercles of Exogonium Purga. The true jalap is called also Vera Cruz jalap ; another kind, derived perhaps from Ipomcea simulans, is called Tampico jalap. The tubers of true jalap are ovoid, from the size of a nut to that of an orange. They are sometimes sliced ; the other kind is fusiform. The chief officinal preparations o! it are Extract of Jalap and Tincture of Jalap Jalap is a brisk purgative, and is also given aa a hydragogue in dropsy. 2. Botany: (1) The same as Jalap-plant (q.v.). (2) Ipomcea Jalapa. If ( 1 ) Mirabilis jalapa was once erroneously supposed to he the true jalap, whence its specific name. The male jalap of Mestitlan 13 Ipomcea Batatoides. (2) Resin of jalap : A resin obtained from jalap by means of rectified spirit. Jalap-plant, s. Bot. : Exogonium Purga, a beautiful convol. vulaceous twiner, with long crimson flowers. jal'-a-pate, s. [Eng. jalap(ic); -ate.] Chem. : A salt of jalapic-acid (q.v.). Ja-lap'-ic, a. [Eng. jalap(ine); -ic.] Derived from or in any way connected with jalapine (q.v.). jalapic-acid, s. Chem.: C 34 H 53 O 17 . A tribasic acid obtained by boiling jalapine with baryta-water, and, after accurately precipitating the barium with sulphuric-acid, evaporating the filtrate to dry- ness. It is an amorphous, yellowish, brittle mass, melting a little above 100 °, very Boluble in water and in alcohol, less so in ether. It is odourless, hut possesses an unpleasant, bitter taste. When heated on platinum foil to 130°, it decomposes, burning with a bright, sooty flame. Jalapic-acid unites with liases forming salts, in which one, two, and three atoms of hydrogen are replaced by the same number of atoms of the metals. The jalapates are all amorphous. When an aqueous solu- tion of jalapic-acid is boiled with dilute sul- phuric-acid, a brown semi-crystalline mass is formed. By boiling this mass with baryta- water, and filtering when cold, alpha jalapic- acid is formed in the mother liquor. It crys- tallizes in white, flexible needles, which melt at 78° to a pale yellow oil. It is soluble in alcohol and in ether, and slightly soluble in water. jal'-a-pin, jal'-a-pine, s. [Eng., &c. jalap; suit, -in, -ine (Chem.) (q.v.).] 1. Chem. : An amorphous glucoside exist- ing, together with convolvuline, in the tubers of officinal jalap root. In order to prepare it, the jalap root must he several times extracted witli water, and then with alcohol, the colour removed by animal charcoal, and the filtrate evaporated to dryness on a water-bath. The residue is then dissolved in alcohol, filtered, and the glucoside precipitated by means of ether. When pure, it is a colourless, odour- less, tasteless, amorphous mass, very soluble in alcohol and dilute acids, slightly soluble in water, hut insoluble in ether. It dissolves readily in the fixed alkalis, and is not repre- cipitated by acids, having been converted into amorphous convolvulic-acid, which is soluble in water. When heated to 100°, it becomes brittle, and may he rubbed down to a white powder. It softens at T23°, and melts at 150* to a pale yellow syrup. At a higher tempera- ture it takes fire, and burns with a sooty flame, emitting a pungent, empyreumatic odour. When dissolved in strong sulphuric- acid, the solution acquires a beautiful purpis colour, which changes to a brown, and finally to a jet black. 2. Comm. : The jalapin of the shops is the resin of jalap, extracted by spirit from the tubers, and afterwards precipitated by water. jal-a-pm-Sr, s. [Eng. jalapin, and oi(ein).] Chem. : 2 Ci 6 H 3 oC> 3 ,H 20 . A white crystal- line body, prepared by adding fuming hydro- chloric acid to a concentrated, aqueous solu- tion of jalapic-acid, and leaving it to itself till the mixture has solidified to a thick crystalline mass. On washing the product ou a filter with cold water, and recrystallizing several times from alcohol, pure jalapitiol is obtained. It is inodorous, feels fatty to the touch, melts at 62°, and solidifies at 69° to a hard, brittle, crystalline mass. It is insoluble in water, hut soluble in alcohol and in ether. jal-a-pin'-o-late, s. [Eng. jalapinol; -ate.) Chem. : A salt of jalapinolic-acid. jalapinol'-ic, a. [Eng. jalapinol ;- ic.) Derived from or in any way connected with jalapinol (q.v.). Cite, fit. fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; wo, wot, here, camel, her, there ; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot, •r, ..ore, W9U, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, w, oe = e ; ey = a. qu = kw. 'alouse— jampanee 2757 ; Jalapinollc-acid, s. Chem. : C 16 H 3 ,0 4 . A monobasic acid pro- ’ dnced by treating jalapinol with caustic alka- lis, or by heating gradually a mixture of jalapiu and sodium hydrate, and decomposing the sodium jalapinolate by means of hot acidulated water. On cooling, jalapinolic- acid separates in the solid form. It is in- odorous, but has an irritating taste, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and in ether. It crystallizes from alcohol in the form of •white tufts of needles. It melts at 65°, and solidifies at 02° to a white, crystalline, brittle mass. At a higher temperature it decom- poses, emitting a pungent odour, which at- tacks the eyes and throat. It forms salts called jalapinolates. J&louse’, v.t. [A form of Jealous (q.v.).] To suspect, guess, doubt. " Ijalouted him, sir. no to be the friend to govern- ment he pretends." — Scott ‘ Old. Mortality, ch. l r. Jal ou sie ( j as zll), s. [Fr., from jaloux ~ jealous (q.v.).] A louvre-window or Venetian shutter. J&l-paite, s. [Named by Breithaupt after its locality Jalpa, Mexico; suff. -tie (Min.) (q.v.).] Min. : Jalpaite is a cupriferous sulphide of silver, with isometric cleavage, and malleable. Colour blackish, lead-gray ; sp. gr., 6'87 to 6 '89. J&m (1), s. [Et.ym. doubtful : Skeat connects it with Jam, v. (q.v.).] A conserve of fruit boiled with sugar and water. jam (2), s. [Pers. & Hind, jdmah = dress.) 1. A kind of muslin dress worn in India. 2. A child’s frock. jam (3), s. [Jam, v.] A crush, a squeeze ; a crowd or block of people. jam (1), s. [Jamb.] jam, v.t. [Of doubtful origin : according to Skeat the same as chain or champ = to chew, to tread heavily ; also as adj. = hard, firm.) 1. To wedge in, to press, to crush, to squeeze. ** In a stage-coach with lumber crammed Betweea two bulky bodies jamm'd." Lloyd : Epistle to J . B., Esq. 2. To tread hard ; to make hard and firm treading, as land by cattle. (Provincial.) Jam-nut, s. An auxiliary nut screwed down upon another one to hold it ; a check- nut, lock-nut, or pinckiug-nut. [Nut-lock. ] jam-weld, s. Forging : A weld in which the heated ends or edges of the parts are square-butted against each other and welded. Jim -a-dar, s. [Jamidar.] Ja-mai -ca, s. [O. Sp. Xaymaca = a country abounding’in springs.) Geog. : The name of a large island in the "West Indies. Jamaica-dogwood, s. Pot. : Piscidia Erythrina. Jamaica-ebony, s. Bot. : Amerimnum or Brya Ebenus. Jamaica-kind, s. Phar. : An extract made from the bark of Coccolaba uvifera, the West Indian seaside grape. Jamaica lace-bark tree, s. Bot. : Lagetta lintearia. Jamaica-milkwood, s. Bot. : (1) The same aa Allspice (q.v.) ; (2) Brosinium spurium. Jamaica-pepper, s. Bot. : Pimenta vulgaris. Jamaica-redwood, «. Bot. : Gordonia Hcematoxylon. Jamaica-rose, s. Bot. : The genus Meriana. /stmai-can, s. & a. [Eng., &c. Jamaica); suff. -an.) A. As subst. : A native or inhabitant of Jamaica. B. As adj. : Belonging to, produced in, or in any way connected with Jamaica (q.v.). Jamaican-stenoderm, s. Zool. : Stenoderma jamaicense , a frugivorous bat, feeding chiefly on Achras Sapota, the Jamaica naseberry. ja-ma'-l-'fine, s. [Mod. Lat. ( Geoffroya ) jamaic(ensis) ; suff. -ine.] Chem. : An alkaloid discovered by Hiitten- schmid in the bark of Geoffroya jainaicensis.a. leguminous tree growing in Jamaica and in Surinam. To obtain it, the powdered bark is boiled with water, and the solution evaporated to a syrup. Freshly-ignited _ charcoal in powder is then added, and the jamai'cine ex- tracted from the mixture by repeated treat- ment with boiling alcohol. It crystallizes in yellowish-brown needles, which are soluble in boiling water and in alcohol, but insoluble in ether. It melts at 98° to a brownish-red liquid ; at a higher temperature it swells up very much, and burns, giving off an odour of roasted cocoa. It is inodorous, very bitter, and neutral to vegetable colours. The salts of jamai'cine are bitter, crystalline, and soluble in water and in alcohol. Jam'-ar-na, s. [Jacana.] The same as the Jacana (q.v.). (Swainson.) jamb (b silent), ’jam, "jaunt, *jambe, * jaumbe, S. [Fr. jambe — the leg or shank, a jamb of a door, from Low Lat. gaviba — a hoof Cf. I tal. & Sp. gamba = the leg.) 1. Arch. : The upright sides of an aperture, as a doorway, window, or fireplace, and supporting the lintel, entablature, or mantel. “The beamea and pillars also sustain- ing the said build- ing, yea, the jambes, posts, principals, and stauderds, all of the same mettall. — P . Holland: Plinie, bk. xxxiii., ch. iii. 2. Mining : A pillar of oro in a mine. JAMB AND FITTINGS. A. Architrave. B. Ploughed ground. C. Door. /). Rab- beted Joint. E. Quarter. jamb-lining, s. Carp . : The vertical boarding on the sides of a doorway. jamb-post, s. Carp. : One of the uprights on the sides of a doorway or window. jamb-stone, s. Arch . : One of the stono pillars on the sides of a doorway or of a window. * jamb (b silent), v.t. [Jam, «.) * jam'-bart, s. [Jambe.] ’jambe (pi. ’jambes, * jam-beux, ’jam- beaux), s. (Fr. jambe — the leg.) [Jamb, s.) Old Armour : A leg or shin-piece of cuir- bouilli or metal worn during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, hut espe- cially during the reign of Richard IL * j5,m'-bee, s. [0. Fr. jamboier = to walk ; jambe = the leg.) A walking-stick or cane. * jam-beux, s.pl. [Jambe.] jam-bo-la'-na, s. [The native name.] Bot. : The Java plum (q.v.). jam Iso-ree', s. A reckless frolic or carousal. (V. S. Slang.) jam-bo'-sa, s. [Malay schambu — the name of one of the species. ] Bot. : A sub-genus of Eugenia. It contains the Rose Apple, Jambosa vulgaris (Eugenia Jambos), and the Malay Apple, ./. malaccensis. Both are from the East. About thirteen species are cultivated in British greenhouses. Jam'-dar-l, s. [Hind, jdmah = a robe, dress.] Fabric : A Dacca muslin woven with figures of flowers and other ornaments. James, s. [Fr. Jame, Jacques; Lat. Jacobus; Gr. ’laicw/3o? (Talcobos); Heb. 3pW (laaqob) — Jacob (q.v.).] Scrip. Hist. : The name certainly of two, and possibly of three, persons mentioned in the New Testament. 1. James, the son of Zebedee, and the brother of the apostle John, himself also being an apostle (Matt. iv. 21, 22, x. 2, xvii. 1; Mark i. 19, 20, iii. 17, ix. 2, xiii. 3. xiv. 33; Luke vi. 14 ; Acts i. 13). He was martyred under Herod Agrippa I., a.d. 44 (Acts xii. 2). 2. James, tlie son of Alphseus, also at* apostle (Matt. x. 3 ; Mark iii. 18 ; Luka vi. 15 ; Acts i. 13). It has been greatly de- bated whether James, “the Lord’s brother,” mentioned in Gab i. 19, was the same with the son of Alphaius. If in this passage the word “ apostle ” is used in its usual technical sense, they are clearly identified, for there were only two Jameses apostles. If used in a loose sense, they may have been different. A James, probably the same one, “ seemed to be ” a “ pillar," like Cephas and John (Gal. ii. 9). This James apparently liad strong Jewish proclivities, finding fault with those Jewish Christians who ate with Gentile converts (Gal. ii. 12). It was probably he who presided over the Council of Jerusalem mentioned in Acts xv., and he seems to have had apostolic charge of the mother church at that city (Acts xii. 17, xv. 13, xxi. 18). He was called “the Less," either from being younger than James the son of Zebedee, or from being shorter than he in stature (Mark xv. 40). [1.) His mother’s name was Mary (Matt, xxvii. 56 ; Mark xv. 40 ; Luke xxiv. 10), and he was brother to Jude or Judas (Mark vi. 3 ; Jude 1). H Epn^tle of St. James: New Testament Canon: The first of the catholic or general epistles. The apostle James, the son of Zebedee, died too early to have been its author. [James, 1.) It was penned by either James, the son of Alphasus, or James, the brother of our Lord, if the two were diffe- rent ; by the apostle who bore both designa- tions if they were the same. It was addressed to the twelve tribes scattered abroad— i.e., to the Jewish converts to Christianity beyond the limits of Palestine. Its teaching is in disconnected portions, and treats more of conduct than of belief, though the indispe»- sableness of faith to efficacious prayer is strongly insisted on (i. 6). Portions of it look antagonistic to the teaching of St. Paul (cf. Rom. iii. 28 with James ii. 21, 25), and most rationalists believe that the antagonism is real. But faith is used in a different sense in James from that which it obtains in the Pauline writings. What Paul calls simply “faith,” James would term a living faith, and it is not against it but against a dead faith that he contends (ii. 17). The epistle was written probably at Jerusalem. Its date is uncertain. It has been fixed in a.d. 44 or 45, in a.d. 60, in a.d. 62, and not till the second century. Clement of Rome seems to have referred to it, and perhaps Hernias. Origen expressly mentions it as the epistle ascribed to St. Janies (Comment, on John, tom. xix.). It figures in the Syrian Version of the New Testament. It was ranked by Eusebius among his Antilogoumena. in a.d. 397 the Council of Carthage placed it in the canon. Though Luther spoke disrespectfully of it, yet it is now generally accepted as a portion of Divine Scriptime. Jamef, s. [From the name of its first com- pounder.] James’s-powder, s. Phar. ; Oxide of Antimony, Sb0 3 or SbjOg. It is prepared by pouring a solution of ter- ehloride of antimony into water, and then treat- ing it with carbonate of soda, the product being oxide of antimony and chloride of sodium. The oxide is afterwards washed and dried at a heat not exceeding 212°. (Garrod.) jame son-Ite, s. [Named by Haidinger after Prof. Jameson ; suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).] Min. : Essentially a sulphide of lead and antimony, represented by the formula » PbS + SI12S3. Orthorhombic in crystallization, with highiy perfect basal cleavage. Hardness, 2 to 3 ; sp. gr. 5'5 to 5 '8. Mostly occurs in fibrous masses, originally in Cornwall, but subse- quently at many other places. Jame§'-t &c.) “ From jasmine grove to grove may’st wander gay." Thomson : Summer, 76. f (i) Oil of jasmine : Perfumery : An oil obtained from the flowers of Jasminum grandifiorum , J. Sambac, and J. officinale, but Prof. Watt says that of about forty species of jasmine in India, nearly all might be used in manufacturing Oil and Otto of Jasmine. (2) Otto of Jasmine : Perfumery : A pomade made by impregna- ting suet with the scent of jasmine, and leav- ing it for a fortnight in pure rectified spirit. jas' -mine-worts, s. pi. [Eng. jasmine , and worts.] Bot. : The name given by Lindley to the order Jasminaceae (q.v.). *jasp, s. [Fr . jaspe.] Jasper (q.v.). “The floore oijasp and eineraud was dight." Spenser : Visions of Dell ay. jas'-pa-chate, s. [Fr., from Lat. iaspachates , from Gr. iao-naxaTys ( iaspachates ).] Min. : Agate jasper. jas' -per, s. & a. [Lat. iaspis = Gr, iaarms (iaspis)= a green-coloured precious stone.] A. As substantive : 1. Min. : An impure variety of silica (q.v.) of many colours and shades, but opaque even in thin splinters ; colouring matters usually sesquioxide of iron and alumina. “ Of divers sorts of jaspers, all the East part (by report) are most affected to that which is like the emeraud.”— /\ Holland : Plinie, bk. xxxvii., ch. ix. 2. Marble of a greenish colour, with small red spots. There is an antique jasper with small spots of black and wliite. 3. A kind of earthenware prepared from pounded spar. B, As adj. : Made of jasper. IT Porcelain jasper : 1. Min. : [Jasper]. 2. Geol. : Rutley considers that it is an altered argillaceous rock in which no crystal- lization has taken place. It has been formed by the combustion of adjacent coalseams, or in the proximity of eruptive rocks. jasper-headed, a. Headed or tipped with jasper. " Take your arrows, jasper -headed." Longfellow : Hiawatha, lx. jasper-opal, s. Min.: An impure variety of opal (q.v.), con- taining oxides of iron, and alumina ; mostly of yellow and red colours ; opaque ; distin- guished from jasper by its bright fracture. * jas' -per- a -ted, a. [Eng. jasper ; -uted.] Mixed with or containing particles of jasper. * jas'-per-y, a. [Eng. jasper ; -y.] Like jasper; having the qualities of jasper. * jas-pid'-e-an, a. [Lat. iaspideus, from iaspis = jasper.’] Like jasper ; of the natur. of or containing jasper. * jas-pid'-e-ous, a. [Lat. iaspideus.] The same as Jaspidean (q.v.). * jas'-poid, a. [Fr. jaspe = jasper, aud Gr. elSos (eidos) = appearance.] Resembling jas- per. * jasp’-6-nyx, s. [Lat., from Gr. Iacnr6m( (iasponux).] Min. : The ancient name for jasper-onyx, a jasper marked like the human nail. jas'-sl-dne, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. jassus ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] Entom.: A family of Cicadellina. They have the hinder coxae transverse, and the hinder tibiae with two rows of spines. They are numerous and often elegant in form. jas'-sus, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Entom. : The typical genus of the family Jassidae (q.v.). jat-a-man'-se, jat-a-man'-si, s. [An East Indian word.] Bot. : The native name of Nardostachys Ja- tamansi, the Spikenard of the ancients. jat-e-o rlliz’-a, s. [Gr. ia-nj? (iates), and iarrjp ( iater ) = a physician ; cf. also iaTos (iatos) = curable, and pifa ( rhiza ) = a root.] Bot. : A genus of Menispermacese, Jateorhiza palmata, or Cocculus palmatus, furnishes Co- lumba-root. It is a Mozambique plant. jat'-ro-pha, s. [Gr. larpos ( iatros ) = a phy- sician, and Tpojyy ( trophe ) — fond, in allusion to the medicinal properties of the plants.] Bot. : A genus of Euphorhiacese, tribe Cro- toneas. The seeds of Jatropha glandulifera yield an oil highly esteemed as a stimulant application in rheumatism and paralysia. Taken internally, they are violently purgative, irritant, and poisonous. Those of J. multifida are also purgative, emetic, and poisonous. The expressed oil of J. glauca is used in India as an external application in chronic rheu- matism and paralysis ; the root of J. offici- nalis is given in Brazil in syphilis. J. mani- hot, of Linnaeus, is now Manihot utilissima ; and his J. purgans, Curcas purgans ; his J . wrens is Cnidoscolus quinquelobus. jaud, jadd, s. [Jade, s.] A jade, a mare- ( Scotch .) “ I heard ane. of bis gillies bid that auld rudas jaw i of a gudewife gie ye that ." — Scott : Hob Hoy, ch. xxix. jauk, v.i. [Joke, r>.] To dally, to trifle. (Scotch.) “And ne’er, tho' out o’ sight, to jauk or play ; An’ oh l be sure to fear the Lord alway ! ” Burns: Cotter's Saturday Night. jauk- ing, s. [Jauk, v.] Trifling, dallying. (Scotch.) “ An’ aye she win’t, an' ay she swat, I wat she made na.ejau/cin'.'' Burns : Halloween. jau-lmg'-5te (an as civ), s. [Named by Zepharovich from its locality, Jauling, Austria ; suff. -ite (Min..).] Min. : A hyacinth-red resin, resembling amber ; hardness, 2 - 5 ; sp. gr. 1*09 to I'll. jarnnange (pron. as zhd-mang’), s. [Fr. jaune = yellow, and manger = to eat.] Dutch flummery ; a variety of blancmange. *jaun§e, v.i. [O. Fr. jancer.] [Jaunt, v.) To ride hard ; to work or drive a horse hard. " And yet I hear a burden like an ass, Spur-galled and tired, by jauncing Bol inn broke." Shakes]). : Hichard II., v. 5. jaun -dcr, v.i. [A freq. form of Scotch jaunt = to talk idly.] [Jaunt, t.] To go about idly from place to place ; to rove about aim- lessly. (Scotch.) tatc, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot* or. wore, wolf, work, wild, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce — e; ey— 0. qu — kw. jaunder— jawed 2761 Jaun -der, s. [.Jaunder, v.~[ A roving about idly or aimlessly. {Scotch.) jaun '-dice, jatun'-dise, * jaunes, * jau- nis, * jaunys, * jawncs, s. [Er. jaunisse, from jaune, *jalne= yellow ; Port, jalne, jalcla ; Bp. jalde ; from Lat. galbinus, galbanus = yel- lowish ; galbus = yellow.] L Ordinary Language: 1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. »* He [the Pope] was long before sicke of the yelowe iaundise." — Bale : Pageant of Popes, to. 190. 2. Fig. : Anything which disorders the judgment, presenting things in a false colour or light. “And Jealousy, the Jaundice of the soul." Drydcn : Bind & Panther, iii. 73. II. Pathol. : An affection in which many tis- sues of the bodyare stained yellow, particularly the conjunctiva, skin, underneath the finger- nails, the urine, &c. It is caused by the colouring-matter of the bile becoming ab- sorbed into the blood from various morbid conditions of the liver, or the duodenal por- tion of the intestine, cither from mechanical obstruction of the bile, or from suppression. The pulse is slow, with thirst, lassitude, low- ness of spirits, white stools, and general debility. The first symptom of recovery is the re-appearance of bile in the stools, after which the yellowness gradually fades away. It is necessary to distinguish between obstruc- tion and suppression. Jaundice is a symptom, and not a disease per se, treatment being di- rected to the restoration of the biliary secretion to its normal channel. In malignant disease, however, this cannot be looked for. jaundice-berry, s. Bot. : Berber is vulgaris. Jaun'-di 9 e, * jaun'-dlse.v.t. [Jaundice, s.] 1. Lit. : To affect with jaundice. “ Jaundised eyes seem to see all objects yellow." — Bp. Pall : Episcopacy by Divine Right, ptL iii.. § 2. 2. Fig. : To disorder or prejudice the mind or judgment. U Only used now in the pa. par. jaun er, s. [Jaunder, s.] Foolish, idle talk. {Scotch.) jaunt (au as a), v.i. k t. [0. Fr. jancer = to play tricks with or tease a horse.] A. Intransitive : 1. To wander about here and there ; to ramble ; to rove idly about. 2. To move up and down in a jolting fashion. 3. To take a jaunt or ride on a jaunting-car. * B. Trans. : To jolt up and down. “He wa3 set vpon an vnbroken coult with his face to the horse tayle, and so caused to ride a gallop &. iaunted till he were breathlesse." — Bale: Pageant of Popes, fo. 127. jaunt (1) (au as a), s. [Jaunt, v.] 1. A ramble, an exclusion, a short journey, a trip. (Now only used lightly, but by Milton solemnly.) “ Our Saviour, meek and with untroubled mind. After his aiiry jaunt, though hurried sore, Hungry and cold betook him to his rest.” Milton: P. R., iv. 402. 2. A jolting movement up and down. 3. A ride on a jaunting-car. {Irish.) jaunt (2) (au as a), s. [Fr. jante.] The felly of a wheel. Jaunt'-i-ly (au as a), * jant'-i-ly, adv. [Eng. jaunty ; -ly. ] In a jaunty, gay, or airy maimer. Jaunt'-I-ness (au as a), * jant'-i-nsss, * jaunt-y-ness, s. [Eng. jaunty ; -ness.) The quality or state of beiugjaunty ; lightness, briskness, sprightliness. “ I felt a certain stiffness in my limbs, which en- tirely destroyed that jauntyness of air I was once master of.” — Addison : Spectator, No. 530. Jaunt ing (au as a), pr. par. ora. [Jaunt, «.] jaunting-car, s. An Irish vehicle having two seats, back to back, over the wheels, a well in the middle, and a seat for the driver in front. Jaun'-ty (au as a), * jan'-ty,* jaun'-tee, a. [Eng. jaunt ; -y.] Easy and sprightly in man- ner ; airy, showy, finical ; affecting unconcern ; self-satisfied. "We owe most of our janty fashions now in vogue to some adept beau among them."— Guardian, No. 140. Jaup, jawp, v.i. k t. [Etym. doubtful.] A. Intrans. : To dash and rebound as water ; to make a noise like water shaken in a close vessel. B. Trans. : To bespatter, as with water or mud. jaup, jawp, s. [Jaup, v.) A jerk of water ; a little quantity of water dashed or splashed up. " Then down ye’ll hurl, dell nor ye never rise 1 Aii. I dash the gumlie jaups up to the pouring skies. ’’ Burnt: Brigs of Ayr. Ja'-va, s. k a. [Native name.] A. As substantive : Geog. : One of the Sunda Islands. The chief seat of the Dutch power in Southern Asia. B. As adj. : Of, belonging to, or in any way connected with the island described under A. Java-plum, s. Bot. : Calyptranthes JamBolana. Ja'-van, a. [Java ; with stiff, -an.] The same as Java, B (q.v.). Javan rhinoceros, s. Zool. : Rhinoceros sondaicus, or javamus. It inhabits Java, the Malay Peninsula, and the Sunderbunds of Bengal, and is smaller than the Indian rhinoceros. Jav'-a-nese, a. k s. [Eng. Java ; n con- nective, and stiff, -ese.] A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to Java. B. As subst. : A native of Java ; the lan- guage spoken iu Java. jav'-el, v.t. [Etym. doubtful.] To bemire, to dirt! to befoul. jav'-el, s. [Javel, ».] A wandering, dirty fello’w ; a tramp. “ These two javels Should render vp a reckniug of their trauels." Spenser : Mother Bobber d& Tale. jav'-e iia, *jav'-el-Ing, s. [0. Fr. javelin (m.)*, javcline (f.) ; Fr. javdine ; Ital. giavelina ; Sp. jabalina ; Bret, gavlin. Skeat refers the origin of the word to Irish gaf gafa = a hook, gahhla = a spear, a lance, gabhlan = a branch, a fork of a tree ; Gael, gobhal = a fork, gobhlach = forked ; Welsh, gafl = a fork ; gaf- lach = a dart, the original meaning being a pointed weapon. Cf. A.S. gaf due, gaf doc; Mid. Eng. gavelok = a javelin.] 1. A light spear thrown by the hand, for- merly used by horse and foot in ancient war- fare. The blade of the uppermost javelin in roman javelins. the illustration is very slender ; it is intended to bend when it strikes an object, so that it cannot be used again by an enemy. According to Meyrick, the Velites in the Roman army were armed with seven of these. 2. A hunting-spear, about 5i feet long, having a wooden shaft and an iron head. It is yet used in Europe in hunting the boar, and by many savage nations in ordinary hunting. “ He stood contented with so much, and no more as lay within one fling, or shot of the javelin which he lanced WtTnseli. 11 — P. Holland: Plutarch, p, 309. javelin-bat, s. Zool. : Phyllostoma hastatum, a bat of the vampire family, found on the Amazon. It sucks the blood of horses, cattle, aud, when it has opportunity, that of man. javelin-men, s. pi. Law : Yeomen retained by the sheriff to escort the judge of assize. javelin-snake, s. Zool. : A snake-like lizard, Acontias Melea- gris, and the genus Acontias, one of the Bcin- coidse. *jav'-e-lin, v.t. [Javelin, s.] To strike, wound, or pierce with, or, as with a javelin. {Tennyson : Merlin & Vivien, 785.) * jav-e-lin-ier’, s. [Eng. javelin; - ier .] A soldier armed witli a javelin. “ The juvvlinir.ru foremost of all began the fight." — P. Holland: Livius, p. 264. * jav-e-lot-tier', s. [O. Fr., from javelot = a javelin.] The same a3 Javelinier (q.v.). jaw (1), * chaw, *chew, *jawe, * jowe, * geowe, s. [From the verb to chaw or tliew (q.v.); Dan. fciawe = a jaw; O. Dut. kauwe — the jaw of a fish, kowwe — the cavity of the mouth ; Dut. kaauwen = to chew.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. 1. •* His feeble/awes and hollowe voyce could make None other sounde." Gascoigne : Dan Bartholomew of Bathe* 2. Fig. : Coarse raillery, abuse, impudento language, wrangling. ( Vulgar .) “ Stop your jaw about him." — B. Kingsley : G. Scum lyn, cb. xxvi. II. Technically : 1. Anat. : One of the maxilla*, or mandibles. One of two bones of the lower part of the face. The lower jaw is the thickest and strongest bone of the face, and moves on the rest of the skull by condyles. It is- shaped like an in* verted arch* bent forwards in from itself. It has a middle and horizontal part, with two rami or ascending branches. The superior or alveolar portion of it is hollowed out, so as to constitute sockets for the lower range of teeth. The upper jaw, or superior maxilla, consists interiorly of a thick, ridge, the al» veolar process, and the sockets or alveoli for the teeth of the upper jaw. 2. Machinery : (1) One of two opposing members capable of being moved towards and from one another, as the jaws, cheek, chaps, chops, or mouth of a vice or wrench. (2) The cheeks of a stone or ore-crusher, one of which is moved relatively to the other, so as to break the material fed between them. (3) The opposed portions of a shearing- machine or punch, which, by moving past each other, cut the bar or sheet of ^metal placed between them. 3. Nautical: (1) The forked end of a boom or gaff, whieh partially embraces the mast. The branches of the jaw are called horus, and are united by the jaw-rope. (2) The space in the shell of a tackle-block occupied by the sheave. 4. Railway: The guard-plates in which the axle-boxes of railway-carriages play vertically as the springs yield and recoil ; the housings or pedestals. jaw-bone, 8. The bone of the jaw in whieh the teeth are set. jaw-box, 8 . The same as Jaw- no lb (q.v.). jaw-breaker, s. A ludicrous term for a word many-syllabled or very difficult to pro- nounce. jaw-foot, s. 1. Ord. Lang. : A sink ; a place into which dirty water is thrown. 2. ZooL : [Foot-jaws, Maxillipedes.]. jaw-lever, s. A veterinary instrument for opening the mouths of animals for the administration of medicine. jaw-rope, s. Naut. : A rope attached to the jaws of a gaff to prevent its coming off the mast. jaw-tooth, s. A molar, a grinder. jaw-wedge, s. A wedge to tighten tha axle-box in the jaw or guard of a railway car- truck. {American.) jaw (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A wave ; & quantity of water or other liquid. jaw ,v.i.kt. [Jaw (1), s.] A. Intrans. : To gossip, to chatter, to scold ; to use impudent or abusive language. {Vulgar.) B. Trans. : To abuse ; to use impudent or offensive language to. {Vulgar.) jaw (2), v.i. Hi i. [Jaw (2), s.} A. Trans , : To pour out ; to dash out rapidly, as water or other liquid. B. Intrans. : To gush or pour out rapidly. “ A naked craig vi’ a bum jawing ower ’t ."—Scots: Rob Roy, ch. xxi. . jawed, a. [Eng. jaw (1) ; -«[.] 1. Having jaws. 2. Principally in composition, with words denoting the condition of the jaws : as, lan- tern-jawed, long-jawed. boil, bo^; pout, cat, cell, cliorus, chin, benph ; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, eyist. ph = t, •clan, -tian = ahg,a. -tios. -sioa — shun; -tlon. -gion = zhun. -cions, -tioua. -aious — shus. -ble. -die. &c. = bcl. del. 2762 j a wfallen — J eho vah Jaw' fall-en, a. [Eng .jaw, and fallen (q.v.).] 1. Depressed in spirits ; depressed, chap- fallen. (Fuller.) 2. Astonished, open-mouthed. (Richardson: Clarissa, iii. 54.) Jay, * lay, s. [From O. Fr. jay, gay, gai = a jay (Mod. Fr. geai) ; Prov. gai, jai; Sp. gayo — a j^y ; ga-ya = a magpie ; Port. aaio. Of Teutonic origin. Named from the gay colors of tile bird ; cf. Eng. gay.) Ord. Lang.: A greenhorn; a raw country- man ; an outlandish person ; a poor actor. Also used derisively as adj. : a jay town, a jay show, &c. (Slang.) Ornithology : 1. Sing. : Garrulus glandarius, a species of Corvidae, of a vinous-red color; the back pale gray ; the rump and upper tail coverts white ; the tail black or gray, with bluish-gray bars ; the wing coverts light gray, in the median series light gray inclining to chest- nut ; the bastard wing or primary coverts barred with black or bright cobalt blue ; head with an erectile crest ; forehead white, streaked with black. Length about thirteen inches. It is a beautiful bird, but attacks peas and other garden crops, to which it is very de- structive, especially in the vicinity of woods and forests. It also eats worms, larvae, and snails. It is often kept as a cage-bird. The common blue jay, Cyanoci/ta cristata. is found over a large part of North America. The Green Jay of America is Xanthura luxuosa. The long-tailed blue jays are also arranged under Xanthura, though they have not the yellow tail which the generic name suggests. 2. PI. : The sub-family Garrulinae. They are less in size, and have a less robust struc- ture, and shorter and more rounded wings and brighter plumage than the typical crows. Feet formed for grasping ; lateral toes unequal. ® jay-et, s. [Jet(1), s.) jay' liawli 6r, 8 . 1. If. S. Hist.: One of the freebooters during the free-soil troubles in Kansas and the early part of the Civil War. 2. A large spider or (American) tarantula. ( Western V. S.) * ja'-zel, s. [Cf. Sp. azul, Eng. azure.) Min. : A precious stone of an azure colour. • j a -zer-ant,* j az-er-ine,* j ess-er-aunt, s. [ O.Tr.jazerant , jazerenc ; Sp. jacerina ; Port. jazzerina ; Ital. ghiazzerino, from O. Sp. jaza- rino = algerine, from Arab, jazdir = Algiers.] Old Arm. : A jacket strengthened by small plates of metal. It was formed by overlap- ping pieces of steel, fastened by one edge upon canvas, which was coated over with velvet or cloth ; it was, in fact, a method of quilting or padding a dress with metal internally, to make it sword and dagger proof, without being visible to the eye. The pieces of metal were generally small, and allowed flexibility, by being fastened down by one side only. The jazerant was much worn by Italian nobles during the troublous period of the middle ages. It was also worn by the peasantry of the English border as a defence in their skirmishes with the mosstroopers. Jeal ous, * jal-ous, *gel-us, * jel-ous, a. [O. Fr. jalous, from Low Lat. zelosus — full of zeal ; Lat. zelotes = one who is jealous, from zelus =-Gr. fijAos ( zelos ) = zeal ; Fr. jaloux; Ital. geloso, zeloso; Sp. zeloso, from Fr. zele; Ital. & Sp. zelo = zeal.] 1. Suspicious in love ; uneasy in mind through fear or belief that the love or affec- tions which one believes to belong to or hopes to gain for one’s self have been or may be transferred to another ; apprehensive of or pained by rivalry. ” The Jealous lover Bwore over Ms wine at a tavern that he would stab the villain."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xix. 2. Jealously cautious, or watchful against dishonor; extremely solicitous for the honor of another. “ I have been very jealous for the Lord God of Hosts.” —1 Kings xix. 10. 3. Suspiciously fearful or doubtful ; looking with suspicion. "If we love plory, wo arc Jealous of partners.” — Burke: On the Policy of the Allies. 4. Suspiciously vigilant. # If We ar e jealous of what is our own ; we are envious of what is another’s. Jealousy fears to lose what it has ; envy is pained at seeing what another has. Princes are jealous of their authority ; subjects are jealous of their rights ; courtiers are envious of those in favor. Jeal- ousy is a noble or ignoble passion according to the object ; in the former case it is emula- tion sharpened by fear ; in the latter case it is greediness stimulated by fear : envy is always a base passion, having the worst passions in its train. t jeal'-ous, v.i. or t. [Jealous, a.] To sus- pect ; to be suspicious ; to guess. " This unwonted coldness is more to b ejealoused."— The Great Bastard (1689). * jeal'-ous-hood, s. [E ng. jealous; -hood.] Jealousy. ( Shakesp . : Romeo & Juliet, iv. 4.) jeal'-ous-ly, adv. [En g. jealous ; -ly.] In a jealous manner ; with jealousy or suspicion ; suspiciously; with jealous care; zealously. “He had always hoped that her majesty’s safety should be jealously preserved ." — Strype : Life of }V hit- gift (an. 1589). * jeal'-ous-ness, s. [Eng. jealous ; -ness.] The quality, condition, or state of being jeal- ous ; jealousy. “Nor is it hard for thee to preserve me amidst the unjust hatred and jealousness of too many. ’— Eikon Basilike. jeal'-ous-y, * gel-es-ie, * jal-ou-sie, * jeal-ous-ie, * jeal-ous-ye, *jel-ous- ie, s. [Fr. jalousie , from jaloux = jealous ; Ital. & Port, jelosia .] 1. The quality or state of being jealous ; sus- picion in love ; apprehension in rivalry. “ As envy pines at good possess’d Bo jealousy looks forth distress’d On good that seems approaching.* Cowper : Friendship. 2. Suspicious fear ; enviousness of the suc- cess of another. 11 The false archangel . . . casts between Ambiguous words and Jealousies, to sound Or taint integrity." Milton: P. v. 703. 3. Suspicious caution, vigilance, or anxiety. Jcames, s. [See def.] A footman ; a flunkey ; from the commonness of the name James. (Colloquial.) jean, s. [Prob. a corruption of Genoa.) Fabric : 1. A twilled, undressed cloth, having a cotton chain and woollen filling. 2. A kind of twilled cotton goods, striped or white. Satin jean has a different twill, which gives it a smooth glossy surface. jears, jeers, s. [Gear.] Naut. : A fourfold tackle by which a lower yard is swayed or struck. The upper block of this purchase usually hangs from the trestle- trees. *jeat, s. [Jet ( 1 ), s.] * Jed'-dart, ! a. [From Jedburgh, in the south of Scotland.] (See the compound.) * Jeddart-justice, s. A kind of lynch law known at Jedburgh in “the good old times.” The practice was to hang a man first and try the question of his guilt or innocence afterwards. [Justice, s., 1] (9).] jed'-dmg, a. [Etym. doubtful.] (See com- pound.) jedding-axe, s. A stone-mason’s tool. It lias one Hat face for knocking off projecting angular points, and a pointed peen for reduc- ing a surface to the required form. A cavil. jedge, s. [Perhaps a corruption of judge.) A gauge or standard. (Scotch.) jedge-and- warrant, s. A warrant or authority given to a dean of guild to repair or rebuild a dilapidated or ruinous tenement according to plan. jee, v.i. & t. [Gee.] jeel, s. A shallow lake or morass. (East Indies.) jeer, * gcare, "jeere, v.i. & t. [Etym. doubtful. Skeat refers it to Dut. gekscheeren, scheeren — to mock, to jeer, from the phrase, den gek scheeren = to shear the fool. Others derive it from Fr. girer ; Ital. girare, from Lat. gyro = to turn in a circle.] A. Intrans. : To scoff, to flout ; to make • mock of a person or tiling ; to deride. ” Friend Tortoise, quoth the Jeering Hare, Your burden's more than you can hear." Lloyd : liar. & Tortoise. B. Trans. : To mock, to deride, to scoff at to make a mock of. Ben Jonson : Staple of Newes, iv. L jeer (1), s. [Jeer, v.] A scoff, a flout, a taunt, mockery, diversion. ' wmi^ e dean, if this secret should come to his ears. W ill never have done with his gibes and Ills jeers." /rt . r , Swift : Grand Question. *jeer (2), s. [Gear.] jeer -er, s. [Eng. jeer ; - er .] One who jeera or mocks ; a mocker ; a scoffer. “There you named the famous Jeerer, That ever Jeered in Rome or Athens." Beaum. & Flet. : Ficc Valour , ▼. L jeer-mg, pr. par., a., & s. [Jeer, v.] A, & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See the verb). C. As subst. : The act of mocking or scoff- ing ; mockery, derision, jeers. “ Cut he gravely spake and answered To their jeering and their jesting." Longfellow. Song of II iawatha, tt<, jeer'-mg-ly, adv. [Eng. jeering ; -ly.) In a jeering, scoffing manner ; with jeers; in scoff; in mockery. jef'-fer is ite, s. [Named by Brush after W. W. Jefferis ; suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).] Min. : A mica-like mineral, which exfoliates remarkably when heated to 300”. Composi- tion essentially a hydrated silicate of alumina, iron, and magnesia. Occurs in veins in ser- pentine at Westchester, Pennsylvania. jef fer-sd'-ni a, s. [Named after Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States; born April 2, 1743 ; died July 4, 1826.] Bot. : A genus of Berberidaceae. The only known species, Jeffersonia diphylla, is the Rheumatism-root of the United States. Jef f e r-so'-ni-an, a. & «. A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to Thomas Jefferson (6ee Jeffersonia), the party he represented, or the theories he upheld. B. As subst. : A supporter of Jefferson or of his principles; a Democrat. (U. S.) jef' fer-son-ite, s. [Named by Keating and Vanuxem after Jefferson; suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).] Min. : A greenish-black mineral, occurring in large crystals, with the angles mostly rounded, as if corroded. Sp. gr., 3 '36. It is a variety of augite (q.v.), containing lime, iron, manganese, and zinc. Found in New Jersey. jSf-fre-ia-ite, s. [Jewreinowite.] jeg, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A templet or gauge, one of several, for verifying shapes of parts in gun and gun-stock making. je-had, s. [Jihad.] Je-ho-vah, s. [Heb. nin] (Yehovah) (Def.); Gr. Tau> (lag), ’lento (Ieuoj, Taoii (Iaou), Aid (Aia), Ta/3e (lobe).) Scrip. : The most sacred of the names given in the Old Testament to the Supreme Being, regarded also as the God specially of the Jewish people. So holy was the name deemed that the Jews were afraid to allow it to escape their lips, and therefore took means inten- tionally to mispronounce it by altering its vowel points to those of Adonai, or, when the two occur together, of Elohim, less sacred names for God. This superstitious practice arose from their haring misinterpreted such passages as Deut. xxviii. 5S ; Lev. xxiv. 11. 15, 16 ; Exod. xx. 7. What the real vowel points, and consequently the proper pronunciation, should he is now doubtful. Many critics contend for rniT (Yuhveh), some for rnrp (Yahvah), and some for nirp (Yahavoh), & c. It is generally derived from njn (havah), an old form of ITrj (haiah) = He is. The import of the name is explained in Exod. iii. 14, “ I am that I am,” or “ I am,” thus predicating self-existence or existence in a sense in which it can he applied to no created being. In Exod. vi. 3 we read that God appeared to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but was not known to them by tlie name Jehovah. The meaning may fete, fit, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pfit, or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, so. ce = 6 ; ey = a. uu - law. J ehovist — Jeremiah 2763 have been that the patriarchs did not pro- perly realize the depth of meaning in the name, for the word occurs in Gen. xiv. 22, xxvi. 22, xxviii. 16. Elohim stands for God as the creator and ruler of the universe (Gen. i. 1) ; Jehovah as a being standing in the most intimate relation to the Jewish people as their theocratic ruler and God Psalm cxxxv. 4), as supreme above all gods verse 5), the First and the Last (Isa. xli. 4), nay the only true God (xliv. 5, 8). In studying these passages, be it observed that where there is the word Jehovah our translators havespelled Lord with capital letters. It has been suggested that the name Jehovah was of Phoenician origin, and that it made way among the Israelites slowly to the age of Samuel, and then with greater rapidity. Movers connects it with the Phoenician lew = the Sun-god in th« several seasons, and especially in autumn, as well as with the Chaldean Iao = the Intel- ligent light. Je-ho'-vist, s. [Eng., &e. Jehov(ah); -ist.J Biblical crit icism : * 1. One who maintained that no alteration had been made in the vowel points of Je- hovah. (Opposed to the Adonists, who held that the vowel points of J ehovah are those of Adonai. [Jehovah.] 2. The writer of the Pentateuch, &e., who habitually used the name Jehovah as distin- guished from the Elohist, who employed the term Elohim. [Elohist, Exodus, Genesis.] Colenso recognizes two Jehovists in the book of Genesis. "And accordingly I have given reasons for conclud- ing that Genesis xiv. belongs to a Jeho;'i:!ic writer ( til e second Jehovist J." — Colenso : Pentateuch, pt. iiL, p. 6. Je hovist'ic, a. [Eng., &c. Jehovist ; -ic.J Bib. criticism : A term used regarding por- tions of the Pentateuch in which the name of God habitually employed is Jehovah (q.v.). [Elohist.] •J For extract, see Jehovist. Je; -hu, s, [From the name of Jehu, son of Nimshi, see 2 Kings ix. 20.] A coachman, a driver; one fond of driving. (.Slang.) jeis'-tle-cor, jus'-ti-c5at, s. [Fr. juste an corps = close to the body.] A jacket or waist- coat without sleeves. “ To see a gold-laced jeistiecor in the Ha* garden so late at e'en."— Scott : Rob Roy, ch. vL Je-june’, a. [Lat. jejunus = fasting, hungry, dry, barren.] * 1. Poor, thin, weak ; wanting in substance. " Gold is the only substance which hath nothing in it volatile ; the melting slieweth that it is not jqjeune, or scarce in spirit" — Bacon, 2. Bare, meagre, dry ; devoid of interest or life. (Applied especially to literary produc- tions.) " Till farce itself, most mournfully jejune. Calls for the kind assistance of a tune." Cowper : Retirement , 711. t Je-june'-ly, adv. [Eng .jejune; -ly. ] In a jejune, dry, barren, or meagre manner. "We discourse jejunely, and falsely, and unprofit- ably." — Up. Taylor: Great Exemplar . (Fret) Je-june'-ness, s. [Eng. jejune; -ness.] 1. The quality or state of being jejune; thinness, attenuation. "The jejuneness or extream comminution of spirits." — Bacon : Nat. Hist., § 7yd. 2. Dryness, barrenness, insipidity ; absence of interest or life. • je jun'-i-ty, s. [Eng. jejunfe); My.] The same as Jejuneness (q.v.). " Pray extend your Spartan j^J unity to the length of a competent letter. - *— Bentley : Letters, p. 2GL Je -jun'-iim, s. [Lat. jejunus = hungry, empty.] A not. : The second portion of the small Intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. It is thicker than the rest of the intestine, and, from containing more mucous membrane, has a pinky tinge. It forms two- fifths of the small intestine, and is surrounded above and at the sides by the colon, and is kept in position by the mesentery, which connects it with the posterior wail of the abdomen. Jel -er-ang, s. [Javanese name.] Zool. : Javan Squirrel, Sciurus Javanensis or bicolor, a handsome squirrel, fouud in Java, part of India, and Cochin China, Length, almost two feet. (Wood : Nat. Hist.) jel'-Iett-lte, s. [Named after 51. Jellet, one of its describers ; sutf. Me (Min.).] Min. : A lime-iron garnet, grouped by Dana with his Andradite (q.v.). It occurs in globular forms, with crystalline exterior, and also lining cracks, in an asbestos enclosed in au indurated talcose schist among the debris of the moraine of the Findelen glacier, and in several other Swiss localities in situ. Colour, various shades of green and yellowish-green. jel'-lied, a. [Eng. jelly ; -«?.] Brought to the state or consistency of a jelly. " The jellied philtre of her lips." Cleveland. J el-loped, a. [Jowlopped.] Her. : A term applied to the comb and gills of a cock when of a tincture different to the body. jel'-ly, * gel'- ly, S. [Fr. gelee = a frost, jelly ; properly the fem. of gele, pa. par. of geler = to freeze, to congeal, from Lat. gelo — to congeal ; gelu = frost.] 1. Anything brought to a state of glutinous- ness and viscosity ; a transparent substance obtained by decoction from animal substances. "And for close of all a Jelly made of the bones of beef.” — Evelyn: Memoirs, Feb. 12, 1082. 2. A sweetmeat obtained by boiling the juice of fruit with sugar. jelly -bag, s. A bag through which jelly is distilled. jelly-fish, a. Zool. : The popular name of the Medusas, tha typical forms of which, when lying ou the sea-sand, look like a mass of jelly. [Aca- leph/E, Medusa.] jel'-ly, v.i. [Jelly, s.) To become jelly ; to come to the state or consistency of jelly. jem'-i-dar, jSzu -ma-dar, s. [Hind, jama- dwr — the keeper of a’wardrobe, a musketeer; jdnia — clothes. ] In the Anglo-Indian army an officer ranking with a lieutenant in the English army. Jem’- mi - ness (e as 1 ), s. [Eng. jemmy, a. ; -ness.] Spruceness, neatness. (Slang.) jeia’-my (e as i), a. [Prob. a corruption of geminy.] Spruce, neat. (Slang.) jem'-my (e as i), s. [From the proper name James.] 1. A short, stout crowbar, used by house- breakers. 2. A sheep’s head. 3. A species of Scotch woollen cloth. jen'-ite (j as y), s. [Yenite.] jenk'-ins-ite, s. [Named by Shepard after J. Jenkins, of 51onroe ; suff. Me (Min.).] Min. : The same as Hydrophite (q.v.), but occurs as a fibrous encrustation on magnetite, in Orange Co., New York, U.S.A. (Dana.) jen'-net, gen'-net,s. [O. Fr. genette, from Sp. ginete = a nag.] A small Spanish horse. " Spanish ./ewwete were regarded as the finest chargers, and were imported for purposes of pageantry and war." — Macaulay: Mist. Eng., ch. iiL jen-net-mg, * gm'-mt-mg,* jen'-et-mg, s. [Etym. doubtful.] A species of early apple. "The hastie kind or jenitings, continue nothing so long as those that bear and ripen later.” — P. Holland: Plinie, bk. xvi., ch. xliv. Jen'-ny (e as 1 ) (1), s. [A corrupt, of ginny, a dimiu. of gin = engine, influenced by the proper name.] [Spinning-jenny.] jon'-ny (e as 1 ) (2), s. [A familiar form of Eng. Jane (q.v.).] A popular name for a fe- male ass. [CL Jack (1), s., II. 2. (1).] jenny-ass, s. A female ass. Jent'-lmg, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Ichthy. : The Blue Chub, a species of Lea- Ciscus, found in the Danube. jenzsch'-Ite (j as y), s. [Named after G. Jeuzsch, who announced it ; suff. -its (Min.).] Min. : A supposed form of opal-silica with sp. gr. 2 - 6. The kinds included are varieties of white cacholong (q.v.). From various localities ; generally associated with chalce- dony (q.v.), and probably resulting from its alteration. *jeo-fail', s. [A corruption of Fr. faifailli = I have failed.] Law : An oversight in pleading or other proceeding at law ; an acknowledgement of a mistake or oversight. Statues of jeofail: The statues of amend- ment whereby slips and mistakes in legal pro- ceedings are rectified under certain circum- stances. *jeop'-ard, '‘jeop-ard-en, v.t. [Jeopardy.] To put’ in jeopardy, danger, or hazard ; to expose to risk, loss, or injury ; to jeopardize. " I am content (quoth Alexander) to jeopard the horse."— North: Plutarch, p. 561. jeop’-ard-er, s. TEng. jeopard; -er.] One who jeopards or puts in jeopardy. * jeop'-ard-Ise, s. [Eng .jeopard; -ise.] Tlis hazard of a die. " But God wold I had ones or twise Icond, and know the ieopardise." Chaucer : Hoke of the Duchess, 666. jeop'-ard-ize, v.t. [Jeopardise.] To jeop- ard ; to put in jeopardy ; to risk, to hazard. * jeop'-ard-less, * jeo-perd-les, ' jeo- perd-lesse, a. [Eng. jeopard; -less.] Free from risk or danger ; safe. “ Rather had I liaue in you that, whiche is of lesse perfection, so that it bee ieoperdlesse.”—Udal : i Cor- inth. vii. jeop'-ard-ous, *jepardeous, a. [Eng. jtopard(y) ; - ous . ] Hazardous, risky , dangerous. " This his goodly, valiant, and jeopardous enterprise was represented with advantage by the Duke of Nor- folk to the king ."—Fuller : Worthies ; Cornwall. jeop'-ard-ous -ly, adv. [Eng. jeopardous; ■ly.] "In a jeopardous manner ; with risk or danger. jeop'-ard-y,* jeop-ar-die, * jep-ar-dye, *jop’-ard, *jub-ar-dy, *jup-ar-tie, s. [O. Fr. jeu parti — a divided game, from Lat. jocus partitas = an alternative ; jocus = a jest, a game, and partitus, pa. par. of partior = to divide.] Exposure to danger, loss, or injury ; risk, hazard, danger, peril. “When America was free From battle and from jeopardy.'* Wordsworth: Ruth. * jeop'-ard-y, v.t. [Jeopardy, s.] To risk, to hazard, to jeopardize. (Thackeray.) jer-bd'-a, s. [Arab, yerboa, yerbiia.] Zool. : Dipus cegyptius, a rodent mammal, with a body about six inches long and a tail about eight, occurring in Egypt, Nubia, Arabia, and some other parts of Western Asia. They are lively little creatures, [forming societies in the desert, feeding ou its scanty vegetation, and living in underground gal- leries. When the jerboa desires to advance rapidly it does so by a series of leaps, which make it seem like a winged thing. jer-eed', jer-id', s. [Persian & Turkish.] A wooden javelin, about five feet long, used in Persia and Turkey, especially in mock fights. " Who, like them, flung the jereed carelessly, but not like them to the mark.” — Moore: Paradise & the Peri. (Note.) je-re-mi'-ad, s. [From Jeremia(h) (q.v.), and suff. -ad.] A lamentation in the plaintive style of the prophet Jeremiah. [Lamenta- tions.] Jer-e-ml'-ah, s. [Heb. VTOT (Yermeahu), n;m; (Yirmeah) — the appointed of the Lord, (Gesenius), or the Lord throws (Carpzov and Hengstenberg) ; Gr. ’Iepejuias (Ieremias).] Script. Biography: The name of eight men mentioned in the Old Testament, the only very notable one being Jeremiah the prophet. He was of priestly descent, and born or resident at Anathoth, about three miles N.N.E. from Jerusalem. His father’s name was Hilkiah. When called to the prophetic office, in the thirteenth year of King Josiali, b.c. 629 or 625, he calls himself a child. His prophetie life spanned the eleventh of King Zedekiah, about B.c. 588, a period of thirty-seven or forty-one years. Of intense nervous sensi- bility, gentle, and compassionate, he seemed more naturally adapted for retirement and contemplation than for an active life, yet under the constraining sense of duty he faced hostile kings, nobles, or common people, suf- fered imprisonment more than once, and was at times in imminent danger of death. At that time Judah found itself between two powerful kingdoms, Babylon on the east and Egypt on the south. Josiah espoused tho Babylonian alliance, and lost his life fighting against the Egyptians. Jeremiah also was boil, bo^ ; poilt, j<5wl; cat, cell, chorus, 9 hin, bench ; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -mg, -dan, -tian = shan. -ticn, -siou — shun ; -tion, -sion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sioua — shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d$l. j 2764 jerfalcon— jest on the Babylonian side, and, when Jerusalem was taken by Nebuchadnezzar, Jeremiah was treated with kindness by the conqueror, being offered the option of an honourable position in Babylon or permission to remain in his own land. Jeremiah elected to stay, and found Gedaliali appointed ruler by the Chaldeans. On the murder of that governor the assassins and their sympathisers fled to Egypt, taking Jeremiah with them. Tradition says that he was put to death in Egypt for preaching against idolatry. He wrote two Old Testa- ment books, the prophecies of Jeremiah and the Lamentations. Many rationalistic critics attribute to him also the book of Deuteronomy. "If The Prophecies of Jeremiah, : Script. Canon : One of the Canonical books of the Old Testament, the second of the greater prophets. The several predictions are not in chronological order, though it is be- lieved by some critics that an arrangement of another character is discernible. A certain plaintive air runs through the book, deepen- ing as the trials of the seer increase. There is not the same energy or rhythm as in Isaiah. There are resemblances in the language to that of Deuteronomy — Aramaic expressions abound in the work. The concluding chapter, an his- torical one, is evidently from another hand— the Hebrew and Septuagint differ considerably. Jeremiah xxxi. 15 is quoted in the New Testa- ment in Matt. ii. 18, and Jer. xxxi. 31-34 in Heb. viii. 8-12. The quotation from Jeremy the prophet in Matt, xxvii. 9 is now found only in Zeeh. xi. 12, 13. Jer'-iial-con (1 silent), s. [Gyrfalcon.] * jergue, * jerque (que as k), v.t. [Etym. doubtful ; possibly connected with Fr. chcr- cher = to search.] To search, as a vessel, for unentered goods. * jer'-guer, * jer'-quer (qu as k), s. [Eng. jergu(e) ; -er.] An officer of the customs whose duty it is to search vessels for unentered goods. Jer'-i-cho, s. [Heb. iirn’ (Yericho), ilTV ( Yerecho), firry (Yerichoh)= place of fragrance, from rdn ( ruach ) := to smell ; Gr. Tept^w (Yerichd).] Scrip. Geog. : A city situated in the valley west of the Jordan, opposite to where the Israelites crossed. Jericho-rose, t. Bot. : Anastatica hierochuntica. It is not a rose but a crucifer. [Anasta- TICA.] Jericho sun- bird, s. Ornith. : Cinnyris osea, a sun-bird found at Jericho and in other parts of Palestine. * jer-id', s. [Jekeed.] Jerk (1), * gerke, * jerke, * yerk, v. t. & i. [Etym . doubtful ; according to Skeat the ] same as Mid. Eng. gird = to strike ; A.S. gyrd, gierd = a rod ; Eng. yard.] A. Transitive : 1. To thrust with a sudden motion ; to pull, j push, or thrust shortly and sharply ; to i shake. “Is't not sweets pride, when men their crownea must shade, With that whichjerfcs the hams of every Jade.” Bp. JIall : Satires, bk. iii., sat. 5. 2. To throw with a sharp, sudden action : as. To jerlc a stone or ball. E. Intrans. : To move with a sudden motion or start ; to start. Jerk (2), v.t. [S. Amer. charqul.] [Jerked- beef. ] To cut into long pieces, us beef, and dry it in the sun. * jerk (3), v.t. [Etym. doubtful.] To greet; to salute. ( Dryden : Juvenal, viii.)) Jerk, s. [Jerk ( 1 ), v.] 1. A sharp sudden thrust, push, or twitch ; \ a jolt, a shake. ( Cowper : Task, iv. 62.) 2. A smart blow. " He must aske his mother to define. How mamojorfa she would Ids breech should line." Dp. Hall : Satires, bk. iv., sat. 4. 3. A sudden spring or start ; a short sharp leap or bound. *' Instead of easy flapping side-ways, it swims by rapid, bristcJerAs, the quite contrary way." — Derham: Physico-Thcology, bk. viii., ch. vi. jerked, pa. par. or a. [S. Amer. charqui = jerked-beef.] [Jerk (2), r.] jerked-beef, s. Beef cut into thin slices and dried in tile sun to preserve it. [Charqui.] jerk-er (1), s. [Eng. jerk (1), v. ; -er.] One who jerks. * jerk-er (2), s. [Jerquer.] jerk -in (1), s. [Adimin. from Dut. jurk = a frock.] A short coat or jacket : a close waist- coat. ( Shakesp . : Tempest, iv. 1.) jerkim-head, s. Arch. : A term ap- plied to the end of a roof when interme- diate in shape be- tween a gable and a hip. jerk' -in (2), s. [A contract, of gyrfal- con (q.v.).] jerk' -in (3), s. [Gherkin.] jerk'-Ihg, pr. par., a. & s. [Jerk (1), a.] A. & 3. As pr. par. & partidp. adj. : (See the verb). C. As subst. : The act of throwing, thrust- ing, or pushing with a jerk. jerk'-ing-ly, adv. [Eng .jerking; -ly.] In a jerking manner ; with jerks. jerk’-y, a. [Eng. jerk (1); -y.] Moving or advancing by jerks or tits and starts. j er-on'-y-mite, s. [Hieronymite.] jer-o-pi'-gi-a, jer-u-pi'-gi-g,, s. [Gbro- PIGIA.J "jerque, v.t. [Jergue.] •jerquer, s. [Jerguer.] jer-reed', jer-rid, s. [Jereed.] jer'-ry, s. [A contemptuous abbreviation of Jeremiah, originating probably after the Res- toration, in ridicule of the Puritans, among whom the use of Old Testament names was common ; cf. Jeremiad. The use of the term in tlie building trade, it is said, arose in Liver- pool, when tlie northern suburb was being built, shortly after the passing of the Beer- house Act, in 1830.] [Jerry-shop.] jerry-builder, s. A speculative builder of houses of the lowest kind, the materials employed being of the commonest description. jerry-built, a. Unsubstantially built; constructed hastily and of bad materials. “ Two lumps of plaster fall from the roof of the jerry-built palace ; tlien the curse begins to work." — Pall Mall Gazette, Feb. 15, 18S4. jerry-shop, s. A beerhouse, so called on account of its inferiority to a fully-licensed house. [Tom-and- Jerry.] j er'-ry man-dor, v.t. [Gerrymander.] jer'-sey, s. [From the island of that name.] 1. Fine yarn wool. 2. Combed wool ; the finest wool separated from the rest. 3. A close-fitting woollen shirt worn in rowing, &c. [Guernsey.] Jersey-livelong, s. Bot. : Gnaphalium luteo-albwn. Jersey-pine, s. Bot. : Finns Inops. Jersey star-thistle, s. Bot. : Centaurea aspera or Isnardi, a rare British plant, found in Guernsey rather than in Jersey. Jersey-thistle, s. Bot. : Centaurea Isnardi. Je-ru'-sa-lem (l),s. & a. [Heb. pbtin’ and D''?U)YV (botli transliterated Yerushalaim)=t'ae well-known sacred city, the capital of Pales- tine.) (See etym. & compounds.) Jerusalem cross, s. Bot. : Lychnis chulcedonica. Jerusalem-pony, s. An ass. Jerusalem sage, s. Bot. : Phlomis fruticosa. Jerusalem-star, s. Bot. : (Y) Tragopogonporrifolius; (2)Cerastivm omentosum. Jerusalem-thorn, s. Bot. : Parkinsonia aculeata. je-ru sa lem (2), s. [A corruption of Ital. girasole=the sunflower (Ilelianthus tuberosus).] (See the compound.) jcrusalem-artichoke, s. [Artichoke.] jer'-vic, a. [Eng. jerv(ine); -ic.] (See the compound.) jervic acid, s. Chem. ; C y 4 1 1 i. J igq^HoO. An acid extracted from white hellebore by Weppen, in 1872. It requires 100 parts of water for solution at the ordinary temperature, and a little less of boil- ing alcohol, it is decidedly acid, and forms crystallizable salts, containing four equivalents of metal. jer'-vin, jer'-vine, s. [Sp. jerv(a ) = the poison of Vcratrum album; -in, -ine (Chem.).] Chem. : CjoH^^Oy^HoO. An alkaloid discovered by E. Simon in the root of white hellebore ( Veratrum album), in which it exists together with veratrine. To obtain it, the alcoholic extract of the powdered root is mixed with dilute hydrochloric acid, and sodium carbonate added. The resulting pre- cipitate is separated by filtration, dissolved in alcohol, decolorised with charcoal, and tlie alcohol removed by distillation. The solid residue obtained is a mixture of jervine and veratrine, the latter being uncrystallizable, may be entirely removed by submitting it to pressure ; or the residue may be treated with dilute sulphuric acid, which takes up the vera- trine sulphate, and leaves the jervine sul phate. When pure, itiscolourless, odourless, and taste- less, insoluble in water, readily soluble in alco- hol, and sparingly so in ammonia. Its most characteristic reaction is said to be with strong sulphuric acid, which colours it first yellow, then green. With acids it yields salts which are all very soluble. jess, s. [A corrupt, of O. Fr. jects, or gects, from jecter ; Lat. jacto = to throw. ] 1. A short strap of leather with which hawks were tied by the leg, and to which the leash was attached. " The pomp and flutter of brave falconry. The bells, the^'esses, and bright scarlet hood." Lotvjfellow : Student's Tale, 2. A ribbon hanging down from a garland or crown in falconry. jes'-sa-mine, s. [Jasmine.] * jes'-sa-my, s. [A corrupt, of jessamine (q.v.).j' A fop, from the fops’ habit of wear- ing sprigs of jessamine in their button-holes. jess'-ant, a. [A corrupt, of issuant (q.v.).] Her. : A term used to express the shooting forth or springing up of vegetables. jessant-de-Iis, s. Her. : A term applied to the head of a leo- pard having a fleur-de-lis passing through it. Jes'-se, s. [See def.] A large brass candle- stick, branched with many sconces, hanging down in the middle of a church or choir ; so called from its resemblance to the genealogi- cal-tree of Jesse, the father of David, a picture of which used to be hung up in churches. Tlie idea of representing Our Lord’s genealogy under tlie semblance of a vine arose probably from the passage in Isaiah xi. I. Jesse-window, s. Arch. : A window of which the tracery and glazing represent a genealogical-tree of Jesse. There is a famous one at Dorchester, in Ox- fordshire. jessed, a. [Eng. jess; -ed.) Her.: Having jesses on. (Said of a hawk.) *jes'-ser-aunt, s. [Jazerant.] Jest, * gest, * geste, s. [O.Fr. geste ; from Lat. gestafres) = (a tiling) done, from gestus, pa. par. of gero = to carry out, to do.] [Gest.] JERICHO ROSE. £itc, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, L or. wore, wolf, work, who, s6n ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, so ce — © ; ey = a ; qu = kw. jest— Jesua - — ■ — — — — — *1. A stofy, a tale. #2^An exploit, a deed, an achievement. J3^?A joke ; something ludicrous said or flcns to provoke mirth. *' Too bitter is th yjest." . Shakesp . .- Love * Labour* Lost, iv. 8. 4. The object of laughter or mirth ; a laugh- ing-stock. "The earnest of each was the Jest Of the other."—. Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iii. *5. A masque ; a masquerade. 6. The contrary to earnest or seriousness. " 'Ti3 uo jest that I do hate thee." Shakesp.: Midsummer Might's Dream, ill. 2. If In jest : As a jest or joke ; not seriously or in earnest. * jest-monger, s. A jester, a joker; one fond of or given to jesting. Jgst, v.i. & t. [Jest, s.J A. Intransitive : 1. To joke ; to utter jests ; to provoke mirth by ludicrous actions or words ; to make game. “ He must observe their mood on Whom he jes*s. n Shakesp : Twelfth Night, iii. L *2. To play a part in a masque or mas- querade. 3, To make light', to laugh. “ Rejects at scars that never felt a wound." Shakesp. : Romeo & Juliet, 1L 3. * B. Transitive : 1. To utter in jest ; to say jestingly. 2. To make a jest or joke on ; to make game of. If One jests in order to make others laugh ; one jokes in order to please one’s self. The jest is directed at the object: the joke is prac- tised with the person or on the person. One attempts to make a thing laughable or ridi- culous by jesting about it, or treating it in a jesting manner; one attempts to excite good humour in others, or indulge it in one’s self, by joking with them. To make game of is applic- able only to persons ; to make a sport of,, or sport with, is applied to objects in general. (Crabb : Eng. Synon.) •Jest-ee’, s. [Eng. jest ; -ee.] A person on whom a jest is made ; a butt. "The Jester Au&jestee.'.'— St erne: Tristram Shandy. L 55. JSst-er, *geat-our, s. [Eng. jest; -er.]j * 1. A professional story-teller. 2. One who jests or jokes ; a merry fellow. 3. A buffoon ; a person retained by persons of high rank to make sport forthem and their friends. The jester wore a motley or parti- coloured dress, with a cap or head-dress furnished with bells and asses’ ears. " Dressed In the motley garb iha,t jesters wear." Longfellow : Sicilian t Tale, L • Jest’-ful, a. [Eng. jest ; ■fuU.l).'] -Full of jests or jokes ; given to jesting or joking. Jesting, pr. par., a., b s. [Jest, v.] A. As pr. par. : (See the verb). B. As adj. : Fit for joking; to be jested about. " He will fljid that these are no Jotting matters."— Macaulay : Bint. Eng., cb. xv. C. As subst. : The act or practice of joking; a jest. * Jesting-beam, s. A beam introduced Into a building for appearance, not for use. ‘Jesting-stock, * Jesiing-stocke, a. A laughing-stock. Jest’-ing-ljr, adv. [Eng. jesting ; -ly.] In a jesting, joking manner ; not in earnest. “ Bacchus . . . shaking with laughter, thu s jestingly spoke." Boyse: V/ine the Cure for Love, t jSst’-word, s. {Eng. jest, and word.] a person or thing made the object of jest or ridicule ; a laughing-stock, a butt. " The jest-word of a mocking band." Whittier. Jes’-u-ate, s. [Eng. Jesu(s); -ate; Fr. Jesuate. So called from the frequency with which the order pronounced the name of Jesus.) Church Hist. ( PI .) : A name ultimately given to a monastic order, which, when first founded In 1368, was called Apostolic Clerks (q.v.). Jej’-U-it, s. [Eng. Jesufs) ; suff. -if ; Fr. Jesuite.] 1. Ch. Hist. (PI.): The Society of Jesus, the most celebrated ecclesiastical order of modem times. The great religious revolution ol the 2765 B. Intrans. : To act on Jesuitical principles. sixteenth century ran through the three stages which tend to occur in revolutions in general. First there was a moderate depar- ture from the previously existing state of things ; then the Anabaptists burst loose from control, and went into extravagances and ex- cesses. (Anabaptists.) Reaction then be- came inevitable, and if a suitable leader should arise was bound to become powerful. .That leader was found in Don Inigo Lopez de Re- calde, generally known from the castle of Loyola where he was bom, in 1491, as Ignatius Loyola. He became an officer of great bravery in the army, though he was not above the ordinary military vices. Dreadfully wounded in 1521 while defending Pampeluna against the French’, and long confined jn consequence to a sick hed, he saw the vanity of the world, and, renouncing it, resolved in future on a devotedly religious life. Wlieu, on his re- covery, he was at the University of Paris, he made converts of two fellow students who lodged with him, one a youth of aristocratic descent, Francis Xavier, afterwards the Apos- tle of the Indies. In 1534 he and they, with four others, seven in all, formed a kind of re- ligious society, the members of which preached through the country. On August 15 of that year they took vows of chastity, absolute poverty, devotion to the care of Christians, and to the conversion of infidels. This was the germ of the Jesuit order. Loyola, like most other Spaniards of aristocratic descent, was de- votedly attached to the old order of things, rudely shaken by the Reformation. A soldier, he bethought him of an army in whicli in- feriors should give implicit obedience to their superiors. A general should command, and should have none above him but the Pope, to whom he should give loyal support. Paul’ III. issued a bull in 1540 sanctioning the. establishment of the order with certain re- strictions, swept away three years later. In 1542 Loyola was chosen general of the order, and afterwards resided generally at Rome. His followers went everywhere giving special attention to the education of youth, the in- struction of adults by preaching, the defence of Catholicism against heretics and unbe- lievers, and the conversion of the heathen and Muhammadans. His order spread with great rapidity, and at the death of Loyola on July 31, 1556, consisted of above 1,000 persons, with 100 houses divided into twelve provinces. The Jesuits rendered great service to the Papacy, but ultimately became unpopular with the civil government in most Roman Catholic countries. The people thought them crafty. [See the derivative words which fol- low.) In September, 1759, .an order was given for the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal , and Brazil. In 1764 the order was suppressed in France, and its property confiscated. On March 31, 1767,. similar destruction overtook it in Spain, and soon after in Spanish. America, and next, after 1768, in the Two Sicilies and Parma, till at length on July 21, 1773, tjie Pope issued a bull suppressing the order altogether. Austria and the other Roman Catholic states obeyed the decree. In August 1814 Pope Pius VII. re-established it. In June, 1817, theJesuits were expelled from Russia, and the British Roman Catholic Emancipation Act, 10 Geo. IV. c. 7, passed in 1829, left them under some disabilities, which have since been removed. Recently expelled from France, many of them have sought an asylum in England, success- fully claiming that religious liberty which is considered the right of all religious organi- zations. *2. A term familiarly applied to graduates and undergraduates of Jesus College, Oxford. " Direct your next to me at Bath ; and remember me to all our fellow Jeswits — Smollett : Humphrey Clinker, To Sir W. Phillips, April 20. Jesuits’ -bark, s. Pharrn., &c. : Cinchona bark, so called be- cause its virtues were first made known by the Jesuit missionaries. Jesuits’-drops, s. pi Pharm. : Friar’s balsam (q.v.). Jesuita’-put, s. Hot. .- The nut of Trapa natans. [Trapa.) Jesuits’-powdor, s. Pharm. : Powdered cinchona bark. Jesuits’ tea, s. Bot. : Ilex paraguensis. * je^’-u-it, v.t. & i. [From Jesuit, s. (q.v.).] A. Trans. : To make a Jesuit of. * Jef’-u-it-ess, s. [Eng. Jesuit ;-ess; Fr. Jesuitesse.] Church Hist. : A member of an order of nuns established with rules similar to those obtaining among the Jesuits, it was abo- lished by y rbau V I i 1 . in 1630. je§s-u-it'-ic, jej-u-it-Ie-al, a. [Eng., fee. Jesuit ; -ic, • ical ; Fr. Jesuitique.] 1. Literally: (1) Of or belonging to the Jesuits or their method of jirocedure. (2) Belonging to Jesus' College, Oxford. ( Smollett : Humphrey Clinker.) 2. Figuratively : (1) Using polite speech to gain personal ends. (2) Making subtle distinctions to avoid the legitimate force of an argument. (3) Cunning, crafty, deceitful. jes-u-it’-Ic-al-ljf, adv. [Eng., &c. Jesuitic; ■ally.] 1. (Of procedure): In a jesuitical manner : cunningly, craftily. 2. (Of argumentation) : Disingenuously, “ To reason more jesuWcally than the Jesuits them- selves.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiv. Jef’-U-It-Isb, a. [Eng. Jesuit; -ish.] Some- what Jesuitical (q.v.). * Jes'-U-It-lfm, s. [Eng. Jesuit; -ism; Fr. Jesuitisms.] 1. Lit. : The principles, acts, or practices of the Jesuits. 2. Fig. : Disingenuousness, craft, deceit ; insidious pretences to gain personal ends. * Jef-U-lt-5c’-ra-937, S. [Eng. Jesuit ; o coune'ctive, and Gr. xparioj ( krateo ) = to rule, to govern.) 1. The form of government, secret or avowed, in which the Jesuits rule over the community. “ The charming result of a century of Jesuit ocracy, m —<7. Kingsley : Yeast, ch. v. 2. The whole body of the Jesuits in a' country or in the world viewed as thus ruling. Je^’-U-It -rf,s. [Eng. Jesuit ; -ry.] The same as Jesuitism (q.v.). Je’-sils, s. [Lat. Jesus, Iesus, Icsu, Josuej Gr. Tijo-oSt (Iesovs), from Heb. SPEC (Yeshua), a contr. form of Vffiin’ ( Yehoshua ) = Joshua, from Tlirp (Yehovah) = Jehovah, and HlriiD’ (Yeshuah) = (1) salvation, help, (2) safety, (3) victory. Gesenius believes Joshua to mean, “whose help is Jehovah"; or it may be from the verb SVP (Yasha), to save, and = Jehovah Saviour, or simply Saviour. (Def.)] 1. Scrip. Hist.: Joshua (Acts vii. 45; Heb. iv. 8). 2. Scrip. Hist. & Theol. : The name miracu- lously given to the first-born son of the Virgin Mary conceived by the Holy Ghost. An angel who appeared to Joseph, Mary’s betrothed lover, directed that that son on his birth should be called Jesus, “ for he shall save his people from their sins.’’ Some persons suppose that when Christ is superadded, Jesus is analogous to what now would be called the Christian name, while Christ is the surname. This view is erroneous. The only ersonal name is Jesus, and Christ is the esignation of office jar mission, indicating that the being who bore it claimed to he the Messiah promised to the fathers. [Christ, Messiah.) Nearly all the' Churches of the world, the Unitarian one being the chief exception, recognize a divine and a- human nature in Christ, regarding him with respect' to the former as the Second Person of the Trinity and the Son of God ; with regard to the latter, as the perfect type of humanity,, the only sinless man that has lived. on earth. [For details regarding his birth at Bethlehem, the flight of Joseph and Mary, taking him with them into Egypt, the return to Palestine, the boyhood and early manhood spent ab 1 Nazareth, his itinerant ministry— believed, chietty on chronological data supplied in St. John's Gospel, to have lasted about three years, see the Four Gospels. For the signitl- cancy of his death, see Atonement. For his ' resurrection and ascension, see these words.) Tiie birth rtf the Saviour is generally believed-! to iiave been in b.c. 4, the commencement boil, boj; pout, J o\Vl ; cat, £ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Sjjenophon, exist, ph = f, •-Clan, -tian — shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -{ion, -jton — zhun. -clous, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble. -die, ic. = bol. del, 1— Vol. 4 2766 jet— jewel of liis ministry a.d. 26, and his crucifixion A.D. 29. H Society of Jesus: [Jesuit], J6t (1), jett, * get, s. [Fr., 0. Fr. ject, gect; Ital. getto, getto d'acqua.] [Jet, i>.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. The act of throwing or shooting out ; a BUdden rush or shooting out of water. 2. A spout or tube for the discharge of water. ( Pope : Dunciad, ii. 177.) 3. That which shoots or issues out: as, a jet of water. * 1. Manner, custom, fashion. “ A1 of the uewe get." Chaucer : C. T., 684. “5. The principal point. ( Moritz : Travels in England, lett. 5.) 6. Drift, scope, meaning, as of an argu- ment. II. Technically: 1. Foundry : A tube or channel for passing melted metal into a mould. 2. Print. : The sprue of a type, which is broken from it when the type is cold. jet-ant, s. Entom. : Formica fuliginosa, a British spe- cies, which makes out of masticated wood-dust a nest of cardboard, which it manufactures in the stumps of trees. Jet-pump, s. A pump stated to have been originally contrived to empty the pits of submerged water-wheels. It acts by the pres- sure of a column of air passing througli an annular throat ; or, conversely, an annular jet around a central orifice. It has since been used in oil-wells. jet (2), * ge at, s. [Gr. yayarris (gagates ), from Gagas, a town in Asia Minor.] Min. : A black and compact variety of lignite (q.v.), hard, light, and capable of being turned into articles for personal ornament ; takes a good polish. The best variety is found in the Lias formation, and principally at Whitby, in Yorkshire. jet-black, a. As black or jet of the i deepest black colour. “ His locks upon hi 3 forehead twine; Jet-black, save where some touch of grey Has ta'en the youthful hue away." Scott : Lord of the Isles, Iv. 22. Jet d’eau, jette d’eau, s. [Jetteau.] Jet'-er-us, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Bot. : A morbid yellowness of parts which normally are green ; vegetable jaundice. Jet, * jette, v.i. & t. [O. Fr. fetter, jecter, get- ter = to cast or fling ; Lat. facto, frequent, of jacio = to throw. ] A. Intransitive : 1. To cast or fling about ; to shoot out ; to jut out. * 2. To act insolently. " Think you not how dangerous It Is to jet upon a prince's right?” Shakesp. : Titus Andronicut, ii. 1. * 3. To fling about the body ; to strut about. "Then must ye stately g o, jetting up and downe." Ralph Roister Doister 5 iii. a * 4. To jerk, to shake, to jolt. B. Trans : To shoot out, to emit, to spout out. " But that Instead ... it should be jetted out everywhere into hills and dales so necessaiy for that purpose.”— Derham : Physico- Theology, bk. iii., ch. iv. Jet -sam, jet-son, jet-ti-son, s. [O. Fr. jetter — to throw ; Eng., Ac. suff. - sam = together.] [Flotsam.] 1. The act of throwing goods, cargo, &c., overboard in order to lighten a ship in a storm, and thus preserve her. " Jetsam is where goods are cast into the sea, and there sink and remain under water ."—Blackstone: Comment., bk. i., ch. 8. 2. The goods, cargo, &£., thus thrown over- board. * Jet-teau (cau an 6), * jet -to, s. [For Fr. jet d’eau = a spout of water, a fountain.] [Jet (1) s .] A fountain ; a jet or spout of water. " For this reason there Is nothing that more en- livens a prospect than rivers, jetteaus, or falls of water."— Add ison : Spectator , No. 412. • jet'-tee (1) s. [Jetty.] )6t'-tee (2) s. [Native name (?).] The fibre of Marsdenia tenacissima, a small climbing plant of the natural order Asclepiadaeeae, of which the Kajmalial mountaineers make bowstrings remarkable for their great elasticity, which they are supposed to owe in some measure to ttie presence of caoutchouc. (Annandale.) *jet-ter, s. [Eng. fet, v. ; -er.] One who jets or struts about ; a fop. * jet'-ti-ness, s. [Eng. jetty; - ness .] The quality or state of being jetty ; blackness. jet'-tmg, pr. par., a., & s. [Jet, v .] A. & B. As pr. par. £ particip. adj. : (See the verb). * C. As subst. : The act of strutting about. jetting-out, s. Arch. : The projection of a corbel or mould- ing beyond the general surface. jet'-tl-son, s. [Jetsam.] jet'-ti son, v.t. [Jettison, v.] To lighten a vessel in a storm by throwing overboard some of the cargo. * jet'-ton, s. [Fr.] A piece of brass or other metal stamped and used as a counter in games of cards. * j et'-ty , v. i. I J ettv, s. ] To j ut. * jet'-ty, * jet-tie, a. [Eng. jet (2) s. ; -y.] Made of or resembling jet ; black as jet. “Amongst the Moors, the jettiest black are deemed The beautifuH'st.” Drayton: Poly-Olbion, 8. 26. jet'-ty, * jet'-tee, s. [O. Fr. jettee, properly the fem. of the pa. par. of fetter = to throw.] 1. Arch. : The part of a building which jets or juts over beyond the ground plan. 2. Hydraulic Engineering : (1) A construction of wood, rubble-stone, or masonry projecting into the sea, and serving as a wharf or pier for landing and shipping, or as a mole to protect a harbour. '‘The friendly harbour, that shoots far out Into the main its moles and Settees to receive us.” — Burke : On the Economical deform. (2) A structure round the piled foundation of a bridge pier. jet'-ty-head, ». [Eng. jetty, and head.] The projecting part at the head or end of a wharf. * jeu, s. [Fr.] A game ; a play. jeu'-de-mdts (ts silent), phr. [Fr.] A play on words ; a pun. jeu de-sprit ( t silent), phr. [Fr.] A witticism. Jew, * Jewe (ew as u), s. [0. Fr. Juis (pi.) ; Moil. Fr. Juif (sing.) ; Prov. fuzien, jusien ; Sp. fudio ; Port, judeo ; Ital. giudeo, from Lat. fudeeus ; Gr. 'IovSaiov ( Ioudaios ), from Lat. Jv.dcea ; Gr. ’IovSaia ( Ioudaia ) = Judaea ; Heb. niFV ( Yehudah ) = Judah. (See def.).] 1. Ord. Lang., Ethnol., £ Hist. : A Semitic race and people, chiefly from the tribe of Judah. The ten tribes carried into captivity to Assyria are not reported ever to have re- turned in mass, thougli individuals probably did so. Both Judaea and Galilee were, there- fore, peopled after the Babylonish captivity by the two tribes of Judah and Benjamin. The latter was small, and therefore Judah gave name ..rst to Judaia, the Roman pro- vince, and then to the Jewish people. 2. Hist.: During the mediaeval period the Jews of Europe labored under the heaviest dis- abilities, being subjected to frequent plundering and occasional massacres and deportations, the bitterest religions prejudice being entertained against them by high and low alike. The wealth which they gained as the money lenders of Europe added to the hatred with which they were viewed. This treatment still continues in Russia and other regions where ignorance prevails, though iu more enlightened lands Jews now possess all the privileges of full citizenship. They have been kept as a race apart by this treatment, and to-day retaiu their religion and character unchanged. 3. Collog. : A usurer ; a grasping fellow. f I Vandering Jew ; [See Wandering, j].] Jew-baiting, s. A contemptuous appel- lation for the fanatical persecution of the Jews, practised even to the present date by intolerant mobs and their fanatical or calcu- lating leaders in parts of Russia and even of Germany. (ate, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, hero, camel, her, there ; ut, wore, wolf, work, who, son; muto, cub, cure, unite, our, rule, full; try. jew-bush, 8 . [Jewbusb.] jews’-apple, e. [Mad-apple.] jew’s-ear, s. Bot. : A tough but gelatinous fungus, THr- neola ( Exidla ) Auricula Judo’, which grows on elder and elm-trees, and was formerly used us an ingredient iu gargles. jew’s-eye, jewess’-eye, s. A popular simile for any tiling extremely valuable. The extortions to which the Jews were subject in the Middle Ages, and the cruel mutila- tions to which they were exposed if they refused to pay the sums demanded of them, probably gave rise to this expression. There is a well-known story that King John de- manded 10,000 marks from a Jew of Bristol, and ordered one of his teeth to be drawn every day, till, having lost seven teeth at the hands of a none too gentle dentist, the unfortunate Jew paid the required amount. The Slang Dic- tionary says “ Probably a corruption of Ital. gioje; Fr. joaille = a jewel." Collier notes that in the older editions this expression is printed “ J ewes eye," and says it may be a question whether Shakespeare did not mean that Launcelot should merely repeat the phrase, leaving “Jewes” to he pronounced as a di- syllable.” The corrected folio (1632), alters the expression to — " There will come a Christian by Will be worth a Jewess' eye." Shakesp. : Merchant of Venic4, iL 6. jews’-fYamkimcense, s. Gum styrax or benzoin. [Benzoin.] jews’- harp, jews’- trump, s. 1. Music : A simple musical instrument held between the lips, the sound coming from the vibrations of a tongue of metal, bent at a right angle, which is set in motion by being twitched with the forefinger. The sound is increased in intensity by the breath, and altered in pitch by the shape of the cavity of the mouth, which acts as a reflector. This name some derive from jeu, play, from the fact of its being a toy ; but more probably itj is a derisive allusion to the harp of David. 2. Naut. : The shackle by which a cable is bent to the anchor-ring. Jews’ -harp shackle : Naut. : A clevis and pin whereby the chain® cable is bent to the anchor. jews’-mallow, s. Bot. : Ccrrchorus capsularis, a tiliaceous plant cultivated by the Jews in Palestine, Egypt, Ac. jews’-maima, s. Bot. : Alhagi Mauroriim. jews’-pitch, s. A kind of asphalt. It has been used by artists as a brown pigment, but it hardens imperfectly. (Weak.) jews’ -stone, s. [Jewstone.] jews’-trump, 5 . [Jews’-harp.] jew (ew as u), v.t. & i. ( U. S. Colloq.) Jk# Trans. : To overreach ; to beat unfairly at a bargain. B. Intr.: To practise sharp methods in trade. To jew down: To beat dowu the price of. jew'-bush (ew as u), s. [Eng. Jew, and bush.] Bot. : A euphorbiaceous plant, Pedilanthus padifolius. Its root is emetic ; it is used in syphilis and ainenorrhoea. jew'-el (ew as u), * jow-el, * jew-ell, * ju-el, * ju-elle, s. [O. Fr. joiel, joel, jouel ; Fr. joyau, a dimin. from joie = joy, pleasure; Sp . joyel; Ital. giojello^ a jewel, dimin. of gioja = joy, a jewel. ] I, Ordinary Language : 1. Literally : (1) A precious stone ; a gem. (2) A personal ornament, consisting to S greater or less extent of precious stones. 2. Fig. : Anything of very great value or excellence ; anything very dear. (Frequently used as a term of endearment.) " Most sweet ./eweZ." Shakesp. : Merchant of Venice, 11. 8. II. Watchmalting : A crystal or precious stone forming a bearing for the pivot of an arbor. jewel-block, s. Naut. : A block at the yard-arm of a ship, for the halyard of a studding-sail yard to pass through. (Cooper: Miles Wallingford, ch. xvi.) pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot, Syrian, ss, « = © ; ey = a. qu = kw. jewel— jigger 2767 Jewel-case, jewel-casket, s. A case or casket in which jewels are kept. “ Pompeius the Great met with the jewel-casket of King Mithridates." — P. Holland: Plinie, bk. xxxrii., eh. L * jewel-house, * jewel-office, s. The place where the royal jewels are deposited. I Shakesp . : Henry VIII., iv. 1.) jewel-like, a. Bright or sparkling as a jewel. ( Shakesp . : Pericles, v. 3.) * jewel-proof, a. Not to be bribed by the offer of jewels. ( Beaum . <& Flet. : Loyal Subject, iii. 3.) jewel-setter, s. Watchmaking : A circular steel cutter having a concave end with a circumferential angular edge, that slightly exceeds in circumference the bezel into which the jewel is to be fitted, and by which a circular burrof metal is pushed down upon the jewel. jewel-weed, s. Hot. : An American ndmo for the genus Impatiens (q.v.). Jew'-el (ew as u), v.t. [Jewel, s.] 1. To dress out or adorn with jewels. •‘19 India free ? and does she wear her plumed And jewell’d turban with a smile of peace ? Cowper : Task, iv. 30. 2. To fit or provide with jewels, as a watch. * 3. To adorn or set out as witli jewels ; to bespangle. Jew-el-ler (ew as u), * juellere, s. [Eng. jewel'; -er; O.Fr. joyallier .] A maker of or dealer in jewels and other ornaments. “The jewellers were ordered to bring all their tools to the viceroy, and left without any means of subsist- ence.”— Cook : Second Voyage, bk. i., ch. in jewellers’-gold, s. An alloy of 25 per cent, of copper, with 75 per cent, of gold. jewellers’-putty, s. Ignited and finely levigated oxide of tin, used by jewellers for polishing hard objects. (Ogilvie.) jewellers’-red, s. [Crocus, 5.] jew'-el-ler-y (ew as u), s. [Jewelry.] jew -el-ling (ew as u), s. [Eng. jewel; -tug.] 1. The act of providing or furnishing with a jewel or jewels. 2. Jewelry. * Jew’-el-ly (ew as u), a. [Eng. jewel ; -y.] Like a’jewel ; brilliant. " The jewelly star of life.” — De Quincey : Star of Life, § 19. Jew'-el-ry, jew'-el-ler-y (ew as u), s. [Eng. jewel ; -ry ; O. Fr. joyaulerie.] 1. Jewels in general. “ Even jewellery and cooda . . . lose their value the moment it is known they come from her.” — Burke: Charge against Warren Hastings, 68. 2. The art or trade of a jeweller. •jewerle, s. [Jewry.] Jew'-ess (ewasu), s. [Eng. jew; -ess.] A female Jew. * jewise, * juwise, s. [Norm. Fr. juise, from Lat. judicium = juagihent; judex (genit. ju- diais) = a judge.] Judgment, punishment. 4 ‘The king commandedjhis constable anon Up peine of haugingfand of high jewise." Chaucer : C. T.. v. 6,215. Jew'-ish (ew as u), a. [Eng. Jew; -ish.] Of or pertaining to the Jews or Hebrews ; like a Jew ; Israelitish. J ewish disabilities, s. pi. Imw : [Jew, 2]. Jewish-era, s. Chron. : An era which dates from the Crea- tion, which is fixed 3760 years and three months prior to the Christian. The present year (1884) is the year 5644-45 of the Jewish Calendar. Jew'-ish-ljr (ew as u), adv. [Eng. Jewish ; -ly.] In the manner of a Jew ; like a Jew. Jew'-ish-ness (ew as u), s. [Eng. Jewish ; -ness.] The quality or state of being Jewish ; the manners or customs of the Jews ; Jewish nature. Jew-rein-ow'-ite (ew as u), s. [Named by Nordenskiold after Jewreinow ; suit. -He (Min.).~\ Min. : Occurs in pale-brown to colourless crystals with sp. gr. 3'39, at Frugard, Finland. It a variety of idoerase or Vesuvianite (q.v.), which containa little or no magnesia. (Dana.) jew'-ry (ew as u), * jew-er-ie, s. [O. Fr. Juierie; Fr. Juiverie.] 1. The land of the Jews ; Judaea. “ Art thou Daniel whom my father brought out of Jewry V— Daniel v. 13. 2. A district inhabited by Jews; specif., a street in London so called. jew'-Stone (ew as u), s. [Eng. Jew, and stone.] 1. Geol. : A local name for a black basalt found on the Clee Hills, Shropshire. The first element is derived from (1) Deus = god, from its volcanic origin ; (2) Wei. du = black ; or (3) it may be called jewstone from its re- semblance to touchstone, and the fact that the Jews were formerly the only dealers in the precious metals. 2. Palteont. : A popular name for the spine of a species of Echinus. jez'-e-bel, s. [From (Izebel), the name of the wicked wife of Ahab, king of Israel.] A wicked, daring, or vicious woman. Jez'-i-di§, s. pi. [Yezidis.] jheel, s. [Hind.] A large pool or pond of water filled with rank vegetation. (Anglo-Indian.) jib, s. [Jib, v.] 1. Naut. : A large triangular sail set on a stay, forward of the fore stay-sail, between the fore-top mast-head and jib-boom in large vessels. It occupies a position between the mast-head and bowsprit in cutters, schooners, and small craft, and does not necessarily run on a stay. Jibs are known by various names, according to position, &c., as inner-jib, outer- jib, standing-jib, flying-jib, spindle-jib, storm- jib, jib-of-jibs, Ac. A jib-topsail or balloon- jib extends towards the topmast head, and in cutter yachts is sometimes a very large sail. 2. Mach. : The extended arm of a crane ; or that spar of a derrick which is stepped at the bottom and connected by tackle at the top to the vertical post. The post is maintained vertical by guys, and the tackle affords a means for adjusting the inclination of the jib, the fall being carried from the top of the post to a small crab on the ground, distinct from the larger crab which operates the hoisting- tackle. The jib of a derrick is stepped, and is adjustable in inclination. The jib of a crane is fast to the frame and rotates horizon- tally with it, or is journaled to the frame and is adjustable thereon, sometimes vertically, for height ; always horizontally for sweep. jib-boom, s. Naut. : A movable spar running out beyond the bowsprit, for the (purpose of affording a base to the jib in large vessels, and to the flying-jib in schooners and smaller craft. jib-door, s. A door made flush with the wall on both sides. jib-frame, s. Steam-eng. : The upright frame at the sides of a marine-engine, connecting the cylinder, condenser, and the framing, jib-halyard, s. [Halyard.] jib-beaded, a. (See the compound.) Jib-headed topsail ; A triangular fore-and-aft topsail, having no gaff. jib-iron, s. Naut. : The traveller of the jib. An iron hoop, fixed to the jib and sliding on the boom. jib-sheet, s. [Sheet.] jib-stay, s. Steam-eng. : A portion of the stay-frame of a marine steam-engine. [Jib-frame.] jib (1), jibe (1), * gybe, v.t. [Dan. gibbe = to jib; cogn. with Dut. gijpei i = to turn suddenly.] Naut. ; To shift, as a fore-and-aft sail, from one side of the vessel to the other, as the wind changes. " In changing tacks, they have only occasion to shift or jib round the sail." —Cook : Third. Voyage, bk. ii., ch. iii. jib (2), v.i. [O.Fr. giber = to struggle with the hands and feet ; regiber (Fr. regimber) = to kick; Mid. Eng. regibben.] To move restively sideways or backwards, as a horse. jlb'-ber, s. [Eng. jib (2), v. ; -er.) A horse given to jibbing ; a horse that jibs. jibe, v.t. [Gibe.] jib'-let, s. [Giblet.] jiblet-check, jiblet-cheek, t. [Gib. LET-CHEEK.] jick'-a-jog, jig'-jog, s. [A reduplication of jig' or jog.] A shake, a push, a jog. jif'-fy, s. [Etyra. doubtfuL] A moment, an instant. (Colloquial.) jig, s. [O.Fr. gige, gigue = (1) a sort of wind instrument ; (2) a kind of dance ; from M.H.Ger. gige; Ger. geige— a fiddle; Ital. giga = a fiddle ; Sp. giga - a lively tune w dance.] I. Ordinary Language : I. In the same sense as II. 1. * 2. A kind of ballad iu rhyme. 3. A trick, a prank. II. Technically: 1. Music: (1) A lively dance which may be performed by one or more dancers. It is popular among many nations, is distinguished by various titles, and has a certain amount of difference in the steps according to the habits and cus- toms of the people by whom it is adopted. With some it is a sober, steady, jog-trot sort of a country-dance, with others it is a wild, savage exercise, without point or meaning. With some it is made a means of displaying the agility of the lower limbs of a combined company of dancers ; with others it is a terp- sichorean drama for two performers, in which all the emotions excited by love are repre- sented by gestures and monosyllabic cries. (2) As a movement in a “ suite,” the jig is found in works produced towards the latter part of the seventeenth century, and onwards to the time of Haydn. At first the phrases were short, and of no more variety than was needed for the purposes of the dance, for the jig was occasionally one of the figures of the country dance. But later it was made the vehicle for display in harpsichord playing, and was lengthened and elaborated and be- came the origin of the last movement of the sonata. It was written in a, a |, |, », and y time ; the peculiarity of the rhythm of triplets j was nearly always preserved, if not insisted* upon. 2. Mach. : A handy tool. The name is ap- plied to various devices, and in many trades small and simple machines are called jigs. 3. Sports: A trolling bait, consisting of a bright spoon and an attached hook. A ball of light metal on a hook. jig, v.i. & t. [Jig, s.] A. Intrans. : To dance a jig ; to skip about. “ You jig, you amble, and you lisp, and nickuam* God's creatures."— Shakesp.: Hamlet, iii. 1. B. Transitive : * I. Ordinary Language : 1. To sing in jig time ; to sing in the style of a jig. “ Jfg off a tune at the tongue's end.”— Shakesp, t Love's Labour s Lost, iii. 1. 2. To cheat, to impose upon, to delude. II. Technically : 1. Min.: To dress ore in a jigger. [Jigger.] 2. Felting : To harden and condense a felted fabric by repeated quick blows from rods, or by a platen or platens having a rapid vibratory motion. jig-br^Y*v, s. [Jinny-road.] jig-saw, s. A vertically-reciprocating saw, moved by a vibrating lever or crank-rod. The saw is arranged between two sliding head- blocks, to the upper one of which is attached an index to mark the bevel, a vernier plate being fixed to the circular iron-banded timber to which the blocks are secured by braces. It is moved by a segment of a cog-wheel under the carriage, gearing and working into pinions, and by a pulley-band over a drum. jig-ger (1), s. [Eng. jig, v. ; -er.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. One who or that which jigs. 2. A fiddlestick. (Provincial.) II. Technically : 1. Billiards : A rest for a cue, wnen The player cannot reach to the ball. 2. Brewing : A kind of pump useflin brewing. boil, bojt; pout, jowl; cat, 9 eU, chorus, ^hm, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, eyist. -ing. -oian, -tian — shaji, -tion, -sion — shun; -tion, -jioa - zhun. -clous, -tious, -sious — shus. -ble, -die, & c. = bel, d®L 2768 jigger— jink 8. Coopering : A drawing-knife, with a hol- lowing blade. 4. Feltvng : A machine for felting fibre by an Intermittent rolling action upon the material, which lies upon a table, and is kept warm and wet. 5. Leather : A machine for graining morocco leather, consisting of grooved boxwood rollers, fitted in a frame suspended from the ceiling, and swung backward and forward like a pen- dulum. 6. Mining : A riddle or sieve shaken verti- cally in water, to separate the contained ore into strata, according to weight and conse- quent richness. The sieve commonly consists of a hoop with handles, and a bottom of sheet- brass, finely perforated. It is used by striking it squarely upon the water, and giving it a semi-rotation simultaneously, to sort the pul- verised ore according to gravity. The lighter portions are scraped from the top, and the lower stratum removed for smelting or further concentration. 7. Nautical : (1) A double and single block tackle, used for such jobs as holding on to the cable, abaft the capstan, as the cable is heaved in. Also used in hauling home the topsail sheet and other similar work. (2) A small tackle attached to the bight of another rope, to increase the purchase. (3) A supplementary sail rigged on a mast and boom, from the stern of a cutter or other vessel. (4) A small mast erected on the stern of a yawl. (5) A yawl. (6) A weighted line with several hooks, set back to back, dropped suddenly into the water, and suddenly jerked upward to catch fish. 8. Pottery: (1) A horizontal table carrying a revolving mould, on which earthen vessels are shaped ; a potter’s wheel ; a throwing wheel. (2) A templet or former which is used in shaping the interior of a crucible or other vessel when the clay is upon the wheel. 9. Print. : A contrivance used by composi- tors to keep copy in position, and to mark the lines they are setting. jigger-knife, s. A drawing-knife with a blade bent at one end and curved at the other, used by wheelwrights. |igf~ger (2) 8. [See def.] A corruption of chigre , or chigoe (q.v.). jig'-gered, a. [Eng. jigger; -ed.j Suffering from the burrowing of the jigger or chigre (q.v.) T This word is often used as an imprecation, especially in the West of England. Davies {Swpp. Gloss.), says, “ the expression arose from the suffering caused by the chigoe insect in the West Indies." An alternative etymol., suggested by the common use of the word in the mining districts, is from Jigger (1), II. 6. -giiig, pr.par. a., & s. [Jig, v.] A. & B. As pr. par . & particip. adj.: (See the verb). C. As subst. : The act or process of dressing ores in a jigger. jigging-macliine, s. [Jigger (1), II. 6.] * jig-glsh, a. [Eng .jig; -ish.] 1 . Of or pertaining to a jig ; resembling or fitted for a jig. “ The coquet therefore I must distinguish by the musical instrument which is commonly known by the name of a kitt, that is more Jiggish thau the fiddle itself." — Tatler, No. 157. 2. Playful, frisky. “ She is never sad, and y et not jiggtih ; her conscience 1 b clear from gilt, and that secures her from sorrow.'* — Habington : Castara, pt. i. jte gle, v.i. [Eng. jig, s. ; frequent, suff. -le.] To wriggle or skip about. jlg’-gllhg, a. [Jioobe.] Wriggling about; frisking. * jlg' gum-bob, ' jlg'-gambob, s. [Cf. Thingumbob.] A lcuick-knack, a trinket, a play. " More Jlggambobs : is not this tho fellow that sworn Like a duck to th’ shore in our sea-servico ? licaum. A Flet. : Knight of Malta, iv. 1. JIg'jog, s. £A reduplication of jog (q.v.).] A jogging, jolting motion. * jig'-mak-er, * jigge-mak er, «. [Eng. jig, and maker.) 1. A writer or composer of jigs. 2. A ballad-maker. “O 1 your only jigmaker. What Bhould a man do, but be merry ?"—Shakesp. : Hamlet, iii. 2. jig-pin, s. [Eng. jig, and pin .] Min. : A pin used to hold the turn-beams and prevent them from turning. ji-hadj je had', s. [Arabic.) A holy war proclaimed by the Mussulmans against Chris- tians. The Sheeahs do not now consider it legitimate to do this. The Soonees reserve the measure for great emergencies. Fanatics attempted to set one on foot in India in 1877. Sheik ul Islam, at Constantinople, proclaimed one against the Russians about 1877. Jill (1), s. [Gill.) A giddy or flirting girl. "Do ye snarle, you black jilt t she looks like the picture of America.” — Beaum. A Flet. : Knight of Malta, v. L jill-fiirt, s. A giddy or wanton girl ; a jilt. " It is certain, that we are infested with a parcel of fill-flirts, who are not capable of being mothers of brave men."— Guardian, No. 26. * jiil (2), s. [Gibb.] A metal cup. jil' let, s. [Eng. jill; -et.] A jilt, a giddy girl.' “ A jillet brak’ his heart at last." Burns : On a Scotch Bard. jilt, s. [A contract, of jillet.] 1. A coquette ; a woman who capriciously or wantonly allows her lover to indulge hopes, and then deceives him ; a flirt. " Nor ask I vengeance on the perjured Jilt. ’Tie punishment enough to have her guilt." IFa/sh ; Elegy ; The Petition. 2. A term of contempt for a woman. jilt, v.t. & i. [Jilt, $.] A. Trans. : To trick and deceive a man by flattering his love with hopes, and then cast- ing him off for another. “ Whence arises this gloom, this uncommon dejection? Are you jilted in love?" Cambridge : A Dialogue. B. Intrans. : To play the jilt ; to lead on, and after cast off a lover. “ She might have leam’d to cuckold. Jilt, and sham. Had Covent-garden been at Surinam.” Congreve: Oroonoko. (EpiBJ jlm' -crack, s. [Gimcback.] jlm’-crow, s. [From the burden of an old song.] 1. An implement for bending or straighten- ing rails. 2. The j im-crow planing-machine is furnished with a reversing tool, to plane both ways, and named from its peculiar motion, as the tool is able to “ wheel about and turn about.” The table is moved endways by a quick-threaded screw, which allows the driving motion to be placed at the end. jimerow’s-nose, s. Bol. : A West Indian name for Phyllocoryne. jlm'-mer, s. [Gimbab.] jlm'-my, s. [Jemmy.] jimp, v.i. [Jump.] To jump. jimp, a. & adv. [Gimp.] A. As adj. : Neat, spruce, handsome. B. As adv. : Barely, scarcely, simply. jimp'-ly, adv. [Eng. jimp, a. ; -ly.] Barely, scarcely, hardly. “ We are jimply provided for in beds."— Scott : Old Mortality, ch. xxxvii. jimpg, s. pi [Etym. doubtful ; cf. jimp , a.) Easy stays. (Scotch.) “ But Jenny’s jimps and Jirklnet, My lord thinks mickle mair upon’t.* Burns ; My Lady's Gown. jlmp'-y, a. & adv. [Eng. jimp, a. ; -ly.] A. As adj. : Neat, jimp. B. As adv. : Neatly, tightly. jlm'-son, s. [A corruption of Jamestown.] Bot. : An American name for Datura Stra- monium. jin, jinn, s. [Arab, jinni — one of the genii ; pi. jinn = the genii.] Muhammadan Mythol . : One of a race of genii said to have had for their male progenitor Jan, and for their female one Marija. They differ from man in their nature, their form, and their speech. They are spirits residing in tha lowest firmament, and have the power of ren- dering themselves visible to man in any form they please. The bodies they assume are material, but not grosser than the essence of Are and smoko. The extent of their knowledge is unknown. Their character is good. It to not a jinn, but a sheitan, that does evil deeds. (Jaffie/r Shurreef: Moosulmans of India, pp. 324, 325.) jm-gall', s. [Gingab.] jlh’-gle, * gin-gel-en, * gin-glen, * gin glc, v.i. & t. [A frequent, formation from jink, itself a form of chink (q.v.).] A. Intransitive: 1. To clink ; to sound with a tinkling metallic noise ; to chink ; to tinkle. “ Every chime that jingled from Oaten d." Byron : English Bards A Scotch Be 'newer s. 2. To correspond in rhyme or sound, so as to catch the ear. "From sermons with sixteen heads down to jing . ling street ballads."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xv. 3. To make rhymes, possibly doggrel. “ Whene'er ray Muse does on me glance, I jingle at her." Bums: To John Lapraik. B. Trans. : To cause to sound with a tin- kling metallic noise ; to tinkle. jm’-gle, * gm'-gle, s. [Jingbe, v.] 1. A tinkling metallic sound, as of coins, a chain, &c. “ They should be morris dancers by their gingle, but they have no napkins. "—Ben Jonson : Gypsies Meta- morphosed. 2. That which jingles or gives out a tinkling sound ; a child’s rattle. " If you plant where savages are, do not only enter- tain them with trifles ami jingles, but use them justly.” —Bacon: Essays; Of Plantations. 3. A correspondence of sound in rhymes, especially when the verses have little or no real merit. "Every pert young fellow that has a moving fancy, and the least jingle of verse in his head, sets up for a writer of songs.”— Guardian, No. 16. 4. Verse of an ordinary, indifferent, or homely nature ; doggrel. " I . . . spin a verse or twa o’ rhyme, I* hamely, westlin jingle.” Burns : Epistle to Daira, 5. A covered two-wheeled car. (Ireland.) 6. (PI) A popular name for St. Anthony’s flre„ jm'-gler, * gm'-gler, s. [Eng. jingl(e) ; -er.) One who or that which jingles. " I had spurs of mine own before, but they were not ginglers."— Ben Jonson : Every Man out of his. Humour. li. 5. jm'-glmg, pr. par. t a., &s. [Jingle, v.] A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See the verb). C. As subst. : The act or state of tinkling or giving out a tinkling metallic sound ; a clink. “ Crooked or straight, through quagajor thorny dells. True to the jingling of our leader’s bells." C owper : Tirocinium, 261. Jm'-gd, s. & a. TA word of doubtful origin ; by some considered a corrupt, of St. Gi ngoulph or GingulphuSy as iu Barham’s Ingoldsby Le- gends, by others from Basque Jingo = God.] A. As substantive : 1. A word used as a mild oath. 2. One of that party in England which ad- vocated the cause of the Turks in the Turco- Russian war of 1877-8. In this sense derived directly from the refrain of a song, then popu- lar at music-halls, of which the two first lines ran as follows : " We don’t want to fight, but by Jingo if we do, We’ve got the ships, we’ve got the men, we’ve got tha money too.” Hence, one clamorous for war ; one who ad- vocates a “ spirited ” foreign policy. “ He is a more pernicious kind of Jingo than hi* predecessors.’’— Graphic, Nov. 22, 1884. 3. An imaginary idol, worshipped by the party described under 2. ' B. As adj. : Relating or pertaining to tlie Jingoes : as, a jingo policy. . JIn'-g6-I§m, s. [Eng. jingo; -ism.] The views and procedure of the Jingoes. "In the days when Jingoism had to be combated and overcome.’”— Pall Mall (gazette, June 12, 1S8B * jink, v.t. & i. [Etym. doubtful.] A. Trans. : To cheat, to impose upon. B. Intrans. : To elude a person by an active movement ; to dodge. £c.te, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t, or. wore, wolf, work. who. son; mute. cub. oiirc, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. ®e, ce = e. ey = a. qu — kw. jink— jobber 2769 Jink, s. [Jink, v.] A quick elusory turn. If (1) To jink in : To enter a place suddenly. “ My lord couldnn, tak it weel your coming blinking and jinking in, in that fashion."— Scott: Antiquary, ch. xxv. (2) High-jinks. [High-jinks]. Jink'-er, s. [Eng. jink v. ; -er.] One who turns quickly ; a gay, sprightly girl ; a wag. “That day ye was tijinkcr noble.'* Bums: Auld Farmer's Salutation. jinn, s. [Jin.] jinnee (pi. jinn), s. [Arab., Hind., &e. = that which is internal or unseen.] [Jin. ] jin -ny, s. [A corrupt, of gin = engine. For def. see etym. and compound.] jinny-road, s. Mining: An inclined road in a coal-mine, on which loaded cars descend by gravity, and draw up empty ones. Also known locally in some parts of England as a jig-brow. * jip -pd, s. [Fr. jupe; cf. jupon.] A sort of waistcoat or stays for women. Jir -ble, jair-ble, v.t. [Etym. doubtful.] To spill any liquid by carelessly moving the bottle containing it. (Scotch.) (Scott : St. Ro- man’s Well.) Jirk- i-net, s. [A diinin. of jerkin (q.v.),] A sort of boddice or substitute for stays, with- out whalebones, worn by females. Jo , joe (1), s. [Etym. doubtful ; referred by some to Fr. joie = joy.] A sweetheart, a darling. “ I cheated the leddy for your' clavers, but I wasna gaun to cheat my joe."— Scott : Old Mortality, ch. vii. Jo-a-chim-Ite, s. [For etym. see def.] Ch. Hist. (PI.) : The followers of Joachim, Abbot of Flora, in Calabria. They were a branch of the Fratricelli (q.v.). They were condemned by the Council of Lateran, in 1215, f and by that of Arles ill 12G0-1. Joan, s. [Femalepropername,fromJohn(q.v.).] Joan silver-pin, s. ' Bot. : A name for the Opium Poppy (Papa- ver sovmiferuvi). Jo an'-nite, Jo-han'-nite, s. [For etym. see def.] Ch. Hist. (PI.) : The followers of John Chry- sostom, consecrated Archbishop of Constanti- nople in a.d. 398. He was deposed in 403, for his reproof of sin, and banished in 404. The sect became extinct about a.d. 438. Jo -ar, s. [Jowakee.] Job (1), s. &a. [O.Fr. jo6=a mouthful.] [Gob. A. As substantive : 1. An occasional petty piece of work of any kind, undertaken for a stated price. “ What tool is there job after job will not hack ?” Moore : Sale of the Tools. 2. Anything, of greater or less importance, ttulertaken for a fixed sum : as. The engineer received so much for the job. 3. Any occurrence, fortunate or otherwise : as, It was a good (or bad)jo6 for him. 4. A situation, a place of employment: as, He has got a good job. (Colloq.) 5. An undertaking, ostensibly for the benefit of the country or some public body, really for one’s private benefit. (Often applied to a piece of nepotism.) ■* No cheek la known to blush or heart to throb. Save when they lose a question or a job." Pope: Essays on Criticism, L 104. B. As adjective: 1 . A term applied to collections of things, either miscellaneous or of the same kind, sold together. The idea conveyed is that they are disposed of at a sacrifice. 2. The term applied to anything let on hire. “ Letting him have job horses for £150 a year.” — Miss Edgeworth. : The Lottery, ch. i. It (1) To do the job for one: To kill him. (2) To do odd jobs: To do occasional work of e petty kind. (Often applied to the more -menial offices of domestic service.) (3) To do a thing by the job : To undertake and do work at so much for the whole ; to work by piecework. * job-lot, s. A collection of things, either miscellaneous or of the same kind, sold to- gether, ostensibly under market value : as, a job-lot of drapery, a job-lot of ties. Job -master, s. One who lets out car- riages or horses, contracting to keep the car- riages in repair and to change the horses when required, job-printer, s. A printer whose busi- ness is confined to small quantities of mis- cellaneous work ; a jobbing-printer. job- watch, s. Naut. : A watch with a seconds hand, used in taking observations to obviate the necessity of constantly shifting the chronometer, with which the watch has to be compared imme- diately before and after every observation. job-work, s. Occasional work, as dis- tinguished from constant employment. “ For every description of job-work so ready.” Moore: Donkey & his Panniers. job (2), s. [Job (2), v.] A sudden blow or thrust with a sharp-pointed instrument. T[ The word nut-jobber is used as a synonym for the nuthatch, because that bird breaks open nuts with blows of its bill. job (1), v.l. & i. [Job (1), s.] A. Transitive: 1. To let out in separate portions ; to dis- tribute work among contractors or masters ; ’ to sublet. 2. To let out for hire ; specif., applied to horses and carriages. 3. To engage horse* and carriages for hire from a job-master. 4. To buy goods, as cotton or cigars, in large quantities, often by the cargo, and dis- tribute them to wholesale dealers : as. He jobs large quantities every year. B. Intransitive: 1. To work at chance work ; to undertake employment of a menial or dishonourable kind. " Wanted— Authors of all work, to job for the season.” Moore : Literary Advertisement. 2. To deal iu scrip ; to carry on the business of a broker. 3. To carry on the business of a job-master (q.v.) : as. He jobs largely iu the season. 4. To hire carriages or horses from a job- master : as, I shall job with B. 5. To do work, ostensibly for the benefit of others, really for one’s own ; hence, to per- form public duties with a view to one’s private advantage. “ And Judgesioft and bishops bite the town." Pope : Moral Essays, iii. 141. job (2), * job-byn, v.t. [Ir. & Gael. gob = a beak or bill ; Wei. gwp.) 1. To strike forcefully and suddenly with a sharp-pointed instrument or weapon. “ Jobbyn with the bill. Rostro."— Prompt. Parv. 2. To drive iu a sharp-pointed instrument or weapon. job (3), jobe, v.t. [Etym. uncertain. Usually given as if from the patriarch Job, in allusion to the rebukes he received from his friends, though it would seem probable if a word with this meaning were derived from the story of the patriarch, it would take the form of the name of one of his friends. Against this view is to be urged the comparative easiness with which his name is pronounced, when com- pared with theirs. Cf. Notes t& Queries, J une 21, 1884, p. 489.] To chide sternly ; to reprimand, to scold. J Ob, s. [Heb. 2VN (Iyob) ; Gr. Tw/3 (lob) = a patriarch notable for his patience.] [If] «u The Book of Job : Old Test. Canon: In the English version of the Bible, Job stands first in order of the poetic hooks of the Old Testament, but it is the third in the Hebrew Scripture, Psalms and Proverbs preceding it, and the Song of Solomon coming next. A prologue (ch. i. ii.) and the conclusion (ch. xlii. 7-17), are in prose. The rest is poetry, and of a very high order. In the historical prologue Job is introduced, as deeply pious and exceedingly prosperous. Satan insinuates that he is pious simply be- cause God has bribed him to be so by means of liis prosperity. Remove the latter, and the former will also depart. Instead of blessing, be will curse God to his face. To prove the falsity ofthiscliarge, Satan is allowed to strip Job of possessions and children, and to afflict him with a loathsome disease. The patriarch hows uncomplainingly to the Divine decision, while the piety of his wife breaks down mthetrial. Job’sthree friends — Elipliaz, Bildad, and Zophar — arrive to comfort him, and the poetry begins. Job, in despair, cur3ea the day of his birth ; Elipliaz replies, and Job makes a rejoinder. Bildad follows, and Job answers him. Zophar next speaks, and Job again replies (ch. iii.-xiv.). Each of the three friends speaks anew, Job thrice replying (xv.-xxi.). Then follow Eliphaz -and Job, Bildad and Job, Zophar remaining silent. A fourth speaker, a young man, Elihu, dissatis. fled with the reply of the elder three, feel* vehemently moved to put in his word, and does so (xxxii.-xxxvii.). All the four pro- ceed on the erroneous notion that whoever suffers more than others must have previously sinned more grievously than they (Luke xiii. 1—5). They infer that Job must have dons so, Job, on his part, having long since been provoked to exclaim, “ Miserable comforters are ye all!” (xvi. 2). [Job’s Comforter.] Jehovah then answers the patriarch out of the whirlwind, and vindicates his conduct and views, Job answering in deepest abasement (xxxviii.-xlii. 6). The comforters are cen- sured, are enjoined to offer sacrifice, and ara pardoned on the intercession of Job, to whom are horn exactly the same number of children lie bad lost (cf. i. 2, and xlii. 13), whilst he is granted twice the possessions, though before he “was the greatest of all the men of the earth.” (Cf. i. 3 and xlii. 12.) He lives 140 years after his trial. The book of Job is absolutely unique in the Old Testament. The hero is not a Jew. While the name Jehovah is used, the whole history of the Mosaic law and the chosen people is ignored. The author seems well acquainted with Egypt, its crocodiles (xli.), and its pyra- mids (?) (iii. 14), and the desert with its os- triches (xxxix. 13-18), its wild asses (xxiv. 5, xxxix. 5-8), and its too successful, tent-living, predatory tribes (xii. 6). The language is Hebrew, with various Aramaisms, and with a faint Arabic tinge. The view still held by most commentators is that the book is very ancient, and its author probably Moses. If so, then it is intelligible why there is a resem- blance between expressions in Job and in Genesis. (Cf. Gen. ii. 23, and Job ii. 5 ; Gen. iv. 21, and Job xxi. 12, xxx. 31 ; Gen. vi. 2_ and Job i. 6, &c.) Others place it about the time of Solomon or that of one of the suc- ceeding kings ; Renan says about a hundred years before the Captivity. Others make it even later, believing that the personification of the evil spirit is of Persian origin (i. 6, 7, 12). The Talmud originated the view, since adopted by various Biblical critics, that the hook is only a parable. But against this viewjnay be quoted Ezek. xiv. 14, 20, and James v. 11. Job’s-comforter, s. A false friend, who takes, or seems to take, pleasure in attributing one’s misfortunes to one’s own course of action whilst pretending to sympathise. Of course the allusion is to the severe rebukes administered to Job by his three friends, which forced him to exclaim “ Miserable com- forters are ye all " (Job xvi. 2). “ Your ladyship is one of Job' s- comforters. "—Swift: Polite Conversation, iii. * Job’s-news, s. Bad news. “From home there can nothing come except .Job'* news. "—Carlyle : Fr. Rev., pt. iii., bk. iii., ch. iv. * Job’s-post, s. A messenger of bad news. “ This Job's-post from Dumouriez . . . reached th* National Convention." — Carlyle: French Rev., pt. Iii., bk. iii., ch. iv. Job’s-tears, s. pi. Bot. : The bard, bony seeds of a grass, Coix Lachryma. [Coix.] job-a’-tion, s. [Eng. job (3), v. (q.v.) ; -ation.] A severe scolding ; a sharp reprimand. ^[ Of the orthography, derivation, and mean- ing of this word, as opposed to a Active jawba- tion, G. A. Sala (Echoes, Sept. 6, 1884) says : “ I wrote ‘jobation,’ because the word means a long dreary homily or reprimand, and has reference to the tedious rebukes inflicted oh the patriarch Job by 111* too obliging friends.” job'-ber, s. [Eng. job (1), v. ; -er.] 1. One who is employed occasionally ; one who depends on chance work. 2. One who executes repairs : as, a watch- jobber. 3. One who lets out horses and carriage* for a time ; a job-master. 4. One who purchases goods in bulk, and ic the medium of their distribution. toSll, boj? ; pout, j(5wl ; cat, §ell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this, sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, cyist. ph = £ -cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; tion, §ion = zhun. -tious, -cious, -sious = shus. -hie, -die, .j jointing-plane,, s. Joinery : A plane with a long stock, nsed to. true the edges of boards or staves which are to be accurately fitted together. It is 2ft. 6in long, and the work is called shooting the joints jointing-rule, s. Bricklaying : A straight rule about six feet long, used by bricklayers in marking with white paint along eacli joint of the brickwork joint-less, a. [Eng. joint; -less.] Without* joint ; having no joint. joint' -ly, * joynt-ly, adv. [Eng. joint ; -ly.J 1. In a joint manner or state ; together. 11 The which I doe dedicate joyntly unto you twe honourable sisters." — Spenser : Foure Hymnes. (DecL 2. In common, in company. " Then jointly to] the ground their knees they bow. fc Shakesp. : Rape of Lucre ce, 1,846. * joint'-ress, * joint' -u-rcss, s. [Eng, jointur(e); -ess.] A woman possessed of jointure ; a dowager. " The imperial jointress to this warlike state. * Shakes p. : II amlct , !. 2. joint -ure, *joynt-er, s. [O.Fr. joinctwra (Fr. jointure ), from Lat. junctura, from jun e- tus, pa. par. of jnngo = to join.] * 1. Ord. Lang. : A joining, a joint. 11 Crist oure heed of whom al tho bodi sett togidi* and boundun togidre hi cell jointure of uridirseruyng." — Wycliffe: Effesies. ch. iv. boil, bdj- ; poilt, jdiVl ; cat, 5ell, chorus, chin, bench ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin, as ; expect, IjSenophon, exist, ph = z, -Clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -gion = zhun. -cious, -tlous, -slous = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bgi, dpi, i 2774 jointure— J onathan 2. Law: An estate in lands or tenements settled upon a woman in consideration of marriage, and which she is to enjoy after her husband’s decease. “ The joynture or aduancement of the ladie [Kather- ine].”— Bacon : Henry VII., p. 204. Joint-lire, v.t. [Jointure, s.] To settle a jointure up. • joint'-ure-less, a. [Eng. jointure; -less.] Without a jointure ; having no jointure. “ The worthiest let him take All jointureless to Peleua’ court.” Chapman ; Homer : Iliad ix. 160. kjomt u-ress, s. [Jointress.] Joint -weed, s. [Eng. joint, and weed.] Lot. : An American name for Polygonum m'ticulatum. foist, *joyste, * giste, * gyst, * gyste, * gyyste, s. [O. Fr. giste (Fr. gite) = n beV Drayton : Poly-Olbion, s. 26. 3. The cheek. U Cheek by jowl : With the cheeks close together ; close together. 4 * Sits cheek by jowl, iu black, to cheer his heart. Like thief and parson in a Tyburn-cart.” Dryden Prologue to Loyal Brother. * jowl, v.t. [Jowl, s.] To throw, to dash. " How the knave jowls it to the ground.”— Shakesp. : Hamlet, v. L jtfwl'-er, s. [From the thick jowls of the animal.] A hunting dog, a bloodhound, a mas- tiff, a dog generally. “ Jowler lugs him still Through hedges.” Dryden : Essay on Satire. jtfifcr'-lopped, a. [Jelloped.] * jo^-ter, s. [A corrupt, of jolter (q.v.).] One who hawks fish about the country oa horseback ; a fish -hawker. 44 Plenty of fish is vented to the fish-drivers, whom we call jo wters." — Carew : Survey of Cornwall. joy. *joie, *joye, s. [O. Fr. joye, joie, (Fr. joie), from Lat. gaudia, plural of gaudium = joy ; gaudeo = to rejoice ; Sp. joy a; Port. joia; Ital. gioja.) 1. That emotion or passion produced by any happy accident or by the expectation or gain of something good, pleasant, or advanta- geous ; a feeling of pleasure, gratification, or delight ; gladness, exultation, exhilaration of spirits ; the state of feeling happy ; delight, happiness. “There is no joy but calm.” Tennyson : Lotos-Eaters , 68. . 2. Gaiety, mirth, merriment, festivity. 41 Such joy made Una, when her knight she found.* Spenser : F. Q., 1. iii. 32. 3. That which causes joy or happiness. 44 Ye are our glory and Joy." — 1 Thess. il. 20. * 4. Used as a term of fondness. “Now our Joy, Although our last, yet not our least young love. What say you ? ” Shakes p. : Lear, 1. L * 5. Used to express kind wishes. "Good Joy, my lord and lady.” Shakesp. : Merchant of Venice, iiL 2 . H Joy and gladness lie more internal ; the mirth is the more immediate result of ex- ternal circumstances. What creates joy and gladness is of a permanent nature ; that which creates mirth is temporary ; joy is the JOUSTING HELMET. fPtc, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wot, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt, V or, wore, wylf, work, whd, son; mute, cub, euro, unite, cur, rule, fuU; try, Syrian, go — e; ey = a, y,u - few* joy— judaism 2777 most vivid sensation in the soul ; gladness is the same in quality, hut inferior in degree ; joy .a awakened in the mind by the most im- portant events in life ; gladness springs up in the mind on ordinary occasions. Joy is de- picted on the countenance, or expresses itself Dy various demonstrations : gladness is a more tranquil feeling, which is enjoyed in secret, and seeks no outward expression ; mirth dis- plays itself in laughter, singing, and noise. (Crabb : Eng. Synon .) joy-bells, s. pi. Peals of bells rung on joyful or festive occasions. joy-inspiring, a. Exciting joy in the heart ; gladdening. Joy-mixt, a. Mingled with joy. 44 But chief awhile, O I lend us from the tomb Those long-lost friends for whom in love we smart, And fill with pious awe and joy-mixt woe the heart.” Thomson: Castle of Indolence, i. 47 . joy-resounding, a. Resounding with the sounds of joyfulness or mirth. “Hence from the busy Joy-resounding fields. In cheerful error, let us tread the maze Of autumn, unconfined.” Thomson : Autumn, 624. v.t. & i. [Joy, s.] A. Intrans. : To feel joyful, to rejoice, to ■delight, to feel glad. " To Joy at anguish, and delight in blood Is what your horrid bosoms never knew." Thomson : Autumn, 399. B. Transitive : 1. To make joyful, to gladden, to rejoice, to exhilarate. ‘‘Neither pleasure’s art can joy my spirits.” Shakesp. : Pericles, L 2. 2. To enjoy ; to delight in possessing. '* Was ever king, that joy'd an earthly throne And could command no more content than I ?” Shakesp. : 2 Henry VI., iv. 9. • Joy^-an^e, s- [O- Fr. joiant = rejoicing.] Joy, gaiety, festivity, mirth, enjoyment. 44 Well were it so— such ghastly mirth From joyaunce ne'er derived its birth." Byron: Giaour. *joye, v.t. [Joy, ».] J6y ful, * joie-fuU, a. [Eng .joy; -fuUJ).] 1. Full of joy ; rejoicing, delighted, exult- ing, glad. “No joyful tongue gave him his welcome home." Shakesp. : Richard II., v. 2. 1 It was formerly followed by of before the cause of joy. 2. Making happy ; causing joy or delight ; exhilarating. “ The Joy/ulst day that euer sunne did see.” Spenser: Epithalamion. J6>ful-ly, adv. [Eng. joyful 1 2 ,; - ly .] In a joyful manner ; with joyfulness, gladly. 44 And straight were joyfully the anchors weighed.” Daniel : Civil Wars, Dk. v. -ful-ness, s. [Eng. joyful ; -Tiess.] The Y quality or state of being joyful ; gladness, exultation, exhilaration of spirits. 44 So my delight is all in joyfulnesse, I« beds, in bowres, in banckets, and in feasts. " Spenser : F. ^., III. vi. 22. J6y -less, a. [Eng. joy ; -less.] 1. Void of joy ; feeling no pleasure ; sad, dispirited, unhappy ; not exhibiting joy. 4 ‘ [His] joyless look, like some pale ashy spright, Seem'd as be now were dying, or now dead.” P. Fletcher : Purple Island, vii. It tvas formerly followed by of before the Cause. 2. Giving no pleasure or joy ; sad, dispirit- ing, saddening. 44 Amid the many shapes Of joyless daylight." Wordsworth : Banks of the Wye. Joy -le3S-ly, adv. [Eng. joyless ; -ly.] In a , joyless, sad, or dispirited manner ; without i joy ; sadly. J6y -less-ncss, s. [Eng. joyless; -ness.] The quality or state of being joyless. “ In comparison of th e joylessness and the inglorious- nesa of this world."— Donne : Devotions (1G25), p. 42G. j6y -OU3, a. [O. Fr. joyous, joious (Fr. joyevx), Lat. gaudiosus, from gaudium = joy ; Ital. giojoso.) 1. Full of joy, joyful, glad, merry, gay. “ The fish swam by the castle wall. And they seem'd joyous each and all. Byron : Prisoner of Chilian , xiii. IT It was formerly followed by of before the cause of the joy. 2. Causing joy; inspiring joy or gladness. 44 £ach oolect of the joyous scene around Vernal delight inspires.” Warton : Eclogue iL jtfjf'-ous-lyr, adv. [Eng. joyous; -ly.] In a joyous manner ; joyfully ; with joy or glad- ness. “ Our hour of glee Is brief, we’ll spend it joyously ! ” Scott : Lord of the Isles, v. 84. jo^-ous-ness, s. [Eng. joyous ; -ness.] The quality or state of being joyous ; joyfulness. 44 Let outragious joyousnes be chaunged in to hoi- some sadnes."— Udal : James iv. * joy'-some, a. [Eng. joy; and suff. -seme.] Causing or inspiring joyfulness ; joyful. 44 Neere to the end of this all joy some grove.” Browne: Britannia's Pastorals, bk. ii., a 3. jub, * jubbe, s. [Perhaps a corrupt, of jug (q.v.).J A bottle or vessel for holding liquids ; a jug. * ju’-ba, s. [Lat. = a mane.] 1. Zool. ; The mane of a horse or other mammal. 2. Bot. : A loose panicle, like that of many grasses. ju -bse'-a, s. pi. [Named after Juba, an an- cient king of Numidia.] Bot. : A genus of the Palms, tribe Cocoese, and its unarmed section. Jubcea spectabilis is tho Coquilo palm of Chili, from which a sweet syrup, called palm-honey is made. ju'-be, s. [Fr., from Lat. imper. sing, of jxibeo = to hid.] Arch. ; The rood- loft in a cathedral or church, which parts the chancel from the choir, jtjbe. and which obtains {From st. Peter's Church, its name from the Louvain.) custom of pro- nouncing the words, Jube, Domne, benedicere, from it in the Roman Catholic service before the lessons, which are also chanted there. ju'-bll-ant, a. [Lat. jubilans, pr. par. of jn- bilo = to rejoice.] Uttering songs of triumph ; exulting ; shouting with joy ; expressing jubi- lation. “ While the bright pomp ascended Jubilant." Milton : P. L., vii. 664. *ju'-bll-ar, a. [Eng. jubil(ee) ; -or.] Per- taining to or having the character of a jubilee. ju -b'Il-a^te, s. [Lat. imper. pi. of jubilo = to rejoice, to sing.] 1. A name commonly given to the second canticle in the evening service of the English Church from its commencing words Jubilate Deo. [2.] 2. The third Sunday after Easter ; so called because, in theearly church, the service began with the words of the Psalm lxiv., Jubilate Deo, omnes terree. ju'-bil-ate, v.i. [Jubilation.] To rejoice greatly, to exult. 44 The hurrahs were yet ascending from out jubilating lips.” — De Quincey: Autob. Sketches, ch. ii. ju-bll-a'-tion, s. [Fr., from Lat. jubilationem, aecus. of jubilatio, from jubilatus, pa. par. of jubilo = to rejoice, to shout for joy.] The act of shouting in triumph or for joy ; a re- joicing ; a triumph ; exultation. “God ascended with jubilation, and the Lord with the sound o£ the trumpet." — Dp. Hall: Contempt. ; The Ascension. ju'-bil-ee, *ju be-lye, * ju-bi-ly, s. [Fr. jubilo, from Lat. jubilceus — the jubilee, from Heb. 'nv (yobel) = the blast of a trumpet, a shout of joy.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. In the same sense as II. 1. 2. Any season of great public rejoicing or festivity ; any occasion of joy or rejoicing. “ It will not whisper, but proclaim a jubilee to the mind."— South : Sermons, vol. i., aer. 1. * 3. Joy, rejoicing, exultation. (Scott : Lady of the Lake , vi. 6.) 4. The fiftieth anniversary of some event of public interest or importance. The jubilee of Queen Victoria, who ascended the throne June 20, 1837, was celebrated June 21, 1887. (In this sense used also adjectively.) IL Technically : 1. Jewish: Properly the trumpet or horn blown in a certain year, or the sound it made ; now used more generally for the year itselL It occurred every fiftieth year. Seven was a sacred number, and it became yet more so if multiplied by itself (7 x 7), after which cam 0 the jubilee. There was to be no tillage, or harvest that year (Levit. xxv. 11, 12). Any descendant of those among whom Joshua partitioned the land who, from poverty, had parted with his property, was to receive ifc back (xxv. 13-34 ; xxvii. 16-24) ; and thos« Israelites who were the slaves of their brethren, or of foreigners resident within the land, were to go free (xxv. 39-54). The jubilee seems to be alluded to in Ezek. xlvi. 17 ; Isa. lxi. 1, 2 ; Neh. v. 1-19 ; cf. also Num. xxxvi. 4, 6, 7 ; 1 Kings xxi. 1-4) ; but no historic de- scription, in the Bible or elsewhere, of a jubilee actually kept in a particular year has descended to our times. 44 It shall be a yere of jubelye vnto you ."—Leviticus XXV. (1551.) 2. Roman Catholic : A feast first instituted in a. d. 1300 by Boniface VIII., who proposed that it should be celebrated at the commence- ment of each succeeding century ; Clement VI. enacted that it should recur every fifty years, and Urban VI., in 1389, that it should be every thirty-three years. Paul II. reduced the period to a quarter of a century, and since his time there has been no alteration. A pil- grimage to Rome was the original condition of obtaining the indulgence promulgated at a jubilee, but latterly this has been commuted. There was no jubilee in 1800, the Holy See being vacant. 44 Now every twenty-fifth year is a year of jubilee."—* Jortin: On Ecclesiastical History. *ju-foi-ter, s. [Jupiter.] Ju -Lu-la, s. [Dimin. of Juba (q.v.).] Bot. : A synonym for Frullania and the typical genus of the family Jubulidae (q.v.). Ju-bul'-i-clse, s.pl. [Mod. Lat. jubuUa); Lat. "fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] Bot. ; A family of Jungermannese. * ju-cun -dl ty, s. [Lat. jucunditas, from jeicundus = pleasant.] Pleasantness ; agre#» ableness. "Thefaewor unexpected Jucundities will have ao* tivity enough to excite the earthiest soul."— Brouono* Vulgar Errours, bk. vii., ch. xvi. jfi-da'-ic, * ju-da'-ic-al, a. [Lat. judaieus, from Judcrn.] Pertaining or relating to the Jews. 44 For that which properly dlscriminatee the Chris- tian religion from the natural or judaical, is the hold- ing of Christ's deity.’’— South : Sermons, vol. ix., aer. 8. ju-da'-ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. judaical; -ly.\ After the manner of the Jews. "[Victor Bishop of Rome] excommunicated bnth him and all the Asian churches, for celebrating ti r Easter judaically."~ Milton : Of P relatival Episcoic. y. Ju da ism, s. [Fr. judaisme ; from Lat. juaa~ ismus, from Judceus = a jew.J L Ordinary Language : 1. The religious doctrines and rites of tha Jews, according to the law of Moses. 44 While we detest Judaism we know ourselves com- manded by St. Paul, Rom. xi., to respect the Jews and by all means to endeavour their conversion.”— Milton : Obs. on Art. of Peace with the Irish. 2. Conformity to Jewish rites and cere- monies. II. Religion; One of the most important faiths of the world, which Christians, as well as Jews, consider to have been revealed by God. (1) Ancient Judaism: The earliest form of the Jewish faith was patriarchal (q.v). On the night of the Israelitish departure from Egypt an essential part of Judaism, in its second or more developed form, was begun by the institution of the passover (Ejtod. xii. xiii.). At Sinai two tables of stone were given containing the ten commandments. Subse- quently there was revealed to Moses, to be by him communicated to the people, a complicated system of ceremonial observances, interspersed with judicial enactments. A splendid taber- nacle— i.e., a tent— on a divine model, was erected as the habitation of Jehovah, in the journeyings through the wilderness, to be in due time followed by a temple, when the people were permanently settled. A hereditary priest* hood was consecrated, and a theocratic form, of government maintained, the supreme civil ; po&t, Jiffrl; cat, 9 eU, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a$; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = fe -ohm, -Uaa = ahaa. -tlon, -slon — shun; -tlon, -glon — ah fin, -clous, -tious, -sious — shus. -bio, -die, &c. — b$l, 2773 judaist— j aid gin g ruler, whether lawgiver, military leader, judge, or king, being regarded as the vicegerent of God. Ancient Judaism was the precursor of Christianity and the germ from which it sprang ; and Christians generally believe that all the ceremonies, sacred personages, &c., of the older economy were types and shadows of the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ (Heb. ix., x., &c.). Colenso, in common with some rationalistic writers, believes that what he terms the Levitical or Later legisla- tion was never really put in force till after the Babylonish Captivity. (2) Modern Judaism : After the Jews lost their independence, and especially after the destruction of Jerusalem, the judicial regula- tions of the Mosaic law ceased to be observed. Tradition also gained increased authority, and in the latter half of the fourth century arose the Jerusalem, and in the sixth the Babylonian Talmud, containing the rules, constitutions, precepts, and interpretations intended to sup- plement those of the Old Testament. Notwith- standing these and other changes, modern J udaism still bears very considerable resem- blance to the ancient type of the faith. ju; -da-ist, s. [Eng . Juda(ism) ; -ist.] An ad- herent of Judaism (q.v.). Ju da ist'-ic, a. [Eng. judaist ; -ie.] Of or belonging to Judaism ; Judaical. -cla-I-za'-tion, s. [En g.judaiz(e); -ation.] The act of judaizing. -da-izs, v.t. & i. [Fr. judaizer; Prov. ju- dayzar , judaigar ; Sp. judaizar ; Port, ju- daisar ; Ital. giudaizzare , from Lat. judaizo.] A. Trans. : To impose Jewish observances upon Gentile Christians. “ Blundering upon the dangerous and suspectful translations of tne apostate Aquila, the heretical Theodotiou, the judaiz'd Symmaehus.” — Milton : Of Reformation in England, bk. i. B. Intrans. : To practise Jewish obser- vances or hold and teach Jewish opinions. “They were doctors who taught the obser- vation of the Mosaic law, as necessary to Christians." Bp. Hall: Works, voL i., ser. 13. Ju da-iz-er, s. [Eng. juadiz(e)]; -er.] Ch. Hist. (PL): Christians of Jewish descent, who sought to impose upon the Gentile con- verts the heavy burden of the Mosaic ritual. Ja -das, s. [Gr. Tov'Sas ( Ioudas ), from Heb. HTTP (Yehudah) = Judah ; thus the Judas of the New Testament is the Judah of the Old.] 1. Scrip. : The name of several persons men- tioned in the New Testament. (1) Judah, the son of Jacob (Matt. i. 2, 3). (2) Judas (not Iscariot) one of faie apostles (Luke vi. 16 ; John xiv. 22 ; Acts i. 13, &c.). (3) Judas Iscariot — i.e., probably Judas of Kerioth in Judah (Joshua xv. 25; Matt. x. 4, &c.). (4) Judas of Galilee, leader of a revolt (Acts v. 37). (5) Judas, surnamed Barsabas (Acts xv. 22). (6) The writer of the Book of Jude (Jude 1). The compounds are from No. (3). 2. Fig. : A treacherous person ; a traitor. 3. The same as Judas-hole (q.v.). Judas-coloured, a. Red, reddish; from a tradition that the traitor Judas had ted hair. , “ With two left legs, and Judas-coloured hair." Dry den : Character of Tonson. Judas-ear, s. ’ Bot. : Auricula Judas (q.v.). * Judas-hole, s. A small hole cut in a door, &c., to enable a person to see into the room without being himself seen. Judas-tree, s. Bot. : The genus Cercis. ® Ju' das-ly, adv. [Eng. Judas ; -ly.] Trea- cherously, as J udas betrayed our Lord. f *• William Tyndall was Judasly betrayed by an Eng- lishman."— Tyndall : Works, p. 429. Jud -cock, jud'-dock, s. [Cf. Wei. giach = a snipe.j Ornith. : Gallinago Gallinula, the jack-snipe. Jude, s. [The English form of Gr. Tovfias ( [Ioudas ).] (For def., see ^[.) [Judas.] % The General Epistle of Jude : New Test . Canon: A short epistle penned by Jude, the servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James. The James was probably “ the brother of the Lord," who may or may not have been identical with the apostle James, the son of Alphaeus. So much of Jude’s epistle is like 2 Peter, that portions of the one seem to have been transcribed from the other. There is a slight probability in favour of the view that 2 Peter was the original and Jude the copy. (Cf. 2 Peter ii. 4, 0, 10, 11, 15, &c., with Jude 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, &c.) It is believed that Jude quotes an apocryphal work, the Book of Enoch (verses 14, 15), and, according to Origen, another, The Assumption of Moses (verse 9). Jude is not in the Peschito or ancient Syriac version ; but it is in the Mura- torian fragment, about a.d. 170, and in the Old Latin version ; it is referred to also by Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Jerome. Eusebius placed it among his Anti- logoumena, but the Council of Laodicea, about a.d. 360, and that of Hippo, a.d. 393, finally, fixed it in the canon. Ju-de'-an, a. & s. [Lat. Judceus f from Judcea.] A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to Judaea. B. As subst. : A native or inhabitant of Judaea. judge, * juge, s. [Fr. juge, from Lat. judicem f accus. of judex — a judge; Sp. juez; Port. juiz; Ital. giudice .] L Ordinary Language : 1. A civil officer invested with power to hear and determine causes, civil or criminal, and to administer justice in courts held for that purpose. “ Judges ought to remember, that their office is jus dicere, and not./us dare ; to interpret law, and not to make law, or give law.’’— Bacon : Essays; Of Judica- ture. 2. A person authorized or empowered in any way to decide a dispute or quarrel. " Who made thee a judge over us ? ” — Exodus ii. 14. 3. A person appointed to decide in a trial of skill between two or more parties. *’ And now by this, their feast all being ended, The judges which thereto selected were, Into the Martian field adowne descended.’’ Spenser : F. Q., IV. v. 8. 4. One who has power to determine the des- tiny of men. “Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?’’— Genesis xviii. 25. 5. One who has skill, science, or experience sufficient to decide upon the merits, value, or quality of anything ; a connoisseur ; a critic. “A perfect yudg'e will read each piece of wit, With the same spirit that its author writ." Pope : Essay on Criticism, 233. II. Technically: 1. Modem Law: In the United States the Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. In the courts of the several states they are either appointed by the governor, elected by the legislature, or elected directly by popular suffrage. The last named is the method pur- sued in most of the newer states and in some of the older ones which have recently changed their constitutions. A Judge is not liable in a civil suit brought for acts performed as part of his official duty, but may be impeached for any high crime or misdemeanor. In the judgeships of Great Britain rules not unlike those above named exist, all the superior judges being appointed by the Crown. 2. Jewish Hist. (PL): Certain remarkable individuals raised up in Israel after the death of Joshua and prior to the establishment of the Jewish monarchy. At that time there was little unity among the tribes, each of which, like a Scottish Highland clan, looked up to its own individual chief, and not often to any higher human authority. Some judges owed their power to having been the first to rise against foreign oppression, which they overthrew ; others discharged only peaceful functions. All acted in the Jewish theocracy as vicegerents of Jehovah. The series of events, oftener than once repeated, was first, that the people were seduced into idolatry ; next, that as a punishment for this, they k were conquered, and placed under the yoke of a foreign oppressor ; then a judge arose who under God set them free, and the land had rest normally for forty years. The Hebrew name Shophetim sometimes means princes as well as judges. The functions of the judge in some re- spectsresembled those of a Roman dictator, and in others those of a Muhammadan Mahdi. St. Paul considered the rule of the judges to have continued 450 years (Acts xiii. 20). A date apparently inconsistent with this(l Kings vi. 1) is believed to be au erroneous reading. H The Book of Judges : Old Test. Canon : The seventh book in orde? of the Old Testament. It was named Judge* because at the period to which it refers Israel was ruled by men of that designation. [II.] It consists of five sections : a first introduc- tion (i.-ii. 5), a second one (ii. 6-iii. 6), the main portion or consecutive narrative (iii. 7- xvi. 31), the first appendix (xvii. -xviii.), and the second one (xix.-xxi.). Two authors seem to have been at work upon it, each fall- ing back upon ancient documents. The lirsfr wrote i.-iii. 6, xvii.-xxi., and the second iii. 7-xvi. 31. The first-mentioned writer never alludes to judges ; it is he who uses the expression “ in those days there was no king in Israel" (xvii. 6, xviii. 1, xix. 1, xxi. 25), implying that he did not write till kings had been appointed. If the “ captivity of the land ” (xviii. 30) be the Assyrian or even the Babylonish captivity the book is a late one, though the Aramaisras in it are but few. Ife has been always accepted as canonical. In the New Testament it is referred to in Acts xiii. 20 and Heb. xi. 32. IT Judge is the general term ; umpire , arbi- ter , and arbitrator are only species of the judge. The judge determines in all matters disputed or undisputed ; he pronounces what is law for the present, as well as what will be law ; the umpire and arbiter are only judges in particular cases that admit of dispute. judge-advocate, s. [Advocate.] judge, *jugen, v.i. & t. [Fr. juger; Sp. juzgar ; Port, julgar ; Ital. giudicare, from Lat. judico, from judex (genit. judicis) = si judge (q.v.).] A. Intransitive: 1. To hear and determine upon a case ; to give sentence ; to act as a judge. “Ye judge, not for man, but for the Lord, who la with you in the judgment. — 2 Chronicles xir. 6. 2. To form or give au opinion ; to come to a conclusion by comparison and consideration of facts, ideas, and propositions. “ Thus judged, as is their wont, the crowd. Till murmur rose to clamours loud." Scott : Lady of the Lake, T. 24. 3. To discern, to distinguish. "How doth God know? Can he judge through tha dark cloud ?" — Job xxii. 13. 4. To assume the right to pass judgment upon any matter ; to sit in judgment. “ Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all." Shakesp. : 2 Henry VI., iiL 8. B. Transitive: 1. To hear and determine by authority, as a case before a court or a controversy between two parties ; to decide judicially. 2. To try judicially; to examine and pass sentence upon. “ He yt refuseth me, & receauetli not my worde% hath one that judgeth him ." — John xii. (1551.) 3. To assume the right to pass judgment upon ; to sit in judgment upon. “ Judge not, that ye be not judged.*— Matt. viU. L * 4. To act as chief magistrate over ; to rule. “And he [Eli] had judged Israel forty years.”— I Samuel, iv. 18. 5. To examine and decide upon the merits, qualities, or excellence of. “ Challenging human scrutiny, and proved Then skilful most when most severely judged.* Cowper : Task, v. 869. 6. To esteem, to consider, to reckon. “ If ye lia ve judged me to be faithful to the Lord. - — Acts xvL 15. 7. To form an opinion upon. “The safety and firmness of my frame of govern ment may be best judged by the rules of architecture.* — Sir W. Temple: Origin & Nature of Government. judge ment, s. [Judgment.] judg'-er, s. [Eng. judgfe) ; -er.] One whe judges ; one who passes sentence ; a judge. “ They . . . are ill judgers of what they have So# well examined."— Digby : Of Bodies, ch. viiL judge-ship, s. [Eng. judge; - ship .] Tii4 office or position of a judge. judg'-Ihg, pr. par., a., & s. [Judge,®.! A. As pr. par. : (Sec the verb). B. jts adjective : 1. Determining or deciding upon cases. 2. Discerning, discriminating. “ A. Judging sight doth soon distinguish either." Drayton : Matilda to King John. C. As subst. : The act of determining upee cases or controversies. I&te, fa, t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; wo, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p$V or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, fuU ; try, Syrian. », «e — 6 ; oy — a, qu — kw. J * judg - - ing-ljf, adv. [Eng. judging ; -ly.) After the manner of a judge ; judiciously. (Milton.) Judg-ment, judge ment, • juge-ment, s. [Fr. jugement; Ital. giudicamento.] I, Ordinary Language : 1. The act of judging ; the administration of justice and the awarding of sentences. “A Daniel come to judgment." Shakesp. : Merchant of Venice, iv. 1. 2. The act or process of the mind in ascer- taining the truth by comparison of ideas, facts, or propositions. “ Judgment, on the contrary, lies quite on the other side, in separating carefully ideas one from another.” — Locke: human Understanding, bk. ii., ch. xxi. 3. The examination of the relationship be- tween one proposition and another. 4. The faculty of judging wisely, truly, or skilfully ; discernment, discrimination, good cense. 5. The faculty of the mind by which we as- certain the relation of terms and propositions by the comparison of ideas. “Weak is the will of man, his judgment blind Remembrance persecutes, and Hope betrays.” Wordsworth: White Doe of Rylst one. (lutrod.) 6. The result of the comparison of the rela- tion of ideas, or the comparison of facts and arguments : a determination of the mind formed from such comparison. 7. An opinion ; a notion ; a manner of thinking about anything ; award, estimate, belief. “She in my Judgment was as fair as you.” Sliakcsp. : Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 4. 8. Discretion, prudence, foresight, sagacity. 9. In the same sense as II. 1. •‘All that they had to consider was whether, the verdict being supposed to be according to the evidence, the judgment was legal.”— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xvi. * 10. A judiciary law ; a statute ; a com- mandment. “These are the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judg men ts which Moses spake unto the children of Israel ."—Deuteronomy iv. 45. 11. The right or power of passing sentence. “ If my suspect be false, forgive me, God : For judgment only doth belong to thee. ’ Shakesp. : 2 Henry VI., iii. 2. 12. A calamity regarded as a punishment inflicted by God upon a sinner. •'This judgment of the heavens that makes us tremble, ^ Touches us nut with pity." Shakesp. : Lear, v. 3. II. Technically: 1. Law : A sentence pronounced by a judge or court in any case, civil or criminal. “ I shall not need to alledge an example foreign of the wisdom of the lawyers, who are careful to report new cases and decisions for the direction of future judgments.” — Lord Bacon: Works; Adv. of Learn., bk. ii. 2. Logic : Judgment is the comparing to- gether in the mind two of the notions, or ideas, which are the objects of apprehension, whether complex or incomplex, and pronouncing that they agree or disagree with each other, or that one of them belongs or does not belong to the other. Judgment is therefore affirmative or negative : as. Snow is white ; All white men are not Europeans. 3. Metaph. : That faculty of the human mind by which judgments are formed. Kant defines it as “the faculty by whicli the particular is conceived as contained under the universal ” 4. Scripture : (1) Singular : (а) The sentence of a judge. (б) J ustice (Isaiah xxxiii. 5). (c) The punishment which justice inflicts ; specially, a calamity sent by God as a penal infliction on account of national or other sin (Exod. xii. 12 ; 2 Chron. xx. 9, xxii. 8). (2) PI. : The civil and criminal enactments of the Mosaic code, as distinguished from the ceremonial and the moral laws (Exod. xii. 12 ; Psalm cxix. 7, 13, 20, 39, 43, 62, &c.). If The judgment is that faculty which ena- bles a person to distinguish right and wrong In general ; discretion and prudence serve the same purpose in particular cases. The judg- ment is conclusive ; it decides by positive in- ference; it enables a person to discover the truth ; discretion is intuitive ; it discerns or perceives what is in all probability right. The judgment acts by a fixed rule ; it admits of no question or variation ; the discretion acts ac- cording to circumstances, and is its own rule. The judgment determines in the choice of what is good ; the discretion sometimes only jud.gin.gly— judicially 2779 guards against error or direct mistakes ; it chooses what is nearest to the truth. The judgment requires knowledge and actual ex- perience ; the discretion requires reflection and consideration ; prudence looks only to the good or evil which may result from the thing ; it is, therefore, but a mode or accompaniment of discretion ; we must have prudence when we have discretion, but we may have prudence where there is no occasion for discretion. Those who have the conduct or direction of others require discretion ; those who have the management of their own concerns require prudence. If Judgment of God: A term applied to several of the old forms of trial by ordeal, as single combat, walking upon red-hot plough- shares, &c. * judgment-cap, s. [Black-cap.] judgment-creditor, s. Law: One to whom a Court of Law has awarded a certain sum of money as damages, &c., payable by the other party in the case. judgment-day, s. 1. Theol. : The day on which God shall judge the world by the instrumentality of Jesus (Acts xvii. 31), meting out rewards and punishments as justice may require (Matt, xxv. 31-40). The fallen angels, as well as men, will be judged (Jude 6 ; Rom. xiv. 10 ; 2 Cor. v. 10). 2. Ch. Hist. : When a thousand years from the birth of Christ were almost completed, it was generally believed that the judgment-day was at hand, and every means was adopted to conciliate the Church and gain the favour of its Divine Lord. Among other steps adopted was to hand over estates as no longer needed to the ecclesiastical authori- ties, the reason assigned being thus expressed “ Appropinquante mundi termino” (the end of the world being now at hand). (Mosheim : Ch. Hist., cent, x., pt. ii., ch. iii. , § 3, & notes.) “ He seemed as, from the tombs around Rising at judgment-day.” Scott : Martnion, vL ii. judgment-debt, s. Law : A debt secured to the creditor by a judge’s order, and in respect of which he can at any time attach the debtor’s goods and chattels. Such debts have the preference of being paid in full, as compared with simple contract debts. judgment-debtor, s. Law : One adjudged to owe to the party opposing him in the Court, a certain amount of damages or of other money. judgment-ball, s. 1. Law : A hall where courts are held. 2. Scripture: (1) The Roman Prsetorium at Jerusalem, the residence of Pilate (John xviii. 28, 33; xix. 9). (2) A hall in Herod’s palace at Caesarea (Acts xxiii. 35). judgment-note, *. An unnegotiable promissory note, containing a power of attorney to appear and confess judgment for the stipu- lated sum. judgment -proof, a. Regardless or fearless of punishment. *' The reprobated race grows judgment-proof.” Cowper: Table Talk, 459. judgment-seat, s. The seat or bench in a court on which the judges sit ; a court, a tribunal. judgment-summons, s. Eng. : A proceeding by a judgment-creditor against a judgment-debtor upon an unsatisfied judgment to obtain the committal of the judg- ment-debtor in default of the payment of the judgment-debt. The jurisdiction in these pro- ceedings, formerly vested in the High Court, is now exercised in the Bankruptcy Court. * Ju'-di-ca, s. [Lat., 2nd per. sing, imper. of judico = to judge.] Ecclesiol. : A name formerly given to the fifth Sunday in Lent, usually known as Passion Sunday, because the words of the introit (Ps. xliii. 1, 2), are Judica me, Deus (Judge me, O God). 5 In the Roman Church this psalm (xlii. in Vulg.) is said — preceded and followed by a versicle and response— by the celebrant at all masses except those for the dead, and at Pas- sion-tide. * ju'-dic-a ble, a. [Lat. judicabilis, from judico = to judge.] That may or can be judged or decided. “ Pride is soon diseernable. but not easily judicable. 0 —Bp. Taylor : Sermons, voL L, ser. 5. * ju'-dic-a-tive, a. [Lat. judicativus , from judicatus , pa. par. of judico.] Having power to decide. * ju'-dic-ar-tor-y, a. & s. [Lat. judicatoriu8 t Iro m j urticatus, pa. par. of judico.] A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to the adminis- tration of justice; dispensing justice; per® taming to the passing of judgment. “He who bad power to admonish, bad also power t© reject in a judicatory way.” — Bp. Hail: Cases of Con- science, dec. iii., cli. v. 15. As substantive : 1. A court of justice. “It would have broke the covenant to have saved him from those judicatories.” — Milton : Answer to Eilcon Ba*il ike. 2. The distribution or administration of justice. “ No such crime appeared as the lords, the supremo court ot judicatory, would judge worthy of death.', — Clarendon. ju'-dic-a-tnre, s. [Fr., from Lat. judicature i t fem. of* the fut. part, of judico = to judge; Sp. judicatura ; Ital. g iudicatura.] 1. A court of justice ; a judicatory. “The most hateful judicature that was ever known among civilised men. ' — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxiv. 2. The distribution or administration of justice. “ The honour of the judges in their judicature ia tha king's honour .” — Bacon : Advice to VuLiers. 3. The judicial body. * 4. Legality, lawfulness. (Milton.) * 5. The extent of the jurisdiction of a court or judge. 5f Supreme Court of Judicature: [Supreme Court of Judicature]. ju-di’-cial (cial as steal), a. & s. [O. Fr. judiciel, from Lat. judicialis = pertaining to courts of law ; judicium = a trial, judgment.] A. As adjective: 1. Pertaining to or connected with courts of justice, or the administration of justice. “ They had. in their judicial capacity, been guilty ofi injustice." — Macaulay : Hut. Eng., ch. xiv. 2. Used or employed in a court of justice. "What government can be without judicial pro- ceedings ?" — Bentley. 3. Proceeding from, issued or ordered by a court of justice. "It had produced seditions, impeachments, rebel- lions, battles, sieges, proscriptions, judicial maasa. cres.” — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., cb. x. 4. Inflicted as a punishment or in judgment! as, a judicial punishment. 5. Enacted or established by statute or constitutional authority. * 6. Judicious. (Ben Jonson.) * B. As subst. : The act of administering justice. " It is to yonr condemnation, and to your ignomynie, that you doe exercise judicials among you —Barnet : WorUs, p. 209. IT Judicial Committee of the Privy Council : A court composed of the Lord President, tha Lord Chancellor, and certain members of tha English Privy Council, who hold some judicial office. It was instituted in 1833, and at a later date, four additional judges were appointed. judicial-acts, s. pi. Law : Acts declaring that certain acts shall be valid only I if done by two magistrates. (Opposed to ministerial acts, for whicli ono of the two magistrates will suffice.) (Wharton.) Y. judicial-astrology, s. [Astrology.] judicial-factor, s. Scots Law: A factor or administrator ap- pointed by the Court of Session on special applications by petition, as in a case where a father lias died without a settlement, leaving his children in pupillarity, or where a party has become incapable of managing his own affairs. judicial-separation, s. [Separation.] ju-df-cial ly (cial as steal), adv. [Eng. judicial; -lyi] In a judicial manner ; accord- ing to the forms of justice. "The Lords, while Bitting judicially on the writ oi error, were not competent to examine whether th« verdict which pronounced Oates guilty was or w: not according to the evidence." — Macaulay : Illst. Eng,, ch. xiv. boy; pout, jovyi; cat, 9eU, cteorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a$ ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -mg, -elan, -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -glon = zhun. -cions, -tious, -sious = situs. -ble, -die &c. — bpl dfl* '2780 judiciary— Juglans J6 -di-ci-a-ry (c as sh), a. & e. [Fr. judi - dare, from Lat. judiciarius. ] A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to courts of judicature ; judicial. “But to lay such a censure on a clergyman, as a sus- pension, without proof, in a judiciary proceeding, was contrary both to law and justice.’’— Garnet: Hist. Own Time (an. 1686). t B. As subst. : That branch of the govern- ment which is concerned with the adminis- tration of justice, in cases civil or criminal ; the system of courts of justice in a country ; the judges collectively. ^ Judiciary Act: A Congressionr’ * of Sep- tember 27, 1789, establishing the Federal Courts of the United States. -di'-cious, a. [Fr. judicieux, from Lat. * judiciosus, from judicium = judgment.] * 1. Of or pertaining to a court or the ad- ministration of justice ; judicial. “ His last offences Shall ha judicious hearing.” Shakesp. ; Coriolanus, v. 6. 2. Acting according to sound judgment ; prudent, sagacious, clear-headed, discreet. “But the judicious are always a minority; and scarcely anybody was then impartial." — Macaulay; Hist. Eng., ch. ix. 3. Arising from or in accordance with sound judgment ; founded on reason or judgment ; well calculated to secure the best result ; prudent, well-advised. “The Prince [William I.] was rather made to sur- mount all dangers he encountered by brave actions and judicious councils, than either to invite or auti- j ate his misfortunes by distrust and vain apprehen- sions."— Sir W. Temple : Introd. to the History of Eng- land. Ju-di'-cious-ly, adv. [Eng. judicious ; ■ ly .] In a judicious manner ; wisely, prudently ; with good judgment or discretion ; discreetly. “See how judiciously he has picked out those that are m r ost proper.”— Addison: Essay on Virgil's Georgies. - di'- clous - ness, s. [Eng. judicious ; •ness.] The quality or state of being judicious ; sound judgment or discretion ; good sense. “Under this head we must place an easiness to re- ceive reliques ; the examination of which requires, in due proportion, judiciousness and precaution.” — Jorlin : Ilemarks on Eccles. History. tFu'- cilth, s. [Gr. ’lovSCO ( Ioudith ), ’IovSei'0 ( Ioudeith ), ‘lovSrjO (Ioudeth), from Hebrew rvurr ( Yehudith ) = (1) gen. a Jewess, (2) spec, the wife of Esau (Gen. xxvi. 34).] Apocrypha: The fourth of the apocryphal \ books. The narrative opens with the “ twelfth year of the reign of Nabuchodnosor, who reigned in Nineve, the great city.” That po- tentate, finding his armies thwarted in their progress to the west, resolved to take signal vengeance. His chief opponents were the Israelites, who fortified themselves in Betli- ulia. While Holofernes, his general, was be- sieging this stronghold, the heroine of the book, Judith, the beautiful widow of Manasses, went forth to the Assyrians, pretending that she had deserted her people. She fascinated Holofernes, who after a time took her to his tent, where, as he was lying drunk, she cut off his head, escaping back with it to the fort at Bethulia. On the loss of their leader the Assyrians fled, the Israelites pursuing and inflicting on them great slaughter. The book apparently professes to have been penned just after the events recorded (xiv. 10) ; but the earliest known historic testimony to its existence is by Clement of Rome (Ep. i. 55), though it probably existed as early as 175 to 100 b.c. The ablest critics consider it a fic- tion rather than a genuine history. tfu'-dy, s. [From Judas the traitor, Lat. Judex (Jews), or possibly a dimim. of the female name Judith (?).] The female figure in a Punch and Judy show. [Punch and Judy.] * juf-fer, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Carp. : An old name for a piece of timber four or five inches square. ffig (1), *jugge, s. [Etym. doubtful. Ac- cording to Wedgwood, connected with “Jug [or Judge, formerly a familiar equivalent of .Joan or Jenny,” as in Cotgrave, “Jehannette, Jug or Jinny.” So Jack and Jill were also used for the names of drinking vessels.] X. A variously-shaped vessel of earthenware, metal, or wood, usually provided with a handle and ear, and used for holding and carrying liquors ; a pitcher, a ewer. “ You’d rail upon the hostess of the house, Because she bought ston 6 jugs . ” Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew. (Introd.) 2. A prison, a lock-up. Generally called a stone-jug. (Slang.) Jug (2), s. [Probably onomatopoetic.] A word used to represent the note of the night- ingale. " Her jug, jug, jug, in griefe, had such a grace." Gascoigne : Complaynt of Thylomene. jUg(l), V.t. [JUG(l), S.] 1. To put into and cook in a jug : as, To jug a hare. 2. To commit to prison, to lock up. (Slang.) jug (2), v.i. [Etym. doubtful ; cf. Icel. hjuka = to nurse, to cherish.] To nestle together; to collect, as partridges in a covey. ju'-ga, s. pi. [Jugum.] ju -gal, a. [Lat. jugalis = pertaining to a yoke* ; jugum = a yoke.] * 1. Ord. Lang. : Of or pertaining to a yoke, or to matrimony. 2. Anat. : Of or near the cheek-bone ; zygo- matic. jugal-bone, s. Comp. Anat. : A bone of the face correspond- ing to the human os malce or cheek-bone, and forming part of the zygoma. (Huxley.) ju-ga'-ta, s. pi. [Lat. neut. pi. of jugatus = yoked, coupled (capita — heads, being under- stood).] Numis. : Two heads represented on a medal or coin side by side or joining each other. ju'-gate, a. [Lat. jugatus t pa. pa. of jugo = to join.] Bot. : Coupled together. Used of the oppo- site leaflets in a pinnate or other compound leaf. Often in compos., as bi jugate. *juge, s. [Judge.] Jug'-Ser-naut, Jug'-ger-nath, Jag'-an- nath, Jag'-nath, s. [Sansc., &c. = the Lord of the world.] 1. Hind. Myth. : One of the 1,000 names of Yishnoo, the second god of the Hindoo triad. Juggernaut is Vishnoo, specially in his eighth incarnation, Krishna. The great seat of his worship is at Puri, in Orissa, where he is associated with his brother Balbhadra, Baldeo, or Balarain, and their sister Sabhadra. The idols have no legs, and only stumps of arms ; the heads and eyes are very large. The two brothers have arms projecting horizontally from the ears. They are wooden busts of about six feet high. Balarain is painted white, Juggernaut black, and Sabhadra yel- low. Juggernaut’s car is forty-three and a half feet high. It has sixteen wheels, each six and a half feet in diameter. The bro- ther and sister have also cars. There are thirteen festivals each year. The chief is the Rath Jattra, or Car Festival, at which the three idols are brought forth, being dragged out in their cars by the multitudes of de- votees. Formerly a few fanatics threw them- selves beneath the wheels : this is not now permitted. (Peggs : Orissa Mission.) The Rev. I)r. Stevenson believes that the permis- sion of all castes to eat together at Jugger- nauth, though no where else, and the alleged preservation of a bone of Krishna within the Juggernauta idol, raise the suspicion that the worship of this divinity is of Booddhist rather than of Brahminical origin. 2. Indian Hist. & Arch. : The present temple of Juggernaut was completed in a.d. 1198, at an expense of nearly £500,000. Its base is thirty feet square, its altitude above the plat- form on which it stands ISO, or above the ground, 200. Two stone walls enclose it, the inner 445 and the outer 650 feet square. The British obtained possession of it in 1803. They found that the pilgrims had paid a tax to the Mahrattas. In 1806, the Anglo-Indian British Government, under Sir George Barlow, took the pilgrims’ tax and directed the worship of the temple. In 1839, the pilgrims’ tax was abolished, and the temple expenses fixed at a certain Siim, paid from public revenue. In June, 1851, the government ceased to have any connectijn with the temple. Jug'-gle, v.i. & t. [From the noun juggler (q.v.); O. Fr. jogler, jugler ; Fr. jongler t from Lat. joculor = to jest or joke.] A. Intransitive : 1. To play tricks by sleight of hand ; to conjure ; to amuse with tricks which present false appearances of extraordinary powers. 2. To practise artifice, deceit, or imposture. “ Be these juggling fiends no more believed. That palter with us In a double sense. w Shakesp. : Macbeth, v. 8. * 3. Trans. : To play tricks upon ; to im* pose upon ; to deceive ; to cheat. “ How came ho dead ? I’ll not be juggled with." Hhakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 6. jug'-gle, s. [Juggle, ». ] 1. A trick by legerdemain or sleight of hand. 2. A trick ; an imposture ; a deception. “ The notion of a God . . . was not the invention of politicians, and a juggle of state to cozen the people into obedience .”— Tillotson : Sermons, vol. i., Ber. 1. jug'-gler, *jog-e-lour, * jug-ge-ler, *jug-lur, * jug ler, * jog-u-lar, $. [O. Fr. jogleres, jogleor, jugleor, jougleor ; Fr. jo «- gleur, from Lat. joculator, from joculatus, pa. par. of joculor = to jest, to joke ; Sp. joglar, juglar ; Ital. gioculatore.] * 1. A buffoon, a jester. “Tho mighest thou see there flutour^ Minstrales and eke joaelours, That well to siug did her paine." Romaunt of the Rose. 2. One who practises or performs tricks by sleight of hand; a conjuror; one skilled in legerdemain. “ Nimble jugglers that deceive the eye." Shakesp. : Comedy of Errors, L 1 3. An impostor, a cheat, a deceitful fellow, a charlatan. “ O me, you juggler, you canker blossom 1” Shakesp. : Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. * jiig'-gler-ess, s. [Eng. juggler ; -ess.] A female who practises jugglery. jug'-gler-y, * jog-ler-ie, s. [O. Fr. joglerie; Fr. jonglerie.] The art or performances of a juggler ; legerdemain ; sleight of hand ; trick- ery, imposture. “To make illusion By swich an appareuce or joglerie." Chaucer : C. T., 11,579. jug gling, * jug-ling, pr. par., a. & s. [Juggle, v. A, & B. As pr. par <£• particip. adj. : (Se« the verb). C. As subst. : Jugglery ; underhand practice. “ By the juggling s of the greatest part of the clergy.* —Burnet : Hist. Reformation (an. 1559). * jug'-gling-ly, adv. [Eng. juggling; -Vy.] lu a juggling, deceitful or tricky manner. jug'-gur, s. [Hind., &c.] Ornith : Falco juggur , a large Indian falcon trained to fly at partridges, florikins, and even herons. Called also luggar. jug-Ian-da'- 9 e-se, * jiig-lan-de-se, s.pL [Lat. juglans (genit. j ug Landis) ; fem. pi. adj. suif. -acece, -ece.] Bot.: Juglands; an order of Diclinous Exogens, alliance Quernales. It consists of trees with a watery or resinous juice, alter- nate pinnated exstipulate leaves, imperfect, monoecious flowers the male ones in catkins, the female ones in terminal clusters. Males having the calyx two-, three-, or six-parted, adhering to a scale-like bract ; stamens, three or more. Females having the calyx adherent to the ovary with a minute limb, having three to five divisions, deciduous or shrivelling ; corolla, generally none, but sometimes with minute petals ; ovary two- to four-celled at the base, one-celled at the apex ; ovule one erect. Fruit, a one-stone drupe, naked, or with an involucre. The order consists of fine trees, chiefly American and Indian. Genera, about four; known species, twenty-seven. jug 7 -lands, s. pi. [Lat. juglans (genit. juglandis).'] Bot. : The name given by Liudley to the order Juglandacese (q.v.). jiig'-lan§, s. [Lat. = a walnut, from Jovis glans — the nut of Jove.] 1. Bot. : The typical genus of the order Juglandacete. Males : calyx with five or six scales, with eighteen to thirty-six stamens. Females : calyx adhering to the ovary. Fruit with a fleshy husk, bursting irregularly. The rind of Juglans regia , the Walnut (q.v.), is acrid and purgative. J. cathartica—t\\Q butter- nut, oil-nut, or white walnut— an American species, is purgative. J. regia and nigra fur- nish a wood which, when polished, is of a rich deep brown colour. <&tc. fS.t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, carnal, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, ( Or. wore, wolf, work, whd. s6a; mute. cub. cure, unito, cur, rule, full: try. Syrian, as, ca — 6: ev — a, qu = kw. jugular— jump 2781 2. Palceobot. : The genus is believed to oc- cur in the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Europe. 56 - gu-lar, a. & s. [From Lat.. jugulum = (1) the collar bone, (2) the part of the throat just above it, (3) the throat itself.] A, As adjective : Anatomy : 1. Human : Of or belonging to the throat. Thus there is a jugular eminence, a jugular foramen, &c. 2. Compar. : Of or belonging to the lower throat. (Used of the ventral fins when placed in advance of the attachment of the pectorals.) B. As svbst. : One of the jugular veins. “ The wound was so deep and wide, that being cut through the gullet, wind-pipe, and both the jugulars, it reached to the vertebrae.' —Evelyn : Memoirs (1683). jugular-veins, s. pi. Anat. : Veins of the neck which return the Wood from the head ; they are three in number, the external, the anterior, and the internal jugular. J 6 -gu-lar’-es, s. pi. [Mase. or fem. pi. of Mod. Lat. jugularis, from jugulum = the throat.] Ichthy. : Fishes having the ventral fins placed anterior to the pectoral. *ju -gu-lite, v.t. [Lat. jugulatus, pa. par. of jug'ulo = to cut the throat ; jugulum = the throat.] To kill by cutting the throat. •ju-gu-la-tor, s. [Lat., from jugulatus, pa. par. of jugulo.] A cut-throat ; a murderer. Ju-gU-lo- 9 e-pllS.l'-lC, a. [Lat. jugulum = the throat, and Gr. k efyaXy ( kephale ) = the head.] Anat. : Of or belonging both to the head and the throat, as being connected with both. There is a jugulocephalic vein. Jfi'-gum (pi. ju'-ga), s. [Lat. = a yoke.] Botany : 1. Sing. : A pair of leaflets placed opposite, to each other on the common petiole of a pinnated leaf. 2. PI. : The ridges on the fruit of an um- belliferous plant. J
  • lum3 for thee forbear to grow.” Jago: Goldfinches. * juil, s. [July.] •juise, s. [Jewise.] ju -jube, ju'-jub, s. [Lat. zizyphus.] 1. Bot. : Two fruits, those of Zizyphus vul- garis and Z. Jujuba, plants belonging to the Bhamnace*. 2. Confectionery: A lozenge or confection made of gum arabic or gelatine sweetened. J&ke (1), v.t. [Jook.] To bend or jerk, as the head. "The money -merchant was so proud of his trust, that he went juking and tossing of his head.”— V Estrange. *juke, v.i. [F.tym. doubtful.] To perch upon anything, as birds. Ju'-lep, * Ju'-loTs, s. [Fr. julep, from Sp. julepe, from Pers. juldb = julep, from guldb = rosewater, julep, from gul = a rose, and db = water.] I. Ordinary Language ; 1. A sweet, demulcent, acidulous, or muci- la ginous drink. " And first behold this cordial julep here." Milton : Comus, 672. 2. Iu the United States a drink composed of brandy, whiskey, or other spirituous liquor, with sugar, pounded ice, and a flavouring of mint. Called also a mint-julep. II. Pharm. : A preparation of sugar with some liquid, and used as a vehicle for any medicine. Ju'-ll-a, s. [Lat. fem. of Julius.] Astron. : [Asteroid, 89]. Ju'-li-an, a. [Lat. Julianus, from Julius.] Pertaining to or originated by Julius Ciesar. Julian-calendar, s. [Calendar.] Julian-epocb, s. Chron. : The date of the Julian calendar. Julian-period, s. Chron. : A period of 7,980 year 3 , produced by multiplying 19 (the lunar cycle) by 28 (the solar cycle), and 15 (the Roman induction). It began 4,713 years before the Christian era. The present year (1884) is 6,597 of the Julian period. Julian-year, s. Chron. : The year as adjusted by Julius Caesar. [Calendar, Year.] Ju’-ll-an-lsts, s. pi. [From Julian of Halicar- nassus.] Ch. Hist. : A sect of Copts who believed the body of Jesus to be incorruptible, in opposi- tion to the Severians (q.v.). ju'-li dee, s. [IuLiD.t:.] ju-lid-i'-nse, ju-lid-i'-na, s. pi. [Lat. julis genit. julidlis) — a kind of rock-fish ; fem. pi. adj. suff. -in®, or neut. -ina.] Ichthy. : A sub-family of fishes, family LabridEe. They have fewer than thirteen spines, and sometimes only eight or nine in the dorsal fin. ju-li-enn'e (j as zh), s. A clear soup con- taining various shredded or chopped herbs and vegetables. ju'-ll-form, a. [Mod. Lat. Julus, and Lat. forma = form, shape, appearance.] 1. Bot. ; Formed like an amentum or catkin, as Bryum iulaceum. 2. Zool. : Formed like a millepede of the genus lulus, or the family Iulidas. ju'-Hs, s. [Lat. = a kind of rock-fish.] Ichthy. : The typical genus of the sub-family Julidinse (q.v.). Julis vulgaris or Mediter- ranea is the Rainbow wrasse. It has been found on the coast of Cornwall. Ju'-liis, s. [Iulus.] Bot'. : A catkin. July', *jull, * juyl, * juylle, s. [From Lat. Julius, a name given to this month in honour of Caius J ulius Caesar, who was horn in this month.] The seventh month of the year, in which the sun enters the sign Leo. It was formerly called Quinctilis, or the fifth month, the year, according to the old Roman calendar, beginning in March. July-chi, s. Entom. : A moth, Polia chi, one of the Hadenidae. July-Hcwer, s. Bot. : (1) Prosopis juliflora, one of the Mimosese ; (2) the Stock gillyflower. July-highflyer, s. Entom. : A moth of the family Larentidae. ju'-mar, ju'-mart, s. [Origin unknown ; perhaps an irregular deriv. from jument, with the intensitive - art used in a bad sense. The Lang, gimere, gimerou, according to Diez, sug- gests the Lat. chimcera. ( Littre.y] Zool. : Onotaurus. An imaginary hybrid be- tween bovine and equine species. According to Buffon (xiv. 24S) these liybrids were men- tioned by Columella, who was quoted by Gesner ; but Blumenbach (ed. Bendyehe, p. 77) says, “I cannot find the mention in the one, or the quotation in the other,” and he considers “ Gesner (Hist. quad, vivap., pp. 19, 106, 799) was the first to mention jumars.” He is followed by Jerome Cardan, J. Bap. Porta, and John Leger, who actually gives an engraving of one. He says : Jumars are born from the union either of a bull and a mare, or a bull and an ass ; the former are taller, and called Baf, the latter smaller and called Bif. . . . These hybrids are exactly like an ox in the head and tail, and the places for horns are marked by small pro- tuberances. As to the rest, they are exactly like an as6 or a horse. Their strength is wonderful, especially when compared with their small body ; they are smaller than common mules; they eat little and are swift. I myself went in one day 18 miles among the mountains with of this kind, much more com- fortably than I could have done with a horse."— Hist, des Eglises Evang. de Pi6mont (Leyde, 1669), pp. 7, 8. Haller (Phys., viii. 9) was probably the first to suspect the non-existence of the ju« mar. At the request of Bonnet and Spallan- zani, Card, delle Lanze had two jumars dis- sected. The dissection established the fact that these pretended jumars were hinnies, the larynx, glottis, ventricle, and biliary ducta were all specifically equine, not bovine. Blumenbach concludes (loc. cit., p. 79), “I myself have lately seen at Cassel quite closely two hinnies, which report asserted to be ju- mars. They were of the size of a large ass, and very like one in shape, black in colour, with horses’ teeth in each jaw, no vestige of rumination, &c. The Dictionnaire Classique d' Hist. Nat. (Paris, 1826) says, “The hybrid born from the union of a bull and a mare, or a horse and a cow, and called jumar by the ancients, never existed.’* jum'-ble, *jum-bylle, *jom-bre, Djum- ber, *jum-per, v.t. & i. [A frequent, from jump (q. v. ). ] A, Trans. : To mix confusedly ; to mix up in a confused mass ; to throw or put together without order. (Generally followed by up or together.) " Whiles tkey hastily were jumbled together, the fight by that time was begun in the right wing against Hannibal.”— P. Holland : Livius, p. 957. * B. Intransitive : 1. To be mixed iu a confused way ; to meet or unite confusedly. "They will all meet and jumble together into a per- fect harmony."— Swift. 2. To make a confused noise. " A boysterousse basse he bounsed out. And jumbled on his strings.” Dr ant : Horace, bk. L, sat. 8. jum'-ble, s. [Jumble, v .] 1. Or d. Lang. : A confused mixture ; a mass or collection mixed or thrown together con- fusedly and without order. "The Macaronian is a kind of burlesque poetry, consisting of a jumble of words of different lan- guages."— Cambridge : Scribleriad, bk. ii. (Now).) 2. Confect. : A thin sweetbread, composed of flour, sugar, butter, and eggs, and flavoured with lemon-peel or sweet almonds. * jum'-ble -ment, s. [Eng. jumble ; - ment .] 1. The act of jumbling or mixing confusedly together. 2. The state of being jumbled or thrown together confusedly ; a confused mixture. jum'-bler, s. [Eng. jumbl(e) ; -er.] One who mixes or jumbles things together without order. jum -blmg, pr. par., a., & s. [Jumble, v.] A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See the verb). C. As subst. : The act of mixing or throwing together confusedly or without order. * jum^bliiag-ly, adv. [Eng .jumbling; -ly ] In a jumbling or confused manner. jum -bo, s. Originally the name of a colossal elephant well known here and in England about 1880-85 ; hence, any very large person, animal or thing. *ju'-ment, s. [Fr., from Lat . jumentum, for- merly jugumentum, from jugum = a yoke ; jungo = to join ; Sp . jumento ; Ital. giumento] A beast of burden. " The ditty concluded, T called for my horse, And with a good pack did the jument endorse.” Cotton : A Voyage to Ireland in Burlesque. jump, * jumpe, v.i. & t. [Sw. dial, gumpa = to spring ; cogn. with Dan. gumpe = to jolt ; M. H. Ger. gumpen = to jump ; gumpeln = to play the buffoon ; Prov. Ger. gampen = to jump ; Icel. goppa = to skip.] boil, bo^; pout, jowl; cat, ^ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a$; expect, Xenophon, ezpist. ph = £ -cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion — shun ; -tion, -?ion — zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bob d§b 3— Vol. 3 2782 Jump— junction A. Intransitive i 1. Literally: r I. To throw one’s self in any direction by lift- ing the feet off the ground with a spring and ■lighting on them again ; to leap, to skip. “The whole of the house resounded with the uproar of clapping of hands, footing, Jumping, and snapping of fingera ’ —Swinburne : Spain, let. 29. 2. To jolt, to shake. '* The noise of the prancing horses and of the Jump- ing chariots.”— Nahum iii. 2. II. Figuratively : * 1. To agree, to coincide, to tally, to accord. {Followed by with.) “In short, it Jumps with my humour." Shakesp. : 1 Henry IV., L 2. 2. To agree in opinion ; to accord. “ Then they called a counsell, where they jumped with one generall accord in this opinion. Holland : Jjivius, p. 573. £. Transitive : L Ordinary Language : 1. Literally : (1) To pass over by leaping ; to overleap. {2) To skip over, to pass. ■* 2. Fig. : To put to stake ; to hazard, to risk. “You . . . that prefer A noble life before a long, and wish i To jump a body wit h a dangerous physic.” Shakesp. : Coriolanus, iii. 1. H. Technically: I. Forging : (1) To upset by endwise blows, which con- tract the object in length, but thicken and spread it laterally. (Applied to junipers, tamping-bars, axes, &c.) [Upsetting.] ’ (2) To attach by a butt-weld, in contradis- tinction to a lap-weld. A transverse piece attached by welding is said to be jumped on. 4 If formed from a portion of the rest, it is said to be headed on. (3) A gun-barrel made of a ribbon of iron, or laminated iron and steel, coiled around a mandrel at a red heat, raised to a welding heat and placed on a cylindrical rod, which is struck heavily and vertically on the ground, is said to be jumped. The effect is to cause the edges of the ribbon to unite, a junction Which is completed by the hammer on an anvil, the mandrel retaining its position. {Knight.) 2. Q'uarry. : To bore holes with a jumper (q.v.). ■' H To jump a claim : To seize upon a mining Claim or land in defiance of or during the absence of one who has a prior claim under the pre-emption laws, and in disregard of his rights. To jump one's bail: To abscond, forfeiting one’s bail or leaving one’s securities liable for the bail-bond. Similarly used with board, bounty, & c. (US.) ffimp (1), * jumpe, s. [Jump, v.) _ I. Ordinary Language : I. Lit. : The act of jumping ; a leap, a skip. * **So farre a high -neighing horse of heaven, at every \ jumpe would flie.' Chapman . Homer ; Iliad v . * 2. Figuratively : 1 (1) A risk, a hazard. * “Do not exceed The prescript of thia ecrowl : our fortune lies l Upon this Jump." Shakesp. : Ant. d Cleop.. It. t. (2) A promotion, a rise. (3) (PI.) : The same as Fidgets (q.v.). II. Technically: 1. Building : An abrupt rise in a level course of brickwork or masonry to accommodate the work to the inequality of the ground. 2. Mining : A fault. * H From the jump : From the start or be- ginning. Jump coupling, *. Mech . : [Thimble-coupling]. Jump joint, s. 1. A butt-joint. 2. A flush-joint, in which the plates or plank- ing make a smooth face. In ship-building it Is equivalent to carvel-build. jump-ring, s. i Jewell. : A ring made by bringing the square- cnt ends of a length of wire close together Without welding. jump-seat, s. Vehicle : A kind of open huggy which has a ' shifting seat or seats. For instance, it may . be arranged as a double or single seat vehicle. In the former case, the main seat is moved over backwardly, and the extra seat brought up in front. As a single-seat vehicle, the main seat is thrown into a central position, the extra seat being placed below the other. (American.) jump-weld, s. A butt-weld. jump (2), s. [Fr.jupe.] [Jupon.] 1. A kind of jacket or loose coat reaching to the thighs, buttoned down in front or slit up half way behind, with sleeves to the wrist. " The weeping cassock scared Into a jump, A sign the presbyter’s worn to the stump. ” Cleveland. 2. (Ph) • A bodice used instead of stays. “Don't mind my shape this bout, for I’m only In jumps."— Foote : Taste, l. •Jump, •jumpe, adv. [Jump, ®.] Exactly, just, pat, nicely. ** Myself the while to draw the Moor apart. And bring him jump, when he may Cassio find Soliciting his wife." Shakesp. : Othello, ii. 3. •jump'-er, v.i. [Jump, v.] To agree, to ac- cord, to coincide. " Let vs yet further see how this dHBniciou of the churche and hvs heresies, will jumper and agree to. gether among tnemeelfe.”— SirT. More: Workes, p. 612. Jump'-er (1), s. [Eng. jump, v. ; -er.J I. Ordinary Language: 1. One who or that which jumps or leaps ; a leaper. 2. One who illegally appropriates a claim. [Jump, v., U.] II. Technically: 1. Eccles. (PI.) : A name applied about 1760 by adversaries to certain Calvinistic Methodists in Wales, who under the influence of religious excitement made convulsive movements whilst Divine worship was in progress. 2. Horology: (1) A spring used in repeating-clocks to assist the motion of the star-wheel. (2) A species of click in the repeating-watch, preventing the motion of a wheel in either direction. 3. Hush. : A plough having an upturned cutter in front of its share, and which, going below the share, prevents its being caught on roots, &c. 4. Planing: A plough-bit or machine-jointer, having an intermediate bearing upon the board. 5. Quarrying: (1) A quarryinan’s boring-tool ; a rod of steel, or iron pointed with steel, which breaks the rock by being alternately jumped up and down to form a hole foT blasting or for an artesian well. (2) A steel-faced chisel held by one man while another strikes it with a hammer, used in drilling holes in rock for blasting or split- ting. 6. Vehicles: A cheaply formed sled, in which supple pieces of wood form the shafts and runners, and support a box or trestle in or on which one may ride. “He was seen drawing one of those Jumpers that they cany their grain to mill in."— A P. Cooper: Pioneers, ch. xxix. 7. Entom. : [Hopper, II. 3]. Jump'-er (2), s. [Jump (2), s.[ A kind of fur under-jacket ; a blouse or smock of coarse woollen or canvas. Jump'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Jump, v.] A. & B. As pr. par. £ particip. adj. : (See the verb). C. As subst. : Tho act of leaping ; a leap, a jump. jumping-bugs, s. pi. Entom. : The family Halticoridae. jumping-deer, s. Zool. : Cervus Lewisii, a kind of deer found in America west of the Mississippi. Called also the Black-tailed Deer. jumping-hare, s. Zool. : Pedetes or Ilelamys capensis, a South African animal belonging to the Jerboas (Dipodidffi). It is a native of the Cape, and inhabits deep burrows. jumping- mouse, s. Zool. : Meriones hudsonims, a North Ameri- can mahimal belonging to the Dipodidse. jumping-rat, s. Zool. : A name for the Jerboa (q.v.). Jumping-shrews, s. pi. Zool. : The English name of the family Macroscelidse (q.v.). jumping-spider, s. Zool. : The genus Attus, • jump'-ihg- ly, adv. [Eng. jumping- -Ip.J Exactly, precisely, pat. " If thou wouldest turue things faythfullye And do not imitate So jumping! y, ho precyselie And step for step so strayte." Drant : Horace ; Arte of Poetry*. Jim - ca' -9 e - se, jun' - 96 - se, s. pi. [ Lat. junc(us) = a rush ; fern. pi. adj. suff. -aceo >,.] Bot. : An order of Endogens, the typical on® of the alliance Juncales. It consists of herba- ceous plants, with iibrous or fascicled roots, leaves tistular or flat, and channeled with, parallel veins, inflorescence more or less capi- tate, calyx and corolla forming an inferior six- parted glumaceous or cartilaginous perianth. Stamens six, rarely three ; fruit capsular, three-valved, inany-seeded. Found in the temperate and arctic regions. Genera four or five, known species about 130. ( Lindley & Sir J* Hooker.) jiih-ca'-ceous (c© as Shy), a. [Mod. Lat. jvmcaceus. ] [ J uncace^e. ] Bot. : Of, belonging to, or resembling the plants of the order Juncaceae (q.v.); resem- bling rushes. juh-ca-gm-a'-ce aa, s. [Mod. Lat. juncago^ genit. juncagin(is) ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -acecc.] Bot. : Arrow-grasses ; an order of Endogens, alliance Alismales. It consists of herbaceous aquatic or marsh plants, having leaves with parallel veins ; flowers white or green, incon- spicuous, in spikes or racemes ; sepals and petals small ; stamens six ; carpels three, four, or six ; fruit dry, one or two-seeded. Found in most continents. Genera seven, species forty-four. Sir Joseph Hooker reduces it to a tribe, Jiincagmeae (q.v.). jun-ca-gm'-e-as, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. juncago t genit. juncagin(is) ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff, •ece.] Bot. : A tribe of Alismaceae. Leaves linear or filiform ; petals small, green ; stamens six ; ovules one to three, anatropous ; embryo straight. ( Sir Joseph Hoolcer.) jim-ca'-gd, s. [Mod. Lat., from juncus =*\ rush. The name was first given by Tourne- fort.] Bot. : A synonym of Triglochin, but it gave the name to the order Juucaginacese (q.v.). jun'-cal, a. & s. [Juncales.] A. As adj. : Of or belonging to the alliance Juncales. B. As substantive: Bot. (PI). : The order Juncales (q.v.). jim-ca'-les, s. pi. [Masc. & fem. pi. of Mod. Lat. juncalis , from Lat. juncus = a rush.] Bot. : J uncals ; an alliance of Endogens. Flowers herbaceous, dry, and permanent ; if scarious then coloured ; albumen generally copious. It contains two orders, Juncaceas and Orontiacece (q.v.). (Lindley.) * jim'-cate, s. [Junket.] jun'-9ite, s. [Lat. juncus = a rush ; suff. - itt (Pal; it difficult to commend and speak credibly in dedications.”— -Glanvill : Scepsis Scientifica. * ju'-ven-tate, s. [Lat. juventas (genit. ju- ventatis), from juvenis = young.] Youth, youthfulness. ju'-vl-a, s. [Brazilian (?).] Bot. : The Brazil nut (Bertliolettia excelsa), C fine tree 100 or 120 feet high, from the Orinoco, &c. ju-wan'-sa, ju-wan'-za, s. [Etyrn. doubtful.] Bot. : The camel’s thorn (q.v.). [Aliiagi.] ju-war', s. [Jowaree.] * jux-ia-pd^e', v.t. [Lat. juxta — close, next, and Erig. pose.] To place next or near ; to set side by side. * jux-ta-pos'-it, v.t. [Lat. juxta = close, next, and positus, pa. par. of pono = to place [ To place next or near; to juxtapose. bSil, boy ; poiit, Jortrl; cat, cell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ihg. •dan, -tlan = shan. -tion, sion — shun; -tioa, -§ion — zhaa. -cious, -tlous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bpl, dgl. 2788 Jfix-ta-po-fi'-tion, s. [Lat. juxta = close, pext, and Eng. position (q. v.).] The act of plac- ing or setting next or near, or side by side ; the state of being set near or side by side ; Dearness or closeness of position ; contiguity. “ But the idea of atoms and of their relative weights, and of the building up of compounds by the juxta- position of elementary atoms, is perfectly definite, and affords the only satisfactory explanation yet given of the observed laws of chemical combination.”— Graham: Chemistry (2nd ed.), voL ii., p. 512. Ju -zail', s. [Native word.] A kind of heavy rifle used by the Afghans. ( Anmndalc .) * Jy mold, s. [Gimmal.J ! ‘jysso, e. (GisvJ K. B. Tlie eleventh letter and the eighth conso- nant of the English alphabet. This letter has before vowels, and before all consonants except n, the same phonetic value in all the alphabets where it appears — a guttural momen- tary sound produced by raising the back of the tongue to the back of the palate, as in kill, keen , king. Before n it is not sounded in English, as in knee, knell, knife. From the sixteenth to the last century it was used in English at the end of words after c, apparently to strengthen the hard c, as in alehemick, musiclc, publick, but this usage is now con- fined to monosyllables, as check, clock, duck, sick. It also frequently occurs at the end of monosyllables followed by e mute, as duke, strike ; or alone after long vowels or dipthongs, as in seek, speak, hook , look, hawk, or preceded by the consonants l, n, r, as milk, shrink, dirk. It is met with in the middle of words only where the monosyllable to which it be- longs are compounded, as in speaking, firkin, mawkish, tinker, inkling, mankind. It takes a prominent part in the formation of deriva- tives, as in the suffixes -ock, -ikin. 1 H Forming part of the original Phoenician alphabet, k passed into Greek and the oldest Latin ; but c was substituted for it in the latter at an early date, and it only survived in a few common abbreviations (see below). In the early part of the present era, moreover, the sound of k or c (hard) was lost in Italy. It Underwent palatization — i.e., it was produced by raising the middle instead of the back of the tongue to the palate, and c was sounded as ch(tsh). Those modern alphabets, therefore, derived from Italy (i.e., Celtic, Mod. Italian, French, and Spanish) have, properly speak- ing, no k, and the sound and letter are only present in a few foreign importations. In those alphabets, however, derived through the Greek (i.e., Teutonic and Slavonic) k plays an important part. But in England the letter holds a very ambiguous position. The earliest Anglo-Saxon alphabet, being derived from Roman missionaries, was without k, and c •was generally used to represent its sound, but German influence soon introduced it to northern England, and made it interchange- able with c throughout the country, and the two letters were used indifferently (cf. cyning, kyning). The Norman French of the Con- quest brought in many words in which fc could have no place, and not only often soft- ened the old c (hard) to ch or c (sibilant) (cf. cild, child), but gave c general predominance over k, even when the original sound was re- tained. In northern England, however, it Continued to be freely used in words in which in southern dialects k had given way ch or c (sibilant) — N. rike (kingdom), S. riche; N. croke (cross), S. crouche ; N. Alnwick, S. Green- wich ; N. Caister, S. Chester. In Lowland Scotch, likewise, k still retained, as it does to this day,! its old importance (cf. kirk and Church). K has undergone many other pho- netic changes in Indo-European languages. In the Grseco-Latin branch it was sometimes labialized, and became p (cf. Lat. equus and Gr. 17T77 05 (hippos) = horse, Sansc. kankan, and Gr. nevre ( pente ), i.e., nevne (penpe) — five). In English it has been occasionally replaced by t (cf. Old Eng. lak, Moil. Eng. bat, make = mate, naked = made), I. As an initial K is used : In orders of knighthood for knight : as, K.G., Knight of the Garter; K.T., Knight of the Thistle; K.C.B., Knight Commander of the Bath. juxtaposition— kaha ii. As a symbol K is used: 1. For N umerals (Roman) = 250, or with a line above it (K) = 250,000 ; In Greek k = 20, and k = 20,000. 2. In chemistry for potassium (being the initial letter of Kaliuin) (q.v.), by which name the metal is also known. * ka, s. [Ca.] A chough, a jackdaw. ka-a'-ba, s. [Caaba.] kaa'-ma, «. [Native name.l Zool. : Bubalis caama, a South African ante- lope. Called also the Hartebeest (q.v.), kab, s. [Cab, 2.] kab'-a-la, s. (Cabala.) * kab'-ane, s. [Cabin.] ka-ba'-ro, s. [Native name.] Music: A small drum used by the Egyptians and Abyssinians. (Stainer £ Barrett.) kab-ba-llst'-lc-al, a. [Cabbalistical.) kab bas-ou , s. [Fr., probably from a native name.] Zool. : Cuvier’s name for a section of the Armadillo genus (Dasypus). The fore and hind legs have each five toes ; the teeth are from thirty to forty. Example, Dasypus Tatoua. k3,b'-be-lon, s. [Ger. kabbelian; Sw. kabelgo; Ban. kabeljao = cod-fish.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. In the same sense as II. 2. Cabbage and potatoes mashed together. IL Nautical : 1. Codfish which has been salted and hung for a few days but not thoroughly dried. (Smith . ) 2. A dish of mashed cod. (Smith.) kab'-bos, s. [Prob. Native East Indian.] Ichthy. : The name of an East Indian fish of the Musklan kind. It grows to about two feet long, has no scales, but feels smooth and soft like an eel. Brown in colour, its snout/ is of a paler hue and spotted with black. (Rees: Cyclopaedia.) ka' bin, s. A kind of marriage among the Muhammadans which is not considered as binding for life, but is solemnised on condi- tion that the husband allows the wife a cer- tain sum of money in case of separation. (Wharton.) ka, bob, ka -bab, s. [Cabob.] * ka' -bobbed, a. [Eng. kab oh ; -ed.] Dressed savoury as a cabob (q.v.). “The genteel feel of vour tip-top folks is no more like nature than one of your fine kabobbed fricassees is to plain roaat and tatles ."—Morton : Secrets Worth Knowing, L L Ka-byle', a. & s. [Arab, kahd.il.) A, As subst. : A person belonging to any of a series of tribes inhabiting Algeria, and forming the best known branch of the Berber race, tlie old aborigines of North Africa, who occu- pied at one time all the territory between Egypt and the Canary Islands. They were known to the Romans as the Numidians. Although in physique the Kabyles resemble the Arabs, their life and character are radically different. Their houses are of stone ; they dwell in towns, and engage not only in the cultivation of figs, vines, and tobacco, but in the manufacture of lime, tiles, soap, and domestic utensils. The fine arts are not un- known to them, and wood-engraving and en- graving on metal are practised among them. Though Muhammadans by religion, their poli- tical institutions are essentially democratic. The Arab language is spoken by the majority of them, but their original tongue is not lost, and their popular literature, preserved through oral transmissions, has been committed to writing by a French savant. They numbered in 1864, 2,400,000 persons, and their province is known as Kabylia or Kabylie. Tlie French, in whose territory they now lie, find them active soldiers and artisans. “In short, there is little or nothing that is Arabio about the Kabyle.''— Fraser's Mag., Oct, 1862, p. 449. B. As adj. ; Pertaining to the series of tribes described under A. “I meant to lodge with the leading men of the village and see Kubyle life,”— Fraser's Magazine, Oct, 1862, p. 467. ka-dar'-lte, s. [From Arabic, and Eng. suit. ■ite.) Muhammadanism : A sect which deny pre- destination, and maintain the doctrine of free will. ka'-di, kad i as ter, s. [Caul] ka'-drfs, s. pi. [From Arab.] Muhammadanism: An order of Muham- madan dervishes, founded a.d. 1165. They lacerate themselves with scourges. k&d siir'-a, s. [The Japanese name.] Bot. : A genus of Schizandraeeae. They are mucilaginous shrubs, with three sepals, six to nine petals, and fifteen or more stamens, found in tropical Asia. By boiling the juice, a mucilage is obtained, used in making Brous- sonetia paper. The Japanese women use it also to clean pomatum from their hair. kad sur'ad, s. [Mod. Lat. kadsur(a); -ad.) Bot. (PI.): The name given by Bindley to the order Schizandraeeae (q.v.). kao, s. [Ka.] A daw. “God Pleas your honours a’ your days, VVi’ sowps o’ kail and brats o’ claise. In spite o* a* the thievish kaes.” Bums : Ory is Prayer. ksem'-mcr er lte, a. [Named by Norden- skiold in 1843 after Kiimmerer of Bissersk, Russia ; suff. -ite (Min.).~\ Min. ; A reddish-violet variety of Penninite (q.v.), owing its colour to varying amounts of sesquioxide of chromium ; first found near Lake Itkul, Perm, Russia, and subsequently in well-defined, hexagonal prisms at Texas, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. ; in both cases associated with chromite. koemp fer'-l-a, s. [Named after Engelbert Ksempfer, a traveller to Japan, born in West- phalia a.d. 1651, died in 1716.] Bot. : A genus of Zingiberaceie. Kcempferia Galanga is often mixed with the Galo.ngalt obtained from Alpinia pyramidalis and A. At- lughas. The same species and K. rotunda are used medicinally in India. keemp'-fer-lde, s. [Eng., hc.,Kampfer(ia)° suff. -ide.) Chem. ; A crystalline substance without taste or smell, found in the root of Kcempferia galanga. It melts at 100°, is very soluble in ether, less so in alcohol, and almost insoluble in water. Sulphuric acid imparts to it a beau- tiful dark green colour, whilst potash dissolve* it with a bright yellow colour. K&f-fer, K&f'-fir, s. [Kafir.] kaf-fle, s. [Coffle.] kaf l-la, kaf'-I-lah, s. [Arab, kafala .} A caravan or company travelling with camels. Kaf -ir, Kaf-fer, Kaf -fire, s. & a. [Arab. Kdfir = an unbeliever.] A. As substantive : 1. One of a race inhabiting the country be- tween Cape Colony and Delagoa Bay ; so called by the Muhammadans on account of their re- fusal to accept Islamism. 2. The language spoken by the Kafirs. B. As adj. : Of or pertaining to the Kafirs, kaffire -bread, s. [Caffer-bread.] kSg-e-neik'-I-a, s. [Named from Count Frederic Kageneik, a patron of botany.] Bot. : A genus of tlie order Rosacea 1 . (Rose- worts). Kageneikia cratccgoides is a very tall, ornamental-growing tree, succeeding in loam, peat, and sand ; ripened cuttings will strike readily in sand, under a glass in a little heat. It is confined to Chili, and its flowers are white. (Paxton.) ka'-gu, s. [A New Caledonian word] Ornith. (PI.) : Rhinoclietinae, a sub-family of Gruidae (Cranes). ka-ha', s. [Dyak.] Zool. : The name given by the Dyaks of Borneo to the Long- or Proboscis - nosed Monkey (Semnopithecus nasalis ). It has a nose of prodigious size and length, a wide mouth, and a receding chin ; arms and legs long ; colour of the back and shoulders a reddish or dark-red brown, the rest of a lighter colour. The Dyaks think them descended from men who took to the woods to avoid paying taxes. f&te, fit, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p8t^ t or, were, Wflf, work, whd, sou; mute, cub, core, unite, cur, rule, fiuU; try, Syrian. », ee-e; ey =* a. qu = kw., kail— kalandL 2789 kail, kale, * keal (Milton), * cale, s. [From Gael, cal (genit. cail) — cabbage ; Ir. cal; Manx hail; Corn, coal; Wei. cawl; Bret, kctol; cf. Lat. caulis = (1) stalk, (2) cabbage. (Skeat).] £Cole.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. The name loosely given in England to all vegetables down to the fifteenth century, and so occasionally used in modern Scotch. [Kail- wife.] "Cal#, olus, olusculum."—Cath . Angl. 2. A broth made in Scotland of cabbage, with i*f without meat. (Jamieson.) “ On thee aft Scotland chow# her cood. In souple scoue3, the wale o' food 1 Or tumblin' in the boiling flood Wi' kail an' beef." Burns : Scotch Drink. 3. A dinner. (Scotch.) The phrase “ Will you come and take your kail wi’ me?” is com- mon in Scotland. Cf. the Fr. invitation, “Voulez-vous venir manger la soupe chez moi?” [Kail-bell.] " If you will take your kail with ns next Sunday. I will glance over your work. 1 ' — Scott : Surgeon's Daughter. (PreL) IL Botany : 1 1. The name now given in Scotland and parts of Northern England to all coleworts — cabbages (Brassica oleracea). It is usually spelt kail. " Th# now universal potatoe wa# unknown, but [the yard#] were stored with kale or colewort.”— Scott : Waverleg, ch. viiL 2. The name now given in England to a variety of the Brassica oleracea, differing from the cabbage in the open heads of its leaves, which are used as “greens,” and as food for cattle. There are many varieties, the leaves being sometimes green, sometimes reddish- brown, sometimes purplish in colour, and plain, waved, curled, or laciniated in form. Usually a biennial plant ; it is sometimes per- ennial, as in the variety known as Milan kale (chou de Milan). The best kind is that with curled leaves. It is usually spelt kale, and is variously known as borecole, winter greens, German greens, and Scotch kale. [Kale.] If (1) Barefoot, or Barefit kail ; A very Sieagre or beggarly broth. (Jamieson.) (2) Water kail (confined to Lotliian) : A broth made with water only. (Jamieson.) (3) To gie kail thro' the reek. [Reek.] (/Scotch). (a) To give smoky (reekie), and, therefore, nauseous or unpalatable broth. Thus, to reprove severely, to scold in words. (Scott : Old Mortality, ch. xiv.) (ft) To punish, to inflict bodily harm. (Scott : Hob Roy, ch. xxx.) (4) To get kail thro' the reek. (Scotch.) (а) To be severely reproved ; to be scolded. (б) To meet with reverses, or ill-luck. kail-bell, s. The dinner-bell. (Scotch.) ** But hark the kail-bell rings, and I ilauu gae link off the pot. nerd's Songs, IL 199. kail-brose, s. Pottage made of meal and the scum of broth. [Brose.] kail-castock, s. A stem of the colewort. (/Scotch.) [Castock.] kail-garth, * cale-garth, s. Kitchen garden. [Garth.] *' Cale-garth ; ortus, et cetera, ubt a gardynge."— Cath. Angl. kail-gully, s. A large knife used in cutting coleworts. (Scotch.) [Gully.] ” A lang kaVrffuXly bang down by his side.” Jamieson : Popular Ballad, L 302. kail-pot, s. A pot in which broth is made. “ Set sue of their noses within the smell of a had. pot, and whistle them back, if ye can."— Scoff : Pirate, XL H Kail-pot is nsed in both Scotland and Northern English dialects. (Grose.) Halliweli describes it as a large metal pot for cooking meat and cabbage together, of globular shape, bolding three to four gallons, and resting on three little spikes. kail-seed, a. A seed of colewort. (Scotch.) * kail-seller, s. A vegetable dealer. ’‘Cade-seller, oliter, -trix." — Cath. Angl. kail-stock, * cal-stocke, *. 1 Literally: 1. Stalk of colewort. *' Cale-stol:, maguderis. ”■ — Cath. Ang. 2. A plant of colewort. (Scotch.) “ They . . . rooted out our kail-stocks." Colvil. (Jamieson.) II. Fig. : Any worthless article. (From the signification given in 1.) “ Nat worth a shytel-cocke Nat worth a sowre calstocke." Skelton . Why come ye not to Court f 363. kail-wife, s. 1. Lit. : A woman who sells kail, or green Vegetables. (Jamieson.) 2. Fig. : A scold. (Scotch.) “ 'Tis folly with kail-wives to flyte : Some dogs bark best after they bite." Cleland, p. 112. (Jamieson.) kail -worm, * cale -worm, ’cole- worm, s. I. Ordinary Language : 1. Lit. : Any caterpillar. (Scotch.) 2. Fig. : A person or thing of no import- ance. (Applied as a term of reproach or con- tempt.) (Scotch.) (Scott ; Heart of Midlothian, ch. xii.) II. Entom. : The grub that lives on the leaves of the cabbage or colewort, and ulti- mately becomes the cabbage butterfly (Pontia Brassicco vel Rapce, Linn.). kail-yard, s. 1. A cabbage garden. (Scotch.) 2. A kitchen garden. (Scotch.) "The society schoolmaster has . . . with a dwelling- house and Bchoolhouse, a kaiUyard with an acre of ground." — Sutherlandsh. Statist. Acct., iii. 842. 3. An orchard. (Halliweli: Provincial Diet.) kaile, v.i. [Perhaps connected with Mid. Eng. kalen = to grow cool ; akale = cold.] (Northern English.) To decline in health. (Halliweli.) kails, s. pi. [Kayles.] kaim (1), kame (1), s. [Combs.] 1. Ord. Lang. : A ridge ; the crest of a hill. 2. Geol. : The same as Escar (q.v.). “ The marine denudation of the till appears to have furnished the material of which these kames or eskers are composed.”— Lyell : Antiquity of Man (1873}, p. 293. kaim, kame (2), s. [Comb, s.] kaim, kame, v.t. [Comb, r.] kai’-ma-con, cai -maL-con, s. [Turkish.] A title given in the Ottoman Empire to a deputy, or governor. There are generally two kaimacons — one residing at Constantinople, the other attending the grand vizier as his lieutenant. ( Brande .) kain, s. [Low Lat. cana = a tax, a tribute ; from Gael, ceaun = the head.] A duty, such as poultry, eggs, &c., taken by a landlord in part of the rent from farmers. kain'-lte, s. [Gr. uatvos (kainos) = recent or new : suff. -ite (Min.). Named by Gincken.] Min. : Supposed to have been a new species, but subsequently proved by several analyses to be the same as Picromeiutf. (q.v.), mixed with chlorides. Occurs at the Stassfurth salt mines, Magdeburg, Prussia. kai-no zo -ic, s. [Cainozoic.] kai'-ser, s. [Caesar.] An emperor ; the Em- peror of Austria. He is called Kaiser because by Diocletian’s arrangement certain provinces near the Danube, which came into the posses- sion of Austria in 1438, were anciently assigned to a CseBar. Also the Emperor of Germany, the title having been assumed by William I. of Prussia, in 1871, at the conclusion of the Franco-German War. ka'-jak, (j as 3 0, ka'-y&k, ky'-ak, s. KAJAK. [Esquimaux.] The boat of the Esquimaux, used by the men only. About eighteen feet in length, it is eighteen inches broad in the middle, and, tapering at both ends, is about a foot deep. Without outriggers, it is covered with skins, and closed at the top, with the exception of a hole in the middle, filled by the boatman, who, sitting on the floor of the boat, propels it with a paddle. kaj u - gam, s. [Malayan.] The fragrant wood of Gonostylus Miquelianus. ka'-ka, s. [Maori.] (See the compound.) kaka-parrot, s. Ornith. : Nestor meridionalis — a New Zealand parrot. kak-a-pa'-d, ka-ka-pd', s. [From Maori = night-parrot.) Ornith. : A bird of the parrot family (Psitta- cidee), although it is in many respects of a unique type. Indigenous to New Zealand, and • called by the English there the Ground Parrot, or Owl Parrot, it became first known to ornithologists in 1843, and is now represented in most museums of natural history. its scientific name is Strigops hdbroptilus. Its habits are wholly nocturnal, hiding in rocks and under the roots of trees by day, seeking food only by night. In size it resembles 3 raven ; its feathers are of green or of brownish- green colour, striped longitudinally with yel- low ; it has a very powerful beak, with hairs and elongated feathers about its face, as in the case of the owl. Its wings are too short to enable it to fly, and it chiefly walks along the ground or climbs trees, thus making it a prey to cats, rats, and other animals. It is fast becoming extinct. “ Among the additions was a second living specimen of the kakapo, or Ground Parrot of New Zealand."— Zool. Soc. Proc., 1871, p. 102. ka-ka-ral'-lj, s. [A British Guianan name.] Bot. : Lecythis ollaria. [Lecythis.] kak-a-ter'-ro, kak-arfter'-ra, s. [Maori.] Bot. : The New Zealand name of Dacrydium taxifolium, a taxad, 200 feet high. * kakele, * kakelle, * keklys, v.i. [Cackle.] An old form of Cackle (q.v.). " The hen hwou heo haueth field ne con buten kakelwj — Ancren Riwle, p. 66. t kak'-er-lar, s. [Ger.] Entomology : 1. Sing. : A cockroach (q.v.). 2. PI. : The family Blattidae (q.v.). (Dallas.) kak'-O-cMdre, s. [Named by Breithaupt. Etym. doubtful ; perhaps Hr. kokos (kakos) — bad, and ( chloros ) = pale green.] Min. : A compound of oxides of manganese and cobalt, occurring at Rengersdorf, Lansitz, Prussia. Formerly regarded as related to Asbolite (q. v.) ; but now referred by Weisbach to Lithiophorite (q.v.). kak'-o-dule, kak'-d-dyle, s. [Cacodyl.] kak'-d-dyl’-ic, a. [Cacodylic.] kakodylic-acid, s. [Cacodylic -acid.I kak-ox'-ene, s. [Cacoxene.] Ka'-la, s. [Sanse. = black, dark, dark-blue.] Hindoo Mythology : 1. Siva in one of his manifestations. Some times used also for Time. [Kalee.] 2. One of the names of Yama, regent of the dead ; hence sometimes death itself'. ka-l&f ’, s. [Arabic.] A medicated water, pre- pared from the sweet-scented male catkins of Salix cegyptiaca. ka-la'-Ite, s. [Calaite.] kal'-a-mit, s. [Calamite.] kal-an cho-e, [The Chinese name of one of the species.] Bot. : A genus of Crassulaceae. The leaves of Kalanchoe laciniata are valued as an appli- cation to wounds and sores ; they allay irri- tation and promote cicatrization. K. spathu- lata is poisonous to goats. In Kangra, in India, the leaves are burnt and applied to abscesses. K. brasiliensis is used in Brazil as a refrigerant. K. pinnata is the same as Bryophyllum calycinum. ka land, s. [Etym. doubtful, but probably connected with kalends (q.v.).j A fraternity boy ; pout, jdwl ; cat, [jell, chorus, £hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = & *4tiau, -tian - shan. -tion, -siou = shun : -tion. -gion — srfmn. -clous, -tious, -sious — situs, -ble, -die, O. H. Lewes: II ist. Philos. (1867 ). ii. 437. kant'-ry, s. [Wei. cant = a hundred, a circle . In Wales, a hundred, a division of a county. ka'-o-lin, ka-6-lm-ite, s. [A corruption of the Chinese word Hauling = high ridge, the name of a hill whence the material was derived.] boil, pout, jotyi; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ingi -elan, -tlan = ah an. -tion, -slon = shun ; -(ion, -gion = zhun. -tious, -sious, -cious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b©l, d*l. 270: kaolinite— keb 1. Geol. : Kaolin occurs in granite, and generally arises from the decomposition of the felspar. 2. Min. : Essentially a hydrated silicate of alumina. It occurs in many places in very extensive beds as an earthy powder, and is derived principally from the decomposition of the felspars of granites, granitic, gneissic, and felsitic rocks. It is extensively used in the manufacture of porcelain. The name kaolinite was applied by Johnson and Blake to a soft powder made up of minute, transparent, pearly scales, which is always present in greater or lesser quantity in all kaolin. They also pointed out the chemical and physical identity of the crystalline with the amorphous form. 3. Porcelain Manuf. : Kaolin, after being levigated, is used in the manufacture of porce- lain. Hence it is called China clay. It is now largely used for that purpose in the United States and Europe. ka'-o-lm-Ite, s. [Kaolin.] ka-pit'-i-a, s. [Ceylonese (?).] A resin ob- tained in Ceylon from Croton lacclferu-m. kap'-ni-5ite, s . [Namea by Kenngott after its locality, Kapnik, Hungary ; suff. -ite ( Min.). ] Min. : Kapnicite is a hydrated phosphate of alumina closely related to Wavellite (q.v.) ; its occurs in small, librous, radiated spherules, the fibres sometimes terminated as rhombic prisms. kap'-nik-ite, s . [Named by Huot after its locality, Kapnik, Hungary ; suff. - ite ( Min .).] Min. : The same as Rhodonite (q.v.). kap'-nite, s. [Named by Breithaupt, from the Lat. capnites of Pliny ( N . H. t xxxiv. 22) = a kind of zinc ore.] Min. : A variety of Calamine (q.v.), contain- ing above twenty per cent, of carbonate of iron. Occurs at the zinc mines of Attenberg, Aachen. kap -no-mor, s. [Capnomor.] kar a-gan, kar'-a-gane, a. [Russ. Tear ay an.] Zool. : A fox, Vulpes karagan, the Canis Tairagan , of Gmelin, and the Karagan fox of Pennant. It inhabits Great Tartary. Ear’-a-i§m, s. [Karaites.] The doctrines of the Karaites (q.v.). " Karaism cannot be regarded as, in any sense, a pro- duct of Sadduceeism.”— M'Clmtock & Strong : Cyclop. V. 18. Kar'-a-ites, s. pi. [Heb. D’S'ij? ( Qaravm ) = scripturaMsts, from *Oj7 ( qara ) = to call out ; to read.] Jewish Sects : The descendants of the ancient Sadducees. Their system was revised by Ahan ben David, who, a.d. 761 or 762, was prince of the Captivity. They reject tradition, and in this respect bear the same relation to the Talmudic Jews that Protestants do to Roman Catholics. A few years ago they numbered about 5,000 or 6,000. They are found in Russia, Galicia, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Ac. ka -ras’-kl-er, s. [Turk.] One of the chief officers of justice in Turkey, and a member of the Ulema. ka-ra' tas, s. [A West Indian word (?).] Bat. : Bromelia karatas, a pine-apple, with pink flowers, a native of the West Indies. kar'-bl, s. [Mahratta.] Bot. : An Indian name for Sorghum vulgare. kar' e-lin ite, s. [Named by Hermann after Karelin, the discoverer; suff. -ite (Min.).~] Min. : Oxide of bismuth, with formula Bi03. Massive, with crystalline structure ; hardness, 20 ; sp. gr., 6*6 ; colour, lead-gray ; lustre metallic when cut. Occurs at the Savodinsk mine, Altai, mixed with earthy sulphide of bismuth. Kar ma -thl anj, s. pi. [Named from Kar- mat or Karmatia, its founder.] IHst. : A Muhammadan rationalistic sect, which maintained bloody wars with the Ca- liphs in the ninth century. kara, s. [Corn. = a cairn (q.v.).] Min. : A pile or heap of rocks. kar ne dl, s. [Named by Agricola. Lat. cameus = flesh.] Min. : A flesh-red variety of Chalcedony ; carnelian (q.v.). ka'-rob, s. [Cakob.] ka roo , kar-roo', s. [Hottentot karusa = hard.] Phys. & Botan. Geog. : The middle terrace in point of elevation in the South African table- land, constituting part of the Cape Region. It is very rich in vegetation, which, however, is mostly confined to one month — August. There are Ericaceae, Proteaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lili- aceae, Iridaceae, the Rhinoceros bush ( Stoebe rhinocerotis ) everywhere on the land, and Pri- onium, a rush, impeding the water courses. (Thome.) kar'-os, s. [Gr.] A headache ; drowsiness. (Sylvester.) kar'-pho-lite, s. [Carpholite.] kar-pho-sld'-er-ite, s. [Carphosiderite.] kar'-sten-Ite, s. [Named by Hausmann, who gives no etym. Probably after Karsten the mineralogist ; suff. • ite ( Min .).] Min. : The same as Anhydrite (q.v.). * kar'-vel, s. [Caravel.] kar'-jr-m-ite, s. [Named by Lundstrom from Gr. Kapv u-o? (karuinos) — nut-brown, and suff. •ite (Min.) (q.v.).] Min. : Essentially an arsenate of lead and manganese. Massive. Hardness, 3 to 3*5 ; sp. gr., 4*25 ; lustre greasy ; colour, brown to yellowish-brown. Occurs with berzelite and hausmannite (q.v.), at Langban, Wermland, in Sweden. kar -y-o-ki-Kc'-sis, s. [Gr. Kapvov (karuon) — a nut, and Kimjoas (kinesis) = movement.] Biol. : A name for indirect division of a cell, arising from complicated change of the nucleus. kar-jr-6-ki-net’-ic, a. [Gr. Kapvov (karuon) = a nut, and Eng. kinetic (q.v.).] Of, per- taining to, or effected by karyokinesis (q. v.). kas'-su, s. [Tamil kashu = Acacia Catechu.] A kind of catechu prepared from Areca Catechu. * kas’-tril, s. [Kestrel.] kat-a-, pref. [Gr.] A Greek preposition sig- nifying down, downwards, largely used in com- position in English scientific terms derived from the Greek. ka-tal'-ys-is, s. [Catalysis.] kat-a-plei'-ite, s. [Catapleiite.] kat'-fbup, s. [Ketchup.] * kath'-en-©-the-ism, s. [Gr. Ka0 (kath), for /cava ( kata )= down, according to; Hv (hen) = one, and Eng. theism. ] The same as Heno- THEISM (q.v.). “Max Muller . . . has (riven the name of kaf.heno- theism to the doctrine of divine unity in diversity.” — Tylor : Primitive Culture , ii. 254. Kath'-er-ine, s. [Catherine.] Katherine’s flower, s. Bot. : Nigella damascena. kath-e-tom'-et-er, s. [Cathetometeb.J kath' -ode, s. [Cathode.] kat'-I-on, s. [Cation.] ka-t’ir'-a, s. [A native name.] Phar. : The gum of Cochlospermum Gosstj- pium, used in India as a demulcent in coughs. katira-gum, s. [Katira.] kat'-sup, s. [Ketchup.] kat - ti - min'- doo, kat-ti-mun'-dvt, s. [Telugoo.] The milky juice of the plant Eu- phorbia Kattimundoo or Cattimandoo, a small tree, with five-angled stems, a native of the East Indies. It resembles caoutchouc, and is used as a cement for metal, knife-handles, &c. ka'-ty-did, s. [From the sounds uttered in shrill accents by the male insect.] Entom. : BentaphyUvm concavum, a pale- green orthopterous insect, allied to the gi asi- hopper. It is abundant during autumn in the United States. kau'-ri (au as ow), s. [A Maori word.) Bot. : The same as Kauri-pine (q.v.). " With the last of the Maori* the last of the Kaurt$ will also disappear from the earth.”— I/ocfutetlcr : Zealand (ed. Sauter), p. 141. kauri-gum, s. (See extract.) " This resinous gum, as it oozes from the tree, li soft, and of a milky turbidness, not unlike opal, aud. in this form it is often chewed by the natives. In course of time it hardens, becomes more transparent, and assumes a bright yellow colour, *o that it quite resembles amber. . . . Kauri-gum is not soluble in water; it is easily ignited, and burns with a sooty flame. It is principally exported to England and North America ; it is used in the preparatiouiof lao and varnish. The value fluctuates between £10 and £15 per ton.”— Hochatetter : flew Zealand (ed. bauter), p. 149. kauri-pine, s. Dammaris australis , the New Zealand pine ; the Yellow pine of the colonists. [Dammaris.] ka'-va, ka-wa, a'-va, s. [A South Sea Island word.] Botany, Manufactures, <£c. : 1. An intoxicating liquor made in the South Sea Islands from a species of pepper, Macro- piper methysticum. 2. That plant itself. ka-vass', s. [TurkJfcawuXts.] An armed con- stable ; a government servant or courier. * kaw, v.i. [From the sound.] To cry as a raven, crow, or rook ; to caw. " Rawing and fluttering about the nest."— Locke : Om Lowering Interest. * kaw, s. [Kaw, v.] The cry of a raven, crow, or rook ; a caw. “ The dastard crow, that to the wood made wing . . , With her loud kaws her craven kind does bring." Drydtn: Annus MirabUis, lxxxvii. kawn, s. [Khan.] * kay, s. [Cay.] kay'-e-a, s. [Named after Dr. R. Kaye Gre- ville, of Edinburgh.] Bot. : A genus of Clusiaceae (Guttifers), tribe Calophyllese. It has a one-eelled ovary, with four ovules. Kayea florihunctu, and K. stylnsa are large timber-trees, the former from the Eastern Himalaya and the latter from Ceylon. kayles, kails, keels, keyles, s. pi. [Dut. kegel = a pin, a kail ; mid kegels spelen = to play at ninepins ; cogn. with Dan. kegle = a cone, kegler — ninepins ; Sw. kegla = a pin, s cone ; Ger. kegel = a cone, a bobbin ; Fr. quille = a peg, a kail.] 1. Ninepins. 2. A game in which nine holes, in threes, are made in the ground, and an iron ball rolled in among them. “The residue of the time they wear out at coita, kayles, or the like Idle exercises. '—Carew : Survey oj Cornwall. * kay'-nard, s. [O. Fr. caynard = idle, sloth- ful.] A ’lazy, cowardly fellow. (Chaucer.) kaz'-a, s. [Turk.] A district or sub-division of sandjak, marked out for administrative purposes. kaz'-ard-ly, a. [O. Fr. casnrd = tame, domesticated, from case (Lat. cosa) = a house, a cottage.] Lean ; not thriving well ; liable to disease or accident. (Said especially of cattle.) (Provincial.) K.C.B. An abbreviation for Knight Com- mander of the Bath. K.C.M.G. An abbreviation for Knight Com. mander of the Order of St. Michael and St George. K.C.S.I. An abbreviation for Knight Com. mander of the Star of India. keat’-mg-me, keat'-ing-ite, s. [Named by Shepard after Keating ; suff. - ine , - ite (Min.) (q.v.).] Min. : A variety of rhodonite, containing 5*6 per cent, of oxide of zinc. Closely related to fowlerite. (See these words.) keb, v.i. [Etym. doubtful.] 1. To cast or drop a lamb immaturely. 2. Of a sheop, to lose a lamb in any way. (Scotch.) fate, fat, fare, amidst, xvhat, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, or, wore, wflf, work, who, son ; mute. oub. cure, ymlte, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. ®e, 09 = © ; ©y = 8. qu = kw« keb— keelson 93 bob, s. [Keb, v.] 1. A ewe that has east her lamb immaturely, or has lost her lamb. 2. The tick or sheep-louse. (Scotch.) keb-cwe, s. The same as Keb, s., 1. ke-bar, s. [Caber.] keb'-back, keb'-bock, keb'-buck, s. [Gael, cabag.] A cheese. (Scotch.) “ A huge kebbock (a cheese, that is. made with ewe- milk mixed with cow’s milk) aud a jar oi salt butter, were in common to the company.”— Scott: Old Mor- tality, ch. viii. keb'-bie, s. [Kebar.] A cudgel, a club, a rough walking stick. (Scotch.) “ So I got up my kebbie at them, and said I wad gle them as gude.”— Scott : Old Mortality, ch. xiv. keb'-lah, s. [Arab, kiblah — anything oppo- site the south, from kabala = to lie opposite.] The point towards which Muhammadans turn their faces in prayer, being the direction in ■which Mecca lies. •keck, v.i. [Ger. koken= to vomit.] To retch, as if vomiting ; to heave. “ Patients must not keck at them at the first.”— Bacon,; Natural History. • keck (1), s. [Keck, v.] A retching or heav- ing of tne stomach. keck (2), s. [Kecksy.] • keck lSk, a. [Eng. keck-? -ish. ] Inclined or having a tendency to retch or vomit. “Inordinate passion of vomiting, called cholera, is nothing different from a keckish stomack.’’— P. Hol- land : Plutarch, p. 640. kec'-kle (1), v.i. [Cackle.] To giggle, to titter. “ As round the fire the giglets keckle. To see me loup.” Burns : To the Tooth-ache. kec'-kle (2), v.t. [Etym. doubtful.] To pro- tect a cable or hawser from chafing at the hawse-hole, or from being chafed by ice, &c., by means of a wrapping or serving of rope, small chain, or other envelope. keck'-ling, s. [Keckle, t\] 1. The act or operation of protecting a cable or hawser from chafing, by means of a wrapper or envelope. 2. The material used in the operation of keekling. • keck'-lish, a. [Eng. keckl(e); -ish.] In- clined to vomit ; squeamish. “Whose stomacks use ordinarily to be kecklish and soon to overturne.’’— P. Holland: Plinie, xxiii. (Prog me.) keck'-sy, s. [Cf. 'Welsh cengs = reeds, canes.] The stalks of hemlock, and other Umbelliferai ; kex. Called also keck and kixe. " Nothing teems, But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs.” Shakesp. : King Henry V., v. 2. •keck-y, a. [Eng. keck (2) ; -y.] Resembling a kex. “A sort of cane, without any joint, and perfectly sound, consisteth of bard and blackish cylinders, mixed with a soft kecky body." — drew. kedge, s. [Kedoe, v.] Naut. : A small portable anchor, used in warping and other of the lighter duties of an anchor. kedge-anchor, s. Naut. : A kedge. “We then carried out the kedge-anchor, in order to warp into the harbour.”— Cook : First Voyage, bk. i., ch. xx. kedge-rope, s. Naut. : The rope which fastens the ship to the kedge. kedge, v.t. [Sw. dial, kelca = to tug at any- thing.] Naut. : To warp, as a ship ; to move by means of a light cable or hawser attached to a kedge. " Weizh the anchor again when she is about, which Is called hedging, aud from this use the anchor a kedger. ’ '—Harris. kedge (1), kidge, kedg'-y, * kygge, a. [Icel. kykr, from kirkr - quick, lively ; Ger. keck = brisk, lively ; M. H. Ger. quee.] Brisk, lively, active. “ I feel myself so kedge and plump-” Bloomfield : Richard & Kate. kedge (2), a. [Eng. keg = a cask ; ef. Norw. kaggje = (1) a keg, (2) a round thick person.] Pot-bellied, fat. kedg'-er, s. [Eng. kedg(e), v. ; -er.] Naut. : The same as Kedge, s. (q.v.). kedg'-ing, s. [Kedoe, ».] Naut. : The act or process of warping a ship by means of a kedge. kedj- er-ee, s. [Corrupted from Hind, khichri — (Def. 1). It has been confounded with Kedjeree, a place on the Hooghly, forty miles south-west of Calautta.] 1. A dish prepared by the natives of India. It is of two kinds : white and yellow kedjeree. The white consists of green grain or rayed kidney bean (Phaseolus aureus), onion, rice, ghee (clarified butter), cloves, pepper, and salt. Yellow kedjeree is the white, with eggs, and a colouring of turmeric. (Jaffur Shurreef.) 2. A medley. (Brewer.) ked'-lack, s. [Wei. ceddw = mustard ; suff. -lack, as in char Zocfc, gar lick, kc. ] Bot. : Charlock (Sinapis arvensis), a common weed among corn. k ee.s.pl. [Cow, s.] A provincial plural of cow ; kine. “ Cicely, the western lass that tends the free.” Oay : Shepherd’s Week ; Tuesday. keetph, s. [A corruption or modification of cake (q.v.).] The fat of an ox or cow, rolled up by the butcher in a round lump ; hence, a name given in contempt to Wolsey, as the son of a butcher. " I wonder That such a keech can with his very bulk Take up the rays o’ th’ beneficial sun.’’ Shakesp. : Henry VIII., i. L keek, s. [Keek, v.] A peep. " I wadna gle the finest sight we hae seen in the Hie- lauds, for the first keek o’ the Gorbals o’ Glasgow." — Scott : Rob Roy, ch. xxxvi. keek, v.i. [IceL kikja ; Dut. kijken ; Sw. kika ; Ger. kucken.] To peep, to pry. “ * Na, na, gudewife,’ said Caleb, * I just keekit in to wish ye joy.’ ’’— Scott : Bride of Lammermoor, ch. xii. keek-mg, pr. par. or a. [Keek, v.\ keeking-glass, s. A looking-glass. keel, * kele, * keele, * cule, s. [A con- fusion between two words : (1) A.S. cedi = a ship ; cogn. with Icel. kjoll ; O. H. Ger. cheol, prob. connected with Gr. yaOAo? (gaulos) = a round-built Phoenician merchant vessel ; yauAoc (gaulos)= a round vessel, a milk-pail, a bucket ; Sansc. gola = a ball ; and (2) Icel. kjlor; Dan. kjol ; Sw. kol = the keel of a ship ; Ger. & Dut. kiel; Fr. quille ; Sp. quilla .] 1. Ordinary Language : * 1. A ship ; a vessel. “ Unlesse at Grece they wold renew their lottes. Restore the god that they by sea had brought In warped keles." Surrey; Virgile ; +£neis ii. 2. In the same sense as II. 3. “ Hee in vessels with flat keeles ferried over his footemen." — Stoioe : The Romanes, an. 62. 3. A barge-load of coals, weighing about 21 tons 4 cwt. II. Technically: 1. Botany: (1) The two lower petals of a papilionaceous corolla whiclj adhere by their margins so as somewhat to resemble the keel of a boat. Called also Carina. (2) The midrib of a leaf or petal, &c., ele- vated externally. 2. Naut. : A low flat-bottomed vessel used in the river Tyne to carry coals for loading colliers; a coal-barge. “He had come . . . along with three young fellows of his acquaintance who worked in the keels.’’— Smol- lett : Roderick Random, ch. viii. 3. Shipbuild. : The lower longitudinal beam of a vessel, answering to the spine, and from which the ribs proceed. In wooden vessels, an additional timber beneath is called the false keel. A sliding keel is a board amid- ships, working in a trunk in the line of the keel, and extending from the bottom to the deck. It is lowered to prevent a vessel’s making leeway when sailing with a side wind. 4. Zool. : A projecting ridge along any surface, as, for instance, the back or horns of an animal. 1 On an even Iceel : In a level or horizontal position. (Said of a ship.) keel-block, s. Shipbuild. : One of a series of short log-ends of timbers in which the keel of a vessel rests while building or repairing, affording access to work beneath. keel-boat, s. A large, covered boat, used on American rivers. Before the time of steam- boats, keel-boats were used for passengers and merchandise, being floated down stream and poled up stream, keel-staple, s. Shipbuild. : A copper staple driven into thS main and false keels to fasten them. keel (2), s. (Gael, cill.) Buddie ; red chalk used for marking sheep. keel (3), s. [Keel, (2), v.] Brewing : A broad, shallow cooling vat. keel (1), v.t. [Keel (2), s.] To mark with ruddla, * keel (2), v.t. [A.S. celan, from c 61 = cool (q.v.).] To cool ; to keep from boiling over bj scumming. “ While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.” Shakesp. : Loves Labour s Lost. v. 1. keel'-age (age as lg), s. [Eng. keel; -age.) 1. The right of demanding a toll or duty on every ship entering a harbour. 2. The duty paid by vessels on entering a harbour. keeled, a. [Eng. keel, s. ; -ed.] 1. Bot. : Carinate ; formed like the keel of a boat. Example, the glumes of many grasses. 2. Zool. ; Having a projecting ridge along the surface. “The goat possessed keeled horns arching back- wards, nearly in one plane.” — Dawkins : Early Man it 0 Britain, ch. viii. * keel'-er, s. [Eng. keel (1) ; -er.] 1. One who assists in the management ol boats or barges ; a keelman. 2. A shallow tub for holding stuff for caulk- ing ships, and other purposes. keel-fat, s. [Eng. keel (2), v., and Mid. Eng. fat = vat.] Brewing : A cooler for wort, &c. keel -haul, keel-hale, v.t. [0. Dut kicl- liaalen ; Dut. kielhalen) = to careen a ship ; to keelhaul.] Naut. : To punish in the seamen’s way by dragging the offender under water on one side of the ship and up again on the other by ropes attached to the yard-arms on either side. In small vessels the culprit is drawn under the craft from stem to stern. “The unfortunate Small bones was to be keelhauled — Marryat : Snarleyow, elk x. keel -iag, s. [Icel. keila; Sw. kolja; Dan. kuller.] Ichthy. : A kind of small cod, from which stockfish is prepared. keel'-i-vme, keel'-y-vme, s. [Keel (2), s.] A pencil of black or led lead. keelivine-pen, s. The same as Keeli- Vine (q.v.). “ Put up your pocket-book and kcely vine-pen then." — Scott : Antiquary, ch. xxxviii. * kosls, s. pi. [Kayles.] kel-sine, [Sw. kesl'-son, kol -son, kolsoni; Dan. lcjolsviin; Norw. kjolsvill; Ger. kielschvjein.] Shipbuild. : A longitudinal piece above the floor-timbers, binding them to the keel. The sister keelsons lie on each side of the keelson ; also called side keelsons. The intercostal keel- son is a short piece between frames. Rider - keelsons are auxiliary keel- sons placed above the main- keelson to give additional strength. Heavy timbers lying athwart the main-keelson are cross-keelsons, for sustaining the engines aud boilers of steamships. K. Keel. FK. False keel. D. Dead- wood. SP. Stepping pieces. L.8 Liraber-strakes J/F. Half-floor. KS Keelson. GS. Garboard • st rakes. L. Limbers. LB. Lim- ber board. boil, b6y; pout, cat, 9ell, chorus, £hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a$; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = & -c ian, -tian — sBao. -tion, -sion — shun ; -(ion, -$ion — zhfin. -cious, -tious, -sious — satis, -ble, -die, &c. — b§l, d$L 2794 keelvat— keep keel -vat, s. [Keelfat.] keen, * kene, a. [A.S. dne = knowing, wise, from the same root as ken, con, can ; eogn. with Dut. koen = bold, stout ; Icel. kcenn = wise ; O. H. Ger. chuoni, kuani ; M. H. Ger. kuene; Ger. kiihn = bold.] 1. Sharp, well-edged; having a sharp or fine edge. "He drew his bow with arrowea sharpe and kene.” Wyatt : The Louer complaineth. 2. Sharp in intellect ; acute of mind ; pene- trating, far-seeing. " Even a keen and strong intellect might be expected to rust in so unfavourable a situation." — Macaulay : Mist. Eng., ch. iii. 3. Biting, sharp, piercing, severe, penetrat- ing, cutting. ' " The keenest frost that binds the stream." Cowper : To the Rev. Mr. Newton. 4. Eager, sharp : as, a keen appetite. 5. Sharp, searching, close. "Their weekly frauds his keen replies detect." Tate: Absalom & Achitophel, ii. 1,033. 6. Eager, vehement, fierce. •*Where the Douglas true, and the bold Buccleuch 'Gainst keen Lord Evers stood.” Scott : Eve of St. John. §. Eager, anxious longing. " Never did I know A creature, that (fid bear the shape of man. So keen and greedy to confound a man." Shakes p. : Merchant of Venice, iii. & S. Biting, sharp, bitter, acrimonious. "Slie'8 angry, she’s keen and shrewd.” Shakesp. : Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 9. Expressive of eagerness or mental sharp- ness. "They were listened to by high and low with tlie keenest enjoyment." — Tylor : Early History of Man - k ml, ch. i. 10. Painful, strong: as, a keen pain. Iscen-edged, a. Having a sharp edge. “I am prepared ; here is my keen-edged sword.” Shakesp. : 1 Henry VI., i. 2. keen-eyed, a. Having sharp, piercing Cy -S. " Grave without dulness, learned without pride. Exact, yet not precise, though meek, keen-eyed." Cowper: Conversation, 610. f keen (1), v.t. [Keen, a.] To make keen or sharp ; to sharpen. " Nor when cold winter keens the brightening flood. Would I, weak-shivering, linger on the brink.” Thomson: Summer, 1,259. .XGfiJi (2), v.i. [Keen, s.] To raise the keen over the body of a deceased person. keen, s. [Ir. caoine — a bewailing for the d p : L (c) To restrain, to curb. " If thy daughter be shameless, keep her in straight ly f—Ecclus. xx vi. 10 . (12) To keep off : (a) Trans. : To prevent from approaching ; to drive off. " A superficial reading, accompanied with the com- mon opinion of his invincible obscurity, has kept off some from seeking in him the coherence of his dis- course . ' ’ — Locke. (b) Intrans. : To keep away ; to continue away ; not to approach. Cite, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pSt* off. wore, W9II, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur. rule, full ; try, Syrian. «>, C9 = e ; ©y = a. qu = kw. keep— keir 2795 (13) To keep on : To continue at anything ; not to leave off. " So cheerfully h« took the doom . . . Nor shrunk, nor stepped aside for death. But with unaltered pace kept on.' Dryden : Threnodia Augustalis, 215. (14) To keep one going: To keep one well supplied, or in constant work. (15) To keep one's hand in : To keep one’s self in practice. (10) To keep under: To restrain ; to keep in subjection. " To live like those that have their hope in another life, implies that we keep under our appetites" — A tterbury. (17) To keep to: To adhere strictly to; to continue the use or practice of. Did they keep to one constant dress they would sometimes be in fashion.” — Addison : Spectator. (18) To keep up : (a) Transitive: (1) To hold up ; to prevent from falling ; to support : as, To keep up one’s head. (11) To prevent from falling in value : as, To Tctep up prices. (iii) To maintain without abatement. •‘Land kept up its price.’’— Locke. (iv) To maintain ; to prevent from ceasing ; to continue. “You have enough to keep yon alive, and to keep up and improve your hopes of heaveD ."—Taylor. (6) Intrans. : To maintain one’s spirits ; not to keep to one’s bed or room. (19) To keep up to the collar : To keep hard at work. (Slang.) (20) To keep out : To prevent from entering or taking possession. (21) To keep open house : To be very liberal In hospitality. (22) To keep a term : Univ. : To reside in college during a term. (23) To keep tlve land aboard : Naut. : To keep within sight of land as much as possible. (24) To keep the luff or the wind : Naut. : To keep close to the wind. (25) To keep on foot : To maintain ; to sup- port, as a standing army. (26) To keep to one’s self, to keep one’s self to one’s self; To keep aloof from others; to keep one’s own counsel. (27) To keep touch : * (a) To he faithful to one’s engagements. “ Until he find you fail in keeping touch."— Money Matters all Things (1698), p. 69. ( b ) To keep up connection with. (28) To keep in view : Not to lose sight of ; to keep one’s attention or aim fixed on. (29) To keep in with : To continue on terms of intimacy or friendship with ; not to offend. (30) To keep the peace : [Peace]. (31) To keep wicket : Cricket : To field at the wicket ; to take the post of wicket-keeper. TT (1) To preserve is to keep with care, and free from all injuiy ; to save is to keep laid up in a safe place, and free from destruction. Things are kept at all times, and under all circumstances ; they are preserved in circum- stances of peculiar difficulty and danger ; they are saved in the moment in which they are threatened with destruction : things are kept at pleasure ; they are preserved by an exertion of power ; they are saved by the use of extraordinary means : the shepherd keeps Jiis flock by simply watching over them ; children are sometimes wonderfully preserved in the midst of the greatest dangers ; things are frequently saved in the midst of fire by the exertions of those present. (2) To keep is simply to have by one in such manner that it shall not depart ; to observe is to keep with a steady attention ; to fulfil is to keep to the end or to the full intent. A day is either kept or observed ; yet the former is not only a more familiar term, but it likewise im- plies a much less solemn act than the latter ; one must add, therefore, the mode in which it is kept, by saying that it is kept holy, kept sacred, or kept as a day of pleasure ; the term observe, however, implies always that it is kept religiously : we may keep, but we do not observe a birthday ; we keep or observe the Sabbath. (Crctbb : Eng. Synon. ) keep, * keepe, * kepe, s. [Keep, v.] *1. Care, heed. (Wy cliff e : Luke x.) * 2. The act or state of keeping ; custody, charge. “ But cladllest I of your fleecie sheepe (Might it you please) would take ou mee the keeps* Spenser: At other Hubberds Tale. [ 3. The state of being kept or preserved ; preservation ; care, condition : as, These things are in good keep. 4. The means by which one is kept or sup- ported ; subsistence, support, maintenance : as, keep tor cattle. 5. That which is kept ; a charge. (Spenser.) 6. That which keeps ; that in which one keeps or is kept. Spec., the tower or place set apart in a castle for the confinement of prisoners ; a donjon. " It stands on a knowle, which tho’ insensibly risiue f ives it'a prospect over the keepe of Windsor, about hree miles N.E. of it.” — Evelyn : Memoirs, Oct. 23, 1686. * keep-off; * keepe-off, s. A guard, a defence. '* A lance then took he. with a keeue steele head. To be bis keepe-off, both 'gainst men and dogges." Chapman: Homer ; Odyssey xiv. keep'-er, * kep-er, s. [Eng. keep ; -er.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. One who or that which keeps ; one who holds, keeps, or has possession of anything. 2. One who retains or keeps another in custody or charge ; one who has the charge or care of the inmates of a prison, asylum, &c. " To his keeper this he brought, Who swallowed unaware the sleepy draught." Dryden : Palamon & Arcite, ii. 17. 3. One who has the charge, care, or super- intendence of anything. “ Herne the hunter. Sometime a keeper here in Windsor forest. Shakesp. : Merry Wives of Windsor, 1. 1. * 4. One who remains or abides. “ So be discreet, chaste, keeper* at home good." — Titus ii. 5. 5. A ring worn on the finger to keep a larger one on. 6. A jam nut. 7. The box on a door-jamD into which the bolt of a lock protrudes, when shot. 8. The armature of a magnet. A piece of iron which connects the two poles.* 9. The mousing of a hook, which prevents its accidental disengagement. 10. The gripper of the flint in a flint-lock. IL Harness : The keeper of a buckle-strap ; a loop which slips upon the end of the strap, or into which the strap slides. H (1) Keeper of the Great Seal : Tho officer of state who keeps or holds the Great Seal ; the Lord Chancellor. Formerly he was called Lord Keeper. (2) Keeper of the Privy Seal, Lord Privy Seal : An officer of state through whose hands pass all charters, pardons, &c., before they come to the Great Seal. (3) Keeper of the Kinffs Conscience : The Lord Chancellor. The designation arose when none but an ecclesiastic was ever Lord Chan- cellor. (4) Keeper of the Rolls : The keeper of the records of.the session of the peace. The office was instituted under Henry VIII. in 1545. * keep'-er-ess, s. [Eng. keeper; -css.] A woman who keeps a man. (Richardson : Clarissa, vi. 359. * keep'-er-less, a. [Eng. keeper; -less.] Without a keeper ; free from restraint or custody. keep'-er-ship, s. [Eng. keeper; -ship.] The office or post of a keeper. “This keepership is annexed to the constableshlp of the castle.”— Carew : Survey of Cornwall. keep'-ing, *kep-ynge, pr. par., a., & s. [Keep, d.] A. & B. As pr. par. £ particip. adj. ; (See the verb). C. As substantive : X. Ordinary Language: 1. The act or state of holding or retaining ; restraint, custody, guard. “ The wise Have still the keeping of their proper peace." Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. iv. 2. Maintenance, support, subsistence, food, keep. 3. Just proportion, harmony, accord, con- sistency, congruity. II. Paint. : The arrangement or manage, meut of tile light, shadows, colours, tints, in such subordination to each other that tha general effect is harmonious to the eye. When this is unattended to, a harshness is produced, which gives improper isolation to individual parts, and the picture is said to be out of keeping. II The keeping amounts to little more than having purposely in one’s possession ; bnt custody is a particular kind of keeping, for tha purpose of preventing an escape : inanimate objects may be in one's keeping ; hut prisoner* or that which is in danger of getting away, is placed in custody : a person has iu his keeping that whicli he values as the property of an absent friend ; the officers of justice get into their custody those who have offended against the laws, or such property as has been stolen. (Crabb : Eng. Synon.) I - In keeping with : In accordance with ; agreeable to, consonant to. “ It was in keeping with the scenery around." — Mrs. H. Wood : Pomeroy Abbey, ch. L keeping-room, s. The common or usual sitting or living-room of a family ; in the uni- versities the sitting-room of a student. keep -sake, s. [Eng. keep, and sake.] Any- thing kept, or given to he kept, for the sake of the giver ; a present in memory of the giver. * keep-wor'-thy, a. [Eng. keep, and worthy.] Worth preservation. " Other keepworthy documents."— Baylor : Survey of Qertnan Poetry, i. 182. keesh, s. [Kish ] kees -lip, s. [Keslop.] keeve, s. [A.S. cyf; Ger. kufe = a large tub, from Lat. cupa ; Fr. c»e.] A large vessel or vat used : (1) For mashing, fermenting, or storing beer. (2) For holding a bleaching liquor or alkaline lye. [Keir.] (3) Fdr ele- vating ores. [Corf.] (4) An iron-bound tub of a truncate, conical form, set upon the smaller end, and used for collecting the fine grains of copper. In use it is kept half full of water, and the contents agitated by a shovel till the heavier particles sink to the bottom, leaving the water to he dipped out and the refuse lighter upper stratum to be removed. keeve, v.t. [Keeve, s.] 1. To put or leave in a keeve for the purpose of fermentation. 2. To tilt, as a cart, so as to shoot out the whole load at once. keev'-er, s. [Eng. keev(e); -er.] The same as Keeve (q.v.). kef'-fek-il, s. [Kiefekil.] kef'-ffe-kil-ite, s. [Named by Fischer, hj 1811, from keffekil, probably an Asiatic word ; suff. -ite (Min).} Min. : A pearl-gray mineral, with a greasy feel, from the Crimea ; contains silica, alu- mina, sesquioxide of iron, &c., and is clearly only a clay. (Dana.) Cronstedt states, in 1758, that the Keffekil Tartarorum was used by the Tartars as soap. * kef'-fel, s. [Gr. Kea.\fi\(kcphale).} The head. keg, * cag, s. [IceL kaggi ; Sw. & Norw. kagge.] A small cask or barrel. ke-hul', s. [Arab, kuhaul = antimony.} [Kohol.] * keight, pret. of v. [Catch, v.] keil' hau-ite (au as ow), s. [Named by Erdmann after Prof. Keilliau of Norway ; suff. -ite. (Min.).} Min. : A monoclinic mineral, having its angles approximating to those of spliene ; usually in twin crystals ; cleavage, distinct J hardness, 6‘5 ; sp. gr., 3 '51-3 '73 ; lustre, vitreous ; colour, clove-brown to brownish black, streak grayish-brown ; composition, a silico-titanate of alumina, iron, and lime, with traces of glucina, yttria, &c. Occurs (often in large crystals) at several places near Arendal, Norway. keils, s. pi. [Kayles.] keir, s. [Icel. leer = a tub ; Dan. kar.] A vat for holding a bleaching liquor. The alkaline vat of a bleachery. boil, b6^; pout, jtffrl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, phin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, jKonophon, cxclst. -mg. -clan, -tian = sh an. -tion, -sion — shun ; -{ion, -glon = zhun. -clous, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &e. — bpl, dpi. J 279C ksitloa— kenngottite keit lo -a, s. [An East African word (?).] Zool. : Rhinoceros Keitloa, a two-horned, black rhinoceros, having the horns nearly equal in length, the front one cylindrical, the hinder one compressed, the anterior part of the tip produced and acuminated ; length, including the head, above eleven feet, the height five. It is akin to Rhinoceros bieornis. It feeds on shrubs and brushwood, and is found sparingly in Africa soutli of the Zam- besi. It is extremely fierce and dangerous. Called also Sloan’s Rhinoceros. Sol se-na-nesj'-I-an, a. & s. [Gr. KeXaivds ( kelainos ) = black ; idjo-os ( nesos ) = an island, and Eng. suff. -ian.] Technology : A. As adj. : Of or belonging to the dark races of the Pacific Islands. B. As subst. {PI.): The dark races of the Pacific Islands. Kel-dees , s. pi. [Culdees.] kele, v.t. [Keel (2), v.] kelk, v.t. [Kelk, s.] To thrash, to beat soundly. kelk, s. [Gael. & Ir. clach — a stone.] 1. A large stone, a rock. 2. A blow. 3. The roe of a fish. " Cods have a bladder in them full of eggs or spawn, which the northern men call the kelk ." — Moffet : Heath's Improvement, p. 238. * kell (1), s. [Kiln.] A kiln. ( Cleveland .) kell (2), s. [Caul.] 1. The caul or omentum. ' “ The very weight of bowels and kell, in fat people, \ is the occasion of a rupture.”— Wiseman : Surgery. 2. The amnion or membrane enveloping the foetus," and occasionally found round the head of a child at its birth. 3. A film growing over the eyes. 4. The chrysalis of an insect. 5. A net for the hair worn by women. 6. A skull-cap for men. 7. The cobwebs wBich are seen on the grass on a dewy morning. “Those kells, which like cobwebs do sometimes cover the grounds.”— Boyle : Works, vi. 358. kel'-lach {ch guttural), s. [Gael, ceallach.] A wicker sledge or cart used in Scotland. * keilcd, * keld, a. [Eng. kell; -ed.] Covered with a kell ; united with a kell or membrane ; webbed. ’ " The otter . . . feeds on fish, which under water still. He with his keld- feet and keen teeth doth kill.” Drayton : Noah's Flood. teel -XI-a, s. [Named after Mr. O'Kelly of Dublin.] Zool. : The typical genus of the family Kelliidae (q.v.). The shell is small, thin, suborbicular, and closed, the ligament internal interrupting the thickened margin, and on it cardinal teeth one or two, laterals 1 — 1 in each valve. Animal with the mantle pro- longed in front with a respiratory canal, two large gills on each side. Recent species 20, occurring from Norway to New Zealand and to California ; fossil 20, the latter from the Eocene onward. Two of the recent species are Kellia suborbicularis and K. nilida . teel li’-i-doa, kol li a dse, ', pi. [Mod. Eat. kelli(a); Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee, -ados.] Zool. : A family of Conchiferous molluscs akin to Lucinidie, in which they were formerly merged. Kcl lo way, s [A place in Wiltshire.] (See etym. and compound.) Kelloway rock, s. Geol. : A bed of arenaceous limestone be- longing to the Middle Oolite. It may be traced through several counties, the sand being in most places loose and unconsolidated, though at Kelloway itself it is stony. There are numerous casts of shells. fee’ loid, s. [Gr. K-ijhrj {kele) = a tumour, and «I6os ( eidos ) = form.] Pathol. {PI.): Unsightly excrescencesarising on the sternum or elsewhere, generally from the over-active growth of a cicatrix over a wound. kelp, * kilp, * kilpe, s. [Etym. unknown.] 1. The calcined ashes of seaweed, from which carbonate of soda is obtained. Kelp was formerly much used in the manufacture of soap and glass, but since barilla has been used for these purposes, the burning of sea- wrack has almost ceased. From the alkali of kelp the important chemical substance called iodine is obtained. [Iodine.] 2. The sea-wrack or sea-weed from which kelp is produced. “As for the reits, kilpe, tangle, and such like sea- weeds." — P. Holland : Plinie , bk. xxxii., ch. vL kel’-pie, kel'-py, s. [Etym. doubtful. Jamie- son suggests a connection with Ger. kalb = a calf.] A sort of mischievous spirit, said to haunt fords and ferries at night, especially in storms. They generally appeared in the form of a horse. [Water-kelpie, Water-worship.] “ Fays, Spunkies, Kelpies, a’, they can explain them, Ancl e'en the vera Dells they brawly ken them." ^ A Bums : Brigs of Ayr. kel-son, s. [Keelson.] kelt (1), s. [Celt.] kelt (2), s. [Gael. cealt = clothes.] Cloth with the nap, generally of native black wool. (Scotch.) kelt (3), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A salmon in its spent state after spawning ; a foul fish. * kel'-ter, s. [Cf. Dan. kilte = to gird, to tuck up.] Order, readiness. “If the organs of prayer are out of kelter, or out of tune, how can we pray Barrow: Sermons, vol. i., ser. 6. kelt-Ic, a. [Celtic.] kel'-ty, kel-tie, s. [Said to be named after a celebrated drinker in Kinross-shire.] A fine of a bumper ; a large glass or bumper imposed as a fine on those who do not drink fair. " I ken’d him and his father these twenty years. Are ye a' cleared kelty afn ’’—Scott : Hob Hoy, ch. xxviii. kel'-yph-ite, s. [Gr. os ( keluphos ) = a husk, shell ; suff. -ite (Min.). Named by Schrauf.] Min. : A gray mineral of a serpentinous nature, found surrounding crystals of pyrope in the olivine-serpentine of Kremze, Budweis, Bohemia. * kemb, v.t. [Comb, v.] * kemb, s. [Comb, s.] t kem'-bo, adv. [Kimbo.] * kem-e-lin, * kim-iing, * kym-neU, * kym-lyne, s. [U. Fr. cambe — a brewing.] A brewing-tub, a mash-tub. “ He goth, and geteth him a kneding trough, And after a tubbe, and a kemelin.' Chaucer : C. T., 3,622. * kemp, v.i. [A.S. campian; Dut. kampen ; Dan. kcempe ; Ger. kampfen = to contend, to fight.] To strive, to contend, to fight ; to strive for victory. [Kemp, s.] * kemp (1), s. [Icel. kempa; A.S. cempa.] 1. A warrior, a champion. 2. A struggle for victory ; a striving for superiority. kemp (2), kemp'-ty, s. [Etym. doubtful.] 1. Wool (temno) = to cut.] Surg. : A knife used in the operation for artificial pupil and cataract. Also called iri- deetome, or artificial-pupil knife. It is spear- pointed, double-edged, and may be straight or angular. It is used for making an incision through the cornea into the anterior chamber, and by slight movements of its cutting edges, upward and downward, the wound is made of proper dimensions, after which the opera- tion is completed with other instruments. ker-a-to-nyx'-is, s. [Gr. icepa s (keras), genit, (ce'pa’ros (keratos) = a horn, and yv(is (nuxis) — a puncturing.] Surg. : A term applied by German surgeons to the operation of couching, performed by in- troducing a needle through the cornea, and de- pressing or breaking the opaque lens. (Brands.) ker a-toph'-yll ite, s. [Etym. doubtful ; prolj. from Gr. icepa ? (keras), genit. iceparos = a horn ; v AAo? (phyllos) — a leaf, and suff. -ite (Min.) (q.v.).] Min. : The same as Carinthine (q.v.). ker-a-toph'-y-ta, s. [Ceratophyta.] ker'-a-to-phyte, s. [Keratophyta.] Zool. : An anthozoon, belonging to the old order Keratophyta (q.v.). ker - a - to'- sa, s. [Gr. ice'pas (keras), genit. /ce'paros (keratos) = horn ; Lat. pi. suff. -osa. So named because the skeleton is composed of lceratode (q.v.).] Zool. : The name given by Bowerbank to the Homy Sponges. ker'-a-tose, s. [Keratosa.] Zool. : The same as Keratode (q.v.). ker-aal'-o-pkOEi, s. [Gr. icepa? (keras), genit. Kepar 0 ? (keratos) — a horn ; aiiAo? (aulos) — & flute, and oivq (phone) = sound.] Music: An organ stop, invented by Gray and Davison. Its pipes are of small scale, and are surmounted by a movable ring 0 1 metal. Its tone is soft, delicate, and reedy. kerb, s. [Curb, s.] kerb-plate, s. [Curb-plate.] kerb-stone, kirb'-stone, s. [Curbstone.] * ker'-^her, s. [Kerchief.] A kerchief. " Ho became like a man in an exstasie and trance^, and white as a ker cher."— North : Plutarch, p. 74 6. * ker'-5hered, a. [Eng. kercher; -«?.] Covered with a kerchief ; bound round with a kerchiet “ Pale Sickness, with her kerchered head up wound." O. Fletcher : Christ’s Victory in Heaven, * ker'- 9lnef, * ker - chef, * cur - chict, *bo-ver-chefe, * co-ver-chief, s. [O. Fr. covrechef, couvreclief, from covrir (Fr. couvrir ) = to cover, and chef, chief = the head.) 1. A cloth to cover the head ; a headdress. “ Her black hair strained away To a scarlet kerchief caught beneath her chin.” E. B. Browning : Aurora Leigh, vLL. 2. A handkerchief, a napkin. M The waving kerchiefs of tlie crowd that urge The mute adieu to those who stem the surge.” Byron : Corsair, i. 16L 3. One who wears a kerchief ; a lady. " The proudest kerchief of the court, shall rest Well satisfied of what they love the best.” Dry den : IV ife of Baths Tale, 24S. "boll, boy; pout, jowl ; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hin, bench; go. gem; thin, this, sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^cist. ph = & ^-cian, -tian - shan. -tion, -sion = shun; (ion, glon = zhun. -tious, -clous, -sious — shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bol, d?!. 2798 • ker-cMefed, * ker'-fkieft, a. [Eng. kerchief; -ei] 1. Having a kerchief wrapped or placed found. % Dressed, wrapped, enveloped. ker'-en, *. [Heh. pj? (qeren).] [Kerana.] Music: A Hebrew trumpet. The word is sometimes used in the Bible as synonymous with shophar, and to it is sometimes affixed jobel, rendered in the English version rams'- homs. feerf, * kerfe, s. [A.S. cyrf = a cutting, from ceorfan = to cut, to carve (q.v.) ; Ger. kerbe = a notch ; kerben — to notch.] X. A slit, a cut, a notch. 2. The slit, notch, or channel made by a caw in cutting wood. kerf-mg, a. [Eng. kerf; • ing .] Cutting, slitting, notching. kerfmg machine, s, A machine for sawing a series of parallel kerfs on one side of a board, in order to enable it to he bent. It consists of a table and a series of circular saws upon a horizontal mandrel, the latter being vertically adjustable, so as to allow the saws to project above the surface of the table to an extent equal to the desired depth of kerf. e keri, s. [Carl.] iter -ite, s. [Gr. m;pos (keros) = wax ; Eng. suff. -ite.] A compound invented by Austin C. Day, and by him termed lcerite or artificial caoutchouc, and in which the raw caoutchouc or rubber is replaced by tar or asphdltum, which, combined with animal or vegetable oils, is vulcanized by sulphur, the product closely resembling rubber, the hard and soft varieties being produced by different propor- tions, &c. The principal use of kerite lias been as an insulating material in telegraphy. kerlte-wire, s. Wire used in telegraphy, insulated by a covering of kerite. kor-I vdu -Ia, s. [Corrupted from Cingalese kehelvoulha =’ plantain-bat.] Zool. : A genus of Vespertilionidae (True Bats). Kerivoula picta is the Painted Bat. Its fur is deep orange above, and paler below. It occurs in India, Ceylon, Burmah, Sumatra, and Java, reposing on plantain leaves, its colour making it appear like a butterfly or moth rather than a bat, thus tending to its concealment. ker-mes (1), 8. [Arab, kermes, kermis = a little worm, from Sansc. krimi = a worm.) Dyeing, &c. : The same as Kermes-grains (q.v.). kermes grains, s. pi. Comm. : The dried bodies of the females of an homopterotis insect, Coccus ilicis, which yield a red and scarlet dye, much used before the introduction of cochineal, of an exceed- ingly fine quality, and very durable. kermes lake, s. IHffments : An ancient lake, perhaps the earliest of the European lakes. (1 Veale.) kermes-oak, s. Dot. : Quercus coccifera, ker' me§ (2), ker'-me-site, s. [Named by Simon, a Carthusian monk, in 1714. Etym. doubtful.] Min. : An oxysulphide of antimony. Crys- tallization monoclinic ; colour cherry-red, deepening on exposure ; lustre adamantine, streak brownisli-red. Occurs in radiating groups of acicular crystals, or as capillary tufts associated with stibnite (q.v ). The original mineral was an artificial preparation, and was used medicinally. ker'-me-site, *. [Kermes (2), &] ker' mess, ». 1. Originally a church festival (as if kirk- mass), but now an annual festival or fair held in the Low Countries and in French Flanders, with the accompaniment of all kinds of popular amusements. 2. A kind of entertainment got up in partial imitation of No. 1. ( U. S.) •kern (1), ’kerne, ‘kearne, s. [Ir . ceam — a man.] 1. A light-armed Irish foot-soldier, as dis- kerchiefefi— kerseymere tinguished fronj the gallowglass, or heavy- armed soldier. “ The kerne is an orcUnarie souldior, using for weai*m his sword and target, aud sometimes his iieece, being coinmonlie so good markemen as they will come within a score of a great oastell."— Slamhurst : Desc. of Ireland, ch. viii. 2. A boor, a country lout, a churl. “ They han fat kernes, and leauy knaues. Their fasting flocks to keeps." Spenser: She phear els Calender ; JtsXjf. 3. An idler, a vagabond. (Wharton.) kern (2), s. [Kirn.) kem-baby, s. An image dressed up with corn, and carried before reapers to the harvest- home. kern (3), s. [Quern.] 1. A quern (q.v.). 2. A churn. kern (1), s. [Perhaps from Lat. crena =r a notch.] Print. : The part of a letter which overhangs the shank. It occurs more frequently in italic than in roman. * kern (1), v.i. [Ger. kern ; Dan. kierne, kicerne ; Icel. kjarni ; Sw. lUirna ; 0. H. Ger. cherno, all = a kernel (q.v.).] 1. To harden, as corn in ripening. " An ill kerned or saved harvest soon emptleth their old store."— Carew. 2. To take the form of grains ; to granulate. “ They who come hither to lade salt, take It up as it kerns, and lay it in heaps on the dry land, before the weather breaks in anew ." — D ampler : Voyages (an. kern (2), v.t. [Kern (4), s.] Type-found. : To form with a kern. kerne, s. [Kern (1), s.] ker-nel (1), * kir'-nel, * kir- nolle, * cur- nel, s" [A.S. cyrnd, from corn = grain, corn ; dimin. suff. -el.] [Kern (1), v.i.] 1. Literally: 1. The edible substance contained within the shell of a nut or the stone of a fruit. "His daintiest fruits in kernels he doth set.” Drayton : Poly-Olbion, a. 18. 2. That which is inclosed in a shell, husk, integument, &c. " Oats are ripe when the straw turns yellow and the kernel hard.” — Mortimer : Husbandry. 3. The seed of pulpy fruit. “ The pineapple hath a kernel that is strong and abstersive."— Bacon: Nat. Hist., § 729. 4. A hard concretion of the flesh. " He makes the breasts to be nothing but glandules of that sort they call conglomerates, made up of an infinite number of little knots or kernels."— Kay : On the Creation, pt. i. II. Figuratively: 1. The central part of anything; the nucleus; that round which other matter is collected. “ A solid body in the bladder makes the kernel of a stone." — A rbuthnot. 2. The important or essential part of any- thing, as distinguished from the surrounding and less important matters ; the core, the gist, the essence. * ker’-nel (2), s. [Crenelle.] * ker -nel, v.i. [Kernel (1), s.] To ripen or harden into kernels. " In Staffordshire, garden rouncivals sown in the fields kernel well, and yield a good increase."— Morti- mer : Husbandry. * ker'-nelled, a. [Crenelled.] * ker'-nel-ly, * ker-nel-lie, a. [Eng. ker- nel (!) ; -y.] Full of kernels ; having the qualities or nature of a kernel ; resembling a kernel, as the seeds of plants. "That neither the kernellie part of a bore’s necke, nor dormice, should be served up to the bourd at great feasts.”— P. Holland: Plinie, bk. xxxvL, eh. L ker'-nel-wort, s. [Eng. kennel; suff. -wort.) Bot. : Scrophularia nodosa. * kern -isb, a. [Eng. kern (1), s. ; -ish.} Like a kern ; boorish, clownish. "Ireland, that was ouce the conquest of one single earl with his private forces, and the small assistance of a petty kernish prince." — Milton : Ileason of Church Govt., bk. i., ch. vix. ker'-o-don, s. [Gr. icepa? (keras), genit. ice'paro? „ (keratos) = a horn, and oeous (odous), genit. oSovros ( odontos ) = a tooth.) Zool. : A small genus of South American rodents, often merged in Cavia. Cate, fat., fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, carnal, her, there; or, wore, wolf. ~ r ork, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, our, rule, full ; try. ker -o lite, s. [Cerolite.] ke-rd'-na, 8. [Gr. xypiuv (heron), genit, /ojpiuvos (Icironos) - a beehive (?).] Zool. : A genus of Infusoria, placed under Oxytrichina, or, according to Dujardin, the type of a family Kerouia. K. polyporum is parasitic upon Hydra. ke-rd'-nl-a, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. keronfa); Hat neut. pL adj. suff. -ia.] Zool. : Dujardin’s name for a family of In- fusoria, nearly identical with the Oxytrichina of Ehrenberg. ker'-o-sene, «. [Gr. nr/pos (keros) = WAX ; -ene.j Chem. : Refined petroleum. A name given to the principal product of the distillation of petroleum, the crude American oil yielding 70 per cent, of its weight. It is also obtained from bituminous shale. It is a colourless oil, possessing a characteristic taste and smell; insoluble in water, moderately soluble in alco- hol, hut very soluble in ether, chlo-oform, and benzene. It dissolves camphor, iodine, phos- phorus, sulphur, fats, wax. and many resins. The flashing point of a safe kerosene should not he less than 34°, and the igniting point 43°. The finest quality of illuminating oil is produced from distillates ranging in sp. gr, from 0 775 to (P780. It has a high flashing point, 48° to 60°, and contains none of the lighter parts of the crude oil. A good illumi-’ nating oil should neither he too viscous nor too volatile, and it should not take tire when a light is applied to it. [Petroleum.] ker'-o-so-lene, s. [Kerosene.] Chem. : Petroleum ether. An extremely in- flammable, colourless oil, having a faint odour of petroleum, obtained from the crude oil by distillation. It boils between 50° aud 60°, and has a sp. gr. of 0’665. It is used as a solvent, for fats, as a remedy for rheumatic pains, and as a local anaisthetie. kerr'-ite, s. [Named by Genth after Prof, Kerr ; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min. : A foliated mineral occurring in fine scales, of a pale greenish-yellow colour, aud pearly lustre It is essentially a hydrated sili- cate of alumina and magnesia, and is related to jefferisite (q.v.), which it also resembles in its exfoliation under the blowpipe. Found associated with chlorite at the Culsagee Cor- undum Mine, Macon Co., N. Carolina. * kers, * kerse, s. [A.S. ccerse, cerse .] A cress ; hence a thing of little or no value. “No raught he not a kers." Chaucer : C. T., 8,764. 5T In such expressions kers or cerse has now become corrupted into curse } as in the modem Not worth a curse. ker'-san-tite, ker'-san-tyto, s. [Eng., &c. kersant(pn) ; suff. -ite, -yte .] Petrol. : A micaceous dolomite found at Visembach, in the Vosges. {Dana.) A butite porphyritically developed in a greenish-gray matrix, consisting mainly of oligoclase, and occasionally occurring as well-developed little crystals. It is akin to kersanton (q.v.X ( Rutley .) ker' - san - ton, s. [Local name ; probably from the village of Kersaint-Plabbenec.] Petrol. : A rock from Brittany akin to ker- santite, but not having hornblende. {P.utley.) ker'-sey, * ker-sie, s. & a. [Etym. doubtful j Fr. carize ; Dut. karsaai; Sw. ker sing.] A* As subst. : A coarse-ribbed cloth made of wool of long staple. “ And, dressing in a kersey thicker Than that which clothes a Cornish vicar. He Beldom had the luck to eat In Berkeley square.” Cawthom: Wit <£ Learnt f»r B, As adjective : h Lit. : Made or consisting of kersey. " Black karsio stockings, worsted now. Yea silke of youthful’st dye.” Warner: Albion's England, bk, &. • 2. Fig. : Homely, homespun, plain. " In russet yeas, and honest kersey noes." Shakesp. : Love' s Labour's Lost, V. 2. * ker-§ey, v. [Kersey, s.) To dress in ker- sey. (Feltham : Resolves, p. 48.) kep-scy mere, s. [A corrupt, of cassimeve (q.v.).] Fabric : A kind of light woollen twilled goods with an oil finish, for men’s wear. pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, Syrian. ». ee-e; ey = a. qu = k« u kerstenite— key 2799 ter - Sten - lte, s. [Named by Dana after Kerskm, who described it. (Min.)] Min. : A mineral occurring in small sulphur- yellow spheres and botryoidal masses. Cleav- age distinct in one direction. Hardness, 3 to 4 ; lustre, greasy to vitreous ; brittle ; frac- ture, fibrous. Consists of selenous acid, oxide of lead, and a little copper. Occurs, with other .selenides, at Hildburgliausen. lierve, v.t. [Carve.] »ker-ver, s. [Carver.] •kesar, s. [Kaiser.] • ltea' lop, s. [A.S. ceselib, cyselib = curdled milk ; Ger. k&selab, from kdse = cheese, and lab = rennet.] 1. Ord. Lang. : The stomach of a calf pre- pared for rennet to be used in curdling milk. 2. Bot. : Galium verum. (Scotch.) • Hesse, v.t. [Kiss, r.] * kest, pret. & pa. par. [Cast, «.] * keste, pret. of v. (Kiss, a.] kest'-tog, kes'-ling, s. [Etym. doubtful.] The bullace plum. kes'-trel, s. & a. (Fr. creserelle, quercelle = a hawk of a reddish colour. Littre considers its remote origin as unknown ; Wedgwood de- rives it from Burgundian cristel.] A. As substantive : Ornith. : Cerchneis (Faleo) tinnunculus, a rap- torial bird ; above, red spotted with black ; be- neath white spotted with pale ; the head and tail of the male ashy-blue. Length of both sexes about 12^ inches. The kestrel when hunting for prey Buspends itself in the air by a con- stant motion of its wings ; it is, therefore, some- times called the Windhover. It feeds on mice, in- sects, and occa- sionally birds, and is a useful bird to the agri- culturist, though gamekeepers, confounding it with the spar- row-hawk, kill it when they can. kestrel. It is an European bird, but migrates in winter to India and Africa. It occurs also in Borneo, China, and Japan. It builds in towers and old buildings, laying four to six eggs, white or reddish with red blotches. More than twenty species are known. They resemble hawks, but have the toes shorter. “The hobby is used for smaller game, for daring larks, and stooping at gnats. The kestrel is trained for Ihe same purposes.” — Goldsmith: Nat. Hist., bk. in, Ch. v. * £. As adj. : Base, low, mean. Ne thought of honour ever did assay His baser brest, but in his kestrell kind A pleasing vein of glory, vaine did find." Spenser : F. Q., II. ill. 4. k£t, s. [Icel. kjdt, ket ; Dan. kidd = flesh.] Carrion, filth. Stetpk (1), s. [A corrupt, of Turk, gaig, gdig — a boat ; Ital. caicco ; Fr. caique, caiche, iffuaiche.} Jfaut. : A form of two-masted vessel, carry- KETCH. Itog a tall, once square-rigged, now fore-and- *ft rigged, main-mast forward, and a shorter fore-and-aft rigged mizzen abaft. Being a favourite form of mortar-vessel, owing to the clear deck amidships, we frequently find the bomb-ketch mentioned in the wars of the last century. " Our ketch, even when light, was but a dull ealler.* — D ampler : Voyages, voL ii., pt. ii., ch. L ketch (2), s. [A softened form from keg (q.v.).] A cask, a keg. * ketch (3), 8 . [Jack Ketch.] A hangman. * ketch (4), s. [Catch, s.] A musical catch. (Beaum. & Fletch. : Coronation, i, 1.) * ketche, v.t. (Catch, t.] ketch' -up. s. [Catchup.] lie'-tone, «. Chem.: One of a class of volatile ethereal liquids in which the carbonyl group (CO) unites two alcohol radicals. Acetic f CH 3 Acetic J CH 3 acid (COHO aldehyde (COH Acetone | They may also be described as compounds of carbonic oxide with monad positive radi- cals, thus : Acetone = COMe 2 . When acted upon by nascent hydrogen they are converted into secondary alcohols. The principal ke- tones are acetone, propione, ethyl butyral, butyrone, and benzophenone. [Aldehyde.] , ke-ton -1C, a. Of, pertaining to, or contain- ing a ketone. ket'-tle, * ket-el, * ket-tell, s. [A.S. cetel, cytel ; Mseso-Goth. katils, borrowed from Lat. catillus = a little bowl, dimin. of catinus = a bowl, akin to Gr. kotuAo?, kotu'Atj (kotulos, kotule) = a little cup ; Icel. ketill ; Sw. kittel ; Dan. kedel ; Dut. ketel ; Ger. kessel; Buss. hotel.] 1. A metallic vessel in which water or other liquid is boiled. In sugar-houses kettles are arranged in rows called batteries. “ By this the boiling kettle had prepared, And to the table sent the smoaking lard.” Dryden : Ovid ; Metamorphoses, bk. viiL * 2. A kettle-drum (q.v.). H A pretty kettle of fish : [Kiddle]. kettle-boiler, s. An old form of steam- boiler whose lower portion was shaped as an inverted conical frustum, and the upper part as a dome. The form resembles that of a tea-kettle. kettle-drum, s. 1. Music: A musical instrument, so named from its resemblance to a hemispherical kettle. It is formed of thin copper, and has a head of parchment or vellum. Kettle-drums are used in pairs, slung on each side of the withers of a cavalry horse. One drum is tuned to the key-note, and the other to the fifth of the key in which the piece in which they CAVALRY KETTLE-DRUMS. are to be used is written. The tuning Is by a hoop and screws. The best sticks for kettle- drums are those having whalebone handles with a wooden button covered by a piece of sponge : by the use of these the finest grada- tions of tone may be gained. Kettle-drums are said to have been introduced into the orchestra by Handel, who employed a pair taken as part of the spoil at the battle of Det- tingen, in the score of the Te Deum, written in celebration of that event. " The kettle-drums struck up ; the trumpets pealed." —Macaulay • Hist. Eng., ch. x. 2. Society : A tea party held by fashionable people in the afternoon before dinner. 44 Mvrlad angels, naintly crowds, With rainbow trimmings round their shrouda ilay meet you at a kettle-drum" Olrig Grange, 87. kettle-drummer, *. One who plays Upon a kettle-drum. kettle-furnace, s. Metallurgy : 1. A basket-furnace or cresset in which lead or solder is melted for plumbing. 2. A furnace in which a kettle or kettles are set in a brick arch, as in sugar-boiling furnaces ; or above a box-furnace, as in agri- cultural boilers. [Evaporator.] * kettle-hat, s. A broad-brimmed iron hat worn by knights in the Middle Ages. * kettle-plus, s. pi. Ninepins, skittles, kettle-stitch, s. Bookbind. : The stitch made in sewing at the head and tail of a book. * ket-trin, e. [Cateran.] ke-tu'-pa, s. [A barbarous name with ne meaning.'] (Sharpe.) Ornith. : A genus of Strigid®. Ketupa cey. Imensis is the Indian Fish Owl. It frequents the sides of tanks, ponds, &c., in Ceylon. When it cannot obtain fish, it will eat small mammals, reptiles, &c. During the day it is sometimes mobbed by bulbuls, king-crows, &e. Its note is like a loud, hollow, disagree- able “ haw-haw-haw 1” Another Indian spe- cies, K. fiavipes, has similar habits. keu'-per (eu as oi), s. [Ger.] 1. Geol. : The name given in Germany to a 1 series of beds constituting the uppermost of the three series of strata from which the Trias derives its name. In Wurtemberg it is about a thousand feet thick. Alberti divides it into limestone, gypsum, and carbonaceous slate clay. Remains of reptiles — genera, Notlio- saurus and Phytosaurus — have been [found in it, the Labyrintliodont order of Amphi- bians, and fishes of the genera Saurichthys and Gyrolepis. The plant-remains are ferns, equisetace®, cycads, &c. The Keuper is represented in England by saliferous and gypseous shales and marls, and in France by Marnes Irisees. (Lyell.) 2. Building stones : The Keuper sandstones, especially the lower ones, afford good build- ing stones. They are a pale red yellow or white, and have been largely used in the cathe- drals of Worcester and Chester. (Rutley.) * kev'-el (1), s. [Etym. doubtful.] Zool.: Antilope Kevella (Pallas). A North and Central African antelope, believed to be akin to, or even a variety of the gazelle. It is now known to be only the young of the gazelle. kev’-el (2), s. [Dan. 1 kievle = a peg.) 1. Nautical: (1) A large cleat for belaying. Sometimes formed by tlie ends of the top timbers which rise above tlie gunwale, or formed by timbers projecting at a small angle from the sides to belay large ropes, such as the sheets and tacks of the main-sail and fore-sail. [Cleat.] (2) A frame for spreading the main-sail. (3) An anchor-palm. 2. Mason : A stonemason’s hammer used In spauling stone, and having a blade and point) at the respective ends. kevel-bead, s. Naut. : The end of a top timber projecting above the gunwale and acting as a bitt or kevel, to belay large ropes, to fasten or veer away a rope, &c. * kev-er-chef, s. [Kerchief.] * kevere, v.t. [Cover, v. ] To recover, kex, * kix, s. [Wei. cecys - hollow stalks, 'hemlock ; Corn, cegas; Lat. cicuta = hemlock.] The old English name for hemlock. “ A kex or hollow stemme in manner of fewell and such like.”— P. Holland: Plinie, bk. xiii., ch. vii. kex'-y, a. [Eng. kex; - y .] Full of or over- grown with kexes or weeds ; weedy. ’* The earth will grow more and more dry and sterile in succession of ages; whereby it will become more kexy, and lose of its solidity.”— H. More : On GodlineUt bk. vi., p. lo, § 3. key (1), s. (Quay.) key (2), s. [Cay.] key (3), * keye, s. [A.S. cceg, ctege; ccgn. with O. Fris. Icai, kei.] bo 1. boyf; pout, jowl; cat, Key §er, s. (See the compound.) Keyser’s pill, s. Phar. : A medicine, of which the active In- gredient is acetate of mercury. (ate, lUt, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; wo, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p8t» or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. £ 0 , ce - e. ey - a, q,u - kw. Keystone— kick 2801 '.©y -stone, s. [Eng. key (3), and stone.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. Lit. : In the same sense as II. 1. 2. Fig. : The crowning point ; the top. " The keystone of a land, which still. Though fallen, looks proudly on that hill.’’ Byron : Sieye of Corinth, L H. Technically: I. Masonry : The central voussoir at the Tirtex of an arch. The row or course of said Stones along the crown of an arch is the key- course. 2. Chromo-lithography: The stone on which a general outline of the picture is drawn or photo-lithographed. Its object is to furnish a guide for the production of the work upon the several colour-stones. Transfers from the keystones in common printing-inks, more properly called “ offsets ” to distinguish them from transfers from which impressions can be printed, are made upon as many stones as there are colours required. The outlines thus Obtained are identical in form and size, and when, by means of the crayon or fluid litlio- ink — with subsequent etching — certain por- tions of each are given the power of printing, the superimposition of impressions from all upon a single sheet of paper, each being printed with its proper colour, will give the desired result in perfect register. The key- stone may be one of those used in printing, but in the higher class of work it is an outline merely, used to aid the artists in the manner described. Keystone-State, s. A name for Penn- sylvania. K.G. An abbreviation for Knight of the Garter. khair, s. [Hind.] (See the compound.) khair tree, s. Bot. : Acacia Catechu, a small armed tree, with white flowers, in long axillary spikes, growing in Western India, &c. khaki, s. [Various Hindoo languages.] 1. Petrol. & Dyeing : An earthy or gray clay colour, now largely used to dye the uniform of Indian soldiers and sepoys. 2. Brahminism : A sect of Vjshnuvites, founded by Kil, a disciple of Krishna Das. They are called khaki, because they apply the ashes of cowdung to their dress and persons. (Pro/. Watt.) kha liff, s. [Caliph.] khal - sa, s. [Hind. = pure, unmixed.] A governmental office for the transaction of revenue business. Exchequer khalsa lands: Lands the revenue of which is paid into the Indian exchequer. ( Anglo-Indian .) kham -sin, s. [Kamsin.] khan (1), s. [Turk. & Tartar.] An Asiatic governor ; a king, a prince, a chief. khan (2), s. [Pers. = a house, a tent.] An inn, a caravanseray : of these there are two kinds, one for travellers and pilgrims, where lodging is provided free ; the other for traders, where a small charge is made, and a toll or duty charged on goods sold therein. khan ate, s. [Eng. khan (1) ; -ate.] The dis- trict or jurisdiction of a khan. khas, hhass, a. [Hind. & Arab, khass = ( 1 ) pure, unmixed, fine, excellent ; (2) private.] (See etym. & compound.) khas lands, khass revenues, s. pi. Revenues raised directly from the taxpayers, and not through the agency of zemindars. (Bengal.) khay'-a, s. [A West African word.]’ Bot. : A genus of Cedrelacese (q.v.). The bark of Khaya senegalensis, a splendid tree, from 80 to 100 feet high, is a common febri- fuge near the Gambia ; the wood is like ma- hogany. khe di ve, s. [Turk.] The official title of the Pasha or Governor of Egypt ; it implies a rank superior to a prince or viceroy, but inferior to that of an independent monarch. The title was revived by the Sultan and conferred upon Ismael I. on May 14, 1867. t khe-di'-vi-al, a. [Eng. khedive ; -al.] Of or pertaining ’to the Khedive of Egypt. Idled i vi ate, «. The office or jurisdiction of the Khedive. khe-lat’, khe-laut', khi-laut', s. [Hind. aivogai ( phainuimi ) = to appear. Named by Kobell.] Min. : A variety of ilmenite (q.v.), from Gastein, Salzburg ; said to contain as much as 59 percent, of oxide of titanium. Regarded by Kobell and named by him as a distinct species. kibe, * kybe, s. [Wei. cibwst = a chilblain, a kibe.] A chap; a crack in the flesh occaw sioned by cold ; an ulcerated chilblain. _ “ Devices quaint and frolics ever new Tread on each other's kibes." Byron: Childe Harold , I. <57. kibed, * kybede, a. [Eng. kib(e); -«/.] Affected with kibes ; chapped ; cracked with cold. “Scabs, chilblains, and kib'd heels.” Beaum. & Flet. : Martial Maid, 11. L kibitka, s. [Russ.] 1. A Russian vehicle. The kibitka is of various sizes, and may be either completely covered, entirely open, or provided with a hood behind, it is wheeled, but in snowy weather is mounted on a single pair of long KIBITKA runners, and, to prevent upsetting, is pro- vided with a guard-frame, which, starting from the body of the sleigh iu front, spreads out some twelve or eighteen inches from the sides at the rear. As soon as the kibitka tips, this framework touches the ground, and must break before the vehicle can capsize. 2. A tent used by the nomad tribes of the Kirghiz Tartars. It consists of twelve stakes set up in a circle twelve feet in diameter, and covered with a thick cloth made of sheep’s wool. kib -lah, s. [Keblah.] kib’-ling, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Parts of a small fish used by fishermen on the coast of Newfoundland as bait. * kib'-y, * kyb'-y, a. (Eng. kib(e); -y.] Af- fected with kibes or chilblains ; kibed. “,He halteth ofteu that hath a kyby hele.” Skelton : Crovme of Laurell, 502. * kichel, s. [A.S. cicel = a morsel.] A little cake. kick, * kik-en, * kicke, v.t. & i. [Wei. cicio ; cogu. with Gael, ceig — to kick ; ceigeadh = the act of kicking.] A. Transitive : 1. To strike with the foot. " If he were not kick'd to the church o’ th‘ wedding day." — Beaum. serve.] An instrument invented by Perigal, for illustrating the result of the combination of circular movements of different radii in the production of curves; called also kinescope. Also a recent device by which photographs taken by a kinetograpk may represent to the eye the actual movements of the original, king (1), s. [Chinese.] A Chinese instrument of percussion, consisting of metal plates, which are struck with a hammer, king (2), * kin-ing, * kyng, * kynge, ». [A contraction of the older form kining or kyning. A.S. cyning, cynincg , cyninc, cynyng % from cyn = a tribe, kin ; suff. -ing ; hence life = son of a tribe, i.e., elected by a tribe. I. Ordinary Language : 1. The chief ruler, magistrate, or sovereign of a nation ; one who is invested with supreme authority over a nation, country, or tribe ; a sovereign, a monarch, a prince. “ What is a king I— a man condemn’d to bear The public burthen of the nation's care." Prior : Solomon, iii. 275. 2. The conqueror among a set of competi- tors. (Scotch?) II. Technically : 1. Games: (1) Cards : One of the court cards having on it a picture of a king. (2) Chess : The chief piece in point of rank in the game of chess (q.v.). (3) Draughts : A crowned man in the game of draughts (q.v.). 2. Script. ; [I. 1, •} (1)]. T (1) The First and Second Books of Kings : Old Test. Canon : Two books of the 014 Testament, relating the history of the Hebrew monarchy (united and divided) from the pro- clamation of Solomon, a little before the death of David, to the death of Jehoiachim — a period not less than 431, and perhaps more than 453 years. In Hebrew, the two Books of Kings were originally one volume : the Septuagint divided them, calling them the third and fourth of the Kingdoms, and the Vulgate the third and fourth of the Kings. Next, Bom- berg separated the Hebrew book into two, after the Greek model. The division is clumsily made in the middle of Ahaziah’s reign, and with no important break in the historic narrative. There are resemblances so considerable between the books of Judges, Ruth, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kings, that some have supposed them a continuous narra- tive from a single author or editor ; but there are sufficient differences between the books of Samuel and Kings to render it more probable that they were independent works. The unity of style between 1 and 2 Kings proves them to have had the same editor. The materials to which he had access for the composition of the book seem to have been governmental records, published histories of individual kings, with memoirs of Elijah and Elislia, not from a cold, official pen, but from an en- thusiastic friend and admirer. The work contemplates events from the prophetic, as the books of Chronicles do from the priestly, point of view. The former gives prominence to the history of the Ten Tribes, among which most of the prophets labored ; the latter to that of the Two Tribes, among whom tha priests found their home. Both taught that the Jewish monarchy was a theocracy, with Jehovah for its real sovereign, and was pros- perous or otherwise according as his earthly vicegerents carried out or departed from his commands. Keen study of the Books of Kings is needful to the comprehension of tha Old Testament prophetic writings, which in their turn reflect great light on the historic narratives in Kings. Recent archseological t>61l, bo^; pout, Je'w (kineo) - to move, and tfvs ( ixus ) = the waist.] Zool. : A genus of land tortoises. Three species have been described ; the best known is Kinyxis homeana, from Demerara and Guadaloupe. kink (1), s. [Dut. & Sw., from tlie same root as Icel. kikna = to sink at the knees ; keikr bent backwards ; kcikja = to bend backwards } kengr = a crook, a bight ; Norw. kika = to writhe ; keika = to bend back or aside ; kinka = to writhe, to twist; kink — a twist.] I. Literally: 1. Music : A twist in a catgut string from close laying, which, by uncoiling and weaken- ing that part of the string in which it occurs, frequently makes it useless for the instrument for which it is intended. 2. Naut. : A sharp bend in a rope or cable which prevents its reeving through a block or a hole, or in a hose, preventing water passing through it. II. Fig. : A crotchet, a whim, a caprice. * kink (2), s. [Cf. chincough.] A fit of cough- ing ; an immoderate fit of laughter. kmk (1), v.i. [Kink (1), s.] To twist or run into kinks ; to wind into a kink. kink (2), v.i. [Kink (2), s.] 1. To gasp for breath, as in coughing. (Said especially of a child with the hooping-cough.) 2. To laugh immoderately. kui'-ka, s. [Hind.] Bot. : An annual herb of the Composite family, common in many parts of India. Its seeds yield by pressure a green oil, possessing valuable properties, which promise to make it of considerable value in the arts. kin'-ka-jou, s. [Fr. kinkajou, guinea jou, from carcajou, the native name.] Zool. : Cercoleptes, a genus of Carnivorous Mammals, family Procionidae (q.v.). They have prehensile tails, with which they hang on to trees. They have some affinity to the Lemurs, of which they are the partial repre- sentatives in the New World, where they occur in South America and in Mexico. The best-known species is Cercoleptes caudivolvulus, which is about a foot long, with a tail of eighteen inches. kink' -haust, kink’ host, a. [Eng. kink(1), and haust (q.v.).] The hooping-cough. (Pro- vincial.) kln'-kle, s. [Eng. kink (2) ; frequent, suff. -le.) A severe fit of coughing. kink'-y, a. Having kinks, literally or figura- tively. kin'-less, a. [Eng. kin; -less.] Without kin or relations. kinless-loons, s. pi. A name given by the Scotch to the judges sent among them by Cromwell, because they distributed justice impartially, without being influenced by family or party ties. kin-m-kin-ic’, kin -m- kin -nick', s. [Amer. Indian.] A composition consisting of dried leaves and bark of red sumac or red willow, used by the North-American Indians for smoking. kl'-no, s. [Fr.] 1. Chem. : A kind of gum, which exudes from certain trees, and is dried without artifi- cial heat. There are four varieties imported into this country — viz., the East Indian or Malabar Kino from Pterocarpus marsupium; Bengal or Butea Kino from Butea frondosa; African or Gambia Kino from P. erinaceus; and Australian, Botany Bay, or Eucalyptus Kino from Eucalyptus rostrata. It consists of dark-red angular fragments, rarely larger than a pea, and easily splitting into still smaller pieces. In cold water they sink, partly dis- solving, and forming a very astringent solu- tion. It is very soluble in spirits of wine, affording a dark-reddish, slightly acid solu- tion. In its general behaviour kino closely resembles catechu, and yields by similar treat- ment the same products. It is administered in medicine as an astringent. 2. Phar. : The inspissated juice of various b611, boy; p6i)t, jtffrl; cat, ^ell, chorus, chin, benqh ; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, IKcnoplion, e^ist. -lhg. •dan, -tian — Shan- -tlon, -sion = shun ; -{ton, -sion — zhun. -clous, -tious, -sious = sbus. -ble, -die, & c. — bpl, d$l* 2808 kinoin— k i ssablh plants. [1.] It is brought to this country in small angular pieces, constituting broken red- dish-black tears, ruby-red at the edges, shining and brittle, in powder a dark-red. Compound powder of kino and tincture of kino are powerful astringents. It is given in pyrosis and diarrhoea, and as a gargle in relaxed throat; sometimes also it is chewed. ( Garrod .) kino -in, s. [Eng., &c. kino; -in.] Chem. : Cj4H 12 06. A reddish crystalline body obtained by boiling Malabar kino with dilute hydrochloric acid, and shaking up the filtrate with ether. It is slightly soluble in cold water, but very soluble in hot water and in alcohol. Its solutions may be evaporated without alteration, but they decompose on long exposure to the air. ki nol o gy, s. [Gr. Kivea ( kineo ) = to move, and Aoyos (logos) = a discourse.] A name given to that branch of physics which treats of the laws of motion. kl-ndne', s. [Quinone.] ki-no-ster'-non, s. [Gr. hm (kineo) = to set in motion, to move, and arepvov (sternon) = the breast.] Zool. ; A genus of Emydes (River and Marsh Tortoises). Kinosternon pennsylvanicum is the Pennsylvanian Terrapin. [Terrapin.] Su-nov'-ic, a. [Quinovic.] kinovie-acid, s. [Quinovic- acid.] * kin'-red, * kin-rede, s. [Kindred.] * kln'-ric, s. [Eng. king; suff. -ric — dominion ; as in bishopric, &c.] A kingdom. kin^' folk (l silent), s. [Eng. kin, and folk.] Relations, kin, persons of the same family. kin' ship, *. Relationship, consanguinity; the state of being of the same kin. kins man, s. [Eng. kin, and man.] A man of the same race or family ; a relation by blood. "All his kinsmen, all his friends, were arrayed round F it ."—Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiii. kins' -wora-an, s. [Eng. kin, and woman.] A woman of the same race or family ; a female relation. “ His kinswoman was, though not restored in blood, yet put in a capacity to succeed to the crown."— Burnet: Hist. Reform, (an. 1536). kin-tal, s. [Quintal.] kint-ledge, s. [Kentledge.] kin-tra, s. [Country.] Country. (Scotch.) “ Though he was born to kintra wark.” Burns : Elegy. kin'-zig Ite, s. [From the Kinzig in Schwarz- wald, where it occurs.] Petrol. : A rock consisting of manganese- garnet, magnesian-mica, and oligoclase, often ■with some iolite and fibrolite. It occurs at Wittiehem, at the Kinzig. (Rutley.) kl-osk', s. [Turk.] A kind of open pavilion or summer-house, constructed of wood, straw, &c., and supported on pillars, surrounded by a balustrade. They are used in gardens, parks, &e., and in Paris and other continental cities as depots for the sale of papers. “ She now went slowly to that small kiosk." Moore : Veiled Prophet of Ehorassan. ki- o-tome, s. [Gr. kCuv (kion) - a column, and Ttp.no (temnd) = to cut.] Surg. : A knife for cutting membrane ; es- pecially certain pseudo-membraneous bauds in the rectum and bladder ; it was introduced by the celebrated French surgeon Desault. kip (1), *• [Etym. doubtful.] Tanning: Leather of yearlings or small cattle. A grade between calf and cowhide. * kip (2), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A house of ill-fame. kipe, s. [A.S. c6pan = to catch, to keep.] An osier basket used for catching fish. kip'-pago (age as lg), s. [Etym. doubtful.] A violent passion ; disorder, confusion. “ He was in a unco kippage when we sent him a book Instead of nick-sticks.— Scott : Antiquary, ch. xv. kip' per, s. [Dut. kipper = to hatch, to spawn.] 1. A salmon directly after the spawning season, when it is unfit to be eaten ; more especially a male salmon at this season. 2. A salmon or herring split open, salted, and smoke-dried. “I'll never master him without the light— and a braver kipper, could I but land him— never reisted abuue a pair o' cleeks.” — Scott : Ouy Marinering, ch. xxvi. * kipper-time, s. Eng. Law : The period between the 3rd ana 12th of May, during which fishing for salmon was forbidden in the Thames between Graves- end and Henlay-on-Thames. kip'-per, a. [Etym. doubtful.] Amorous, sprightly, gay, light-hearted. kipper-nut, s. The pig-nut or earth-nut. kip'-per, v.t. [Kipper, s.] To cure and pre- serve, as salmon or herrings, by splitting them open, salting, and smoke-drying them. kip' -skin, s. [Eng. kip, and skin.] Tanning : The same as Kip (1), (q.v.). kirto, s. [Curb.] kirb-roof, s. [Curb-roof.] kir-i-a-chu -na, s. [Ceylonese.] Bot. ; The Cowplant of Ceylon, Gymnema lactiferum. [Gymnema.] kirk, kirke, s. | Icel. kirgja ; Dan. kirke ; Sw. kyrka, all from A.S. cirice, circs = a church (q.v.).] 1. A church. "To kirk ho on the Sabbath-day Wont hand in hand with her.’' Wordsworth : The Blind Highland Boy. 2. The Established Church of Scotland. “ The violent men among them were ever pressing the purging the kirk.”— Burnet : Hist. Own Time, bk. h kirk-session, s. Presbyterianism : A “ court ” in the Esta- blished and other Presbyterian Churches. It consists of the minister and elders, and lias charge of the spiritual affairs in the parish or congregation. kirk, v.t. [Kirk, s.] To church. (Scotch.) * kirked, a. [Etym. doubtful; cf. A.S. cerran — to turn. ] Crooked, bent. “ His eyes red sparkling as the fire glow. His nose frounced full kirked stood." Romaunt of the Rose. *kirk'-man, * kirke-man, s. [Eng. kirk, and man.] One belonging to the church ; a minister. “ Let neither your governor nor your kirkeman feede you forth with fayre wordes."— Holinshed : Descript. Eng., bk. ii., ch. xviii. kirn, v.t. [Kirn, s.] To churn. (Scotch.) kirn, «. [Icel. kirna.] 1. A churn (q.v.). 2. The feast of harvest-home, so called because a churnful of cream formed an impor- tant part of the entertainment. “ His rustic kirn's loud revelry." Scott : Marmion, iv. (In trod.) kirsch-was'-ser (w as v), s. [Ger., from kirsche = cherry (Lat. cerasus), and wasser — water.] An alcoholic liquor distilled from the fermented juice of the black cherry. kirs'-en, kirs'-ten, v.t. [Christen.] To christen, to baptize. (Scotch.) " The four-gill chap, we’se gar him latter, And kirsen him wi’ reekin’ water.” Burns : Epistle to J. Lapraik* •kir'-some, a. [Chrisojl] Christian, baptized. kirs'-ten-mg, kirs- nihg,’ s. [Christen- ing.] kir'-tle, ♦kir’ -tel, * kur - tel, * kir - telle, s. [A.S. cyr- tel; cogn. with Icel. kyrtill; Dan ,kiortel= a tunic, a gown ; Sw. kjortel = a petticoat. According to Skeat a dimin. from skirt (q.v.).] 1. A sort of upper garment ; a gown ; a petticoat ; a short jacket. “ Wearing her Norman oap, and her kirtle of blue, and the ear-rings." Longfellow : Evangeline, i. 1. 2. A quantity of flax, about 100 lbs. kir'-tle, v.t. [Kirtle, s.] 1. To dress in r. kirtle. " Yelling their uncouth dirge, long daunced the klrtlM I clan. Byron : Child* Harold, 11. 71. 2. To give the appearance of a kirtle to ; to tuck up. kir' tied (tied as teld), a. [Eng. kirtl(e); -ed.] Dressed in or wearing a kirtle. kir'-wan-ite, s. [Named by Thomson after Kirwaii, the mineralogist; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min. : A soft, fibrous, green mineral, occurring in the basalt of Antrim, Ireland. Compos. : a hydrated silicate of alumina, protoxide of iron and lime. kiSfjh'- tim - ite, s. [Named by Korovaeff after its locality, Kischtim, Urals, Russia.] Min. : An amorphous mineral, with greasy lustre and dark-brownish-yellow colour ; tliin fragments, translucent. Compos. : a fluo- carbonate of lanthanum and cerium. Found sparsely in the gold washings of the Borsovka river, Kischtim. kish (1), s. [Ger. kies, kiss = gravel, pyrites.] Smelting : 1. A carburet of iron which, when cold, appears in bright shining scales, but which is in the liquid form in the iron-smelting furnace, where, owing to its levity, it floats upon the surface. It possesses most of tha properties of graphite, but contains less carbon. 2. The impurities which float on the surface of molten lead in a furnace. kish (2), s. [Gael. ceis. ] A fish-basket. * kis'- met, s. [Pers. kusrnut.] An Eastern name for fate or destiny. kiss, *kisse, *kysse, *cusse, v.t. & <. [A.S. cyssan ; Ger. kiissen; Dan. kysser ; Sw. kyssa.] [Kiss, s.] A. Transitive: I. Lit. : To express affection for by saluting with the lips ; to salute with a kiss ; to cares* by joining lips. " He took The bride about the neck, and kist her lips." Shakesp. : Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2. II, Figuratively: 1. To treat with fondness or affection ; to delight in. ** The hearts of princes kiss obedience." Shakesp. : Henry VI II., iii. L 2. To touch gently ; to meet. “ In such a night as this, When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees." Shakesp. : Merchant of Venice, v. L 3. To reach to ; to touch. “ The towers kissed the clouds." Shakesp. : Pericles, i. 4. B. Intransitive: 1. Lit. : To join lips in affection or respect; to salute or caress with kisses. “ Courtsied when you have and kissed." \ Shakesp. : Tempest, i. 2. * 2. Fig . : To touch, to meet, to come in contact. “ Like fire and powder, which, ns they kiss, consume.* Shakesp. : Romeo & Juliet, ii. 6. IT (1) To kiss the dust : To die ; to be slain. (2) To kiss the ground or earth : To bow down in token of submission or repentance. " They kneel, they kiss the earth." Shakesp. : Winter's Tale, v. L (3) To kiss hands: To kiss the hand of tha sovereign on being appointed to and accepting high office. “ Kneels, kisses hands, and shines again in place.’* Cowper : Retirement, 480. (4) To kiss the rod: To submit tamely to punishment. kiss, * ciis, ' liissc, “ kus, *kusse, k. [A.S. cos; cogn. with Ger. kuss; Dut. kus; Icel. koss; Dan. kys ; Sw. kyss ; M. H. Ger. kus.] 1. A salutation given by the lips in token of affection. “ Last with a kiss he took a long farewell." Dry den : Ovid; A/etamvrphoses xii. 2. A confection made of the whites of eggs, powdered sugar, and currant jelly, mixed and baked in an oven. * kiss'- a - ble, a. [Eng. kiss; -able.] De- serviug’to be kissed ; that may be kissed. “ i never saw him look sterner and less kissable."— •• Lytton : The Caxtons, pt. xii., ch. v. fete, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pol^t. or, wore, wylf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, fuU; try, Syrian. «, co - e ; ey - a. qu = kw. KIRTLE. kissee— kite 2809 •kiss-ee', s. [Eng. kiss; -ee.] A person kissed. "This Hebe Mr. Gordon greeted with a loving kiss, which the kissee resented.”— Lytton : Pelham, ch. L kiss -er, s. [Eng. kiss ; -er.] One who kisses. ** Are you not he that is a kisser of men ? ” Beaum. & Flet. : Martial Maid, iL L kiss ing, pr. par a. & s. [Kiss, v.] A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. : (See the verb). C. As subst. : The act of saluting with a kiss ; a kiss. " After so many bowings, crossings, and kissings of the altar.”— Burnet: Eist. Reform, (an. 1548). * kissing-comfits, s. pi. 1. Ord. Lang. : Sugar-plums perfumed to make the breath sweet. 2. Bot. : The roots of Eryngium maritimum , candied. The plant is deemed an aphrodisiac. They are the kissing comfits of Shakespeare. [Eryngo-root.] kissing-crust, s. That portion of the upper crust of a loaf which touches another. “These baked him kiisingcrusts, and those Brought him small beer.” King : Cookery. kiss -miss, s. [Pers.] Bot., &c. : A small variety of grape, from which Shiraz wine is made. * kiss' -wor-thy, a. [Eng. kiss, and worthy.] Deserving of being kissed. “ Thy most kissworthy face.* Sir P. Sidney : Sonnets ; Love. lust, 8. [Chest.] ki3t, s. [Hind, gist.] In the East Indies an instalment of a rent, tax, &c. kist-vaen, s. [Cistvaen.] *kit (1), v.t. [Cut, e.] •kit (2), v.t. [Kit (2), s.] To place or put in a tub or other vessel. “The fish is brought ashore again to the cooper's * offices, boiled, pickled, and kitted."— Pennant : The Common Salmon. kit (i), s. [Etym. doubtful ; perhaps a contr. of A.S. cytere — a gittem ; Lat. cithara .] A small violin, about sixteen inches long, played with a how of nearly the same length, used by dancing-masters because of its convenience for carrying from place to place. “ Tis kept in a case fitted to it, almost like a dancing master’s kit"— Grew : Musceum. kit (2), * kltte, *kyt, s. [0. Dut. kitte = a tub ; Dut. kit = a wooden can.] L Ordinary Language : 1. A large bottle. 2. A vessel of various kinds ; a milk-pail, B tub. “In pails, kits, dishes, basins, pinboukes, bowls, Their scorched bosoms merrily they baste.” Drayton : Moses, His Birth & Miracles. 8. That which contains the necessaries, tools, &c., of a tradesman : hence, generally, an outfit : as, a soldier's kit. 4. Used contemptuously with the adjective whole for the entire lot or set : as, the whole kit of them. 5. A cement for stuffing canvas to place over the vents of carcasses to keep out the damp. 6. A flaring-bottomed tnb for fish and butter. XI. Photog. : Also known as inside frame. A thin, flat, rectangular frame of wood which fits within a plate-holder for the purpose of enabling the latter to carry a sensitized plate smaller than that for which it was originally designed. There may he many of these for one holder, and they often fit one within the other, forming a nest. The inside comers, as is the ease in the plate-holder itself, are pro- vided with glass or hard rubber angle-pieces, upon which the plate rests to prevent con- tact between the wood and the nitrate of silver solution adhering to the wet plate, which would cause stains upon the negative. kit (3), s. [Cat, Kitten.] A kitten. kit-cat, s. The eastern counties name for tip-cat (q.v.). , Kit-cat roll : Agric. : A kind of roller for land, in form somewhat resembling a double cone, being thickest in the middle and tapering towards both ends. kit-al-bel'-l-a, s. [Named after Dr. Paul Kitaibel, professor of botany at Pesth.] Bot. : A genus of Malvaceae, Kitaibelia viti- folia is a tall malvaceous plant with vine-like leaves and white flowers. It is used in Hun- gary as a vulnerary. kit-ar', s. [Guitar.] lut'-cat, kit -kat, a. [See def.] A term used to designate a canvas used for portraits of a peculiar size : viz. , 28 or 29 by 36 inches. The name originated from the circumstance of that size being adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller for the portraits he painted of the Kitcat Club, an association of eminent politi- cal and literary characters, who took their name from one Kit (Christopher) Cat, who supplied them with the mutton pies which formed their staple dish. " Still, all that is fine in it might have been secured on a kitcat canvas.” — Athenoeum, March 1, 1882. lu teat-likeness, s. A portrait painted on the size of canvas described under kitcat (q.v.) ; a portrait about half length in which the bauds are shown. kit 9 h' - en, * kech - ene. * kich - ene, *kych-ene, * kitch-in, * kuch-ene, * kych-yne, s. & a. [A.S. cicen (for cycen), from Lat. coquina = a kitchen, from coquo = to cook ; Ital. cucina.] A. As substantive : I. Ordinary Language : I. The room in a house where the food is cooked ; a cooking-room ; afroom appropriated to cookery. "Cool was his kitchen, though his brains were hot.” Dryden : Absalom & Achitophel, L 62 L t 2. A utensil used for cooking meat. 3. Anything eaten with bread as a relish : as meat, butter, eggs, fish, cheese, &c. (Scotch.) II. Naut. : The galley, the caboose. B. As adj. : Belonging to or used in a kitchen. * kitch en, * kitch-in, v.t. [Kitchen, s.] 1. To regale or feed in a kitchen. “ A fat friend at your master’s house That fcitchin’d me for you to-day at dinner.” Shakesp. : Comedy of Errors, v. L 2. To serve as kitchen to ; to give relish to ; to render palatable. (Scotch.) kitchen-fare, s. The fare or food of servants. * kitchen-gain, s. Kitchen-stuff. kitchen garden, s. A garden in which vegetables are cultivated for the table. " The product of kitchen-gar dens inall sorts of herbs, sallads, plants, and legumes.”— Sir W. Temple: Of Gardening. * kitchen-latin, s. Inferior Latin. * kitchen - lee, s. Dirty soap-suds. (Ford.) kitchen-maid, s. A female servant whose business it is to assist a cook, and Clean the utensils of a kitchen. kitchen-middens, s. pi. Archceol. : Kjokkenmoddinger, refuse-heaps, or shell-mounds — the names given to what were formerly considered to he raised beaches on the coast of Denmark, but which are now proved to have been deposited by early man. It was first observed by Prof. Steenstrup that, in these supposed beaches, the shells belonged entirely to full-grown or nearly full-grown in- dividuals ; that they consisted of four species — the oyster, the cockle, the mussel, and the periwinkle — which do not live together, nor require the same conditions, and would not therefore be found together alone in a natural deposit ; and, thirdly, that the stratum con- tained scarcely any gravel, hut consisted almost entirely of shells. The discovery of flint implements and of bones bearing the marks of knives made it evident that these beds were the sites of ancient villages, the population of which lived principally on shell- fish, but partly on the produce of the chase. A committee was formed, consisting of Pro- fessors Steenstrup, Forclihammer, and Wor- saae, who examined a large number of these deposits, collected many thousand specimens, now in the Museum of Northern Antiquities at Copenhagen, and embodied the result of their labours in six reports to the Danish Academy of Sciences. Sir John Lubbock ob- tained from a kitchen-midden at Haveloe in 1861 “about a hundred fragments of hone, many rude flakes, slingstones, and flint frag- ments, together with nine rude axes of the ordinary shell-mound type and he was even more successful in his visit to the Midden at Meilgaard in 1863. Kitchen-middens are by no means limited to Denmark. They exist on the shores of the Moray Frith, at St. Valery, close to the mouth of the Somme ; in Corn- wall and Devonshire, in Australia (Pinkerton : Travels, ii. 473), iu Tierra del Fuego (Darwin : Journal, p. 234), in the Malay Peninsula (Ethnol. Soc. Trans, (n. s.), ii. 119), and in North (Wyman: American Naturalist, vol. ii., Nos. 8, 9, 11) and South America (Brett: Indian Tribes). (Lubbock : Pre-historic Times, ch. vii. j Tlie following is a list of the remains of vertebrata discovered in the shell-mounds Fishes. — Herring, dab, dorse, eel. Birds.— Capercailzie, several species of ducks and geese, the wild swan, and the great auk. now extinct. Mammals.— Stag, roedeer, wild boar these three iorrn. ing 97 per cent of the whole ; urus. dog. fox. wolf, marten, otter, porpoise, seal, water-rat, beaver, lynx, wild cat, hedgehog, bear, and mouse. With regard to the time when these kitchen- middens were formed, Sir John Lubbock (loc. dt.) says : “On the whole, the evidence ap- pears to show that the Danish shell-mounds represent a definite period in the history of that country, and are probably referrible to the early part of the Neolithic Stone Age, when the art of polishing flint implements was known, hut before it had reached its greatest development.” * kitchen-physic, s. Nourishing diet, for an invalid. kitchen-range, s. A kitchen grate with oven, boiler, &c., attached for cooking. kitchen-stuff, s. Fat, dripping, &c., collected from roasted meat, dripping-pans, &c. “ A thrifty wench scrapes kitchen-stuff ." Donne. kitchen - wench, s. A kitchen-maid, (q.v.). “Laura to his lady was but a kitchen-wench ; marry, she had a better love to berhyme her.”— Sluikcsp. : Romeo & Juliet, ii. 4. kitchen-work, s. Cookery; the work connected with a kitchen or cookery. kit9h -en-er, s. [Eng. kitchen; -er.] * 1. A cook. 2. A kitchen range. * kit9h'-en-ist, s. [Eng. kitchen ; - ist .) 4 cook. kite ( 1 ), * kyte, s. [A.S. cyta.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. In the same sense as II. 1. “The kite, who, by a light turning of his train, moves his body which way he pleases. —Ray : On the Creation, pt. i. 2. A name of reproach, denoting rapacity. “ Detested kite l thou liest.” Shakesp. : Lear, i. 4. 3. An artificial bird or light frame covered with paper or cloth, and flown at the end of a string. ” He will madly bum. or childishly make paper kites of his deeds." — Government of the Tongue. 4. Fictitious commercial paper or accom- modation bills ; used especially in the phrase. To fly a kite (q. v.). II. Technically: 1. Ornithology : (1 )Sing. : Milvus, a genus of Aquilinfe (Eagles) The Common Kite is Milvus ictinus. It may be known on the wing by its forked tail. Above it is rufous ; below, rufous-brown, with a narrow streak of blackish-brown down the feathers ; the quills are black ; the tail crossed with seven or eight black bars. Length about two feet. It feeds on offal, also on moles, frogs, mice, &c. It builds a nest of sticks and rocks in a largetree, adding hones, rags, &c. Once it was coi*non near London, now it is found chiefly in’Wales and Scotland, and is rare even there. H The Swallow-tailed Kite is Elanoides fur- catus, an American bird, and the European Houey-kite Pernis apivorus. [Pernis.] (2) PL: Swainson’s name for his Cymindin®, a sub-family of Falconid®. He places th® genus Milvus in Buteonin®. 2. Naut. : Ono of the unusual sails ahoy* the royal ; sky-sails, moon-rakers, &c. If (1) Electrical kite : [Electric-kite], (2) To fly a kite : Commercial slang: To keep one’s credit up by accommodation bills. |> 61 l, boy ; pout, jtffrl; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a$; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f. •Clan, -tian = sham -tion, -sion — shun ; -(ion, -fion — Zinin- -cious, -tious, -sious — skua, -ble, -die, &c. — b$l, d©l. \ 2810 kite— Jcnacjc kite-eagle, s. Ornith. : JVeopus malayensis , an aquiline bird found in the Himalayas and and other wooded regions of India, and more sparingly in the Malay peninsula. kite-flier, s. Commercial slang : One who raises money or sustains his credit by the use of accommoda- tion bills. kite-flying, s. Commercial slang: The act or practice of raising money or sustaining one’s credit by the use of accommodation bills. kite-shaped, a. Archceol. : (For def. see extract). *' We find the kiteshaped shield represented in the Bayeux tapestry ; a curious example of it is engraved on a candlestick of the twelfth century, now in the collection at Goodrich Court : and a still more conclu- sive instance is the remarkable group of warriors, each with nasal, spear, and kite-shaped shield, sculptured on the lintel of Fordington Church, Dorchester, circ. 1120. Sir S. It. Meyrick conjectures that the Normaps derived this shield from Sicily." — D. Wilson: Prehis- toric Annals , ii. 349. Sport : The term has also been applied lately to ovoid race-tracks. kite (2), kyte, s. [A.S. ewidh; Icel. kviclr ; Sw. gved ; Gotli. kwithus = the womb.] The belly. ( North of England & Scotland.) * kite, v.i. [Kite (1), s.] To raise money or to sustain one’s credit by the use of accommo- dation bills. kite -foot, s. [Eng. kite, and foot.] A sort of tobacco* so named from its resemblance in colour to a kite’s foot. * kite§ -foot, s. [Eng. kite's, and foot.] An unidentified plant mentioned by Ainsworth. kith, s. [A.S. cudhdhe, kiththe , from cfidhdhe = native land ; efidh = kin, from cudh , pa. par. of cunnan = to know.] Acquaintances, friends, relations, kin. " It was a sair vex and grief to a' her kith and kin." Scott : Guy Mannering, ch. xxxvL kith -a-ra, s. [Cithara.j * klthe, * kythe, v.t. &i. [A.S. c«d7i=known, pa.’ par. of cunnan = to know.] [Kid (3), v.] A. Trans. : To make known ; to show, to discover. “ Gentil herte kitheth gentillesse." Chaucer: C. T., 10, 797. B. Intrans. : To become known. * kit '-ish, * kyt-Ish, a. [Eng. kite (3), s. ; - ish .] Resembling a kite ; pertaining to a kite ; like a kite. “ All your maners more agree Unto the kytish kinde.” Turbervile : W oman to hir Louere. * kit' - ling, * kit’ - tling, s. [Eng. ldt (3) ; suff. -ling ; Icel. ketlingr ; Norw. kjetling = a kitten.] A young animal ; especially, a young cat, a kitten. ( Holland : Pli/nie, bk. xxix., ch. iv.) kit -lish, a. [Kittlish. ] kit-mut'-gar, s. [Khitmdgar.] klt-ta 9 m'-cla, s. [Gr. xir™ (fcitto), for KiVtra (kissa) = a chattering, greedy bird, like the jay, and xtyxAos ( kingklos ) = a kind of wag- tail or water ousel.] Ornith. : A genus of Sylvids, sub-family Ery thacinse (Robins). Kittacincla mac roura is the Indian Nightingale (q.v.). * kitte, pret. of v. [Cor, r.] kit tel, v.t. [Kittle.] kit -ten, * kit-oun, * lcyt-on, s. [A dimin. from 'cat (q.v.).] A young cat ; the young of the cat. " The kitten too was comical, She play’d so oddly with her tail.” Whitehead: Variety. kitten-moth, s. Entom. : A small species of Cerura, a genus of moths, family Notodontidse. They are akin to, but smaller than the Puss-moth, Cerura vinula, whence the English names. kit ten, v.i. & t. [Kitten, s.] A. intrans. : To bring forth young, as a cat. B. Trans. : To bring forth kittens. " We took a ki tling that had been kittened the day before, and put it into a very small receiver.’’— Boyle: Works, iii. 360. * kit' -ten -hood, s. [Eng. kitten; -hood.] The state or time of being a kitten. * klt'-ten-Ish, a. [Eng. kitten; -ish.] Kit- ten-like, playful. "Such a kittenish disposition." — Richardson: Sir C. Grandison, iv. 115. klt'-ti-wake, s. [Named from its cry at breeding-time.] Ornith. : A gull, Larus tridactylus, so called because the fourth toe is only a small tubercle without any projecting horny nail or claw. Length, 154 inches ; head, neck, and under- surface white ; back and wings, French gray : legs short and dusky ; toes and interdigital membranes dusky. Fouud in the highest latitudes, and as far south as Tripoli. Com- mon on the coasts of England and Scotland. (Jarrell.) klt'-tle (1), * kyt-ell, v.t. [Norw. kjetla — to kittle ; kjetling = a kitling, a kitten.] To bring forth young, as a cat ; to kitten. klt'-tle (2), v.t. [A .S .citelian; Dut. kittelen ; Icel. kitla ; Ger. kitzeln.] To tickle ; to ex- cite a pleasant sensation in. klt'-tle, a. [Kittle (2), v.] Hazardous, de- ceptive, perilous, ticklish ; not to be trusted. " I maun ride to get to Liddel or it be dark, for your Waste has but a kittle character.” — Scott: Guy Man- nering, ch. xxiL kit'-tlihg, s. [Kitling.] kit - tlish, a. [ [Eng. kittHe) (2), V. ; -ish. ] Ticklish. klt'-tly, a. [Eng. kittHe) (2), v. ; -ly.] Tick- lish, susceptible, sensitive. ( Scotch .) kit-ty-sol', s. [Sp. quitasol.] The Chinese paper parasol. kive, s. [Keeve.] kiv'-er, v.t. [Cover, v.] To cover. " It will be but a muckle through-stane laid down to kiver the gowd.” — Scott : Antiquary, ch. xxv. ki'-wi, ki'-wi ki'-wi, s. [From the cry of these birds.] Ornith. : The New Zealand name for birds of the genus Apteryx (q.v.). kj er-ulf-ine (j as i), s. [Named by Von Kobell after the Norwegian mineralogist, Kjerulf ; suff. -ine ( Min.).] Min : Regarded by Von Kobell as a distinct species, differing from Wagnerite in containing a large amount of fluorine and a small per- centage of lime. Later investigations have shown, however, that these differences are due to alteration, and that the mineral is identical with Wagnerite (q.v.). klap'-roth-ine, klap' roth-Ite (h silent), s. [Named by Beudant after the mineralogist Klaproth ; suff. -ine, -ite (Min). ] Mineralogy : X. The same as Lazulite (q.v.). 2. The same as Klaprotholite (q.v.). klap rdth -6-llte (h silent), s. [An alteration suggested by Bruch, from the Klaprothite of Petersen and Sandberger, this name having been already given to Lazulite by Beudant. Named after Klaproth, the mineralogist.] Min. : A sulphide of bismuth and copper, related to Witticlienite (q.v.). Distinguished by its distinct cleavage, and larger proportion of bismuth. Occurs at many places in Baden. kleen'-boc, s. [Dut. = little blue goat.] Zool. : Antilope perpusilla, a pigmy antelope found at the Cape of Good Hope. It is about a foot high at the shoulder, with small erect black horns, somewhat approaching at the tips. klep-to ma'-iii-a, s. [Gr. xAeV™ ( klepto ) : i steal, and pavia (mania) - madness, mania.] Pathol. : A species of moral insanity, dis- playing itself in an irresistible desire or pro- pensity to steal. klep-to-ma'-ni-ac, s. [Kleptomania.] One who suffers from kleptomania. kllck, v.i. [Click, v.i.] kllck, klick'-mg, s. [Click, s. kllck'-et, s. [Clicket.] Fort. : A gate . > a palisade for the passage of a sallying party. kll-no-croj -ite, s. [Named by Sandbergat from Gr. xAti/w ( jelimo) = to incline, and xpuxoc ( Icrokos ) = saffron.] Min. : A mineral occurring in minute crys. tals of a deep saffron-yellow colour. Probably monoclinic in crystallization. Compos. : a hydrated sulphate of alumina, sesquioxide ol iron, soda, and potash. Formed by the de composition of pyrites in basalt-tuff', near Bischofsheim. kll nom e-ter, s. [Clinometer.] kll -no-phse -ite, s. [G. xAiVw (klino) = to in- cline, and ai<(s ( phaios ) = dusky.] Min. : A black ish -green mineral, probably clinic in crystallization ; crystals microscopic { sp. gr. 2,979 ; lustre vitreous, translucent to opaque, taste astringent. Compos. : a hy- drated sulphate of iron, alumina, potash, and soda. Occurs near Bisliofsheim. kli -6, s. [Clio.] klip -das, s. [Dut. = cliff-badger.] Zool. : Hyrax capensis, the Cape Coney, [Hyrax.] klip - spring - er, klipp’- spring - er, *. [Dut. = cliff-springer.] Zool. : Oreotragus saltator, an olive-coloured antelope of heavy build allied to the Steinbok, It is scarcely two feet high, its horns about four inches long, curving a little forward. Once common, but now much rarer at thj Cape of Good Hope. Like the chamois ot 1 Europe, it inhabits inaccessible, rocky heights. kllp -steln-itc, s. [Named by Kobell aftei Professor Von Klipstein ; suff. -ite (Min).'] Min. : An amorphous compact mineral with dull lustre ; colour, dark-brown to black, streak, reddish-brown, opaque. Compos. : a hydrated silicate of manganese and iron, and is probably only impure rhodonite (q.v.). kloof, s. [Dut. = a gap.) A ravine, a gully. (South Africa.) * kld-pe-ma'-nl-a, s. [Gr. xAom) (lclopf) = theft, and pavia "(mania) = madness.] TlK same as Kleptomania (q.v.). * klos'-ter, s. [Ger.] A cloister. “ Bells that from the neighbouring Jdoster , Rang for the Nativity." Longfellow: Norman DaroiK K. M. G. An abbreviation for Knight of thi Order of St. Michael and St. George. Initial k is always silent before XU * knab, v.t. [Dut. knappen.] [Knap.] 1. To bite, to gnaw. ‘I had much rather lie knabbing crusts, without fear, iu my own hole, than be mistress of the world with cares ."—L' Estrange : Fables. 2. To catch, to seize. [Nab.] * knab'-ble, v.i. [A freq. from knab (q.v.).] To bite, to nibble. " Horses will knabble at walls and rats gnaw iron.”— Browne. knack, * knakke, s. [Of imitative origin : Gael, cnac = a crack, a crash ; cnac = to crack, to crash ; Ir. cnag = a noise, a crack ; cnagaim ' = to knock, to strike ; Wei. cnec = a crash, a snap ; cnecian = to crash, to jar ; Dut. knak = a crack ; knakken = to crack ; Dan. knag/t = to creak, to crack ; Sw. knaka = to crack.] * 1. A trick. "The more quainte knakkes that they make.” Chaucer : C. T., 4,049. 2. A little machine ; a pretty contri vance ; knick-knack. " When I was young, I was wont To load my she with knacks." Shakcsp. : Winter's Tale, Iv. 4. 3. Readiness, dexterity, adroitness ; facility of performance. “ We have neither the knack of persuading ourselves so readily, nor the humour of sticking to a fashion so obstinately.’’— W arburton : Doctrine of Grace. 4. That which requires dexterity, adroit- ness, or special aptitude. * knack, * knacke, v.t. & i. [Knack, s.) A. Trans. : To crack. " To move, knack, or waggle the fingers like a jugler.* — Cotgrave . B. intransitive : 1. To crack ; to make a sharp, cracking noise. "If they can hear their beads knacke upon each other, they are not bid to care for hearing their praieA reflect upon heaven." — Bishop Hall: Quo Vadis) 2. To talk affectedly or mincingly. (ate, fiit, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, or, wore, wolf, work, who, s6n ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, fuU ; try, Syrian, se. ce = 6 ; ey — a. qu = kw. knacker— kneading 2811 * knXck er (1), s. [Eng. knack; -er.] 1. A maker of small work, toys, or knick- knacks. 2. One of two pieces of wood used as play- things by boys, who strike them together by moving the hand ; castanets, bones. knack'-er (2), a. [IeeL knakkr = a saddle.] 1. A maker of harness, collars, &c., for earthorses. 2. A dealer in old horses ; a horse-slaugh- terer. * knack'- ish, a. [Eng. knack, s. ; -ish. ] Artful, knavish, tricky. “Beating the air with knackish forms of gracious speeches." — H. More : Myst. of Godliness, 479. * knack' - ish - ness, s. [Eng. knackish ; -ness.] The quality or state of being knack- ish ; artifice, trickery, cunning, knavishness. * knack’ -y, a. [Eng. knack, s. ; -y.] Having a knack ; artful, dexterous, tricky. knag, 41 knagg, * knagge, s. [Ir. cnag - a knob, a peg ; cnaig = a knot in wood ; Gael. cnag (1) = a pin, a peg ; cnag (2) = to crack, to snap the fingers ; Dan. knag = a wooden peg, a cog ; Sw. knagg — a knag, a knob in wood.] 1. A knot in wood ; a protuberance ; a wart. 2. A peg on which to hang things. " Take here the golde in a bagg. I echall hyt bynge on a knagg. At the schypp horde ende.' Le Bone Florence (Ritson, v. 8). 3. The shoot of a deer’s horn. "Wonderful horns for bigness, and most ctongerous by reason of their sharp and branching Knags .” — P. Holland: Plutarch, p. 1,039. 4. The rough or rugged top of a hill or rock. {□lagged, a. [Eng. knag ; -ed.] Having knags, knots, or protuberances. “The great horns of beetles, such especially as be knagged as it were with small teeth." — P. Holland: Plinie, bk. xiii., ch. xv. kn&g^-gl-ness, s. [Eng. knaggy ; -ness.] The quality or state of being knaggy. knag'-gy, a. [Eng. knag; -y.] 1. Lit. : Full of knags or knots ; rough with knots ; knotty'. 2. Fig. : Rough in temper. * knakke, s. [Knack, s.] knap, * knappe, s. [A variant of knob (q.v.) ; Icel. knappr; Dan. knap; Wei. cnap.] 1. A protuberance, a knob, a swelling. 2. A hillock ; a rising ground ; a summit. “ You shall see many fine seats set upon a knap of ground. ” — Bacon. * knap-knob, s. A swelling lump. •knap, v.t. & i. [Dut. knappen = to crack, to crush ; cog. with Dan. kneppe = to snap, to crack with the fingers ; knep = a scrap, a crack.] A. Transitive : 1. To break with a noise ; to snap. " He knapped the staff of the dart asunder." — North : Plutarch, p. 306. 2. To strike so as to make a sharp, cracking noise. “ Take a vessel of water, and knap a pair of tongs •ome depth witbin the water, and you shall hear the ■ound of the tongs welL"— Bacon : Nat. Hist., § 133. B. Intransitive: 1. To make a sharp, cracking noise. “ The people'standing by beard it knap in-" — Wise- man : Surgery, bk. vii., ch. v. 2. To snap, to bite. “ These . . . were always knapping and kicking at inoh examples and sentences as they felt sharp.”— Btrype : Memorials ; Henry VIII. (an. 1535). bn&p'- bot-tle, s. [Eng. knap, and Eng. bottle.] Bot. : One of the names of the Bladder- Campion ( Silent inflata). •knappe, s. [Nap.] knap -pi-a, s. [Named after Mr. Knapp, author of a work on British grasses. ] Bot. : A genus of grasses, tribe Phalaridefe. The old Knappia agrostidea is called by Sir Joseph Hooker Chamagroslis minima. It flowers in March and April, and is found in wet sands, especially near the sea, in Anglesea and Jersey. Formerly abundant in Essex. knap' -ping, pr. par. or a. [Knap, i>.] knapping-hammer, s. A hammer for breaking stones. ** Ye’d better taen up spade and shools. Or knappin-harnmcrs." Burns : Epistle to J. Lapraik. * knap'-pish/knap-pische, a. [Eng. knap , v. ; -isA.] Snappish, cross, surly. “ He rejected the duke’s request with many spitefull and knappische w ordes."— Grafton : Richard III. (an. 2). * knap-ple, v.i. [Eng. knap, v. ; freq. suff. -le.] To break olf with a sharp, cracking noise. * knap'-pjr, a. [Eng knap, s. ; -y.] Full of knaps or knobs ; knobby. knap ’-sack, s. [Dan. knapzak = a provision- bag, a knapsack : knap = eating ; knappen = to eat, and zak= a sack, a bag.] A soldier’s or tourist’s case or wrapper for clothes, &c., to be carried on the back during a march ; a tourist’s or traveller’s satchel. " And each one fills his knapsack or his scrip With some rare thing that on the field is found." Drayton : Barons’ Wars, i. kniip -wced, s. [Eng. knap, and weed.] Bot. ; The genus .Centaurea (q.v.). The Brown-rayed Knapweed is Centaurea Jacea, a SMALL KNAPWEED. doubtful native of Britain. The Black Dis- coid Knapweed is C. nigra, and the Greater Knapweed C. Scabiosa. knar, t knaur, * knare, s. [0. Dut. knorre ; Ger. knorren = a gnar, a knot in a tree.] 1. Ord. Lang. : A knot in a tree or in wood. " Or woods with knots and knares deformed and old. Headless the most, and hideous to behold." Dryden. (Todd.) 2. Bot. ( Chiefly of the form knaur) : A knot or tumour varying in size from that of a pea to that of a cocoanut, on the stem or root of the hawthorn and some other trees. They may be used for propagation. [Exostosis.] knark, s. [Etym. doubtful; probably con- nected with knar (q.v.).") A hard-hearted, surly person. (Slang.) * knarl, s. [A. dimin. from knar (q.v.).] A knot in a tree. knarled, a. [Eng. knarl ; -ed.] Knotted : as, a knarled oak. * knarred, a. [Eng. knar; -ed.] Knarled, knotty. “ The knarred and crooked cedar knees." Longfellow : Building of the Ship. *knar'-ry, a. [Eng. knar; -y.] Knarled, knotty. knaufif'-ite, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Min. ; The same as Bolborthite (q.v.). knaur, s. [Knar.] knau'-ti-a (t as sh), s. [Named after Chris- topher Kriaut, a Saxon physician and botanist at Halle, who died in 16i)4. (Paxton, &c.)] Bot. : Formerly an independent genus of Composites, but now reduced to a sub-genus of Scabiosa. The receptacle is hemispheric, covered with hairs, the involucre four-fur- rowed ; the calyx teeth of 8-16 deciduous bristles. Scabiosa (K nautia) arvensis is a hairy plant two to five feet high, with lilac or blue flowers ; wild in Britain, Northern Europe, Siberia, and North Africa. Here it flowers from July to September. knave, s. [A.S. cnafa = a boy ; cogn. with Dut. knaap= a lad, a servant ; Icel. knapi = a servant-boy ; Sw. kndfuel = a rogue ; Ger. knabe = a boy.] L Ordinary Language : 1. Originally a boy. “ If it is a knave child, sle ye him ; if it is a womraan* kepe ye.’’— Wydiffe : Exod. u 16. * 2. A servant. “ And bit his knave knele, that shall his coppe holder He loketh alle louring." Piers Plowman, p. 83. 3. A false, deceitful, tricky fellow ; a dis- honest person ; a trickster. " Of these a large proportion were knaves and libel* tines." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. iii. IL Cards : One of the court-cards, having on it a picture of a soldier or a servant ; a jack, knave-bairn, s. A male child. “ Ye’ll no hinder her gieing them a present o’ a bonny knave-bairn.”— Scott : Antiquary, ch. xxiv. * knave, v.t. [Knave.] To make a knave of. “To ensnare the squire and knave themselves.”— Gentleman Instructed, p. 477. knav'-er-y, s. [Eng. knave; -ry.] 1. Dishonesty, trickery ; the actions or practices of a knave ; petty villainy. “Why do they run away? this is a kmivery of them, to make me afeard." — Shakesp. : Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 1. 2. Mischief ; mischievous tricks or practices. " We’ll revel it as bravely as the best, With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knavery." Shakesp. : Taming of Shrew, iv. 3. knave-ship, s. [Eng. knave; -ship.] Mill- dues paid to the knave or servant at a mill by those who were bound to have their grain ground there only. (Scotch.) “ Lock, gowpen, and knaveship, and all the various exactions now commuted for money.”— Scott : Heart of Midlothian, ch. vii. * knav'-ess, s. [Eng. knav(e ) ; -ess.] A female knave ; a knavish woman. (Carlyle.) knav'-ish, a. [Eng. knav(e) ; -ish.] 1. Acting like a knave ; dishonest, fraudu- lent. 1 ’ There were many knavish politicians in the south.* —Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xiiL 2. Characterized by knavery ; dishonest. “ For man to man, or even to woman paid Praise is the medium of a knavish trade.’’ Cowper : To an afflicted Protestant Lady . 3. Mischievous, waggish, roguish. “ Cupid is a knavish lad. Thus to make poor females mad." Shakesp. : Midsummer Night's Dream, ill. 2, knav-ish-ly, adv. [Eng. knavish; -ly.] 1. In a knavish manner ; dishonestly. "One of those slaves whom they call Eiotes. had behaved himselfe somewhat too insolently and knav- ishly against him.”— P. Holland : Plutarch, p. 348. 2. Mischievously, roguishly. knav'-ish-ness, s. [Eng. knavish ; -ness.] The quality or state of being knavish; knavery, dishonesty. * knaw, v.t. [Gnaw.] To knaw, to bite. “ Frowning and frotlngand knawing on his lippe*.' —Sir T. More : W orkes, p. 54. knaw'-el, s. [Ger. knauel, kn&uel = clue, a ball of* thread ; Dut. knawel ; Dan. knavel ; Sw. knafvel ; Fr. gnavelle.] Bot. : The genus Scleranthus (q.v.). Two are British, the Annual and Perennial Knawel. Both are small plants with inconspicuous greenish flowers in axillary leafy clusters. The first is frequent ; the second found only ia Radnor and on the borders of Norfolk and Suffolk. They may not be quite distinct. knead, * lrnede, v.t. [A.S. cnedan, gecnedan ; cogn. with Dut. kneden ; Icel. knodha ; Sw. kimda; Ger. kneten; O. H. Ger. chnetan ; Russ, gnetate, gnesti.] 1. To work up with the hands into a mass, as the materials of bread, cake, &c. ; to work and press with the hands or feet ; to work or incorporate into dough. “ Smith, cobbler, Joiner, he that plies the shears. And he that kficads the dough ; all loud alike. Ail learned and all drunk 1 " Cowper : Task, lv. 477. * 2. To beat, to pound into a jelly, knea'-da-ble, a. Capable of being kneaded. knead' -er, s. [Eng. knead; -er.l Oue who kneads dough. knead ing, *kned yng, pr. par., «„ fe *. [Knead.] A. (: B. As pr. par. & partidp. ad,l, : (8e* tlie verb). C. As subst. : The act of working up or in- corporating into a mass, as dough. bSll, boy ; poilt, j(5wl ; cat, 5 eU, chorus, (jhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, e^cist. -mg, -clan, -tian = shan. -tlon, -sion = shun ; -tioa, -sion ■= zhun, -clous, -tious, -sioua = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — bpl, 2812 kneadingly— knell kneading-trough, *knedyng- trowil, s. A trough or tray in which dough is worked up. “ A knedyng-trowh, or elles a kemelyn, For ecb of us." Chaucer : C. T., 8,648. * knead -lhg-ly, adv. [Eng .kneading ; -ly.] Like one who kneads. “ Who loosed it with her hands, pressed kneadingly." Leigh Bunt : Foliage, p. 30. kneb'-el-ite, s. [Named by Dobereiner after Major von Knebel ; suff. -ite ( Min .).] Min. : A crystalline massive mineral, colour gTa.vish-black to black, also gray and spotted with various tints ; opaque ; fracture sub- con choidal. Compos. : a silicate of the prot- oxides of iron and manganese, the formula being QFe04-^Mn0) 4 Si0 2 . Occurs in large masses at Dannemara, Sweden. knock, s. [Etym. doubtful; cf. knag ; or possibly from kink , by metathesis.] Na,ut. : A twist in a rope or cable. *knedde, pret. of v. [Knead.] ± * kncde, v.t. [Knead.] knee, *kne, * cneo, s. [A.S. cne6,cne6w — a knee; cogn. with Dut. Jcnie ; Icel. kni ; Dan. knee; Sw. lend; Ger. knit; O. H. Ger. chniu ; Goth, kniu ; Lat. genu ; Gr. yow ( gonu ); Sansc. jdnu. The root is unknown.] I. Ordinary Language : I . Lit. : In the same sense as II. 1 . " The queen that bore thee, Oftener upon her knees than on her feet, Died every day she lived.” Shakesp. : Macbeth, iv. 8. *2. Figuratively: (1) A genuflection ; a bending of the knee in Xespect. “ Your knee, sirrah l”— Shakesp. : Coriolanus, v. 8. (2) A courtesy. 44 Came in with cap and knee. ,> Shakesp. : 1 Henry IY., iv. 8. * (3) A crag, a rock, a prominence. “ Did hang upon the ragged rockie knees." Spenser: F. Q., I. ix. 34. II. Technically : 1. Anat. : The articulation uniting the thigh and the leg bones. [Knee-joint.] 2. Architecture : (1) A part of the back of a handrailing of a convex form ; that of a concave form is a Tamp. (2) A term sometimes used for the return of the drip-stone at the spring of an arch. 3. Carpentry : (1) A piece of wood having a natural bend, or sawed to shape, and fltting into an angle as !a brace and strut. (2) An elbow piece which connects parts in which the side plates are let into the pieces of timber and bolted thereto. The flanges lap around the edges. (3) A piece framed into or connecting the bench and runner of a sled or sleigh. It is usually mortised into the respective parts. (4) An elbow or toggle-joint. 4. Shipbuilding : A compass timber ; a naturally-grown bent piece used to secure parts together, acting as a brace and tie. The back or outside bent portion is fayed to the parts to be united. The exterior angle of a knee is the breech ; the interior angle is the elbow or throat. The square knee has a right angle ; the knee without a square has an ob- tuse angle ; the knee within a square has an acute angle. The knee derives its specific name from its position, or the parts to which It is accessory. * ^[ To sit on one's knees : To kneel. knee-breeches, s. pi. Breeches which reach only down to the knees. knee-brush, s. Zool. {chiefly pi.) : Tufts or brushes on the knees of some antelopes. knee cap, s. 1. Anat.: A sesamoid, heart-shaped bone in front of the knee, attached to four muscles, with the broad part upwards, and the apex downwards. It articulates with the two con- dyles of the femur. 2. Harness : A padded or leather cap, secured by stiaps over the knees of racing, hunting, and other valuable horses when at exercise, to protect the part against abrasion in case of an accidental fall. It is made of fabric, lea- ther, caoutchouc, gutta-percha, compressed cork in a double pad, &c. knee-cords, s. pi. Corded knee-breeches. * knee-crooking, a. Bending or bow- ing the knee ; obsequious, cringing. “ Mauy a duteous and knee-crooking knave." Shakesp. : Othello, i. 1. knee-deep, a. & adv. A. As adj. : Rising to the height of the knees ; knee-high. "The absence of the okl knee-deep stubbles which the old sickle used to leave." — Pall Mall Gazette, Sept. 1, 1884. B. As adv. : Sunk to the knees, or to the height of the knees. 44 Where knee-deep the trees were standing." Longfellow : Song of Hiawatha, xvii. knee-high, a. Rising to the knees, or to the height of the knees. knee-joint, s. 1. Anat. : A ginglymoid articulation of large size, formed by the femur, patella, and the tibia and fibula. It is provided with thirteen distinct ligaments, the first five aro •-external to the articulation, the next five internal, and theotherthree mere folds of synovial mem- brane. There are two fibro- cartilages and a synovial membrane, and in connec- tion with the jiatella are two mucous bursae. The action of the knee-joint is one of the strongest in the body, and is perfect in respect of flexion and ex- tension, and when the knee is semiflexed a very small amount of rotation isjobtainable. The ligaments are, the anterior, posterior, internal lateral, two external lateral, anterior or external crucial, posterior or in- ternal crucial, transverse, two coronary, liga- menturn mucosum, and ligamenta alaria (false), two semilunar fibro-cartilages, and the syno- vial membrane. 2. Mach. : A joint consisting of two pieces articulated endwise to each other, like the human knee ; a toggle-joint. Knee-joint press : A press in which power is applied by means of a double knee-joint arti- culated at the top to the upright framework, and at the bottom to a cross-head, from which proceeds the shaft which applies the force, and which works through a guide. At the junction of the branches the articulations are made with masses of metal forming screw- nuts, through which passes a horizontal screw, right-handed for one half its length, and left-handed for the other half. This screw is operated at first by means of a set of crank-handles at one end of it ; and when the resistance becomes very great, by means of a counterpoised ratchet lever, which works in the middle of the frame. The force applied in this way is very great, since the operator can act on the lever with his whole weight. knee-jointed, a. Bot. : Bent abruptly like a knee ; genicu- lated, as the stems of many grasses. knee piece, s. Arch. : A knee-rafter (q.v.). knee pine, s. Bot. : Finns pumilio nana. knee-rafter, s. Arch. : A rafter the lower end or foot of which is crooked or turned down so as to rest firmly on the walls. knee-stop, s. Music: A mechanical contrivance on har- moniums, by which certain shutters are made to open gradually when the knees are pressed against levers eonveniently placed for the purpose. A crescendo and diminuendo arfi thus produced. knee-string, s. Anat. : A ligament or tendon of the knee. (Addison, in Annandale.) knee-swell, s. Music : An arrangement in an harmonium or organ by which a greater or less amount of wind may he turned on to the reeds or pipes to vary the loudness of the tone. knee-timber, s. 1. Timber of a bent or angular sha^e, suited for ship-building. 2. The knee of a ship. 44 Her strong knee-timbers, and the mast that bears The loftiest of her pendants." Wordsworth : Excursion, bk. vli. * knee-tribute, s. Worship or reverence shown by kneeling or genuflection. 44 Coming to receive from us Knee-tribute yet unpaid, prostration vile ! 44 Milton : P. L., v. 782L * knee, v.t. [Knee, s.] 1. To pass over on the knees. 44 A mile before his tent fall down, and kne« The way into his mercy.” Shakesp. : Coriolanus, v. 1. 2. To kneel to. 44 1 could as well he brought To knee his throne, and squire-like pension beg. 4 * Shakesp. : Lear, in 4. kneed, a. [Eng. kne(e ); -ed.] * 1. Ord. Lang. : Having knees ; only in composition : as, -weak-kneed , knock -kneed, &c. 2. Bot. : The same as Knee-jointed (q.v.). knee -hol-ly, knee -holm (or l silent), & [Eng. knee t and holly, holm.] Bot. : Ruscus aculeatus. knee-holm ( l silent), s. [Knee-holly.] kneel, 4 kncle, 4 knelen, v.i. [Eng. knee , s. ; suff. -l; Dan. kncele; Dut. knielen .] To bend the knees ; to fall on the knees. 44 When thou dost ask me blessing, I'll kneel down. And ask of thee forgiveness : so we 'll live." Shakesp. : Lear, v. & kneel- er, s. [Eng. kneel; -er. ] I. Ordinary Language : 1. One who kneels ; one who worships by kneeling. 2. A stool or cushion for kneeling on. “ His parishioners presented him with . . . sanctuary carpets and kneelers for the Ladye CliapeL" — Somerset cheats They're catched in knotted law-like nets." Uutler : Uudibras, ii. 2. II. Technically: 1. Hot. : Cylindrical, with an uneven sur- face ; torulose. Nearly the same as monili. form (q.v.). Example, the pod of Chelidouium. t 2. Geol. (Of rocks): Having small detached points, composed of mica, &c., projecting from the surface, they having resisted the weathei better than the other components of the rock. (Perceval.) knotted-marjoram, s. Lot. : Origanum Majorana, a culinary aro- matic. knotted-pillar, s. Arch. : A pillar so called from its being carved in such a manner that a thick knotted rope appears to form part of it. It occws in the Romanesque style. * knotte-less, a. [Knotless.) knot -ter, s. [Eng. knot; -er.) Paper-making : A sieve which detains knots in the pulp, so that they do not pass to the moving wire-plane on which the paper is formed. knot-ti-ness, s. [Eng. knotty ; -ness.] 1. Lit. : The quality or state of being knotty or full of knots. ‘‘By his oaken club is signified reason ruling the appetite ; the lcnottiness thereof, the difficulty they have that seek after virtue."— Peach am : On Drawing. * 2. Fig. : Difficulty, intricacy, perplexity, complication. knot'-tmg, pr. par., a., & s. [Knot, ».] A. & B. As pr. par. £ particip. adj. : (Sea the verb). C. As substantive: I. Ord. Lang. : The act of making knots in or of tying with a knot. II. Technically: 1. Paint.: A process preliminary to paint- ing, consisting of painting over .he knots of wood with red-lead, and the stopping of nail- holes, cracks, and faults with white-lead. A silver leaf is sometimes laid over the knots in superior work. 2. Cloth-malcing: Removing weft-knots and others from cloth by means of tweezers. knot'-ty, * knot-tie, a. [Eng. knot ; -?/.] 1. Lit. : Full of knots ; knotted ; having many knots. “The Cynic raised his knotty staff, and threatened to strike him if he did not depart .”— Lewes : History of Philosophy, i. 183. IL Figuratively: * 1. Rugged, hard, rough. “ When heroes knock their knotty heads together.* Rowe: Ambitious Stepmother. 2. Intricate ; difficult of solution ; involved, perplexing. " Who tries Messala’s eloquence in vain. Nor can a knotty point of law explain.” Francis: Horace ; Art qf Poetry^ kmot'-wdrt, s. [Eng. knot (1), and wort.] Lotaivy : 1. Sing. : Polygonum avi- culare. [Knotgrass.] 2. PI. : Lindley’s name for the order Illeeebraceae(q.v.). knout, s. [Russ, knute = a whip, a scourge.] An instru- ment of punishment used in Russia. It consists of a handle about two feet long, to which is fastened a flat leather thong abouttwice the length of the handle, termi- nating with a large copper or brass ring ; to this ring is affixed a strip of hide about two inches broad at the ring, knout. and terminating at the end of two feet, in a point. This is soaked in milk and dried in the sun to make it harder, and should it fall, iu striking the culprit, on the edge, it would cut like a penknife. The f&tc, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot, or, wore, wqlf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, fuU ; try, Syrian, se, ce = e ; ey = a. qu = kw. knout— knuckle 2817 eulprit is bound erect to two stakes to receive the specified number of lashes, and the tail of the knout is changed at every sixth stroke. knout, v.t. [Knout, s.] To punish or flog with the knout or whip. know, * knowe (pa. t. knew, * kneu, pa. par. known, * knowen), v.t. & i. [A.S. cndwan (pa. t. cneow , pa. par. cnawen) ; cogn. with Icel. kna = to know how, to be able ; O. Sax. knegan, in the compound bi-knegan = to ob- tain, to know how to get ; O. H. Ger. chndan, in the compound bi-chnian ; Russ, znati = to know ; Lat. nosco ; Gr. 717 vwo-kw ( gignosko) ; Sansc. jna = to know. From the same root as Can, Ken, Keen, Noble, Kin, Genus, &c. Ger. konnen = to be able ; kennen = to know.] A. Transitive: 1. To perceive with certainty ; to have a clear and certain perception of : to understand clearly ; t-o have a distinct and certain know- ledge of or acquaintance with. “ O, that a man migrht know Th* end of this day's business ere it come !" Shakesp. : Julius C cesar, v. L 2. To understand. "Taught thee to know the world, and this great art Of ord ring mau." Daniel : Panegyric to the King's Majesty. 3. To distinguish. "Numeration is nut the adding of one unit more, and giving to the whole a new name, whereby to know it from those before and after. ’ — Locke. 4. To recognise by recollection, memory, or description. “ I should know the man by the Athenian garment.” Shakesp. : Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 5. To be convinced of the truth or reality of ; to be firmly assured concerning ; to have no doubt in the mind regarding * 6. To be acquainted with. "Not to know me argues yourself unknown." Milton : P. L., iv. 830. 7. To be familiar with ; to have experience of. " He hath made him to be sin for us who knew no Bin.’’— 2 Corinth, v. 21. 8 . To understand from learning or study ; to have learnt ; as. The boy knows his lesson. * 9. To have sexual intercourse with. "Adam knew Eve his wife, and she conceived and bare Cain.”— Oenesis iv. 1 . 10. To learn ; to be informed of. "I would know that of your honour. ” Shakesp. : Measure for Measure, it. L B. Intransitive : 1. To have knowledge : to have clear and certain perception. " Can it be sin to know t Can it be death?” Milton : P. L., iv. 617. 2. To be assured ; to be convinced or satis- fied ; to feel assured. " I know that my Redeemer liveth "—Job xix. 25. * 3. To be acquainted ; to be familiar or Intimate. " We have known together in Orleans." Shakesp. : Cymbeline, L 4 U * 1. To know of: (1) To ask, to inquire. " Know of the duke if his last purpose hold." Shakesp. : Lear, v. L (2) To be informed of. " I knew of your purpose." — Shakesp. : Merry Wives Of Windsor, v. 5. * 2. To know for : To know of ; to he ac- quainted with. ( Shakesp . : 2 Henry IV., i. 2.) 3. To know how to : To understand the way to ; to be skilled in the way or process of doing anything. 4. To make known : To show ; to manifest. " I’ll make thee known. Shakesp. : Othello, v. 2. If To know is a general term ; to he ac- quainted with is particular. We may know things or persons in various ways ; we may b now them by name only ; or we may know their internal properties or characters ; or we may simply know their figure ; we may know them by report ; or we may know them by a direct intercourse ; one is acquainted with either a person or a thing, only in a direct manner, and by an immediate intercourse iu one’s own person. know, kndwe, s. [Knoll, s.] A rising ground ; a hillock. " Acre for acre of the laigh crofts for this heathery know / ’ — Scott: Antiquary, ch. iv. know -gt-ble, a. & s. [Eng. know ; -able.] A. As adj. : That may or can be known ; possible to be known, or understood. "All the knowable qualities of matter. Warbur- ton : Bolingbroke's Philosophy. * B. -4 s subst. : That which can be known or understood. " I doubt not but the opinionative resolver, thinks all these easie knowabies, and the theories here ac- counted mysteries, are to him revelations. "—01 an vill : Vanity of Dogmatizing. (Pref.) * know'-a-ble-ness, s. [Eng. knowable; ness. ] Tile quality or state of being knowable ; possibility to he known or understood. know-all, t. One who knows or professes to know all. know'-er, s. [Eng. know; -er.] One who knows. know’-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Know.] A. As pr. par. : (See the verb). B. As adjective : 1. Having clear and distinct knowledge or perception. 2. Intelligent, conscious. " You have heard, and with a knowing ear. That he which hath your noble father slain, Pursued my life." Shakesp. : Hamlet, iv. 7. 3. Skilful, well-instructed, well-informed, experienced. 4. Sharp, cunning : as. He is a knowing fellow. • 5. Expressive of cunning or sharpness : as, a knowing look. 6 . Well-appointed ; fashionable. "Drove about town in very knowing gigs.”— Miss Austen: Sense & Sensibility, ch. xix. * C. As substantive : 1. Knowledge. " In my knowing, Timon has been this lord’s father.” Shakesp. : Timon of Athens, iii. 2. 2. Experience. “Gentlemen of your knowing." Shakesp. : Cymbeline, L 4. kndw'-mg-ly, adv. [Eng. knowing ; -ly.] 1. Iu a knowing manner ; with knowledge ; consciously, intentionally. " Knowingly converse, or hold familiarity with any person suspected of heresy." — Strype : Memorials ; Henry VIII. (an. 1527). * 2. By experience. “ Did you but know the city’s usuries, And felt them knowingly . Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iii. 2. know'-Irig ness, s. [Eng. knowing ; -ness.] The quality or state of being knowing ; the state of having knowledge. ‘‘Such empirical knowingness (not omniscience].'’ — Strauss : Life of Jesus (ed. Evans), ii. 46. * know-leche, v.t. [Knowledge, v.] * know-leche, s. [Knowledge, s.] know!' - edge, know' - ledge, * know - leche, *know-el-iche, knaul - age, * knaul-eche, * knaw-lage, ’ know- lege, s. [Eng. know; sutf. -ledge, -lege — ■leche, for -leke, from Icel. -leikr, -leiki; Sw. -lek, as in kaer leikr = love, a suffix used to form abstract nouns, as -ness in modern Eng- lish. A.S. -lac (= mod. -lock, as in ■wedlock), is cognate to Icel. -leikr.] 1. Certain or clear perception of truth or fact ; indubitable apprehension ; cognizance. “ Knowledge then seems to me to be nothing but the perception of the connexion and agreement, or dis- agreement and repugnancy of any of our ideas.’’— Locke: Human Understanding, bk. iv., ch. L, § 2. t 2. That is or may be known ; a cognition. (Generally in the plural.) 3. Acquaintance with any fact or person ; familiarity, intimacy. “ From mine eyes my knowledge I derive.” Shakesp. : Sonnet 14. * 4. Cognizance, notice. “ Why have I found grace in thine eyes that thou Bhouldest take knowledge of me "l"— Ruth ii. 10. 5. Skill in anything ; dexterity gained by actual experience. “Shipmeu that had a knowledge of the sea." — 1 Kings ix. 27. 6 . Learning, mental accomplishment, eru- dition, science. "Learning is the knowledge of the diffeseut and contested opinions of men in former ages."— Sir \V. Temple: Of Ancient & Modern Learning 7. Information, notice : as, It was brought to liis knowledge. * 8 . Sexual intercourse. If Knowledge is a general term which simply implies the thing known. Science, learning, and erudition are modes of knowledge quali- fied by some collateral idea. Science is a systematic species of knowledge which con- sists of rule and order ; learning is that species of knowledge which one derives from schools, or through the medium of personal instruction ; erudition is scholastic knowledge obtained by profound research. * know! -edge, * knowl-age, * knowl- eche, * knaul-eche, * know-lege, v.t* & i. [Knowledge, s .] A. Trans. : To acknowledge ; to avow., " If thou knoulechist in thi mouth the Lord Jean Crist and bileuist iu thin herte." — Wy cliff e : Ro* maynes, x. B. Intrans. : To acknowledge; to confess* * knowl'-edge-a-ble, a. [Eng. knowledge -able.] 1. Cognizable. 2. Educated, intelligent. ( Prov .) kind wl ton’ - 1 -a, s. [Named after Thomas Knowlton, once Curator of the Botanic Gar- dens at Eltham.] Bot. : A genus of Ranunculacese, sub-tribe Anemoneae. .Sepals five ; petals five to fifteen ; stamens and ovaries many, becoming mime- ous, one-seeded, succulent fruits. The leaves of Knowltonia vesicatoria are used iu Southern Africa as vesicatories. * know' -men, s. pi. [Eng. know, and men% An old name for the Lollards in England. known, pa. par. & a. [Know.] know'-noth ing, ». 1. One who knows or professes to know nothing. 2. A member of an originally secret society, flourishing in this country about 1850-55, and aiming at preventing anyone not a native or a resident of 21 years’ standing from taking part in the government; hence called also the American Party. (Spelled K-.) kndw'nothirigism, s. [Eng. know-nothing ; -ism.] The principles, doctrines, or objects of the Knownothings. know some thing, s. [Eng. know, and something.] A member of a society formed in the United States, in 1855, to oppose the Know- nothings. It soon became extinct. knox'-i-a, s. [Named after Robert Knox, who, in 1781, published a work on Ceylon, having lived in that island many years.] Bot. : A genus of Cinchonaceas, family Sper- maeocidae. It consists of rushy, ornamental plants, with white or pink flowers, growing in India and Ceylon. About five are cultivated in British greenhouses. knt., s. [A contract, for knight, s. (q.v.).] knub, knub'-ble, v.t. [Cf. Dut. knifler.] To beat ; to strike with the knuckle. knuc'-klo (kle as kel), * knok-il, * knok- yl, * knok - ylle," s. [Ger. knochel = a joint ; Dut. knokkel = a knuckle ; O. Fris. knokele, knokle ; Dan. knokkel ; Sw. knoge.) X. Ordinary Language * 1. A joint. 2. The joint of a finger, protuberant when the hand is shut. " He comes to Lane, finds carret shut, Then, not with knuckle, hits with foot." Davenant : Long Vacation in London. 3. The knee-joint. "Jelly also, which they use for a restorative, in chiefly made of knuckles of veal.”— Bacon : Nat. Hist ., 5 45. 4. The joint of a plant. 5. A swelling. “ The swellings or blind piles appearing like bigs or knuckles within tke fuudement, are cured with tive- leafe grasse." — P. Holland ; Plinie, bk. xxvi., ch. viiL II. Technically : 1. Mech. : The joint-pieces forming a hinge through which the pintle passes. 2. Ship-build. : An acute angle on some o £ the timbers. knuckle bones, s. pi. [Dibstone.] * knuckle -deep, adv. Very deeply; considerably. knuckle-duster, s. An instrument or apparatus of iron to protect the knuckles and also to add force to a blow. It is fur- nished with knobs or points to add severity to the stroke. It is chiefly used by garrotters. knuckle-joint, s. A joint in which a projection on each leg or leaf of a machine or boil, boy ; pout, jowl ; cat, 9eU, chorus, clim, bench ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = t . -clan, -tian = shqn. -tion, -sion = shun; -{ion, -sion = zhun. -eious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, Sic. - b$l, d§L 2818 knuckle— kongsbergite Implement is inserted in corresponding re- cesses in the other, the two being connected by a pin or pivot on which they mutually turn. The legs of dividers and the leaves of butt- hinges are examples of the true knuckle-joint. The term, however, is somewhat commonly applied to joints in which the motion is not confined to one place. Such are really uni- versal joints, a form illustrated in the ball and socket and the gimbal . A gmglymus. knuckle-timber, s. Ship-build. : A top timber in the fore body, where a reverse of shape causes an angle on the timber. •knuc kle, v.i. & t. [Knuckle, s .] A. Intrans. : [1 !•]• * B. Trans. : To hit with the knuckles or ! fist ; to pommel. 1. To knuckle down : (1) Lit. : To kneel down, as boys at marbles. (2) Fig. : To submit, to give way, to yield, to acknowledge one’s self beaten. , " We knuckle down under an ounce of Indignation.” — Blackmore : Loma Doone, ch. liv. 2. To knuckle under : [II 1 (2)]. fenuc'-kled (Med as keld), a. [Eng. knuckl(e); -ed.] Having knuckles or joints ; jointed. (Bacon: Nat. Hist., § 656.) • kauff, s. [Gnoff.] A country lout ; a clown. “The country knvffs. Hob, Dick, and Hick.” m „ „ Hayward. knur, knurl, s. [Knar, Gnarr.] 1. Lit. : A knot ; a knar ; a nodule of stone ; a protuberance or swelling on the bark of a tree. ( Woodward : On Fossils.) 2. Fig. : A surly, obstinate fellow. (Bums: Meg o' the Mill.) knurled, a. [Eng. knurl; -ed.) 1. Knotted, gnarled. 2. Milled, as the head of a screw. knurl'-ing, s. [Knurl, s.] A dwarf. • knur'-ly, a. [Eng. knurl; -y.] Full of knurls 1 or knots ; knotted, gnarly. • Jmur'-ry, a. [Eng. knur ; -y.] Full of knurls or knots ; knurly. (Stanyhurst : Conceites.) •Jmyt, v.t. [Knit, r.] ko-a'-la, s. [Native name.] Zool. : The genus Pliascolarctos (q.v.), and specially Pliascolarctos cinereus , the native bear or native sloth of the Australian colonists. St is a tailless, but pouched animal, about two KOALA. feet long, with a stout body and limbs, a small head, moderate-sized ears, well-devel- oped feet, and ash-gray fur. It feeds on the tender shoots of tlie blue gum-trees, which the natives climb to effect its capture. koh, ko'-ba, s. [See def.] Zool. : The native name of several species of the genus Kobus (q.v.). These words are also used as specific names: Antilope kob = Adenota koh, the. .Equitoon, or Gambian Ante- lope, and Ant ilope kobus = Kobus sing sing, i ko'-ba, s. [Kob.] kd'-balt, s. [Cobalt.) kd-ba-6-ba, s. [See def.) The Bechuana name for the long-horned, white rhinoceros. ( G . Cumming : Hunter’s Life in South Africa.) ko'-bell-Ite, s. [Named by Siitterberg after Von Kobell; snff. -ite. (Min.).] Min. : A sulph-antimonite of lead and bis- muth represented by the formula 3Pb S -f (Bi. Sb), S,. Soft; sp. gr., 62a to 6'32; color, blackish lead-gray ; streak black. Occurs at the cobalt mine of Hvena, Sweden. ko'-bd, s. [A Sierra Leone word.] (See com- pound. ) kobo-tree, s. Bot. : Copaifera Guibourtiana, or Guihnurtia copallifera, said to yield a valuable copaL kob'-old, s. [Ger.] Teut Mythol. : A German house-spirit, the same as the English Robin Goodfellow, and the Scotch Brownie. kob'-old-ine, s. [Named by Beudant from O. Ger. kobold = cobalt ; suff. - ite (Min.).] Min. : The same as Linnzeite (q.v.). ko-bres'-I-a, s. [Named after De Kobres, a German patron of botany.] Bot. : A genus of Cyperacese, tribe Elynese (Lindley), or Carieineie (Sir Joseph Hooper). The female flowers have a lateral scale. Known species three ; one, Kobresia caricina, a sedge- like plant, four to nine inches high, with wiry, recurved leaves, being found on upland moors iu Yorkshire, Durham, and Perthshire. ko'-bus, s. [Mod. Lat., from kob (q.v.).] Zool. : A genus of Cervicapridae (Brooke), with six species from the grassy plains and marshes of tropical Africa. Horns elongate, sub-lyrate; muzzle cervine; no tear-bag or inguinal pores ; hair rough, that on neck longer, divergent, and drooping ; tail rather elongate, depressed, hairy on sides and below; females hornless, with four teats. koch'-el-ite, s. [Named after the locality, Kochel(-wiesen), Silesia ; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min. : A mineral occurring in columnar in- crustations with traces of crystals, on ilmenite and fergusonite. Color, brownish isabella- yellow ; translucent ; lustre greasy. Said to be a silico-columbate of yttria, zirconia, iron, &c. ko'-dak, s. A photographic camera in which the exposures, instead of being made on separ- ate pieces of sensitive material like glass plates, as in other cameras, are made on a strip of transparent film, which is wound from one roller to another by means of a key. (Eastman Kodak Company’s Catalogue.) ko'-dak, v.t. To photograph with a kodak. koel'-bmg-ite, s. [Named by Breithaupt after Koelbing, of Hermhut ; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min. : A dark-green mineral occurring in groups of diverging crystals associated with eudialyte, asgyrite, &e., at Kangerdluarsuk, West Greenland. Formerly regarded as Arf- vedsonite (q.v.)., hut separated from the Amphibole group by Breithaupt. It consists principally of silicate of protoxide of iron and lime ; streak, pistachio -green. Probably a variety of Epidote (q.v.). kce-ler'-I-a, s. [Named after G. L. Koeler, Professor o’f Natural History at Mayence and a writer on grasses.] Bot. : A cosmopolitan genus of grasses, tribe Festueese. The panicle is contracted, spike- like, the spikelets compressed. Known species eight. One, Kceleria cristata, is British. It has a silvery panicle, interrupted below, is one to three feet high, and is found on bank* and in pastures. keen -ig-iae, Isoen' ig ite, s. [Named by Levy after C. Kcenig ; suff -ine, -ite (Min.).] Min. : A variety of Brochantite (q.v.), from Gumeschevsk, Perm, Russia. kcen’-Ig-ite, s. [Kcenioine.] kcen'-iem-ite, s. [Kcenlite.] kcsn'-llte, koen -lem-ite, s. [Named by Scliroetter after Koenlein, of Uznach.] Min. : A native hydrocarbon, containing 92'429 of carbon and 7'571 per cent of hydro- gen. Amorphous, soft; color, reddish-brown to yellow. more soluble in ether than in alcohol, the former yielding wax-like folia. First found at Uznach, Switzerland, associated with lignite (q. v.). kcet -tlg-lto, s. [Named by Dana after Otto Koettig ; suff. -ite (Min).] Min. : According to Naumann, monoclinic In crystallization and isomorphous with ery- thrine (q.v.). Groth makes it Isomorphous with vivianite (q.v.). Occurs massive, or as crystalline crusts with fibrous structure. Color, carmine-red and peach-blossom red. Compos. : a hydrated arsenate of zinc, cobals, and nickel, represented by the formula : — (ZnO,CoO,NiO)‘, ASO 5 -f- 3HO. Found asso- ciated with smaltite (q.v 1 at the Daniel Min^ Schneeherg, Saxony. keif, s. [Dut.] Naut. : A two-mn.sted Dutch fishing-vessel, carrying a sprit-sail on eacl: mast. kd-gi-a, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Zool. : A genus of Cetaceans, family Physe- teridse (Sperm Whales or Cachalots). Kogia breviceps, and K. (Euphysetes) Grayii, perhaps only the same species, are small porpoise- like whales, from six to ten feet long, but akin to tlie great Sperm Whale. They have been found off the Cape of Good Hope, on the East Indian coasts, and in the Australian seas. koh-I-moor', * kohinur', «. [Pers.= Mountain of Light] One of the largest dia- monds now in existence. Possessed by Great Britain. [See Diamond.] kdkl, s. [Ger. kohl = kale.] (See the com- pound.) koM-rabi, s. Bot. : Brassica oleracea caulorapa, the Tur- nip-stemmed Cabbage, a variety of cabbage, having a turnip-like protuberance on the stem just above the ground, which is the most edible part of the plant. ko'-hol, s. [Alcohol.] A pomade with which Persian women blacken tlie inside of their eyelids. Ko'-kab, 5 . [Heb. (kokhab) m-a. star.] Astron. : p Ursce Minoris. ko-ka'-ko, s. [Maori.] Ornith. : Glaucopis cinerea, a kind of crow found in New Zealand. kok'-am, s. [Mahratta (?).] An oil expressed from Garcinia purpurea on the west coast of India. It is used as an emollient. kok'-kol-ite, s. [Coccolite.] ko-koo'-na, s. [Cinghalese.] A genus of Celastracese. Kolmona zeylanica is a tree with a pale-colored bark, found in the West Indies and in Ceylou. Thwaites says that an oil is expressed from its seeds, which is used for burning in lamps, &c. The yellow, corky bark, mixed with gliee, is used in the prepar- ation of a snuff intended to produce a dis- charge of mucus from the nostrils and relieve headache. (Prof. Watt, & c.) kok'-schar-off-ite, s. [Named by N. Nor- denskiold, after tlie Russian mineralogist, Kokscharow ; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min. : A mineral resembling tremolite in appearance, and also belonging to the group of Amphiboles. It is characterized by the presence of a large amount of alumina, part of which is regarded as basic. It approaches in composition the variety called Edenite (q.v.). Found associated with lapis-lazuli, near the Lake Baikal, Asiatic Russia. ko'-la, s. [Cola.] kol'-lo-pkane, s. [Gr. KoWa (kollo.) = glue, and 3 + 3HO is as- signed. One of several similar substances which Dana includes under Palagonite (q.v.). kor'-ko-let, cor'-co-let, kor’-klr, kor- kie, kor -ker, cork, s. [Gael, corcuir = red, purple, a red dye.] Bot. : One of the names given in the Scotch Highlands to Lecanora tartarea, a lichen used in dyeing. kor'-jf-bant, s. [Corybant.] kor'-y-mt, s. [Cokynite.] kos, s. [Heb. DiS (fcos) = a cup (?).] A Jewish measure of capacity, of about four cubic inches. ko’-Sine, s. [Abyssinian ko(u)ss(so) ;-ine.] Chem. : CsiH^Okj. The active principle of the Kousso plant. It crystallizes in yellow needles ; insoluble in water, but very soluble in ether, chloroform, benzol, or boiling alcohol. It melts at 142°; when heated to 150°, with acetia anhydride, or hexacetate, C-uHa^CgHaO^Oio, is obtained, which melts at 135°. kos'-mos, s. [Cosmos.] kos'-sd, s . [Kousso.] kos'-ter, s. (Etym. doubtful.] Ichthy. : A species of sturgeon, ko-tow', v . & s . [Kowtow.] kot-SQhu'-be-Ite, s. [Named after P. A. von Kotsehubey, by Kokscharow ; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min . : A monoclinic, micaceous mineral, of a reddish- violet colour, belonging to the chlo- rite group, and resembling Kaemmererite, for which it was at first mistaken. Kokscharow determined it to be optically biaxial, and to correspond in most of its characteristics to the Clinochlore of Des Cloizeaux, to which he referred it. Occurs with chromite near Lake Itkul, Perm, Russia, and, like Kamimererite, owes its colour to the presence of chromium. It bears the same relation to the monoclinic species, Clinochlore of Des Cloizeaux, as the Kiemmererite does to the hexagonal species, Pennine. (See these words.) kou'-lan, s. [Pers.] Zool. : The Dziggetai (q.v.). kou'-mlss, s. [Kumiss.] kou'-pho-llte, s. [Gr. Kov(f>os ( koiiphos ) = tender, and \idos (lithos) = stone. Named by l^icot la Peyrouse.] Min. : A variety of Prehnite (q.v.), occurring in excessively thin, brittle laminae, near Bareges, Pyrenees, also at the Col du Bon* liomiue, Mont Blanc. kour'-bash, s. [Turk.] A whip made of a strip of hippopotamus hide, capable of inflict- ing terrible punishment ; often used for the purpose of extorting confessions. “The kourbash and the thumbscrew . . . produced whatever confessions were deemed essential."— Clifford Lloyd, in Times, June 30, 1884. kour'-bash, v.t. [Kourbash, s.] To punish or torture with the kourbash (q.v.). ‘‘The Mudir had kourbashed and tortured them all until they signed a confession dictated by him."— Clifford Lloyd, in Times, J uue 30, 1884. kous-kous, s. [Cous-cous.] kdus'-SO, s. [An Abyssinian word.] Bot. £ Phar. : [Brayera], kd^r-t(5^', kd tdvtr', v.t. & i. [Chinese.] A. Trans. : To perform the kowtow to; to salute by prostration ; to fawn obsequiously upon. (Moore : Fudge Family, left, xi.) B. Intrans. : To perform the kowtow ; to fawn obsequiously. boil, bo^; poiit, jd^rl; cat, fell, chorus, chin, bench; go, gem; thin, tbis; sin, ag; expect, Xenophon, exist. -Ing, -pos (aphros) = foam. Named by Shepard.] Min. : The same as Tyrolite (q.v.). kup-fer-di'-as-pore, s. [Ger. kwpfer = copper, and Gr. Siacrneipos (diaspeird) = to scatter. Named by K\ilin.] Min. : A variety of Pseudomalachite (q.v.), from Hirschberg, which decrepitates violently before the blowpipe, hence the name. kup'-fer-nic-kel, s. [Ger. kupfer = copper, and Eng. nickel.] Min. : The same as Nicollite (q.v.). kup'-fer-schic-fer, s. [Ger. = copper slate. ] Geol. : The name given by Germau geologists to certain beds about the age of the Permian marl slate of England. They occur in Thu- ringia and contain many fossil fishes. Called also in Germany Mergel Scliiefer. kup'-flcr-ite, s. [Named after the Russian physicist Kupffer ; suff. -ite (Min.).'] Min. : A monoclinic mineral with the com- position of Enstatite (q.v.), represented by the formula MgO,SiC> 2 . Occurs in aggregations of prisms, like Actinolite. Hardness, 5‘5 ; sp. gr., 3'08 ; lustre, vitreous ; colour, emerald- green ; translucent in thin fragments. Dana calls it an enstatite-homblende coloured by chrome. Found near Miask, Ilmen Moun- tains, and Sanarka, Urals. kuph-an'-i-liae, s. [Gr. kovos (kouphos) = light, and Eng. aniline.] Chem. : A name applied to an aniline oil ob- tained from crude benzyl. It contains 90 per cent, aniline, and 5 per cent, toluidine, boils at 100° and distils at 110°. kur -bee, s. [Mahratta. ] Bot., £c. ; The stalks and straw of Sorghum vulgare ; used as food for cattle and horses, and found very nourishing. kur-il, s. [Named from the Kurile Islands, [Kurilian.] Omith. : The Black Petrel. Ku-ril'-i-an, a. & s. [From the Kurile Isles; suff. -an.]' A. As adjective : Geol. : Of or belonging to the Kurile Isles, 8 group of about twenty-five islands in the North Pacific, extending from Kamtchatka to Japan. 13, As subst. : A native of the Kurile Isles. ku -ri - c- - log - Ic, cu-ri-d-log'-ic, k$f- ri-6-log’-Ic, ky-rl-o-ldg’-Ic-al, a. [Curiologic.] A term applied by Warburtoa (Div. Leg., bk. ii., § 4) to that kind of hiero- glyphic writing in which the principal circum- stance in the subject stands for the wliole. Thus a battle was depicted by two hands, one bolding a shield and the other a bow ; an in- surrection by an armed man casting arrow's ; a siege, by a scaling ladder, and so on. This was of the utmost simplicity, and conse- quently it was probably the earliest way of turning painting into a hieroglyphic. He con- cludes by saying : “ This is what we shall hereafter distinguish by the name of the curiologic character.” “ As an example of the Jcuriologic, he says they make a circle to represent the sun." — Rawlimon : Herodotus, ii. 002. kur-saal', s. [Ger.= cure-hall.] A publie room or hall for the use of visitors to the Germau watering-places and health resorts. kur'-ti-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. kurt(us ) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] Ichthy. : A family of Acanthopteri, tribe Kurtiformes, having a long anal fin and a rather short dorsal one. It comprises two genera of East Indian fishes. kur-tl-for -me^, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. kurtu* (q.v.); Lat. forma = form, shape, and masc. or fern. pi. ending -es.] Ichthy. : A tribe of Acanthopteri, contain- ing only one family Kurtidm (q.v.). kur'- tus, s. [Gr. mpTos ( kurtos ) = curved, arched, humped.] Ichthy. : The typical genus of the family Kurtidse (q.v.) and the tribe Kurtiformes (q.v.). The type is Kurtus indicus, a splendid fish, the scales of which are like plates of silver ; the iris is golden ; the back with golden spots ; there are four black spots near the dorsal fin, while the pectorals reflect gold and are edged with red ; the other fins yellow, arched with black. ku -si-manse, s. [Native name (?).] Zool. : The Mangue (q.v.). See also Cross- archus. kus'-Sl-er, s. [Turk.] Music : A Turkish musical instrument, hav- ing a hollow body, a skin covering, and five strings. kutgh, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Gold-beating ; The packet of vellum leaves in which gold is placed to be beaten. The package of gold-beater’s skin in which gold- leaf is placed for the second beating is called the shoder. After the second beating, the pieces are cut up and re-arranged in gold- beater’s skin, the package being called a mould. ku-teer'-a, ku - ter'- a, ka-tir'-a, «. [Hind. (?).]" 1. A gum derived from Cochlospermum Gos - sypium. It is used in the north-western pro- vinces of India as a substitute for tragacanth. 2. A similar gum from Sterculia urens. Ku'-ver-a, s. [Sansc.] Hindoo Myth. : The Hindoo god of riohes. He rides on a car drawn by hobgoblins. ky-a-bao'-ca, s . [Kiabocca.] ky'-an ite, s. [Cyanite.] ky -an-Ize, v.t. [Named after Dr. Kyan, the inventor of the process in 1832.] To prevent the decay of wood, cordage, or canvas, by Jtoil, boy; pout, cat, ^ell, chorus, 9bin, bench ; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, [{Cenophon, e^cist. ph = t •elan, -tian = shan. -tion, -eion = shun ; -tion, -§ion = zhun. -clous, -tious, -sious = shus. -bie, -die, &c. = bcl. dijL 2822 kyanol— labefaction saturating it with a solution of corrosive sub- limate in open tanks or under pressure. A wooden tank is put together so that no metal of any kind can come in contact with the so- lution when the tank is charged. The solu- tion consists of corrosive sublimate and water, in the proportion of one pound of corrosive sublimate to ten gallons of water as a maxi- mum strength, and one pound to fifteen gal- lons as a minimum, according to the porosity or absorption of the timber subjected to the process. Oak and fir timber absorb nearly alike, but beech, poplar and elm are more porous. The period required for saturating , timber depends on its thickness ; twenty-four 1 hours are required for each inch in thickness, for boards and small timbers. Uy -an-ol, ky' -an-ole, s. [PSenylamine.] ky-aph'-en-ine, s. [Cyaphenine.] * liyd, v.t. [Kid, v .] To know, “ B\it ah, unjust and worthless Colin Clout, That kydst the hidden kinds of many a weed.” Spenser : Shepheards Calender ; Dee. kyd'-i- a, s. [Named after Colonel Robert Kyd, the first director of the Calcutta botanic garden.] Bot. : A genus of Byttneriacese, tribe Dom- beyese. Kydia calycina is a small tree, with palminerved entire or lobed leaves and diffuse panicles of white or yellowish flowers. It has a campanulate five-lobed calyx, five petals, and monadelphous stamens. The mucilagin- ous bark is used to clarify sugar. It is re- garded as a sudorific, and is given in India in cutaneous diseases. The inner bark yields a i fibre. The wood is employed in the Bast, for i house-building, for ploughs and oars, and for carving. bye, s. pi [Cow.] Cows. “ The father cracks of horses, ploughs, and Tc ye.” Burns : Cotter's Saturday Night. * kyke, * kike, v.t. [Low Ger. kiken ; Dut. kijlcen ; Sw. kika.] To look steadfastly. “ To the roof they kiken, and thei gape.” Chaucer: C. T., 3,841. by ldmg’-I-a, s. [Named after P. Kylling, a Banish botanist, who died in 1696.] Bot. : A genus of Cyperaceae, tribe Cyperese. About fifty are known ; they are chiefly from Brazil, South Africa, and Australia. Kyllingia odorata is said to he powerfully diaphoretic and diuretic. The acrid and aromatic root of K. triceps is used in India in diabetes. 4 _y'-loe, s. [Gael.] A Highland cow or hull. [ “ They are as ignorant as the kyloes ye used to drive to market."— Scott : Bob Boy , ch. xxxiv. fey-mat-me, s. (Gr. Kv/ia ( kurma ) genit. Kiiparos ( kumatos ) = a wave ; suff. -ine.] Min. : An indurated form of Asbestos, its composition indicating a passage from tremo- lite to actinolite (see these words). Found at Kuhnsdorf, Saxony. - kjhn'-nel, s. [Kimnel.] kym- 6 - graph, s. [Gr. Kvpa (kuma) = a wave, and ypdai ( grapho) = to draw.] An in- strument for measuring and graphically re- cording the variations in the pressure of the blood in one of the vessels of a living animal. * kynd, * kynde, a. & s. [Kind, s.) by-nu-ren'-ic, a. [Gr. mW (kuon), genit. kwos’ ( kunos ) = a dog, and Eng. vreuic.] Con- tained in or derived from the urine of a dog. kynurenic-acid, s. Chem. : A weak acid found in the urine of dogs, especially those fed on fat meat. It crystallizes from dilute solutions in slender colourless needles ; insoluble in alcohol and in ether. It dissolves in caustic alkalis, in alkaline carbonates, lime-water, and baryta- water, forming crystalline salts. When heated alone or with lime, a volatile oil, having the odour of benzonitriie, is obtained. By' - ri - e, s. [Gr., voc. of nvpios ( kurios ) = Lord.] Ecclesiol., Ritual, £c . : 1. That portion of the Ordinary of the Mass, which immediately follows the Introit (q.v.) and precedes the Gloria in excelsis ; in a Missa cantata or at high-mass it is sung by the choir ; in the former case the celebrant sits on the epistle-side of the sanctuary, in the latter, supported by the deacon and sub-deacon, ho incenses the altar, while the Kyrie is being sung. [Kyrie-eleison.] 2. The movement itself. Kyrie-eleison, s. Ecclesiol., Ritual, &c. : 1. Roman : Greek words(= Lord, have mercy on us), which, with Cliriste eleison (= Christ, have mercy on us), have been retained by the Latin Church, and are used in the Breviary, the Rituale, the Litanies, and in the Mass. Im- mediately after the Introit, the celebrant and his server say alternately Kyrie-eleison three times, Christe-eleison three times, and once more Kyrie-eleison three times. St. Thomas supposes that the first triplet is addressed to God the Father, the second to God the Son, and the third to God the Holy Ghost. 2. Anglican : The response, “ Lord have mercy upon us, and incline our hearts to keep this law," sung after the recitation of each of the Ten Commandments in the Communion Service. * kyr-i-o-lex'-y, s. [Gr. itvptoAefia (kurio- lexia), from (tvpios ( kurios ) = governing, literal, and is (lexis) = a word, a speech.] The use of literal, as opposed to figurative words or expressions.' kyr-i-o-log'-ic, kyr-i-o-log'-ic-al, a. [Kuriologic.] ky - ros' - ite, s. [Gr. /npuio-is ( kurosts ) = a ratification. Named by Breithaupt.J Min. : A mineral known to the Germans since 1725, under the names of Weisskup- fererz (white copper ore), Weisskupfer (white copper), and Weisserz (white ore). Now ascer- tained to be an impure form of marcasite(q.v.). * kyte, s. [Kite.] * kyth, * kythe, v.t. & <. [A.S. ctfdhan.) A. Trans. : To m&fc® known, to show, to cause to appear. B. Intrans. : To seem, to appear. “Your sporran wad hae been as weel filled as it kythe. to be by the weight."— Scott ; Rob Roy, ch. xxxiv. * kytb, s. [Kith.] Ik L. The twelfth letter of the English alphabet, is generally regarded as a semi-vowel or a liquid. In shape it has been derived from that of the Oriental lamed. L has only one sound in English, as in love y long , like, &c. It is formed by placing the tip of the tongue against that part of the gum which incloses the' upper teeth, aud allowing the breath to escape by the sides of the tongue. L is fre- quently interchanged with r, of which it is considered to be a later modification : thus the Latin lavendula has become in English lav- ender ; the Latin peregrinus (Fr. pderin) has become the English pilgrim; the Latin sino- plum , English sinoper. L has become n, as in postern , Lat. posterula (O. Fr. postcrle, posterns). In some Romance words it has been weakened to u, as in hauberk = O. Fr. halberc, halbert ; auburn = Lat. alburnum. From several words it has disappeared, as from each = A.S. ode; which = A.S. hwylc ; such = A.S. iwylc ; as — = A.S. ealswa (also). On the other hand it has intruded into could = A.S. cuthc , coude; myrtle = Lat. myrtus ; manciple — O. Fr. mancipe , Lat. mancipium ; participle = Lat. participium ; syllable = Lat. sylldba. L is frequently doubled at the end of monosyllables, as fall, ball, bell , &c., but not after diphthongs or digraphs, as foul , foal , &c. In A.S. I, like r, was fre- quently preceded by h, which has since been dropped, as in loaf= A.S. hlaf; lot = hlot, &c. In the final syllable -le of English words the e is silent, and l forms a syllable by itself, as in able , table, &c. In many words the l has now become silent as in walk, talk, half, calf, &c. I. As an inital L is used : For book (Lat. Uber) for Law, or Laws, in D.C.L. = Doctor of Civil Law, LL.D.= Legum Doctor ; in Mathe- matics for logarithm ; in music for left : as L.H. = Left Hand, and in stage directions for Left, or Prompt side. II. As a symbtl L is used : 1. In nuvier . : For 50 ; with a line drawn above it L = 60,000. 2. In Chem . ; For Lithium (q.v.). 3. In Comm. : For a pound or pounds : no L. (usually written &) s. d. = pounds, shil- lings, and pence. la, inter, j. [Prob. A.S. id = lo, or according to some, a corruption of either lo 1 or lord /] An exclamation of surprise, or to call attention ; lo I see ! " In truth, la. go with me ; and I’ll tell you excel, lent news of your husband.’ — Shukevj. : Coriolanut, i. 3. la, s. [Fr.] Music : 1. The solfeggio name for the sixth degre* of the scale. 2. The key-note of the minor scale without a signature. la bdmol, s. [Fr.] The note A flat. la bemol majeur, s. [Fr.] The key f of A flat major. la bdmol mineur, s. [Fr.] The key ol A flat minor. * lab, * labbe, v.t. [Prob. from Mab (q.v.); cf. Dut. tahbefi — to blah, to tell tales.] To tell tales ; to blab, to gossip. " But of hire tongue a tabbing shrewe is she.” Chaucer: C. T., 10,803. * lab, * labbe, s. [Lab, v.] One who tells tales or blahs ; a gossip, a chatterer. " Quod tho this sely man, ‘I am no labbe, Though I it say, I am nought leef to gabhe.”* Chaucer : C. T., 3,609. LSb-a-dists, s.-pl. [For etym. see def.] Church Hist. : A Quietist sect of Dutch Protestants, which took its name from John Labadie, a Jesuit priest, who quitted the Col- lege at Bordeaux in 1639. Charges of intrigue arising out of the confessional were brought against him, and in 1650 he joined the Cal- vinists, but was banished from Montauban in 1660. In 1666 he removed to Middleburg, , where he was shut out from the church liy the Lutherans, and he and his followers were driven from the city by the magistrates. The Labadists then formed a small settlement near Amsterdam, but were obliged to move thence to Erfurt, and afterwards to Altona, where Labadie died Feb. 16, 1674. His teach- ing was in many respects similar to that of the early Quakers, attaching much importance to the “ inward light,” and professing great austerity of manners. (Blunt.) la-bar'-i-a, s. [A Demarara word (?).J (See ’the compound.) labaria plant, s. Bot. : Dracontium polyphylhm, a plant found in Demarara. It is an antispasmodic expec- torant. la-bar'-ri, la-bar '-ra, s. [The Guiana name "of the animal.] Zool. : Elaps lemniscatus, a venomous snake found in South America. It is so coloured as to resemble the’road on which it loves to lie. Mr. Webster says that he has killed specimens eight feet long. (Wood.) lab'-a-rum, s. [Lat., from Gr. Aa/3a pov ( laba. rori)-, a word of doubt- . ful origin.] - - Christ. Art: Thestan- dard of Constantine the 1 _il. ~* Great, adopted by him AK after his conversion to x Christianity. It was marked with his seal, which consisted of a monogram of the first two letters (X P) of the Greek name of Christ, interlaced and crossed. Sometimes the X, in- labara. stead of retaining its *. From a Coin of Oon- ordinary position, is stantine. b. From Mar. placed upright and sur- cfrle.’ ‘ C ' ” *’ mounted by the P. These letters are often accompanied with tbs A and n, and circumscribed with a circle. * labbe, s. [Lab, s.] * labbe, * lab, v.i. [Lab, v.] lab'-da-SLum, s. [Ladanum.) * lab-e-fae'-tion, s. [Lat. labefactio, from labefactus, pa. par. of labefacio= to make weak ; labo = to glide, to fall, and facio = to make, to late, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot* v/ofo. W9lt» work, who, eon; mute, cub. cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, », ce = e ; ey = a. uu- kw. labefy— labor 2823 cause ] The act of causing to become weak, to totter, or fall ; a weakening ; decay, down- fall, ruin. * lab'-e-fy, v.t. [Lat. labefacio = to make weak.] To make weak ; to weaken ; to cause to fall ; to impair. la’-bel (1), * la-bell (1), s. [O. Fr. label ; Fr. lambel, lambeau, properly asmall flap or lappet, from O. H. Ger. lappa, M. H. Ger. lappe, cognate with Eng. lap (q.v.). Cf. WeL llab = a strip, llabel = a label ; Gael, llab = a ahred.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. A small slip or strip of paper, parch- ment, silk, or other material, attached to an object to indicate contents, destination, ownership, or other particulars ; a card or tablet attached to a bottle, jar, drawer, &c., by a chain, or placed in a panel ; a slip of metal secured to an animal to indicate owner- ship, class, merit, &e. ; and these last may be of various forms : (1) A metallic strip bent into a link-shape, the ends being passed through two slits in the ear. On the outside is shown the name of the owner or the number of the animal on the stock-book. (2) A plate secured by rivets to the ear. (3) A button inscribed with the name of the owner and fastened to the ear by means of a locking plate, which enters the tubular Shank of the button. (4) A tag attached to the horns, wool, mane, &c., to indicate ownership, class, prize, merit, &c. •* A written label on their wing." Cowper : Cockfighter’s Garland. * 2. Anything appended to a larger or longer “imting. “On the label of lead, the heads of St. Peter and fit. Paul are impressed from the papal seal."— Ayliffe : J* arergon . * 3. A tassel. * 4. An extreme edge ; a border. •' Standing on the very last label of hia land.” — fuller: Pisgah Sight, IV. L 19. II. Technically : 1. Arch. : A moulding over a doorway or Window. A head-moulding or hood-moulding In the interior ; a drip, drip-stone, or weather- moulding, on the exterior. 2. Her. : A fillet, with pendants or points, used as marks of cadency. A label consisting of a band crossing the shield, with three points depending, marks the coat of an eldest son during the lifetime of his father ; one with five points, that of the heir while the grandfather is alive ; one with seven, that of the heir while the great grandfather is living ; and so on. “ The labell of three points was the different appro- priat and appurtenant for the cognizauce of the next neire ." — nourished : Richard 11. (an. 13901 3. Law: (1) A narrow slip of paper, parchment, or ribbon, attached to a deed or writing to con- tain the appended seal. (2) An addition to a document, as a codicil to a will. " Ere this hand, by thee to Romeo seal d. Shall be the label to another deed." Shakesp. : Romeo & Juliet, lv. L * 4. Old Arm.. : A pendant, like a broad ribbon, hanging from the head-dress or helmet of a knight. , . * 5. Sum : A I i brass rule with sights, formerly used in connec- tion with a cir- cumferentor to take altitudes. label-corbel table, 3. Arch. : A corbel- ■npported head- moulding over a doorway or window. Known also as a drip-stone or head-moulding. jnununL LABEL-CORBEL TABLE. (From St. Julian’s.) la’-bel (2), s. [Laeellum.] la’-bel, v.t. [Label, «.] 1. Lit. : To affix a label to, In indication of ownership, description, contents, quality, Ac. 2. Fig. : To describe ; to set down as. la'-bel-ler, s. [Label, v. 1 One who affixes a label or labels to anything. la-bel'-lum, s. [Lat. = a little lip ; labium, 'labrum = a lip. ] Botamy : 1. The third petal of the corolla in an or- chid flower. It is usually different from the other two in form, is often spurred, and turned towards the lower part of the flower. 2. The lower lip of the corolla in the Labiate or any other bilabiate plant. Called also Label. * la '-bent, a. [Lat. Mens, pr. par. of labor = to glide.] Gliding, sliding, falling, slip- ping. la'-bi-a(l), s. pi. [Lat. norm pL of labium = a lip.] Anatomy : 1 1. The lips. 2. Anything lip-shaped, specially the labia pudendi externa, or majora, and the labia in- terna, or minora; the latter called also nymphse. la'-bl-a (2), s. [Lat. labia = a lip (?).] Entom. : A genus of Forficulid® (Earwigs). Labia minor , the Little Earwig, is found on manure-heaps and hot-beds. la'-bl-al, a. & s. [Low Lat. labialis, from Lat. labium = a lip ; Fr. labial .] A. As adjective : L Ord. Lang. : Of or pertaining to the lips. II, Technically : 1. Anat. : In the same sense as A., I. 'Phere are labial veins and glands, a labial artery, a labial foramen, &c. 2. Phonol. : Formed, articulated, or pro- nounced with the lips : as, a labial consonant. “The Hebrews have assigned which letters are labial, which dental, and which guttural . "—Bacon ; Hat. Hist., § 198. B. As substantive : Phonol. : A letter or character representing a sound formed, articulated, or pronounced with the lips ; such are b, f, p, m. “The labials are represented by two curve figures for the lips.".- Wilkins : Real Character, pt. iii., ch. iv. labial-palpi, s. pi. [Palpi.] la'-bl-al-ly, adv. [Eng. labial; -ly.] By means" of the lips. la-bi-a'-tee, s. pi. [Fem. pi. of Low Lat. labiates = lipped ; labium = a lip.] Bot. : Labiates ; a large order of Perigynous Exogens, alliance Ecbiales. It consists of herbaceous plants or undershrubs, with four- cornered stems, opposite leaves without stip- ules, covered with receptacles of aromatic oil ; flowers in opposite, nearly sessile, axillary, whorl-like cymes, sometimes solitary, or as if capitate ; calyx tubular, persistent, inferior, three, five, or ten-toothed ; corolla mono- petalous, hypogynous, bilabiate, the upper lip undivided or bifid, overlapping the lower one, which is larger and tliree-lobed ; stamens four, didynamous (two long and two short), or only two ; ovary so deeply four-lobed that Linnaeus considered it to consist of four naked seeds ; seeds four, erect ; style one, from the base of the ovary. Akin to the Verbenaceae and the Boraginaceae (q.v.). Distribution wide. They abound especially between 40° and 50° north latitude. They constitute ^ the flora of France, and .4,, that of Germany. No poisonous plant belongs to the order, though there are 120 genera and about 2,500 known species. It is divided into eleven sec- tions : — Ocimea, Menthe*. Monardea, Sature®, Meliese®, Scuteilarie®. Proatanthere®, Nepete®, Stacheaa, and Ajugea;. The order Labiat® is called also Lamiace®. la'-bl-ate, a. & s. [Labiate.] A. As adjective ; Bot. : Having two lips separated from each other by a wide regular oriiice, as in Lamium and other plants of the Mint order. Called also lingent. B. As substantive ; Bot. (Pi.) : The English name given by Lind- ley, &c., to the order Lamiaeese (Labiate). la'-bi-at-ed, a. [ Labiate] The same as Labiate (q.v.). lii-bl-a-tl-flor'-se, s. pi. (Low Lat. labiat(ns) = lipped ; i connective ; and flos (genit. floris) = a flower.] Bot. : A sub-order of Composites, having the hermaphrodite florets, or at least the unisexual ones divided into two lips. Tribes, Mutisiaceae and Nassauviacese (q.v.). lab-i-diir'-a, s. [Gr. A.a/3i's (labis), genit. Aa£i'5os (labidos) — a handle, a pair of forceps, and ovpa (oura) = tail.] Entom. : A genus of Forficulidaa (Earwigs), Labidura gigantea, the Great Earwig, is found in Europe. * lab'-ile, a. [Low Lat. labilis, from Lat). labor = to glide, to fall.] Liable to err or apostatize. “ Sensibility and intelligence, being by their natnra and essence free, must be labile and by tbeir lability may actually lapse, degenerate, and by habit acquire a second nature .” — Cheyne : On Regimen, die. 5. * la-bli'-l-ty, s. [Eng. labile); -ity.\ Lia* bility to eiT or apostatize. [Labile.) la-bim'-c-ter, lab-i-dom'-e-ter, s. [Gr_ Aa(3i's (labis), genit. Aa/3iSos (labidos)— o forceps, and perpov (metron) = a measure.] Surg. : A forceps with a measuring attach- ment for ascertaining the size of the foetal head. la-bl-d-den'-tal, a. Sc s. [Lat. labium = • lip, and Eng. dental (q.v.).] A. As adjective : Plion. : Applied to letters or characters representing a sound formed or articulated by the co-operation of the lips and teeth, such as / and v. B. As substantive : Plion. : A letter or character representing a sound formed or articulated by the co-opera- tion of the lips and teeth. “The dental consonants are very easy : and first the labiodentals, f, v, also the linguadeutals, th, dh.”-~ Holder : Elements. la'-bi-ose, a. [Lat. labiosus = having large lips.] Bot. (Of a corolla): Somewhat two-lipped, but not of the type called labiate. la-bl-pal'-pi, s. pi. [Lat. labium = a lip, and palpi, pi. of palpus — a feeler.) Entom. : The labial palpi or feelers in an insect. [Palpi.] la'-bi-um, s. [Lat. = a lip.] 1. Bot. : The lower lip of a labiate corolla. 2. Entom. : The lower part of the mouth in insects. It is situated below or behind the second pair of jaws or maxillae. 3. Zool. : The corresponding part in Arach- nida, Crustacea, and Myriapoda. lab'-lab, s. [The Arabic name of the Convol- vulus.] Bot. : A genus of papilionaceous plants, sub-tribe Eupliaseoleas, or a sub-genus of Dolichos. The legumes are tubercular or warted. Lablab vulgaris and L. cultivates are cultivated in warm countries. la-bor (1), s. [Mexican.] A Mexican land mea- sure, equal to 177 acres. la'-bor, la'-bour. s. [O. Fr. labour; Fr. labeur, from Lat. laborem, acc. of labor = work, labor.] Ordinary Language : 1. The act of doing, or endeavoring to do, that which involves hard work, toil, or exer- tion of strength, whether physical or mental ; any kind of exertion which involves, or is attended with, fatigue; the exertion of the body or of tile mind in those operations necessary for the obtaining of the means of subsistence, as distinguished from the exer- cise of the body in amusement or recreation ; the performance of work ; toil. “Business is labour, and man’s weakness such, Pleasure is labour too, and tires as much." Cozoper : Hope, 19, 20. * 2. Exercise ; exertion of the strength of the body, either for the purpose of preserving the health or for recreation. “ Moderate labour of the body conduces to the pre- servation of health."— /Zarvey ; On Comumptiop. 3. Work to be done ; that which require* exertion of the body or mind for its perform- ance. “ If you had been the wife of Hercules, Six of hia labours you’d have done." Shakesp. : Coriolanus, lv. I- 4. Travail ; the pains or time of childbirth. boil, bo^ ; poilt, ]. [Eng. lace, and man.] One who deals in lace or laces. “ By mercers, lacemen, mantua-makers pressed. But most for ready cash for play distressed." Jenyns : Modern Fine Lady. * la 9 '-er-a-ble, a. [Lacerate.] That may or can be torn or lacerated. "The lungs . . . must necessarily !lie open to great damages, because 'of their thin and laccrable compo- sure."— Purvey : On Consumption. Ia9'-er-ate, v.t. [Lat. laceratus, pa. par. of lacero = to' tear, to rend ; lacer = mangled, torn, from Gr. Aaxepos (lakeros) = torn ; Aa*cs ( lakis ) = a rent. ] 1. Lit. : To tear, to rend ; to tear to pieces ; to separate by violence. 2. Fig. : To rend, to harrow, to wound. "This second weaning, needless as it is, How does it lacerate both your heart and his. ’ Cowper : Tirocinium, 668. Ia 9 '-er-ate, l&9'-er-at-ed, a. [Lat. lacero. tus, pa. par. of lacero.] [Lacerate.] * I. Ord. Lang. : Rent, torn. II. Technically : 1. Anat. : A term used of five foramina, th. foramen lacerum, anterius and posterius of tha cranium, and the foramina jugulare, medium , and orbitale. 2. Bot. : Appearing torn. Ia 9 '-er-ate-ly, adv. [Eng. lacerate; -ly.) Bot. : Of an apparently lacerated form. lacerately-torn, a. Bot. : Torn or toothed in a coarsely irregu- lar manner. It er a tion, s. [Lat. laceratio ; from lacera- tus, pa. par. of lacero; Fr. laceration; Ital. lacerazione ; Sp. laceracion.] 1. The act of rending or tearing in pieces. " If there he no fear of laceration, pull it out the same way it went in."— Wiseman : Surgery, bk. v., ch. i. 2. Tho breach made by tearing or rending. “ They [nitrous and sulphurous exhalations] force out their way, not onely u ith the breaking of the cloud, but the laceration of the air about it. "—Browne : Vulgar Errours, bk. ii., ch. x. * lac'-er-a-tlve, a. [Eng. lacerate); -ive.] Tearing or lacerating ; having the power or tendency to lacerate. “ Some depend upon the intemperament of the part ulcerated, others upon the continual afflux of lacefa- tive humours." — Harvey : On Consumptions. * la-cert, * la-certe, s. [Lat. lacerta = a lizard.] A fleshy muscle, so called from its having a tail like a lizard. - la-9er'-ta (1), s. [Probably from Lat. lacer- tus = the upper arm.] A fathom. (Doomsday Book.) la-9er’-ta (2) (pi. la-cer -tae), s. [Lat. = e lizard.] 1. Astron. ; The Lizard ; a constellation established by Hevelius. It is surrounded by Andromeda, Cepheus, Cyguus, and Pegasus. 2. Zoology: (1) Sing. : Lizard ; the typical genus of the family Lacertidee, and the order Lacertilia (q.v.). [Lizard.] (2) PI. : In Professor Owen’s classification, the tentli order of the class Reptilia, or Rep- tiles. It includes the lizards, monitors, igua- nas, &c., but excludes the Crocodiles, which are placed under the nintli order, Crocodilia. la^er-tian (t as Bh), a. & s. [Lacerta.] A. As adj. : Of or belonging to the family Lacertidae (q.v.). B. As subst. : A member of the family Lacertidae. la- 9 er'-tl-daa, la-9er-ti'-a-da3, la- 9 er'- ta dae, s. pi. [Lat. lacert(g) = a lizard ; fern, pi", adj. suff. -idee.] Zool. : A family of Lacertilia. The head, which is distinctly separated from the neck, is covered with plates, the body with scales ; the eyes have movable eyelids, and generally a nictitating membrane. Tongue protrusible. The body is long, as is the tail ; the toes gene- rally five, of unequal length and free. Found over the Eastern hemisphere. They are re- presented in the New World by the Ameiyidee. la .9 er-til'-i a, s. pi. [Neut. pi. of Mod. Lat. lacertilis = of or belonging to a lizard, from Lat. lacerta (q.v.).] 1. Zool, : Lizards ; an order of Reptiles. The teeth *-e not lodged in sockets : the limbi may be well developed or reduced to one pair, or altogether absent ; there is always a pee- toral arch. The heart has two auricles and one ventricle. An epidermic and a dermal skeleton are sometimes present. The dorsal vertebra have procoelous or amphicoelous centres ; theirtransverse processes represented by simple tubercles, to which the undivided proximal ends of the ribs are attached. (Hux- ley.) The order is divided into three sections : (1) Fissilinguia, or Leptoglossa, in whicli the tongue is long, protrusible, and forked ; (2) Brevilinguia, or Pachyglossa, in which the tongue is thick, fleshy, and not protrusible ; (3) Vermilinguia in which there is a long worm-like tongue clavate at the end. Hither the feeble pair, by mutual aid. The warrior’s lacerated corpse conveyed." Lewis: Statius; Thcbais, bk. xii. fete, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pit, or, wore, wolf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, aa ce = e ; ey — ft ; qu - lsw. lacertilian— lackadaisically 2827 2. PaUeont. : It has been supposed that certain reptilian remains of Middle Permian age may he Lacertilian, though some have con- sidered them Crocodilian. If not Permian, Lauertilia may have commenced in Triassic times. la 9 -er-tH'-l an, a. & s. [Mod. Lat., &c. lacertil i(a) ; Eng. suff. -an.] A. As adj. : Of or belonging to the order Lacertilia (q.v.). t B. As svbst. : A reptile of the order La- certilia. * la-ijer' tll oid, a, [Lat. lacerta = a lizard, and Gr. cISos ( eidos ) = form, shape.] The same as Lacertine (q.v.). * la cer -tine, a. [Lat. lacert(a) = a lizard ; Eng. adj. suff. -ine.] Like a lizard ; belonging to or resembling the genus or order Lacerta. la^e'-wom-an, s. [Eng. lace, and woman.] A woman who makes or deals in lace. * lache, a. [Fr.] Slow, sluggish, lazy. " And if he be slowe, and astonyed. and lache, men shall holde him lyke to an asse." — Chaucer: Boecius, bk. iv, * iaphe, la^h'-es, s. [Fr. lachesse= remiss- ness ; from Fr. lache = loose, remiss ; from Lat. laxus — loose, slow.] An act of remiss- ness, negligence, or neglect ; neglect to do anything at the due or proper time ; inexcus- able delay. “ It ill became him to take advantage of such a laches with the eagerness of a shrewd attorney . "—Macaulay : Eist. Eng., ch. xxv. TT Laches of entry : Neglect of an heir to enter into possession. lach-e na li a, s. [Named after Wernerus de la Chenal o’f Switzerland, who published some medical and botanical tracts at Basle.] Bot. : A genus of Asphodelese. It consists of pretty though diminutive plants. About thirty-six species have been introduced from the Cape of Good Hope. Examples : Lache - naria pendula , L. luteola , &c. Laehesis, s. [Gr. Aa^eai ( lacked ) = to ap- portion by lot,] 1. Class. Mythol. : One of the three Fates (q.v.). 2. Astron. : [Asteroid, 120], 3. Zoology: 1. A genus of Crotalid®. Rattlesnakes or Pit-vipers. Laehesis mutus, the Bushmast.er of Surinam, Guiana, and Brazil, has the rudi- ments of a rattle. 2. A doubtful sub-genus of molluscs, genus Pleurotoma. s. [Eng. laches ; -ness.] Negli- gence, remissness, neglect. •la-phesse', s. [Fr.] [Lache, a.] Remiss- ness, negligence. u The first point of slouth I call Lachesse, and is the chief of all.*' Gower : C. A., bk. It. I5ch-n5m'-thes, s. [Gr. Adxvi) ( lachne) = woolly hair, down, and avBos ( anthos ) = a * blossom.] Bot. : A genus of Haemadoracese (Blood- roots). The red colour found in the roots of Lachnanthes tinctoria is used in America for dyeing. * lach-ry-ma-ble, * lac' rym-a ble, a. [Fr. lacrymab'le ; from Lat. Incrrimabilis ; from lacrima, lacryma = a tear.] Lamentable, mournfuL lach-rym as, s. pi. [Lat.] Tears. lacrymse Christi, s. A sweet wine of pleasant flavour, white or red, prepared from the grapes of Mount homma, near Vesuvius. ISch -ry m -aa-form, a. [Lat. lacryma = a tear, and forma — shape.] Bat. : The same as Tear-shaped (q.v.). lach -rym al, lac'-rym-al, & *. [Fr., from Lat. lacrima, lacryma. = a tear.] A. As adjective: L Ord. Lang. : Generating tears ; pertaining to tears. “ The tears might be squeezed from the lachrymal glands." — Oheyne : Philosophical Principles, IL Anat. : Of or belonging to the glands for secreting tears. B. As substantive : 1. The same as Lachrymatory (q.v. ). * 2. A tear. " Made her laugh in the luidst of her lacrymals." — Richardson: Sir C. Grandison, vi.817. lachrymal-bone, s. Anat. : Os unguis, the ungual bone, a thin scale of bone placed at the anterior and inner part of the orbit of the eye. lachrymal-duct, s. Anat.: The tear duct. It opens from the lacrhymal gland, or sac, close to the inner por- tion of the eyelids in the conjunctiva, and ex- tends downwards into the nasal duct. Lachrymal-duct dilator : Surg. : A probe, by means of which the nor- mal calibre of the nasal duct is restored in eases of obstruction. lachrymal-glands, s. pi. Anat. : Glands of the eyes for secreting tears. lachrymal-sinus, s. Comp. Anat. ; The suborbital sinus (q.v.). * lach'-rym-a-ry, * lac'-rym-a-ry, a. [Lat.. lacrima, lacryma = a tear.] Pertaining to or containing tears. '* What a variety of shapes in the ancient urns, lamps, lachrymary vessels." — Addison : Italy ; Rome. * lach'-rym-ato, v.i. [Lat. lacrima, lacryma, — a tear.] To weep. {Blount.) * lach-rym-a'-tion, s. [Lat. lacrima, lacry- ma — a tear.] The act of weeping or shedding teal’s. lach’-rym-a-tor-y, s. [Low Lat. lachryma- torium ; from Lat. lacrima, lacryma = a tear ; Fr. lachrymatoire.] A fanciful term applied to small glass vessels, in shape like the ala- bastron, hut with a longer neck, and said to be intended for holding tears consecrated to the dead ; but their real use was to hold per- fumes or ointments. “ No lamps, included liquors, lachrymatories, or tear-bottles, attended these rural urnes, either as sacred unto the Manes, or passionate expressions of their surviving friends.” — Browne : Ume-Burial, ch. iii. * lach-ry men'-tal, a. [Lat. lacrima, lac- ryma = a tear.] Tearful, lugubrious. "In lamentable lachrymental times.” A. Holland. (Davies' Scourge of Folly, p. 81). lach'-ry-mose, a. [Lat. lacrima, lacryma = a tear ; Eng. adj. suff. -ose.] Sad, mournful ; shedding, or appealing to shed tears. lach'-ry-mose-ly, adv. [Eng. lachrymose; -ly.] In a lachrymose manner ; sadly, tear- fully. lad ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Lace, v.] A. & B. As pr. par. & particip. adj. ; (See the verb). C. As substantive : 1. Ordinary Language : 1. A fastening by a cord, thong or whang, which passes through holes prepared in the respective parts of the object to he fastened. The term is applied to fastening up the front opening of some kinds of boots ; also to the fastening together of the pieces which con- stitute a machine belt. 2. A lace or cord intended for fastening. II. Technically: 1. Bookbinding: Securing the hook to the sides by carrying the hands or slips through perforations in the boards. 2. Naut. : The rope used to confine the heads of sails to their gaffs or yards. la-9111' -i-a (pi. la-cm'-i-oe), s. [Lat. = a fringe or lappet of a dress.] 1. Botany: (1) Sing. : A deep taper-pointed slash at a narrow slender portion of the edge of a monophyllous calyx. (2) PI. : Segments of anything. Used espe- cially of the fringes on fringed corollas. 2. Entom. : The terminal joint of one of the maxillae in an insect. la cin'-i-ate, la 9in'-i-at-ed, a. [Lat. la- ~dnia -- a fringe or lappet.) * 1. Ord. Lang. : Adorned with fringes or borders. 2. Bot. : Cut or divided irregularly into very narrow segments. la ^m'-i-form, a. [Lat. lacinia - a fringe or border of a dress, and forma = a form.] Entom. : Fringe-shaped. lamin' -i-6-late, a. [Dimin. of Eng. ladni. ate (q.v.).] Bot. : Consisting of very minute lacunae. la-cm -u-la, s. [A dimin. of Lat. lacinia = a fringe or border.] Bot. : One of the incurved petals of the Umbelliferae. I&9 ls-te'-ma, s. [Gr. Kads ( lakis ) = a rent, a rending,' and arypa (sterna) = a stamen.] Bot. : The typical genus of the oiaer Laci3- temaceae (q.v.). It consists of pepper-like trees from tropical America. Ia9 - is-te-ma - 9e-ae, lac - is-tem e-oe, ~s.pl. [Mod. Lat. lacistemlfl) ; Lat. fern. pL adj. suff. -acece, -eas.] Bot. : Lacisteinads ; an order of Hypogynous Exogens, alliance Violales. It consists of small trees or shrubs with simple alternate stipulate leaves, flowers, which are hermaphro- dite or by abortion unisexual, in axillary cat- kins ; calyx free, in several narrow divisions, covered by a dilated bract ; corolla wanting ; a fleshy disc ; one hypogynous stamen ; ovary one-celled ; ovules attached to two or three parietal placentae ; seed by abortion, usually one to each valve ; genera two ; known species six. They grow in low places in woods, in tropical America. la-9is'-tem-ads, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. lacistemiji) ; Eng. pi. suff. -aSs.] Bot. : Lindley's name for the order Laciste- macea; (q.v.). lack (1), *lakke, *lack en, * lacks, v.t, & i. [Lack (1), s.] A. Transitive : * 1. To find fault with, to blame. " I trowe that if envie I wis Knew the best that is . . . Yet somewhat lacken hem would she. Romaunt of the Rose. 2. To be in need of, to want, to need ; to b© destitute of ; to be deficient in. “ Love with charity and grace celestiall Lasting interminable, laclcing no goodness." Robert of Gloucester, p. 548. (App.) * 3. To be without ; to remaiu without. " I cannot lack thee two hours.” — Shakesp. : As Foie Like It, iv. i. * 4. To feel the want of. “I shall be loved when I am lacked.'* Shakesp. : Coriolanus, Iv. L. B. Intransitive : 1. To be in want. "The young lions do lack and suffer hunger.*— Psalm xxxiv. 10. 2. To be wanting ; to be deficient. " Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty righteous."— Genesis xviii. 28. lack (2), v.t. [Etym. doubtful.] Naut. : To completely penetrate ; to pass clean through. “ We are lacking her through and through every shot." — C. Kingsley : Westward Uo l ch. xx. lack (1), * lac, * lacke, * laik, lal-.e, * lak, *lakke, s. [Put. lak = blemish, stain ; laken — to blame ; Dan. lak — fault, want ; lalclce = to decline away ; Icel. lalcr = defective, lack- ing. Perhaps connected with leak (q.v.).] * 1. Blame, reproach. 2. Want, destitution, failure ; the state of being without or in need of anything. Frugal, where lack, supplies with what redounds. And here bestows what noxious there abounds.” Brooke: Universal Beauty, bk. L * 3, A failure of duty. " If I do that lakke, Do stripen me and put ine in a sakke.” Chaucer : C. T., 10.078L lack-a-day, interj. Alack-a-day ; alaa} an exclamation of sorrow or regret. lack (2), s. [Lac (2).] lack a dais ic al, a. [Eng. lackoMsy; -cal.] Affected, pensive, or sentimental. lack a-dais' ic al ly, adv. [Eng. lacka- daisical; -ly.] In a lackadaisical manner; with affectation. *“I think I am.* reiterated the dead man very lackadaisically."— Lytton : lievereux, bk. ii., ch. iv. boll, bo^; pout, jowl; cat, 9eU, chorus, 9hln, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. -irig. -clan, -tiaa = sham, -tiou, -sion = shun; -tion, -sion = zhun. -tious, -Pious, -cious = shus. -hie, -die, Ac. - bel, del. 2828 lackadaisy— lactary Lack-a-dai§'-y, a. & exclam. [Lack-a-day.] A. As adj. : The same as Lackadaisical ( q.v.). B. As exclam. : The same as Lack-a-day ( q.v.). * lack’ -all, s. [Eng. lack ; -all.] One who Is perfectly destitute. "* lack’ - beard, s. [Eng. lack, and ’beard.] One who is destitute of a beard ; a beardless person. "For my lord lackbeard, he and 1 shall meet.’’— Shahesp. Much Ado About Nothing, v. 1. ' lack' -brain, s. [Eng. lack, and brain.] One who is destitute of sense or brains; a stupid fellow. "What a lackbrain is this? Our plot is as good a plot as ever was laid." — Shakesp. : 1 Henry IV., li. 3. iack -er (1) s. [Eng. lack, v. ; -er.] One who lacks or is in want. “ The lack of one may cause the wrack of all ; Although the lackers were terrestrial gods, Yet will they ruling reel, or reeling fall." Davies : Wit's Pilgrimage. * lack’-er (2), s. [Lacquer, s.] * lack'-er, v.t. [Lacquer, c.] lac'-key, lac-quey (qu as k), s. [O. Fr. laquay ; Fr. laquais, from an O. Fr. alarny, from Sp. lacayo = a lackey ; Port, lacaio = a lackey ; lacaia = a woman-servant in dramatic performances, from Arab, luka = (as o.) worth- less, (as s.) a slave.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. Lit. : An attending servant, a footman, a menial attendant. " He broke a cane on the shoulders of a lacquey, and S ursued the poor man with the handle.”— Macaulay : r ist. Eng., cn. xxi. 2. Fig. : A servile follower. II. Entom. : The same as Lackey-moth ( q.v.). lackey-moth, s. En tom. : Clisiocampa Neustria, a moth of the family Lasiocampidas. The fore wings are either ochre - yellow, with two brown trans- verse stripes, or brownish-red with transverse yellow ones ; the hind wings paler and with- out, stripes. The caterpillars are striped with blue, red, and yellow, living together on trees under a web. The Ground Lackey, a rarer insect, is Clisiocampa castrensis. * l' c key, * lac-quay, * lac-quey, v.t. & i. [Lackey, s.] A. Trans. : To follow like a servant ; to follow servilely. “ Lord of the Seasons ! They in courtly pomp Lacquay thy presence." Grainger : Sugar Cane, bk. iii. B. Tntrans. : To act as a lackey or servant ; to run like a footman beside ; to follow ser- vilely. “ Oft have I servants seen on horses ride, The free and noble lacquey by their side.” Sandy s. (Todd.) * Sack-land, a. [Eng. lack, and land.] Hav- ing no property or estates. * 15 ck'-lat-in, s. [Eng. lack, and latin.] One who lias no knowledge of Latin; an unedu- cated or illiterate person. * lack'-lm-en, a. [Eng. lack, and linen.] Having no shirt ; destitute of a shirt. " Yuii poor, base, rascally, cheating, lacklinen mate ; a» \ , you mouldy rogue, away." — Shakcsp. : 2 Henry IV.. li. 4. * lick' -love, s. [Eng. lack , and love.] One win is indifferent or insensible to love. (Skakesp. : Midsummer Night’s Dream, ii. 2.) ** l us tre (tre as ter), a. & s. [Eng. lack, and lustre.] A. A s adj. : Wanting brightness or lustre. “ Pehold through each lacklustre, eyeless hole, The gay recess of Wisdom and of Wit." Byron : Childe Harold, ii. 6. I?. As suhst. : A want of lustre ; that which v?ants lustre or brightness. stock, S. [Eng. lack, and stock.] A i: — i without money invested in the funds, &c. (do u they.) *11 ok' -thought (ought as at), a. [Eng. lad., and thought.] Vacant, foolish. (Southey.) l&c'-mus, s. [Litmus.] ija-con'-i-an, a. & s. [Lat. Laconia = Lace- dfemon or Sparta.] A* As adj. : Of or pertaining to Laconia, or Lacedaemon ; characteristic of a Spartan. B. .4s subst. : An inhabitant or native of Lacedaemon. la-coa'-ic, a. & s. [Lat. Laconicus = Laconian, from Gr. Aa/ccoi/i/co? (Lakonikos) — Laconian, from Kanuiv (Lakon) = a Laconian or inhabi- tant of Lacedaemon or Sparta, a race pro- verbial for their brief and pithy style of speaking ; Fr. laconique ; Ital. & Sp. laconico.] A. As adjective : I. Literally: 1. Of or pertaining to Laconia or its inhabi- tants. 2. Resembling the Spartaus in severity or harshness ; harsh, severe, stern. "His head had now felt the razor, his back the rod ; all that laconical discipline pleased him well.”— Bp. Hall, dec. 1, ep. 5. II. Fig. : Brief, sententious, pithy, concise, short; exposing much in few words. “ You that were once so economic, Quitting the thrifty style laconic." Denham : Dialogue. * 3. As substantive : 1. Conciseness or pithiness of speech ; la- conicism. 2. A brief, pithy, or sententious saying or sentence ; a laconicism. t la-con'-ic-al, a. [Eng. laconic; -ic.] The same as Laconic (q.v.). la-con ic-al-ly, adv. [Eng. laconical ; - ly . In a laconic manner ; briefly, pithily, senten- tiously. " Alexander Nequam . . . after he had signified his desire, wrote to the abbot laconically."— Caynden : Hemaines ; Allusions. lac'-on-i^m, la-con'-i^I^m, s. [Fr. lac- onisme, from Lat. laconismus, from Laconia — Sparta.] 1. A concise, pithy, or sententious style. “And I grow laconic, even beyond laconicism Pope : To Swift, Aug. 17, 1736. 2. A laconic, pithy, or sententious saying or expression. “The hand of providence writes often by abbrevia- tures, hieroglyphics, or short characters, which, like the laconism on the wall indited them.” — Browne: Christian Morals, pt. i., § 25. la-con'-i-cum, s. [Lat.] Class. Antiq. : Among the ancients, the semicircular end of a bath ; a circular stove, for the purpose of heating the sudatories, or sweating-rooms of a bath. The use of the dry bath is said to have been prevalent among the Lacedaemonians. * lac'-on-Ize, v.i. [Gr. (lakonizoy] To imitate the Laconians or Spartans in their severity of life and discipline, or in their la- conic mode of speech. lac'-quer (qu as k), lac'-ker, s. [Fr. lacre, from Port, lucre = sealing-wax, from laca == gum-lac, from Pers. lak, luk = lac, from Sansc. laksha = lac.] [Lac (1).] Pri- marily, a varnish colnposed of shellac dis- solved in alcohol and coloured by means of gamboge, saffron, annato, and various other colouring matters. It is applied to wood, to papier-mache, and to metals to protect them from rust and improve their colour. The term is also applied to compositions contain- ing none of the above ingredients, they being replaced by turpentine, resin, &c. Besides the colouring matters above referred to, tur- meric, dragon’s blood, gum sandarach, and red saunders are frequently employed in red and gold-coloured lacquers, the articles and their relative proportions being varied accord- ing to the tint desired. "The workhouses where the lacker is laid on, are accounted very unwuolesouie. "—Dampier : Voyages (an. 16381. lac'-quer (qu as k), lac'-ker, v.t. [Lac- quer, s.] To coat or cover with lacquer for the purpose of preserving from decay or rust, or to improve the colour. “ What shook the stage, and made the people stare ? Cato's long wig, flowered gown, and lacquered chair.” Pope : / nutation of Horace, Ep. 1. lac-quered (qu as k), lac'-kered, a. [Eng. lacquer ; -ed.] Coated or covered with lacquer ; varnished. “ Or oblong buckle, on the lackered shoe, With polished lustre, bending elegant In shapely rim." dago : Edge Hill, bk. iii. lacquered-ware, s. Goods varnished or coated with lacquer. lac -quer-er (qu as k), lac'-ker er, «. [Eng. lacquer, v. ; -er.] One why varnishes oi ccats wares with lacquer. lac-rl-Bid'-edi adv. [It.] Mus. : Mournfully, sadly, with feeling. la-cross©', s. [Fr.] A Canadian game, now a favorite in this country, in which the players endeavor to carry or throw the hall to their opponents 1 goal on a peculiar bat (crosse), consisting of a long staff, covered at the end, and having network reaching about half-way, becoming narrower as it approaches the hand. * lac -rym-a-ble, a. [Lachrymablb,] * lac'-rym-al, a. [Lachrymal.] * lac'-rym-a^tor-y, s. [Lachrymatoby.] * lac'-ry-ma ry, a. [Lachrymary.] * lae'-rym-dse, a. [Lachrymose.] * lacs, s. [O. Fr.] A lace (q.v.). lacs-d’-amour, s. Her. : A cord of running knots surrounding the arms of widows and unmarried women. *lac'-tage (age as ig), s. [O. Fr., Fr. la.it- age, from Lat. lac; Fr. lait = milk.] Milk and the products of milk, as cream, butter, &c. ; the produce of animals which produce milk. “It is thought that the offeriug of Abel, who sacri- ficed of his flocks, was only wool, the fruits of hi* shearing ; and milk, or rather cream, a part of hi* lactage.' —Shuckford : On the Creation, L 79. laet- al-bu-mcn, s. [Eng. lact{ic), and albumen.] "[Casein.] l&c-ta-me'-thane, s. [Eng. lact(ic); am- ( mania ), and ethane.] C 2 H 5 l 0. Chem. : C 5 n n NC >2 = (C 3 H 4 O)" [ Ethyl- Ha \ N " lactamide. Obtained by treating diethylic lactate with aqueous ammonia, allowing the mixture to stand for two days, and afterwards expelling the excess of ammonia and water by evaporation in the water bath. It crys- tallizes in broad brilliant plates, which are greasy to the touch. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, melts at 63° to a colour- less liquid, and boils at 219°, distilling with- out alteration. By boiling with caustic pot- ash, it is decomposed into ammonia ethyl- lactate of potassium. iac-tam'-ic, a. [Eng. lact(ic ); am(monm\ and suff. -ic.] lactamic-acid, s. [Alanine.] lac -ta-mide, s. [Eng. lact(ic), and amide.] Chem. : C 3 H 7 N0 2 = CH 3 *CH(OH)-CO-NH 2 . This compound, which is isomeric with ala- nine or lactamic-acid, can be produced from all the ethereal salts of lactic-acid, by the action of ammonia in alcoholic or aqueous solution. It crystallizes in small colourless, leafy crystals, which dissolve readily iu water, alcohol, and ether, and melt at 74°. When heated with water it yields amnionic lactate : boiled with alkalis, alkaline lactates, and free ammonia are formed. * lac t' -ant, a. [Lat. lactans , pr. par. of lacto = to suckle ; lac (genit. lactis) = milk.] Giv- ing suck ; suckling. lac'-tar-ene, lac'-tar-me, s. [Lat. lac = milk.*] A preparation of the casein of milk, used by calico printers. * lac-tar'-i-um, s. [Lat.] A dairy-house ; a lactary (q.v.). lac-tar'-i-iis, s. [Lat. = pertaining to milk, milky ; from lac = milk.] Bot. : A large genus of Gill-bearing Fungi p having a milky juice on the distinct tubes. Most of the species are dangerous, but Lacta > rius deliciosus , L. volemus , &c., are edible. (Berkeley.) * lac'-tar-y, a. & s. [Lat. lactarius , from lao = mill?; Fr. lactaire ; Sp. lactario.] A. As adj. : Full of milk, or of a juice resembling milk ; milky. “From lactary, or milky plants, which have a white and lactcous juice dispersed through every part, there arise flowers blue and yellow.’’— Browne: Vulgar Errours, bk. vi., ch. x. B. As subst. : A dairy-house. Cate, f&t, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot, ^ or. wore, wqlf, work, who, son ; mute, cub, cure, ynite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ca, co - e ; ey - a. qu = kvr. lactate— lactose 2829 ISc'-tate, s. [Eng. tactic); -aie.] Chem. : A salt of lactic acid. lac-ta'-tion, s. [Lat. lactatum, sup. of lacto = to suckle; lac = milk ; Fr. lactation .] * 1. Ord. Lang. : The act or time of giving milk or suckling. 2. Physiol. : The organic function which Consists in the secretion and excretion of milk. lac-te-al, a. & s. [Lat. lactem, from lac = milk.] A. As adjective : 1. Pertaining to, containing, or resembling milk ; milky. 2. Conveying milk, or chyle of the colour of milk. ‘•After it bath been strained through those various colanders, the lacteal veins "—Derham : Physico-Theo- logy, bk. iv., ch. ix.. B. As substantive : Anat. : [Lacteals], * lac'-te al-ly, adv. [Eng. lacteal; -ly.] After the manner of milk ; milkily. Ific'- te ala, s. pi. [Lat. lacteus = milky, from lac = milk’ ; the lacteals being at most times filled with a milky fluid called chyle.] Anat. : The lacteals received the name of tasa lactea in 1622 from Asellius, their dis- coverer. From the specific word lactea, given to distinguish vessels of this class came the word lacteal. The lacteals and lymphatics properly constitute one system of vessels which convey a fluid or fluids from various organs of the body to the veins near their terminations in the heart. The fluid which these vessels convey is milky after a full meal, and called chyle, though, during inter- vals of fasting, it is a yellowish lymph, as in the lymphatics. ( Todd NH. Lactoxylimide. Ob* CO tained by heating alanine in a stream of hydrochloric acid gas. It crystallizes in colourless needles, melting at 275°. aud is readily soluble in water aud alcohol. lac' -time, lac'-tm, s. [Eng. lact(ic); -rite, • in .] [Milk-sugar.] lac'-to-, pref. [Lat. lac (genit. lactis ) = milk.) A prefix denoting the presence of or connec- tion with milk. lacto-butyrometer, s. An apparatus for ascertaining the quantity of buttery mat- ter iu a particular sample of milk. lacto-densimeter, s. An apparatus for ascertaining the density of milk, in order to discover if it has been mixed with water. lacto-glucose, s. Chem. : According to Fudakowski, a constit- uent of milk sugar. lacto-phosphates, s. pi. Chem. : The pharmaceutical name for a mix ture of lactic acid and calcium phosphate. lacto-protein, s. Chem. : An albuminous substance said to exist in milk. lac-tom -c-ter, s. [Lat. lac (genit. lactis ) = milk, and Eng. meter (q.v.).] Called also a galactometer. A species of hydrometer, gradu- ated to show the comparative specific gravity and consequent value of different samples of milk. The instrument is a good evidence of the specific gravity of milk, and the specific gravity is a probable, but not positive, evi- dence of quality. Taken in connection with the per-cent, glass, which measures the per cent, of cream that rises, it is nearly a posi- tive indicator of pure and watered milk. One form of the lactometer for ascertaining the amount of cream in milk consists of a tube with a funnel mouth for convenience iu charging it, and having the upper portion graduated. The tube is about a foot in length, and, being filled, the cream is allowed to rise, when its richness is determined by the number of graduated spaces occupied by the cream. lac'-tdne, s. [Eng. lact(ic), and (ket)one.] Chem. : CsHgOs. Produced, together with lactide, by the dry distillation of lactic acid. It is a volatile liquid, possessing an aromatic odour, and boiling at 92°. lac-tdn'-ic, a. [Eng., &c. lacton(e); -ic.] Chem. : Of or belonging to lactone. lactonic-acid, s. Chem.: C 5 H 6 (OH) 3 COOH. A monobasic acid, obtained by the oxidation of arabin and milk sugar. It is a deliquescent crystalline mass, melting at 100°. It takes up two equi- valents of metal from basic hydrates, but only one from carbonates. * lae'-tdr-y, a. [Lat. lac (genit. lactis) Eng, adj. suff. -ory. ] Lactiferous ; lactary. lac'-to-scope, s. [Lat. lac (genit. lactis )=* milk, and Gr. owowe'w ( skoped ) = to see, te observe.] An instrument, invented by Donne of Paris, for assisting in determining the qua- lity of milk by ascertaining its relative opacity. lac'-tose, s. [Eng. lact(ic), and ( gluc)ose .] Chem . : C G iI] 2 0(;. A sugar, isomeric with dextrose, formed from milk sugar by treat- ment with ferments or dilute acids. It cry- stallizes in leafy and warty crystals, soluble in water, sparingly soluble in cold alcohol. boil, boy ; pout, jtffrl ; cat, jell, chorus, jhin, bench ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = te -cian, -tian = shan, -tion, -sion = shun ; -(ion, -sion = zhun. -clous, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, Ac. = bel- del- 2330 lactoxyl— ladanum and crystallizing more readily than ordinary glucose. It has a greater dextro-rotary power than dextrose, and reduces alkaline cupric salts to cuprous oxide. It resembles dextrose In most of its reactions, but is distinguished from it by giving no compound with sodic chloride, and by yielding lactonic and mucic acids instead of saccharic acid when oxidized by nitric acid. Lactose is the hist aldehyde of dulcite. lac-t©^ -yl, s. [Eng. lacfyic), and ox(al)yl.] (See the compound.) lactoxyl-urea, s. Chem. : C^g^C^^HoO. Lactyl urea. A compound, isomeric with methyl liydantoin, repared by decomposing a mixture of alde- yde ammonia, potassic cyanide, aud potassic pseudo-cyanate with hydrochloric acid, and extracting the brown product with ether alco- hol. It forms transparent rhombic prisms, which, when anhydrous, melt at 145°. lac-tox-yl'-i-mide, s. [Eng., &c. lactoxyl , and imide.] [Lactimide.] Iac-x.ii '-ca, s. [Lat. , from lac = milk, referring to the milky juice of the plant when cut. But. : Lettuce, the typical genus of the tribe Lactuceje. The involucre is imbricated, cylin- drical, lew-flowered, its scales with a mem- branous margin. Florets all ligulate, pappus pilose, filiform ; achenes much compressed, with a long beak. About fifty species are known. Found in the temperate parts of the northern hemisphere and in South Africa. L. saliva , or L. Scariola var. saliva, the Garden Lettuce, is supposed to be a native of the East Indies, but is not now kuown in a wild state anywhere, having been cultivated from time immemorial as an esculent or a salad. The seeds yield a clear, transparent eweet oil. It yields the narcotic drug, lactu- carium, the best of which, however, comes from L. altissima. The extract of L. virosa , the strong-scented lettuce, is a mild sedative, anodyne, and antispasmodic. It is useful in phthisis, bronchitis, asthma, rheumatism, spermatorrhoea, and dropsy. L. Scariola and X. sylvestris yield a drug like opium. In Goa, X. rcmotijlora is called taraxaco, aud is used as a substitute for taraxacum. 5S.C -tu-car'-i-um, s. [Mod. Lat., from Lat. lactuca = a lettuce.] Chem. : The brown viscid juice of the com- mon garden lettuce, obtained by incision from the leaves and flowering stems, and dried in the air. It is a mixture of various substances, including lactucone, lactucin, lactucic acid, muimite, albumin, &c. Lactucarium is hyp- notic, antispasmodic, and sedative, and has been recommended in cases in which opium is inadmissible. It lias been administered with advantage in chronic rheumatism, diarrhoea, and asthma, in doses of two to five grains. lac tu-cc VC, s. pl. [Lat. lactuc(a) ; fem. adj. suff. -aceai.] Bot. : A tribe of Composites, sub-order Ligu- ]i floras. lac tu'Hjic, a. [Lat. lactmfa) = lettuce ; Eng. adj. suff. -ic.] Pertaining to, or derived from plants of the genus Lactuca. lactucic-acid, s. Chem. ; An acid obtained by triturating lactucarium with dilute sulphuric acid, and extracting by means of alcohol of 84 per cent. It is a light yellow, crystalline mass, soluble in water aud alcohol. Its aqueous solution is coloured wine-red by alkalis, and it reduces alkaline cupric salts to cuprous oxide. ISc -tu'-gin, s. [Lat. lactuc(a); Eng. suff. -in.] Chem. : CosH-isOg. The active principle of lactucarium, found in the juice of several species of lettuce. It crystallizes in rhombic tables of a yellowish colour ; slightly soluble in cold water and in ether, moderately soluble in alcohol and in acetic acid. Its solutions are not precipitated by any reagent. I&c tu'-cozie, s. [Lat. lactuc(a); Eng. suff. •one.] Chem. : CjoHcgOg. A colourless, insipid, substance, extracted from lactucarium by boiling alcohol. It crystallizes in mammil- lated crystals, insoluble in water, but very Soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils, both fixed aud volatile. It melts at 150°, and, on being distilled, yields acetic acid in large quantity. lac-tu-co-pic'-rin, s. [Eng. lacturffn) ; o connective, and picrin.] Chem.: An uncrystallizable substance, which remains in the mother-liquors of the prepara- tion of lactucin by Ludwig and Kromayer's process, after the greater part of that sub- stance has been precipitated by basic acetate of lead. When freed from admixed lactucin and lactucone by ether, it forms a brown, amorphous, very bitter mass, having a faint acid reaction ; soluble in water and alcohol. It contains 52'0 per cent, carbon, 6'8 hydrogen, and 36'6 oxygen, agreeing nearly with the formula C 22 H 32 O 10 , and is therefore produced from lactucin by assumption of water and oxygen. (IVatts; Diet. Chem., iii. 465.) lac-tu -men, s. [Mod. Lat., from lac = milk, with reference to the white colour of the pustules.] Path. : The milk-ecab which affects children at the breast. lac-tu-ram’-ic, a. [Eng. lact(yl); vr(ea) ; amfmonia) ; and suff. -ic.] (See etym. and compound.) lacturamic-acid, s. ch 3 -ch-nh-co-nh 2 . Chem. : C4ILN2O3 = | CO-OH. A monobasic acid, homologous with livdantoic acid, obtained by treating alanine salts with potassic isocyanate, or by heating lactyl urea with basic hydrate and decomposing the re- sulting baric salt with sulphuric acid. It crystallizes in small rhombic prisms, which melt at 155°. When heated with hydrochloric acid, it splits up into alanine hydrochloride, ammonic chloride, and carbonic anhydride. It yields crystalline salts. lac'-tyl, s. [Eng. iaci(ic), and (all)yl.] (See the compounds.)’ laetyl-cMoride, s. Chem. : C 3 H 4 OCI 2 = C 3 H 4 C10-C1. Chloride of cliioropropionyl. A -colourless liquid, ob- taiued, together with phosphorus oxychloride, , by heating a mixture of well-dried calcium lactate with twice its weight of phosphorus pentachloride. It is also produced by the di- rect combination of ethylene and oxychloride Of carbon. It boils at 150°, but is partially decomposed at a higher temperature. Water gradually dissolves it, forming hydrochloric and cliloropropionic acids. With absolute alcohol a violent reaction takes place, hydro- chloric acid, chloride of ethyl, and chloro- propionate of ethyl being produced. lactyl- guar* -3 dine, s. Chem. : C 4 II 9 N 3 O 2 . Alacreatine. A crys- talline compound, isomeric with creatine, formed from alanine and cyanamide. it re- quires twelve times its weight of water at 15° for solution, and resembles glycocyamine and creatine in its reactions. laetyl-lactate, s. Chem. : CgHjoOj. The first ethereal anhy- dride of lactic acid, obtained by heating lactic acid to a temperature of 104°. It is a yellow amorphhous mass, insoluble in water, but sol- uble in alcohol and ether. On boiling with water, it is re-converted into lactic acid. la-eu’-na (pi. la-eu'-iue), s. [Lat.= a "hollow, a ’depression.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. A small opening ; a small pit or depres- sion. 2. A small blank space ; a gap, a hiatus. IX. Technically : 1. Anatomy (PI.) : (1) Human : Open spaces, prolonged into canaliculi or delicate tubes finer than the smallest capillary vessels, occurring in bone. The lacunas have an average length of of an inch, and are about ball’ as wide and a third as thick. They contain a minute granular substance found by Vrof. Goodsir to be a germinal spot or nutritive centre. (2) Comp. : Spaces left among the tissues in some of the lower animals, and serving in [dace of vessels for the circulation of the fluids of the body. ( Darwin : Origin of Species, Gloss.) 2. Botany : (1) Sing. : Link’s name for an air-cell in a plant. (2) PI. : Small hollows or pits upon the under surface of the thallus in a lichen. 3. Zool. : A genus of Littorinid®. Sixteen recent species are known and one fossil, the former from Norway, Britain, Spain, &c., the latter from the Scottish glacial beds. la - cu- r.al, a. [Eng. l.icun(a ) ; -al.] Per- ‘taining to’or containing lacuna;. la-cu -nar, s. & a. [Lat., from lacuna ( q.v.).] A. As substantive: Architecture : 1. A term applied to the panels in a ceiling^ which are produced by a series of sunken com- partments, originating in the rafters which supported an upper story, and were exposed to the eye, leaving sunk spaces ( lacunce ) be- tween the intersections as they crossed each other, and which were afterwards retained as a means of breaking the unsightly flatness of a ceiling. The edges of these panels were de- corated with carved and gilt ornaments, and the centres tilled in with decorative painting. 2. The ceiling or under surface of the member of an order, of the corona of a cor- nice, or of the part of the architrave between the capitals of columns, and generally any ceiling having sunk or hollowed compartments without spaces or bands between the panels ; a laquear having bands between the panels. ( Gwilt .) B. As adj. : Pertaining to or containing lacunae or lacunars ; having open spaces at intervals. lac-u-nar'-i-a, s. pi. [Lacunar, s.] * la cune', s. [Lacuna.] A gap. “ There is a lacune or gap which is to be filled up.* —North : Examen, p. 149. lac - u - nettc, s. [Fr., dirnin. from Lat. lacuna = a ditch, a gap.] Fort. : A small fosse or ditch. la - cu - nose, a. [Lat. lacunosus = full of ’holes.] Bot. : Covered with little pits or depressions.. as Uelvellia crispa. la-cu-nd-sd-, pref. [Lacunose.] lacunoso-rngose, a. Bot. : Having broad, deep, irregular wrinkles, like the shell of the walnut or the stone of the pearli. la -cu - nous, la -cu - nose, a. [Lat. la- 'cunosus, from lacuna = a ditch, a gap.] " 1. Ord. Lang. : Marked by or having pita or depressions ; furrowed, pitted. 2. Bot. : Covered with little pits or depres. sions, as, Helvellia crispa. la-cus'-tral, la-cus'-trine, a. [Lat. locus = a lake.] ’ Of or pertaining to a lake. lacustrine-deposits, sedimentary- deposits, 5. pl. Geol. : Strata deposited in existing lakes or in those which, from whatever cause, have now become dry land. lacustrine-dwellings, s. pl. [Lake. DWELLINGS.] lad, * ladde, s. [Wei. llawd = a youth ; Ir. loth = a youth, a champion (from luth = nimble, active); cf. Gael, laidir — strong; luth = strength ; Goth, lauths, in the com. pound jugga-lauths — a lad.] 1. A youth, a young man, a stripling. “There is a lad here which hath five Parley -loaves and two small tishes ."— John vi. 9. 2. A fellow, a companion, a mate. (Used familiarly.) 3. A male sweetheart). (.Scotch.) * lad, * ladde, pret. of v. [Lead, r.l * lad' -ago (age as ig), s. [Eng. lad; -agtj Boyhood. “ My ladago fair and guod." Sylvester : Vocation, 1301 lad'-a num, lab'-da-niim, s. [Lat. lada, num, ledanum ; Gr. Azarov (Iedanon)= a resin, ous juice obtained from a plant called in Latin lada, leda, or ledon, and in Gr. ArjSoi/ ( ledon ). It is Cistus creticus [Def.] The gum is iu Per. sian Iddan or Idjien.] Chem. : ConIigoOg ; Labdauum. An odorous, resinous substance, which exudes in drops from tlie leaves and twigs of the Cistus creticus, late, CV, fare, a n , -1st, what, fall, father ; we, wet, hore, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir. marine ; go, pdtj or, wore, won, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, se, ce — e; ey — a. qu = kw. ladder— lady. 2831 A shrub growing in the island of Candia and in Syria. It is a dark-coloured, tenacious resin, somewhat moist, exhaling an odour like that of ambergris. It was formerly much used for making stimulating plasters. Genuine ladanum contains 85 per cent of resin, 7 per cent, of wax,; a volatile oil, and not more than 6 per cent, of earthy matter and hairs. It is often adulterated with black sand. Ladanum in sticks is prepared in Portugal, Spain, and the south of Fi ance by boiling the leaves and branches of Cystus ladani/erus, ladamim-bush, s. Botany : 1. Gen. : Any ladanum-bearing cistus. 2. Spec. : (1) Cistus ladaniferus, called also Gum-cistus. It has white flowers and is a native of Spain and Portugal. (2) Cistus ere- licus, which grows in Candia and the Levant, it has purple flowers. (3) Cistus Ledon. It is from France, and has white flowers. l&d'-der, * lad-dre, s. [A.S. hlccder; cogn* with Dut. ladder = a ladder, the rack or rails of a cart ; O. H. Ger. hleitra ; Ger. leiter = a ladder ; prob. connected with Lat. clathri = bars, trellis ; Gr. K\el0pov t Kh-qOpov { kleithron , Iclethron ) = a bar, a bolt.] L Ordinary Language : 1. Literally: (1) A frame, usually movable, having a series ©f steps attached to side-bars or ropes. The varieties are distinguished by their purposes, position, or by some feature of construction. A ladder differs from a flight of stairs in that the latter has treads and risers, being thus boxed in below. The ladder has merely steps. There are numerous kinds of ladders, varying in form or construction, according to the pur- poses for which they are intended. “ Foure of his old foo9 han it espied, and setten ladders to the wallee of his hou a.”— Chaucer : Tale of Melibeus. (2) A notched cleat or stick in a bookcase, for supporting shelves. 2. Fig. : Any means by which one ascends ; any means of rising to eminence. “To the topmost round Of fortune’s ladder.” Churchill : Sermons. (Dedic.) II. Naut. : The accommodation-ladder is slung at the gangway. The forecastle and hold ladders are at these respective places. The Jacob’s-ladder abaft the top-gallant masts, where there are no ratlines at the shrouds. The quarter and story ladders are for reach- ing or leaving the boats moored astern. ladder-carriage, s. A kind of carriage ,for conveying fire-ladders. The bed-frame serves as a connection in coupling the waggon, and braces the ladder when raised. The wind- lass, having its bearings at the foot of the frame, extends the sliding sections of the ladder. The basket, attached by a rope to the pulley at the top of the ladder, forms a fire-escape. Invented and first used in the United States. ladder-shell, s. Zool. : The Scalaria (Wentletrap). [Sca- iaria.) Named from its sharp, transverse spiral ribs. ladder-way, «. 1. Mining : A foot-way shaft ; the shaft of a mine, by which the workmen ascend and descend. 2. Naut. : A companion-way or scuttle-way on board ship. ladder-work, s. Work which has to be done with the aid of a ladder, as painting, stucco-work, &c. lad - dess, s. [Eng- tad; -ess.] A girl, a lass. "She 1 b not as amiable a laddessf— Walpole : Let- ters, iiL 343. Iftd -die, lad'-dy, s. [Eng. lad; dimin. suff. •w, - y .] A diminutive of lad. ' M His leg was so tight and hia cheek was so ruddy. Transported I was with my aodger laddie." Burns : Jolly Beggars. lade, v.t. & i. [The same word as Load, v. (q.v.). A.S. hladan = to heap together, to load, to lade out.] A. Transitive: * 1. To load. " And they laded their asses with the corn.**— Genesis xlii. 26. 2. To lift or throw out or in, as water with a ladle, bowl, &c. “ He chides the sea that sunders him from them. Saying, he'll lade it dry to have his way." Shakes p. : 3 Henry VI. , iii. 2. B. Intransitive: * 1. Ord . Lang. : To draw water. " She did not think it best to lade at the narrow channel. "••Bishop Hall. 2. Naut. : To let in water by leakage ; to leak. {Wright.) lade (1), s. [A.S. lad — a channel, a lode.] * 1. (See extract.) “ Lade is the mouth of a river, and is derived from the Saxon, which signifies a purging or discharging ; there being a discharge of the waters into the sea, or into some great river. 1 — Qibson : Camden. 2. A water-course ; specifically in Scotland, the canal which conveys water to a mill ; a mill-race, a lead. lade (2), laid, s. [Load, s.] lade -man, s. [Eng. load, and man.) 1. A person in charge of a packhors^. 2. A miller’s servant employed to return to the several owners their quantities of meal when ground. lad'-en, * lad’-ed, pa. par. or a. (Lade, r.] A. As pa. par. : (See the verb). B. As adjective: 1. Lit. : Charged with a load or burden ; loaded. “ Returned the wains from the marshes. Laden with briny hay." Longfellow : Evangeline, i. 2. * 2. Fig. : Weighed down ; burdened, op- pressed. “A people laden with iniquity.”— Isaiah L 4. iT Laden in hulk : Naut. : A phrase used to denote that a vessel is loaded with a cargo lying loose in the hold, as corn, salt, &c. *lad'-ied, a. [Eng. lady; -ed.] Gentle, soft, soothing, lady-like. “ Sores are not to be anguisht with a rustick pres- sure, but gently stroaked with a ladled hand. — Feltham : Resolves, pt. L, res. 8. lad'-ies, s. pi. [Lady ] 1. Ord. Lang. : The plural of lady (q.v.). 2. Slating : A size of slates, 15 x 18 inches. ladies’ -man, lady’s -man, s. One who devotes himself to the society of ladies ; a beau. If For Ladies’-bedstraw, Ladies’-mantle, Ladies’ - slipper, and Ladies’ - traces, see Lady's-bedstraw, Lady’s-slipper, &c. * lad' I fy, * lad y-fy, v.t. [Eng. lady; suff. -fy.] To make a lady of; to give the title or position of lady to ; to make ladylike. “ He made a knight, And your sweet mistress-ship ladyfied .” Massinger : City Madam, iv. 4 lad ing, s. [Lade, u.] L Ordinary Language: 1. The act of loading. “They agreed after the lading of their goods at their severail ports, to meet at Zante. Stow : Queene Elizabeth (an. 1585). 2. That which is put into or is carried in anything as a load ; that which constitutes a load ; a load, a cargo. “ Some we made prize ; while others, burnt and rent. With their rich lading to the bottom went." Waller : War with Spain, 66. n. Glass: The transference in cisterns of molten glass from the pot to the table, in plate-glass making. II Bill of lading : Comm. : [Bill, s.]. lading-hole, s. Glass : An aperture In the side of a furnace for plate-glass, at which the cuvette for carry- ing the metal is introduced or is filled. lad’ -kin, s. [Eng. lad, and dimin. suff. -kin.] A little lad, a youth. la’-dle, * lad-el, s. [Lade, v ., A 2.] [Eng. lade = to ladle out ; suff. -el.] I. Ord. Lang. : A domestic utensil, shaped like a large spoon, and having a comparatively long handle, with which liquids are lifted out or served from a vessel. ** A ladle for our silver dish la what I want, Is what I wish." Prior ; The Ladle. II. Technically: 1. Founding : A pan witli a handle to hold molten metal. On a small scale, the ballot* ladle is a familiar instance. The large ladle used in the foundry is called a shanks (q.v.). Ladles are protected by a thin coat or layer of loam, and every time, before being used, they are brushed over with black wasli and care- fully dried. "Some stirred the molten owre with ladles great.* Spenser : F. Q., II. vii. 36. 2. Glass : A vessel in which molten glass la carried ; a cuvette. 3. Hydraul. : The float-board of a mill, wheel. 4. Ordnance: (1) An implement for removing the shot from a loaded cannon. It is a semi-cylinder of copper, bevelled at the end, and attached to a staff. For use, the muzzle of the gun is slightly depressed and the ladle passed in so as to run under the shot, whicli is received in it ; when the ladle is withdrawn, it brings the shot out with it. (2) A cylindrical scoop of copper for loading loose powder into a cannon. 5. Pyro. : A copper scoop for filling rockets, ladle-board, s. The float-board of a mill-wheel. la'-dle, v.t. [Ladle, s.] To lade or deal out with a ladle. la'-dle-ful, s. [Eng. ladle; fid(l).] As much as a ladle will hold ; the contents of a ladle. "If a footman be going up with a dish of soup, let the cook with a ladleful dribble his livery all the way up stairs." — Swift : Instructions to Servants. la'-dle-wood, s. [Eng. ladle, and wood.) Bot. : A Cape name for Cassine Colpoon. la'-dy, * la-di, * la-die, * la-dye, * le dy„ * Isef-di, * leaf di, * lef-di, * leve-di, * leve-dy, * lheve-di, * laf-digh, s. & a. [A.S. hldfdige; O. Northumb. hlafdia; the first element is A.S. hhif= a loaf, the second is uncertain, but probably represents A.S. ddegee = a kneader, from the root which appears in Goth, digan, deigan = to knead ; cf. Icel. deigja = a dairy-maid ; Eng. dey. The IceL lafdhi = a lady, is used in a special sense to designate the Blessed Virgin ; hence seve- ral derivates, sucli as lady-bird, lady-fern, lady’ s-finger, lady’ s-mantle, &c. In these terms the word is strictly not a compound, lady, or ladie, being the Mid. Eng, genitive case of lady ; hence lady-chapel = chapel of our Lady, Lady-day — day of our Lady. ( Skeat , &c.).] A. As substantive : I. Ordinary Language : 1. A woman of high rank; properly, the wife of a baron or any superior to him in rank, or the daughter of an earl, marquis, or duke. Commonly the title is also given to the wife of a knight or baronet. "I would make thee my lady."—Shakesp.: Merry Wives of Windsor, iii. 3. 2. A courtesy-title for any woman, espe- cially one of good breeding, education, and position ; it is the correlative of gentleman. 3. A sweetheart. “As ladies in romance assist their knight." 1 Pope ; Rape of the Lock, ill. 129. 4. The mistress of a house or family ; a mistress. “Convey what I will set down to my lady."-» Shake sp. : Twelfth Night, iv. 2. 5. Mistress ; correlative of a lord : as, the lady of a manor. “ Of all these bounds, even from this line to this, . . • We make thee lady." Shakesp. : Lear, i. L II. Technically : 1. Slating {PI.) : [Ladies, 2]. 2. Zool. : The calcareous apparatus in the cardiac part of the stomach of the lobster, the function of which is the trituration of th« food. {Nicholson.) B. As adjective: 1. Female. * 2. Becoming a lady ; ladylike. " Say, good Caesar, That I some lady trifles have reserved, Immoment toys.” Shakesp. : Ant. A Cfeop,,W.% ^1 Our Lady : The Virgin Mary. ** Low on her knees herself she cast Before our Lady." Tennyson ; Mariana in the South. lady-altar, s. The altar of a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In the ma- boil, boy ; pout, jcfWl ; cat, fell, chorus, fhin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing. -dan, -turn — sham, -tion, -sion = shun; -{ion, -$ion = zhun. -clous, -tious, -sious — shus. -hie, -die, &c. — beL del. 2832 ladyhood— lsevulose V joiity of English cathedrals it is situated ) Dehind the high-altar. In English parish ; cl.urehes, and in Roman churches, it is usu- ally in the chancel or in one of the aisles. lady-bird, s. Entomology : 1. Sing. : The genus Coccinclla (q.v.). The term lady-bird is probably a corruption of lady-bug. Called also Lady-cow, Lady-fly, &c. The Seven-spot Lady-bird is the most common species. In certain years it multiplies to an extraordinary extent. '* Fly, lady-bird, North, South, or East, or West." Gay: Shepherds Week; Thursday. 2. PI. : The family Coecinellid® (q.v.). lady-bug, s. Entom. : The same as Lady-bird. Lady-chapel, s. A chapel dedicated to Our Lady, the Virgin Mary, frequently at- tached to a large church on the westward of the altar, but in churches built before 1200 the Lady-chapel was usually an independent or additional building. lady-clock, s. The lady-bird (q.v.). “That was only a lady -dock, child, ‘flying away home.’ ” — C. Bronte : Jane Eyre , ch. xxiii. lady-court, s. The court of a lady of a manor. colonist where it occurs in cornfields in Bri- tain, wild in Continental Europe, South Africa, West Asia to North-Western India. Called also Venus’s comb. lady’s-cushion, s. Bot. : Armeria vulgaris. lady’s-fingers, s. pi. 1. Ord. Lang. : A sort of biscuit, so called from the shape. 2. Bot. : Anthyllis vulnvraria. lady’s-garters, s. pi. Bot.]: Phalaris arundinacea variegata. lady’s-glove, s. Bot. : Digitalis purpurea. lady’s-gown, s. Scots Law : A gift made by a purchaser to the vendor's wife, on her renouncing her life- rent in her husband’s estate. lady’s-hair, s. Bot. : Brim media. lady’s laces, s. pi. Bot. : The genus Cuscuta (Dodder^ lady’s-lookmg-glass, s. Bot. : Specularia Speculum. 1» mo tlip o-da, s. pi. [Gr, \aep6e Onimod] — the throat : 8is (trig) -- twice, and uoJa (poda) — feet, pi. of rove (pvus) — a foot.] Zool. : According to Spence Bate and J. O. Westwood, a group or sub-order of Ampliipod Crustaceans, though by some regarded as an independent order. The coxal joint of all the legs is fused with the body and the tail re- duced to a rudimentary condition. The species are all marine. Many are parasites ; one is the Whale-louse, Cyamus ceti. The sub-order is divided into two families : Cyamid® and Caprellid®. lae-tar'-e, s. [Lat., imper. sing, of lector = to rejoice.] Eccles. : The fourth Sunday in Lent ; so called because the services in the ancient Christian Church on that day began with the words, Lcctare , sterilis , or Lcetare, Jerusalem (Rejoice, Wiou barren one ; or, Rejoice, Jeru- salem). lae -ti-a (t as sh), s. [Named after J. de Laet, of Antwerp.] Bot. : A genus of Flacourtiace®, tribe Proekeae. Lretia apetala , a tropical American plant, secretes a balsamic resin, which becomes white in contact witli the air like sandarach. Ise-ti-ti-a (ti as shi), s. (Lat. = joy.] Astron. : [Asteroid, 39], laev'-i-gate, a. [Lat. Imvigatus , pa. par. of Icevigo = to make smooth ; levis — smooth.] Bot. : Having a smooth polish ; applied to seeds. lsev'-i-ga-tous, a. [Lat. laivigatvs.] Bot. : The same as L-evioate (q.v.). lsevo-, pref. [Lat. ltev(us) = the left ; o con- nective.] lsevo glucose, s. [L.evulose.] 1 86 vo-gyrate, a. Having the property of rotating towards the left. The term is chiefly applied to the rotation of the plane of polari- zation produced by certain fluids and other substances, distinguishing the particular di- rection of this rotation as from the contrary one, whicn is termed dextro-gyrate. Isevo gyration, s. Polarization to the left hand. , lsevo racemic, a. (See the compound.) Lievo-racemic acid : [Racemic-acid]. j lsevo-rotary, a. The same as L-evo- GYRATE. 1 86 vo-tartaric, a. (See the compound.) Leevo-tartaric acid : Chem. : A compound of tartaric acid, iso- meric with tartaric acid, but rotating to the left, while ordinary tartaric acid does so to an equal extent to the right. lsev'-u-lin, s. [Eng. lcevul(ose) ; -in.] Chem. : A sweet substance, resembling dextrin, extracted from the juice of the tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke by repeated treat- ment with alcohol. It is soluble in water ; does not reduce alkaline cupric salts, and is optically inactive until boiled with hydro- chloric acid when it becomes strongly bevo- rotatory. laev'-u-los-ane, s. [Eng. Imvulos(e ) ; suff. -one. ] Chem. : C G H K ,0 5 . An uncrystallizable syrup obtained by heating lsevulose to 170°. It may also be prepared by heating cane sugar to 160°, and keeping it at that temperature for four hours. A mixture of equal parts of lievulosane and dextro-glucose is produced, but the latter may be easily removed by fer- mentation. It is soluble iu water and dilute spirit, but insoluble in absolute alcohol. Its solution has a dextro-rotatory power (a)j = 15* or (a)d = 13*5°. When boiled with water and dilute acids, it is converted into lsevulose. On oxidation it yields saccharic acid. lasv'-u-lose, s. [Lat. loevus = the left ; l con- nective, and Eng. suff. -osc.] Chem. : Cf;Hi)O c . Lsevo-glucose, or sucro. lsevulose. A variety of sugar, isomeric with dextrose, occurring together with dextiose in honey and in the juices of sweet fruits. It is also produced, together with an equal weight of dextrose, by the action of dilute acids, diastase, or yeast, on cane-sugar ; or it may be obtained pure by heating inuline with lady-cow, s. The lady-bird (q.v.). lady-crab, s. Zool. : The name given in the Channel Is- lands to Portunus puber, the Velvet Fiddler Crab, so called from its velvet coat. Lady-day, s. The Feast of the Annun- ciation of the Virgin Mary, March 25. It is o fixed festival. “The respite which the Lords had granted to the existing Parliament was extended from the first of January to Lady-day." — Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xix. Lady-day in Harvest, s. The Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary (Aug. 15). The name is common in some parts of England and in Ireland. lady-fern, s. Botany : 1. Nephrodium Thelypteris, a species with lanceolate, pinnate fronds, the pinnae again deeply pinnatifid. It is found in hogs and marshes in Britain. 2. Athyrium Filix feemina, a beautiful fern with large, membranous, oblong, lanceolate, twice or thrice pinnate fronds, with close-set pinnules. It is found in Britain in moist woods and rocky places. lady-fish, s. Ichth. : Sillago domina. lady-fly, s. The lady-bird (q.v.). “ This lady-fly I take from off the grass." Gay : Shepherd's Week; Thursday, lady-killer, s. One whose fascinating manners, appearance, or other qualities are irresistible to ladies ; one who studiously sets himself to win the affections of women ; a general lover. lady-killing, s. The manners, acts, or practices of a lady-killer. lady-like, a. 1. Like or befitting a Lady in any respect ; gentle, refined, well-bred. 2. Delicate, effeminate ; incapable of fatigue. lady-love, * ladye-love, s. A female sweetheart, a mistress. “ And, like the Ariosto of the North. 8tuig ladye-love and war, romance and knightly ■worth.' Byron: Chiide Harold, iv. 40. Lady-psalter, s. 1. The Parvum Offickm, or Little Office of the Virgin Mary. 2. The rosary. lady’s - bedstraw, ladies’ - bed - Straw, s. Bot. : (1) Galium verum; (2) Pharnace um Mollugo. lady’s bower, s. Bot. : Clematis Vilalba. lady’s-comb, s. Bot. : Scandix Pecten-Vcneris, a branching, pubescent, umbelliferous plant, with oblong twice or thrice pinnate leaves, terminal and lateral ; umbels of very irregular flowers, the fruit very slender, scabrid. Perhaps only a | Isam'-mcr-gey er, s. [Lammergeyer.] lady’s-maid, s. A female attendant upon a lady. lady’s-mantle, ladies’-mantle, s. Bot. : The genus Alchemilla (q.v.), aud specially Alchemilla vulgaris. lady’s night cap, s. Bot. : Calystegia sepium. lady’s-seal, s. Bot. : Convallaria Polygonatum ; (2) Tamus communis, the Black Bryony (q. v.). lady's-slipper, s. Bot. : [Cypripedium]. lady’s-smock, lady-smock, *. Bot. : Canlamine pratensis. [Cardamine.J “ And lady-smocks all silver-white." Shakesp. : Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2. lady’s- thimble, s. Bot. : Campanula rotundifoUa. lady’s-thistle, s. Bot. : Carduus Marianus. lady’s-thumb, s. Bot. : An American name for Polygonum Persicaria. lady’s - tresses, ladies’ - tresses, lady’s-traces, s. pi. Bot.: [Spiranthes], * la'-dy-hood, *la-di-hede, s. [Eng. lady ; -liooci] The condition, rank, or posi- tion of a lady ; ladyship. “ That I ne approche hir ladihede. Gower : C. A., iv. * la'-dy-kin, s. [Eng. lady ; dimiu. suff. •kin.] A little lady ; a title frequently given by Elizabethan writers to the Virgin Mary, being commonly contracted into lakin. la'-dy-ship, * la-di-ship, s. [Eng. lady ; ■ship.] The condition, rank, or position of a lady ; it is used commonly as a title in speak- ing of or addressing a lady. “ Such as your titled folks would choose And lords and ladyships might use." Lloyd : To G. Colman, Esq., 17 61. lae'-ll-a, s. [A Roman vestal virgin’s name.] Bot. : The typical genus of the family L®- liad® (q.v.). It consists of splendid orchids from Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, &c. Ise-li-a'-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. India, and Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -dee.] Bot. : A family of Orchids, tribe Epidendre®. Ise-mar gus, s. [Gr. W/iapyos ( laimargos ) = greedy, gluttonous.] Ichlhy. : A genus of sharks, family Spina- cid®. Lamargus borealis is of a blue-brown colour. It is found in the polar regions, where it sometimes reaches twenty-five feet in length. Smaller specimens are found in Britain. It bites pieces out of Greenland whales wlieu living and feeds on them when dead. It also devours small fishes and crabs. fete, fat, faro, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, or. wore, wylf, work, whd, son ; mute, oub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, so, ce — e ; ey — a. qu = kw. Iafayette— lagomyidse 2833 dilute acids. It is a colourless, uncrystalliz- able syrup, or, when dried at 100°, a gummy, deliquescent mass, soluble in water, and iu spirit 50 o. p„ but insoluble in absolute alcohol. It closely resembles dextrose in many of its characters, but its aqueous so- lution is sweeter, and it is more easily altered by heat and acids. Its specific rotatory power is -98°, at 15° for the d line, decreasing with the rise of temperature. When powdered, slaked lime is added gradually to a solution of lsevulose in ice-cold water, calcium lsevulosate, C-'sIIi'/VCaO.II'/J, soluble with difficulty, is formed. By means of this reaction, laevulose ean lie readily freed from dextrose ; the latter, on similar treatment, yielding a freely-soluble compound. la fa yette', ». 1. The Lioslomus xanthurus,a sciaenoid fish of the Northern United States, said to have be- come well known at the time of Lafayette’s second visit to this country, 1824-5. 2. The Stromatheus triacanthus, or dollar-, butter-, or harvest-fish. La fitte’, s. [From the vineyards of the Chateau Lafitte, in the Haut-Medoc, where it is produced.] A kind of claret wine, charac- terized by its softness on the palate, and its perfume, partaking of the characteristics of violet and raspberry. • laft, s. [Loft, s.] 1. A loft. 2. A gallery in a church. lag, a. & s. [Wei. llag = slack ; cogn. with Gael. & Ir. lag = weak, feeble ; Corn, lac (adv.) = loose, lax ; lacca = to faint away ; Lat. laxus = loose, lax ; Icel. lakra — to lag behind. The root is the same as that of Eng. Jar and languid and Gr. Aayapos ( lagaros ) = alack.] * A. As adjective : - 1. Slow, sluggish, tardy; coming late or keliind. 2. Last. " I could be well content To entertain the lag end of my life With quiet hours." Shakesp. : 1 Henry IV., v. 1. J. Long-delayed. They may, cum privilegio, wear away The lag end of tneir lewdness, and be laughed at.” Shakesp. : Henry VIII., L 3. B. As substantive. : I. Ordinary Language : * 1. The lowest class ; the fag end ; the rump. "The senators of Athens, together with the common *ag of people . . . make suitable for destruction — Shakesp. : 1'imon of A thens, iii. 6. * 2. One who or that which lags behind or comes last ; the last comer. " But to be last, the lag of all the race — Redeem yourselves and me from that disgrace.” Dryden : Virgil ; xEneid v. 258. 3. An old convict. {Australian.) " At last he fell in with two old lags who had a deadly grudge against the chaplain.”— Reade : It's Hever Too Late To Mend, ch. lx. II. Technically : 1. Ord. Lang. : One of the boards or staves forming the upper casing of a carding-machine. Tile lags of the carding-machine are clothed with cards on the under sides, and are sepa- rately removable. 2. Mach. : One of the hoards or staves form- ing the covering of a large band-drum. The lags of the drum are fastened by lag-screws to the frame of the wheel. 3. Naut. : The lag of the tide is the time that the tide-wave falls behind the mean time in the first and third quarters of the moon. 4. Steam-engine: (1) One of the boards or staves forming the covering of a steam-boiler or cylinder. The lags of the boiler or cylinder are wooden staves, hooped, and enclosing a body of noa- souducting material ; also called cleading. (*) [Lap.] sag-machine, s. Wood-working : A machine for hollowing ant the insides of lags or covering for wooden rolls or drums, or the cleading for jacketing cylinders or steam-pipes. lag-screw, s. A flat-headed screw used to attach lags to hand-drums. tag, v.i. & t. [Lao, a.] A. Intransitive : 2. To be slow to advance ; to hold or draw- back. • try valour was my plea, a gallant mind, ’a bat, true to honour, never lagy'd behind. ’ Pope: Homer; Odyssey xiv. 245. 3. To remain behind or beyond one's time. " Superfluous lags the veteran on the stage.” Johnson: Vanity of Human Wishes. B. Transitive ; 1. Ordinary Language : * 1. To slacken. ( Ileywood .) 2. To transport or send to penal servitude for a crime. {Slang.) " I should not much like to have him lagged for forgery. "Scott : St. Honan's Well, ch. xxxi. * 3. To steal. " Some com away lag In bottle and bag.' Tusser: Husbandrie, p. 64. II. Steam-eng. : To cover or clothe, in order to prevent radiation of heat. la'-gan, s. [Ligan.] * la-gar '-to, s. [Sp., = lizard.] [Alligator.] The form in which the word alligator first ap- peared in the English language. “We saw in it [the Orinoccol divers sorts of strange fishes of marvellous bigness, but for lagartos it ex- celled.” — Raleigh : Discovery of Guiana. la-ge'-na, s. [Lat., from Gr. Adyr)vos (lagenos), ’hdyvvos \lagunos ) — a flask.] 1. Zoology : (1) A genus of Foraminifera, having the tail somewhat llask-shaped. It is the typical one of the family Lagenidae (q.v.). (2) A sub-genus of Molluscs, genus Turbi- nella. 2. Palceont. : The genus [(1)] has existed from the Carboniferous period till now. lag-e-nar’-i-a, s. [Lagena.] Bot. : A genus of Cucurbitaceaa, containing but one species, the Bottle, Club, or Trumpet- gourd ( Lagenaria vulgaris). It is monoecious, with a campanulate calyx and a white corolla. It is wild in India, the Mollucas, and Abys- sinia. In that state it is poisonous, but when cultivated its deleterious properties disappear. Anglo-Indians boil tlie fruit when young and use it as vegetable marrow. Natives of India slice and eat it as a carry. The young shoots and leaves are also eaten. The fruit which is sometimes six feet long, is often used by Indian beggars as a bottle. The seeds yield an oil which is used as an application in headaches. The flesh of the fruit is deemed to he diuretic, refrigerant, and antibilious. It is hitter and purgative ; it is occasionally used in India as a poultice, and applied to the shaved head in delirium. It is cultivated in the.warmer parts of the eastern hemisphere. Ia-gen' i-dse, la-gen'-I-da, s. pi. [Lat. lagen(a) ; fern. pi. adj. suff. -idee, -id. t.] 1. Zool. : A family of Perforated Foraminifera. It consists of microscopic animals contained within curious flask-like shells, with a neck and sometimes with a tube continued from it into the cavity of the shell. They are marine, living attached to fuci, stones, &c. Genera, Lagena and Entoselenia. 2. Palceont. : The family exists from the Carboniferous rocks upward. largen'-l-form, o. [Lat, lagena = a flask, a "bottle, and forma = shape.] Hot. : Having the shape or form of a Florence flask. la-ge-no-rhyn-chus, s. [Gr. Adyijvov (fet- ‘genos)= a flask, a flagon, and pvy\os (rhung- chos) = a snout.] Zool. : A genus of Delpliinidse. The beak of ihe upper jaw keeled on each side, the lower jaw with two or three small, conical, rudimentary teeth in the middle of each side. Lagenorhynchus leueopleurus, the Delphinus Tursio of Knox, occurs in Orkney and the Northern Ocean generally. L. albirostris is the White-beaked Bottlenose. It has been taken on the coast of Norfolk. lag'-er, s. [Ger., = a store.] (See the com- pounds.) lager-beer, s. The ordinary beer of Ger- many. lager-wine, s. Bottled wine which has been kept some time in the cellar. lag-er-stro' -ml-a (o as e), s. [Named after Magnus Lagerstrom of Gothenburg.] Bot. : The typical genus of the tribe La- gerstromiem. It cousists of fourteen East Indian and Chinese tiees and shrubs, with splendid flowers. The calyx is cut into six lobes, the corolla has long claws, the stamens many, the fruit three or six-celled, with nu- merous seeds. Lagerstrbmia indica, a shrub common in Indian gardens, has crnmpled petals. It is from China. The flowers of L. Flos Reginas, or L. Reginas, are in panicles, at first of a pale-rose colour, but afterwards deepening into a fine purple. It is a large, deciduous tree, growing iu Eastern Bengal and Burmah. Its hark and leaves are con- sidered to be purgative and liydragogue, and the seeds to be narcotic. The timber is re- garded in the east of India and Burmah as the most valuable of any except teak. It is used in the East for ship and boat building, making carts, gun carriages, &c. L. lanceolate, L. microcarpa, and L. parvijlora, growing in India, L. tomentosa in Burmah and Pegu, and L. hypoleuca in the Andaman Islands, have also valuable wood. L. Flos Regince, L. parvi- flora, and L. tomentosa yield gum resins. The bark of L. parvijlora is used in India for tan- ning, and along with the bark of Terminalia tomentosa for dyeing skins black. lag-er-stro mi-e -ss (o as e), s. pi. [Mod. Lat. lagerstromi(a) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -ece.\ Bot. : A tribe of Lythraceae, having winged seeds. la, get'-ta, s. [From lagetto, the Jamaican "name of the Lace-bark tree.] Bot. : A genus of Daphnads. Lagetta lin* tearia is the Lace-bark tree (q.v.). lag'-gard, a. & s. [Eng. lag, a. ; suff. -ard, as in drunkard, &e.] A. As adj. : Slow, sluggish, backward; wanting In energy. " To hasten and reprove The laggard rustic,” Wordsworth: Excursion, bk. iL B. As subst. : One who lags ; a slow, slug- gish fellow ; a loiterer. " Decrepit winter, laggard in the dance.” Hughes : Ode to the Creator of the World. lag'-gen, s. [Perhaps from lag-end = last end or bottom.] The angle between the side and bottom of a wooden dish. " The laggen they hae clautet Fu’ clean that day. * Burns: A Dream. lag" -ger, s. [Eng. lag, v. ; -er.] One who lags behind ; a loiterer, a laggard. " Whether you prove a logger in the race, Or with a vigorous ardour urge your pace.” Francis : Horace, Ep. 2. To Lolliut. la-gld'-l-um, s. [Gr. AaycThoi/ ( lagidion ), "diinin. from Aayuis (lagos) = a hare.] Zool. : A genus of Chinchillidae. Lagidium pallipes is the Pale-footed Chinchilla, and L. Cuvieri is Cuvier’s Chinchilla. Both species are found in the mountainous parts of Chili, Bolivia, and Peru. lag'-ging, s. [Lag, v.] I. Ord. Lang. : The act or state of loitering or idling. II. Technically: 1. Carp. : Narrow planks extending from one rib to another in the centering of arches and forming the board covering upon which the courses of voussoirs are laid. 2. Steam-eng. : The non-conducting jacket or clothing of a steam-boiler or cylinder, to prevent radiation of heat ; cleading, deading, sheathing, clothing. lag'-girig-ly, adv. [Eng. lagging; -ly.] In a lagging, loitering manner ; like a laggard ; loiteringly. la gxiiappo' (g silent), s. [Sp. la; -nappe.] In Louisiana, a gratuity, usually of con fee* tionery, pastry or nuts, given by tradesmen t© their customers, especially to children and! colored people, lag-o-my'-i-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. lagomsfls): Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 1. Zool. : Calling Hares or Pikas, a family of Rodentia of Mr. Alston’s sub-order Duplici- dentata. They resemble the hares, but have only five molars in each jaw, a depressed skull, contracted frontal bones without frontal wing-like processes, complete clavicles, short ears, limbs nearly equal in length, and no ap- parent tail. They are akin to hares, but are 1. To loiter ; to stay behind ; to move slowly. boll, b6y ; pout, jovtri ; cat, ^eU, chorus, (jhln, bench; go, gem; thin, (his; sin, a.| ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = C -Clan, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun; -(ion, -§ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shua. -ble, -die, &c. = b^l, dpL 2834 lagomys— lake •mailer in size. They are found in Europe near the Volga, in Asia, and in North America. 2. PalcBont. : Found from the Miocene on- wards. lag O mys, s. [Gr. Xayihs (logos), genit. Xayii (logo) = a hare, and /u.0s (mus) = a mouse.) 1. Zool. : The typical genus of the family Lagomyidse. Lagomys alpinus, the Alpine Pika, a small mammal about nine and a half inches long, is from Siberia, and L. princeps, the Rocky Mountain Pika, from six to seven inches long, is found in Canada, the Rocky Mountains, near those of California, Utah, and Oregon. 2. Palceont. : The genus is found in the Miocene of France and the Pliocene of Europe ; also in Post-Tertiary cave-deposits. ia-go' nite, s. [Ital. lago = a lake ; n con- nective, and suff. -ite (Min.).'] Min. : An earthy mineral occurring as an encrustation at the lagoons of Tuscany. Col- our, oclireous yellow. Compos. : boracic acid, 49‘5, sesquioxide of iron, 37'8, water, 12‘7, corresponding to the formula, Fe 20 a 3 B 03 + 3 EO. la-goon', * la-gune', s. [Ital. lagone, laguna ”= a pool ; the former is an augmentative form of Ital. lago = a lake ; the latter from Lat. lu- cuna= a pool ; both ultimately from Lat. locus = a lake.) 1. A shallow lake or sheet of water, con- nected with the sea or a river, found on the coasts of Holland, Italy, South America, &e. They sometimes are almost dried up in sum- mer, and become stagnant marshy pools. " The Slaver in the broad lagoon, Lay moored with idle sail. Longfellow : The Quadroon Girl. 2. A sheet of water surrounded by an atoll (q.v.). lagoon-reef, s. The same as an atoll (q.v.). iSg oph-thal'-ml-a, s. [Gr. Kaywc (lagos) = a hare, and b0a\^ia\ophthalmia)=3. disease of the eyes, accompanied by a discharge of hum- our ; ophthalmia (q.v.).] Pathol. ; (For def. see etym.). 8ag-6'-pous, a. [Lagopus.] Bot. : Hare-footed ; so hairy as to be like a hare’s foot, as the inflorescence of some grasses and the rhizomes of certain ferns. lag-o'-piis, s. [Gr. Xaydbs (lagos) = a hare, *and 7TOV? (pous ) = a foot.] Ornith. : Ptarmigan, a genus of Tetraonidee (Grouse). The bill has the base thickly fea- thered, the eyebrows are naked and smooth, the tarsus and toes thickly covered with fea- thers in winter. Lagopus scoticus is the Red Grouse (q.v.). L. mutus, or vulgaris, is the Ptarmigan (q.v.). L. albus is the Willow Grouse of the Swedish Peninsula, Russia, and Siberia. lar-gos'-to-ma, s. [Gr. Aayws (lagos) = a hare, *and o-To/xa (stoma) = a mouth.] Hare-lip. ia-gos'-to-mus, la-gos'-to-mys, s. [Gr. *Aayws (lagos) — a hare and oTo/xa (stoma) = mouth.] 1. Zool. : A genus of Chincliillidae. Lago - Stomus trichodactylus is the Viscacha (q.v.). 2. Palceont. : The genus occurs in the Plio- cene and Post Pliocene beds of South America. l&g'-o thrix, s. [Gr. Kaym (lagos) genit. Layui (lago) = a bare, and 0pt'| (thrix) = hair. Bo named from its fur like that of a hare.) Zool. : Woolly Monkey ; a genus of Monkeys, family Cebidse. They have a long, prehensile tail. They are akin to Howlers and the Spider Monkeys. Five are known. Lagothrix Hum- boldlii is the Caparro, and L. olivaceus, the Bar- ricudn -JTiicv are from the U pper Amazon and the adjacqjt regions. la-go'-tia, s. [(>. Kayioc (logos), genit. \ayd = a hare, and ois^u-s), genit. lf, work, who, s6n ; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, fuU ; try, Syrian. ®e, ce = © ; ey = a. qu = kw. / lake— lalo 2835 like (1), s. [Lat. lacus ; Fr. lac.] 1. Geog. : A large sheet or expanse of water entirely surrounded by land, and having no direct or immediate communication with any sea, ocean, or river, or having communication only by means of rivers. “ And sprincles eke the water counterfet, Like unto blacke Auernus lake in hell." Surrey : Virgile ; dZ/ieis iv. 2. Geol. : As Professor (now Sir Andrew) Kamsay first pointed out in 1862, many lakes are of glacial origin, an hypothesis illustrated by the fact that on a map of the world it is chiefly northern lands like Scotland, Scandinavia, or the more Arctic parts of Russia, Canada, and mountain-lands like Switzerland and the north of Italy that are characterized by the presence of lakes. Others are of volcanic or earthquake origin. Thus in the Mississippi earthquake of 1811 large lakes of twenty miles in extent were formed in an hour. The molluscs in lakes are few in genera and species, though often numerous in individuals ; none of the univalves have Channelled mouths. Lacustrine strata of ancient date have the same peculiarities. lake-basin, s. Geography & Geology : 1. The bed of a lake. 2. The whole area drained by the streams Which fall into a lake. lake-crater, s. Geog. & Geol. : The crater of a dormant or extinct volcano now converted into a lake. The lake of Laach in the Eifel, and perhaps the Lonar lake in the Deccan, &e., had such an origin. lake-dwellers, s. pi. Anthrop. : A generic term applied to the prehistoric inhabitants of the lake-dwellings of Switzerland, whether of the Stone or Bronze period. 41 The works of the ancient lake-dweller, of Switzer- laud."— D. Wilson: Prehistoric Man, i. 119. lake-dwelling, s. & a. A. As substantive : Anthrop. (PI.) : The Pfahllauten of German, the habitations lacus trines of French writers. The earliest account of similar dwellings is to Ibe found in Herodotus (Terps. v. 14), who de- scribes a Thracian tribe living, in 520 b.c., in a small mountain-lake of what is now Rou- anelia. The custom of constructing these habitations has come down to the present day. The fishermen of Lake Prasias, near Ealoniea, still inhabit wooden cottages built over the water, as the Thracian tribes did, and an the East Indies the practice of building lake- settlements is very common. (For authorities, see Lubbock : Pre-historic Times (1869), ch. vi.) ft will be convenient to treat (1) of the Swiss and Italian lake-dwellings (Pfahlbauten), and C2) of craunoges (Packwerkbauten). 1. The lake-dwellings proper of Switzerland came to light during the winter-months of 1853-4, when the water of the lakes fell much tielow its ordinary level, and first in a small fcay between Ober Meilen and Dollikon, on the Lake of Zurich. Traces of lake-dwellings have since been found in most of the large J5wiss lakes, as well as in several of the smaller ones ; at Pesehiera, on the Lago di Garda ; in Mecklenburg, at Abbeville, and at Thetford. Some are referable to the Stone, ethers to the Bronze Age, the former pre- ponderating in the eastern lakes, as Constance and Zurich ; the latter in Western and Central Switzerland. Dr. Keller, who first described these lakes, says that the main platform was of round timbers, rarely of split boards, covered with a bed of mud ; the walls and sides were in great measure of interlaced branches, the interstices filled with moss, and daubed with clay. In his opinion, all the evidence goes to show they were rect- angular in shape. It is probable that the huts were thatched, and the parts used as dormi- tories strewn with straw or hay. M. Troyon fSur les Habitations I.acustrines) thinks they were round, as were the huts of many nations en the shore. It has not been ascertained whether the huts were divided into rooms, •or whether they contained a single chamber. Keller (Lake-dwellings of Switzerland (ed. Lee), p. 3) distinguishes three modes of construc- tion : — (1) Pile : The platform laid on piles driven Into the mud at regular interval, the spaces between the piles being filled up with stones, to give solidity to the structure. Keller’s PILE CONSTRUCTION. translator notes that a somewhat similar pro- cess was adopted at Portland Breakwater. (2) Frame-pile : A comparatively rare form, known to have existed in the Lake of Zurich, and possibly in other places. The piles to support ,, — n p-i - - -- ,« the platform wore ' 4 ' . . . .J fixed by a mortise frame-pii.e construction. and tenon ar- rangement into split trunks, lying horizontally on the bottom of the lake. This plan was chiefly followed where the bottom of the lake was of i S0 ^ 4 SPLIT TRUNK, piles. Timbers, hedged from the Lake of similar to the one here reproduced are known to be at the bottom of several of the Swiss lakes, so that this mode of construction may have been widely spread. (3) Fascine : Here the necessary foundation for the platform was obtained by layers of sticks, or the stems of small trees. (The chief authorities are Keller, op. cit. ; Dr. Heer (Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten; Riitimeyer (Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten). 2. Crannoges : Artificial islands found prin- cipally in Ireland, where they served the pur- pose of strongholds. In this case “ the sup- port consisted not of piles only, but of a solid mass of mud, stones, &c., with layers of hori- zontal and perpendicular stakes, the latter serving less as a support, than to bind the mass firmly together” ( Lubbock : Pre-historic Times (1869), p 174). They are of much later date than the lake-dwelling proper, some being depicted in Johnson’s “Platt of the County Monaghan, ’ a map of the escheated territories made for the English Government in 1591. “ In 1863 Lord Lovaine described a lake-dwelling ob- served by him in the south of Scotland.’’— Lubbock : Pre-historic Times (1878), p 181. B. As adj. : Found in, belonging to, or in any way connected with the dwellings de- scribed under A. "This may be a suitable place for mentioning the mode in which lake-dwelling antiquities are collected.” — Keller : Lake-dwellings of Switzerland (ed. Lee), L 9. lake-habitation, s. Anthrop. : The same as Lake-dwelling (q.v.). "Among the works of gTeat merit devoted specially to a description of the Swiss lake-habitations is that of M. Troyon.”— Lyell ; Antiq. Man (1873), p. 2L lake-like, a. Resembling a lake. lake-poet, s. 1. A poet who describes the scenery around lakes. 2. One of the Lake-School of poets, lake-salmon, «. [Salmon.] Lake-School, s. A name applied in deri- sion by the Edinburgh Review to a class of poets who, following the example of Words- worth, Southey, and Coleridge, the founders of the school (who resided for a considerable part of their lives near the lakes of Cumber- land and Westmoreland), substituted a simple and natural taste for the stiff classicism of the eighteenth century. [Lakers.] lake-settlement, s. Anthrop. : A collection of lake-dwellings. Lyell (Antiq. Man (1873), p. 21), says : “It is believed that as many as 300 wooden huts were comprised in one settlement, and that they may have contained about 1,000 inhabitants.” lake-trout, «. [Trout.] lake-viUage, s. Anthrop. ; The same as Lake-settlement (q.v.). " All the lake-villages together have not as yet sup- plied us with the remains of more than half-a-dozen human skeletons."— Lubbock : Pre-historic Times (1809), p. 212. lake-weed, s. Bot. : Polygonum Hydropiper . lake- worship, s. Comp. Religions : A particular kind of water* worship noticed by Sir John Lubbock {Pre- historic Times (1869), p. 269) to refute a theory that the gold ornaments dredged* up from the sites of lake-dwellings were offerings to the gods. That certain lakes were held sacred by ancient nations is indisputable. Tacitus, de« scribing the worship of Herthus (or Hertha) 0 gives cogent reasons ( Ger . xi.) why more par^ ticulars were not obtainable in his day : — "Servi ministrant, quos statim idem lacus liaurlt* Arcanus hinc terror, sanctaque ignorantia, quid sit id« quod tantum perituri vident.” The following authorities may also be con- sulted : Cic., in Verr ., v. 72, de Nat. Deor ., iii. 20, 30 ; Mart., i. 50, ix. 59 ; Ovid., Met. v. 405, 406. * lake (2), * lac, s. [A.S. lac; Icel. letter.] Game, sport, play. " Bi that altar was the lac." Ormvlum, 1,062. * lake (3), s. [O. H. Ger. lachan ; O. L. Got. lacan.] An unidentified kind of cloth. " He didde next his white lero Of cloth of lake fin and clere.” Chaucer: C. T., 13,787. lake (4), s. [Fr. laque , from Pers. Idk — lake, produced from lac.] Paint. : The generic name of a variety of transparent red and other pigments of great beauty, prepared for the most part by preci- pitating coloured tinctures of dyeing drugs upon alumina and other earths, &c. The lakes are hence a numerous class of pigments, both with respect to the variety of their appella- tions and the substances from which they are prepared. The colouring matter of common lake is Brazil wood, which affords a very fugitive colour. Superior red lakes are pre- pared from cochineal, lac, and kermes ; but the best of all are those prepared from th© root of the Rubia tinctoria or Madder-plant. t lake'-let, s. [Eng. lake (1), s. ; dimin. sufE, -let.] A little lake. " The sacred flowers That crown the lakelet.'' Southey : Thalaba, xiii. 6. lake-men, s. pi. [Eng. lake, and men.] Anthrop. : Sir John Lubbock’s name for the inhabitants of the ancient lake-dwellings of Switzerland ; lake-dwellers (q.v.). “ There can be no doubt that the skins of animal® eupplied the ancient lakemen with their principal articles of clothing.’’— Lubbock : Pre-historic Ti/ntS (1869), p. 186. * lak-en, * lake-ns, s. [Lakin.] * lak'-er, * lak'-ist, s. [Eng. lak(e); -er, -ist.] 1. A poet who describes lake scenery. 2. A member of the Lake-School of poetry. * lake'-wake, s. [Lichwake.] lakh, s. [Lao (2).] * la'- km, s. [See def.] A contraction or diminutive of ladykin (q.v.^ ; the Virgin Mary. " By’r lakin, I can go no further, sir, My old bones ache." Shakesp. : Tempest, iii. 3. * lak'-Ish, a. [Eng . lak(e) ; -ish.] Wet, moist. “ That watery lakish hill." Greene : Orlando Furioso, p. 10i» * lakke, v.t. [Lack, v.] * lakke, s. [Lack, s.] Laksh'-mi, Luksh'-mee, s. [Sansc.j Hind. Myth. : The wife of Vishnu. She la the goddess of wealth, beauty, and pleasure. * lak'-y, a. [Eng. lak(e) (1), s. ; -y.) Of or per- taining to a lake or lakes ; like a lake. "And flanking towers and laky flood." Scott: Marmion, v. (Introd4 i t lal-la'-tion, s. [Fr.] A term used to de- note a pronunciation of the letter r which is sounded like l ; lambdacism. lal-le-man'-ti-a (t as sh), s. [Named after J. L. E. Ave-Lailemant, M.D. (1803-1867), a writer on German and Italian plants.] Bot. : A genus of plants, order Labiate, tribe Nepetese. The seeds of Lallemantia Royleana, which grows in the countries adja- cent to the Indus and the Salt range of hills, are cooling and sedative. la' -16, s. [African.] The leaves of Adansonin boil, boy; podt, jowl; cat, 9 ell, chorus, 9 hin, bench; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as ; expect, Xenophon, exist. mg. ,-oian, -tian — shau, -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -gion — zhfm. -tious, -sious, -cious - shus. -hie, -die, & c. — boil, bo^; pout, jfftyi ; cat, ^eU, chorus, chin, bench; go. gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect, Xenophon, c^lst. ph = & •cian, -tian = sham -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -gion = zhun. -clous, -tious, - sious — shus. -ble, -die, Ac. — bpl, d#L 2838 lamiaceae— lamnidae down to us is to be found in Philostratus ( de Vita Apol., lib. iv.), where Lycius is said to have fallen in love with one of these spirits, but was delivered by his master Apollonius, who, “ by some probable conjectures, found her out to be a serpent, a lamia.” (Burton: Anat. of Melan. (1881), p. 495). Keats’s Iximia is an amplification of this story. (Cf. Horace, A. P. t 340.) Later the word was used to signify a witch, an enchantress. [Incubus, Lilith.] The ward H'b' 1 ? (lilith) occurs only once in the Hebrew Scriptures. In the A. V. (Isa. Xxxiv. 14) it is translated “ screech-owl,” with “ night monster” as a marginal reading. The Vul gate has lamia, and lamia or lamya is found in the Great Bible, and in Coverdale’s, Matthew's, Becke’s, and the Bishops’ Bible. 2. Entom. : The typical genus of the sub- family Lamiinse (q.v.). The species chiefly inhabit wooded countries within the tropics, especially South America. One, Lamia texler, is British. ift-nua-^e-ce, s. pL [LaU lami(um ) ; fem. pi. adj. suff. -acece.) Hot.: [Labiate], tfc'-mi-dae, s. pi, [Lat. lam(ium) ; fem. pi. *dj. suff. -idai.) Bot. : A family of Labiatse, tribe Stachese. Ifir-ml-i -nse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. lamina) ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. - inas .] Entom. : A sub-family of Cerambycidee. It Consists of beetles with long antenna;, with a vertical forehead generally at right angles to the axis of the body. They are found on the Wood of trees, and are often so variegated in colour with adpressed hairs as to resemble the wood on which they live. Some tropical species, however, are brightly coloured. C&m' in-a (pi. lam’-i-nse), s. [Lat.l \ I. Ord. Lang. : A thin plate or scale ; a plate Or thin piece of metal ; a thin slice of wood used for decorative purposes, or of ivory for She painter ; veneer of all kinds. IL Technically: 1. Anatomy : (1) A plate ; as, the lamince of the vertebra. (2) A layer; as, the lamina cinerea (giay layer), which connects the corpus callosum and the commissure of the cerebrum. 2. Bot. : The blade or expanded surface of a leaf ; the leaf of a plant without its petiole. 3. Geol. : A term used of the smaller layers Into which a stratum is divided. t&m in-a-bil'i-ty, s. [Eng. laminable ; - ity .] The quality or state of being laminable. I&m -in-a-ble, a. [Eng. lamin(a ); -able.] Capable ’of being formed into laminae or thin plates , capable of being extended into thin plates by pressure betweeu steel or iron rollers. lam'-i I-nse, s. pi, [Lamina.] I&m'-i 1-nar, a. [Lat. lamin/a ) = e scale, a thin plate ; Eng. adj. suff. -or.] Consisting of lamina; or thin plates ; in layers. laminar-fission, s. Petrol. : Flaggy cleavage, one of Rutley’s “ Structural Plaues.” l&m- l-nar'-i-a, s. [Lat. lamina (q.v.) ; sing, fern. suff. - arid . Named from the bladder-like Character of the fronds.] Bot. : A genus of Algals, the typical one of the family Laminaridae, or the order Lamina- tiaceai. In place of leaves there is a plane ribless expansion. The stem is either naked or fringed. The young stalks of Laminaria digitata and L. saccharina , called tangles, are Oaten. The first of these with L, bulbosa are Boat valued of the genus for kelp manufac- ture. L. saccharina is used as an imperfect hygrometer. It is administered in India in goitre, scrofula, and syphilis. So are L. brae- teata and the large Australian species, L. potatorum. I&m-i -nar-i-a'-£e-a 0 t 8. pi. [Mod. Lat. laminar i(a) ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -ace#.] Bot. : An order of dark-spored Algals. They are olive-coloured, unjointed seaweeds, with superficial spores which form indefinite d©ud-like patches, or cover the whole surface Of the frond. Many of them are of large size. lam-i-nar'-i-an, a. [Mod. Lat. laminaria); Eng. adj. suff. ’-an..) Bot. : Of or belonging to the algaceous genus Laminaria (q.v.). lammaxian zone, s. Zool. Geog. : The second of the great marine zones into which Molluscs are distributed, a zone from low water to fifteen fathoms in depth. The laminaria and other seaweeds form miniature forests in which are the veget- able-feeding molluscs, Lacuna, Rissoa, also bivalves, cephalopods,
  • .] A sound beating ; a thrashing. " Administer a sound ribroasting to such ae wel* refractory."— Daily Telegraph, Nov. 9, 1882. f&to, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pme, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, po^ or, wore, wolf, work, whd, son; mate, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, ae, ce = e; ey = a; qu = kw. ribston— richessa 4011 rib -ston, s. [From Ribston, in Yorkshire, where Sir Henry Goodricke planted three pips sent to him from Rouen, in Normandy. Two of the pips died, but the third became the parent of the Ribston apple-trees in England. (Brewer.)] A fine variety of apple ; also called a Ribston-pippin. ribston-pippin, s. [Ribston.] rfb -wort, s. [Eng. rib, and wort.] Botany : 1. Sing. : Plantago lanceolata [Riborass.] 2. PI . : Plantaginaceas (q.v.). (Bindley.) «rlc, *-rick, suff. [A.S. rice - power, kingdom, dominion ; Icel. riki ; Ger. reicli ; Dut. rijk ; Goth, reiki. From the same root as Lat. rego = to rule ; Eng. regal, region, right, rich, Ac.] A suffix denoting jurisdiction, or the district over which jurisdiction or authority is exer- cised, as bishopric, &c. As a termination in proper names it signifies rich or powerful, as Frederic = rich in peace. rIc-91-a, s. [Named after P. Francisco Riccio, a Florentine botanist.] Bot. : The typical genus of Ricciacese (q.v.). M mute green thalloid plants. Two terrestrial species, Riccia glauca and R. crystallina, and two aquatic, R. fluitans and R. natans, are British. rlc 4014 rident— riding * ri'-^ent, a. [Lat. ridens , pr. par. of video = to laugh.] Laughing, smiling. "A smile so exceedingly rident."— Thackeray : New- comes, ch. xxlv. rid er, s. [Eng. rid(e), v. ; -er.] I. Ordinary Language : I. One who rides ; one who is carried on a horse or in a vehicle. “ Look what a horse should have, he did not lack, Save a proud rider ou so proud a back." Shakesp. : Venus & Adonis, 300. * 2. One who breaks or manages a horse or horses. [Rough-rider.] “ They are taught their manage, aud to that end riders dearly hired.”— Shakesp. : As You Like It, i. 1. * 3. A mounted robber or reiver ; a moss- trooper. “ In Ewsdale, eight and forty notorious riders are i hung on growing trees."— Drummond : Hist, of James V. * 4. One who travelled for a mercantile house to collect orders, &c. Now called a traveller. “ They come to us as riders in a trade.” Crabbe : Borough, let. iv. 5. An addition to a MS., as a roll, record, or other document inserted after its hi st com- pletion on a separate piece of paper ; an addi- tional clause, as to a bill in parliament. " A rider was added, which permitted a merchant possessed of five thousand pounds to represent the town in which he resided."— Macaulay : Hist. Eng., ch. xxii. 6. A subsidiary problem in geometry. * 7. A Dutch coin, so called from being im- pressed with the figure of a man on horse- back, and worth about 27s. II. Technically: 1. Mining : A deposit of ore overlying the principal lode. 2. Shipbuilding: (1) A rib within the inner sheathing, bolted through the latter into the main ribs and planking, for the purpose of stiffening the frame. The riders extend from the keelson to the orlop-beams. (2) A second tier of casks in a hold. (3) A rope which crosses another and joins it. 3. Ordn. : A piece of wood in a gun-carriage on which the side-pieces rest. rlderroll, s. A separate addition made to a roll or record. [Ridek, I. 5.] Sid'-er-less, a. [Eng. rider ; -less.] Without a rider ; having no rider. “ Herds of riderless horses.” Longfellow : Evangeline, ti. 4. sidge, * rigge, * rig, * rug, s. [A.S. hrycg = the back of a man or beast ; cogn. with Dut. rug = a back, ridge ; Dan. ryg ; Sw. rygg ; Icel. hryggr ; O. H. Ger. hrucki ; Ger. riicken ; Gr. pa^is (rhuchis).] 1. Ordinary Language : * 1. The back ; the top of the back. “ Upon his rig" Hauelok, 1.775. 2. The top of any protuberance. “ The line that forms a ridge of the nose is beautiful when it is straight." — Reynolds: Idler, No. 82 . ‘ 3. In the same sense as II. 1. 4. An elevation or rise of ground of greater length than breadth. ** Green is the churchyard, beautiful aud preen. liidge rising gently by the side of ridge. \V ordsworth : Excursion, bk. vi. 5. An extended elevation of the ground or earth's surface, long in comparison with its breadth ; a long crest or summit ; an extended line of the earth’s surface, raised from or standing above the adjoining surface ; any long and steep elevation or eminence. " The frozen ridges of the Alps.” Shakesp. : Richard II., 1.11. II. Technically : 1. Agric. : A strip of ground thrown up by the plough or left between furrows ; a bed or long strip of ground of greater or less width, formed by furrow slices running the whole length of the iieid, and divided from each other by open furrows or gutters parallel to each other, which serve as drains for carrying off the surface water. 2. A nat. : A prominent border or elevation. Used of a crest or line of bone, also of the superciliary, the occipital, the condylar ridges, &c. 3. Bot. (PI.) : Five primary longitudinal elevations on the back of an umbelliferous fruit ; the median one, or the carina, the two outermost, the marginal or lateral ridges, and those between them, the intermediate ridges. Sometimes there are also four well- developed secondary ridges alternating with the primary ones. 4. Carpentry <£ Building : (1) The upper horizontal edge or comb of a roof ; tile highest part of the roof of a build- ing ; specif., the meeting of the upper end of the rafters. (2) The internal angle or nook of a vault. 5. Fort. : The highest part of the glacis proceeding from the interior angle of the covered way. 6. Farr. : (See extract). “ liidges of a horse's mouth are wrinkles or risings of the flesh in the roof of the mouth, running across from one side of the jaw to the other like fleshy ridges, with interjacent furrows or sinkiag cavities." — Farrier's Diet. ridge-band, s. Harness: That part of the harness which goes over the saddle on a horse’s back, and, being fastened on both sides, supports the shafts of the cart. ridge-beam, s. Carp. : A beam at the upper ends of the rafters beneatli the ridge ; a crown-plate. ridge-bone, * rigge-bon, s. The back- bone. “ The corrupt blood . . . lying cluttered about the ridge-bone.''— P. Holland: Plinie, bk. xxii., ch. xxi. ridge-drill, s. Agric. : A drill adapted to sow seed along a ridge which has been listed up, by backing up one furrow against another. ridge-fillet, s. 1. Arc7t . : The fillet between two channels of a pillar. 2. Founding : The runner or principal channel. ridge-hoe, s. Agric. : A form of cultivator for tending crops in drills. ridge-piece, s. [Ridge-pole.] ridge-plate, s. [Ridge-pole.] ridge-plough, s. Agric. : A double mouldboard plough, used in throwing land into ridges for certain kinds of crops. ridge-pole, s. Carp. : The piece of board or timber forming the ridge of a roof ; a ridge-piece, or ridge- plate. “ Tied him fast with cords of elm-bark To the ridge-pole of his wigwam." Longfellow : Hiawatha, xiiL ridge-roof, s. Arch. : A raised or peaked roof. ridgs-rope, s. Nautical : 1. A rope leading from the knighthead to the upper part of the bowsprit-cap, for the safety of the men walking out upon the bow- sprit in rough weather. 2. The centre rope of an awning. 3. A safety line extended from gun to gun in bad weather. ridge-tile, s. Build. : A semi-cylindrical tile for covering the comb of a roof. It is twelve inches long, ten inches wide, five-eighths of an inch thick, and weighs about four and a half pounds. A crest-tile ; a saddle-tile. ridge, v.t. & i. [Ridge, s.] A. Trans. : To make or form into a ridge ; to form or furnish with a ridge or ridges. “ As the ploughmau . . . tilleth his land, and breaketh it in furrowes, and sometimes ridgeth it up." — Latimer : Sermon 4 ; On the Plough. * B. Intrans. : To rise in a ridge or ridges. ridg'-el, ridge'-ling, ridg'-ling, rig-el, s. | A softened form for riggle, rigling. Scotch riglan, from rig, in the same sense.] A male animal half castrated. “ Aiul ’ware the ridgling with Mb butting head." Eryden : Theocritus . Id. iii. * ridgo'-let, s. [Eng. ridge, s. ; dim. suff. -let.] A little ridge. ridg'-y, a. [Eng. ridg(e), s. ; -y.] Rising in a ridge or ridges ; having a ridge or ridges. “ Rocks rich in gems, and mountains big with mines, That on the high equator ridgy rise." Thomson : Summer, 647. rid -I-cule, * rid-i-ele, s. & a. [Lat. ridU cuIum = a joke, neut. sing, of ridiculus — ridiculous (q.v.) ; Fr. ridicule = ridiculous.] A. As substantive : 1. Words or actions intended- to express contempt and excite laughter ; derision, banter; wit of that kind which provokes contemptuous laughter ; raillery. *2. That species of writing which ercites contempt with laughter, and so differing from burlesque, which may excite laughter without contempt. (Karnes.) * 3. Ridiculousness. “They may be elevated ae much as you please, and no ridicule follows." — Pope: Homer; Odyssey. (boats.) * B. As adj. : Ridiculous. "This action . . . became so ridicule." — Aubrey. rid i cule, v.t. [Ridicule, «.] To treat or address with ridicule ; to expose to ridicule or contemptuous mirth ; to make sport or game of. “ The young who HdicuVd hie rage." Grainger : Tibullus, bk. L, eL 5. rid'-l-cul-er, s. [Eng. ridicule), v. ; -er.] One who ridicules. " They are generally ridiculers of all that Is truly excellent.” — Clarke: Eat. & Revealed Relig. (Introd.| * ri-die'-u-lize, v.t. [Eng. ridicule); -ize.] To ridicule ; to make ridiculous. " Lest the false alarmes That words oft strike up, should ridiculize me." Chapman : Homer ; Odyssey xxiiL * ri dic-u los-i-ty, s. [Eng. ridiculous; -ity.] 1. Ridiculousness. “Look at the ridiculosity of ladies’ dresses behind." —Quiver, 1876, p. 701. 2. Something ridiculous ; a joke, a comic- ality. " Your pretty sayings and all your ridiculosities."— Bailey : Apoph. of Erasmus, p. 64. rl-dic'-u-lous, a. [Lat. ridiculus , from rideo = to laugh.] 1. Worthy of or calculated to excite ridicule ; laughable and contemptible ; ludicrous, absurd. “Finding nothing ridiculous in national peculiar- ities. " — Goldsmith : Polite Learning, ch. xiiL * 2. Risible ; inclined to laughter. “ The heaving of my lungs provokes me to -ridiculous smiling.’’— Shakesp. : Loves Labours Lost, iii ri-dic'-u-lous-ly, adv. [Eng. ridiculous; -Z?/. ] In a ridiculous manner or degree; ludicrously, absurdly. “Too frequently becomes ridiculously earnest in trifles or absurdity." — Goldsmith: Polite Learning , ch. xiv. ri-dic'-u-lous-ness, s. [Eng. ridiculous; -ness.] The quality or state of being ridicu- lous ; absurdity. “ The vanity and ridiculousness of this trusting in our riches."— Sharp : Sermons, voL i., ser. 4. rid -iiig, pr. par., a., & s. [Ride, v.] A. As pr. par. : (See the verb). B. As adjective : 1. Employed for riding on : as, a riding horse. 2. Used by or intended for a rider. “ A riding suit." Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iii. 2. 3. Employed to travel on any occasion : as, a riding clerk. [Riding-clerk, 1.] C. As substantive : * 1. A royal procession. (Chaucer: C. T., 4,375.) 2. A ride or road cut througli a wood or pleasure-grounds for riding exercise. “We galloped up and down the green ridings for which the forest district is famous." — Field, Dec. 6, 1884. 3. A ride ; a district visited by a ride-officer (q.v.). riding-bitts, s. pi. Shipbuild. : Two strong upright timbers near the bows of a ship, to which the cable is secured ; they extend through two decks, are connected by a cross piece, and braced against the strain of the cable by horizontal standards bolted to the deck beams. * riding-clerk, s. 1. A mercantile or commercial traveller. 2. One of the six clerks formerly in chancery. * riding-day, s. A day of hostile incur- sions or raids on horseback. riding-habit, s. The dress worn by females when riding on horseback. f&to, fit, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pmc, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pot, or, wore, wolf, work, who, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. se>, « = e; ey = a; q,u = kw. riding— rifling * riding-hood, s. A hood worn by females when riding or travelling ; a sort of cloak with a hood. * riding-house, s. A riding-school (q. v.). riding-interests, s. pi. Scots Law : When any of the claimants in an action of multiple-poinding, or in a process of ranking and sale, have creditors, these credi- tors may claim to be ranked on the fund set aside for their debtor, and such claims are called Riding-interests. riding-knot, s. A running knot. riding-master, s. 1. Ord. Lang. : One who teaches the art of riding. 2. Mil. : A commissioned officer specially appointed to superintend the instruction in a military riding-school. riding-part, s. A protuberance on the inner surface of the joint part of a scissors- blade which forms the touching portion back of the rivet, while the cutting portion is at the point of contact of the edges as they move past each other in closing. riding-rhymes, s. pi. Metre of five accents, each falling on the even syllable, with the lines in rhyming couplets. riding-rock, s. A rock in a water- course, showing where it may be ridden across. ( Southern V. S.) riding-rod, s. A switch, a riding-stick. riding-school, s. A school or place where the art of riding is taught. riding-skirt, s. A skirt worn by females when riding on horseback. riding- Whip, s. A light whip used when riding. rid'-ing, s. [For thriding, the loss of the th being due to the misdivision of the compound words North - thriding, East - thriding, and West-thriding, from Icel. tliridhjungr — the third part of a thing, the third part of a shire, from thridhi = third. (Skeat.)] One of the three divisions into which the county of York is divided, and known as the North, East, and West Ridings. They were formerly under the government of a reeve. • ri-dot'-to, s. [Ital. , from Lat. redact us — a retreat.] [Redoubt, s.] 1. A public assembly. 2. A musical entertainment consisting of singing and dancing, in the latter of which the whole company join in. It is a favorite public Italian entertainment, held generally on fast eves. ** Four months, in which there will be no routs, no shows, no ridottos."— Rambler, No. 124. * ri-dot'-to, v.i. [Ridotto, s.] To frequent ridottos. “ And heroines, whilst 'twas the fashion, Ridotto' d on the rural plains." Coioper : Retread of Aristippus. rle, *. [Rye.] rief(l), s. [Reif.] Robbery. “ Dear Smith, the sleest, paukie thief, That e’er attempted stealth or rief." Burns : To James Smith. rief (2), s. [Rife.] Plenty. rief (3), s. & a. [A.S. hreof — scab, hreofla = a leper; Icel. hrjugr — scabby.] A. As suhst. : Scurf, scab ; the itch. B. As adj. : Scabby, itchy. riem, s. [Dut. = a thong.] A strip of ox hide, deprived of its hair and rendered pliable, used in the Cape Colony for making ropes, &c. rie'-man-mte, s. [After Herr Riemann, who first observed it; suff. - ite (Min.).} Min. : The same as Allophane (q.v.). Ries ling, ». A variety of Rhine wine made from white grapes. rlet'-bok, s. [Dut. riet = a reed, and bok = a buck.] Zool. : Antilope arundinaceus, from South Africa. Rather more than four feet in length, and nearly three feet high at shoulder. Horns round, annulated at base. General color dnll ashy-gray, sometimes tinged with red on the upper parts ; silvery-gray on under- surface. rlev'-er, reiv'-er, s. [Reave.] A robber, a moss-trooper. (Scotch.) ri-fa-ci-men'-to (c as fh), s. [Ital.] A re- making or re-establishing ; specifically applied to the process of recasting literary works so as to adapt them to a changed state of cir- cumstances ; an adaptation, as when a work, written in one age or country, is modified to suit the circumstances of another. rife, * rif, * rive, * ryfe, * ryve, a. & adv. [Icel. rifr = munificent, abundant ; rifligr = large, munificent; O. Sw. rif = rife; O. Dut. rijf, rijve = abundant.] A, As adjective : 1. Prevalent, abundant, prevailing; com- mon, frequent. " Those heats and animosities so 'rife amongst us.”— Waterland : Works, lx. 19. * 2. Abounding in, filled with, replete. * 3. Ripe, ready. * 4. Clear, manifest. “ The tumult of loud mirth Was rife and perfect in my list’ning ear.” Milton : Comus, 202. B. As adv. : Commonly, abundantly, plen- tifully. “ That even the hate of synnes ; that groo Within thy wicked walls so ryfe." _ Surrey : Against London. * rife, v.t. [Rive.] rife'-ly, adv. [Eng. rife, a. ; -by.] Preva- lently, commonly ; abundantly, frequently. rife'-ness, s. [Eng. rife, a. ; -ness.] The quality or state of being rife ; prevalence, frequency, abundance. “ The rifcnesse of their familiar excommunications may have taught them to seek for a spotlesnesse above.”— Bp. Hall : Works, ii. 368. rif'-fle, s. [Ger. riffeln = to groove.] [Rifle, s.] Metall. : An inclined trough or chute down which auriferous slime or sand is conducted in a gentle stream, which is broken by occa- sional slats, or by depressions containing mercury, which arrests the gold. rif'-fle, s. A slight swirl, eddy, or rapid in a stream. (Local U. S.) To make the riffle: To force one’s raft or boat through a riffle ; hence, to succeed in an undertaking against some opposition. ( Colloq.) rif'-fler, s. [Eng. rifflfe) ; -er.] A file with a side so convex as to operate in shallow de- pressions ; used by sculptors, carvers, and gun-stockers. riff -raff, *riffe-raffe, 'rif raffe, s. [Prop. rif and raf = every particle, from Fr. rif et raf, from rif = a piece of plunder ; rifler = to rifle (q.v.); O. Fr. raffler.] 1. Refuse, rubbish, sweepings. " Long it were to make rehersall of all thl. rifraffe, and almost infinite." — Fox: Acte,, p. 536. 2. The rabble. " Shipping all sorts of sea-faring riffraff."— Daily Telegraph, April 1, 1886. ri'-fle (1), v.t. & t. [Fr. rifler, a frequent, from Icel. hrifa = to catch, to seize.] A. Transitive: 1. To seize and carry away by force ; to snatch and carry off. “ He rifeleth both boke and belle." Oower : C. A., V. 2. To plunder, to rob, to pillage, to strip. " Stand, sir, and throw us what you have about you ; if not. we ll make you, sir, and rifle you." — Shaketp. : Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 1. B. Intrans. : To plunder, to pillage, to rob. • ri'-fle (2), v.t. & i. [Raffle.] To raffle. " Will any man (not desperate) run into an infected house, to rifle tor a rich suit f "—Bp. Halt : Quo Vadi, , JIL ri'-fle (3), v.t. [Rifle, j.] 1. To groove, to channel ; to form or furnish with spiral grooves. 2. To whet, as a scythe with a rifle. (Prov.) ri'-fle, *. [For rifled gun, from Dan. rifle = to rifle, to groove ; cf. rifle = a groove, a flute : riffel = a rifled gun, from rive = to tear ; Icel. rya = to rive (q.v.); Sw. rifva — to scratch, to tear, reflla = to rifle, reffelhossa = a rifled gun ; Ger. riefeln= to groove, rie/e=a groove.] 1. The term applied to any musket or gun- barrel which is grooved so that the projectile may have a rotatory motion on its own axis. The rifling may be polygroove as in the Arm- strong and other guns, with only two grooves as in some of the early weapons, with the two 4015 grooves with the angles rounded away so as t# produce an oval and yet twisted bore as in tho Lancaster guns, or with three or more grooves as in most modern weapons. The grooves are of varying size, form, and width, and of dif- ferent degrees of twist in the length of the barrel itself, that of the Henry rifling being one turn in twenty-two calibres or widths of the bore. The bullet is made to fit the bore either by expansion of the base of the lead bullet, or, as in the early pattern, by having the ball “ belted,” so that the belt should take the groove and so emerge from the muzafl# with a rotator)- motion. The utility of the Magazine rifle , a firearm having attached to it a magazine or case containing four or more cart- ridges capable of being fed successively into the barrel, was first demonstrated in the United States Civil War, iu which it was brought to some extent into use. It was still more fully demonstrated iu 1877 when the Turks, armed with Winchester repeating rifles, constantly repulsed the Russian assaults on the works before Plevna. The Springfield rifle, formerly used by the United States army, was supplanted by the Winchester and other small-bore re- peaters, and these are now giving place to the new Krag-Jorgensen rifle, also a repeater of small calibre, which throws a pencil-shaped steel projectile a distance of from three to five miles. The European nations have generally adopted magazine rifles. 2. (PI) : A body of troops armed with rifles *. as, the Cape Mounted Rifles. 3. A strop with a surface of emery for whetting scythes, &c. “All our sports And recreations, if we use them well, must be to our body or mind, as the mower’s whetstone, or rifle, is to his scythe, to sharpen it when it grows dull.”— Whateley: Redemption of Time, p. 1L rifle-ball, s. A bullet for firing with a rifle. They are now made cylindrical in shape with a colloidal head, the base being hollow and furnished with a plug, which causes the metal to expand and fit into the rifling of the gun. rifle-bird, s. Ornith. : Ptiloris paradisea. The English name is said to have been given by early set- tlers in Australia from the resemblance of the color of the plumage of the cock to that of the uniform of the Rifle Brigade. Velvety-blackj glossed with purple ; feathers of abdomen tipped with a chevron of green bronze ; crown of head green ; middle pair of tail-quills and triangular patch on throat bluish-emerald. The hen is grayish-brown above, deep buff beneath, each feather with a black chevron. rifle-corps, *. 1. A body of troops armed with rifles. 2. A body of volunteers trained to the ns» of the rifle. [Volunteer, s., II.] rifle-green, s. A very dark green, verg- ing on black. rifle-pit, s. A pit or trench which, to- gether with the excavated earth, forms a de- fence for a rifleman in an advanced position, where he may pick off the enemy’s gunners or defend his own line. Rifle pits are holes dug several feet long and deep. The parapet of earth may be crowned by sand-bags having a loop-hole through which to fire. ri'-fle-man, s. [Eng. rifle, s., and man.] 1. A soldier or sportsman armed with a rifle. [Rifle-brigade.] " The name now has lost nearly all meaning, for th. whole infantry are now riflemen."— Chamber, Encyc., yiii. 260. 2. A member of a rifle corps ; a volunteer. rifleman-bird, s. Ornith. : The rifle-bird (q.v.). " The rifleman-bird proper is said to get its food by thrusting its somewhat long bill under the loose bark on the boles or boughs of trees, along the latter o 4 which it runs swiftly, or by searching for it on the ground beneath.”— Ency. Brit. (ed. 9th), xx. 653. ri'-fler, s. [Eng. rifle (1), v. ; - er .] One who rifles, plunders, or pillages ; a robber, a plunderer. " Parting both with cloak and coat, if any please to be the rifler." — Milton : Doct m, s. [Eng. rigor , rigour; -ism.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. Rigidity in principle or practice ; austerity. “ Your morals have a flavour of rigorism."— Gentle- man Instructed, p. 69. 2. Severity, as of style, writing, &c. II. Church Hist. & Theology : The system which prescribes that in all cases the safer way— that of obedience to the law — is to be followed. As Jansenist confessors adopted this view, the word rigorism is sometimes used as synonymous with Jansenism (q.v.). Mitigated rigorism is known as Tutiorism (q.v.). “ The line he draws Is not. what he probably thought it, an intermediate one between rigorism and laxity." — Encyc . Brit. (ed. 9th), xiv. 636. rlg'-or-ist, t rig'-our-ist, a. Si ». [Eng. rigor , rigour ; - ist .] A. As adj. : Of, pertaining to, or guided by the principles of Rigorism. " The opinions of Rigorist theologians And almost no place in his writings."— Encyc. Brit. (ed. 9th), xiv. 830. B. As substantive : I. Ord. Lang. : A person of severe or austere principles or practice ; one who adheres to severity or purity, as of style, &c. IL Church Hist. & Theology : 1. A theologian or confessor who adopts, and is guided by the principles of Rigorism (q.v.). " One Rigorist lays down that It is a mortal stn to do so.' —Encyc. Brit. (ed. 9th), xiv. 639. * 2. A Jansenist confessor. “ It fa not altogether without reason when they [the Jansenists I were branded by their adversaries with the title of Rlgorists."— Mosheim (ed. Reid), p. 772. rxg -or ous, * rygorous, a. [Fr. rigor- eux, from Low Lat. rigorosus, from rigor = rigor (q.v.); Sp. rigoroso, riguroso; Port. & Ital. rigoroso.] 1. Characterized Ly or manifesting rigor; severe, stern, inflexible ; allowing no abate- ment or mitigation. “ And finds him rigorous and severe.” Cowper : Divine Love. 2. Marked by rigor or severity ; severe, strict, stringent : as, a rigorous administration of the law. * 3. Severe, harsh. " Who shall attempte me with rygorous wordes."— Berners: Froissart ; Cronycle, vol. i., ch. exxx. 4. Severe, intense ; very cold : as, a rigoroui winter. 5. Exact, precise, strict ; scrupulously ac- curate : as, a rigorous definition. rig'-or-OUS-ly, adv. [En g. rigorous; -ly.] 1. In a rigorous manner ; severely ; strictly ; without abatement, relaxation, or mitigation; sternly, rigidly, inflexibly. 2. Strictly, accurately ; with scrupulous exactness. rig' or-ous-ness, *. [Eng. rigorous; -ness.] The quality or state of being rigorous ; severity, strictness, rigor, exactness. Rigs' dag, s. The parliament of Denmark, consisting of an upper house, the Landsthing, and a lower, the Folkething. rigs-da'-ler, s. [Dan. rige = a kingdom, and RIGSDALER daler = a dollar.] A coin formerly current in Denmark, value 2s. 2/ 5 d. sterling. Rig Ve'-da, s. [Sansc. rich = praise, and veda = knowledge, cogn. with Lat. video = to see ; Gr. olSa ( oida ) = I have seen, I know ; Mid. Eng. I wit; Mod. Eng. wisdom.] Sansc. Literature : The oldest and most original of the four Vedas, and probably the oldest literary composition in the world. In all likelihood it was in course of composi- tion about 1,400 years b.c., but was not com- mitted to writing at that time. It contains no allusion to writing or writing materials, and Max Muller believes that for a long period it was transmitted orally from genera- tion to generation. It consists of 1,017 short lyrical poems, with 10,580 verses. The re- ligion was nature worship, Indra, the Cloud- compeller, being the chief object of adoration, and, after him, Agni (cf. Lat. ignis) the God of fire. The Hindoo Triad had not yet arisen. [Veda ] The Rig Veda does not recognize the institution of caste. Beef was eaten. Women held a high position, and some of the hymns were composed by them. The rite of suttee was unknown ; the conquest of Indra had only begun, and the Ganges, incidentally men- tioned, had not become a sacred stream. rig'-wid-die, rig -wood -le, s. [Eng. rig = ridge, and withy.] Th’e rope or chain that goes over a horse’s back to support the shafts of a vehicle. Used by Burns adjectively as resembling a rigwiddie, and hence, spare, withered, sapless. " But wither'd beldams auld and droll, Rigwoodie hags wad spean a foal." Burns : Tam O' Shanter. rile, v.t. [Roil.] 1. To render turbid, as liquid ; to soil. (Prov.) 2. To make cross or angry ; to vex, to irritate. " The moor she riled me." Tennyson : Northern Cobbler. ri-lie'-vo, ri-li e' vo, s. [Relief.] rill, s. (Welsh rhill = a row, a treuch, a drill, contract, from rhigol = a trench, a groove, Cite, fAt, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pSt, or. wore, wylf, work, who, son ; 'mute, cub, cure, Quite, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian, ae, co -= e ; ey — a; qu — kw. j rill— ring 4019 dimin. from rhig = a notch, a groove ; Low Ger. rille = a brook, a rill.] A small brook ; • streamlet, a rivulet. ** As sunshine, broken in the rill. Though turn'd astray, is sunshine still I" Moore: Fire-Worshippers. • rill, v.i. [Rill, s.] To run in rills or small streams. “ With soft murmurs gently rilling Adowrn the moun tains where thy daughters haunt.’* Prior : Callimachus, Hymn 2. * rlll'-et, s. [Eng. rill; dimin. suff. -e£. ] A little rill or streamlet. " Th' industrious muse thus labours to relate Those rillets that attend proud Tamer and her stated Drayton : Poly-Olbion, s. L rim, * rimme, * rym, * ryme, * rymme, s. [A.S. rima (cf. str.-rima = sea-rim, sea- shore); cogn. with Welsh rhim, rhimp, rhimyn = a rim, an edge, rhimio — to edge, rhimynu = to form a rim.] L Ordinary Language: I. Tlie extreme edge, border, or margin of anything : as, the rim of a kettle, the rim of a hat, the rim of a glass, &e. * 2. The lower part of the abdomen or belly ; the peritoneum or inner membrane of the belly. “ I will fetch thy rim out at thy throat." Sha/cesp. : Henry V., iv. 4. II. Technically: 1. Nautical: <1) The extreme edge of the top. (2) The circular, notched plate of a capstan or windlass into which the pawls drop. 2. Vehicles : (1) The circular wooden portion forming the periphery of a wheel. (2) The peripheral portion of a car-wheel attached by spokes or web to the boss or nave. rim-lock, s. A lock having an exterior metallic case which projects from the face of the door, differing thus from a mortise-lock. rim, v.t. [Rim, s.] 1. To form or furnish with a rim ; to put a hoop or rim on at the edge. 2. To be or to form a rim round ; to border, to edge. " A length of bright horizon rimmed the dark." Tennyson: Gardeners Daughter , 177. ri'-ma, s. [Lat.] 1. A not. : A cleft : as, th» rima of the glottis. 2. Bat. : The cleft-like ostiolum of certain fungals. ri-mau-da'-han, s. [Native name.] Zool. : Fells macrocelis ; about three feet long, or four with the tail, and combining the markings both of the tiger and the leopard. It is found in Sumatra. rim -baao, s. [Eng. rim, and base.] 1. Ordn. : A short cylinder at the junction of a trunnion with the gun. It is an enlarge- ment or shoulder to the trunnion which forms the journal to the piece in elevating or depress- ing. 2. Small-arms: The shoulder on the stock of a musket against which the breech of the barrel rests. rim'-ble-ram-ble, a. [A redupl. of ramble (q.v.).] Vague ; harum-scarum. " The greatest part of the task was only rimble- ramble discourse. —TVie Pagan Prince (1690). t rlm-bom'-bo, s. [ital.] Geol. : A peculiar resonance of the ground when struck during some volcanic or earth- quake convulsions. time (1), *ryme (1), s. [A.S. hrim ; cogn. with Dut. rijm ; Icel. hrim ; Dan. riim ; Sw. rim. Prob. connected with Gr. xpvpos (kru- mos), Kpvos ( kruos ) = frost, upvarahhos (kru- italloi ) = crystal (q.v.).] Hoar-frost ; frozen or congealed dew. “In • hoar-frost, that which wo call a rime Is a multitude of quadrangular prismes exactly figured, but piled without any order, one over another.”— Grew : Cosmo. Haora, bk. L, ch. liL, 5 33. •rime (2), * rim, s. [Lat. rima.] A chink, a fissure, a rift. [Rima.] " Though birds hare no epiglottis, yet can they so contract the rim or chiuck of their larinx as to pre- vent the admission of wet or dry ingested.” — Browne : Vulgar Errours, bk. iv., ch. viii. rime (3), s. (Etym. doubtful.] A rung or round of a ladder. rime (4), rhyme, * ryme, s. [A.S. rim = number, computation; cogn. with Dut. rijm; Icel. rima; Dan. riim; Sw. rim; O. H. Ger. rim, hrim — number ; Ger. reim ; Fr. rime; Sp. & Port. Hina; Ital. rima; Irish rimh; Welsh rhif; Gr. ipiOpos ( arithmos ) - number ; Gael, aireamh. The spelling rhyme is not earlier than 1550. (Sfceuf.)] 1. A correspondence of sound in the final syllable or syllables of two or more words ; especially the correspondence in sound of the final syllable or word of one line of poetry with the final syllable or word of another. Three things are essential to a perfect rime : — (1) Identity in the vowel sound, and, if the words end in a consonant, in the consonants also, as in try and cry, sight and light. Identity of letters is not enough, the identity must be one of sound ; thus, close and lose, heath and death are not rimes. (2) Difference in the consonants preceding the vowel, as way and lay, find and mincl. (3) Similarity of accent, as sing and fling ; singing and fling would not be good rimes. If Words like oar and o'er, eye and l, are assonances [Assonance]. Rimes in which the final syllables alone correspond are called single or masculine (male) rimes, as band, hand; those in which the two final syllables corre- spond, the first being accented, are called double or feminine (female) rimes, as crying, trying. Triple rimes extend over three sylla- bles, as scrutiny, mutiny ; dutiful, beautiful. 2. An expression of thought in verse ; poetry, verse, metre ; a composition, especially a short one, in verse. " Things unattempted yet in prose or rime." Milton : P. L.. i. 1C. 3. A verse or line riming with another. •* If, perhaps, these rhymes of mine should sound not well in strangers’ ears." Longfellow: Poetic Aphorisms ; Rhymes. 4. A word which rimes or corresponds fn sound with another. IT Neither rime (or rhyme) nor reason : Ap- plied to anything absurd, foolish, or reckless. "When, in the why, and the wherefore, is neither rhyme nor reason 1 ” —Sha/cesp . .' Comedy of Errors , ti. 2. rime (1). rhyme, * rhlme, * ryme, v.i. & t. [A.S. riman.] A. Intransitive: 1. To accord or correspond in the final syllables. “ He was too warm on picking work to dwell. But fagotted his notions as they fell, And, ii they rhim'd, and rattled, all was well.” Dry den. (Todd.) 2. To make rimes or verses. " There march’d the bard and blockhead side by side. Who rhym'd for hire, and patroniz’d for pride.” Pope : Dunciad, iv. 102. B. Transitive: 1. To put into rime : as, To rime a story. * 2. To put or bring into a certain state by making rimes. “These fellows of infinite tongue, that can rhime themselves into ladies’ favours, they do always reason themselves out again.”— Shakesp. : Henry V., v. 2. ♦ rime-royal, * rhyme-royal, s. A name formerly given to the stanza of seven- lines of ten-syllabled verse, in which the first and third lines rime, the second, fourth, and fifth, and the sixth and seventh. rime (2), v.i. [Rime (1), s.] To freeze or con- geal into rime or hoar-frost. rlm'-er (1), rhym'-er, s. [Eng. rime (1), v. ; ■er.] One who makes rimes; a rhymester. rlm'-er (2), s. [Eng. rimfe) (3), s. ; -er.] 1. A reamer (q.v.). 2. Fort. : A palisade. * rim' -less, a. [Eng. rim; -less.] Having no rim ; without a rim. 11 The other wore a rimless hat." Wordsworth : The Beggars. rimmed, pa. par. or a. [Rim, v.] rlm'-mer, s. [Eng. rim, v. ; -er.] A device for cutting and ornamenting the edges of pies, &c. rl'-mose, rl'-mous, a. [Lat. rimosus, from rima = a crack.] Full of cracks or chinks; abounding in fissures, clefts, or cracks. "Our rimose and rimpled carcasses.” — Leicester : Oita Podrida, No. 19. li-mose'-ly, adv. [Eng. rimose; -ly.] In a rimose manner. * rl-mos'-I-ty, s. [Eng. rimos(e) ; -ity.] The quality or state of being rimose. rl'-mous, a. [Rimose.] rim' -pie, s. [A.S. hrimpan = to wrinkle.] [Rumple.] A wrinkle or fold. rim' -pie, v.t. & i. [Dut. rimpelen.] [Rimple, s.] A. Trans. : To rimple, to rumple, to pucker " The skin was tense, also rimpled and blistered."— Wiseman. B. Intrans. : To become wrinkled, rumpled, or puckered ; to ripple (q.v.). ** Roamed by rimpling rivers, and woodland pastures wild." C. Mac/cay : The Primrose. rlm'-Stock, s. [Eng. rim, and stock.] A clog- almanac (q.v.). rl' -mu-la, s. [Dimin. from Lat. rima = a fissure.] " Palceont. ; A genus of Fissurellidse. Shell thin, and cancellated with a perforation near tlie anterior margin. Known British species seven ; three from the Lias, and four from the Lower Oolite. rlm'-y, a. [Eng. rime (1), s. ; -y. ] Abound- ing or covered witli rime or hoar-frost ; frosty. " The air is now cold, hot, dry, or moist ; and then thin, thick, foggy, rimy, or poisonous.”— Harvey. rin, v.i. [Run.] (Scotch.) rin-about, s. One who runs about the country ; a vagabond. rind, * rinde, * rine, rynde, s. [A.S, rinde = the back of a tree, a crust (of bread); cogn. with O. Dut. rinde = the bark of a tree ; O. H. Ger. rinta; Ger. rinde.] 1. Ord. Lang. : The outward coat or covering, as of trees, fruit, &c. ; skin, husk, hark, peeL " Thy tree hath lost its blossoms, and tlie rind. Chopped by the axe, looks rough and little worth." Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 98. 2. Bot. : A structure intermediate between epidermis and bark. rind, v.t. [Rind, s.] To strip the rind or bark from ; to bark, to peel, to decorticate. rlnd'-er-pest, s. [Ger. = cattle plague : rinder, pi. of rind, = a heifer, a young cow, and pest = a pestilence, a plague.] Animal Pathol. : A malignant and contagious cattle fever indigenous to the Asiatic Steppes and elsewhere iu Asia. Unknown in the United States. [Cattle-plague, 2.] " From this point of view a visitation of rinderpest or murrain is a national loss, and a matter of public concern.”— Brit. Quart. Rev. (1873), vol. lvii., p. 214. rln'-dle, s. [Mid. Eng. rin — run ; dimin. sutf. -le. Cf. runnel.] A small stream, water- course, or gutter. * rin-et, s. [Rind.] rm-for z&n'-dd ( z as ts), adv. [Ital.] Music: The same as Crescendo (q.v.). ring (1), s. [A.S. bring, hrinc; cogn. with Dut. ring; Icel. hringr ; Dan. & Sw. ring; O. H. Ger. hrinc; Ger. ring; Prov. Ger. krink, kring ; Gr. Kpieos, KtpKos (krikos, kir- kos); Eng. circus (q.v.).] I. Ordinary Language : 1. Literally : (1) A circle, or a circular line, or anything in the form of a circular liue or hoop : as, (a) A circle or hoop of gold, or other ma- terial worn on the finger, or in tlie ears, or other parts of the body as an ornament. “ A ring upon his finger.” Longfellow : Tegner's Drapa. ( b ) A hoop of metal used as a means of attachment, of the nature of a link, as in the ring-bolt, lap-ringr, the ring on a neck-yoke, 4020 ring (<0 Tlie space set apart for betting on a lace-course. 2. Figuratively : (1) A eircle. “ But. life within a narrow ring Of giddy joys comprised." Cowper : Bill of Mortality, a.d. 1792. (2) A group of persons in a circle ; a circle. “ Make a ring about the corpse of Ca?sar." Shakesp. : Julias Caesar, iii. 2. (3) A circular course. " Making repeated rings round her opponent." — Field, Dec. 6, 1834. (4) A combination of persons for personal ends, as for controlling the market in stocks, or any particular commodity, or for political purposes. " There was talk of a ring and of a conspiracy."— Daily News, Oct. 1, 1886. II. Technically : 1. Anal, : Anythingmore or less like a ring. H Above the crest of the pubis there is a superficial or abdominal ring, an oblique open- ing, and an internal or deep abdominal ring, and near them a crural ring. 2. Arch. : The list, cincture, or annulet round a column. 3. Bot. : One of the annual circular layers in timber. 4. Comm. : A measure of staves or wood pre- pared for casks, containing four shocks or 240 pieces. 5. Geom. : The area or space between two concentric circles. 6. Naut. : The appendage by which the cable is attached to the anchor by means of the shackle on the end of the chain-cable, called the anchor-shackle. 7. Surv. : An instrument formerly used for taking the sun's altitude, &c., consisting of a ring, usually of brass, suspended by a swivel, with a hole on one side, through which a solar ray entering indicated the altitude upon the inner graduated concave surface. 8. Ordn. : A circle of metal of which there are five kinds, viz., the base-ring, reinforce- ring, trunnion-ring, cornice-ring, and muzzle- ring, but these terms do not apply to most modern ordnance. (1) Fairy rings: [Fairy-rings]. (2) Newton’s rings : [N ewton]. (3) Nobilis rings : [Nobili]. (4) Saturn’s rings : [Saturn]. (5) The Prize Bing : Prize-fighting or prize- flghters collectively. (6) The ring : (а) Betting men or bookmakers collectively. " The ring has been hard hit by the success of Plai- flanterie."— Daily Chronicle, Oct. 14, 1885. (б) The Prize Ring (q.v.). * ring-armor, s. Armor of ring- mail (q.v.). ring-barker, s. One who cuts the bark of a tree in a ring, so as to destroy the life of the tree. " Their skeleton nakedness due to the ruthless axe ©f the ring-barker." — Daily Telegraph , Sept. 10. 1685. ring-barking, s. The act or practice of destroying the life of trees by cutting the bark in a ring. " The questionable practice of thinning the trees by the ‘dying by inches process, known as sapping and ring-barking." — Daily Tclegragh, Sept. 10, 1885. ring-bird, s. The reed-bunting (q.v.). ring-bit, s. Manege : A bit having a ring cheek, whether loose or otherwise. ring-blackbird, s. The ring-ousel (q. v.). ring-bolt, s. Naut. : A ring passing through an eye in the end of a holt which is secured to the deck or side of a vessel or on a wharf. It is used for attachment of a rope or tackle. On each side of a port it is used for hooking the train- tackles by which the gun is manoeuvred, ring-bone, s. Farr. : (See extract). " /ling.bone is a hard callous substance growing In tho hollow circle of the little pastern of a norse, just above the coronet : it sometimes goes quite round like a ring, and thence it is called the ring-bone."— Farrier's Dictionary. * ring-carrier, s. A go-between, so called from his carrying a ring as a token of his mission. ring-chuck, s. A hollow chuck whose grasping end is capable of being contracted by a ring, so as to hold firmly the object to be turned. The screw end fits the mandrel of the lathe-head. ring-coupling, s. [Thimble-coupling.] ring course, s. Arch. : The outer course of stone or brick in an arch. ring-dial, s. A pocket sun-dial in the form of a ring. ring-dog, s. An implement for hauling timber, consisting of two dogs connected by a ring through the eyes. [Dog, s.] ring-dotterel, s. Ornith. : AZgialitis (in older classifications, Charadrius) hiaticula. It is much smaller than the Dotterel (q.v.), and is distinguished by its black collar, and its brilliant, gold- coloured eyes. This bird was formerly cele- brated in folk-medicine. To be cured of the jaundice it was held to be only necessary to look fixedly at the bird’s eyes, with a firm faith in the success of the experiment. ring-dove, s. [Woodpigeon.] ring-dropper, s. One who practises ring-dropping. “ After his punishment, he was, during some years, lost in the crowd of pilferers, ring-droppers, and sharpers who infested the capital . " — Macaulay : Bist. Eng., ch. xviiL ring-dropping, s. A trick practised upon the unwary by sharpers, who pretend to find a ring, or other article of jewellery, made of imitation gold, which they sell to the victim as gold. ring-fence, s. 1. Lit. : A fence, inclosing in a more or less circular line, an estate or considerable extent of country. 2. Fig. : An inclosing line or limit, ring-finger, s. The third finger of the left hand, on which the ring is placed in marriage. ring-footed gnat, s. Entom. : Culex annulatus, a British species. It frequents houses, and its bite causes greater irritation than that of the House- gnat, C. ciliaris. ring-formations, s. pi. Astron. : Certain walled or ramparted plains on the surface of the moon, supposed to be non-volcanic, as no central cone is discernible. ring-formed, a. Formed like a ring; circular. ring-gauge, s. 1. Road-malcing: A ring two and a half inches wide in the aperture, used for deter- mining the size of broken stone under the Macadam system of road-making. 2. Jewell. : A conical piece of wood or a tapering metallic slip, having marked upon it a series of sizes of rings, according to an estab- lished gauge, or actual parts of an inch in diameter. 3. Ordn. : A circular steel gauge used in in- specting shot and shell. They are made of two sizes for each calibre, the larger being a trifle more and the smaller a trifle less in diameter than the true calibre of the projec- tile. All shot received must pass through the larger gauge, but are rejected if they pass through the smaller. ring head, s. An instrument used for stretching wool- len cloth. *ring hedge, s. A ring-fence (q.v.). ring - lock, s. A puzzle-look ; a letter-lock (q.v.). ring - mail, 3 . Old Arm. : De- fensive armour composed of small rings of biko-mail. steel sewn edge- ways upon a strong garment of leather or quilted cloth. It differs from chainmail, in that the rings of the latter are interlaced with each other, and strongly fastened witli rivets. It was worn in the thirteenth and part of the fourteenth centuries. * ring-man, s. 1. One connected with the betting- or prize ring ; a betting or sporting man. 2. The third finger of the left hand ; the ring-finger. “ On the foremost finger and the ring-man.”— Ascham : Toxophilus, p. 137. ring-master, s. One who has charge of the performances in a circus-ring. “ The white thong In the ring-master's strong and merciless hand."— Graphic, June 6, 1885, p. 66*. ring-micrometer, s. Optics : A metallic ring fixed in the field at a telescope, and used to determine differences of declination between stars from the differ- ences of time occupied by them in traversing different chords, either of the inner or outer periphery of the ring ; a circular micrometer, ring-money, s. Numismatics : Money formed like a ring. It was in use in Egypt and some other ancient nations before thecoins of ordinary form began. Caesar (de Bel. Gal., v. 12) is made to speak of “annulis ferreis,” “ pro nuinmo,” among the ancient Britons at the time of his invasion, but there are two other readings of the passage. Ring-money existed in Sweden and Norway as late as the twelfth century, and is still current in parts of Africa. ring necked pheasant, s. Ornith. : Phasianus torquatus, from China. Its plumage is extremely brilliant, with a dis- tinct white collar. It breeds freely in cap- tivity. ring-net, s. A net used by entomologists for catching butterflies. It consists of a ring of cane or metal, about fifteen inches in dia- meter, fixed on the end of a walking stick, and bearing a net of leno, or book muslin, the length of tlie arm. The net must not end in a point, or the butterflies would get jammed into it and injure the feathery scales of their wings. ring-ousel, ring-ouzel, s. [Ouseg, T1 ring-rope, s. Naut. : A rope secured to a ring-holt in the deck to secure the cable or a purchase, or to check tlie cable in veering, ring-sail, s. Naut. : A small, light sail set on a mast on the taf- rail. ring -saw, s. A saw having an annular web. ring-shaped, a. Having the shape of a ring ; annular. ring-stand, s. A small stand having projecting pins on which to place finger- rings. ring-stopper, s. Naut. : A long piece of rope secured to an after ring-bolt, and the loop embracing the cable through the next, while others in succes- sion nip the cable home to each ring-bolt, in succession. It is a precaution in veering cable in bad weather. * ring streaked, * ring-straked, a. Having circular streaks or lines on the body. “ He removed the lie-goats that were ring-streaked and spotted, and all tlie she-goats that were speckled.” — Genesis xxx. 36. ring-tail, s. 1. Naut. : An additional sail set abaft tlie spanker or driver, to extend its area in light winds. 2. Ornithology : (1) A ring-tailed eagle (q.v.). " Many other authors mention the eagle and ring- tails in such terms as to leave the identity of the bird almost unquestionable."— Eng. Cyclop. [Nat. Bist.), 11. 710. (2) Tlie female of the hen-harrier ( Circus cyanens). So called from a rust-coloured ring formed by the tips of tlie tail-feathers. Cite, fit, fare, amidst, what, fall, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, p8t or, wore, w.] ris'-se-ite, s. [After H. Risse ; suff. -ite (Min.).'] Min. : The same as Buratite (q.v.). Ris SO', s. [A. Risso, an Italian naturalist; he made the Mediterranean fauna his life-long Cite, fat, fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gd, pot, or, wore, we if, work, whd, son; mute, cub, cure, unite, cur, rule, fuU; try, Syrian, es, ee = e; ey = a; qu = kw. rissoa— rive 4025 study, and published L'Ichthyologie de Nice In 1810, and L’Histoire Naturelle de l’ Europe Meridionale in 1827.] (See compound.) Risso’a grampus, s. Zool. : Grampus griseus. The head is fuller and rounder than that of a porpoise, and its flippers are longer and narrower. Prevailing tint gray, darker above, lighter below, the markings on sides varying considerably. Found on the French and English coasts in summer ; probably visiting Africa or America in winter. Hs-sd'-a, s. [Risso.J Zool. & Palaont. : A genus of Littorinidae. Shell minute, white or horny, pointed, rnauy- whorled ; aperture rounded, operculum sub- spiral. Known species : recent, about seventy, world-wide in distribution, but especially from the northern hemisphere ; fossil, one hundred, from Britain and France, from the Permian of Britain onward. Forbes and Hanley enume- rated forty-five real or doubtful recent species as British. ris-so'-i-daa, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rissofa); Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. - idee .] Zool: A family of Holostomata. (Tate.) Often merged in Littorinidfe. ris-so-I -na, s. [Mod. Lat. risso(a ) ; Lat. fem. sing. adj. suff. -ina.] Zool. & Palceont. : A sub-genus of Rissoa. Aperture channelled in front. Recent species, sixty-six ; fossil, ten, from the Bath Oolite onward. ris -sole, s. [Fr.] Cook. : An entree consisting of savoury mince of any kind, enclosed in pastry and fried. li'-SUS, s. [Lat. = laughter.] (See compound.) risus sardonicus, s. Pathol. : A kind of grin on the features in tetanus. It was anciently attributed to the eating of the Sardoa, Sardous, or Sardonia hsrba, i.e., the Sardoniau herb, which had leaves like parsley and was sweet ; it may have been a Ranunculus. The sardonic grin is a very unfavourable symptom in lesion of the nerves. rlt, ritt, s. [Prob. the same as rut (q.v.).] A slight incision made in the ground with a spade, &c. ; a scratch made on a board,