TC^r. f'OOt' •1^ If f COb. 2. ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION STRUCTURAL RESEARCH SERIES NO. S-10 .c^ .nw mwMi m ENG/NEBR/NG L/BRARy •^'•VERsiTy OF ILLINOIS WBANA, ILLU BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PRESTRESSED CONCRETE iHitQu;. APRIL 1952 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS ENGINEERING UBRARV ENGINEERINQ UBRARY BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Prepared by E . M . Zwoyer Research Assistant of Civil Engineering and I. M. Viest Research Assistant Professor of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Prepared as a part of the First Progress Report of the Investigation of Prestressed Concrete for Highway Bridges Conducted by THE ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS In cooperation with THE DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE April 1952 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/bibliographyonpr10zwoy ENGlNEtKKtti UBhARY "C-1 BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PRESTRESSKD > CONCRETE All references included in this Bibliography are classified into six groups. The full title of references which contain material falling into several groups appears in one group only; in other groups cross-reference is made by number only. A. Research This group includes references on theoretical and experimental investigations of the materials for and the behavior of prestressed concrete structural members and structures . B . Construction This group includes references describing construction and manufacture of prestressed concrete structures; the prestressing methods; and finished structures of prestressed concrete. C. Design This group includes references on the design of prestressed concrete structures; it includes also specifications, economical studies and general textbooks on prestressed concrete . D. Miscellaneous This group includes general references on prestressed concrete and all references which do not fall into any other group. E . Circular Structures References concerned with circular structures, such as tanks. C-2 pipes, pressure vessels and txinnels, are included in this group. F . Unclassified This group includes references which were not available to the authors of this bibliography and therefore could not be classified. C-3 A . Research . 1896-1955 Al. Mandlj, J.^ "Zur Theorie det Cementeisen-Constructionen", Zeitschrift des Oesterrechischen Ingenieur- und Architekten- Yereines, (Vienna), I896, Vol. 48, Nos . k^-k6, pp. 595-596, 605-609. Section III of this paper (pp. 605-606) deals with prestressing of reinforcement for the purpose of counteracting the deficiency of concrete in tensile strength. It is suggested that prestressing may be done ty stretching the wires mechanically or by heat. Historically interesting. A2. Bach, C; Graf, 0., "Versuche mit Balken, deren Eiseneinlagen Vorspannung Besitzen, und mit Balken derselben Bauart ohne Vorspannung, " Mitteilungen uber Forschungsarbeiten (Berlin), 19IO, Ko. 90-91? PP" 6I-86- Tests of 12 rectangular beams, 6 prestressed, 6 without prestress- ing, 5 of each with end anchorages. Steel of structural grade pre-tensioned to 600 kg/cm^, the prestress transferred to concrete 6 hours before the test. Results: prestressing raised the cracking load by about 50 percent, but the ultimate was the same for both prestressed and ordinary reinforced beams , End anchored beams failed by crushing of concrete, others by bond. Measured: Deflections, some strains, loads at first cracking, ultimate loads. Data on materials given, tests description good. A5. Moersch, E., "Der Eisenbetonbau, " Vol. 1, Fifth Edition, Stuttgart 1920, pp. 371-577, (K, Wittwer), A short summary of the Bach-Graf tests . A^o Freyssinet, E., "Idees et Voles Nouvelles", Science et Industrie (Paris), 1935, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1-17- Freyssinent presents his theory of hardening of concrete. Des- cription of curing concrete under pressure and steam. Discussion of the use of high strength steel in prestressed concrete and why it cannot be used in ordinary reinforced concrete . Examples of structures of prestressed con- crete . Emphasis on the economy of prestressed concrete and of its appli- cability in the industry. A5. Hatt, W. K., "Concrete Beam with Prestressed Bars Tested",, Engineering News Records, September I5, 193^4-, Vol. II5, No. 11;, p. ^k^. Comparative test of a reinforced concrete beam and a prestressed unbended beam . The initial prestressed of the mild steel did not exceed 15j572 psi. Scant information given in form of moment-strain and moment- deflection curves . a6. Anderegg, F. 0.; Dalzell, C. L., "Prestressed Ceramic Members", Proceedings Amer. Soc „ Test. Materials, 1955, Vol. 55> PP- 4^7-^56. Ceramic tile grouted together and prestressed with solid rods by tightening the end nuts. Beams were short and failed by diagonal tension. Test results for 8 beams. Properties of materials uncertain. C-1+ 1936 AT- Freyssinet, E.^^ "Aspects nouveaux des problemes du ciment arme";, International Association Bridge and StructursuL Engineering, Publi- cations, Vol= k, pp. 26'^-J>0k, 1956. Explanation of Freyssinet 's theory of hardening and deformation of concrete . a3. Freyssinet j E.? "Developments in Concrete Making" Concrete and Construction Engineering, (London), 1956, Vol. 5I, No. k. pp. 209-220. Essentially the same as "A Revolution in the Technique of the Utilization of Concrete" <. A9. Gueritte, T. J.. "A New Technique of Concrete Construction", Transactions, Liverpool Engineering Society, 1956, Vole 58> PP > 125-l60c From Freyssinet 's paper "A Revolution in Technique of Concrete". AlO. Lossier^ H.> "Les ciments sans retrait et a expansion"- Genie Civil (Paris )^ I956., Vol, 109, No. ik, ppo 285-87 - This article is an extract of the paper "Les ciments sans retrait et a expansion" published by the same author in Revue Universelle des Mines, 1957- All" Thomas, F. G., "Cracking in Reinforced Concrete", International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineering, oecond Congress, Preliminary Publications, Berlin, I956, (W„ Ernst). Tests of cracking of the reinforced concrete - some of them con- ducted on prestressed members Studies concerned with shrinkage It was found in these tests that an original prestress of l+O.OOO psi is reduced ty one third in 28 days . 1958 A12., Senn, A , "Die Wirksamkeit der Vorspannung im -einfach und im symmetrisch bewehrten Eisenbeton-Rechteckquerschnitt" , Schweizerische Bauzeitung (Zurich), I936, Vol. Ill, No- 6, pp. 6I-62, Theoretical study of the loss of prestressing due to creep of con- crete „ 1959 A15« Anderegg, F, L,; Weller, R.; Fried., B,. "Photoelastic Analysis of Prestressed Beam", Proceedings of American Society of Testing Materials 1959, Vol, 59, pp. 979-986, C-5 Photoelastic analysis of the stress distribution ir: nonprestressed beams and prestressed beams at zero stress in top fibres, zero stress in bottom fibres and with tension in bottom fibres. Al^. Emperger, F . von, "Stahlbeton mit vorgespannten Zulagen aus HSherwertigem Stahl", Forscherarbeiten aiif dam Gebiete des Eisenbetons, Heft hj, Berlin I959, (W. Ernst). Report of tests of reinforced concrete rectangular and T-beams with varying amounts of reinforcement added. Maga3.tude of prestress varied from up. Principal findings: the ultimate load may be calculated by adding the yield strength of the ordinary steel and the ultimate strength of the high strength steel; the ultimate is independent of the amount of prestress; prestress is very effective in delaying and reducing cracking. A15- Emperger, F. von, "Vorgespannte Armierungs -Zulagen in den Tragwerken aus Eisenbeton", Schweizerische Bauzeitung (Zuxich), 1939? Vol. 114, Fo. 15, pp. 151-153. Short summary of the material published in die Forscherarbeiten by Emperger: "Stahlbeton mit vorgespannten Zulegen aus hSherwertigen Stahl" o AI6, Hoyer, E.; Friedrich, E., "Beitrag zur Frage der Haftspannung in Eisenebtonbauteilen", Beton und Eisen (Berlin), 1939^ Vol. ^Q, No. 6, pp. 107-110. Theory of bond in wires of pretensioned beams and wires without prestress . Bond strength of a pretensioned wire on the free end is supposedly increased due to the lateral expansion of the wire. Equation is given for computing the necessary length for anchoring the wire. AI7. Mills, R. E.; Miller, W. B., "Prestressed Reinforced Joists under Loading Tests", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 1959^ Vol. 36, No. 11, pp. 205-212. Tests of three joist, two prestressed one of ordinary reinforced concrete. All of haydite concrete, All beams tested to failure. Com- parisons between the theoretical and measured values as well as between the values measured on prestressed beam and beam without prestressing are given. 19^0 AL80 Abeles, P. W., "Saving Reinforcement by Prestressing", Concrete and Construction Engineering, (Lon'^nn), 19^0, Vol. 35> No. 7» PP- 328-333. Theory for beams at low loads. Short description of prestressing methods . Discussion by Mautner, ibid, 19^1^ Vol. 56, pp. 73-950 AL9. Opperman, R., "Grundlagen fur die Ausfuhrung von Spannbeton- tragern", Beton and Eisen (Berlin), 19^0, Vol. 39> No. 11, pp. liH-150. c-6 Tests of two pre-tensioned unanchored beams with, the steel on the tension side only. Both beams tested to failure; one failed by crushing, the other by breaking of wires. Measured: deflections, loads at cracking and the maximum loads » Data on materials and on dimensions of the specimen given . I9I+I A20. Gueritte, T. J., "Further Data Concerning Prestressed Concrete", Journal^, Institute of Civil Engineers, (London), 19^1., Volo I6, Nos. 6-8, pp. 91-136, 517-5^9 » Report of the tests of three prestressed concrete beams , Testing techniques, data on materials, and the test results are given. One beam is the same as reported ty Opperman in 19^0. the two others were built and tested in Southhall. England., The last two beams were identical., one was tested shortly after casting, the other one year later. Most of the test data and compai'isons with theory made for stresses before first cracking. Ultimate loads are given. Interesting discussions by a large number of discussers . A21. Roll, Fo, "Beitrag zur Wirkung einer Vorspanniang auf die Eorrosion von Eisen", Metallwirtschaft (Berlin) ;, 19^1, ^olo 20., No. ^6, pp. 1115-1119. Investigation of the effect of prestressing on rusting of various steels- Prestressing music wire: rusting increases somewhat with pre- stressing force, tensile strength is unaffected by rusting, ultimate elongation affected very considerably. 19^2 A22o Bolomey^ J.^ "Deformations elastiques, plastxques et de retrait de quelques betons". Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande (Lausanne), 19if-2, Vol. 68, No. I5, pp. I69-I73. A report of an experimental investic-ation conducted for the pur- pose of determining the effect of Ic prestress 2. length of hardening time at application of prestress 3. properties of concrete on the magnitude of elastic and plastic deformations and on shrinkage of concrete. The results are presented in form of tab.les and graphs = A23c Evans, R. H.., "Relative Merits of Wire and Bar Reiafcrce- ment in Prestressed Concrete Beams", Journal, Institute of Civil Engineers, (London), 19lj-2, Vol.. I7, No. 4, pp.. 515-529. Tests were made to compare relative merits of wire and bar reinforcement. Tests were carried out on beams of 10-ft. spaa and various C-7 magnitudes of initial prestressingo Central deflection and compressive and tensile strains were recorded. Because of larger losses of prestress, the cracking load of the beams with bars was much lower than that of beams prestressed with wires. It is also shown stresses in the steel and con- crete as well as deflections are considerably higher for unbonded than for bonded beams . A2h, Evans. R. H.; Wilson., G , "Influence of Prestressing . Reinforced Concrete Beams in Their Resistance to Shear", The Structural Engineer (London)., 19^2, Volo 20^ No. 8^, pp. 109-122, Tests were made on beams of varying lerigth to determine (l) the effect of horizontal prestress on the diagonal tension cracking loads, (2) the effect of prestressing vertical stirrups on diagonal tension cracking loads for beams without horizontal prestress, fj) the loss of initial prestress in horizontal and stirrup reinforcement. Information on the test beams and procedures incomplete o Test results given in form of graphs and tables c Mautner = s discussion in No, 12.0 pp= 297-299 is concerned with the very small amount of prestress used in these teSts (22000 to 5^000 psi.,). i9i^3 A25« Bolomey, J., "Contribution a I'^tude du beton pr^contraint". Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande (Lausanne), 19^3^ Volo 69; Nos« 8, 9, 12, pp. 89-95, 101-109, 137-1^6. A series of tests of pull-out specimens and prestressed beams » All beams pre -tens ioned. of rectangular cross-section^ prestressed with high-strength steel of diameter varying from 1 to 3 n™- First part de- voted to studies of bondj second to flexural tests The following test data are given: measured steel and concrete stresses, deflections at various loads, cracking loads and ultimate loads o A26. Freyssinet, E., " L 'evolution future des propriet^s des materiaux", Travaux (Paris), 19^+3 .. Vol.. 27; No, 119, W" 179-183. Freyssinet reviews briefly his work in prestressed concrete explaining what prestress concrete Is and. why high strength materials are desirable , He explains his theory of concrete hardening and how to attain high strength concretes, A27, Panchaud, F.j "Quelques aspects du calcul des ouvages en beton precontraint" , Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande (Lausanne), 19^3, Vol. 69, Nos. 22-23,, ppo 28?-293., 302-301^. The paper starts with general discussion of prestressed concrete. The following topics are then discussed in detail: amoujit and position of prestressing force shrink.age and creep irariation of the steel stress under the load, allowabl.e stresses., factor of safety atgainst cracking and effect of shearing stressed.. Second part of this paper deals with tests and descriptions of existing structures , Tests of k beams are described (with and without special anchorage). Givens dimensions, amount of pre- stress, and cracking and ultimate loads. C-8 A28. Ross,, A. Do^ "Creep and Shrinkage in Plain , Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete" » "A General Method of Calciilation" , Journal, Institute of Civil Engineers, (London), 19^5? Vol. 21, NOc 1, pp. 58-57 » The author presents a method for calculating creep and shrinkage most of which have not been verified by tests. The formulas are somewhat cumbersome; some cases the author presents tabulated solutions, A29. Volterra, E., "On the Deformation of Reinforced Concrete Structures and on the Calculation of Prestressed Reinforced Beams", Structaral Engineer (London), 19^3, Volo 21, No. k, pp. 125-I58. Derivation of equations for calculation of deformation of pre- stressed concrete beams both before and after cracking. Formulas sub- stantiated with test results obtained some years earlier in Zurich. igkk A50« Lossier, H., "Les ciments expansif et leurs applications autocontrainte du beton" , G^nie Civil, 194ii-, Vol. 121, Nos . 8-9, pp. 6I- 65, 69-71- In this paper the author explains the principles of prestressed concrete and presents his own method of prestressing by use of expanding cements . Description of the tests conducted on expanding cements . Pro- perties of expanding cements given in f oi'm of graphs . This article is similar to Lossier 's paper "Cements with Controlled Expansion . o „ J' in Structural Engineering, 19^6-^1-7- A31' Rao, K. L., "Piestressed beams under Direct Bending and Sustained Loading", Structural Engineer (London), 19^i4-, Vol. 22, No. 10, PP ^^25-^+5^^. Tests were conducted on several small-size beams to determine the effects of prestressing. Load-deflection curves and loss of prestress with time are given. Concrete and steel strain are plotted vs > time. Both beam with and without bond vere investigated. Ultimate loads and modes of failure are not given. A52, - - - } "Compacted Reinforced Column Has Great Strength"^ Concrete, (Chicago), 19*+^, Vol, 52, No, 10, p, 40, This test was conducted by Professor Maney, Column is con- structed by placing a thin metal lining inside a spiral of steel wire and filling this with a specially compacted concrete . Water cement ratio was 1 gal, per sack of cement. One test unit withstood 85,000 psi. The pur- pose of the tests was to find materials to substitute for steel. A55' Lebelle, Po.^ "Coefficients de securite des pieces fldchies en b^ton precontraint . Cas particuiier des poutres a f ils adb/reats tendus avant b^tonaage^" Institut Technique du Batiment et des Travaux Publics^ Circulaire Serle J, KOo 5.9 19^+5 (Paris). The results of the tests are preceeded by a discussion of factor of safety. The tests were conducted on an. isolated I-beam, on 5 similar beams with tile fillers between the tjeams and one other isolated beam with 10 percent lower prestress, tests in shear on bea)ii as above, static and dynamic tests of bondv 19^6 AjiVo BJuggren, U.» "Den a,riiierade betongens vgrkningssat i sprickstadiet vid bojningj" (The behavior of reinforced concrete during cracking in bending)^ Eetong .'Stockliolm),, 19'46. Vol. 51, .No= .5., pp 2.82- 211- This paper contains some results of tests of rectangular and I- section prestressed concrete beams, Very few data given, A55 = Hahn, L., "Application du cercle de Mobr calcul.s des con- traintes et armatures des parois en beton et beton precontraint";, Travaux (Paris), 19^6, Vol, 30, Uo , 135, PP ^ 27-3^*- and No. I36., pp, 70-78. Dolution of state of stress at a point by use of Mohr's circle. Use of .Mohr=s circle for determining the necessary amount of prestress. A36, Lossier, H.^ "Cements with Controlled Expansions and Their Application to Prestressed Concrete", Structural Engineer (London),. 19^6, Volo 24, No, 2ij-, pp. 505-531^ " Description of the composition, behavior and use of the expansive cements for prestressing of concrete beams o The author admits that for prestressing of beams the expansive cement is not yet as effective as various mechanical ways of prestressing. Paper is discussed in d.Uto 19^^,'' Vol., 25, p. li<-2, A37o Pos, M. Roy "Vorgespannter Beton",, Swiss Federal Material Testing Laboratory, (EI5PA), Report Wo, 155, Zurich 19'46. This report consists of three parts;; investigation of materials for prestressed concrete beams, investigation of bond between the pre- stressing wire and the concrete, aad investigatj.on of prestressed concrete beams in flexure . Materials: effect of steam cvxing and vibration on the com- pressive strength of concrete, tensile vs compressive strength^, effect of prestressing of tensile compressive strength and endurance Limit of concrete, creep of concrete also plastic recovery ~ ali for high strength C-10 concrete; tests of various types of wires- measured: tensile strength; elastic limitc, limit of proportionality, contraction in area at the ultimate J ultimate elongation^ endurance limit and fatigue strength. Bond: tests of both pull-out and beam specimens vith various types of wire; both prestressed and unstressed. Both static and dynamic tests > Beams: static and dynamjc tests of both I- and rectangular beams, all wires pretensioned, no end anchorages used. Cracking loads ^ ultimate loads and deflections given for 7 I-beams together with modes of failure . The report includes large number of load-strain and load- deflection curves and pictures of several beams after failure » A380 Staley, Ho R.; Peabody,. D ^ _- "Shrinkage and Plastic Flow of Prestressed Concrete" ^ Proceedings^ American Concrete Institute,, 19^6., Vol. hj>, Ho, 3, pp, 229-21^5. Tests of bars l^- x 4 x 2U in, made of either concrete or eunite conducted at MIT. Prestress load sustained for ifOO days <, Results re- ported in forms of figures and tables o 19^7 A39- Baker, A. Lo Lo; "Shear and Deflection in Prestressed' Reinforced Concrete Beams", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^7, Vol„ k2. No. 9., pp 267-269. Discussion of shears and deflections of prestressed concrete beams limited to the range of applicability of elastic formulas » The author sxiggests. that diagonal tension cracks should not take place in a prestressed concrete beams, but the formation cannot be prevented by conventional shear reinforcement, A^Oo Campus, F.-, "La limite de fluage des aciers a 3,a tempera- ture ordinaire". Revue Universalle des Mines de la Metallurgie des Travaux Publics (Paris), 19^7» 9th Series, Vol. 5, Koo 12,, pp^ 595-605, Report of tests of creep of steel at constant normal tempera- ture under constant load and under constant deformation. Experimental techniques explained and the results of the tests discussed. ihl, Guyon, Y.,, "Poutres en beton precontraint de section uniforme a cables rei.eves"j Institut Technique du Batiment et de Travaux Publics. Circulaire Serie J, No. 9, Paris,, 19^7. This paper deals with beams prestressed by several cables, some of which may be ciirved up to resist diagonal tension, The state of stress in the beam with cur^ed-up cables is explained, A^2=. Lossier, H,„ "Les ciments sans retrait et a expansion",; Revue Universelle des Mines (Paris). 19J47, Vol, I5, No, k, pp. l66~l69'e This one of the first Lossier -s articles on expanding cements The author points out that expanding cement would tend to reduce shrinkage cracking and with large enough expansion mdeht be used for nrestressinco' C-11 A^5» Magnelp G.^ "Essals de quelques poutres en beton pre- contraint". La. Technique de Travaux (Paris), 19^7> Vol. 25, Nos , J)-k, pp, 87-100. Tests of 11 beam of I and T sections . All f lexural tests with good description of materials and their properties. Deflections, crack- ing loads and ultimate loads calculated and compared with measiired values . Both post-tensioned and pre-tensioned beams. Most of the beams failed by bisaking of steel. These tests a«e reported also in Magnel's book. fihk , Wets, -5.; Paduart, A., "Recherches experimentales sur certaines proprietes mecaniques des aciers speciaux utilises en beton precontraint". La Technique des Travaux (Paris);, 19*4-7, Vol. 125, NoSo 7-8, pp, 213-219^. Report of the tests of creep at ordinary temperatures and en- duran.ce tests under high tensions. The discussions of the test procedure and test results are good- i^5» - - -» "Compeirison of Partially and Fully Prestressed Concrete Beams", Concrete and Constructional Engineers, (London), 19^-7? Vol. ^.2, No. 1, pp. 11-15. Short report of tests of 8 T-beams made by Magnel. All beams had 2k wires of .197 ia- diameter, all but one grouted. In one of the beams only half of the wires were prestressed. Total reinforcement, was about 0.2 percent f'» 6OOO psi. All failiires by breaking of the wires. (See also C . Magnel text book, "Prestressed Concrete" published by Concrete Publications Limited, London, pp. 115-12*4-. Mi-6. ~ - -V "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Sleepers Tested as Simply Supported Beams," Concrete arid Constructional Engineers, (London) 1947, Vol. J+2, No.s ^-5, PPo 123-152, 155-161. This report prepared by P. W. Abeles describes static tests of 15 prestressed concrete sleepers made by L. K. E. R. Five of the beams were ip service for 2 l/2 years prior to testing (subjected to about k X 10"^ repetitions of load) . The test data are reported in the form of load-deflection and load-width of crack curves for few specimens . Cracking and ultimate loads are tabulated for all specimens . The crack- ing load is compared with corresponding computed tensile stresses - which are rather high. The ixLtimate loads are discussed. Data on materials incomplete . Alv7. - - -, "The Yield Stress and Creep of Steel", Concrete and Constructional Engineers, (London), 19*4-7, Vol. *4-2, No. *4-, pp. IO5- 106. Creep of commercially obtainable wire (in Belgium) when under a constant stress of 75 percent of the yield stress was found to be very great during the first hour and was still substantial during the first 20 hours, but subsequently slackened and attained 90 percent or so of the final value in about 2 months . The final value appears to be about 16 percent of the original deformation. If an initial stress of 60 percent of ultimate stress is maintained for 2 min, and then reduced C-12 to about 80 percent of the yield., the final appeirent creep is much re- duced due to the over fact that in the initial 2 min, under the higher stress the same amount of creep occurs as during first k or ^ hours under a constant but lower stress. These resuilts are from tests by Magnel « 19i^8 AkQ, Anderegg Fo Oo., "What Will Be Prestress Loss Due to Creep?"- Proceedings American Concrete Institute, 19kd, Vol. k^^, Noo 1,, Po 86, Letters from Readers Sections » Author points out that various statements regarding creep in concrete and prestressing wire sire conflicting » Ai».9„ Eillig, K.5 "Research Work and Test Production of Pre- stressed Concrete Units at the Field Test Unit^ Ministry of Works v" London, Int. Assoc Bridge and Struc . Engoj, Third Congress s Final Report^ Liege, igi^S, pp 367-370. Short list of development work done by the Field Test Unit in 19^*7-^*^0 This work was essentisiliy in two groups- anchorages and bond,, experimental manufacture of vsirious structural units , Few con- clusions given. A50 BJuggren, Uo, "What Will Be Prestress Loss Due to Creep?" Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 19^8, Vol« ^5? Noo k, p, 5^5 <> Letters from Readers Se-^tion. Answer to Andregg's question in ACI Proceedings^ 19^> JSo. lo According to Swedish experiences the bond depends ons 1 Quality of concrete 2. Compaction of concrete 5 Strength at release h-. Type of cioring before and after release 5- Amount of prestress 6. Diameter of wire 7, Surface properties of wires A^il Dawance^ M. Go, "Une nouvel3,e methode pour 1" etude de la relaxation des fils d'acier" , Annales de L' Institute Technique du Batiment et des Iravaux Publics Paris}, New Series No 9 19^ = Report of tests of creep of ^vam. prestressing wire. Stress- time curves are given for various amoiants of prestress and for wires of various lengths Strain in the wire was measured by frequency of vibration method. A52 Friedrich. E. "Neuere Erkenntnisse uber ■"•orgesparaiter Eeton" , Int, Assoc. Bridge and Stnac Engo- Third Congress, Final Re- port^ Lie'ge, igkQ, pp, 359-566 C-15 Short report of tests of 1^ types of prestressed concrete - beams ; 5 beams of each type- Percentage of reinforcement, the only variable^ varied from 0,128 to 0,8lif- percent total, where 0.086 to 0.6^4-5 percent was tensile reinforcement. Average loads for each type at first cracking and ultimate reported and compared with theoretical values o Theoretical values computed as for beams subject to combined flexiire and direct compression^ Good agreement at failure, computed values too low at cracking.. Question of losses in prestress discussed at some length. A53° Lossier, He;, "Les ciments expansifs et 1 ' autocontrainte du beton'% Into Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Third Congress, Final Report, Liege, 19^8, pp. 555-5^^- The author explains the behavior of expanding cements their composition and properties. Gives many examples of use in structures, emphasizing the ability of expanding cement toactaea prestressing agent, A5^. Magnel; G.,, "Creep of Steel and Concrete in Relation to Prestressed Concrete", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 19^8, Vol. hk, No> 6, pp„ ii-85-500. Tests on creep of steel and on shrinkage and creep of concrete . Tests on steel were carried out with Belgian wire . Complete informa- tion and interpretation of results are given. A55' Mautner, Kc. W., "Tests on Precast Prestressed Concrete Frams in Multistory Buildings", Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng,, Third Congress, Final Report, Liege, 19i)-8, pp. 588-592. Description of tests of frames composed of prismatic beaims and columns assembled and prestressed at the site. Tests made by the Building Research Station. Freyssinet system of prestressing used A56. Paduart, A.,, "Fonts de grande portee en b^ton precon- traint realises en belgique". Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng.^ Third Congress, Preliminary Publication, Liege, 19^8, pp. 525-552. Description of two girders, one for a footbridge the other built for testing purposes . Tested first slightly above the cracking load (which was more than twice the design load) with a static load; a dynamic test followed, 19.^9 A57„ Armstrong, W. E. I., "Bond in Prestressed Concrete", Journal, Institute of Civil Engineers, (London), 19^9> Vol. 55 .' No. 1. pp. 19-ii-O. Pull-out and beam tests of prestressing wire. Both pre- tensioned and unstressed wire investigated. Wires with ripples employed, some with cleaned, some with rusted finish. Testing procedure, test specimens and test results are given. C-IM- A58. Bowman, W., "Full-Size Prestressed Girder Tested",, Engineering News Record., November 3;, 19^9, Vol< ik^., Koo l8.p pp 18-19 = Description of Walnut Lane Bridge girder test . Design loadj ultimate load and deflections given „ Describes appearance of cracks o A.59. I-Iagnelj, G = , "Prototype Prestressed Beam Justifies Wal- nut Lane Bridge Design", Journal, American Concrete Institute „ 194'9, Volo 1^7, Ko„ h, pp„ 501-3160 Description of the test of Walnut Lane Bridge girder, a60, Marshall, Go, "End Anchorage and Bond Stresses in Pre- stressed Concrete", Magazine of Concrete Research, 19^9^ Vol. 1, No= 3? pp. 123-127. Tests of bond for 0,08 and 0.2" diameter wire. All tests were made with columns made of concrete with fjiy" llo500 psi. All specimens were pre -tens ioned. The test results are gi'^'en in several graphs and compared with theoretical values » The work was carried out at Leed's University. a61. Soete, W^; Vancrombrugge, R», "La resistance a la fatigue ondulee des fils utilises en b^ton precontraint" ,, Annales des Travaux Publics de Belgique (Bruxelles), 19^9, Vol. 102, No.. 5, pp. 513-53^- Fatigue tests of cold drawn prpstressing wire are described and supplemented by the results of fatigue tests of cold drawn wire made by others .. The authors state that galvanizing and decarburization seem to reduce the fatigue strength and the thermal treatment seems to improve this resistance „ Tests were made on 5 and 7 "^i^- wires anchored by 5 different anchorages J all of them of the frictional wedge types All tests were made in repeated tension with min load 75 kg/mm^ and maximiam varying from 85 to 105 kg/mm , while the static ultimate was about I'^O kg/mm o Fluctuation of load from 75 to 8? did not cause failure even at 2000000 repetitions, from 75 to IO5 caused failure in nearly all specimens be- low 1000000 repetitions. Some of the failures occurred in grips, others outside the anchorage. The testing set up is described in details Bibliography of previous work, on the subject is attached o See also CACA Library Translation Cj. 25,, 1951c A62. - - -; "Philadelphia Tests First Prestressed Girder", The American City, (New York), 1914-9, Vol. 6ij-, No. 12. pp. 123-125, This article merely describes the girder being tested for Walnut Lane Bridge and shows pictures of it during the test- No test date is given. A63. - - -, "Testing Long Prestressed Concrete Girder", Concrete, (Chicago), 19^9^ Vol. 57, No. 12 „ pp. 3-6= Description and results of test at Walnut Lane Girder. A6k, - - ~, "Tests of Prestressed. Concrete Beams" ^ Concrete and Constructioaa.l Engineering (London), 19^9^ Volo hk, Ko. 2. pp. 52- 55- Test of two beams. Calculated load to cause comp, fail'ore was 8.5 tons; for tension failure 9'^- tons. Cracks occurred after ■beam vas loaded and unloaded 5 times to value of 6 tons. At 7 l/2 tons, defl. was 2''; deflection returned to 0.08 in. with no load. Beam failed by compression and shear at 6 l/k tons . The second beam had additional unstressed wires; cracks occurred at 7 tons, at 9 tons, the deflection was 1 l/2" ; the load of 9 tons was reapplied 5 times, cracks becoming visible at k tons, Bonded prest. both beams. 1950 A65^ Abeles, Po W ,, "Balkenversuche mit britischen vorge- spannten Betonschwellen und eine nsue Art von Strassenbriicken uber Bahnen in England", Eeton and Stahlbetonbau (Berlin). 1950, Vol. k^. Wo, 2, pp. 56--39.. The author reports tests of railroad ties made in England.. Deflection diagrams are given » I-beam bridge composed of prestressed concrete I-beams laid adjacent to each other are also discussed. This material is similar to that in Abeles ■ book. A66. Abeles, P. W.; Hockley, C. H., "Small Scale Demon- stration Tests in Prestressed Concrete Beams" j, Structural Engineer^ (London).. I950, Vol. 98, No. 6, pp. 1^+6-153- Fourteen prestressed beams of various cross sections were tested for demonstration purposes. Part of the beams was pre -tens ioned, part post-tsnsioned. Load-deflection curves., cracking loads and modes of failure are given, but the properties of materials are not reported. a67 , .Baar^ G,, "Tests on Prestressed Concrete Beams in Holland", Cement (Amsterdam), 1950, Nos . 13-1^4-. English Translation by Cement and Concrete Association (London), Translation cj. 21, 1950. Performance tests made on one T-beam picked at random from a pile of 150 beams made for construction of office buildings at Heerlen. Post-tensioned beam, Magnel system. Static loading over the cracking loadj impart test, heating test (865°C) loading to rupture. Only de- flections measured. Cracking at 2 l/2 L.L. Final Failure by crushing of the compression zone at 3 (D~L.+LoL.) a68. Campus;, F.. "Le beton pr^contraint" , Annales des Tra- va-.ix Publics de Belgique (Bruxelles^, 1950, Vol. IO3, Nos. 1-2, pp. 19-^9, 295-352. This paper is a report of static tests of four beams (one pretensioned- left-over from Crerman fortif ications^t three post-ten- sioned) of T, rectangular and U sect.ions^ static tests of tubes, dynamic tests of railroad ties and pressure tests of pipes Three of C-l6 the beams with static loading failed "by crushing of 'oncretBi one "by rupture of steel Ties tested with repeated loading failed in bond when pretensioned aind by ruptxire of wires when with end anchorages. A69 Dehan, Eo; Louis^ H... "Mesure des efforts et de leur variation dans les f ils accessibles des ouvrages en b^ton pr^con- traint" , Annales des Travaux Publics de Belglque (Bruxelles). 1950 :j Volo 103, No, 2 J pp« 202-260 o Detail description of instruments used to measure strains in prestressing steel of the Sclayn Bridge in Belgium. Strain in "cables" were measiired with the aid of tube dynamometers and strains in individual wires by vibration method A70. Fornerod; M , "Load and Destruction Test of I60 ft.. Girder Designed for First Prestressed Concrete Bridge in U SoA,", Int. Assoc o Bridge and Struct. Eng«, Publications, Vol. 10, Ziorich, 1950, pp. 11-55- Best paper on the test of the Walnut Lane Bridge girder. A71" Fuchs^ Do;; "Versuche mit Spannbeton-Verbundtragern"., Der Bauingenieur (Berlin), 1950 , Vol 25, NOo 8. pp. 289-29^^ Tests conducted on a composite steel I-beam, prestressed con- crete slab floor systems are described. Test procedures and results are given. Properties of materials are given, A72. Lazard, A,^ "Nouveau ph^nomenes de plastification con- cernant les I en acier doux et le beton pr^contraint d. ^cou^erts gr^- ce aux extensometres a resistance ^lectrique" ;, Travaux (Paris,, 1950, Vol. ^k, pp. 501-311J-, Ko.. 187. A part of this paper is concerned with prestressed concrete; it gives measurements of strain made on beams with the aid of electric strain gages , A75'> Masterman, 0. J., "Prestressed Concrete Developments at the Field Test Unit. Thatched Barn" , Struct » Engineer (London',, 1950, Vol. 28, No. 10, pp. 2h6-26k. Several hundred small joists gind few large members have been tested at the Field Test Unit and the results of these tests are given. The results are given for groups of specimens not for indi- vidual specimens. Special attention was paid to suichorages an.d to attaining equal stress in the wires ,- Both bonded and unbonded types of beams were tested. Joists were tested individually and in groups supporting one slab A 7^ Morsch, E., "Die Ermittlung des Bruchmoments von SpannbetonbaLl<;en" ^ Beton und Stahltetonbau (Berlin!, 1950. Vol. k^y No-. 7, pp. 11^9-157 « A graphical method for finding the neutral axis at the ulti- mate load, for the purpose of computing the ultimate load The method is based on statics ; Bernoulli's hypothesis and stress-strain diagrams for steel and concrste In the second part of the article Morsch re- ports the resiolts of tests of 9 concentrically and tvo excentrically loaded plain concrete prisrns. These tests were designed by MOrsch in order to investigate whether there is any "plastic flow of concrete at loads approaching liltimate . Morsch concludes that there is no such thing; that the stress-strain diagram for concrete in concentric and excentric loading is about the same , approximately parabolic in shape = Max measured strain about OoJ percent in 50 'cni. AY.^o Bitter, M.; Lardy; P = , "Vorgespannter Beton," Mittei- l\xngen aus dem Institute ftir Baustatilf an det ETE, First Edition^, Zurich^ 19h6s Second Edition . Zurich 1950 (Verlag Leemann) = Short historical summary and summary of present knowledge- Theory for computing stresses, cracking load and the ultimate capa- city.. Investigations at Lausanne., Schinznach, Zurich (EMPA) . Re- commendations for design o Swiss construction examples. The theory and investigations limited to pre-tensioned lonanchored beams . Investigations at Lausanne (Bolomey 19*<-2<, 19^-3 ) s.nd at Zvirich :Ros, 19^6) only summari^edo Investigation at Schinzbach re- ported in more detail - tests of rectangular beams with varying amounts of prestress and of reinforcement ^ Both long and short time tests. Principal test results-^ ultimate capacity independent of prestress, behavior to first cracking practically elastic, creep de- pends on the age at time of application of prestress^ creep practi- cally completed after two years,. The description of Swiss construc- tion includes some tests of individual beams and study of creep of both steel and concrete . The second edition includes all material from the first one; the chapter on construction examples somewhat enlarged in the second edition. Af6 P.o.s, M«» "Die material technischen Grundlagen und Probleme des Eisenbetons im Hihb.lick auf die Zukunftige Gestaltung der Stahlbeton-Bauweise" , Swiss Federal. Materials Testing Laboratory (EMPA), Report Wo. l62, Zurich 1950, pp, 231-2i4-5. Short summary of the results of the Swiss test reported in the EMPA Report No. 155 by Ros in 19l»-6. Recommendations for design included same as in Report No.^ 155" Ajl , Ross, A. P = o "The Loss of Prestress in Concrete", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London)., 1950, Vol. h^, Noo 527, PP^ 507-509 The author discusses the need for information regarding the creep o Then he gives charts relating creep, w/c ratio and the age of concrete , Gives some equations for prediction of creep , C-l8 A78' Riisch^ H., "Bruchlast und Bruchsicherheitsnachweis bei Biegungsbeanspruchung von Stahlbeton unter besonderer BerGck- sichtigung der Vorspannung" , Beton und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1950? Vol. 45, No. 9> pp. 215-220. Discussion and development of formulas for ultimate load and so called critical load (max. useful load) for flexural rein- forced and prestressed concrete members. The formulas are the same for both materials. They are based on Bernoulli's hypothesis, limiting ultimate concrete strain and concrete stress block charac- terized by two coefficients. Cxitical load is further limited by limiting steel strains; lower limit requires that the crack at failure be visible (warning), upper limit requires that the width of crack does not make the structure unusuable = A79- Schwarz, R., "Vorspannungsverluste und Durchbeigungen an einer vorgespannten Stahlbeton Brucke infolge Kriechen und Schwinden", Der Bauingenieur (Berlin) ;, 1950^ Vol, 25 .1 No„ 1^ pp. 1-8. Detail report of the results of field measurements made on a prestressed concrete bridge in Germany (Dischinger method of pre- stressing) for the purpose of determining the losses in prestressing. Total losses were rather high - about 25 percent.. A80. - - -, "a Test of Prestressed Concrete R-iilway Bridge" Concrete and Constructional Engineers^ (London), 1950, Vol. ^4-5, Ko. 8, pp. 296-299. A girder 15 by 27 in. by l^-J ' -6" long was tested to de- struction. Properties of materials are given. Measured deflection and calculated stresses are given. The occurrence and size of cracks is given. A discussion of estimated losses of prestress is given. Test results substantiated design procedure. A8I. - - -y "Concrete Prestressed by nlloy Bars", Engineer- ing News Record, June 22, 1950, Vol. ikk, No. 22, p. Ul. Description of the properties of a newly developed alloy steel bar. Bar developed in England. A82. - - -, "Steel-alloy Bars used in Prestressed Con- crete", Concrete and Constructional Engineers, (London), 1950^ Vol. k^, No. k, pp. 127-128. This article is a description of a high-strength steel bar available in diameters up to 1 I/8 in. Bar has threaded ends, strength of 70 t/in^, no marked yield point. A85. - - -, "20 Ton Prestressed Trestle Slab Tested To Failure", Concrete, (Chicago), I95O, Vol. 58, No. 11- pp<. J>-k. A brief explanation of the test on trestle slab made by PCA. A description of the slab and the prestressing cables is given but no significant test results. C-19 1951 A8k, Ateles. P, W-. "Breaking Tests on Three Full Size Prestressed Concrete Bridge Beams" ^ Structural Engineer (London), 1951, Volo 29.. Wo- '=3. pp."lif9-l60o Description of tests to destruction of tbree baams, two of which had only part of the wires prestressed „ Load-deflection curves are given, and the behavior of beams during testing described. The information on properties of materials is incomplete . A85. Abeles, P. W.<, "Hov Much Prestress?" ,, Engineering News Record., July ?., 1951., Vol. Ik-J ^ No„ 1, pp. 52-5.5 » Discussion of the effect of the amount of prestrass en the load-deflection characteristics of prestressed concrete beams, based on the assumption of flexural failure A86. Abeles, P. W , "Prestressed Beams with Bond. Engi- neering Hews Record^ April 12. 1951., Vol, lk6„ No» 15, pp., k2~k^. Discussion of the advantages of the presence of bond be- tween the wires and the concrete and of the behavior of under- and over-reinforced beams at cracking and at failure^ A87. Anderson^, A, R., "Field Testing of Prestressed Con- crete Structures", Proceedings of the First United States Confer- ence on Prestressed Concrete., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, I95I.S PP» 215-220. Tests on large prestressed concrete beams such as the 160 ft. Walnut Lane Bridge Girder and the 50 ft., beam for small highway bridge for Concrete Products Corporation of America are discussed. Technique of testing more than results of tests is discussed. A88. Ashton., L. A.. "The Fire Resistance of Prestressed Concrete Floors", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 1951., Vol. 'J^6.. Ko, 5^5, pp. 81^.5-81+5; Wo, 5^6, pp. ^ko-sk^. The existing British fire resistant specifications are discussed and suggestions are given which would improve the code , Tests were made on seven d.ifferent types of floors with prestressed concrete beams and joints. Test results are given and dismissed. Test program is sponsored by Joint Fire Research Organization of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and Fire Offices- Committee - A89o Baker, A, Lc L,j, "Recent Research in Reinforced Concrete and Its Application to Design", Joiirnalj Institute of Civil Engineers,, (London). I95I., Vol, 55, No., k, pp„ 262-529o A theoretical treatment of various topics pertaining to the design of reinforced concrete structures both conventional and prestressed. The sections on the ultimate strength of rectangular C-20 sections, both prestressed and ordinsiry., and on plastic deformations are of interest. Both bonded and unbonded types are treated. Some test data are cited, but the author states that final results will be given in an addendum to the paper. A 90. Baker, a. L. L.5 "The Ultimate Strength in Bending of Prestressed Concrete Beams/' The Reinforced Concrete Review, (London), 1951, Vol, 2, No, 6, pp. 5^5-375. The same material as in Baker =s paper published in the Journal of Institute of Civil Engineers, 1951, Ko , k^ under the title "Recent Research in Reinforced Concrete and its Application to Design" . A 91. Blanks, R. F., "Concrete for Pre stressing". Proceed- ings of the First United States Conference on Jr'restressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August; 1951.- PP<- 156-1^9 This paper discusses the properties of plain, concrete and the materials used in concrete with respect to their relationship on strength. A 92, Caquot, "Precontrainte et fluage", Travaux (Paris), 1951, Vol. 35, No. 196, pp. 255-257. This article describes methods of calculating creep of steel and concrete in prestressed concrete beams. Methods for partial elimination of creep are discussed, A 95' Collins, A. R<. , "Research and the Development of Prestressed Concrete/' Building Research Congress^ 1951} Division 1, pp. 68-73 o (England), This paper is primarily concerned with research in England A list of investigations conducted at various institutions in England is included. A 9^- Cooley, E .- H ,. "Progress in Prestressed Concrete Research", Magazine of Concrete Research (London), 1951., No= 7. pp. 31-360 This is a good paper on progress of prestressed concrete research in England, It lists what work has been done, is being done or planned. A95 - Crepps, R. B., "Glass Fibers as Tensioning Element in Prestressed Concrete", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, I95I, pp. 228-250. This paper outlines the feasability of using glass fibers as the prestressing element in prestressed concrete with considera- tion of the advantages and disadvantages , C-21 A 96. Dardanelli^ Q,., "Activite du Centre d 'Etude de Turin dans le domain experimental", Travaux (Paris )j, 1951 .» Vol. 55* No 196., pp. 206-2070 Outline of tests of prestressing wires and of prestressed beams conducted at Turin, Italy. Test results not given. A 97. Deutschj E , "Probebelastung eines unterspannten Eetontragers", Beton-und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1951, Vole kSy No 5, PP 56-59^ Two beams prestressed with steel underslung (Dischinger method) were tested. Load ■^s . deflection curves are drawn= Tests are described and results discussed - A 98 Evans^ R. H,, "Research and Developments in Pre- stressing", Journals Institute of Civil Engineers, (London), 1951> Volo 35, Noc k^ pp/ 251-261. Tests of bond on pretensioned beams, investigation of steam and pressure curing load tests of pretensioned beams = A table is given which includes ultimate loads and cracking load for 19 beams . The relative merits of partial and complete prestressing are discussed and few historical notes gi^en. A99 Franco-Levi, "Nouvelles recherches sur les construc- tions precontraintes" , Travaux (Paris), 1951^ Vol. 35 » No, I96. pp. 238-239. Discussion of the prestressed concrete research carried on in Italy (creep, shrinkage etc-) and of the problems encountered. AlOO Godfrey, H. J., "Steel Wire for Prestressed Con- crete", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Pre- stressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August^ 1951., PP 150-166- Mr Godfrey discusses the properties of wire manufactured by John A Roebling's Sons Company, for use in prestressed concrete Mr. Eney, and Mr Loewerv of Lehigh University contribute to the discussion by reporting briefly on tests conducted on the wire as it was used in beams Mr = Everling , director of research of Ameri- can Steel and Wire, contributes further to the discussion of the properties of wire AlOl. Haas, Ao, "Essais de charge sur poutres en beton precontraint" , Travaux, (Paris), 1951- Vol 35, No I96, pp. 20*^- 206. This is a discussion of some tests of large prestressed concrete beams conducted in Holland. Beams of the same type were used in an actual structure No specific numerif-al test data are given but the behavior is discussed and the factor of sa-'^ety is given.. Attention is called to grouting, the failure of which might results in a lower factor of safety C-22 A102. Habel, A.^ "TrEiglastprobleme des StatuLbetonbaues'^ Beton-und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1951 » Vol,. kS^ No, 1, pp , 6-10. This paper is concerned with the ultimate load on concrete columns axially and eccentrically loaded, prestressed and non-pre- stressed AIO5. JSniche, Wo, "Neue Erkenntnisse liber Festigkeit- seigenschaTten und Beanspruchbarkeiten von Spannbetonstahlen" . Beton-und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1951* Vol. kS, NOo 7* PP l6l-l65j No. 8, pp. I8i^-l87, This paper deals with the properties of steel used for prestressing concrete in Germany AlOi^o Janney, Jo R„, "Analysis of Test of Full Scale Prestressed Concrete Railroad Trestle Slab", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete^ Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, August, 1951, PP - 2i<-l-2i»-3 - Future tests planned by the Portland Cement Association are briefly discussed. The test on a full-sized railroad trestle is discussed and explained. A few results of this test are shown o AI05. Kennedy, H, Lo, "High Strength Concrete", Proceed- ings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete^ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951. PP 126-1.55 - This paper deals with factors which affect the concrete strength and explains conditions for attaining high strength con- crete . AIO6. Lee, Do H., "High Tensile Alloy Steel Bars for Pre- stressed Concrete", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology., August,, I95I.V pp.. 167-177. The Lee-McCall steel rod for use in prestressed concrete work is described. The ultimate strength is 157,000 psi; the creep is negligible; the ends are threaded for coupling together and anchorage; full strength of rod can be developed. Author claims a savings can be realized in use of this bar in spite of its lower strength than wires . A107o Lee, D. H., "High Tensile Hlloy Steel Bars for Prestressed Concrete," Civil Engineering and Public Works Review, (London), I951. Vol. k6, No. 5'<-5, pp 668-671; No. 5^-^+, pp 770-" 771. This paper appeared originally at the Fj.rst U S Confer- ence on Prestressed Concrete at MIT, 1951. Lee's high-alloy steel bar with ultimate strength of 70 tons/sq, in and low creep charac- teristics is described. Method of prestressing by coupling the rods together and stretching with special jack is described,. C-25 AIO8. Magnel, G., "Concrete Good Enough?" Engineering News Record, May I7, 1951^ Vol. 1^+6, No. 20, p. kk , , Reader Comment Section. Advocacy of low slump concrete for prestressing worko A109. Meissner, H. S,^ "Would Glass Fibres Stand Up?" Engineering News Record, June 28, 1951, Vol. 126, No. 26, p. hk., Reader Comment Section. Discussion of Rubinski's suggestion of the use of glass fibres for prestressing. Meissner points out the danger of alkali reaction. Alio. Munger, H. H., "Glass and Concrete Reaction", Engineering News Record, June 21, 1951, Vol. 1^+6, No. 25, p. k^.. Reader Comment Section. Discussion of Rubinski's suggestion of the use of glass fibres for prestressing. Munger warns of violent alkali reaction of glass when in contact with portland cement. Alll, Prentis, J. M., "The Distribution of Concrete Stress in Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Beams when Tested to Destruction by Pure Bending Moment", Magazine of Concrete Research (London), 1951, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 75-77. It is shown in this paper that the stress-strain curve for reinforced concrete subject to bending may be determined from tests solely on the basis of the conditions of statics and of the following assumptions; (1) Linear distribution of strain (2) Existence of definite stress-strain relationship f = E(e) independent of both the time and location. Equations for compressive and tensile stresses are derived in terms of external forces acting on the section considered, the strains on the top aind bottom of the section and the section properties . A check on the solution is provided by f ^^ after first cracking. The equations are applicable to ordinary reinforced con- crete beams and to prestressed beam both with and without bond. Besides strains and the moment at the section considered also the force in the reinforcement must be known. A 112. Prot, "Le resistance du beton et la securite en beton precontraint" , Travaux (Paris), 1951^ Vol. 55^ No. I96, pp. 2U5-2I+4 . Discussion of quality of materials and working stresses to be used for prestressed concrete. C-2J+ A115- Ross, A. D-, "Shrinkless and Creepless Concrete", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 1951^ Vol. k6. No. 5^5, PP- 853-85^. The author gives a few test results which show that the shrinkage losses in post-tensioned prestressed concrete can be eliminated if before tensioning the concrete member is vacuum cured or cured to oven di'yness . The member is prestressed upon cooling and instead of shrinking will actually expand due to atmospheric humidity. Only a few pilot tests were conducted- -more are scheduled. All^. Ross, A. D., "Tests of Prestressed Concrete Beams with Alloy Steel Bars", Magazine of Concrete Research (London), 1951,? No. 7, PP- 9-18. Five beams of various spans and cross section were prestressed with alloy steel bars (Lee's system). Beams were constructed and tested at the Field Test Unit „ Properties of materials, method of measuring strains and test procedure are given « From test results ultimate loads, load-deflection and load-strain curves are given » rtll beams were post-tensioned and grouted, 2 of them assembled from smaller units, 3 cast monolithically. AII5. Rubinsky, I. A., "Glass Fiber being Studied", Engi- neering News Record, July 26, 1951, Vol. 2k'J, No, k, p. 47„,, Reader Comment Section » Answer to Maissner's comments (EKR June 28, 1951) o"^ possible reaction between glass and the concrete in a concrete beam prestressed with glass fibres. Rubinsky remarks that lAR is conducting research at Princeton on use of glass fibres for prestressingo AII6. Ruble, Eo J., "Strain Measurements in a Prestressed Concrete Slab", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August ^ 1951, PP" 2i+i^-2ij-6o This paper augments J. R. Janneys paper (in the same publi- cation), "Analysis of Test of Full Scale Prestressed Concrete Rail- road Trestle Slab" . It discusses in particular the strain measurements made on the full-size prestressed concrete trestle tested by Portland Cement Association with respect to how these strains were measured; All?- Siess, C. P., "Research in Prestressed Concrete", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951, pp. 20T-2li^ . This paper acknowledges the lag between practice and research in prestressed concrete. A discussion is made of the need of speci- fications, where they will come from, and upon what will they be based.. The variables affecting behavior of prestressed concrete beams; and proposed investigations into questions of flexure, shear, d.lagonal tension, bond, and properties of materials are discussed C-25 AII8. Steele^ R. K.; Libby, J. R., "Preliminary Tests of Prestressed Concrete at the U. S. Naval Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory, Port Huaneme, California", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, August, 1951^ PP- 251-2^4-0. A rather inclusive series of planned tests on prestressed are described. The only a few results are given. concrete are described. The initial tests on beams are described, but A 119. - - -, "Impact Tests on Prestressed Concrete Fender Piles", Concrete and ConstructinjaiLEngineering (London), 1951^ Vol. k6, No. 3, PP- 89-91. The material for this paper was taken from "The Application of Prestressed Concrete to Structural and Building Work in the Gas Industry" published by the Institution of Gas Engineers, with 3. V. Gardner as author . A performance test was conducted on prestressed concrete piles protecting a riverside of a loading crane way. Drop tests were made and records of damped oscilations, static aind dynamic deflections were made . A120. - - -} "Prestressed Concrete for Industrieil Building Studied", Civil Engineering, I95I, Vol. 21, NOo 9, p. 555- Description of the tests of one kO ft. and one 60 ft. girder designed by Freyssinet method and tested to destruction by the Austin Company in Euclid, Ohio. Only the most important data given. A121. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete R. R. Trestle Slab", Concrete for Railways (Portland Cement Association), No. hk, 1951- Description of the test of one railroad trestle slab of prestressed concrete. Slab prestressed with Roebling cables and tested to destruction. Design and construction are described in detail, section and material properties given and test procedure described. Some of the test data given. B-22, B-28, B-29, B-111, B-llif, B-135., B-150, C-2, C-20, C-21, C-3O, D-li^-, D-23, D-ifO, D-67, D-70, D-90. C-26 B . Construction . 1905-1955 Bl. Liind, J. G" F., "Beschreibung der Konstruktion und Verwendung von Eisenbotonhohlblocken armiert nach System Lund" , Beton und Eisen (Berlin), I905, Vol. k, Kos . 6-7, PP- ik^-lh^, 169-175^ Historically interesting proposal for making beams of con- crete blocks connected by steel prestressed rods, B2. Wuilleumier, B., "Bauten nach System Lund", Beton und Eisen (Berlin), I9O6, Volo 5, No. 9, pp. 227-229- Description of few structures built according to the Lund System (see Lund, Beton und Eisen 1905)» B5. L'Heremite, R., "Machine de charge a haute puissance, pour essais de pieces de construction". Genie Civil, (Paris), 1955> Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. i+l^-45. This article explains the construction and operation of a testing machine designed by Freyssinet. It is a compression machine built of prestressed concrete; its capacity is 2000 tons. 1936 fil*-. Coyne, M., "Application of Prestressing in Dams", Into Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Second Congress, Final Report, Berlin 1936, pp. 706-713. Anchoring of gravity dams with the aid of prestressed cables . B5. Dischinger, F., "The Elimination of Bending Tensile Stresses in Reinforced Concrete Bridges", Int. Assoc ■ Bridge and Struct. Eng.^ Second Congress, Preliminary Publications » Berlin 1936 (publisher W. Ernst), pp. 759-78I, The author deals with a method of prestressing with cables outside the section. Examples of actual structures consisting of this type of hollow girder given. B6. Kilgus, E» M., "Maste aus Eisenbeton mit verbesserter Ausn^tzung der Bewehrungeisen", Zement (Berlin), I936, Vole 25, No. 51, pp. 889 -890 o Description of prestressing hollow concrete masts o Round bars with threaded ends are used for this purpose . B7. Makcheeff, T., "Tensions pre'alables des armatures et moyens de les realiser a peu de frais", Travaux (Paris), I9360 Vol.. 20, No. 1+6, pp. 477-IP8I. .' ^> C-27 This paper deals with a method of prestressing trussed members . 1937 B8. Boase, A„ J,^ "Notes on Inspection of Structures in Europe", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 1937^ Volo 33^ No. 5, pp. 521-5^0. Brief description of prestressed piles used by Freyssinet to support a sinking building (pp^ 521-526). B9. Coyne, A., "The Construction of Large Modern Water Dams", Structural Engineer (London), 1937, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 70-8^. Large dams are prestressed vertically with cables anchored deep in subsoil. This method is used in France to strengthen exist- ing dams . BlOo Wedler, "Neue Wage im Eisenbetonbau nach Freyssinet", Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung (Berlin), 1937, Vol. 57, No. 20, pp. 506-509 . Description of various early uses of prestressed concrete. 1938 Bll, Finsterwalder, U., "Eisenbetontrager mit selbsttatiger Vorspannung" , Der Bauingenieur (Berlin), 1938, Vol. 19, Nos . 35-36, pp. 1+95-1+99 . Description of a prestressed concrete bridge prestressed by the Dischinger-Finsterwalder method and of a prestressed concrete truss . B12. Finsterwalder, U., "Eisenbetontrager mit Vorspannung durch Wirkung des Eigengewichtes", Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure (Berlin), I938, Vol, 82, No. 1+5, pp. I3OI-I30I+ . This paper is a description of a method of prestressing developed by Finsterwalder and Dischinger. In this method the steel is usually placed outside of the main concrete member. The pre- stressing is achieved by stressing the cables which results in an upward deflection of the main concrete members. The same principle is applied to trusses. C-28 1939 BI5. Amosj Ho, "Stahlseitenbeton nach Hoyer", Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure (Berlin), 1939 » Vol. 83> NOo 11^ PPo 537-358. This short article describes the Hoyer system of prestress- ing. The manufacture of one I-beam is described and load-deflection curves are shown for beams with various amounts of prestress- Blif . Anderegg, F. 0., "Progress in Prestressing Structural Clay Masonry", Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society, 1939. Vol. 18, No. 9, pp. 523-525. A brief paper which describes prestressing of clay masonry units and their use as roof and deck f lexural members . Tests of 6 slabs made from such units are described BI5. Bornemann, E.,^ "Neuere Verfahren im Eisenbeton" , Zement (Berlin), 1959, Vol. ZJ , Nos „ 1+6-U8, pp 727-750, 760-76i<-, ^kk- 747. Various methods of prestressing are described and examples of structures given. BI6. Kleinlogel, A.^ "Stahlsaitenbeton" , Stahl und Eisen (Dusseldorf), I959, Vol. 59, Ko. 5I, pp. 896-898= This article deals mostly with the Hoyer system of prestress- ing although most of other works are briefly mentioned. The Hoyer method of prestressing is described in detail and the long line pro- cess of manufacture is mentioned <. BI7. Meuller, P., "Brucken der Reichsautobahn aus Spann- beton", Die Bautechnik (Berlin), 1959, Vol I7, No. 10s pp 128-155o Description of two concrete bridges built in Germany. Test of prestressed concrete I-beam (for more detail description see Opperman 19^+0) described briefly. Of the two bridges one was pre- tensioned by Freyssinet's method and other post-tensioned by Dischinger- Finsterwalder method. BI80 Schoenberg, M; Fichtner, F-, "Die Adolf -Hitler- Brucke in Aue (Sa.)", Die Bautechnik CBerlinl, 1959, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 97-lOi^. Description of a multispan bridge in Germany with three spans of prestressed concrete (Dischinger *s method). Construction procedure described briefly, EL9. - - -) "Prestressed Reinforcement of Fine Wires Gives Spring to Precast Beams", Concrete, (Chicago), 1959, Vol ^-7, No,. 11, p. 80 Brief description of Hoyer 's method of prestressing with C-29 2 torn, piano wire using bond to anchor wires. Beams, joists, and planks are precast and stock piled. Cast in molds 100 m. (328 ft.) long and cut to desired length. 19ifO. B20. - - -, "New Type of Hut", Concrete and Construction Engineering, (London), 19^0, Vol. 55, No. 6, p. 291. War time huts built of precast slabs prestressed with piano wire. Very brief explanation. B21. - - -, "Prestressed 108 ft. Girders in German Bridge", Engineering News Record, March 28, 19l)-0, Vol. 12i4-, No. 15, p. k'^2. 102 ft. clesir span of prestressed concrete. Girders are of I-section and are about 5 ft. deep. Both longit, steel and stirimps are prestressed. High strength steel was used. Bridge spans express highways between Rxihr and Hanover . 191^1 B22. Dill, H. E., "Some Experience with Prestressed Steel in Small Concrete Units", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 1941, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 165-1680 Description of the first fence posts of prestressed concrete (1928-29) and of small slabs used for roofs and for small house con- struction. Load deflections curves for two beams tested - one with and one without prestress . B25. Mautner, K. W., "Saving Reinforcement by Pre stressing", Concrete and ConstructiiriaLEngineering (London), 19^1^ Vol. 56, No- 2, PP- 75-95. This is a reply to Abelcs paper of the same title . Mautner opposes partial prestressing. I9I+2 B24-. Lossier, H., "Types de ponts en beton eurme avec arma- tiores pr^contraintes reglables". Genie Civil (Paris), 19^2, Vol. II9, Nos. 21, 22, pp. 255-257, 269. The author describes various large bridges of prestressed concrete. In conclusion he sums up the advantages of prestressed structures and discusses the possibility of using expanding cements. C-30 19^5 B25. Billner, K. P., "Electric Prestressing of Reinforcing Steel Used for Small House Construction", Engineering News Record, September 9, 19^^^, Vol. I3I, No. 11, pp. ko6-ko8, 2 1/2" thick walls prestressed with mild steel rods stretched "by heating electrically; stretched rods fixed with nuts . B26. Billner, K. P.; Carlson, R. W., "Electric Prestressing of Reinforcing Steel", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 19^3^ Vol. 59, Ho. 6, pp. 585-592. Description of prestressing the steel by heating electri- ceilly and tightening the elongated rods by end nuts . Bars coated with sulphur and embedded in the concrete. Description of bond, fire and load tests with electrically prestressed structural members. B27. Paul, A. A., "The Use of Precast Prestressed Concrete Beams in Bridge Deck Construction", Journal, Institute of Civil Engineers, (London), 19iv5, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 19-50. Use of pretensioned beams, mostly of I-cross section, in Great Britian. B28. Redonnet, "Une novelle application du beton precon- traint, Les pontsdalles d'Elbeuf-sur-Andelle et de Longrov", Travaux (Paris), 191^5, Vol. 27, No. 12^+, pp. 3^+7-559- A description of several prestressed slab bridges. Pre- stressing by Freyssinet method. A rather detailed description of construction procedures. Brief summary of the designs is presented. Some data on the test of one of the slabs are given. 19i^4 B29. Maney, G. A=, "High Strength Reinforced Concrete Columns Developed", Civil Engineering, 19i<-^, Vol. 1^, No. 12, pp^ k96-k9Q . A war-time development of spiral columns with prestressed spiral. High strength concrete obtained through use of low w/c ratio, vibrating and applying of pressure during hardening. B50. Stucky, A.; Bolomey, J.; Panchaud, F., "B^ton et brfton pre'contraint". Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande (Lausanne), ighk-, Vol. 70, Noo 12, pp. 114-9-155. Stucky 's part is a description of the construction of a railroad bridge of prestressed concrete. Bolomey discusses the con- trol of concrete and the third author compares the behavior of ordinary reinforced concrete with the behavior of prestressed concrete. C-51 B5I. Benito, C.« "Aportation al estudio de estructuras pretensados", Laboratorio Central de Ensayo de Materiales de Con- struccion, Publicacion Ko= 10, Madrid 19^5 <• This paper gives a description of a method of determining the tension in a steel wire by measuring the frequency of vibrating wireo Tests conducted to check the acciiracy of the formulas showed deviations of + 4 percent = B32. Benito, C., "Dispositivo de tension en las armaduras del hormigdn pretensado", Laboratorio Central de Ensayo de Materiales de Construccion, Publicaccion No. 5? Madrid, 19^5- Brief description of various methods of prestressing used in connection with existing structures . B35- Marcus, H., "Prestressed Concrete Design Overseas", Engineering News Record, April 5, 19^5, Vol. 13^, No. ik, pp. ^+55- Description of dams in which prestressing was used to make it possible to increase their height. Beams, bridges and caisons of pre- stressed concrete are also described. 19^6 E5l^o Barber, R. S. V.; Lester, D. R., "The Development and Manufacture of Prestressed Concrete Units", Transactions, Society of Engineers (London), 19^4-6, pp. ^1-75- Description of the manufacture of concrete sleepers at the Tallington Prestressed Concrete Factory. ^5- Billig, K., "Concrete Shell Roofs with Flexible Molds", Journal, Institute of Civil Engineers, (London), 19^6, Vol. 25, NOo 3, pp. 228-231. Prestressing of shell roofs in the direction normal to the arch span. Description of this type of structure with a very brief description of the construction procedure , B36. Lalande, M., "L'emploi du beton precontraint dans la fabrication des outrages d'art", , Travaux (Paris), 19^6, Vol. 50, No. li^2, pp. 281-298. Detailed description of the construction of the bridge Luzancy on the Marne . Bridge girders were precast in parts. Bridge was de- signed by Freyssineto c-32 B3T. Mason, J., "A Report on Structural Engineering in Germany", Structural Engineer (London), 19^6, Vol= 2h, No. 6, pp, 5IO- 3li+. A very brief report of German activities in the field of pre- stressed concrete. Description of various methods of prestressing. B58. Shama, R. E., "Gaxage in India is Built with Pre- stressed Concrete", Concrete (Chicago), 19^6, Vol. 54, No. 7, pp. 22- 21^. Description of an arch roof built of prestressed concrete o Freyssinet type of prestressing. B59. Widman, M., "La passerelle publique pour pretons de Bully-Grenay en beton precontraint", Travaux (Paris), 19^6, Vol. 50^ No. 136, pp. i^5-55. A rather complete description of the construction of a pedestrian bridge prestressed by Freyssinet method. Summary of design given. Good description of prestressing operations. Bi<-0. - - -, "A Prestressed Concrete Footbridge", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^6, Vol. ^H^ No. 5^ PP- 159-1^0. Very brief article giving dimensions and properties of the girders of the two span bridge built over tracks at the Bully-Grenay Station of the French National Railways. Comparison of quantities of material for prestressing and ordinary reinforced concrete is given. B^^-l. - - -, "Arch Roof in Prestressed Concrete," Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^4-6, Vol. ivl. No. h, pp, 112- 115 . This is taken from an article by R . E . Shama, "Garage in India is built with prestressed concrete", in Concrete 19^4-6, Vol. 5'*-, No. 7, pp. 22-2i^. 'Bk2. - - -, "Development and Manufacture of Prestressed Concrete Sleepers", Railway Gazette, (London), May I7, 19^6, Vol. Qk, No, 20, p. 538. This is an abstract from paper by Barber and Lester,, "The Development and Manufacture of Prestressed Concrete Units" . Trans- actions of the Society of Engineers, 19^6, pp. i)-l-75. B43. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Sleepers", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, I9U6, Vol. kl. No 6, pp. 168-I7O. The manxofacturing of concrete sleepers at the Dow-Mac Pro- ducts Ltd. in England is described step by step. Bonded prestress is used. For more complete information see Barber and Lester, "The Development and Manufacture of Prestressed Concrete Units", 19^6, Transactions of the Society of Engineers, pp. ^1-75- C-35 Bhk. - - -, "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Aeroplane Runways", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^6, Vol. hi. No. 11, p. 310 o Freyssinet is experimenting in this field. Builds runway in series of triangles. Stresses with unbonded wires (wires anchored in abutments) normal to direction of runway. Because of triangles a uniform compressive stress is induced in concrete in all directions. Ro results of these experiments are stated. Bi4-5. - - -? "Reinforced Concrete Dams in France", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, (London), 19^6, Vol. ^4^1, Ko. 11, p. 324. Prestressing is used in dams to conserve materials . By an- choring dam to the foundation with prestressing cables the line of pressure is altered to increase factor of safety. It is said that one ton of prestressed steel in these ties saves U50 cu. yd. of concrete. 19*^7 Bk6 . Abeles, P. W., "Developments in Prestressing in Switzerland", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (Londonl), 19^7? Vol. 1+2, No. 12, pp. 377-378. Short paper describing the uses of prestressed concrete in Switzerland. Both Hoyer's and Freyssinet 's systems are used. Use of X indented wire and deformed strips of high strength steel. B^y. Booth, E. H., "Aerodrome Developments in India", Journal, Institute of Civil Engineers (London), 19^+7, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 151+ -160. General description of a large aircraft hangar of prestressed concrete . BkQ. Harris, A. J., "Prestressed Concrete Bridges", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^7. Vol. 1+2, No. 11, p. 327. Description of various European bridges: small bridges with precast prestressed beams, slab bridges, girder bridges, multiple span bridges and arches. Bhg . Magnel, G., "Le beton-arme aux Etats-Unis", La Technique des Travaux (Paris), I9I17, Vol. 23, Nos . 1-2, pp. 17-2^. Short description of prestressed concrete tanks, of precast- ing techniques and other concrete construction. B50 Moyle, R. L., "Precast Prestressed Concrete Rail Bridge," Railway Age, (New York), 19^+7.. Vol. 125, No. 12, pp. kl8-kQ2. Describes a railroad bridge (Adam Viaduct) in England. The C-3^ girders of Approx. 50 ft. span are prestressed apparently by the Magnel systemo Gives description of the manufacture of the beams and construction processes . B51. Roessinger, F., "Le pent sur la Medjerdah a Djedeida", Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande (Lausanne), 19'+?, Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 69-76. Description of the construction of a three-span continuous bridge with hinges built in prestressed concrete in Tionis = Girders were precast, then prestressed by Freyssinet method. Performance tests of various kinds were conducted to determine: 1. resistance to shear of the joints between the individual precase elements; 2. re- sistance to bending of the beams; 5= resistance to shear; k. losses of prestress; 5- resistance of the grout against injection into the cable sheaths. B52. Sexton, C. G., "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Hangeir at the Civil Airport of Karachi," Journal, Institute of Civil Engi- neers (London), 19h'J , Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. IO9-I5O. Description of the method of construction of large prestressed concrete girders - Freyssinet method. B55- - - -> "A Prestressed Concrete Bridge in Tunis", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review, (London), 19^7, Vol. k2f No. ^1, p. 205. Describes very briefly a precast prestressed bridge of three spans, prestressed by the Freyssinet method. For more complete infor- mation see surticle by M. F. Roessinger in Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande, 19^+7, Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 69-76. B^k. - - -, "A Prestressed Concrete Railway Bridge Near Wigan", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), IShj, Vol. k2, No. 10, p. 505. Short description of a viaduct bridge. Saved 15 percent headroom over regular reinforced concrete. Girders had I-beam cross- section. Two I-beams were tested with I50 percent live load-no cracks occurred-immedlately resumed its original elastic curve upon removal of load. Adam viaduct between Wigan and Pemberton. B55' - ' -) "New Road Bridge at Luzancy, France", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, (London), 19^7, Vol. ^2, No. 1, pp^ 17-20. Description of single span bridge of I80 ft. span designed by Freyssinet. Hollow girder precast in blocks about 8 ft. long. Each girder was erected in 5 pieces. Between hinged end of beam and abutment a form of jack is provided to regulate at amy time the thrust on the abutment . C-35 B56, - - -, "Precast Prestressed Concrete Rail Bridge", Engineering, (London), 19^+7, Vol. l6i<-, No, ^4-259, p» 252-263,. Describes a railroad bridge (Adam Viaduct) in England. The girders of approximately JO ft . span are prestressed apparently by the Magnel system. B57- - - -> "Precast Prestressed Concrete Rail Bridge", The Engineer, (London), 19'<-7., Vol. I8U, Ko. ^1-771, pp. 10-11. Describes a railroad bridge (Adam Viaduct) in England: The girders of approximately JO ft - span sire prestressed apparently by the Magnel system. B58. - - -, "Reconstruction of Bridges in France", Con- crete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^7> Vol. h2, No. J, pp, 9lf-97. Among other bridges two of prestressed concrete (the bridge of Lajout, Marseilles and Canal Bridge at Montcresson) are very briefly described. The prestressed features of the bridges are told giving quantities of wire used and savings over reinforced concrete. B59' - - -) "The Use of Expanding Cement Concrete", Con- crete and Constructional Engineering f London), 19'+7» Vol. k2, No. 1, p. 16. An expanding cement (of untold content) is introduced into form and its expansion exerts compression on rest of structure. Sites 3 or 4 examples of this material used for patching and repairing war damaged structures . 19l<-8 B60, Courty, L.; Kaleski, R., "La nouvelle cuverie a vin de Cinzano en beton precontraint", Travaux (Paris), 19^8, Vol. 32, No. 165, pp. 421-^29. Description of the construction of a winery. The vats are of prestressed concrete. B61. Freyssinet, E., "Ponts en beton precontraint", Int Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Third Congress, Final Report, Ll^ge I9W, pp. 405-1^20. Description of various types of prestressed concrete bridges with examples of actually built structures. B62. Haggbom, I,, "The Bridge at Sandd", Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Preliminary Publication, Liege I9W, pp 381-392. Only the last part of this paper - pp. 39I-592 - deals c-36 with prestressed concrete. A girder is described which was prestressed with tie rods of tensile strength 52 kg/mm? B65. Magnel, G., "Les application du b^ton precontraint en Belglque", Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Third Congress, Pre- liminary Publication, Liege, 19^^ PP- 553-5^2. Magnel describes his method of anchoring the prestressed wires with sandwich plates and then gives examples of several structui'es giving the details of the prestressed members . Some comparison of the costs of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. B6k, Schofield, E. R., "First Prestressed Bridge in U.S.A..", Engineering News Record, December 50, 19^8, Vol. 1^+1, No. 27, pp. 16- 18. Report of the design of first prestressed concrete bridge in USA made for the City of Philadelphia (Walnut Lane Bridge). Few technical data included. B65. Williams, W. H., "B.O.A.C. Office Extension", The Builder (London), 191^8, Vol. 175, No. 5518, pp. 595- Precast, prestressed concrete columns were used in a one story building. Freyssinet system of prestressing was used. B66. - - -, "Concrete Sleepers in Belgium", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^8, Vol. k^, No. 6, pp. 279- 281. Describes two types of concrete sleepers used in Belgium — the Blaton sleeper designed by Magnel and the Franki--Bagon sleeper = Both have been proven in actual service . The manuf actiiring and pre- stressing operations are described. B67. - - -f "Inducing Initial Stresses in Waterloo Bridge", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^8, Vol. J+3, No. 1, p. 25. 7/8", 1", and 1 1/8" bars were used for prestressing -bars had upset ends and were tightened with nuts or turn-buckles --medium high steel was used and only stressed to i^5,000 psi.--bars were elongated with steam heat, the amount of elongation being measured by number of turns of nut or turnbuckle . b68. - - -, "Prestressed Bridge at I'Hermillon, France", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^8, Vol. k^, No. 1, p. 21. Brief description of this bridge — single span of I65 ft. — precast beams — prestressed a la Freyssinet — beams were of solid I- section. Some difficulty was experienced in stretching the cables where these were bent up towards the ends of the beams as the wires were old and slightly rusty. The required elongation of each cable was obtained by repeating the jacking operation. C-57 B69, - - -, "Prestressed Cast In-situ Concrete Bridge," Engineering (London), 19^8, Vol. I65, No. I+3OO, pp. 608-609, A description of Nunn's Brudge over Hob Hole drain at Fishtoft, near Boston, Lincolnshire. 72 ft. clear span bridge of prestressed girders cast in place . Prestressing was carried out in accordance with Freyssinet process and is explained here. B70. - - -) "Prestressing Applied to Stregthening a Church Tower in Staffordshire," Concrete and Constructional Engineering, (London), 19^8, Vol. h^, No. 9, pp. 280-285 » Describes how a tower which was settling and tilting and cracking due to a mining subsidence, was straightened up and strength- ened by inserting in the walls prestressed beams of Magnel design. Other descriptions appear elsewhere in these references e.g. in Magnel's book. B7I. - - -, "Reconstruction of Nunn's Bridge, Lincolnshire", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^8, Vol. k-^, No, 8, pp. 239-2i^4. Cast in place bridge--five girders of 7^ ft. span--prestressed by Freyssinet process. Dimensions of girders, wires, etc. are given-- also description of construction processes o B72. - - -, "Reconstruction of Quay Walls, Le Harvre, Com- posite In-situ and Precast Prestressed Beams", Concrete and Construc- tional Engineering, (London), 19^8, Vol. h-^, No. 2, pp. 55-57- Description of the structure which includes prestressed beams and slabs. Prestressing by Freyssinet process is explained. B73' - - -} "Some Prestressed Concrete Buildings in Belgium", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, 19^8, Vol. h'^. No. T , pp. 195" 199- A brief description of some of the buildings of Magnel's de- sign. Hangar at Brussells Airport; textile factory at Ghent; under- pinning of tower at Tournai „ Better descriptions appear in Magnel's book and elsewhere in these references . B^k . - - -, "Supporting a Structure During Reconstruction", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^8, Vol. k^. No. 5, pp. 93-95. Explains how l|-th and 5th floors of a maltery were supported while Uth floor columns were removed for reconstruction. Nother here about prestressed concrete. The maltery is in Mistleu, Essex. C-38 19k9 B75. Brewster, F. R., "Concrete Building Columns Prestressed", Engineering News Record, Movember 10, 19^9^ Vol. l^vj. No. I9, pp. ^k- 36. Precast prestressed columns for a factory hall used in order to save steel. Columns designed to take tension due to eccentric load- ing. Columns carried the roof and crane. B76. Chalos, M., "Armatures souples pretendues", Travaux (Paris), 1914-9^ Vol. 33, No. I78, pp.- 330-351- Description of flexible prestressing cable, the method of its placing and prestressing. B77. Coff, L., "Prestressed Concrete - A New Frontier", Engineering News Record, September 1, 19^1-9, Vol. 1*4-3, No. 9» p. I83- 187. The author describes some of the more important techniques of prestressing and gives a brief history of prestressed concrete. B78. Coff, L., "Prestressing Increases the Uses of Precast Structural Concrete", Rock Products (Chicago), 19i4-9, Vol. 52, No. 11, pp. 110-112, 117,, Cites examples of precast prestressed units in Europe. Explains the use of prestressing and points out that prestressing should make precast elements more economical . B79 • Dobell, C, "Design Progress in Prestressed Concrete," Progressive Architecture, 19*4-9, Vol. 30, No. 10, pp. 84-87. Description of construction of some recent buildings with long spans built in Europe under Magnel's direction. Short descrip- tion of Preload method of prestressing tanks . B80. Duyster, H. C, "Vliegtuigloodsen in spannbeton" , (Prestressed Concrete hangars), De Ingenieur ( 's-Gravenhage), 19*4-9, Vol. 61, No. 18, pp. 37-48. Also in Cement (Amsterdam), 19^9, Vol. 1, No. 7-8, pp. 117-124. Very comprehensive description of large prestressed concrete girders, as well as their construction and erection. Some design theory added. This paper has been translated in English and published under the title "The Construction of Aircraft HangEirs in Prestressed Con- crete at the Melsbroek Airfield near Brussels", Bulletin No. 12, Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1950. C-59 B81. Lammleia, A.j Wichert, U,, "Spannbetonbriicke Blei- bach". Die Bautechnik (Berlin), 19^9, Vol. 26, No, 10, pp. 5OO-506. Description of prestressed concrete skew slab bridge in Germany. Prestressed by post-tensioned cables. Detail description of the structure and prestressing procedure as well as of anchoring the cables given. Strain measurements made during prestressing operations are also given. B82. Lossier, H., "Pont sur la Seine, a Villeneuve -Saint - Georges/' Travaux (Paris), 19^+9, Vol. 53, No. 178, pp. 327-529. Description of the bridge with four simple spans. Each span consists of three hollow prestressed girders . B83. Magnel, G., "Jr'restressed Concrete Beams Carry Record Loads in Belgium Hangar," Engineering News Record^ February 10, 19^9^ Vol. U2, No. 6, pp. 18-19. Framing plan for an airplane hangar is given and the heaviest girder is described. It has a span of h2 ft. and is of hollow rec- tangular cross section. The prestressing wires are grouted in^ B84. Ouziel, R.^ "Le pont a 5 travees de 55 metres sur I'oued Melah", Travaux (Paris), Vol. 55, No. I78, pp. 557-5^2, 19ii-9„ Description of a bridge in Tunisia made up of prestressed concrete I-beams. The manufacture of beams and construction of the bridge are well described. B85 . Riessauw, F.j Vandepitte, D ; Dooms, J.; Van Cauwen- berge, M., "Le nouveau pont en beton precontraint de la rue De Smet sur la Canal de Raccordement, a Gand", Annales de Travaux Publics de Belgique (Bruxelles), 191^9, Vol. 102, No. 6, pp. 687-720. Description of a bridge built in Belgium. Bridge consists of simple span beams prestressed by Magnel system. Detailed descrip- tion of construction procedures is given and the design of the bridge is also mentioned. b86o Schofield, E. •^o, "Construction Starts on Prestressed Concrete Bridge in Philadelphia", Civil Engineering, 19^9, Vol. I9. No. 7> pp. 52-5^. Description of the structure, the preliminary planning. The relative costs of other types of structures discussed. Essentially the same material as Schofield 's article "First Prestressed Bridge in USA" (ENR December, l^kB) . B87. Schofield, E. R., "Prestressed Concrete Used for Boldly Designed Structures in Europe", Civil Engineering, 19'^9^ Vol. 19, No 9, PP" 22-27. A report of the present state of prestressed concrete con- struction with description of sample structures in France, Belgium, Sweden and England. C-i^O B88. Streblow, "Prestressed Slabs and Prestressed Walls," Concrete (Chicago), 19^9, Vol. 57, No. h, pp. 314. Description of the fabrication of prestressed slabs and walls manufactured by the Basalt Rock Company, Mapa, California. B89. - - -, "Bridges in Prestressed Concrete", Civil En- gineering and Public Works Review (London), 19^9^ Vol. ^4-4, No. 520, pp. 586-588. Description of one overpass over railroad in England con- structed with precast prestressed concrete beams. One of the pre- cast beams was tested to failure; it failed by crushing of concrete. Description of test very incomplete . B90. - - -, "Gauging Wire in Prestressed Tanks", Engineering News Record, October 6, 1914-9, Vol. 1^3, No. Ik, pp. 33-3^. The stress in the prestressing wires of a large water tank is determined by the vibration frequency measured with a magnetic pick-up and an oscillograph. B9I. - - -> "Hormigon precomprimido . Ensayo de un tipo de entrepiso en neustro Campo Experimental J' Cemento Portland (Buenos Aires), 19^9, Vol. h, No. 21, pp. 3-8. Description of slabs prefabricated of small precast pre- stressed elements combined with hollow tile fillers and monolithic concrete wearing surface. Test of one of such slabs is described. B92. - - -, "Jointless Prestressed Warehouse Floor", Engineering News Record, January 6, 19^9, Vol. 1^2, No. 1, pp. 68-69. The jointless prestressed concrete slab 96' by ikk^ is described. Anchorage of the cables, and prestressing operation is explained. This is the slab in the Roebling Warehouse at Cicero, Illinois . B95' - - -> "Prestressed Cast-in-Place Concrete Bridge , Concrete, (Chicago), 19^9, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3-5. A description of Nunn's Bridge over Hob Hole drain at Fishtoft, near Boston, Lincolnshire. The girders are built in the conventional manner, except they are cast in place. Freyssinet's system of prestressing was used. B9^. - - -) "Prestressed Concrete Beams in a Building at Edinburgh", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, (London), 19^9, Vol. kk, No. 11, pp. 353-356. Three story building has prestressed floor members. Main girders are of 20 ft. span are precast prestressed by Magnel system. Secondary girders are 30 ft. span are produced in factory and are bonded prestress. B95» - - ~f "Prestressed Concrete Bridges Over the River Marne, Spans of 2^2 ft. 9 ins^" Concrete and Constructional Engineering, (London), 19i*-9, Vol. kk, Mo. 12, pp^ 578-585« These bridges designed by Freyssinet process sire 2-hinged arches and the arches are precast in blocks and assembled into 3 or h parts before placing on piers. Final assembly is completed when the arches are in place . The hinges embody a device for regulating the thrust and the span by means of a jack. The dimensions and the prestressing operations as well as the construction processes are explained . B960 - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Sleepers," Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19l<-9, Vol. kk, Ho. 9, pp. 29lf- 296. Wires in form of links are bonded in concrete and positively anchored in molds, Ends of each pair of links pass around cast-iron anchor blocks » Block at one end of link is secured by anchor bolt to end plate of mold and at other end by bolt which passes through mold. B97. - - -, "Two Notable New Prestressed Concrete Buildings", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 19^9, Vol. kk, No. 521, pp. 660-66^4- . Description of the structure of an extension of a factory and of a 5 story office building in England, both in prestressed concrete. Construction procedixres are also given. In the first the Freyssinet, in the second the Magnel system of prestressing were used. 1950 B98. Benijaminavicius, P}io, "Les hangars en beton pr^con- traint de I'aeport de Melsbroek", Annales des Travaux Publics de Belgique, (Bruxelles), I95O, Vol„ IO3, No< 6, pp. 8^^1-890., Description of hangars at Melsbroek and of their construction with particular attention to the prestressed elements: beams and columns of various sizes and shapes. B99. Billner, K. P.,< "New Prestressing Method Utilizes Vacuum Process", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 1950.» Vol. kl, No. 2, pp, 161-176. A prestressing method is described in which steel rods are embedded in the concrete consisting of two separate halves. The bars are bonded at both ends with hooks, the remaining portions are coated with asphalt and thus remain unbonded. After the concrete hardens, the two parts of the beams eire pushed apart and fixed in position with concrete . The paper is supplemented by the results of a test of one beam - tested to destruction and with a design procedure ■ C-i^2 BIOO. Birguer, A., "Reconstruction du pont de Sclayn sur la Meuse", Travaux (Paris), 1950, Vol. 3^, No. I87, pp. 515-32i<-. Description of the reconstruction of the Sclayn Bridge in Belgium. Some design calculations are ailso included. BlOl. Cousins, H. G., "The Application of Prestressing to Shell Roof Structures", The Reinforced Concrete Review (London), 1950, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 189-199. The method of prestressing the shells is described and the construction procedure discussed. B102. 'Weitgespannte Stahlbetonbalkenhrucken mit Vorspannung durch Seile und nachtraglichem Verbund", Beton und Stsihlbetonbau (Berlin), 1950, Vol. k^, No. 5, PP- 97-99. Description of a new method of prestressing the continuous beams over the supports . The bridge discussed consists of one large hollow girder. B105. Feld, J., "Prestressing Cuts Homebuilding Costs", Engineering News Record, September ik, 1950, Vol. 1^^, No. 6, pp. 48- 50. Prestressing of precast wall, floor eind roof slabs. Emphasis placed on simplicity of the prestressing method. Slabs pre stressed with l/k in. wire with a button head on one end and a thread on the other end. Stress in wire determined by elongation and with the aid of a tuning fork. 610^4-. Franz, "Westeuropaische Bauten aus vorgespannten Beton", Der Bauingenieur (Berlin), 1950, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 27-51. Buildings sind Bridges built of prestressed concrete in Western Europe (especially Belgium) are described with respect to method of prestressing and erection. BIO5. Giraud, R., "Le Pont d'Essey", Travaux (Paris), 1950, Vol. 5U, No. 186, pp. 261-267. Description of prestressed concrete arch bridge. Construc- tion details and design features and formulas are given. BIO6. Goldstein, A., "Design and Construction of Prestressed Concrete Arch Footbridge at Oxford", Concrete and Constructional Engi- neering (London), 1950, Vol. h^, No. 10, pp. 5^4-7-556. A small fixed arch foot bridge prestressed with vertical, diagonal, and horizontal cables. Main arches cast in place, slab pre- cast. Construction procedure described and illustrated. Design pro- cedure and formulas given. BlOTo Kaiser, A.; Konig, H., "Die Herdbrucke in Ulm und die Inselbrucke in Neu-Ulm", Der Bauingenieur (Berlin), 1950, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 155-159; No. lo, pp. 579-58^^. Description of two prestressed concrete arch bridges during construction. B108. Komendant, A. E., "Prestressed Concrete Arch Spans 553 ft.". Engineering News Record, December 7, 1950, Vol. 145, No. 25, p. kd. Description of World's largest prestressed concrete span which consists of two three-hinged arches. Each arch is of the hollow box type and is prestressed with wire ropes 1 l/2" in diameter anchored in abutments This bridge was built in Germany as replacement of a destroyed reinforced concrete bridge. It has ko percent less steel, l6 percent less concrete and it took 15 percent less manhours to build it than for the original bridge . (Over Neckar Canal in Harbor of Heilbronn, Germany) , B109 . LSmmlein, A., "Uber die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Spann- beton-Strassenbrlacken", Beton-und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1950, Vol. i+5, No. 5, pp. 66-68. This article discusses the economy of prestressed concrete bridges with respect to reinforced concrete bridges and steel bridges. B110„ Limmlein, A.; Bauer, A., "Spannbetonbrttcken Emmendin- gen", Beton und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1950, Vol. 1+5, No. 9, pp. 197- 205. Description of a three-span continuous skewed highway bridge of prestressed concrete. Prestressed according to Leonhardt-Baur system in which the wire is wrapped continuously around concrete semi- circular anchorages which are jacked appart to stretch the wire . Bill. Lee, D., "A New System of Prestressed Concrete", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 1950, Vol. k^, No. 527, p. 299. Description of newly developed high tensile steel bsirs of diameters up to one inch. The bars are pretensioned with the aid of threaded ends. Bars may be coupled together. This steel is free of creep and fairly resistant to heat treatment . Also jack for pre- stressing these bars is described. B112. Leonhardt, F.; Baur, W., "Brucken aus Spannbeton, wirtschaftlich und einfach. Das Verfahren Baur-Leonhardt," Beton und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1950, Vol. k'^, Nos . 8-9, PP- I82-I88, 207- 215. Discussion of Magnel's and Freyssinet's methods of prestrese- ing. Description of authors' method in which the prestressing wire is wrapped around half -cylindrical anchorages at the ends of the beam and prestressed by jacking the anchorages apart. Various bridges are C-4i+ discussed in the second part primarily with respect to the meihod of pre stressing. Discussions: Finsterwalder, U, Franz, G:dtto, 1951, Vol. h6, No. k, pp. 9O-9I. Leonhardt, F.; Baur, W.: dtto, 1951, Vol. kS, Nos . 5-6, pp. Ilil-ll6, 135-135. Dischinger, F.: dtto, 1951, Vol. k6, No. 6, pp. I5I-I53. BII3. Lossier, H., "La precontraint integral mlxte", Le G^nie Civil (Paris), 1950, Vol. 127, No. 21, pp. 1+12-^3 . Author discusses briefly the use of expanding cements as the prestressing agent for prestressed concrete. Bll4. Macerata, 3., "Prestressed Concrete Conductor Masts in South Africa", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1950, Vol. i^5. No. 1, pp. 13-19- U-shaped tapered masts used as utility posts are described. Manufacture of these posts and tests are also described. The tests were carried to failure and the results are plotted as load-deflec- tion curves . BII5. Magnel, G., "Longest Continuous Prestressed Girders Carry Scalyn Bridge Traffic Over Meuse River", Civil Engineering, 1950, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. '+50-i^51. Description of two span continuous girder bridge in Belgium. Arrangements were made on this bridge which enable one to take measure- ments on two prestressing wires at any time. This was done in order to secure information on the effects of creep, shrinkage, relaxation and teB^eratiire . BII6. Masterman, 0. J., "Process for the Manufacture of Prestressed Concrete Floor Joists", Civil Engineering and Puolic Works Review, I950, (London), Vol, k^, No. 532, pp. 64l-6ii-3. ■Summary of the work aiming at the design of an inexpensive mold and at devising a commercial method of obtaining nearly high strength in the concrete of prestressed floor joints. Description of anchoring and tensioning devices for single wires. BII7. May, D. H., "The Magnel-^Blaton System of Prestressing", Reinforced Concrete Review (London), 1950, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. I35-I39. Description of the mechanics and operation of the Magnel prestressing jacks. Discussion of possible corrosion. Most of this material is in Magnel ' s book "Beton Precontraint" . BII8, Nordberg, B., "PrestressecL Floor and Roof Slabs of Concrete Masonry Units", Rock Products (Chicago)^ 1950, Volo 55, No= 1, pp. 197-201, Description of walls and slabs composed of masonry tinits con- nected by prestressing - work of Basalt Rock Company, of Napa, Cali- fornia, B119'. Panchauds F , "Quelques ouvrages i^n beton pre'contraint construits recemment en Suisse", (Various structures of prestressed concrete recently constructed in Switzerland), Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande I'Lausanne), September 25, 1950, Vol. 76, No. 19, pp- 257-266. The construction of a wharf (debarcad^re de Nym), a railway bridge and highway bridge (le pont-rail et la pont-route de Zwingen) is described. Each of these structures utilized precast^s post-ten- sioned girders „ Freyssinet cables were used, B120. Seegers, K. H ,, "Vorgespannte Betonfertigteile bei den englischen Eisenbahnen", Der Bauingenieur (Berlin), 1950, Vol. 25.» No. 12, p. i^57^ H short article discussing precast, prestressed beams built in England with respect to the method of manufacture and the type of beam B121. Storrer, E=, "Le pont de Scalyn sur la Meuse", Annales Travux Publics de Belgique (Eruxelles), 1950^ Vol. 103, Nos, 2, k^ pp. 179-199, 605-622. A description of the two-span continuous bridge of prestressed concrete designed by Magnel. The prestressed design is compared with designs in reinforced concrete Prestressing and construction are also described briefly and reference is made to the design procedure, B122 . Sunderland, C. C; Preston, H. K., "Americanized Pre- stressed Concrete Emerges From the Laboratory , Engineering News Record, March 2, 1950, Vol- ikk. No 9, pp. 3^^-57 o Description of the construction of prestressed concrete slabs from separate units , Prestressed in both directions with galvanized bridge cables , BI23 Tourry, G.., "Reconstruction de la tour du phare de Berck en beton pre'contraint", Travaux (Paris), 1950, Vol. 3^. No 19^. ppo 781-786. Description of the construction of a lighthouse built of pre- cast elements tied together by prestressing. Prestressing was done by the Freyssinet method B12i4-_ Wolfv W. "Das Kreuzungsbauwerk Kirchheim als Bei- spiel einer Spannbetonbrucke" , Beton und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1950, Volo li5. No. 6, pp. Ik^-lk6. c-46 Description of the construction of a two-span highway cross- ing tuilt of precast prestressed concrete beams in Germany near Kirchheim, Kreis Hersfeld. BI25. Wolf. W., "Verfahren und Ergebnisse der Ausschreibung 'Wilhelmsbrucke • Frankfurt -Main", Die Bautechnik (Berlin), 1950, Volo 27, No. 9, PP- 281-288. Various bridges along this highway from Frankfurt to Main are described — some of which are of prestressed concrete. BI26. - - -, "A Continuous Bridge in Prestressed Concrete", The Reinforced Concrete Review (London), 1950, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. I39- Ikk. Description of the design and construction features of a two- span continuous prestressed concrete bridge at Sclayn, Belgium. The Magnel-Blaton system was used. Includes three photographs of the bridge under construction and two plates of design details. BI27. - - -) "A New Prestressed Concrete Sleeper", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1950, Vol. ^5^ No. 2, pp. 68- 69. Freyssinet designed a lighter weight sleeper for use on main lines by using higher strength concrete and reducing the cross section in the middle portion. Crimped wires are used to increase bondo Manvifactured in long line to cut down prestress operation. Details for attaching rails are given. BI28. - - -, "a Prestressed Concrete Continuous -girder Bridge in Belgium", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London) 1950, Vol. 14-5, No. 6, pp. 189-200. Author describes the two span continuous Sclayn Bridge . Prestressing operations are discussed and design calculations shown. BI29. - - -, "A Prestressed Concrete Road Bridge in Lanca- shire", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1950, Vol. 1^5, No. 7, pp. 255-256. Description of a prestressed concrete road bridge over river Tame in England. BI30. - - -, "Britian's First Prestressed Factories", Concrete Quarterly (Cement and Concrete Association, London), April, 1950, No. 8, pp. 28-52. Description of three factories built of prestressed concrete, one by Freyssinet 's, one by Magnel's and one by Strescon's system. BI3I. - - -, "Cables Join Precast Beams to Form First Con- tinuous Prestressed Bridge", Engineering News Record, August 3I, 1950, Vol. 114-5, No. 9, pp. 50-31. C-kf Description of the errection and prestressing processes on the 3 span continuous "bridge at Neuf chatel-en-Bray . Freysinnet system. BI32. "California Builds its First Prestressed Concrete Bridge", Engineering News Record, November 23, 1950, Vol. 1^5, No, 21, p. ifS. Description of the pedestrian bridge over Arroyo Seco High- way in Los Angeles . BI53 • - - -> "Dauerbehelf sbrucken mit Spanhbetonfertigtra- gern", Beton-und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1950, Vol. k^, No, 6, pp. 128-129 . Short article describing precast, prestressed beam bridges and their advantages . B13^. - - -) "Der Bau Von zwei Spannbetonbriicken" , Beton und Stahbetonbau (Berlin), 1950, Volo k^, No- 6, pp, 13T-159» Description of two prestressed concrete bridges built by Freyssinet's method in Germany] a two span continuous structure near Ulm-Dornstad and a simple span structxire near Nurenberg-Furth , BI35. - - , "Development Work at the Field Test Unit"",, Magazine of Concrete Research (London), 1950, Vol, 2, No. 4-, pp. 35- 37. Very brief description of sustained load tests of floor joists made by the Field Test Unit in Great Britian. Description of develop- ment work on long line and individual unit processes of manufacture of prestressed concrete joists. BI36. - - -, "European Concrete", The Reinforced Concrete Review, (London), 1950, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 12-28. This issue contains several brief illustrated articles de- scribing: (1) The construction of a deep water quay using rein- forced concrete caissons cast on shipways and floated into position and sunk. (2) The use of prestressed and precast members in the beam and girder floor of a warehouse . Abstracts of two lectures on prestressed concrete by Magnel and Freyssinet are presented at length, several pages being devoted to each. BI37, - - -, "Forspent be;tong i brobyggingen" , (Bridge building in prestressed concrete), Betongen Idag (Oslo), 1950, Vol. 15, No. k, pp. 79-87. Description of bridges in Tunisia (Wadi Melah), Belgium (Sclayn), USA (Walnut Lane), France (Neufchatel) and Brazil (Galea), Same material as in the article "Multispan Prestressed Concrete Bridges", Concrete Queirterly, April 1950. C-i^8 BI38. - - -, "How They're Building Philadelphia's Famed Prestressed Bridge", Engineering Hews Record, September 21, I95O, Vol. li^5. No. 12, pp. 52-5^- Brief description of the construction procedures employed at the Walnut Lane Bridge. BI59. - - -, "Multispan Prestressed Concrete Bridges", Con- crete Quarterly (Cement and Concrete Association, London), April, 1950, No. 8, pp. 2-15. Description of bridges in Tunisia (Wadi Melah), Belgium (Sclayn), USA (Walnut Lane), France (Mont de Terre and Neuf chatel-en- Bray) and Brazil (Galeao) . Bl^O. - - -, "Plant for Prestressed Concrete," Reinforced Concrete Review, (London), 1950, Vol. 2, No. h, pp. 260-264. Short report of the progress of the development work made by the Field Test Unit of the Ministry qf Works . Anchoring devices de- scribed. Device for equalizing load on four wires stressed simultane- ously. Jacks. Stress determination. Bl^l . - - -, "Precast Concrete in Government Buildings", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, (London), 1950, Vol k^, No, 11, PP- 599-^+05. Discussion of the use of prestressed concrete beams in build- ings built for the government in England. Specific examples are dis- cussed. Bl42. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Bridges in Yorkshire", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1950, Vol. k^, No. 5, pp. 99-100. Description of two road bridges made up of unsymetrical pre- stressed I-beams placed side by side and filled in with concrete placed in situ. Bli+3. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Footbridge", Reinforced Concrete Review (London), I95O, Vol. 2, No. k, pp. 210-211. Description of the pedestrian bridge over the Cherwell in Oxford University parks. It is an arch bridge prestressed by Freys- sinet method. Bll^•i^. - - -, "Prestressed Cradles Pick up Bridge Piers^" Construction Methods, 1950, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. k6-h8. Description of prestressed beams which support bridge piers during a construction process. Method of tensioning the 5" square rods is explained. Not very complete. 1951 Bli4-5' Abeles, P. W,^ "Bonded Wire vs. Unbonded", Engineering News Record, July 26, 1951, Vol. ikl, Ho, k^ p. k^ , Reader Comment Section. Bonded wires preferable „ Combination of prestressed and un- stressed wires mentioned Economic advantages of prestressed concrete discussed. Bli*-6. Astapkevic, P., "Montaz prumyslovych staveb z predp- Jateho betonu", ^(Erection of industrial buildings of prestressed con- crete), Stavebni prumysl (Prague),, 1951^ Volo 1, No. 15, pp. 357-558, Discussion of problems of erection of prestressed concrete structures . Bll<-7» Arribahaute, Beteille, "Pont de la Genevraye", Travaux (Paris), 1951.. Vol. 35, N0/196, pp, 250-232. Description of the construction of a prestressed concrete bridge at Genevraye. Girders precast and prestressed with large cables o The fabrication of the girders is explained step by step. Bli4-8. BaretSo J.; Hervet, J.; Averseng, E.; "L 'Evolution de la Precontrainte Enseignements deduits de la construction de divers ouvrages Pont d'Arles-sur-Tech," Travaux (Paris), 1951^ Vol. 35^ No. 200, pp. 408-lll2; No, 202, pp 1^91-^96. Pictures of several bridges of prestressed concrete built after the war are included in this article. However, the bridge (Pont d'Areles-sur-Tech) is described more completely than the others. The construction of this bridge is also described. Elif9. Barton, R. a., "Prestressed Bridge", California High- way and Public Works. I95I, Vol. 50, Nos . 3-k, pp 1-5, 28 „ A description of the pedestrian bridge over Arroyo Seco flood channel in Los Angeles. Simple-span girders of 110-ft span. De- tailed explanation of precasting and prestressing operations, pre- stressing with the help of button-type anchorages . Strain-measuring devices left in the structure for iaeasurements under live load. B150. Baskin, B. J , "Prestressing Applied to Manufacture of Precast Bridge Beams", Proceedings of the First United States Con- ference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951^ PP' 221-223, This paper explains the maniafacturing procedure of precast, prestressed) pretensioned beams for bridges Tests were made to determine bond characteristics in the beam under loaded conditions for single notched wires and for 7-wire cables It was concluded that a l/k in» diameter cable consisting of 7 strands was satisfac- tory for developing the bonds , C-50 B151a Baxter, S. S.; Barofsky_, M.j, "Construction of the Walnut Lane Bridge", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology^ August, 1951^ pp. h7-%. Description of the Walnut Lane Bridge. The reasons for choos- ing a prestressed concrete girder bridge is discussed. Cost data is given. Construction is described. BI52. Billner, K. P., "Mass -Produced Prestressed Concrete Units", Pioceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August^ 1951.? PP= 112- 125. This paper describes the different methods of precasting and prestressing concrete members in factories in France _, England, Italy j, Sweden, and the United States. A discussion by D. 0. McCall, of the Basalt Rock Company manufacturer of prestressed concrete beams^ slabs, and other units, describes in more detail the methods employed in pre- stressing and uses made of prestressed concrete units in the United States . BI53. Birdsall, B., "Development of End Terminals", Pro- ceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951, pp. 22i»-227. The end connections for prestressing cables as manufactured by John A. Roebling's Sons Inc., are briefly described. B15^. Bitzan, a„, "Vyroba a zkusenosti s dodatecne napinanym betonem", (Manufactiure and experiences with pretensioned, prestressed concrete), Stavebni prumysl (Prague), 1951> Vol. 1, No. I5, pp. 55O- 355. Outline of the principles which should be followed for obtain- ing good pres1;ressed concrete products . B155- Brodsky, A., "MechanicEil Prestressing" j, Proceedings^ American Concrete Institute, I95I, Vol. ^7, No. 7, p. 570. Letters from Readers Section. Very brief description of Lossier's method precasting girders in two parts, with reinforcement embedded. Prestressing achieved by jacking the two parts of the beam apart after hardening of the concrete. BI56. Bryan, R. H.; and Dozier, C. B,, "Prestressed Concrete Block Bridges", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August., 1951. pp. 57-60. A short paper outlining the use of blocks used as units in prestressed concrete beams. A series of pictures shows the manufacture of beams and their construction into a bridge in Madison County, Tennessee. C-51 B157« de Buff event., L., Lossier, "Villeneuve-S'^int-Georges", Travaux (Paris), 1951^ Vol. 55, No, I96, pp. 210-212 Description of cantilever prestressed concrete bridge at Yilleneuve-Sto George. BI580 Clarke, N. W. B., "A Flexible Mould Stop for Long Line Prestressed Concrete", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), I951, Vol. k6. No, 559, PP» 551-352 » A rubber spacer to be used between the units poured in a single mould in the long-time process of prestressing concrete has been developed. It is easy to place, does not move from its position during vibration of concrete, can be used over apd over, and is eco- nomical to use. They can easily be made to any desired shape by the contractor . BI59. Coff, L«, "Prestressed Concrete for Pavements", Pro- ceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Te^:hnology, August, 1951.9 PP- 87-9O. This paper advocates the use of prestressed concrete for use in highway slabs; advantages are elasticity of prestressed concrete slabs, fewer expansion joints, minimum cracking, and less maintaineince • BI60. Cummings, A. E., "Prestressed Concrete Piles", Pro- ceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951? PP- 105-111. This paper deals with the manufacture and use of prestressed concrete piles . BI6I. Dumas, F., "L 'evolution de la precontrainte du beton arme au cours de la reconstruction des ouvrages d'art du Nord et du Pfts -de-Calais", Travaux (Paris), 1951, Vol^ 55, No. 200, pp. 575-582; No. 201, pp. 1^19-^55; No. 202., pp. i+62-479; No 205, PP- 506-5l4; No. 26k, pp. 568-577- This series of articles presents pictures and descriptions of various degrees of completeness of many prestressed concrete bridges built in the last few years in France . In addition various tests con- ducted are reported, such as: loss of prestress under load, tensile tests of wire, compressive tests of concrete « BI62, Duminy; Lebelle; Beaufil, "Tranchee couverte de Rouen," Travaux (Paris), I951, Vol. 55, No- I96, pp. 215-218. Description of the structure and construction of a shed in Rouen. Beams of prestressed c'oncrete. Bl65» Fougea, E.; Cayla, M., "Nouveau mode de mise en pre- contrainte". Travaux (Paris), 1951- Vol, 35> No. I98,, pp. 525-550. The authors describe the method of prestressing used by "Constructions Edmond Coignet" in box girders. It consists of anchoring C-52 the ends of the cables at the ends of beams and then deforming the cables laterally at several points along their length; this lateral deformation of the cables stretches them thus tensioning them. It is claimed that this method gives a better distribution of tension in the cable than in a curved cable which is post-tentioned. A three span bridge (Pont de Vaxuc-sxir -Seine) was prestressed in this manner and is discussed. BlSk . Franz, "Le beton pre'contraint en Allemagne" , Travaux (Paris), 1951, Vol. 55., No. 196, pp. 2i^6-2i^7« A brief paper which enumerates some of the structures built of prestressed concrete in Germany. BI65. Friberg, B. F., "The Challengp of Prestressing for Concrete Pavements", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, august, 1951, pp. 91-1014-O This paper treats rather thoroughly the use of prestressed concrete for highway construction. Specifically the following topics are discussed: I. Existing State of Concrete Pavement; II. Scope of Prestressing in Concrete Pavements; III. Mechanics of Prestress- ing; IV. Details of the Prestressed Concrete Pavement; V. Economy of the Prestressed Concrete Pavements . BI66. Gannett, J. K.; Waidelich, A. T., "Prestressed Con- crete in Buildings", Proceedings of the First United States Confer- ence on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August 1951, pp. 67-86. This paper discusses the practicality and economy of pre- stressed concrete for buildings in part I . In part II of the paper are described the tests on bonded and unbonded prestressed concrete girders carried out by the Austin Co. - no test data is given except concerning the behavior of the girders during the test , The paper is followed by discussions by P. F. Blair who described precast., pre- stressed, concrete girders used in buildings in Oklahoma, and by H, Thorsen who described precast, prestressed concrete girders used in European buildings . Bl67» Gooding, "The Prestressed Development Group", Travaux (Paris), I951, Vol. 35, No. I96, pp. 237-258 « A very short description of the development work done in Great Britain in the field of prestressed concrete. BI680 Harris, J. D., "The Application of Prestressed Con- crete to Highways and Bridges", Journal, Institute of Municipal Engineers (London), I951, Vol. 77, No. 9, pp. 733-758. Description of shortspan prestressed concrete bridges built in England and of a few long-span bridges built in continental Europe o Description of prestressed concrete slabs for highways. C-53 BI69. Hicks, J= No^ "Current Developments in Prestressed Concrete", Proceedings of the Second Annual Structural Engineering Conference, Bulletin of the Florida Engineering and Experiment Station^ ^7, PP" 51-55,1951. A discussion of the current developments in prestressed con- crete which have been made by Roebling's Sons Company o Discussion of the prestressing cables and of their use . B170. Horel, Jo, "Napinani a kotveui predpjate vyztuze prvku dodatecn^ napinanych", (Prestressing and Anchorages of Preten- sioned Elements), Stavebni' prumysl (Prague), 1951.'. Vole 1, No, 15, ppo 346-550. Description of anchorages of Freyssinet and related types. B171.. Johnson, C. L., "The John R. Bridge", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951^ PP- 61-6^4-. A short paper augmented with photographs which describes the assembling of prestressed beams using lT!.shaped elements. These particular beams were used in a bridge in Oakland Company, Michigan o One similar 60 ft . girder was tested - its behavior during loading is briefly described. BI72. Kiett, E., "Die Spannbetonbrucke der Bundesbahn uber den Weckarkanal in Heilbrann" , Beton-und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1951, Vol. i<-6. No. 1, pp. II+5-I5O; Wo. 8, pp. I8O-I8U. Description of prestressed concrete railway bridge over Neckar caneuL in Heilbrann. Bridge is composed of continuous girders. Prestress wires were wrapped eiround massive concrete blocks which were Jacked apart for prestressing the wires . Two small beams which were' tested are discussed. B175" Korvas, A,, "Vyrobni a pfipravn^ problemy pri pre- fabrikaci, tS^e, montazi a pfi pfedpinani betonu", (Problems of manu- facture for precasting, heavy erection and prestressing of concrete), Stavebni prumysl (Prague), 1951, Vol. 1, No. lU, pp. 329-555- One part of this paper is devoted to the discussion of manu- facture of post-tensioned concrete elements. Special attention is paid to the problems connected with the manufacture of end blocks, to the methods of msiking the cable openings, and to prestressing. B17l»-. Leduc; Gapillout, "Usine Boneull," Travaux (Paris) 1951, Vol. 55, No. 196, pp. 215-21I*. Methods of manufacture of prestressed, precast, small beams and railway ties. Relative costs also discussed. C-5^ BI75. Magnel, G., "Revolutionary Staircase Built of Pre- stressed Concrete", Civil Engineering, 1951, Vol. 21, No. 9, pp. 505- 507. Description of helical staircase built of prestressed concrete in Antwerp. Short summary of the design and description of the tests of a full-scale model built at the University of Ghent . BI76. Mass, M. L.; Janney, J. R., "Simple Equipment Economi- cally Explores Prestrgssing", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute^ 1951, Vol. h-J, No. 5, PP- 561-364. Description of a simple procedure of prestressing and anchor- ing the wires suitable for small laboratory research and instruction work. BI77. Middendorf, K. H.; Panhorst, F. W., "The Arroyo Seco Bridge", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Pre- stressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951*. pp. 65-66. A short paper describing the construction of the prestressed concrete girders of the Arroyo Seco Pedestrian Bridge, BI78. Mitchell, S., "Are Prestressed Bridges Cheaper?", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 1951, Vol. k'J, No. 10, pp. 761-772. Discussion of the construction and costs of the pedestrian bridge over Arroyo Seco in Los Angeles . High costs of prestressing are pointed out . It is pointed out also that further studies and better specifications are needed to promote the use of prestressed concrete . B179' Morandi, R., "Sur la realixation d'ouvrages en be'^ton pre'contraint". La Ricerca Scientifica (Rome), I951, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 227-231. The author describes his method of prestressing and his patented wedging-type anchorage. SeversuL structures built by their method are described. BI80. Neuffer, W., "Stahlbeton im Ausland", Beton-und Stahl- betonbau (Berlin), November, 1951, Vol. k6. Ho. 10, pp. 217-222; Noo 11, pp. 21^7-253. This article describes concrete bridges, most of which are prestressed, built in European countries other than Germany. BI8I. Nicolle; Muller, J., "Parking souterrain," Travaux, (Paris)-, 1951, Vol. 35> No. I96, pp, 218-219. Description of underground parking garage under construction » Precast and prestressed beams. C-55 Bl82o Parrett, J, J,^ "First Prestressed Piles Carry Tank Platform'% Engineering News Record, July 5, 1951> Vol. 1*4-7, No. 1, PP» 58-59' Description of construction of concrete piles prestressed at 8 points along the circumference. Prestress accomplished ty Freyssinet method. All wires grouted in and piles cut-off after hardening of the grout BI85. Pauw, A.; Reid, R. L., "Lightweight Prefabricated Joist-Slab-Beams of Prestressed Cpncrete", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology, August, 1951.v PP- 2k'J-2^2. This paper discusses the problems encounterwi in the production of small precast prestressed concrete members. Economy, materials^ anchorage^ and bond are discussed. Tests made to solve some of these problems are discussed. Bl8i4-„ Philippi, "Les supports catenaires en beton precon- traint sur la ligne ^lectrifiee Paris-Lyon", Travaux (Paris), 1951, Vol. 55> No. 196, pp, 255-255 This article describes the prestressed concrete poles which are used to support the electric lines along the railroad Paris-Lyon. The poles are trussed and precast . The precasting and prestressing operations are explained. ^ BI85 . Stepanek, V , "Konstrukce p5^edem napinan^ - konstruk- cni a vyrobni zkusenosti"^ (Pre-tensioned Structures - Experiences from Construction and Manufacture), Stavebni prumysl (Prague), 1951^ Vol. 1, No. 15> pp. 555-557 » Discussion of the merits and disadvantages of longline and individual unit processes. BI86 Stohr, W., "Die neue Kanalhaf enbrucke in Heilbronn", Beton-und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1951.v Vol kS, No. 2, pp. 5O-52. Description of a prestressed arch bridge over the canal in Heilbronn. End auichored cables, grouted for bond were used for pre- stressing. BI87. Storrer, "Le pont de Sclayn a Namur" , Travaux (Paris) 1951, Vol. 55, No. 196, pp. 2i^2-2^5o Description of a two speua continuous bridge in Belgium prer stressed by the Magnel-Blaton system Dimensions of the structure and quantities of materials are given BI88 Vallette., F., "Emploi du fil a haute limite e'lasti- que et reglage des contraintes dans les constructions", Annales de L'Institut Technique de Eatiment et des Travaux Publics, New Series, Theories and Methods of Design No, Ik, 1951 » C-56 The author advances the idea that prestressing is a means of utilizing high strength wire without danger of excessive deflections. He gives examples of parabolic shaped prestressed concrete beauns and trusses which would require the minimum amount of materials. BI89. Vassexir; Schere, "Reconstruction du hangar 1 du quai de la Garonne, dit 'HangSLr aux Contons'", Travaux (Paris )^ 1951^ Vol, 55, No. 196, pp. 225-226. Description of the reconstruction of a hangar damage during the war. Prestressed concrete used in order to have a fireproof structure . BI90. Vos5, W. C., "Prestressed Units", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951^ PP« 255 • This paper discusses the maniifacture of precast prestressed units with respect to economy and efficiency. BI9I. Zollman, C. C, "Survey of European Prestressed Con- crete Bridge Construction", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, August, 1951^ PP' 50-^6. A description of several large prestressed concrete bridges. The dimensions of spans, and cross-sections augmented with photographs are given. Construction techniques are discussed. Reasons for economy are discussed. BI92. - - -, "A Continuous Concrete Bridge in France", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1951, Vol. k6, No. 1, pp. 1-27. The construction and design of this bridge is explained in this article. The beams are precast and prestressed to carry their own weight on the ground. After being placed on the piers, the beams are further prestressed in such a manner that they act as one con- tinuous beam instead of 5 spans of simple beams . BI95. - - -, "Bridge Built of Blocks Strung Like Beads," Engineering News Record, January I8, 1951, Vol. 1U6, No. 5, pp. 59- k2. Description of the development of prestressed concrete block beams by Bryan and Dozier in Nashville, Tenn. Construction of a three simple span bridge and a football stadium made of such beams is described. BI94. - - -, "Cast-in-place Concrete Bridge Beams Pre- stressed", Engineering News Record, December I5, I95I, Vol. ll^7. No. 21^, p. U2. Short description of prestressed concrete bridge under con- struction in Austin County, Texas. C-57 B195° - - -) "Concrete Prestressed in Tension", Engineering News Record, May 5, 1951^ Vol. liv6. No. l8, p. 33. K. Billig's suggestion for relief of high compression in con- crete columns and arches by embeddihlg a steel strut precompressed by a steel cable . BI96. - - -, "Construction of a Road in Prestressed Concrete", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 1951^ Vol» 46, No. 558, ppo 25^^-255 = 1+00 ft. of highway was constructed of prestressed concrete at Crawley, in Sussex, in order to study the feasibility of prestressed concrete roads . Strain measiirements and behavior will be observed over a period of several months. Freyssinet cables were used. Construction procedure was described. Advantages are listed as: (a) elimination of cracks; (b) reduction in number of expansion Joints; (c) improve- ments in riding; (d) low maintenance. Disadvsuitages are listed as: (a) difficulty in reinstating when one part is removed for some reason; (b) complipated nature of expansion joints . BI97. - - -> "India Begins Construction of its First Pre- stressed Concrete Road Bridge", Engineering News Record, December I3, 1951, Vol. Ikf, No. 24, pp. 51-52. Short description of a road bridge in Madras State . The bridge will have 23 spans, beams will be prestressed by the Magnel- Blaton system ; One of the beams will be tested to destruction. BI98. - - -) "New Idea for Prestressing Concrete, Apply Prestress with Glass", Engineering News Record, March 1, 1951.. Vol. l46. No. 9, P» 45. Prestressing with glass fibres is discussed. This method is suggested by Professor I, A. Rubinsky of the American University in Beirut, Lebanon. BI99. - - -„ "Novel Prestress Design for Office Building", Engineering News Record, October I8, 1951, Vol. 1^7, No. I6, p. 38. Discussion of a factory floor with prestressed girders and beams with a slab of ordinary reinforced concrete. The structure was in part precast and in part cast in place. B200. - - -, "Plant for Prestressing Concrete", Ministry of Works (London), National Building Studies Bulletin No. 12, 1951, (H. M. Stationary Office'! . This bulletin is of principle interest because of its de- scriptive photographs of anchorages for wires. Also described is the method of manufacture used by Ministry of Works in England. C-58 B201. - - -, "Prestressed Block Beams Span k^ ft." , Engi- neering News Record, October 25, 1951^ Vol. 1^7, No. 17, pp. 50-31 o Description of the manufacture of prestressed concrete bridge beams made up of precast concrete blocks in Detroit, Michigan. B202. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Footbridge at Oxford," Builder (London), 1951, Vol. l80. No. 5652, pp. 15I-I35. Brief description of a fixed arch footbridge at Oxford pre- stressed by Freyssinet system. B203. - - -} "Prestressed Concrete Road at Crawley", Con- crete and ConstructionaLL Engineering (London), 1951, Vol. kS, No. 5, pp. li^7-li^9. Description of the construction of a J+OO-f t . strip of road- way built of prestressed concrete in England. Roadway is prestressed by Freyssinet cables. B204. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Warehouse", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1951, Vol. kS, No. 5, pp. 92-93 • Brief description of the construction of a warehouse for Ho M. Stationary Office in England. Floors and roofs of this building were built of prestressed, precast concrete beams. Prestressing by Magnel's system. B205. - - -, "Prestressed Roof Beams Get First U. S. Try- out", Engineering News Record, October 25, 1951, Vol. 1^7, No. 17, p. 32. Description of two factory roofs built with prestressed con- crete beams in Tulsa, Oklahoma. B206. •- - -, "Repair of an Arch Bridge with Expanding Cement", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1951, Vol. he, No. h, pp. 119-121. Paper describes the procedure of using expanding cement for repair of an arch damaged by settlement of one pier. Repair was de- signed by Lossier. B207. - - -, "Rigid Frame Bridge on Prestressed Concrete", Engineering News Record, March I5, 1951, Vol. ihS, No. 11, p« 55- Brief description of the footbridge over a brauich of the Cherwell River in Oxford, England. B208. - - -, "Road Prestressed to Prevent Cracks", Engi- neering News Record, April 12, 1951, Vol. li<-6, No. 15, P- 57« ^00 ft. of roadway in England is prestressed as an experiment. Expected results are prevention of cracks, reduced number of expansion C-59 joints, improve riding quali-ty, lower maintenance costs. Construction procedure and prestressing method is given. B209" - - -) "Simple Prestressing System for Pedestrian Bridge", Engineering News Record, May 10, 1951? Vol. 1*4-6, No. 19, pp. 1^0-14-1. This article is concerned with the pedestrian bridge over the Arroyo Seco in Los Angeles c Prestressing was done according to Pre- stressed Concrete Corporation of Kansas City, Five wires stretched at a time. Consists of 2 girders 110 ft. long by 5 '-8" deep I-sections. Prestressing technique, including difficulties encountered, is given. Button-heads were put on end of wire . B210. - - -, "The Festival Exhibition Footbridges"., Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 1951, Vol. k6^ No. 539, pp. J)h6-3hd. Several pedestrian bridges have been built on the sight of the Festival of Britain. One such bridge is of prestressed concrete. The one single main beam supports a slab (cantilevered on both sides) about 12 ft. wide„ The bridge is continuous and length of spans vary from 5^ ft. to 76 ft. Freyssinet cables were used. All-, A9, AI8, A27, A65, AIO7, C2, C9, Cll, C20, 02*4, C27, C50, C51, D72,, D7ii-, d8o, d8i, D90j 119k, DlOl, Ekk. C-60 C. Design 1958 CI, Kilgus, E. M., "Moglichkeiten des Eiseneinsparens", Zement (Berlin), 1958, No. 25, pp. 26-28. Prestressed hollow concrete mast is compared with one made of ordinary reinforced concrete and it is shown that the prestressed mast is more economical in the amount of steel needed. 1959 C2. Hoyer, E., "Der Stahlsaitenbeton" , Band I, Trager und Flatten, Berlin -Wien-Leipzig, 1959? (Otto Eisner Verlagsgeselschaft) . This hook is divided into three chapters: First, general chapter is a discussion of the prestressed concrete in comparison with an ordinary reinforced concrete, description of materials suit- able for prestressed concrete. Both pre- and post-tensioned types are mentioned. Hoyer stresses the increase of the cracking load. The second chapter deals with the design of pretensioned members. The third is a description of the manufacture of pretensioned concrete members . The fourth chapter is a report of 8 series of tests all on pretensioned beams or related problems: 1. beam tests; 2. beam tests; 5' beam and floor tests; k. bond tests; 5' beam tests; 6. beam tests - effect of age; 7- sustain-load tests of steel; 8. fatigue tests of beams . 19^1 C5. Fornerod, M., "Factors in Prestressed Girder Design", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 19^1-1, Vol. kj. No. 6. pp. k69-hQ0. Discussion of a design theory in relation to the Walnut Lane Bridge . With the exception of the span length and the external load, the most important factors in the design are the ratio of the L. L. to D.L., shape of cross section, method of prestressing and erection., and the total allowance for the losses of prestress . Brief mention of the test of the Walnut Lane Bridge girder. C-61 19k2 Ck. Bertin, R. L.^, "Saving Steel in Reinforced Concrete", Proceedings^ American Concrete Institute, 19^2, Vol. 38^ Noo k. pp„ 281-288 » In discussion of this paper concerned with economy in the use of reinforcement Shorer and Kauf point out the feasability of saving steel by use of prestressed concrete. 19^3 C5o Billig, K., "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete", Jamaica^, New York, 19^3, (F . Billig) . General discussion of the developments and various methods of prestressingo Section on tests gives only incomplete information. Design theory for tension and flexural members is given. 19hh C6., Guyon, Y.., "Poutres et dalles pre'contraintes" , Institut Technique du Batiment et des Travaux Publics (Paris), Circulaire Serie J, No. 5, 19^i^ Design of flexural members dealt with at length. Resistance to shear discussed and examples worked out . Both cables and individual wires considered. 19*^5 C7. Abeles, P. W,, "Fully and Partly Prestressed Reinforced Concrete", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 19'<-5^ Vol. kl^ Noo 3., pp. l8i-2lU. A discussion of tests conducted by others . A history of development of prestressed concrete. Relative merits of full and partial prestressing where cracks are objectionable or where maximum design load is very infrequent. C8. Guyon, Y., "Etude sur les poutres continues et sur cer- tains systemes hyperstatiques en b^ton pr^ontraint" , Institut Tech- nique du Batiment et des Travaux Publics, Circulaire Serie J, Noc 8, Paris, 19^5. The paper deals with the design of continuous beams and frames of prestressed concrete. Particular attention is given to finding the eccentricity of the prestressing cables for all points along the beam. Examples included. C-a2 19^6 C9. Abeles, P. W., "Beams in Prestressed Reinforced Concrete", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^6, Vol, i*-l, Nos. 6-8, pp. lJ+7-15^, 191-199, 225-250. Description of the behavior of prestressed concrete beams at low loads. Working stress design formulas given. Description of pre- stressed members of existing bridges. Most of the material the same as in Abeles' book. "Principles and Practices of Prestressed Concrete"., CIO. Magnel, G., "Beton precontraint", Annales des Travaux Publics de Belgique, April, 19^6. This article is concerned with the design of simply supported flexural members. Methods of analysis and examples are given. Beams of variable moment of inertia are discussed. Much of this material is in Magnel's book. Cll. Pacholik, L., "Konstrukce c predpjateho betonu", (Pre- stressed concrete structures). Series "Konstrukter" No. 22, Prague I9I+6, (Publisher Gregr), Description of the basic principles of prestressed concrete, design theory and examples, construction procedures and examples of existing structures . C12. Schorer, H., "analysis and Design of Elementary Pre- stressed Concrete Members", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 19^6, Vol. 14-5, No. 1, pp. lt-9-8T. A fairly complete derivation of formulas required for the design of simply supported members of prestressed concrete. Also formulas for ultimate resisting moment. Examples given. 19^7 CI5. Weinberg, V., "Le beton precontraint" , Paris (Dunod, 92 Rue Bonaparte) ISkj . This book deals mostly with methods of design. Some dis- cussion of the behavior and characteristics of prestressed concrete and materials thereof is added. Several design examples are included. Cliv. - - -, "Road Bridge Design", The Reinforced Concrete Review, (London), Vol, 1, No, 7, pp. 205-206., I9I+7. Abstract of a paper by J. E. Jones in which comparison was made between prestressed concrete slab bridges and similar bridges in reinforced concrete. C-63 191^8 CI5. Abeles_, P. W.^ "Examples of the Design of Prestressed Concrete Beams", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19i4-8, Vol. h^, Noo 5, p. ll<-9o Method of section design with examples. Discussion of pre- stressing the continuous beams - the present design of continuous beam "Is considered inadequate » CI6. Abeles, P. W., "The Behavior of Prestressed Concrete at Cracking", Int. Assoco Bridge and Struct. Eng., Third Congress, Final Report^ Liege 19h8, pp. 575-578. Discussion of the allowable stresses with reference to the cracking characteristics of prestressed concrete beams « Based on British and Swiss tests C17<. Abeles, Po Wo, "The Economy of Prestressed Concrete", Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng,, Third Congress, Final Report, Liege 19i^8, pp. 575-578. A comparative study based on conditions in Great Britain. Full prestress vs. partial prestress. Prestress vs. steels Favors partial prestress . CI8. Barets, T.., "Method pour la determination rapids des diagrammes d' efforts tranchants reduits optima dans le poutres en beton precontraint a cables releves" , Travaux (Pairis), 19'^-8, Vol. 32, Wo. 168, pp. 5^+1-5^^. A graphical method for determination of optimum spacing for curved-up cables in prestressed concrete beams . CI9. Billig, K., "A Proposal for a Draft Code of Practice for Prestressed Reinforced Concrete", (P.R.C,)^ London I9I+8. A tentative proposal of specifications published as a phamphlet . C20. Magnel, G _, "Beton prexontraint" , French Edition, Ghent 19kQ (published by Fecheyer) First English Edition, London 19i»-8, (Concrete Publications Limited), Second English Edition London 1950. General reference concerned primarily with beams . A large portion of this book is devoted to Magnel 's tests. C21. Abeles, P, W., "Principles and Practices of Prestressed Concrete", British Edition 19^+8 j, American Edition (Ungar Publ. Co.) New York 19^9. This book deals mainly with prestressed concrete beams. c-64 19^9 C22. Baker, A. L. L., "Reinforced Concrete", London 19i<-9, (Concrete Publications Ltd.). Chapter VI on pp. 165-196 deals with prestressed concrete; partly general discussion of the principles involved, but largly with design on the basis of working loads. C23. Billig, K., "The Ultimate Load and Factor of Safety of Prestressed Concrete", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 19^9, Vol. kk, No. 520, pp. 579-581 No. 521, pp. 651-65^ No. 522, pp. 721-723 1950, Vol. 1^5, No. 523, pp. 39-^0 Design procedure based on Bernoulli's hypothesis, statics, and stress-strain diagrams for steel and concrete. Numerical values computed for a pole are compared with the test results . C24. Dischinger, F., "Stahlbrucken im Verbund mit Stahl- betondruckplatten bei gleichzeitiger Vorspannung durch hochwertige Seile," Der Bauingenieur (Berlin), 19^4-9, Vol. 2^, Nos . 11-12, pp. 321-332, 36i^-376. This paper deals with the subject of prestressing composite steel and concrete girder bridges. Typical examples of stress analysis under various conditions are given. The Dischinger-Finsterwalder method of prestressing. 1950 C25. Baker, A. L. L., "A Plastic Design Theory for Rein- forced and Prestressed Concrete Shell Roofs", Magazine of Concrete Research (London), 1950, Vol. 2, No. k, pp. ZJ-^h. A theory is proposed which provides a simple method for de- signing shell roofs, including prestressed shells. This method takes into account the plasticity and cracking of the concrete as the ultimate load is approached. The possible limits of shear stress distribution across a trsuasverse section are considered and it is shown that the bending moment does not vary greatly between these limits. The theory is intended as a basis for experimental work to be done in the near futxire at Imperial College, London. C26. Balaca, A. P., "Dimensionamientos anelasticos en hor- migon pretensado", Informes de la Construction (Madrid), October, 1950, Vol. 5, No. 2h, Section it-57-1, pp. 1-7 Ultimate design of prestressed concrete beams. C-65 C27<. Bruggeliag,, A.S.G.j Hartman., J.A.H.; Meischke., J, C.^ "Voorgesparmen Beton", 1950.-> Uitgeverij Waitmari;, pp. 268. This book would be of interest to both students and designing engineers „ The book contains the general and basic concepts of pre- stressed concrete, methods of prestressing and fabrication, properties of materials, a large section on design and analysis^ and a section on description of structures built , C28o King, J. W. H=, "The Design of Prestressed Concrete Beams from Fundamental Principles", Concrete and Constructional Engi- neering (London), 1950 ;, Vol» i*-5.? No. 9, pp» 3O7-319. Outline of principles for design of prestressed concrete beams. This design is based on Bernoulli's hypothesis, statics, and stress- strain diagrams for steel and concrete. Pre-tensioned and post-ten- sioned (both bonded and unbonded) types eire discussed. Numerical examples are given. C29=^ Lammlein, A., "Ueber the Wirtschaftlichkeit von Spann- beton-Strassen-Brucken", Beton und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 1950, Vol. U5, No. 3, pp. 66-68. Economic comparative study of a highway bridge design in pre- stressed and reinforced concrete . The prestressed concrete bridge was more economical both in quantities of materials and overall costs. The prestressed structure was built. C30. Magnel, G.> "Prestressed Concrete", London I9U8 (Con- crete Publications Ltd.), Second Edition, London 1950. English edition of the book Beton precontraint by the same author . C5I • Riisch, H . , "Erlauterungen zu den Richtlinien fur die Bemessung vorgespannter Sthalbetonbauteile" . Beton und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), I95O, Vol. 1+5, No 5, pp. IO8-II6. Explanations to the German specifications (1950) for pre- stressed concrete o C32. Silvera., V, M., "A Method of Design for Shell Con- crete Roofs Using Prestressed Edge Beams", ^4agazine of Concrete Re- search (London), 1950, Vol. 2^ No. k, pp. S-lk. Design theory described. C33. Uziel,, F. J., "Determining Optimum Cross Section for Prestressed Concrete Girders", Proceedings American Concrete Institute, 1950, Vol. 1+7, Noc 5, pp. 197-212. Formulas for the design of simply supported prestressed con- crete girders, based on allowable stresses. )-66 C^k. - - -, "Vorgespanute Stahlbetonbauteile, Richtlinien fOr die Bemessxmg", Beton und StahlTaetonbau (Berlin), 1950, Vol. k^, No. h, pp. 80-90. German tentative specifications for prestressed concrete. 1951 C55. Abeles, P. W., "The Ultimate Resistance of Prestressed Concrete Beams", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1951, Vol. kS, No. 10, pp. 295-503. This paper discusses ultimate failures of prestressed concrete beams and offers design formulas for bonded and unbonded cases of rectangular and I -sections . C56. Billig, K., "Pretensioned Concrete", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 1951^ Vol. hS, Nos . 556, 557. PP° 96-98, 181-182. A method is suggested for pre-tensioning compression members such as columns and arches in order to reduce the dead loado C37' Billner, K. P., "Economical Cross Section of Prestressed I-Beams and Box Girders Determined Graphically", Proceedings, Americeui Concrete Institute, 1951, Vol. h'J , No. 7, pp. 565-567, Letters from Readers Section. A trial and error design method. Tension is not permitted in the concrete. C58. Bjuggren, Ulf, "The Ultimate Bending Strength of Bonded Prestressed Concrete", Congres International du B^ton Pre'contraint, Commiinication No. B-10, 1951' This paper presents an ultimate design theory for bonded pre- stressed concrete beams. The method incorporates a factor of safety of 1.2 against cracking and 2.5 against bending failui-e. It is used in design of beams at AB Betong industri's factory in Stockholm. C39- Brown, V. J., "How to Design a Prestressed Concrete Tee Beam", Roads and Streets, June, 1951, Vol. ^\, No. 6, pp. hj-'^k. This paper goes through step-by-step the design of T-beam girders of 75 ft. span for a bridge over the Rio Grande River in New Mexico. The design was made by engineers of the John A. Roebling's Sons Co. and featiires the Roebling cable and end anchorages. CkO. Bruggeling, A.S.G., "Coefficients pour dimensionner les constructions en beton pre'contraint. Constructions Isostatiques", Travaux (Paris), I951, Vol. 55, No. I96, pp. 2^7-255. Set of tables for the design of I- and T-beams. C-67 C^l. Channey, D, L.. "Design of Prestressed Concrete", Pro- ceedings of the Second Annual Structxiral Engineering Conference ^ Bulletin of the Florida Engineering Experiment Station ^7, 1951j PP' 22-260 Fundamental principles of the design of prestressed concrete -sections . Ci4-2. Coff, L., "Fine Wires Uneconomical", Engineering News Record, May 2l4-, 1951, Vol. ikB., No. 21, p. h^J. Reader Comment Section. Discussion of Abeles' paper ENR April 12, p. 42. Coff suggests that cables are more logical and economical for the American practice . Ckj), Coff, L., "Prestressed Roads Favored", Engineering Hews Record, June 28;, 1951.. Vol. 1^4-6, No. 26, p;. ^4-6. Reader Comment Section. In this discussion of the paper "Roads prestressed to prevent cracks" (EKR April 12, 1951, p. 57) it is pointed out that crackless roadways of prestressed concrete might be an acceptable solution in spite of the higher initial costs . Ckk. Devis, C. E., "Prestressed Concrete: Outline of Design for Bending Stresses", Magazine of Concrete Research (London), 1951> No. 6, pp. 125-126. Design procedure for beams. It is recommended to use a rec- tangular section as a preliminary guide for the design. Simple expressions for losses of prestress. Nothing new. Ck^, Feld, J., "Watchmaking Prestressing", Engineering News Record, October 11, I951, Vol. 1^4-7, No. I5, pp. 14-8-51. Reader Comment Section. General comments to the First US Conference on Prestressed Concrete- The author expresses his opinion that prestressing methods of the present day are too costly for the American market. 0^4-6. Fornerod, M., "General Design and Economic Considera- tions in the Planning of Prestressed Concrete Structures", Proceed- ings of the First United States Conference on i-restressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of JTechnology, August, 1951> PP« 178-185- This paper presents a broad outline of the problems connected with prestressed concrete. The paper is discussed with W. E. Dean of Florida Bridge Dept. with respect to factor of safety and cost. CI47, Freyssinet; Magnel; Lardy; Lossier; Baker; Abeles; Lee; Singleton-Green, "Notation for Prestressed Concrete", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1951^ Vol. kS, No. 2, pp. 61-63 . c-68 Each of the authors states his views in a separate paragraph on the desirability and chance of establishing an international standard notation for prestressed concrete design. Most authors agree that such notation would be desirable but impossible; no such standardi- zation was ever achieved even for reinforced concrete. C^8, Germundsson, T., "Prestressed Concrete Design Concepts", Proceedings of the" First United States Conference on Prestressed Con- crete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951^ PP- 186- 194 o This paper outlines the steps encountered in designing a girder and works through a design problem for illustration « Behavior at various states of loading is discussed. The paper is discussed by the late Dean Poabody who briefly discusses working stresses and design methods . C49. Hadley, H. M., "Why Prestress?", Engineering News Re- cord, December 20, 1951, Vol. ik"], No. 25, p. 11- Reader Comment Section a Short discussion of Feld's letter (ENR October 11, 1951^ p. ^9) in which Hadley concurs with the opinion that present methods of prestressing are too expensive . C5O0 King, J.W.H., "A Fundamental Approach to Prestressed Concrete Design", The Structiiral Engineer (London), 1951? Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 12-20. A design procedure based on the flexure formula. All that is necessary is to know the stress-strain properties of the concrete and of the steel. Examples are worked for illustration. C5I. Kirkland, CW.; Goldstein, A., "The Design and Con- struction of a Large Span Prestressed Concrete Shell Roof", The Structural Engineer (London), 1951, Vol. 29, No. k, pp. 107-127. Description of the design problems and procedures and of the construction of a large garage in England. C52. Lazarides, T. 0., "The Use of Unstressed Wires in Pre- tensioned Concrete Members", Magazine of Concrete Research (London), 1951, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 119-122. In the serial fabrication of pre-tensioned wires odd lengths of wire are left over. These odd lengths may be used effectively as additional unstressed reinforcement on the compression side to prevent danger of breaking the beams during handling or as stirrups, C55. Mahler, M., "Whither Prestressing?" > Engineering News Record, December 27, 1951, Vol. ik^ , No. 26, p. 7., Reader Comment Section. Discussion of letters by Feld (Eng.<, October 11, p- ^8) and by Winter (JENR, Nov. 1, p. 65) in which Mahler advances the opinion C-69 that there is nothing wrong with using European techniques at first. He also advocates teaching of prestressed concrete as a separate subject. C5^„ Parme, A. L.; Paris, G. H., "Analysis of Continuous Prestressed Concrete Structures", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951, pp. 195-206. This paper deals with the analysis of continuous members of prestressed concrete. Particular attention is given to beams with continuous curved cables, discontinuous straight cables, curved and straight haunches . Tables are given for finding the moments for these various conditions . C55' Parme, A.L.; Paris, G-H., "Designing for Continuity in Prestressed Concrete Structures", Proceedings, American Concrete Insti- tute, 1951, Vol. ^8, No. 1, ppo 14-5-54. Outline of a design procedure for continuous prestressed concrete beams with numerical examples. Design is based on working loads, but factor of safety against the ultimate capacity of the de- sign section is also considered. A-k, A-75, A-76, A-78, B-80, B-99, D-li+, D-59, D-67, D-70, D-85, D-90, D-95. c-70 Miscellaneous 1907-1955 Dlo Koenen, M., "Wie karm die Anwendung des Eisenbetones in der Eisenbahnverwaltimg wesentlich gefordert werden'% Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung (Berlin), September 28; I907, Vol, 27, No. 79, pp. 520-522. Koenen sviggests that the cracking load of a reinforced con- crete beam may be increased by pretensioning the reinforcing bars . The paper contains a scheme for pretensioning (a similar scheme was used later by Bach and Graf) and gives an example of calculating the stresses before cracking. D2. Polivka, J. J., "Wettsteinove betonove' desky (prkna)", Technicka encyklopedie, Vol, 15 .« PP = 555-556, Prague „ 1955 - English translation in ACI Proceedings Vol, kS^ pp. 12k-k--^2k-% 1950. Description of pre stressed concrete planks pretensioned with piano wire , Manufacture began around 1920 . 1955 D^ Freyssinet, E., "Progres pratique des methodes de traitment mecanique des betons", Travaux (Paris), 1955 ^ Vol. 19, No, 50, pp. 199-210. General discussion of prestressed concrete. Detailed de- scriptions of some of his structures . 0)4-0 Freyssinet, E._, "Une revolution dans les techniques de beton". Bulletin de la Societe des Ingenieurs Civile, Paris, 1955; pp. 645-67)+, Freyssinet 's theory of molecular attraction; an attempt to explain shrinkage and creep of concrete is discussed at length The process and advantages of prestressing are described. Tests of pre- stressed concrete masts are compared with the results of tests of masts of ordinary reinforced concrete . Description of various appli- cations of prestressed concrete. 1956 D5. Freyssinet, E,, "A Revolution in the Technique of the Utilization of Concrete", The Structural Engineer (London), 1956, Vol. Ik, No. 5? pp. 242-262, This is the same material as in the paper "Une revolution dans les techniques de b^ton" Paris 1955. c-71 d6, Freyssinet,, Eo^ "Practical Improvements in the Mechani- cal Treatment of Concrete"^ Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Second Congress, Preliminary Publication, Berlin 19^6 (W. Ernst), pp. 197-222. Similar to "A Revolution in the Technique of Utilization of Concrete", except that it does not include his theory of hardening of concrete . D7. Lossier, H., "Les fissures du beton arme". Genie Civil (Paris), 1936, Vol. IO8, Wo. 8-9, PP- 182-186, 202-206. Discussion of the cracking of reinforced concrete . Explana- tion of the principles of prestressed concrete and examples of various structures built of prestressed concrete. Discussion of the possibi- lities of the use of expanding cements as the prestressing medium and mention of the tests made with these cements. D8. Mautner, K. W.,, "Spannbeton nach dem Freyssinet-Ver- fahren", Beton und Eisen (Berlin), I936, Vol. 55> No. I9, pp. 320- Discussion of the basic principles and advantages of pre- stressed concrete. Discussion of the test of a prestressed concrete I-beam (same as reported by Opperman in 19^0 in more detail) and of tests of prestressed concrete pipes. D9» Mautner, K. W.„ "The Elimination of Tension in Concrete and the Use of High Tensile Steel by the Freyssinet Method", Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Second Congress, Final Report, Berlin 1936, (W. Ernst) . Brief review of Freyssinet 's work in prestressing. Discus- sion of the necessity of using the high strength wire. It is argued that a lower factor of safety may be used for prestressing than for ordinary concrete work as prestressed concrete is free of cracks. DIO. Paris, A,, "Mise en tension pre'alable des armatures du beton arme, son principle, son calcul, ses application". Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande (Lausanne), 1936, Vol. 62, No. 25, p. 303. A preview of an article published by the same author and magazine a year later: "Mise en tension preable des armatures du beton ai'me" . Dll, - - -> "Une revolution dans les techniques du beton", Travaux (Paris), 1936, Vol. 20, No. 37 j P- 17- This is a resume of the paper "Une revolution dans les techniques de beton" byE. Freyssinet (Paris 1935)* c-72 1937 D12. Kuhn^ R., "Ein beachtenswerter Fortschritt im Eisen- betonbau". Die Bautechnik (Berlin), 1957^ Vol, 15 j, No, 55;, p, 758, Short description of the basic idea of prestressed concrete and of a few works by Freyssinet and others, DI5, Lenk, K., "Herstellung und Anwendxing von Spannbeton", Beton und Eisen (Berlin), 1957> Vol, 56,, No, 10, pp, 161-169, Short historical review. Description of basic principles. Manufacturing of high quality concrete discussed. Description of a test of an I-beam (same test described better by Opperman in 19^+0), Examples of use of prestressed concrete for pipes and beams cited. Short discussion of this paper by H, Craemer in dtto^ Vol, 365, 1931 s No. 18, pp. 305-304 and reply by Lenk on p, 30^4-, 'Dlk. Paris, A,, "Mise en tension preable des armatures du beton arme". Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande (Lausanne), 1937 Vol. 63, No, 1-3, pp, 2-6, 14-16., 28-3IJ-. First part is devoted primarily to the methods of prestress- ing, second part to the technology of high strength concrete and third to the design principles and uses of prestressed concrete. 1938 DI5. Friedrich, E., "Staiilseitenbetontrager in Hochbau", Deutsche Bauzeitimg, I938, Vol, 72, No. 39, pp. IO65-IO68, Describes some of beams built by Hoyer in Germany Materials „ method of prestressing and some tests are discussed briefly, DI6. Rosov, I, A,, "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete and its Possibilities for Bridge Construction", Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, I938, Vol, IO3, pp, 133i(-1565, A fairly complete discussion of prestressed concrete simply supported flexural members. Formulas and design examples included. Especially interesting are the discussions by several prominent engi- neers who expressed their doubt as to the practicability of prestressed concrete . DI7. - - -, "Stahlseitenbeton" 5 Schweizerische Bauzeitung (Zurich), 1958, Vol, 112, No, 8, p, 9I, Short summary of a report given by E, Hoyer at the conven- tion of "die Deutsche Akademie fur Bauf orschung" in Munster (Germany) July 15-17^ 1938. General description of pretensioned beams. Wire 0.5 to 3.0 mm., yield point 2^000 kg/sq, cm. C-75 1939 Dl8 Floris, A,;, "Steel String Concrete", Engineering News Record, August 5, 1959> Vol= 125, No. 5, P« 155 • Short elementary description of the behavior of prestressed concrete flexiiral members of Hoyer system, DI9. Kleinlogel, A=, "Der Stahlseitenbeton System Hoyer", Beton und Eisen, (Berlin), 1959^ Vol. 58, No- 8, pp. iJ+l-li^?. This paper gives a brief historical review of the European work on prestressed concrete and describes Hoyer's system. Tests, described in more detail in Hoyer's book, are summarized. The method of prestressing and the manxifacturing process are described. D20 - - -.» "Recent Discussions of the Prestressing of Reinforced Concrete, Report of Committee on Masonry", Proceedings, American Railway Engineering Association, 1959? Vol. kO, pp. 451-i*-52, Very brief article which attempts to tell what prestressing concrete is; its advantages, purposes, etc. It also reviews some literature current to the time . 19i^Q T321. Emperger, F. v., "Ziel und Zweck der Vorspannung im Eisenbetonbau", Die Bautechnik (Berlin), 19^0, Vol, I8, Nos . 22-25, pp. 255-255 Emperger considers the elimination of cracking as the primary task of prestressing. An example is given in this paper which illus- trates saving of steel by adding few prestressed wires to a beam of ordinary reinforced concrete. Problems of simplified prestressing techniques are discussed shortly. D22. Friedrich, E., "Die Verwandung von hochwertigen Bau- stahlen und die Wege zur Eisenersparniss im Eisenbetonbau" , Beton und Eisen (Berlin), 19I+O, Vol, 59, No, 1, pp. II-I6. One short paragraph in this paper deals with prestressed concrete construction- It includes some historical information and reasons for use of high strength steel in prestressed concrete. D25. Gueritte, T J., "Development of Prestressed Concrete - Economy in the Use of Steel", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London)^ 19^0, Vol, 55, No ^+09, PP- 201-20^^. Basic theory and advantages of prestressed concrete Long line manufacturing process , Test of one beam from the long line process - complete test procedure given, but data on the properties of materials incomplete. Savings of materials discussed briefly. c-7^ D24. Gueritte, T. J., "Recent Developments of Prestressed Concrete Construction with Resulting Economy in Use of Steel", Structural Engineer (London), 19^0, Vol. l8, Ho. 7, ppo 626-6h2 Short resume of Freyssinet's work. Description of manufacture of precast suid cast in place beams. Test of one beam described o Mautner's appendix on design. D25. Pistor, "Die Anwendung von Vorspeuinungen im Stahl- betonbau", Beton und Eisen (Berlin), 19^0, Vol. 59, Ko„ 11, pp. 150- Discussion of the general behavior and basic principles of prestressed concrete. Description of various systems of prestressing, pstrticularly of that advocated by Dischinger and Finsterwalder . De- scription of few structures. 19^+1 D26. Billig, K., "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete"^ Trans- action, Institute of Civil Engineers of Ireland (Dublin), 19^1^ Vol. 68, pp. 33-90. The author discusses briefly the cracking of reinforced con- crete and the early attempts of preventing the cracking by prestress- ing. Short discussion of losses of prestress is followed by rather detailed description of vaurious existing methods of prestressing, Short chapters are devoted to the description of existing structures and to discussion of tests. A rather lengthy part of the paper deals with shell structures. The paper is broad in scope, interesting and informative . 19^2 ^ D27. Campeau, C. E., "Etude du beton avec usage des pre contraintes". Revue Trimesstrielle, Canadienne, 19*^2, Vol. 28, Ko. 112, pp. kkk-k60. General discussion of the progress made in prestressed con- crete in America. Design equations given and illustrated on an example. Means of prestressing and anchoring the wires listed. Need for tests discussed. D28. Dodds, Ao K., "Prestressed Concrete," Architect and Building News (London), I9U2, Vol., I70, No. 5836, pp., I76-I78, Short discussion of the general subject of prestressed con- crete . C-75 D29» Ehlers "Vom Stahlbeton zum Spannbeton" , Der Bauingen- ieur (Berlin), 19^2, Vol, 25, Nos. 40-i^2, pp. 5OO-502. Discussion of the differences between the prestressed and ordinary reinforced concrete based on Freyssinet's paper "Une revolu- tion dans I'art de batir: Les constructions precontraintes," Travaux 19iH. D50. Freysainet; E - ., "L'emploi d'armatures precontraintes reglables dans les constructions en beton arme"^ Genie Civil, (Paris);, 19^2, Vol. 119, Wo, 2i»-, po 2980 Freyssinet reviews the work done by others in the field of prestressed concrete prior to his own work, and claims that he intro- duced the use of high strength wire to overcome the difficulties caused by creep. This article seems to have been inspired by a brief his- torical introduction to Lossier's paper "Types des pontes en beton arme" avec armatures precontraintes reglabes" = D5I Richart, F. E, "Prestressed Steel in Reinforced Con- crete", Proceedings^ American Concrete Institute, 19^2, Vol. 59.? No„ 2„ p. 1260 Job Problems and Practice Section. Richart answers the question regarding the use of prestressed concrete (in light of the knowledge and economic conditions of 19^2). Used for tanks and similar structui'es where prevention of cracking is desirable, D52. - - -^ "Le beton precontraint" , Travaux (Paris), 19^2, Vol. 26, No. 108, pp. 170-171. A brief article describing prestressed concrete and its advantages . D55- - - -.9 "Prestressed Concrete", Science Library (London) Bibliography Series No. 572. 19^+2 This is a list of references on prestressed concrete written between years 1956 and 19^0. (All of these references are now in- cluded in this card catalogue ., ) . 19^3 B^k. Abeles, P. W., "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete", Architects' Journal, (London), 19l*-5,, Vol. 97. No. 2526, pp. lHO-t*-ll. Short article on merits of partial prestressing. D55. Evans, R. H., "Recent Developments in Structural Engineering , Engineering (London), 19^5> Vol. 155, Nos. 1+025-1^02^, pp. 155-156, 176. A brief resume of the development of prestressed concrete . c-76 Discussion of creep. Equations are given for principal stresses and factor of safety against cracking is discussed. A comparison of quantities of materials for a prestressed and an ordinary reinforced concrete beams is given. D36. Freyssinet, E., "Une revolution dans I'art de batir; les constructions pre'contraints". Genie Civil (Paris), 19^3, Vol, 120. No. 8, p. 95. Freyssinet explains briefly the principle of prestressed con- crete . D57' Hajnal-Kanyi, K., "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete", Architects' Joiirnal (London), 19^+3^ Vol. 97, No. 2519, PP= 300-302. Very brief resume of early attempts at prestressing. Ex- planation of elementary theory of prestressed concrete. D380 Lenk, K., "Die Entwicklung des Spannbetons , " Beton und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin), 19ll-3, Volo k2, Nos . 19-20, pp. 114-5-50. Description of the evolution of prestressed concrete from con- ventional reinforced concrete, listing most of the early attempts made by European investigators. Credits Freyssinet with the actual development into a usable form. A few of the early prestressed con- crete structures are described. D39' Morsch, E., "SpannbetontrSger" , Verlag von Konrad Wittwer in Stuttgart, 19^3 . This book deals primarily with working load design of rec- tangular and I-cross sections. Short history and description of tests of two large beams (See Oppermann 19^0) are included. D40. Schorer, H.^ "Prestressed Concrete Design Principles and Reinforcing Units", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 191^3, Vol.. 59, No. 6, pp. i^93-528. General discussion of the basic concepts and various problems in prestressed concrete. Results of tests of prisms and beams are given in fairly complete form. D^H. Stucky, A., "Le beton precontraint (principes, materi- aux et precedes)," Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande (Lausanne), 19^3, Vol. 69, NOo Ik, pp„ 161-168. Explanation of the basic principles of prestressed concrete and discussion of such problems as cracking, creep, shrinkage. De- scription of prestressing methods, discussion of various tests. C-77 19M4- D42. Etevc;, J., "Le beton precontraint: Technique. Utilisa- tion. Application aux travaux coloniaux", Travaux (Paris);, 19^*-^, Vol. 28, No= 131, pp.. 127-132, 136. The author explains the disadvantages of the ordinary rein- forced concrete and the theory and advantage of prestressed concrete. Description of several structures is followed by the description of Freyssinet's anchorages and of the pretentioned system without anchor- ages. D43. Guyon, Y.j "Theorie des poutres et dalles en beton pre- contraint", Institut Technique du Batiment et des Travaux Publics, Circulaire Series J, No. 1, Paris, 19^. Discussion of the basic principles of prastressing for beams with constant cross-section. Description of Freyssinet's system of prestressing and of Freyssinet's double-acting jack. Prestressed beams are compared with beams of reinforced concrete and the savings in steel is pointed out. DW . Murray, V. W., "Postvrar Concrete Bridge Design", Roads and Bridges, IS'^'^, Vol. 82, No. 11, pp. 56-57, 88-9O. Discussion of the possibility of using prestressed concrete for bridge construction and brief description of the fundamental prin- ciples of prestressing. 19i^5 Di<-5- Magnel, G., "Prestressed Concrete - Some New Develop- ments", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19^5; Vol. i+0, Nos. 11-12, pp. 221-232, 249-251^, and 19i^6, Vol. h\, No. 1, pp. 10-21. Some examples of comparisons between reinforced and prestressed concrete designs are given. Description of Freyssinet's and Magnel 's system of anchorages. Some tests of beams are described and descrip- tions of several structures are also given. Most of this material is in Magnel ' s book "B^ton Precontraint" . d46. Quintal, R., "La penurie d'acier et le beton precon- traint". Revue Trimesstrielle, Canadienne, 19^5, Vol. Jl, No. 122, pp. 129-138. Behavior of concrete reinforced with high strength steel is compared with the behavior of prestressed concrete. Basic design equations are given. Losses of prestress are discussed. C-70 19^6 Bkl , Billig, K., "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete'% Rein- forced Concrete Association (London), Technical Paper Noo 5» 19^- General description of the history, behavior, prestressing operation and existing structures of prestressed concrete. 'DkQ, Carrier, Jo P«, "Precompressed Concrete Design", Engi- neering Journal (Montreal), 19^6 j, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. k62-6, ^66-9, kd2. This paper deals with basic concepts of prestressed concrete design. Discussion of the advantages of prestressed concrete. Example of design Methods of prestressing. Description of a few structv}xes„ Di<-9» Murray, V. S., "Prestressed Concrete Bridges", Roads and Bridges, 19^6, Vol. Qk, No. 6, pp. iH-i+6o Same material as in Magnel's book. Discussed: principle of prestressing, methods of prestressing, possible uses of prestressing other than beams . D50. - - -;; "Prestressed Concrete", The Builder (London),, 19i)-6., Volo 170, No. 5571, p. 59. A general, not very complete description of the basic prin- ciples of prestressed concrete^ methods of prestressing and few examples of useso 191^7 D5I. Coff, L03 "Prestressed Concrete" ^ American City, New York, 19l(-7, Vol. 62, No. 9, pp. 112-113. Brief description of the fundamental theory of prestressing Examples of structures built in Europe . Very general, written for the laymen. D52. Coff, L., "Prestressed Concrete for Bridges and Slabs" American Association of State Highway Officials, New York City Con- vention Group Meetings, Papers and Discussions, 19^7.. Published by AASHO, 1220 National Press Building, Washington 4, D. C.., pp. 198-22.5. Description of Roebling"s developments, some tests and con- struction of their jointless slab. Gives cost data showing an advantage of using prestressed concrete . D55. Magnel, G., "The Principles of Prestressed Concrete", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 19i<-7 , Vol. ^2^ No. i^97, pp. kQB, kgo, 14-92. General discussion of prestressed concrete o C-79 D5^. Magnel^ G.^ "The Principles of Prestressed Concrete", Engineering Joxirnal (Montreal), 19^7, Vol, 50, No. J., pp. 110-112 This paper is a resume of several talks given by the author before various branches of the Engineering Institute of Canada in May, 19i)-6. The author points out the advantages of prestressed concrete, compares the designs of a reinforced and of a prestressed concrete slab bridge. Explanation of the Magnel's method of prestressing and of prestressing with outside cables, and of pretensioningo 19i^8 D55= Abeles, F. W„, "The Development of Prestressed Concrete". Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 19kQ, Vol. k'^^ Part 1: No, ^99, pp. 26-29 Part 2: No, 500, pp. 86-90 Part 5: No. 501., pp. 1^+5-150 Part hi No. 502, pp. 200-206 Part 5: No, 505, pp. 2^^8-251 Part 6: No. 504^ pp. 506-512 Part 7: No. 505, PP» 558-561^ Part 8: No. 506, pp. iHl^-i4-l8 Part 9: No. 507, pp. kSk-kjO Part 10; No. 508, pp. 519-52l^ D56. Armstrong, W.E.I., "Prestressed and Post-stressed Con- crete", Surveyor (London), 19i^8, Vol. IO7, No. 2922, pp. 77-78. Pretensioned and post-tensioned concrete are defined and basic principles of prestressing are explained. The advantages of prestressed concrete over ordinary reinforced concrete are discussed. D57- Elliott, L. W , "Recent Development in irestressed Concrete", The Builder, (London), 1914-8, Vol. 175, No. 5520, pp. 659- 665. This is a summary of a paper given by Elliott before ARIBAo Discussion of the principle of prestressing, of pretensioning and post -tensioning. Description of Freyssinet and Magnel's methods, structures, construction and economy. D58 Evans, R. H. , "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete", Journal of the Institute of Municipal Engineers (London), 19^8, Vol. 7^, No. 11> PP 565-596. This paper has a short historical introduction; explanation of basic principles of prestressing; design formulas for working load design; discussion of present day knowledge of such subjects as creep, shrinkage and bond; and a short discussion of applications of prestressed concrete . c-80 D59. Richart^ F. E.^, "Advances in Reinforced Concrete During the Past Quarter of Century", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 191^8, Vol. kk, No. 8, pp. 720-751. Very brief statement of development and futiire possible uses on pp. 727-7280 D60o Anderson^ F.,, "Reinforced Concrete with Special Refer- ence to Prestressed Concrete", Journal of the Institution of Municipal Engineers (London), 19i^9, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 257-268. Subjects discussed-, history of prestressed concrete, various systems of prestressing, losses in prestress due to creep, shrinkage and slipping of wires, quality requirements for materials, advantages of prestressing and structures built. D61. Campus, F., "Le beton precontraint" , Revue Universalle des Mines de la Metallurgie des Travaux Publics (Liege), 19^9 ji 9'^^ Series, Vol. 5., No- 12, pp. 14-21-^4-56. Description of the basic principles of prestressed concrete, its design, some tests and numerous examples of actually built structures. D62. Caquot, A., "Les bases scientif iques de la precon- trainte", Travaux (Paris), 1914-9, Vol. I55, No. 178, pp. 311-512. This paper is based on the opening speech made before the Scientific Association of Prestress and gives some history of the development of prestressed concrete. Brief discussion of the be- havior of prestressed concrete and description of some methods of prestressing. D65" Dischinger, F., "Weitgespannte Tragwerke" , Der Bau- ingenieur (Berlin), 19^9:» Vol. 2k, No. 7^ pp. 193-199; Wo. 9« PP ^ 275-28O; No. 10, pp. 508-314. Creep is discussed with respect to pretensioning and post- tensioning; construction of arches, domes, and shells of prestressed concrete is discussed. Prestressed trusses and girders prestressed according to Finsterwalder s principles are discussed D64. Freyssinet, E., "Evolution du rSle des pre'contraintes dans les constructions et consequences de leur utilisation systema- tique", Travaux (Paris), 1914-9, Vol. 33, No. I78, pp. 315-32I. A good discussion of the problems of prestressed concrete o C-81 D65 " Freyssiaet,, E._, "Observations sur le ■beton precontraint". Travaiix (Paris), 19^9? Volo 33, No. 172, pp, kT-fO, Very good review of Freyssinet's work in development, promot- ing and use of prestressed concrete. This same article can be found in U . of I . library also under q 695-5 B^65 (a reprint containing both Lalande's paper "Diversite'' des application du beton pre'contraint" Travaux 19^9.? No . I7I, and this paper ) . d66 > Lalande^, M.^ "Diver site'' des application du beton pre- contraint", Travaux (Paris), 19^+9, Vol. 55, No« I7I, pp. 2-22. Description of Freyssinet method of prestressing and his anchorages^ description of existing structures, construction and manu- facturing processes . Can be found in University of Illinois library also under number q695'5> Bk6^ (this is a reprint containing both this and Freyssinet's paper "Observations sur le b^ton pre'contraint" , Travaux 19^9, No. 172 o) d67" Thomas, F. G-^ "Prestressed Concrete", Proceedings of the Conference held at the Institution, Institute of Civil Engineers, (London), 19l)-9' This paper is a review of the present day state of develop- ment of prestressed concrete. Methods of design are presfented in general terms as well as the methods of prestressing and construction. Examples of existing structures are given and data on a great number of such structures compiled in tabular forms . One relatively short chapter is devoted to the experimental work. D68, Walsh, H. v.; Cefola, A., "Prestressed Concrete", Architectural Record, 19^9^ Vol. I06, No. 2, pp. 156-1^2. Discussion of the basic principles and behavior of prestressed concrete and j^otographs of European bridges and buildings. Written for architects. D69. Walter, E.^ "Pioneer Overlooked", Engineering News Record, October 20, I9U9, Vol. li';5, No. I6, p. 100; Reader Comment Section. In this discussion of Coff 's paper (ENR, September 1, 19^9) the author points out that Karl Wettstein received a patent in I92I and manufactured prestressed concrete slabs preteiisioned with piano wire The planks were manufactured in various plants . C-82 1950 DTO. Abeles, P= Wo, "Fiarther Notes on the Principles and Design of Prestressed Concrete", Civil Engineering and Public Works Review (London), 1950, Vol. k^, 1951, Vol. k-6 Part 1: Part 2: Part 5: Part im- part 5: No, No, No, No^ No, 529. 550, 551. 532, 533. pp. pp. pp. pp. pp. l^.l^5 -14.14.5 508-512 579-581 657-662 728-731 6t 7o 8; 10 1 11: 12: No, No, No. No, No. No. No. 555.. pp. 537, pp. 538, 5i^0. 5^5. pp. pp. PP pp. pp. 38-uo 187-190 . 262-26!^ 1^39 _b42 52i«-526 775-778 861-864 Discussion of the behavior of prestressed concrete beams with reference to the sustained load tests conducted by the Ministry of Works; Discussion of the moment resisting capacity of prestressed concrete beams with procedure for calculating the ultimate capacity of such beams; Partial prestressing discussed. Design Sheeir rein- forcement . Composite beams . Floor systems . D7I- Dobell, C, "Patents and Codes Relating to Prestressed Concrete", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 1950^ Vol. kS, No. 9, pp. 713-721+ . A compilation of patents in US and abroad that deal with or are related to prestressing. A short discussion of Billig's proposed code . Discussion by J. J. stressing omitted by Dobell. Polivka regarding earlier work in pre- D72. Freyssinet, E.^ "Prestressed Concrete: Principles and Applications", Journal Inst, of Civil Engineers (London), 1950., Vol, 33, No. k, pp. 551-580. Brief history of Freyssinet 's work in prestressed concrete. Reasons for prestressing, behavior of and properties of prest.ressed concrete suad factors of safety are discussed e Discussion of various methods of manufacture aimed at obtaining high-strength concrete, of methods of prestressing and anchoring the wires, and of creep of steel is also included. Description of some of the structures designed by Freyssinet . D75. Freyssinet, E., "Souvenirs", Beton-und Stahlbetcnbau (Berlin), I950, Vol. k^, No. 2, pp. 26-3I. A speech made by Freyssinet in Paris in commemoration of the invention of reinforced concrete . He reviews the work he has done in prestressed concrete. c-83 D7^. Freyssinet, E.^ "Theory and Application of Prestressed Concrete", The Municipal Journal, London, 1950^ Vol. 58' A series of articles entitled: 1. A gamble with concrete and prestressed won (A revolution in construction work) No = 2969, pp. 51-32. 2o What makes prestressed structures different? (Novel be- havior and properties of prestressed concrete). No. 2970, pp. 99-101' 5. A catechism for prestressed concrete (From theory to practice), No. 297I, pp. 170-171- h^ How prestress is created. No. 2972, pp. 24l. 5. Thirty years of anchorage research (Theory and applica- tion of prestressed concrete) No. 2973^ PP- 310-311 • 6. Prestressing meikos water leakage a thing of the past (Theory and application of prestressed concrete). No. 297^^ P- 381. 7. Bridges -Harbours-Runways (Theory and Application of pre- stressed concrete) No, 2975, P- ^55 j ^57 ■■ History of prestressed concrete (Freyssinet Method), theory, method of prestressing, examples of uses, extreme possibilities and maiking of high strength concrete are discussed. Opinion is expressed that after permanent deformation takes place in the steel, a prestressed concrete beam behaves as an ordinary reinforced concrete beam. D75- Germundson, T., "Prestressed Concrete Construction Procedures", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 1950, Vol. 46, No. 10, pp. 857-8760 History of prestressing. Explanation of various methods of prestressing. Description of plants producing precast prestressed members. Description of various structures of prestressed concrete. D76. Hammond, R., "Basic Principles of Prestressed Concrete", Machinery Lloyd (London)., 1950, Vol. 22, No. 20, pp. 68-8I. This paper includes a very good historical review of the development of prestressed concrete. Methods of prestressing are dis- cussed as well as the future potentialities and manufacturing tech- niques. D77. Hanmiond, R., "Prestressed Concrete", Architectural Design (London), 1950, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 8-9. Brief &±storical review, description of a few methods of pre- stressing and description of some existing structures. D78 Levi; F , "Houvelles recherches sur les constructions precontraintes", La Ricerca Scientifica (Rome), 1950, Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 181+6-1811-9. Description of an airport runway slab built of prestressed concrete in Italy „ Losses in prestress discussed. c-81^ D79. Prempain, "Quelques reflexions sur les journees tech- niques de la pre'contrainte" , Travaux (Paris), 1950,, Vol. ji^^ Wo I85, pp, 39AOo A review of the work done in prestressed concrete . D80. Roessinger, F., "Generalites Sur Differents Modes de Precontrainte du Beton", Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande (Lausanne), August 26, 1950, Vol. 76, No, 1?, PP ^ 225-237. This paper discusses the following topics; conditions of stress in prestressed beam; principles of prestressing both with bonded wires and with cables; creep and shrinkage; prestressing tech- niques; manufacturing prestressed elements by the long line process; manufacturing larger elements utilizing post-tensioned grouted cables; and applications of prestress in North Africa which includes bridges, pipes, and masts. D81, Rilsch, H., "Framsteg inom betonbyggnadstekniken" , Betong (Stockholm), I950, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp„ 257-289- Short historical summary is followed by a discussion of the principles which should be considered in the design of prestressed concrete struct\ireSo Different methods of anchoring the prestressing wires are mentioned and some existing structures described , D82« - - -, "Developments in Prestressed Concrete'V Concrete and Constinictional Engineering, (London), 1950 Vol. ^5<) No. 12, pp. lH5-iH7 « The author discusses generally some of the developments in prestressed concrete. He thinks the notation and symbols concerning the subject should be standardized. He criticizes some of the assump- tions used in design such as constant modular ratio and actual steel stresses at beam failure for bonded prestress Expresses belief that prestressed concrete is economical and enough is known about it that it may safely be used extensively „ D85" - - -,, "Prestressed Concrete^ Reinforced Concrete Re- view (London);, 1950,'Vol« 2, No. 1, pp, 12-28. This paper makes reference to several other papers and has abstracts from papers by Magnel and Freyssinet dealing with methods of prestressing and anchoring, with the behavior of prestressed con- crete, with materials, and with applications, The paper is fairly good from the standpoint of presenting much general information in a condensed form. 1951 D81<-. Birdsall.; Blair, "Prestressed Concrete", John A, Roebling's Sons Company, Trenton, New Jersey, I951, Reprint of a speech. c-85 Discussion of the basic concepts of prestressing. Descrip- tion of the jointless slab built in a Roebling's warehouse in Chicago and a suspension bridge with prestressed concrete floor over Rio Paz (El Salvador^ Guatemala) . Describes various model beams tested to failure . D85« Caugheyv R. A., "Wanted: Guide in Developing Pre- stressed Concrete", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 1951, Vol. ^7^ No, Ti PP' 56I-562. Letters from Readers Section. Request from Caiighey that ACI publish progress reports on development of prestressing which may be used as a guide until enough knowledge is accumulated to write a code . d86. Corning, L. H., "Why Prestressed Concrete?", Proceed- ings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951^ PP- 2-8. Discusses the advantages of prestressed concrete with respect ■*-o cracking, use of high strength materials, deflections, size of members, and construction economy. Expresses the desirability of having design specifications. DQT. Corning, L. H., "Why Prestressed Concrete?", Civil Engineering 1951, Vol. 21, No. 10. pp. kl-k^. A general discussion of the place of prestressed concrete in the US construction = This article is based on a paper presented be- fore the First US Conference on Prestressed Concrete, MIT 1951' D88, Crom, T. R., "Processes and Patents in Prestressed Concrete", Proceedings of the Second Annual Structural Engineering Conference, Bulletin of the Florida Engineering Experiment Station k^J, 1951, pp. 27-50 o Short discussion of the history of prestressed concrete, of methods of prestressing, anchorage and bond. Patents mentioned briejfly in general terms, field of application discussed. D89. Freyssinet, E., "Sur le role et 1 ' importance des de- formations non elastiques du be'ton precontraint" , Travaux (Paris), 1951, Vol, 55, No» 196, ppo 200-202. Review of Freyssinet 's work which led to the development of prestressed concrete. Effect of creep is discussed. Freyssinet maintains that prestressed concrete is not related very closely to reinforced concrete » D90, Guyon, Y., "Beton Precontraint - Etude Theorique et Experimentale" , Editions Eyrolles, 1951> -692 pp.- This book treats the following main topics: Prestressing Techniques; Materials; Influence of friction on a post-tensioned curved cable; Resistance of prestressed concrete structural parts to fire; Stresses at the end of members caused by the prestressing c-86 force; Bonded prestress; Design of beams with pretensioned and post- tensioned steel, with straight and curved reinforcement, and with uniform or non-uniform cross-section; Tests of beams; and factors of safety. One or more chapters are devoted to each of these main topics. D9I. Harris, J. D,, "The Scope of Prestressed Concrete", Journal of the Institution of Municipal Engineers (London)^ I95I5 Vol, 77, No. 7, pp. 5^^7-558. Ahistorical review is followed by description of various systems of prestressing and a list of several prestressed concrete structures built in Europe . D92c Hirschtal, M., "Wanted; Guide in Developing Prestressed Concrete". Proceedings, American Concrete Institute^ 1951^ Vol. H-T^ No. 7, p. 562. Letters from Headers Section. Hirschtal asks for specification regarding the strength of prestressing steel. Expresses hope that some researchers will develops a method of prestressing through reaction against abutments (instead of using steel) . D95= Lazarides, T. 0,, "On the Combined Use of Pre-tension~ ing and Post-tensioning Methods", Magazine of Concrete Research (London), 1951, Vol. 2, No. 5, PP^ 79-86. Design principles and methods of construction are described. The author explains how pre -tensioning and post-tensioning can be used together effectively in order to prestress continuous members for both positive and negative moments . D9^- Meier,, H.^ "Die neuen Spannbetonschwellen der Deutschen Bundesbahn"; Beton-und Stahlbetonbau (Berlin). 1951, Vol. kS^ No„ 8 pp. 17^^-180; No. 9, pp, 202-207. This paper discusses the new railroad tie which is in service in the German R. R. built of prestressed concrete. Stresses under service conditions are discussed. Models were tested by photoelasti- citj'';, the results of which are discussed. Manufacturing process is described--l8 mm. rods with threaded ends are used for prestressing. Ends of rod are anchored with washer anchor plate . D95. Menefee, F. N., "Wanted: Guide in Developing Pre- stressed Concrete", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, I95I Vol. k-J., No. 9, pp. 751-752. ^ This is an answer to Gaughey and Hirschtal. (dtto, No. 7' Menefee reviews what ACI has done along these lines ajid discusses the properties of prestressing wire. D96. Pacholik, L., "Predpjaty beton a zprumyslneni stave- bnictvi"; (Prestress^ed Concrete and Industrialization of Building Con- struction)., Stavebni prumysl CPrague), I95I, Vol. 1, No. 15, pp. 33?= c-S-; General paper discussing the design principles and advantages of prestressed concrete. Sketches of cross sections of prestressed concrete bridges for various span length are given and construction methods discussed shortly. D9T- Spronck, M., "Prestressed Concrete: Its Future in the United States", Contractors and Engineers Monthly, August, 1951j Vol. 48, No. 8, pp. 5, 84-91. This article discusses the advantages, disad5A.antages, and the features of prestressed concrete; the various methods of prestressing; discusses the Madison Co., Tenn. Bridge and the Walnut Lane Bridge, and various European structures . D98. Stilliman, J. W., "The Theory and Practice of Pre- stressed Concrete", U. S. Navy Civil Engineer Corps Bulletin, 1951^ Vol. 5, No. 61, pp. 356-5U4. General description of prestressed concrete, design, methods of prestressing. D99. Veit, 0., "Vorspannung im Stahlbeton," Beton und Stahl- betonbau (Berlin), 1951, Vol. kS, No. 1, pp. 13-17- Discussion of the basic concept of prestressed concr*ete . Formulas are given for members subject to tension and for members sub- ject to bending. DIOO. Winter, G., "Teaching of Prestressing", Engineering News Record, November 1, 1951, Vol. 1^7, No. I8, p. 65. Reader Comment Section. The author suggests that the fundamentals of the design of prestressed concrete members should be taught as a part of the general undergraduate concrete course. More detailed information might be included in an advanced course. Winter supports the ideas expressed by Feld in ENR, October 11, 1951, p. 48. Did. - - -, "New Ways with Concrete", Fortune, August, 1951, Vol. 44, pp. 106-116. Part of this paper is devoted to a discussion of prestressed concrete construction in the U. S. The Walnut Lane Bridge; Madison Co., Tenn., Bridge; Fayetville, Tenn. high school stadium; and circu- lar tanks prestressed by the Preload Corporation are mentioned. A75, C2, C5, C7, C20, C21, E53 • C-88 E, Circular Structures. I925-I935 El. Hewett, W. S., "A Method of Constructing Reinforced Concrete Water Tanks", Proceedings-, American Concrete Institute^ 1925 .» Vol. 19, PP« i^l-52. This is believed to be the original Hewett's paper on pre- stressing water tanks circumferentially to prevent leakage and elimi- nate tensile stresses in concrete. Mild steel with turnbuckles E2. Jensen, J: A., "Shell of Concrete Standpipe Prestressed by Steel Hoops", Engineering News Record„ February I6, 1933., Vol, 110, No. 7, PP" 22i^-225. 110 ft. high water tower is prestressed both vertically and circumferentially by means of turnbuckles on steel rods . Prestress was only l8,000 psi. E5- Crepps, R. B., "Investigation of Stresses in Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Pipe"^ Engineering Bulletin. Purdue University., Research Series No. ^6, 193^. Tests of three pipes f diameter 50" , k2" , 60" ) prestressed longitudinally and circumferentially. Tested under internal water pressixre until cracks opened., Complete information given. Ek, KuranZj A. P., "Prestressed Concrete Standpipe Built in Vertical Panels at Waukensha, Wisconsin" ;, Engineering News Record, April 14-5 1955, Vol. nil-, No. ik] pp k8Q-^39 , Description of a water tank built by the Hewett system It was built in vertical panels rather than in horizontal rings > 1936 E5. Crom, J. M., "Prestressed Reinforcement for Domed Con- crete Tank"n Engineering News Record. April I6. I936, Vol. II6, p 555- Domes of tanks 60 ft. in diameter carrying a central load of 20 tons . Prestressed with smooth round rods with upset ends coupled together into an endless band at the periphery of the dome. E6. Hewett ^, A, L., "Water Tanks of Reinforced Concrete"., Journal, American Water Works Assoc, I936, Vol. 28, No. 1_, pp, k3-k9. Describes the Hewett system of prestressing and gives examples of structures built, (This author is not the man who originated the Hewett system) C-89 E7. Mary, M., "Pressure Pipes for the Mareges Hydi'oelectric System", Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Second Congress, Prelim- inary Publications, Berlin I956, (W. Ernst), pp. 1211-1251. Method of prestressing of large size built-in-place pipes is described. The method described is applicable also for presti'essing above the ground. 1957-1958 E8. - - -, "Schachtausbauten aus Spannbeton", Beton und Eisen (Berlin), I957, Vol. 56, No. I7, pp. 281-282. Description of use of prestressed concrete in tunnel construc- tion. E9. Kleinlogel, A., "Eisenbeton-Druckrohre als Schleuder- beton- und als Schleudex'beton-Vorspannrohre", Beton und Eisen (Berlin) 1958, Vol. 57, No. 10, pp. 161-166. This article deals with the manufacturing of prestressed concrete pipes and compares its qualities with non-prestressed, pre- cast, concrete pipes. 1959 ElO. - - -, "Prestressed Reinforcement in Reservoirs and Tanks", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1959? Vol. 5ij-, No. 1, pp. 81-86. The theory of prestressing as applied to circular tanlts sub- jected to hydi'aulic pressure is explained. Method of calculating required stress in prestress rods is explained. Included is de- scription of actual 62 ft. diameter tank. Ell. - - -, "Principle of Prestressed Reinforcement in Design of Dome", Concrete, (Chicago), 1959, Vol. U7, No. 2, pp. 5-^. Hewett method was used to prestress the dome of clarif ier tank in St. Paul. 21- 1.565"0 were used to prestress the dome. They were placed around dome ring and tightened with turnbuckles. Elemen- tary discussion of theory is included. E12. - - -, "Reinforced Concrete Shell Dome is Intact After Terrific Explosion", Concrete, (Chicago), 1959? Vol. kj , No. 11, pp. 5-^. A water tank I55 ft. in diameter prestressed by the Hewett system had also a prestressed dome. During construction (nearly completed) an explosion occurred inside the tank which lifted the dome 18-2I+ in. into the air. The dome is still structurally sound, but did develop several radial cracks and 2 annuleir cracks . c-90 i9i*-o EI5. Kennedy, R. C, "Prestressed Concrete Tank Features, Special Details", Western Construction News, 19^0, Vol. 15, KOo k,, pp. 150-132. Description of prestressing techniques used on construction of water tank. Tank prestressed by Hewett systenio Elk. - - -, "Huge Reinforced Concrete Foundation is a Fea- ture of Big Reservoir", Concrete (Cement Mill Edition), (Chicago)^ 19i+0, Vol. kQ, Ko. 5, pp. 3-i+, kh. Describes design and construction of large water storage tankc Prestressed with rods in accordance with W. S. Hewett system. 19iH EI5. - - -;* "Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks " Engineering News Record, March I5, 19iH, Vol. 126, No, 11, pp. i<-19-^21o Water reservoirs of prestressed concrete are described Walls are poured in vertical panels. Every ko ft, along circumference is a steel column to which the prestressing rods are anchored. Rods are only stressed to 25,000 or 50,000 psi.. Domes are prestressed axo'iud their periphery. EI6. - - -f "Unique Features Mark Design and Erection of Mammoth Concrete Water Tower',' Concrete, (Chicago), 19^1, Vol. k9. No 11, pp. 2-4. Water tank 70 ft. diameter elevated 8 ft, above ground; de- signed by W. S. Hewett method. Supported by 5 concentric concrete cylinders. Dome roof is not prestressed » 191*2 ElTo Hadley, H. M,, "Concrete Storage Tanks", Pacific Builder and Engineer (Seattle), 19l<-2, Vol. 48, No 9, pp. 3O-56. Discussion of three types of concrete tanks and of their re- lative merits. Type of tanks: reinforced concrete, prestressed con- crete - Hewett method, prestressed type without turnbuekles, EI8, Lenk, K,, "Spannbetonrohre"^ Beton und Eisen (Berlin^ 19^2, Vol. hi, Nos. 15-16, pp. 157-44. Description of the manufacturing process of large prestressed concrete pipes and discussion of the problem of joining the section in the field. c-91 EI9. - - -, "Council Bluffs Builds Twin Reservoirs of Pre- stressed Reinforced Concrete", Concrete, (Chicago), 19^2, Vol. 50, No. k, p. 2. Two prestressed concrete reservoirs of IO6 ft. diameter and 50 ft. height were being built at the time of this article. They were designed by W. S. Hewett using steel rods tightened with turnbuckles. Dome ring was also prestressed. No technical information supplied. E20. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks", Engineering News Record, April 25, 19iv2, Vol, 128, No. 17, pp. 6O8-6O9. Two 106 ft. diameter tanks designed by W. 3. Hewett are built in Council Bluffs, Iowa. Prestressed with round rods tightened with turnbuckles. Dome is prestressed with 9 rods eiround its ring. No technical information given. 1945 E21. Crepps, R. B., "Wire-Wound Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe," Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 19^5 .» Vol. 59? No. 6, pp. 5^5-555- Tests, theory and manufacturing procedure of circumferentially prestressed Concrete pipes. Stress in circumferential wire: 100,000 psi. Design theory is presented. Both hydrostatic pressure tests and 5 edge loading tests au'e discussed and results given. E22. Crom, J. M., "High Stressed Wire in Concrete Tanks, Engineering News Record, December 50, 19^1-5, Vol. I5I, No. 27, pp. 9i4-7- 9^9. Describes the machine for wraping of the high strength wire su'ound a tank. Discusses failures of tanks due to loss of prestress. E25. Garrabrant, R. B., "Navy Builds Prestressed Concrete Fuel Tanks", Engineering News Record, January 28, 19^5, Vol. I50, No. ^, pp. 155-157. During the war the Navy built several fuel storage tanks with walls prestressed with circular rods. Prestressing accomplished with turnbuckles. Minimum yield point of rods, 50,000 psi. E2l+. - - -, "New Method Used to Make Prestressed Concrete Pipe (Wire-wound)", Engineering News Record, September 25, 19^5^ Vol. 151, No. 15, pp. iv76-i+78. Describes construction of wire wound concrete pipe to con- duct water under pressure. C-92 E25. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Pipes by a New Manufac- turing Method", Engineering News Record,, December I6, 19^3 ^ Volo I5I, No. 25, pp. 885-887. Process used by Lock Joint Company in manufacturing prestressed pipes. Concrete is centrif ically placed and steam cured. Wire is wrapped on from a spool while pipe is spinning. High tensile stress is used. E26, - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Reservoirs: Concrete Po\ired in 8 ft. Lifts", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, (London) 19^+5, Vol, 58, No. 5, pp. lOi^-105. Description of IO6 ft. diameter tank in Iowa designed by Wo So Hewett. 1.575 in- rods with turnbuckles were used to prestress. 19l<-»+ E27. - - -} "Merry-go-round Machine Applies High Tensile Steel Wire to Prestressed Concrete Tanks", Construction Methods, 19^^? Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 60-61 and 152-15i^. Describes the Preload Corporation method of prestressing cylindrical tanks with high strength wire tensioned by a die which travels around the tank wrapping it with this continuous wire. 1945 E28. Carr, J. R., "Two-way Prestressed Concrete Water Stor- age Tank", Engineering News Record, October k, I9I4-5,, Vol. 1,55, Ko- l^*-, pp. i)-5ij--l+59. Description of a il-, 750, 000 gal. tauik prestressed both in cir- cumferential and vertical direction, 1-5/8" diameter and l-l/^*-" diam rods were prestressed to 52,000 psi with the aide of turnbuckles. These were retightened after 6 months . E29. Crowley, J. J., "Prestressing Bands on a Concrete Tank", Engineering News Record, May 5, 19ij-5, Vol. 1^4-5, No. I8. pp 656-658, 5A" square bars were used in prestressing a 500,000 gal. water tank. Some difficulty was encountered in measuring the amount of prestress - it was overcome by use of a shear wrencho E50. Hart, P. Pc, "Prestressed Concrete Tank in Miami", Concrete (Chicago), 191+5, Vol. 55* No. 7, PP I8-I9, 23 . A large water-tank built of prestressed concrete , Prestressed design was cheaper than other designs considered. c-93 E5I. Kennedy, R» C, "Design and Construction of Prestressed Concrete Tanks", Journal, American Water Works Association, 19^5i> Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 75-83. Description of prestressed concrete tanks built by the Hewett system. Equations for finding the amount of needed prestresso Techniques of building and prestressing are described- E32. Longley, F. F., "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Pipe", Journal, New England Water Works Association, 19^5 ^ Vol. 59> No. k, PP^ 335-5^7= Description of the manufacture of lock- joint pressure pipes prestressed with high strength wire. Centrifugal placing of concrete c E33' Mautner, K- W., "Prestressed Concrete in Structures of Annular Cross Section", Structiiral Engineer (London), 19^5* Vol^ 25v Noo 3, pp« 117-163, No. 9, pp. ^37-^51 » A rather complete treatise on manufacture of prestressed con- crete pipes and tanks. Several methods are explained and their re- lative merits discussed. Listeners to this paper took part in the discussion during which a number of questions on the general subject of prestressing were answered by Mautner. E^k. Ross, C. W., "Tests of Prestressed Concrete Pipes Containing a Steel Cylinder", Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, 19i^5, Vol. k2, No. 1, pp. 37-^8. Description of pressure and bending tests on prestressed con- crete pipes with steel inside lining. E35. - - -, "A Large Prestressed Concrete Water Tank", Con- crete and Constructional Engineering (London), 19'<-5 . Vol. ^^0,. No 12, pp. 268-269. Water storage tank in Great F^lls, Montana. Same as "Large Water Storage Tank is Prestressed", in Concrete, (Chicago, 19^5, Vol. 53. No, 10, pp. 2-5 o E36 , - - -., "Lai-ge Water Storage Tank is Prestressed"^ Concrete, (Chicago), 19^4-5, Vol„ 55, No. 10, pp. 2-5- Water storage tank at Great Falls, Montana. Floor is pre- stressed to couteract radial stresses caused by horizontal expansion and elongation of walls by water pi'essure. Wall is prestressed with rods tightened with turnbuckles to 30yOOO psi. 191+7 E37o Doull, R. M., "Reconstruction of Halifax Water Reser- voir," Engineering Journal (Montreal), 191+7, Vol. 30, No 5, ppc 2,11- 215. c-9i^ Description of the reconstruction of water reservoir in Hali- faix. New roof of prestressed concrete shell described. E58. Doull, R, M,; Kline, J. D., "Prestressed Concrete Shell Dome Featxires Rebuilt Halifax Reservoir", Engineering News Record, August 7, 19^7, Vol. 159, No. 6, pp. 187-191- Description of the repair of an old reservoir. E59. Doull, R. M.; Kline, J. D., "Reconstruction of the Halifax High Service Reservoir", Journal, American Water Works Assoc o^ I9U7, Vol. 59, No. 6, pp. 505-51*+ • Similar to the article "Prestressed Concrete Shell Dome Fea- tures Rebuilt Halifax Reservoir" published by the same authors in Engineering News Record, 19^7- E14-0. Fornerod, M. F., "Prestressed Concrete Shell Roof Con- struction", Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Publications Vol. 8.. Zurich 19^+7, PP- 91-105. Design theory and discussion of the influence of prestressing on the design of shallow spherical concrete shells. Description of the Preload method of prestressing large tanks. E^H. - - -, "New Method of Prestressing Concrete Pipes", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, (London), 19^+7^ Vol. 42, No. 7, p. 216. Describes the "Rocla" method of prestressing which originated in Australia. After concrete is placed centrifugally and the wire placed but not stressed, the inner form of the pipe is expanded The outer form also expands slightly. This puts steel in tension, conci'ete in compression, and squeezes excess water out of concrete. EU2. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Pipe", Concrete, (Chicago), I9I+7, Vol. 55, No. 9, p. 58. Rocla method of prestressing pipe with expandable molds Both interior and exterior molds are expandable . Pressure is applied to interior mold. This compresses the concrete and squeezes out excess water while simultaneously tensioning the wires. 19^+8 Ekj,. Doull, R. M.J, "Big Prestressed Pipe Without Liners"., Engineering News Record, June 2k, 19i»-8, Vol. ll*-0. No 26, pp , 1010- 1015. 81+" diameter concrete pipes prestressed in the same manner as a water tank. c-95 Ehk. Freyssinet, E., "Ouvrages en be^on precontraint des- tines a contenir ou \ retenir des liquides", Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Third Congress, Preliminary Publications, Lie'ge, I9W, pp. 5^4-5-360. Freyssinet describes the manufacture of prestressed concrete pipes prestressed both longitudinally suad trsmsversally. Cubical reservoirs and vats . Application of prestressing to dams - vertical cables anchored in the subsoil. Structxires subjected to exterior water pressures - tunnels, caissons, pontoons, etc. Ei*-5. Lebelle, P., "Re'servoir de 7. 000 m^ destine'' a 1 'ali- mentation de le ville d'Orle'ans en eau potable". Int. Assoc. Bridge and Struct. Eng., Third Congress, Ireliminary Publication, Liege, 19^+8, pp. 361-566. Description of the water reservoir at Orleans, France. Pre- stressed by Freyssinet process in all directions. Ek6. - - -, "Laying 60 Miles of Prestressed Pipe", Engi- neering News Record, May I3, 19^, Vol. l^l-O, No. 20, pp. 708-7II. Description of manufacturing and laying of pipes prestressed circumf erentially . 19i^9 Ek-T . Dobell, C, "Design, Construction and Uses of Pre- stressed Concrete Tanks", Public Works, October, 19ll-9, Vol. 80, pp. i+5-1^8. General reference on prestressed concrete tanks. E14-8. - - -, "Making Unique Prestressed Concrete Pipe", Con- struction Methods, 19^-9, Vol. 3I, No. 12, pp. 58-6I. ^k" by 16 '-0" pipe manufactiiring process. A series of photo- graphs tell the story. Main feature of the prestressing is that it is spirally wound into a basket weave pattern thus stressing in two directions simultaneously. Similar article appears in Engineering News Record, October 6, 19ii-9, Vol. li^3, No. l^*-, pp. 2^4-26. EU9. - - -, "New Casting and Prestressing Technique for Ultra Strong Concrete Pipe", Engineering News Record, October 6, 19^9^ Vol. 11^3, No. 15, pp. 21^-26. 54" by 16 '-0" pipe manufacturing process explained. Main feature is that the circumferential prestressing wire is put on spirally (or basket weave pattern) to prestress it in two directions simulteneously . c-96 E50. - - -, "Preload Tanks '% Preload Enterprises, New York, 19^9. Primarily an advertising pamphlet describing the evolution of prestressed concrete and design and construction of prestressed concrete tanks. 1950 E5I. Crom, J. M., "Design of Prestressed Tanks''^ Proceedings American Society of Civil Engineers, 1950, Vol. 76, Separate No . 7 = This paper gives data for evaluating shrinkage and plastic flow of concrete and describes methods that make practicable the use of the high strength cold-drawn steel wire = E52. - - -) "Prestressed Concrete Sewer Tunnels Near Paris", Concrete and Constructional Engineering (London), 1950^ Volo ^5> No. 11, pp. hoh-kon. This txmnel is I5 ' -6" diameter and was precast in small pieces . A hoop of 0.2 in stainless steel 10" wide was placed around each ring of voussoir. Then the ring was expanded with jacks until desired ten- sion was in the steel rim and wedges inserted to hold this stress . This erection and prestressing operation is described in detail. Freyssinet was consulting engineer. 1951 E55' Dobell, C, "Prestressed Concrete Tanks", Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete^ Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951, pp< 9-20, Discusses the history of the development of prestressed con- crete as applied to use in tanks, discusses the design, construction and methods of prestressing. Paper is augmented with several pictures » E54. Hendrickson, J. Go, "Prestressed Concrete Pipe", Pro- ceedings of the First United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, August, 1951, pp. 21-29 « Discussion of manxifacturing, uses, and design of prestressed concrete pipes, augmented with historical notes » E55. Indri, E«, "La conduit force'e en beton precontraint de I'usine hydro-electrique de Soverzene" , Travaux (Paris),, 1951^ Vol. 55, No. 196, pp. 2lvlf-2l^6. This paper deals with the design and fabrication of prestressed concrete pipes used at the hydroelectric plant at Severzene» c-97 F • Unclassified . The number in parenthesis at the end of these references corresponds to one of the following sources. Source of References: 1. Thomas, F. G., "Prestressed Concrete", Proceedings of the Conferenced held at the Institution, Institute of Civil Engineers ■ (England), 19^9- 2. "Ciirrent Literature", Magazine of Concrete Research, pu- blished "by Cement and Concrete Association (London) . 5. Abeles, P. W., "Principles and Practice of Prestressed Concrete", 19^9? Ungar Publishing Company, New York. h. Ritter, M.; Lardy, P., "Vorgespannter Beton", Mitteilun- gen aus dem institute fur Baustatik and det ETH, Second Edition, Zurich, 1950, Verlag Leeman Zurich. 5. Pacholik, L., "Konstrukter, 19^6, E. Gregr and Son, Prague . 6 . 'Current Reviews" , ACI Journal . 7. Highway Research Board, "Bibliography on Prestressing and Precasting Reinforced Concrete For Use in Highway Bridges and Structures", 19^9> Compiled by the Bridge Dept. of the California Division of Highways . 8. Baker, A. L., "Recent Research in Reinforced Concrete and its Application to Design", Journal of the Institute of Civil Engineers, 1951, Vol. 55, Ko. 4, pp. 262-329. 1929-1935 Fl. Freyssinet, E., "Thermodynamische Theorie des Betons", Vortrag in der Ecole des Ingenieurs in Lausanne, October, 1929- (5) F2. Thompson, J. T., "Freyssinet Method of Arch Construction" (Baltimore Engineer, v. 5^ P- ^-^j January, 1951 •) (7) F5 . Freyssinet, E., "The'orie generale de la prise des liants hydrauliques, le phonomene de retraite et de deformation lente des betons et mortiers" . Comptes rendus mensuels des seances du centre d 'Etudes Super- ieures "No. 7", 195^+. (5) C-98 Fk. Abeles, Paul, "Spun Concrete Poles and Pole Sockets" , (Maste und Mastfussaus Schleuderbeton) , Zeitschrift des Oestero Ing. u. Arch. Ver. Kos , 25/26, 1955- (3) 1956 F5. Bukowsky, B., "Fire Resistance and Aging of Isteg Steers (Feuerbestandigkeit und Alterung bon Istegstahl; Zeitschrift des Oesterr. Ing. and Arch„ Ver., Nos. 25, 26, 1956. (3) F6. Durelli, A. J«, "Contribution to the Study of Treated Concrete. Photo-elasticimentrical experiment", Saint-Armand (Cher) 1936. (Imprimerie R. Bussiere.) (l) F7. Scheel, C. A. G., "Deux ponts en beton arme sur I'Eu- phrate en Turquie", (Technique des Travavix, Vol. 12, pp. kQ^-k92 . September 1936). (7) 1937 F8. Emperger, F. V., "Erhohte Festigkeit", Deutsche Kurzpost, 1937- (5) F9. Pacholik, L., "Napjaty beton", Zpravy rerejne' sluXby technicke", 1937 (Prague). (5) 1938 FIO. Finsterwalder, U.j Dischinger, F-j "New Buildings In Reinforced Concrete", Deutscher Beton Verein, Berlin I938 pp. I8 and 2k. (1) Fll. Hoyer, "Ein neuer Weg zur Eisenerspaxnis" , Bauindu- strie, 1938. (5) F12. Kleinlogel, A., "The Rational Use of Steel in Build- ings", Wirtschaftl Bauen. (1958) No. 25, pp. 92-112. (l) FI3. Oberti, G., "The Part Played by Prestressed Concrete as Indicated by Results of Tests On A Reinforced Concrete Structure In-situ", Cemento Armato, Vol. 35, 1938, No. 6, pp 97-100, No. 7, pp. 117-21. ' (1) Fli4-. - - -, "Application of Prestressing in Reinforced Concrete Construction", Bautechnische Mitteilimgen des Deutschen Beton Vereins E. V., No. 5, pp. 1-5, October-December I958. (7) C-99 FI5. , "Steel String Concrete", T.I.Z., Vol. 62, I958, No. 62, pp. 658-659. (1) FI6. - - -, "Steel String Concrete --Concrete of Low Steel Content", O.I.A.V., Vol. 90, 1958, Nos . 29 and 50, p. 226. (l) 1959 BIT- Colonnetti, G., "La mova tecnica del cemento armato", Cemento Armato, Vol. 36, 1939, PP- I29-I3I. (l) FI8. Colonnetti, G., "Teorie e calcolo delle travi con armature preventivamente tese", Cemento Armato, Vol. 36, 1939, PP- 177- 180. (1) FI9. De Simone, D., "Reinforced Concrete With High Resis- tance Steel Wires", Ann. Lav. Pubblici, Vol. 2?, 1939, PP- 36U-369. (1) F20. Emperger, F. v., "Erste Brucke aus Spannbeton uber die Reichsautobahn" , Bauztg., 1939. (5) F21. Pacholik, L., "Kosniky s napjatou vyztuzi", Zpravy vefejne sluzby technicke", 1939, (Prague). (5) F22. Pacholik, L., "Smrstovani a pfetvoreni betonu behem do by", Zpravy ve^ne sluzby technicke, 1939, (Prague) . (5) F23. - - -, "Nuova Tecnica Del Cemento Aimato", (Cemento Armato, Vol. 36, pp. I29-I3I, 1939). (7) 19i4-0 F2^. Albenga, G., "A proposito di pressof lessione nelle travi ni cemento armato con armature preventivamente tese", Ric . de Ingegn., Vol. 8, 19^0, pp. 1-2. (l) F25. Colonnetti, G., "On a New Method of Tensioning Rein- forcement In Reinforced Concrete Structures", Cemento Armato, Vol. 37, 19^0, pp. 17-18. (1) F26. Emperger, F. V., "La fessurazione nel cemento armato", Strade, Vol. 22, 19^+0, pp. 210-212. (l) F27. Eriksson, Axel, "Stringconcrete" , Teknisk Tidskrift, Vol. 12, No. 30, July 27, 19^0. (7) F28. Kleinlogel, A.; Mitarbeiter, "Vorspannung im Eisenbe- tonbau", Berlin, 19^0. (^) C-100 F29o Magnel^ G., "Le problem de la fissuration du beton et I'emploi des aciers k haute limite elastique", (Annales des Travaux Publics de Belgique, Vol. If-l, pp. ^89-6^1; discussion, pp. 6^^-8-655 = October, 19*^0). (7) F50. Procos, D. A., "Conceptions and new methods in con- struction with Reinforced Concrete", Tekaika Zponida^, Vol. l8, (19^0), pp. 897-905= (1) F5I. Soutter, P.; Pistor, L; Oppermann^ N,; Passer ^ W.; von Emperger, F.; Kleinlogel, "Spannbeton, Schweizerische Bauzeitung l^kh. Vorspannung im Eisenbetonbau" , Berlin, 19^4-0. (5) 19i^l F52. - - -, "Concrete Sleepers", War Emergency B. S. 986, I9IH, British Standards Institution. (l) 19^3 F35' Guerrin, A., "Les Conduites pour Fluides en pression en beton friette^precontraint", Inst. Tech. du Bdtiment et des Travaux Publics, Cir. Si'r , F., No. 12, February 19^4-5. (1) F3^. Hunter, L. E., "The Adoption of Prestressed Concrete for Road Bridges", Highways, Bridges and Aerodromes, Vol. 12, 19^5') No. 615= '(1) F55- Lardy, P., "Allgemeine Dimensionierung und Spannungs- berechnung vorgespannter Eisenbetontrager" , Schweiz., Baus., 19^5. (l) F56. Lardy, P., "Eisenspannungen und vorgespannter Beton"; Schweiz., Bauz., 19^5. (l) F37- Mcllmoyle, R. L., "Precast Concrete For Railway Pur- poses", Institute Civil Engineering, Railway paper No. 8, 19^5. (1) F58. Pacholik, L., "Konstruckce z predpjateho betonu", Zpravy o technicke sluzbe, l^k^ (Prague). (5) 191*4 F39. Colonnetti, G., "Teoria e calcolo delle travi con armature preventivamente tese", II problema delle sezione precompresse solo parzialmente . (Pontifica Acedemia delle Scienze. Commentationes, v. 8, pp. 77-87, 19i^i^). (1/ C-101 F4o. Guyon, M. Y., "Les ponts en beton precontraint". Archi- tecture francaise, May ISk-k, pp. I5-I6. (1) F^l. Johanson, F. L., "Experiments on Reinforced Concrete Sleepers", Inst, of Civil Engineers, Railway paper No. IJ, 19^4-5 -414-. (l) F42. Karsteff, "Calcul simplifie du beton precontraint" , Ann. Trav. Publ. Beige, Vol. k^, I9MV, Jiine, pp. 265-28^4-. (l) Fij-5. Lardy, P,, "Der vorgespannte Beton", Cement bulletin, 19*+^^. (1) Fk-k. Lardy, P., "Eisenbetonkonstruktionen mit eingebetteten vorgespannten Elementen" , Schweiz, Bauz., 19^^- (l) F^5' Lardy, P., "Vorspannung durch expansionen Beton", Schweiz., Bauz., 19^14. (l) Fh-6. Magnel, G., "Le Beton Pre'contraint dans un Probleme de reprise en sousoeuvre--Restauration de 1' eglise St. Nicolas a Gand" , L 'Architecture fancais. May 19^i4-, No. h'^. (i) Fkl . Magnel, G., "Les Applications du Beton Precontraint en Belgique", Science et Technique {I9kk) , No. 5, pp. 1-12. (l) Fif8. Pacholik, L., "Konstrukce z predpjateho betonu", Zpr^vy o technicke sluzbe, ISkk (Prague). (5) Fk'^. Pacholik, L., "Trouby z predpjateho betonu", Zpravy o technicke sluzbe, 19^ (Prague). (5) F50. Shama, R. E., "Prestressed Concrete and Its Applica- tion In India", Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. iB, 19^^) PP- 182-9 and pp. 196-203. (1) F51. Soutter, P., "The Cooperation Between Prestressed and Non-prestressed Concrete and Its Application To A T-beam Having a Pre- stressed Web", Schweiz. Bauz., Vol. 124, 19i<-ii-, Nos. 8 and 9. (1) F52. Thomas, F. G., "Experiments On Concrete Sleepers", Institute of Civil Engineers, Rotilway Paper No. Ih, 191^5-14., (l) F55 • Weber, R. A., "Vorgespannter Eisenbeton", Hoch- u. Tiefbau, 19U4. (l) 19^5 F^k . Freyssinet, E., "Vue s 'ensemble sur 1' utilization des precontraintes . Techniques actuelles - Realisations", Inst. Technique du Batiment et des Travaux Publics Cir. Ser. J., November 6, 19^+5 • (l) C-102 F55- Lossier, H., "Les prototypes de la precontrainte du beton artificielle reglable ou automatiq.ue'% Inst- Tech, du BStiment et des Travaux Publics Cir. Ser. J., No. f , June 19^5- (l) F56. Magnel, G.., "Le Beton Precontraint en Amerigue" , Science et Technique, 19^5> Nos. 5 and 6. (l) F57. Mallet, M. C, "La reconstruction des ouvrages d'art en Tunisie", Editions Science et Industrie, Paris, 19'<-5.s Vol. 29. (l) F58. Pacholik, L., "Navrh a po souaeni priifezu z predpjateho betonu s prikladem vypoc'tu tramoveho mostu", Technicky obzor, 19^5.) Prague. , , (5^ F59» Pacholik, L,, "P^edpeti nabyVajic'im betonem"; Zpr^vy o technicke' sluzbe, 19^5, (Prague). (5) f60. Pacholik, L., "Vypocet deskov/ch tramu s predpjat^ zebi'etn", Zpravy o technicke slu^e, 19^5 (Prague). (5) F61. Sarasin, A., "B^ton arme', Zurich, 19^5. (l) F62. Tengvik, N., "Building Research in Sweden (Byggnadsf or- skningen i Sverige)", Statens Kommittee for Byggnadsf orskning, Medel- lande Nr. 1. Stockholm, igk^, (jk. B. Tidskrif ten Byggmastaren) . (1) F65. - - -) "German Construction Methods — Fabrication and Erection of Precast Concrete", J.I.O.A. Final Report No. 19^ London, 19^5> British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, (H. M. Stationery- Office). (1) F6i+c - - -, "High Strength Reinforced Concrete Columns", Technical Bulletin No. 36, June 19^4-5 ;. U. S. National Housing Agency. (1) F65. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Pipes--The Freyssinet Process", Concrete Builders, Vol. 20, Ho. 2, pp. 15-17., 19it-5. (l) 19^6 F66. Billig, K., "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete" „ Surveyor 19^6, Vol. 105, p. 859- ' (1) F67. Billig, K., "Structural Precast Reinforced Concrete", Cement and Concrete Association, London, 19^6, (The Association), (l) F68« Bouvy, J., "Prestressed Concrete. A New Building Material. A New Building Construction", Bouw., Vol, 1, 19^6, pp 6^4-5- 650. " (1) F69. Cassie, W. F., "Recent Advances In Concrete Technology", (Constructional Review, Australia, v. 18, No. 10, pp , 27-39, 19^6) (7) C-103 F70. Duyster, H. C, "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Bridge", Bouw., Vol. 1, pp. 782-785, 19^6. (1) F71- Gehler, W., "Bedeutung des Lossierschen- (Quell-) Zementes", (Teclinik, Vol. 1, pp. 87-89, August I9U6) . (7) F72. Home, M. W., "Prestressed Reinforced Concrete", Royal Engineers Journal, Vol. 60, p. 326, 19^6, December. (l) F73. Magnel, G., "Span beton", De Ingenieur (19^4-6), Nos. 59/ »+5. (1) F7^. Thomas, H., "Prestressed Concrete. Technical Investi- gations", in Germany, R.I.B.A.J., Vol. 54, No. 1, p. 56, 19^6. (l) F75' Wets, C, "Resultat des experiences faites sur une poutre in beton precontraint de 30-ni. de portee", (Science et Techni- que, No. 9-10, p. 15-20, September, October, l^kS) . (7) F76. - - -, "The German Building Industry", British In- telligence Objectives Subcommittee Final Report No. 575- Item No. 22, London, 19^6. (H. M. Stationery Office). (l) 191^7 F77- Bay, H., "Prestressed Concrete", Bau Rundschau, Vol. 57, 19^7, pp. 24-28. (1) F78. Devereux, N. C; Bak, J., "Prestressed Concrete. General Description and A Few Examples of Recent Application", Royal Engineers Journal Vol. 6I, p. 11, March, 19^7. (1) F79. Glover, C. W., "Prestressed 'Reinforced Concrete" , Par- thenon, Vol. 21, pp. 122-127; 144-1^9; 166-I69; I86-I89, (1947)- (1) F80. Jung, E.; Lichtner, K., "On Piano Wire Concrete", (Uber den Stahlsaitenbeton) Der Bauhelfer, 19^7, Nos. 8 and 9. (5) F81. Magnel, G., "Le Calcul des poutres continues §. travie's en beton precontraint", Ann. Trav. Pub. Beige, June 1947- (1^ F82. Pappaert, J. M., "Pont-route d'Eekloo en beton Precon- traint", (Annales des Travaux Publics de Belgique, Vol. 100, pp. 105- 119, February, 1947). (7) F83. - - -, "Hoyer Prestressed Concrete System", Der Bauhelfer, 19^7, No. 10, p. I5. (1) C-10i+ I9h8 F8i»-c Abeles, P. W., "Formulae for the Design of Prestressed Concrete Beams", Concrete Constructional Engineering, Vol. k^, pp., 115- 122 o, 19^8 c (1) F85. Harris, A. Jo, "Prestressed Concrete In Highway Bridges", Inst» Highway Eng»j (paper read on 5rd December I9W),, (l) F86. Harris, A, J., "Prestressed Concrete in Practice";, Royal Engineers Journal, Vol. 62, ppo 9-1^, March 19^4-8 . (1) F87. Netter, M-, "La piste en b^ton pr^ontraint de 1 'Aero- drome d'Orly", Inst. Tech. du BStiment et des Travaux Publics, New Series^ No. 10., January 19*48 . (l) F88o Walley, F., "Some Uses Of Prestressed Concrete By the Germans During the Wsur", Concrete and Constructional Engineering^ Vol ivj, p. 137, 19^8. (1) F89« Wettstein, K.^ "The Development of the Wettstein Con- crete Planks", (Die Entwicklung der Wettstein-Betonbretter) j Betonstein- Zeitung,, 19^8, Wo. 5. F90. - - -) "A Prestressed Concrete Road Bridge, Lincoln- shire", Contract Journal, Vol. 158, p. 1376, 19i4-8. (l) F9I. - - -, "Manvifacture of Prestressed Girders", Concrete and Constructional Engineering, Vol. hj>, pp. 353-555.5 19^8. (l) F92. - - -, "Road Bridge Reconstruction In France--Use of Prestressed Concrete", Contract Journal, Vol- I38, p> Q^h, 19k8. (l) F93» - - -> "The Alloz Aqueduct., Spain", Concrete and Con- structional Engineering, Vol. k^, pp, 5l4-3l6, 1948. (1.) 19^9 F9i4-, Anita, K. F., "Prestressed Concrete", Indian Concrete Journal (Bombay), 19^9, Vol. 23, No. 8, August.,, pp. 188-191^ (2) F95« Bruggeling, A.S.G.., "Berekening van cionstructies in voorgespannen beton" , Cement (Amsterdam) 19it-9, No. 11-12, pp. 206- 210. (2) F96. Bruggeling, A.S.G., "Voorgespannen beton in de utili- teitsbauw Ontwerp en uitvoering van een waterrevodr van 7,000 m? in Orleans", Cement (Amsterdam) 19ij-9, No. 9-10, pp. I66-I79/ (2) C-105 F97' Duyster, H. C, "Hangers in voorgespannen beton voor het vliegveld Brussel Melsbroek", Cement (Amsterdam) 19^9, No. 7-8, pp. 117-124. (2) F98. Elgar, W. H., "Design of rectangular prestressed Beams" Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer » (London), 19^9^ Vol. IO8 No. 5015, November k, p. 658. (2) F99. Elgar, W. H., "Simplified Calculations for the Design of Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Beams", Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer (London), 19^+9, Vol. IO8, No. 5004, pp. 527-528, September 2. (2) FIDO. Elgar, W. H., "Single Prestressed Concrete Tee-beams", Siirveyor and Municipal and County Engineer, (London), 19^9^ Vol. IO8, No. 5011, pp. 627-628, October 21. (2) FlOl. Emerson, R. B., "Prestressed Concrete Sleepers Manu- factured by the Long Line Process", The Royal Engineers Journal, (Chatham), Vol. 63, Sept. 19^9, p. 256 and one plate. (2) F102. Glover, C. W., "Prestressed Concrete at Olympia", The Parthenon, (London), 19^9, Vol. 2h, No. 3, ppl i<-6-50, December. (2) F103. Hartmann, J.A.H., "Versleig van het congres to Parijs over voorgespannen beton, georganiseerd door de A.S.P. op 27-29 Juni, 19^9", Cement, (Amsterdam), I9I+9, No. 7-8, pp. 113-li6. (2) F104. Host-Madsen, M., "Konstruktioner af startbaner til f lyvepladser . Fra grassbaner til forspaendt beton", Ingeniren (Copen- hagen), 1914-9, Vol. 58, No. 46, pp. 9i3-920, November 12. (2) F105. Johns, W. M., "Prestressed Concrete: principles and applications". Contractors Record and Municipal Engineering (London), 1949, Vol. 60, No. 48, pp. 21-24, November 30. (2) FIO6. Kaylor, H., "Prestressed Concrete-What It Is and How It Is Used", The House Builder (London), I949, Vol. 8, No. 9, pp. 219- 221, October. (2) F107. Olszeik, W., "Beton sprezony a zelbet dwie zasadniczo odmienne koncepcje", Inzynieria i Bedownictwo (Warsaw), 1949^ Vol. 6, No. 10-12, pp. 675-690, October-December. (2^ FI08. Pizzeti, J., "Teoria y practica de la precompresion", Hormigon Elastico (Buenos Aires), 1949, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 19-28, July. (2) FIO9. Riiineri, G., "The Problem of Prestressing Redundant Structures (ll problema della pre-compressicne su solidi vincolati iperstaticamente ) , Giornale del Genio Civile, (Rome), 1949> Vol. 87, No. 11, pp. 595-602. (6) c-106 F110= Reissauq, F.; Dooms, J.; Van Cauwenberge; Vandepite , D., "The New Prestressed Concrete De Smet Bridge Over the Canal at Ghent;, Belgium", (Le nouveau pont en beton precontraint de la rue De Smet sur le Canal de Raccordement a Gand), Annales Des Travaux Publics De Belgique, No. 6_, pp. 687-716, December, 194^9. For abstract see ACI Proceedings Vol". 22, No. 2, p. l80, October 1950. (6) Fill. Rinaldi, G., "Progettazione di massima di ponti Solet- tone in cemento armato precompresso", L' Industrie Italiana del Cemento (Rome), 19l<-9, Vol. 19, No. 12, pp. 288-289, December. (2) F112. Sykes, W. B., "Positive Anchored Prestressed Concrete Sleepers", The Royal Engineers Journal, (Chatham), Vol. 65, pp« I85- 186, June 19i^9" (2) FII5. Walsh, R. E., "Prestressed Concrete", Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer. (London), 19^4-9, Vol, IO8, No. 3005^ pp. 559-5^1. September 9. (2) Fllit-, - - -, "Das "Preload" Verfahren fur die Ausfuhrung zylingrischer Gehause in Spannbeton", Betonbau des Auslandes, No, 2. pp. 2, November, 19il-9. (2) F115- - - -} "Developments in the use of prestressed con- crete. Part 2", The Consulting Engineer (London), \9h^, Vol. 5- No. 9,, pp. 260-270, September. (2) FII6. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete Bridge Over Railway At Lille, France", Cement and Concrete Association, (London), December, 19i^9, dg. 11, pp. 8. (2) FII7. - - -) "Prestressed Concrete Sleepers. A Ministry of Supply Factory", Concrete Building and Concrete Products (London), 19^4-9^ Vol. 2h, No. 12, pp, 269-271., December. (2) FII8, - - -, "The First Multi-story Building of Prestressed Concrete", Building Digest, (London), Vol. 9, No, 12, December, 19i<-9, pp. 1H5-^18. (2) FII9, - - -, "The Manufacture of Prestressed Concrete Sleepers at Dagenham" , Concrete Building and Concrete Products, (London), 19^9. Vol. 2\, No. 10", pp. 225-226, October. (2) 1950 F12C. Barets, J., "Le beton precontraint", Theorie et Cal- culus. 1st edition. Paris, 1950, Editions Eyrolles. (2) F121. Bowie, P. G., "Some General Principles", Illustrated Carpenter and Builder (London), progress in prestressed concrete series. I950, Vol. I59, No, 578O, February 10, pp. 2l6, 2l8, 220. (2) C-107 F122» Bruggeling, Ir . A.S.G., "Het dimensioneren van voor- gespannen beton constructies," Beton, Noo 3> No. k^ of 1950. This reference was given in the book "Voorgespannen Beton" by Ir. A.S.G. Bruggeling , FI25. Bruggeling, Ir. A.S.G., "Het dimensioneren van voor- gespsuinen beton constructies", De Ingenieur, 1950, No. 21, No. 27 <■ This reference was given in the book "Voorgespannen Beton", by Ir. A. S .G . Bruggeling . F12J4-. Collins, A. R., "The Principles of Making High Strength Concrete", Constructional Review (Sydney), September 1950, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 22-50. (ACI Journal Review Section, February I95I, Proc. Vol. UT, p. if90). (6) FI25. Ehrenzweig, P., "Zur Bemessung auf Biegung Bean- spruchter vorgespannter Betonkonstuktionen" , Allgemaine Bau-Zeitung (Vienna) I950, Vol. 5, No. l84, pp. 5-5, February 22. (2) FI26. Elgar, W. H., "Doubly Prestressed Concrete Beams", Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer, (London), 1950, Vol. 109> No. 5022, January 6, pp. 9-10. (2) F127. Font Maymo, J., "Hormigones pretensados. Principles y aplicaciones", 1950, 1st. edition. Editorial Dossat, S. A. Madrid, pp. I6i+. (2) FI28. Franciosi, V., "Su alcuni problemi connessi con la precompressione nelle strutture iperstatische", Giornale del Genio Civile (Rome), I950, Vol. 88, No. 12, pp. 72O-726. (2) FI29. Franciosi, V., "Sul calcolo dei telai ad elementi precompressi", (Calculation of Precast prestressed concrete frames), L'Industria Italiana del Cemento (Rome), October, 1950, Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 226-251. (2) FI50. Harris, A. J., "The Freyssinet System", Illustrated Carpenter and Builder (London), progress in prestressed concrete series, 1950, Vol. 139, No. 5781, Feb. I7, pp. 2k6, 2i4-8, 250. (2) FI5I. Homewood, L.S.G., "The Preload System", Illustrated Carpenter and Builder (London), progress in prestressed concrete ser- ies, 1950, Vol. 159, No. 5779, Feb. 5, pp. 162, l6k. (2) FI32. Jakubovskij, B. V., "Primenenije predvaritelnom naprjazennogo zelezobetona v mostach. (The use of Prestressed Concrete in Bridge Building)", Moskva, 1950, (Publisher Dorizdat). Reference from Stavebni pruraysl (Prague), 1951> Vol. 1, No. I6, p. 585- FI55. Kaylor, H., "Experimental Work", Illustrated Carpen- ter and Builder (London), progress in prestressed concrete series, 1950, Vol. 159, No. 5778, January 27, PP^ 125- (2) C-108 FI34, Leeuwen^ C. Vario, "Electrif icatie-portalen van span- beton voor de Nederlandsche Spoorwegen", De Ingenieur ( The Hague ), 1950, Vol. 62, No. r, January 6, pp. Bt. 1-5 . (2) FI55. Lossierj, H., "The Self -stressing of Concrete by Ex- panding Cements", December, 1950, C.A.C.A. Library Translation Cj. 25, pp. 57. (2) FI56. Magnel, G., "Tests of a Continuous Prestressed Concrete Girder (Essai d'une poutre continue en beton precontraint)". Science et Technique (Brussels), No. '^/h, 1950. For abstract see ACI Proceedings^ Vol. h^ ^ No. 1, P. 89, September 1950. (6) F157o May, D. H., "Technique of Prestressing", Progress in Prestressed Concrete, Illustrated Caurpenter and Builder (London), 1950, Vol. 159, No. 5777, January 20, pp. 82^ 84. (2) F158,, Morandi, R., "Copertiire industriali a estradosso piano in calcestruzzo precompresso, (industrial roofs with flat extra- dos in prestress concrete)", L'Industria Italiana del Cemento (Rome), September 1950, Vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 202-206, October 1950, Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 222-225. (2) F159- Morandi, R,, "Development of a device for prestress- ing reinforced concrete", Giornale del Genio Civile (Rome), March, 1950, Vol. 88, No. 5, PP- 156-l'+0, in Italian. (ACI Journal Review Section, April I95I, Proc . Vol. if7, P> 667). (6) Fl^l-O. Morandi, R., "II nuova ponte di calcestruzzo precom- \ presso sul Fiume Elsa a Canueto", Giornale del Genio Civile (Rome), 1950, Vol. 88, No. 12, pp. 715-719. (2) Flit-l. New, D. 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Jr., "Bovenleidingportalen van voorge- spannen beton voor de Nederlandsche Spoorwegen", De Ingenieur (The Hague), 1950, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. Bt. 5-6. January 6. (2) FI5I. Weinberg, V., "Prestressed Concrete Various systems of Prestressing (le b<^ton pr^contraing Precedes)", La Technique Moderne — Construction (Paris), Vol. 5, No. 6, June 1950, pp. I76- 179- (6) FI52. - - -, "A Continuous Bridge In Prestressed Concrete", Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer (London), 1950, Vol. 109, No, 3027, February 10, p. 87. (2) F155" - - -, "A Timber Substitute,, Prestressed concrete floor joist^ Contractors Record and Municipal Engineering (London), 30 August 1950, Vol. 61, Noo 55, pp. 22-25. ' (2) F15'+. - - -, "Lenouveau pont de Sclayn (Namur), ouvrage en beton precontraint de I50 metres de portee, sur la Meuse", La Technique des Travaux, May- June 1950., No. 5-6. (6) FI55. - - -, "Prestressed Concrete", (Supplement No. 1,) December 1950. C.A.C.A. Library Record Ch. 2, pp. 15. 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Braunbock, E., "A compsite prefabricated prestressed floor of high insulating capacity", paper read at the Prestressed Con- crete Congress, Ghent, September, 1951- Reference given by P. Abeles in Part XII of "Further Notes on the Principles and Design of Prestressed Concrete" . FI63 . Catteiain, F . , "The measurement of linear variations of cables and its application to Sclayn Bridge", February 1951, C.a.C.A. Library Translation C j . 29, PP- 6. (2) Fl64 . Guidi, C. C, "Considerazioni sulla sicxirezza delle strutture staticomente indeterminate in conglomerato precompresso" , Giornale del Genio Civile, (Rome), I95I, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 25-2il-.(2) FI65. Harris, A. J., "Prestressed Concrete Bridges",, Journal of the Institution of Highway Engineers (London), 1951, Vol, 2, No. 1, pp. T-35. (2) FI66. Hartmann, J.A.H., "The Prestressed Cable", January,, 1951, C.A.C.A. Library Translation C j . 28, pp. 5- (2) FI67. Helfgot, A., "Primera obra ejectuada en el pais en hormigc^n precomprimido", Hormigon Elastico, (Buenos Aires), 1951, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 6-9, January. (2) FI68. Lalande, "Pista de aterrizaje del Aeropuerto de Orly", Hormigon Elastico (Buenos Aires), 1951, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. T-IJ, February. . (2) FI69. Lao, Y. C, "The Ultimate Strength of Prestressed Beams in Bending", M. S. Thesis, Imperial College, London, 1951. (8) FI70. Leonhardt, F., "The .-ipplication of Prestressed Concrete to Road Construction", January 1951, C.A.C.A. Library Translation Cj. 27, pp. 12. (2) FI7I. Magnel, G., "Diseno de los extremos de vigas de hor- migon precomprimido", Hormigon Elastico (Buenos Aires), 1951, Vol. 5, No, 1, pp. 21-2i4-, January. (2) C-111 FI72. Magnel, G., "Essai, a Philadelphie , d'une poutre en beton precontraint de 47 metres de port^e", La Technique des Travaux, (Liege), 1951, Vol. 27, No. 1-2, pp. k9-6l. F175' Ostenfeld, C; Jonson, W., "Forsog med forspandt ■beton", Copenhagen 1951, (Telsnisk Forlag)« F174- Rinaldi, G., "Prove sperimentali su modello di trave continua a due campate eguali per ponte in cimento armato precompresso di grande luce", Giornale del Genio Civile, (Rome), 1951, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 79-90. (2) F175' Shaker, A,, "Distribution of Stresses in Prestressed Shell Roofs Loaded to Destruction", Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College, London, 1951- (8) FI76. Stainer, C., "Prestressed Concrete Elevated Highway. A 'Big-scale Precasting Job", Contractors Record and Municipal Engi- neering, (London), 195I, Vol. 62, No. 5, PP- 18-2$ . _ (2) FI77. Ziaudden, U.N.S., "Ultimate Strength of Prestressed Concrete Beams with Reference to Plastic Theory", M.Sc. Thesis, Imperial College, London, I95I. (8) FI78. - - -, "First Report on Prestressed Concrete", Insti- tution of Structural Engineers (London), 1951= Reference given in an editorial appearing in Concrete and Constructional Engineering, (London), Vol. k6, No. 11. F179- - - -, "Proceedings of the German Concrete Assn.", Deutscher Beton-Verein, Wiesbaden, Vol. 1, 1939, Vol. 11, 19^9, (ACI Journal Review Section, Feb . I95I, Proc. Vol. 47, p. kgk.) (6)