imm 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF LLWCS 
 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Aquatic Phenogams of Iowa, 
 
 By R. I. CRATTY. 
 
 Extract from Bulletin Lab. Nat. Sci., State Univ. Iowa. 
 Vol. III., No. 4. 
 
 December 10th, 1895. 
 
Notes on the Aquatic Phenogams of Iowa. 
 
 By R. I. CRATTY. 
 
 So large a proportion of our state is suitable for cultivation 
 that our native flora is being rapidly swept away, and while 
 most of the species may survive along roadsides, in hilly and 
 stony localities, and along streams, yet many which are rare 
 or local must eventually disappear entirely. Most of the land 
 too rolling for plowing is valuable for pasturage, and here the 
 destruction of the indigenous flora is nearly as rapid, the 
 introduced grasses, clovers, and weeds appropriating the 
 ground. While the marsh and aquatic plants have a better 
 chance in the struggle for existence than the prairie flora, yet 
 the draining of ponds and marshes, thus greatly restricting 
 the area frequented by such plants, is certain to sweep away 
 some species which were formerly quite common. Those 
 who have lived many years in the state, now see the former 
 haunts of muskrats and aquatic birds covered with waving 
 grain, and while from an economic point of view this change 
 may be desirable, yet to the naturalist it brings the conviction 
 that if we are to secure a full representation of what our 
 flora was, there is no time to lose. 
 
 The following list of plants, all marsh or aquatic except our 
 two species of Ariscema , while probably not complete, is an 
 attempt to record in one paper a list of the species of the fol¬ 
 lowing orders found within our limits, giving as far as possible 
 the geographical distribution of each. Free use has been 
 made of Dr. Arthur’s Flora of Iowa (1876), and of its several 
 additions, and of Prof. A. S. Hitchcock’s Ames Flora, as pub¬ 
 lished in the Transactions of the St. Lotus Academy of Science, 
 
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 Ofl/P. £. 
 
 NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PIIENOGAMS OF IOWA. 
 
 Vol. V. (1891). Much help has also been derived from Prof. 
 Macmillan’s Metaspermce of the Minnesota Valley (1892). 
 Dr. Morong’s Naiadacece of North America and J. G. Smith’s 
 Revision of the North American Species of Sagittaria and 
 Lophotocarpus have been followed in those groups. In the 
 remaining portions the treatment, with a few exceptions, is 
 essentially that of Gray's Manual, 6th edition. 
 
 Thanks are due Dr. J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University, 
 Lafayette, Indiana, Mr. E. W. D. Holway, of Decorah, Iowa, 
 Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, of the Kansas Agricultural College, 
 Edmund P. Sheldon, of the University of Minnesota, and 
 Prof. B. Shimek, of the Iowa State University, for valuable 
 assistance. Mr. F. Reppert, of Muscatine, Iowa, has greatly 
 aided me by the loan of specimens, literature, and by furnish¬ 
 ing many valuable notes. Prof. W. A. Kellerman, of the 
 Ohio State University, kindly looked over for me a portion 
 of Dr. Arthur’s collection now in the herbarium of the late 
 Dr. Townshend. Prof. L. H. Pammel, of the Iowa Agricul¬ 
 tural College, kindly loaned me for study the collection of 
 Iowa aquatics in the herbarium of that institution. Finally, 1 
 desire to thank Prof. T. H. Macbride, of the Iowa State Uni¬ 
 versity, for his kindness and the efficient aid he has rendered 
 me in many ways. 
 
 ARACEiE. 
 
 ARISFEM A Mart. Flora, II., 459 (1831). 
 
 1. A. triphyllum (. Linn .) Torr . FI. N. Y., II., (1843 ). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 549; Arthur, FI. 
 Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FI , 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. 
 Val., 132. 
 
 Common throughout; preferring low, rich ground in woods. 
 Flowering in May or June, the fruit maturing late in August. 
 
 Decorah, Holzuay; Iowa City, Macbride; Ames and Charles 
 City, Arthur; Emmet county, Cratly; Le Claire, Rol/s; 
 Muscatine, Reppert; Winnebago county, Shimek. 
 
 p49894 
 
 A 2 
 
NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN. 
 
 138 
 
 2 . A. dracontium (Linn.) Schott . Melet. (1832 ). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 549; Upham, FI. 
 Minn., 134; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FL, 521. 
 
 Low damp woods; less common than the preceding species. 
 
 Decorah, Holway; Ames, Hitchcock; Iowa City, Macbride; 
 Charles City, Arthur; Muscatine, Reppert; Keokuk, Rolfs. 
 
 Note. — Calla falustris Linn., Spec. Ed. 2, 1373(1762), has been found just 
 outside our limi s in southeastern Minnesota. Ii may be looked for in the 
 northeastern part of our state. 
 
 SYMPLOCARPUS Salish. Nutt., Gen. I., 105 (1818). 
 
 1. S. fcetidus. Stilish. Nutt., Gen. I., 105 (1818 ). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 551; Arthur, FI. 
 Iowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 131. 
 
 A homely plant with a most disagreeable odor. Bogs and 
 very moist ground; eastern and southern portions of the state. 
 Rather rare. 
 
 Decorah, Holway; Muscatine county, Macbride , Reppert. 
 
 ACORUS Linn. Spec. Pi. ( 1753). 
 
 1. A. calamus Linn. Spec. PI. 324 (1753). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 551; Arthur, FL 
 Iowa, 30; Upham, FL Minn., 135. 
 
 Well distributed throughout the state. Usually only a 
 small percentage of the plants flower. Marshes, June, July. 
 
 Decorah, Holzvay; Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, Macbride; 
 Emmet county, Cratty; Ames, Hitchcock; Hancock county, 
 Arthur; Jewell Junction, Rolfs; Winnebago county, Shimek . 
 
 LEMNACE JE. 
 
 LEMNA Linn. Spec. PL, (1753). 
 
 1. L. minor Linn. Spec. PL 970 (1753). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 553; Arthur, FL 
 
NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA, 11)( g 
 
 Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FL, 522; Macmillan, Metas. 
 Minn. Val., 133. 
 
 Proliferous like the rest of our Lemnacece , the flowers and 
 fruit being rarely seen. In stagnant water; rarer than the 
 two following. 
 
 Ames and Iowa City, Hitchcock; Marshalltown, Stewart; 
 Muscatine, Reppert; Linn county, Shimek; Ames (near the 
 var. orbiculata Austin), Bessey. 
 
 2. L. trisulca Linn. Spec. PL, 970 (1753). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 552; Arthur, FI. 
 Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FL, 522; Upham, FL Minn., 135. 
 
 Common throughout the state, floating on stagnant water, 
 among other vegetation, often in dense mats. June, July. 
 
 Emmet county, Cratty; Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, Mac- 
 bride; Decorah, Ho/way; Ames, Arthur, Bessey; Spirit Lake, 
 Hitchcock: Muscatine, Reppert; Hancock county, Shimek. 
 
 3. L. polyrrhiza Linn. Spec. PL, 970 (1753). 
 
 Spirodela polyrrhiza Schleid, Linnem, XIII., 392 (1839). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 6th ed., 552; Arthur, FL 
 Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FL, 521; Macmillan, Metas. 
 Minn. Val., 134. 
 
 Very common throughout, floating on stagnant or slow 
 flowing water. July. 
 
 Muscatine, Reppert; Spirit Lake, Hitchcock; Ames, Arthur; 
 Dec-orah, Ilohvav; Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, Macbride; 
 Emmet county, Cratty; Winnebago county, Shimek. 
 
 Note.— L. perpusilla Torr., FI. N. Y., II., 245 (1843), should be looked 
 
 for in the eastern part of the state. 
 
 * P. . \ 
 
 WOLF FI A Horkei. Linn. XIII., 389 (1839). 
 
 1. W. brasiliensis Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser., 3, XII., 157 
 (1849). 
 
 Grantia brasiliensis ( Wedd.) Macmillan, Metas. Minn. 
 Val., 134 (1892). 
 
140 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN. 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 553; Upham, FI. 
 Minn., 135; Beal and Wheeler, FI. Mich., 144. 
 
 Floating as little grains on the surface of the water. 
 
 Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, where it is very common 
 some years, Macbride , Shimek; Mississippi River near Oquaw- 
 ka. Ill., Patterson; Muscatine, Ref pert. 
 
 TYPHACE.E. 
 
 TYPHA Linn. Spec. PL, (1 753 )• 
 
 1. T. latifolia Linn. Spec. PL, 971 (1753). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 547; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 
 30; Hitchock, Ames FL, 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn.Val., 31. 
 
 A well known plant of wide distribution throughout the 
 
 \ 
 
 northern hemisphere. Fertile portion of spike when mature 
 often 1 in. or more in diameter, and 5 to 8 in. long. Common 
 in marshes and edges of ponds. July, August. 
 
 Decorah, Hohvay; Iowa City, Macbride; Emmet and Kos¬ 
 suth counties, Cratty; Ames, Arthur , Hitchcock; Hamilton 
 county, Rolfs; Muscatine, Reppert; Charles City, Arthur; 
 Cedar Rapids, Keokuk, Taylor count) 7 , Shimek; Henry, 
 Scott, Delaware, Jackson counties, Macbride. 
 
 SPARGANIACE JE. 
 
 SPARGANIUM Linn. Spec. PL (1753). 
 
 1. S. simplex Huds. FL Angl. Ed. 2, 401 (1762). 
 
 S. simplex Huds. var. nuttallii Englm. in Gray’s Man., 
 5th ed., 481 (1867). 
 
 Wats. 2nd Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 548; Arthur, FL Iowa, 
 30; Hitchcock, Ames FL 521; Upham. FL Minn., 135. 
 
 Marshes and edges of lakes; rare or local. July, August. 
 Ames, four miles southwest of College, Hiichcock. 
 
NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. I ^ I 
 
 2. S. amdrocladum ( Engelm .) Morong , Bull. Tor?'. Bot. 
 
 Club, XV., 78 (1888). 
 
 S. simplex Huds. var. androcladum Engelm. in Gray's 
 Man., 5th ed., 481 (1867). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s, Man. 6th ed., 548; Arthur, FI. 
 Iowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 33. 
 
 Heads when mature about one inch in diameter, being 
 intermediate in size between the preceding and the next. 
 Ponds; rare. July, August. 
 
 Davenport, Arthur's FI. Iozvci , No. 775 ? Wilton, Hitchcock. 
 
 3. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed. (1852). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 548; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 
 30; Hitchcock, Ames FI. 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn.Val., 33. 
 
 Frequent throughout the state on the margin of ponds and 
 lakes, usually being found among a rank growth of grasses 
 and sedges. Mature heads of fruit are often 1 f 2 in- in diam¬ 
 eter. July, August. 
 
 Emmet county, Cratty; Iowa City, Macbride; Ames, Hitch¬ 
 cock; Humboldt, Besscy; Hamilton county, Rolfs; Dickinson 
 county, Hitchcock; Washington and Winnebago counties, 
 Cedar Rapids, Shimek. 
 
 NAIADACE JE. 
 
 NAIAS Linn. Spec. PL, 1015 (1753). 
 
 1. N. flexilis ( Wit Id. ) Rost. & Schmidt , FI. Sed. 384 (1824). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 59; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 566; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 40; Hitchcock, 
 Ames FI., 523; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 30. 
 
 A homely little plant, growing entirely under water, and 
 widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Ponds 
 and slow streams. July, August. 
 
 Lake Cairo, Bcsscy; Emmet county, Cratty; Story and 
 Dickinson counties, Hitchcock; Muscatine Rcppcrt; Hancock 
 county, Shimek. 
 
142 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN. 
 
 ZANNICHELLIA Linn. Spec. PL, 969 (1753). 
 
 1. Z. palustris Linn. Spec. PL, 969 (1753). 
 
 Morong, Naiad., N. A. 57; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 565; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FL, 
 523; Upham, FL Minn., 136. 
 
 A graceful aquatic with capillary stems, sparsely branched; 
 flowering and ripening its fruit under water. Cosmopolitan. 
 Ponds, and slow streams. 
 
 Ames, not uncommon, Hitchcock; Muscatine, Reppert; 
 Storm Lake, Bessey. 
 
 POTAMOGETON Linn. Spec. PL, 126 (1753). 
 
 1. P. natans. Linn. Spec. PL, 126 (1753). 
 
 Morong, Naid. N. A. 13; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 558; Arthur, Cont. FL Iowa, III.; Macmillan, Metas. 
 Minn. Val., 34. 
 
 Ponds and slow-flowing streams; fruit maturing in August 
 which should be especially collected of all species of the genus. 
 
 Lake township, Muscatine county, Reppert; Linn county, 
 Shimek; Lake Okoboji and Fort Dodge, Hitchcock. 
 
 2. P. amplifolius Tuck. Am.Jour. Sci., 2, VI., 225 (1848). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 16; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 561; Upham, FL Minn., 136; Arthur, FL Iowa, 30; 
 Beal and Wheeler, FL Mich., 146. 
 
 Slow flowing streams; rather rare. 
 
 Emmet county, Cratty; Muscatine, Reppert; Spirit Lake, 
 Hitchcock; Tama County, Sirrine; Charles City, Arthur. 
 
 3. P. nuttallii Ch. & Sch. Linnsea, II., 226 (1827). 
 
 P. pennsyivanicus Ch. & Sch. Linn., II., 227 (1827). 
 
 P. claytonii Tuck. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts. 1st Ser., 
 XLV., 38 (1843). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 18; Wats, and Coult , Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 559; Beal and Wheeler, FL Mich., 145. 
 
NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. x ^ 
 
 Not before reported from Iowa. Ponds and slow streams 
 along Cedar River near Muscatine, June 25, 1894. Not 
 common. Herb. Ref pert, Ho. 738. 
 
 4 . p. eonchites Tuck. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2nd Ser., 
 VII., 348 (1849). 
 
 P. fin items Auc. Amer. 
 
 (?)P.Jluitans Roth, FI. Germ., I., 72 (1788). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 20; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 560; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 34; Arthur, FI. 
 Iowa, 30. 
 
 Slow-flowing streams; common. Forms of this species 
 with the petioles of the submerged leaves 6 to 8 in. long were 
 collected by Mr. Reppert in the Mississippi River near Mus¬ 
 catine. 
 
 West Fork of the Des Moines at Estherville, Cratty; Ames, 
 streams around Cairo Lake, Hitchcock; ponds and sloughs 
 along Cedar River, Reppert; Iowa City, Linn and Lee coun¬ 
 ties, Shimek; Charles City, Arthur; Storm Lake, Bessey; 
 Waterloo and Spirit Lake, Hitchcock; Hamilton count} 7 , Rolfs . 
 
 5. P. heterophyllus Schrel >. Spic. FI. Lips, 21 (1771). 
 P. gramineus , var. heterophyllus Fries. Nov. 2nd ed., 
 
 35 (1828). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 23; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 561; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522; Macmillan, Metas. 
 Minn. Val , 35. 
 
 An extremely variable species, preferring quiet water; rare 
 within our limits. When the ponds and sloughs dry up this 
 species often sends up shoots bearing several broad green 
 leaves, in this respect resembling P. illinoensis. 
 
 Sloughs near Armstrong, Emmet county, Cratty; Ames, 
 rare, Hitchcock. 
 
 6. P. illinoensis Morong . Bot. Gaz , V., 50 (1880). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 27; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s 
 Man., 6th ed., 561; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 36; 
 Arthur, Cont. FI. Iowa, V.; Hitchcock, Ames, FI., 522. 
 
T 44 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN. 
 
 Ponds and margins of lakes. This species has the floating 
 leaves more crowded and of a stockier growth than P. Ion- 
 chites with which it is often confounded. “The plant confines 
 itself mostly to rather shallow water on the margin of sloughs 
 and ponds. The plants are often left exposed in the mud, in 
 which, if it does not become too dry, the roots survive and 
 produce short shoots bearing 3 to 4 leaves.”— Rcppert. 
 
 Emmet county, rare, Cratty; Ames, infrequent, Hitchcock; 
 Muscatine, the most common of the large-leaved species, 
 Rcppert. 
 
 7. P. prvelongus Wulpen. Roem. Arch., III., 331 (1803-5). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 32; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 562; Upl am,'FI. Minn., 136; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 30;: 
 Beal and Wheeler, FI. Mich., 146. 
 
 Deep water, lakes and ponds. July, August. 
 
 Clear Lake, Arthur; Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, Hitchcock ; 
 Iowa Lake, Cratty. 
 
 Note —P. lucens Linn. Spec. PI., 126 (1753). Specimens without flow¬ 
 ers or fruit of what appears to be this species were collected by Professor 
 Hitchcock near Ames and are in the herbarium of the Agricultural College. 
 
 8. P. perfoliatus Linn ., var. richardsonii A. Bennett. 
 Jour. Bot., XXVII., 25 (1889 ptp. lanceolatus Sm. Fng. 
 Bot., 1985 (1808). P. perfoliatus var. lanceolatus Rob¬ 
 bins in Gray’s Man., 5th ed., 488 (1867). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 33; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 562; Arthur, Cont. FI. Iowa, V.; Upham, FI. Minn., 
 137 - 
 
 Shallow water in lakes, ponds, and streams — a most beau¬ 
 tiful plant. July. I have not seen the tvpical P. perfoliatus 
 from Iowa. 
 
 Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, Hitchcock; Emmet county. 
 
 9. P. zosTERyEFOLius Schum. Enum. PI. Sael, I., 50 (1801), 
 P. compressus Fries. Nov. ed. 2, 44 (1828), non Linn. 
 
NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. Iz ^ 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 37; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 562; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 39; Arthur, 
 Cont. FI. Iowa, III.; Hitchcock, Ames, FI., 522. 
 
 A beautiful piant with bright, smooth leaves. Shallow 
 water in lakes or slow streams. July, August. 
 
 Vinton, Arthurs Cat.; Iowa Lake, Emmet county, Cratty; 
 Lake Okoboji and Ames, Hitchcock; Muscatine, Reffect; 
 Cedar Rapids, Iowa City, Hancock county, Shimek. 
 
 10. P. foliosus Raf. Med. Rep., II., Hex. V., 354 (1808 ). 
 P . faucijlorus Pursh. FI. Am., I.. 121 (1814), non Lam. 
 FI. Franc, III., 209 (1778). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 39; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 563; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. 
 Val., 39. 
 
 A very variable species, usually growing entirely under 
 water, and widely distributed throughout the United States 
 and Canada. Morong in his JVaiadacece of JVorth America 
 says, “ spikes about 4-flowered/’ Emmet county, Iowa, speci¬ 
 mens determined by him have the spikes 4- to 6-fruited. 
 Some of Mr. Reppert’s specimens vary from the type in 
 having the spikes 6- to 10-fruited, in this respect - approaching 
 the var. niagarensis (Tuck.) Gray. Similar forms were also 
 collected at Ames by Prof. Hitchcock. June, July. 
 
 Shallow water in ponds and lakes, Emmet county, Cratty; 
 Muscatine, Reffcrt; Iowa City, Lee, Hancock, and Linn 
 counties, Shimek; Mt. Pleasant, Mills; Charles City, Arthur; 
 Grand Junction, Bessey; Dickinson and Woodbury counties, 
 Hitchcock. 
 
 Note.— P. obtusifobus Mert. and Kock. Dent. FI., I., 855 (1823), has 
 been reported from this State, but I have not seen it Plants so labeled 
 which I have seen are forms of anothtr species. 
 
 f 
 
 11. P. major (Pries) Morong , Naiad. N. x\., 41 (1893). 
 
 P. rutilus Auc. Amer. in part, non Schult., Mant. III., 
 362 (1827). 
 
 P.fusillus Linn., var. major Fries. Nov. 48 (1828). 
 
 P. comf ressus Sm. Eng. Bot., III., 418 (1794), non Linn. 
 
NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN. 
 
 146 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 41; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 563; Upham, FI. Minn., 137. 
 
 A graceful little plant with delicate, bright foliage, some¬ 
 what resembling P. pusillus but larger. Rare in America. 
 Ponds and shallow lakes. July. 
 
 Iowa Lake, Emmet county, Crcitty; Muscatine, Herb . 
 Rep-pert , J\o. 7^6 in part; Spirit Lake, Hitchcock. 
 
 12. P. pusillus Linn. Spec. PL, 127 (1753). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 45; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 563; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Yah, 36; Hitchcock, 
 Ames FI., 522. 
 
 A delicate species preferring shallow ponds and lakes. July. 
 
 Ames, abundant at Cairo Lake, Hitchcock; Muscatine, 
 Herb. Rep pert. JVo. 746 in part. 
 
 13. P. spirillus Tuck. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2nd Ser., 
 VI , 226 (1848). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 49; Wats, and Coult., Graj^’s Man., 
 6th ed., 560; Beal and Wheeler, FI. Mich., 145; Bot. Death 
 Val. Ex., 210. 
 
 This interesting little plant, not before reported from the 
 State, was collected in August, 1889, at Carnsforth, Iowa, by 
 Prof. Hitchcock, and again in July, 1894, by Mr. Kenneth 
 McKenzie in ponds along the C., R. I. & P. R. R., between 
 Muscatine and Fruitland. The specimens approach P. diver- 
 si folius Raf. ( P. hybridus Michx.) in some characters, but are 
 quite clearly distinguished by the submerged spikes being 
 sessile or nearly so; by the broader submerged leaves, and by 
 the curious snail-like fruit which shows the coiled embryo 
 very conspicuously, even in the dried specimen. 
 
 1 
 
 14. P. pectin at us Linn. Spec. Pl.i^-'V 1 7 5 3) • 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 51; Wats and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 564; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 35; Arthur, FI. 
 Iowa, 30. 
 
NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 
 
 One of the most widely distributed species of plants, occur¬ 
 ring in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the greater part 
 of North America. Ponds and quiet streams. July, August. 
 
 West Fork of the Des Moines, Estherville, Cratty; Musca¬ 
 tine, Rcppcrt; Woodbine, Burgess; Storm Lake, Bessey; 
 Lake Okoboji, Hitchcock; Hancock and Linn counties, SJiiniek . 
 
 JUNCAGINE^E. 
 
 TRIGLOCHIN Linn. Sp. PL, 339 (1753). 
 
 1. T. maritima Linn. Sp. PL, 339 (1753 ). 
 
 T. elata Nutt. Gen. I., 237 (1818). 
 
 T. maritima , var. eiata Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 437 (1852). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 8 ; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 
 6th ed., 558; Arthur. Cont. FI. Iowa, V.; Macmillan, Metas. 
 Minn. Val., 41; Hitchcock, Ames FL* 522. 
 
 Widely distributed throughout Canada and the northern 
 half of the United States. Most common in salt marshes, but 
 in the interior it is found in fresh water bogs. Our plant 2 
 to 3 ft. tall. July, August. 
 
 Ames, very rare, Hitchcock; bogs near Armstrong, Emmet 
 county, infrequent, Cratty. 
 
 \ 
 
 SCHEUCHZERIA Linn. Spec. PL, 338 (1753). 
 
 1. S. pauustris Linn. Sp. PL, 338 (1753). 
 
 Morong, Naiad. N. A., 9; Wats, and Coult., Gray's Man., 
 6 th ed., 558; Arthur, Cont. FI. Iowa, V.; Macmillan, Metas. 
 Minn. Val., 42. 
 
 A rush-like perennial plant growing in cold bogs, and flow¬ 
 ering early in 4 :h^ - £p rm g, the fruit maturing in July. Only 
 one species is known. 
 
 Emmet county, two miles north of Armstrong, very rare, 
 Cratty. This is about its southern limit in the United States. 
 
148 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN. 
 
 ALISMACE JE. 
 
 ALISMA Linn. Sp. PL (1753). 
 
 1. A. plantago Linn. Sp. PL, 342 (1753). 
 
 A. -plantago var. americana , R. and S., Svst. III. (1818). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Grav’s Man., 6th ed., 554; Arthur, FL 
 Iowa, 31; Hitchcock, Ames FL, 522; Upham, FL Minn., 138. 
 
 Common throughout the State. The plant varies greatly, 
 especially in regard to size and foliage, the result of different 
 conditions of its place of growth. June, July. 
 
 Emmet county, Cratty; Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, Mac- 
 bride; Decorah, Llolzvay; Ames and Charles City, Arthur; 
 Boone, Bessey; Muscatine, Reppert; Webster City, Pammel; 
 Marshalltown, Stewart; Hamilton county, Rolfs; Fremont, 
 Washington, Lee, Jackson and Scott counties, Shimek. 
 
 KCHINODORUS Richard. Mem. Mus., 365 (1815) 
 
 1. E. rostratus (JVutt.) Engelm. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 
 438 (1856). 
 
 Alisma rostrata Nutt. 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Hitchcock, 
 Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, XVI., 70. 
 
 Ditches and swamps. Illinois to Iowa and southward; 
 rather rare. August, September. 
 
 Plamburg, Hitchcock; Iowa City, Macbride; Muscatine, 
 Reppert; Sioux City, Pammel; Keokuk, Shimek. 
 
 .2 E. parvulus Engelm. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 438 (1856). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Arthur, FL 
 Iowa, 31; Upham, FL Minn., 138; Beal and Wheeler, FL 
 Mich., 145. 
 
 Rare or local. No. 786 of Arthur’’s Flora of Iowa , but 
 without locality. 
 
NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. I4 ^ 
 
 SAGITTARIA Linn. Sp. PL (1753). 
 
 1. S. arifolia Nutt, in Herb. j. G. Smith, Rev. N. A. 
 
 Sag. and Loph., 6 (1894). 
 
 S. sa<fittcfolia minor Pursh., FI. Am., II., 395 (1814 ). 
 
 A species widely distributed in the western half of the 
 United States, but probably rare within our limits. In general 
 appearance closely resembling form c. of S. latifolia Willd., 
 but the fruit very different, long, winged on both sides, with 
 a very short upright beak, and (in our plant) a prominent 
 vertical sub-epidermal resin passage. Collected at Iowa City 
 by Prof. Hitchock. Herbarium of Iowa Agricultural College. 
 
 2. S. uatifolia Willd. Sp. PL, IV., 409 (1806). 
 
 S. variabilis Engelm. Gray’s Man., 1st ed., (1848). 
 
 A. sagitt of olia Auc. Amer. 
 
 ( ?)S. sagittofolia Linn. Sp. 993 (1753). 
 
 Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 8; Wats, and Coult., 
 Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 554; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val.,45; 
 Arthur, FI. Iowa, 31; Hitchcock, Ames FL, 522. 
 
 Very common throughout the State in sloughs and edges 
 of ponds, lakes, and streams. Excessively variable in size, 
 foliage, shapes of the achenia, etc. The typical plant has 
 achenia obliquely or horizontally beaked, both of which forms 
 are common within our limits. J. G. Smith in his recent mon¬ 
 ograph includes five forms of which form a, the var. obtusa 
 Engelm., and form c, including the varieties hastata. an^ustL 
 folia , gracilis , and diversifolia of most collectors are frequent. 
 
 Several species of Sagittaria produce tubers, especially S. 
 latifolia and its various forms. These tubers are called Wab- 
 es-i-pin-ig, or swan potatoes, by the Chippewa Indians, because 
 they furnish nourishment for the larger aquatic fowls. “These 
 tubers sometimes attain the size of a small hen’s egg and are 
 then eaten by the Indians with whom they are a great favor¬ 
 ite. In their raw state they contain a bitter, milky juice, but 
 in boiling become sweet and palatable.”— Parry. 
 
 Decorah, Holzvay; Emmet and Kossuth counties, Cratty; 
 
NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN. 
 
 ISO 
 
 Jones county, Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, Macbrfde: Ames. 
 Arthur: Hamilton county, Rolfs; Muscatine, Reppert 1 : Mar¬ 
 shalltown, Stezvzrt; Davenport and Waterloo, Hitchcock; 
 Winnebago and Lee counties, Shimsk. 
 
 3. S. rigida Pursh . FI. Am., 397 (1814 ). 
 
 S. heterophylla Pursh. FI. Am., 396 ( 1814). not of 
 Schreb. FI. Eri., II., 119 (1811). 
 
 Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 23; Wats, and Coult* 
 Gray’s Man.. 6th ed., 555; Hitchcock, Ames FI.. 520; Arthur* 
 Cont. FI. Iowa, III. 
 
 Ed^es of lakes or streams: rather common in the eastern 
 and southern portions of the State. Very variable, especially 
 in regard to size and foliage, July, August. 
 
 Clinton county, Butler: Ames, abundant at Cairo Lake. 
 Hitchcock: Muscatine, in Muscatine slough at the upper 
 bridge, lave miles below the city. Rep pert; Waterloo. Hitchcock ? 
 Linn county, Shimek. Specimens collected at Iowa City by 
 Prof. Hitchcock have the submersed foliage closely resembling 
 that of S. teres Wats. 
 
 4. S. GRAMINEA MicllX . FI. N. x\., I., I9O ( 1803). 
 
 Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 24; Wats, and Coult.* 
 Gray’s Man., 6 th ed., 555; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 31; Hitchcock, 
 Ames FI., 522; Webb. FI. Neb., 97. 
 
 Southeast portion of the State; ponds and streams. 'July. 
 
 Ames and Boone, Bessey; Hamilton county, Rolfs; Iowa 
 City, Mach ride ; Muscatine, Reppert; Nevada, Fragier; Carns- 
 forth, Hitchcock , a form approaching S. cristata. 
 
 5. S. cristata Engehn. in Arthur, Cont. FI. Iowa,V., ( 1882 ). 
 Proc. Dav. Acad. Sci., IV., 29 (1886). 
 
 S. zariabilis var. (?) gracilis , S. Watson in Gray's Man., 6th 
 ed., 555, in part, not of Engelm. 
 
 Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 27: Sheldon, Minn. Bot. 
 Studies, Bull. 9. pt. II. 
 
 Monoecious aquatic, rooting in the sand or mud in water a 
 
NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PH EXOGAMS OF IOWA. 1 c J 
 
 few inches to several feet deep. 6 in. to 2 ft. high; petioles 
 about equaling the scape in height, the leaf slightly resemb¬ 
 ling the petiole in form and structure, 3 to 5 in. long, linear 
 or linear lanceolate, thick, spongy, somewhat triangular in 
 cross section, and when flattened in the herbarium specimen, 
 appearing more nearly lanceolate in form. Submerged phvl- 
 lodia linear or linear lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 4 to 8 in. long, 
 rigid, with about five principal and many intermediate nerves, 
 coarselv reticulated, clustered at the base of the plant, and 
 appearing in tufts from the nodes of the stolons by means of 
 which the plant is propagated, and which extend for a con¬ 
 siderable distance along the muddy bottom. Scape slender, 
 bearing 4 to 6 whorls of flowers, rarely more than the lower 
 whorl fertile; pedicels of sterile and fertile flowers about equal, 
 3 4 to 1 in. long, bracts connate, acute or slightlv obtuse; petals 
 white, delicate, wavy; filaments pubescent, thickened below, 
 longer than the anthers. Fruit heads G to 3 / in. in diameter. 
 
 / “T y 
 
 shrinking much in drying; achenia obovate with a conspicuous 
 horizontal style, and crested back and sides. 
 
 The type specimens of this plant with flowers and mature 
 fruit were collected by the writer in a small lake, since dried 
 up, one mile east of Armstrong, Emmet countv, Iowa, in 
 August, 1881, and were sent to Dr. Geo. Engelmann for 
 determination. In his reply he stated that while it was closelv 
 allied to S. graminea Michx , he could not decide definitelv 
 in regard to it without thoroughlv revising the genus. How¬ 
 ever, under date of March 5, 1882, he sent to Dr. Arthur the 
 provisional name S. cristata, which was published with a few 
 lines of description in Arthur’s Contribution to the Flora of 
 lozva as above noted. The late Dr. Morong. who studied the 
 plant critically, considered it a good species, and it is so re¬ 
 garded in J. G. Smith’s recent monograph. Plants collected 
 at Ames and Carnsforth. and conjectured to be this species, 
 are best considered as forms of S. o-raminea Michx. 
 
 o 
 
 % 
 
 Besides the locality above given, the plant has also been 
 found in several places in Minnesota. See Sheldon in Minn. 
 Bot. St ml.. Bull. 9. f>t. II. 
 
3 
 
 072676718 
 
 j ^ 2 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN. 
 
 LOPHOTO CARPUS T. Durand. Index Gen. 
 
 PL, 627 (1888). 
 
 1. L. calycinus ( Engelm .) y. G. Smith in Mem. Torr. 
 Bot. Club, V., 25 (1894). 
 
 Sagittaria calycinus Engelm. in Torr., Bot. Mex. Bound., 
 212 (1858). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Cont. to U. 
 S. Nat. Herb., II., 455 - 
 
 Not before reported from the State and very rare within 
 our limits. 
 
 . Muscatine, margin of a pond just above the city, Reppert. 
 
 HYDROCHARIDACE.E. 
 
 E L O D E A Richard. Mich., FI. Bor. Am., I., 20 (1803). 
 
 1. E. canadensis Rich, andMichx. FI. N. Am., I., 20 ( 1803). 
 Anachams canadensis Planch. Ann. Mag. and Nat. Hist., 
 2nd Ser., I., 86 (1848). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 496; Arthur, FI. 
 Iowa, 31; Upham, FI. Minn., 139. 
 
 Frequent throughout the State in slow-flowing streams. The 
 staminate flowers are very rarely seen. A few were collected 
 by the writer near Armstrong, in July, 1882. 
 
 Emmet county, C ratty; Iowa City, Mach ride; Decorah, 
 Holzvay; Ames and Charles Citv, Arthur; Ft. Dodge, Bessey; 
 Spirit Lake, Hitchcock; Muscatine, Rep pert; Hancock county 
 and Cedar Rapids, Shhnek. 
 
 VALLfSNFRIA Linn. Sp. PI. (1753). 
 
 1. V 7 . spiralis Linn. Sp. PL, 1015 (1753). 
 
 Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed , 496; Arthur, FI. 
 Iowa, 31; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 46. 
 
 Rather rare in ponds and lakes, or slow streams. August. 
 Independence, Bluff ton and Iowa City, Machride; Iowa 
 Lake, Emmet county, Cratty; Ames and Storm Lake, Bessey; 
 Mud Lake, Story county, Hitchcock; Mason City, Shimek.