e a^ 0- 'i^ -T^ HARVARD UNIVERSITY A BRIEF STATEMENT OF WHAT HARVARD UNIVERSITY IS, HOW IT MAY BE ENTERED AND HOW ITS DEGREES MAY BE OBTAINED. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 1891. ^V.'L'(,^ < ^((>OK('i HARVARD UNIVERSITY, A BRIEF STATEMENT OF WHAT HARVARD UNIVERSITY IS, HOW IT MAY BE ENTERED AND HOW ITS DEGREES MAY BE OBTAINED. By frank BOLLES, Secretary of Harvard University. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 1891. PREFATORY NOTE. This descriptive statement is designed to answer, in a less formal way than the annual Catalogue answers them, many of the questions which the intelligent public ask concerning Harvard University and its wRjs and means. FRANK BOLLES, Cambridge, February, 189l. HARVARD UNIVERSITY. A BRIEF STATEMENT OF WHAT HARVARD UNIVERSITY IS, HOW IT MAY BE ENTERED, AND HOW ITS DEGREES MAY BE OBTAINED. Harvard College is the oldest of American institutions of learning, having been founded in 1636. What is now known as Harvard Uni- versit}^ includes the College, the Scientific School, the Graduate School, and six Professional Schools. The College, Graduate School, and the Divinity, Law, and Scien- tific Schools are situated in Cambridge, Massachusetts, a city of about 70,000 inhabitants. The Medical School, the Dental School, the School of Veterinary Medicine, and the Bussey Institution (a school of Agriculture and Horticulture) are situated in Boston, a city of nearly 450,000 inhabitants. The two cities are connected by steam, electric, and horse railways, and are separated by the Charles River. The distance from the College buildings to the busi- ness centre of Boston is three miles. The University is governed primarily by two Boards, the Corpora- tion and the Overseers. The Corporation (of which the legal title is the President and Fellows of Harvard College) consists of the Presi- dent, Treasurer, and five Fellows, all of whom hold office for life. In it is vested the title to the property of the University, estimated to be w^orth between eleven and twelve million dollars. The Over- seers number thirty-two, including the President and Treasurer of the University, who are ex officio members. Five of the Overseers go out of office each year, their places being filled on Commencement Day by an election in which alumni of the College of five years stand- ing. Masters of Arts, and holders of honorary degrees from the University are entitled to vote if present in person. The principal administrative officers of the University are the President, the Treasurer, the Deans of the various Faculties, Schools, and Administrative Boards, the Bursar, and the Secretary. The President is the presiding officer of the Corporation and of each of the Faculties, and he exercises a general superintendence over all the manifold concerns of the institution. The Treasurer is the custodian of the property of the University, makes its investments, and keeps its financial accounts. The Deans conduct the business of their several Faculties or Administrative Boards. The Bursar is the Treasurer's agent in dealing with students in renting rooms, settling term bills, and similar matters. The Secretary conducts the correspondence of the University and keeps certain of its records. The College, Scientific School, and Graduate School are under the control of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, from which are ap- pointed three executive committees, called Administrative Boards, each of which has its Dean, and by which the College, the Scientific School, and the Graduate School are severally governed. Each Professional School has a separate Faculty, composed of all its professors and other teachers holding appointments for more than one year. The degrees conferred by the various departments are eleven in number, as follows : — By the Faculty of Arts and Sciences : Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doctor of Science. By the Faculty of the Divinity School : Bachelor of Divinity. By the Faculty of the Law School : Bachelor of Laws. By the Faculty of the Medical School : Doctor of Medicine. By the Faculty of the Dental School : Doctor of Dental Medicine. By the Faculty of the Veterinary School : Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. By the Faculty of the Bussey Institution : Bachelor of Agricultural Science. The degree of Master of Arts is given with the professional degree to graduates with high credit of the Divinity, Law, and Medical Schools who are also graduates of Harvard College or whose pre- vious training has been recognized by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences as equivalent to that of a Harvard Bachelor of Arts. The honorar}^ degrees of Master of Arts, Doctor of Divinity, and Doctor of Laws are occasionally conferred upon eminent persons selected by the Corporation and approved by the Overseers. The roll of graduates of the University includes the names of over 17,000 men. The University has a teaching force of 73 professors, 22 assistant professors, and 147 other instructors of various grades, making 242 teachers in all. There are 2271 students in the University, of whom the College has 1339, the Medical School 328, the Law School 279, the Graduate School 125, and the other departments the remainder. The libraries of the University contain over 37G,000 bound vol- umes and an approximately equal number of pamphlets. Students are charged no fees for the use of books. Ample endowments make it possible for teachers to have books of reference needed for the instruction of their classes purchased by the Library. In addition to the various departments already named, the Univer- sity has several other important branches which will be described subsequently. These are the Astronomical Observatory, the Univer- sity Museum, including the Museum of Comparative Zoology and its Natural History Laboratories,* the Botanical and Mineralogical Museums, the Peabod}^ Museum of American Archaeology and Eth- nology, the Semitic Museum, the Anatomical Museum, the Botanic Garden, the Herbarium, the Arnold Arboretum, the Chemical Labora- tory, the Jefferson Physical Laboratory, and the Veterinary Hospital. The Hemenwa}^ Gymnasium is for the use of the whole University. The University Chapel, seating 900 persons, is controlled by the Preachers to the University, who are ordained ministers represent- ing different Protestant denominations. The Harvard Dining Asso- ciation, occupying the great dining hall in Memorial Hall, is a voluntary association which provides over 750 officers and students with a good quality of board at cost price, usually about $4 a week. The Harvard Cooperative Society is a voluntary association of officers and students which supplies members of the University with books, stationers' materials, fancy articles, men's furnishing goods, and a great variety of miscellaneous articles. Its annual sales amount to $68,000 The Foxcroft Club is a third association of a cooperative character composed largely of students living at home or at a distance from the College buildings. It has stud}^ rooms, lunch rooms, a consulting library, and other conveniences adapted to the needs of non- resident students. Meals are supplied at cost by the card, and the average expenditure per man is less than three dollars a week. These three associations are managed by boards of directors chosen by ballot from among the officers and students of the various depart- ments of the University. The University owns in Cambridge twelve dormitories or halls. These have accommodations for 973 students, provided all double rooms are occupied by two persons. As a matter of fact the number of double rooms held by students preferring to lodge alone is large. Rents range from $25 to $350 a year. Full information regarding prices and the methods of securing rooms can be obtained from the Bursar. There are a number of large private dormitories ad- joining the College grounds, and students are received as lodgers or boarders in many private houses in various parts of Cambridge, Boston, and suburban towns. Furnished rooms, suitable for either one or two persons, are obtainable at a distance from the College Yard at low rents, as for example from $35 to $75 a year. Good 6 order is mainttiined in College and private dormitories by graduates or instructors holding appointments as Proctors. Proctors are under the direction of the Chairman of the Parietal Committee. At his discretion a Proctor may be placed in any private house where students lodge, if the maintainance of good order in the house seems to require it. The athletic sports of the University are regulated by a com- mission, composed of three graduates, three professors, and three students, which acts independently of any Faculty. The sports include rowing, canoeing, base-ball, foot-ball, lacrosse, lawn-tennis, cricket, polo, rifle-shooting, hare and hounds races ; track athletics, including bicycle racing, running and jumping ; and gymnasium exercises of various kinds, which are under the general supervision of Dudley A. Sargent, M.D., the Director of the Gymnasium. The athletic facilities of the University are excellent. The Charles River with its miles of broad surface is only a few minutes' walk from the College. The University Boat Houses are conveniently located on its nearer bank. The foot-ball, base-ball, tennis, and other fields are in the immediate vicinity of the Gymnasium, the Fives Courts, and the Rowing Tank. The country roads around Cambridge are well made, inviting horseback and bicycle riding, driving, and walking. Skating and tobogganing are popular sports in their sea- son, which lasts in ordinary years from December to March. The principal athletic events of the year are the championship foot-ball games in the autumn, the in-door Gymnasium contests in the winter, the championship base-ball games in the spring, and the annual boat races at New London in the early summer. Only students whose conduct and standing in College and whose physical condition are satisfactory are allowed to take part in public athletic contests or similar exhibitions. The money accounts of the various athletic organizations are under the dh-ection of a graduate treasurer ap- pointed by the Athletic Commission. The University contains a great number of literary, dramatic, religious, scientific, musical, and social societies. Among the most prominent are the Union, where social and political questions of national interest are debated ; the Hasty Pudding Club, founded in 1795, which has a large club-house and theatre ; the Harvard branch of the Y. M. C. A. ; the Total Abstinence League ; the Deutscher Verein and Conference Fran9aise ; the Glee Club and Pierian Sodal- ity ; and numerous Greek letter societies, including the Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Delta Phi. Li the Law School are several clubs which conduct Moot Courts at stated periods. The other Professional Schools have analogous societies which form useful adjuncts to class- room work. The University itself publishes an annual Catalogue (price 60c.) ; the annual report of the President and Treasurer ; the Quarterly Journal of Economics ; the Historical Monographs ; Studies in Classi- cal Philology ; the Library Bulletin ; the Weekly? Calendar ; and vari- ous pamphlets for general distributon. Students publish the annual Index, with records of sports and societies ; the Law Review ; the Advocate (bi-weekly) ; the Lampoon (an illustrated fortnightly) ; the Harvard Monthly ; and the Daily Crimson. The experience ob- tained on these papers, especially the last-named, enables some of their editors to make successful beginnings in journalism as soon as they leave College, and to earn money during their College course by serving as correspondents for some of the city journals. Students can earn money while in Cambridge by private tutoring ; singing in the College Choir and in the choirs of the neighboring churches ; doing clerical or stenographic work ; and type-writing. Active, ener- getic students, while able to live as cheaply in Cambridge as at colleges in rural districts, find not only that there are more ways of earning money, but that more is paid them for the same services. As is shown by the accompanying table, the University distributes over $79,000 a year in scholarships, beneficiary funds, and prizes. Income op Funds and other Sums annually available in Harvard University, as money-aids to Students. Graduate School. Eellowsliips $12,200 * " " Scholarships 7,750 Prizes 1,225 f Harvard College. Scholarships 21,495 " " Beneficiary Funds 17,600- " " Loan Funds 3,248 " Prizes 1,055 Lawrence Scientific School. Scholarships 1,800 Divinity School. Scholarships 1,385 " " Beneficiary Funds 685 " " Hopkins Fund 2,100 " " Williams Fund . . . • 4,000 " " Williams Fellowship 1,000 Law School. Scholarships 1,500 <' Prizes 100 Foster Fund 150 J Medical School. Scholarships 1,500 Foster Fund [150] J ** " Prizes 375 $79,168 * Including the Hemenway and Visiting Committee fellowships in American Archaeology. t Many prizes open to graduate students are also open to students in other departments. X The income of the Foster Fund is available in the Law and Medical Schools in alternate years. 8 The annual outlay of an economical student who comes to Cam- bridge with a good supply of clothing and bed linen is necessarily nearly $400. For tuition he must pay $150 (except in the Divinity School, where the fee is $50 ; and in the Medical Sch^ool, where it is $200). A room furnished, lighted, and warmed cannot well cost less than $35, even if it is small and inconveniently located. Books, stationery, and laboratory fees amount to about $20 a year ; and washing to at least $15. Wholesome food can be procured for about $2.75 a week, although a few students live for a little less. Sundries may reach $40 for the year, especially if by living at a distance, the student spends a good deal in 'car fares. Allowing nothing for clothing, these estimates would make the expenses of the first year in College $367. After that they tend to grow larger. Students who are not forced to practice strict economy of course spend more than the syms named. Perhaps a quarter of each college class live on less than $600 a year, clothes included. Another quarter spend be- tween $600 and $800. Every dollar over $1200 which even the richest student spends is, as a wise writer on this point has said, " a dollar of danger." The same writer has said as to the advisa- bility of encouraging poor men to come to Harvard : — ' ' Whenever you encounter a poor boy of eager, aggressive mind, a youth of energy, one capable of feeling the enjoyment of struggling with a multitude, of making his merit known, say to him that Harvard College is expressly constituted for such as he. Here he will find the largest provision for his needs and the clearest field for his talents. Money is a power everywhere. It is a power here ; but a power of far more restricted scope than in the world at large. In this magnificent hall (Memorial Hall) rich and poor dine together daily. At the Union they debate together. At the clubs which foster special interests, — the Finance Club, the Philological Club, the Philosophical Club, the French Club, the Signet, and the O. K., — considerations of money have no place. If the poor man is a man of muscle, the athletic organizations will welcome him ; if a man skilled in words, he will be made an editor of the college papers ; and if he has the powers that fit him for the place, the whole body of his class-mates will elect him Orator, Ivy Orator, Odist, or Poet, without the slightest regard to whether his purse is full or empty." Since this was written its truth has been strikingly exemplified by the election to the class oratorship of a man who had not only worked his way into and through College, but who was of unmixed negro blood. The following letter tells the story of a white undergraduate who came recently from a Southern State, without a friend in Cambridge, made his way on the slenderest possible income, and graduated with distinction. Harvard College, April 19, 1889. In reply to your question I would state that my expenses for the past two college years have been as follows. I record only the necessary expenses. For 1887-88. Boom rent, fuel, etc $40.00 Board, private, 15 weeks 52.50 " at Memorial 24 weeks 99.00 Clothing, including washing . 60.00 Books and stationery 15.00 Tuition 150.00 Laboratory fees 25.00 441.50 Deduct for Laboratory . 25.00 $416.50 For 1888-89. Room rent, fuel, and lights f 40.00 Board, private 140.00 Clothing and washing 40.00 Books and stationery 10.00 Tuition 150.00 Laboratory fees 55.00 435.00 Deduct for Laboratory 55.00 $380.00 I will state that I entered Harvard with but two hundred dollars a year to pay my expenses with, which is less money than I spent at the College. The above is not an under-estimate of what I have actually spent for the items named, but so far as I am able to give, the exact figures. With the assistance I can get here, I am enabled to live better and cheaper than at the College. I am satisfied that any good student from the South can, with the assistance offered at Harvard, live with as little cost to himself as he can at the Southern colleges. I am yours truly, . If a student in regular standing passes successfully through his first year at Harvard and proves himself to be upright in character, strong in body, and of unmistakable promise intellectually, there is little chance of his being compelled to leave College on account of lack of money. When his course is finished he finds no great diffi- culty in obtaining a foothold in the outside world. A highly-recom- mended graduate of the College, or of any of the Professional Schools, as a rule finds himself given a fair chance to choose the 10 part of the country in which he will accept an offer to enter upon his life work. The demand for Harvard Graduates as teachers in both schools and colleges is in excess of the number of persons who can be cordially recommended by the University authorities. The same is true in various degrees of the demand for young men to enter the railway service, journalism, the publishing business, and other walks of life where a college training is of practical advantage. Every effort is made by the University to satisfy applications for the ser- vices of graduates, and eVery student of merit is encouraged to ask aid in securing the employment which he desires. 11 HARVARD COLLEGE. The matters considered thus far concern the University as a whole. There are others which relate to the several departments. Of these departments the College is the oldest and largest. It has a high standard for its degree of Bachelor of Arts. Few, if any, other American colleges equal it in this particular. This fact is shown by the requirements for admission and graduation, as stated m the University Catalogue, and exemplified by the examination papers on admission requirements and on college studies. A large number of high schools and academies are quite unable to fit their pupils for Harvard College ; and many of the best preparatory schools provide extra instruction for pupils intending to enter here. Finally, stu- dents coming to Harvard from another college seldom find it for their interest to enter at the same grade which they held at the college from which they came. Entrance ad eundem can, however, always be obtained by passing the required examinations, and it is sometimes granted without examination to students who have gone temporarily to another college and have maintained there a specially high rank. Although the Harvard standard is thus seen to be exceptionally high, the requirements for admission are much more elastic than those which prevail in most other places. The simplest form of the requirements calls for a specified knowledge of English, Greek, Latin, German, French, history, algebra, plane geometry and phys- ics, together with advanced preparation in two subjects chosen from the languages already named, mathematics, and physical science. But if a candidate prefers to omit either Greek or Latin, and either French or German, he may do so on condition of passing (under certain restrictions^ in the case of Greek or Latin) in an additional number of advanced subjects. Moreover in history he has a choice between American and English history and the history of Greece and Rome ; and in physical science between elementary physics and as- tronomy learned from text-books only, and experimental physics learned in the laboratory. In elementary Greek, Latin, German, and French he is not tied to any particular authors, but is asked to show his ability to translate simple prose passages at sight. In English he is required to write a composition upon a subject taken from one of several specified books, most of which — if he has literary taste — he has probably read before being required to do so. For an exact statement of the existing requirements for admission 12 the candidate should invariably consult the University Catalogue, but the following details ma}^ serve to give an idea of what a Harvard student is expected to learn before entering College. Elementary Studies. English. — The first part of the examination in English is based upon selected works of standard English authors. The list of books changes from year to year, the announcement of the changes being published several years in advance. The student should read the pre- scribed books as he reads other books ; he will be expected, not to know them minutely, but to have freshly in mind their most important parts. He may be asked to write an outline of a specified novel or to explain the purport of an essay. Whatever the subject of the composition, the examiner will regard knowledge of the book as far less important than ability to write English. The student should therefore have constant practice in writing, and should test his work severely. He should spell correctly and punctuate intelligently. He should make sure — so far as he can — that every word means something, and the right thing; that every sentence is grammatical ; and that thought follows thought in logical order. He should do his best to make his work accurate in every part, and to combine the parts in a coherent whole. The student may train himself for the correction of specimens of bad English — the second part of the examination — (a) by correcting his own work ; (6) by correcting the specimens of bad English in some elementary text-book. * In preparation for both parts of the examination, he should study the elements of grammar and rhetoric ; and should apply what he learns (a) to his own writing ; (5) to specimen pages of the pre- scribed books. Greek. — The examination in Elementary G-reek tests the candi- date's ability to translate simple Attic prose at sight. In order to meet this requirement the candidate must possess a good practical knowledge of the forms and constructions of the language and must have command of a considerable vocabularj^ The essential forms and ordinary constructions should be thoroughly mastered. From the beginning, practical use should be made of the knowledge ac- quired by translating Greek into English and English into Greek, first single detached sentences and then, as soon as possible, con- nected passages. The acquisition of a vocabulary should be system- * Such, for example, as Exercises in English by II. I. Strang. Boston : 1). C. Heath & Co. • 13 atically pursued. Important words should be daily committed to memory, not as separate units, but with regard to their affinity in form and meaning. These groups of related words will grow from lesson to lesson. In acquiring the elements of the language some such help should be resorted to as The Beginner's Greek Book, pub- lished by Ginn & Company, Boston, which supplies materials and indicates the method. When the elements have been acquired, the pupil should read ex- tensively in Xenophon, the most of whose writings are accessible in good school editions. He should be required to read aloud, and should be taught to depend, in readiug, upon his own resources so far as possible. He should commit the new words that he meets to memory, and should confirm his knowledge of forms and construc- tions by systematic use of a grammar. He should aim to learn to read freely and with ease, but always exactly. The total amount read in preparation for the examination should not be less than three hundred or four hundred pages. Latin. — The examination in Elementary Latin demands of the candidate ability to read simple prose which he has not read before. This is the main requirement ; but to enforce thoroughness and ex- actness in the candidate's training, questions on the ordinary forms and constructions of the language are appended to the passages set for translation. Thorough preparation for this examination requires, for the average student, a three-years course, and this is the time usually given to it; some of the best schools give even more. The student's training should be of the same general character as that recommended in Greek. The author most commonly read is Caesar ; but others, such as Nepos and Quintus Curtius, may be used advan- tageously for supplementary reading. Pupils from the best schools have also usually read selections from Ovid or a few books of the Aeneid by the time they take the elementary examinations, although ability to read these authors is not required. German. — A student who wishes to fit himself to pass the ele- mentary examination in German for admission to Harvard College should first master so much of the grammar as is contained in Shel- don's " Short Grammar." He is advised to give especial attention from the beginning to the rules for pronunciation. The study of the Grammar should be accompanied by the careful reading of at least two hundred duodecimo pages of easy German ; such as Grimm's Fairy Tales, or the easier stories of Heyse, Storm, and Zschokke. There are several German readers which have good selections for beginners. Among others may be mentioned : Grauert's Reader 14 (E. Steiger, New York), Joynes' Reader (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- ton), Whitney's Reader (Henry Holt & Co., New York). The stu- dent is advised to give himself a good deal of practice in reading " at sight" ; that is to say, as soon as he has mastered a small vocabu- lary he should tr}^ to make out, without too constant use of the dic- tionary, the meaning of easy sentences which are new to him. A good book for practice in reading at sight is Leander's Traumereien (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston). The one point in grammatical study which will best help the stu- dent to read at sight is a thorough mastery of all the irregular (or " strong ") verbs. French. — To prepare for the elementary examination in French, the student should use such books as Chardenal's first and second French courses and (in case he is working without the aid of a com- petent teacher) the ke3^s to the exercises of the same. A student working without a teacher should write the exercises, then correct them with the help of the key, and write them over again a few days later without looking at the first draft. Not less than five hundred pages of French should be read. The best books to begin with are readers, such as Bdcher's French Reader, or Macmillan's Second Pro- gressive French Reader ; then easy novels and plays, such as I'Abbe Constantin, b}^ Ludovic Halevy ; la Poudre aux Y^eux, and le Voj'age de M. Perrichon, by Labiche. Excellent, as well as easy, historical reading will be provided by the Charles XII. of Voltaire. It is essential that some idea of the pronunciation should be obtained from some one fairly conversant with the French language. Gose's Fi'ench-English and English-French Dictionary will be found at least as convenient as any. History. — The requirement in history is intended to call for a substantial piece of work, equal to that demanded in any other sub- ject occupying one hour on the examination programme. The books named in the Catalogue to "indicate the amount of knowledoe demanded ' ' represent the minimum of fact which a candidate is expected to master. The preparation should be such as to enable the pupil to use his facts. The " additional readings " are therefore particularly recommended, showing how to reason from facts, and the larger the amount of reading which is thoughtfully done, the greater will be the number of things which the pupil remembers because he is interested in them. The best method of instruction is to use a text-book as a guide, and to require pupils from da}^ to da}^ to read the ''additional readings" and like works giving other accounts of the same events or institutions. Care should be taken 15 that pupils should remember the ideas of the books, but state them in their own words. Much may be accomplished by distributing- topics among the members of the class for special preparation, the best of them to be reported to the class. In such cases the teacher should take care that every pupil masters also the general lesson. The teacher will find it useful to his pupils frequently to set them ques- tions, so put as to make each one think about and combine for him- self the facts with which he is dealing. Answers should be written. Candidates studying by themselves should read text-books and addi- tional readings carefully, reviewing at times by taking up such com- pendiums as Ploetz's Epitome, and trying to bring together from memory the causes and results of events mentioned. The geography ma}^ be best learned by the use of outline maps, boundaries being drawn and places located from memory. Mathematics. — A thorough, practical acquaintance with ordinary arithmetic is assumed as underlying all preparation in Mathematics. But no examination is held in arithmetic ; and students are advised not to waste their time on merely puzzling problems, which can be better solved by algebra, or on the details of commercial arithmetic. The "four rules," the operations on vulgar and decimal fractions, the simpler reductions and combinations of compound numbers, and the extraction of the square root ought, however, to be thoroughly understood, in such a manner as to be easily and accurately worked out ; for these afford the necessary basis of mathematical knowledge. The examinations in elementarj^ algebra and plane geometry re- quire not only accurate knowledge of those subjects, but the practical power — which can easily be gained by training — to use that knowl- edge in the solution of new problems and examples. Memory is in- dispensable here as elsewhere ; but in Mathematics, its part should be as small as possible. The student should strive to attain a firm hold of the reasons involved in the demonstrations, solutions, constructions, rules, and methods presented to him ; to remember those reasons through the force with which they are impressed on his mind ; and to remember the details of his subject, because he remembers their reasons. This requires earnest, patient, concen- trated study ; but the habit once formed, Mathematics becomes easy, and the student can enter a mathematical examination with confidence. The list of subjects in algebra, given in the Announcement of Eequirements, should be carefully considered ; and the student should not fail to covei" the whole ground there specified. A large number of examples should be solved ; so that the student may . 1^ learn to do his work with reasonable quickness, as well as with clear- ness, facility, and exactness. The examination aims to test all these qualities. The solution of tolerably complicated literal quadratics ; the various methods of elimination, for equations of the first two degrees ; the putting of problems, in a neat manner, into equations ; the working of all the algebraic operations both for integral and for fractional expressions : — may be specially pointed out as important subjects of attention. The student should learn to arrange his work in a clear, orderly, and compact fashion. Wentworth's Elementary Algebra (Ginn & Co., Boston) is widely and successfully used by schools which prepare for this College. But any reputable text-book, if it is well provided with examples and covers the whole ground required, may be employed. Wentworth's College Algebra (same publishers). Chaps. X. and XI. ; Todhunter's Algebra (Macmillan & Co., New York), Chaps. VL-VIIL, XIII., XVIII. , XIX., XXI.- XXIV., inclusive; and Wentworth and Hill's Exercise and Exam- ination Manuals (Ginn & Co.) contain good examples for^practice. In Geometry, the student should guard against committing his demonstrations and solutions to memory from his text-book. He should, so far as possible, work them out. for himself, with his own diagrams, using the book as a guide, and alwaj^s bearing in mind that his object is to learn a subject, not a particular author's present- ation of that subject. He should make his diagrams as different from those drawn in his book as the conditions of the question allow ; he should often use ' different lettering from the book ; and sometimes try to invent proofs and solutions of his own, remembering alwa3's that the shortest and simplest methods, if rigorous, are best. This way of working will help him towards the solution of original prob- lems, on which he should carefully prepare himself. It is an excel- lent practice to pierform many actual constructions with the rule and compasses, according to geometric principles, and with the utmost care and finish. The student thus becomes familiar with the condi- tions of the possibility of a construction and with the actual use of theorems ; and acquires a greater interest in his study. But he should remember that a fine drawing, however useful in its own way, has no geometric value ; it is unnecessary to a sound demonstration and is powerless to redeem a faulty one. Byerl3''s Chauvenet's Geometry (Lippincott Co., Philadelphia) is to be strongly recom- mended as a suitable text-book ; Wentworth's Geometry (Ginn & Co., Boston) may also be favorably mentioned ; but, as in algebra, any standard treatise may be chosen. In addition to the regular text-books, Julius Petersen's "Methods and Theories for the Solu- tion of Problems etc." (Sampson Low & Co., London) may be used 17 with advantage by the student who has the time and inclination to make special studies in the art of geometric invention. One third of one full year of work may be taken to represent the time devoted to the study of elementary algebra at good schools ; and one fifth of a year, the time devoted to plane geometr3^ A capable and somewhat mature student may prepare himself satisfac- torily for the examinations in decidedly less time ; but, on the other hand, the student who can give more study to plane geometry espe- cially is strongly advised to do so. A thorough master}^ of either of these subjects, on which all higher study of Mathematics depends, and which contribute indirectly in an important degree to a vigorous mental training, necessarily requires time for the assimilation of the new conceptions and processes which characterize them, and for the formation of habits of exact thought. Elementary Physics. — Previous to 1886 the only requirement in physics foi* admission to Harvard College was text-book work. In that year and the year following a pamphlet was prepared by the College describing in detail a laboratory course intended as an alter- native for the text-book course. A candidate for admission may therefore now offer either a text-book course or a laboratory course. The laboratory course is strongly recommended to all who can take it. The text-book alternative is retained because the teaching of phys- ics by laboratory methods has not yet become general in the schools of "the country at large. Concerning this requirement nothing need be added to the statement of the College Catalogue, which is as fol- lows : Astronomy (Lockyer's Elementary Lessons) and Physics (Avery's Elements of Natural Philosophy* or Gage's Elements of Physics) . This requirement, if fully and thoroughly met, probably imposes as much work upon the student as the laboratory- alternative. Inquiry has shown that in a considerable number of the best schools which fit for Harvard College about five school-hours per week, pre- sumably with some hours each week out of school, for one year were devoted to physics. Accordingly, the laboratory course described in the pamphlet was planned to occupy the student, in school and out, about seven or eight hours per week for one year. As physics is no longer a required study in college, it was borne in mind, in planning the laboratory course for the schools, that very many of those taking it would never have any other systematic course in physics. Accordingly the exercises were so chosen as to cover a * The following portions of the 1885 edition may be omitted : — sections I. and II. of chap. I. (excepting arts. 23-30), arts. 254-267, 346-349, 371, 411-415, 445-455, 464-467, 470-476, 707-714, 729-745, and the whole Appendix. 18 wide range of subjects and to have many applications in the experi- ence of every-day life. The course at its last revision, in 1889, was arranged in forty-six exercises, any six of which may be omitted by the candidate. The examination for those who present this course consists of a written test upon questions closely connected with the work of the course, a laboratory examination, usually upon the exer- cises of the course, and an examination of the note-books used during the progress of the course in the schools. The written examination, though less important than the other two, and comparatively easy, gives valuable evidence as to the intelligence with whicli the student has carried on his work and the thoroughness with which he has mastered its principles. Particular attention has been given to the question of pecuniary expense in the arrangement of the laboratory course, and with such success that it is alread}^ fully established in most of the schools that send many students to Harvard and is gradually making its way into smaller schools. The pamphlet describing this course is called a Descriptive List of Elementary Physical Experiments. It is for sale at the University Bookstore, Cambridge ; price postpaid forty cents. Advanced Studies. Considerably more advanced training is also required in from two to five of the following subjects : Greek, Latin, German, French, mathematics, physics, chemistr3^ If Greek is omitted from among the elementary subjects, four of these advanced subjects instead of two must be offered, and they must include a considerable part of the advanced mathematics and sciences. For a precise statement of the omissions from the elementary list and the corresponding- substitutions from the advanced list the student must consult the Catalogue. There are many schools which are not prepared to furnish even their best and most ambitious pupils with all the training which these requirements demand ; nevertheless the number of scliools and small colleges which fit students for Harvard College is large, as will be seen by consulting the Appendix, and might be much larger if pupils and their parents insisted upon having school facilities in- creased in localities where incompetent teachers and meagre expendi- tures are not necessary evils. The best fitting schools for Harvard College are those which the table in the Appendix shows to have prepared the largest number of successful candidates in recent years. It does not necessarily follow because a candidate for admission has been poorly prepared in one or two subjects, owing to lack of competent instruction, that he cannot enter Harvard. If, by passing creditably in the subjects in which he has been trained, he clearly shows capacity and ambition, he will be admitted on condition of subsequently making up his deficiency. The number of subjects in which he ma}?^ be conditioned varies according to the circumstances, but does not usually exceed three. After entering College he is allowed to cancel these conditions, either by passing examina- tions on the same subjects or by taking as a part of his college studies advanced work in the same department, the satisfactory performance of which proves that he has more than made good his previous defects. The exact number of conditions allowed can never be stated in advance for the reason that each case is consid- ered on its merits. It frequently happens that students who do not feel that they can devote four years to college study as candidates for the degree of A.B. desire to pursue special work leading to some chosen goal. Such persons can obtain instruction at Harvard b}' entering as spe- cial students. Before the opening of the college ye^v an applicant files with the Secretary a written application in which his previous training and future plans are outlined ; and he accompanies this with letters from teachers and friends testifying to his character and capacity. These papers are read by a committee of the Faculty, and if found satisfactory the candidate is allowed to register as a Special Student and to begin work in such courses as he may select with the approval of his advisers. If his subsequent conduct shows that he is either not studious or of doubtful character, he is deprived of the privileges of the University. The process of admission to regular standing and recognized can- didacy for a degree is more complicated. Most students prefer to divide their admission examination into two parts, taking one part in one year and the remainder the next. Sometimes they take one part in June and the other in September. Under no circumstances are they allowed to divide their examinations into mci^ than two such parts. Where the division is between two years, the first part is called the Preliminary Examination. In order to be recognized as a preliminary candidate a student must send to the Secretary a clear and explicit statement from the head-master of his school, expressing the master's belief that the student is properly prepared to take cer- tain preliminary examinations which the certificate must specify. Until this certificate is received by the Secretary the candidate is not entitled to enter the examination. Of course this does not prevent students of limited opportunities from "offering themselves" in cases where they are in fact preparing themselves for college ; but 20 in such cases the candidate must state that he is his own teacher and send an exact list of the studies in whicli he believes himself prepared to undergo examination. The second set of examinations of a candidate who divides between two 3'ears is called the "Finals. " It may follow the "Preliminaries " after an interval of a year, a year and three months, or even two or more years. Where all the examinations are offered in the same year, whether part in June or part in September or all at once, they also are called " Finals " for the reason that each examination taken, whether in June or September, is the final effort of the candidate to pass in that particular subject. Candidates for the "Finals" are not required to present certificates of preparation. The penalty for trying all the examinations in one year, when preparation has been insufficient and when such insufficiency is proved by failure, is that the candidate obtains no certificate for the subjects passed and is compelled to take the entire examination over again. The knowledge of the penalty is usually sufficient to prevent incompetent persons from undertaking the examinations all at once against their teachers' advice. The only certificate required of a final candidate is one of good moral character. This should always come from the principal of his school, or, if he has not had a regular school training, from a clergyman or other responsible person well known in the locality where he resides. If a student cannot show that he is trusted and respected in his school and home, he is not desired in Harvard Col- lege. Any attempt to force a person of tainted character into the midst of the University community is considered to be an act deserv- ing the strongest condemnation. The June examinations for admission to Harvard are held simul- taneously in Cambridge, Quincy, Groton, Andover, Southborough, and Worcester, Massachusetts ; in Exeter and Concord, New Hamp- shire ; in New York and Albany ; in Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Cleve- land, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Denver, San Francisco, and in London, Paris, Bonn, or some equally accessible city in Europe. An examination will ordinarily be held at any other point distant from those named, if ten candidates apply for it as early as April 1. In order to enable the College to know how many candidates are to be provided for at each of the regular places of examination, notice of intention to take examinations in places outside of Cam- bridge must be sent to the Secretary in time to reach him by June 11th. If the examinations are taken in Cambridge, no fee is charged ; l)ut, if taken elsewhere, payment of $5 is required to b(! made to the liiirsar as eai'ly as June 11th. Tlie payment should b(^ made by (;heck or money-order drawn to the order of the 21 Bursar. Money should not be trusted to the mail. The check should be sent to the Bursar direct and not under cover to any other officer. One fee covers both "Preliminaries" and "Finals" and the two sets of examinations need not be taken in the same place. Full details regarding the examinations, including sets of papers used in previous years, are furnished by the Secretary on request. A candidate for admission to Harvard by the usual process of examination will find no difficulty in taking his examinations, pro- vided he notes with reasonable care the directions given him by the officers in charge. There is no need for any well-prepared candidate to feel nervous or timid. He is one of hundreds passing through the same ordeal, all equally new to the situation which challenges their courage. If he is really prepared to enter College, the College is quite ready to admit him. The examination-books will be read and passed upon in ignorance of his identity, and the utmost impartialit}^ will be shown in judging his efforts at each stage of his progress. Honesty in examinations is unquestionably the rule at Harvard. Opportunities to " crib " are few ; public opinion is against cheating of any kind ; and dishonesty, if detected, deprives the candidate of the chance to enter College. Information regarding the results of the June examinations is given to final candidates within a day or two after the close of the examinations and to preliminary candidates about ten days later. The autumn examinations are over several days before College opens, so that persons admitted then have time to get settled before attend- ance at lectures begins. Admission or preliminary certificates are as good one or more years after date as when issued, but dela}^ in enter- ing College is not favored. Mention has already been made of admission to advanced stand- ing in the college classes. This may be obtained by examination or through recognition of work well done at another college. The usual process where a student at another college wishes to be transferred to Harvard, is for him to fill out a blank furnished by the Secretary, stating in detail all his previous work in fitting for college and after entering it. This he supports by certificates and rank-lists showing his class-standing, and forwards them through the Secretary to the Committee on Admission from other Colleges. After allowing full credit for all his work as measured by Harvard standards, this Com- mittee decides in which of the four college classes the candidate belongs. It occasionally, though rarel}', happens that students com- ing from the same class at home are admitted to different standings in Harvard College, owing to marked ditference in their scholarship or preparatory training. Any student of limited means and high 22 rank who is transferred by the advice of his teachers from another college to Harvard, is in most cases certain to receive favorable answer to an application for aid from the Price Greenleaf fund. His appli- cation most be filed before Ma}' 1. The amount given varies from $150 to $250. Applications for admission to advanced standing- are promptly considered at any time in the year, summer included. Students admitted to advanced standing are given a cordial welcome on their arrival in Cambridge by members of the Intercollegiate Club which is composed wholly of persons who have come to Har- vard from other colleges. The club usualh^ has a membership of over a hundred. During the past eight years over 250 students from other colleges have entered the undergraduate classes in Harvard College. They have come from the following institutions — ninety- one in number : — * Acadia, Adelbert, Albion, Amherst, Andover Theol. Semi- nary, Atlanta, , Augustana, Beloit, Bethany, Boston College, Boston University, Bowdoin, Brooklyn Polytechnic In- stitute, Brown, Bucknell, Cambridge Epis. Theol. School, Carleton, Charleston, Colby, College of the City of New York, Columbia, Columbian, Cornell (N.Y.), Cornell (Iowa), Dalhousie, Dartmouth, Drury, Eminence, Emporia, Eureka, Eisk, Erankfurt Gymnasium, Georgetown, Grinnell, Grove City, Hamilton, Hamline, Haverford, Hillsdale, Hobart, Howard College, Ala. Howard University, Illinois State Normal, Iowa State University, Kenyon, Knox, Lafayette, Lawrence, Lebanon Valley, Madison, Marietta, Mass. Institute of Tech- nology, Mt. Allison, Northwestern, Oberlin, Ohio Wesleyan, Princeton, Racine, Ripon, Rochester, St. Erancis, St. Lawrence, St. Stephen's, South Carolina, S outhwestern Pre sby terian , Swarthmore, Syracuse, Trinity, Tufts, Tulane, Union Theol. Seminary, University of Alabama, " " California, " " Georgia, " " Kansas, " " Michigan, " " Missouri, " " New Bruns- wick, " " North Caro- lina, " " Oregon, " "Pennsylvania, " " Vermont, " " Virginia, Vanderbilt, Washington, Wesleyan, Williams, Wittenburg, Wooster, Worcester Polytechnic In- stitute, Yale. 23 A graduate of another college who wishes to take the degree of Bachelor of Arts at Harvard College may register either as an under- graduate or as a member of the Graduate School. The same courses of instruction are open to him in either case and the requirements imposed for the degree will be the same. Students entering with advanced standing are enabled by special provisions in the Regulations to compete for degrees with distinction and for Honors. The college year opens on the Thursday following the last Wednesday in September. On entering College every Freshman and Special Student finds himself assigned to some member of the Faculty who acts as his adviser in the selection of his studies and in other matters relating to his new life. The student deposits with the Bursar either a bond signed by two satisfactory sureties or a sum of money sufficient to cover his immediate future liabilities ; he secures a seat at Memorial Hall, or in some other boarding-place ; registers in the morning of the first day of the term, and enrolls himself in the classes of the professors with whom he is to take courses. Thenceforward his duties are clear. They are, however, looked upon by the University as duties to himself and his parents, rather than to the College. Every student is at the outset presumed to have come to Cambridge for the purpose of gaining an education. If he seems to be in danger of forgetting this he is warned ; later, admonished and a letter sent to his home ; then, if the presumption of good purpose is negatived by conclusive evidence of his unfitness to care for himself, he is placed on probation, cut off from many privileges and honors, and informed that an}^ further neglect of work will result in his ceasing to be a member of the University. Students who reach the point of being sent away are, as a rule, manifestly unfit for college life. In the rare cases of actual misconduct, the penalties of suspension, dismission, and expulsion are enforced. The work of the Freshman year consists of sixteen hours a week of lectures and recitations, not counting any laboratory or field work which may be taken. Most of the courses of study begin in Sep- tember and continue till June. Some end in February and are com- plementary^ to other half-courses beginning then and continuing till June. The 3^ear is not divided into terms or semesters, but is a unit in itself. Consequently entering College in the middle of the year is un advisable, and is rarely allowed candidates for a degree. The work of the three later years of the college course consists of twelve hours of lectures each week with a steadily-increasing amount of laboratory work, thesis writing, and outside reading and research. By special 24 consent of the Faculty a considerable number of students do the work of four years in three. Such persons are usually above the average in age and attainments and are apt to be of limited means. The elective courses of study offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in 1890-91 numbered 255. Of these about 50 are open to Freshmen. The departments in which instruction is given are Semitic and Indo- Iranian languages, Classics, Modern Languages, Philosophy, Political Economy, History, Fine Arts, Music, Mathematics, Civil, Topo- graphical and Electrical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Geology, and American Archaeology. While in one sense an upper-classman may elect anj^ of these courses, it is usually the case that his previous training has fitted him to take only a lim- ited number of them, the advanced and technical courses in each department requiring careful elementary training to be pursued suc- cessfully. The Annual Announcement of Courses of Instruction commonly known as the " Elective Pamphlet," and descriptive pamplets of the various departments, are issued in May of each year, and contain detailed information regarding these courses. They may be obtained at any time upon application to the Secretary. During the year instructors in the various courses of study submit their students to frequent tests to ascertain whether they are pursu- ing their work systematically. In all, except laboratory courses or others affording constant intercourse between instructors and stu- dents, a written examination lasting an hour is the commonest form of test. Early in February the mid-year examinations are held, continuing for a fortnight. Each examination lasts three hours and covers the work done during the first half-year. In June, at the close of the year, the final examinations are held. They are similar in character to the " mid-years," both being written examinations. After the final examinations Instructors return grades based upon the student's work for the year and these grades determine whether students are promoted or "dropped." A "dropped" student is, under the rules, on probation at the opening of the next Academic year, and is sometimes obliged to report daily to a tutor or officer of the University until his period of probation is over. The results of the year's work are made known during the summer by printed rank- lists containing the names of the high scholars in each course, and by private letters, stating the low grades. Immediately after the final examinations in June comes the Seniors' Class-Day and a few days later Commencement, when the many gradu- ates of the College and Professional Schools receive their diplomas at the hands of the President. Class-Day is the gala day of the Seniors, and thousands of guests , 25 gathered from various parts of the country enjoy its varied pro- gramme. Tlie Class-Day officers are chosen by ballot at a full meeting of the class held in the October previous. The Commence- ment-Day speakers are appointed on account of high scholarship, the merit of their parts, and their method of delivering them. The degree of Bachelor of Arts is given in four grades, the degree with- out distinction, the degree cum laude^ magna cum laude, and summa cum laude. Remarkable excellence in any department secures the graduate Honors or Highest Honors. A lower grade of excellence is rewarded by Honorable Mention in the favorite subject. All students whose records at the close of the Junior jesiv indicate that they will probably receive a degree with distinction are entitled to write Commencement Parts in competition for the honor of being chosen to deliver them. By winning honors in any department a degree with distinction is secured, but the more common ground of a degree with distinction is general excellence in the entire work of the four years. 26 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL. A graduate of any college or scientific school of good standing is admitted to the Graduate School on presentation of his diploma or some equally satisfactory certificate of graduation. Members of this department are not necessarily candidates for any degree ; but they may become candidates for the degree of A.M., Ph.D., or S.D., by permission of the Administrative Board of the School. Under certain circumstances, explained below, they may become candidates for the degree of A.B. They may pursue an}- of the courses of study offered in the department of Arts and Sciences, and may also take any of the studies offered in the Professional Schools. The choice of studies of each student must be approved by the Administrative Board of the School ; but any reasonable selection of studies suitable to the student's attainments is always approved. A student who means to present him- self for a degree, or one who holds a fellowship or scholarship, is ex- pected to do full work ; and this requirement is ordinarily interpreted to mean that he must take in each year the equivalent of four courses of study of advanced grade. Other students may take a smaller number of courses, and devote a part of their time to other pursuits. If a student in the Graduate School, who is not a graduate of Harvard College or of the Lawrence Scientific School, wishes to become a candidate for a degree, he must first apply to the Com- mittee of the Faculty on Admission from other Colleges for a state- ment of the conditions under which he can receive the degree for which he wishes to become a candidate. Persons who have never received any academic degree are permit- ted to register in the Graduate School, if in the judgment of the Administrative Board they are of suitable age and attainments. If of lower standing in these respects, they may be admitted to one of the undergraduate classes or to the list of Special Students in the College or the Scientific School. Those admitted to the Graduate School must be men of high scholarship, who are fully competent to engage in advanced studies. They cannot become candidates for one of the higher degrees unless they show that they have fulfilled all the substantial requirements for the degree of A.B. or S.B. If any student wishes to bQcome a candidate for a degree, his course of study must be approved as suitable for a student having that inten- tion. In April of each year members of the Graduate Scliool are called upon to state definitely whether they wish to be candidates for a degree in the following June. Persons whose previous course of study has been accepted, without special conditions, as qualifying them to be 27 candidates for the degree of A.M., are admitted to that degree on passing with high credit in four advanced courses of study, or their equivalent, provided they have been in continuous residence during at least one academic year. The degree of A.B. is often conferred upon members of the Glraduate School who are not already grad- uates of Harvard College, and whose previous training does not fit them to become candidates for the degree of A.M. in their first year of residence. At least two years of residence are required of candidates for the degree of Ph.D. or S.D. The only variation from this rule is in the case of graduates of Harvard College or of the Scientific School who study in part outside of Cambridge under guidance of members of the Faculty. For them one of the two years of residence, but not of systematic work, is sometimes remitted on the ground of their previous residence. Every candidate for the degree of S.D. (except such as hold the two degrees of A.B. and S.B. from this University) is compelled to devote a third year to study or research, but it need not be spent in Cambridge. The degree of Ph.D. or S.D. is not given to every candidate who studies faithfully the required number of years or in fulfilment of a deter- minate programme. A thesis showing original treatment of an ap- proved subject, or giving evidence of independent research, and thorough examinations on a broad and connected field of study, are the final tests of the candidate's fitness to receive one of these sig- nificant and valued degrees. If by these tests he is found wanting, his term of study must be prolonged or his hopes of attaining the degree relinquished. Detailed statements regarding the requirements for the degrees of A.M., Ph.D., and S.D. are to be found in the Graduate School pamphlet, which can be obtained on application to the Secretary. During the years from 1880 to 1890, students from 78 different American and foreign colleges and universities were admitted to the Graduate School. During the present year 40 institutions are repre- sented in the School. The aggregate annual value of the fellowships and scholarships assignable to students in the Graduate School is $19,950. Details regarding these aids will be found in the Graduate School pamphlet. They must be applied for before March 31. Applications from per- sons not already members of the University should be accompanied by testimonials from instructors, original publications, and any sim- ilar material which will supply evidence of the candidate's fitness for appointment. No preference is given to graduates of Harvard Uni- versity except in a few cases where such preference is required by the terms of the foundation of the fellowship or scholarship. In some 28 cases the preference is given to persons not graduates of Harvard University, or who have first been graduated at some other college. In order that any year in the Graduate School may be counted as a year of residence, registration should take place as early as the last Thursday in September, at the opening of the academic year. But students are admitted to the Graduate School at any time in the year ; the conditions of their registration being fixed in each case by the Administrative Board. The Graduate School has _ecently been reorganized under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in such a manner as to bring it forward as an important department from the point of view of liberal learning, and to put it in relations of mutual support with the College and Scientific School, so that it will now enjoy, far more satisfactorily than heretofore, its full share of the attention of the instructors and of the life of the University. The opportunities for advanced study which it offers should be carefully considered by persons who desire to carry their scholarship beyond the point reached by the college grad- uate. Young men who are looking to careers as teachers, journalists, writers, economists, and legislators, or in any other literary or purely scientific profession, ought, if possible, to devote a year or two to systematic study in such higher fields of learning as they wish to qualify themselves to cultivate in the best manner. It is no longer true that a mere college education " is enough in this country to pre- pare a man for good, intellectual work in his generation, without some higher and more special training. The Graduate School may be regarded as the professional department for the literary and purely scientific professions ; and the growth of its numbers in the past few years indicates that it is beginning to take its proper place, from that point of view, in the general estimation. All the privileges of students in the University are open to a member of the Graduate School. He may, under suitable and lib- eral conditions, enjoy the use of the various libraries, laboratories, and museums of the University ; he may take courses in any of its departments without extra payment ; he may attend its public lec- tures and readings ; he may use the Gymnasium and Athletic Grounds ; he may be admitted to the Dining Hall, the Foxcroft Club, etc. ; he may obtain a college room ; he may be elected into the students' societies and the departmental clubs ; he may gain access to valuable libraries and collections in the neighborhood of the University. If a zealous and competent student, he will find every provision made for his advancement which the ample resources of the University [)ermit. 29 THE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL. The Lawrence Scientific School is situated in Cambridge in close proximity to the College Yard and dormitories, Memorial Hall, the Observatory, the principal laboratories and museums. The School presents five thoroughly equipped departments of study : Civil and Topographical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Chemistry, Geol- ogy, and Biology. As the instruction given in the School is open to the students of the College — hundreds of whom are allowed to make scientific work tlie basis of their course for the degree of Bachelor of Arts — the number of candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Sci- ence affords no indication of the number of students actually engaged in scientific study. Instructors of various grades employed by the School have their headquarters in the laboratories and museums, the Botanic Garden, the Herbarium, and other centres of scientific work. The admission requirements are fewer than those of the College and consist of the following subjects: history, algebra, plane geometry, logarithms, plane trigonometry with its applications to surveying and navigation, physical science, French or German, and English, If the candidate is to enter the course in Civil En- gineering, he must pass admission examinations — in addition to those just named — in solid geometry or the elements of analytical geometry. The admission examinations are held at the same times and places as those of the College. The School admits to advanced standing, without examination, on proof of high scholarship else- where. The School has in its gift twelve scholarships of an annual value of $150 each. Eight of these scholarships are assignable to graduates of reputable Normal Schools in the United States. The incumbents are appointed in the first instance upon the recommenda- tion of the principals of the schools from which they come. Scientific School students have the same rights in the dining clubs, dormitories, gymnasium, athletic fields, and other conveniences of the University which college undergraduates enjoy. They ma}- take courses in other departments of the University without extra charge. Special Students are admitted to the School in much the same way and upon the same terms that Special Students are admitted to the College. 30 THE DIVINITY SCHOOL. The Harvard Divinity School is non-sectarian, its Constitution prescribing tliat " every encouragement be given to tlie serious, im- partial, and unbiased investigation of Christian truth, and that no assent to the peculiarities of any denomination of Christians shall be required either of the instructors or students." The Baptist, Con- gregational and Unitarian denominations are represented in its Faculty. It admits to its classes as candidates for the degree of D.B. only persons who have received the degree of A.B., or who satisfy the Faculty that their education has been equal to that of graduates of the best New England colleges. Persons not candi- dates for the degree of D.B. may be admitted as special students on examination in Latin and Greek. Students can be admitted to ad- vanced standing only on examination, except that graduates of other theological schools who have received the degree of A.B. and who bring evidence of high standing, may be admitted to the Senior class without examination. G-raduates of other theological schools, not candidates for the degree of D.B., may be admitted as resident grad- uates. Such students are encouraged to do independent work in any department of theological study and ma}^ take part in any of the exercises of the School. The degree of D.B. is given to successful candidates after a residence of three years, to which a year of post- graduate study may be added. The instruction of the School includes courses in Hebrew, Jewish and Classical Aramaic, The History of Israel both Political and Religious, New Testament Introduction, Criticism and Interpretation, Church History and the Historj^ of Doc- trine, The Philosophy of Religion, Systematic Theology, Comparative Religion, The Ethics of Social Reform, Homiletics, Pastoral Care, and Elocution. Its studies are to some extent elective, about fifty percent more hours of class-work being offered than are required for the degree. Students, except special students, may take courses in other departments of the University without charge. The School is amply endowed with scholarships and other beneliciarj^ funds, the income of which is assigned to graduate and other students without regard to denominational differences. A certain grade of scholarship must, however, be reached in order that such help may be received. Its students have included since IHS.) graduates of the following 46 colleges and 15 schools of theology. Those marked with an asterisk are represented in the School the current year, 181)0-1)1. 31 Colleges. Alleghany, Iowa, *Tufts, * Amherst, * Johns Hopkins, University of Chicago, *Antioch, Lebanon Valley, " ' Georgia, *Bates, London University, " ' Kansas, Boston University, McGill, a ' Michigan, Bowdoin, *Mt. Allison, " ' N. Carolina Brown, Mt. Union, " ' Vermont, Canton, *New Jersey, " ' Washington *Colby, Olivet, " '*Wisconsin, Columbia, *Ottawa, *Washington University *Dashisha, Japan, Owens, (Missouri ), Denver, Pennsylvania, Western, De Pauw, Princeton, Williams, *Harvard, Racine, Wooster, *Hillsdale, *St. Stephen's, Yale. Illinois Wesleyan, Trinity, Theological Seminaries *Andover, *Meadville, South Baptist, *Bangor, Methodist College, Tufts, Boston, Belfast, Ireland, Union, * Canton, Newton, Western, Hillsdale, Princeton, Yale. 32 THE LAW SCHOOL. The course for the degree of Bachelor of Laws is three years in length. Instruction is given in the following subjects : Torts, Crim- inal Law, Contracts, Real Property, Common Law Pleading, Equity Pleading and Jurisdiction, Bills and Notes, Evidence, Sales, Trusts, Agenc}^, Partnership, Corporations, Suret3'ship and Mortgage, Wills and Administration, Constitutional Law, Law of Persons, Points in Legal History. The method of instruction applied in the School is singularly effective. Principles are learned not by memorizing the pages of text-books, but by analyzing leading English and American cases which include in their decisions and dicta the living body of the law. A student of ability who spends three years of intelli- gent effort in the School is equipped, except in one particular, for active professional labor in any part of the Union. The ex- ception is the practice and statute law of his own State, but his familiarity with the fundamental principles of law makes the task of mastering local practice comparatively easy. Honor graduates of the School are certain to receive invitations to enter leading Law offices in various parts of the country. During the ten years from 1880 to 1890, 475 graduates of Harvard and 249 graduates of other colleges attended the School. To gain admission to candidacy for the degree of LL.B. a student is required, on entering, to show that he is a graduate of a college or scientific school of good standing, or to pass creditable examinations on Blackstone's Commentaries and in either Latin, French, or German. Special students are admitted without examination on presenting good testimonials. A limited number of scholarships are assigned each year to needy students of at least one year's standing whose rank seems to justify giving them assistance. The most promising students of each class are elected members of the Law Clubs, several of which have been in existence in the School for many years, and include in their lists of former members jurists of national and local reputation. These clubs are most useful aux- iliaries to regular work, requiring their members to prepare and argue each week cases illustrating the most difficult problems under discussion in the lecture-rooms. The members of the Faculty and other instructors, nine in number, reside near the School and almost without exception devote their entire time to the work of the School and the personal needs of the students. The regular course of stud}^ 33 for the degree of LL.B. calls for ten hours a week in the lecture- rooms during the first year, ten duiiug the second, and eight during the third. For the Honor degree ten hours are required in the third year. The average student of merit works seven or eight hours a day in the School including his lecture hours. Examinations are held in June on the work of the year. Only students of great promise are admitted to the Honor degree. Of these Honor candidates, those who are graduates of Harvard College, or who have had their aca- demic work recognized by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences as equal in. value to that of the Harvard degree of A.B., receive the degree of A.M. with the degree of LL.B. cum laude. Graduates of other col- leges whose degrees are not recognized by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences as fully equal in value to the Harvard degree of A.B. are enabled — provided they make early application — to equalize their acquirements by pursuing one or more elective studies in the College. At least two full years of residence are required of every candidate for the degree. Sometimes students pass advanced-standing exami- nations and enter at the beginning of the second year. Sometimes they omit residence in the second year — taking the examinations, however, at the usual time — and sometimes they leave the School at the end of the second year and return to take the third-year examina- tions at the end of that year. Graduates of Harvard or of other colleges who have had their degrees approved by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and who are not candidates for the degree of LL.B., may obtain the degree of Master of Arts after one year's satisfactory study in the School, or may take a part of their work in the School and the remainder in the Graduate School. Up to July, 1890, 2329 persons had been graduated from the Law School. Austin Hall, first occupied by the School in 1883, is archi- tecturally one of the most satisfactory buildings in Cambridge. 34 THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. The Harvard Medical School is situated on Boylston Street, Boston, in a building completed in 1883 at a total cost, including laud, of $321,415.62. It is the largest of the Professional Schools of the University and one of the oldest, haviug given degrees since 1 788. In all it has graduated 3116 persons. It gives the degree of M.D. after either three or four years of successful study and examination. The four-years' course is favored by the Faculty and taken by a part of the most promising students. Graduates of colleges, scientific schools, or medical schools are admitted to the School without exam- ination. Non-graduates are required to pass in the following sub- jects : English, Latin, physics, and also in either French, German, algebra, plane geometry, or botany. Since 1880, 833 students have entered the School. Of these 182 were graduates of Harvard College, 224 held degrees from other colleges, and 427 had taken no degree. The standard of the School is high, its examinations are severe, and its facilities of all kinds great. The Boston hosf)itals, noted for their model administration, are in close sympathy with the School, and draw upon its best graduates for services of a mutually advantageous kind. The School employs 22 professors and assistant professors and 52 other instructors and lecturers, many of whom are specialists of reputation. The School has a moderate number of scholarships and other pecuniary aids in its gift which are given only upon clear proof of merit. In addition to its regular instruc- tion leading to the degree of M.D., the School offers graduate instruction of a grade heretofore usually sought for only in British or Continental schools. This instruction is wholl}^ distinct from the undergraduate instruction in the School and is arranged in courses lasting about eight weeks each and designed to accommodate practi- tioners whose residence is necessarily brief. Certificates of attendance are issued to those who have taken these courses. The School ofl[ers summer instruction of a nature particularly suited for graduates whose opportunities for study have not been great, or who have had no chances to profit by hospital practice. The summer courses are clinical in character and are given in hospitals and dispensaries by the surgeons on duty in them, and in the School laboratories by the officers in charge. Details regarding any of the instruction offered by the School may be obtained from the Dean or the Secretary of the Medical School, Boylston Street, Boston. 35 THE DENTAL SCHOOL. Being closely connected with the Medical School and dependent upon hospital and infirmary work to be secured only in the midst of a large city, the Dental School is situated in Boston. It occu- pies the building on North Grove Street for many years used by the Medical School. To enter the School a candidate who has not passed an examination for admission to the College or the Scientific School of the University, or who has not already taken a degree in arts, letters, science, or medicine, must pass an examination in English, physics, and either Latin, French, German, algebra, or plane geometry. Admission to advanced standing is granted upon satisfactory grounds. The course for the degree of the Doctor of Dental Medicine covers three years, the first being identical with that in the Medical School. During the remaining years instruction is given in dental pathology, oral anatomy and physiology, neurology, dental chemistry, dental materia medica and therapeutics, surgery and surgical pathology, and operative and mechanical dentistry. Twenty-eight persons take part in the instruction of the School, which is thorough and exhaust- ive. No one can secure the degree who has not studied medicine or dentistry three full years and passed the required examinations of the School. The Infirmary practice afi:"orded by the School is inval- uable. The diploma of the School is accepted by the English Board of Registration under the Dental Act, so that graduates of the School who are not British subjects can practice dentistry in Great Britain without further examination. Board and lodging are obtainable in Boston at from five dollars a week upwards. 36 THE SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. The School of Veterinary Medicine was founded in 1882. It has already rendered a- service to the country in being among the first to introduce a graded course of study of the kind long in force in the best European schools. This change may be said to have put the modern science of veterinary medicine upon a secure foundation in America. Entrance to its classes is guarded by admission examinations in English, arithmetic, and in either French, German, Latin, algebra, plane geometry, or zoology. Its course extends over three years of about nine months each ; its instructors number twenty-two persons ; and where the subjects are common to all branches of medicine, the instructors in them are drawn from among the members of the Medical Faculty of the Uni- versity. The School has no scholarships. In order to be in the centre of a large and busy community, the School and its Hospital are situated in Boston, where, in buildings erected particularly for its uses, all purely veterinary instruction is given. The School building contains a lecture-room seating one hundred persons ; a reading- room ; a dissecting-room ; and a museum. Adjoining is a Hospital building with accommodations for thirty-eight horses and a large number of dogs ; this space is divided into three wards. The build- ing includes also a large operating-room, a pharmacy, and a forge where horses are shod. The department, although still comparative^ small in numbers, is effectively constituted and offers opportunities for the study of both the theory and practice of veterinary medicine which, it is believed, are as yet unapproached in the United States. 37 THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION. The School of Agriculture and Horticulture is situated about five miles from the heart of the city on a farm of 200 acres in Jamaica Plain, a rural portion of the extended municipalit}' of Boston. In- struction is given in Agriculture, Useful and Ornamental Gardening and Stock-Raising, and in Botany, Chemistry, and Entomology as applied to those arts. The students of the School include persons intending to become landscape gardeners, florists, gardeners, and managers or stewards of large farms or estates. The admission requirements are nominal as regards students who do not purpose to become candidates for a degree. If the degree of Bachelor of Agricultural Science is desired, the candidate must have spent one year at the Lawrence Scientific School or give evidence of having taken its equivalent elsewhere. He must then stud}' one year at the Bussey Institution and subsequently pursue at least one year of ad- vanced study there or in other departments of the University and pass examinations to determine the excellence of his work. The tuition- fee of $150 is remitted in favor of students of limited means and a few students are permitted to work for their board. Those who pay the full fee maj- take courses in other departments of the University free of charge and enjoy the library and other privileges open to students in the Cambridge departments. The small number of stu- dents at this School assures to all the most careful personal attention. 38 THE SUMMER SCHOOLS. A week or more after Commencement and the departure of the great body of students, a number of short courses or schools are opened in the College buildings in Cambridge under the charge of instructors in the departments of Chemistry, Physics, Botany, Geol- ogy, Bodily Training, etc. These courses are largely attended by teachers in colleges and secondary schools ; college students who are sufficiently in earnest in their studies to give half of their vacation to work, and other persons — women as well as men — who wish to avail themselves of the opportunity to use Harvard's wealth of appa- ratus in the weeks when it would otherwise be idle. The schools are gaining in numbers from year to year. The fees are small and the opportunities for individual progress under competent guidance are excellent. Detailed circulars about these schools are published early everj^ spring and may be obtained from the Secretary. Each course lasts about six weeks, and occupies the whole time of its students during that period. The number of students in the summer schools of 1890 was 279. During the summer of 189 lit is expected that the following courses will be given : — Four courses in Chemistry (Fundamental principles of Chemistry, Qualitative Analysis, Quantitative Analysis, and Organic Chemistry) ; courses in Experimental Physics, and in Botany ; Elementary and advanced courses in Geology ; courses in Topography, German, French, and Bodily Training. In addition, a general course of lect- ures on methods of instruction will be given by teachers in the depart- ments represented by the Schools. Board and lodging are obtainable in Cambridge during the summer at from $5 to $10 a week. The summer courses in medicine are described on page 34. 39 THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY. The Observatory is situated upon a small hill about half a mile northwest of the bulk of the University buildings. Its grounds embrace 7J acres and contain nine buildings belonging to this depart- ment. The main building includes the residence of the Director, the library, various computing rooms, the 15-inch and 6-inch equatorials and 8-inch transit circle. One of the smaller buildings contains a photographic laboratory ; the others contain apparatus, including pho- tographic telescopes of the respective apertures 12, 11, and 8 inches, and a reflector 28 inches in aperture. Nearly all of these instruments are in constant use, two of the photographic telescopes being used throughout the whole of every clear night. In addition to observations conducted in Cambridge, the Observa- tory has recently been maintaining a series of observations in South- ern California and in Peru. Additional work in Peru is to be carried on by a new expedition. The work undertaken in Peru is designed to complete investigations begun at Cambridge- by extending them to the parts of the sky invisible at northern stations. It includes pho- tometric measurements of the light of the stars, photographic charts of their places, and photographs of their spectra. The reduction of the results of the observations in Cambridge, California, and Peru employs a force of from 25 to 30 persons at the Cambridge buildings, and it is in computation and work upon photo- graphic plates as well as in certain kinds of observing that approved students are sometimes employed under Professor Pickering's direc- tion. Competent students needing pecuniary aid are given allowances varying from $200 to $500 a year for their services, but the work for which they are paid does not afford much scientific training nor leave much time for other study. 40 THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. The University Library contains 376,200 volumes and — ap- proximately — an equal number of pamphlets. It is the largest of the university libraries of the country. Its increase is rapid. In 1879 it gained 10,389 volumes ; in 1885, 14,558 ; in 1888, 16,468. It is not all grouped in Gore Hall, its main building ; volumes relating to professional work being placed in the Professional School buildings, while many in immediate demand in the classical department, the philosophical department, the historical department, and similar centres of activity are placed within easy reach of the class-rooms of those departments. The Library is conducted upon the most modern and approved methods, and its primary aim is to meet all immediate demands in the shortest possible time. It is catalogued by cards — first by authors, second by subjects. Delivery, considering the size of the collection and its steady and rapid growth, is singularly prompt. The possession of ample funds for the pur- chase of new books as fast as needed for effective instruction is one of the strongest features of the Library. Its total annual expendi- tures closely approach $50,000. The efficiency of the Library man- agement is shown by the number of those who use it and by the number of volumes lent. In 1888-89 over 80,000 volumes were lent to individuals. Of the Seniors in College in the same year, 97% used the Library as borrowers; of Juniors, 99% ; and other classes to a less degree. Fifteen years ago only 57% of students in College used the Library as borrowers. The elective system deserves a part of the credit for this increased use of original authorities. The mere note-taking or text-book studying student is now the exception where he used to be the rule. The following table shows the distribution of bound volumes in the several libraries : — Gore Hall 282,000 Lawrence Scientific School 2,700 Bussey Institution (Jamaica Plain) 3,100 PhiUips Library (Observatory) 6,800 Botanic Garden (Herbarium Library) .... 5,500 Law School 25,300 Divinity School 21,000 Medical School (Boston) 2,000 Museum of Comparative Zoology 21,300 Peabody Museum 1,100 Six laboratory and eleven class-room libraries . 4,800 376,200 41 THE LABORATORIES. The principal laboratories in Cambridge are the Boylston Chemical Laboratory, built in 1857 and enlarged in 1870 ; the Jefferson Phys- ical Laboratory, completed in 1884 at a cost of $115,000 ; and the laboratories in the University Museum building, which include ample and separate accommodations for the departments of Zoology, Paleon- tology, Geolog}', Geography, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Botany. The portion of the Museum building occupied by the laboratories and lecture-rooms of these departments has a floor space of over an acre. The Peabody Museum contains a laboratory for anthropological and archaeological research. Boylston Hall now contains five large chem- ical laboratories and a number of private rooms for instructors. The largest working-room has places for 100 students. It is especially devoted to qualitative and descriptive work. That next in size has 64 places. The transfer from Boylston Hall to the University Museum of the Mineralogical Collection renders it possible to provide addi- tional space for laboratories and lecture-rooms as well as to make existing rooms more convenient. The Jefferson Physical Laboratory is four stories high and 210 feet long. It has the most ample accom- modations for both large and small classes, and for individual work, free from interruption. In the basement and first story stone tables resting upon separate columns of masonry furnish firm support for instruments in use. In the western end of the building a large rec- tangular tower stands on an independent foundation and has no contact with surrounding rooms. In it are conducted experiments requiring extraordinary stability or a great height — as for example, in Foucault's pendulum experiment. By a simple device nearly the entire length of the building may be used in experiments for testing the velocity of light. In the wing where magnetic experi- ments are tried there is no iron in the wood- work or masonry of the building. New apparatus is procured and the general running ex- penses of this Laboratory are in large part paid from a permanent income derived from invested funds. The laboratories of the Medical, Dental, and Veterinary Schools, and the School of Agriculture and Horticulture, are of a size equal to the needs of those departments. The year 1889-90 saw the com- pletion, at a cost of $35,000, of the Sears Laboratories for patholog^^ and bacteriology. They form an important portion of the equipment of the Medical School. 42 THE MUSEUMS. The magnitude of the museums of the University is illustrated by the fact that the University Museum alone contains four acres of floor space. It includes the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Natural Histor}?^ Laboratories of Zoology, Paleontology, Geology, and Geog- raphy, and the Museums of Mineralogy and Botany. The portion of the building devoted to Comparative Zoology and the laboratories named cost $450,000. The section occupied by the Botanical Museum cost $75,000 and that occupied by the Mineralogical Museum $43,427. The original scheme for this Museum was proposed by Professor Louis Agassiz in 1859. Its realization is in great part the work of his son Alexander Agassiz, the present Curator of the Museum. In an adjoining building, having a floor area of 29,828 square feet (not including basement and attic) , are the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology and the Semitic Museum. The latter will in time be removed to other quarters. The Fine Arts collections are in part in the rooms of the department of Fine Arts in Sever Hall and in part in the Museum of Fine Arts, Copley Sq., Boston. The collection of coins and medals belonging to the Uni- versity is kept in Gore Hall. The Anatomical Museum is placed in the Medical School building on Boylston St., Boston. The Museum of the Dental School is in the School building on North Grove St., and that of the School of Veterinary Medicine is in the Veterinary Hospital building on Village St., Boston. The Arboretum Museum is located in the " Dwight House " in Brookline. The actual cost of the collections in the Museum of Comparative Zoology has been over $350,000. The collections are in part open to the public. The first of the exhibition-rooms open to the public is the Synoptic Room, in which the entire animal kingdom is summarized in a compact collec- tion of distinctive types. Beyond this are the systematic collections of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Mollusks, Crustacea and In- sects, Radiates, Sponges, and Protozoa. Finally, there are the rooms devoted to faunal areas, including those of North and South America, Europe, the Indo-Asiatic, the African, the Australian, and the At- lantic. The larger parts of the collection are not open to the public, but are in constant use by officers or competent students of the University engaged in research. The collections in the Botanical Museum are not fully arranged and are open to the public only in part. When completed, the collec- tions will be found to be economic in theory, containing, for example. 43 woods, fruits, fibres, etc., as well as a unique and beautiful series of glass models of flowers. Tlie Mineralogical Collections are in part open to the public. The public portions — about one half in amount — are large enough fully to illustrate the extent, beauty, and variety of the mineral kingdom. Some portions are.S3^stematic in arrangement; others are grouped to illustrate striking characteristics of minerals — lustre, for example. The collection of meteorites is one of the finest in existence. The portion of the collections not open to the public consist of systematic series grouped for specific and comparative study, and duplicates and class-room material continually being used and replaced." The value of this collection is great. The meteorites alone represent $30,000 ; the whole collection, from $100,000 to $150,000. The Peabody Museum is open to the public. It contains large archaeological and ethnological collections obtained by systematic and thorough explorations of burial-places, caves, shell-heaps, village- sites, mounds, and ruins in manj^ parts of North, Central, and South America, as well as by extensive examinations of gravel beds, peat bogs, and river and other deposits of various geological ages. By the arrangement in the Museum of these special collections in their geographical sequence, each tells its own story in all its details. For a comparative study of the archaeology and ethnology of other parts of the world two rooms are devoted to collections arranged ethnograpliicalh^ There is also a large anthropological collection, including over two thousand human crania and man}' more or less complete skeletons. The Semitic Museum, founded by Mr. Jacob H. Schiif in 1889, occupies temporary quarters in the new part of the Peabody Museum. Its objects are to furnish materials for illustration of the Semitic in- struction given in the University and for original investigation, and also to show to the general public the place which belongs to the Semites in the history of culture. The collection embraces casts of many of the most interesting Semitic monuments in the British Museum, the Louvre, and the Berlin Museum. Among these are Assyrian bas-reliefs from Nineveh and Kalah ; Babylonian statues from Tello ; and Phoenician, Hebrew, Moabite, Arabic, Punic, Hittite, and Persian monuments, bas-reliefs, and inscriptions. It contains also manuscripts, Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac, and a large number of photographs illustrating ancient and modern Semitic life, art, and scenery. There are many original clay tablets from Babylon, some of which are of great interest, and also Semitic coins and other objects illustrating the life of the people. It is intended to make the collection as complete as possible in material from Palestine illus- trating Hebrew history. The Museum will be opened in April, 1891. u BOTANIC GAKDEN, HEEBARIA, AND ARBORETUM. The Botanic Garden and greenhouses occupy about seven acres of land adjoining the Observatory grounds. About 6000 species of flowering plants are grown for educationaL purposes, supplying stu- dents of Botany who are members of the University with abundant material for determination or investigation. The Botanical library of 9000 volumes and pamphlets and the University Herbarium are contained in one of the buildings belonging to the Garden. The Her- barium contains several hundred thousand specimens which are open, under the direction of the Curator, to qualified and properly registered students. The accessions to the Herbarium in 1889-90 illustrate the direction and the rapidity of its growth. They included 850 speci- mens from Northern Mexico, embracing many new and little-known species ; 575 from Canada ; 600 from Porto Rico ; 670 from Bolivia ; 700 through the Director of the Kew Gardens, mainly from China, Tasmania, and Brazil ; 126 from Arabia Felix ; 300 from South Africa ; 240 from Australia ; the entire Thomas P. James collection of mosses, and a large part of the George Thurber collections. The Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany is placed in the University Museum in connection with the Botanical Museum. It contains sev- eral hundred thousand specimens, including the Tuckerman collection of lichens, having about 75,000 specimens ; the Curtis collection of fungi, about equal in magnitude ; and the Farlow collection of algae, lichens, and fungi. Competent students who are not members of the University may obtain permission to use the Herbarium under proper supervision. The Arnold Arboretum occupies a portion of the Bussey Farm, 160 acres in extent, in that part of Boston known as West Roxbury. It was founded for the purpose of scientific research and experiment in Arboriculture, Forestry, and Dendrology, and as an out-door museum of trees and shrubs suited to the climate of Massachusetts. The living collections are supplemented by others in the Herbarium and Museum which are temporarily placed in the " D wight House" in Brookline. Any one properly qualified to pursue the study of practical arboriculture or forestry may be admitted to the Arboretum as a student. Details are obtainable from the. Director, Professor Charles S. Sargent, Brookline, Mass. 45 THE EELIGIOUS EXERCISES OF THE UNIVERSITY. Harvard University is iu the broadest possible sense unsectarian. Its officers, graduates, and students include persons of every shade of belief. All its religious exercises are voluntary. Compulsory attendance at morning prayers was abolished in 1886, and the effect of the change has been good. The regular services are held on Sunday evenings, every week-day morning in term-time between the breakfast hour and the beginning of lectures, and on Thursday afternoons during the winter. These services are conducted by the Plummer Professor of Christian Morals, assisted from time to time by five Preachers to the University who are appointed annually by the Governing Boards. Among these preachers have been Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D., Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D.D., Rev. Lyman Abbott, D.D., and other clergymen of conspicuous ability. Every day during term-time the Preacher to the University con- ducting services for the time being receives, at stated hours, members of the University who desire advice or aid. The many hours occupied by these interviews are counted by both parties to them as productive of great and lasting good. A portion of the time the Sunday evening services are conducted by invited clergymen from various parts of the country, who are chosen on account of their recognized leadership in their localities and de- nominations. Among those holding these services during the past few years have been the Rev. Dr. McCosh of Princeton, N. J., Rev. Dr. W. R. Huntington of New York, Rev. Dr. Hunger of New Haven, Rt. Rev. H. C. Potter of New York, Rev. Dr. Fisher of New Haven, Rev. President Hyde of Brunswick, Rev. Dr. McVickar of Philadelphia, Rev. Professor Tucker of Andover, Rt. Rev. T. U. Dudley of Kentucky, Rev. President Andrews of Providence, Pro- fessor Henry Drummond of Glasgow, and Mr. Moody the evangelist. The Preachers to the University publish a brief pamphlet describ- ing the religious work of the year which may be obtained on applica- tion. It bears witness to the fact that religious life in the University is healthy and active. In the Harvard Divinity School weekly debates and conferences are held on Wednesday afternoons, and preaching services on Friday evenings. During the current academic year a series of Tuesday evening College Conferences on the literary, ethical, and religious aspects of the Bible are being held. Among the announced subjects are the fol- 46 lowing: "The Literary Aspect of the English Bible," Professor Kittredge ; "The Bible and the Sacred Books of the East," Pro- fessor Everett; "The Bible in its relation to Modern Problems," Rev. Lyman Abbott ; " The Development of the Hebrew Religion," Professor Toy. Among the subjects of the Conferences in 1888 and 1889 were the following: "College Responsibility," Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D. ; "College Public Opinion," President Eliot; "The Recovery of Religious Enthusiasm," Rev. Professor Tucker of Andover ; "The Belief in Immortality," Rev. Professor Everett; "Public Life," Hon. Theo. Roosevelt of New York; "Problems of Charity in a Large City," A. T. White, Esq., of Brooklyn, N. Y. ; and a series of addresses on " The Choice of a Profession" by eminent members of the various learned professions. The religious societies of the University are the Harvard Y.M.C. A. (formerly known as the Society of Christian Brethren) and the St. Paul's Society. Both hold weekly meetings and have numerous members. Many members of the Universit}^ engage actively in charity work in Boston and Cambridge, fields in which ample oppor- tunity is offered for effort of this kind. There are in Cambridge or its immediate vicinity theological semi- naries of at least five of the leading evangelical denominations. In addition to the opportunities for voluntary worship in the University Chapel, seats are provided for students, at the expense of the College, in many churches of diff'erent denominations situated near the College buildings. 47 THE LECTURE-ROOMS AND THEIR USES. All the Professional Schools of the University have- separate buildings devoted exclusively to their own uses, and their buildings have ample lecture-room accommodations. The Lawrence Scientific School has a building of its own containing 17 rooms. Its stu- dents also work much of their time in the laboratories and museums already described in detail. The College and Graduate School together occupy lecture-rooms in nine buildings, 80 rooms in all being in constant use. A few of these rooms seat between three and four hundred students at once, but most of them are adapted to classes of 20, 40, 70, or 100 each. Small classes are one feature of the elective system. The largest of the lecture-halls of the University is Sanders Theatre, which seats 1400 persons. The Commencement- Day exercises are held in it, as well as many evening concerts, lectures, and readings. The number of evening lectures, seminary meetings, conferences, concerts, and readings is large, students often having their choice, in a single evening, of four or five such auxiliaries to regular work. The lecturers, while often members of one of the University Facul- ties, are quite as likely to be distinguished visitors from abroad or from some other centre of American culture. Most of the speakers come as the guests of student societies like the Classical Club, the Historical Society, the Deutscher Verein, or the Total Abstinence League ; but the University often invites eminent scholars to deliver courses of public lectures, as for example, Professor Lanciani in 1886 and Hon. David A. Wells in 1889. A series of eight instru- mental concerts is given each winter, in Sanders Theatre, by the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The best music is performed at these concerts. During the winter of 1889-90 the number of public evening lectures and similar appointments in the University lecture-rooms was over a hundred, the audiences in some instances exceeding a thousand. 48 THE ATHLETIC BUILDINGS AND FIELDS. The University has four buildings devoted wholly to athletic pur- poses — the Hemenway Gymnasium, the Carey Athletic Building, the University Boat House, and the Weld Boat House. The Hem- enway Gymnasium, built in 1879, has — allowing for the reasonable coming and going of individuals — accommodations for between 2000 and 3000 students. As regards size, strength, and variety of its apparatus and completeness of its appointments, the Gymnasium supplies every desire of the indoor athlete. For members of the University and class crews, nines and elevens, the Carey Athletic Building, having a floor area of 7848 square feet, gives peculiar accommodations. For the crews there is a tank containing a fixed boat, around which passes a current of water. For the nines there are rooms in which indoor practice in pitching and batting is made easy. Early in the autumn the elevens use a room with an earth floor, which gives opportunities for drill in dodging, tackling, and passing the ball. The same room is available for practice in jumping, vaulting, and similar exercises. Of the two boat-houses, the University is for the regular crews, and is arranged to hold their long shells used in races. Its floor space is 6893 square feet. The Weld Boat House is for the use of any students who enjoy rowing. It contains boats of various kinds sufficient for 300 persons. All students using the athletic buildings are closely supervised and allowed to take only proper kinds and amounts of exercise. The Director of the Gymnasium is a physician and an expert in physical development. The outdoor sports of the students requiring fields for play are accommodated on Jarvis Field (five acres), Holmes Field (five acres), Norton Field (seven acres), and the Soldier's Field (twenty-seven acres) . The latter is not yet turfed, but has sufficient area to meet the demands of a very large number of students. The athletic fields now in use have stands and benches erected around them sufficient to seat about 6000 persons. 41) PEIZES. The money prizes offered aDnually in the various departments of the University amount to $2755. They are as follows : — Nine Bowdoin prizes, varying from $50 to $100 each, for disserta- tions upon announced economic, classical, or scientific subjects, or for translations of set passages of English into Latin or Greek prose. These are open wholly or in part to students in the Graduate School, the College, the Scientific School, and other parts of the University. Five Boylston prizes, three of $45 each and two of $60 each, for excellence in elocution, open to Seniors and Juniors in the College. The Sargent prize of $100, for the best metrical translation of an ode of Horace, open to students in the undergraduate department. The Sumner prize of $100, for the best dissertation on a subject connected with the topic of Universal Peace, open to all departments. The Toppan prize of $150, for the best essay on a selected subject in Political Science, open to graduates of three years' standing and to students in the Graduate and Professional Schools. The Chauncey Wright prize of $25, for the best mathematical thesis on an announced subject, open to Juniors, Seniors, and graduates. The Dante prize of SlOO, for the best essay on a subject drawn from the life or works of Dante, open to students in any department and to graduates of not more than three years' standing. The George B. Sohier prize of $250, for the best thesis presented by an approved candidate for Honors in English or modern literature. The Paine prizes, two of $100 each, for the best essays by any students of the University on the ethical aspect of social questions ; for example, labor problems, productive cooperation, etc. The Semitic prizes, two of $100 each, open to students in the Semitic Languages. The Harvard Law School Association prize of $100, for the best essay upon a selected subject in law, open to third-year students in the Law School. The Boylston Medical prizes, two prizes of one or two hundred dollars each, upon announced subjects in medical science, open to public competition. The Porter prize of $50, for the best dissection deserving the award illustrative of surgical anatomy, open to members of the Med- ical School and graduates of not more than five years' standing. The Otology prize of $25, for the best preparation illustrating the osseous anatomy of the ear, or for the best thesis showing original work on an otological subject, open to third-year students in .the Medical School. 50 CONCLUSION. This brief surve}^ has shown that Harvard University with its large corps of instructors ; its collections of books, apparatus, and sci- entific material ; its activity in the general advancement and diffusion of knowledge ; its ability and readiness to aid the poor but promising student ; its hospitality towards all scholars, no matter what their race or creed, is in fact a true University. Although age is too apt to breed unwise conservatism, this Univer- sity is more frequently assailed for its spirit of progress, and its willingness to break with precedent for the sake of truth, than it is for its attachment to venerable tradition. It has done its part in making the degree of Bachelor of Arts a broader and a higher title. It has increased the significance of the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, and it has been prudent in its bestowal of honorary degrees. Having for twenty years steadily increased the severity of its requirements for admission and for graduation, it is not unwilling to permit capable students to compress somewhat the term of residence ordinarily required for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, in order that more young Americans may seek the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and that the professional degrees and the degrees of Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doctor of Science may be taken less late in life by college graduates. Not a few who are able to meet in full the requirements for the first degree in three years or three years and a half are allowed to do so. All who aim to become teachers are encouraged to secure either the Master's degree or the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In 1871 Harvard University included 1149 students and 116 teach- ers. In 1891 it includes 2271 students and 242 teachers. There is reason to suppose that this rate of increase may be maintained. The authorities of the University desire it ; the alumni are believed to be ready to provide such additional endowments as may be needed, and the public is alive to the fact that more is to be gained by ex- panding an existing institution of merit than by multiplying poorly equipped schools. Harvard's equipment is capable of serving many more advanced students than now use it. Such students, if qualified for advanced work, are welcome not only in the departments of Phi- lology, Literature, Political Science, Mathematics, and Philosophy, but also in the scientific work-shops of the University — the Observa- tory, the Museums, the Herbaria, and the experimental rooms of the laboratories. 51 Table of Schools and Colleges from which young men actually entered Harvard College from 1881 to 1890 inclusive, with the number that entered from each institution in each year. Special students are not included. An asterisk (*) indicates a public school, a dagger (t) an endowed school. Acadia College, Wolfville, Nova Scotia . . . . fAdams Academy, Quincy Adelbert College of W. R. Univ., Cleveland, 0. . fAdelphi Academy, Brooklyn, N. Y fAlbany, N.Y., Academy *Albany, N.Y., High School Albion College, Mich Alfred, N. Y., University Amherst College Andover Theological Seminary * Arlington, Cotting High School Atlanta University, Georgia *Auburn, Me., Edward Little High School. . . . *Auburn, N. Y., High School *Augusta, Me., Cony High School Augustana College, Rock Island, 111 fBarre Academy Baugher's Academy, Hanover, Pa Belmont School, Belmont, Cal Belmont School, Bel-nont, Mass Berkeley Gymnasium, San Francisco, Cal. . Berkeley School, Boston Berkeley School, New York Berkeley School, Providence, R. I fBerwick Academy, South Berwick, Me Bethany College, W. Va Boston College *Boston English High School *Boston Latin School Boston University Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me fBrackett Academy, Greenland, N. H *Bridgewater High School fBristol Academy, Taunton JBromfield School, Harvard *Brookfield High School *Brookline High School Brooklyn, N. Y., Latin School Brown, H. IL, Private School, Philadelphia, Pa. Brown University, Providence, R. I Browne & Nichols, Private School, Cambridge . Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa *Buffalo, N. Y., High School BufPalo, N.Y., Latin School *Bufealo, N. Y., State Normal School fBurr & Burton Seminary, Manchester, Vt. . . . *Cambridge Latin School 17 11 17 19 20 11 17 11 11 14 52 oo 00 1— ( 00 00 CO 1 c6 oo i 1 Carleton College, Northfield, Minn *Castine, Me., High School • 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 i 2 2 1 3 i 3 i 2 2 1 3 i 1 2 i 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 I 1 4 5 1 1 3 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 8 7 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Centre College, Danville, Ky Chadwick & Pye, Boys' Prep. Sch. , Brooklyn, N. Y. Charleston, S C, College of Charlier Institute, New York i 1 3 3 2 Chase, R. H., Private School, Philadelphia, Pa. . Chauncy Hall School, Boston *Chelsea High School < . *Chicago, 111., High School Christian College, Monmouth, Ore *Cincinnati, 0., Hughes High School *Cincinnati, 0., Woodward High School .... Cleveland, 0., Academy ^Cleveland, 0., Central High School *Cleveland, 0., West High School f Colby Academy, New London, N. H Colby University, Waterville, Me College of the City of New York College of Emporia, Kan College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J fCoUegiate andPolytech. Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo. . . . Columbia College, New York Columbia College School of Mines, New York . Columbian University, Washington, D. C. ... *Concord High School Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y fCorning, N. Y., Free Academy fCushing Academy, Ashburnham Cutler, A. H., Private School, New York . . . Cutler, Edward H., Private School, Newton . . Dalhousie College, Halifax, N. S Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H Dearborn Morgan School, Orange, N. J *Decatur, 111., High School Delaware College, Newark, Del 1 1 4 1 Denison University, Granville, *Denver, Colo., High School fDerby Academy, Hingham Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa tDickinson High Sch. & Deerfield Acad., Deerfield *Dorchester High School Drury College, Springfield, Mo. fDummer Academy, South Byfield • . Dwight School, New York fEast Maine Conference Seminary, Bucksport, Me. Eayrs, Wm. N., Private School, Boston .... *Elkhart, Ind., High School *Ellsworth, Me., High School Emerson Institute, Washington, D. C Eminence College, Ky Episcopal Theological School at Cambridge . . Eureka College, Eureka, 111 *Everett Iligli School Everson, ]). S., Collegiate School, New York 53 i i 1 i oo CO CO I— 1 S8 GO oo d 1 *Eall River, B. M. C. Durfee High School . . . Fish, C. E., Private School, Worcester . . . . . risk University, Nashville, Tenn *ritcliburg High School 2 • • 3 j 19 3 1*7 4 1 1 23 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 25 1 4 2 1 2 1 19 i 1 1 1 11 1 1 3 1 15 1 3 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 17 2 1 1 2 15 1 2 1 2 1 Fort Hill School, Rochester, N. Y *Fort Wayne, Ind., Central Grammar School . . *Framingham High School Frankfurt Gymnasium, Germany Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa. . fFriends' Academy, New Bedford *Gardner High School Georgetown College, D. C • 1 2 Gibbens and Beach, Private School, New York . * Gloucester High School 2 2 1 1 2 Goff, C. B.,Engl. & Class. Sch., Providence, R.I. Griswold College, Davenport, Iowa Groton School, Groton Grove City College, Pa Gunnery School, Washington, Conn Hale, Albert, Private School, Boston Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y Hamline University, St. Paul, Minn Hanover College, Ind • fHarrow, England fHarry Hillman Academy, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. . . *Hartford, Conn., High School 1 8 1 i 9 1 1 2 1 1 2 1*8 2 6 1 1 4 • 10 1 1 1 i 2 i Harvard Graduate Student Harvard College Special Student Harvard Divinity School Harvard Medical School, Boston Harvard School, Chicago, 111 Harvard V.eterinary School, Boston Haverford College, Pa *Haverhill High School Hill School, Pottstown, Pa *Hingham High School Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y Holbrook's Military School, Sing Sing, N. Y. . . Hopkinson, John P., Private School, Boston . . Howard College, Marion, Ala Howard University, Washington, D. C *Hyde Park High School 14 i i I *Hyde Park, 111., High School Illinois State Normal University, Normal, 111. . Indianapolis, Ind., Classical School *IndianapoHs, Ind., High School *Indiana State Normal School, Indiana, Pa. . . . Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa fives Seminary, Antwerp, N. Y Jarvis Hall, Denver, Colo Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. . . . *KansasCity, Mo., High School Kendall, Joshua, Private School, Cambridge . . Kentucky Wesleyan College, Millersburg, Ky. . Kenyon College, Gambler, Keystone Academy, Factoryville, Pa King's School, Stamford, Conn 2 2 1 1 2 54 Knox College, Galesburg, 111 Lafayette College, Easton, Pa *Lancaster High School fLawrence Academy, Groton *Lawrence High School Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge .... Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis fLawrenceville School, N. J *Leominster, Field High School ........ LeRoy, N. Y., Academy *Lexington High School ♦Louisville, Ky., Male High School *Lowell High School *Lynn High School fMcCollom Institute, Mt. Vernon, N. H Madison University, Hamilton, N. Y *Malden High School Marietta College, Ohio Mass. Institute of Technology, Boston Milwaukee, Wis., Academy *Marlboro' High School Marlborough St. School, Boston Marston's University School, Baltimore, Md. . . Maupin's University School, EUicott City, Md. . *Medford High School *Melrose High School *Merrimac High School *Methuen High School *Michigan State Normal School, Ypsilanti .... Middleburv College, Yt *Milford High School ♦Milwaukee, Wis., High School Monmouth College, 111 *Montclair, N. J., High School *Montpelier, Yt., High School Morse, J. H., Private School, New York . . . . Mt. Allison College, Sackville, N. B Mt. Pleasant Military Academy, Sing Sing, N. Y. Nashville, Tenn., State Normal College . . . . *Natick High School *Needham High School *Newark, N. J., High School *Newburyport, Brown High and Putnam Schools . fNew Church School, Waltham ♦Newport, R. I., Rogers High School *Newton High School Newton, N. J., Collegiate Institute New York School of Languages fNichols Academy, Dudley Nichols, Wm., Private School, Boston Noble, G. W. C, Private School, Boston .... *Nortliampton Higli School *Nortli Attleboro' High School Nortliwestern University, Evanston, 111 Oherlin College, Ohio Ohio Wesleyan University, ]3elaware, O *Omaha, Neb., High School Park Institute, Rye, N. Y 55 *Pawtucket, R. I., High School Peekskill, N. Y., Military Academy . . . . , Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pa. . . . , *Philadelp]na, Penn., High School fPhillips Academy, Andover fPliillips Academy, Exeter, N. H Pierce Christian College, College City, Cal. . Pine Hill Theological College, Halifax, N. S. fPinkerton Academy, Derry, N. H *Pittsburg, Pa. , Central High School .... *Portland, Me., High School ^Portsmouth, N. H., High School Proctor Academy, Andover, N. H Pro-Gymnasium, Germany *Providence, R. I., High School Ripon College, Wis • . . Riverview Academy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. . fRochester, N. Y., Free Academy Rochester, N. Y., Theological Seminary . . *Romeo, Mich., High School tRoxbury Latin School Rugby Academy, Philadelphia, Pa Sachs' Collegiate Institute, New York . . . fSt. Johnsbury, Vt., Academy St. John's College, Fordham, N. Y St. John's School, Manlius, N. Y fSt. John's School, Presque Isle, Me St. John's School, Sing Sing, N. Y St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y. . . tSt. Mark's School, Southboro' *St. Paul, Minn., High School tSt. Paul's School, Concord, N. H St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y. . . *Salem High School , *San Francisco, Cal., Boys' High School . . School of the Lackawanna, Scranton, Pa. . Shortlidge's Media Academy, Pa Skaneateles, N. Y., Union School . . • . . Smith Academy, St. Louis, Mo *SomerviIle High School Southwestern Presb. Univ., Clarksville, Tenn. ♦Springfield High School , *Springfield, 111., High School Spring Hill College, near Mobile, Ala. . . . State College of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. . State University of Iowa, Iowa City .... Stewart Academy, Reading, Pa Swarthmore College, Pa ♦Syracuse, N. Y., High School Syracuse University, N. Y Tabor Academy, Marion ♦Taunton High School fThayer Academy, South Braintree Trinity College, Hartford, Conn Trinity School, Tivoli, N. Y *Troy, N.Y., High School Tufts College, College Hill fUnion Academy, Belleville, N. Y 14 12 19 56 1 i i i 1 1 1^ CO oo oo i TJniversite de France 1 37 2 1 i 1 1 1 2 2 2 i 30 3 1 4 1 2 36 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 33 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 31 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 33 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 4 1 2 54 University Grammar School, Providence, E. I. . University of Alabama, Ala University of California, Berkeley, Cal University of the City of New York University of Des Moines, Iowa 1 1 University of Georgia, Athens, Ga University of Illinois, Champaign, 111 University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. . . . University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N. B. University of Oregon, Eugene City, Ore University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. . University of Rochester, N. Y University of State of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. . . . University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt University of Virginia, Va University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis University of Wooster, University School, Chicago, 111 University School, Petersburg, Va University School, San Francisco, Cal Urban School, San Francisco, Cal Utica, N. Y., Academy . Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn fVermont Academy, Saxton's River, Vt. .... fVermont Episcopal Institute, Burlington, Vt. . . *Wakefield High School *Waltham High School Warsaw, N.Y., Union School Washburn College, Topeka, Kan *Washmgton, D. C, High School * Washington Co., Vt., Grammar Sch., Montpelier Washington University, St. Louis, Mo *Watertown High School *Wellesley High School Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. . . . tWestern Reserve Academy, Hudson, *Westfield High School 2 3 i 3 53 36 West Newton English and Classical School . . . White & Sykes, Franklin School, Cincinnati, 0. . William Jewell College, Liberty, Mo tWilliam Penn Charter School, Philadelphia, Pa. Williams College, Williamstown tWilliston Seminary, East Hampton Wilson and Kellogg, Private School, New York . * Winchester High School *Winsted, Conn., High School *Woburn High School . . , . *Woonsocket, R. I., High School fWorcester Academy * Worcester High School 3 1 i 1 1 2 48 fWorcester Polytechnic Institute Yale College, New Haven, Conn Private Pupils PUBLICATIONS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Harvard University Catalogue. 12°. .60. Contains over 400 pages, giving detailed information concerning all departments of the Uni- versity. Portions of the Catalogue giving necessary information regarding the various depart- ments are also issued separately for free distribution. Harvard University Calendar. $1.00. Contains announcements of lectures and exercises which are open to the public. It appears weekly from October to June. Harvard University Bulletin. $1.00. Contains extracts from the records of the governing bodies of the University, necrology of graduates, accessions to the University Libraiies, with special bibliographies and articles of a bibliographical nature. It appears in October, January, May. Annual Reports of the President and Treasurer of Harvard College. S''. This volume contains also the reports from the various departments and establishments of the University. The Report of the Treasurer and those of several of the departments are also issued separately. Bibliographical Contributions. In part republished from the Bulletin. The numbers appear at irregular intervals, averaging from three to six annually. Harvard University Examination Papers. 8°. Separate parts containing papers used at the final examinations in Harvard College, the admission examinations for Harvard College, the Law School, Medical School, etc. Annals of the Observatory of Harvard College. 4°. Seven parts, aggregating nearly 600 pages, appeared in 1889-90. The records thus published include both Astronomical and Meteorological observations. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 4°. Volumes IX., XI., XIV., XVII., are now in process of publication in parts. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 8". Volumes XVI., XVII., XX., are now appearing in parts. Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum at Harvard College. These papers will appear at irregular intervals, but will be paged continuously. Note. — The " Proceedings " of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences is the chief vehicle for the contributions of the Chemical, Physical, and Botanical Departments of the University, which often occupy the greater number of its pages. The Medical Department issues occasionally a volume of papers for limited circulation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Boston : Geo. H. Ellis. New York and London : Macmillan & Co. 8°. $2.00. Besides original papers in Economic History, Criticism, etc., each number contains Corre- spondence, Reviews, and a Bibliography of Economics, including articles in periodicals. Appears October, January, April, July. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Boston. Ginn & Co. 8°. $1.00. A volume of about 200 pages will be issued yearly. The first appeared in January, 1890. Harvard Historical Monographs. Boston. Ginn & Co. 8". The monographs will appear at irregular intervals. No. 1 : "A History of the Veto Power," by Edw. C. Mason, Instructor in Political Economy, |1.00, and No. 2 : "An Introduction to the Study of Federal Government," by Albert Bushnell Hart, Asst. Professsor of History, $1.00, have appeared. Harvard Law Review. A monthly journal of law published by Harvard Law Students. Cambridge. Harvard Law Review Publishing Association. $2.50. Contains papers dealing with the various branches and aspects of the law, notes of important decisions in the courts of this country and of England, reviews, summaries of law periodicals, etc. A volume comprises eight numbers, appearing from October to March. *** The price stated is for a complete volume, or a subscription for the College year; when no price is given the publication is, in general, sold in separate parts, and at a price vaiying according to the number of pages and of illustrations in each part. UNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS HARVARD UNIVERSITY. A BRIEP STATEMENT OF WHAT HARVARD UNIVERSITY IS HOW IT MAY BE ENTERED AND HOW ITS DEGREES MAY BE OBTAINED. By frank BOLLES, Secretary of Harvard University SECOND ANNUAL EDITION. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 1892. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, A BRIEF STATEMENT OF WHAT HAEVAED UNIVERSITY IS, HOW IT MAY BE ENTERED AND HOW ITS DEGREES MAY BE OBTAINED. By frank BOLLES, Secretary of Harvard University SECOND ANNUAL EDITION. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 1892. PREFATORY NOTE. This descriptive statement is designed to answer, in a less formal way tlian the annual Catalogue answers them, many of the questiona which the intelligent public ask concerning Harvard University and its wa3'S and means. FRANK BOLLES, Cambridge, February, 1892. HARVARD UNIVERSITY. A BRIEF STATEMENT OF WHAT HARVARD UNIVERSITY IS, HOW IT MAY BE ENTERED, AND HOW ITS DEGREES MAY BE OBTAINED. Harvard College is the oldest of American institutioos of learning, having been founded in 1636. What is now known as Harvard Uni- versit}^ includes the College, the Scientific School, the Graduate School, and six Professional Schools. The College, Graduate School, and the Divinity, Law, and Scien- tific Schools are situated in Cambridge, Massachusetts, a city of over 70,000 inhabitants. The Medical School, the Dental School, the School of Veterinary Medicine, and the Bussey Institution (a school of Agriculture and Horticulture) are situated in Boston, a city of about 450,000 inhabitants. The two cities are connected by steam, electric, and horse railways, and are separated by the Charles River. The distance from the College buildings to the busi- ness centre of Boston is three miles. The University is governed primarily by two Boards, the Corpora- tion and the Overseers. The Corporation (of which the legal title is the President and Fellows of Harvard College) consists of the Presi- dent, Treasurer, and five Fellows, all of whom hold office for life. In it is vested the title to the property of the University, estimated to be w^orth between eleven and twelve million dollars. The Over- seers number thirty-two, including the President and Treasurer of the University, who are ex officio members. Five of the Overseers go out of office each year, their places being filled on Commencement .;^ Day by an election in which alumni of the College of five years stand- ^ ing. Masters of Arts, and holders of honorary degrees from the ^C^University are entitled to vote, if present in person. ^ The principal administrative officers of the University are the >? President, the Treasurer, the Deans of the various Faculties, Schools, ^and Administrative Boards; the Bursar, and the Secretary-. The ;5! President is the presiding officer of the Corporation and of each .^•^ of the Faculties, and he exercises a general superintendence over ^ all the manifold concerns of the institution. The Treasurer is the custodian of the property of the University, makes its investments, and keeps its financial accounts. The Deans conduct the business ^ of their several Faculties or Administrative Boards. The Bursar is ^^'^^^^ the Treasurer's agent in dealing with students in renting rooms, settling term bills, and similar matters. The Secretary conducts the correspondence of the University. The College, Scientific School, and Graduate School are under the control of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, from which are ap- pointed three executive committees, called Administrative Boards, each of which has its Dean, and by which the College, the Scientific School, and the Graduate School are severally governed. Each Professional School has a separate Faculty, composed of all its professors and other teachers holding appointments for more than one year. The degrees conferred by the various departments are eleven in number, as follows : — By the Faculty of Arts and Sciences : Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doctor of Science. By the Faculty of the Divinity School : Bachelor of Divinity. By the Faculty of the Law School : Bachelor of Laws. By the Faculty of the Medical School : Doctor of Medicine. By the Faculty of the Dental School : Doctor of Dental Medicine. By the Faculty of the Veterinary School : Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. By the Faculty of the Bussey Institution : Bachelor of Agricultural Science. The degree of Master of Arts is given with the professional degree to graduates with high credit of the Divinity, Law, and Medical Schools who are also graduates of Harvard College or whose pre- vious training has been recognized by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences as equivalent to that of a Harvard Bachelor of Arts. The honorary degrees of Master of Arts, Doctor of Divinity, and Doctor of Laws are occasionally conferred upon eminent persons selected by the Corporation and approved by the Overseers. The roll of graduates of the University includes the names of nearly 18,000 men, of whom about one half are supposed to be living. The libraries of the University contain about 400,000 bound volumes and an approximately equal number of pamphlets. Students are charged no fees for the use of books. Ample endowments make it possible for teachers to have books of reference needed for the in- struction of their classes purchased by the Librar}-. In addition to the various departments already named, the Univer- sity has several other important branches which will be described subsequently. These are the Astronomical Observatory, the Univer- sity Museum, including the Museum of Comparative Zoology and its Natural History Laboratories, the Botanical and Mineralogical Museums, the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Eth- nology, the Semitic Museum, the Anatomical Museum, the Botanic Garden, the Herbarium, the Arnold Arboretum, the Chemical Labora- tory, the Jefferson Physical Laboratory, and the Veterinary Hospital. The Hemenway Gymnasium is for the use of the whole University. The Universit}' Chapel, seating 900 persons, is controlled by the Preachers to the Universit}^, who are ordained ministers representing different Protestant denominations. The Harvard Dining Associa- tion, occupying the great dining hall in Memorial Hall, is a voluntar}^ association which provides about 1000 officers and students with a good quality of board at cost price, usuall}^ about $4 a week. The Harvard Cooperative Society' is a voluntary association of officers and students wdiich supplies members of the University with books, stationers' materials, fancy articles, men's furnishing goods, and a great variety of miscellaneous articles. Its annual sales amount to over $70,000. The Foxcroft Club is a third association of a cooper- ative character composed largely of students living at home or at a dis- tance from the College buildings. It has study rooms, lunch rooms, a consulting library, and other conveniences adapted to the needs of non-resident students. Meals are supplied at cost by the card, and the average expenditure per man is less than three dollars a week. These three associations are managed by boards of directors chosen by ballot from among the officers and students of the various depart- ments of the University. There is also a Loan-Furniture Association, managed by officers and students, which lends students sets of furni- ture at a price just sufficient to replace the association property as it is worn out. The University owns in Cambridge twelve dormitories or halls. These have accommodations for 973 students, provided all double rooms are occupied by two persons. As a matter of fact the number of double rooms held b}^ students preferring to lodge alone is large. Rents range from $25 to $350 a year. Full information regarding prices and the methods of securing, rooms can be obtained from the Bursar. There are a number of large private dormitories ad- joining the College grounds, and students are received as lodgers or boarders in many private houses in various parts of Cambridge, Boston, and suburban towns. Furnished rooms, suitable for either one or two persons, are obtainable at a distance from the College Yard at low rents, as for example from $35 to $75 a 3^ear. Good order is maintained in College and private dormitories by graduates or instructors holding appointments as Proctors. Proctors are under the direction of the Regent. At the discretion of the Regent, a Proc- 6 tor ma}^ be placed in any private iionse where students lodge, if the maintainance of good order in the house seems to require it. The athletic sports of the University are regulated by a com- mission, composed of three graduates, three professors, and three students, which acts independently of any Faculty. The sports include rowing, canoeing, base-ball, foot-ball, lacrosse, lawn-tennis, cricket, polo, rifle-shooting, hare and hounds races ; track athletics, including bicycle racing, running and jumping ; and gymnasium exercises of various kinds, which are under the general supervision of Dudley A. Sargent, M.D., the Director of the Gymnasium. The athletic facilities of the University are excellent. The Charles River with its miles of broad surface is only a few minutes' walk from the College. The University Boat Houses are conveniently located on its nearer bank. The foot-ball, base-ball, tennis, and other fields are in the immediate vicinity of the Gymnasium, the Fives Courts, and the Rowing Tank. The country roads around Cambridge are well made, inviting horseback and bicycle riding, driving, and walking. Skating and tobogganing are popular sports in their sea- son, wirich lasts in ordinary years from December to March. The principal athletic events of the year are the championship foot-ball games in the autumn, the in-door Gymnasium contests in the winter, the championship base-ball games in the spring, and the annual boat races at New London in the early summer. Only students whose conduct and standing in College and whose physical condition are satisfactory are allowed to take part in public athletic contests or similar exhibitions. The money accounts of the various athletic organizations are under the direction of a graduate treasurer ap- pointed by the Athletic Commission. The University contains a great number of literary, dramatic, religious, scientific, musical, and social societies. Among the most prominent are the Union, where social and political questions of national interest are debated ; the Hasty Pudding Club, founded in 1795, which has a large club-house and theatre ; the Harvard branch of the Y. M. C. A. ; the Total Abstinence League ; the Deulscher Verein and Conference Fran9aise ; the Glee Club and Pierian Sodal- ity ; and several Greek letter societies, including the Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Delta Phi. In the Law School are several clubs which conduct Moot Courts at stated periods. The other Professional Schools have analogous societies which form useful adjuncts to class- room work. Tlie University itself publishes an annual Catalogue (price 85c.) ; the annual report of the President and Treasurer ; the Quarterly Journal of Economics ; the Historical Monographs ; Studies in Classi- cal Philology ; the Library Bulletin ; the Weekly Calendar ; and vari- ous pamphlets for general distribiiton. Students publish the annual Index, with records of sports and societies ; the Law Review ; the Advocate (bi-weekly) ; the Lampoon (an illustrated fortnightly) ; the Harvard Monthly ; and the Daily Crimson. The experience ob- tained on these papers, especially the last-named, enables some of their editors to make successful beginnings in journalism as soon as they leave College, and to earn money during their College course by serving as correspondents for some of the city journals. Students can earn money while in Cambridge by private tutoring ; singing in the College Choir and in the choirs of the neighboring churches ; •doing clerical or stenographic work ; and type-writing. Active, ener- getic students, while able to live as cheaply in Cambridge as at colleges in rural districts, find not only that there are more ways of earning money, but that more is paid them for the same services. As is shown by the accompanying table, the University distributes over 185,000 a year in scholarships, beneficiar}^ funds, and prizes. Merit and need are the elements which determine distribution. Income of Funds, and other Sums availabue in 1890-91 in Harvard University, as money-aids to Students. Graduate School. Fellowships $10,700 " " Scholarships 11,150 '' " Prizes 1,475* Harvard College. Scholarships 22,545 " " Beneficiary Funds 19,000 " " Loan Funds 3,248 " " Prizes 1,055* Lawrence Scientific School. Scholarships 2,400 Divinity School. Scholarships 1,385 " " Beneficiary Funds 720 " " Hopkins Fund 1,950 " " Williams Fund 4,000 " " Williams Fellowships 1,000 Law School. Scholarships 1,500 " " Prizes 100 " " Foster Fund [150]t Medical School. Fellowships 750 " " Scholarships 1,500 " " Foster Fund 150f Prizes 375 $85,003 * Many prizes open to graduate students are also open to undergraduates and to students in other departments. t The income of the Foster Fund is available in the Law and Medical Schools in alternate years. 8 The annual outlay of an economical student who comes to Cam- bridge witli a good supply of clothing and bed linen is necessarily nearly $400. For tuition he must pay $150 (except in the Divinity School, where the fee is $50 ; and in the Medical School, where it is $200). A room furnished, lighted, and warmed cannot well cost less than $35, even if it is small and inconveniently located. Books, stationery, and laboratory fees amount to about $20 a year ; and washing to at least $15. Wholesome food can be procured for about $2.75 a week, although a few students live for a little less. Sundries may reach $40 for the year, especially if by living at a distance the student spends a good deal in car fares. Allowing nothing for clothing, these estimates would make the expenses of the first year in College $367. After that they tend to grow larger. Students who are not forced to practice strict economy of course spend more than the sums named. Perhaps a quarter of each college class live on less than $600 a year, clothes included. Another quarter spend be- tween $600 and $800. Every dollar over $1200 which even the richest student spends is, as a wise writer on this point has said, " a dollar of danger." The same writer has said as to the advisa- bility of encouraging poor men to come to Harvard : — "Whenever you encounter a poor boy of eager, aggressive mind, a youth of energy, one capable of feeling the enjoyment of struggling with a multitude, of making his merit known, say to him that Harvard College is expressly constituted for such as he. Here he will find the largest provision for his needs and the clearest field for his talents. Money is a power everywhere. It is a power here ; but a power of far more restricted scope than in the world at large. In this magnificent hall (Memorial Hall) rich and poor dine together daily. At the Union they debate together. At the clubs which foster special interests, — the Finance Club, the Philological Club, the Philosophical Club, the French Club, the Signet, and the O. K., — considerations of money have no place. If the poor man is a man of muscle, the athletic organizations will welcome him ; if a man skilled in words, he will be made an editor of the college papers ; and if he has the powers that fit him for the place, the whole body of his class-mates will elect him Orator, Ivy Orator, Odist, or Poet, without the slightest regard to whether his purse is full or empty." Since this was written its truth has been strikingly exemplified by the election to the class oratorship of a man who had not only worked his way into and through College, but who was of unmixed negro blood. The following letter tells the story of a white undergraduate who came recently from a Southern State, without a friend in Cambridge, made his way on the slenderest possible income, and graduated with distinction. Harvard College, April 19, 1889. In reply to your question I would state that my expenses for the past two college years have been as follows. I record only the necessary expenses. For 1887-88. Room rent, fuel, etc $40.00 Board, private, 15 weeks 52.50 " at Memorial 24 weeks 99.00 Clothing, including washing 60.00 Books and stationery 15.00 Tuition 150.00 Laboratory fees 25.00 441.50 Deduct for Laboratory 25.00 $416.50 For 1888-89. Room rent, fuel, and lights $40.00 Board, private 140.00 Clothing and washing 40.00 Books and stationery 10.00 Tuition 150.00 Laboratory fees 55.00 435.00 Deduct for Laboratory 55.00 $380.00 I will state tliat I entered Harvard with but two hundred dollars a year to pay my expenses with, which is less money than I spent at the College. The abov^e is not an under-estimate of what I have actually spent for the items named, but so far as I am able to give, the exact figures. With the assistance I can get here, I am enabled to live better and cheaper than at the College. I am satisfied that any good student from the South can, with the assistance offered at Harvard, live with as little cost to himself as he can at the Southern colleges. I am yours truly, . If a student in regular standing passes successfully through his first year at Harvard and proves himself to be upright in character, strong in body, and of unmistakable promise intellectually, the chances are against his being compelled to leave college on account of lack of money. When his course is finished he finds no great diffi- culty in obtaining a foothold in the outside world. A highly-recom- mended graduate of the College, or of any of the Professional Schools, as a rule finds himself given a fair chance to choose the 10 part of the country in which he will accept an offer to enter upon his life work. The demand for Harvard Graduates as teachers in both schools and colleges is in excess of the number of persons who can be cordially lecommended by the University authorities. The same is true in various degrees of the demand for young men to enter the railway service, journalism, the publishing business, and other walks of life where a college training is of practical advantage. Every effort is made by the University to satisfy applications for the ser- vices of graduates,, and every student of merit is encouraged to ask aid in securing the employment which he desires. The following table illustrates the growth of the University during recent years : — 1869-70. 1879-80. 1889-90. 1891-92. No. of Professors 41 52 71 74 " " Asst. Professors .... 7 16 21 26 Total no. of Teachers . . . . . 81 150 217 253 Students in the College .... 563 828 1,271 1,456 " " Graduate School 19 51 107 189 " " " Scientific " 52 16 65 118 " " Divinity 36 23 35 39 " " Law 120 165 254 • 363 " " Medical " 306 251 290 399 " " Dental 16 15 35 51 " " Veterinary " 20 31 " " Busseylnstitution 7 2 14 " " Summer School 64 220 363 Total no. of Students* 1,112 1,356 2,079 2,658 No. of books in the Library . . 184,000 253,000 371,000 400,000 " " pamphlets " 110,000 199,000 300,000 310,000 Amount of aid given 125,000 138,000 $77,000 $85,000 * Not counting students in the Summer School. 11 HARVARD COLLEGE. The matters considered thus far concern the University as a whole. There are others which relate to the several departments. Of these departments the College is the oldest and largest. It has a high standard for its degree of Bachelor of Arts. Few, if any, other American colleges equal it in this particular. This fact is shown by the requirements for admission and graduation, as stated in the University Catalogue, and exemplified by the examination papers on admission requirements and on college studies. A large number of high schools and academies are quite unable to fit their pupils for Harvard College ; and many of the best preparatory schools provide extra instruction for pupils intending to enter here. Finally, stu- dents coming to Harvard from another college seldom find it for their interest to enter at the same grade which they held at the college from which they came. Entrance ad eundem can, however, always be obtained by passing the required examinations, and it is sometimes granted without examination to students who have gone temporarily to another college and have maintained there a specially high rank. Although the Harvard standard is thus seen to be exceptionally high, the requirements for admission are much more elastic than those which prevail in most other places. The simplest form of the requirements calls for a specified knowledge of English, Greek, Latin, German, French, history, algebra, plane geometry and phys- ics, together with advanced preparation in two subjects chosen from the languages already named, mathematics, and physical science. But if a candidate prefers to omit either Greek or Latin, and either French or German, he may do so on condition of passing (under certain restrictions in the case of Greek or Latin) in an additional number of advanced subjects. Moreover in history he has a choice between American and English history and the history of Greece and Eome ; and in physical science between elementary physics and as- tronomy learned from text-books only, and experimental physics learned in the laboratory. In elementary Greek, Latin, German, and French he is not tied to any particular authors, but is asked to show his ability to translate simple prose passages at sight. In English he is required to write a composition upon a subject taken from one of several specified books, most of which — if he has literary taste — he has probably read before being required to do so. For an exact statement of the existing requirements for admission 12 the candidate should invariably consult the University Catalogue, but the following details maj^ serve to give an idea of what a Harvard student is expected to learn before entering College. Elementary Studies. English. — The first part of the examination in English is based upon selected works of standard English authors. The list of books changes from year to year, the announcement of the changes being published several ^^ears in advance. The student should read the pre- scribed books as he reads other books ; he will be expected, not to know them minutely, but to have freshly in mind their most important parts. He may be asked to write an outline of a specified novel or to explain the purport of an essay. Whatever the subject of the composition, the examiner will regard knowledge of the book as far less important than ability to write English. The student should therefore have constant practice in writing, and should test his work severely. He should spell correctly and punctuate intelligently. He should make sure — so far as he can — that every word means something, and the right thing; that every sentence is grammatical ; and that thought follows thought in logical order. He should do his best to make his work accurate in every part, and to combine the parts in a coherent whole. The student may train himself for the correction of specimens of bad English — the second part of the examination — (a) by correcting his own work ; {h) by correcting the specimens of bad English in some elementary text-book. * In preparation for both parts of the examination, he should study the elements of grammar and rhetoric ; and should apply what he learns (a) to his own writing ; (6) to specimen pages of the pre- scribed books. Greek. — The examination in Elementary Greek tests the candi- date's ability to translate simple Attic prose at sight. In order to meet this requirement the candidate must possess a good practical knowledge of the forms and constructions of the language and must have command of a considerable vocabulary. The essential forms and ordinary constructions should be thoroughly mastered. From the beginning, practical use should be made of the knowledge ac- quired by translating Greek into English and English into Greek, first single detached sentences and then, as soon as possible, con- nected passages. The acquisition of a vocabulary should be system- * Such, for example, as Exercises in English by H. I. Strang. Boston : D. C. Heath & Co. 13 atically pursued. Important words should be daily committed to memory, not as separate units, but with regard to their affinity in form and meaning. These groups of related words will grow from lesson to lesson. In acquiring the elements of the language some such help should be resorted to as The Beginner's Greek Book, pub- lished by Ginn & Company, Boston, which supplies materials and indicates the method. When the elements have been acquired, the pupil should read ex- tensively in Xeuophon, the most of whose writings are accessible in good school editions. He should be required to read aloud, and should be taught to. depend, in reading, upon his own res-ources so far as possible. He should commit the new words that he meets to memory, and should confirm his knowledge of forms and construc- tions b}^ systematic use of a grammar. He should aim to learn to read freely and with ease, but always exactly. The total amount read in preparation for the examination should not be less than three hundred or four hundred pages. Latin. — The examination in Elementary Latin demands of the candidate ability to read simple prose which he has not read before. This is the main requirement ; but to enforce thoroughness and ex- actness in the candidate's training, questions on the ordinary forms and constructions of the language are appended to the passages set for translation. Thorough preparation for this examination requires, for the average student, a three-years course, and this is the time usually given to it; some of the best schools give even more. The student's training should be of the same general character as that recommended in Greek. The author most commonly read is Caesar ; but others, such as Nepos and Quintus Curtius, may be used advan- tageously for supplementary reading. Pupils from the best schools have also usually read selections from Ovid or a few books of the Aeneid by the time they take the elementary examinations, although ability to read these authors is not required. German. — A student who wishes to fit himself to pass the ele- mentary examination in German for admission to Harvard College should first master so much of the grammar as is contained in Shel- don's " Short Grammar." He is advised to give especial attention from the beginning to the rules for pronunciation. The study of the Grammar should be accompanied by the careful reading of at least two hundred duodecimo pages of easy German ; such as Grimm's Fairy Tales, or the easier stories of Hej^se, Storm, and Zschokke. There are several German readers which have good selections for beginners. Among others may be mentioned : Grauert's Reader 14 (E. Steiger, New York), Joynes' Reader (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- ton), Whitney's Reader (Henry Holt & Co., New York). The stu- dent is advised to give himself a good deal of practice in reading " at sight" ; that is to say, as soon as he has mastered a small vocabu- lary he should try to make out, without too constant use of the dic- tionary, the meaning of easy sentences which are new to him. A good book for practice in reading at sight is Leander's Traumereien (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston). The one point in grammatical study which will best help the stu- dent to read at sight is a thorough mastery of all the irregular (or *' strong ") verbs. French. — To prepare for the elementary examination in French, the student should use such books as Chardenal's first and second French courses and (in case he is working without the aid of a com- petent teacher) the keys to the exercises of the same. A student working without a teacher should write the exercises, then correct them with the help of the key, and write them over again a few days later without looking at the first draft. Not less than five hundred pages of French should be read. The best books to begin with are readers, such as Bdcher's French Reader, or Macmillan's Second Pro- gressive French Reader ; then easy novels and plays, such as I'Abbe Constantin, by Ludovic Halevy ; la Poudre aux Yeux, and le Voj'age de M. Perrichon, by Labiche. Excellent, as well as easy, historical reading will be provided by the Charles XII. of Voltaire. It is essential that some idea of the pronunciation should be obtained from some one fairly conversant with the French language. Gose's French-English and English-French Dictionary will be found at least as convenient as any. History. — The requirement in history is intended to call for a substantial piece of work, equal to that demanded in any other sub- ject occupying one hour on the examination programme. The books named in the Catalogue to "indicate the amount of knowledge demanded ' ' represent the minimum of fact which a candidate is expected to master. The preparation should be such as to enable the pupil to use his facts. The " additional readings " are therefore particularly recommended, showing how to reason from facts, and the larger the amount of reading which is thoughtfully done, the greater will be the number of things which the pupil remembers because he is interested in them. The best method of instruction is to use a text-book as a guide, and to require pupils from day to day to read the "additional readings" and like works giving other accounts of the same events or institutions. Care should be taken 15 that pupils should i-emember the ideas of the books, but state them in their own words. Much may be accomplished by distributing topics among the members of the class for special preparation, the best of them to be reported to the class. In such cases the teacher should take care that every pupil masters also the general lesson. The teacher will find it useful to his pupils frequently to set them ques- tions, so put as to make each one think about and combine for him- self the facts with which he is dealing. Answers should be written. Candidates studying by themselves should read text-books and addi- tional readings carefully, reviewing at times by taking up such com- pendiums as Ploetz's Epitome, and trying to bring together from memory the causes and results of events mentioned. The geography ma}^ be best learned by the use of outline maps, boundaries being drawn and places located from memory. Mathematics. — A thorough, practical acquaintance with ordinary arithmetic is assumed as underlying all preparation in Mathematics. Bui: no examination is held in arithmetic ; and students are advised not to waste their time on merely puzzling problems, which can be better solved by algebra, or on the details of commercial arithmetic. The "four rules," the operations on vulgar and decimal fractions, the simpler reductions and combinations of compound numbers, and the extraction of the square root ought, however, to be thoroughly understood, in such a manner as to be easily and accurately worked out ; for these afford the necessary basis of mathematical knowledge. The examinations in elementary algebra and plane geometry re- quire not only accurate knowledge of those subjects, but the practical power — which can easily be gained by training — to use that knowl- edge in the solution of new problems and examples. Memory is in- dispensable here as elsewhere ; but in Mathematics, its part should be as small as possible. The student should strive to attain a firm hold of the reasons involved in the demonstrations, solutions, constructions, rules, and methods presented to him ; to remember those reasons through the force with which they are impressed on his mind ; and to remember the details of his subject, because he remembers their reasons. This requires earnest, patient, concen- trated study ; but the habit once formed. Mathematics becomes eas}^, and the student can enter a mathematical examination with confidence. The list of subjects in algebra, given in the Announcement of Requirements, should be carefully considered ; and the student should not fail to cover the whole ground there specified. A large number of examples should be solved ; so that the student may 16 learn to do his work with reasonable quickness, as well as with clear- ness, facility, and exactness. The examination aims to test all these qualities. The solution of tolerably complicated literal quadratics ; the various methods of elimination, for equations of the first two degrees ; the putting of problems, in a neat manner, into equations ; the working of all the algebraic operations both for integral and for fractional expressions : — may be specially pointed out as important subjects of attention. The student should learn to arrange his work in a clear, orderly, and compact fashion. Wentworth's Elementary Algebra (Ginn & Co., Boston) is widely and successfully used by schools which prepare for this College. But any reputable text-book, if it is well provided with examples and covers the whole ground required, may be employed. Wentworth's College Algebra (same publishers). Chaps. X. and XI. ; Todhunter's Algebra (Macmillan & Co., New York), Chaps. VI.-VIIL, XIII., XVIII. , XIX., XXI.- XXIV., inclusive; and Wentworth and Hill's Exercise and Exam- ination Manuals (Ginn & Co.) contain good examples for practice. In Geometry, the student should guard against committing his demonstrations and solutions to memory from his text-book. He should, so far as possible, work them out for himself, with his own diagrams, using the book as a guide, and alwaj^s bearing in mind that his object is to learn a subject, not a particular author's present- ation of that subject. He should make his diagrams as different from those drawn in his book as the conditions of the question allow ; he should often use different lettering from the book ; and sometimes try to invent proofs and solutions of his own, remembering always that the shortest and simplest methods, if rigorous, are best. This way of working will help him towards the solution of original prob- lems, on which he should carefuU}^ prepare himself. It is an excel- lent practice to perform many actual constructions with the rule and compasses, according to geometric principles, and with the utmost care and finish. The student thus becomes familiar with the condi- tions of the possibility of a construction and with the actual use of theorems ; and acquires a greater interest in his stud}^ But he should remember that a fine drawing, however useful in its own way, has no geometric value ; it is unnecessary to a sound demonstration and is powerless to redeem a faulty one. Byerly's Chauvenet's Geometry (Lippincott Co., Philadelphia) is to be strongly recom- mended as a suitable text-book ; Wentworth's Geometry (Ginn & Co., Boston) may also be favorably mentioned; but, as in algebra, any standard treatise ma}^ be chosen. In addition to the regular text-books, Julius Petersen's "Methods and Theories for the Solu- tion of Problems etc." (Sampson Low & Co., London) may be used 17 with advantage by the student who has the time and inclination to make special studies in the art of geometric invention. One third of one full year of work may be taken to represent the time devoted to the study of elementary algebra at good schools ; and one fifth of a 3'ear, the time devoted to plane geometry. A capable and somewhat mature student may prepare himself satisfac- torily for the examinations in decidedly less time ; but, on the other hand, the student who can give more study to plane geometry espe- cially is strongly advised to do so. A thorough master}- of either of these subjects, on which all higher study of Mathematics depends, and which contribute indirectly in an important degree to a vigorous mental training, necessarily requires time for the assimilation of the new conceptions and processes which characterize them, and for the formation of habits of exact thought. Elementary Physics. — Previous to 1886 the only requirement in physics for admission to Harvard College was text-book work. In that year and the year following a pamphlet was prepared by the College describing in detail a laboratory course intended as an alter- native for the text-book course. A candidate for admission may therefore now offer either a text-book course or a laboratory course. The laboratory course is strongly recommended to all who can take it. The text-book alternative is retained because the teaching of phys- ics by laboratory methods* has not yet become general in the schools of the country at large. Concerning this requirement nothing need be added to the statement of the College Catalogue, which is as fol- lows : Astronomy (Lockyer's Elementary Lessons) and Physics (Avery's Elements of Natural Philosophy* or Gage's Elements of Physics) . This requirement, if fully and thoroughly met, probably imposes as much work upon the student as the laboratory- alternative. Inquiry has shown that in a considerable number of the best schools which fit for Harvard College about five school-hours per week, pre- sumably with some hours each week out of school, for one year were devoted to physics. Accordingly, the laboratory course described in the pamphlet was planned to occupy the student, in school and out, about seven or eight hours per week for one year. As physics is no longer a required study in college, it was borne in mind, in planning the laboratory course for the schools, that very many of those taking it would never have any other systematic course in physics. Accordingly the exercises were so chosen as to cover a * The following portions of the 1885 edition may be omitted : — sections I. and II. of chap. I. (excepting arts. 23-30), arts. 254-267, 346-349, 371, 411-416, 445-455, 464-467, 470-476, 707-714, 729-745, and the whole Appendix. 18 wide range of subjects and to have many applications in the experi- ence of every-day life. The course at its last revision, in 1889, was. arranged in forty-six exercises, any six of which may be omitted by the candidate. The examination for those who present this course consists of a written test upon questions closely connected with the work of the course, a laboratory examination, usually upon the exer- cises of the course, and an examination of the note-books used during the progress of the course in the schools. The written examination, though less important than the other two, and comparatively easy, gives valuable evidence as to the intelligence with which the student has carried on his work and the thoroughness with which he has mastered its principles. Particular attention has been given to the question of pecuniary expense in the arrangement of the laboratory course, and with such success that the course is fully established in most of the schools that send many students to Harvard and is gradually making its way into smaller schools. The pamphlet describing this course is called a Descriptive List of Elementary Physical Experiments. It is for sale at the University Bookstore, Cambridge. Advanced Studies. Considerably more advanced training is also required in from two to five of the following subjects : Greek, Latin, German, French, mathematics, physics, chemistr}'. If Greek is omitted from among; the elementary subjects, four of these advanced subjects instead of two must be offered, and they must include a considerable part of the advanced mathematics and sciences. For a precise statement, of the omissions from the elementary list and the corresponding; substitutions from the advanced list the student must consult the Catalogue. There are many schools which are not prepared to furnish even their best and most ambitious pupils with all the training which these requirements demand ; nevertheless the number of schools and small colleges which fit students for Harvard College is large, as will be seen by consulting the Appendix, and might be much larger if pupils and their parents insisted upon having school facilities in- creased in localities where incompetent teachers and meagre expendi- tures are not necessary evils. The best fitting schools for Harvard College are those which the table in the Appendix shows to have prepared the largest number of successful candidates in recent years. It does not necessarily follow because a candidate for admission has been poorly prepared in one or two subjects, owing to lack of 19 competent instruction, that tie cannot enter Harvard. If, by passing creditably in the subjects in which he has been trained, he clearly shows capacity and ambition, he will be admitted on condition of subsequently making up his deficienc}^ The number of subjects in which he may be conditioned varies according to the circumstances, but does not usually exceed three. After entering College he is allowed to cancel these conditions, either by passing examina- tions on the same subjects or by taking as a part of his college studies advanced work in the same department, the satisfactory performance of which proves that he has more than made good his previous defects. The exact number of conditions allowed can never be stated in advance for the reason that each case is consid- ered on its merits. It frequently happens that students who do not feel that they can devote four years to college study as candidates for the degree of A.B. desire to pursue special work leading to some chosen goal. Such persons can obtain instruction at Harvard by entering as spe- cial students. Before the opening of the college year an applicant files with the Secretary a written application in which his previous training and future plans are outlined ; and he accompanies this with letters from teachers and friends testifying to his character and capacity. These papers are read by a committee of the Facult}^, and if found satisfactory the candidate is allowed to register as a Special Student and to begin work in such courses as he may select with the approval of his advisers. If his subsequent conduct shows that he is either not studious or of doubtful character, he is deprived of the privileges of the University. The process of admission to regular standing and recognized can- didacy for a degree is more complicated. Most students prefer to divide their admission examination into two parts, taking one part in one year and the remainder the next. Sometimes they take one part in June and the other in September. Under no circumstances are they allowed to divide their examinations* into more than two such parts. Where the division is between two years, the first part is called the Preliminary Examination. In order to be recognized as a preliminary candidate a student must send to the Secretary a clear and explicit statement from the head-master of his school, expressing the master's belief that the student is properly prepared to take cer- tain preliminary examinations which the certificate must specify. Until this certificate is received by the Secretarj^ the candidate is not entitled to enter the examination. Of course this does not prevent students of limited opportunities from "offering themselves" in cases where they are in fact preparing themselves for college ; but 20 in such cases the candidate must state that he is his own teacher and send an exact list of the studies in which he believes himself prepared to undergo examination. The second set of examinations of a candidate who divides between two 3'ears is called the "Finals." It may follow the "Preliminaries " after an interval of a year, a year and three months, or even two or more years. Where all the examinations are offered in the same year, whether part in June or part in September or all at once, they also are called " Finals " for the reason that each examination taken, whether in June or September, is the final effort of the candidate to pass in that particular subject. Candidates for the "Finals" are not required to present certificates of preparation. The penalty for trying all the examinations in one year, when preparation has been insufficient and when such insufficiency is proved by failure, is that the candidate obtains no certificate for the subjects passed and is compelled to take the entire examination over again. The knowledge of the penalty is usually sufficient to prevent incompetent persotis from undertaking the examinations all at once against their teachers' advice. The only certificate required of a final candidate is one of good moral character. This should always come from the principal of his school, or, if he has not had a regular school training, from a clergyman or other responsible person well known in the locality where he resides. If a student cannot show that he is trusted and respected in his school and home, he is not desired in Harvard Col- lege. Any attempt to force a person of tainted character into the midst of the University community is considered to be an act deserv- ing the strongest condemnation. The June examinations for admission to Harvard are held simul- taneously in Cambridge and other points in New England ; in New York, Albany, and Buffalo ; in Philadelphia, A¥ashington, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Denver, San Francisco, Portland, Oregon ; Tokyo, and some accessible city in Europe. An examination will ordinarily be held at any other point distant from those named, if ten candidates apply for it as early as April 1. In order to enable the College to know how many candidates are to be provided for at each of the regular places of examination, notice of intention to take examinations in places outside of Cam- bridge must be sent to the Secretary in time to reach him by June 11th. If the examinations are taken in Cambridge, no fee is charged ; but, if taken elsewhere, payment of $5 is required to be made to the Bursar as early as June 11th. The payment should be made by check or money-order drawn to the order of the 21 Bursar. Money should not be trusted to the mail. The check should be sent to the Bursar direct and not under cover to any other officer. One fee covers both "Preliminaries" and "Finals" and the two sets of examinations need not be taken in the same place. Full details regarding the examinations, including sets of papers used in previous years, are furnished by the Secretary on request. A candidate for admission to Harvard by the usual process of examination will find no difficulty in taking his examinations, pro- vided he notes with reasonable care the directions given him by the officers in charge. There is no need for any well-prepared candidate to feel nervous or timid. He is one of hundreds passing through the same ordeal, all equally new to the situation which challenges their courage. If he is really prepared to enter College, the College is quite ready to admit him. The examination-books will be read and passed upon in ignorance of his identity, and the utmost impartiality will be shown in judging his efforts at each stage of his progress. Honesty in examinations is unquestionably the rule at Harvard. Opportunities to " crib " are few ; public opinion is against cheating of any kind ; and dishonesty, if detected, deprives the candidate of the chance to enter College. Information regarding the results of the June examinations is given to final candidates within a day or two after the close of the examinations and to preliminary candidates about ten days later. The autumn examinations are over several days before College opens, so that persons admitted then have time to get settled before attend- ance at lectures begins. Admission or preliminary certificates are as good one or more years after date as when issued, but dela}^ in enter- ing College is not favored. Mention has already been made of admission to advanced stand- ing in the college classes. This may be obtained by examination or through recognition of work well done at another college. The usual process where a student at another college wishes to be transferred to Harvard, is for him to fill out a blank furnished by the Secretary, stating in detail all his previous work in fitting for college and after entering it. This he supports by certificates and rank-lists showing his class-standing, and forwards them through the Secretary to the Committee on Admission from other Colleges. After allowing full credit for all his work as measured by Harvard standards, this Com- mittee decides in which of the four college classes the candidate belongs. It occasionally, though rarel}', happens that students com- ing from the same class at home are admitted to different standings in Harvard College, owing to marked diff'erence in their scholarship or preparatory training. Any student of limited means and high 22 scholarship who is transferred by the recommendation of his teachers from another college to Harvard, is likel}^ to receive favorable answer to an application for aid from the Price Greenleaf fund. His appli- cation must be filed before May 1. The amount given varies from $150 to $250. Applications for admission to advanced standing are promptly considered at any time in the year, summer included. During the past nine years over 325 students from other colleges have entered the undergraduate classes in Harvard College. They have come from the following institutions — one hundred and eleven in number : — Acadia, Adel )ert, Albion, Amherst, Andover Theol. Semi- nary, Atlanta, Augustana, Beloit, Bethany, Blackburn, Boston College, Boston University, Bowdoin, Bridgewater State Nor- mal, Brooklyn Polytechnic In- stitute, Brown, Bucknell, Cambridge Epis. Theol. School, Carleton, Charleston, Colby, College of the City of New York, Columbia, Columbian, Cornell (N.Y.), Cornell (Iowa), Dalhousie, Dartmouth, Denison, Drury, Eminence, Emporia, Eureka, Fisk, Frankfurt Gymnasium, Genesoo State Normal, Georgetown, Grinnell, Grove City, Hamilton, Hamline, Haverford, Hillsdale, Hobart, Holy Cross, Howard College (Ala.), Howard University, Illinois State Normal, Illinois Wesleyan, Iowa State University, Kenyon, Knox, Lafayette, Lawrence, Lebanon Valley, London, Madison, Marietta, Mass. Institute of Tech- nology, Millersville State Normal, Mt. Allison, National Normal Univer- sity (Lebanon, Ohio), Nortliern Indiana Nor- mal, Northwestern, Oberlin, Oliio State University, Ohio Wesleyan, Otterbein, Princeton, Racine, Ripon, Roanoke, Rochester, St. Francis, St. Lawrence, St. Stephen's, Simpson, South Carolina, SouthwesternPresbyterian, Stevens Inst, of Technol., Swarthmore, Syracuse, Trinity, Tufts, Tulane, Union Theol. Seminary, University of Alabama, " " California, " " Georgia, " " Indiana, " " Kansas, " " Michigan, " " Missouri, " " New Bruns- wick, " " North Caro- lina, " " Ore,<.'on, " "Pennsylvania, " " Vermont, " " Virginia, " " Wisconsin, U. S. Naval Academy, Vanderbilt, Wartburg, Washington, Washington and Jefferson, Wesleyan, Williams, Wittenberg, Wooster, Worcester Polytechnic In- stitute, Yale. 23 A graduate of another college who wishes to take the degree of Bachelor of Arts at Harvard College may register either as an under- graduate or as a member of the Graduate School. The same courses of instruction are open to him in either case and the requirements imposed for the degree will be the same. Students entering with advanced standing are enabled by special provisions in the Regulations to compete for degrees with distinction and for Honors. The college year opens on the Thursday following the last Wednesday in September. On entering College every Freshman and Special Student finds himself assigned to some member of the Faculty who acts as his adviser in the selection of his studies and in other matters relating to his new life. The student deposits with the Bursar either a bond signed by two satisfactory sureties or a sum of money sufficient to cover his immediate future liabilities ; he secures a seat at Memorial Hall, or in some other boarding-place ; registers in the morning of the first day of the term, and enrolls himself in the classes of the professors with whom he is to take courses. Thenceforward his duties are clear. They are, however, looked upon by the University as duties to himself and his parents, rather than to the College. Every student is at the outset presumed to have come to Cambridge for the purpose of gaining an education. If he seems to be in danger of forgetting this he is warned ; later, admonished and a letter sent to his home ; then, if the presumption of good purpose is negatived by conclusive evidence of his unfitness to care for himself, he is placed on probation, cut off from many privileges and honors, and informed that anj^ further neglect of work will result in his ceasing to be a member of the University. Students who reach the point of being sent away are, as a rule, manifestly unfit for college life. In the rare cases of actual misconduct, the penalties of suspension, dismission, and expulsion are enforced. The work of the Freshman year consists of sixteen hours a week of lectures and recitations, not counting any laboratory or field work which may be taken. Most of the courses of study begin in Sep- tember and continue till June. Some end in February and are com- plementar}^ to other half-courses beginning then and continuing till June. The j^ear is not divided into terms or semesters, but is a unit in itself. Consequently entering College in the middle of the year is unadvisable, and is rarely allowed candidates for a degree. The work of the three later years of the college course consists of twelve hours of lectures each week with a steadily-increasing amount of laboratory work, thesis writing, and outside reading and research. By special 24 consent of the Faculty a considerable number of students do the work of four 3'ears in three. Such persons are usually above the average in age and attainments and are apt to be of limited means. Of the eighteen courses of study required for the degree of A.B. only two are prescribed. The remainhig sixteen are elective and are chosen from among the two hundred and fifty or more courses offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Of these about fifty are open to election by Freshmen. The departments in which instruction is given are Semitic and Indo-Iranian languages, Classics, Modern Languages and Litera- tures, Philosophy, Political Economy, History, Fine Arts, Music, Math- ematics, Civil, Topographical and Electrical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Geology, and American Archaeology. While in one sense an upper-classman may elect an}^ of these courses, it is usually the case that his previous training has fitted him to take only a limited number of them, the advanced and technical courses in each department requiring careful elementary training to be pursued successfully. The Annual Announcement of Courses of Instruction commonly known as the " Elective Pamphlet," and descriptive pamplets of the various departments, are issued in May of each year, and contain detailed information regarding these courses. They may be obtained at any time upon application to the Secretary. During the year instructors in the various courses of study submit their students to frequent tests to ascertain whether they are pursu- ing their work systematically. In all, except laboratory courses or others affording constant intercourse between instructors and stu- dents, a written examination lasting an hour is the commonest form of test. Early in February the mid-year examinations are held, continuing for a fortnight. Each examination lasts three hours and covers tlie work done during the first half-year. In June, at the close of the year, the final examinations are held. They are similar in character to the " mid-years," both being written examinations. After the final examinations Instructors return grades based upon the student's work for the 3"ear and these grades determine whether students are promoted or "dropped." A "dropped" student is, under the rules, on probation at the opening of the next Academic year, and is sometimes obliged to report daily to a tutor or officer of the University until his period of probation is over. The results of the year's work are made known during the summer by printed rank- lists containing the names of the high scholars in each course, and by private letters, stating the low grades. President Eliot, in his Annual Report for the year 1888-89, made the following statement regarding "dropping " : "There is a common impression among ill-informed people that 25 Harvard College, although hard to get into, is easy to stay in. How erroneous this impression is may be seen every 3^ear in the figures published in the Dean's annual report concerning the changes in the personnel of the successive College classes. . Thus in October, 1888, it appears from the Dean's statistics for the year 1888-89 (p. 39) that the Freshman, Sophomore, and Junior classes numbered together 825 persons, and that of this number 57 left College at or before the end of the year, and 42 were dropped to a lower class. In other words, it appears that one person in nine failed to maintain his place in the College. ' The majority of those who leave College altogether withdraw voluntarily ; but they do so because they become satisfied after trial that they have not health or capacity enough to meet the demands of the College, or, if they are poor, that their chances of success in College work are too slight to warrant them in incurring debt. The Dean points out with satisfaction that while 42 students were dropped in 1888-89, 34 students who had been dropped in former j'ears succeeded in making good the deficiencies which had caused them to be dropped. The success of College discipline is to be best judged, not by the number of the lost, but by the number of the redeemed." Immediately after the final examinations in June comes the Seniors' Class-Day and a few days later Commencement, when the many gradu- ates of the College and Professional Schools receive their diplomas at the hands of the President. Class-Day is the gala day of the Seniors, and thousands of guests gathered from various parts of the country enjoy its varied pro- gramme. The Class-Day oflficers are chosen by ballot at a full meeting of the class held in the October previous. The Commence- ment-Day speakers are appointed on account of high scholarship, the merit of their parts, and their method of delivering them. The degree of Bachelor of Arts is given in four grades, the degree without distinction, the degree cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude. Remarkable excellence in any department secures the graduate Honors or Highest Honors. A lower grade of excel- lence is rewarded by Honorable Mention in the favorite subject. All students whose records at the close of the Junior year indicate that the}^ will probably receive a degree with distinction are entitled to write Commencement Parts in competition for the honor of being chosen to deliver them. By winning honors in any department a degree with distinction is secured, but the more common ground of a degree with distinction is general excellence in the entire work of the four years. 26 THE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL. The Lawrence Scientific Scliool is situated in Cambridge in close proximity to the College Yard and dormitories, Memorial Hall, the Observatory, the principal laboratories and museums. The School presents seven thoroughly equipped departments of study, in any one of which a student may become a candidate for the degree of S.B. These departments are as follows : Civil and Topographical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Chemistry, Geology, Biology, Anatomy, Physiology and Physical Culture, and a course in General Science. As the instruction given in the School is open to the students of the College — hundreds of whom are allowed to make scieutific work the basis of their course for the degree of Bachelor of Arts — the number of candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Sci- ence affords no indication of the number of students actually engaged in scientific study. Instructors of various grades employed by the School have their headquarters in the laboratories and museums, the Botanic Garden, the Herbarium, and other centres of scientific work. The admission requirements are fewer than those of the Cpllege and consist of the following subjects : history, algebra, plane geometry, logarithms, plane trigonometry with its applications to surveying and navigation, physical science, French or German, and English. If the candidate is to enter the course in Civil En- gineering, he must pass admission examinations — in addition to those just named — in solid geometry or the elements of analytical geometry. The admission examinations are held at the same times and places as those of the College. The School admits to advanced standing, without examination, on proof of high scholarship else- where. The School has in its gift sixteen scholarships of an annual value of $150 each. Eight of these scholarships are assignable to graduates of reputable Normal Schools in the United States. The incumbents are appointed in the first instance upon the recommenda- tion of the principals of the schools from which they come. Scientific School students have the same rights in the dining clubs, dormitories, gymnasium, athletic fields, and other conveniences of the University which college undergraduates enjoy. They ma}^ take courses in other departments of the University without extra charge. Special Students are admitted to the School in much the same way and upon the same terras that Special Students are admitted to the College. 27 THE GRADUATE SCHOOL. A graduate of any college or scientific school of good standing is admitted to the Graduate School on presentation of his diploma or some equall}^ satisfactory certificate of graduation. Members of this department are not necessarily candidates for any degree ; but they may become candidates for the degree of A.M., Ph.D., or S.D., by permission of the Administrative Board of the School. Under ceitain circumstances, explained below, they may become candidates for the degree of A.B. They may pursue an}' of the courses of study offered in the department of Arts and Sciences, and may also take any of the studies offered in the Professional Schools. The choice of studies of each student must be approved by the Administrative Board of the School ; but any reasonable selection of studies suitable to the student's attainments is always approved. A student who means to present him- self for a degree, or one who holds a fellowship or scholarship, is ex- pected to do full work ; and this requirement is ordinarily interpreted to mean that he must take in each 3'ear the equivalent of four courses of study of advanced grade. Other students may take a smaller number of courses, and devote a part of their time to other pursuits. If a student in the Graduate School, who is not a graduate of Harvard College or of the Lawrence Scientific School, wishes to become a candidate for a degree, he must first apply to the Com- mittee of the Faculty on Admission from other Colleges for a state- ment of the conditions under which he can receive the degree for which he wishes to become a candidate. Persons who have never received any academic degree are permit- ted to register in the Graduate School, if in the judgment 01 the Administrative Board they are of suitable age and attainments. If of lower standing in these respects, they may be admitted to one of the undergraduate classes or to the list of Special Students in the College or the Scientific School. Those admitted to the Graduate School must be men of high scholarship, who are fully competent to engage in advanced studies. They cannot become candidates for one of the higher degrees unless they show that they have fulfilled all the substantial requirements for the degree of A.B. or S.B. If any student wishes to become a candidate for a degree, his course of study must be approved as suitable for a student having that inten- tion. In April of each year members of the Graduate School are called upon to state definitely whether they wish to be candidates for a degree in the following June. Persons whose previous course of study has been accepted, without special conditions, as qualifying them to be 28 candidates for the degree of A.M., are admitted to that degree on passing with high credit in four advanced courses of study, or their equivalent, provided they have been in continuous residence during at least one academic year. The degree of A.B. is often conferred upon members of the Graduate School who are not already grad- uates of Harvard College, and whose previous training does not fit them to become candidates for the degree of A.M. in their first year of residence. At least two years of residence are required of candidates for the degree of Ph.D. or S.D. The only variation from this rule is in the case of graduates of Harvard College or of the Scientific School who study in part outside of Cambridge under guidance of members of the Faculty. For them one of the two years of residence, but not of systematic work, is sometimes remitted on the ground of their previous residence. Every candidate for the degree of S.D. (except such as hold the two degrees of A.B. and S.B. from this University) is compelled to devote a third year to study or research, but it need not be spent in Cambridge. The degree of Ph.D. or S.D. is not given to every candidate who studies faithfully the required number of years or in fulfilment of a deter- minate programme. A thesis showing original treatment of an ap- proved subject, or giving evidence of independent research, and thorough examinations on a broad and connected field of study, are the final tests of the candidate's fitness to receive one of these sig- nificant and valued degrees. If by these tests he is found wanting, his term of study must be prolonged or his hopes of attaining the degree relinquished. Detailed statements regarding the requirements for the degrees of A.M., Ph.D., and S.D. are to be found in the Graduate School pamphlet, which can be obtained on application to the Secretary. During the years from 1880 to 1890, students from 78 different American and foreign colleges and universities were admitted to the Graduate School. During the present year 59 institutions are repre- sented in the School. The aggregate annual value of the fellowships and scholarships assignable to students in the Graduate School is $21,850. Details regarding these aids will be found in the Graduate School pamphlet. They must be applied for before March 31. Applications from per- sons not already members of the University should be accompanied by testimonials from instructors, original publications, and any sim- ilar material which will supply evidence of the candidate's fitness for appointment. No preference is given to graduates of Harvard Uni- versity except in a few cases where such preference is required by the terms of the foundation of the fellowship or scholarship. In some 29 cases the preference is given to persons not graduates of Harvard University, or who have first been graduated at some other college. In order that any year in the Graduate School may be counted as a year of residence, registration should take place as early as the last Thursday in September, at the opening of the academic year. But students are admitted to the Graduate School at any time in the year ; the conditions of their registration being fixed in each case by the Administrative Board. The Graduate School has recently been reorganized under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in such a manner as to bring it forward . as an important department from the point of view of liberal learning, and to put it in relations of mutual support with the College and Scientific School, so that it will now enjoy, far more satisfactorily than heretofore, its full share of the attention of the instructors and of the life of the University. The opportunities for advanced study which it offers should be carefully considered by persons who desire to carry their scholarship beyond the point reached by the college grad- uate. Young men who are looking to careers as teachers, journalists, writers, economists, and legislators, or in any other literary or purely scientific profession, ought, if possible, to devote a year or two to systematic study in such higher fields of learning as they wish to qualify themselves to cultivate in the best manner. It is no longer true that a mere college education is enough in this country to pre- pare a man for good, intellectual work in his generation, without some higher and more special training. The Graduate School may be regarded as the professional department for the literary and purely scientific professions ; and the growth of its numbers in the past few years indicates that it is beginning to take its proper place, from that point of view, in the general estimation. All the privileges of students in the University are open to a member of the Graduate School. He may, under suitable and lib- eral conditions, enjoy the use of the various libraries, laboratories, and museums of the University ; he may take courses in any of its departments without extra payment ; he may attend its public lec- tures and readings ; he may use the Gymnasium and Athletic Grounds ; he may be admitted to the Dining Hall, the Foxcroft Club, etc. ; he may obtain a college room ; he may be elected into the students' societies and the departmental clubs ; he may gain access to valuable libraries and collections in the neighborhood of the University. If a zealous and competent student, he will find every provision made for his advancement which the ample resources of the University permit. 30 THE DIVINITY SCHOOL. The Harvard Divinity School is non-sectarian, its Constitution prescribing that " every encouragement be given to the serious, im- partial, and unbiased investigation of Christian truth, and that no assent to the peculiarities of any denomination of Christians shall be required either of the instructors or students." The Baptist, Con- gregational and Unitarian denominations are represented in its Faculty. It admits to its classes as candidates for the degree of D.B. only persons who have received the degree of A.B., or who satisfy the Faculty that their education has been equal to that of graduates of the best New England colleges. Persons not candi- dates for the degree of D.B. may be admitted as special students on examination in Latin and Greek. Students can be admitted to ad- vanced standing only on examination, except that graduates of other theological schools who have received the degree of A.B. and who bring evidence of high standing, may be admitted to the Senior class without examination. Graduates of other theological schools, not candidates for the degree of D.B., may be admitted as resident grad- uates. Such students are encouraged to do independent work in any department of theological study and may take part in any of the exercises of the School. The degree of D.B. is given to successful candidates after a residence of three years, to which a year of post- graduate study may be added. The instruction of the School includes courses in Hebrew, Jewish and Classical Aramaic, The History of Israel both Political and Religious, New Testament Introduction, Criticism and Interpretation, Church History and the History- of Doc- trine, The Philosophy of Religion, Systematic Theology, Comparative Religion, The Ethics of Social Reform, Homiletics, Pastoral Care, and Elocution. Its studies are to some extent elective, about fifty percent more hours of class-work being offered than are required for the degree. Students, except special students, may take courses m other departments of the University without charge. The School is amply endowed with scholarships and other beneficiary funds, the income of which is assigned to graduate and other students without regard to denominational differences. A certain grade of scholarship must, however, be reached in order that such help may be received. Its students have included since 1885 graduates of the following 56 colleges and 22 schools of theology. Those marked with an asterisk are represented in the School the current year, 1891-92. 31 Colleges. Alleghany, Iowa, Trinity (Conn.), Amherst, Johns Hopkins, ♦Trinity (N. C), *Antioch, *Knox, Tufts, Bates, Lebanon Valley, University of Chicago, *Boston University, London University, " " Georgia, *Bowcloin, McGill, " " ♦Indiana, Brown, ♦Maine State, " " Kansas, Canton, Mt. Allison, " " ♦Michigan, *City of New York, Mt. Union, " " ♦Nebraska, *Colby, ♦Oberlin, " " N. Carolina, Columbia, ♦Ohio State, " " Vermont, *Dalhousie, Olivet, " "Washington, *Doshisha (Japan), Ottawa, " " ♦Wiscon!^in, Denver, Owens, Washington University De Pauw, Pennsylvania, (Missouri), ♦Harvard, ♦Princeton, Western, *Haverforcl, Eacine, Williams, Hillsdale, ♦St. Francis Xavier, Wooster, Illinois Wesleyan, St. Stephen's, Yale, Theological Seminaries. Andover, ♦Halifax, Princeton, *Bangor, Hillsdale, South Baptist, Boston, ♦Meadville, Tufts, ♦Cambridge Episcopal, ' Methodist College, Union, Canton, Belfast (Ireland), Western, ♦Chicago Baptist, Newton, ♦Yale. ♦Doshisha (Japan), ♦Oberlin, • ♦General Theo. Seminary, ♦Pacific Theo. Seminary, For several years the number of resident graduate students in the School has been increasing. The wide range of studies offered by the School, the privilege of attending courses in other departments of the University without extra charge, the opportunities to secure ample pecuniary aid, and the fact that men of all creeds meet in this School on equal terms, animated by a single purpose, are causes which effec- tively combine to stimulate this increase. The tuition fee charged in the School is $50, or only one third of the fee charged under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The two Williams Fellowships of $500 each, open to resident graduate students in the School, are among the most effective aids to advanced theological work in this country. They may be held by distinguished graduates of any school of Theol- ogy who intend to enter the Christian ministry. 32 THE LAW SCHOOL. The course for the degree of Bachelor of Laws is three years in length. Instruction is given in the following subjects : Torts, Crim- inal Law, Contracts, Real Property, Common Law Pleading, Equity Pleading and Jurisdiction, Bills and Notes, Evidence, Sales, Trusts, Agency, Carriers, Partnership, Corporations, Suretyship and Mort- gage, Patent Law, Constitutional Law, Massachusetts Law and Practice. The method of instruction applied in the School is singu- larly effective. Principles are learned not by memorizing the pages of text-books, but by analyzing leading English and American cases which include in their decisions and dicta the living body of the law. A student of abilitj- who spends three years of intelli- gent effort in the School is equipped, except in one particular, for active professional labor in any part of the Union. The ex- ception is the practice and statute law of his own State, but his familiarity with the fundamental principles of law makes the task of mastering local practice comparatively easy. Honor graduates of the School are certain to receive invitations to enter leading Law offices in various parts of the country. During the ten years from 1880 to 1890, 475 graduates of Harvard and 249 graduates of other colleges attended the School. To gain admission to candidacy for the degree of LL.B. a student is required, on entering, either to show that he is a graduate of a college or scientific school of good standing, or to pass creditable examinations in Blackstone's Commentaries and in either Latin, French, or German. Special students are required to meet the same tests. A limited number of scholarships are assigned each year to needy students of at least one year's standing whose rank seems to justify giving them assistance. The most promising students of each class are elected members of the Law Clubs, several of which have been in existence in the School for many years, and include in their lists of former members jurists of national and local reputation. These clubs are most useful aux- iliaries to regular work, requiring their members to prepare and argue each week cases illustrating the most difficult problems under discussion in the lecture-rooms. The members of the Faculty and other instructors, nine in number, reside near the School and almost without exception devote their entire time to the work of the School and the personal needs of the students. The regular course of study 33 for the degree of LL.B. calls for ten hours a week in the lecture- rooms during the first year, ten during the second, and eight during the third. For the Honor degree ten hours are required in the third year. The average student of merit works seven or eight hours a day in the School including his lecture hours. Examinations are held in June on the work of the year. Only students of great promise are admitted to the Honor degree. At least two full years of residence are required of every candidate for the degree. Sometimes students pass advanced-standing exami- nations and enter at the beginning of the second year. Sometimes they omit residence in the second year — taking the examinations, however, at the usual time — and sometimes they leave the School at the end of the second year and return to take the third-year examina- tions at the end of that jesii\ Graduates of Harvard or of other colleges who have had their degrees approved by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and who are not candidates for the degree of LL.B., may obtain the degree of Master of Arts after one year's satisfactory study in the School, or may take a part of their work in the School and the remainder in the Graduate School. Up to July, 1891, 2376 persons had been graduated from the Law School. Austin Hall, first occupied by the School in 1883, is archi- tecturally one of the most satisfactory buildings in Cambridge. The following table exhibits the attendance at the School during the last twentj'-one years : — Year. Whole no. of stu- dents. No. present during the whole j^ear. No. present only part of the year. Averag-e num- ber. 1870-71 165 107 58 136 1871-72 138 107 31 123 1872-73 117 109 8 113 1873-74 141 121 20 131 1874-75 144 130 14 137 1875-76 173 153 20 163 1876-77 199 168 31 184 1877-78 196 172 24 183 1878-79 169 137 32 154 1879-80 177 138 39 157 1880-81 161 136 25 149 1881-82 161 139 22 146 1882-83 138 120 18 129 1883-84 150 130 20 140 1884-85 156 139 17 148 1885-86 158 142 16 151 1886-87 188 160 28 174 1887-88 225 197 28 211 1888-89 225 198 27 212 1889-90 262 229 33 245 1890-91 285 255 30 272 34 THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. The Harvard Medical School is situated on Boylston Street, Boston, ia a building completed in 1883 at a total cost, including land, of $321,415.62. The Sears Laboratories of Pathology and Bacteriology, completed in 1890 at a cost of $35,000, are connected with the School building. The Medical department is the largest of the professional schools of the University and one of the oldest, having given degrees since 1788. In all it has graduated 3180 persons. At present it gives the degree of M.D. after either three or four years of successful study and examination. After the beghiniug of the academic year 1892-93, the required course of stud}^ will be a graded course covering four years. Graduates of colleges, scientific schools, or medical schools are admitted to the School without examination. Non-gradu- ates are required to pass in the following subjects : English, Latin, physics, and also in either French, German, algebra, plane geometry, or botany. The standard of the School is high, its examinations are severe, and its facilities of all kinds great. The Boston hospitals, noted for their model administration, are in close sympathy with the School, and draw upon its best graduates for services of a mutually advantageous kind. The School employs 22 professors and assistant professors and 48 other instructors and lecturers, many of whom are specialists of reputation. The School has a moderate number of scholarships and other pecuniary aids in its gift which are given only upon clear proof of merit. In addition to its regular instruc- tion leading to the degree of M.D., the School offers graduate instruction of a grade heretofore usually sought for only in British or Continental schools. This instruction is wholly distinct from the undergraduate instruction in the School and is arranged in courses lasting about eight weeks each and designed to accommodate practi- tioners whose residence is necessaril}^ brief. Certificates of attendance are issued to those who have taken these courses. The School ofl[ers summer instruction of a nature particularly suited for graduates whose opportunities for study have not been great, or who have had no chances to profit by hospital practice. The summer courses are clinical in character and are given in hospitals and dispensaries by the surgeons on duty in them, and in the School laboratories by the officers in charge. Details regarding any of the instruction offered by the School may be obtained from the Dean or the Secretary of the Medical School, Boylston Street, Boston. 35 THE DENTAL SCHOOL. Being closely connected with the Medical School and dependent upon hospital and infirmary work to be secured only in the midst of a large city, the Dental School is situated in Boston. It occu- pies the building on North Grove Street for many years used by the Medical School. To enter the School a candidate who has not passed an examination for admission to the College or the Scientific School of the Universitj^, or who has not already taken a degree in arts, letters, science, or medicine, must pass an examination in English, physics, and either Latin, French, German, algebra, or plane geometry. _ Admission to advanced standing is granted upon satisfactory grounds. The course for the degree of the Doctor of Dental Medicine is a graded one, covering three continuous years. The first is identical with that in the Medical School. Instruction is given in anatomy, physiology, general chemistry, dental pathology, oral anatomy and physiology, neurology, dental chemistry, dental materia medica and therapeutics, surgery and surgical pathology, and operative and mechanical dentistry. Thirty persons take part in the instruction of the School, which is thorough and exhaustive. No one can secure the degree who has not studied medicine or dentistry three full years and passed the required examinations of the School. The Infirmary and laborator}' practice afforded by the School is invaluable. The Infirmary remains open during the summer and one of the clinical instructors and a demonstrator are in attendance daily. Students have access to the Boston hospitals, and to the dissecting-rooms and museum of the Medical School. The diploma of the School is accepted by the English Board of Eegistration under the Dental Act, so that graduates of the School who are not British subjects can practice dentistry in Great Britain without further examination. Board and lodging are obtainable in Boston at from five dollars a week upwards. The School granted its first degree in 1869, and since that time has graduated over two hundred persons. Its graduates are practising in a majority of the northern and western States, in Canada, in most of the principal countries of Europe, in Australia, Japan, the West In- dies, and South America. 36 THE SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. The School of. Veterinary Medicine was founded in 1882. It has already rendered a service to the country in being among the first to introduce a graded course of study of the kind long in force in the best European schools. This change may be said to have put the modern science of veterinary medicine upon a secure foundation in America. Entrance to its classes is guarded by admission examinations in English, arithmetic, and in either French, German, Latin, algebra, plane geometry, or zoology. Its course extends over three years of about nine months each, and is in detail as follows : — For the first year : Anatomy, physiology, general chemistry, and botany. For the second year : Advanced anatomy, practical anatomy, medi- cal chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, pathological anatomy, surgical pathology, theory and practice of veterinary medicine, clini- cal medicine, and clinical surgery. For the third year : Warranty and evidence, veterinary therapeutics, obstetrics, theory and practice of veterinary medicine, cattle practice, operative veterinary surgery, ophthalmolog}^ parasites and parasitic diseases, clinical medicine, and clinical surgery. The instructors in the School number 22 persons ; and where the sub- jects are common to all branches of medicine, the instructors in them are drawn from among the members of the Medical Faculty of the University. The School has no scholarships. In order to be in the centre of a large and busy community, the School and its Hospital are situated in Boston, where, in buildings erected particularly for its uses, all purely veterinary instruction is given. The School building contains a lecture-room seating one hundred persons ; a reading- room ; a dissecting-room ; and a museum. Adjoining is a Hospital building with accommodations for thirty-eight horses and a large number of dogs ; this space is divided into three wards. The build- ing includes also a large operating-room, a pharmacy, and a forge where horses are shod. The department, although still comparatively small in numbers, is effectively constituted and offers opportunities for the study of both the theory and practice of veterinai-y medicine which, it is believed, are as yet unapproached in the United States. It has thus far grad- uated thirty-three Doctors of Veterinary Medicine, and it now has registered over thirt}' students. 37 THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION. The School of Agriculture and Horticulture is situated about five miles from the heart of the city on a farm of 200 acres in Jamaica Plain, a rural portion of the extended municipalitj' of Boston. In- struction is given in agriculture, useful and ornamental gardening and stock-raising, and in Botany and Chemistry as applied to those arts. The students of the School include persons intending to become farm- ers, gardeners, florists, landscape gardeners, managers or stewards of large estates, stock raisers, overseers of farms, or owners of rural property. The admission requirements are nominal as regards students who ■do not purpose to become candidates for a degree. If the degree of Bachelor of Science is desired, the candidate must have spent one year at the Lawrence Scientific School or give evidence of having taken its equivalent elsewhere. He must then study one year at the Bussey Institution and later pursue at least one year of advanced study there or in other departments of the University and pass exami- nations to determine the excellence of his work. Instruction is given by lectures and recitations, and by practical exercises in tlie labora- tories, greenhouses, and fields ; every student being taught to make experiments, study specimens, and observe for himself. The aim of the teacher is to give the student a just idea of the principles upon which the arts of agriculture and horticulture depend ; to teach him how to make intelligent use of the scientific literature which relates to these arts ; and to enable him to put a proper estimate upon those kinds of evidence which are obtained by experiments and by the ob- servation of natural objects. The tuition-fee of $150 is remitted in favor of students of limited means. Intelligent students in need of aid are permitted to work for their board and lodging. Those who pay the full fee may take courses in other departments of the Uni- vsrsity free of charge and enjoy the ]ibi*ary and other privileges open to students in the Cambridge departments. The small number of students at this School assures to all the most careful personal atten- tion. The School building and grounds are situated upon high land commanding views of an attractive country. The groves and park- like plantations of the Arnold Arboretum adjoin and partly surround the land used by the Scliool. Although so retired, the School is with- in easy reach of Boston with its libraries, museums, and galleries ; and of Cambridge with its wealth of scientific apparatus. 38 THE SUMMER SCHOOLS. A week or more after Commencement and the departure of the great bod}' of students, a number of short courses or schools are opened in the College buildings in Cambridge under the charge of instructors in the departments of Chemistry, Phj^sics, Botany, Geol- ogy, Bodily Training, etc. These courses are largely attended by teachers in colleges and secondary schools ; college students who are sufficiently in earnest in their studies to give half of their vacation to work, and other persons — women as well as men — who wish to avail themselves of the opportunity to use Harvard's wealth of appa- ratus in the weeks when it would otherwise be idle. The schools are gaining in numbers from year to year. The fees are small and the opportunities for individual progress under competent guidance are excellent. Detailed circulars about these schools are published early everj^ spring and may be obtained from the Secretary. Each course lasts about six weeks, and occupies the whole time of its students during that period. The number of students in the summer schools of 1891 was 363. During the summer of 1892 the following courses will be given : — Chemistry, four courses, viz. : Fundamental principles of chemistry ; qualitative analysis ; quantitative analysis ; organic chemistry. Botan}', two courses, viz. : Vegetable morphology and physiology and microscopical anatomy of phaenogams ; cryptogamic botany. Physics, two courses. Geolog}', three courses. Engineering, three courses, viz. : Topographical surveying ; railway surveying ; electrical engineering. Physical Culture, two courses. Physiology and Hygiene. American History. Socialism and Social Problems. Trigonometry. Horticulture. English. German, two courses. French, two courses. History and Art of Teaching. Courses at the Medical School. 39 THE ASTKONOMICAL OBSERVATORY. The Observatory is situated upon a small hill about half a mile northwest of the principal University buildings. Its grounds embrace 7J acres and contain nine buildings belonging to this depart- ment. The main building includes the residence of the Director, the library, various computing rooms, the 15-inch and 6-inch equatorials and 8-inch transit circle. One of the smaller buildings contains a photographic laboratory ; the others contain apparatus, including pho- tographic telescopes of the respective apertures 12, 11, and 8 inches, and a reflector 28 inches in aperture. Nearly all of these instruments are in constant use, two of the photographic telescopes being used throughout the whole of every clear night. In addition to observations conducted in Cambridge, the Observa- tory has recently been maintaining a series of observations in South- ern California and in Peru. Additional work in Peru is being carried on by a new expedition. The work undertaken in Peru is designed to complete investigations begun at Cambridge by extending them ta the parts of the sky invisible at northern stations. It includes pho- tometric measurements of the light of the stars, photographic charts of their places, and photographs of their spectra. The reduction of the results of the observations in Cambridge, California, and Peru employs a force of about forty persons at the Cambridge buildings, and it is in computation and work upon photo- graphic plates as well as in certain kinds of observing that approved students are sometimes employed under Professor Pickering's direc- tion. Competent students needing pecuniary aid are given allowances varying from $200 to $500 a year for their services, but the work for which they are paid affords a low order of scientific training and leaves little time for other study. The instruction in astronomy offered by the University is not given at the Observatory, but facilities are freely offered astronomers for making use of the Observatorj' library, buildings, grounds, and in- struments so far as it can be done without interfering with regular work. Similar opportunities are sometimes offered to special students in astronomy, but the constant employment of the instruments greatly limits such use. Persons wishing to study astronomy in Cambridge, or to obtain employment at the Observatory in connection with their studies under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, are advised to cor- respond with the Secretary several months before the opening of the academic year. 40 THE UNIVEESITY LIBRARY. The University Library contains about 400,000 bound volumes and over 300,000 unbound maps and pamphlets. It is the largest of the university libraries of the country. Its increase is rapid. In 1879 it gained 10,389 volumes ; in 1885, 14,558 ; in 1888, 16,468. It is not all grouped in Gore Hall, its main building; volumes relating to professional work being placed in the Professional School buildings, while many in immediate demand in the classical department, the philosophical department, the historical department, and similar centres of activity are placed within eas}^ reach of the class-rooms of those departments. The Library is conducted upon the most modern and approved methods, and its primary aim is to meet all immediate demands in the shortest possible time. It is catalogued by cards — first by authors, second by subjects. Delivery, considering the size of the collection and its steady and rapid growth, is singularly prompt. The possession of ample funds for the pur- chase of new books as fast as needed for effective instruction is one of the strongest features of the Library. Its total annual expendi- tures closely approach $50,000. The efficiency of the Library man- agement is shown by the number of those who use it and by the number of volumes lent. In 1888-89 over 80,000 volumes were lent to individuals. Of the Seniors in College in the same year, 97% used the Library as borrowers; of Juniors, 99% ; and other classes to a less degree. Fifteen years ago only 57% of students in College used the Library as borrowers. The elective system deserves a part of the credit for this increased use of original authorities. The mere note-taking or text-book studying student is now the exception where he used to be the rule. The following table shows the distribution of bound volumes in the several libraries : — Gore Hall 296,000 Laboratory, class-room, and office libraries .... 8,000 Lawrence Scientific School 3,000 Divinity School 24,000 Law School 27,000 Medical School 2,000 Bussey Institution 3,000 Observatory 7,000 Botanic Garden . • 6,000 Museum of Comparative Zoology 23,000 Peabody Museum 1,000 400,000 41 THE LABORATORIES. The principal laboratories in Cambridge are the Boylston Chemical Laboratory, built in 1857 and enlarged in 1870 ; the Jefferson Phys- ical Laboratory, completed in 1884 at a cost of $115,000; and the laboratories in the University Museum building, which include ample and separate accommodations for the departments of Zoology, Paleon- tology, Geolog}^ Geography, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Botany. The portion of the Museum building occupied by the laboratories and lecture-rooms of these departments has a floor space of over an acre.^ The Peabody Museum contains a laboratory for anthropological and archaeological research. Boylston Hall now contains six large chem- ical laboratories and a number of private rooms for instructors. The largest working-room has places for 100 students. It is especially devoted to qualitative and descriptive work. That next in size has- 64 places. In all 250 working tables are provided, of which one half are occupied b}" two students each, having separate lockers, and working at different hours. The new Boylston lecture-room has seats for 500 persons. The Jefferson Physical Laboratory is four stories high and 210 feet long. It has the most ample accommoda- tions for both large and small classes, and for individual work, free from interruption. In the basement and first story stone tables resting upon separate columns of masonry furnish firm support for instruments in use. In the western end of the building a large rec- tangular tower stands on an independent foundation and has no contact with surrounding rooms. In it are conducted experiments requiring extraordinary stability or a great height — as for example, in Foucault's pendulum experiment. By a simple device nearly the entire length of the building may be used in experiments for testing the velocity of light. In the wing where magnetic experi- ments are tried there is no iron in the wood-work or masonry of the building. New apparatus is procured and the general running ex- penses of this Laboratory are in large part paid from a permanent income derived from invested funds. The new laborator}^ of the department of Psychology occupies rooms in Dane Hall. The laboratories of the Medical, Dental, and Veterinary Schools, and the School of Agriculture and Horticulture, are of a size equal to the needs of those departments. The year 1889-90 saw the com- pletion, at a cost of $35,000, of the Sears Laboratories for pathology and bacteriology. They form an important portion of the equipment of the Medical School. 42 THE MUSEUMS. The magnitude of the museums of the University is illustrated by "the fact that the Universit}^ Museum alone contains four acres of floor space. It includes the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Natural History Laboratories of Zoology, Paleontology, Geology, and Geog- raphy, and the Museums of Mineralogy and Botany. The portion of the building devoted to Comparative Zoology and the laboratories named cost $450,000. The section occupied by the Botanical Museum cost $75,000 and that occupied by the Mineralogical Museum $50,000. The original scheme for this Museum was proposed by Professor Louis Agassiz in 1859. Its realization is in great part the work of bis son Alexander Agassiz, the present Curator of the Museum. In an adjoining building, having a floor area of 29,828 square feet (not including basement and attic) , are the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology and the Semitic Museum. The latter will in time be removed to other quarters. Tlie Fine Arts collections are in part in the rooms of the department of Fine Arts in Sever Hall and in part in the Museum of Fine Arts, Copley Sq., Boston. The collection of coins and medals belonging to tlie Uni- versity is kept in Gore Hall. The Anatomical Museum is placed in the Medical School building on Boylston St., Boston. The Museum of the Dental School is in the School building on North Grove St., and that of the School of Veterinary Medicine is in the Veterinary Hospital building on Village St., Boston. The Arboretum Museum is to be placed in the new Hunnewell building. The actual cost of the collections in the Museum of Comparative Zoology has been over $350,000. The collections are in part open to the public. The first of the exhibition-rooms open to the public is the Synoptic Room, in which the entire animal kingdom is summarized in a compact collec- tion of distinctive types. Beyond this are the systematic collections of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Mollusks, Crustacea and In- sects, Radiates, Sponges, and Protozoa. Finally, there are the rooms devoted to faunal areas, including those of North and South America, Europe, the Inclo-Asiatic, the African, the Australian, and the At- lantic* The larger parts of the collection are not open to the public, but are in constant use by officers or competent students of the University engaged in research. The collections in the Botanical Museum are not fully arranged and are open to the public only in part. When completed, the collec- tions will be found to be economic in theory, containing, for example, 43 woods, fruits, fibres, etc., as well as a unique and beautiful series of glass models of flowers. The Mineralogical Collections are in part open to the public. The public portions — about one half in amount — are large enough fully to illustrate the extent, beauty, and variety of the mineral kingdom. Some portions are S3'stematic in arrangement ; others are grouped to illustrate striking characteristics of minerals — lustre, for example. The collection of meteorites is one of the finest in existence. The portion of the collections not open to the public consist of systematic series grouped for specific and comparative study, and duplicates and olass-room»material continually being used and replaced. The value of this collection is great. The meteorites alone represent $30,000 ; the whole collection, from $100,000 to $150,000. The Peabody Museum is open to the public. It contains large archaeological and ethnological collections obtained by systematic and thorough explorations of burial-places, caves, shell-heaps, village- sites, mounds, and ruins in many parts of North, Central, and South America, as well as by extensive examinations of gravel beds, peat bogs, and river and other deposits of various geological ages. By the arrangement in the Museum of these special collections in their geographical sequence, each tells its own storj' in all its details. For a comparative study of the archaeology and ethnology of other parts of the world two rooms are devoted to collections arranged ethnographicall}'. There is also a large anthropological collection, Including over two thousand human crania and many more or less complete skeletons. The Semitic Museum, founded by Mr. Jacob H. Schiff in 1889, occupies temporary quarters in the new part of the Peabod}^ Museum. Its aim is to furnish materials for illustration of the Semitic instruc- tion given in the University and for original investigation, and also to show to the general public the place which belongs to the Semites in the history of culture. The collection embraces casts of many of the most interesting Semitic monuments in the British Museum, the Louvre, and the Berlin Museum. Among these are Assyrian bas-reliefs from Nineveh and Kalah ; Babylonian statues from Tello ; and Phoenician, Hebrew, Moabite, Arabic, Punic, Hittite, and Persian monuments, bas-reliefs, and inscriptions. It contains also manuscripts, Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac, and a large number of photographs illustrating ancient and modern Semitic life, art, and scenery. There are many original clay tablets from Bab3don, some of which are of great interest, and also Semitic coins and other objects illustrating the life of the people. It is intended to make the collection as complete as possible in material from Palestine illus- trating Hebrew history. The Museum will be opened in April, 1891. 44 BOTANIC GARDEN, HERBARIA, AND ARBORETUM. The Botanic Garden and greenhouses occupy about seven acres of land opposite the Observatory grounds. About 6000 species of flowering plants are grown for educational purposes, supplying stu- dents of Botany who are members of the University with abundant material for determination or investigation. The Botanical library of 9000 volumes and pamphlets and the University Herbarium are contained in one of the buildings belonging to the Garden. • The Her- barium contains several hundred thousand specimens which are open,, under the direction of the Curator, to qualified and properly registered students. The accessions to the Herbarium in 1889-90 illustrate the direction and the rapidity of its growth. The}' included 850 speci- mens from Northern Mexico, embracing many new and little-known species ; 575 from Canada ; 600 from Porto Rico ; 670 from Bolivia ? 700 through the Director of the Kew Gardens^ mainly from China,. Tasmania, and Brazil; 126 from Arabia Felix; 300 from South Africa ; 240 from Australia ; the entire Thomas P. James collection of mosses, and a large part of the George Thurber collections. The Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany is placed in the University Museum in connection with the Botanical Museum. It contains sev- eral hundred thousand specimens, including the Tuckerman collection of lichens, having about 75,000 specimens ; the Curtis collection of fungi, about equal in magnitude ; and the Farlow collection of algae^ lichens, and fungi. Competent students who are not members of the University may obtain permission to use the Herbarium under proper sui)er vision. The Arnold Arboretum occupies a portion of the Bussey Farm,. 160 acres in extent, in that part of Boston known as West Roxbury. It was founded for the purpose of scientific research and experiment in Arboriculture, Forestry, and Dendrology, and as an out-door museum of trees and shrubs suited to the climate of Massachusetts. Open air instruction in arboriculture is given to classes during a part of the year. The living collections are supplemented by others in the Herbarium and Museum which are soon to be placed in the large building to be erected on the grounds as the gift of Mr. H. HoUis Hunnewell. Any one properly qualified to pursue the study of prac- tical arboriculture or forestry may be admitted to the Arboretum as a student. Details are obtainable from the Director, Professor Charles S. Sargent, Brookline, Mass. 45 THE RELIGIOUS EXERCISES OF THE UNIVERSITY. Harvard University is in the broadest possible sense unsectarian. Its officers, graduates, and students include persons of every shade of belief. All its religious exercises are voluntary. Compulsory attendance at morning prayers was abolished in 1886, and the effect of the change has been good. The regular services are held on Sunday evenings, every week-day morning in term-time between the breakfast hour and the beginning of lectures, and on Thursday afternoons during the winter. These services are conducted by the Plummer Professor of Christian Morals, assisted from time to time by five Preachers to the University who are appointed annually by the Governing Boards. These preachers have included Rt. Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D., Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D.D., Rev. Lyman Abbott, D.D., and other clergymen of conspicuous ability. Every day during term-time the Preacher to the University con- ducting services for the time being receives, at stated hours, members of the University who desire advice or aid. The many hours occupied by these interviews are counted by both parties to them as productive of great and lasting good. A portion of the time the Sunday evening services are conducted b}^ invited Clergymen from various parts of the country, who are chosen on account of their recognized leadership in their localities and de- nominations. Among those holding these services during the past few years have been the Rev. Dr. McCosh of Princeton, N. J., Rev. Dr. W. R. Huntington of New York, Rev. Dr. Hunger of New Haven, Rt. Rev. H. C. Potter of New York, Rev. Dr. Fisher of New Haven, Rev. President Hyde of Brunswick, Rev. Dr. McVickar of Philadelphia, Rev. Professor Tucker of Andover, Rt. Rev. T. U. Dudley of Kentucky, Rev. President Andrews of Providence, Pro- fessor Henry Drummond of Glasgow, and Mr. Moody the evangelist. The Preachers to the University publish a brief pamphlet describ- ing the religious work of the year which may be obtained on applica- tion. It bears witness to the fact that religious life in the University is healthy and active. In the Harvard Divinity School weekly debates and conferences are held on Wednesday afternoons, and preaching services on Friday evenings. During the last academic year a series of Tuesday evening Col- lege Conferences on the literary, ethical, and religious aspects of the Bible were held. Among the subjects chosen were the fol- 46 lowing: "The Literary Aspect of the English Bible," Professor Kittredge ; "The Bible and the Sacred Books of the East," Pro- fessor Everett; "The Bible in its relation to Modern Problems," Rev. L3'man Abbott ; " The Development of the Hebrew Religion,"" Professor Toy. Among the subjects of the Conferences in 1888 and 1889 were the following: "College Responsibility," Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D. ; "College Public Opinion," President Eliot; "The Recovery of Religious Enthusiasm," Rev. Professor Tucker of Andover ; "The Belief in Immortality,'.' Rev. Professor Everett; "Public Life," Hon. Theo. Roosevelt of New York; "Problems of Charity in a Large City," A, T. White, Esq., of Brooklyn, N. Y. ; and a series of addresses on "The Choice of a Profession" by eminent members of the various learned professions. The religious societies of the University are the Harvard Y.M.C. A. {formerly known as the Society of Christian Brethren), the St. Paul's Society, the Oxford Club, and the Harvard Religious Union. They have numerous members. Many members of the University engage actively in charity work in Boston and Cambridge, fields in which ample opportunity is offered for effort of this kind. There are in Cambridge or its immediate vicinity theological semi- naries of at least five of the leading evangelical denominations. In addition to the opportunities for voluntary worship in the University Chapel, seats are provided for students, at the expense of the College, in many churches of different denominations situated near the College buildings. The following extract from a magazine article published recently by a young man who came to Harvard from another college, illustrates, student opinion of the moral condition of the University : " It is only the outgrowth of tendencies planted in the school and the home. If boys come from sensible homes and schools to Harvard, they will find it a place unexcelled in developing influences and opportunities. In every case the choice of what the man will be must rest with the man himself." 47 THE LECTUKE-EOOMS AND THEIR USES. All the Professional Schools of the University have separate buildings devoted exclusively to their own uses, and their buildings have ample lecture-room accommodations. The Lawrence Scientific School has a building of its own containing 19 lecture-rooms and work shops. Its students also work much of their time in the labora- tories and museums. The College and Graduate School together occupy lecture-rooms in nine buildings, 80 rooms in all being in constant use. A few of these rooms seat between four and six hundred students at once, but most of them are adapted to classes of 20, 40, 70, or 125 each. Small classes are one feature of the elective system. The largest of the lecture-halls of the University is Sanders Theatre, which seats 1400 persons. The Commencement- Day exercises are held in it, as well as many evening concerts, lectures, and readings. The number of evening lectures, seminar}^ meetings, conferences,, concerts, and readings is large, students often having their choice, in a single evening, of four or five such auxiliaries to regular work. The lecturers, while often members of one of the University Facul- ties, are quite as likely to be distinguished visitors from abroad or from some other centre of American culture. Most of the speakers come as the guests of student societies like the Classical Club, the Reform Club, the Deutscher Yerein, or the Total Abstinence League ; but the University often invites eminent scholars to deliver courses of public lectures, as for example, Professor Lanciani in 1886 and Hon. David A. Wells in 1889. A series of eight instru- mental concerts is given each winter, in Sanders Theatre, by the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The best music is performed at these concerts. During the winter of 1890-91 the number of public evening- lectures and similar appointments in the University lecture-rooms was over a hundred, the audiences in some instances exceeding a thousand. Societies like the Harvard Union, the Republican Club, the Pierian Sodality and Glee Club, the Harvard Y. M. C. A. and others which are representative of student activity in economic, literary, musical or religious ways make frequent evening use of the lecture-rooms at the times of their stated meetings. It is the policy of the University to allow the free use of its rooms by student societies which are not simply social in their character, or unrepresentative in their membership. 48 THE ATHLETIC BUILDINGS AND FIELDS. The University has four buildings devoted wholly to athletic pur- poses — the Hemenway Gymnasium, the Carey Athletic Building, the University Boat House, and the Weld Boat House. The Hem- enway Gymnasium, built in 1879, has — allowing for the reasonable coming and going of individuals — accommodations for between 2000 and 3000 students. As regards size, strength, and variety of its apparatus and completeness of its appointments, the Gymnasium supplies every desire of the indoor athlete. For members of the University and class crews, nines and elevens, the Carey Athletic Building, having a floor area of 7848 square feet, gives peculiar accommodations. For the crews there is a tank containing a fixed boat, around which passes a current of water. For the nines there are rooms in which indoor practice in pitching and batting is made easy. Early in the autumn the elevens use a room with an earth floor, which gives opportunities for drill in dodging, tackling, and passing the ball. The same room is available for practice in jumping, vaulting, and similar exercises. Of the two boat-houses, the University is for the regular crews, and is arranged to hold their long shells used in races. Its floor space is 6893 square feet. The Weld Boat House is for the use of any students who enjoy rowing. It contains boats of various kinds sufficient for 300 persons. All students using the athletic buildings are closely supervised and allowed to take only proper kinds and amounts of exercise. The Director of the Gymnasium is a physician and an expert in physical development. The outdoor sports of the students requiring fields for play are accommodated on Jarvis Field (five acres) , Holmes Field (five acres), Norton Field (seven acres), and the Soldier's Field (twenty-seven acres). The latter is not yet in use, but has sufficient area to meet the demands of a very large number of students. The athletic fields now in use have stands and benches erected around them sufficient to seat about 6000 persons. The Soldier's Field was given to the University in 1890 by Major Henry L. Higginson of Boston in memory of friends who served in the Civil War. In time it will become the principal athletic field of the students. It is situated on the south side of the Charles River, opposite Old Cambridge, and adjoins the extensive marshes once owned by Mr. Longfellow and given by him to the University. 49 PRIZES. The money prizes offered annually in the various departments of the University amount to $2755. They are as follows : — Nine Bowdoin prizes, varying from $50 to $100 each, for disserta- tions upon announced economic, classical, or scientific subjects, or for translations of set passages of English into Latin or Greek prose. These are open whoUj^ or in part to students in the Graduate School, the College, the Scientific School, and other parts of the University. Five Bo3^1ston prizes, three of $45 each and two of $60 each, for excellence in elocution, open to Seniors and Juniors in the College. The Sargent prize of $100, for the best metrical translation of an ode of Horace, open to students in the undergraduate department. The Sumner prize of $100, for the best dissertation on a subject connected with the topic of Universal Peace, open to all departments. The Toppan prize of $150, for the best essay on a selected subject in Political Science, open to graduates of three years' standing and to students in the Graduate and Professional Schools. The Chauncey Wright prize of $25, for the best mathematical thesis on an announced subject, open to Juniors, Seniors, and graduates. The Dante prize of SI 00, for the best essay on a subject drawn from the life or works of Dante, open to students in any department and to graduates of not more than three years' standing. The George B. Sohier prize of $250, for the best thesis presented by an approved candidate for Honors in English or modern literature. The Paine prizes, two of $100 each, for the best essays by any students of the University on the ethical aspect of social questions ; for example, labor problems, productive cooperation, etc. The Semitic prizes, two of $100 each, open to students in the Semitic Languages. The Harvard Law School Association prize of $100, for the best essay upon a selected subject in law, open to third-year students in the Law School. The Boylston Medical prizes, two prizes of one or two hundred dollars each, upon announced subjects in medical science, open to pubiic competition. The Porter prize of $50, for the best dissection deserving the award illustrative of surgical anatomy, open to members of the Med- ical School and graduates of not more than five years' standing. The Otology prize of $25, for the best preparation illustrating the osseous anatomy of the ear, or for the best thesis showing original work on an otological subject, open to third-year students in the Medical School. /)0 CONCLUSION. This brief surve}^ has shown that Harvard University with its large corps of instructors ; its collections of books, apparatus, and sci- entific material ; its activity in the general advancement and diffusion of knowledge ; its ability and readiness to aid the poor but promising student ; its hospitality towards all scholars, no matter what their race or creed, is in fact a true University. Although age is too apt to breed unwise conservatism, this Univer- sity is more frequently assailed for its spirit of progress, and its willingness to break with precedent for the sake of truth, than it is for its attachment to venerable tradition. It has done its part in making the degree of Bachelor of Arts a broader and a higher title. It has increased the significance of the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, and it has been prudent in its bestowal of honorary degrees. Having for twenty years steadily increased the severity of its requirements for admission and for graduation, it is not unwilling to permit capable students to compress somewhat the term of residence ordinarily required for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, in order that more young Americans may seek the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and that the professional degrees and the degrees of Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doctor of Science may be taken less late in life by college graduates. Not a few who are able to meet in full the requirements for the first degree in three years or three years and a half are allowed to do so. All who aim to become teachers are encouraged to secure either the Master's degree or the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In 1871 Harvard University included 1149 students and 116 teach- ers. In 1892 it includes 2658 students and 253 teachers. There is reason to suppose that this rate of increase may be maintained. The authorities of the University desire it ; the alumni are believed to be ready to provide such additional endowments as may be needed, and the public is alive to the fact that more is to be gained by ex- panding an existing institution of merit than by multiplying poorly equipped schools. Harvard's equipment is capable of serving many more advanced students than now use it. Such students, if qualified for advanced work, are welcome not only in the departments of Phi- lology, Literature, Political Science, Mathematics, and Philosophy, but also in the scientific work-shops of the University — the Observa- tory, the Museums, the Herbaria, and the experimental rooms of the laboratories. 51 Table of Schools and Colleges from which }■ oung men actually entered Harvard College from 1881 to 1890 inclusive, with the number that entered from each institution in each year. Special students are not included. An asterisk (*) indicates a public school, a dagger (t) an endowed school. Acadia College, Wolfville, Nova Scotia . . . . fAdams Academy, Quincy Adelbert College of W. R. Univ., Cleveland, O. . fAdelphi Academy, Brooklyn, N. Y fAlbany, N. Y., Academy *Albany, N.Y., High School Albion College, Mich Alfred, N. Y., University Amherst College Andover Theological Seminary *Arlington, Cotting High School Atlanta University, Georgia *Auburn, Me., Edward Little High School. . . . *Auburn, N. Y., High School *Augusta, Me., Cony High School Augustana College, Rock Island, 111 fBarre Academy Bauglier's Academy, Hanover, Pa Belmont School, Belmont, Cal Belmont School, Belmont, Mass Berkeley Gymnasium, San Francisco, Cal. . . . Berkeley School, Boston Berkeley School, New York Berkeley School, Providence, R. I fBerwick Academy, Soutli Berwick, Me Bethany College, W. Va Boston College *Boston English High School *Boston Latin School Boston University Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me fBrackett Academy, Greenland, N. H *Bridgewater High School fBristol Academy, Taunton fBromfield School, Harvard *Brookfield High School *Brookline High School Brooklyn, N. Y., Latin School Brown, H. II., Private School, Philadelphia, Pa. Brown University, Providence, R. I Browne & Nichols, Private School, Cambridge . Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa ♦Buffalo, N. Y.,High School Buffalo, N.Y., Latin School ♦Buffalo, N. Y., State Normal School fBurr & Burton Seminary, Manchester, Vt. . . . ♦Cambridge Latin School 17 11 17 19 20 11 4 17 25 31 2 1 14 14 52 1 1 CO CO r-l 00 00 CO 28 00 i Carleton College, Northfield, Minn *Castine Me., High School 1 1 2 2 1 I i ; i 2 2 1 3 i 3 i 2 2 • 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 i 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 7 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Centre College, Danville, Ky Chadwick & Pye, Boys' Prep. Sch. , Brooklyn, N. Y. Charleston, S C, College of Charlier Institute, New York 3 3 2 Chase, R. H., Private School, Philadelphia, Pa. . Chauncy Hall School, Boston *Chelsea High School , . ♦Chicago, 111., High School Christian College, Monmouth, Ore ♦Cincinnati, 0., Hughes High School ♦Cincinnati, 0., Woodward High School . . . . Cleveland, 0., Academy ♦Cleveland, 0., Central High School ♦Cleveland, 0., West High School fColby Academy, New London, N. H Colby University, Waterville, Me College of the City of New York College of Emporia, Kan College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J fCoUegiate andPolytech. Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo. . . . Columbia College, New York Columbia College School of Mines, New York . Columbian University, Washington, D. C. ... ♦Concord High School • 1 • Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y fCorning, N. Y., Free Academy fCushing Academy, Ashburnham Cutler, A. H., Private School, New York . . . Cutler, Edward H. , Private School, Newton . . Dalhousie College, Halifax, N. S Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H Dearborn Morgan School, Orange, N. J ♦Decatur, 111., High School Delaware College, Newark, Del 1 i 4 1 Denison University, Granville, ♦Denver, Colo., High School fDerby Academy, Hingham Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa fDickinson High Sch. & Deerfield Acad., Deerfield ♦Dorchester High School Drury College, Springfield, Mo fDummer Academy, South Byfield • . Dwight School, New York fEast Maine Conference Seminary, Bucksport, Me. Eayrs, Wm. N., Private School, B'oston .... ♦Elkhart, Ind., High School ♦Ellsworth, Me., High School Emerson Institute, Washington, D. C Eminence College, Ky Episcopal Theological School at Cambridge . . fEton College, England Eureka College, Eureka, 111 ♦Everett High School Everson, D. S., Collegiate School, New York 53 1 i 1 CO 'i «3 00 1*4 3 1 • 2 19 1 1 i GO i 1 25 19 oo 1 1 11 1 1 3 1 15 1 3 1 1 1 1 9 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 17 2 1 1 2 15 1 2 1 2 1 ♦Fall River, B. M. C. Durfee High School . . . Fish, C. E., Private School, Worcester Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn ♦Fitchburg High School • 2 Fort Hill School, Rochester, N. Y *Fort Wayne, Ind., Central Grammar School . . *Framingham High School Frankfurt Gymnasium, Germany Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa. . fFriends' Academy, New Bedford ♦Gardner High School Georgetown College, D. C i 1 1 2 Gibbens and Beach, Private School, New York . 2 2 2 Goff, C. B., Engl. & Class. Sch., Providence, R. I. Griswold College, Davenport, Iowa Groton School, Groton Grove City College, Pa Gunnery School, Washington, Conn Hale, Albert, Private School, Boston Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y I Hamline University, St. Paul, Minn Hanover College, Ind fHarrow, England fHarry Hillman Academy, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. . . ♦Hartford, Conn., High School 1 9 1 1 2 1 i 2 18 2 10 Harvard Graduate Student Harvard College Special Student Harvard Divinity School Harvard Medical School, Boston Harvard School, Chicago, 111 Harvard Veterinary School, Boston Haverford College, Pa ♦Haverhill High School 2 2 Hill School, Pottstown, Pa ♦Hingham High School Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y Holbrook's Military School, Sing Sing, N. Y. . . Hopkinson, John P., Private School, Boston . . Howard College, Marion, Ala Howard University, Washington, D. C ♦Hyde Park High School 14 ♦Hyde Park, 111. , High School Illinois State Normal University, Normal, 111. . Indianapolis, Ind., Classical School ♦Indianapolis, Ind., High School ♦Indiana State Normal School, Indiana, Pa. . . . Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind Iowa College, Grinnell, loAva fives Seminary, Antwerp, N. Y Jarvis Hall, Denver, Colo Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. . . . ♦Kansas City, Mo., High School . Kendall, Joshua, Private School, Cambridge . . Kentucky Wesley an College, Millersburg, Ky. . Kenyon College, Gambler, Keystone Academy, Factoryville, Pa King's School, Stamford, Conn 1 2 54 b- OO 0> O Knox College, Galesburg, 111 Lafayette College, Easton, Pa ♦Lancaster High School fLawrence Academy, Groton ♦Lawrence High School Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge .... Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis fLawrenceville School, N. J ♦Leominster, Field High School LeRoy, N. Y., Academy ♦Lexington High School ♦Louisville, Ky., Male High School ♦Lowell High School ♦Lynn High School fMcCollom Institute, Mt. Vernon, N. H Madison University, Hamilton, N. Y ♦Maiden High School Marietta College, Ohio Mass. Institute of Technology, Boston Milwaukee, Wis., Academy ♦Marlboro' High School Marlborough St. School, Boston Marston's University School, Baltimore, Md. . . Maupin's University School, Ellicott City, Md. . ♦Medford High School ♦Melrose High School ♦Merrimac High School ♦Methuen High School ♦Michigan State Normal School, Ypsilanti .... Middlebury College, Vt ♦Milford High School ♦Milwaukee, Wis., High School Monmouth College, 111 ♦Montclair, N. J., High School ♦Montpelier, Vt., High School Morse, J. H., Private School, New York .... Mt. Allison College, Sackville, N. B Mt. Pleasant Military Academy, Sing Sing, N. Y. Nashville, Tenn., State Normal College . . . . ♦Natick High School ♦Needham High School ♦Newark, N. J. , High School ♦Newburyport, Brown High and Putnam Schools . fNew Church School, Waltham ♦Newport, P. I., Rogers High School ♦Newton High School Newton, N. J., Collegiate Institute New York School of Languages fNichols Academy, Dudley Nichols, Wm., Private School, Boston Noble, G. W. C, Private School, Boston .... ♦Nortliampton High School ♦North Attleboro' High School Northwestern University, Evanston, 111 Oberlin College, Ohio Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, O ♦Omaha, Neb., High School Park Institute, Rye, N. Y 55 *Pawtucket, R. I., High School , Peekskill, N. Y., Military Academy . . . . , Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pa. ... ♦Philadelphia, Penn., High School fPhillips Academy, Andover fPhillips Academy, Exeter, N. H Pierce Christian College, College City, Cal. . Pine Hill Theological College, Halifax, N. S. fPinkerton Academy, Derry, N. H *Pittsburg, Pa., Central High School .... ♦Portland, Me., High School ♦Portsmouth, N. H., High School Proctor Academy, Andover, N. H Pro-Gymnasium, Germany ♦Providence, R. I., High School Ripon College, Wis • . . Riverview Academy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. . fRochester, N. Y., Free Academy Rochester, N. Y., Theological Seminary . . ♦Romeo, Mich., High School fRoxbury Latin School Rugby Academy, Philadelphia, Pa Sachs' Collegiate Institute, New York ... fSt. Johnsbury, Vt. , Academy St. John's College, Fordham, N. Y St. John's School, Manlius, N. Y fSt. John's School, Presque Isle, Me St. John's School, Sing Sing, N. Y St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y, . . fSt. Mark's School, Southboro' ♦St. Paul, Minn., High School fSt. Paul's School, Concord, N. H St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y. . . ♦Salem High School ♦San Francisco, Cal., Boys' High School . . School of the Lackawanna^ Scranton, Pa. . Shortlidge's Media Academy, Pa Skaneateles, N. Y., Union School . . • . . Smith Academy, St. Louis, Mo , ♦Somerville High School Southwestern Presb. Univ., Clarksville, Tenn. ♦Springfield High School ♦Springfield, 111., High School Spring Hill College, near Mobile, Ala. . . . . State College of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. . . State University of Iowa, Iowa City . . . . , Stewart Academy, Reading, Pa Swarthmore College, Pa , ♦Syracuse, N. Y., High School , Syracuse University, N. Y , Tabor Academy, Marion , ♦Taunton High School , fThayer Academy, South Braintree ..,.., Trinity College, Hartford, Conn , Trinity School, Tivoli, N. Y ♦Troy, N.Y., High School Tufts College, College Hill fUnion Academy, Belleville, N. Y , 19 29 14 19 56 1 i i 1 i g oo SB 00 00 I— I 1 XJniversite de France 1 • 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 i i 4 1 . 1 . i 37 i 3 i 2 1 2 2 2 i 30 2 i 1 i 1 3 1 4 1 2 36 2 t '. 2 2 1 i 1 2 2 i 33 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 i 1 31 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 33 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 4 1 2 54 University Grammar School, Providence, R. I. . University of Alabama, Ala University of California, Berkeley, Cal University of Cincinnati University of the City of New York University of Des Moines, Iowa 1 1 University of Georgia, Athens, Ga University of Illinois, Champaign, 111 University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. ..... University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. . . . University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N. B. University of Oregon, Eugene City, Ore University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. . University of Rochester, N. Y University of State of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. . . . University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt University of Virginia, Va University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis University of Wooster, University School, Chicago, 111 University School, Petersburg, Va University School, San Francisco, Cal Urban School, San Francisco, Cal Utica, N. Y., Academy Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn fVermont Academy, Saxton's River, Vt fVermont Episcopal Institute, Burlington, Vt. . . *Wakefield High School *Waltham High School Warsaw, N.Y., Union School Washburn College, Topeka, Kan *Washington, D. C, High School *Washington Co., Vt., Grammar Sch., Montpelier Washington University, St. Louis, Mo *Watertown High School *Wellesley High School Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. . . . fWestern Reserve Academy, Hudson, *Westfield High School 2 i 3 • 1 '1 2 3G West Newton English and Classical School . . . White & Sykes, Franklin School, Cincinnati, 0. . William Jewell College, Liberty, Mo fWilliam Penn Charter School, Philadelphia, Pa. Williams College, Williamstown fWilliston Seminary, East Hampton Wilson and Kellogg, Private School, New York . ♦Winchester High School *Winsted, Conn., High School *Woburn High School *Woonsocket, R. 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