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OF THE 
 
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 Of ILL! N O15 
 
 PRESENTED 5Y 
 
 Miss Ethel Ricker 
 from the 
 
 Library of her Father 
 Nathan Clifford Ricker 
 Head of the Department of 
 Architecture, 1873-1911 
 
 q,912.73 
 
 ^ Xv 5d 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2019 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 https://archive.org/details/descriptiveatlasOOunse 
 
A 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FOR REFERENCE AND GENERAL INFORMATION 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1884, BY 
 
 IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK AND CHICAGO 
 
.NOTE. 
 
 ppHIS DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS has been prepared and arranged to serve 
 i a very definite purpose in the home and family library. It claims to be 
 something different from a geography , and something more than a reference 
 atlas; yet it partakes of the nature of both. As a text-book, it will serve 
 very excellently the purposes of home instruction, and will become, in the 
 family, one of the most useful adjuncts to the lessons learned in the 
 academy, the grammar school, or the common school. In addition to this 
 use, however, it meets the need of a comprehensive atlas, for reference 
 and information. 
 
 No other work now before the public fully answers these very important 
 ends; but it is confidently believed that the Descriptive Atlas will fill the 
 requirements of all who, either as private students or general readers, desire 
 to have a genuine modern authority at hand, in the library, or upon the study- 
 table. 
 
 This work is the outgrowth and result of many years of experience in 
 geographical authorship and publication. As publishers of the admirable 
 geographical text-books of Professor William Swinton, the publishers of the 
 Descriptive Atlas have gathered together a mass of material, covering the 
 whole range of the special geography of the United States. This has been 
 carefully corrected from time to time, and kept up to date, by the aid of the 
 best special students, and the most reliable official and professional authorities, 
 in every part of the country. This matter has now been thoroughly sifted and 
 re-arranged, with much additional material, and appears in its present form 
 representing the labor of more than fifteen years on the part of authors and 
 publishers, and an outlay of fully one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 
 
 The publishers believe the work to be substantially correct, as accurate, 
 indeed, and reliable, as any such work can easily be made ; and, as such, they 
 confidently commend it to the reading-public, with the hope that it may prove 
 of lasting service to readers and students everywhere. 
 
 THE PUBLISHERS. 
 
 New York, July i, 1884. 
 
MAY 2 1 1953 SLOCUM 
 
 
 3 912 .. "73 
 
 Iv -i>cL 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 \ 
 
 REFERENCE-LIST OF MAPS. 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORLD 
 COMMERCIAL CENTERS AND THEIR EXPORTS 
 PHYSICAL NORTH AMERICA .... 
 
 POLITICAL NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Danish America. 
 
 Arctic America. 
 
 Dominion of Canada, with Newfoundland 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Central America. 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 PHYSICAL UNITED STATES ..... 
 POLITICAL UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 Eastern States, or New England 
 
 Middle States . 
 
 Southern States: Eastern Division . 
 Southern States : Western Division 
 Central States : Eastern Division . 
 Central States : Western Division 
 Pacific States and Territories . 
 
 STANDARD TIME. 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES: In Detail . 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 Vermont. 
 Massachusetts . 
 Connecticut . 
 
 Rhode Island . 
 
 New York 
 New Jersey 
 Pennsylvania 
 Maryland . 
 Delaware 
 
 District of Columbia 
 Virginia . 
 
 West Virginia . 
 North Carolina . 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 iv 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 i i 
 12 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 17 
 19 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 4i 
 
 45 
 
 47 
 
 5° 
 
 56 
 
 59 
 
 64 
 
 69 
 
 75 
 
 82 
 
 89 
 
 94 
 
 103 
 
 105 
 
 107 
 
 hi 
 
 113 
 
 ii 5 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Texas . 
 
 Kentucky . 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Michigan . .. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Nebraska. 
 
 Dakota . 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Idaho . 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Colorado . 
 
 Utah. 
 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 California. 
 
 Nevada. 
 
 Oregon . 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Alaska . 
 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 TOWNSHIP SYSTEM OF LAND-SURVEYS 
 
 GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES . 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX .... 
 
 iii 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 11 7 
 1 19 
 
 123 
 
 125 
 
 128 
 
 131 
 
 133 
 
 137 
 
 141 
 
 143 
 
 147 
 
 153 
 
 157 
 
 166 
 
 170 
 
 178 
 
 182 
 
 189 
 
 195 
 
 201 
 
 207 
 
 213 
 
 218 
 
 220 
 
 224 
 
 228 
 
 231 
 
 235 
 
 237 
 
 243 
 
 245 
 
 249 
 
 252 
 
 254 
 
 256 
 
 258 
 
 275 
 
 V 
 
REFERENCE-LIST OF MAPS 
 
 ALABAMA . 
 
 ALASKA . 
 
 ARCTIC REGIONS. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 ARKANSAS . 
 
 BALTIMORE AND VICINITY .... 
 
 BOSTON AND VICINITY. 
 
 BUFFALO AND VICINITY .... 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 CANADA, DOMINION OF. 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 CENTRAL STATES: EASTERN DIVISION 
 CENTRAL STATES: WESTERN DIVISION . 
 CHARLESTON (S.C.) AND VICINITY . 
 
 CHICAGO AND VICINITY. 
 
 CINCINNATI AND VICINITY. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 DAKOTA . 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 DETROIT (MICH.) AND VICINITY . 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ..... 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 GALVESTON (TEX.) AND VICINITY . 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 IDAHO . 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 KANSAS . 
 
 KENTUCKY . 
 
 LEAVENWORTH (KAN.) AND VICINITY. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 LOUISVILLE (KY.) AND VICINITY . 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 MARYLAND . 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS . 
 
 MEMPHIS (TENN.) AND VICINITY . 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 MILWAUKEE (WIS.) AND VICINITY 
 
 MINNESOTA . 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 MONTANA . 
 
 NASHVILLE (TENN.) AND VICINITY . 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 . 120 
 254 
 I I 
 232 
 . 129 
 100 , IOI 
 
 62 
 
 . 80 
 
 238,239 
 
 14 
 
 36 
 
 • 39 
 114 
 
 • 159 
 140 
 
 222, 223 
 70, 71 
 208, 209 
 100, 101 
 . 165 
 
 108 
 . 126 
 
 136 
 . 120 
 
 214, 215 
 158, 159 
 152 
 . 254 
 
 184, 185 
 196, 197 
 140 
 . 197 
 
 129 
 . 140 
 
 48, 49 
 
 IOO, IOI 
 
 62, 63 
 . 140 
 
 14 
 
 164, 165 
 26 
 . 164 
 
 176, 177 
 . 129 
 
 190, 191 
 214, 215 
 140 
 202, 203 
 
 NEVADA . 
 
 NEW-ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND . 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 NEW ORLEANS AND VICINITY . 
 
 NEW YORK . 
 
 NEW-YORK CITY AND VICINITY 
 NORFOLK (VA.) AND VICINITY . 
 
 NORTH AMERICA, PHYSICAL 
 
 NORTH AMERICA, POLITICAL . . . . 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 OMAHA (NEB.) AND VICINITY 
 
 OREGON . 
 
 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA COAL-REGIONS . 
 PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY 
 PORTLAND (ME.) AND VICINITY . 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 RICHMOND AND VICINITY .... 
 SAN FRANCISCO AND VICINITY . 
 SAVANNAH AND VICINITY .... 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 SOUTHERN STATES: EASTERN DIVISION 
 SOUTHERN STATES: WESTERN DIVISION 
 ST. LOUIS AND VICINITY .... 
 
 ST. PAUL AND VICINITY. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 TEXAS . 
 
 UNITED STATES, PHYSICAL .... 
 UNITED STATES, POLITICAL . . . . 
 
 UNITED STATES: STANDARD TIME 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 VERMONT . 
 
 VICKSBURG (MISS.) AND VICINITY. 
 
 VIRGINIA.. . 
 
 WASHINGTON TERRITORY . . . . 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 WILMINGTON (N.C.) AND VICINITY . 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 WORLD: COMMERCIAL CHART . 
 
 WORLD: GLOBULAR MAP . 
 
 WORLD IN HEMISPHERES .... 
 WYOMING. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 238, 239 
 
 • 23 
 
 13 
 54, 55 
 
 88 
 . 232 
 
 129 
 80, 81 
 86 
 . 110 
 
 7 
 
 . 10 
 
 114 
 . 146 
 
 203 
 . 246 
 42 
 92, 93 
 95 
 . 98 
 
 49 
 . 76 
 
 110 
 
 • 239 
 114 
 
 . 114 
 
 28 
 
 • 32 
 191 
 
 • . 1 77 
 
 140 
 . 136 
 
 16 
 20, 21 
 46 
 
 222, 223 
 
 54, 55 
 . 129 
 
 110 
 . 246 
 
 14 
 
 . 110 
 
 114 
 164, 165 
 
 4, 5 
 . 1 
 
 2 
 
 214, 215 
 
 IV 
 
Descriptive Atlas 
 
 O F 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
THE WORLD IN HEMISPHERES, ETC. 
 
 PHYSICAL VIEW OF LAND AND WATER. MERCATOR’S MAP. 
 
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 GALAPAG0S4S. 
 
 Guayaquil 
 
 SOLOMON IS 
 
 SAMOA or 
 <*#•.. NAVIGATOR IS. 
 Apia 
 
 Callao fA': 
 
 *, Kandavaujp 
 
 VNEW 
 
 ■^CALEDONIA 
 X oilmen 
 
 /Denison V. 
 RocWiani])tiiii^- 
 
 Tropic of Cap 
 
 Antofagasta j 
 
 ricorn 
 
 EASTER i, 
 
 Sydney to Valpai 
 
 Valparaiso^ 
 
 King Georges 
 Sound 
 
 $ci4i$tig ho ft teSyd >* f: y 
 
 C AUCKLAND- U 
 
 urnetn I 
 
 r J>ool J3; 
 
 Longitude West 150 from Greenwich. 120 
 
 180 
 
 120 Longitude East 150 from Greenwich. 
 
 B A F F I A 
 
 l 8fer SOU tv 
 
 40 
 
 .BERMUDA 
 
 La v 
 
 AXJD 
 
 m Liverpool 329 
 
 East 180 West 
 
 1C3 
 
 Longitude 
 
 133 
 
 from Washington. 103 
 
 Longitude 
 
 from Washington. 
 
 13 West 
 
 Last 
 
 / 
 
 Acapulco 
 Adelaide . 
 Aden . . 
 Alexandria 
 Algiers 
 Amsterdam 
 Archangel 
 Astrakhan 
 Auckland 
 Azore Isles 
 Bahia . . 
 Baltimore 
 Bankok . 
 Barcelona 
 Batavia . 
 Bergen 
 Bombay . 
 Bordeaux 
 Boston 
 Bremen . 
 
 COMMERCIAL CENTER 
 
 SILVER, COPPER, SKINS, COCOA, INDIGO, MAHOGANY, DRUGS. 
 WOOL, WHEAT, COPPER. 
 
 COFFEE, DATES, DRUGS, PEARLS. 
 
 GRAIN, COTTON, DATES, DRUGS. 
 
 GRAIN, CATTLE, CORK, COPPER, DATES. 
 
 BUTTER, CHEESE, SILK MANUFACTURES, SPICES. 
 
 FLAX, HEMP, SKINS, FOREST-PRODUCTS, TALLOW. 
 
 FISH, OIL, LAMB-SKINS. 
 
 WOOL, GOLD, LUMBER, FLAX, CATTLE-PRODUCTS. 
 
 WINE, ORANGES, LEMONS. 
 
 SUGAR, TOBACCO, DIAMONDS, NUTS. 
 
 TOBACCO, WHEAT, PETROLEUM, OYSTERS, COAL. 
 
 RICE, SPICES, SUGAR. 
 
 WINES, CORK, IRON, COPPER, QUICKSILVER, DRIED FRUITS. 
 SUGAR, COFFEE, RICE, INDIGO, TOBACCO. 
 
 LUMBER, FISH, ICE. 
 
 COTTON, OPIUM, COFFEE, SPICES, SUGAR, INDIGO. 
 
 WINES, BRANDIES, PRESERVED FRUITS AND MEATS. 
 
 VARIED MANUFACTURES, PREPARED FOODS, ICE. 
 
 LINEN AND WOOLEN GOODS, GLASS, WINE, BEER, GRAIN. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. . . wool, cattle-products. 
 
 Bushire. silk, shawls, carpets, wool, drugs, dried fruits. 
 
 Calcutta.COTTON, OPIUM, RICE, TEA, JUTE, INDIGO, SUGAR. 
 
 Callao.GUANO, SALTPETER, CINCHONA-BARK, WOOL, SUGAR. 
 
 Canary Isles . . . cochineal, fruits, vegetables, soda. 
 
 Canton. tea, silk, Chinese wares. 
 
 Cape Town .... wool, hides, ostrich plumes, wine, copper, diamonds. 
 Cartagena .... cinchona-bark, coffee, cotton, tobacco. 
 
 i Cayenne. sugar, coffee, cotton, pepper, and other spices. 
 
 Charleston .... cotton, rice. 
 
 Chicago. grain, pork, lumber. 
 
 Cincinnati .... grain, pork, flax, tobacco. 
 
 Constantinople . . grain, tobacco, drugs, fruits, carpets, silks. 
 
 Dantzic. grain, lumber, beer, woolens, linens. 
 
 Galveston .... cotton, grain, wool. 
 
 Genoa. silks, olive-oil, wine and spirits, fruits. 
 
 Georgetown . . . sugar, coffee, cotton, indigo, spices. 
 
 Glasgow.IRON and cotton manufactures, iron ships, chemicals. 
 
 Guayaquil .... cocoa, cinchona-bark, dye-stuffs. 
 
 ! Halifax. dried fish, coal, gypsum, grindstones, lumber. 
 
 Hamburg . . . 
 
 LINEN AND WO< 
 
 Havana .... 
 
 SUGAR, COFFEE, 
 
 Havre. 
 
 ARTICLES OF T.' 
 
 Hong Kong. . . 
 
 TEA, RAW SILK 
 
 Honolulu . . . 
 
 SUGAR, COCOANi 
 
 Irkutsk .... 
 
 (from china t 
 
 Jamaica .... 
 
 SUGAR, RUM, Ml 
 
 La Guayra . . . 
 
 COFFEE, COCOA, 
 
 Lisbon .... 
 
 WINE, OLIVE-OII 
 
 Liverpool . . . 
 
 IRON,CUTLERY, 
 
 London .... 
 
 BRITISH MANUF 
 
 Madeira Isles . . 
 
 WINES, FRUITS, 
 
 Malaga .... 
 
 ORANGES, WINE 
 
 Manila .... 
 
 SUGAR, TOBACO 
 
 Marseilles . . . 
 
 WINE, BRANDY, 
 
 Mauritius Island 
 
 SUGAR, VANILLA 
 
 Melbourne . . . 
 
 GOLD, WOOL, W 
 
 Mobile .... 
 
 COTTON, FORES 
 
 Monrovia . . . 
 
 PALM-OIL, WAX 
 
 Montevideo. . . 
 
 CATTLE-PRODUC 
 
AND THEIR EXPORTS. 
 
 I GOODS, GLASS, WINE, BEER, GRAIN. 
 BACCO, CIGARS. 
 
 . AND FASHION, WINE, BRANDY, OIL. 
 INESE WARES. 
 
 IL. 
 
 JSSIA) TEA, FRUITS, PORCELAIN, SILK. 
 ISES, COFFEE, ALLSPICE. 
 
 31GO, CATTLE-PRODUCTS. 
 
 JUITS, SALT. 
 
 THEN-WARE, COTTONS, CHEMICALS, COAL. 
 IRES, FOREIGN PRODUCTS. 
 
 rs. 
 
 ISINS. 
 
 IGARS, HEMP, COFFEE, INDIGO. 
 
 IDINES, SILK, FRUITS. 
 
 ODUCTS. 
 
 PPER, GROUND-NUTS. 
 
 Montreal. . 
 Morocco . . 
 New Orleans 
 New York . 
 Odessa 
 Okhotsk 
 Oporto . 
 Panama 
 Para 
 Paris 
 Pernambuco 
 Philadelphia 
 Portland, Me. 
 Portland, Ore. 
 Quebec 
 Rangoon . 
 Reykjavik 
 Riga . . 
 
 Rio Janeiro 
 Rome . . 
 
 BREADSTUFFS, FOREST PRODUCTS, DAIRY-PRODUCTS. 
 GOAT-SKINS, WOOL, BEANS, MAIZE, OLIVE-OIL. 
 
 COTTON, SUGAR, TOBACCO. 
 
 GRAIN, VARIED MANUFACTURES, PETROLEUM, PROVISIONS. 
 WHEAT, fALLOW, SALT, TIMBER. 
 
 FURS, FISH-OILS. 
 
 WINE, OLIVE-OIL, FRUITS, CORK. 
 
 COTTON, COFFEE, CINCHONA-BARK, TOBACCO. 
 CAOUTCHOUC, CACAO, RICE, SUGAR, TAPIOCA, DRUGS. 
 VARIED FRENCH MANUFACTURES AND PRODUCTS. 
 
 COTTON, COFFEE, SUGAR. 
 
 IRON, COAL, PETROLEUM, MACHINERY. 
 
 LUMBER, STAVES, CASKS, ETC. 
 
 WHEAT, FLOUR, SALMON, LUMBER. 
 
 SHIPS, LUMBER, GRAIN, FISH. 
 
 RICE, TEAK-WOOD, BAMBOO, COTTON. 
 
 OIL, FISH, EIDER-DOWN, FEATHERS. 
 
 GRAIN, HEMP, FLAX, LUMBER. 
 
 COFFEE, GOLD, DIAMONDS, TOBACCO, HIDES. 
 
 PICTURES, STATUES, AND OTHER OBJECTS OF ART. 
 
 San Francisco 
 Savannah . 
 Shanghai . . 
 
 Sierra Leone . 
 Singapore . . 
 Smyrna . . . 
 
 Stettin . . . 
 
 St. Johns, N.F 
 St. Louis . . 
 
 St. Paul de Loanda, 
 St. Petersburg 
 Sydney 
 Tamatave 
 Trieste 
 Valparaiso 
 Vera Cruz 
 Victoria . 
 
 Vienna 
 Yakutsk . 
 Yokohama 
 
 WHEAT, WOOL, WINES, PRECIOUS METALS. 
 
 COTTON, LUMBER. 
 
 TEA, SILK, COTTON, CHINESE WARES. 
 
 PALM-OIL, TIMBER, GINGER, PEPPER, BEESWAX, IVORY. 
 TIN, SPICES, RATTANS, GUTTA-PERCHA. 
 
 FIGS, SPONGES, RAW SILK, CARPETS, DRUGS. 
 
 GRAIN, OIL-CAKE, WOOL, BEER. 
 
 COD-FISH, SEAL-SKINS, COD AND SEAL OIL. 
 
 GRAIN, MACHINERY, MANUFACTURES. 
 
 WAX, IVORY. 
 
 TALLOW, FLAX, HEMP, LEATHER, FURS, SKINS. 
 
 WOOL, CATTLE-PRODUCTS, TIN, COPPER, GOLD. 
 CAOUTCHOUC, CATTLE, HIDES, WAX, EBONY-WOOD. 
 GRAIN, FLOUR, LUMBER, WINE, OIL. 
 
 GRAIN, COPPER, SILVER, WOOL, HIDES. 
 
 COFFEE, VANILLA, HIDES, TOBACCO, COCHINEAL, INDIGO. 
 FURS, LUMBER, COAL. 
 
 LEATHER GOODS, GLASS-WARE, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
 FURS. 
 
 SILK, TEA, RICE, JAPANESE GOODS. 
 
6 
 
 PHYSICAL NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 WHALING IN BAFFIN’S BAY. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 9,348,000 square miles. Population, 71,900,000 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION, EXTENT, AND OUTLINE. 
 
 1. Situation and Extent. — North America is the northern 
 grand division of the Western Continent. It extends from the 
 Arctic Ocean almost to the equator (nearly 5,ooo miles), and 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. It is more than twice 
 as large as Europe, but less than half as large as Asia. 
 
 2. Outline. —This grand division is broadest in the northern 
 part; but it becomes narrower toward the south, and terminates 
 in the Isthmus of Panama. Its outline is irregular, the coast 
 being indented by numerous seas, gulfs, and bays. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 3. Natural Divisions.—The surface of North America is 
 naturally divided into four parts, — the Pacific Highland, the 
 Atlantic Highland, the Atlantic Plain, and the Central Plain. 
 
 4. The Pacific Highland occupies almost all the western 
 half of North America, and extends from the Arctic Ocean to 
 the Isthmus of Panama. It is divided by the Rocky Mountains 
 into two nearly equal parts. 
 
 I. The Rocky Mountains form the backbone of North America. The 
 massive chains of this system rise from a plateau which gradually 
 ascends from the Arctic Ocean, where it is quite low, to about 
 8,000 feet in Mexico. 
 
 II. The Sierra Nevada, Cascade, and Coast mountains form the western 
 border of the Pacific Highland. The loftiest peak in North America 
 is St. Elias (19,283 feet high), in the northern Coast Mountains. 
 
 5. The Atlantic Highland extends from the northern coast 
 of Labrador nearly to the Gulf of Mexico. Its mountains are 
 the ranges of the Appalachian system. 
 
 The Atlantic Highland consists of the plateau of Labrador with the 
 Laurentide Mountains, on the north of the St. Lawrence, and the 
 Appalachian mountain-system, on the south. The Appalachian 
 Mountains, consisting of low parallel ranges, are only about one- 
 fourth the length of the Rocky Mountains, and in structure are far 
 less massive than that system. The highest peaks reach an eleva¬ 
 tion of less than 8,000 feet. 
 
 6. The Atlantic Plain is the slope and tide-water region be¬ 
 tween the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 7. The Central Plain is between the two highland regions, 
 and extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 I. The Central Plain is formed by the long gentle slope descending east¬ 
 ward from the Rocky Mountains, and the western slope of the 
 Atlantic Highland. 
 
 II. The Central Plain consists of two opposite slopes divided from each 
 other by a slight elevation near the center, called the Height of 
 Land. The northern slope is called the Arctic Plain; the southern 
 slope is the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 III. CLIMATE. 
 
 8. Cold Zone. —The northern third of North America has 
 a very cold climate ; and even that part of the Arctic Plain 
 which lies in the North Temperate Zone has a semi-arctic 
 climate. 
 
 The Central Plain is exposed to the cold winds from the Arctic Ocean, 
 while most of it is cut off by the coast mountain-ranges from the 
 equalizing influences of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans ; but the 
 western coast from Alaska to the Columbia River, being open to 
 the effect of the warm ocean-currents and counter trade-winds of the 
 Pacific, has a much milder climate than the rest of North America 
 in the same latitude. 
 
 9. Hot Zone. —The West Indies, Central America, and the 
 lowlands of Mexico have a tropical, or constantly warm, cli¬ 
 mate. 
 
 10. The temperate region includes the United States, the 
 basin of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, and the plateau 
 of Mexico. Owing to latitude and local causes, there are, how¬ 
 ever, important differences of climate in this extensive region. 
 
 IV. VEGETATION AND ANIMALS. 
 
 11. Vegetation. — North America is especially distinguished, 
 in the temperate region for the great variety of its forest trees, 
 and in the warm region for the number of its large flowering 
 trees, such as the tulip-tree, the magnolias, the catalpas, and 
 the locusts. The plateaus of the warm region are rich in 
 plants of the cactus family, the yucca, and the agave or Amer- 
 
Cape Columbia/ 
 Mt. IW 
 °°n on the Mendia 
 
 i^0' o "«r/(,i(i e 
 
 ellesmere 
 
 tV AN °- 
 
 Mr 
 
 - 0 E V OJN 
 
 L(incaStc r 
 
 
 
 CUW&E 
 
 
 Chgtf'y. 
 
 lasc (l 
 ft odantou 
 
 JXerZ.f, 
 
 f,\ ’W-j 
 
 Subsoil I* I* 
 
 / \\ \ | fft 
 
 >'o m 
 
 Manitoba J£.\' 
 
 
 
 ’hills 
 
 / 
 
 Canid' an 
 
 ^vc a bTeM'^/ 
 
 caoco V * 
 CO '- 1 ' 00 ,#5 
 
 vm 
 
 ace S an 
 
 grrientes, 
 
 ,emp 
 
 "•■Mxi 
 
 \X\\V, 
 
 l^ntlufas 
 
 $'ol .)%, %* 
 
 logwood 
 
 d/ OPAV'' 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 PHYSICAL MAP 
 
 -_f ueqo ? ' v 
 
 Kp.aragHUso 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 .Lowlands, Green 
 
 Highlands, Buff 
 
 3 "West it East 
 
 Local Time A . M . 
 
 JO 
 
 when Noon on the Meridian 
 
 of ' Washington. 
 
 ~r 
 
 12.30 
 
 ”\ 
 
 NOON 
 
8 
 
 PHYSICAL NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ican aloe. The low coast plains of Mexico and Central Amer¬ 
 ica and the West Indies have the luxuriant vegetation of the 
 tropics, — palms, bananas, sugar-cane, etc. 
 
 Most of the cereals, as wheat, oats, barley, and rye, are not indigenous 
 to the New World, but were introduced from Europe. The most 
 characteristic native cereal of North America is maize, or In- 
 dian-corn, which is extensively cultivated from Central America 
 and the West Indies to high latitudes in this grand division. 
 
 12. Animals.—The following animals are peculiar 
 to North America: the puma, or panther, the most 
 powerful animal of the cat tribe belonging to this conti¬ 
 nent, and which replaces the lion and tiger of Asia ; the 
 grizzly bear, the largest and most ferocious of its kind, found 
 in the Rocky and Sierra Nevada mountains ; the musk-ox, of 
 the arctic regions ; the bison, roaming over “ The Plains 
 immense herds ; the raccoon, turkey, passage-pigeon, 
 and rattlesnake. Among other wild animals 
 are the polar bear, the wolf, the fox, the 
 otter, the deer, the elk, and the 
 beaver. These North Amer¬ 
 ica has in common 
 with the Eastern 
 Continent. 
 
 are represented, — the Indians, the aborigines, who formerly 
 occupied the whole of the continent, but who are now confined 
 i 11 y , to the western and northern parts ; the 
 A/ Esquimaux, a Mongol race dwelling 
 in the northern parts, together 
 VC"A- with the Chinese of the Pa¬ 
 cific coast and the West 
 Indies; the whites, or 
 Caucasians, descendants 
 of colonists from the vari¬ 
 ous countries of Europe ; 
 and the negroes, of the 
 Ethiopian race, the descend- 
 
 m 
 
 V. MINERALS. 
 
 13. North America in the eastern 
 half is exceedingly rich in the useful min¬ 
 erals, coal, iron, copper, and lead. 
 
 The coal-fields of North America are more extensive than 
 those of all other countries taken together. 
 
 In the western half the precious metals abound, — 
 gold, especially in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, silver 
 in the plateau region of the United States and Mexico, 
 and both gold and silver in the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 VI. INHABITANTS. 
 
 14. The number of inhabitants of North America 
 is about 72,000,000, or one-fifth of the population 
 of Europe. Four of the five races of men 
 
 ants of slaves introduced into Spanish 
 North America and the United States, 
 chiefly from the west coast of Africa. 
 
 The Caucasians are the most numerous, 
 numbering more than 56,000,000. The 
 negroes number about 10,000,000; the 
 Indians, about 5,000,000. 
 
 The Caucasians are increasing most rap¬ 
 idly, there being very large gains by 
 immigration from Europe. The ne¬ 
 groes are also increasing steadily in 
 numbers; while the Indians are de¬ 
 creasing gradually in all parts of the 
 continent. 
 
 \ » 
 
 PLANTS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
POLITICAL NORTH AMERICA 
 
 9 
 
 ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 VII. NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 
 
 15. Among the natural advantages of North America are: (1) it lies mainly in the 
 Temperate Zone ; (2) it has not, like other graftd divisions, impassable mountain bar¬ 
 riers or deserts ; (3) it possesses a vast area of fertile soil, and is rich in the most 
 valuable metals and minerals ; (4) it has numerous navigable rivers and lakes, 2nd fine 
 harbors, which afford excellent facilities for commerce. 
 
 POLITICAL 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 DESCRIPTI ON. 
 
 POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 North America comprises six political divisions, — Danish America, the Dominion 
 of Canada, and Newfoundland, the United States, Mexico, Central America, and the 
 West Indies. 
 
 DANISH AMERICA. 
 
 1. Danish America includes Greenland and Iceland. They belong to the kingdom 
 of Denmark. 
 
 2. Greenland. —The population (about 10,000) consists of Esquimaux and a few 
 Danes and Norwegians who have small trading and shipping settlements at New 
 Herrnhut, Upernavik, and other points. The chief exports are eider-down, whale and 
 seal oil, and furs. 
 
 Greenland is a very large island, or perhaps a cluster of islands joined by ice. The interior has 
 never been explored. The mountain valleys are filled with glaciers, which, moving slowly to the 
 sea, become undermined on reaching the ocean, and immense fragments are broken off, forming 
 the floating mountains of ice called icebergs. 
 
 3. Iceland. — The inhabitants of Iceland are mostly of Norwegian descent. The 
 small but intelligent population of the island (72,500) is engaged in farming, fishing, 
 and sheep-raising. Reykjavik is the capital. 
 
ARCTIC AMERICA. 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 
 WRANGEL'S 
 | LAND 
 
 Ji diet Zand 
 
 Zena ' Zi . 
 
 C.North East 
 or 
 
 C.Chelyuskin 
 
 NORTH 
 
 POLE 
 
 JCAliA 
 
 'jtejjUr /n 
 
 Ipate'A'e" / 
 
 ■Jb^i N T f c 
 
 ARCTIC AMERICA. 
 
 1. Early Discoveries. — It is quite certain, that, as early as 
 the tenth century A.D., settlements were made by the Norsemen 
 in high latitudes on the coast of Greenland. But our knowl¬ 
 edge of what was accomplished by these voyagers is vague, 
 and our interest in arctic exploration begins with the series 
 of expeditions for the discovery of a “ north-west passage,” 
 undertaken soon after the discovery of America by Columbus. 
 
 2. North-west 
 Passage. — The ob¬ 
 ject of those who 
 undertook the search 
 for a north-west pas¬ 
 sage was the discov¬ 
 ery of a route on 
 ‘which, sailing west 
 ward around the 
 northern extremity 
 of the American con¬ 
 tinent, they might 
 reach the East In¬ 
 dies. The first of 
 these attempts was 
 made by Cabot in 
 1498; and this was 
 followed during the 
 next three hundred 
 and fifty years by a 
 long series of baffled 
 efforts, till at last, in 
 1854, Capt. McClure 
 established the fact 
 of a continuous pas¬ 
 sage by water from 
 Baffin Bay to Behr¬ 
 ing Strait. 
 
 Explorations. — In 
 1498 Sebastian Cabot 
 (who, with his father, had 
 in the preceding year 
 discovered the mainland 
 of North America) under¬ 
 took a voyage expressly to 
 find “ that hidden secret 
 of nature,” the direct pas¬ 
 sage to Asia. He pro¬ 
 ceeded northward from 
 Labrador, about half-way up Davis Strait, till icebergs compelled him to 
 change his course, and give up the attempt. 
 
 In 1576 Frobisher made three voyages to the north-west, exploring, among 
 other waters, the channel now known as Frobisher Strait. In 1585-87 Davis 
 explored portions of the coast of Greenland, and the strait which bears his 
 name. In 1610 Hudson sailed up the strait named after him, into Hudson 
 Bay; but his crew mutinied, and set him adrift to perish. In [616 Baffin 
 explored the bay bearing his name, and entered the mouth of Lancaster 
 Sound. In 1789 Mackenzie, in a land expedition, discovered and traced to 
 its mouth the river called after him. In [819 Parry traversed Barrow Strait, 
 and penetrated as far north as the Parry Islands. 
 
 In May, 1845, the ill-fated expedition of Sir John Franklin set sail in search 
 of the north-west passage, in the ships “Erebus” and “Terror.” These 
 vessels were last seen in July of that year, by a whaling-ship, about the mid¬ 
 dle of Ihiffin Bay. Several years having elapsed with no tidings of this expe¬ 
 
 dition, numerous parties were despatched during the next ten years in search 
 of Sir John Franklin and his associates. Among these expeditions may be 
 mentioned those of Kane, De Haven, Ross, Belcher, Englefield, McClin- 
 tock, and McClure; the latter officer, in command of the ship “ Investigator,” 
 being the first explorer who traversed the entire region from Behring Strait 
 to Baffin Bay. (See map.) In 1855 McClintock discovered proofs that all 
 of Sir John Franklin’s party had perished from hunger and exposure, and 
 documents showing that Sir John was the first discoverer of the north-west 
 passage. 
 
 3. Polar Expeditions. — Among the aims of arctic explora¬ 
 tion, that of reaching 
 the north pole has 
 long been a leading 
 one ; but it is only 
 in recent times that 
 well-equipped expedi¬ 
 tions having that ob¬ 
 ject in view have been 
 sent out. The prin¬ 
 cipal of these are the 
 American expeditions 
 under Kane, Hayes, 
 and Hall, and the 
 English expedition 
 under Capt. Nares. 
 
 Details. — In 1853 Dr. 
 Kane, who had formed the 
 opinion that around the 
 north pole was a great 
 open sea, headed an expe¬ 
 dition to verify his theory. 
 The expedition wintered 
 in lat. 78° 37k During the 
 following spring various 
 sledging tours to the north 
 were made. On one of 
 these Kennedy Channel 
 was discovered, and the 
 party penetrated as far 
 as Cape Constitution (in 
 Washington Land), in lat. 
 81 0 27'. The open chan¬ 
 nel abounded with animal 
 life, such as bears, birds, 
 and seals. 
 
 In 1860 Dr. Hayes, who 
 had accompanied Kane, 
 organized an expedition 
 under his own command. 
 The vessel was nipped in 
 the ice about lat. 78° ; but 
 from there various journeys were made northward by way of Grinnell Land. 
 Hayes, with one companion, reached lat. 81 0 35', the most northerly land reached 
 up to that time. Further progress was impossible on account of rotten ice. 
 
 In 1871 Capt. Hall, in the “Polaris,” pushed northward up the western 
 shore of Smith Sound, reaching 82° 16' in Robeson Channel, where the 
 vessel was beset with ice. Hall started with a traveling party ; but little was 
 accomplished, and he died on his return from the sledging expedition. 
 
 In 1875 Capt. Nares, in the vessels “Alert” and “Discovery,” left Eng¬ 
 land, commissioned to attain the highest possible northern latitude. Passing 
 through Smith Sound and Kennedy and Robeson channels, they reached a 
 broad ice-covered sea, where the expedition wintered in lat. 82° 27'. The 
 men were in total or partial darkness for a hundred and forty-two days. 
 Numerous well-equipped exploring parties were sent out; and one of these, 
 under Commander Markham, reached the latitude of 83° 20' 30", the most 
 northerly point thus far attained. 
 
 MAP OF THE ARCTIC REGION. 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA, AND NEWFOUNDLAND 
 
 1 2 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA, WITH NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 VICTORIA TUBULAR BRIDGE ACROSS THE ST. LAWRENCE AT MONTREAL. 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 1. The Dominion of Canada occupies all the northern part 
 of the American continent, except Alaska and a part of Lab¬ 
 rador. Its area is nearly as great as that of the United States 
 (3,205,000 square miles). 
 
 The Dominion of Canada consists of the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, 
 New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, and 
 British Columbia, together with the North-east Territory, the District 
 of Iveewatin, and several other territorial districts. 
 
 2. Government. — “ The Dominion ” is a semi-independent 
 federation of British provinces. The chief executive officer is 
 
 VIEW OF QUEBEC. 
 
 the governor-general, who is appointed by the sovereign of 
 Gieat Britain. I he Legislature, called the Parliament, consists 
 
 of the House of Commons, the members of which are elected by 
 the people ; and the Senate, whose members are appointed 
 by the governor-general. 
 
 Ottawa, in the Province of Ontario, is the capital of the 
 Dominion. 
 
 While the Dominion government regulates all federal matters (as is 
 the case with the general government in our own country), each 
 province has its own local government, consisting of a Legislature, 
 elected by the people, and a lieutenant-governor, appointed by the 
 Dominion government. 
 
 3. Commerce. — Canada carries on an extensive trade with 
 the United States and England. With the exception of these 
 nations, it has a larger commercial marine than any other 
 country. 
 
 The leading imports are cloths, cutlery, and other manufac¬ 
 tured articles from great Britain, and pork, tobacco, and vari¬ 
 ous manufactured articles from the United States. The ex¬ 
 ports are lumber, wheat, potash, fish, and furs, to England ; 
 and lumber, barley, dairy-products, and live-stock, to the United 
 States. 
 
 The great natural highway of Canadian commerce is the St. Lawrence 
 River and the Great Lakes. The St. Lawrence, navigable for large 
 ships to Montreal, affords direct communication between the Great 
 West and the Atlantic. The river is closed by ice for five months 
 of the year. During this period the ocean outlet for Canadian 
 produce is by way of Portland, Me. 
 
 4. Civilization. — In civilization the Dominion ranks with 
 the United States : the people are educated, prosperous, and 
 progressive. 
 
 5. Cities.— r Montreal is the largest city in the Dominion. 
 Quebec is the capital of the Province of Quebec ; Toronto, of 
 the Province of Ontario. St. John is the principal city of 
 New Brunswick, and Fredericton its capital. Halifax is the 
 capital and largest city of Nova Scotia; and Charlottetown, of 
 Prince Edward Island. Winnipeg is the capital of Manitoba ; 
 and Victoria, of British Columbia. 
 
DOMINION OF 
 
 CANADA, AND NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
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 longitude West from Washington 
 
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND WEST INDIES. 
 
 MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND WEST INDIES. 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 1. Area. — The area of Mexico (751,000 square miles) is 
 nearly double that of all the Atlantic States. 
 
 2. Surface. — The Pacific Highland of North America 
 reaches its greatest elevation in Mexico. Two mountain-ranges, 
 situated near the opposite coasts, extend from north-west to 
 south-east, and are the margins of a great mountain-plateau 
 (from 4,000 to 8,000 feet in altitude) which forms the greater 
 part of the country. 
 
 Between the mountains and the coast on each side is a belt of low¬ 
 land, varying from a few miles to one hundred miles in width. The 
 coast-belt is called the tierra caliente, or hot country: the tableland 
 is called the tierra templada , or temperate country. 
 
 3. Climate. — Climate in Mexico depends very much upon 
 the degree of elevation of the surface. The coast plains are 
 hot, moist, and unhealthful ; the tableland is a region of per¬ 
 petual spring ; the high mountains have a cold climate. 
 
 4. Inhabitants.—The inhabitants consist of Mexican Indi¬ 
 ans, who form the majority ; of Creoles, who are descendants 
 of the early Spanish settlers ; and of mixed races. 
 
 At the time of the discovery of America Mexico was inhabited by a 
 superior race of Indians called Aztecs. They had fixed homes, good 
 laws, large cities, and well-drilled armies. They were conquered by 
 Cortez, who, with a small army of Spaniards, aided by a large army 
 of Indians hostile to the Aztecs, captured the city of Mexico, the 
 Aztec capital. Mexico became a republic, independent of Spain, in 
 1821. It at one time included California and Texas, now a part of 
 our own country. Texas became independent of Mexico in 1836, 
 rfncl Mexico lost California in 1848. The population of Mexico is 
 now about 10,000,000. 
 
 5. Commerce. — The foreign commerce is mostly with the 
 United States and Great Britain. The principal exports are sil¬ 
 ver, lead, vanilla, Sarsaparilla, coffee, cochineal, and mahogany. 
 
 6. Government. — Mexico is a federal republic, consisting 
 of twenty-seven states, one territory, and one federal district. 
 
 7. Cities. — The City of Mexico, the capital and metropolis, 
 is a picturesque city, situated in a valley overlooked by lofty 
 snow-coverecl mountains. Guadalaxara, Guanaxuato, and Pueblo 
 are important cities of the tableland. Vera Cruz and Acapulco 
 are the chief seaports. 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 REPUBLICS. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 Population. 
 
 REPUBLICS. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Sq Miles. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Guatemala. . . 
 San Salvador. . 
 Honduras . . . 
 
 46,800 
 
 7.3°° 
 
 46,500 
 
 1,252,000 
 
 554,000 
 
 350,000 
 
 Nicaragua . . . 
 
 Costa Rica . . 
 
 Balize ( Colony) . 
 
 51,600 
 
 19,980 
 
 7.562 
 
 300,000 
 
 185,000 
 
 24,700 
 
 1. Situation and States. — Central America occupies a long 
 isthmus between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and as a ter¬ 
 ritorial division includes five independent republics ; namely, 
 Guatemala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa 
 Rica, together with Balize, a British dependency. 
 
 2. Description. — The surface, climate, productions, and pop¬ 
 ulation of Central America are similar to those of Mexico. 
 
 3. Commerce. — The small foreign commerce consists prin¬ 
 cipally in the exportation of coffee, cochineal, mahogany, rose¬ 
 wood, and dye-woods. 
 
 4. Cities. — The capitals of the republics, in the order given 
 above, are, Guatemala, San Salvador, Tegucigalpa, Managua, 
 and San Jose. 
 
 Balize. — Balize, or British Honduras, is attached to the government 
 of Jamaica. The town of Balize is the principal place. 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 DIVISIONS. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. M iles 
 
 Population. 
 
 DIVISIONS. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Spanish Colonies, 
 
 49,500 
 
 2,180,000 
 
 Danish Colonies. 
 
 I40 
 
 34,000 
 
 British Colonies. 
 
 13,300 
 
 1,245,000 
 
 REPUBLICS. 
 
 
 
 French Colonies, 
 
 1,100 
 
 358,000 
 
 Hayti .... 
 
 9,250 
 
 550,000 
 
 Dutch Colonies . 
 
 43° 
 
 43,OOO 
 
 San Domingo^. . 
 
 20,600 
 
 300,000 
 
 1. Situation. — The West Indies form an archipelago which 
 extends from Florida to South America. 
 
 The West Indies include not less than a thousand islands, varying 
 greatly in size. The land surface of the archipelago is about twice 
 that of New York State. 
 
 2. Divisions. — These islands are divided into the Greater 
 Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Bahamas. 
 
 3. Climate. — The climate of the West Indies is tropical; 
 but the influence of the surrounding seas and of the trade- 
 winds moderates the intense heat of the Torrid Zone. The 
 only change of seasons is that from dry to rainy weather. 
 
 4. Productions. — The chief articles of commercial produce 
 are sugar, rum, and molasses, from the sugar-cane ; tobacco, 
 which makes the finest of cigars ; cotton, coffee, and cacao ; 
 indigo and dye-stuffs ; ginger and allspice ; together with 
 oranges, bananas, pine-apples, and many other delicious fruits. 
 
 5. Population. — The population of the West Indies num¬ 
 bers about four millions, three-fourths being negroes. 
 
 The early Spanish conquerors enslaved the native Indians, and worked 
 them so hard that they eventually died out. Then the Spaniards 
 brought great numbers of African slaves to these islands, and the 
 blacks of the West Indies are their descendants. 
 
 6. Government. — Most of the islands of the West Indies 
 are in the possession of European nations, principally Spain 
 (which owns Cuba and Porto Rico), Great Britain (which owns 
 Jamaica, the Bahamas, and most of the Lesser Antilles), and 
 France. Hayti consists of two independent negro republics,— 
 Hayti and San Domingo. 
 
 7. Cities. — The principal cities are Havana, the greatest 
 sugar-market in the world, Matanzas, and Santiago (all three in 
 Cuba), Kingston, the largest city in Jamaica, and San Juan in 
 Porto Rico. 
 
120 115 110 Longitude 100 West from yo Greenwich 
 
 
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PHYSICAL UNITED STATES 
 
 *7 
 
 PHYSICAL UNITED STATES. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 GENERAL VIEW. 
 
 1. Position. — The United States occupies the central and 
 most valuable part of North America, being (Alaska excepted) 
 wholly in the North Temperate Zone, and extending from 
 Canada on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. 
 
 2. The area of the United States is nearly equal to that of 
 Europe. The average length from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 Ocean is about 2,500 miles, and 
 
 the average breadth from north 
 to south about 1,300 miles. 
 
 3. The surface presents three 
 natural divisions, — the Pacific 
 Highland , the Atlantic Highland 
 and Plain , and the Central Plain , 
 or Mississippi valley. 
 
 I. THE PACIFIC HIGHLAND. 
 
 4. The western half of the 
 United States is included within 
 the Pacific Highland of North 
 America. The Pacific Highland 
 presents the following surface 
 features : — 
 
 I. The Rocky Mountains, 
 which, extending from north to 
 to south, divide the Highland 
 into two nearly equal sections. 
 
 The Rocky Mountains form the 
 chief watershed of the United 
 States; and five of the largest 
 rivers — the Missouri, the Rio 
 Grande, the Colorado, the Co¬ 
 lumbia, and the Yukon — have 
 their head streams in this re- 
 
 II. “ The Plains,” which ex¬ 
 tend eastward from the Rocky 
 Mountains, descending in a long 
 gentle slope to the valley of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 III. The Great Plateau, bor¬ 
 dered on the east by the Rocky Mountains, and on the west by 
 the lofty chains of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountains. 
 It includes the Colorado Plateau in the south-eastern part, the 
 Utah Basin in the central part, and the Plain of the Columbia 
 in the northern part. 
 
 1 . The Colorado Plateau is from 6,000 to 7,000 feet above the ocean 
 level; the Utah Basin, from 3,000 to 4,000 feet; the Plain of the 
 Columbia, about 2,000 feet. 
 
 II. The Great Plateau is drained by three great rivers, — the Columbia, 
 
 which, after bursting the barrier of the Cascade Range, flows into 
 the Pacific Ocean; the Rio Grande, which flows southward from 
 the Rocky Mountains into the Gulf of Mexico; and the Colorado, 
 which, forcing its way through stupendous chasms and canons, 
 reaches the Gulf of California. 
 
 IV. The Pacific Slope, which extends from the Sierra Nevada 
 and Cascade ranges westward to the Pacific Ocean. Between 
 these chains and the lower elevations of the coast ranges are in¬ 
 closed the great California Val¬ 
 ley and the valleys of Oregon. 
 
 5. Climate. — The Pacific 
 Highland has, in general, a very 
 dry climate, with but little rain 
 in summer, and little snow in 
 winter. The Pacific Slope has a 
 climate unlike that of any other 
 part of the United States : there 
 are but two seasons, the rainy 
 season (winter) and the dry sea¬ 
 son (summer). 
 
 6. Natural Advantages. — 
 
 This section is the richest met¬ 
 alliferous region on the globe. 
 Gold, silver, quicksilver, coal, 
 and many other minerals abound. 
 The forests of California, Ore¬ 
 gon, and Washington afford an 
 exhaustless supply of the finest 
 timber. The river valleys, espe¬ 
 cially in California and Oregon, 
 are of great fertility, and excel¬ 
 lent pasturage is found. 
 
 II. THE ATLANTIC HIGHLAND 
 AND PLAIN. 
 
 7. The Atlantic Highland 
 
 consists of the several parallel 
 ranges of the Appalachian sys¬ 
 tem, and extends from Canada 
 nearly to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 MONUMENT ROCK. ECHO CANON, UTAH 
 
 The Appalachian system is inter¬ 
 sected by the valleys of the 
 Hudson and Mohawk rivers, thus forming a northern section, com¬ 
 prising New England and a part of New York; and a southern 
 section, including all the rest of the Atlantic Highland. 
 
 8. The Atlantic Plain is the slope from the Appalachian 
 system to the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 The Atlantic Plain varies in width according as the mountains approach 
 or recede from the coast. In New England it is about fifty miles in 
 width, and at the mouth of the Hudson it narrows to a mere strip of 
 coast; but it broadens southward to a width of three hundred miles. 
 
i8 
 
 PHYSICAL UNITED STATES 
 
 PHYSICAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 9. Rivers. — The Atlantic Plain is drained by numerous 
 navigable rivers, which flow at right angles with the Appa¬ 
 lachian system into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 The larger rivers of the Atlantic Plain are navigable to the head of 
 tide-water, the limits of which are marked by falls or rapids, as those 
 of the Schuylkill at Philadelphia, of the Potomac at Georgetown, 
 and of the James at Richmond. These falls and rapids furnish 
 water-power. 
 
 10. Climate. — The Atlantic Highland and Plain, though 
 wholly in the Temperate Zone, have a variety of climates. 
 The North Atlantic section is naturally colder than the South 
 Atlantic section. The winters on the Atlantic seaboard are, 
 owing to local causes, much colder than those of the Pacific 
 coast ; and the Atlantic Highland and Plain differ from the 
 Pacific Highland in having abundant rains, and being well 
 watered throughout. 
 
 The rains of this section are supplied by the moist winds from the 
 Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes. 
 
 11. Natural Advantages. — The principal natural advantages 
 of the Atlantic Highland and Plain are their rich deposits of coal 
 and iron, their extensive forests, generally fertile soil, abundant 
 water-power, and situation on the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 Ml. THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 
 
 12. Extent. —- The Mississippi Valley extends between the 
 Atlantic Highland and the Pacific Highland, and occupies 
 nearly one-half the area of the United States. 
 
 Much of this region is undulating, parts are hilly, and there are a few 
 detached mountain districts; but on the whole the surface is that of 
 a plain, with slopes toward the center from each of the two highland 
 regions, and a general slope from the Height of Land southward to 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 13. Drainage. — The Mississippi and its many tributaries, 
 forming, next to the Amazon system, the most extensive river 
 system in the world, furnish the principal drainage of the 
 Mississippi Valley. 
 
 14. Climate. — The southern part has a semi-tropical climate, 
 with mild winters ; the northern has hot and sultry summers, 
 and cold winters, with heavy snows. The whole section has 
 abundant rains from the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes. 
 
 15. Natural Advantages. — The principal natural advantages 
 of the Mississippi Valley are its rich mines of coal, iron, cop¬ 
 per, and lead, its vast forests, its great extent of fertile soil, and 
 its numerous navigable rivers and lakes. 
 
POLITICAL UNITED STATES. 
 
 19 
 
 POLITICAL UNITED STATES. 
 
 INTERIOR OF THE SENATE CHAMBER IN THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 1. Rank.—The United States is the leading republic in the 
 world, and ranks as one of the five most populous, powerful, 
 wealthy, and progressive nations. 
 
 In extent of territory the United States ranks fourth among the great 
 powers, being surpassed only by the Chinese, British, and Russian 
 empires. 
 
 2. The population by the census of 1880 was over fifty 
 millions (50,155,783). 
 
 3. General Government. — The general or federal govern¬ 
 ment of the United States is republican in form (representative 
 democracy). It has three departments, — the legislative, ex¬ 
 ecutive, and judicial. 
 
 I. The legislative department, or Congress, is composed of two bodies, 
 or houses, — the Senate and the House of Representatives. 
 
 II. The executive function is vested in a President, who is chosen for a 
 term of four years. 
 
 III. The judicial function is vested in a Supreme Court, consisting of a 
 chief justice and eight associate judges, who hold a session once 
 a year in Washington City. 
 
 4. National Capital. —Washington, the capital of the United 
 States, is in the District of Columbia. 
 
 5. Political Divisions. — The United States consists of 
 thirty-eight states, nine territories, the District of Columbia, 
 and Alaska. For convenience, these are in this book divided 
 into the following sections : — 
 
 New-England 
 
 States. 
 
 Middle States. 
 
 Southern States • 
 Eastern Division. 
 
 Southern States: 
 Western Division. 
 
 Central States : 
 Eastern Division. 
 
 Central States : 
 Western Division. 
 
 Pacific Highland 
 States : 
 
 Mountain and Pla¬ 
 teau Divisions. 
 
 Pacific Highland 
 States : 
 
 Coast Division. 
 
 1. Maine. 
 
 i. New York.. 
 
 1. Virginia. 
 
 1. Louisiana. 
 
 1. Ohio. 
 
 1. Minnesota. 
 
 1. Alontana Ter. 
 
 1. California. 
 
 2. New Hampshire. 
 
 2. New Jersey. 
 
 2. West Virginia. 
 
 2. Arkansas. 
 
 2. Indiana. 
 
 2. Iowa. 
 
 2. Wyoming Ter. 
 
 2. Oregon. 
 
 3. Vermont. 
 
 3. Pennsylvania. 
 
 3. North Carolina. 
 
 3. Texas. 
 
 3. Illinois. 
 
 3. Missouri. 
 
 3. Colorado. 
 
 3. Washington Ter- 
 
 4 Massachusetts. 
 
 4. Maryland. 
 
 4. South Carolina. 
 
 4. Indian Terri- 
 
 4. Wisconsin. 
 
 4. Kansas. 
 
 4. A r ew Mexico Ter. 
 
 ritory. 
 
 5. Rhode Island. 
 
 6. Connecticut. 
 
 \District of Co¬ 
 lumbia.] 
 
 5. Delaware. 
 
 5. Georgia. 
 
 6. Florida. 
 
 7. Kentucky. 
 
 8. Tennessee. 
 
 9. Alabama. 
 
 10. Mississippi. 
 
 tory. 
 
 5. Michigan. 
 
 5. Nebraska. 
 
 6 . Dakota Terri¬ 
 
 tory. 
 
 5. Idaho Territory. 
 
 6. Nevada. 
 
 7. Utah Territory. 
 
 8. Arizona Terri¬ 
 
 tory. 
 
 \Alaska.\ 
 

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EASTERN STATES, OR NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 2 2 
 
 EASTERN STATES, OR NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 VIEW OF BOSTON. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 1. Situation and Area. — The New England States are situ¬ 
 ated between the Atlantic Ocean and the state of New York. 
 Their area is about one-fourth of that of Texas, and about one 
 and a half times that of New York. 
 
 2. Surface. — New England occupies the northern section 
 of the Appalachian system ; and, as the foot-hills extend 
 nearly to the coast, the surface is generally broken or moun¬ 
 tainous. 
 
 I. The longest and best defined range extends on the western side of the 
 Connecticut River: it includes the Green Mountains of Vermont, and 
 the Hoosac Mountains of Massachusetts. 
 
 II. On the eastern side of the Connecticut River is an irregular chain of 
 mountain-groups extending from Massachusetts into Maine, and 
 of which the loftiest are the White Mountains. Mount Washington, 
 the highest peak of the White Mountains, is 6,288 feet above the 
 level of the sea. 
 
 3. Coast. — The coast, southward to Massachusetts Bay, is 
 bold and rocky: the rest is low and sandy. It has numerous 
 excellent harbors. The Atlantic Plain, in New England, is 
 only from 40 to 60 miles wide. 
 
 4. Drainage. — Most of the numerous rivers belong to the 
 Atlantic system. They are navigable only in the coast plain, 
 but the many rapids and falls afford abundant water-power. 
 
 5. Climate. — The summers are hot, but short ; the winters, 
 long and severe. 
 
 6 . Productions and Pursuits.—The leading pursuits are 
 manufactures and commerce ; but other industries, especially 
 agriculture, the fisheries, and lumbering, are extensively carried 
 on in different sections. 
 
 Agriculture. — Not enough grain is grown to supply the wants of the 
 people; but great attention is given to the cultivation of vegetables and 
 fruits, and to dairying, wool-growing, and stock-raising. 
 
 Manufactures. — The principal manufactures are cotton and woolen 
 goods, boots and shoes, machinery, and cutlery. Manufacturing is greatly 
 facilitated by abundant water-power, and cheap access to the coal-fields of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fishing. — The catching of cod and mackerel off the coast and on the 
 Banks of Newfoundland, and their preparation for market, are important 
 industries in most of the maritime towns. 
 
 Lumbering.— In the three northern states are extensive forests of pine 
 and hemlock, and the preparation of lumber is a leading pursuit. 
 
 Commerce. — New England has an immense foreign and domestic com¬ 
 merce, favored by its many fine harbors and its facilities for ship-building, 
 and developed by an extensive railroad system. The chief exports are 
 manufactured articles, dairy-products, lumber, granite, and ice. The chief 
 imports are breadstuffs and provisions, coal, and raw materials, especially 
 iron, cotton, and wool. 
 
 THE STATES. 
 
 REFERENCE TABLE. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880 . 
 
 Population 
 in 1880 . 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880 . 
 
 Population 
 in 1880 . 
 
 Maine .... 
 
 33.040 
 
 648,936 
 
 Massachusetts . 
 
 8,315 
 
 1,783,085 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 9.305 
 
 34 G 99 1 
 
 Rhode Island. . 
 
 1,250 
 
 276,531 
 
 Vermont . . . 
 
 9.565 
 
 332,286 
 
 Connecticut . . 
 
 4,990 
 
 622,700 
 
 1. Maine is noted for its extensive lumber manufacture, its 
 ship-building, in which it ranks as the first state in the Union, 
 and its fishing industry, in which it ranks next to Massachu¬ 
 setts. 
 
 2. Chief Cities. — Portland is the largest city and chief 
 seaport, and is the main winter outlet for the St. Lawrence 
 
7 05 Local Time A. M. when Noon 7 io on the Meridian j u <>/• Greenwich. 
 
 Longitude 7 * West from 72 Greenwich 71 
 
 A 
 
 4 G 
 
 45 
 
 44 
 
 4S 
 
 42 
 
 St.Johns 
 
 Karnham 
 
 ^Sutton 
 L.yiemphrei 
 tn agog 
 
 
 m tM 
 
 ■J VI cose H 
 
 47 
 
 • Stansteald s ■ 1 
 
 n " 1 ¥ Island I^d $ * Co ¥ Jr <^ 
 
 fJUnXh * if % 
 
 ft 
 
 1.0 
 
 ■lattawamkeaflH 0 tO' 
 Vance® 
 
 »; Sfl-atf^rd 
 
 dePa&lfe*' ?. 
 
 W ^Guildhall 
 
 aftyagter . 
 
 vpanvine* 
 
 nMTDir L(ER 
 
 j. 1 
 
 (b, 
 
 * & / Hewl)ury*JS 
 
 TfthafcMf b jr fft 
 
 Cl 1 els 
 
 »oodstoek: 
 
 V • ' 
 
 aVerliiTlj 
 
 ldtown^iiatord' 
 
 ■Amherst 
 
 $ f' jl Fryebur 
 
 « I • *"% jr 
 
 GiJsJn'Wf sa, » 
 ** ivfV 
 
 b?'" dsoi, j j* v -=> #*■• 
 
 , *■> t£v?i/ ? r-^emont ;</ 
 
 fv ^Frai^din 
 
 Toh/l 
 
 OssijSee (Gorham' 
 kf g°Ifb^r° u gh <£l 
 
 » 
 
 M \| Alton fg A1 % d - 
 
 pi ‘Bay/ Si ' Biddefordl 
 
 V 46 
 
 fBucksport, 
 
 M, 
 
 Brunswick 
 armouth, 
 
 Wo 
 
 CAMPO- 
 BCLLO I. 
 
 Wln^ieyville i^Machias 
 llachias «V 
 
 44 
 
 X x 
 
 
 
 Portland ** 
 
 C.Elizabeth 
 
 uIVBellowsa i) 
 
 Falls J* Walpole 
 
 J0 ly lgf Tf*Cl.arle S toX We ^ Kocheste^Great 
 
 %sih W /\ ,, r ^ _ 
 
 * L ' '/^N. Cb/vcnRn Dovir‘1' Yori 
 
 yy Weare \ ° 0KU “ . 
 pi f New Market 
 
 tenimhunk 
 
 C.Porpoise 
 
 •V, 
 
 ead 
 
 A 
 
 JV 
 
 
 '/ "N 4 ivf ► 
 
 _/jySVtonsdhle 
 
 'GreeftyY a*,'*' " 
 
 /Bancheste 
 
 ■i** 
 
 nadni^c Mt. (.1 
 
 '^Exeter 
 
 Haverljill- 
 
 iiNewburyport 
 IpSvich 
 
 ' er /<£ 
 
 Wile, 
 
 0 
 
 _Nashua r 0 r 
 
 J? ,, $/ v'b/^awrence^’^/3 0 ucester 
 
 LowX DanVt:J Klv^CapeAnn 
 
 ?"a j?. 
 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 % ISLES OF SHOALS 
 
 /Wachusett I 
 
 _ .r I YSalem 
 
 Vr L EexingtoiJ .j^-darblehead 
 
 “ inton * c,XCdrnbr‘idge ^Lynn 
 
 \J .. J } bOST^ csrt^ntserr,? 
 
 VriJ''. \P^1 _ POX 
 
 ><C Dedham 
 
 *- ' -!-• * shfield 0 t^ e 
 
 Hudson l}^L h $ nPt ° n ?. * Am%rSt ^ 
 
 'k V 
 
 ^ |Bai 30 S,gU |. . ^ 
 
 ■ b, t \ > AVW "“^SSpj | jngfield-»$^ *Mflfora Aljington .Vfarshfi 
 
 f ' —*1 _ l^ Blackstone ij B roclctoii 
 
 Woodstock •^w{>onsocket\ • I ) 
 
 td VL Tauritofi 
 
 ^estfield. 
 
 ~“1 
 
 ^Worcester^ 
 
 Brookfield^-'■* 
 
 THE 
 
 II Si All 
 
 STATES 
 
 a®! WKI? I&MM 
 
 SCALE 45 MILES = I INCH 
 
 10 
 
 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 
 
 43 z 
 
 8 
 
 C 9 ° 
 
 )} r$ ^Ued475 
 
 fir nr/ My, 
 
 / If riinr 6 utM^' u ' v Britain V Vdl l rnan tI 
 
 W«W J’kf c B*LS 
 
 41 
 
 Jersey 
 
 City 
 
 -tvniiA|*gwj 
 
 ewturgli j ‘mb 
 
 ?,Lf 5 v 
 
 iff Derb 
 
 
 Derby) 
 
 Bridgeport! 
 
 etown y~ 
 
 New 
 DondonS 
 
 . i 
 
 rwich jcinjjston, j. 
 
 $xv 
 
 b < 
 
 oil 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^.‘TO N_G ' 
 ^Oq^/ J: rnlaiea ^ ab >, 
 
 FISHERS I. 
 
 A to Sew York ,, 
 
 BLOCK I.&* a ^ 
 
 is ! to mode I. 
 
 * r<5 J 'Z * ' TTN’k—b-ir W-J 
 ■l^io % YineUbj^THAi 
 v™ ?•• i- CL 
 
 p ^ V | 
 
 A y /*'* l ' ^ * ' «0 «”"» nantucke 
 
 S'Y? inched 
 .WINCH, 
 ^^exington 
 
 Means 
 3 Chatham 
 
 M0N0M0Y I. 
 
 s 
 
 
 MO MANS 
 LAND 
 
 Montauk Pt. 
 
 (jlen Cove i \. 
 
 ■City_ ,8b 
 
 atucket 
 
 
 Longitude 
 
 West from 
 
 
 12 is Local Time P. Jf. when 
 
 12 20 Noon on the Meridian 
 
 y~ 
 
 Wasliin^ton 7 
 
 12 2s of Washi?igto?i 
 
 1 
 
 Hound 
 
 VICINITY 
 
 op 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 Scale of Mile# 
 
 K° S S) 
 
 Soulli llostou 
 
 
 //Nfore.tmiu Stay? ^ ^ / \ 
 
 / l/Roslinaalel' ^ 
 
 D u 
 
 OR ^LOVELLS 
 
 12 30 
 
 II p r - 
 
 «>. 3 /r.hVT'\ ^^ttapan^ 
 
 C lartiuluht VTYo?t^ t ^ - 
 
 u;' t y bb^ii e V c/ N '■■- ° 
 
 ■ 0 fSJ*yO ''/I 1 ' E.lfflob.QuincyV 
 
 ^N^oeer I. 
 
 ^4/ LOVLww « . 
 
 MOON l.\ . • Cl 
 
 Sia-^NUTi.N * ^ 
 
 .^VOuX \V V SHEEP* 
 
 *■ 51 OHAPE^^ 
 
2 4 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 valley. Bangor is one of the greatest lumber-marts in the 
 world. Augusta is the capital. 
 
 3. New Hampshire, sometimes called the Switzerland of 
 America, on account of the grandeur of its White Mountain 
 scenery, is a manufacturing and farming state. 
 
 4. Chief Cities. — Manchester, the metropolis, and Nashua, 
 are great manufacturing places. Portsmouth is the only sea¬ 
 port. Concord is the capital. 
 
 5. Vermont is principally devoted to stock-raising and 
 dairying. 
 
 6. Chief Cities. — Burlington, on Lake Champlain, is the 
 largest city. Montpelier is the capital. 
 
 7. Massachusetts ranks as the leading state in manufac¬ 
 turing and the fisheries, and as next to New York in commerce. 
 It is noted for its many large cities. 
 
 8. Chief Cities. — Boston, the capital, is next to New York 
 in foreign commerce, and is the business and literary metropolis 
 of New England. Lowell, Lawrence, and Fall River are noted 
 
 for their cotton manufactures. Lynn is famous for the manu¬ 
 facture of ladies’ shoes. Worcester is a great manufacturing 
 city, and Springfield contains the principal arsenal of the 
 United States. Cambridge is the seat of Harvard College. 
 
 9. Rhode Island, the smallest but one of the most thickly- 
 settled and prosperous states, is remarkable for its manufac¬ 
 tures of cotton and woolen goods, hardware, jewelry, and plated 
 ware. 
 
 10. Chief Cities. — Providence, the metropolis, is the second 
 city in New England. Newport is a famous watering-place. 
 These cities are both capitals. 
 
 11. Connecticut is noted for the extent and variety of its 
 manufactures. It is also a fine agricultural state, and has an 
 extensive coasting-trade. 
 
 12. Chief Cities. — New Haven, the seat of Yale College, 
 is the largest city. Hartford, a manufacturing center at the 
 head of ship-navigation on the Connecticut River, is the 
 capital. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 y ew England ” was given in 1614, by Capt. John 
 
 Smith, who examined the shore from Penobscot to Cape Cod, and drew the 
 eailiest map of the region. The first settlement in New England was made 
 by the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth, Mass., in 1620. The first settlers in 
 Maine were fishermen, who built huts along the coast soon after the landing 
 of the Pilgrims. Maine continued a part of Massachusetts till 1S20. The 
 first settlements in New Hampshire were made in 1623, near Portsmouth 
 and at Hover. Y ermont was a part of New Y^ork and New Hampshire till 
 1 79 T , when it came into the Union as a separate state. The first settle¬ 
 ment in Rhode Island was made in 1636, at Providence, by Roger Wil¬ 
 liams and some friends. The first settlement in Connecticut was made in 
 1635, at Windsor. 
 
 Names. —The name “Maine” comes from the word “main,” this part 
 of New England having early been called the “mayne land” in distinction 
 from the islands. “New Hampshire” was so called by the first English 
 proprietor, Capt. John Mason, who had previously been governor of Ports¬ 
 mouth in Hampshire , England. “ Vermont ” is derived from the French ver 
 (green) and mont (mountain). “ Massachusetts ” is the native Indian name. 
 “ Rhode Island ” is from the Dutch name of the island, — Roodt Eylandt (red 
 island). “ Connecticut ” is the Indian name of the river, meaning long river. 
 
 Scenery. — The White Mountains of New Hampshire present the grand¬ 
 est scenery east of the Sierra Nevada, and are the resort of thousands of 
 tourists every summer. From the top of Mount Washington, up whose 
 steep sides a railroad of novel construction carries the traveler, a glimpse 
 of the Atlantic, beyond Portland, is obtained. New England abounds in 
 lakes, many of which are exceedingly beautiful. Moosehead in Maine is 
 the largest, and Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire one of the most lovely. 
 Other noted points are Mount Holyoke, Mass., from the summit of which 
 a superb view of the picturesque Connecticut valley is obtained, the wave- 
 worn promontory of Nahant, and Newport, the most fashionable watering- 
 place on the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Specialties of Manufacture. — There is scarcely any article, from an 
 anchor or a steam-engine to a pin, that is not made bv the ingenious and 
 industrious New-Englanders. The boots and shoes, the cutlery and fire¬ 
 arms, of New England, are distributed to almost every part of the world. 
 
 The sewing-machine, one of the greatest of labor-saving contrivances, 
 
 was invented by Elias Howe of Massachusetts in 1846. It has cheapened 
 the manufacture of all kinds of clothing: boots and shoes are now sewed 
 by it. 1 he construction of these machines is an important branch of New 
 England manufacture. 
 
 The process of vulcanizing India-rubber was discovered about the same 
 time by Charles Goodyear of Massachusetts. Since this discovery, India- 
 rubber has been turned to account in the fabrication of an endless number 
 of useful articles. Rubber goods are extensively manufactured in Massa¬ 
 chusetts and Connecticut. 
 
 Among the thousand articles of New England workmanship may be men¬ 
 tioned paper, pianos, and pins (most of the pins used in the United States 
 are manufactured at Waterbury and Birmingham, Conn.); combs, carriages, 
 and clocks ; buttons, buckles, and buckets ; watches, wire, and wooden-ware; 
 rifles, revolvers, and ribbons; screws, soap, and silver-ware; German-silver 
 ware and Britannia-ware ; locks and jewelry ; hooks and eyes ; together with 
 innumerable other small articles known under the name of “ Yankee notions.” 
 
 The great national armory of the United States is situated at Springfield, - 
 Mass. It is capable of turning out fifteen thousand rifles a month. All 
 the parts of the Springfield rifle are made by machinery, and each rifle 
 requires five hundred distinct operations before it is completed. 
 
 Peculiar Productions. — Nature has been niggardly in her gifts to New 
 England, and it has been said that Massachusetts exports none of her 
 natural productions except her rocks and her ice. Y'et the “ rocks ” are 
 valuable; for the granite of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the lime 
 and slate of Maine, the marbles of Vermont, and the brownstone of Con¬ 
 necticut, are important exports. In the winter, ice is cut and stored in 
 immense quantities, especially in Maine and Massachusetts, and is shipped 
 to the East Indies, the West Indies, and other iceless climes. 
 
 The vast forests of pine and hemlock in northern New England are 
 another natural source of wealth. The lumbermen go into the woods in 
 the fall, and remain all winter, felling the trees, and cutting them into logs. 
 These they draw over the snow-covered ground to some stream; and, when 
 it thaws in spring, the logs float down to the saw-mills. 
 
 \ ermont has a peculiar gift of nature in the sugar-maple, a deciduous 
 tree which yields a sap that is boiled into sugar. Several thousand tons of 
 maple-sugar are made in that state every year. 
 
THE MIDDLE STATES 
 
 2 5 
 
 MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 
 
 VIEW OF NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 1. Names and Area. — The Middle States are New York, 
 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. In this 
 section also is the District of Columbia. The area of the 
 Middle States is about twice that of New England. 
 
 2. Surface. — The greater part of this section is in the At¬ 
 lantic Highland, but the western part is in the Central Plain ; 
 and hence it includes three natural divisions, — the Atlantic 
 Plain, rising westward through foot-hills into the ridges of 
 the Appalachian system, west of which is a low plateau de¬ 
 scending to Lakes Ontario and Erie and the Ohio River. 
 
 The mountains are chains and ridges of the Appalachian 
 system, the principal being the Adirondack and Catskill moun¬ 
 tains in New York, and the Blue, Tuscarora, and Alleghany 
 mountains in Pennsylvania. 
 
 I. The Appalachian system is intersected by a low depression formed by 
 the valley of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers : this separates the 
 Adirondack Mountains from the rest of the system, and forms a 
 natural highway of communication between the Atlantic seaboard 
 and the Mississippi valley. The Erie Canal, which follows the 
 valley of the Mohawk, connects the waters of Lake Erie at Buffalo 
 with the Hudson at Albany. 
 
 II. Mount Marcy (5,402 feet in height), in the Adirondack Mountains, is 
 the loftiest summit of the Appalachian system in the Middle States. 
 The wilderness of the Adirondacks is still the haunt of bears, deer, 
 and other wild animals. 
 
 3. The Atlantic Plain is very narrow in New York, but it 
 increases in width to over 100 miles in southern Pennsyl¬ 
 vania. 
 
 4. Rivers. — The rivers of the Middle States belong to the 
 Atlantic system, except those of the western slope, which 
 belong to the Mississippi and St. Lawrence systems. 
 
 5. The Climate presents marked contrasts, the winters being 
 long and severe in northern New York, and comparatively short 
 and mild in southern Maryland. 
 
 6. Productions and Pursuits. — The leading occupations 
 are manufacturing and commerce ; but agriculture, grazing, and 
 mining are all great and important industries. 
 
 Manufactures. — Manufacturing in the Middle States is facilitated by 
 abundant water-power and by the coal of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The 
 principal manufactures are cotton and woolen goods, iron and steel, boots 
 and shoes, flour and meal, and spirituous and malt liquors. 
 
 Commerce. — This section has avast foreign and domestic commerce, 
 which is favored by its central position, its fine harbors, and its extensive 
 system of lake, river, canal, and railroad communication. 
 
 Agriculture. — The climate and soil are favorable to agriculture, and all 
 the grains except rice are largely raised. The crop of hay and potatoes 
 is immense. The raising of fruit and vegetables for the markets of the 
 great seaboard cities, and stock-raising and dairying, are extensively car¬ 
 ried on. 
 
 Minerals. — New York yields salt; New Jersey, iron and zinc ; Pennsyl¬ 
 vania, coal and iron ; and Maryland, coal. The petroleum of Pennsylvania 
 is a product of great value, and is largely exported. 
 
Local Time A.M. 6 50 when Noon on 
 
 the Meridian 
 
 of Greenwich 
 
 so 
 
 79 
 
 78 Longitude 
 
 West from 
 
 76 
 
 ATIS 
 
 a 
 
 \ 
 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 o 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 11 
 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 A 
 
 Prescott 
 
 o 
 
 TORONTO 
 
 13 
 
 Hamilton' 
 
 -x&t. Catherine^, 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 ^ JZ E O jy t A R 
 
 x^ 
 
 - /Rochester 
 
 /Uckport ~/*\ 
 
 Attica 
 
 , Chauhthqua 
 
 ^rie J Tn.^e+^wnS 
 
 Sslamanca ^ j* 
 
 / 
 
 i_Jamestoy’H? _ ^h^-v^plean 
 
 jGi'eenviIle\Oil City_, 
 Franklin* 
 l^fy »Mercer ' 
 
 ,, ! ^Newcastle 
 
 • Corry 
 'Union City 
 
 Warren 
 'Tidioute 
 
 nri°?- 
 
 ac’®? 
 
 Titusville i 
 
 tuP 
 
 o 
 
 x / A l» i r \ 
 
 V v. 
 
 vQrtr E B Efcc 
 
 _ 
 
 --"Rouse 
 
 s-J^V^/kCartliage 
 
 
 ’lattshurg TSf j ) &h . 
 
 ~ Mi 
 
 fATS 
 
 S' ip^ftjOtuckett’s 
 
 k* Harbor 
 
 Lo" ,v 
 •Pulaski_ 
 
 Oswego Boonvrne 
 
 Hamburg', Warsaw 
 
 / siNunda *- 
 
 >■ Jf _ • C? 
 
 . Cr. ^ .ff Dansville 
 
 cSttor®^ 
 
 Ellicottville 
 
 , E f Gene*' 
 
 % # 
 
 >3/ - , (V 
 
 
 
 H on H-llh- i l] e y 
 YC> 
 
 Bath 
 
 tv vsW»' 
 
 A"Vt 
 
 jacket 
 
 >* * & , 
 
 V > Xc*tK 
 
 y. 
 
 _ *<f j i ' I Glen 
 
 r' -f 9 ’' ' 
 
 [Trenton Falls _ _ 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 _ — Springs 
 
 Gloversville * 
 
 
 Bradford < 
 
 ’Clarion 
 
 1‘ j- El N 
 
 NevTBVighton {$»' banning* f? 
 
 nTi v» •“« l rt—~ vtt! w 
 
 ^ I 5r> Indiana 
 
 • -V TM *6«wu 
 
 Befivei^S oclle ster 
 
 Ohio 
 
 O! AUeg'^^ittsburgh" 
 
 ;>ic Keesportyy y r 
 
 t h p_» . S&biat8$¥. 
 
 % ( Gieenstarg {p 
 
 {"Washington 
 
 Ivfe i-r ' /<? 
 J& w J# .•* 
 ! w « w “b«5f 0o r 0 *® # y 
 
 { «j s I /Vf 
 ■V f/' I Jf * 
 GraftSn tS’ Ctf ** - 
 
 
 Coudersport 
 
 j> J .[Emporium 
 
 ’•Eidgway /_ 
 
 < Eenovo 
 
 r"* : - A_ 
 
 Tioga* 
 
 Wellsboro IS, 
 
 ortland 
 
 tillage 
 
 Hi on 
 
 \* Hamilton 
 iCooperstown 
 
 4auS el s/|i. 
 
 ? £l §i _ 
 
 J .4)° parrytown 
 
 Kingstpn ; I 
 
 if JgLjM •Rhinebeck 
 iVkrE.i n i f 
 
 .Shndy 
 ^Fort Edwai’d 
 j M 
 Salem! M 
 
 - V - ! — 43 
 
 Saratoga L.jh^y^fX, l 
 S erfordV ! ^ 
 
 Jlor 
 
 *8 
 Havana 
 
 Gthaca 
 
 Elmira Owego. 
 
 jp^Waverly, 
 
 f^dtsego 
 
 ' 'j Sclioharie 
 
 rwichjj _ ^>- 
 ■?Oxford e^. 
 # 3 
 
 Walton 
 
 V f 
 
 Oneonta ^ 
 
 -Athens? 
 
 Towhnda* 
 Blossburg 
 
 Great Bend* 
 
 Susquehanna 
 
 r/z, Montrose /. 
 
 p Xr. 
 
 £ Jlayfen 
 
 ^a ( r xiX* ■ ■. _l 
 
 _ Lewisburg 
 
 s 
 
 , r>rar> 
 
 fonticeaio 
 
 J"s,, Siy CarboAdale > 
 
 « V "' $• 5 i I 
 
 c/n- >r jHoniesdale'l?! 
 
 ,.V ' 
 
 ‘ vi/iScraoton Poi 
 
 Williamsoort 3tS^8W 
 wnrramsport • piymoutb.vJt....:'i r 
 
 1 / Flymoutlv^^ ; 
 wMuucy Wirkesbafre 
 
 Sttoildsbiyg 
 
 —Hazleton-i 
 
 'w£"J 
 
 i Bloomsljiirg 
 
 / 
 
 / ■ 
 
 r 3 
 
 bLscnsirvgblJ 1 ^ 
 
 Pk; 
 
 /•f 
 
 JMJ 
 
 i jy • i tf*' 
 
 Rhineufeeli 
 
 * I ^ 
 
 /V ! O 
 
 ighke.epsie 
 
 ii b 
 
 w,/,« iii^Rj^A..v / * L u !', r 
 
 CoVto«l| 
 
 fS^e’ 
 
 "v.CoxsaelOe 
 
 I 
 
 
 Overlook 
 Mt - ,G e ?« 
 
 7i H y 
 
 Jr Pm 
 
 r-M' 
 
 Parle fX t 
 
 JSut 
 
 f Tjiiltont 
 Oi-afl 
 
 M-' I KV^Fiahldir 
 
 burghl P^^ V£tn 
 
 C^i’nwalPip^j^oi flapping 
 ifaons ^ 
 
 ^Lrf*o$fF /l^fifahopa 
 
 Pier 
 
 Jej 
 
 ■Jl 
 
 | south: 
 
 Croton 
 
 Lake 
 
 m, 
 
 HMqr#t/a^V|! 
 
 Gfilani ttyfk Lf Sm g Sing 
 
 s } A W i f"" 
 
 if FTjmk x arrv-\ § 
 
 15 «m il^rtowi? V 
 
 
 IDSON 
 IVER 
 
 OF THE MOHAWK RIVER 
 
 teoy/” ,ii s ° ^ 
 
 yv <=,- a v(* 
 
 . .i .9 ... We/.- • w .°,' ; N J ' V ^ evv . 
 
 ^Hofdays-^yV J T-\T ^ R ^C 
 
 i ] JUlfe 0 ^ * , e ^ y)* Readin ^ Boylestown 
 
 
 at i ■«• nvv.f • r-M ^ j 'kVMTi. , - - - uo i' le5 
 
 o / ^ /#. ;% 3 rx^ tetown 
 
 7 ^ J J ho»i X v^f'W* 
 
 ^ ^ We S tCheste/cA oll0C ; 
 
 3Ejed^)iS^~t / f V ' ^^SjVColmbbia 2'®§5 C , ste k ™Vi/ 
 
 -> - s ^ Chainb*ersbui£~\fa^’ : Yo’rk W Coatesvilie Philadelphia^Camden 
 
 IPl x vt ,X-S? es iss 
 
 -/«; ilfeencastl5/j.j- £¥tti^)urg Hanover ^ Woocfbury 
 
 T^nceton ^ 
 
 
 ■jama' 0 * W 
 
 Freehold yj Long Branch 
 
 ■A^IREHTON 
 
 . ® 
 
 °rdentdwn 
 
 Burling¬ 
 
 ton 
 
 fk 
 
 A A K 
 ls\>, . / 
 
 burg Hanover ..... . / . S 
 
 _JWijmington 
 
 Immittsburg _. T . \ .. "NewcastleJ 
 
 " - Bt.Dep.Vt Kiktoni 
 
 ..e' v\ .<a c J sjjteverly 
 
 .Salem 
 "Vineland; 
 
 $P 
 
 
 
 
 fi? 
 
 Burlington 
 
 PSpoft "VS JTL.izep.^au J'Jktoni ,, 
 
 >y. Westminster "Ha \ W S 
 
 i A jy wrV' SmyrnayiVs 
 
 ;tCityV^f#* / ^2—1 y 
 
 , ift, ^ COVER SR 1 \ 
 
 CT ^Laurel M %■ ^ '- 
 
 - / \ , - -^ - 
 
 i ^ililford - 
 
 O 
 
 Georgetbw^t J^\AHHAnOLlsS) 
 
 WASHINCTOI^p L wJ* 
 
 f Bamegat 
 
 0 
 
 40 
 
 -Atlantic 
 
 City 
 
 i39 
 
 Woodbury® -.^r 
 
 JX xj 
 
 Toljaccoj] 
 
 amderT 
 
 | G Xoucester City 
 
 , •Haddonfield fs 
 Mt.Fpliraim J 
 
 3H 
 
 
 /Lewes 
 
 im 
 
 Cape May 
 Cape Henlopen 
 
 
 
 T* 
 
 VICINITY OF 
 
 PHILADELPHIA PA. andTRENTON N.J. 
 
 Longitude West 0 
 
 38 
 
 East from 
 
 H 55 M. M. Local Time when Noon at Washington 
 
 Washington 
 li^P. if . 
 
 ,o« t* ( 
 
 Engle A 
 
 ,Yonke 
 
 f^ftonTSlair -y. 
 
 5oney 
 
 Tsouth 
 Ahiboy 
 
 W 
 
 y ^ 
 
 ^ A& 
 
 12 10 
 
 Red Bank 
 
 A TL,ANTIC 
 OCEAN 
 
 ^Hoo k 
 
 VICINITY 
 
 NEWARK 
 
 Rralp: ... .4 Miles 
 
THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 27 
 
 THE STATES. 
 
 REFERENCE TABLE. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880. 
 
 Population 
 in 1880. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880. 
 
 Population 
 in 1880. 
 
 New York. . . 
 
 New Jersey . . 
 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 
 49,17° 
 
 7»8i5 
 
 45.215 
 
 5,082.871 
 
 M 3 1 . 116 
 
 4,282,891 
 
 Delaware . . . 
 Maryland . . . 
 
 [ Dist. of Col urn bia.] 
 
 2,050 
 
 12,210 
 
 70 
 
 146,608 
 
 934.943 
 
 177,624 
 
 1. New York is the foremost of the states in population, 
 wealth, and commerce, and hence is often called the “ Empire 
 State.” 
 
 New York has more than one-tenth of the population, and one-seventh 
 of the wealth, of the United States. 
 
 2. Chief Cities. — New York City, the largest city in the 
 United States, and, next to London and Paris, the largest in 
 the world, is the commercial and financial metropolis of the 
 Western Continent. Brooklyn, in population the third city of 
 the United States, is closely connected with New York by 
 numerous steam-ferries. 
 
 New York City, Brooklyn, and Jersey City (N.J.), though separate 
 cities, yet form one compact business center, with a population of 
 over 2,000,000. 
 
 Among the other important cities of New York the four 
 largest are Buffalo, on Lake Erie, noted for its manufactures, 
 and its lake and canal trade ; Rochester, on the upper falls of 
 Genesee River, noted for its water-power and its large manu¬ 
 facturing and milling interests ; Troy, on the left bank of the 
 Hudson, noted for its iron and steel works ; and Syracuse, for 
 its varied manufactures and its immense salt-works. Albany, 
 on the Hudson, is the capital. 
 
 3. New Jersey is principally engaged in raising vegetables 
 and fruit for the markets of New York City on the north, and 
 Philadelphia on the south. In the northern part of the state 
 are many large manufacturing cities, and the mining of iron 
 and zinc are important industries. 
 
 4. Chief Cities. — Newark, the largest city, is noted for 
 its manufacture of India-rubber and leather goods. Jersey 
 City, on the west shore of New York Bay, is an important 
 manufacturing and shipping place. Trenton, the capital, is 
 noted for its iron-works, rolling-mills, and porcelain-kilns. 
 
 5. Pennsylvania is the greatest mining state in the Union, 
 and rivals New York in agriculture, manufacturing, and com¬ 
 merce. 
 
 In coal, the most useful mineral, and iron, the most useful metal, 
 Pennsylvania is one of the richest regions in the world. The annual 
 value of the products of the mines is about $100,000,000, or fully 
 one-half the total value of all our mining products, including gold 
 and silver. 
 
 6. Chief Cities. — Philadelphia is the second city of the 
 United States in population, and the first in manufactures. 
 Pittsburg, in the bituminous coal region, is noted for its iron¬ 
 works, rolling-mills, and founderies. Allegheny City, the third 
 in size, is near Pittsburg, and carries on the same industries. 
 Scranton and Wilkesbarre in the northern anthracite coal-field, 
 and Pottsville in the southern, are centers of the coal trade. 
 Harrisburg is the capital. 
 
 7. Delaware is principally engaged in fruit-growing and 
 market-gardening; but it has also considerable manufactures. 
 
 8. Chief Cities. — Wilmington, the only large city in the 
 state, builds iron steamships, and manufactures railroad-cars, 
 carriages, paper, and gunpowder. Dover is the capital. 
 
 9. Maryland is a fine agricultural state, and exports wheat, 
 flour, and tobacco. In the mountainous western region are rich 
 mines of coal and iron. 
 
 10. Chief Cities. — Baltimore, the eastern terminus of the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which connects it with the cities 
 of the Mississippi valley, is the largest city, and ranks as the 
 third seaport of the United States. Annapolis, the capital, is 
 the seat of the United States Naval Academy. 
 
 11. The District of Columbia is an irregular area of 70 
 square miles on the Maryland side of the Potomac. It contains 
 Washington, the capital of the United States. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 History. — The name “ Middle States ” was originally given to those states 
 situated between New England and the Southern States, at the time our 
 country was confined to the narrow strip of the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 The settlement of this section was very different from the settlement of 
 New England. The New England Colonies were all settled by men of the 
 same nationality (English) and of the same sect (the Puritan); but the Mid¬ 
 dle Colonies were established by people of very diverse origin and creed, — 
 by English Episcopalians, English Quakers, and English Catholics; by 
 Swedes, by Germans, and by Hollanders. 
 
 The territory which is now the state of New York was discovered in 
 1609, by Henry Hudson (an Englishman in the employment of the Dutch 
 East India Company) on the Hudson River side, and by Champlain (the 
 French governor of Canada) on the Lake Champlain side. The first settle¬ 
 ment was made by some Dutch (Hollandish) traders, on Manhattan (or 
 New York) Island, which they bought from the Indians for sixty guilders 
 ($25). The first settlement in New Jersey was made in 1620, at Bergen. 
 The first English settlement in Pennsylvania was made in 168r, by a party 
 of Quakers sent out by William Penn. The first settlement of Delaware 
 was made in 1638, by a company of Swedes and Finns conducted by Peter 
 
 Minuit, who had been Dutch governor of New Netherlands (New York). 
 The first settlement of Maryland was made in 1634, by a colony of English 
 Catholics, then pers’ecuted in England. 
 
 Names. — The name “ New York ” was given to New Netherlands after it 
 was taken from the Dutch by the English in 1664. It was so named in honor 
 of the Duke of York and Albany (afterwards the English King James II.), to 
 whom his brother, King Charles II., granted the territory. The name “ New 
 Jersey” was given by Sir George Carteret, to whom (with Lord Berkeley) 
 the province was ceded by Charles II., and who had been governor of the 
 little island of Jersey , England. The name “ Pennsylvania” signifies Penn's 
 Woodland (Latin sylva , a wood), in honor of William Penn, to whom the 
 province was granted by the English Government in payment of a debt due 
 his father, Admiral Penn. Delaware takes its name from Lord De la 
 Ware, governor of Virginia, who in 1610 entered the bay bearing his name. 
 The name “ Maryland ” commemorates the fact that in the charter of King 
 Charles I., assigning the territory to Lord Baltimore, the region was called 
 Terra Maria (Mary’s Land), in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of 
 Charles I. As New York is called the “Empire State,” so Pennsylvania is 
 called the “ Keystone State,” and New Jersey, the “ Garden State.” 
 
If or tli Latitude 
 
 
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SOUTHERN STATES: EASTERN DIVISION. 
 
 29 
 
 SOUTHERN STATES: EASTERN DIVISION. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 1. Position and Area. — The Eastern Division of the South¬ 
 ern States is south of the Middle States and the Ohio River, 
 and east of the Mississippi River. The area of these states 
 is twice that of New England and the Middle States to¬ 
 gether. 
 
 2. Surface.—This section belongs to the Atlantic High¬ 
 land and Plain, and to the Central Plain, or Mississippi valley. 
 
 3. The Atlantic 
 Plain includes a low 
 sandy or swampy coast 
 region, west of which 
 is a sandy belt called 
 the “Pine Barrens;” 
 and still farther west, 
 and reaching to the 
 ridges of the Appa¬ 
 lachian system, is a 
 fertile “ upland ” dis¬ 
 trict. 
 
 I. Along the coast there 
 is a series of 
 swamps and marsh¬ 
 es, extending from 
 the Dismal Swamp 
 of Virginia to the 
 Everglades of Flor¬ 
 ida, and along the 
 Gulf coast to Tex¬ 
 as. These are 
 covered with cy¬ 
 press, magnolias, 
 and yellow jessa¬ 
 mine. 
 
 II. South of Virginia the shores of the Southern States are curtained with 
 a chain of long, narrow, and sandy islands. Between these are 
 navigable inlets; but, as they are mostly obstructed with sand-bars, 
 there are not many southern harbors into which the largest vessels 
 can enter. 
 
 111 . The coast region and the Pine Barrens form the tide-water section of 
 the South Atlantic States. On or near the “ Ridge ” which separates 
 this section from the upland region are the most important inland 
 cities of these states, — Richmond, Petersburg, Raleigh, Columbia, 
 Augusta, Milledgeville, and Montgomery. 
 
 4. The Appalachian mountain-system extends in a south¬ 
 westerly direction from Virginia into central Alabama. 
 
 5. Central Plain. — The Central Plain, or Mississippi valley, 
 includes the greater part of West Virginia, Kentucky, Ten¬ 
 nessee, Alabama, and the whole of Mississippi. The general 
 slope is toward the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 6. Climate.—The northern part of the south-eastern states 
 has a warm-temperate, and the southern a semi-tropical, climate. 
 The summers are long and hot, and in the far South there is 
 scarcely any winter. Abundant rain, from the moist winds 
 
 PICKING COTTON. 
 
 of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, falls in this 
 section. 
 
 7. Vegetation. — The magnolias, the palmetto, and the cy¬ 
 press, with pendent moss, characterize the coast belt ; farther 
 inland is the zone of the pine ; this is succeeded by forests of 
 oak and the deciduous trees. In the southern part of the coast 
 region are forests of live-oak, the most valuable timber for 
 ship-building. 
 
 8. Rivers. — The rivers of this section belong to three sys¬ 
 
 tems, — the Atlantic 
 system, the Missis¬ 
 sippi system, and the 
 Gulf system. 
 
 9. Natural Advan¬ 
 tages. — The soil is 
 admirably adapted for 
 the growth of cotton 
 and the cereals, and, 
 in the southern part, 
 of semi-tropical fruits. 
 The forests supply 
 ship-timber and naval 
 stores. Coal and iron, 
 salt, marble, and gyp¬ 
 sum, are among the 
 mineral riches of this 
 section. 
 
 10. Agriculture. — 
 The fertile soil, abun¬ 
 dant moisture* and 
 warm temperature, of 
 this section, give rise 
 to its great industry, 
 
 — agriculture. The chief products are cotton, tobacco, corn, 
 rice, and sweet-potatoes. 
 
 Cotton: Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama. Tobacco: Kentucky, 
 Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Corn: Kentucky, Ten¬ 
 nessee, North Carolina, and Georgia. Rice : South Carolina, 
 Georgia, and North Carolina. Sweet-potatoes: North Carolina, 
 Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. 
 
 11. Other industries pursued in the Southern States are 
 manufacturing, mining, lumbering, and commerce. 
 
 Manufactures.— The principal manufacturing establishments are iron¬ 
 works, rolling-mills, cotton and woolen mills, hemp-factories, lumber-mills, 
 and tobacco-factories. 
 
 Mining. — Coal and iron abound in Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, 
 and Alabama, and the mining interest is developing rapidly. 
 
 Lumbering is largely carried on in the pine-forests of the coast region. 
 From'the long-leaved pitch-pine (a different tree from the northern pine) 
 are obtained naval stores ; that is, pitch, tar, and turpentine. 
 
 Commerce. — The chief exports are cotton, tobacco, rice, lumber, and 
 naval stores, shipped from Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, and Mobile, 
 which are the principal seaports. 
 
SOUTHERN STATES: EASTERN DIVISION. 
 
 3 ° 
 
 THE STATES. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 In 1880. 
 
 Population 
 in 1880. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880. 
 
 Population 
 in 1880. 
 
 Virginia . . . 
 
 West Virginia . 
 North Carolina . 
 South Carolina . 
 Georgia.... 
 
 42,450 
 
 24,780 
 
 52 C 50 
 
 30.570 
 
 59.475 
 
 1,512,565 
 618,457 
 1 , 399 , 75 ° 
 995,577 
 1,542, tSo 
 
 Florida .... 
 Kentucky . . . 
 
 Tennessee . . . 
 Alabama . . . 
 
 Mississippi . . 
 
 58,680 
 
 40,400 
 
 42,050 
 
 52,250 
 
 46,810 
 
 269,493 
 
 1,648,690 
 
 1 , 542,359 
 1,262,505 
 
 M 3 1 ,597 
 
 1. Virginia is principally engaged in agriculture, the leading- 
 staples being tobacco, wheat, and corn. Secondary interests 
 are mining, market-gardening, and oystering. 
 
 2. Chief Cities. — Richmond, at the head of tide-water on 
 the James River, is the capital and largest city, and is noted 
 for its tobacco-factories, flour-mills, and iron-works. Norfolk 
 is the principal seaport of Virginia. Petersburg, at the head 
 of tide-water on the Appomattox, has a large trade in grain 
 and tobacco. 
 
 3. West Virginia is rich in coal, iron, salt, and petroleum ; 
 and the development of these resources, together with agricul¬ 
 ture, constitutes her principal industries. 
 
 4. Chief Cities.—Wheeling, on the Ohio River, is the cap¬ 
 ital and largest city, and contains numerous iron-works and 
 manufactories. Parkersburg is next in importance. 
 
 5. North Carolina is chiefly engaged in raising tobacco, cot¬ 
 ton, corn, and sweet-potatoes. Lumbering is important, and in 
 this and the production of pitch, tar, turpentine, and rosin, she 
 is the leading state. 
 
 6. Chief Cities. — Wilmington is the largest city and chief 
 seaport. Raleigh is the capital. 
 
 7. South Carolina is noted for the production of cotton of 
 the finest quality, and of rice, in the growing of which she is 
 the leading state. 
 
 8. Chief Cities. — Charleston, the largest city, is a leading 
 cotton port. Columbia is the capital. 
 
 9. Georgia ranks as the first of the Southern States in manu¬ 
 factures, and the second in the production of cotton, rice, and 
 sweet-potatoes. 
 
 10. Chief Cities. — Savannah is an important city and the 
 principal seaport. Atlanta, the capital and largest city, is a 
 railroad, manufacturing, and business center. Augusta, Macon, 
 and Columbus are cotton-manufacturing cities. 
 
 11. Florida is noted for its production of oranges, lemons, 
 figs, and other semi-tropical fruits. 
 
 12. Chief Cities. — Key West and Jacksonville are the 
 largest cities. Pensacola is an important seaport. Tallahassee 
 is the capital. 
 
 13. Kentucky ranks as the first of the Southern States in 
 population and in the production of tobacco and hemp. 
 
 14. Chief Cities. — Louisville, on the Ohio River, is the 
 largest city and the commercial center of the state. Covington 
 and Newport, connected by bridges with Cincinnati, are manu¬ 
 facturing points. Frankfort is the capital. 
 
 15. Tennessee is divided into East Tennessee, Middle Ten¬ 
 nessee, and West Tennessee. The leading occupations are 
 mining and grazing in the eastern, the raising of cotton, corn, 
 and wheat in the middle, and cotton and tobacco growing in 
 the western section. 
 
 16. Chief Cities. — Memphis, on the Mississippi, is the 
 principal cotton and grain mart between St. Louis and New 
 Orleans. Nashville, the capital and largest city, is the business 
 center of Middle Tennessee. Knoxville and Chattanooga are 
 the chief cities of East Tennessee. 
 
 17. Alabama is principally engaged in raising cotton and 
 corn ; but manufacturing and the working of her coal and iron 
 mines are growing industries. 
 
 18. Chief Cities. — Mobile, the largest city, is a leading- 
 cotton port. Montgomery the capital, Selma, and Tuscaloosa, 
 are important depots of the cotton business. 
 
 19. Mississippi is distinguished as the leading state in the 
 culture of cotton. Over half a million bales of this staple are 
 produced in the state every year. 
 
 20. Chief Cities. — Vicksburg, on the Mississippi River, and 
 Natchez, a river town one hundred miles farther south, are the 
 most important places. Jackson is the capital. Mississippi has 
 no large seaport. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 History. — “Virginia” was the name given by the English to nearly the 
 whole Atlantic coast, after the explorations and attempted settlements made 
 under the patronage of Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584-87. The first settle¬ 
 ment within the limits of the state was made by an English colony at James¬ 
 town, in 1607. West Virginia formed a part of the state of Virginia till 
 1862, when it was organized as a separate state. The first settlements in 
 North Carolina were made between 1640 and 1650, by emigrants from Vir¬ 
 ginia. The first settlement in South Carolina was made by English set¬ 
 tlers in 1670, at Old Charleston. The Carolinas, North and South, formed 
 one province till 1729. 
 
 The first settlement in Georgia was made in 1 733, at Savannah, by an 
 English colony, led by Gen. James Oglethorpe. 
 
 The first European settlement in Florida was made on the River St. 
 John's in 1564, by a colony of French Huguenots ; but the Spaniards, claim¬ 
 ing the whole country, massacred the settlers, and in 1565 founded St. 
 Augustine, the oldest town within the limits of the United States. In 1819 
 
 Florida was purchased from Spain by the United States for five million 
 dollars. 
 
 Kentucky is the oldest of the states west of the Appalachian Mountains. 
 The way for the settlement of both Kentucky and Tennessee was prepared 
 by the explorations of the bold North Carolina hunter, Daniel Boone. In 
 1775 lasting settlement in Kentucky was made by Boone and some friends. 
 Kentucky came into the Union as a state in 1792. 
 
 The first settlement in Tennessee (originally a part of North Carolina) 
 was made in 1778 by a party of refugees from British tyranny in Carolina. 
 Tennessee entered the Union in 1796. 
 
 The territory now occupied by Alabama and Mississippi belonged to the 
 state of Georgia, and by that state was in 1800 ceded to the United States. 
 The region was then organized as the “ Territory of Mississippi.” In 1817 
 the state of Mississippi was carved out of this territory, and in 1819, the 
 state of Alabama. 
 
 Names. — Virginia (a name which, as before said, was at first given to the 
 
SOUTHERN STATES : EASTERN DIVISION. 
 
 3i 
 
 are a large 
 
 whole Atlantic coast claimed by the English) was so called in honor of Queen 
 Elizabeth, “the Virgin Queen.” West Virginia was so called when formed 
 into a state, in 1862. The Carolinas were so named in honor of the English 
 
 king, Charles II. (Latin, Carolus). 
 
 The name “ Georgia 
 
 was given in honor 
 
 of the English king, George II., who granted the territory to Oglethorpe and 
 other “ trustees.” Florida was so named by the Spanish explorer, Ponce de 
 Leon, because the region was discovered on Easter Sunday, called in Span¬ 
 ish, pascuaJlorida. Kentucky is a native Indian name, signifying “the dark 
 and bloody ground,” because in aboriginal times it was the battle-field of the 
 northern and southern Indians. Tennessee is named after the river of the 
 
 same name, signifying “ the river of the big 
 bend.” (Notice on the map the great curve 
 made by the Tennessee River.) Alabama 
 is called after the river of the same name, 
 signifying “here we rest.” Mississippi 
 is named after the Mississippi, signifying 
 “ the father of waters.” 
 
 Scenery and Curiosities. — The pas¬ 
 sage of the Potomac at Harper’s Ferry, 
 Va., where the Shenandoah and Potomac 
 rivers force their united streams through 
 the Blue Ridge, was called by Thomas 
 Jefferson “ one of the most stupendous 
 scenes in nature, and well worth a voyage 
 across the Atlantic to witness.” In Vir¬ 
 ginia, also, is the famous Natural Bridge 
 over Cedar Creek. It is sixty feet long, 
 and spans a chasm two hundred feet in 
 depth. On the abutments of the bridge 
 there are many names carved in the rock, 
 of persons who climbed as high as they 
 dared on the precipice. Highest of all, 
 for nearly three-quarters of a century, was 
 that of George Washington, who, when a 
 youth, ascended to a point never before 
 reached. However, in 1818 this feat was 
 surpassed by a student of Washington 
 College, named James Piper, who actually 
 climbed from the foot to the top of the 
 rock. In Georgia there are many inter¬ 
 esting waterfalls, among which the most 
 famous are the falls of Tallulah, 536 feet 
 high. 
 
 One of the greatest natural curiosities 
 in the world is the Mammoth Cave of 
 Kentucky, discovered in 1809. It is the 
 largest cave known. It extends nine 
 miles, and contains a succession of mar¬ 
 velous chambers, grottos, domes, bottom¬ 
 less pits, lakes, rivers, and cataracts. The 
 vaulted roofs are studded with stalactites 
 of gigantic size, and in the lakes are found 
 eyeless fish and crawfish. 
 
 % 
 
 The southern part of the peninsula of Florida is of coral formation ; 
 and the Florida Keys — so called from the Spanish word cay os, “ rocky 
 islets” — are coral islands, formed during unnumbered ages by the stony 
 secretions of an animal called the coral polyp. Key West, the most im- 
 i portant of the keys, was for generations the haunt of pirates and smugglers, 
 
 ; but is now an important naval station, and the dwelling-place of a band of 
 I “ wreckers,” whose business it is to assist vessels in distress. The sreat 
 ; swamps are a peculiar feature of the coast of the Southern States. The 
 most noted is the Great Dismal Sw’amp of Virginia and North Carolina, 
 seventy-five miles in length by twenty-five miles in width. The soil is satu¬ 
 rated with water, and the surface is dotted in many places with lakes and 
 standing pools; but the swamp is for the most part covered with a dense 
 growth of cypress, juniper, gum, and cedar trees. Among other extensive 
 morasses are Alligator Swamp of North Carolina, Okefinokee Swamp of 
 Georgia, and the Everglades of Florida. The last named is an immense 
 grassy swamp overgrown with cypress and water-oaks. 
 
 Southern Products. — The cultivation of tobacco, a plant indigenous to 
 America, first began in Virginia about 1616, soon after the planting of the 
 first English settlement at Jamestown. In the early days, tobacco was not 
 only the principal article of export from Virginia, but was the chief currency 
 of the colony. 
 
 Cotton began to be largely cultivated in the Southern States at the com¬ 
 mencement of the present century. The rapid growth in the culture of this 
 plant was largely owing to the invention of the cotton-gin by Eli Whitney, 
 and the invention of new machinery for the manufacture of cotton into cloth. 
 The demand for hands to cultivate and pick cotton on the great plantations 
 was the principal cause of the extension of slavery, which was abolished 
 during the war of secession. 
 
 Rice is not a grain indigenous to this country. Its culture in the South 
 began about the close of the seventeenth century. The captain of a ship 
 from Madagascar brought a bag of seed-rice to Charleston, and gave it 
 to the governor, who distributed it among his friends. They planted the 
 seed: it increased greatly, and so rice became a main staple of South 
 Carolina. 
 
 North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida have in their forests an important 
 source of wealth. From the yellow pitch-pine are obtained turpentine, tar, 
 and pitch, — articles so important in the arts and manufactures. Turpentine 
 is the sap or juice of the pine-tree, and tar is obtained by the combustion of 
 pine billets. Pitch is the result of boiling down tar; and rosin, of distilling 
 turpentine. Many of the pines are very tall and straight, and these are 
 greatly valued for masts and spars; while the live-oak, the hardest and 
 most durable of woods, furnishes the finest material for ship-building. 
 
 Last of all to be mentioned is that 
 useful article, the sponge. Sponges ( 
 
 were long regarded as plants; but 
 naturalists now agree that they belong 
 to the animal kingdom. The sponge 
 is found in great quantities, and of 
 an excellent quality, off the coast of 
 Florida; and the sponge fisheries 
 and growing branch 
 of industry in that part of the 
 country. 
 
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 Latitude 
 
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 '*mhm 
 
 
 
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 opnii^T 
 
SOUTHERN STATES: WESTERN DIVISION. 
 
 
 SOUTHERN STATES: WESTERN DIVISION. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 kansas, Texas, and 
 
 Indian Territory, has an area more than double that of the 
 New England and the Middle States. 
 
 2. Surface. — The south-eastern portion is in the low plain 
 of the Mississippi valley, whence the surface rises westward 
 into the Plains, which occupy a large part of this section. 
 
 Along the coast are extensive swamps and marshes. North-western 
 Texas is a tableland, rising to a height of 4,000 feet, and forming 
 the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, some outlying ridges of 
 which extend into this state. 
 
 3. Drainage. — The Mississippi and its tributaries form the 
 principal drainage of the eastern portion. Most of the rivers 
 of Texas rise in the western plateau, and flow south-east into 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The southern part of Louisiana is almost on the river-level, and is 
 liable to inundation in the spring, when the Mississippi is swollen. 
 To confine it within its banks, levees , which are broad walls of 
 earth, have been constructed. 
 
 4. Climate. — The climate of this section is warm, and along 
 the Gulf coast semi-tropical. The eastern part has abundant 
 rains ; the western part is nearly rainless. 
 
 5. Occupations. — The principal occupation is agriculture, 
 the chief staples being corn, cotton, sugar, and tobacco. The 
 prairies of Texas are the grazing-grounds of millions of cattle. 
 
 THE STATES. 
 
 REFERENCE TABLE. 
 
 STATES 
 
 1 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880 
 
 Population 
 in 1880 . 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area 'n 
 
 Sq Miles 
 in 1880 . 
 
 Population 
 in 1880 . 
 
 Louisiana . 
 Arkansas . . . 
 
 48,720 
 
 53.^50 
 
 939.946 
 
 802,525 
 
 Texas .... 
 Indian I'erritory, 
 
 265,780 
 
 64,690 
 
 I > 59 T >749 
 
 76,895 
 
 1. Louisiana is an important state on account of its valua¬ 
 ble staple products, and its commanding commercial position. 
 The principal occupations are agriculture and commerce. 
 
 1. The staple products are the sugar-cane, cotton, and rice. The state 
 
 produces nine-tenths of all the sugar raised in the United States, 
 and great crops of cotton and rice. 
 
 II. The commercial facilities of the state arise from its situation at the 
 lower part of the Mississippi valley and on the coast of the Gulf 
 of Mexico. This gives it the control both of the foreign and the 
 domestic trade of this rich section. 
 
 2. Chief Cities. — New Orleans is the largest city in the 
 Gulf States, and the greatest cotton-market in the world. 
 Baton Rouge, the capital, and Shreveport, are next in size. 
 
 3. Arkansas. — The staple products of this state are cotton 
 and corn. Stock-raising is extensive, and the mineral wealth is 
 great. 
 
 4. Cities. — Little Rock is the capital and largest city. 
 Other important places are Fort Smith, Pine Bluff, and Hot 
 Springs. 
 
 5. Texas. — Texas, the largest state in the Union, is engaged 
 in stock-raising and agriculture. The chief staples are corn, 
 cotton, cattle, and wool. 
 
 6. Chief Cities. — Galveston, the largest city, has an ex¬ 
 tensive cotton-trade, and is the port through which nearly all 
 the exports and imports of the state pass. Houston is a hour- 
 
 CATTLE RANCHING IN TEXAS. 
 
 ishing city and important railroad center, with a large internal 
 trade. Austin is the capital. 
 
 7. Indian Territory. — Indian Territory is a section of coun¬ 
 try set apart by the government of the United States for the 
 home of various peaceable tribes of Indians. It has no organ¬ 
 ized government. 
 
 8. Tahlequah, the capital of the Cherokee nation, is the chit, 
 town of the territory. 
 
SOUTHERN STATES : WESTERN DIVISION. 
 
 54 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 History. — “ Louisiana,” in the last century, was the name applied to an 
 extensive territory including the whole country westward from the Missis¬ 
 sippi not occupied by Spain, and northward to the southern boundary of 
 British America, — a vast region then in possession of France. In the year 
 1803. during the administration of Jefferson, this domain was purchased 
 from France for fifteen millions of 
 dollars. The state of Louisiana was 
 organized in 18r 2, and all the rest of 
 Louisiana took the name of “ Mis¬ 
 souri.” 
 
 Arkansas was a portion of the 
 territory of Louisiana. In 1819 it 
 was set off as a distinct territory, 
 and in 1836 it was admitted as a 
 state. 
 
 Texas, originally a part of the 
 Spanish American Possessions, be¬ 
 came a province of Mexico in 1821. 
 
 A large American immigration then 
 took place, a few years later the 
 people declared their independence, 
 and in 1836 Texas became an inde¬ 
 pendent republic. Subsequently, in 
 1845, Texas, on application, was ad¬ 
 mitted into the Union. 
 
 Indian Territory was originally a 
 part of the Louisiana purchase, and 
 embraced the whole territory of Mis¬ 
 souri. It has been reduced to its 
 present limits by the successive 
 formation of states and territories. 
 
 Names. — Louisiana was so 
 named after die French king, Louis 
 XIV. The state of Arkansas is 
 called after the river of the same 
 name. Texas is called after an Indian tribe of that name. Indian Territory 
 is so called because tribes of Indians are settled there. 
 
 Texas. — From its size alone, Texas is noteworthy above all the other 
 states of the Union. It extends through more than ten degrees of latitude, 
 and twelve degrees of longitude, exceeding in area either France or the 
 German Empire. In fact, both as regards extent of territory and abundance 
 and variety of resources, Texas is an empire in itself. It has the finest 
 facilities for agriculture, producing all the cereals, together with cotton, 
 sugar, tobacco, indigo, and semi-tropical fruits. It raises more beef-cattle 
 than am other state, having, by the census of 1870, over three million 
 head. Immense stock-ranches, having herds of several thousand cattle and 
 horses, are common in this state. Great attention is given to sheep-raising. 
 
 In addition to the interests already developed, Texas has many other 
 resources, and vast capabilities of future growth. There is an abundance 
 of most valuable timber, and great deposits of coal, iron, salt, and other 
 useful minerals. These attractions draw a superior class cf emigrants from 
 other states, as also from Germany and other European countries. 
 
 Indian Territory. — Indian Terri/ 
 tory is divided into various reserva¬ 
 tions, the most important of which 
 are (see map, p. 42) those of the 
 Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, 
 Creeks, Seminoles, and Wachitas. 
 Most of these and the other tribes 
 have at various periods been removed 
 from different parts of the Union to 
 their present locations in Indian Ter¬ 
 ritory. The Indian population (about 
 60,000) is nearly equally divided be¬ 
 tween those that are settled on the 
 reservations, or at agencies, and 
 nomadic tribes. It has been the aim 
 of the United States to settle the 
 various tribes upon separate reser¬ 
 vations, where they may be free from 
 the encroachments of the whites, 
 and under the general superintend¬ 
 ence and protection of the govern¬ 
 ment. Agents are appointed by the 
 President to represent the United 
 States ; but each tribe has its own 
 internal government. Several of the 
 tribes, as the Cherokees, Choctaws, 
 and Creeks, have made considerable 
 progress in civilization : they till the 
 soil, raise cattle and horses, have 
 schools, and have also books and 
 newspapers printed in their own language. 
 
 The American Bison. — The American bison, commonly but wrongly 
 called the buffalo, ranges from northern Texas and Indian Territory north¬ 
 ward through Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota. These animals migrate from 
 north to south, and from south to north, according to the season. When 
 traveling, they move in vast, solid columns of thousands and tens of 
 thousands. Many tribes of Indians are almost entirely dependent on the 
 bison for food, clothing, and dwellings. The use of the dressed hides of 
 the bison as robes has caused a prodigious slaughter of these animals, so 
 that they are rapidly diminishing in number. Originally they ranged over 
 nearly the whole of North America; but they are now confined to The 
 Plains. 
 
 NOMADIC INDIANS. 
 
 HERDS OF BISON. 
 
CENTRAL STATES: EASTERN DIVISION. 
 
 CENTRAL STATES: EASTERN DIVISION. 
 
 VIEW OF CHICAGO. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 1. Situation. — This group of states is situated north of the 
 Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi. It lies wholly in the 
 Central Plain, or Mississippi valley. 
 
 2. Surface. — The surface is generally level or rolling prairie- 
 land ; but there are two hilly regions, — the one towards the 
 Ohio, the other towards Lake Superior. 
 
 The larger part of Ohio consists of a low and broken tableland, form¬ 
 ing the western slope and foot-hills of the Appalachian system. 
 The highlands of northern Wisconsin, and the upper peninsula of 
 Michigan, are an extension of the Height of Land. Wisconsin 
 and Michigan possess extensive white-pine forests. 
 
 3. Drainage. — The rivers in these states belong to the 
 Mississippi and St. Lawrence systems. Four of the five Great 
 Lakes, namely, Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior, lie in the 
 northern part of this section. 
 
 Lake Superior is six hundred feet above the sea-level, and nine hun¬ 
 dred feet deep : it has an area of thirty-two thousand square miles, 
 being large enough to take in the whole of the state of Maine or 
 the island of Ireland. Lake Michigan, about fifty feet lower than 
 Lake Superior, is three-fourths as large, and not quite so deep. 
 Lake Huron is two-thirds as large as Lake Superior, and nearly 
 twice as deep. Lake Erie is one-third as large as Lake Superior, 
 and is very shallow, being less than one hundred feet deep. 
 
 4. Climate. — The climate is similar to that of the Atlantic 
 States in the same latitude, —the summers are hot, the winters 
 mild in the southern, and cold in the northern part. 
 
 5. Productions and Pursuits. — The leading pursuits are 
 agriculture and grazing ; but manufacturing, mining, and com¬ 
 merce are all great and important industries. 
 
 Agriculture. — The broad and fertile prairies are admirably adapted both 
 for tillage and grazing. Of wheat, corn, wool, and live-stock, the quantity- 
 produced is greater than in any other part of our country of equal extent. 
 
 Manufacturing. — Manufacturing, though in importance secondary to 
 agriculture, is pursued on a great and growing scale. The principal articles 
 produced are flour, agricultural implements, machinery, and cotton and 
 woolen goods. 
 
 Mining.— Coal is very widely distributed throughout this section, and in 
 inexhaustible quantities. There are valuable iron ores in Ohio and Michi¬ 
 gan. The salt deposits of Michigan are of unsurpassed richness; lead is 
 mined in north-western Illinois and southern Wisconsin; and the Lake 
 Superior copper-mines are the richest in the world. 
 
 Commerce. — The means of communication afforded by nature are the 
 numerous large navigable streams, especially the Mississippi and its tribu¬ 
 taries, which flow into the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes, which, with 
 the St. Lawrence, give communication with the Atlantic Ocean. These 
 splendid natural commercial facilities are further increased by a network of 
 railroads built by the enterprise of the Western people. The principal 
 exports are wheat, flour, corn, pork, bacon, beef, cheese, wool, and copper. 
 
 THE STATES. 
 
 REFERENCE TABLE. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880. 
 
 Population 
 in 1880. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880: 
 
 Population 
 in 1880. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 41,060 
 
 3,198,062 
 
 Wisconsin . . 
 
 . I 56,040 
 
 I. 3 1 5,497 
 
 Indiana .... 
 
 36.350 
 
 1,978,301 
 
 Michigan . . 
 
 • 58 . 9 1 5 
 
 1,636,937 
 
 Illinois .... 
 
 56,650 
 
 3.077,871 
 
 
 
 
 1. Ohio is one of the wealthiest and most progressive of the 
 Central States, and, in the amount and variety of its manufac¬ 
 tures, is the first state west of the Alleghanies. 
 
 2. Chief Cities. — Cincinnati the metropolis, and the largest 
 city of the Ohio valley, is a great manufacturing and commer¬ 
 cial point. Cleveland, Sandusky, and Toledo, all lake ports, are 
 
 1 important manufacturing and commercial centers. Columbus 
 is the capital. 
 
 3. Indiana. — The natural advantages of Indiana consist in 
 I its fertile soil, its extensive deposits of coal and iron, and the 
 
North m Latitude 
 
 -- 
 
 CM ” 
 
 Noon on the Meridian 62 
 
 of Greenwich 
 
 
 
 i; 
 
 7F. 
 
 -lA*' 
 
 $ U i> 
 
 Longitude West 
 
 ~r 
 
 MICHIPICOTEN I. 
 
 fSP 
 
 Ontonagor 
 
 i -f"N. ' Ay fafftyMeZ. Tsfll/ 
 
 ^ L ^ ,]■■;!' ■, , 
 
 ^'"V r* ' • Nlfif'wwLftfflkil S .T A T -F 'mrTv 
 
 n. 
 
 © 
 
 
 IshpeW 6 
 
 /• Osceola Mills 
 
 
 > Nenotnd fre£/ 
 
 & &J^*: re scott 
 
 I 
 
 i p a 9 k n 
 
 -r* jl J/ r 
 
 F f r 
 
 :te 
 
 
 j? 
 
 ©■ 
 
 MedfordY Men 5 
 
 / 
 
 43 
 
 *Eau Ciskviy 
 
 ^ '*VVr' S '»*i* Nei Usviil e 
 
 v AStyP'o .- j Steens 
 
 A-lnia 
 
 € 
 
 A 
 
 
 ,- -^eenah, 
 
 i 
 
 1 xsBffck River 
 
 1 agpI’aUs 
 
 fc, •—( tA 
 
 | 1 Berlin ‘ ~ ‘ 
 
 La Crosse . • - \ 
 
 IhlbouniCityR 
 
 ixf. 
 
 from Greenwich 83 
 
 O ^liSMi piiiii 
 
 ^ EASTERN DIVISION 
 
 4^ 
 
 /i 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 10 20 30 40 50 
 
 100 
 
 fN<*: 
 
 < 5 ; 
 
 naioano JL 
 
 Fort / 
 
 ■oviaxd&g' JT 
 
 's’J Green Hay 
 
 >ldeton,Jfy W 
 
 Anitowoc 
 
 
 rf v * | 0 shkosh 
 
 .Ripon 1 / 
 
 . Fond du Lae 8 
 
 < 
 
 Mineral Point. s 
 
 ^ M§>e« W/ ;. 
 
 DnT,,l\f arlingto ^ ^Monroe 6 
 
 Uuluque** - > _ BeJoi 
 
 • Galena 1 % _ 
 
 ^ ,, V'}-,, rj 
 
 %. Vi Freeport*' 
 
 lorico Jr 
 
 jKJr. w au ,ha- 
 /A" 1 j 
 
 ■^T 
 
 s 
 
 > • }• ■’b 
 v>? % Mackinaw 
 
 & x> 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 White tei< i ^ 
 
 Fikhor ?]) ..Racine 
 
 M 
 
 Delavain- 
 XT3e» < >'- 
 
 ?Daj 
 
 V^Mt’carroll 
 J'-J} Sterl f^ r «^Dixon 
 
 Mendota - "6 
 
 T>fv 0 -r v • 1 
 
 ■*"“'fNfr* 0e »eseo « , 
 
 Island Princeton* ^ 
 
 ICewanee 
 
 P . R va * Henry 
 
 •p -p # Galesburq 
 
 Burlington J . * 9 
 
 Monmouth r- 
 
 / Peoria 
 
 Bushnell C r . . r, , . 
 
 • \ CantoiuyP ckni/^V Cr. 
 
 Kenosha 
 Waukegan ’ 
 
 Keoki 
 
 z \ \ 
 
 (oygan 
 Viebttygan L 
 
 !rf 
 y > 
 
 ^4 ' 
 
 „ , p’Ocwi/o 1» v* 
 
 4 n t y 
 
 S_r, AuS t 
 
 , ’*4e 
 
 
 Zflonyhton 
 
 Tawas City 
 
 4 r 4 
 
 sJ *■ FarvvelL'' 
 
 Big Rapids? * >V 
 
 • Muskegon 
 
 V 
 
 } ‘ - 
 
 Saqina 
 nvflie City 
 
 > 
 
 Grand Rarncis V Sr '^rfl A ? St.Johns 1 . FI, ' nt Pc 
 
 P iowell 1 ^Fenton Eolueo 
 
 hiW H W LANSING ' Mt-CleJn 
 
 Pontiac 
 
 / v '^a» Charlojtte' 
 
 AUegan*^ Batlle 
 
 Haven/ T W'"' JackSOn N^ Detr0lt 
 
 Kalamazoo M^haT^Mo/ Ann ArhoQ 
 
 vanston gt.J 0 seP') < >Dowagiac I . . Tecumseh. , 
 
 1 vfv.u / ( Cqldwater • . / 1=1 
 
 . Adrian. \ 
 
 : _ •r- r jy oturgis Hillsdale 
 
 4' i< ' 11 ^ SouthtV^ikhart J j" Toledo 
 
 aPoi-te Rend \*Goshen Angola I ,y\^' 
 
 • Kendalllville Napoleon.. e, 
 
 ' "’' ®TK? ]t Fremont, 
 
 
 r 
 
 45 
 
 Goderich 
 
 Lexingtony 
 
 rt HuroiiJtC Port Karma 
 
 PI. PE LEE I. y. 
 
 ii«o 
 
 ^cki^ 
 
 Bannvb 3 ^' 
 
 
 Pur Macomb \ s 
 Warsaw 
 
 nfthtowa Xin * CO,n 
 
 -Quinci f Q ^ 
 Y Jacksonville ^ 
 
 Watseka j 
 Gibson City j 
 
 Bloomincfton 
 
 , Williamsvi- 
 <;V\ port Att 
 
 Champaign.. 
 
 Hrbaiia. 
 
 Plymouth Ik-' 
 
 r V^r 'Y AubuT-Nr 
 
 , V'* Warsaw —'*«»■ 
 
 Columbia City 
 
 JOT siT 
 
 C _ -i f 
 
 Findlay 
 
 13 
 
 A- 
 
 
 ELLY ’ 3 t. 
 
 AosVtV-^v-^ Cleveland 
 
 • O belli 
 Norwalk 
 
 Warren 
 
 k'-TTiffin 
 
 Akron if' 
 
 Kokomo * Marion 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 ica 
 
 Crawfordsville 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS 
 
 Shelby 
 
 • AAV j 0 
 
 ^acoirtj 1 Carlmville r^ 
 
 30 
 
 Decatur 
 
 ™»m El » i K M> j El 0 u ; ,Sffi 
 
 lire r .“?««»• I) . B U 
 
 Mattoon IJ* Terre 
 
 Haute 
 
 XV 
 
 sso te ?2 
 
 Litchfield Effingham W 
 
 Munice 
 
 Camhiidge! 
 City 
 
 
 LO'P*/ EaSt ' St ' Loui 
 
 Alton X^Van, M lia 
 
 ^EdVardsviile V V’A T" 
 
 
 feeReviBe 
 
 / 
 
 Nashville 
 
 Duquotn 
 
 Olney 
 
 Uliance 
 Salem 
 
 lynss-HD4«wlfei*“—'—-rk.-uf .line V-. • 
 
 . ^'an AV'ei t? Pi’ 156 , 1 I 5,'f C tB * Wooster k • Sal 
 
 i > Lima .Sanduskj*? v . . . • yjyoV* Cantoi. 
 
 ht'CA. i < *. ^ ^MMansfield V, h.: 
 
 ^ l-WKeiiton^- 
 
 • — -■■•' . cr- 
 
 < ~T VS /-» Manor 
 
 ,„jT f O 
 
 s New Dm 
 > Philadelphia^ ; 
 
 4.%‘W; 1 .Jri tr M 
 
 ■.j Mt.Vernon SteubinviU# 
 
 j SidneW^Beliefontaine ^Weilawaro .-Aoshocton f WHE 4l NG ''. 
 
 '•'1 Piq ua iT ‘Urbana xn{\ Newark..-. : > BellWeE 
 
 ! .. "#rrai»M.»s 't2»“« llle 
 
 ichnliond 4. Springfield ../ 
 
 * i Davtnnf. v. Lancaster 
 
 j r s uaytonr* r . xenia • V- t,/xf® 
 
 fanklinX C§nnef£ville \ fci.-clevflftk Mariett i, 
 
 f V VS ! ,Vhr—At Chiipcotl-As ^rL >v 
 
 Vashingxon 
 
 ,J,YT > Mt.Vd'mjb. Evansville 
 . „ 1 vi 5.T r\—CV-v -?* 
 
 rjJfP • Carbogdale 
 
 Cape 
 Girardeaiff 
 
 Anna 
 
 Shawnecto^'P 
 
 \ 
 
 Ali° 
 
 K 
 
 .V.iHamijrtoii 
 
 L GreeSsburg 'W' V / o- . v 
 
 Coiumbus? ^rencehtrSv?*^^' /» U,sbor ° 
 ^ < u Auroia 
 
 v' 
 
 Pomeroy. ^ 
 
 i 
 
 Hgb st ' p °f k 
 
 K V‘i 
 
 Madison 
 
 
 s Jerrerson #4 fR 
 
 New Albanyy^J 
 
 .ouisville 
 
 0 i> uMew Richmond _» c n\0Uth 
 
 ,Ripley 
 
 
 , 0 ^ 
 
 ;J.aFRANKFORT 
 
 > L, 4 
 
 fVi\ 
 
 A- 
 
 t YS«'° U , 
 
 0 Gallipolis “ 
 
 V 
 
 39 
 
 Irontoiif 
 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 
 11 12 Longitude West 
 
 Local Time A. M. 11“ when Noon on the Meridian 
 
 10 
 
 1120 
 
 from Washington 
 
 of Washington 
 
 11 30 
 
 K AS LX T V- <- > 
 
 VICINITY OF 
 
 CINCINNATI 4' 
 
 Scale.... t , 5 Miles 
 
CENTRAL STATES : EASTERN DIVISION. 
 
 
 ■5 *7 
 
 57 
 
 WISCONSIN SCENES. 
 
 facilities for communication afforded by its rivers. The pros¬ 
 perity of the state is based on its agricultural, mining, and 
 manufacturing interests. 
 
 4. Chief Cities. — Indianapolis, the capital and largest city, 
 is the center of numerous railroads, and is an active manufac¬ 
 turing and commercial point. Evansville, Fort Wayne, and 
 Terre Haute, rank next in population, and are important manu¬ 
 facturing and trading cities. 
 
 5. Illinois. — Illinois is one of the most populous and wealthy 
 of the Central States, leading all others in the value of its agri¬ 
 cultural productions, and commanding the trade both of the 
 Mississippi River and of the Great Lakes. 
 
 6. Chief Cities. — Chicago is the commercial metropolis, and 
 the largest city on the northern lakes. It has an extensive lake 
 commerce, is the center of the railroad system of the surround¬ 
 ing states, and ranks as the greatest wheat, corn, and live-stock 
 market in the Union. 
 
 In commercial importance Chicago ranks next to New York. More 
 than 10,000 miles of railroad are directly tributary to Chicago, and 
 350 trains enter and leave daily, giving 700 arrivals and departures. 
 Its commerce exceeds $500,000,000 annually. It is the greatest 
 grain-market in the world. The grain is received and shipped in 
 bulk. It is lifted into elevators from railroad-cars by buckets run¬ 
 ning on an endless chain, and operated by powerful steam-machinery, 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AND PICTURED ROCKS. 
 
 and is emptied through spouts into the holds of vessels. There are 
 twenty-four of these immense elevator-warehouses, the total capacity 
 of all being over 20,000,000 bushels. 
 
 Among other important cities are Ouincy, Peoria, and Bloom¬ 
 ington. Springfield is the capital. 
 
 7. Wisconsin. — Extensive forests in the north, rich deposits 
 of lead and iron, a fertile soil, and great facilities for commerce, 
 form the principal natural advantages of this state. The lead¬ 
 ing industries are agriculture, mining, lumbering, and manufac¬ 
 turing. 
 
 8. Chief Cities. — Milwaukee is the commercial metropolis. 
 It is a great wheat-market, and one of the most beautiful and 
 flourishing cities of the North-west. Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, 
 and Racine come next in importance. Madison is the capital. 
 
 9. Michigan. — Michigan consists of two peninsulas. The 
 upper peninsula is rugged, and in parts mountainous, with a 
 generally sterile soil ; but it is valuable on account of its rich 
 veins of copper and iron, and its heavy pine-forests. The 
 lower peninsula has a generally level surface, a fine climate, 
 and a fertile soil. The leading industries are lumbering, salt¬ 
 making, farming, fruit-raising, and manufacturing, in the lower 
 peninsula; and copper and iron mining in the upper peninsula. 
 
 10. Chief Cities.— Detroit has the best harbor on the Great 
 Lakes, and is engaged in manufacturing and in foreign and do¬ 
 mestic commerce. Grand Rapids, and Blast Saginaw, and Sag¬ 
 inaw City, rank next in importance. Lansing is the capital. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 History.— In 1787 Congress organized the vast uninhabited region north 
 of the Ohio into a territory called the North-west Territory, and decreed 
 that a certain number of states should be formed from it when each should 
 have a population of 60,000. 
 
 The first state carved out of the North-west Territory was Ohio, admitted 
 into the Union in 1802. Its first white population consisted of a company 
 of New-England pioneers under the guidance of Gen. Rufus Putnam; and 
 the first settlement was made at Marietta, so named after Marie Antoinette. 
 
 Indiana was originally a part of the North-west Territory. When Ohio 
 became a state, all the remainder of the North-west Territory received the 
 name of Indiana Territory; and from a part of this territory the state of 
 Indiana was created, in 1816. Illinois was first a part of the North-west 
 Territory, afterwards of Indiana Territory, and was admitted into the 
 
 Union in 1818. Wisconsin was penetrated by the early French missiona¬ 
 ries, traders, and trappers, over two hundred years ago. The first perma¬ 
 nent settlement was made at Green Bay, in 1745. Wisconsin was first 
 part of the North-west Territory, then part of Indiana Territory, then of 
 Illinois Territory, and afterwards of Michigan Territory, In 1836 it became 
 a separate territory, and in 1848 was admitted as a state. Michigan was first 
 a part of the North-west Territory, and afterwards of Indiana Territory. 
 In 1805 it became a separate territory, and in 1837 was admitted as a state. 
 
 Names. — Ohio was named from the Ohio River, which in the Indian 
 language signifies “ river of blood.” Indiana is a name formed from the 
 word “ Indian.” Illinois took its name from the Illinois River and tribe of 
 Indians. Wisconsin took its name from the Wisconsin River. Michigan 
 took its name from Lake Michigan. 
 
 1 
 
CENTRAL STATES: WESTERN DIVISION 
 
 CENTRAL STATES: WESTERN DIVISION. 
 
 VIEW Or ST. LOU S. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 1. Situation.—This group includes the states of Minnesota, 
 Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska, with Dakota Territory. 
 
 The boundary separating this section from the Dominion of Canada 
 is formed by the 49th parallel, the Lake of the Woods, Rainy River, 
 Rainy Lake, Crooked Lake, and Pigeon River. 
 
 2. The surface is generally level. The western part is in 
 the Plains ; the eastern, in the low plain of the Mississippi, to 
 which the ground falls by a slight slope from the foot-hills of 
 the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 I 
 
 The only considerable elevations are the short ranges and knobs of the 
 Ozark Mountains in Missouri, and the Black Hills of Dakota. 
 
 3. Drainage. — Most of the rivers of this section are tribu¬ 
 taries of the Mississippi. 
 
 I he Mississippi rises in Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, on the 
 Height of Land. Issuing from Lake Itasca as a slender rivulet 
 (from ten to twelve feet in width), it receives the waters of various 
 lakes and small streams, and is swelled by the two main tributaries, 
 — the Minnesota and St. Croix. It is navigable for steamboats 
 below the Falls of St. Anthony. 
 
 4. Climate. — The climate of this region presents great 
 extremes : the summers are warm ; the winters, exceedingly 
 severe, especially in the northern part. 
 
 5. Productions and Pursuits. — The principal pursuits are 
 agriculture, stock-raising, and mining. 
 
 Agriculture.—The soil of the river-valleys is exceedingly fertile. The 
 staple products are corn, wheat, hay, oats, hemp, and potatoes. Stock-raising 
 is largely carried on. 
 
 Mining.— In the number, extent, and value of its mineral deposits, 
 Missouri surpasses every other state. Those most largely mined are iron, 
 lead, and coal. Iowa has inexhaustible fields of bituminous coal, and is 
 rich in lead. Kansas has abundant deposits of coal, iron, and salt. Dakota 
 has very rich and productive gold-mines. 
 
 Commerce. — These states are crossed by many navigable rivers and by 
 numerous railroads, which connect with trunk lines east of the Mississippi. 
 
 THE STATES. 
 
 REFERENCE TABLE. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sa. Miles 
 in 1880. 
 
 Population 
 in 1880. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880. 
 
 Population 
 in 1880. 
 
 Minnesota . . . 
 
 8 . 3 - 3 6 5 
 
 780,773 
 
 Kansas .... 
 
 82,080 
 
 996,096 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 56,025 
 
 1,624,615 
 
 Nebraska . . . 
 
 77.505 
 
 452,402 
 
 Missouri . . . 
 
 69,415 
 
 2,168,380 
 
 Dakota Territory, 
 
 148,450 
 
 I 35- I 77 
 
 1. Minnesota. — Minnesota occupies the central part of 
 North America, and includes the Height of Land, which 
 divides the Arctic Plain from the valley of the Mississippi. 
 The leading industries are agriculture (the chief products being 
 wheat and oats), lumbering, and manufacturing, the principal 
 articles being sawed lumber and flour. 
 
 Minnesota, together with Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of 
 Michigan, forms an extensive undulating tableland, with an average 
 height of about 1,000 feet. In north-western Minnesota the sur- 
 
North 3 Latitude 
 
40 
 
 CENTRAL STATES: WESTERN DIVISION. 
 
 MISSOURI SCENES. ^ 
 
 face reaches a height of 1,700 feet. This elevation, known as the 
 “Height of Land” (the highest region between the Gulf of Mexico 
 and Hudson Bay), forms a watershed which sends out streams to all 
 points of the compass. 
 
 2. Chief Cities. — St. Paul is the capital. Minneapolis, the 
 largest city, at the Falls of St. Anthony, possesses unlimited 
 water-power, and is noted for the manufacture of flour and 
 lumber. 
 
 3. Iowa. — Iowa possesses a fertile prairie soil, and rich 
 deposits of coal and lead. Agriculture is the leading indus¬ 
 try ; but lead and coal mining are extensively carried on. 
 
 The coal-field of Iowa embraces an area of several thousand square 
 miles, and is practically inexhaustible. The coal is bituminous and 
 of excellent quality. The lead-mines in the Galena limestone have 
 been worked for many years. 
 
 4. Chief Cities. — Dubuque and Davenport, Burlington and 
 Keokuk, all on the Mississippi, are important cities. Des 
 Moines is the capital. 
 
 5. Missouri. — Missouri is the most populous state west of 
 the Mississippi, and has an area nearly equal to that of New 
 England. 
 
 Extensive iron-mining is carried on in the section south of 
 St. Louis, and the mining of lead and coal is an important 
 industry. Agriculture is a leading occupation ; and great crops 
 of corn, wheat, rye, tobacco, hemp, and grapes are raised in 
 the prairie section. The manufacturing interest is large and 
 increasing. 
 
 1 his state possesses the navigation of the two greatest rivers in the 
 United States. By means of the Mississippi, which forms the 
 entire eastern boundary, the state has water communication with 
 the most northern part of the Union; by means of the Missouri 
 River, internal communication is extended to the Rocky Mountains. 
 1 Iiese two great channels are the final reservoirs of all the streams 
 of the state. 
 
 6. Chief Cities. — St. Louis, the largest city west of the 
 Mississippi River, occupies a commanding position for domes¬ 
 tic and foreign commerce, and is largely engaged in iron-manu¬ 
 factures. A magnificent steel bridge crosses the Mississippi 
 River at this point. Kansas City and St. Joseph are the places 
 next in importance. Jefferson City is the capital. 
 
 7. Kansas. — The natural wealth of Kansas consists of a 
 fertile soil, abundant pasturage for stock, rich deposits of coal, 
 and ready means of communication. The leading industries 
 are agriculture in the eastern section, and stock-raising on the 
 great grassy prairies to the west. 
 
 The prairies are covered with a variety of nutritious grasses, which 
 last all winter, drying into hay on the ground, and supporting vast 
 herds of beef-cattle, which require no housing. 
 
 8. Chief Cities. — Leavenworth is the largest city in Kansas. 
 The places next in importance are Lawrence, and Topeka the 
 capital. 
 
 9. Nebraska resembles Kansas in its natural wealth, and in 
 the occupations of the people. 
 
 The raising of corn, wheat, and other cereals, and fruit-growing, are 
 carried on with great success in the eastern section. Beef-cattle and 
 other live-stock are raised in great numbers in the western crazing: 
 regions. Its cheap and fertile lands, together with the ready means 
 of communication, are rapidly making Nebraska a great and popu¬ 
 lous state. 
 
 € 
 
 10. Chief Cities. — Omaha is the largest city. Lincoln is 
 the capital. 
 
 11. Dakota. — Agriculture, stock-raising, and mining are the 
 chief occupations of the people of Dakota Territory. 
 
 This territory is the home of the Sioux, or Dakota, and the Mandan 
 tribes of Indians. Vast herds of buffalo, elk, deer, and antelope 
 range over the western portion. The “ Bad Lands ” are an exten¬ 
 sive arid tract in the south-west. But the river bottoms are exceed¬ 
 ingly fertile, and the most extensive wheat farms in the world are 
 in Northern Dakota. 
 
 12. Capital. — Yankton is the capital and largest place. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 History. — Minnesota was first explored by the Jesuit missionaries, two 
 hundred years ago, and was a part of the great Louisiana purchase. It was 
 organized as a territory in 1849, an d became a state in 1858. 
 
 Iowa was originally a part of the Louisiana purchase. It was organized 
 as a separate territory in 1838, and admitted as a state in 1846. 
 
 Missouri was originally a part of the Louisiana purchase, and, when the 
 present state of Louisiana was admitted, the remainder of the extensive 
 domain was erected into the territory of Missouri. The state was formed 
 from a part of this territory, and was admitted into the Union in 1820. 
 
 Kansas was originally a part of the Louisiana purchase. It first came 
 prominently into notice in 1854, when a law was passed organizing the 
 Kansas-Nebraska Territory, and leaving to “ popular sovereignty ” the 
 question whether it should be a free or a slave state. The friends of both 
 sides poured into this territory, and for several years its soil was the scene 
 of lawlessness and bloodshed; but the rfnti-slavery party triumphed, and 
 Kansas was admitted as a free state, Jan. 30, 1861. 
 
 Nebraska, originally a part of the Louisiana purchase, was, jointly with 
 Kansas, organized into a territory in 1854. When Kansas became a state, 
 in 1861, Nebraska remained for some years a territory, but finally was 
 admitted into the Union in 1867. 
 
 Dakota, originally a part of the Louisiana purchase, became a part of 
 Minnesota Territory, which was organized in 1849. B was organized as 
 a territory in 1861, but it then included the present territories of Montana 
 and Wyoming. The first permanent settlements of whites were made 
 in 1859. 
 
 Names.— Minnesota is called after the river of the same name, si<rni- 
 fying “ cloudy river.” Iowa is called after the river of the same name : it 
 is the French form of an Indian word signifying “the sleepy ones,” the 
 name of an Indian tribe. Missouri takes its name from its chief river, siv- 
 nifying “muddy water.” Kansas, meaning “smoky water;” Nebraska, 
 meaning “ water valley ; ” and Dakota, signifying “ leagued,” the common 
 name of the confederated Sioux tribes, — are all named from Indian tribes 
 identified with their history. 
 
THE PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES 
 
 4 1 
 
 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES 
 
 VIEW OF SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 I. — ROCKY MOUNTAIN AND PLATEAU DIVISION. 
 
 1. Situation. — This group includes the states and terri¬ 
 tories of the Rocky Mountains and of the Great Plateau. 
 
 Colorado and Nevada are states; Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, 
 Idaho, Utah, and Arizona are territories. 
 
 2. Surface.—The great natural feature of this region is 
 the Rocky Mountain system, the main axis of which traverses 
 it in a general south-easterly direction. The Rocky Mountains 
 within this section comprise several chains more or less parallel, 
 and connected by numerous cross ranges. 
 
 I. Some of the grandest scenery in the world is found in the Rocky 
 Mountains. Among the most remarkable localities are the moun¬ 
 tain scenery and “parks” of Colorado, the Fire Hole Basin, and 
 the Canon of the Yellowstone. The Fire Hole Basin is in the val¬ 
 ley of the Madison River, one of the head streams of the Missouri. 
 It contains many hundreds of boiling springs and spouting geysers, 
 far exceeding those of Iceland in size and grandeur. The Grand 
 Geyser, the most magnificent in the world, throws a stream of hot 
 water to a height of 300 feet. The Canon of the Yellowstone is a 
 great mountain-rent, with perpendicular basaltic walls from 1,000 to 
 2,000 feet high. For a distance of twenty-five miles along this 
 mighty chasm the river rushes with fearful velocity, making in one 
 place a leap of 450 feet, forming one of the grandest of waterfalls. 
 
 11 . A section of this magnificent mountain-region, nearly the size of Con¬ 
 necticut, has been set apart by Congress as a great “ National 
 Park.” Within its limits are not less than ten thousand boiling 
 
 springs and geysers, and many grand waterfalls, deep canons, beau¬ 
 tiful lakes, and rugged mountain-peaks. 
 
 3. Climate. — This section has a cool climate, owing to its 
 elevation above the level of the sea. It is also noted for its 
 dryness. This is due to its great distance from the ocean, the 
 rain-clouds from which are deprived of their moisture by the 
 intervening mountains. 
 
 4. Industries. — This section is rich in mines of gold, silver, 
 copper, lead, and coal ; and the vast grassy plains afford fine 
 pasturage : hence mining and stock-raising form the leading 
 industries of the inhabitants. 
 
 » 
 
 THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 REFERENCE TABLE. 
 
 ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISION. 
 
 GREAT PLATEAU DIVISION. 
 
 STATES OR TERRI¬ 
 TORIES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880. 
 
 Population 
 in 1880. 
 
 STATES OR TERRI¬ 
 TORIES. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles 
 in 1880. 
 
 Population 
 in 1880. 
 
 Montana Ter. 
 Wyoming Ter. . 
 Colorado . . . 
 
 New Mexico Ter. 
 
 146,080 
 
 97,890 
 
 103,925 
 
 122,580 
 
 39U59 
 
 20,789 
 
 I94,3 2 7 
 
 II9.S65 
 
 Idaho Territory . 
 Nevada .... 
 Utah Territory . 
 Arizona Ter. . . 
 
 84,800 
 
 110,700 
 84,970 
 x 13,020 
 
 32,610 
 
 62,266 
 
 143.963 
 
 40,440 
 
 5. Montana. — The gold and silver mines of Montana are 
 extensively worked, and the mountain pastures afford great 
 advantages for stock-raising. 
 
4 
 
 Locai Time A . J/. when 
 
 420 
 
 Noon on the Meridian 
 
 5 
 
 Longitude 114 West from 111 Greenwich 108 
 
 AND THE 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 Marias Jt, 
 7 ?. 
 
 TtJ 3 entofojL;f' 
 
 «el Shell 
 
 
 ; L U M B I A 
 
 
 lancock 
 
 
 Hi|r iloit' 
 
 City ' 
 
 N A T I 
 
 hssel 
 
 ^'^XAVaH/WalU 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 wen 
 
 -JLdles j 
 
 c- *ot;te 
 
 niatilla = 
 
 Arvati^ 
 
 I’t.CJ.Sm/th 
 
 Floveife&rn 
 
 
 & sjTBaker 1 
 
 I,.. 
 
 Ft.Pllii. 
 
 
 Idaho 
 
 City 
 
 tfintei/Z. 
 
 fh! - V('r'\ 
 
 :ten«a’°i 
 
 "^VFt^aramie 
 
 mont'i 
 
 J 
 
 pyflamath 
 
 iLA-hfwces 
 
 % 1F&Q& 
 
 ftp L A I 
 
 7‘nstmat$ ¥ 
 
 'South Pa38»; 
 
 % City 
 
 AWJade' 
 .. City 
 
 [CarhoiPw \S 
 
 MTS.S 
 
 .nVing 
 
 ONION. PACl.plc 
 
 i I Salt.Thfke 
 
 yuleshu] 
 
 
 Greeley JU 
 
 f South 
 
 ioulder 
 
 fDENVER ^ 
 
 'Wden . 
 
 terinE 
 
 Parson Z.™ 
 
 itJ“leiSant 
 
 .Hugo 
 
 .it Cai-soti 
 
 ■non Z. 
 
 ' .Colorado i- 
 '^Springs 
 
 te* >pak 
 
 ffelo 
 
 Deseuel 
 
 m^r-r 
 t.ytf ft 
 
 3. r JNr«^Wt'ora 
 
 ievier 
 
 fltjWgOi 
 
 ■ftas 
 
 Animas 
 
 San Franl 
 
 'Golimius 
 
 BAN LI 
 PARK 
 
 £}Q<i¥' 
 
 lowau | 
 
 :1 Nort\ 
 
 n ^a Cr 
 
 \ 
 
 'i %'^N. 
 
 h 5 % e ^ 
 S&Vk? 1 • 
 
 Qlivarrstn 
 
 r, ’ !1 ^ tc-,o 
 
 Montep 
 
 VC « 1 
 ■Uis Obisp 6 ,\ V 
 
 R A D O ' 
 
 ’"oeptio^v^K 
 Santa i 3 i 
 
 SAN MIGUEL 
 
 ANP 
 
 SANTA ROSAT 
 
 J 
 
 PRESCQ' 
 
 D E 8 e rW 
 
 Bernardino Vi 
 
 . A' 
 
 Santa cruz 
 , Wfliningt, 
 
 Wicl;<sn%irg 
 
 't .Stanton 
 
 YulvoWte | 
 
 CATALINA 
 
 Florence 
 
 k, fe\ 
 
 SAN CLEMENTE 
 
 vFt.Yui 
 
 ^Mesilla 
 
 ^so»r 
 
 to U -T H E R 
 
 PciHCfl, 
 
 Gulden Gale 
 
 San Francisc 
 
 FARALLONES 
 
 Ran H^jfo 
 Th.%1 
 
 Longitude 
 
 West from 
 
 Washington 
 
 VICINITY OF | -»r a 
 
 SAN FRANCISCOV 
 
 Scale -- 10 Jlile* V 3 J; 
 
 9 20 Local Time A.M. 9’« icfcen Koon on 9 J0 the Meridian 9 “ o/ Washington 10 
 
THE PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 43 
 
 GREAT SALT LAKE. 
 
 6. Chief Places. — Helena is the capital and largest town. 
 Virginia City is next in importance. 
 
 7. Wyoming. — The principal industries oi this territory 
 are stock-raising and the mining of coal and gold. 
 
 8 . Chief Places. — Cheyenne, the capital, is an important 
 railroad center, and a distributing point for goods to all parts of 
 the highland region north and south. Sherman Station (8,000 
 feet) is the highest point in the Rocky Mountains crossed by 
 the Pacific Railroad. 
 
 9. Colorado is divided by the Rocky Mountains into the 
 eastern section, which resembles Kansas, and the western sec¬ 
 tion, which is a mountain-plateau region. 
 
 The leading industries are gold and silver mining, largely 
 carried on in the mountains, and grazing and agriculture in the 
 eastern section. 
 
 10. Chief Places. — Denver is the capital and largest city. 
 The many important railroad lines centering here make it the 
 metropolis of an extensive region of country. Leadville ranks 
 next in population. 
 
 11. New Mexico has rich mines, which are being rapidly 
 opened and developed. Stock-raising is also extensively carried 
 on in the valleys. Santa Fe was first visited by the Spaniards 
 about 1542, at which time it was an important Indian settlement. 
 
 12. Santa F6 is the capital and largest place. 
 
 13. Idaho is rich in gold and silver, and has also extensive 
 deposits of salt, coal, and iron. 
 
 14. The capital is Boise City. 
 
 15. Nevada. — Nevada is noted for its silver-mines, which 
 for a number of years yielded more than one-half of all the 
 silver annually produced in the United States. 
 
 16. Chief Places. — Virginia City, famous for its rich silver- 
 mines, is the largest place. Carson City is the capital. 
 
 17. Utah, remarkable as the home of the Mormons, is rich 
 in silver-mines, which are extensively worked. Agriculture is 
 carried on principally by means of irrigation. 
 
 18. Salt-Lake City is the capital and largest city. 
 
 19. Arizona. — Arizona includes the hottest and dryest por¬ 
 tion of the United States. The northern part is a high plateau, 
 cut through by the stupendous canon of the Colorado River. 
 
 The Colorado River has worn through the soft strata of sandstone a 
 narrow channel, that in many places is from 2,000 to 3,000 feet deep. 
 The passage through this deep and gloomy canon is exceedingly 
 dangerous. 
 
 This territory is rich in mines of silver, copper, and other 
 minerals, which are being extensively developed. The Apaches, 
 a hostile Indian tribe, have until recently kept every thing in a 
 backward state. 
 
 20. The capital is Prescott. 
 
 II.— PACIFIC COAST DIVISION. 
 
 1. Situation. — This group includes the states of California 
 and Oregon, with Washington Territory and Alaska. 
 
 2. Seacoast. — Exclusive of Alaska, this section has a coast 
 line of about one thousand miles. Good harbors, however, are 
 not numerous. 
 
 3. Surface. —The lofty chain of the Sierra Nevada extends 
 through California into Oregon and Washington, where it is 
 called the Cascade Range. The Coast Range is a series of low 
 chains near the Pacific coast. 
 
 4. The climate of the Pacific Coast is unlike that of any other 
 part of the United States. In California and Oregon it is mild 
 and equable throughout the year ; but it presents great extremes 
 of moisture, the rains being confined to the period from Novem¬ 
 ber to April, and no rain falling during the other months. 
 
 THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 REFERENCE TABLE. 
 
 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 Area in 
 Square Miles 
 in 1880 . 
 
 Population 
 in 1880 . 
 
 California. 
 
 158,360 
 
 864,694 
 
 Oregon . 
 
 56,030 
 
 174,768 
 
 Washington Territory . . 
 
 69,180 
 
 75 » ”6 
 
 Alaska Territory .... 
 
 53 1 >409 
 
 33 . 4 2 6 
 
 1. California ranks as the wealthiest and most populous of 
 the Pacific States. It is, next to Texas, the largest state in 
 the Union. 
 
 2. Physical Features. —This state may be divided into four 
 
44 
 
 THE PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 
 
 sections : (i) the mountain-region of the Sierra Nevada, (2) the 
 desert plateau-region east of that range, (3) the fertile valley- 
 region between the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range moun¬ 
 tains, and (4) the narrow coast-belt bordering on the Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 California is famed for its grand and striking natural features. Among 
 these are the Yosemite Valley and Falls, the Big-Tree Groves, Lake 
 Tahoe, and the Geysers. 
 
 3. In natural wealth this state is highly favored, 
 in gold, quicksilver, coal, and 
 other minerals. Its fertile soil 
 and favorable climate adapt it 
 to the production of the grains 
 and fruits both of the temper¬ 
 ate and semi-tropical climes. 
 
 Its situation on the Pacific 
 Ocean gives it command of 
 the trade with the Orient. 
 
 4. The chief industries are 
 agriculture, stock-raising, min¬ 
 ing, and manufacturing. Cali¬ 
 fornia is the leading state in the 
 export of wheat, gold, quick¬ 
 silver, wool, and wine. The 
 orange, lemon, fig, olive, and 
 almond are cultivated in the 
 central and the southern parts. 
 
 5. Chief Cities. — San Fran¬ 
 cisco is the commercial empo¬ 
 rium of the whole western 
 coast of North America, and 
 
 has a large trade with China, Japan, India, Australia, the Sand¬ 
 wich Islands, and other islands of the Pacific. Oakland ranks 
 next in population. Sacramento is the capital. 
 
 6. Oregon is as large as New York and Pennsylvania, but is 
 thinly populated. The leading industries are agriculture, to 
 which the fertile river-valleys are finely adapted ; stock-raising, 
 which is largely engaged in ; and cutting timber from the im¬ 
 mense pine-forests that cover the western slopes of the Cascade 
 Mountains. The salmon-fisheries also are important. 
 
 7. Chief Cities. — Portland, 
 on the Willamette, is the lar¬ 
 gest city. Salem is the capital. 
 
 8 . Washington Territory 
 has a great extent of seacoast, 
 valuable coal-fields, and exten¬ 
 sive forests of pine and cedar. 
 
 9. The capital is Olympia, 
 on Puget Sound. 
 
 10. Alaska. — This great 
 isolated possession (purchased 
 from Russia in 1867) is unor¬ 
 ganized, but is governed as a 
 county of Washington Terri¬ 
 tory. 
 
 Its forests, fur-bearing ani¬ 
 mals, and seal-fisheries, consti¬ 
 tute the wealth of Alaska ; and 
 its small population of Aleuts, 
 half-breeds, and Indians are 
 engaged in hunting and the 
 fisheries. 
 
 It is rich 
 
 NEVADA SCENES. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 History. — Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and part of Montana belong to 
 the United States by right of exploration and settlement confirmed by treaty 
 with Spain in 1819. Utah, Nevada, and California were included in the 
 territory ceded by Mexico in 1848. Colorado and Wyoming, in their pres¬ 
 ent limits, were partly in the Louisiana purchase, and partly in the cession 
 of 1848. New Mexico and Arizona were partly in the cession of 1848, and 
 
 partly in the Gadsden purchase from Mexico in 1853. Montana was organ¬ 
 ized as a territory in 1864, and Idaho in 1863. Oregon was organized as a 
 territory In 1848, and admitted as a state in 1859. Washington was organ¬ 
 ized as a territory in 1853, and Utah in 1850. Nevada was admitted as a 
 state in 1864; California, in 1850; and Colorado, in 1876. Wyoming was or¬ 
 ganized as a territory in 1868; New Mexico, in 1850; and Arizona, in 1863. 
 
STANDARD TIME. 
 
 45 
 
 STANDARD TIME. 
 
 1. —On the 18th of November, 1883, the principal railway 
 lines of the United States and Canada adopted a new method 
 of computing and recording time, for the purpose of securing 
 a uniform time standard which should simplify the business 
 of transportation, and add to the convenience of travelers. It 
 is almost wholly for purposes of travel and transportation that 
 the majority of people have need of accurate time ; and every¬ 
 where, except in very large cities, business has always been 
 regulated by railroad time. 
 
 2. —The defects of the old system of time standards were 
 mainly as follows : — 
 
 1. There were formerly more than fifty standards of railway time in the 
 United States. Now there are but four. 
 
 2. The old standards differed from each other, where they intersected, 
 by all sorts of variations, errors, and odd minutes. Now the differ¬ 
 ences between the standards are an exact hour, and the minutes and 
 seconds are the same in all four divisions. 
 
 3. Formerly there were almost innumerable places at which standards 
 changed. Now the points of change are few in number, and always 
 at prominent points of railway departure. 
 
 4. Formerly almost every railway center had two or three standards of 
 time. Chicago used three; Kansas City had five; and St. Louis, 
 where fourteen roads center, used six different standards. 
 
 3. — In the plan which has now been adopted, it was pro¬ 
 posed — 
 
 1. That the same standard should govern as many railroads as possible. 
 
 2. That the standards should not extend over so large an area of terri¬ 
 tory as to cause standard time to differ at any point by more than 
 about thirty minutes from local time (mean solar time). 1 
 
 3. That each standard should vary from the adjacent standards by the 
 most readily calculated difference, that of an even hour. 
 
 4. That changes from one standard to another should be made at well- 
 known points of departure. 
 
 5. That these changes should be made at the termini of roads where 
 changes naturally occur, except on the transcontinental lines, and in 
 a few other unavoidable cases, where they should be made at the ends 
 of divisions. 
 
 6 . That, the seventy-fifth meridian west from Greenwich being almost 
 precisely the central meridian for the system of roads using standards 
 based upon the time of Eastern cities, and the ninetieth meridian 
 being equally central for the roads running by the time of Western 
 cities, the time of those meridians should be adopted for the territory 
 which includes nearly ninety per cent of our whole railway system. 
 The hour meridians east and west of those named (the 60th on the 
 
 1 Time is measured in nature by the motions of the heavenly bodies. The great natural 
 measures are three in number, — the year, the lunar month, and the day. All other divis¬ 
 ions of time, as the civil month, the week, the hour, the minute, and the second, are arbitrary 
 and conventional. 
 
 A day, then, is the shortest measure of time afforded by nature. It is denoted by the 
 revolution of the earth ; and, although the motion of the earth is perfectly uniform, we have 
 three kinds of natural days, all varying in length, — the solar, the lunar, and the sidereal. 
 
 A solar day is the period occupied by a single revolution of the earth on its axis in 
 relation to the sun. 
 
 A lunar day is the interval of time occupied by a revolution of the earth on its axis in 
 relation to the moon. 
 
 A sidereal day is the period required for a complete revolution of the earth on its axis in 
 relation to the fixed stars. 4 
 
 The sidereal day, being perfectly independent of the sun, is not employed for civil pur- j 
 poses. The lunar day, on account of the complicated motion of the moon in the heavens, 
 is never employed as a measure of time. It has been found convenient, therefore, to estab¬ 
 lish an artificial day, uniform in length, designated the mean solar day. The mean solar 
 day is the average length of all the natural solar days in a year, and is the time intended to \ 
 be indicated by ordinary clocks and watches. 
 
 east, and the 105th and 120th on the west) were found to be equally 
 well adapted as central meridians for the roads in the section of country 
 adjacent thereto. 
 
 4. —The problem in this country presented a feature nowhere 
 else encountered. Standard time was introduced throughout 
 the Island of Great Britain as long ago as the year 1848. There 
 the railways demanded uniform time, and Greenwich time was 
 adopted. France also has a uniform standard. But the con¬ 
 tinent of North America covers too many degrees of longitude 
 to permit of the use of any one meridian as a single hour 
 standard for all points between the two oceans. Under such a 
 system, there would be points where local time would differ 
 from standard time by about two hours. 
 
 5. —The new system divides the United States into four 
 sections. At all places in the same section, time is the same. 
 
 The first section, which is governed by the time of the 75th 
 meridian west from Greenwich, embraces all the territory be¬ 
 tween the Atlantic coast and Detroit, Pittsburg, Wheeling, 
 Parkersburg, Huntington, Bristol, Augusta, and Charleston, as 
 indicated on the accompanying map (see next page). 'Phis 
 is called Eastern time. At 12 mid-day, on the 75th meridian, 
 every clock and time-ball, from Calais to Pittsburg, and from 
 Quebec to Charleston, indicates the hour of noon. 
 
 The second section is governed by the time of the 90th me¬ 
 ridian, called Central time. It includes all the territory from 
 the western limits of the Eastern time (that is, from Detroit, 
 Pittsburg, Augusta, etc.) to Bismarck, North Platte, Dodge 
 City, etc. Time in this section is one hour slower than East¬ 
 ern time. 
 
 The third section extends from the last-named places west¬ 
 ward to Heron (Montana), Ogden (Utah), The Needles (Ari¬ 
 zona), etc. Time in this section is that of the 105th meridian 
 (one hour slower than central time), and is denominated Moun¬ 
 tain time. 
 
 Between the western limits of mountain time and the Pacific 
 Ocean, the standard is Pacific time, governed by the 120th me¬ 
 ridian, one hour slower than mountain time. 
 
 6. —At 12 noon in New-York City the time at Chicago is 
 11 a.m. ; at Denver, 10 a.m. ; and at Portland (Oregon), 9 a.m. 
 By the old system, at 12 noon in New York it was 11.05 i n 
 Chicago, 9.56 in Denver, and 8.46 in Portland. 
 
 7. — The adoption of a uniform standard of time by the rail¬ 
 way lines has led to the abandonment of local time in nearly 
 all the cities of the United States. The time of the 75th 
 meridian was selected as the standard for the District of 
 Columbia by Act of Congress, approved March 13, 1884. 
 
 g.—The fact that standard time in this country is reckoned 
 from meridians exactly five, six, seven, and eight hours west of 
 Greenwich, makes it not improbable that the system may ulti¬ 
 mately be adopted by other nations. An international Congress 
 was held in Venice, in 1881, for the purpose of establishing a 
 common prime meridian, to be used in the reckoning of longi¬ 
 tude and the regulation of time throughout the world. Another 
 convention was held in Rome in 1883 ; and still another will 
 meet in Washington during the present year (1884). 
 
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 MAINE, 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 I. SITUATION, EXTENT, AND COAST. 
 
 Situation and Extent. — Maine, one of the New-England States, and 
 the most easterly state in the Union, is situated between 42 0 57' and 
 47 0 32' north latitude, and between 66° 52' and 71 0 6' west longitude. 
 
 Its greatest length (from north to south) is 303 miles ; its greatest 
 width, 212 miles. Its area is greater than that of the other five New- 
 England States together. 
 
 As established by the treaty of 1842, the boundary on the east is the St. Croix 
 River and a line running due north from a monument at its source to St. John 
 River; on the north, the line follows the St. John and St. Francis rivers to a 
 monument on Lake Pohenagamook; on the north-west the line extends from this 
 lake in a south-westerly direction to a point on a branch of St. John River, 
 which it follows to a monument point, whence it extends along the crest of. 
 the mountain-range to the north-east corner of New Hampshire. 
 
 Coast. — The bold and rocky coast is deeply indented by numerous 
 bays and inlets, and fringed with many islands. From Ivittery Point 
 to Quoddy Head the coast extends 218 miles in a right line; but follow¬ 
 ing its exact contour, and including the islands, the shore-line is about 
 2,500 miles in length. Many of the bays and inlets afford excellent 
 harbors. 
 
 Off the coast are numerous islands, the largest of which, Mount 
 Desert (100 square miles), is famous for its striking and picturesque 
 scenery. 
 
58 
 
 the literary digest 
 
 [July 10, 
 
 > 
 
 sins both of omission and of commission. Possibly, as a matter 
 of mere individual opinion, fortified by large wisdom and ripe 
 knowledge, his work will have weight; but it will be far from 
 conclusive. It is a parlous job which Dr. Eliot has tackled.” 
 
 'I he same pill, tho not without sugaring, is administered by the 
 New York World: 
 
 “Dr. Eliot’s list will arouse interest as the most authoritative 
 selection of the kind since Lubbock’s and Frederic Harrison’s, 
 compiled a quarter of a century ago. In its completed form it 
 will inevitably illustrate the inability of individual taste, however 
 cultivated, to prescribe a rigid course in the world’s best literature 
 which will serve all readers.” 
 
 ol f rench literature, another mighty authoritv would have found 
 
 ?£ ,te 1 as eas y to CIU out a11 the Germans—or even all the English. 
 Looks, books—and still we have with us 
 
 Die bookful blockhead, ignorantly read. 
 With loads of learned lumber in his head 
 
 . . u UOUkS 10 De 1,ac b perchance, save one or two—and we have 
 an Abraham Lincoln ; nothing but the Old Farmer’s Almanack 
 available, and we have an Elihu Burritt developed from its fireside 
 ar ^ , ^ uman equation is insoluble in terms of literature. 
 
 Alter all, books are good only as they express the human heart • 
 
 and the record of that not all the libraries in the world could 
 contain. 
 
 The list of course excites interest, tho as yet it is but a partial 
 one. It is still open to Dr. Eliot to supply any work whose omis¬ 
 sion is ci iticized. 1 he books at present recommended are : 
 
 “Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.” 
 
 “Journal of John Woolman.” 
 
 “ Fruits of Solitude,” by William Penn. 
 
 Bacon’s “Essays” and “New Atlantis.” 
 
 Milton’s "Afeopagitica” and “Tractate on Education.” 
 
 Sir Thomas Browne’s “Religio Medici.” 
 
 Plato’s “Apology,” “Phaedo,” and “Crito.” 
 
 “Golden Sayings ” of Epictetus. 
 
 “Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.” 
 
 Emerson’s “Essays.” 
 
 Emerson’s “English Traits.” 
 
 The complete Poems of Milton. 
 
 Jonson’s “Volpone.” 
 
 Beaumont and Fletcher’s “The Maids’ Tragedy.” 
 
 Webster’s “Duchess of Malfi.” 
 
 Middleton’s “The Changeling.” 
 
 Dryden’s “All for Love.” 
 
 Shelley’s “ Cenei.” 
 
 Browning’s “Blot in the ’Scutcheon.’ 
 
 Tennyson’s “Becket.” 
 
 Goethe’s “ Faust.” 
 
 Marlowe’s “ Dr. Faustus.” 
 
 Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations.” 
 
 “ Letters ” of Cicero and Pliny. 
 
 Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress.” 
 
 Burns’s “Tam O’Shanter.” 
 
 Walton’s “ Compleat Angler ” and “ Lives” of Donne and Herbert. 
 “Autobiography of St. Augustine.” 
 
 Plutarch’s “ Lives.” 
 
 Dryden’s “Aineid.” 
 
 “Canterbury Tales.” 
 
 Imitation of Christ,” by lhomas a Kempis. 
 
 Dante's “Divine Comedy.” 
 
 Darwin’s “Origin of Species.” 
 
 “Arabian Nights.” 
 
 I he one book of the list whose inclusion has occasioned the 
 most surprize is the “Journal of John Woolman.” To offer it “as 
 a part of a liberal education,” says the New York Times, “ is 
 strongly to exaggerate its value.” It adds : 
 
 camming all that was said about the beauty of its style, the 
 elevation of its sentiments, and the excellence of the author’.s in- 
 
 gin a very 
 
 tentions, one still gravely doubts the wisdom of includin 
 restricted library a book chiefly devoted to teaching the long- 
 learned lesson that slavery is wrong. Discussion of that topic 7 s 
 indeed beating of dead bones, and will strike most critics as lx-im- 
 a waste of time for a man who is to read but little and get a lot 
 out of what he reads.” 
 
 On the other hand several writers to the daily journals have 
 strongly supported Dr. Eliot in his choice. One of these, Emma 
 Winner Rogers, writes to the New York Evening Post: 
 
 “Dr. Eliot’s library, on a five-foot shelf, would be well worth 
 while, if only for calling attention to a little book, the wisdom and 
 charm of helpfulness of which are known, perhaps, to but a limited 
 number. It is a book to live with. William Ellery Channino- 
 pronounced it ‘beyond comparison, the sweetest and purest auto¬ 
 biography in the language,’ and Charles Lamb forestalled Dr. 
 Eliot by saying, ‘Get the writings of John Woolman by heart.’ 
 
 I came to know of Woolman’s journal some eight years ago 
 and have been reading it ever since over and over, in part and & as 
 WIth a conll 'nually increasing appreciation and joy in it 
 With all its other excellencies, it strikes a distinctly modern note, 
 and fits into our deepest thoughts and questionings of to-day.' 
 John Woolman had the keen sense for truth, the broad and tender 
 sympathy with suffering humankind, and the sensitive social con¬ 
 science of the highest type of twentieth-century men and women 
 He was a forerunner of Tolstoy and of all who, by self-surrender 
 recognize the brotherhood of man as the method of harmony with 
 the divine will.” 
 
 The comment excited by Dr. Eliot’s list has drawn from him a 
 few words of explanation which we reproduce from a Boston dis¬ 
 patch to the New York Times (July 2). He says : 
 
 The New York Times confesses that “with all our charity we 
 can not deny that the list as presented seems to us most mysteri¬ 
 ously made up.” The majority of these books, it declares, “are 
 dead, and have no relation, not historic, with modern conditions, 
 necessities, or purposes.” It would not, it confesses, have im¬ 
 posed on a hated enemy the task of reading either “The Canter¬ 
 bury I ales or the “ Compleat Angler ” or of wading through all 
 the deep waters of Milton. The Springfield Republican has its 
 breath taken away by the omission of the Bible and Shakespeare, 
 while the New York Mail is quite lost to patience, saying : 
 
 “ Vain as chaff are all these lists of ‘essential ’ books. No other 
 scholar would have made the same list as Eliot’s. No two scholars 
 in the whole world would have agreed upon a list. If Eliot could 
 put in the ‘Arabian Nights ’ and leave out the book of Job and the 
 tragedy of ‘Hamlet,’ another college president would have found 
 a place for ‘ The Devil on Two Sticks’ and the ‘Adventures of 
 Tom Sawyer.’ If Eliot has not discovered that the political and 
 social economy of Adam Smith’s ‘Wealth of Nations’ is obsolete, 
 another greaf scholar can prove to his own satisfaction that Karl 
 Marx’s ‘Das Kapital ’ is absolutely necessary to the modern man’s 
 cultivation. Where Eliot finds it easy to exclude the whole body 
 
 I he list of books as mentioned is very incomplete. I expect 
 when the task is finished to issue twenty more titles. I will try to 
 confine the list to sixty books. When the publishers asked me to 
 select the books lor a proposition of this kind I was rlad to do it. 
 because I felt if my name as compiler of the list induced people 
 to read the books a great educational work would have been done. 
 My position in this matter is thoroughly understood by all who- 
 know me. 
 
 I do not consider that my course in acting as editor could be 
 considered as lending my name or what prestige I might have for 
 advertising purposes, as has been insinuated. It is a strict busi¬ 
 ness proposition, and naturally, the publisher will advertise largely. 
 
 “The Bible and Shakespeare were omitted from the list at tlie 
 suggestion of the publisher. The reason, of course, is that most 
 people have read the Bible and Shakespeare. The list was origin¬ 
 ally intended to be a fifty-book list. Now, any good edition of 
 Shakespeare would take five volumes. The Bible would take 
 three volumes, and there will be eight gone out of the fifty.” 
 
 Friends of the late Dr. Lowell Mason, who have letters from him, or any 
 memorabilia, are earnestly requested to communicate with Henry L. Mason. 
 188 Bay State Road, Boston. Mr, Mason is the grandson of Dr Lowell 
 Mason, and is at work writing a “ Life of Lowell Mason.” 
 
1909 ] 
 
 THE LITERARY DIGEST 
 
 57 
 
 MAX MEYER-OLBERSLEBEN. 
 
 Kaiser Prize Judge. 
 
 New York Sun is even 
 goaded to this revision ol its 
 earlier estimate of him : 
 
 “\Ye swear by the ‘Jungle 
 Books.’ Terence Mulvaney 
 and his friends can never 
 lose us. But did Mr. Kip¬ 
 ling ever write any poetry ? 
 
 The ‘Recessional’ is the 
 cheapest semi-religious pa¬ 
 triotic commonplace. The 
 ‘Barrack-RoomBallads’ and 
 ‘Departmental Ditties’ are 
 mighty fine in their way, but 
 they are only excellent good 
 music-hall warbles. As for 
 the so much admired celebrations of machineiy, the\ aie mightily 
 ■clever; but they lack the passion, the beauty, the supreme form 
 ■of poetry, fit so to be called. In vain does 
 that quivering mound of paradoxes and of 
 ■sentimentalities, Mr. Gilbert Keith Ches¬ 
 terton, invite us to consider the poetry of let¬ 
 ter-boxes and fire alarms, and tell us, as Mr. 
 
 Charles Eliot Norton told us years before, 
 that Mr. Kipling has seen and sung the 
 beauty and the tragedy of things common and 
 •despised. Let it go at this for this time : Mr. 
 
 Kipling’s poetry at its best is a tour de force; 
 at its worst, as in the'City of Brass,’ fall - 
 ing on us in these days of molten brass, it 
 as an international outrage.” 
 
 GUSTAV WOHLGEMUTH. 
 
 Kaiser Prize Judge. 
 
 DR. CORNELIUS RUBNER 
 
 Kaiser Prize Judge. 
 
 ette that the Kaiser gave in 
 1900 and then turn it over 
 to the J linger Mannerchor of 
 Philadelphia for the other 
 
 year and a half. 
 
 “ Concordia wouldn’t have 
 minded so much if it were 
 not that they felt so sure of 
 winning again this year. 
 
 Since their rendition of 
 ‘ YVarnung vor clem Rhein ’ 
 and ‘Altdeutsches Liebes- 
 1 ied,’ the two songs in the 
 Kaiser prize contest on 
 Tuesday night at the Garden, 
 even some of their compet¬ 
 itors said that the prize was 
 theirs. To a man everybody else said so. But the judges of the 
 contest. Gustav Wohlgemuth, who wrote the second of the prize 
 
 songs; Prof. Jl. Meyer-Olbersleben, both 
 from Germany; Dr. Riibner, of Columbia 
 University, and Arthur Mees and Max 
 
 Spicker, had different notions. 
 
 “Not only did Concordia lose first place, 
 but they did not even come next to the two 
 singing-societies for first place. The Ger¬ 
 mania Society of Newark scored 54 points 
 to the winner’s 56. Concordia came next to 
 Germania with 53 points, and the Arions of 
 Baltimore were last, with 52 points.” 
 
 MAX SPICKER. 
 
 Kaiser Prize Judge. 
 
 WINNING THE KAISER 
 PRIZE 
 
 \\ 7 IDLE Americans are struggling to 
 » V produce a national form of music, 
 
 German-Americans are seen to hold fast to 
 the ideals of the Fatherland. New York 
 has lately entertained the singing-societies 
 of this country in their twenty-second na¬ 
 tional sangerfest, and Madison Square 
 Garden was filled daily for four days listen¬ 
 ing to the competing societies whose strug¬ 
 gles at the climax of the series of concerts 
 to win the Kaiser prize showed how many 
 ways there were of rendering “Warnung vor 
 dem Rhein” and “ Altdeutsches Liebeslied,” 
 
 •the two songs that are set for the contest. 
 
 The prize, a silver statuette, was brought to 
 the assembly by the Concordia Singing-so¬ 
 ciety of Wilkesbarre, Penn., who won the 
 prize three years ago at Newark, N. J., and 
 who would have kept it permanently had they won it for the 
 second time at this contest. Fate ordained differently, as the 
 
 New York Sun's account 
 of the award tells us 
 
 DR. ELIOTS “FIVE FEET 
 OF BOOKS” 
 
 Pictures by courtesy of u Musical America.” 
 
 THE KAISER PRIZE 
 
 Won by the Kreutzer Quartet Clubof Manhattan 
 and the Junger Mannerchor of Philadelphia. 
 
 T can not be said that Dr. Eliot’s sug¬ 
 gestion for a “five-foot shelf of books ” 
 is warmly received by a welcoming press. 
 O11 the contrary, there is a rather wide¬ 
 spread feeling of boredom that the subject 
 must be entertained at all; but entertained 
 it must be since the proposition to supply 
 “the essentials of a liberal education” in 
 this way comes from so distinguished a 
 source. Dr. Eliot proposes to name books 
 that will fit into a shelf five feet long, and 
 
 T 
 
 expresses his “belief that the faithful and 
 considerate reading of these books, with such 
 rereadings and memorizings as individual 
 taste may prescribe, will give any man the 
 essentials of a liberal education even if he 
 can devote to them but fifteen minutes a 
 day.” Thus far the literary critics have 
 refrained from comment, but the lay press, 
 who represent the element for which the 
 list is designed, are openly skeptical. The Dayton Journal 
 saysTJoldly that “it can not be done.” This statement of course 
 admits of qualification, and 
 The Journal follows up 
 with these words: 
 
 ARTHUR MEES. 
 Kaiser Prize Judge. 
 
 “The prize will be divided 
 from now until the sanger¬ 
 fest takes place three years 
 from now in Philadelphia 
 between the Kreutzer Quar¬ 
 tet Club of Manhattan and 
 the Junger Mannerchor of 
 Philadelphia. Each scored 
 56 points out of a possible 
 60—30 points for each of 
 the songs in the contest— 
 and therefore the Kreutzer 
 singers will keep for a year 
 and a half the silver statu- 
 
 “ Dr. Eliot is doubtless as 
 well qualified as any modern 
 scholar to essay a selection 
 of the most valuable and en¬ 
 during English literature: 
 but neither he nor any dozen 
 of the most able scholars are 
 competent to do it. When 
 he has finished, he will in¬ 
 evitably have invited the 
 adverse judgment of his 
 peers in the world of letters ; 
 he will be criticized for his 
 
 MATTHIEU NEUMANN. 
 
 Composer of the Prize Song 
 
MAINE. 
 
 51 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 General Character. —A broken chain of detached mountain- 
 groups, belonging to the Appalachian system (and connected 
 more or less directly with the White Mountains of New Hamp¬ 
 shire), crosses the state from south-west to north-east, terminat¬ 
 ing in Mars Hill, on the borders of New Brunswick. 1 he 
 greater slope is southward to the coast; the lesser slope, north¬ 
 eastward to St. John River. 
 
 Details. —The northern section is somewhat rugged, and is covered 
 with primeval forest. 
 
 The central mountain-chain (which consists of scattered groups with 
 no appearance of regular ranges) presents various lofty summits, 
 among which may be named Mount Katahdin (5.3S5 feet), the highest 
 elevation, Mount Abraham, Mount Blue, Sugarloaf, and Mounts 
 Saddleback, Bigelow, Bald, Kineo, North and South Russell, Hay¬ 
 stack, etc. 
 
 In the coast region the surface is comparatively level. 
 
 Scenery. —Among the objects of interest to tourists in 
 Maine are its bold and rocky seacoast, with its thousand bays 
 and its picturesque islands, its myriad beautiful lakes and 
 waterfalls, its majestic mountains, and the solemn grandeur 
 of its primeval forests. 
 
 “What is most striking in the Maine wilderness is the continuousness 
 of the forest, with fewer open intervals or glades than you had 
 imagined. Except the few burnt lands, the narrow intervals on the 
 rivers, the bare tops of the high mountains, and the lakes and 
 streams, the forest is uninterrupted. The aspect of the country, 
 indeed, is universally stern and savage, excepting the distant views 
 of the forest from hills, and the lake prospects, which are mild and 
 civilizing in a degree. The lakes are something which you are un¬ 
 prepared for: they lie up so high, exposed to the light, and the 
 forest is diminished to a fine fringe on their edges, with here and 
 there a blue mountain, like amethyst jewels set around some jewel 
 of the first water. Who shall describe the inexpressible tenderness 
 and immortal life of the grim forest, where Nature, though it be 
 mid-winter, is ever in her spring, where the moss-grown and decay¬ 
 ing trees are not old, but seem to enjoy a perpetual youth, and 
 blissful, innocent Nature, like a serene infant, is too happy to make 
 a noise, except by a few tinkling, lisping birds, and trickling rills? ” 
 — Thoreau : Maine Woods. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 Rivers. — The small northern slope is drained by the tribu¬ 
 taries of St. John River, of which the most important are 
 Walloostook and Aroostook rivers. 
 
 The southerly slope is drained by numerous streams, of 
 which the most important are St. Croix, Penobscot, Kennebec, 
 Androscoggin, and Saco rivers. 
 
 St. Croix River (called also the Passamaquoddy or Schoodic) forms 
 for its whole course a boundary between the United States and 
 Canada. 
 
 The Penobscot, the largest river of the state, flows from its source in 
 Somerset County, near the frontier of Canada, into Penobscot Bay, 
 a course of 300 miles. With its tributaries and connecting lakes it 
 drains the central region of the state. The tide ascends (about 55 
 miles) to Bangor, to which point the Penobscot is navigable for the 
 largest vessels. 
 
 The Kennebec, which rises in Moosehead Lake, and has a course of 
 about 200 miles, is navigable for ships to Bath (12 miles), for steam¬ 
 ers to Augusta (50 miles), and for small craft to Waterville. The 
 navigation is closed by ice for three or four months in the year. 
 
 The Androscoggin (formed by the junction of Magalloway River and 
 the outlet of Umbagog Lake) has a course of about 160 miles, and 
 enters the Kennebec about five miles above Bath. 1 he total fall 
 of the Androscoggin proper is about 1,250 feet. 
 
 Saco River, which rises in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, 
 lias a course of about 175 miles, and enters the Atlantic six miles 
 below Biddeford. It has a fall of 72 feet near the southern extremity 
 of Oxford County. 
 
 Water-power. — In the extent of its water-power Maine is 
 unrivaled. The water-power of the principal streams is con¬ 
 stant, and is extensively employed by manufacturers, though as 
 yet only a small part of it is utilized. 
 
 In this state water-power is used to an extent seven times as great as 
 steam-power. 
 
 Lakes. — The fresh waters of Maine cover one-tenth of her 
 area, the surface of the state being dotted with hundreds of 
 lakes, great and small. The largest are in the central and 
 northern sections, and form the feeders of the great rivers. 
 
 Moosehead, the largest lake, is 35 miles long and from four to twelve 
 miles wide. Among others are Chesuncook, Chamberlain, Heron, 
 Long, Pamedumcook, Millinoket, Grand, Schoodic, Sebago, Umba¬ 
 gog, and the Rangeley lakes. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 General Character. — The climate of Maine is marked by 
 great extremes, — short, warm summers, and long, cold winters. 
 
 Details. — In the year the temperature varies from 20° or 30° below 
 zero (and in the extreme northern part 5 0 to io° lower) to ioo° above 
 zero. The snow lies on the ground for four or five months. 
 
 A leading authority says, “ The great drawback to agriculture in Maine 
 is the shortness of its summers; but the deep snows prevent the 
 ground from freezing deeply, and in the spring vegetation advances 
 with exceedingly rapid steps.” 
 
 V. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Lumbering. — The forests of Maine cover about one half 
 the entire area of the state. The most useful timber trees are 
 the noble white-pine, spruce, hemlock, cedar, beech, birch, hard- 
 maple, and black and white ash. The felling of trees, and their 
 floating and rafting to the points of manufacture, employ large 
 numbers of lumbermen. 
 
 At the mills the logs are cut and sawed into planks, deals, boards, 
 scantlings, palings, laths, clapboards, shingles, shooks, headings, 
 ship-timber, etc. 
 
 The forest products include potash, charcoal, firewood, tanners’ bark, 
 and maple-sugar. 
 
 Fisheries and Other Maritime Pursuits. — The waters off 
 the coast abound with fish ; and this fact, in connection with the 
 fine harbor facilities, makes fishing an important industry. 
 
 Immense quantities of cod, herring, mackerel, etc., are put up for ex¬ 
 port ; salmon, trout, pickerel, are found in great abundance in the 
 lakes and rivers; and various oil-producing fishes (especially the 
 menhaden) are taken, and used in the manufacture of oil and guano. 
 The lobster catch is very important, and canned lobster is exten¬ 
 sively prepared for the general market. 
 
 Ship-building, though not so flourishing as it was before the 
 war, is still a leading pursuit in the coast towns. Maine owns 
 many schooners and other vessels engaged in the carrying- 
 trade of other states. 
 
 Manufactures. — Manufacturing is the leading industry of 
 the state. In addition to the important manufactures of lumber, 
 ship-building, etc., the leading articles of production are cotton 
 and woolen goods, boots and shoes, grist-mill products, leather, 
 machinery, and paper. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 nkm.'rnpnV OL ll 8 IhlftlS 
 
MAINE. 
 
 52 
 
 Agriculture. — Agriculture, owing to the climate and nature 
 of the soil, is a secondary industry in this state. The leading 
 farm products are oats, corn, barley, hay, and potatoes, and of 
 the last two there is a large surplus for export. 
 
 The breeding of horses and cattle for the Massachusetts 
 market is important ; the wool clip is large; and the dairy 
 products are of great value. 
 
 Other Pursuits. — The quarrying of roofing-slate, granite, and lime¬ 
 stone, is extensively carried on; large quantities of lime of excellent 
 quality are burned; and a fine iron ore is mined and smelted near 
 Mount Katahdin. It is known that the mineral wealth of the state 
 is very considerable ; but as yet it is not largely developed. 
 
 Ice is gathered on a very large scale, and its collection, storage, and 
 export form an important industry. 
 
 Commerce. — Maine has a large and growing commerce, 
 domestic, interstate, and foreign. The chief articles of export 
 are cotton goods, lumber and its varied manufactures, canned 
 fruit, fish, and vegetables, granite, slate, and lime, and hay, 
 butter, potatoes, wool, and ice. 
 
 Transportation. — The extensive sea-board and numerous 
 harbors gave Maine unrivaled facilities for water transporta¬ 
 tion. The state has also an extensive system of railroads, 
 which connect with the trunk lines of other states, and of the 
 Dominion of Canada. 
 
 In 1841 Maine had only 11 miles of railroad : she has now over 1,000 
 miles. 
 
 VI. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The government of Maine is founded on the Constitution of 
 1820. 
 
 The executive officers of the state are a governor, with a 
 “ council of seven,” secretary of state, treasurer, attorney- 
 general, adjutant-general, and superintendent of schools. 
 
 The governor is elected biennially by the people ; the superintendent of 
 schools is appointed by the governor and council; the other execu¬ 
 tive officers are chosen by the Legislature. 
 
 The legislature is composed of a Senate of 31 members, 
 and a House of Representatives of 151 members, all elected 
 biennially by the people. 
 
 The general election is held on the second Monday in September, and 
 the Legislature meets in Augusta on the first Wednesday in January 
 biennially. 
 
 The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court (of eight judges 
 appointed for seven years), the Superior Court of Cumberland 
 and Kennebec counties, probate courts in each county, munici¬ 
 pal and police courts, and trial-justices. 
 
 National Representation. — Maine is represented in Con¬ 
 gress by two senators and four representatives, and has there¬ 
 fore six votes in the electoral college. 
 
 VII. EDUCATION . 1 
 
 Public.—The state has a superior system of public schools, 
 the supervision of which is intrusted to the state superintend¬ 
 ent and local superintendents and committees. The cities and 
 large villages have graded schools, and most of the large towns 
 have high schools. 
 
 There are three State Normal Schools, — the “Western” 
 at Farmington, the “Eastern” at Castine, and a third at 
 Gorham. 
 
 The public schools are supported by the income of a permanent 
 school fund, by state appropriations, and by general, special, and 
 local taxation, assisted, in many cases, by voluntary contributions of 
 citizens. 
 
 Colleges and Academies. — For higher instruction there 
 are several institutions of superior rank, among which may be 
 named Bowdoin College (opened in 1802) at Brunswick, Colby 
 University (organized in 1820) at Waterville, Bates College at 
 Lewiston, the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 
 at Orono, the Maine Wesleyan Seminary and Female College 
 at Kent’s Hill, the Westbrook Seminary at Deering, etc. 
 
 There are also many academies, and denominational schools 
 and seminaries of excellent reputation. 
 
 VIII. HISTORY. 
 
 Maine formed a part of the grant made by James I. to the 
 Plymouth Company; and a permanent settlement was made by 
 the English in 1622, near the mouth of Piscataqua River. In 
 1635 the Plymouth Company, having resolved to give up its 
 charter to the government, divided the territory among its 
 members, Sir Ferdinando Gorges taking the whole region 
 between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec, of which he subse¬ 
 quently (1639) received a formal charter from Charles I., under 
 the title of “the Province of Maine.” After Sir Ferdinando 
 Gorges died (1647), Maine became (1651) a part of Massachu¬ 
 setts ; and the jurisdiction of that colony was confirmed by the 
 provincial charter of 1691, and again by the treaty of 1783. 
 Maine, under the name of the “ District of Maine,” thus be¬ 
 came a part of Massachusetts, and so continued till 1820, when 
 it was admitted into the Union as an independent state. Ever 
 since the treaty of 1783, a dispute had existed between the 
 government of the United States and Great Britain as to 
 the boundary between Maine and the British Possessions. 
 The controversy was finally settled in 1842 by the Webster- 
 Ashburton treaty. 
 
 IX. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties. — The state is divided into sixteen counties; 
 namely, Androscoggin, Aroostook, Cumberland, P'ranklin, Han¬ 
 cock, Kennebec, Knox, Lincoln, Oxford, Penobscot, Piscataquis, 
 Sagadahoc, Somerset, Waldo, Washington, and York. 
 
 Subdivisions. — These counties include fourteen cities and 
 numerous towns. The cities are Portland, Lewiston, Bangor, 
 Biddeford, Augusta, Bath, Rockland, Auburn, Calais, Saco, 
 Belfast, Ellsworth, Gardiner, and Llallowell. 
 
 Augusta, in Kennebec County, on Kennebec River, at the 
 head of navigation from the sea, is the capital. Abundant 
 water-power is obtained by a dam (1,000 feet long) in the 
 river just above the city, and is utilized in the manufacture 
 of cotton goods, lumber, etc. The facilities for water and rail 
 transportation make Augusta an important center of trade. It 
 is the seat of an asylum for the insane and of a United-States 
 arsenal. The state-house is a handsome edifice of light-gray 
 granite. 
 
 Portland (population, 33,810), a port of entry, and county seat 
 of Cumberland County, is the metropolis of the state. It is 
 finely situated on a peninsula extending into an arm of Casco 
 Bay, of which the elevated situation of the city affords beauti¬ 
 ful views. The harbor is deep, capacious, and well sheltered. 
 
MAINE. 
 
 53 
 
 The city is for the most part regularly laid out, and hand¬ 
 somely built. Among the public buildings are a splendid city- 
 hall of colored sandstone, a spacious granite custom-house, a 
 post-office of marble, the Maine General Hospital, and a granite 
 Mechanics’ Hall. 
 
 The manufactures of Portland are varied and extensive. 
 
 The principal articles of manufacture are boots and shoes, rolling-mill 
 and foundry products, machinery, locomotives, engines and boilers, 
 kerosene, matches, hydraulic cement pipes, chemicals, paints, soap, 
 leather, varnish, edge tools, carriages, sleighs, refined sugar, etc. 
 
 The city has an extensive foreign and domestic commerce. 
 There are excellent facilities for the transfer of freight, such as 
 the marginal railroad, and large warehouses and grain-elevators. 
 Lines of steamers ply regularly between Portland and the 
 
 right bank of the Kennebec, twelve miles from the ocean. The city enjoys 
 superior advantages for navigation, as the river here is seldom frozen in 
 winter. The chief business is ship-building, the tonnage of wooden vessels 
 built here exceeding that of any other port in the United States. The man¬ 
 ufactures are chiefly such as relate to the construction of ships, such as 
 cordage, ship-blocks, etc. The schools are among the best in the state. 
 
 Rockland, county seat of Knox County, is situated on the west shore of 
 Penobscot Bay, about ten miles from the ocean. The harbor is broad and 
 deep. On islands near Rockland are large quarries of excellent granite, 
 which have suplied material for the custom-house of St. Louis, the post- 
 offices of New York and Cincinnati, and other public edifices. The manu¬ 
 facture of lime is a leading industry; and ship-building and the manufacture 
 of shoes, castings, carriages, etc., are largely carried on. 
 
 Auburn, county seat of Androscoggin County, is situated on the west 
 bank of the Androscoggin. This river, which here falls 60 feet, separates 
 the city from Lewiston. Auburn ranks as the first city of the state in the 
 manufacture of boots and shoes. Among its other manufactures are cotton 
 
 various cities of the United States and Canada; and the exten¬ 
 sive trade of the St. Lawrence Valley finds here its winter 
 outlet by steamship lines to Liverpool and Glasgow. 
 
 The culture of the people is manifested in the various literary 
 and scientific institutions, among which are the Society of 
 Natural History, the Athenaeum, the Institute, and Public 
 Library, etc. The educational facilities are unsurpassed. 
 
 Portland, the Indian name of which was Machigonne, was settled by 
 an English colony in 1632. During the French and Indian wars 
 and the Revolution, the town was three times entirely destroyed. 
 The city charter was granted in 1832. In 1866 about one-third of 
 the city was destroyed by fire ; but it was soon rebuilt by its energetic 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Lewiston, in Androscoggin County, at the falls of Androscoggin River, is 
 the second city in population, and an important railroad center. The river 
 is here crossed by two iron railroad-bridges, and two other bridges. The 
 falls (about 60 feet) afford abundant water-power; and a system of dams has 
 been constructed, the water being conveyed to the mills by a canal. 
 
 The most important manufactures are those of cotton and woolen goods, 
 of which more than forty million yards are produced here annually. Among 
 the other articles made are brushes, files, looms, trunks, brooms, machinery 
 for cotton-mills, ticking, seersucker, duck, burlaps, checks, jute bags, and 
 grain bags. Lewiston is the seat of Bates College and other institutions 
 of learning. 
 
 Bangor, a city and port of entry of Penobscot County, is pleasantly 
 situated on the right bank of Penobscot River, about 60 miles from the 
 ocean, and at the head of navigation. A bridge (about 1,300 feet long) 
 crossing the Penobscot connects Bangor with Brewer. A dam across the 
 river just above the city supplies great motive-power; and Kenduskeag River, 
 which here joins the Penobscot, also affords abundant water-power. 
 
 The Penobscot and its tributaries traverse the great northern forests, 
 and are used in the flotation of immense quantities of lumber, which passes 
 into the mills of Bangor. Next to Chicago, Bangor is the greatest lumber 
 port in the world, the average quantity annually exported being about two 
 hundred million feet. It also carries on a variety of manufactures, and 
 is engaged in the coast-trade, foreign commerce, and ship-building. Its 
 facilities for transportation make it the business-center of a large agricul¬ 
 tural and lumbering region. The city has a good school system, and is the 
 seat of the Bangor Theological Seminary. 
 
 Biddeford, a city of York County, on the right bank of the Saco River, 
 which separates it from the city of Saco, and six miles from the ocean. 
 The falls of the Saco (about 40 feet) afford abundant water-power. The 
 prosperity of the city is derived chiefly from trade, and manufactures of 
 cotton and woolen goods, machinery, and lumber. The quarrying of granite 
 is largely carried on in the vicinity. 
 
 Bath, a city and port of entry in Sagadahoc County, is situated on the 
 
 goods, furniture, castings, and leather. 
 
 Calais, in Washington County, is situated at the head of navigation on St. 
 Croix River, about twelve miles from Passamaquoddy Bay. It has excellent 
 water-power; and the sawing of lumber and ship-building are leading indus¬ 
 tries. Its situation makes it the business-center of the surrounding country. 
 
 Saco, a port of entry in York County, is situated on the left bank of Saco 
 River, opposite Biddeford, with which city it is connected by bridges. The 
 falls (about 40 feet) afford excellent water-power, which is largely utilized in 
 the numerous cotton-factories, machine-shops, shoe-factories, saw-mills, etc. 
 The coasting-trade is of considerable importance. 
 
 Belfast, a port of entry, and county seat of Waldo County, is situated on 
 the west side of Penobscot Bay, about thirty miles from the ocean. The 
 harbor is deep and capacious. The leading industries are manufacturing 
 (boots and shoes, bricks, carriages, machinery, sawed lumber, paper, axes, 
 sashes, blinds, etc.), the fisheries, and ship-building. Hay, granite, and 
 potatoes are the chief articles of export. 
 
 Ellsworth, a port of entry, and county seat of Hancock County, is sit¬ 
 uated at the head of navigation on Union River, a few miles from the 
 ocean. Its leading interests are lumber manufactures, the fisheries, and 
 ship-building. 
 
 Gardiner, in Kennebec County, on the west bank of the Kennebec, at the 
 mouth of Cobbossecontee River, is six miles below Augusta. Large vessels 
 can ascend to this place, which has a bridge across the Kennebec, and is 
 liberally supplied with water-power. It has manufactures of paper, lumber, 
 flour, earthenware, carriages, furniture, etc. Lumber and ice are the chief 
 articles of export. 
 
 Hallowell, in Kennebec County, is situated on the west bank of Kenne¬ 
 bec River, two miles below Augusta. Granite and ice are largely exported, 
 and the city carries on varied manufactures. 
 
 Boothbay — in Lincoln County, near mouth of 
 the Kennebec. Superior harbor; coasting- 
 trade, fisheries, manufacture of fish-oil and 
 guano. 
 
 Brunswick — a village of Cumberland County, 
 on right bank of Androscoggin River, at 
 head of navigation, and six miles north of 
 Casco Bay. The falls, or rapids, of the 
 river, afford abundant water-power. Man¬ 
 ufacturing, ship-building. Seat of Bowdoin 
 College. 
 
 Bucksport — a village of Hancock County, on 
 east bank of the Penobscot. Good harbor. 
 Ship-building, manufactures. 
 
 Cape Elizabeth — a town in Cumberland Coun¬ 
 ty, adjoining Portland, of which it is one of 
 the suburbs. Manufacturing, market-gar¬ 
 dening, fisheries, navigation, etc. 
 
 Eastport — a port of entry in Washington Coun¬ 
 ty, is situated on Moose Island, in Passa¬ 
 maquoddy Bay. On eastern frontier of 
 United States. Fine open harbor. Indus¬ 
 tries, — fisheries, lumber-business, coast- 
 trade. 
 
 Farmington — county seat of Franklin County, 
 on Sandy River. Agriculture, trade, and 
 manufactures. Popular summer resort. 
 Educational center. Seat of Western State 
 Normal School. 
 
 Houlton—county seat of Aroostook County, 
 on New Brunswick and Canada Railroad. 
 Varied manufactures. Center of fine farm¬ 
 ing-country, and trading depot for the 
 lumbering region. 
 
 Old Town — in Penobscot County, and on river 
 of same name, twelve miles north of Ban¬ 
 gor. Lumber manufactures, barrels, boats, 
 oars, etc. 
 
 Sko whegan — in Somerset County, on Kennebec 
 River. Fine water-power. Varied manu¬ 
 factures, — paper, axes, lumber, marbleized 
 slate, etc. Center of trade for a fertile 
 farming-country. 
 
 Waterville—a town of Kennebec County, on 
 river of same name. Water-power. Man¬ 
 ufactures,— cotton goods, carriages, cars, 
 etc. Center of fertile farm-region. Seat 
 of Colby University. 
 

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56 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 miles at the northern to about 90 miles near the southern boundary. It is the 
 second in size of the New-England States ; but its area is only about one-fourth 
 that of Maine. 
 
 Coast. The restricted coast (about 18 miles) is in most places a sandy beach, 
 bordered with salt-marshes, and with several creeks and coves which form harbors 
 
 for small craft. The only harbor for large ships, that of Portsmouth, is shared 
 with Kittery, Me. 
 
 The Isles of Shoals belong in part to New Hampshire, and in part to Maine. At Rye and 
 Hampton are fine sea-beaches that form delightful summer resorts. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 General Divisions. — The state belongs almost wholly to the Atlantic High¬ 
 land, only the south-eastern section (extending from 20 to 30 miles from the 
 coast) forming part of the Atlantic Plain. 
 
 Highlands. The great surface feature of New Hampshire is a mountain-chain 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 9,305 square miles. Population, 346,991.] 
 
 I. AREA, EXTENT, AND COAST. 
 
 Area. — New Hampshire, one of the New- 
 England States, and one of the thirteen 
 original states of the Union, is situated be¬ 
 tween 42 0 40' and 45 0 18' north latitude, and 
 yo° 37' and 72 0 37' west longitude. 
 
 Extent. — Its length (from north to south) 
 is about 180 miles : its width varies from 20 
 
 which extends through the state in a direction nearly parallel to the Connecticut. 
 This chain (to which no collective name is given) forms the divide between the 
 tributaries of Connecticut River and the streams flowing directly into the Atlantic. 
 These Highlands comprise three divisions, — the central plateau, the hill country 
 to the south, and the hill country to the north. 
 
 Central Plateau. The Central I lateau (from 1,600 to 1,800 feet in height) is 
 thirty miles from north to south, and about forty-five miles broad. It extends 
 nearly acioss the state, and is bounded southward by the Merrimac River, and 
 Squam, Winnepesaukee, and Ossipee lakes. 
 
 From the Central I lateau rise more than two hundred peaks, which are clus¬ 
 tered in two groups,—the White Mountains proper, and the Franconia Range, 
 separated by a table-land from ten to fifteen miles wide. 
 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 57 
 
 White Mountains. — The principal summits o£ the White Mountains 
 proper are (beginning at the Notch, and passing around to Gorham) 
 Mounts Webster, Jackson, Clinton, Pleasant, Franklin, Monroe, 
 Washington, Clay, Jefferson, Adams, and Madison. 
 
 Mount Washington (6,288 feet above sea-level) is, next to Mounts 
 Mitchell and Clingman (N.C.),the loftiest summit of the Appalachian 
 system. There is a railroad to the top of Mount Washington on 
 the west side, and a carriage-road on the east side. 
 
 Northern Section. — The section north of the Central 
 Plateau is a rugged region, covered, for the most part, with 
 primeval forest. The Stratford peaks are the loftiest summits 
 in this part of the state. 
 
 South-western Section. —The south-western section, situ¬ 
 ated south of the Central Plateau, and between the Merrimac 
 and Connecticut rivers, is a region traversed by ranges of high 
 hills, from which rise numerous peaks, among the loftiest of 
 which are Mounts Monadnock, Kearsarge, and Cardigan. 
 
 There are in the state two Mounts Kearsarge and two Monadnocks, 
 all widely remote from one another. 
 
 Scenery. — The scenery of the mountains, with their tower¬ 
 ing summits, their ravines and precipices, their lakes and cas¬ 
 cades, is unrivaled for beauty and sublimity. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 Rivers. — The slopes west of the central mountain-chain 
 are drained by the Connecticut and its tributaries ; the eastern 
 slopes are drained principally by the Androscoggin, Saco, and 
 Piscataqua, with their tributaries ; and the central part of the 
 state is drained by the Merrimac and its tributaries. 
 
 Water-power. — The streams of New Hampshire afford 
 immense water-power, which is largely utilized. 
 
 Lakes. — The state abounds in beautiful lakes, among which 
 the most important are Lake Winnepesaukee (about twenty-five 
 miles long, and from one mile to ten miles wide, and containing 
 over 250 islands), Umbagog Lake (about ten miles long by 
 five wide, and on the boundary between New Hampshire and 
 Maine), and Sunapee, Newfound, Squam, Ossipee, and Mascoma 
 lakes. 
 
 IV. CLIIV1ATE. 
 
 General Character. —The climate is marked by long and 
 severe winters, and short, hot summers ; but all parts of the 
 state are exceedingly healthful. 
 
 Details. — In summer the heat sometimes rises to ioo°, and in winter 
 the cold has been known to freeze the mercury in the thermometer. 
 Snow lies on the ground about five months in the year, and the 
 peaks of the White Mountains are covered more or less with snow 
 for eight months in the year. (Hence the name ]\ r hite Mountains.) 
 
 V. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Manufactures. — Manufacturing is the leading industry of 
 the state. The cities of Manchester, Dover, and Nashua, are 
 the great manufacturing centers ; but there is scarcely a town 
 of any considerable size that is not engaged more or less in this 
 form of industry. The immense water-power favors manufac¬ 
 turing ; but steam-power is also largely employed. 
 
 The principal articles of manufacture are cotton and woolen 
 goods, boots and shoes, machinery, and other iron and metallic 
 wares ; but paper, carriages, furniture, hosiery, leather, lumber, 
 wooden-ware, and a great variety of other goods are also exten¬ 
 sively made. 
 
 Agriculture. — Except in the intervales along the Merrimac, 
 Connecticut, and other rivers, where the soil is very fertile, the 
 land is for the most part thin and gravelly, and is more profit¬ 
 able as woodland and for pasturage than as farm-land. The 
 chief staples are hay, oats, Indian-corn, orchard-products, pota¬ 
 toes, and other vegetables. But the state has to import the 
 greater part of its food-supplies. 
 
 Grazing is an important industry; and live-stock, butter, 
 cheese, milk, and wool are exported to a considerable extent. 
 
 Mining. — Fine building-granite is extensively quarried at 
 several places, as Concord, Plymouth, Hooksett, Milford, 
 Pelham, etc. Quarries of superior soapstone are worked in 
 Francestown, Canterbury, Orford, and other towns. The most 
 important metallic ores are the iron ores, wrought principally 
 at Franconia, but abundant also at Piermont, Landaff, Gilford, 
 and Bartlett. 
 
 Deposits of lead, zinc, copper, tin, gold, and silver are found, but are 
 as yet little developed. Deposits of mica, slate, limestone, and 
 graphite have been worked to a considerable extent. 
 
 Lumbering. — The state is everywhere well wooded , but the 
 chief forests are in the northern section. Pine, spruce, and 
 hemlock logs are floated down the principal streams to be 
 sawn into lumber. Much hard-wood is cut for furniture and 
 wooden-ware makers’ use. 
 
 Maple-sugar, tanners’ bark, and charcoal are other important forest- 
 products. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of New Hampshire is almost 
 wholly interstate, and consists in the exchange of her manufac¬ 
 tures for raw material and food-supplies, b oreign goods are 
 imported principally through Boston ; but Portsmouth has a 
 considerable coasting-trade. 
 
 New Hampshire has about one thousand miles of railroad. 
 
 VI. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The executive officers of the state are a governor, and coun¬ 
 cil of five, elected biennially by the people, and a secretary of 
 state, and treasurer, chosen by the Legislature. 
 
 The legislature consists of a senate of twenty-four mem¬ 
 bers, and a house of representatives, the number of members 
 
 of which varies with the population. 
 
 The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court (consisting of a 
 chief and six associate justices), and a probate court in each 
 county. The officers of the judiciary are appointed by the 
 governor and council. 
 
 National Representation. — The state is represented by two 
 senators and two representatives, and has four electoral votes. 
 
 VOI. EDUCATION. 
 
 Public. — An effective system of public instruction is main¬ 
 tained in the state, under the general supervision of a state 
 superintendent, and the immediate control of district and town 
 committees. In the larger towns, graded and high schools are 
 supported. The State Normal School is at Plymouth, and the 
 State Agricultural College at Hanover. 
 
 Colleges, etc. — The chief seat of the higher learning is 
 Dartmouth College at Hanover, chartered in 1769. Connected 
 with it are various scientific and professional schools. Among 
 the most celebrated academies and seminaries are Phillips 
 
58 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Academy, Exeter ; Kimball Union Academy, Meriden ; Literary 
 and Biblical Institute, New Hampton ; Colby Academy, New 
 London; Tilden F'emale Seminary, West Lebanon ; New 
 Hampshire Conference Seminary, Tilton ; Robinson Female 
 Seminary, Exeter; Appleton Academy, New Ipswich; Adams 
 Female Academy, East Derry; Colebrook Academy ; Pembroke 
 Academy ; Stevens High School, at Claremont, etc. 
 
 manufacture sheeting, drillings, delaines, seamless bags, etc. 
 In the value of its cotton and woolen fabrics Manchester ranks 
 as the fourth city in the Union. It is also largely engaged 
 in the manufacture of steam-engines, locomotives, linen goods, 
 hosiery, paper, edge-tools, carriages, leather, shoes, soap, etc. 
 It is the seat of various benevolent institutions, and has fine 
 schools, a large public library, and various literary societies. 
 
 VIII. HISTORY. 
 
 In 1622 Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Capt. John Mason 
 obtained from the council for New England a grant of a 
 tract of land “bounded by the Merrimac, the Kennebec, the 
 ocean, and the ‘river of Canada.’” The following year, a 
 small party in the service of the proprietors made little settle¬ 
 ments on the Piscataqua. Among these were Portsmouth 
 and Dover. These were very feeble for a long time. In 1629 
 Gorges and Mason dissolved partnership. Mason then obtained 
 a new grant for the territory between the Merrimac and the 
 Piscataqua. He named his province New Hampshire. 
 
 During the next few years the region was divided up among 
 many proprietors. This fact led to numerous disputes, and 
 these troubles led the people (in 1641) to put themselves under 
 the protection of Massachusetts. New Hampshire continued a 
 part of Massachusetts for thirty-nine years ; that is, till 1680. 
 
 In 1680 the King of England made New Hampshire a sepa¬ 
 rate royal province. During Andros’s two years’ despotic rule 
 over New England (1686-1688), New Hampshire, like her 
 sister colonies, lost her independence. But, when Andros was 
 overthrown, the people took the government into their own 
 hands, and in 1690 placed themselves again under the protec¬ 
 tion of Massachusetts. From this time till 1741 New Hamp¬ 
 shire was sometimes separate from, and at other times united 
 with, Massachusetts. In 1741 it was finally separated, and 
 remained a distinct royal colony. 
 
 Though circumstances were not favorable to the rapid growth 
 of New Hampshire, owing to Indian wars and the conflicting 
 claims to the lands, the colony nurtured a hardy, courageous, 
 and liberty-loving people. Both in the Revolutionary struggle 
 and in the war for the Union, New Hampshire won a dis¬ 
 tinguished reputation. 
 
 IX. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties. — The state is divided into ten counties ; namely, 
 Belknap, Carroll, Cheshire, Cobs, Grafton, Hillsborough, Merri¬ 
 mack, Rockingham, Strafford, and Sullivan. 
 
 Subdivisions. — These counties include six cities, and nu¬ 
 merous towns. 
 
 Concord (population, 13,838), the capital of New Hampshire 
 and of Merrimack County, is pleasantly situated on the Merri¬ 
 mac River, in the south-central part of the state. It is the 
 second city in population. It has abundant water-power, and 
 extensive manufactures of carriages, machinery, leather belt¬ 
 ing, wooden-ware, organs, etc. It has excellent educational 
 facilities. 
 
 Manchester (population, 32,630) is the metropolis of the state. 
 It is one of the most important manufacturing centers in New 
 England. The river, which here falls 54 feet (Amoskeag Falls), 
 supplies extensive water-power, utilized in vast mills which 
 
 Nashua, a city of Hillsborough County, is situated on Nashua River, 
 near its union with the Merrimac. Manufacturing is the principal industrial 
 interest, and includes the production of cotton goods, steam-engines, edge- 
 tools, locks, prepared paper, carpets, etc. A canal three miles long, sixty 
 feet wide, and eight feet deep, cut from Nashua River to the Merrimac, 
 supplies motive-power for the numerous mills and factories. Various lines 
 of railroad afford large railroad facilities. 
 
 Dover, a beautiful city, is advantageously situated for manufacturing, 
 being abundantly supplied with water-power from the Cocheco, which has 
 here a direct fall of thirty-two feet. It has several extensive cotton-mills 
 and print-works, and also manufactures woolen goods, boots and shoes, 
 carriages, etc. It is the oldest town in the state, having been settled in 1623. 
 
 Portsmouth, a city of Rockingham County, situated on the right bank of 
 Piscataqua River, about three miles from the ocean, is the commercial 
 metropolis and only seaport of the state. The harbor (between the city and 
 the mouth of the river) is deep and capacious, and, owing to the rapid tides, 
 is never obstructed with ice. It is much frequented by vessels in stormy 
 weather, and it is estimated that two thousand ships could easily find 
 anchorage here. Porstmouth Navy Yard is opposite the city. 
 
 Manufacturing is carried on to a considerable extent, the leading products 
 being cotton cloth, hosiery, iron-castings, malt liquors, shoes, etc. Ports¬ 
 mouth has a large amount of capital invested in railroads, navigation, manu¬ 
 factures, etc., in other places; and the city ranks as the second in wealth in 
 the state. The commerce, both foreign and coastwise, is extensive. The 
 city is built on a gentle acclivity overlooking the harbor, and is remarkable 
 for its healthy atmosphere, beautiful gardens, fine public buildings, educa¬ 
 tional and literary advantages, and its cultured inhabitants. 
 
 Keene is situated on Ashuelot River, at the junction of several railroads. 
 It is a beautiful city, with wide, shaded streets. It has varied manufactures 
 (furniture, leather, pottery, chairs, woolen goods, bricks, carriages, etc.), and 
 is the business-center of a fertile agricultural region. 
 
 o o 
 
 Claremont — a beautiful town of Sullivan 
 County, on Sugar River, and bounded 
 west by Connecticut. Extensive water¬ 
 power. Varied manufactures, — cotton and 
 woolen goods, paper, etc. Contains post¬ 
 village of Claremont, seat of the Stevens 
 High School. 
 
 Colebrook — town of Cods County, on the Con¬ 
 necticut. Summer resort. Manufactures of 
 lumber and starch. 
 
 Exeter — town of Rockingham County, on 
 Squamscot River. Rich agricultural re¬ 
 sources. Varied manufactures. Seat of 
 Phillips Academy and Robinson Female 
 Seminary. 
 
 Franklin — a town of Merrimack County. Man¬ 
 ufactures. Seat of the State Orphans’ 
 Home, and noted as the birthplace of 
 Daniel Webster. 
 
 Gilford Village —town of Belknap County. 
 Varied manufactures. Fine scenery. Fa¬ 
 vorite summer resort. 
 
 Hinsdale — town of Cheshire County, on 
 the Connecticut. Manufactures of iron, 
 leather, woolen goods, mowing-machines, 
 etc. 
 
 Laconia — county seat of Belknap County, on 
 Winnepesaukee River. Center of exten¬ 
 sive local trade. Manufacture of hosiery, 
 yarn, woolen goods, sashes and blinds, 
 railroad-cars, etc. 
 
 Lebanon — town of Grafton County, on Mas- 
 coma River. Superior water-power. Man¬ 
 ufactures of machinery, farm-implements, 
 furniture, edge-tools, musical instru¬ 
 
 ments, etc. Seat of Tilden Female Semi¬ 
 nary. 
 
 Littleton — a town of Grafton County, on 
 Connecticut River. Abundant water¬ 
 power afforded by the Fifteen Mile Falls. 
 Varied manufactures. Contains post-vil¬ 
 lage of Littleton. 
 
 Milford — town of Hillsborough County, on Sou- 
 hegan River. Granite quarries. Varied 
 manufactures. 
 
 Peterborough —town of Hillsborough County. 
 Manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, 
 and thermometers. 
 
 Plymouth — one of the county seats of Grafton 
 County. Attractive scenery. Seat of a 
 state normal school. Extensive manufac- 
 facture of buckskin gloves. 
 
 Rochester — a town of Strafford County, on 
 Cocheco River. Railroad facilities and 
 water-power. Contains villages of Roch¬ 
 ester, East Rochester, and Gonic. Ex¬ 
 tensive manufacture of flannel, blankets, 
 shoes, etc. 
 
 Somersworth — a town of Strafford County, 
 on Salmon Falls River. Varied manu¬ 
 factures. Principal village Great Falls, 
 with large manufactories of cotton and 
 woolen goods. 
 
 White Mountain Resorts : among the towns 
 and villages of the White Mountain region 
 most noted as summer resorts are Alton 
 Bay, Bethlehem, Campton, Center Harbor, 
 Gilford, Gorham, Jefferson, Lancaster, 
 Littleton, North Conway, Plymouth, 
 Sandwich, Wolfeborough, etc. 
 
VERMONT 
 
 59 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 ’ WCWWTAINS-LAkf CHAMPlA Itv * ^ - 
 
 • • -- ' ■ ^ ' ■ -- . 
 
 a -: 'f 1 SHU IffilPi i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 -f V - 
 
 '-*:■• ? • r 
 
 sS^^v. if~^0 sp^ 
 
 
 Extent. — Its length from north to south is 157 miles; its breadth 
 on the northern boundary 90 miles, and on the southern 40 miles. 
 
 The eastern boundary is the west bank of the Connecticut River. The western 
 boundary is formed by New York, Lake Champlain, and Poultney River di¬ 
 viding from New York in part. In Lake Champlain there are within the 
 limits of the state the islands of North and South Hero, Isle La Motte, 
 Hog, Wood, Butler’s, Potter’s, Providence, Straw, Gull, and other islands, 
 the most important of which, with a peninsula extending into the lake from 
 Canada, constitute the county of Grand Isle. 
 
 The land area of Vermont is 9,135 square miles. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 General Character. — The surface is greatly diversified by hills and 
 valleys, gentle acclivities, elevated plateaus, and mountains of consider¬ 
 able height. 
 
 The Green Mountains, which form the most striking surface feature, 
 are a range of the Appalachian system, — the most continuous range 
 of that system in New England. They traverse the state from south 
 to north, mainly in two ridges, of which the eastern (called the “ East 
 Range ”) is the more continuous, and the western (the “West Range ) 
 is the more elevated and precipitous. 
 
 The branching of the Green Mountains into the West Range and the East 
 Range occurs at about latitude 44 0 (somewhat south-west of the center of 
 the state). The former, continuing in a northerly direction, sinks gradually, 
 till it terminates near the northern boundary: the latter extends north-east, 
 and, passing into Canada, is lost on the shores of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 The loftiest summits of the Green Mountains are Mount Mansfield the highest 
 ( 4,389 feet), Killington Peak, Camel’s Hump, and Jay Peak. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 | Area, 9,565 square miles. Population, 332,286 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation.—Vermont, the only inland state of 
 New England, is situated between 42 0 44 r and 45° 
 north latitude, and between 71 0 33' and 73 0 25' west 
 longitude. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 Rivers.—The Connecticut River, forming the entire boundary between 
 Vermont and New Hampshire, belongs wholly to the latter state. 
 
 The eastern section of the state is drained by the tributaries of the 
 Connecticut, and the western section chiefly by affluents of Lake Cham¬ 
 plain ; the Green Mountains (the main ridge and the East Range) forming 
 the watershed between them. 
 
6o 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Into the Connecticut flow, in this state, Nulhegan, Passumpsic, Wells, 
 Wait’s, White, Ouechee, Black, Williams, Saxton’s, West, Green, 
 North, and Deerfield rivers. The chief affluents of Lake Champlain 
 are Otter Creek (navigable eight miles, to Vergennes) and Poultney, 
 Pawlet, Winooski, Lamoille (the two latter breaking through the 
 Green Mountains), and Missisquoi rivers. 
 
 Lakes. — Lake Champlain, nearly two-thirds of which is 
 situated within the state, is 120 miles in length, with an aver¬ 
 age width of about four miles and a half. It affords important 
 steam navigation, and is much visited for its beauty and historic 
 associations. There is a good harbor at Burlington. 
 
 Of Lake Memphremagog (30 miles long), the southern third 
 is in the state : it is drained into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 There are numerous smaller lakes, the principal of which are 
 lakes Willoughby, Maidstone, Seymour, Dunmore, Austin, and 
 Bombazine. 
 
 Scenery. — Among the objects interesting to the tourist may 
 be mentioned the rounded summits of the Green Mountains, 
 clothed with evergreen forests or rich grass, the aspect of which 
 led the early French explorers to call them monts verts (green 
 mountains, whence the name “Vermont ”); the many striking 
 cataracts, as Bellows Falls on the Connecticut, the Great Falls 
 of the Lamoille, the Falls of the Missisquoi at Troy, Winooski 
 Falls, Passumpsic Falls, etc.; and the picturesque scenery of 
 lakes Champlain, Memphremagog, Willoughby, etc. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 General Character.—The winters are long and severe, the 
 snow lying on the ground during five months : the summers 
 are exceedingly pleasant. The weather is free from sudden 
 changes, and the state is remarkably healthful. 
 
 Details. — The average annual temperature at Burlington is about 44 0 ; 
 at Lunenburgh, about 42 0 . 
 
 Lumbering. — Forests are quite extensive, the principal trees 
 being the spruce, hemlock, pine, cedar, and fir, among conif¬ 
 erous timber-trees, and beech, oak, rock-maple, birch, basswood, 
 etc., among deciduous trees. 
 
 Large quantities of lumber, fire-wood, tanners’ bark, maple- 
 sugar, and charcoal are produced from the forests. 
 
 Commerce. — A considerable foreign commerce is carried 
 on with Canada through Burlington, which is the port of entry 
 of the United States customs district of Vermont. Much of the 
 trade of Lake Champlain passes by the Champlain and Hudson 
 Canal and Hudson River to New York. The shipments by 
 railroad between the West and the ports of Boston and Portland 
 are also very large. 
 
 Transportation. — In addition to its fine water facilities, the 
 state is well equipped with railroads, of which there are over 
 850 miles. 
 
 VI. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Executive.—The principal executive officers are the gov¬ 
 ernor, lieutenant-governor, and treasurer, who are elected by 
 the people for two years. 
 
 The legislative department, called the “General Assembly,” 
 consists of a Senate of thirty members chosen from the coun¬ 
 ties, and a House of Representatives, numbering two hundred 
 and forty members, — one from each town. The members are 
 chosen biennially. 
 
 The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court, and county, 
 probate, and justice courts, the judges of which are elected 
 biennially. 
 
 National Representation. — The state is represented in 
 Congress by two senators and two representatives, and hence 
 has four electoral votes. 
 
 V. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Agriculture.—Vermont is, in the main, an agricultural and 
 a grazing state. The intervales and a considerable portion of 
 the uplands have a rich, fertile soil, producing abundantly hay, 
 potatoes, hops, oats, rye, wheat, Indian-corn, grass and clover 
 seed, apples, and all the ordinary farm staples. But, as a large 
 proportion of the land is better adapted to grazing than to til¬ 
 lage, much attention has been given to the raising of live-stock; 
 and the horses, cattle, sheep, swine, butter and cheese, and 
 wool, are noted for their excellent quality. The state ranks 
 first in the production of maple-sugar. 
 
 Manufactures. — Though not so extensively or exclusively 
 engaged in manufacturing as the other New-England States, 
 Vermont has a large interest in this industry. 
 
 Among the principal items of manufacture are flouring and 
 grist-mill products, woolen goods, sawed lumber, scales and bal¬ 
 ances, leather, and boots and shoes. 
 
 Special items of manufacture will be noted under the description of 
 places. 
 
 Quarrying and Mining. — The mineral wealth of Vermont 
 is important. Marble of many hues (pure white, black, pale 
 red, mottled, etc.), limestone, soapstone, granite, slate, iron, 
 copper, manganese, kaolin, etc., are found in abundance, and 
 are largely quarried and mined. The state has also numerous 
 mineral springs. 
 
 VII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Public. — The common schools are under the general super¬ 
 vision of the state superintendent of education, chosen by the 
 Legislature for two years; but each town sustains and controls 
 its own schools, their immediate direction being in the hands 
 of the town superintendent and prudential committee, chosen by 
 the people of each town. It is required by law that all children 
 between eight and fourteen years of age shall attend school 
 three months each year. 
 
 In the large towns graded and high schools are sustained; 
 and the state supports three normal schools, — at Randolph, 
 Castleton, and Johnson. 
 
 Higher Instruction. — Among the more important institu¬ 
 tions for the higher instruction are the University of Vermont 
 and State Agricultural College in Burlington (founded in 1791), 
 Middlebury College at Middlebury (opened in 1800), Norwich 
 University at Northfield (opened in 1834), St. Johnsbury 
 Academy at St. Johnsbury, Methodist Seminary and Female 
 College at Montpelier, Goddard Seminary at Barre, Troy Con¬ 
 ference Seminary at Poultney, Vermont Academy at Saxton’s 
 River, Burr and Burton Seminary at Manchester, Vermont 
 Episcopal Institute at Burlington, and Green Mountain Semi¬ 
 nary at Waterbury. 
 
 Other institutions of learning will be noticed under the description of 
 places. 
 
VERMONT. 
 
 61 
 
 VIII. HISTORY. 
 
 Early History. — The first white settlement in what is now 
 Vermont was made in 1724 at Fort Dummer, near the present 
 site of Brattleborough, though more than a century previously 
 the region had been visited by Champlain, a French officer 
 whose name was given to the lake. 
 
 The fertile lands along the upper Connecticut, Winooski, and 
 Otter Creek, began to attract attention about the middle of the 
 eighteenth century, and in 1768 one hundred and thirty-eight 
 townships had been granted by the British governor, Went¬ 
 worth of New Hampshire, who claimed the soil. At this time 
 the region west of Connecticut River (that is, Vermont) was 
 known as the “New Hampshire Grants.” 
 
 In 1763 a claim to the territory was set up by the royal 
 governor of New York, and the king decided in favor of New 
 York. Acts of hostility toward the New-York authorities 
 followed, in consequence of their attempting to eject the set¬ 
 tlers from their lands; and in 1777 the people of Vermont 
 declared themselves independent, drew up a state constitution, 
 and applied for admission into the confederacy, but were 
 refused. At last the troubles with New York were settled in 
 1790 by the payment to that state of thirty thousand dollars, 
 and on March 4, 1791, Vermont was admitted into the Union. 
 
 Though not an independent commonwealth during the war 
 of the Revolution, Vermont took an earnest part in the strug¬ 
 gle for freedom ; and in the actions at Ticonderoga and 
 Crown Point, and in the battles of Bennington, Stillwater, and 
 Hubbardton, the “Green-Mountain boys ” won an illustrious 
 name. 
 
 State History.—Vermont was the first state received into 
 the Union in addition to the original thirteen. She at once 
 began a career of prosperity beyond that of the other states. 
 
 In the war of 1812 the “ Vermont Volunteers ” took an active 
 part in the battle of Plattsburgh and the naval conflict on Lake 
 Champlain. In the war of secession, 1861-65, the state also 
 took a prominent part, sending to the field many thousands 
 of admirable troops. 
 
 The present state constitution was amended in 1870. 
 
 IX. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties. — Vermont contains fourteen counties, namely, 
 Addison, Bennington, Caledonia, Chittenden, Essex, Franklin, 
 Grand Isle, Lamoille, Orange, Orleans, Rutland, Washington, 
 Windham, and Windsor. 
 
 Subdivisions. — These counties comprise two cities (Bur¬ 
 lington and Vergennes), 238 towns, and four unorganized town¬ 
 ships. 
 
 Montpelier, the capital of the state and of Washington 
 County, is situated on Winooski or Onion River. It is sur¬ 
 rounded by a fertile and highly cultivated country, and has 
 
 excellent railroad facilities and good water-power. The state- 
 house is a handsome granite edifice, with a dome which is 124 
 feet high. Montpelier carries on varied manufactures, and is 
 the seat of the Vermont Methodist Seminary, and has an 
 excellent system of public schools. 
 
 Burlington (population, 11,364), at the head of Burlington 
 Bay in Lake Champlain, and on the Vermont Central Railroad, 
 is the most populous city in the state. It has an admirable 
 situation, commanding magnificent views of lake and mountain 
 scenery. It has a good harbor, protected by a breakwater ; 
 and on Juniper Island is a lighthouse. 
 
 Burlington is one of the chief lumber markets in the United 
 States, has numerous manufacturing establishments, and is the 
 seat of the University of Vermont and the State Agricultural 
 College. 
 
 Rutland, county seat of Rutland County, is situated on Otter Creek, at 
 the junction of several railroads. It contains 12,149 inhabitants, and is the 
 most populous town in the state. It has several foundries and machine- 
 shops, and the Howe scale manufacture; but its chief material interest is 
 its numerous and inexhaustible quarries of fine white marble. The educa¬ 
 tional facilities are excellent. 
 
 St. Albans, county seat of Franklin County, is situated on the Vermont 
 and Canada Railroad. It contains the extensive car-shops of the railroad 
 company, and is the depot of a large trade in butter and cheese. 
 
 Bennington, one of the county seats of Bennington County, is the most 
 important manufacturing town in the state, containing, among other estab¬ 
 lishments, iron-foundries, knitting-mills, a woolen-factory, a pottery, and 
 manufactures of cast-ware, machinery, lumber, and chairs. It was the 
 scene of the famous battle of Bennington, in 1777. 
 
 Brattleborough, in Windham County, is situated on the Connecticut 
 River, which is here bridged. It has a large manufactory of parlor organs, 
 and manufactures of carriages, furniture, and machinery. It is one of the 
 oldest towns in the state, having been settled in 1724. It is the seat of 
 the state Insane-Asylum. 
 
 St. Johnsbury, county seat of Caledonia County, is situated on the Pas- 
 sumpsic River, and is an important railroad center. Plere is located the 
 extensive establishment for the manufacture of scales. It contains a fine 
 town library, and is the seat of the St. Johnsbury Academy. 
 
 Brandon — in Rutland County, on the Rutland 
 and Burlington Railroad. Extensive quar¬ 
 ries of statuary marble, and large manufac¬ 
 ture of mineral paint. 
 
 Castleton — in Rutland County. Railroad facil¬ 
 ities. Slate quarries, and large manufacture 
 of slate pencils. Seat of one of the state 
 normal schools. 
 
 Colchester — in Chittenden County, on Vermont 
 and Canada Railroad. The principal vil¬ 
 lage is Winooski Falls, which has abundant 
 water-power from Winooski River. Exten¬ 
 sive limestone quarries. Large trade in 
 lumber and cheese. 
 
 Middlebury. — in Addison County, on Rutland 
 and Burlington Railroad. Abundant water¬ 
 power. Fine marble quarries. Seat of 
 Middlebury College. 
 
 Northfield — in Washington County, on Central 
 Vermont Railroad. Extensive slate quar¬ 
 ries. Seat of Norwich University. 
 
 Poultney —in Rutland County. Manufactures, 
 
 lumber, agricultural implements, cheese, 
 etc. Center of the Vermont slate business. 
 
 Randolph —in Orange County. Varied manu¬ 
 factures. 
 
 Rockingham — in Windham County, has for its 
 principal village Bellows Falls, where, the 
 medicinal springs make it a favorite summer 
 resort. 
 
 Springfield — in Windsor County, on the Black 
 River. Varied manufactures, — cotton and 
 woolen goods, machinery, toys, plows, 
 churns, etc. 
 
 Swanton — in Franklin County, on Missisquoi 
 River. Railroad facilities. Marble quar¬ 
 ries and marble manufactures, tanneries, 
 saw-mills, etc. 
 
 Waterbury — in Washington County, on Wi¬ 
 nooski River. Manufacturing center. 
 
 Woodstock — in Windham County. Fine scen¬ 
 ery. Educational center. 
 
 Stowe, Danville, Newport, and Manchester, 
 are popular summer resorts. 
 
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 •fsi- ir 
 
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 WESTFIELi 
 
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 | West 
 ringfiel( 
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 Kivei 
 
 OUT H’/l 
 South ^iclc^/^J 
 
 ^'yawamTt, 
 
 jAGAWAM 
 
 feeding ^ 
 
 ^JLEA C 0%-,. 
 
 _E. LongtnAdow \ 
 mgmeadow ^ 
 
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 CongaiiiuJjk 
 
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 A Arlington ) 
 ~CLiJeight 3 
 
 iLittle Haliant 
 
 iaplewood 
 
 i^JlV-Medford. .Ufj'tiford \: 
 
 f*T\ ^- V,:- -_ O v 
 
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 VICINITY 
 
 OF 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 >Grover‘s 
 
 Cliff 
 
 rop 
 
 : Cambridgt/* 
 06*«rvatory 
 
 tMLAubum j 
 Wy&metery j 
 ro w N ' -l'A 
 ,S. Ar senaLj^Sa 
 
 Winthrop 
 
 Head 
 
 Apple I.q 
 ^ Pt.Shirley 
 Governor’s I. 
 
 Ft. Winthrop\ 
 
 j Green I, 
 
 South Boston 
 
 Ft.Independence 
 
 FeservgtriL', 
 
 CheMtflirtJpjflf' 
 
 < 0 veil’s I. 
 
 iyu Dorchester 
 vL Say / 
 
 / Boston L.H. 
 
 a °1 J s '(Tv / d^/ . Narrows L.H.. 
 
 (? JJ.Worre)iW , e ^ 
 
 -? George’s I. 
 
 O^&ltainsford I. >. 
 
 jylston Sta, 
 
 13ird Sla. 
 
 Pt.Allerton 
 
 ■JaMaica Fond 
 
 0/ /.Jamaica . 
 ./// Plain 
 S*/. Mt.Bofai 
 V Sorest 7 /i<T> 
 / ‘''pcmetery 7 
 
 JL A^ Jt H O Jt 
 T —rf^TIobn 1. ^ 
 
 Jlarrisbn 
 
 [tasked 
 
 Peddock’s L 
 
 Hangman’s 1.^ \ 
 
 isliudale 
 
 Bumkin I. 
 
 \ SheepJ. ^ 
 Grap/jj/) Worlds En, 
 C-^/ej Slate 1. 
 
 Mt.Hope 
 ^\S\ldttHope / 
 
 \v Ct lucttr r ani t e IBr-j 
 
 ^ \llattapan -^5 
 
 rove | 
 
 Central 
 ^ Sta. 
 
 larendon.irilhs 
 
 Dedham! 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation and Extent. — What states border on Masss 
 natural boundary on the east ? Between what parallels 
 what meridians ? Measure by the scale of miles the extreme 
 of the state. 
 
 Coast. — What are the two principal peninsulas? Nj 
 sulas. What bay on the east? What two on the south- 
 sounds ? What two large islands belong to the state ? N: 
 Name the chief capes. 
 
 Surface. — What mountain-ranges in the western pr 
 Name two peaks in the Taconic Range. What two peak 
 cut River ? What peak in the north-central part of the st; : 
 
 Rivers.—What is the principal river? Name four t 
 Connecticut. What two rivers between the Hoosac an 
 tains ? What river drains the north-eastern part ? Wha 
 Boston Harbor? Into Narragansett Bay? Into Long Isl 
 
 Counties. — Which is the most western county? The 
 The most easterly ? Which counties are intersected by Cc 
 Name the island counties. Which counties border on Rhi 
 Connecticut ? Which county borders on New York? 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Name and locate the most northerl 
 Name four cities on the Merrimac. Name three cities 
 vicinity of Boston. What city on an arm of Buzzard’s Bay 
 Taunton River? What city near the center of the state ? 
 or large towns in Worcester County ? What two cities on 
 What other large town in Hampden County? Name the c 
 Berkshire Hills. What is the shire-town of the county in 
 
.. M. when Noon on 
 Greenwich 
 
 the Meridian at Greenwich 
 
 -Mouth of Mcrrimac It. 
 
 I- 
 
 13 
 
 >*’ OBicr’s I. aP 
 Coney X <$? 
 arblehead 
 
 Tinker’s L 
 
 70 30 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 ,w po' 01 
 ^ 1 
 H S^Avery's Ho cV 
 
 r -KArvcyp j. y-* t * 1 Straits -Mouth L 
 
 ^ V!>^> Rt>c tyot^iCape Ann 
 
 -Thatcher 
 L.H. 
 
 s I. 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 
 Cities are underlined. 
 County Towns ■& 
 Railroads " Canals 
 
 light Houses <fce. 
 
 MnkX 
 
 ester 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 ,f <vr b or- 
 
 M A S S A CIIVSJETTS 
 HAT 
 
 ?Pt.Allerfon 
 
 ' * 
 
 1 in'* 7»; 
 
 E 
 
 eat 
 BIN 
 HAM 
 
 'iKlitm®' 11 / 
 P<L S.H 
 
 .-.-^Minot’s Hedge 
 Cohasset Hocks 
 
 ;uate Center 
 
 ^rsfield 
 
 arsfield 
 
 elegraph Hill 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 \ 7? BURY 
 Jnti^Duxbjr 
 il (f. "\ 
 
 French Telegraph. 
 \ Cable Landing 
 
 ■fiC*! 
 
 
 
 S<SE-feri, 
 
 PI ncci - ..^rton® "t 
 
 borough Falls\ ^7?o Cranes Lja A "'E8.V A T E\R f Af , 
 AdA.Sqh. j, .^Xlo/ * Xl Aim > Jo 
 
 -ra' -a ® _ C/ * V 
 
 Raynham ▼ HlN.Miaa&e- 
 •?. 
 
 Co" VU 
 
 asetts ? What 
 it? Between 
 ngth and width 
 
 e other penin- 
 t ? What two 
 i other islands. 
 
 I of the state? 
 
 I rear Connecti- 
 L> 
 
 ! utaries of the 
 [Laconic moun- 
 i vers flow into 
 I 1 Sound ? 
 
 | ost northerly ? 
 j ecticut River? 
 p Island? On 
 
 j ty in the state, 
 j the immediate 
 . vVhat cities on 
 lat other cities 
 p Connecticut ? 
 i :f towns in the 
 ich you live ? 
 
 Harrows V $T 
 HehrouviUe \ 
 
 . H A L ITrA'X / 
 
 ® i 
 ^ Halifaxy . „ 
 
 H^Ljuipton i 
 
 ® ^ ITypdbuth t 
 
 1 
 
 \ s 
 
 /Issawo; 
 
 \ "Wier/juuc#>? I 3UT 
 
 4^. **V»- 
 
 ’jN.Dighton • 
 
 •K digh „ 
 
 ypighloni^-j," ahevl 
 
 /f *^~‘Fre$Un\;n 
 
 \ > -“-4tOrr x . 
 
 -j I ! . \ J&3* / 
 
 r „ ilJre 
 
 ■Btooi ^ T 
 
 ('borough. 
 
 V H.CarvcrF^ 0 WiHinatori* h 7 r 
 
 y<? \ ' 
 
 Gurnet Poipt 
 °uth Bay 
 
 Elisha's Point 
 
 C 3. P G Cod \» '/ -JO yUj 
 Pro v ince t gjy n ^ 
 
 rt. 
 
 Highland Lt. 
 
 , © 
 
 ft 
 
 C % 
 loc, 
 
 rlidtlleboroug 
 
 Td. 
 
 iurnace 
 
 Pond 
 
 led \ 
 
 t^South 
 
 >Tj 
 
 nonriet Point 
 
 d a r j: 
 
 jT ellfleet 
 
 BeachT.fr ? c«J v- ^ , 
 
 O -- X3f .Fn | Brooh 
 
 BILLINGSGATE IS.„ f « A jL.' kVillage 
 
 Smi’pal 
 \Jtynd' 
 ..<XV.X<(ng 
 
 v? \ T‘f ■ 
 
 >!•/ Va,* \ 
 v; -dy S- \ ^ ? °~ 
 jijf® \ \ Vs 
 
 l/Vi * * V 
 
 ^irv-'o 
 
 .. “!)! 
 
 % JUartaiohtho 0 ^lHAVEN\ 
 ,oV^ | New l ^Fairfe; 
 ^ 2 B^dL_. r . 
 
 §stport o ) ^ ^ 
 
 § 
 
 onument 
 
 South Dartmouth 
 
 estp oTt 
 
 Dartmouth § 
 
 V 
 
 leaseet S., 
 Greenville 
 3fash pee Ton* 
 
 •BirdT. C'-^S.Pocasset 
 
 \Angelica Pt. T&hff 
 Ram I. "‘g j /’\p Talaio' 
 
 .West I. 
 
 N. ^ M , 
 
 /i\ ^ 
 
 12' 
 
 Lookout Point 
 
 e*n‘ 
 
 ' T 
 
 . ^-Nausett 
 'enns\llar. 
 
 SANDWICH W. / j 
 
 - ^Barc stable- — 
 
 i ba na>v/„-i 7 harnsla 
 
 an H4s<%Ai£ l' ij ! mol)^ 
 
 Vfjreat JOunHyanrds: 
 syfr A Wl E 
 
 ^ V/ \ 
 
 ^^Sconticut Pj. \ 
 
 B Tt °Cv V 
 
 ammon Pt. 
 
 <(»,.» Bishop & Clerks .Lt.jBhip 
 
 °Of> 
 
 q Tlptfnis ,C H A ,T H 
 h.UeltalS <■ / N Ch • 
 
 «> \, ' " 
 
 CY 
 
 ' .9” -4?s/cf 
 
 9- 
 
 'Gosseberry 
 
 ’sHoll 
 
 ... , , -is c. — —^...obsque Pt. 
 
 Mi shall m r f ✓* ^ s o ^ /^^i^Nonainesset I. 
 
 - p K< 
 
 Ne:k 
 
 >S 
 
 Hie' 
 
 V M 
 
 esve '- Tail 
 
 S’arragansett Pier 
 
 Sakonnet Pt. 
 
 Cuttyhunk I, 
 S< 
 
 V‘“ 
 
 
 5 Pt. Judith 
 
 ■w & Pigs ""fti , 
 
 Yl*V y 
 
 Gay Head 
 Gay Hi 
 
 ldletowur 
 
 tJ 
 
 
 
 dnomoy Pt. 
 
 u 
 
 
 p 
 
 /s 
 
 / 
 
 r 
 
 yiNEYARD ISLAND 
 
 Chappaquiddich I. 
 
 n-iHuskeget L 
 
 Great Point 
 
 v/ 
 
 (?/f 
 
 U.V 
 
 < 
 
 S» <t Tuckernuch 1. 
 y/& Gravelly Is. 
 
 Longitude 
 
 East 
 
 No Man's Land 
 from 
 
 Washington 
 
 Local Time P.M.when Noon on 12 :t the Meridian at Washington 
 
 Siasconsety 
 
 I S L A NQ 7^ 
 
 Sankaty 
 
 head 
 
 f 
 
MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 I Area, 8,315 square miles. Population, 1,783,085 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION, EXTENT, AND COAST. 
 
 Situation. — Massachusetts is situated between 41 0 io'and 
 42 0 53' north latitude, and between 69° 50' and 73 0 30' west 
 longitude. 
 
 Extent. — Its extreme length (from north-east to south¬ 
 west) is 160 miles; its breadth, from 47 to 90 miles. The 
 eastern section is rendered irregular by the two projectin 
 arms of Cape Ann and Cape Cod. The main body of the 
 state, comprising two-thirds of its surface, is in its general 
 form a parallelogram about 100 miles long and 50 broad. 
 
 In area Massachusetts ranks as the fourth of the New- 
 England States. 
 
 Coast-line. —The coast-line is very irregular. In addition 
 to the great peninsulas of Cape Ann and Cape Cod are many 
 lesser projections ; and these with the islands inclose nu¬ 
 merous bays and sounds, among which are Massachusetts 
 Bay (which once gave its name to the province), Cape-Cod 
 Bay, Buzzards Bay, Vineyard Sound, Nantucket Sound, and 
 many minor inbreakings of the ocean. The state has many 
 excellent harbors, the best of which are at Boston and New 
 Bedford. 
 
 Islands. — The largest islands are Martha’s Vineyard (21 miles 
 long) and Nantucket (15 miles long). The Elizabeth Islands are 
 a group of six between Buzzards Bay and Vineyard Sound. Bos¬ 
 ton harbor is studded with islands. Plum Island is notable as 
 the northernmost of those sand-spits that characterize the Atlan¬ 
 tic coast south of New York. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 Divisions. — The surface of the state is greatly diversi¬ 
 fied. It is naturally divided into four physical regions, — 
 the Berkshire Hills, the Connecticut Valley, the Central 
 Divide, and the Atlantic Slope. 
 
 Berkshire Hills.—The Berkshire Hills, or western high¬ 
 lands, are the most rugged and elevated part of the state, and 
 consist of the Taconic and the Hoosac mountains. They aro. 
 separated by the Housatonic River, and are ranges of the 
 Green Mountains, continuing into Connecticut. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 65 
 
 The delightfully variegated scenery of the Berkshire Hills has long 
 been celebrated. The loftiest elevation in the state is Greylock 
 (3,505 feet), a peak of Saddle Mountain. Berkshire County has at 
 least six other peaks each exceeding 2,000 feet in height. 
 
 Connecticut Valley. —The valley of the Connecticut is a 
 beautiful, fertile region, delightfully varied in hill and dale. In 
 this part of the state are various elevations (outcroppings of 
 the White Mountain system), among which the most important 
 are Mount Tom (about 1,300 feet) and Mount Holyoke (about 
 1,200 feet). These, with other mountains in this region, have 
 steep and precipitous sides. 
 
 Central Divide. —The Central Divide is a highland region, 
 forming the watershed between the streams flowing into the 
 Connecticut and those flowing into arms of the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 A broken line from north to south through the central part of Worces¬ 
 ter County indicates approximately the eastern boundary of this 
 region. The mountains are a prolongation of the White Mountain 
 system ; and the loftiest summit is Mount Wachusett (about 2,000 
 feet high). 
 
 Atlantic Slope. —The Atlantic Slope, extending from the 
 Central Divide to the coast, has a varied surface of hill and 
 plain ; the eastern and north-eastern parts being hilly and 
 irregular, and the south-eastern section being generally low 
 and broken. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 Character. — Every part of the state is well watered; but 
 in general the streams are more useful for their water-power 
 than as channels of communication. 
 
 The Connecticut, the largest river, is, owing to its rapid 
 descent, navigable in this state only by aid of canals and 
 locks ; but it has been dammed at Turner’s Falls and Holyoke, 
 and furnishes immense water-power. 
 
 The Merrimac, entering the state from New Hampshire, 
 has a course of forty miles in Massachusetts, and is naviga¬ 
 ble to Haverhill, eighteen miles from its mouth. It supplies 
 extensive water-power to Lowell, Lawrence, and other manu¬ 
 facturing centers. 
 
 Other Rivers. —The Housatonic, Hoosac, Deerfield, Mill, 
 Westfield, Miller’s, Chicopee, Ware, Swift, Nashua, Concord, 
 Blackstone, Assabet, Shawsheen, Spicket, Powow, Nemasket, 
 and Taunton rivers, with many smaller streams, afford water¬ 
 power, which is very extensively utilized. 
 
 Lakes. —The state contains numerous small but picturesque 
 lakes and ponds, from which large quantities of ice are ob¬ 
 tained. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 General Character. — The climatic changes are liable to be 
 sudden and extreme. The summers are warm, with periods of 
 very high temperature : the winters, especially in the moun¬ 
 tainous districts, are long and severe. 
 
 Details. — The mean annual temperature is about 48°; of spring, 
 43 0 ; of summer, 71 0 ; of fall, 51 0 ; of winter, 21 0 . 
 
 V. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Manufacturing. —Manufacturing, in which Massachusetts 
 holds the first rank, is the leading industry. Both water and 
 steam are used as motors to a vast extent. 
 
 In the manufacture of boots and shoes, cordage and twine, 
 
 cotton goods, cutlery, chairs, lasts, straw goods, woolen goods, 
 as well as textiles in general, and in bleaching and dyeing, 
 Massachusetts ranks above all other states. 
 
 The leading specialties of manufacture are boots and shoes, and 
 cotton and woolen goods; and Massachusetts is the great center 
 of these industries in the United States. 
 
 The amount of capital employed in manufactures, and the value of the 
 annual products, are greater in New York and Pennsylvania ; but, in 
 proportion to the population, the industries of Massachusetts are 
 more extensive than those of either of the states named. 
 
 Agriculture. — Nature has not favored Massachusetts with a 
 fertile soil; and so compact is its population, and so great 
 the proportion engaged in manufacturing, that the state does 
 not raise food sufficient to supply home consumption. Still 
 agriculture is pursued with great scientific skill ; and many 
 of its farms, cultivated with the care of gardens, are very 
 productive. 
 
 A leading authority says, “The beautiful and easily cultivated Con¬ 
 necticut Valley is hardly excelled in fertility by any region in the 
 world; and even its outlying, elevated, sandy plains (Westfield, 
 Chicopee, Granby, etc.) are admirably easy of culture, and give re¬ 
 munerative crops. In Berkshire much of the soil is generous, and 
 well adapted to dairying and general agriculture. Western Franklin 
 County makes a specialty of live-stock and butter; the Connecti¬ 
 cut Valley, of tobacco, broom-corn, and the cereals; north-western 
 Worcester County, of cheese and butter; Essex and Norfolk, of 
 market-garden products; Middlesex, of garden products and milk. 
 Hay and forage crops are everywhere important productions.” 
 
 Fisheries. — The fisheries of Massachusetts have long been 
 one of its leading industries, and more than half of the fishing- 
 vessels of the United States are owned in this state. 
 
 Gloucester, Y’armouth, and Provincetown are the principal fishing-ports; 
 but Newburyport, Marblehead, Salem, Beverly, Boston, Plymouth, 
 and the minor ports, do considerable deep-sea fishing, bringing in 
 fares of cod, halibut, mackerel, herring, sea-trout, fish-oil, etc., from 
 the banks and coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland, from the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, and the bays of Fundy and Chaleur. The coast- 
 fisheries are extensive, taking mainly cod, haddock, hake, pollock, 
 mackerel, blue-fish, bass, etc., besides menhaden and other fish for 
 oil and fish-guano. The river fisheries are lucrative, great attention 
 having lately been given to the stocking of the fresh waters of the 
 state with food fishes. 
 
 New Bedford is the leading market in the state for the products of the 
 whale-fisheries. 
 
 Quarrying and Mining. — Granite is extensively quarried in 
 the eastern part o? the state (as at Rockport, Graniteville, Mon- 
 son, Quincy, Fall River, etc.), and is an important article of 
 export. Beds of excellent iron ore and valuable glass-sand are 
 found in the Housatonic Valley ; the Connecticut Valley affords 
 a handsome brown sandstone ; and the marbles and limestones 
 of Berkshire are extensively worked for building-stone and 
 for lime-burners’ use. 
 
 The state is not rich in minerals, though in addition to those already 
 mentioned may be named ores of silver found at Newburyport and 
 mined to some extent, and lead ores found at various points in Essex 
 County. 
 
 The coal of Massachusetts is of the anthracite class, and is of a kind 
 that can not be profitably mined, except for certain special uses. 
 
 Ice-Trade. — The ice-trade and the harvesting and storage 
 of ice for commercial purposes is an important industry in the 
 eastern part of the state. 
 
 Ship-building. — In ship-building Massachusetts holds the 
 
66 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 first rank. The principal seats of this industry are Boston 
 and Newburyport. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of Massachusetts—domestic 
 and foreign— : is very large; and in foreign commerce the 
 state is second only to New York. 
 
 The chief exports are the varied manufactures of the state and of New 
 England, the breadstuffs and meats of the Central States, together 
 with fish, dairy-products, ice, and granite. 
 
 The ports of entry are Boston, Barnstable, Edgartown, Fall River, 
 Gloucester, Marblehead, Nantucket, New Bedford, Newburyport, 
 Plymouth, and Salem. 
 
 Transportation. — In proportion to its surface, no other 
 state is so thoroughly supplied with railroads and other means 
 of communication as Massachusetts. The total length of rail¬ 
 roads is (exclusive of double tracks, etc.) about two thousand 
 miles, crossing the state in every direction, and connecting 
 with the trunk lines of the country. 
 
 Massachusetts was one of the first states to enter largely into railroad 
 construction, and has always assisted its railroads liberally. 
 
 The celebrated Hoosac Tunnel, cut by the state in order to form easy 
 communication with the Great West, is a noted instance of its enter¬ 
 prise and lavish expenditure in opening direct lines of travel. 
 
 VI. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The executive officers of the state are the governor, with a 
 council of eight members, the lieutenant-governor, secretary of 
 the commonwealth, treasurer and receiver-general, auditor, and 
 attorney-general. All are elected annually by the people. 
 
 The legislature, called the “General Court," consists of a 
 Senate of forty members and a House of Representatives of 
 two hundred and forty members, elected annually. 
 
 The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court (consisting of a 
 chief justice and six associate justices), a Superior Court (with 
 a chief and ten associates), courts of probate and insolvency, 
 together with municipal and minor courts. 
 
 National Representation. — The state sends to Congress 
 two senators and twelve representatives, and hence has four¬ 
 teen electoral votes. 
 
 VII. EDUCATION. 
 
 History. — The free public-school system of Massachusetts 
 is almost as old as the history of the state, and enjoys a well- 
 deserved fame. 
 
 The institution of common schools in Massachusetts dates from 1647; 
 that is, from the seventeenth year of the first founding of the colony. 
 In the law establishing public schools is the following clause: “ It 
 is further ordered, that, when any town shall increase to the number 
 of one hundred families or householders, they shall set up a. gram¬ 
 mar-school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far 
 as they may be fitted for the university.” — Palfrey, History of 
 New England. 
 
 State Supervision. —The State Board of Education (consist¬ 
 ing of the governor, lieutenant-governor, and eight appointed 
 members) has a general supervision of the public schools ; and 
 the secretary of the board acts as state superintendent of 
 public instruction ; but the direct control of school affairs is 
 intrusted by the people to local committees and superintend¬ 
 ents. 
 
 The state board has the supervision of the five state normal 
 schools,—at Framingham, Salem, Worcester, Bridgewater, and 
 Westfield, —and of the State Normal Art School at Boston. 
 
 Town Schools. — All the towns of any considerable size 
 have graded schools, including primary, intermediate, gram¬ 
 mar, and high schools, supported and controlled by the people. 
 It is required by law that all children between eight and four¬ 
 teen years of age must attend school at least twenty weeks in 
 each year. 
 
 Private Institutions. — The higher institutions of learning 
 not under the patronage of the state include universities, col¬ 
 leges, and professional schools and academies. 
 
 For the higher instruction of men are Harvard University at 
 Cambridge (founded in 1638), Williams College at Williams- 
 town (founded in 1793), Amherst College at Amherst (founded 
 in 1821), College of the Holy Cross at Worcester (founded 
 in 1843), Tufts College at Medford (founded in 1855), Boston 
 College (founded in 1863) ; and Boston University (founded in 
 1869) for both sexes. 
 
 For the higher instruction of women the leading institutions 
 are Wellesley College at Wellesley, Smith College at North¬ 
 ampton, and Mount Holyoke Seminary at South Hadley. 
 
 Mention of other private and professional schools, academies, and 
 seminaries, will be found in the description of cities and towns. 
 
 VIII. HISTORY. 
 
 Settlement. — The first settlement in Massachusetts was 
 made on the Elizabeth Islands by Bartholomew Gosnold and 
 thirty English colonists; but it was soon abandoned. In 1614 
 the famous Capt. John Smith visited the coast of Massachu¬ 
 setts and that to the northward, and made an interesting map 
 of the region, which he named New England. 
 
 The first permanent settlement in Massachusetts was made 
 by a small band of persecuted English Puritans known as 
 “the Pilgrim Fathers.” They sailed from England in the 
 “Mayflower,” and landed at Plymouth Dec. 21, 1620. During 
 the first few years they suffered many hardships. 
 
 In 1628 a number of wealthy and influential English Puri¬ 
 tans formed a company called the “ Company of Massachusetts 
 Bay,” and having purchased an extensive tract of land, and 
 obtained a charter from Charles I., began to send out Puritan 
 emigrants. By these a settlement was formed in 1629, under 
 John Endicott, at Salem, the foundation of the colony of 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 In 1630 the charter and powers of government were trans¬ 
 ferred from the company in England to the colony, — an act 
 which gave the Massachusetts Bay colony self-government, and 
 determined many wealthy and influential English Puritans to 
 emigrate to America. In 1630 a fleet of thirteen vessels, 
 carrying nearly fifteen hundred settlers, with John Winthrop 
 as governor, came to Massachusetts Bay colony, where they 
 founded Boston, Dorchester, Cambridge, and other places. 
 
 Colonial History. — Among the more important events in 
 the colonial history of Massachusetts were the Pequod war, 
 which involved all the New-England settlements, and closed, 
 with the severe defeat of the savages, in 1637 ; King Philip’s 
 war, which broke out in 1675, and ended with the death of that 
 Indian chief the following year; and the abolition of the Mas¬ 
 sachusetts charter and liberties by King James II. in 1686, 
 when the despotic Andros was made governor. 
 
 In 1692 the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay 
 were united under the name of Massachusetts, and a charter 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 67 
 
 was granted by King William. At this time Massachusetts 
 contained a population of about 40,000, and, under the charter 
 granted by King William, continued to be a royal province till 
 the Declaration of Independence. During the hundred years 
 before independence, the people of Massachusetts were en¬ 
 gaged in the various “ French and Indian wars ; ” and in these 
 contests the colonists suffered severely. 
 
 Of the events preceding the Declaration of Independence, 
 the Boston Massacre in 1770, the destruction of the tea in 
 1773, and the port-bill in 1774, are notable incidents. In the 
 war of independence, Massachusetts, at Lexington and Con¬ 
 cord, 
 
 “ Fired the shot heard round the world ; ” 
 
 and the first great battle was fought at Bunker Hill in June, 
 1775 - 
 
 State History. — The Federal Constitution was adopted by a 
 state convention in January, 1788. Previously to this (in 1780) 
 a state constitution had been adopted by the people. It was 
 afterwards amended in 1820 and 1857. The patriotic part 
 taken by Massachusetts in the war of secession is recorded in 
 history. 
 
 IX. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties. — Massachusetts is divided into fourteen coun¬ 
 ties ; namely, Barnstable, Berkshire, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, 
 Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex, Nantucket, Nor¬ 
 folk, Plymouth, Suffolk, and Worcester. 
 
 Subdivisions. — These counties comprise twenty-one cities 
 and numerous towns. 
 
 Boston (population, 362,839) is the capital and metropolis of 
 Massachusetts, and the leading city of New England. 
 
 The city includes in one corporation Boston, Roxbury, West Roxbury, 
 Dorchester, Brighton, and Charlestown. Including the inhabitants 
 of the suburban towns, Boston comprises a population of three- 
 quarters of a million. 
 
 The city is the terminus of many railroads ; and in the out¬ 
 skirts runs the Grand Junction Railway, which connects with 
 most of the other railroad lines, and facilitates the transfer 
 of freight. Sixteen bridges, including the railroad-bridges, 
 connect the suburbs with the main city ; while East Boston 
 and Chelsea are reached by steam-ferries. The harbor is excel¬ 
 lent, and the wharves, warehouses, and other shipping facilities 
 are not surpassed. 
 
 Boston is the chief emporium of New-England manufactures; 
 is the leading market in the world for hides, and boots and 
 shoes ; and is the center of trade in wool and American dry- 
 goods. In the value of its imports, Boston is surpassed only 
 by New York ; and in the value of exports and imports it ranks 
 as the third city in the Union. 
 
 The city has long been famous for the interest taken by its 
 citizens in literature, science, and art. There are about two 
 hundred and fifty literary, educational, scientific, charitable, 
 musical, and art associations, many of them incorporated and 
 endowed. The public-school system — the model for educa¬ 
 tional organization in most of the larger cities of the country 
 — is unsurpassed in efficiency, and includes institutions of 
 every grade, from the primary to the high, normal, and Latin 
 schools. 
 
 The original town stood upon a peninsula called Shawmut, and after¬ 
 wards Tremont, or Tri-mountain, from its three conspicuous hills, 
 of which only one (Beacon Hill) now remains. The name Tri¬ 
 mountain was in 1630 changed to Boston, in honor of Boston in 
 Lincolnshire, Eng., several leading men among the founders of the 
 town having been natives of Lincolnshire. 
 
 Lowell, the second city in the state, is finely situated on the Merrimac 
 River, at its confluence with the Concord. It is one of the shire-towns of 
 Middlesex County, and is the most westerly of the four cities which owe 
 their importance to the Merrimac River. This river falls more than thirty 
 feet at Lowell, affording very great water-power, which is utilized by means 
 of locks and canals. Steam-power is also very extensively employed. 
 
 Lowell is widely celebrated as one of the greatest manufacturing cities of 
 America, the cotton and woolen mills alone approaching one hundred in 
 number, with over half a million of spindles. Among other important items 
 of manufacture may be mentioned machinery, hardware, chemicals, paper, 
 carriages, and furniture. There are also extensive bleaching and dye works. 
 In the factories of this city sixteen thousand operatives find employment. 
 
 Lowell is an important railroad center, being the terminus of no less than 
 seven lines of road. 
 
 It was incorporated as a city in 1836. 
 
 Worcester, pleasantly located at the head of the Blackstone River, is one 
 of the county seats of Worcester County. Its situation at the junction of 
 numerous important railway lines, and in the central part of the state, gives 
 it great commercial and political importance, and its familiar title of the 
 “ Heart of the Commonwealth.” The manufactures are varied and exten¬ 
 sive, the chief articles being boots and shoes (about thirty factories), iron 
 goods (most extensive wire-mills in the world), and woolen goods (fourteen 
 establishments). Other important items are cotton goods, machinery, car¬ 
 pets, hardware, and furniture. 
 
 Worcester has a well-deserved reputation for the excellence of its educa¬ 
 tional institutions. These include, in addition to the fine system of graded 
 public schools, a state normal school, the Worcester County Free Institute 
 of Industrial Science, the Oread Institute (for ladies), the Worcester Acade¬ 
 my, the Highland Military Academy, and the Jesuit College of the Hob- 
 Cross. 
 
 The Union Depot is a handsome granite structure; and among the other 
 numerous fine buildings, those of the high-school, the court-house, and 
 several of the church edifices, are deserving of notice. 
 
 Worcester was first settled in 1675, and was incorporated as a city in 
 1848. 
 
 Cambridge, a city of Middlesex County, occupies a beautiful situation in 
 the vicinity of Boston, being separated from the metropolis by the Charles 
 River. It is widely celebrated as the seat of Harvard University, the oldest 
 and best-endowed collegiate institution in the United States. Cambridge is, 
 next to Boston, the wealthiest city in the state, and its beautiful streets are 
 lined with fine residences. 
 
 Its business, though considerable, is relatively small. The printing 
 interest was early established here, and the manufacture of books is to-day 
 one of the chief industries. Iron, glass, soap, steam-engines, and lumber 
 are important items of manufacture. 
 
 Cambridge is one of the oldest places in New England, having been 
 settled in 1630. The city now comprises East Cambridge, Cambridgeport, 
 and North Cambridge, as well as “Old Cambridge,” the part first settled. 
 
 Fall River, a city, and seaport of Bristol County, is situated on Mount 
 Hope Bay (an arm of Narragansett Bay), at the mouth of Taunton River. 
 The city derives its name from the outlet of Watuppa Pond (an extensive 
 sheet of water to the east), which here falls 135 feet in the course of half a 
 mile. The extensive water-power thus afforded, and its excellent harbor, 
 accessible to the largest vessels, have contributed to the industrial activity 
 of Fall River. This city takes a leading rank in the manufacture of cotton 
 fabrics, having forty mills, containing over a million spindles. There is, 
 also, extensive manufacture of nails, machinery, and iron goods. I he fish¬ 
 ing interest is considerable. 
 
 Fall River is on one of the main lines of travel between Boston and New 
 York. Steamboats connect this place daily with the latter city and with 
 Newport and Providence. 
 
 Lawrence, in Essex County, is situated on both banks of the Merrimac 
 River. At this point the liver falls about thirty feet, and its water-power is 
 
63 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 made available by a splendid granite dam nearly a thousand feet long, and 
 by canals, one on each side of the river. Its great natural advantages have 
 given Lawrence its industrial importance. There are numerous cotton and 
 woolen mills, besides establishments for the manufacture of machinery, 
 boilers, etc., boots and shoes, paper, and clothing. The high-school building 
 is a costly and imposing edifice. 
 
 Lynn, a city of Essex County, is located on Massachusetts Bay, near the 
 foot of Nahant Peninsula, about ten miles north-east of Boston. Its chief 
 commercial consequence is due to its great manufacture of ladies’ shoes, in 
 which item it is the leading city in the Union. Lynn is surrounded by a 
 picturesque country, and the city contains many handsome villas of mer¬ 
 chants of Boston. Nahant, at the extremity of the point of land of that 
 name, is a famous summer resort. 
 
 Springfield, a city of Hampden County, is beautifully situated on the 
 Connecticut River, near the southern boundary of the state. It has widely 
 diversified and flourishing industries, comprising the manufacture of cotton 
 and woolen goods, machinery, paper, cars and engines, furniture, and 
 jewelry. 
 
 The United-States Armory and Arsenal at this place are the most exten¬ 
 sive in the country, and were established in 1795. An iron railroad-bridge 
 and three other bridges here cross the Connecticut. 
 
 Springfield was settled in 1635, and was incorporated as a city in 1852. 
 
 Salem is a seaport city of Essex County, pleasantly situated on a fine 
 harbor of Massachusetts Bay. It is one of the oldest towns in New England, 
 having been settled in 1628, and had formerly an extensive foreign com¬ 
 merce. The shipping interest is now mainly confined to the coasting-trade, 
 in which ice and coal are the prominent items. Salem has manufactures of 
 cotton goods, lead pipe, cars, cordage, and boots and shoes. A State 
 Normal School for Girls, the Peabody Academy of Sciences, the Salem 
 Athenaeum, and the Essex Institute, are located at this place. Salem con¬ 
 tains many fine old mansions dating from the period of its greatest mercan¬ 
 tile supremacy. 
 
 New Bedford, in Bristol County, on Acushnet River, is the most south¬ 
 erly city in the state. Its commodious harbor was once the seat of 
 extraordinary activity in the business of the whale-fisheries. For a period of 
 a hundred years it was the leading whaling-port of the world; but with the 
 growth of the petroleum-trade the fisheries have greatly fallen off. Here are 
 mills for the manufacture of cotton, cordage, flour, shoes, glass, soap, and 
 machinery. The high-school building and the public library are among 
 the principal public buildings. 
 
 Somerville, a city of Middlesex County, has a beautiful and elevated 
 situation about three miles west of Boston. It is chiefly a city of residences 
 for people transacting business in the metropolis, but has considerable 
 manufactures of glass, earthenware, etc. Pork-packing is an important 
 industry. Somerville has historic interest as the scene of many stirring 
 events in colonial and Revolutionary times. 
 
 Holyoke has a handsome situation on the Connecticut, in Hampden 
 County. This city has extensive cotton and woolen mills, and other facto¬ 
 ries, but is best known from its great product of paper and paper goods. 
 There are about two thousand operatives in the cotton-factories, and nearly 
 one thousand in the paper-mills. 
 
 Chelsea, a city of Suffolk County, is a residential suburb of Boston, from 
 which it is separated by Mystic River. There are considerable manufac¬ 
 tures, mainly of furniture, stoves, machinery, and rubber goods. A United 
 States Naval Hospital and a Marine Hospital are located here. 
 
 Taunton, a manufacturing city, county seat of Bristol County, is a railroad 
 center at the head of navigation on Taunton River. Two streams tributary 
 to that river traverse the place; and within the city limits are several flour¬ 
 ishing village centers. The manufactures are active and widely diversified; 
 the leading items being cotton goods, bricks, a great variety of hardware, 
 copper-ware, and locomotives. Taunton is the seat of a state lunatic- 
 asylum, and has a fine public library. 
 
 The Bristol Academy, established in 1792, has a fine educational repute. 
 There are many beautiful private mansions in highly ornamented grounds. 
 
 Gloucester, a seaport city of Essex County, on Cape Ann, is a beautiful 
 and well-known place of summer resort. Its fine harbor is the seat of ex¬ 
 tensive cod and mackerel fisheries, in which it takes the leading position, 
 employing over 5,000 men and 500 vessels. The activity of this place in the 
 
 domestic fisheries dates back more than a hundred years. There is a large 
 importation of foreign salt for use in the fisheries. Ship-building is exten¬ 
 sively carried on, as well as trade in the fine granite quarried in the vicinity. 
 
 Haverhill is a manufacturing city of Essex County, on the Merrimac, 
 about 20 miles from its mouth. The boot-and-shoe industry, in which this 
 city is second only to Lynn, is the first in importance, employing 6,000 ope¬ 
 ratives. Hats, caps, bricks, and flannel are other items of manufacture. 
 
 Newton is a suburban city of Middlesex County, picturesquely situated 
 on the Charles River, eight miles from Boston. Numerous thriving- villages 
 are contained within the limits of Newton ; and, though chiefly known as a 
 residential place, it has manufactures of cotton, paper, silk, cordage, glue, 
 and other articles. There are several excellent private seminaries. 
 
 Newburyport, is a beautiful seaport city at the mouth of the Merrimac. 
 The leading items of manufacture are cotton goods, machinery, and boots 
 and shoes. The coasting-trade and ship-building and fishing interests are 
 considerable. 
 
 Fitchburg, on Nashua River, is one of the county seats of Worcester 
 County. This city is an important railroad and manufacturing center. The 
 water-powers are very great; and the most important industries are the 
 making of machinery, chairs, and paper. There are fine granite quarries in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Attleborough — in Bristol County, 30 miles 
 south-west of Boston. Township contains 
 village of North Attleborough. Manufac¬ 
 tures of jewelry, clocks, and calicoes. 
 
 Beverly — in Essex County, on an inlet of the 
 Atlantic. Connected by bridge with Salem. 
 Good harbor. Considerable fishing interest. 
 Manufactures of shoes, morocco, carriages, 
 potter’s-ware, bricks, machinery, and paper- 
 boxes. Summer resort. 
 
 Brockton —a city in Plymouth County. Manu¬ 
 factures of boots and shoes. Great wealth 
 and activity. 
 
 Brookline — in Norfolk County, on Charles 
 River, four miles south-west of Boston. 
 Wealthiest suburb of Boston. Elegant 
 villas with highly-ornamented grounds. 
 Manufactory of philosophical instruments 
 
 Chicopee—in Hampden County, on the Con¬ 
 necticut, at the mouth of the Chicopee 
 River. Fine water-power, extensive cotton- 
 mills; manufactories of bronze cannon, 
 statuary, cutlery, locks, fire-arms, etc. 
 
 Clinton — in Worcester County, on Nashua Riv 
 er. Extensive manufactures of ginghams 
 and plaids, carpets, combs, wire-cloth, ma¬ 
 chinery, etc. 
 
 Danvers —in Essex County. Township con¬ 
 tains Danvers Center and Danversport. 
 New state insane-asylum. Manufactures 
 of shoes, bricks, carpets, etc. 
 
 Greenfield — a beautiful village, county seat of 
 Franklin County, near the confluence of the 
 Connecticut and Deerfield rivers. Fine 
 water-powers. Manufactures of cutlery, 
 edge tools, etc. 
 
 Hyde Park —a flourishing place in Norfolk 
 County, on Neponset River. Proximity 
 to Boston. Water-power. Manufactures 
 of cotton and woolen goods, paper, curled- 
 hair, and machinery. 
 
 Malden — a city in Middlesex County, five miles 
 north of Boston. Contains villages of 
 Linden and Maplewood. Manufactures of 
 rubber boots and shoes, lasts and leather, 
 cords and tassels, etc. 
 
 Marblehead — seaport town of Essex County, 
 on Massachusetts Bay. Deep and safe har¬ 
 bor; important fisheries. Manufactures of 
 boots and shoes. Summer resort. 
 
 Marlborough — in Middlesex County. Manu¬ 
 factures great quantities of boots and shoes, 
 also machinery and cigars. 
 
 Medford—in Middlesex County, on Mystic 
 River. Seat of Tufts College. Manufac¬ 
 tures of bricks, buttons, Medford rum, 
 crackers, and tinware. 
 
 Milford —in Worcester County. Township con¬ 
 tains the villages of Hopedale and South 
 Milford. Manufactures of boots and shoes. 
 
 Natick — in Middlesex County, at the southern 
 extremity of Cochituate Lake. Extensive 
 manufactures of boots and shoes, hats, and 
 base-balls. Township contains villages o r 
 Felchville and South Natick. 
 
 North Adams — in Berkshire County, on Hoo- 
 sic River, at western extremity of Hoosac 
 Tunnel. Beautiful scenery. Five miles 
 from Greylock, the highest mountain in 
 the state. Extensive cotton, woolen, and 
 paper mills, and boot-and-shoe factories. 
 
 Northampton — county seat of Hampshite 
 County, near Connecticut River. Beauti¬ 
 ful situation in fertile valley. Manufactures 
 of sewing-silk, cotton and woolen goods, 
 cutlery, paper, sewing-machines, etc. State 
 lunatic-asylum and Clarke Institution for 
 Deaf-Mutes. Fine public library. Seat of 
 Smith College for young ladies, a flourish¬ 
 ing educational institution. 
 
 Peabody — (named from George Peabody, who 
 was born here) a village of Essex County. 
 Manufactures of carriages, leather (very 
 extensive), glne, etc. Seat of Peabody 
 Institute. 
 
 Pittsfield — county seat of Berkshire County, 
 on Housatonic and Pontoosuc rivers. Lofty 
 situation. Handsome public and private 
 buildings. Manufactures of cotton and 
 woolen goods, flour, lumber, paper, and 
 machinery. Seat of Maplewood Institute 
 for young ladies. 
 
 Plymouth — seaport, county seat of Plymouth 
 County. Oldest town in New England, 
 the Pilgrims having landed here in 1620. 
 Manufactures of boots and shoes, cotton 
 goods, cordage, stoves, etc. 
 
 Quincy — a handsome village in Norfolk County, 
 near the sea. Celebrated granite quarries. 
 Seat of Adams Academy. 
 
 Waltham — beautiful town in Middlesex Coun¬ 
 ty, on Charles River, ten miles west of 
 Boston. Cotton-factories (longestablished), 
 manufactory of fine watches (largest in the 
 Union). Seat of New Church Institute of 
 Education. 
 
 Westfield—beautiful town in Hampden Coun¬ 
 ty, on Westfield River. Manufactures of 
 cigars, paper, whips, baskets, machinery, 
 etc. Seat of a state normal school. 
 
 Weymouth — in Norfolk County, near Massa¬ 
 chusetts Bay. Township contains villages 
 of North, South, and East Weymouth. 
 Large manufacture of boots and shoes, 
 nails, etc. Coal and lumber trade. 
 
 Woburn — in Middlesex County. Township 
 contains villages of North Woburn and 
 East Woburn. Pianos, shoes, leather, 
 glue, and chemicals. Seat of Warren 
 Academy. 
 
CONNECTICUT 
 
 69 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 Byram River to the mouth of Pawcatuck River), 100 miles; and 
 its New-York boundary, 82 miles. The average length of the state 
 is 86 miles, and the average breadth, 55 miles. It is the smallest 
 of the states, except Rhode Island and Delaware. 
 
 The irregularity of the northern boundary (in Hartford County) is the result 
 of an error in an early survey; that at the south-western angle of the 
 state was made by agreement with the province of New York in 1713 in 
 order to bring the English settlement of Greenwich within the jurisdiction 
 of Connecticut. 
 
 Coast. — Connecticut has about 100 miles of sea-coast on Long- 
 Island Sound. The coast of the state is indented by numerous 
 bays, which afford excellent harbors, the chief of which are at New 
 London, New Haven, Stonington, Bridgeport, and Saybrook. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 Highlands. — The surface is rugged, hilly rather than mountain¬ 
 ous, and is beautifully diversified. The Green Mountains of Vermonc 
 and the White Mountains of New Hampshire, prolonged through 
 Massachusetts, traverse the state in hill-ranges, and terminate, the 
 former in West Rock, and the latter in East Rock, near New Haven. 
 
 The eastern section of the state consists of rounded stony hills, with narrow 
 valleys. In the western section the surface is rough, with precipitous 
 hills that deserve to be called mountains. Mount Brace in Salisbury, and 
 the Blue Hills in Southington, are among the highest elevations in the 
 state. 
 
 [Area, 4,990 square miles. Population, 622 , 700 .] 
 
 |. SITUATION, EXTENT, AND COAST. 
 
 Situation. — Connecticut, one of the thirteen original 
 states of the American Union, is situated between 41 0 and 
 42 0 3' north latitude, and 71 0 55' and 73 0 50' west longi¬ 
 tude. 
 
 Extent. — Its Massachusetts boundary-line is about 88 
 miles in length; its Rhode-Island boundary, 48 miles ; 
 its Long-Island Sound boundary (from the mouth of 
 
 River-Valleys. — Three principal river-valleys constitute the 
 greater part of the surface, extending north and south across the 
 state. These are the Valley of the Thames (with its tributaries, 
 the Yantic, Quinebaug, etc.) in the east, the Connecticut Valley in 
 the center, and the Valley of the Housatonic in the west. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 River System. — The rivers of Connecticut belong to the Atlan¬ 
 tic system ; and of these, three principal streams drain the greater 
 
CONNECTICUT 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 
 Cities are underlined. 
 
 County Towns & Boroughs 4 
 
 Kailroads - 
 
 Light Houses &c. „ 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 « =?0 
 
 Longitude 
 
 from Washington 
 
 12.n 
 
 S' 
 
 12.16 
 
 Local Time P. M. when Noon on the Meridian of Washington 
 
QUESTIONS ON CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Situation and Extent. — Bound Connecti¬ 
 cut. Between what parallels does it extend? 
 Between what meridians ? Measure by scale 
 of miles the width of the state. Measure 
 the extent of the coast. j 
 
 Surface. 1 he highlands of the western 
 part of the state are a continuation of what 
 mountains ? The highlands of the eastern 
 part of the state are a continuation of what 
 mountains ? What is the general slope of 
 the surface of the state? 
 
 Rivers. — By what three rivers is the 
 greater part of the state drained? Into 
 what do they flow ? Name and describe 
 the largest, in what direction do most of 
 the rivers of this state flow? What is the 
 principal branch of the Connecticut in this 
 state? What two rivers unite to form the 
 Thames ? What is the chief branch of the 
 Housatonic? What river flows into New 
 Haven Harbor? Are there any rivers that 
 flow directly into the Sound? Name the 
 principal ones. What river forms a part 
 of the boundary between Connecticut and 
 Rhode Island? 
 
 Islands, Bays, etc. — What large island 
 near the mouth of the Thames ? Locate 
 Plum Island, Mason’s Island, Falkner's 
 Island, Bradford’s Island, The Thimbles, 
 Norwalk Islands. Locate Little Narragan- 
 sett Bay, Niantic Bay, Napatree Point, 
 Goshen Point, Sachem Head, Stratford 
 Point, Cedar Point. 
 
 Counties. — Name the counties of Con¬ 
 necticut. What counties border upon New 
 York? What counties border upon Massa¬ 
 chusetts ? What counties border upon 
 Rhode Island? Upon Long Island Sound. 
 
 Cities, etc. — Name and locate the capital 
 of Connecticut. Locate the following cities 
 and towns, and name those that exceed 
 10,000 inhabitants: — 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 Stamford. 
 
 South Norwalk. 
 
 Derby. 
 
 Greenwich. 
 
 Enfield. 
 
 Stonington. 
 
 Killingly. 
 
 Vernon. 
 
 Windham. 
 
 Groton. 
 
 New Haven. 
 
 Bridgeport. 
 
 Norwich. 
 
 Waterbury. 
 
 Norwalk. 
 
 Middletown. 
 
 Meriden. 
 
 New London. 
 
 New Britain. 
 
 Danbury. 
 
 Name the shire-town of each county in the 
 state. What towns border upon Massa¬ 
 chusetts? What towns border upon Rhode 
 Island ? What towns border upon Long 
 Island Sound ? What towns border upon 
 the state of New York ? What town at the 
 head of the Thames River? What city is 
 the chief market for the products of this 
 state ? 
 
 COUNTIES, WITH THEIR 
 
 Fairfield . 
 
 Hartford . 
 
 Litchfield . 
 
 Middlesex 
 New Haven 
 New London 
 Tolland 
 Windham . 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 I I 2,042 
 125,382 
 52,044 
 
 35-589 
 156,523 
 73 T 52 
 24,112 
 43,856 
 
72 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 part of the state,— the Connecticut, the Housatonic, and the 
 Thames, all of which flow in a general south-easterly direction 
 into Long-Island Sound. 
 
 The Connecticut, the longest river in New England (length 
 about 450 miles, 70 of which are within the state), is navigable 
 for vessels drawing eight feet of water, to Hartford, 50 miles 
 from its mouth. 
 
 The name “ Connecticut ” is a corruption of the Indian word Quonek- 
 tcicat , signifying long nvev. The valley of the Connecticut is cele¬ 
 brated for its beauty and fertility. 
 
 The Housatonic (length about 150 miles) is navigable for 
 small vessels to Derby (13 miles), to which point the tide 
 ascends, and where the Housatonic receives its principal 
 affluent, the Naugatuck. 
 
 The Thames is navigable its whole length (15 miles), to 
 Norwich, the meeting-point of its two constituents, — the 
 Yantic and Ouinebaug. From its mouth to New London it 
 forms the best harbor in the state. 
 
 The name “ Thames ” was given to this stream by the early settlers, 
 because they thought the locality corresponded with that of London 
 in facilities for commerce. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 Characteristics. — The climate, though changeable (and 
 near the coast exceedingly variable), is remarkably healthful, 
 and is milder than in northern New England ; the temperature 
 in winter and summer being less extreme. 
 
 Details. — The mean temperature in winter is about 30° ; in spring, 
 46°; in summer, 70°; and in autumn, 53 0 . Mean annual tempera¬ 
 ture, 50°. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 Soil.—The soil is generally good; but the greater part of 
 the land is better adapted to grazing than to tillage. 
 
 The soil of the alluvial bottom-lands is a rich loam of remarkable 
 productiveness. Much of the land in the valleys is composed of a 
 light sandy or gravelly soil, and the hillsides are excellent for grass¬ 
 growing. Of the total area of the state about 1,700,000 acres are 
 improved, and about 2,200,000 unimproved land. 
 
 Forests. — The mountainous regions, unfit for cultivation, 
 furnish wood and timber for domestic use and for buildings 
 and ships. The woodland area is over half a million acres, and 
 this is rapidly extending by tree-planting. 
 
 Of the great variety of forest-trees, the most common are oak, chest¬ 
 nut, walnut, butternut, birch, beech, ash, elm, maple, poplar, bass¬ 
 wood, whitewood, and cedar. 
 
 Minerals. —The state has valuable mineral resources, which, 
 for the most part, are only partially developed. 
 
 At Portland, opposite Middletown, is quarried in immense 
 quantities the valuable “ brownstone ” (that is, red sandstone, 
 or freestone), — a building material much prized. 
 
 Iron ore of superior quality (hematite ore) is found in the 
 north-western part of the state, especially Canaan, Kent, Staf¬ 
 ford, Roxbury, and Salisbury. The extensive iron-works at the 
 last-named place have long been celebrated. 
 
 Copper is found in Granby, Bristol, and elsewhere, but is not 
 at present worked. 
 
 The Simsbury mines, in the present town of Granby, were worked 
 early in the history of the colony, and were made famous by being 
 converted into a state prison, the first in the state. 
 
 Other mineral and quarry products are lime (New Milford, etc.), marble 
 (New Preston, Washington, etc.), cement (Southington, Berlin), flag¬ 
 stone (Bolton, Haddam), feldspar (Middletown), and barium sulphate 
 (Southington, Cheshire). 
 
 Fish. — New Haven and other ports have extensive oyster- 
 fisheries ; and the catch of menhaden for manufacturing oil and 
 fish-guano is very important. 
 
 During the past few years much attention has been given to 
 fish-culture and to the protection and restoration of the various 
 fishes of the state. The principal ponds, and many of the 
 rivers, have been stocked with shad, salmon, and black-bass ; 
 and a large and increasing source of wealth has thus been 
 opened up. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Manufactures.— Manufacturing forms the leading industry 
 of the state ; and it has been truly said that “ Connecticut is 
 rapidly becoming a vast workshop.” Though it ranks fifth in 
 the amount, it holds the first place in the variety, of its manu¬ 
 factures. 
 
 The great stimulus given to manufacturing industries is 
 partly due to two advantages (fine water-power and cheap 
 transportation of coal and iron from Pennsylvania), and partly 
 to the remarkable ingenuity and inventive talent of the people. 
 
 Details. — Connecticut produces one-half the rubber goods, more than 
 half the hardware, and nearly all the clocks, used in the United States. 
 Besides clocks and rubber goods, among the most important items 
 of manufacture are paper, fire-arms, carriages, cotton, woolen, and 
 silk goods, machinery, gunpowder, carpets, hosiery, leather, furni¬ 
 ture, boots and shoes, sewing-machines, straw goods, saddlery, 
 fertilizers, pianos, tools, and many small articles (as buttons, pins, 
 fish-hooks, etc.), known as “Yankee notions.” 
 
 Agriculture. — Agriculture is the second industry of the 
 state, and the existence of a large number of manufacturing 
 towns affords a ready market for all farm products ; but the 
 grain-crop is insufficient for home consumption. 
 
 The principal staples are corn, rye, oats, potatoes, hay, and 
 the products of the dairy and the market-garden. 
 
 On the rich alluvial bottoms of the Connecticut Valley tobacco is 
 extensively raised. Garden-seeds, also, are largely produced. 
 
 Other Industries. —The mining of iron, the quarrying of 
 brown-stone, granite, limestone, marble, and flagstone, ship¬ 
 building, and the fisheries and oystering of the rivers and 
 Sound waters, are minor but important industries. 
 
 Commerce. — In addition to a very extensive domestic trade, 
 Connecticut is largely interested in foreign commerce. 
 
 There are in the state five customs-districts, of which the ports of 
 entry are Fairfield, Middletown, New Haven, New London, and 
 Stonington. 
 
 Transportation. —Transportation is partly by the numerous 
 sailing-vessels and steamers upon the rivers and the Sound, and 
 partly by an extensive network of railroads. • There are within 
 the state more than a thousand miles of railroad. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The legislative department, or General Assembly, con¬ 
 sists of a Senate of twenty-one members, elected from the 
 senatorial districts for a term of two years, and a House of 
 Representatives of two hundred and forty-six members, elected 
 for one year. 
 
CONNECTICUT. 
 
 73 
 
 The executive officers are a governor, a lieutenant-govern¬ 
 or, a secretary of state, a treasurer, and a comptroller. They 
 are elected for two years. 
 
 The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of Errors, the 
 Superior Court, courts of common pleas, district courts, and 
 probate courts, together with police and justice courts, for the 
 adjustment of local affairs. 
 
 National Representation. — The state is represented in 
 Congress by two senators and four representatives, and hence 
 has six electoral votes. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Public Schools. — The public-school system of Connecticut 
 has a deservedly high reputation. The general supervision 
 of the schools is intrusted to a State Board of Education, con¬ 
 sisting of the governor, lieutenant-governor, and four members 
 appointed by the Legislature. The board elects a secretary, who 
 performs the duties of state superintendent of public schools. 
 The local supervision of the schools of each town or city is in 
 the hands of superintendents and school visitors or committees 
 elected by the people. 
 
 The public schools consist of district schools, graded schools, 
 and high schools. The State Normal School is established 
 at New Britain. Besides the public schools, there are many 
 privately endowed free schools, as the Morgan School at Clin¬ 
 ton, the Norwich Free Academy, the Hopkins Grammar- 
 School at New Haven, the Episcopal Academy at Cheshire, 
 and the Connecticut Literary Institute at Suffield. 
 
 Colleges, etc. —Yale College in New Haven (established in 
 1701) is one of the most celebrated seats of learning in the 
 United States. Connected with it are a law school, theo¬ 
 logical seminary, and the Sheffield Scientific School. Trinity 
 College at Hartford (established in 1823) and Wesleyan Uni¬ 
 versity at Middletown (established in 1831) are also excellent 
 institutions for the higher education. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 The Connecticut River was first explored by the Dutch from 
 New Netherlands (New York), and in 1633 a party of traders 
 from New Amsterdam made a settlement at Hartford; but the 
 Dutch in a few years sold out to the English. In 1634-36 
 permanent settlements were made at Weathersfield, Hartford, 
 and Windsor, by companies from Massachusetts. In the fol¬ 
 lowing year the three towns formed themselves into the “ Con¬ 
 necticut Colony,” to which, in 1644, was added the separate 
 settlement of Saybrook. In 1638 the independent colony of 
 “New Haven” was settled by a distinguished company of 
 Puritans from England. “Connecticut” and “New Haven” 
 remained separate communities till 1665, when' they united 
 under a charter obtained from Charles II. in 1662. 
 
 This charter was the most liberal ever given to any American 
 colony, allowing the people to elect their own governor and 
 representatives; and the colonial history of Connecticut is 
 for the most part the record of a period of remarkable pros¬ 
 perity. In 1687 Sir Edmund Andros, royal governor of New 
 York, attempted to abrogate the colonial charter in the king’s 
 name. When, however, Andros went to Hartford for the pur¬ 
 pose of seizing the charter, the lights in the assembly-room 
 were extinguished, and the charter was removed, and concealed 
 
 secretly by Capt. James Wadsworth in a hollow tree, — the 
 “Charter Oak,”—which stood till 1856. 
 
 Connecticut took strong ground in favor of independence 
 during the war of the Revolution, and in that struggle it is 
 recorded that she furnished more aid, proportionately, in men 
 and money, than any other province. The distinguished part 
 taken by the state in the war of secession, 1861-65, is re¬ 
 corded in the pages of history. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties. — The state is divided into eight counties ; namely, 
 Litchfield, Hartford, Tolland, Windham, Fairfield, New Haven, 
 Middlesex, and New London. 
 
 Subdivisions. — The eight counties are subdivided into one 
 hundred and sixty-seven towns, including within their limits 
 ten cities, twenty-one boroughs, and two incorporated villages. 
 
 The cities are (in order of population), New Haven, Hart¬ 
 ford, Bridgeport, Norwich, Waterbury, Meriden, New Britain, 
 Middletown, New London, and South Norwalk. 
 
 Hartford (population, 42,015), the county-seat of Hartford 
 County, is the capital of the state. It is the center of a popu¬ 
 lous country, whose numerous and rapid streams are dotted 
 with mills and factories largely supported by the capital of 
 wealthy citizens of Hartford. The many fine private resi¬ 
 dences and public buildings are of the most substantial char¬ 
 acter, being built of granite, iron, and brick, as well as freestone 
 from the Portland quarries. The new state-house, which occu¬ 
 pies a commanding site in Bushnell Park, is a beautiful Gothic 
 structure of white marble. The Trinity-college buildings, the 
 new post-office, the state arsenal, the high-school, and the 
 numerous bank and insurance buildings, exhibit much taste 
 and elegance. 
 
 Hartford is a great center of the insurance business, hav¬ 
 ing a larger amount of capital so invested than any other 
 city of equal size in the United States. The manufactures 
 are varied and very extensive, and the leading items are 
 fire-arms (Colt’s large establishment), machinery, hardware, 
 plated-ware, sewing-machines, pumps, carriages, tools, books, 
 and envelopes. 
 
 Trinity College, the Hartford Theological Institute, the fine 
 system of common schools, and the numerous excellent private 
 schools and seminaries, together with the several fine libraries, 
 give to this city a deservedly high literary and educational 
 reputation. 
 
 Hartford became in 1873, by an amendment to the consti¬ 
 tution, the sole capital of the state. 
 
 New Haven (population, 62,882), the county-seat of New 
 Haven County, and the largest city in the state, is situated on 
 a level tract of country at the head of New Haven harbor, an 
 important arm of Long Island Sound. The city is attractively 
 laid out in wide, well-shaded streets, squares, and parks. The 
 magnificent elms which line many of the thoroughfares have 
 given to New Haven its title of the “ Elm City.” 
 
 The industries of New Haven are extensive, and exhibit 
 much diversity. The chief manufactures are those of clocks, 
 carriages, rubber goods, fire-arms (Winchester rifles), cutlery, 
 jewelry, musical instruments, needles, and an immense variety 
 of iron and steel products. In addition to the active inland 
 trade of this city, the coastwise and foreign commerce is great 
 
74 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 and increasing. Lines of steamers give daily communication 
 with New York city. The great arterial railways of New Eng¬ 
 land have here an important junction, and several minor rail¬ 
 roads their terminus. 
 
 New Haven is a center of great educational activity. Yale 
 College is attended by more than one thousand students. The 
 Hopkins Grammar-School takes a high rank among prepara¬ 
 tory schools,, and has peculiar interest from its early foundation, 
 having been established in 1660. The thriving common-school 
 system of New Haven embraces more than thirty public schools. 
 New Haven was one of the capitals of the state up to 1873. 
 
 Bridgeport, situated on an inlet of the Sound, is a thriving city, and one 
 of the county seats of Fairfield County. From Seaside Park a fine view of the 
 Sound is presented; and the eminence to the north-west, known as “Golden 
 Hill,’’ is the site of many beautiful residences. Bridgeport is on the New 
 York and Boston trunk line, is the southern terminus of the Housatonic 
 Railroad, and has a considerable coasting-trade, and daily steamboat com¬ 
 munication with New York city. Among the leading articles of its active 
 manufactures may be mentioned carriages, sewing-machines, hardware 
 machinery, leather, ammunition, woolen goods, pumps, and steam-engines. 
 
 Norwich is a beautiful and flourishing city, and one of the county seats of 
 New London County, situated at the junction of Yantic and Shetucket 
 rivers. It occupies a picturesque and elevated site between those streams, 
 and on both banks of the Thames. Norwich has excellent facilities for 
 railroad and river and coastwise trade, is connected with New York by 
 lines of steamers, and is the center of commerce in eastern Connecticut. 
 The superior water-powers are utilized in numerous and extensive manu¬ 
 factures. The leading items are cotton goods, iron goods, printing-presses, 
 paper, locks, fire-arms, and rubber goods. 
 
 Waterbury is a beautiful and thriving manufacturing city of New Haven 
 County, on Naugatuck River, at the junction of two railroads. It is hand¬ 
 somely laid out, and has numerous elegant public and private buildings. It 
 is noted as a center of very active and widely diversified manufactures. A 
 large part of all the brass made in the United States is manufactured here, 
 as well as most of the pins. Other principal articles are clocks, buttons, 
 wire, files, suspenders, plated ware, pearl goods, machinery, hooks and 
 eyes, cutlery, lamps, rubber goods, and paper. 
 
 Meriden, an inland manufacturing city of New Haven County, is built 
 on high ground on the Hartford and New Haven Railroad, about midway 
 between those cities. The leading articles of manufacture are of silver- 
 plated ware, in which it exceeds any other city in the world. Here is 
 located the State Reform School, which occupies an imposing structure. 
 
 New Britain is an enterprising manufacturing city of Hartford County. 
 It is widely celebrated as the center of the manufacture of builders’hard¬ 
 ware, especially of locks. Other articles made here are cutlery, hosiery, 
 jewelry, levels, planes, and rules. 
 
 Middletown, county seat of Middlesex Count}', is beautifully situated on 
 the west bank of the Connecticut River. Two railroads intersect, and 
 another terminates, at this place, and the river is here spanned by an iron 
 railway-bridge. There is daily steamboat communication with Hartford and 
 New York during most of the year. Middletown is a widely-known educa¬ 
 tional center, being the seat of Wesleyan University and of the Berkeley 
 Divinity School. On an elevation one mile to the south-east are the impos- 
 ing buildings of the State General Hospital for the Insane. Manufactures 
 are very active. The leading articles are pumps, cotton goods, britannia- 
 ware, and sewing-machines. 
 
 New London, one of the county seats of New London County, is built on 
 a fine harbor at the mouth of the Thames River. It is one of the oldest 
 places in the state, and was at one time a center of the whale-fisheries’ in¬ 
 terest. It is now a well-known summer resort. Here is a naval station of 
 the United States. 1 he fisheries and coastwise trade are an important 
 interest; and among manufactures may be mentioned sewing-silk, hardware, 
 and machinery. 
 
 South Norwalk is a manufacturing city in the town of Norwalk in Fair- 
 field County. The chief articles of manufacture are felt hats, locks, shoes, 
 paper boxes, woolen goods, hardware, pumps, and pottery. This place has 
 excellent steamboat and railroad facilities. 
 
 Stamford (in Fairfield County) contains the handsome borough of the 
 same name. Its attractive, healthful location, and proximity to New York, 
 , have made it a favorite residential town. The extensive works of the Yale 
 Lock Manufacturing Company are located here. 
 
 Danbury (in Fairfield County) contains the borough of the same name. 
 It is noted for the production of hats, — an industry which has been estab¬ 
 lished there for a century, and which employs a large amount of capital. It 
 has a fine public library. 
 
 Greenwich (in Fairfield County), in the south-western corner of the state, 
 is a pleasant, picturesque town : it contains the borough of the same name, 
 a favorite summer resort. 
 
 Derby (in New Haven County) is a pleasant, prosperous town, contain¬ 
 ing the village of the same name and the boroughs of Ansonia and Bir¬ 
 mingham. These are manufacturing places, and contain foundries, woolen- 
 mills, paper-mills, and establishments for making clocks, pins, etc. 
 
 Vernon (in Tolland County) has fine water-power, and includes the vil¬ 
 lage of Rockville, noted for its manufactories of cotton and woolen goods, 
 hosiery, thread, sewing-silk, and envelopes. 
 
 Enfield (in Hartford County), on the east bank of the Connecticut, con¬ 
 tains the two manufacturing villages of Thompsonville and Hazardville,— 
 the former noted for its large carpet-factories, the latter for its extensive 
 powder-mills. 
 
 Stonington (in New London County), in the south-eastern corner of the 
 state, contains the borough of Stonington, which has a fine harbor protected 
 by breakwaters, and several villages along the Mystic River engaged in ship¬ 
 building and the woolen manufacture. 
 
 Killingly (in Windham County), on Ouinebaug River, contains several 
 factory villages. The borough of Danielsonville has large cotton and woolen 
 mills. 
 
 Windham (in Windham County) contains the village of Windham, a 
 beautiful rural hamlet, and the borough of Willimantic, noted for its exten¬ 
 sive manufacture of thread, cotton goods, and silk. 
 
 Groton (in New London County), between the Thames and Mystic riv¬ 
 ers, is engaged in the coasting-trade, fisheries, and ship-building. In the 
 villages along the Mystic River various manufacturing industries are car¬ 
 ried on. 
 
 Winchester (in Litchfield County) contains the borough of Winsted, 
 which has fine water-power, and is largely engaged in the manufacture of 
 agricultural tools, cutlery, silver-plated goods, clocks, etc. 
 
 Other Towns. — Other important towns are : — 
 
 Bristol — town in Hartford County. Extensive 
 manufacture of clocks, plated ware, hard¬ 
 ware, hosiery, etc. 
 
 Colchester — town in New London County. 
 Agriculture. Manufacture of rubber goods, 
 paper, etc. 
 
 East Hartford — town in Hartford County. 
 Market-gardening. Manufacture of paper. 
 
 Fairfield — town in Fairfield County. Fine 
 situation on the coast, and favorite sum¬ 
 mer resort. Manufacture of paper and 
 prints. 
 
 Glastonbury — town in Hartford County. Agri¬ 
 culture. Manufacture of cotton and woolen 
 goods, plated goods, fire-arms, spectacles, 
 etc. 
 
 Hamden — town in New Haven County. Agri¬ 
 culture. Manufacture of brass and iron 
 ware, sewing-machines, fire-arms, cotton, 
 etc. 
 
 Litchfield — county-seat of Litchfield County. 
 Favorite summer resort. 
 
 Manchester—town in Hartford County. Man¬ 
 ufacture of cotton and woolen goods, and 
 hosiery. Largest silk-works in the United 
 States. 
 
 Milford—town in New Haven County. Manu- 
 tacture of straw goods, boots and shoes, 
 etc. Marble-quarries. 
 
 New Hartford — town in Litchfield County. 
 Manufacture of cotton goods, tools, and 
 machinery. 
 
 New Milford—town in Litchfield County. 
 Agriculture, tobacco-packing, manufacture 
 of vegetable ivory goods. 
 
 Newtown — town in Fairfield County. Agri¬ 
 culture. Manufacture of hats and rubber 
 goods. 
 
 Plainfield — town in Windham County. Rail¬ 
 road facilities. Several factory-villages. 
 
 Portland — town in Middlesex County, on the 
 Connecticut, opposite Middletown. Sand¬ 
 stone-quarries. 
 
 Putnam — town in Windham County. Cotton 
 goods, woolens, and shoes. 
 
 Salisbury — town in Litchfield County. Beau¬ 
 tiful lake and hill scenery. Blast-furnaces, 
 and foundries. Manufacture of car-wheels, 
 water-wheels, cutlery, and machinery. 
 
 Southington — town in Hartford County. Man¬ 
 ufacture of machinery, cutlery, carriages, 
 paper, etc. 
 
 Sprague — town in New London County. Ex¬ 
 tensive cotton, woolen, and paper mills. 
 
 Stafford — town in Tolland County. Several 
 factory-villages and borough of Stafford 
 Springs. Cotton and woolen goods. 
 
 Stratford — town in Fairfield County. Beauti¬ 
 ful umbrageous town. Contains borough 
 of West Stratford, a suburb of Bridgeport. 
 
 Suffield — town in Hartford County. Agricul¬ 
 ture. Manufacture of tobacco. Seat of 
 Connecticut Literary Institution. 
 
 Thomaston — town of Litchfield County. Man¬ 
 ufacture of clocks, cutlery, etc. Thomaston 
 Academy. 
 
 Thompson — town in Windham County. Water¬ 
 power, and railroad facilities. Various vil¬ 
 lages manufacturing woolen goods, twine, 
 and edged tools. 
 
 Wallingford — town in New Haven County. 
 Manufacture of plated table-ware, buttons, 
 gimlets, etc. 
 
 Westport — town in Fairfield County. Manu¬ 
 factures of axes, stoves, cotton and leather 
 goods, etc. 
 
RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 75 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 1,250 square miles. Population, 276 , 531 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION, EXTENT, AND COAST. 
 
 Situation. — Rhode Island, one of the thirteen original states 
 of the American Union, is situated between 41 0 c,' and 42 0 3' 
 north latitude, and between 71 0 8' and 71 0 53' west longitude. 
 
 Extent and Population. — It is the smallest state in the 
 Union, the land surface being but 1,054 square miles. The 
 northern boundary line is twenty-two miles ; the western, forty- 
 eight miles. 
 
 Comparing the land-surface with that of the largest state, 
 Texas, the latter is two hundred and twenty-five times as 
 large as Rhode Island. 
 
 Although the smallest state, Rhode Island is the most 
 densely populated, there being 262 persons for each square 
 mile. 
 
 Coast. — The coast is deeply indented by Narragansett 
 Bay, within which are Rhode Island (Aquidneck), which 
 gives name to the state, Canonicut, Prudence, Patience, Hope, 
 Perry, Dutch, and other islands ; off the coast lies Block Island. 
 
 Chief Islands. — The Island of Aquidneck, or Rhode Island, is fifteen 
 miles long, from three miles to three miles and a half wide, and has 
 an area of about fifty square miles. It comprises the city of New¬ 
 port, the town of Middletown, and the greater part of Portsmouth. 
 The early Dutch called this island Roodt Eylandt , that is, Red 
 Island. 
 
 Canonicut is seven miles long and about one mile wide, and forms 
 the town of Jamestown. Prudence Island, the next in size, forms 
 part of the town of Portsmouth. 
 
 Block Island, in the Atlantic, about ten miles south of Point Judith, is 
 eight miles long by from two to five miles wide, and forms the town 
 of New Shoreham, Newport County. It was named after the 
 Dutch captain, Adrian Block, who visited it in 1614. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 General Features. — The surface is pleasantly diversified, 
 being hilly in the northern and north-western sections, and 
 
 sloping in hill and dale toward the bay. The southern part is 
 quite level. 
 
 Details. ■— Strictly speaking there are no mountains in the state. The 
 highest elevations are Woonsocket Hill in North Smithfield (five 
 hundred and eighty feet above the sea-level), Hopkins Hill in West 
 Greenwich, and Mount Hope in Bristol, the seat of the famous In¬ 
 dian King Philip. 
 
 III. RIVERS.. 
 
 Drainage.'—The northern part of the state is drained by 
 Blackstone River and its tributaries; the central part by the' 
 Pawtuxet; and the south-western part by the Pawcatuck (navi¬ 
 gable to Westerly). 
 
 Providence River, so called, is an estuary, the northern 
 arm of Narragansett Bay. It is about eight miles in length, and 
 is the outlet of Woonasquatucket, Moshassuck, and Blackstone 
 rivers. It is navigable for large vessels to Providence. 
 
7 ! 3 . 2 o Local Time A. M. when JS'oon 
 
 on the Meridian of Greenwich 
 
 7 ' 15.20 
 
 71 50 
 
 71 40 
 
 longitude 
 
 "West 
 
 from 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 W E 
 
 E.Thom 
 
 T H O 
 
 Thomp- | 
 son p 
 
 S O 
 
 A-i uxLr, o 
 
 N , C *E S w i B laV^ 
 
 O 
 
 |U G L A Sri , V , 
 
 on i 
 
 UVallum Pond 
 
 ^ cTfor ) i 
 
 BELLING¬ 
 HAM ^ 
 
 4 
 
 /OA R F 
 
 •WREN 
 
 B 
 
 TTiU 
 
 Buck 
 
 Hill 
 
 —Lwamp 
 
 R \ R V h 
 
 Granjtevlle4 I- 
 
 ? IlarnsYille 
 
 lo he 
 
 
 nvflle 
 
 Bnmul 
 
 f.Pascoag 
 
 :iv> 
 
 East 
 
 Putnam 
 
 „ 
 
 trv 
 
 (Place 
 f.Reservoir 
 
 O U 
 
 Smith 
 
 --;/N\ w O R T 
 
 'l a^' 5 nil Woonsocket 
 
 riain/ille . „ £ A c 
 
 akland. \ S M > J , H t 1 L , 
 _ , s .Shytes^j 
 
 £ T pIaplevill^y5s T i6liolls Sta. 
 
 ponsocket^ 4 
 
 /Sneech Td.^~ 
 
 Diamofid Hill 
 
 ~ Y ~- ~ 
 
 fGazzaville , 
 
 
 H 
 
 Primrose, 
 
 Vil - 
 
 'S/Albionj 
 
 fa lumuov 1 . 
 
 Station TftoclftHill A* 
 
 Spring 
 
 Gross? 
 
 
 /Sr 
 
 Sjoitlikeld 
 t Station/'' 
 
 i IFt 
 
 Btil 
 
 Ashton 
 
 >3P 
 
 Stilli'Mti'.r L cservoif 
 E^r- R Wyonkhelge 1 
 
 -—• *"*'" ivSpragueV^ 
 
 L 
 
 , r>-—Muunluin J>; 
 
 t Harmonj 
 
 t Lime Hod S* 
 
 A Y~H5vy ' " 
 
 i IJJnksHinYv 
 
 water \ Q l^ . 
 
 Jiavitt* SaylesBlfeacheiw^ 
 
 K 
 
 A M 
 
 dUU‘ h’.AttlebArougll 
 JArrlold’s ^ 
 
 ^str o{ 
 
 v yA . - 
 
 iilliijgS 
 
 50 
 
 Danielson-; 
 f ville V 
 
 poj! 
 
 wgiatilie 
 
 _ d r 
 
 lielUlenvilli 
 reeiwille A_\,G*»y " 
 
 GranittY to i e O' 
 
 entra! 
 
 r j 44 d' 6,/ f 
 
 4nqe p|a w’ 
 
 •4' u vS\x 
 
 RHODE ISLAND 
 
 42 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 
 Cities are underlined 
 Ttailroads County Towns .4 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 * 0 1 
 £ f//eb °rou 
 
 alley Palls 
 
 (Pawtucket 
 
 0 u ' Gif 
 
 -^Hebronvilltf 1 
 
 / 
 
 .TdiinUiiu'viiib\k \j i v\\aasiYijjc Oj 
 
 ocTLAN*' 
 
 ‘ # V 
 
 ’ Genevan 
 
 Y 
 
 fr- 
 
 v^hfScituatlf^l/^eC^Ai 4^, Byerrilleife 
 
 _ 1 _rri/ A. t ... LMfirinn \ 1 11 ruriK 
 
 t m 
 
 JVIerino Tillage-^ 
 n £yvn& 
 
 , , East Pro videnci 
 
 CY2 \Cfnter uj 
 
 XU 
 
 [Jinataui rt 
 
 S.Scituate Applehouse Hill EnightsP. 
 
 BaldV b, \R A 
 Hill* 
 
 Kent 1 
 
 79 
 
 X 
 
 - Ht 
 
 Sterling 
 
 JackstA' 
 
 Burnt Hill ) ^ 
 
 Ilopblt- Z^^Cranstuu 
 A rkrvrigh^^v|T Pli ? nix~y ati^H 
 Harris M«^ 1 ^SE*** 
 
 - 1 __ 
 
 Oak l.a 
 'iskevilie 
 
 A tsV ' )& > 
 
 ^ S 
 
 r 6 nt] 
 
 fi 
 
 [Ockanossst^ _ 
 •S.Bel 
 
 Itcii 
 liiwoo 
 r- 'Mor^ood 
 
 §) W m %Mkih 
 
 City 
 
 \ Coventry |Center 
 
 X\ E1 
 
 y~~ ^'Sumnflt 
 Weeks piQuidnick 
 bHJ^-*^>Besercoi, 
 
 K- 
 
 H ill 
 
 W A 
 
 • ^ ^Arctic 
 
 iverPoint 
 
 Tbmpi 
 
 Andrew’s' 
 ir 
 
 -isher JxG.slinockPond 
 
 J^x Hill Cst \ 1 
 •SO 
 
 X V 2 CM|,| 
 im X/<? 
 
 ^Hopkin'sHiif 
 
 „ . it. 
 
 Coninriicut' 
 
 Pt - i 
 
 Bay §jd^ Station 
 wick Sta. 
 
 2hejiiPvnd 
 
 IWCOC 
 
 (Pond 
 
 
 S T 
 
 
 
 AViekford Jpnc. ^‘>1 
 
 
 Sandy. 
 Pt. 
 
 _ ,-Watch Hill Point 
 
 NapatreePt. 'yvatHiHillLcagc 
 
 Sandy Pt. 
 ^towomut 
 
 Patience iN#^' 
 
 c,X 
 
 P'ne Hill 
 
 lien’s X Pt 
 !Horiorx)^ pa ir 3 . 
 
 Y^ope^ 
 ^Round Rock 
 
 Poonset Pt. 
 .iekford ^ North Pt. 
 Poplar Pt. 1 
 ' ‘ i Id Gooiy 
 sePt. ^ 
 
 Poxl. 
 
 2>H 
 
 Quono'ehontaug 
 %K Occai^ Vi(jW jL® 
 
 Vi Quonochogtaug 
 
 Pas^uisKif- 
 1 (\l'i/nd " 
 
 Shumunkanug 
 Hill 1 
 
 C H AYR/ L E SY ... 
 
 School JIouse\/ D . u <. / Perryv^o . 
 
 P01ld4C BUr ^ ng : Hl11 / 
 
 CkarlestOy^i 
 
 01 C! 1 ?? Rocky Point 
 
 arwick Pe 
 
 North Pt. 
 
 Popas-„ 
 t quash Pt. & 
 Ay Hog I.L 
 
 ANICUT 
 PARK 
 Gould I. 
 
 TiveHxrnl /■ 
 urCorners|<^/J t 
 
 UPJ. 
 
 jLiiatn 1 
 
 IWiHd 
 •Mill Hi , 
 
 RisRoj 
 Rock 
 ^Coaster 
 HarLorl 
 
 44 I 
 
 ames- - 
 town 
 
 Goat |[, 
 
 w :S 
 
 - yr ’rli. 
 
 
 2 .%„ 
 
 A Sei 
 9|, er Tail % 
 
 X'S’ Cormorant. 
 
 -SL Rock Sakonnet Pt.„ 
 •:o\V WestI.--* EastI ' 
 
 pper Pier 
 Lower Pier 
 
 Long Rock 
 
 Point Judith 
 
 * 
 
 JJrenton Reef 
 light. Ship 
 
 On 
 
 - %i L» 
 
 1 Rock %X 4 
 
 s Reef 
 
 
 
 Half "Wt 
 
 A'arren’s Pt. 
 
 JV 
 
 0 
 
 5 52 
 
 BLOClb ISLAND. 
 
 Part of Newport Co. 
 
 Same Scale as Map 
 
 Sandy Pt., 
 
 Sachem’i 
 
 J ’ on < i f SC I ay Head 
 
 11 / 
 
 20 
 
 A 
 
 6 22 
 
 Longitude 
 
 5 
 
 East 
 
 Dickens 
 
 Pt. 
 
 Grove Pt. 
 
 Grace's Pt. 
 Beacon/HiYoTf 
 
 b TdU/rt'C 
 
 Hin 
 
 f 
 
 tp i Breakwater 
 
 \ 
 
 faw Skoreham 
 
 ‘ Old 
 Harbor Pt. 
 
 Black Rock 
 
 5 32 
 
 from 
 
 Washington 
 
 5 42 
 
 yr<i 
 
 1221.20 Local Time P. 3 T. when Noon 12 22 on the Meridian of Washington 12 22.40 
 
RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 77 
 
 Blackstone River rises in Massachusetts, and flows southerly to Paw¬ 
 tucket, where it has a fall of from thirty to forty feet, below which it 
 bears the name of Seekonk River. 
 
 The Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck flow into the “ Cove ” within 
 the city of Providence. 
 
 Water-power. — The rivers of the state, though all small, 
 have considerable falls, and are of immense value on account of 
 the water-power they afford for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 The Blackstone furnishes water-power for various manufacturing vil¬ 
 lages in the towns of Woonsocket, Lincoln , and Pawtucket. 
 
 The Woonasquatucket furnishes water-power for various manufac¬ 
 turing villages in Smithfield.', Providence, and Johnston. 
 
 The Pawtuxet furnishes water-power for various manufacturing vil¬ 
 lages in Scituate, Coventry, and Warwick. 
 
 The Pawcatuck furnishes water-power for various manufacturing 
 villages in Richmond, Hopkinion, and Westerly. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 General Character. — The influence of the waters of Narra- 
 gansett Bay (which is always open) tempers the extremes of 
 temperature felt in other parts of New England in the same 
 latitude. 
 
 A medical authority says, “The air is at all times pure; and the lon¬ 
 gevity of the inhabitants, as indicated by the census, is a true indi¬ 
 cation of its salubrious qualities.” These facts have long made the 
 maritime section of the state a favorite summer resort. 
 
 V. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Manufactures. — Manufacturing is the leading industry; and, 
 in proportion to its area, Rhode Island exceeds any other state 
 in the extent and value of its manufactures. As motors, water 
 and steam are used to about an equal amount. 
 
 The branches of manufacture, in order of importance, are, 
 first, cotton manufactures, including dyeing, bleaching, and 
 calico-printing; second, woolen manufactures of all kinds; 
 third, iron manufactures, including steam-engines, locomotives, 
 machinery, fire-arms, stoves, screws, nails, etc. 
 
 In printing cotton and woolen goods, and in the manufacture of screws, 
 Rhode Island exceeds every other state, and she ranks second in 
 the manufacture of cotton goods, and of cotton and woolen ma¬ 
 chinery, and in bleaching and dyeing. 
 
 Among other important items of manufacture are rubber and leather 
 goods, jewelry and silver-ware, brass, copper, and tin-ware, hair¬ 
 cloth, carriages, furniture, fish-oil and guano, chemicals, patent 
 medicines, etc. 
 
 Agriculture. — Agriculture is the second industry in impor¬ 
 tance. The soil of Aquidneck and of the bay towns is highly 
 cultivated; but most of the land in the interior is better 
 adapted to pasturage than to tillage. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 I. Bound Rhode Island. Between what degrees of latitude and longi¬ 
 tude does it extend? What large bay enters the state? What is the largest 
 island in Narragansett Bay ? Name other islands in this bay. What island 
 in the Atlantic Ocean belongs to the state ? 
 
 II. What river drains the northern part of the state ? The central part ? 
 The south-western part? Name any tributaries of these rivers. Name any 
 smaller streams. 
 
 III. Name the counties in the state. Name and locate the two capitals. 
 What are the principal towns and villages of Providence County ? Of 
 Kent County? Of Washington County? Of Newport County? Of Bris¬ 
 tol County? 
 
 Market-gardening, dairying, milk-farming, etc., are profitable 
 employments, owing to the demand from the large number of 
 manufacturing towns. The leading articles of farm-produce 
 are hay, potatoes, garden-vegetables, butter, eggs, poultry, etc. 
 
 Maritime Pursuits. — The fisheries form an industry of 
 growing importance, and employ a large number of vessels of 
 light tonnage in taking cod, mackerel, scup, tautog, bass, blue- 
 fish, herring, shad, etc., with which the bay and coast waters 
 abound. Great quantities of shell-fish, including oysters, qua- 
 haugs, clams, scallops, and lobsters, are gathered. Menhaden 
 are extensively caught for the manufacture of oil and guano. 
 
 Minor Industries. — Among the minor industries are the preparation 
 of forest products (wood, timber, charcoal, etc.), the mining of coal 
 (in Portsmouth and Cranston) and iron (in Cumberland), and the 
 quarrying of granite, limestone, etc. 
 
 Commerce. — The state has an extensive domestic and 
 interstate commerce, based on the exchange of her varied 
 manufactures for raw material, coal, food, and luxuries. 
 
 The direct foreign commerce, though not large, is increasing. 
 The state is divided into three customs-districts, — Bristol and 
 Warren, Newport, and Providence. 
 
 Transportation. — Ample facilities for transportation are 
 afforded by the coast waters and the numerous railroads, com¬ 
 prising more than a dozen lines, with a total length of over two 
 hundred miles in the state. 
 
 VI. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The official designation of the state is “The State of Rhode 
 Island and Providence Plantations ; ” and the government is 
 intrusted to three departments, — the legislative, the executive, 
 and the judicial. 
 
 The legislature, or General Assembly, consists of a Senate 
 of thirty-six members (one from each town and city), and a 
 House of Representatives, the members of which must not 
 exceed seventy-two. The General Assembly is elected annually 
 by the people. It holds a short session at Newport each year, 
 beginning on the last Tuesday in May, and an adjourned session 
 during the winter, at Providence. 
 
 The executive officers are the governor, lieutenant-governor, 
 secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, and attorney-general. All 
 (except the auditor) are elected annually by the people. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, and a 
 court of common pleas. 
 
 National Representation. — Rhode Island is represented in 
 Congress by two senators and two representatives, and hence 
 has four electoral votes. 
 
 VII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Public Schools. — An efficient system of public schools is 
 supported by state, town, and district taxes. The schools are 
 under the supervision of a State Board of Education, consisting 
 of the governor, lieutenant-governor, and six other members, 
 elected by the General Assembly for the term of three years. 
 The secretary of the board is the commissioner of public 
 schools. Each town and city has its local committee and 
 superintendent. 
 
 In most of the larger towns excellent high schools are 
 supported. The State Normal School is located at Provi¬ 
 dence. 
 
?8 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Colleges and Academies. — The most important institution 
 of learning is Brown University at Providence, founded in 1764. 
 There are also many excellent academies, denominational and 
 private schools. 
 
 Among these may be mentioned Greenwich Academy at East Green¬ 
 wich, Lapham Institute at Scituate, the Friends School, University 
 Grammar-School, and the Academy of the Christian Brothers at 
 Providence. 
 
 ViiJ. HISTORY. 
 
 Settlement. — It is believed that Rhode Island was the 
 ancient “Vinland,” which the Northmen discovered, and on 
 which they made a temporary settlement as early as 1000 
 A.D. ; and it is known that Narragansett Bay was visited by 
 Verazzani in 1529. 
 
 Rhode Island was first settled at Providence (so called in 
 grateful acknowledgment of “ God’s merciful providence to 
 him in his distress ”) in the year 1636, by Roger Williams, who 
 had been banished from Massachusetts for maintaining opin¬ 
 ions in political and religious matters deemed “new and dan¬ 
 gerous ” by the rulers of that colony. 
 
 At this time the region was inhabited by two powerful tribes 
 of Indians,—the Narragansetts and the Wampanoags. From 
 the chiefs Canonicus and Massasoit he bought land, and organ¬ 
 ized a community, — the first of the kind in America, — with 
 “liberty of conscience” as its fundamental law. 
 
 In 1638 William Coddington and some others, who were also 
 forced to leave Massachusetts for “ heretical ” ideas, purchased 
 from the Indians the Island of Aquidneck, and formed a settle¬ 
 ment from which sprung the towns of Newport and Ports¬ 
 mouth. A third settlement was formed at Warwick in 1643. 
 
 In 1643 Roger Williams went to England, and returned in 
 the following year with a charter, which he obtained from the 
 English “Long Parliament,” and united these settlements into 
 one colony. In 1663 Rhode Island obtained from Charles II. 
 a royal charter, which was very liberal in its provisions, grant¬ 
 ing all the rights and privileges of the parliamentary charter, 
 and which remained in force as the fundamental “ Rhode Island 
 and Providence Plantations” till 1842, when the present state 
 constitution was adopted. 
 
 From the commencement of the eighteenth century Rhode 
 Island enjoyed a career of general prosperity. Newport early 
 became a commercial town of great wealth and refinement. 
 
 In the war of the Revolution, Rhode Island took an active 
 part. Indeed, the earliest open resistance made by any Ameri¬ 
 can colony to the tyranny of Great Britain was the capturing 
 and burning of the British war schooner “ Gaspee ” in Narra¬ 
 gansett Bay in 1772. Among the most prominent officers from 
 this state during the Revolution were Commodore Hopkins, 
 who commanded the first naval squadron sent against the 
 enemy, and Gen. Nathanael Greene, “next to Washington in 
 ability and in the esteem of the nation.” 
 
 Rhode Island was the last of the thirteen colonies to adopt 
 the constitution of the United States, her assent being given 
 May 29, 1790. In the war of 1812 one of the sons of Rhode 
 Island, Commodore O. H. Perry, won the great naval victory 
 of Lake Erie. 
 
 In the civil war of 1861-65 Rhode Island took a distin¬ 
 guished part, contributing to the Union army about twenty- 
 four thousand troops. 
 
 IX. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties. — The state is divided into five counties; namely, 
 Providence, Bristol, Newport, Kent, and Washington. 
 
 Subdivisions. — The counties are subdivided into two cities 
 (Providence and Newport) and thirty-six towns. 
 
 Providence (population, 104,857), the joint capital with New¬ 
 port, is the metropolis of the state, and the second city of 
 New England. It is situated at the head of Providence River, 
 and is the meeting-point of numerous railroads, the channels of 
 its extensive interstate traffic. 
 
 The city is the center of an immense manufacturing industry 
 of the most varied kind. The value of its manufactured 
 products is from sixty to seventy-five million dollars annually. 
 
 Among its most important establishments are the Gorham Company’s 
 manufactory of solid silverware (the leading silver manufactory of 
 the world), the Providence Tool Company (employing from 1,500 to 
 2,000 workmen), the Providence Steam-Engine Company, the Corliss 
 Steam-Engine Works, the Rhode-Island Locomotive Works, the 
 Fletcher Manufacturing Company (the largest manufactory in the 
 world of corset-laces, shoe-laces, lamp-wicks, etc.), one hundred and 
 fifty manufactories of jewelry, numerous bleacheries, etc. 
 
 The city is delightfully situated: it has many imposing 
 public buildings and elegant private residences, and claims the 
 finest system of water-works and sewers in the country. 
 
 Providence has an admirable public school system, and many 
 excellent private and denominational schools, seminaries, etc. 
 Brown University, numerous libraries, and the Athenaeum, 
 Historical Society, etc., are among the other literary advan¬ 
 tages of this city of wealth and culture. 
 
 Newport (population, 15,693), also one of the capitals, is 
 situated at the southern extremity of the Island of Aquidneck 
 (Rhode Island), near the entrance to Narragansett Bay. It has 
 a capacious harbor, deep enough for the largest ships, and 
 defended by Fort Adams. 
 
 Newport was in early times the most important place in 
 Rhode Island ; but the War of Independence ruined its com¬ 
 merce. It is now chiefly noted as being one of the finest and 
 most popular watering-places in the country, a reputation which 
 it owes to its balmy atmosphere, varied scenery, and unequaled 
 facilities for bathing, boating, driving, etc. The city has 
 several splendid hotels, and numerous elegant residences 
 erected by wealthy citizens of Boston, New York,’etc. Among 
 objects of interest are the “ Round Tower” in Touro Park, the 
 Redwood Library, the Old State House, Fort Adams, etc. Its 
 schools are unsurpassed in excellence. 
 
 TOWNS OF PROVIDENCE COUNTY. 
 
 East Providence, connected by bridges with Providence City, is a thriv¬ 
 ing residential town; the Rumford Chemical-works are located here. 
 
 Pawtucket, the largest town in the county, is situated on the Biackstone, 
 where the river falls nearly fifty feet, affording abundant hydraulic power. 
 Its prosperity is based on the manufacture of various articles, among which 
 are cotton goods, steam fire-engines, prints, leather, machinery, thread, rope, 
 spools, files, etc. This town ranks first in the state in the manufacture of 
 cotton goods. Here, also, is the Dunnell Manufacturing Company, which 
 prints over twenty million yards of calico yearly. 
 
 Woonsocket, the second town in size, is located on both sides of the 
 Biackstone, from which it derives extensive and valuable water-power. It 
 is noted for its extensive manufacture of woolens and cotton g-oods. 
 
 Lincoln, located on the right bank of the Biackstone, contains several 
 manufacturing villages. It has also valuable lime-quarries. 
 
RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 79 
 
 Cumberland, on the Blackstone, is a beautiful hill-town. It has coal and 
 iron mines, and is largely engaged in cotton manufacture. 
 
 North Smithfield and Burrillville are traversed by Clear River, which 
 supplies water-power for several villages largely engaged in the manufac¬ 
 ture of woolen goods. 
 
 Smithfield, North Providence, and Johnston contain many manufactur¬ 
 ing villages located on the Woonasquatucket River. Market-gardening is 
 also largely carried on. 
 
 Cranston contains manufactories, mills, and extensive print-works. The 
 reservoir for the Providence water-works is in this town. 
 
 Gloucester, Foster, and Scituate are agricultural towns. The last- 
 named also manufactures cotton and woolen goods. 
 
 TOWNS OF KENT COUNTV. 
 
 Warwick, traversed by Patuxet River, which supplies abundant water¬ 
 power, ranks as the third manufacturing town in the state. 
 
 East Greenwich, the county-seat, is a manufacturing and residential town, 
 beautifully situated on Greenwich and Narragansett bays. 
 
 Coventry is an agricultural and manufacturing town (cotton goods and 
 lumber). West Greenwich is a rural town. 
 
 TOWNS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 
 
 North Kingstown, situated on Narragansett Bay, is a residential and 
 
 manufacturing town (woolen goods): it has a good harbor at Wickford 
 village. 
 
 South Kingstown contains the villages of Kingstown, the county-seat, 
 and Narragansett Pier, a noted summer resort, besides several considerable 
 manufacturing villages. 
 
 Westerly, the most populous town in the county, has extensive granite- 
 quarries and woolen mills. 
 
 Exeter is a farming town. Richmond and Hopkinton are agricultural and 
 manufacturing towns. 
 
 TOWNS OF NEWPORT COUNTY. 
 
 Middletown and Portsmouth, on Aquidneck Island, are pleasant rural 
 towns, principally engaged in raising farm products for the city markets. 
 At the latter place is a valuable coal-mine. 
 
 Jamestown, Tiverton, and Little Compton are engaged in farming and 
 the fisheries. 
 
 New Shoreham comprises Block Island. Fishing is the chief local 
 interest. It has a harbor protected by a breakwater. 
 
 TOWNS OF BRISTOL COUNTY. 
 
 Bristol, the county seat, is a beautifully situated residential town, with 
 extensive cotton and rubber factories. 
 
 Barrington and Warren are pleasantly located shore-towns engaged in 
 manufacturing and the fisheries. 
 
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 EXPLANATION 
 
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 local Time A J>T. 11 52 when Noon on the Meridian of ll 56 Washington 
 
 12 4 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Position.—What country north of New York? Of what empire 
 does the Dominion of Canada form a part? Ans. Of the British 
 Empire. What bodies of water form the north-western boundary of 
 the state? What partial natural boundaries on the north? On the 
 east? What states east of New York? What states south of New 
 
 York? With what parallel does the south-western boundary of New 
 
 What large island south of Connecticut belongs 
 
 York coincide? 
 
 to New York? Measure by the scale of miles the greatest length 
 of Long Island. What island south of New York Bay? Through 
 what part of the state does the United States prime meridian pass? 
 When it is noon at Washington, what time is it in the eastern part 
 
 of Long Island? At New York city? At Niagara Falls? 
 
 Surface.—Which section of the state is mountainous? What 
 series of mountain-ranges in the northern part of the state? Name 
 the principal ranges of the Adirondack Mountains. In which range 
 and in which county is Mount Marcy, the highest mountain in the 
 state? What mountains in Greene County? What two ranges south 
 of Catskill Mountains? What mountains near the border of Massa¬ 
 chusetts ? 
 
 Long 
 
 Coast. — What body of water between Connecticut and 
 Island? What cape at the eastern extremity of Long Island ? What 
 two bays in the eastern part of Long Island? Name the islands east 
 of Gardiners Bay, belonging to New York. What beach off the 
 south-eastern coast of Long Island? What bay north of Great South 
 Beach? Name the beaches west of Great South Beach. On what 
 bay are New York City and Brooklyn situated? What strait connects 
 New York Bay with the Atlantic Ocean? What international bound¬ 
 ary passes through lakes Ontario and Erie ? Where are the Thou¬ 
 sand Islands? To what country do most of these islands belong? 
 
 What bay on the coast of Jefferson County? 
 
 What large island in 
 
 Niagara River? 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — Which of the Great Lakes border on New 
 York ? What large lake in the south-western part of the state' 
 Name seven large lakes in the central part of the state. What 
 lakes in Otsego County? In Hamilton County? In St. Lawrence 
 County? In Franklin County? In Essex County? What large 
 lake on the north-eastern border of the state? What lake between 
 Warren and Washington counties ? In which county does Hudson 
 River rise? In what direction, and into what body of water, does it 
 flow? What is the principal tributary of Hudson River? Which 
 
 ii 
 
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T* 
 
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 Chi 
 
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 Edwards 
 
 ‘e<o a 
 
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 J _Uebr°n 
 VSak'iir . J--^ 
 
 ' , fManchestei 
 
 '■Greenwich 
 
 hch - ‘-1 
 
 J. 
 
 n- jCambfiJge 
 ^ .o^/r-oe I 
 
 ?Rf ria g^ 
 
 13 
 
 cbfield i . 
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 s^erstovi 
 
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 Croton 
 
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 1 esdale 
 
 ^Tlockland 
 
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 Mlorasston 
 
 1 
 
 aty v flld- 
 
 ^ n an dale 
 | Red Hook 
 * # Rhii/ebeckJ 
 Stanford-/* -Aaj 
 
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 il! TCanaaa 
 
 I^IQlentoa 
 
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 42 
 
 river receives the waters of most of the interior lakes? What river flows 
 wholly across the state into Lake Ontario ? What river connects lakes Erie 
 and Ontario? What famous cataract in this river? What are the chief 
 New York affluents of St. Lawrence River? What are the principal rivers 
 flowing from New York into Pennsylvania? Where do the following rivers 
 rise, in what direction, and into what body of water, do they flow? — Hudson, 
 Rondout Creek, Mohawk, Hoosic, Pawlet, Au Sable, Saranac, -Salmon, St. 
 Regis, Racket, Oswegatchie, Indian, Black, Oswego, Genesee, Niagara. [Name 
 any streams in the county in which you live.] 
 
 Counties. — Which counties border on Lake Erie? On Lake Ontario? 
 On St. Lawrence River? Which three form the most northerly tier of 
 counties? Name the counties on the west bank of Hudson River from 
 Albany southward. On the east bank from Troy southward * Which coun¬ 
 ties border on Pennsylvania? On New Jersey? Which three counties are 
 on Long Island? Which county is Staten Island? [In which county do 
 you live ?] 
 
 Cities. — Locate New York city. Locate Brooklyn. What other city on 
 Long Island? What city in Westchester County? What city in Orange 
 County? What city in Dutchess County? What city in Ulster County? 
 What city in Columbia County? What city in Rensselaer County? What 
 cities in Albany County ? Which is the capital of the state ? What city 
 in Schenectady County? What is the county-seat of Saratoga County? What 
 village in this county is a noted watering-place ? What city in St. Lawrence 
 County? What city in Jefferson County? What city in Oswego County? 
 Locate Utica, Rome, Syracuse. What city in Broome County? What city in 
 Chemung County? Locate Ithaca, Auburn, Rochester. What large city in 
 Erie County? What city in Niagara County? Name the principal cities and 
 towns on the line of the Erie Canal. What town in Warren County on the 
 Hudson ? What town at the outlet of Chautauqua Lake ? What town in 
 Orange County on the Delaware River? What is the county-seat of Richmond 
 County? What town in the northern part of Staten Island? What town at 
 the north-western extremity of Seneca Lake? In what county is West Point ? 
 What is the most easterly town on Long Island? 
 
 THE COUNTIES OF NEW YORK. 
 
 'Middled 
 ffsvHle*, 
 
 - _ i GoiKenS 
 
 r R 
 
 fft JerviJi 
 
 Milford. 
 
 TJpioi^t 
 " ville; 
 
 »Pine ] 
 
 rrtsWj 
 
 Suuei^SP 
 
 !Nt/wton 
 
 ‘ " XNc 
 
 eKw 
 
 ytersoQ. 
 
 labu' 
 
 I 
 
 Jj 
 
 SPajttersoii' 
 
 ‘T; K M 1 
 
 arises TJwsters 
 
 »Ij£opae* Danbury 
 
 /-"Somtnd ; 
 
 Peek sk; 11 J (y I 
 
 Katonal^.^S^LeWlsboro 
 
 *J5edfor> 1 SriOgeilon, 
 
 f o ,y 
 
 * ™ \ite ) r ^ 
 
 ’ corpiaiKaM^ 0 
 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 Oneida. 
 
 Schoharie. 
 
 
 Allegany. 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 Onondaga. 
 
 Schuyler. 
 
 
 Broome. 
 
 Genesee. 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 Seneca. 
 
 
 Cattaraugus. 
 
 Greene. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Steuben. 
 
 
 Cayuga. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Orleans. 
 
 Suffolk. 
 
 
 Chautauqua. 
 
 Herkimer. 
 
 Oswego. 
 
 Sullivan. 
 
 
 Chemung. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Otsego. 
 
 Tioga. 
 
 
 Chenango. 
 
 Kings. 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 Tompkins. 
 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Lewis. 
 
 Queens. 
 
 Ulster. 
 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Livingston. 
 
 Rensselaer. 
 
 Warren. 
 
 
 Cortland. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Richmond. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 Rockland. 
 
 Wayne. 
 
 
 Dutchess. 
 
 Montgomery. 
 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Westchester. 
 
 
 Erie. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Saratoga. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 
 Essex. 
 
 Niagara. 
 
 Schenectady. 
 
 Y ates. 
 
 4 52 
 
 
 4 48 j 
 
 
 4 44 - 
 
 73 
 
 
 72 j 
 
 
 1 _ L.W - rL - 
 
 yerpTanck 
 
 Hor walks 
 
 vTk 
 
 Rochelle 
 i.Verno. 
 
 S E\ 
 
 Morristown 
 
 CoW 
 
 Z ^‘er-s, 
 
 Jerse^ 
 !Newark»)3 
 
 HhlizabeCh* . 
 Hew Pricj 
 
 Ul «Hidksvine*4^ 
 
 Totten vfllejl 
 
 • £>^ 0^7 *no«< 
 
 
 Local Time P.M. when 12 12 Moon on the Meridian of Washington 12 is 
 
82 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 9 
 
 
 Zfi 
 
 
 - / S ^B 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 % m 
 
 [Area, 49,170 square miles. Population, 5 , 082 , 871 .] 
 
 Position and Rank. — The geographical position of New 
 York, — between the Great Lakes on the west, and the Atlantic 
 Ocean on the south-east, — together with its natural facilities for 
 water-communication, enlarged by canals, has given the state 
 its foremost rank in the Union for population, commerce, and 
 wealth, and its title of the “Empire State.” 
 
 . Outline and Boundaries. — The outline of this state is 
 very irregular. Only a little over one-third of its boundary 
 consists of straight lines, the other two-thirds being formed by 
 bodies of water, including Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake 
 Ontario, part of the St. Lawrence River, and Lake Champlain. 
 The linear boundaries make about 54 r miles; the water boun¬ 
 daries, 879 miles. 
 
 Extent. The most northern boundary coincides nearly 
 with the 45th parallel. The most southern point in the state, 
 at the south extremity of Staten Island, is under the parallel 
 of 40° 30'. The principal part of the state lies between the 
 meridians of 73 and 7Y west longitude. Its greatest length 
 from east to west, exclusive of Long Island, is about 315 miles; 
 and its greatest breadth from north to south, about 312 miles. 
 Its area (47,000 square miles) is somewhat greater than that 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Surface. — This state lying between the Appalachian moun¬ 
 tain system and the Great Lakes, its surface presents marked 
 contrasts of elevation. The highest mountain region is that 
 of the Adirondack Mountains, in the north-eastern part, the 
 highest peak of which is Mount Marcy, 5,402 feet in altitude. 
 The Catskill Mountains, farther south, reach an elevation of 
 nearly 4,000 feet, south-west of which are the Shawangunk 
 Mountains, an extension of the Blue or Kittatinny Mountains 
 of Pennsylvania; and still farther south are the Highlands, a 
 low range from New Jersey, which extend in a north-easterly 
 direction, and are pierced by the Hudson River. These moun¬ 
 tains form a part of the Taconic range. 
 
 The remainder of the state is chiefly in the basins of Lake 
 Erie and Lake Ontario and the valley of the Mohawk. The 
 southern parts contain the head waters of the Delaware, Sus¬ 
 quehanna, and Alleghany rivers. In the central part of the 
 state is a plateau region, the culminating point of which, in 
 Onondaga County, reaches an altitude of 2,000 feet. 
 
 Islands. — Long Island, the largest, is about 115 miles in 
 length, and from 8 to 23 in breadth. It comprises the three 
 counties, Kings, Queens, and Suffolk. Staten Island, which 
 comprises Richmond County, is about 14 miles in length, and 
 from 4 to 8 in width. The most important island is Manhat¬ 
 tan, the most populous part of the city of New York. It is 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 ^3 
 
 PHYSICAL VIEW OF NEW YORK. 
 
 13J miles long, and its greatest breadth is 2I miles. Harts, 
 Randalls, Wards, and Blackwells islands, in the East River, 
 belong to the city, and are the seat of many of its penal, chari¬ 
 table, and reformatory institutions. Bedloes, Governors, and 
 Ellis islands, in New York Bay, are owned by the United States 
 Government. Besides these, may be named Grand and Goat 
 islands in the Niagara River, and the numerous islands in 
 Lake Champlain, Lake George, Lake Ontario, the St. Law¬ 
 rence River, and those near Long Island. 
 
 Lakes. — The region of the Adirondacks abounds in beau¬ 
 tiful lakes, some of considerable size. Schroon Lake is noted 
 as a summer resort. Lake George, 36 miles in length, is cele¬ 
 brated for the clearness of its waters and the picturesque 
 beauty of its scenery. The valleys of the Oswego and Genesee 
 rivers contain several lakes, the largest of which are Seneca, 
 Cayuga, and Oneida. Besides these, Otsego, Chautauqua, and 
 the Saranac lakes may be mentioned. 
 
 its Thousand Islands ; and the grand expanse and picturesque 
 shores of Lake Champlain, afford scenes of unsurpassed beauty. 
 
 Niagara Falls, the grandest cataract in the world, belong in part to 
 New York. Here the water of the Great Lakes west of Ontario is 
 poured over a precipitous cliff about 160 feet high in two immense 
 sheets, called the American and the Horseshoe Falls, separated by 
 Goat Island. The total width is 2,900 feet. 
 
 The other falls of any note are the Genesee Falls at Rochester; 
 Kaaterskill Falls in Greene County; Glens Falls, Warren County; 
 Cohoes Falls in the Mohawk; and Trenton Falls, near Utica. Wat¬ 
 kins Glen, at the head of Seneca Lake, has several picturesque 
 cascades, and is a place of considerable resort. 
 
 Agriculture. — The peculiar character of the soil, abounding 
 in lime, the numerous river-valleys, the climate, and the distri¬ 
 bution of moisture, contributing to the general fertility of the 
 soil, have given to this state a leading position for its agricul¬ 
 tural products. 
 
 More than one-half of the total area of the state (about 16,000,000 
 acres) is under cultivation. In the highland regions sheep-raising 
 and dairy farming take the lead; in the western valley regions grain¬ 
 growing is the chief pursuit. C-rape-culture is actively carried on in 
 the lake valleys, and in the lower valley of the Hudson. The other 
 chief products are hay, hops, maple-sugar, tobacco, broom-corn, fruit, 
 and, near New York, market vegetables and milk. 
 
 Commerce. — This state has the foremost rank in the Union 
 for the extent of its commerce. The great bulk of the grain 
 exported from the United States to foreign countries is shipped 
 from the port of New York, and most of the imports received 
 in return come through the same port. The state has also a 
 vast domestic trade. The exports from the port of New York 
 amount to over $350,000,000, annually, nearly all of which are 
 of domestic product. The amount of imports is considerably 
 in excess of the exports. The coastwise trade is very large, 
 particularly at Buffalo. 
 
 Ten customs districts and ports of entry have been established by 
 the United States Government, as follows: Buffalo Creek (port of 
 Buffalo), Cape Vincent, Champlain (Plattsburgh), Dunkirk, Genesee 
 (Rochester), New York, Niagara (Suspension Bridge), Oswegatchie 
 (Ogdensburg), Oswego, and Sag Harbor. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — In addition to the natural high¬ 
 ways of commerce afforded by Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Cham¬ 
 plain, and by the Hudson River, the state has a magnificent 
 system of canals and railroads. 
 
 Of the three large lakes on the border of the state, Erie is 255 miles 
 in length, and from 30 to 60 miles in width; Ontario is about 180 
 miles in length, and 56 miles in extreme breadth; Champlain, a long, 
 narrow sheet of water famed for its beauty, is 126 miles long, and 
 from half a mile to 15 miles wide. About 352 miles of the shores 
 of these lakes are within this state. 
 
 Rivers. — The Hudson, 300 miles in length, is the chief 
 river belonging wholly to New York ; it is navigable for steam¬ 
 boats to Troy, 151 miles from its mouth. Its main tributary 
 is the Mohawk, 135 miles long, which affords considerable 
 water-power at Cohoes and Little Falls. West Canada Creek, 
 one of its affluents, contains the famed cascades called Trenton 
 Falls. The Oswego receives the waters of most of the interior 
 lakes ; and the Genesee, noted for its falls at Rochester, flows 
 through a fertile grain-growing valley. These, with Black 
 River, are affluents of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Scenery and 'Waterfalls. — New York is distinguished for 
 its fine scenery. The banks of the Hudson are world-renowned 
 for their beauty. The shores of Lake George, and its waters 
 studded with nearly two hundred islands, the St. Lawrence and 
 
 Of the former, the longest and most important is the Erie Canal, 363 
 miles in length, connecting Lake Erie with the head of navigation 
 on the Hudson, and thus forming a cheap and easy route for the 
 products of the great West to the Atlantic seaboard. The Cham¬ 
 plain Canal, also belonging to the state, connects West Troy and 
 Whitehall, and is 66 miles long. 
 
 Besides these, the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 108 miles of which 
 are in New York, joins the Delaware and Hudson rivers, connecting 
 Honesdale, Penn., with Eddyville, near the mouth of the Rondout 
 Creek. This canal is owned by a private corporation. Several other 
 canals, formerly belonging to the state, have been either abandoned 
 or sold to private corporations. 
 
 Of railroads, a network extends over the state, and connects 
 with through lines to Chicago, St. Louis, and San Francisco, 
 thus bringing the Pacific coast and the Mississippi Valley in 
 communication with the port of New York. 
 
 The principal railway lines within the state are the New York, Lake 
 Erie, and Western, 460 miles in length, connecting Jersey City and 
 Dunkirk, and passing through some of the grandest and most beau¬ 
 tiful scenery in the state; and the New York Central and Hudson 
 River, 452 miles long, connecting New York and Buffalo. 
 
84 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 The most important other railroads are the following: — 
 
 NAME 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Adirondack. 
 
 New York City and Northern. 
 
 Albany and Susquehanna. 
 
 Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain. 
 
 Boston, Hoosac Tunnel, and Western. 
 
 Poughkeepsie, Hartford, and Boston. 
 
 Buffalo and Southwestern. 
 
 Rensselaer and Saratoga. 
 
 Buffalo, New York, and Philadelphia. 
 
 Rochester and Pittsburg. 
 
 Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western. 
 
 Rhinebeck and Connecticut. 
 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal Co.’s R. R. 
 
 Rome, Watertown, and Ogdensburg. 
 
 Lake Ontario Southern. 
 
 Southern Central. 
 
 Newburg, Dutchess, and Connecticut. 
 
 Syracuse, Chenango, and New York. 
 
 New York and Canada. 
 
 Troy and Boston. 
 
 New York, Ontario, and Western. 
 
 Ulster and Delaware 
 
 New York and Harlem. 
 
 Utica and Black River 
 
 Besides these, there are on Long Island the following: — 
 
 NAME 
 
 NAME 
 
 Brooklyn, Bath, and Coney Island. 
 
 Long Island R. R and Branches 
 
 New York and Brighton Beach. 
 
 New York and Coney Island. 
 
 New York and Sea Beach. 
 
 New York, Woodhaven, and Rockaway. 
 
 There is also a railroad on Staten Island, connecting Vander¬ 
 bilt Landing on the north-east shore with Tottenville in the 
 south-west. [See map of New York City and Vicinity .] 
 
 The total number of miles, of railroad in the state is about 
 6,000, representing a capital of over $600,000,000. 
 
 Manufactures. — New York takes the lead in the value of 
 its manufactured products. The following are the most impor¬ 
 tant manufacturing industries : carriages and wagons, cheese, 
 food and food-preparations, furniture, flouring and grist mill 
 products, lead, leather, liquors, musical instruments, printing 
 and publishing, sewing-machines, ship-building, sugar and mo¬ 
 lasses, and tobacco. 
 
 The other most important branches of manufacturing industry are 
 those of agricultural implements, boots and shoes, clothing, cotton 
 and woolen goods, dressed furs, iron, machinery, and paper. 
 
 Mining. — Mining and quarrying are carried on to a consid¬ 
 erable extent in this state, although not among the most promi¬ 
 nent industries. The most extensive iron-mines are found in 
 Essex, Dutchess, Clinton, and Orange counties. The quarries 
 of Ulster County yield the greater portion of stone; but large 
 quantities of marble are quarried in Westchester County. 
 There are valuable lead-mines in St. Lawrence County; and 
 copper and lead occur among the Shawangunk Mountains. 
 Limestone is abundant in nearly all parts of the state ; and 
 sandstone and bluestone, for flagging, in many of the southern 
 and eastern districts. Beds of gypsum are found in the central 
 and western counties. 
 
 Fisheries. — The fisheries in this state are of considerable 
 importance, particularly the shad-fisheries on the Hudson, where 
 there is an extensive nursery for these fish a short distance 
 below Albany. There are also fisheries for white-fish at the 
 east end of Lake Ontario; and for blue-fish, mackerel, etc., in 
 the bays of Long Island and the neighboring shores, where, 
 also, the oyster business is extensively carried on, particularly 
 for supplying the markets of New York City. 
 
 Mineral Springs. — This state is especially noted for its 
 mineral and medicinal springs. The salt-springs among the 
 rocks known as the “ Onondaga Salt Group,” extending from 
 Schoharie County westward to the Niagara, are exceedingly 
 
 valuable. The salt-works of Onondaga County, owned and 
 worked by the state, are the most extensive in the world, 
 yielding annually about 7,000,000 bushels of salt. Valuable 
 springs of petroleum occur in Cattaraugus and Chautauqua 
 counties. Carburetted hydrogen rises from springs near Fre- 
 donia, and is used to light the village. 
 
 The chief medicinal springs are those at Saratoga, Ballston, 
 New Lebanon, Sharon, Avon, and Richfield. Of these, Sara¬ 
 toga Springs are the most numerous as well as the most 
 widely famed. 
 
 The village named after the last-mentioned springs contains a large 
 number of hotels and boarding-houses, being visited in the summer 
 season by many thousand persons. Sharon Springs in Schoharie 
 County, noted for its sulphur-springs, is also a place of great resort. 
 
 Government. — The state constitution vests the executive 
 department of the government in a governor and lieutenant- 
 governor, elected for three years, a secretary of state, comp¬ 
 troller, treasurer, attorney-general, and state engineer and 
 surveyor, each of whom is elected for two years. The Legisla¬ 
 ture consists of a senate of thirty-two members, elected for two 
 years, and an assembly of one hundred and twenty-eight mem¬ 
 bers, chosen for one year. The highest court is the court of 
 appeals, composed of a chief justice and six associate judges. 
 Besides this, there are thirty-three justices of the supreme 
 court,— four for each of the eight judicial districts, except 
 that which comprises the city of New York, in which there 
 are five. 
 
 Education. — Ample provision has been made for the full 
 and free education of the people. The common-school system 
 includes more than 11,000 school districts, upward of 30,000 
 teachers, and affords instruction to more than 1,000,000 
 pupils. There are eight normal schools, besides numerous 
 academies and private and parochial schools, in various parts of 
 the state, and the Normal College, in New York City. There 
 are twenty-seven universities, colleges, or other institutions 
 for higher education, affording instruction to nearly 4,000 
 students, besides many scientific schools, theological semi¬ 
 naries, and other professional schools; and, moreover, insti¬ 
 tutions for the education of the deaf and dumb, the blind, and 
 the imbecile. 
 
 The names and locations of the principal universities and 
 colleges are given in the following summary : — 
 
 NAME. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 Alfred University. 
 
 Alfred. 
 
 Manhattan College .... 
 
 New York. 
 
 Brooklyn Collegiate and \ 
 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 St. John’s College. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Polytechnic Institute S 
 
 St. Joseph’s College .... 
 
 Buffalo. 
 
 Canisius College. 
 
 Buffalo. 
 
 St. Lawrence University . . 
 
 Canton. 
 
 College of City of New York . 
 
 New York. 
 
 St. Stephen’s College . . . 
 
 Anandale. 
 
 College of St. Francis Xavier . 
 
 New York. 
 
 Syracuse University .... 
 
 Syracuse. 
 
 Columbia College. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Union College. 
 
 Schenectady. 
 
 Cornell University 1 .... 
 
 Ithaca. 
 
 University of the City ; 
 
 New York. 
 
 Elmira Female College 1 . . 
 
 Elmira. 
 
 of New York ) 
 
 Hamilton College. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 University of Rochester . . 
 
 Rochester. 
 
 Hobart College. 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 Vassar College 1 . 
 
 Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Ingham University .... 
 Madison University .... 
 
 Leroy. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Wells College 1 . 
 
 Aurora. 
 
 1 Elmira College, Vassar College, and Wells College are for female students exclusively. Cornell 
 University admits both sexes. 
 
 History. — Little, if any thing, was known of this part of 
 North America previous to the famous exploring voyage of 
 the English navigator Henry Hudson, who in 1609, while in 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 85 
 
 the employ of the Dutch, entered the harbor of New York, 
 and discovered the river which now bears his name. In his 
 vessel, called the “ Half-Moon,” he ascended the river as far as 
 the present site of Albany ; and the exploration was continued 
 in boats some ten miles farther up. 
 
 The Dutch, in 1614, established a trading-post at the south¬ 
 ern end of Manhattan Island, and built a fort on the banks of 
 the Hudson, near Albany. Fort Orange, on the site of that 
 city, was constructed in 1628. The post on Manhattan Island 
 soon expanded to a settlement, to which the Dutch gave the 
 name of New Amsterdam; and to the extensive region which 
 they claimed, stretching as far south as the Delaware, they 
 gave the name of New Netherlands. 
 
 The same year (1609) in which Hudson ascended the Hudson 
 River, Champlain, a French explorer, discovered Lake Cham¬ 
 plain and Lake George, and thus gave the French a basis for 
 their claim to a large part of the territory included in this 
 state. 
 
 In 1664 the Dutch at New Amsterdam were obliged to sur¬ 
 render the town to an English fleet sent out by the Duke of 
 York, to whom his brother, King Charles II., had granted the 
 whole territory. This led to the name New York. With the 
 exception of a few months in 1673, the English held possession 
 of it till the Revolution. 
 
 About the middle of the next century, disputes sprang up j 
 between the English and the French regarding their American 
 possessions ; and a war ensued, known in history as the French 
 and Indian war, for the Indians mostly took sides with the 
 French. During this struggle the region in the vicinity of 
 Lakes George and Champlain, and the upper course of the 
 Hudson, became the scene of many interesting events. The 
 forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga on the banks of Lake 
 
 Champlain, and Fort William Henry at the head of Lake 
 George, were held by the FTench ; but, by a series of brilliant 
 victories, they were regained by the English ; and at the close 
 of the war, in 1763, the French were compelled to relinquish 
 their claims. 
 
 During the Revolution, New York was the scene of many 
 stirring and important events. By a bold stroke, Ethan Allen 
 and Benedict Arnold captured Crown Point and Ticonderoga 
 in 1775. The disastrous battle of Long Island, in 1776, gave 
 the English possession of New York City; but the next year 
 the glorious victories gained over Burgoyne near Saratoga, 
 under Gen. Gates, really decided the struggle. Many posts on 
 the Hudson became famous during this war, — Fort Washing¬ 
 ton in New York, Stony Point, captured by Wayne in 1779, 
 West Point, memorable for the meditated treason of Arnold in 
 1780, and Newburgh, the site of Washington’s headquarters, 
 and also noted as the scene of the closing events of the great 
 struggle and the disbandment of the army. The city of New 
 York was evacuated in 1783. This city was subsequently the 
 capital of the United States, and there Washington was in¬ 
 augurated in 1789. 
 
 During the war of 1812 many stirring events occurred along 
 the frontier; and an important victory was gained over a Brit¬ 
 ish fleet on Lake Champlain in 1814. 
 
 Steamboat navigation was commenced in 1807 by Robert 
 Fulton, who that year ascended the Hudson River in the 
 “ Clermont.” 
 
 The construction of the Erie Canal, proposed by Gouverneur 
 Morris in 1800, and subsequently urged by DeWitt Clinton, 
 was finished in 1825. This at once became a great channel of 
 trade and emigration, and has contributed largely to the rapid 
 growth and prosperity of the state. 
 
 Political Divisions. — The state is divided into 60 counties, 
 and each county into townships. There are 25 cities. 
 
 New York City, the metropolis of the state, is the business 
 and financial emporium of the New World. In commercial 
 importance it is second only to London. It includes Manhattan 
 Island and the mainland as far north as Yonkers, and eastward 
 to the Bronx River (which separates it from Westchester 
 County), together with several islands in the East River. It 
 covers a total area of 41J square miles, somewhat more than 
 one-half being comprised in Manhattan Island. The popula¬ 
 tion by the census of 1880 was [,206,299. 
 
 Within this city, Brooklyn, and other neighboring cities closely con¬ 
 nected with New York, and forming with it one compact business 
 center, there is a population of about 2,000,000. 
 
 Steam ferries connect the city with Brooklyn at several 
 points, with Long Island City, Jersey City, Hoboken, and 
 Staten Island ; and a magnificent suspension bridge across the 
 East River brings the neighboring cities of New York and 
 Brooklyn into still closer connection. This bridge rests on two 
 massive stone piers 278 feet high, and is supported by four 
 immense steel-wire cables, each sixteen inches in diameter 
 The total length of the bridge is 6,000 feet, and its total cost 
 is over $18,000,000. 
 
 The elevated steam railways, affording rapid communication 
 between the northern and southern extremities of the island, 
 constitute a striking feature ; and besides these there are sur¬ 
 face railroads intersecting the city in all directions. 
 
 The commercial advantages of New York are very great, 
 with its natural highways of trade, its magnificent harbor, and 
 its 25 miles of water-front crowded with the vessels of all 
 nations. 
 
 More than one-half of the foreign trade of the Union is carried on at 
 this port, besides a vast internal and coasting trade. The greater 
 part of the emigrants to the United States land in this city. The 
 great railroad lines which center here bring the city into direct com¬ 
 munication with all parts of the Union and the British Provinces. 
 
 In the value of its manufactures, it is unsurpassed by any 
 other city in the Union. The leading items are clothing, 
 refined sugar, furniture, and printing, and, next to these, boots 
 and shoes, flouring-mill products, sewing-machines, iron-cast¬ 
 ings, lead-pipe, jewelry, and tobacco and cigars. 
 
 New York is widely famed for the number and magnificence 
 of its public buildings, among which may be mentioned the city 
 hall and the new court-house, the post-office, the custom-house, 
 and the sub-treasury. Besides these, there are several hospitals 
 and other charitable institutions, libraries having an aggregate 
 of 700,000 volumes, and buildings devoted to science and art, 
 as Cooper Institute, the National Academy of Design, the 
 Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the American Museum of 
 Natural History. 
 
 There are numerous public squares and parks, chief among 
 the latter being the Central Park, which is one of the finest of 
 the kind in the world. It is 2 \ miles long, and contains an 
 area of 843 acres. Within this space are contained the two 
 
86 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 great reservoirs which receive the water from Croton River, 
 whence it is distributed to the city. The water is conveyed in 
 a stone aqueduct about 40 miles in length, and in pipes across 
 High Bridge, a handsome arched granite structure 116 feet in 
 height, spanning the Harlem River. 
 
 Brooklyn (population, 566,663), the second city in the state, 
 and the third in the Union, holds a high rank for its commer¬ 
 cial importance and manufacturing industries. It has an exten¬ 
 sive water-front, occupied by piers, docks, warehouses, and 
 shipyards. 
 
 The Atlantic Dock, a massive structure completed in 1844, adds very 
 greatly to the commercial advantages of the city. It is a huge 
 basin in the form of a parallelogram, enclosing an area of 40 acres, 
 and deep enough to accommodate the largest vessels. Besides this, 
 there are the Brooklyn and Erie basins, covering together a space 
 of about 100 acres. 
 
 Brooklyn affords a place of residence for many persons doing 
 business in New York, and is noted for its beautiful streets and 
 elegant mansions. There are also many fine public buildings 
 and a large number of churches. This city has been, on that 
 account, styled the “City of Churches.” 
 
 Prospect Park, which has a commanding situation overlook¬ 
 
 ing the harbor of New York, is an extensive pleasure-ground, 
 beautifully laid out, and covering 550 acres. 
 
 There are also several cemeteries, chief among which is 
 Greenwood, widely celebrated for its beautiful views, tasteful 
 cultivation, and costly monuments. Cypress Hills Cemetery 
 and the Cemetery of the Evergreens are also of great extent 
 and beauty. 
 
 This city has a fine system of public schools and many higher 
 institutions of learning, among which may be distinguished 
 the Packer Collegiate Institute, the Collegiate and Polytechnic 
 Institute, and the Adelphi Academy. 
 
 Other Cities. — In addition to New York and Brooklyn, the 
 following are the other twenty-three cities of the State : — 
 
 Buffalo, a port of entry, and county seat of Erie County, has a splen¬ 
 did water-front on Lake Erie and the Niagara River. Its harbor, formed 
 partly by Buffalo River, and protected by extensive breakwaters, is one 
 of the finest on the lakes. The chief characteristics of Buffalo are its 
 healthful and pleasant situation, handsome parks, wide streets, elegant pri¬ 
 vate mansions, fine public buildings, excellent schools, and abundant supply 
 of water from the Niagara, its extensive manufactures of iron, copper, 
 and brass goods, furniture, and flouring-mill products, and its grain trade 
 facilitated by its numerous large elevators. 
 
 Albany, on the west bank of the Hudson River, 145 miles from New 
 York, is the capital of the state. It is the terminus of 
 the Erie Canal, and an important railroad center. It 
 has a large trade in grain and lumber, extensive iron- 
 foundries, and factories of car-wheels, carriages, soap 
 and candles, saws, jewelry, and cabinet furniture. It is 
 the seat of the Geological and Agricultural Hall, the 
 State Library, the Dudley Observatory, and the State 
 Normal School. The new capitol is, next to the fed¬ 
 eral capitol in Washington, the largest and most splen¬ 
 did edifice of the kind in America. 
 
 Rochester is a port of entry at the Falls of the 
 Genesee River, seven miles from Lake Ontario, and at 
 the junction of several important lines of railroad. 
 It has immense water-power and large manufactur¬ 
 ing and milling interests, and is the center of trade 
 for the fertile Genesee Valley. Near Rochester are 
 the most extensive fruit and ornamental tree nurseries 
 in the world. It is the seat of Rochester University, of 
 Rochester Theological Seminary, and of Western Home 
 of Refuge, an important reformatory. 
 
 Troy, on the left bank of the Hudson, six miles above 
 Albany, is the southern terminus of the Champlain 
 Canal, and an important railroad center. It has im¬ 
 mense water-power, extensive iron and steel works, and 
 is largely engaged in the manufacture of shirts, collars 
 and cuffs, cars, mathematical instruments, and globes. 
 
 Syracuse, at the junction of the New York Central 
 and numerous other railroads, is noted for its immense 
 salt-works and its varied manufactures of iron and steel, 
 agricultural implements, glass, furniture, musical instru¬ 
 ments, etc. It is the seat of Syracuse University and 
 of the New York Asylum for Idiots. 
 
 Utica, on the Mohawk River, is an important rail¬ 
 road center, and has great canal facilities. It carries on 
 manufacturing industries, and has a large cheese-trade. 
 It is the seat of the State Lunatic Asylum, and other 
 charitable institutions. 
 
 Oswego is a port of entry on Lake Ontario, at the 
 mouth of Oswego River. This city has a fine harbor, 
 protected by jetties and a breakwater, with several 
 miles of wharfage. It is noted for its grain-trade, its 
 flouring-mills and starch-factories, and its ship-yards 
 and iron-works. It is the seat of one of the state 
 normal schools. 
 
 MAP OF NEW YORK CITY AND VICINITY. 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 87 
 
 Kingston, on the west bank of the Hudson River, is near the terminus 
 (Eddyville) of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. It has a large river traffic, 
 and ships great quantities of coal brought by the canal. It is also the center 
 of the ice industry, and of an immense business in flagging and other varie¬ 
 ties of blue stone, hydraulic cement, and bricks. 
 
 Elmira is situated on the Chemung River, near the mouth of Newtown 
 Creek, and is an important railroad and commercial city. It is noted 
 for its abundant water-power and for its rolling-mills and other iron-works, 
 flour-mills, breweries, tanneries, etc. It is the seat of Elmira Female Col¬ 
 lege. 
 
 Poughkeepsie, on the east bank of the Hudson, has an active river trade, 
 large manufacturing interests, and extensive iron furnaces and foundries. 
 It is the seat of Vassar College. 
 
 Auburn is near Owasco Lake, which supplies abundant water-power. It 
 manufactures agricultural implements, and cotton and woolen fabrics, and 
 has valuable limestone quarries. It is the seat of the Auburn Theological 
 Seminary, also of a state prison. 
 
 Cohoes is at the confluence of the Mohawk with the Hudson River, and 
 near the junction of Erie and Champlain canals. The Mohawk affords 
 immense water-power, and the city is noted for its extensive manufacture 
 of cotton goods, also of hosiery and knit goods, and for its rolling-mills, 
 ax-factories, and manufactory of pins and knitting-needles. 
 
 Newburg, on the west bank of the Hudson, has an active river com¬ 
 merce in lumber and farming produce, and carries on manufacturing in¬ 
 dustry. It is also noted for its Revolutionary associations, Washington’s 
 headquarters having been located there for a considerable time. 
 
 Yonkers is on the east bank of the Hudson, north of New York City, 
 and opposite the Palisades. It carries on the manufacture of felt hats, 
 robes, and cloths, sewing-silk and ribbons, carpets, lead pencils, etc. It is 
 the agreeable place of residence of many New York business men. 
 
 Long Island City is opposite New York, with which it is connected by 
 steam-ferries, and is the terminus of several railroads. It is a depot for the 
 storage and shipment of kerosene-oil, and has oil-refineries, lumber-yards, 
 and granite-works. 
 
 Binghamton is at the confluence of the Chenango and Susquehanna 
 rivers. It is largely engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, 
 cigars, steam-engines, farming implements, etc., and has a large coal-trade. 
 
 Schenectady, on the south bank of the Mohawk River, is noted for 
 its locomotive-works, broom-manufactories, knitting-mill, etc. It is the seat 
 of Union College. 
 
 Lockport is on the Erie Canal, where it descends 60 feet by five double 
 locks. Immense water-power is distributed from the canal to the manufac¬ 
 tories by means of a hydraulic canal three-fourths of a mile long. The chief 
 manufactures are those of flour, lumber, and cotton and woolen goods. 
 
 Rome, on the Mohawk River, is noted for its rolling and puddling mills, 
 paper-mills, and sash, blind, and planing mills, locomotive and car works. 
 It is the site of Fort Stanwix. 
 
 Ogdensburg, a port of entry on the St. Lawrence River, has extensive 
 lake and Canadian commerce in grain, flour, and lumber. Its abundant 
 water-power supplies numerous flouring-mills and saw-mills. 
 
 Watertown is on both banks of the Black River. It has abundant 
 water-power, and numerous flouring and saw mills, and manufactories of 
 sewing-machines, woolen goods, paper, leather, farming implements, etc. 
 
 Hudson is on the east bank of the Hudson, at the head of ship navigation; 
 it has a large river trade, extensive iron-works, and various manufactories. 
 
 Dunkirk is a growing city in Chautauqua County on Lake Erie. It is a 
 port of entry, has an excellent harbor and large coastwise trade; also exten¬ 
 sive iron-works, machine-shops, and various factories. 
 
 Villages. — The names, location, and characteristics of the 
 principal villages, are shown in the subjoined table: — 
 
 Amsterdam — in Montgomery County, on the 
 Mohawk River. Manufacture of knit goods 
 .Batavia—in Genesee County, on Tonawanda 
 Creek. Seat of the State Institution for the 
 Blind. 
 
 Canandaigua — in Ontario County, on Canan¬ 
 
 daigua Lake. Beautiful situation; impor¬ 
 tant railroad center 
 
 Cape Vincent — in Jefferson County, on the St. 
 Lawrence River. Port of entry; terminus 
 of the Rome and Watertown Railroad; 
 shipyard. 
 
 Catskill — in Greene County, on the west bank 
 of the Hudson. The landing-place for 
 visitors to the Catskill Mountains. 
 
 Cold Spring — in Putnam County, nearly oppo¬ 
 site West Point. Furnaces and foundries; 
 picturesque situation. 
 
 Corning—in Steuben County, on the Chemung 
 River. Extensive coal and lumber trade. 
 
 Dansville — in Livingston County, forty miles 
 south of Rochester. Valuable water-power 
 used in mills and factories. 
 
 Flushing — in Queen’s County, on Flushing Bay. 
 Elegant residences; extensive gardens and 
 nurseries; numerous schools. 
 
 Fort Edward — in Washington County, on east 
 bank of the Hudson. Manufactures of 
 iron and paper. Remains of old Fort 
 Edward. 
 
 Fredonia — in Chautauqua County, about three 
 miles from Dunkirk. Flouring and saw 
 mills ; a spring of natural gas in the vi¬ 
 cinity used to light the village. 
 
 Geneva — in Ontario County, at the north-west 
 extremity of Seneca Lake. Beautiful situa¬ 
 tion; nursery business; seat of Hobart 
 College. 
 
 Glens Falls —in Warren County, on the upper 
 Hudson, where it descends fifty feet. 
 Extensive milling business and various 
 manufactures; in the vicinity of quarries 
 of black marble. 
 
 Gloversville — in Fulton County, adjacent to 
 Johnstown. Manufacture of gloves and 
 mittens, and various other articles. 
 
 Greenbush — in Rensselaer County, on the east 
 bank of the Hudson. A railroad center; 
 saw and flour mills and blast furnace; lum¬ 
 ber trade. 
 
 Hempstead — in Queens County, twenty-one 
 miles east of New York City. Local trade; 
 residential village. 
 
 Hornellsville — in Steuben County, on Canisteo 
 River. Mowing-machine factory; various 
 manufactures, tanneries. 
 
 Ilion — in Llerkimer County, on the south bank 
 of the Mohawk. Advantageous situation 
 on Erie Canal and New York Central Rail¬ 
 road; manufactures of agricultural imple¬ 
 ments, arms, and sewing-machines. 
 
 Ithaca — in Tompkins County, near the head of 
 Cayuga Lake. A railroad center, active 
 commerce; coal depot, various manufac¬ 
 tures; seat of Cornell University 
 
 Jamaica — in Queen’s County Pleasant resi¬ 
 dential village. 
 
 Jamestown — in Chautauqua County, at the 
 outlet of Chautauqua Lake Connected by 
 steamers with Mayville; various factories, 
 machine-shops, and foundries; a summer 
 resort. 
 
 Johnstown— in Fulton County, on a branch of 
 the Mohawk River Skin and leather dress¬ 
 ing establishments; glove and mitten facto¬ 
 ries. 
 
 Lansingburg—in Rensselaer County, on the 
 east bank of the Hudson, opposite the 
 mouth of the Mohawk Brush factories, 
 oil-cloth and other manufactories 
 
 Le Roy — in Genesee County. Thriving village; 
 railroad facilities. 
 
 Little Falls — in Herkimer County, on the Mo¬ 
 hawk River, where it falls forty-two feet. 
 Cheese trade; paper, flouring, and cotton 
 mills; woolen factories; starch manufacto¬ 
 ries. 
 
 Lyons — in Wayne County, on the Erie Canal. 
 Trade in tobacco, grain, and fruit; pepper¬ 
 mint distilleries. 
 
 Middletown — in Orange County, at the junction 
 of the Erie, the New York and Oswego 
 Midland, and the New Jersey Midland Rail¬ 
 roads. Center of a rich stock-raising and 
 dairy district; numerous manufactories; 
 public buildings; Hillside Cemetery, con¬ 
 taining fifty acres. 
 
 New Brighton — in Richmond County, on the 
 north-east shore of Staten Island. Hand¬ 
 some residences; beautiful situation; com¬ 
 manding view of New York Bay. 
 
 Niagara Falls — in Niagara County. A resort 
 of visitors to the cataract of Niagara. 
 
 Norwich — in Chenango County, on the Che¬ 
 nango River. A railroad center; various 
 manufactures ; handsome court house ; 
 large local trade. 
 
 Owego — in Tioga County, on the Susquehanna 
 River Center of a rich farming region; 
 pleasant situation; grist-mills; foundries; 
 soap, shoe, piano, carriage, and marble fac¬ 
 tories; tanneries. 
 
 Peekskill — in Westchester County, on the east 
 bank of the Hudson River. Beautiful situ¬ 
 ation; river trade; iron foundries, stove 
 factories. 
 
 Penn Yan — in Yates County, on the outlet of 
 Keuka Lake. Center of lake region; abun¬ 
 dant water-power; flour and planing mills; 
 extensive malt house, and barrel manufac¬ 
 tory. 
 
 Plattsburg — in Clinton County, a port of entry 
 on Lake Champlain. Lumber and iron busi¬ 
 ness; various manufactures. 
 
 Port Chester — in Westchester County, on the 
 New York and New Haven Railroad 
 Residential town. 
 
 Port Jervis — in Orange County, on the Dela¬ 
 ware River, at the mouth of the Nevisink, 
 and at the intersection of the boundaries of 
 New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania 
 Grand scenery; radroad shops; numerous 
 manufactories; a place of summer resort. 
 
 Sag Harbor — in Suffolk County, near the east 
 extremity of Long Island, on Gardiners 
 Bay. Port of entry; good harbor; exten¬ 
 sive coasting trade; various manufactories; 
 a summer resort 
 
 Saratoga Springs — in Saratoga County, on the 
 Adirondack and Rensselaer and Saratoga 
 Railroads. Mineral springs; place of sum¬ 
 mer resort; numerous large hotels and 
 boarding-houses; exportation of mineral 
 water 
 
 Saugerties — in Ulster County, on Esopus Creek. 
 Foundries and factories. 
 
 Seneca Falls — in Seneca County, on the outlet 
 of Seneca Lake. Abundant water-power; 
 various manufactures. Business center of 
 a large and intelligent section. 
 
 Sing Sing — in Westchester County, on the east 
 bank of the Hudson River — Tappan Bay. 
 Beautiful situation; manufacture of files, 
 lawn-mowers, carriages, etc ; seat of a 
 state prison. 
 
 Suspension Bridge — in Niagara County, on 
 the Niagara River, connected with Clifton 
 on the Canada side. Port of entry; sus¬ 
 pension bridge for railroad and other travel; 
 various manufactures. 
 
 Tarrytown — in Westchester County, on the east 
 bank of the Hudson. Picturesque situation 
 and elegant country-seats; various facto¬ 
 ries. 
 
 Waterloo — in Seneca County. Is abeautiful ar.d 
 prosperous village at the outlet of Seneca 
 Lake ; varied manufactures. 
 
 Westfield — in Chautauqua County, near Lake 
 Erie. Mills and factories. 
 
 West Point — in Orange County, on the west 
 bank of the Hudson River. Picturesque 
 situation; the seat of the; United States 
 Military Academy; historical associations. 
 
 West Troy — in Albany County, on the west 
 bank of the Hudson River, opposite Troy. 
 Extensive lumber trade; seat of the Water- 
 vliet National Arsenal; various manufacto¬ 
 ries. 
 
 Whitehall — in Washington County, at the head 
 of Lake Champlain. Terminus of Cham¬ 
 plain Canal; abundant water-power; saw 
 and planing mills, machine-shops, etc. 
 
Port J er yj§itCffi 40 Xongitude "West 74°20 from Greenwicli 74°oo' 
 
NEW JERSEY. 
 
 89 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 iron wo 
 
 THE HACKENSACK RIVER 
 
 NEWARK. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP 
 
 Position, etc. — What natural boundary has New Jersey on the west? 
 What states west? What state on the north-east? What bodies of water 
 form the eastern boundary of the state? How bounded on the south? 
 Through how many degrees of latitude does the state extend ? Through 
 how many of longitude? Measure by the scale of miles the length of the 
 state. 
 
 Coast. — What bay between New Jersey and Long Island? What bay 
 north of Staten Island? What bay south of Staten Island? What cape 
 projects into Lower Bay? Name the principal bays south of Sandy Hook. 
 What cape at the southern extremity of the state ? What large bay forms 
 a south-western boundary ? 
 
 Surface. —Which section is the most mountainous ? What range on the 
 north-western border? What mountains in Sussex County? In Passaic 
 County? What elevation in Bergen County borders Hudson River? 
 What mountains in Morris County? In Somerset County? [Name any 
 mountains in the county in which you live.] 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — What lake partly in Passaic County and partly in 
 New York state? What lake between Morris and Sussex counties? 
 [Name any lakes or ponds in the county in which you live.] Into what two 
 bodies of water do the principal rivers flow? A ns. Into the Atlantic 
 Ocean and Delaware River. What two rivers flow into Newark Bay ? 
 What river flows into Raritan Bay? What are the principal rivers flowing 
 into Barnegat Bay? What river separates Burlington and Atlantic coun¬ 
 ties? What river flows into Great Egg Harbor? What is the principal 
 river flowing into Delaware Bay? [Name any streams in your county.] 
 
 Counties.—What counties border on New York ? On Hudson River? 
 Name the Atlantic counties south of Sandy Hook. Which is the most 
 southern county? Which counties on Delaware Bay? Which counties on 
 Delaware River? Which county borders both on Delaware River and 
 
 the Atlantic Ocean? Which counties are traversed by the Morris Canal? 
 Which by the Delaware and Raritan Canal? Which is the largest county 
 in the state? The smallest ? [In which county do you live?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Which city is the capital of the state, and where is 
 it? In which county is Newark, the largest city? Locate Jersey City, the 
 second city in population. In which county, and on what river, is Paterson? 
 What cities in Union County? What city joins Jersey City on the north? 
 What city opposite Philadelphia? Locate the two cities of Middlesex 
 County? What city north-west of Newark? Name and locate two cities 
 of Cumberland County? What city of Burlington County is on Delaware 
 River? What city in the south-western part of Union County? What city 
 in Salem County? What city at the confluence of the Lehigh and Delaware 
 rivers? What is the county-seat of Morris County? Locate Bayonne. 
 What city at the mouth of Raritan River? What town in Essex County 
 on the Morris Canal? What noted watering-place in Monmouth County? 
 What city south of Camden? What city in the southern part of Hunterdon 
 County? Locate Princeton. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 7,815 square miles. Population, 1,131,116.) 
 
 Outline and Extent. — The winding course of [he Delaware 
 River, which forms the western boundary, and the broken 
 coast-line of the Atlantic Ocean on the east, extending about 
 120 miles, give this state an irregular outline. Its greatest 
 length from north to south is about 167 miles ; its average 
 width, about 50 miles. 
 
 Surface. — In the north-west the surface is broken by the 
 
9 ° 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Blue or Kittatinny Mountains and by the Wallkill, Pochuck, 
 and other mountains forming the Highland range, between 
 which is the Kittatinny Valley, about ten miles wide. The 
 north-eastern and central parts consist of a great plain ; and, 
 south of a line connecting Amboy and Trenton, the surface is 
 
 quite low and level. The 
 Navesink Highlands, near 
 Sandy Hook, are 375 f ee t 
 above the ocean. 
 
 The ridges of the Highland 
 range vary in height from 
 1,000 to 1,450 feet above 
 tide water. The Blue 
 Mountains have a varying 
 elevation of 1,400 to 1,800 
 feet. 
 
 Rivers.— New Jersey is 
 well drained by the affluents 
 of the Delaware River and 
 of the Atlantic. Most of 
 the latter are navigable from 
 ten to twenty miles. In the 
 northern part there are many 
 small streams that supply 
 abundant water-power. 
 
 Coast. — From the low 
 projecting bank called Sandy 
 Hook to the similarly formed 
 point Cape May, the whole eastern coast consists of a long 
 line of sandy beaches, broken by inlets, and enclosing narrow 
 and shallow lagoons, behind which stretches, for several miles 
 inland, a low, marshy tract. Good harbors are few ; Raritan 
 Bay, south of Staten Island, and Newark Bay, north of it, 
 being the largest and best. 
 
 Lakes and Scenery.—There are several picturesque lakes 
 in the northern part of the state, of which Hopatcong and 
 Greenwood lakes are the most important; and many places 
 noted for their beauty in the same region, among which may 
 be mentioned the Falls of the Passaic at Paterson, the passage 
 of the Delaware through the Blue Mountains, and Schooleys 
 Mountain in Morris County. 
 
 Agriculture. — A large part of the soil of this state is highly 
 productive, owing to the skill and industry with which it has 
 been enriched by cultivation. This is especially true of the 
 Valley of the Delaware. In the Kittatinny Valley there is 
 very rich pasturage, and abundant crops of grass and grain are 
 raised. The middle portion is a vast market-garden, yielding 
 i.umense quantities of vegetables, sweet-potatoes, melons, 
 apples, peaches, and other fruit, which supply the great 
 market? of New York and Philadelphia. 
 
 In the south the soil is light, and pine-woods and cedar- 
 swamps abound. 
 
 The culture of cranberries, particularly in the south-east, is a promi¬ 
 nent agricultural industry. More than one-half of all the cranberries 
 produced in the United States are grown in this State. 
 
 Mining. — The mineral resources of New Jersey are very 
 extensive. In the northern part are great deposits of magnetic 
 iron ore ; and the zinc-mines in Sussex County are among the 
 most valuable in the world. 
 
 There are also extensive quarries of granite and other build¬ 
 ing-stone, stone for flagging, and slate. Beds of marl, of great 
 value as a fertilizer, are found in many parts. There are also 
 valuable beds of fire-clay and potters’ clay near Amboy, Tren¬ 
 ton, and some other places. 
 
 Fisheries.—The fisheries in the neighboring waters of the 
 state are extensive and profitable, including several varieties 
 of fish, as well as oysters and clams, which are sold to supply 
 the markets of New York City. 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufacturing interests of this state 
 are of great extent and importance, as its abundant water¬ 
 power, mineral wealth, and great transportation facilities, have 
 contributed to foster this branch of industry. 
 
 In the manufacture of silk goods and trunks this state holds the first 
 rank. The most prominent of the other branches of manufacture 
 are iron and iron manufactures, leather, machinery, sugar and mo¬ 
 lasses, flouring and grist mill products, jewelry, cotton and woolen 
 goods, steel, and hats and caps. 
 
 Commerce. — The coastwise and inland trade of this state 
 is very extensive, aided by its numerous railroads, and its two 
 canals, — the Morris Canal, from Jersey City to Phillipsburg, 
 101 miles, and the Delaware and Raritan Canal, between New 
 Brunswick and Bordentown, 43 miles. The direct foreign 
 commerce is chiefly carried on from the port of Newark. 
 
 There are six ports of entry,— Newark, Perth Amboy, Tuckerton (Little 
 Egg Harbor), Great Egg Harbor, Bridgeton, and Lamberton (part of 
 Trenton.) 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Besides the two canals mentioned, 
 there are about 1,700 miles of railroads, more, in proportion to 
 its area, than in any other state except Massachusetts and Con¬ 
 necticut. 
 
 The most important of these railroad lines are the Camden and Atlan¬ 
 tic; Central Railroad of New Jersey, including several divisions; 
 the Northern New Jersey, a branch of the New York, Lake Erie, 
 and Western Railroad; the Morris and Essex, a branch of the Dela¬ 
 ware, Lackawanna, and Western; the New Jersey Midland; the 
 New Jersey Southern, connecting Sandy Hook with Delaware Bay; 
 the West Jersey; and the United Railroads of New Jersey, a 
 division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 Government. — The chief executive officers of the state are 
 the Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Comptroller, and 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 The Governor is elected by the people for three years; the Secretary 
 of State is appointed by the Governor with the advice of the Sen¬ 
 ate; the Treasurer is elected by the Legislature; and the Superin¬ 
 tendent of Public Instruction, by the State Board of Education. 
 
 The Legislature consists of a Senate, made up of a member 
 from each county, and an Assembly of 60 representatives ; and 
 the Judiciary consists of the Court of Errors and Appeals, the 
 Supreme Court, with Circuit Courts, and the Court of Chancery, 
 the head of which is the Chancellor; besides inferior courts. 
 
 Education. — The state system of popular education is well 
 organized, and supported by general taxation. The common 
 schools are under the direction of a state board, and supervised 
 by the state superintendent and county superintendents, ap¬ 
 pointed by the board. At Trenton there is a normal school 
 with a model school attached. 
 
 The institutions for higher instruction are, the College of 
 
NEW JERSEY. 
 
 9i 
 
 New Jersey at Princeton, Rutgers College at New Brunswick, 
 St. Benedict’s College at Newark, and Seton Hall College at 
 South Orange. 
 
 History.—New Jersey was included within the limits of the 
 territory claimed by the Dutch, and called New Netherlands; 
 and the first settlement was made by Hollanders at Bergen, 
 about 1620. The Swedes and Finns a short time afterward 
 made settlements on the Delaware River. 
 
 After the taking of New Amsterdam by the English, in 
 1664, this part of New Netherlands became the property of the 
 Duke of York, who sold it to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
 Carteret; and it received the name of New Jersey in honor of 
 the latter, who had been governor of the Island of Jersey 
 Subsequently it was transferred to various proprietors, includ¬ 
 ing William Penn, in 1682 ; but in 1702 it was surrendered to 
 the crown, and continued to be a royal province until the 
 Revolution. 
 
 Many stirring events of the Revolutionary war occurred in 
 this state, chief among which were the battles of Trenton, 
 Princeton, and Monmouth. The first Legislature met at 
 Princeton, in 1776; but in 1790 the state capital was estab¬ 
 lished at Trenton. The state Constitution was adopted in 
 1776, revised in 1844, and again in 1875. 
 
 Counties. — This state is divided into twenty-one counties, 
 as follows : — 
 
 Atlantic. 
 
 Bergen. 
 
 Burlington. 
 
 Camden. 
 
 Cape May. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Essex. 
 
 Gloucester. 
 
 Hudson. 
 
 Hunterdon. 
 
 Mercer. 
 
 Middlesex. 
 
 Monmouth. 
 
 Morris. 
 
 Ocean. 
 
 Passaic. 
 
 Salem. 
 
 Somerset. 
 
 Sussex. 
 
 Union. 
 
 Warren. 
 
 Newark (population, 136,508), in Essex County, the chief 
 city of the state, is an important railroad center, and trains 
 run between it and New York every few minutes through the 
 day. The Morris Canal passes through the city, bringing the 
 coal of the Lehigh Valley. Its foreign and coastwise com¬ 
 merce is extensive; but it is for the extent and variety of 
 its manufactures that Newark is especially noted. Among 
 the most important are jewelry, clothing, saddlery materials, 
 hats, India-rubber and leather goods, carriages, cotton thread, 
 and other articles. 
 
 Trenton (population, 29,910) is the capital. It is at the head 
 of steamboat navigation on the Delaware, and has ample rail¬ 
 road communication with New York, Philadelphia, and the 
 coal districts of Pennsylvania. The Delaware and Raritan 
 Canal passes through the city. The most important industry 
 is the manufacture of crockery. There is a large number of 
 potteries, besides iron-foundries, breweries, paper-mills, zinc- 
 works, and other manufactories. It has several fine public 
 buildings, including the state capitol, city hall, and post-office, 
 and is the seat of the State Normal School, lunatic-asylum, and 
 penitentiary. 
 
 Jersey City (population, 120,722) is the second city of the 
 state, situated on the west bank of the Hudson, at its entrance 
 into New York Bay, and opposite the southern part of New 
 York City, with which it is connected by several steam ferries. 
 It is an important railroad center, the terminus of the Morris 
 Canal, the starting-point for several ocean steamship lines, and 
 
 a great depot for the coal and iron brought from Pennsylvania. 
 Its manufactories include iron-foundries, machine-shops, sugar- 
 refineries, and breweries, glass-works, and steel and zinc facto¬ 
 ries. Very many other articles are extensively made, among 
 them, watches, jewelry, copper articles, black lead, lead pencils, 
 and crucibles. 
 
 Paterson (population, 51,031), in Passaic County, on Passaic 
 River, is the third city in the state. Being supplied with im¬ 
 mense water-power by the falls of the Passaic, it has numerous 
 jmanufacturing establishments, chief among which are silk- 
 I manufactories, cotton-mills, machine-shops, locomotive and 
 steam-engine works, paper-mills, and factories for the making 
 of sewing-machines, carpets, thread, and many other articles. 
 In the quantity and variety of its silk goods Paterson excels 
 every other city in the Union. 
 
 Other Cities, etc. — The other prominent cities and towns 
 
 are : — 
 
 Bayonne — a city in Hudson County, between 
 New York and Newark bays, and on the 
 Central Railroad. Coal depot; chemicals 
 and petroleum. 
 
 ' Beverly — in Burlington County, on the Dela¬ 
 ware River. Proximity to Philadelphia. 
 Manufactures of oil-cloths, woolen goods, 
 etc. 
 
 Bloomfield — in Essex County, on the Morris 
 Canal. Cotton, woolen, and paper factories. 
 
 Bordentown — in Burlington County, on the 
 Delaware River. A terminus of the Dela¬ 
 ware and Raritan Canal. 
 
 Bridgeton — a city of Cumberland County, on 
 Cohansey Creek, twenty miles from its 
 mouth, on the West Jersey Railroad. Ex¬ 
 tensive iron-foundry and rolling-mill, and 
 nail, glass, and woolen factories. Ship¬ 
 building. 
 
 j Burlington — a city of Burlington County, on 
 the Delaware River; connected with Phila¬ 
 delphia by a line of steamboats. A port of 
 entry, with large trade. Seat of Burling¬ 
 ton College and St. Mary’s Hall, a noted 
 Episcopalian seminary for females. 
 
 j Camden — a city of Camden County, on the 
 Delaware River, opposite Philadelphia. A 
 port of entry. Iron-foundries, chemical and 
 glass works, ship-yards, etc. 
 
 Elizabeth —a city of Union County, on Newark 
 Bay and Staten Island Sound, and at the 
 junction of several railroads. The seat of a 
 great number and variety of manufacturing 
 establishments. 
 
 Flemington — county ‘seat of Hunterdon 
 County. Handsome, flourishing place. 
 
 Gloucester — a city in Camden County, opposite 
 Philadelphia. Large manufactories. 
 
 Hackensack — county seat of Bergen County. 
 Extensive local trade and manufactures. 
 
 Hammonton — in Atlantic County. Cultivation 
 of fruit ; manufactures of boots and shoes. 
 
 t, 
 
 Harrison — a city in Hudson County, on the 
 Passaic River, opposite Newark. Manu¬ 
 factures. 
 
 Hightstown—in Mercer County, on the Cam¬ 
 den and Amboy Railroad. A thriving place. 
 
 Hoboken—a city of Hudson County, on the 
 Hudson River, opposite New York, and 
 adjoining Jersey City. It is the terminus 
 of the D., L., and W. Railroad; the start¬ 
 ing-point for several foreign steamship lines; 
 extensive iron-works, machine-shops, and 
 other manufactories. Seat of the Stevens 
 Institute of Technology. 
 
 Keyport — in Monmouth County, on Raritan 
 Bay. Trade ; ship-building ; oyster busi¬ 
 ness. 
 
 Lambertville—a city in Hunterdon County, on 
 the Delaware River. Water-power; im¬ 
 portant manufactories. 
 
 Long Branch — in Monmouth County, on the 
 shore of the Atlantic; connected with New 
 
 York by steamboat and railroad lines. Ex¬ 
 tensive summer resort. 
 
 Millville — a city of Cumberland County, on 
 Maurice River, and on the West Jersey 
 Railroad. Extensive cotton-factory, iron- 
 foundries, and manufactures of glass-ware 
 
 Morristown — in Morris County, on the line of 
 the Morris and Essex Railroad. Center 
 of a rich agricultural district; large trade. 
 Important insane asylum. 
 
 Mount Holly — County seat of Burlington 
 County. Center of trade and manufactures. 
 
 New Brunswick—a city of Middlesex County, 
 on the Raritan River, and on the line of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad. Extensive manu¬ 
 factories of iron, machinery, India-rubber 
 goods, harness, hosiery, etc. Seat of 
 Rutgers College. 
 
 Newton — county seat of Sussex County. Iron 
 interests: manufacture of shoes. 
 
 Orange —a city of Essex County, on the Morris 
 and Essex Railroad, near Orange Moun¬ 
 tain, about 650 feet high. Noted for its 
 healthful situation and for its numerous fine 
 residences. Llewellyn Park, on the east 
 slope of Orange Mountain, contains many 
 beautiful mansions. Chief industry, the 
 manufacture of hats and shoes. 
 
 Perth Amboy — a city in Middlesex County, at 
 the mouth of Raritan River. A railroad 
 center, with a fine harbor. Manufactories 
 of stoneware and firebrick. 
 
 Phillipsburg — a city in Warren County, on the 
 Delaware River; terminus of the Morris 
 Canal. Varied iron manufactures. 
 
 Plainfield — a city of Union County, on the Cen¬ 
 tral Railroad. A handsome city, containing 
 many fine residences of persons engaged in 
 business in New York. 
 
 Princeton — in Mercer County. Educational 
 center,— the College of New Jersey, etc. 
 
 Rahway — a city of Union County, on Rahway 
 River, a small tributary of Staten Island 
 Sound, and on the line of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad. Manufacture of carriages; 
 paper-hanging factories; wool-scouring es¬ 
 tablishments, etc. 
 
 Red Bank — in Monmouth County, on ic 
 Shrewsbury River. Manufacturing i.iter 
 ests. 
 
 Salem — a city of Salem County, on.‘Salem C r cek, 
 near Delaware River. Center of a fertile 
 farming-region; ship-yards, and manufac¬ 
 tories of glass-ware, oil-cloth, carriages, 
 etc. 
 
 Somerville — county seat of Somerset County, 
 on the Raritan River and. New Jersey Cen¬ 
 tral Railroad. Varied manufactures. 
 
 Woodbury — county sea* of Gloucester County. 
 Thriving village Proximity to Phila¬ 
 delphia . 
 
 Woodstovcn — in S>alem County on Salem Creek. 
 Lcvoal trade. 
 

 
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 from 
 
 1152 
 
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 1150 
 
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 Y 
 
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 X 
 
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 12 / 
 
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 sy a/! rt k § / /Lexington^ ,Hgui: 
 
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 ottstovvnXX O * 'x, “V 7 v “'“ , '"”" V 
 
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 Hanover 
 
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 V’asliington 
 
 gririntr Citv\y F “ rd J •Evansville '' Matbofp 
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 V O/XR l K " p X'P JJe “. ln ^'io 
 
 Log^iviUel^og^evuie^WBawlmsville Col ^. am 
 
 Ati*n Parl£e3ljurb ' 
 
 Hanover Junc.-\ - v -sp" v-\ 
 
 •IV'alleyJc. . ) ,,.. V. Chanqeford 
 
 Jane. jeffersonV Wmi ^ town Tf % 
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 Rail Road • *' 
 
 Shrewsbur 
 
 Castle 1 
 
 •Bethesda. 
 
 Pulton House 
 Goshen 
 
 Peach- 
 
 JTetricks* N |,« Free d ( JSttfwartstown b „ ttom 
 
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 03 
 
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 /West" 
 
 o, IChester 
 
 X 7 Marshall/ ® 
 
 Union ville 
 Hamorton • Chai 
 
 EdgenrontYg^* H ‘‘V 
 Thofn to n Me ^^rV Darby. 
 
 Chatha^ Kennett Square Xo 
 
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 C E 
 
 ^Port Deiiosi: 
 
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 f " 
 
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 Havre do Grace , 
 
 East 
 
 . ® 
 
 :h%\ P '*^” n ‘ ^ 45 / 
 
 9 . -jO Upland* 
 
 ^Toughlcena^ 
 
 rLinwood^^LA 
 
 G L o 
 
 4 ?. 
 
 £ 
 
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 from 
 
 Washington 
 
 NOON 
 
 124 
 
 local Time J^ACjcJien Soon at Wushinrjto’ 
 
 EXPL 
 
 Cities 
 
 Railroads 
 
94 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 lt PlNDENCg|J| 
 
 P iT > S B U 
 
 »(.f*.|.i)jj. | Tipg; a a 0 3 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP 
 
 Position, etc. — With what parallel does most of the northern boundary 
 of Pennsylvania coincide? What state north of Pennsylvania? What 
 natural boundary on the north-west ? What natural boundary on the east? 
 What two states on the east ? What four states on the south ? What two 
 states on the west? Through how many degrees of latitude does the state 
 extend? Through how many degrees of longitude? Measure by the scale 
 of miles the greatest length and the greatest breadth of the state. When 
 it is noon at Washington, what time is it at Philadelphia? What time at 
 Pittsburgh? When it is noon at Greenwich, what time is it at Philadel¬ 
 
 phia ? 
 
 Surface. — To what mountain system do the numerous ranges in this 
 state belong ? In what direction do these ranges extend? Which section 
 of the state is mountainous ? Which is the loftiest mountain range in 
 Pennsylvania? Ans. The Alleghany Mountains. Name two mountain 
 ranges west of the Alleghany Mountains. What range between Juniata and 
 Perry counties? What great range in the south-eastern section? 
 
 Rivers. — What river forms a natural boundary of this state on the east ? 
 What great tributary does the Delaware receive in the east-central part of 
 
 the state ? Through or between what counties does Lehigh River flow 
 
 What large tributary does the Delaware receive in the south-eastern par 
 of the state ? What great river crosses the eastern section of the state i 
 Where does the Susquehanna rise? Ans. In the south-central part oJ 
 New York. Describe the general course of the river from its entrance intc 
 Penn sylvania. What are the two principal western affluents of the Susque 
 ^' In what county, and in what range of mountains, does Juniats 
 ^^se ? What two rivers unite to form Ohio River ? Describe thf 
 ^pUleghany River. What are the principal tributaries of the 
 Inscribe the course of Monongahela River. What is its 
 k '’ To what river system does Ohio River belong? Whai 
 ^^Oliio in Pennsylvania ? 
 
 counties border on New York? Which county 
 ‘ 5 Which counties border on Delaware River: 
 Delaware ? Which counties border on Mary- 
 On Ohio ? 
 
 and locate the capital. Locate Philadelphia, 
 
 the largest city. Locate Pittsburgh, the second city in population. What 
 other city in Alleghany County? What city is the county-seat of Lacka¬ 
 wanna County? What other city in this county? Name and locate the 
 county-seat of Luzerne County. What town in the southern part of Lu¬ 
 zerne County? What city on Lake Erie? What city is the county-seat 
 of Lancaster County? What city on the Susquehanna, west of Lancaster? 
 Name and locate the county-seat of Lycoming County. Of Lehigh County'. 
 What city in Blair County? Name and locate the county r -seat of Schuyl¬ 
 kill County. What town north-east of Pottsville ? What town east of 
 Mahanoy City? West? What town at the confluence of Lehigh and 
 Delaware rivers? Name and locate the county-seat of Montgomery County. 
 What town in the north-western part? What city in York County? In 
 Delaware County? Name and locate two cities of Crawford County. 
 Which is the county-seat? What town is the county-seat of Lawrence 
 County? Name and locate the county-seat of Clinton County. What two 
 important towns in Northumberland County? Which is the county r -seat? 
 Name and locate the county-seat of Montour County. Of Lebanon County'. 
 Of Chester County. What important town on the Schuylkill, north of 
 WestChester? Name and locate the county-seat of Cumberland County. 
 Of Franklin County. Of Venango County. What city of this county on 
 Alleghany River ? What town on the eastern border of Erie County? 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 45,215 square miles. Population, 4,282,891.] 
 
 Outline and Extent. — The form of this state is that of a 
 parallelogram, the length of which is nearly twice the breadth, 
 the former being about 310 miles; the latter, 160 miles. Its 
 northern boundary, except where it borders on Lake Erie, is 
 the parallel of 42 0 N. ; the southern, except on the border of 
 Delaware is the parallel of 39 0 43'. It has about 45 miles of 
 coast line on Lake Erie, on which is a fine harbor at Erie. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 95 
 
 PHYSICAL VIEW OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Surface. — This state is crossed by the Appalachian Moun¬ 
 tain system, which here attains its greatest width, its various 
 parallel ridges spreading over nearly one-fourth of the state. 
 These ridges seldom rise above 2,000 feet : they are generally 
 forest-clad, and are separated by valleys, some of which are 
 quite narrow, while others have a width of from 15 to 20 miles. 
 The Alleghany Mountains are the highest of these ranges. 
 
 South-east of these mountains is a broad, undulating slope, 
 forming a part of the Atlantic Plain; the country west of 
 them is a plateau, more than 1,600 feet high, sloping toward 
 the Ohio River, extending through the Genesee Valley into the 
 state of New York. 
 
 Rivers. — The Susquehanna and Delaware rivers drain the 
 central and eastern parts of the state. The former is too shal¬ 
 low, and too rapid in its course, to be of much advantage for 
 navigation ; but it is used to float great quantities of timber. 
 Its two principal branches are the North Branch, which rises 
 in New York, and the West Branch, which breaks from the 
 western plateau region eastward through the Alleghany 
 Mountains. Next to these is the Juniata, which flows through 
 a valley remarkable for the picturesque beauty of its scenery. 
 
 The Delaware River is navigable for the largest ships to 
 Philadelphia, for large steamboats to Trenton, and for small 
 vessels to Easton. It has tide-water 132 miles from the sea. 
 The Delaware Water-Gap is where the river breaks through 
 the Blue or Kittatinny Mountains. The Ohio and its tributa¬ 
 ries, the Alleghany, and Monongahela, drain the extreme west¬ 
 ern part of the state. The Alleghany has a length of about 
 250 miles within this state; the Monongahela, about 80 miles. 
 Both are navigable for steamboats throughout their whole 
 course in this state. 
 
 Scenery. I he regions near the Alleghany and Blue moun¬ 
 tains, especially in the valleys of the Delaware and S usque- 
 hanna rivers, abound in the most beautiful scenery. The 
 openings in the mountain-ranges, where they are pierced by 
 the rivers, forming what is called water-gaps, or water-gates, 
 afford picturesque views of unsurpassed grandeur. Among 
 these the Delaware Water-Gap is widely famed, and is a noted 
 place of summer resort. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of this state is in general very 
 healthful, but exhibits great extremes of temperature in differ¬ 
 ent parts. In the south and east the summer heat is intense, 
 and prolonged far into the autumn ; on the Alleghany uplands 
 
 the cold is very severe, no month passing without frost, and 
 the mercury sometimes falling to 25 0 below zero. In the val¬ 
 leys of the Susquehanna and its branches the climate is verv 
 mild, and conducive to luxuriant vegetation. 
 
 Soil. — The soil in this state is generally fertile, but is par¬ 
 ticularly productive in the limestone regions of the south-east¬ 
 ern section and of the Ohio Valley, where it is well adapted to 
 the raising of grain. The mountain valleys of the central sec¬ 
 tion have also a fertile soil. In the north, grazing soils prevail. 
 
 Mining. — The mining products of this state make it one 
 of the richest regions in the world. The most important of 
 these are iron, coal, and petroleum. About one-half of the 
 iron, three-fourths of the coal, and nearly all the petroleum 
 found in the United States, are obtained from this state. 
 
 Coal. — Both anthracite and bituminous coal are found in 
 immense quantities ; the latter in the region west of the 
 Alleghanies, of which Pittsburgh is the center. Here the 
 coal-field extends through twenty-four counties. The anthra¬ 
 cite coal region is situated among the highlands in the east¬ 
 ern part of the state, between the Susquehanna and Delaware 
 rivers. It forms a long, irregular-shaped tract, 100 miles in 
 length and 30 miles in width, divided into three fields, — the 
 Southern, Middle, and Northern fields. The principal towns 
 that owe their growth to the anthracite coal interests are 
 I ottsville, Tamaqua, Mauch Chunk, Wilkesbarre, Pittston, 
 Scranton, and Carbondale. 
 
 Map.— In what county is the southern field mainly? What are the 
 principal places in it? In what three counties is the middle field? 
 What are the principal places in it? In what counties is the north¬ 
 ern field? What three important places in it? 
 
 Along the western border of the anthracite region is obtained 
 
 THE ANTHRACITE COAL REGION. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 96 
 
 semi-bituminous coal, very useful for manufacturing purposes ; 
 and on the western border of the state (chiefly in Mercer 
 County) are found deposits of what is called block coal , resem¬ 
 bling cannel coal, and very valuable for the smelting of iron. 
 The coal-fields of this state cover an area of nearly 13,000 
 square miles. 
 
 I ron . — Almost every county in the state contains deposits 
 of iron. Its ores are most abundant and valuable in the bitumi¬ 
 nous coal-region, especially near Pittsburg, where the mines 
 have been worked to a vast extent for many years. 
 
 Petroleum, or rock-oil, is one of the most valuable of the 
 mining products of this state. The “ Oil Region ” is situated 
 in the north-western section, the center being Oil City, in 
 Venango County. This product, and the articles distilled from 
 it, such as kerosene, naphtha, and paraffine, are produced in vast 
 quantities, both for domestic use and for exportation. 
 
 Other Mineral Products. — Slate and marble are found in 
 great abundance, and the working of the quarries is an exten¬ 
 sive and profitable business. Copper, zinc, plumbago, and lead 
 are also mined in considerable quantities. More nickel is 
 obtained from the mines of Lancaster County than in all the 
 rest of the United States. Salt springs exist in several sec¬ 
 tions, producing annually several million dollars’ worth of salt. 
 Medicinal springs are also numerous and valuable. 
 
 Agriculture in this state is an important source of wealth. 
 The principal grains are oats, Indian-corn, wheat, and rye. 
 Dairying and stock-raising are largely pursued. 
 
 Lumbering in the mountain forest districts is a very active 
 business. In several of the central and south-western counties 
 extensive hemlock forests present a great supply of lumber; 
 while the region near the headquarters of the Lehigh is covered 
 with beech forests. There is also an abundance of oak, chest¬ 
 nut, walnut, and cherry trees ; and the maple yields sugar in 
 immense quantities. 
 
 Manufactures. — The immense mineral resources, particu¬ 
 larly in iron and coal, and the great abundance of water-power 
 supplied by its numerous streams, have rendered Pennsylvania 
 eminently a manufacturing state. The value of its manufac¬ 
 tured products is exceeded by that of no other state except 
 New York, while in the amount of capital invested it is unsur¬ 
 passed. The principal articles are iron and steel ware, brass 
 and brass ware, cotton and woolen textiles, building materials, 
 flour, molasses and sugar, clothing, leather, paper, drugs and 
 chemicals, besides which may also be mentioned locomotives 
 and other steam-engines, and heavy machinery, agricultural 
 implements, stoves, and cutlery. 
 
 Ship-building, and the construction of steamboats, particularly 
 in Philadelphia and Pittsburg, constitute an important interest. 
 The Delaware River has been called the “Clyde of America,” 
 owing to the extensive construction of iron steamships carried 
 on upon its banks. 
 
 Commerce.—Although without scacoast, the geographical 
 situation of Pennsylvania is quite favorable to commercial ope¬ 
 rations, as the state is connected with the Atlantic Ocean by 
 the Delaware River, with the Great Lakes by Lake Erie, and 
 with the Mississippi River by the Ohio. The chief outlets of 
 its commerce are, therefore, Philadelphia at one end of the 
 statv. and Pittsburg and Erie at the other. Its foreign com- 
 mei v. s very large, and rapidly increasing, the chief exports 
 
 being petroleum, breadstuffs, and other provisions. The domes¬ 
 tic commerce is also very large. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — Pennsylvania has a very exten¬ 
 sive and complete system of railroads and canals. Of the 
 former there are nearly 6,000 miles ; of the latter, 800 miles. 
 The Pennsylvania Central Railroad extends across the state, 
 and has numerous branches and connections with all important 
 points west, north, and south. The Philadelphia and Reading 
 Railroad is the most important of the anthracite coal roads : 
 others penetrate to all the leading iron and coal regions. 
 
 The most important of the other railroads are the follow¬ 
 
 ing : 
 
 
 NAME. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 
 Allegheny Valley. 
 
 Lehigh and Susquehanna. 
 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio. 
 
 Lehigh Valley. 
 
 
 Buffalo, New York, and Philadelphia. 
 
 New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. 
 
 
 Cumberland Valley. 
 
 Northern Central. 
 
 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal Co. 
 
 Oil Creek and Allegheny River. 
 
 
 Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western. 
 
 Philadelphia and Erie. 
 
 
 Dunkirk and Pittsburgh. 
 
 Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore. 
 
 
 East Broad Top. 
 
 Pittsburg and Lake Erie. 
 
 
 Erie and Pittsburgh. 
 
 Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis. 
 
 
 Hanover Junction and Gettysburg. 
 
 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago. 
 
 
 Huntington and Broad Top Mountain. 
 
 Pittsburg, Virginia, and Charleston. 
 
 
 Lake Shore and Michigan Southern. 
 
 Wilmington and Northern. 
 
 Among the principal canals is the Delaware and Hudson, 
 connecting Honesdale in this state with the Hudson River, near 
 Kingston, N.Y. Only 25 miles of this canal are in Pennsyl¬ 
 vania. The Pennsylvania Canal, including its various divisions, 
 is 358 miles long. It follows the course of the Susquehanna 
 River and its branches, and is of special service in conveying 
 coal and iron from the mining districts. Canals are also con¬ 
 structed along the course of the Delaware, Schuylkill, and 
 other rivers. 
 
 Education. — Pennsylvania has a well-organized and efficient 
 system of public schools, including ten state normal schools. 
 These various schools are attended by about a million pupils. 
 
 Higher education is provided for in a large number of uni¬ 
 versities and colleges ; besides which there are several theologi¬ 
 cal, medical, and law schools. There are also many “ Soldiers’ 
 Orphan Schools,” specially established to provide homes and an 
 education for the children orphaned and left destitute by the 
 casualties of the late civil war. 
 
 The following is a list of the principal universities and col¬ 
 leges, with their location : — 
 
 INSTITUTION. 
 
 Allegheny College 
 Dickinson College 
 Franklin and Marshall Col 
 Girard College 
 Haverford College 
 Lafayette College 
 La Salle College . 
 
 Lehigh University 
 Lincoln University 
 Mercersburg College 
 Muhlenberg College. 
 Palatinate College 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 Meadville. 
 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Haverford. 
 
 Easton. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 South Bethlehem. 
 
 Lower Oxford. 
 
 Mercersburg. 
 
 Allentown. 
 
 Myerstown. 
 
 INSTITUTION. 
 
 Pennsylvania College . . 
 
 St. Vincent College . . 
 
 Swarthmore College . . 
 University at Lewisburg . 
 University of Pennsylvania 
 Ursinus College . . . . 
 
 Villanova College . . . 
 
 Washington and Jefferson 
 
 College. 
 
 Waynesburg College . . 
 
 Western University of Pa. 
 Westminster College . . 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 Gettysburg. 
 
 Latrobe. 
 
 Swarthmore. 
 
 Lewisburg. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 F reeland. 
 Villanova. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Waynesburg. 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 New Wilmington. 
 
 govern- 
 
 Government. — The executive department of the 
 ment consists of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary 
 of the Commonwealth, Attorney-General, Auditor-General, 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 97 
 
 State Treasurer, Secretary of Internal Affairs, and Superin¬ 
 tendent of Public Instruction. The Governor and Lieutenant- 
 Governor hold office for four years. 
 
 The legislative department is the General Assembly, which 
 consists of a Senate of 50 members, and a House of Representa¬ 
 tives composed of 201 members. The sessions are held every 
 two years. 
 
 The judicial department is vested in the Supreme Court, 
 composed of seven judges elected for twenty-one years. 
 
 History. — Henry Hudson, the discoverer of Hudson River, 
 in his famous voyage in 1609 entered Delaware Bay, and 
 partly explored the river flowing into it, which the Dutch 
 subsequently called South River, to distinguish it from the 
 North or Hudson River. The Swedes made the first perma¬ 
 nent settlement on the Delaware at Upland, now Chester, 
 which is therefore the oldest town in the state. The colony 
 of New Sweden was in 1655 conquered by the Dutch, who 
 claimed the whole territory. 
 
 The grant made by Charles II. to his brother the Duke of 
 York, in 1664, embraced Pennsylvania; but in 1681 it was 
 granted to William Penn, from whom it derives its name, 
 meaning Penn's Woods. Penn landed in 1682 with a company 
 of emigrants, and founded a colony, being careful to establish 
 friendly relations with the Indian tribes, with whom he made a 
 treaty, having paid them for the lands which he occupied. This 
 treaty was faithfully observed for more than fifty years. 
 
 He soon afterward laid out the plan of Philadelphia,—the 
 City of Brotherly Love , — having purchased the site from the 
 Swedes, by whom it had been bought from the Indians. Civil 
 and religious liberty was established by Penn, and the colony 
 soon became populous and flourishing. Many German and 
 Swiss emigrants arrived, and settled near Philadelphia, the vil¬ 
 lage of Germantown being founded by the former. 
 
 During the F'rench and Indian war the frontier settlements 
 were greatly harassed by Indian attacks, and many atrocities 
 were committed. This state of things was, however, termi¬ 
 nated by the capture of Fort Duquesne by the English in 1758. 
 During the Revolution the Indians renewed their attacks ; and 
 in 1778 the beautiful village of Wyoming, near the northern 
 frontier, was destroyed. 
 
 The most important events of the Revolutionary period in 
 this state were the meeting of the Continental Congress in 
 Philadelphia, the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the 
 battles of Brandywine and Germantown, the capture of Phila¬ 
 delphia in 1777, and the incidents connected with the encamp¬ 
 ment at Valley Forge. 
 
 During the late civil war Pennsylvania was the scene of 
 many stirring events. At the little town of Gettysburg, in 
 1863, one of the severest and most critical battles of the war 
 took place. 
 
 Political Divisions. — Pennsylvania is divided into 67 coun¬ 
 ties, each subdivided into townships. Other divisions are cities, 
 boroughs, and towns. The following is a list of the counties : — 
 
 Adams. 
 
 Blair. 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Allegheny. 
 
 Bradford. 
 
 Centre. 
 
 Crawford. 
 
 Armstrong. 
 
 Bucks. 
 
 Chester. 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Beaver. 
 
 Butler. 
 
 Clarion. 
 
 Dauphin. 
 
 Bedford. 
 
 Cambria. 
 
 Clearfield. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Berks. 
 
 Cameron. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Elk. 
 
 Erie. 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Montour. 
 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 Fayette. 
 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Northampton. 
 
 Tioga. 
 
 Forest. 
 
 Lebanon. 
 
 Northumberland. 
 
 Union. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 Lehigh. 
 
 Perry. 
 
 Venango. 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 Luzerne. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Warren. 
 
 Greene. 
 
 Lycoming. 
 
 Pike. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Huntington. 
 
 McKean. 
 
 Potter. 
 
 Wayne. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Mercer. 
 
 Schuylkill. 
 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Mifflin. 
 
 Snyder. 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Juniata. 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 Somerset. 
 
 York. 
 
 Lackawanna. 
 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Sullivan. 
 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 (population, 
 
 847,170) is the metropolis of the 
 
 state, and the 
 
 second city 
 
 in the Union. In 
 
 extent of ter- 
 
 ritory it is probably the largest city in the w 
 
 orld, having an 
 
 area of nearly 
 
 130 square 
 
 miles. Its greatest length from 
 
 north to south is 22 miles, and its breadth varies from 5 to 10 
 miles. Within the city limits are several places which were 
 once separate towns, and which still retain their former names, 
 such as Manayunk, Germantown, Chestnut Hill, and Bridesburg. 
 
 Steam ferries ply across the Delaware, connecting the city 
 with Camden and Gloucester; and the Schuylkill is spanned 
 with several fine bridges. Easy communication from one part 
 of the city to another is effected by a network of street rail¬ 
 roads ; and all the principal railways in the state center in this 
 city, diverging to every part of the Union. 
 
 In commercial importance Philadelphia ranks fourth among 
 the cities of the Union ; its commercial facilities are very 
 great, and its foreign and domestic trade are quite extensive. 
 The chief articles of exportation are petroleum, breadstuffs, 
 provisions, and various manufactured articles. The coal-trade 
 is enormous, especially in anthracite coal, of which Philadelphia 
 is the greatest market in the world. 
 
 In manufacturing industry Philadelphia holds the first rank 
 among the cities of the United States. Among the most 
 prominent branches are the following: boots and shoes, bread 
 and bakery products, carpets, clothing, furniture, machinery, 
 tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, and woolen goods. 
 
 This city contains many edifices notable for historic interest, 
 or for their extent and the magnificence of their architecture. 
 Among them may be particularly mentioned the following: 
 Independence Hall, or the Old State House, in which the Dec¬ 
 laration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Con¬ 
 gress, and the Constitution framed in 1787. The Hall is now 
 used as a repository for the portraits of Revolutionary and 
 other heroes, and various historical relics. Carpenters’ Hall 
 is the place of meeting of the first Continental Congress, in 
 1774. The Penn Treaty Monument is at Kensington. 
 
 The City Hall, when finished, will be one of the most spa¬ 
 cious and beautiful buildings in America. The Post Office, 
 Merchants’ Exchange, Masonic Temple, Girard College, and 
 the Roman Catholic Cathedral, with many other church edi¬ 
 fices, are among the most noteworthy of the other public 
 buildings. 
 
 Fairmount Park is among the largest in the world, and is 
 remarkable for its fine situation and natural beauty. It is situ¬ 
 ated on the banks of the Schuylkill and Wissahickon rivers, 
 covering an area of nearly 3,000 acres, and containing a car¬ 
 riage-drive of more than twelve miles. In the south-western 
 portion of this park the Centennial Exhibition was held. The 
 city contains several other small parks. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 q8 
 
 Hatborough 
 
 Jnrrrttmvn 
 
 Somerton 
 
 Washington 
 
 Broad Axe, 
 
 'itzwatertbwnj 
 
 Abing-ton 
 
 ,Byberry Pt. 
 
 ' Edge HiU 
 Howto wn 
 
 Kii.kory- 
 
 town 
 
 Verres 
 
 ViOlills 
 
 onkintown 
 
 Bustleton 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 'Shoemakertown 
 
 Barren Hill / 
 
 dibourne 
 
 Somerville 
 
 Hulmesburg " 
 V Taconj- 
 
 ^,01ncy 
 
 Merioi 
 
 f North/ 
 Penns.vule. 
 
 Ardmore- 
 
 
 CXKy -■ / "1 ladd ington' 
 
 lerfnantville 
 
 West 
 
 Haverford 
 
 Cooper-. 
 
 HUisbui 
 
 Feruwood*? 
 
 Garrettford 
 
 aOPOiNTi 
 
 parkV 
 
 Hiaron Hill* 
 
 Morton 
 
 ilouid 
 
 Glenolden 
 
 Westvilli 
 
 led Bank 
 
 \Bidley. 
 
 Park 
 
 T | N1- -C’ 
 
 MzarMo 
 
 W 4IDEN is. 
 
 TINICUM II 
 
 Chew’s 
 
 Landing 
 
 Woodbury 
 
 Blackwood- 
 
 town 
 
 Eaukhorougk 
 
 AWenoni 
 
 Mantua" 
 
 ’Jtepaupo' 
 
 Hurffville 
 
 Bridgeport 
 
 Being the center of a fertile region abounding in 
 mines of iron and coal, it has ample communica¬ 
 tion with all parts of the state by means of the 
 Pennsylvania Canal and several railroads. Its iron 
 manufactures are also very extensive. 
 
 Pittsburg, in Allegheny County, is the second 
 city of the state in population. Owing to its exten¬ 
 sive manufactures, it is sometimes called the Iron 
 City; while the clouds of smoke constantly arising 
 from the burning of bituminous coal have given it 
 the name of the Smoky City. Its situation at the 
 head of the Ohio, and at the confluence of the Alle¬ 
 ghany and Monongahela rivers, affords it superior 
 commercial facilities. 
 
 Next to Philadelphia, this is the principal manu¬ 
 facturing city in the state, the chief products being 
 iron, steel, copper, and glass. 
 
 All varieties of steam machinery, and implements for do¬ 
 mestic and agricultural purposes, are made here. The 
 annual value of the iron manufactures is in excess of 
 $30,000,000. The production of refined petroleum, the 
 brewing of ale and beer, and the manufacture of white- 
 lead, leather, tobacco, and cotton and woolen goods, are 
 extensive industries. 
 
 MAP OF PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY. 
 
 The public school system of the city comprises more than 
 400 schools, affording an education to over 100,000 pupils ; 
 besides which there are high and normal schools and colleges, 
 and the University of Pennsylvania. There are also numerous 
 hospitals and other charitable institutions, and several libraries, 
 of which the Mercantile and the Library Company of Phila¬ 
 delphia contain over 100,000 volumes each. 
 
 Philadelphia, after its foundation by William Penn, about two 
 centuries ago, soon became the first city on the continent, but 
 has since been rivaled by New York. For several years it 
 was the seat of the Federal Government, previous to the estab¬ 
 lishment of the capital at Washington. 
 
 Harrisburg, in Dauphin County, the capital of the state, 
 is a handsome city beautifully situated on the east bank of 
 he Susquehanna, and surrounded with magnificent scenery. 
 
 This city is the great shipping port for coal and 
 coke to places on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. 
 It receives and distributes immense quantities of 
 grain, fruit, butter, cheese, and bacon. 
 
 The Alleghany River is spanned by seven bridges, 
 and the Monongahela by five. There are many 
 large and imposing public buildings and church edi¬ 
 fices, and a cemetery handsomely laid out. It con¬ 
 tains a large and efficient system of public schools, 
 including a high school, the Pittsburg Female Col¬ 
 lege, and the Western University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Allegheny, in Allegheny County, is situated on 
 the west side of Alleghany River, opposite Pitts¬ 
 burg, with which it is connected by bridges. Its 
 manufactories are similar to those of Pittsburg, com¬ 
 prising rolling-mills, locomotive-shops, machine-shops, 
 and foundries, besides cotton and woolen mills, brew¬ 
 eries, and manufactories of leather, flour, etc. Alle¬ 
 gheny is the seat of two theological schools, of the 
 Western Penitentiary, and of a House of Industry. 
 Owing to its favorable situation for river-trade, it is a depot 
 for the coal and iron of the surrounding region. 
 
 Other Places. — The other important cities and boroughs 
 (incorporated towns) are included in the following list : — 
 
 Allentown — a city and county seat of Lehigh 
 County, on the Lehigh River and Canal. 
 Important railroad center between the an¬ 
 thracite region and New York and Phila¬ 
 delphia. Great depot for iron ore and 
 anthracite coal ; extensive blast-furnaces, 
 rolling-mills, and iron-works. Seat of Muh¬ 
 lenberg College and of Allentown Female 
 College. 
 
 Altoona — a city of Blair County, at the foot of 
 the Alleghany Mountains, and on the line 
 of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Most exten¬ 
 sive machine-shops in the state. Here the 
 Alleghanies are crossed by the railroad, and 
 some of the grandest views are to be seen. 
 Summit of the mountain pierced by a tunnel 
 
 two-thirds of a mile long. Fine water¬ 
 works. 
 
 Ashland — a borough of Schuylkill County. 
 Noted for its coal-trade; eight collieries in 
 this vicinity; foundries and machine-shops. 
 
 Beaver Falls — a borough of Beaver County, on 
 Beaver River. Water-power; manufacto¬ 
 ries of cutlery, paper; large file-works, 
 steel-works, etc. 
 
 Bellefonte — a borough and county seat of Cen¬ 
 tre County. Iron-works; manufactures of 
 cutlery, glass, printing-presses, etc. 
 
 Bethlehem — a borough of Northampton Coun¬ 
 ty, on Lehigh River. Founded by the Mo¬ 
 ravians in 1741. Educational center and 
 summer resort. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 99 
 
 Bloomsburg — a borough, county seat of Co¬ 
 lumbia County, on Fishing Creek. Iron- 
 furnaces and iron-foundries. Seat of State 
 Normal School. 
 
 Braddock — a borough of Allegheny County,'on 
 the Monongahela River, ten miles above 
 Pittsburg. Extensive iron and steel works. 
 
 Bradford — a city of McKean County. Oil 
 trade. 
 
 Bristol —a borough of Bucks County, on Dela¬ 
 ware River, and at the southern terminus of 
 Delaware Canal. Varied manufactures. 
 
 Carbondale — a city of Lackawanna County, at 
 the head of Lackawanna Valley. Center 
 of a rich coal district: large coal transporta¬ 
 tion by the Delaware and Hudson Canal 
 Company. Foundries; planing-mills. 
 
 Carlisle — a borough and county seat of Cum¬ 
 berland County, in the fertile Cumberland 
 Valley, near Carlisle Sulphur Springs. Sev¬ 
 eral machine-shops and other manufactories. 
 Seat of Dickinson College. 
 
 Catasaqua — a borough of Lehigh County, on 
 Lehigh River. Machine-shops, blast-fur¬ 
 naces, rolling-mills, iron foundries, etc. 
 
 Chambersburg — a borough and county seat of 
 Franklin County, in the fertile Cumberland 
 Valley. Foundries: varied manufactures. 
 
 Chester — a city of Delaware County, on the 
 Delaware River. Oldest town in the slate. 
 Extensive iron ship-building; manufactures 
 of cotton and woolen goods. 
 
 Columbia —a city of Lancaster County, on the 
 Susquehanna River. Chief depot for the 
 lumber floated down the Susquehanna. 
 Varied manufactures. 
 
 Conshohocken — a borough of Montgomery 
 County, on Schuylkill River. Blast-fur¬ 
 naces, rolling-mills, cotton-mills, etc. 
 
 Corry — a city of Erie County, at the junction of 
 several railroads. Large petroleum trade and 
 several oil-refineries. Educational center. 
 
 Danville — a borough and county seat of Montour 
 County, on the North Branch of the Sus¬ 
 quehanna River. In the vicinity of rich 
 iron and anthracite-coal mines. Extensive 
 blast-furnaces and iron manufactures. The 
 region abounds in limestone. 
 
 Easton — a city and county seat of Northampton 
 County, beautifully situated on the right 
 bank of the Delaware River, at the mouth 
 of the Lehigh, opposite Phillipsburg in New 
 Jersey. Connected with the anthracite re¬ 
 gion by several railroads and canals. Is the 
 outlet of a rich agricultural region, and has 
 various manufactories. Seat of Lafayette 
 College. 
 
 Erie — a city, port of entry, and county seat of 
 Erie County, on Lake Erie, nearly midway 
 between Buffalo and Cleveland, on the site 
 of the old French fort, Presque Isle. Fine 
 harbor, and large coasting trade in coal, 
 lumber, iron ore, and petroleum; iron- 
 foundries and various manufactories. Ex¬ 
 cellent system of water-works; lake trade; 
 railroad facilities. 
 
 Franklin — a city and county seat of Venango 
 
 County, on Alleghany River. Machine- 
 shops, flouring-mills, and trade in petroleum. 
 
 Gettysburg —a borough of Adams County. 
 Educational center; scene of great battle, 
 .1863; site of National Cemetery. 
 
 Hazleton —a borough of Luzerne County, on 
 the ridge between the Delaware and Sus¬ 
 quehanna rivers. Lofty situation and 
 
 healthful climate. Center of an active 
 
 coal-trade. 
 
 Hollidaysburg — a borough and county seat of 
 Blair County. Extensive trade in iron and 
 grain. 
 
 Honesdale — a borough and county seat of Wayne 
 County, on Lackawaxen River. Canal and 
 railroad facilities; manufactures of glass, 
 steam-engines, woolen goods, etc. 
 
 Huntingdon — a borough and county seat of 
 Huntingdon County, on Juniata River. 
 Picturesque scenery; steam-tanneries, flour¬ 
 ing-mills, planing-mills, etc. 
 
 Johnstown — a borough of Cambria County, on J 
 Conemaugh River. Picturesque situation; 
 extensive iron and steel works, tanneries, { 
 woolen-mills, etc. 
 
 Lancaster —a city and county seat of Lancaster 
 County, near Conestoga Creek, in a rich 
 farming region, on the line of the Penn- [ 
 sylvania Railroad. Large trade in coal, ] 
 tobacco, and lumber; several iron-foun¬ 
 dries and blast-furnaces; manufactures of j 
 great variety. Oldest inland town in the | 
 state. Educational center. 
 
 Lebanon — a borough and county seat of Leb¬ 
 anon County, on the Philadelphia and 
 Reading Railroad. Situated in a rich iron¬ 
 mining district, and has an active trade. 
 Contains blast-furnaces, machine-shops, roll¬ 
 ing-mills, and other manufactories. 
 
 Lewisburg — a borough and county seat of Union 
 County, on West Branch of Susquehanna 
 River. Educational center. Foundries 
 and varied manufactures. 
 
 Lewistown — a borough and county seat of 
 Mifflin County, on Juniata River. Iron- 
 furnaces, flour-mills, manufactories of axes, 
 boilers, etc. 
 
 Lock Haven — a city and county seat of Clinton 
 County, on the West Branch of the Susque¬ 
 hanna Center of an active lumber-trade; 
 numerous saw-mills; tanneries, breweries, 
 and foundries. Educational center 
 
 Mabanoy City — a borough of Schuylkill Coun¬ 
 ty, in the Mahanoy Valley, near the water¬ 
 shed between the Delaware and Susque¬ 
 hanna rivers. Active trade with the neigh 
 boring coal-mining region. Here are about j 
 twenty collieries. 
 
 Mauch Chunk—a borough and county seat of | 
 Carbon County, on Lehigh River. Pictur¬ 
 esque situation; large coal interests; iron- 
 foundries; railroad and canal facilities. 
 
 McKeesport —a borough of Allegheny County, 
 on Monongahela River. Proximity to coal 
 mines; steel-works, iron-works, etc. 
 
 Meadville —a city and county seat of Crawford 
 County, on a branch of French Creek, and j 
 
 on the line of the Atlantic and Great West¬ 
 ern Railroad. Active trade with the oil 
 region. Manufactories of woolen goods and 
 paper; oil-refineries; machine-shops. 
 
 Mechanicsburg — a borough of Cumberland 
 County. Educational center. Large ship¬ 
 ments of iron-ore. 
 
 Minersville — a borough of Schuylkill County, 
 on the West Branch of Schuylkill River. 
 Large coal interests; varied manufactures. 
 
 New Brighton —a borough of Beaver County, 
 near junction of Beaver and Ohio rivers. 
 Abundant water-power ; numerous mills 
 and factories. 
 
 New Castle — a city and county seat of Lawrence 
 County, on the Shenango River, and on the 
 line of several railroads. Extensive manu¬ 
 factories of iron and glass. Flour-mills. 
 
 Norristown — a handsome borough, county seat 
 of Montgomery County, on the Schuylkill 
 River, on the line of the Philadelphia and 
 Reading Railroad. Active trade by the 
 Schuylkill River, and various manufacto¬ 
 ries, including blast-furnaces, woolen and 
 cotton mills, and machine-shops. Educa¬ 
 tional center. 
 
 Oil City — a city of Venango County, on the 
 Alleghany River at the mouth of Oil Creek. 
 A principal oil-market. 
 
 Phcenixville — a borough of Chester County, on 
 the Schuylkill River, in a rich agricultural 
 district. Near mines of iron, copper, and 
 lead, and has various manufactories. The 
 Phoenix Iron-works are very extensive. 
 
 Pottstown — a borough in Montgomery County, 
 on the Schuylkill River and on the Phila¬ 
 delphia and Reading Railroad. Contains 
 extensive iron-works, including rolling- 
 mills, blast-furnaces, and iron-foundries, 
 besides various other manufactories. Edu¬ 
 cational center. 
 
 Pottsville — a city and county seat of Schuylkill j 
 County, on the Schuylkill River, at the ! 
 terminus of the Philadelphia and Reading 
 Railroad. Picturesque situation in an ex¬ 
 tensive coal region. Large shipments of 
 coal are made from this point. Foundries, 
 machinfe-shops, carpet and shoe factories; 
 manufactories of iron bridges and agricul¬ 
 tural machines. Educational facilities. 
 
 Reading —a city and county seat of Berks Coun¬ 
 ty, on the Schuylkill River, situated near 
 Penn’s Mount and Neversink Mountain, j 
 from which streams flow that supply the city 
 with water. Trade derived from the rich 
 farming region around it. Iron and steel 
 manufactures of great extent and impor¬ 
 tance; shoe-factories, breweries, tanneries, 
 etc. Railroad and canal facilities. Many 
 of the inhabitants are of German de¬ 
 scent. 
 
 Scranton — a city and county seat of Lackawanna 
 County, on the Lackawanna River. Impor¬ 
 tant railroad center, and, being situated in 
 the anthracite region, has a large coal-trade. 
 Extensive iron manufactures. Distributing 
 center. 
 
 Shamokin — a borough in Northumberland 
 County, on Shamokin Creek, a branch of 
 the Susquehanna. Situated in one of the 
 principal coal-fields. Large coal business; 
 machine-shops. 
 
 Sharon —a borough in Mercer County, on She¬ 
 nango River. Rolling-mills and foundries; 
 large coal interest. 
 
 South Bethlehem — a borough of Northamp¬ 
 ton County, on Lehigh River. Seat of the 
 Lehigh Llniversity. 
 
 South Easton — a borough of Northampton 
 County, at the confluence of Lehigh and 
 Delaware rivers. Active manufactures. 
 
 St. Clair — a borough of Schuylkill County. 
 Rich mines of anthracite coal. 
 
 Sunbury — a borough and county seat of North¬ 
 umberland County, on Susquehanna Riv¬ 
 er. Foundries, planing-mills, and machine- 
 shops. 
 
 Tamaqua — a thriving borough of Schuylkill 
 County. Center of a rich coal and iron 
 region, and contains iron-foundries, ma¬ 
 chine-shops, and other manufactories. Rail¬ 
 road facilities. 
 
 Titusville — a city of Crawford County, on Oil 
 Creek. The chief place in the oil region. 
 Contains numerous oil-refineries, barrel- 
 factories, iron-foundries, and engine manu¬ 
 factories. 
 
 Towanda — a handsome borough, county seat of 
 Bradford County, on Susquehanna River. 
 Manufactures of furniture, mowing-ma¬ 
 chines, fanning-mills, etc. 
 
 Uniontown — a borough and county seat of Fay¬ 
 ette County. Educational center. Iron- 
 foundries, etc. 
 
 Washington —a borough and county seat of 
 Washington County. Seat of Washington 
 and Jefferson College. Varied manufac¬ 
 tures. 
 
 West Chester —a borough and county seat of 
 Chester County. Noted for its beautiful 
 situation. Varied manufactures. Educa¬ 
 tional center. 
 
 Wilkesbarre — a city and county seat of Luzerne 
 County, on the North Branch of the Sus¬ 
 quehanna River, in the beantiful Wyoming 
 Valley, opposite Kingston. In the vicinity 
 of immense deposits of anthracite coal, and 
 has large manufactot ies of cars, locomo¬ 
 tives, and mining-engines, and iron-foun¬ 
 dries. Center of the coal-trade in the 
 Wyoming Valley. 
 
 Williamsport — a city and county seat of Ly¬ 
 coming County, beautifully situated on the 
 West Branch of the Susquehanna. Center 
 of the lumber-trade. Numerous saw and 
 planing mills, machine-shops, and foundries. 
 Suspension bridge. Educational center and 
 summer resort. 
 
 York — a borough and county seat of York Coun¬ 
 ty, at the junction of several railroads. 
 Handsome situation in a fertile and popu¬ 
 lous region. Large manufacture of agricul¬ 
 tural implements; manufactories of cars, 
 shoes, paper, and matches. 
 
Local time A. M. when Noon on the Meridian of Gre> 
 
 from 
 
 Greenl 
 
 Longitude 
 
 ,j, Chamhersburg/ 
 
 • Marion 
 
 New Bridgeport"/ *; 
 
 # Getty s| 
 
 Addison 
 
 Selbys- 
 port ' 
 
 iVi t. Savage 
 
 • 0 
 
 , Corrigan' 
 
 •osiburgn 
 
 Epkhart • , 
 
 Minos \a C 
 Bradys J 
 wean. v Millsf 
 * LongaconingS 
 
 Ellers!: 
 
 Grantsville. Vshade ^ 
 
 ,, -r 1 .Mills* _ 
 
 lint Stone 
 hj J’iney 6 rove 
 
 Fair view 
 
 //Sir Joins 
 //* ltun 
 
 f JS 
 
 Berkeley r 
 Springs kJ/ 
 
 Smitlisburg 
 
 owiy.<, 
 
 /'Mechanies’ri 
 
 n.' 
 
 Aeoident 
 
 Johns- 
 
 town 
 
 Cher^ 
 
 Oaktoi 
 
 '-'New 
 
 Midwa; 
 
 'am s 
 
 Pehin* 
 "Barton • ' 
 
 ^/jft'i'esteru 
 A Port j 
 
 B5» Oldtown 
 
 Prank A' 
 
 Sf • Beiievoia ) fff 
 
 if 
 
 ‘r* ^ ; ,f .of , 
 
 .wlings Sta. 
 
 unington 
 
 /Wood boro 1 
 
 ■ Xewi 
 irsville 
 
 ✓ 
 
 Martin: 
 
 Poor rail- 
 
 oUtamont 
 
 pburgh Pi 
 ^hepherds T. 
 
 ..Clevesville 
 
 NewLo 
 
 Romney 0 C 
 
 Duf- 
 
 fields 
 
 JCemptojj-n 
 
 Ft.rSndietpn 
 
 Adams T. 
 
 Hall town 
 
 .Midill. 
 
 Charlestown 
 
 ) SUCARLOAF 
 
 y /■ mt. 
 
 J/ 
 
 •Monocaoy 
 
 iummit Point 
 
 'desville'vKubletown' 
 
 Berrj ville 
 
 Winchester 
 
 Pooles ville 
 
 Purcgifville 
 
 (Grant C.H. 
 
 Dawson T 
 Darnesi 
 
 Hound Hill 
 
 M^orefie 
 
 enan, 
 
 Reetqrtown 
 
 as Gap 
 
 G&va'nSTOWN 
 
 .GARDENVILLE 
 
 lull Run 
 
 'DBERRY, 
 
 ROSSvr 
 
 -HdWAVERLY 
 
 idfe; 
 
 : timore 
 
 \ Brentsville ® 
 
 (rrenton 
 
 ccoqua.li 
 
 CARKOllLOl 
 
 'VIEW 
 
 ci'TONSviL.ue? 
 
 Potomac 1 
 
 -&VPP 2 A 
 
 ^/Stafford C.H.® 
 
 Culpeper 
 or Fairfax 
 
 brAqklyn 
 
 j/ount“ ln 
 
 Acquia Cr. 
 
 j Bridge 
 
 flapidQ, 
 
 . v* 5 
 
 FT.CARROLLP 
 fZt./Io. K? 
 
 
 ZtJIo. 
 
 Prederickshurg 
 
 JdARLEY 
 
 Cities are xvnclerlin.e<i 
 Rail Roads Canals -=-=-= 
 County Towns @ 
 
 WELHAMS X ROADS (j 
 
 AND 
 
 ® Bowhi 
 
 VICINITY OF 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 UACOBSVILLE 
 
 Xongltude 
 
 local time A.M.when Noon on the Meridian of Washin 
 
I 
 
 5, 8 
 
 T 
 
 5 
 
 York 1 * 1 
 
 Chester 
 
 Piney Creek 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 IN 
 
 * 
 
 c 
 
 A 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 *Hanover Jc. 
 
 
 Si! verBun 
 
 -ylarykmd Line_^ 
 
 Melrose. j Freeland. * • 6orsuch’s Mills Pylesville A 
 
 / cj % * .rm 
 
 _^^JVj"V.MaTu. : hester Union Meeting * Bentley Springs 
 Union Mills \ * __^7 /-House / 
 
 gfy v 
 
 tlddle- .Carrollto 
 
 -- - ... IHoucks'ille s' . 
 
 wrgii ^ Wesftm/nster / • / Hereford 
 
 on bridge'' 
 ndsor• 
 
 S 'p 
 
 n . ) JSams C; - . 
 Oak Orchard 
 
 • t 
 
 jnville ( 
 
 Hampstead/ 
 
 • .[ /—House / 
 
 . P~\ ( . '.Black Horse 
 
 stead/ pad&Csvilitehalll * H A R 
 
 Carrjfllton 
 
 / 
 
 .gc BiSing Sun 
 
 - - > <-A\V- A aI ’^ ^ P 
 
 Dublin . Colora 
 
 Liberty^} ro. 
 
 Port / 
 Deposit 
 
 V 
 
 ru -v —- -. 
 
 Phoenix I • Cp.Cross Hoads Havre de G 
 
 Darlington • 
 
 ... . ->v;mv D 
 
 Jarrettsville* Porest e> * ® 
 
 Taylor * Hill Churchville 
 
 ' Bel Air 
 
 - 4 sh 7 a nri . t>el • 
 
 • ./ Cockeysville* \ A a/y*' 5 ’/,. ^J^-Fallston Aberdeen 
 
 Finksburg^ Emory Gro. / * °^l/ Emmorton 
 
 a race’ 
 
 Eeistdrstown 
 
 Ellengowan (c> 
 
 1 Lutherville • ^ v~o*,» 
 
 -cv ^Sowings L ^ 
 
 ) Freer om« • : f Mills Towsontown 
 
 larket * *IdeUw** < % WT Mt. ® 
 
 ■, Abingdon 
 
 §<%e* 0 
 
 Usd 
 
 7°o7t 
 
 x < / "Washington O -«w 
 
 ,^j«grrrrr vai. _A Banflallstown • # G° va 'y SSTvin. Chase. 
 
 OOI inwood Alberton^V. * 1 
 
 He. Catonfc ^ BALTj WiQg.Ei|A n toA 
 
 Glen rig. ElUcotte.ty A J 
 
 r ’ g '?AJtIt.Wirians ^></% a ^ 
 
 Olney 
 
 WtT m-- 
 
 Laure 
 
 urgh 
 
 Laytonville A\ Clarksville A 
 
 * A * <_ ElkridgeLdg.tf* 4 ' 
 
 Brookvllle. A Simpsonf x _// ”7_ 
 
 >TA V. 
 
 *4' 
 
 o ___ 
 
 uililford / ”7 
 
 Po ^. 
 
 
 D Swan Pt.' 
 1 8 °dkir\ Pt. 
 
 Sassafi 
 
 ECani den 
 
 C H 
 
 • Oxford 
 
 _.A—A, 
 
 .Brick Megting^Hol/ 
 
 —New 
 
 . j/u • JfhaAj' New 
 xiij"en,^^rn v *A> -s3ti 
 
 t.Georges 
 
 
 \ 
 
 _ kj 
 
 Swedcsboro l. ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ Elmer^ 
 
 
 \ 
 
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 4/ 
 
 'N. 
 
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 Augustine | 
 
 * i Oc/ 
 
 iddl'etown 
 
 < 1 UJ 
 
 "Warwick, i I 
 
 i....lit/vr\ * rrrtii-rtonn/l. 
 
 (P 
 
 StaPPcnd Galena 
 
 Cecilton j To" nsoiid-- t > 
 
 Blackbird 
 
 Sassajffas * G' J'* 
 
 Worton 
 
 Chestertown_ 
 
 , Colli n^ton 
 
 Mitchellville 
 
 ,11^ 
 
 O Porestville /~West JUy t 
 
 A 
 
 A'. 
 
 ■®Up er Marlboro 
 
 _ 
 
 yf®' o 
 
 f >6^ O • 
 
 Croome . * 
 
 Brand y wiiif ‘ g' p o y_ 
 
 .—oil * ^ 
 
 
 ,u>o2i22t 
 
 llattawoman 
 Plains 
 
 Gallant Green j 
 
 ^ • \ 
 
 Bryantown o 
 
 /Thomas 
 Pt. 
 
 (S esh°e 
 Kent Pt. y 
 
 POPLAR l.< 
 
 Bay 
 Hundre 
 
 ort Tocacco 
 
 A" 
 
 -yia 
 
 geC.n.A^ 
 
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 . _J«I 
 
 ^ _ ‘Smyrna 
 
 Clayton 
 
 ijliUindton ,prenford 
 
 
 iZf'J}. Love Pt 
 xSandy 
 
 Hi 
 
 . . s' Leipsic 
 
 | Kenton *Jtoorton 
 
 9 U E c J N j Down’s C^ JAdqVER I 
 
 Sudlersville ; ^ ^ A 
 
 -v—^ | 
 
 • Church Hill Temple-: "Wyoming o> 
 
 V —I • ^ 
 
 N. N E / 1 . Camden 
 
 Prices Sta. / ^ 
 
 iridgetowiy \ Felton# Frederic^. 
 
 /_J -l- zrtt 
 
 Island Pt. 
 
 
 Cordopa 
 
 Grdenshorough 
 j Bidge 
 ^Hillsborough 
 
 Denton 
 
 Bidjteiy f _ _ j V 
 
 : Harrington. 
 
 -I I 
 
 '"'Farmington 
 
 3fu>#' 
 
 
 
 St 0 " 
 
 ^* + 
 
 lilford 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 f * 
 
 Woodland 
 
 ae's t) 
 
 Easton 
 
 James Pt 
 
 n V 
 
 tonards 
 
 0 I 
 
 Anuersontown • 
 
 * . j Ellendale 
 
 ;/ Greenwood MiltoJ'^' Lewes ' 8 
 
 Smithville.J^ ( Nassau. 
 
 , / I 'AcL\ Eeapen.Tj^ CodSpr.* Rehoboth‘ 
 
 0 tv ' " • 
 
 h' i 
 
 /C I Eridgeville 
 
 “—f 5 ? I 
 
 Middlef ord ‘ 
 
 l'edralsh« v A\_ j 5 
 
 ^ A lt 
 
 -/p‘ 
 
 kjA ^ Harbeson 
 
 ^ A^^Georgetown 
 
 , Knowles "ih Holly*ville 
 
 Co * 
 
 ._ xA£s°7 4 
 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 t OaklOrove 
 
 > S<^ J f Cross Keys ? 
 
 njr.cf E.New ) -c° ! /„ , ^ Millsboro'tS' 1 
 
 ^4 • Market ^ S c s°^vA--|u!^^^ MUb 
 
 q 4 owx 
 
 fQtom Pt>- 
 
 Cedar Pt 
 
 P' - V rn ^ 
 
 eean Viewm ~ 
 
 x -oi <oLa'urelA~vA LagsborougW/ ^BJaAwateE 
 
 , J ' I \ \ . -^SddWaptesville HoxannakJ^ft V 
 
 r^ yS <=< Vienna^ j Lowl xWds 
 
 °^o 08 «S UrC ^ A . ' Edmar ^umborou^£-^^VillA_^ | 
 
 d Aj^/r /" _ V ^-l^^iishopville^ 1 
 
 Fullers V 
 
 'acrea Creek 
 
 /- - . - . \ J. tt 
 
 t \*A Parsonburgh .,\C'—YWhaleysviUe 
 
 Quantico J 
 
 ^ '’^Salisbury 1 / 4/ 
 
 °rojf AC 
 
 Hooper 
 
 
 SOUTH MARSH n 
 I 
 
 V- 
 
 Pt.Lookout Fog Pt 
 
 ® A 
 
 "Warsaw 'V 
 
 SMITHS 
 
 ISLAND 
 
 'Fruitland 
 
 f Powellvlller 
 
 Berlin 
 
 FOcean 
 
 City 
 
 Princess Anne 
 
 "'^Sanies Quarte 
 Deals I. 
 
 p 5 f ^ • 
 
 ' • "Westover 
 
 Kingston 4 
 •Marion 
 il ^ Hopewell 
 
 YJC- , - s A .i 
 
 .oy^Snow Hill A 
 
 O ^ 
 
 Costen'lyf . ^ 
 
 Pocomoke 
 
 Ci ” ° • Sa’A 
 
 ^ Stockton yy 
 
 
 
 . Crisfiel^ 
 
 -prauk. l yj 
 
 er 
 
 AND* 
 
 
 city 
 njH I A 
 
 38 ^ 
 
 
 
 Longitude 
 
 NOON 
 
 East from "Washington 
 
 Local time P. M. when ufoon on the Meridian of Washington 
 
 y 
 
 12 4 
 
102 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 MARYLAND AND DELAWARE. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF MARYLAND. 
 
 Position.—With what parallel does most of the northern boundary of 
 Maryland coincide ? From what state is Maryland separated by this line ? 
 What historical name has been given to this line? A ns. Mason’s and 
 Dixon’s Line. What state forms a partial boundary to Maryland on the 
 east? What natural boundary has Maryland on the east? What state on 
 the south ? On the south-west? On the west? What natural boundary on 
 the south-west? What is the longitude of the western boundary? Through 
 how many degrees of latitude does Maryland extend ? Of longitude ? 
 
 Coast. — What greac bay divides Maryland into an eastern and a western 
 section? Name two sounds in the southern part of Chesapeake Bay. 
 What bay north of Tangier Sound? What three large islands west of 
 Tangier Sound? What large island is crossed by the 39th parallel? What 
 two islands south of Kent Island? What island near the mouth of the 
 Susquehanna River ? What island in the Potomac forms part of St. Mary’s 
 County ? What bay on the Atlantic coast is crossed by the 38th parallel ? 
 Name two bays north of Assateaque Bay. 
 
 Surface. — What portion of this state is mountainous? Name three 
 mountain-ranges which cross the western part. Which is the most easterly 
 range? Locate Sugar-Loaf Mountain. South Mountain. 
 
 Rivers. — What body of water receives the principal drainage of this 
 state? What large river crosses the north-eastern part? Name the prin¬ 
 cipal boundary river. What river flows into Chesapeake Bay near Balti¬ 
 more ? Describe the course of the Patuxent River. What river crosses 
 the state parallel with the eastern ridge? What creek crosses the state 
 west of the Blue Ridge? What streams in Garrett County are head streams 
 of the Ohio ? Name four principal rivers draining the eastern shore. 
 
 Counties. — Name the four counties in the mountainous section of the 
 state. Which is the most westerly county? Which counties border on 
 Pennsylvania? Which border on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay? 
 
 Which on the western? Which on the Potomac River? In which county 
 is the narrowest part of the state ? Which counties border on the District 
 of Columbia? Which county borders on the Atlantic Ocean ? 
 
 Cities. — What and where is the capital of the state ? Locate Baltimore, 
 the largest city. Name and locate the county-seat of Garrett County. Of 
 Washington County. Of Frederick County. Of Carroll County. Of Har¬ 
 ford County. Of Cecil County. Of Kent County. Of Howard County. 
 Of Talbot County. What port at the mouth of the Susquehanna River 
 is the southern terminus of the Susquehanna Canal ? What town north 
 of Havre de Grace ? What city is at the western terminus of the Chesa¬ 
 peake and Delaware Canal? What place in Washington County is on the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal? Name and locate the county-seat of Alle¬ 
 gany County. Of what canal is it the western terminus ? 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF DELAWARE. 
 
 Natural Features. — What state north of Delaware? What natural 
 boundary has Delaware on the east ? How is Delaware bounded on the 
 south? On the west? 
 
 What river forms a partial eastern boundary of Delaware ? What bay 
 east ? What cape projects into Delaware Bay ? What bay in the southern 
 part of the state is formed by an in-breaking of the Atlantic Ocean? What 
 are the two principal creeks in the northern part? 
 
 Political Divisions. — Name the counties of Delaware. Bound Newcas¬ 
 tle County. Kent County. Sussex County. Name the counties in the 
 order of their size. Locate Wilmington. Name and locate the county-seat 
 of Newcastle County. What other towns in this county? What is the 
 county-seat of Kent County ? What important town in the northern part 
 of Kent County? Name and locate the county-seat of Sussex County. 
 What town in the northern part of this county? What town on the sea- 
 coast ? What town in the south-western part ? 
 
MARYLAND. 
 
 103 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 12,210 square miles. Population, 934,943.] 
 
 Outline and Extent.—The outline of this state is very 
 irregular, except on the north. Its extreme length from east to 
 west is 196 miles; its width varies from 10 miles to about 120 
 miles. The seacoast bordering on the Atlantic has a length 
 
 of about 33 miles: in¬ 
 cluding the waters of 
 Chesapeake Bay, the 
 shore line is estimated 
 at 411 miles. 
 
 Surface and Soil.— 
 
 The surface of the east¬ 
 ern part, on both sides 
 
 r , t-, • PHYSICAL VIEW OP MARYLAND AND DELAWARE. 
 
 of Chesapeake Bay, is 
 
 low and level, and the soil sandy. In the western part, be¬ 
 yond the estuary of the Potomac, the surface is rugged and 
 mountainous, being crossed by the Blue Ridge, and other 
 ranges of the Alleghany Mountains, though none of these 
 attain any great elevation. In some of the valleys the soil is 
 very productive. 
 
 Rivers. — This state is almost wholly drained by the tribu¬ 
 taries of the Chesapeake. Those from the east are merely 
 creeks flowing into inlets of the Bay ; but on the other shore 
 they are longer and wider. The Patuxent is navigable 50 
 miles ; the Patapsco, about 22 miles. The Potomac is naviga¬ 
 ble to Georgetown, about 125 miles. The Susquehanna is 
 navigable throughout its whole course in this state. 
 
 Chesapeake Bay extends northward within 14 miles of the boundary 
 of Pennsylvania. It is nearly 200 miles long, and 15 miles wide at 
 its entrance ; but near the mouth of the Potomac it is about 30 
 miles wide. It contains many small islands, and its shores are full 
 of inlets and bays. The Atlantic coast of Maryland has no harbors. 
 
 Climate.—The climate of this state is generally temperate, 
 and, except on the lowlands of the Chesapeake, quite healthful. 
 
 The mean annual temperature in the central portions of the state is 
 56° ; in the more elevated parts of the west, 50°. There is generally 
 an abundance of rain, especially on the western shore of the bay. 
 
 Agriculture is a leading occupation. In most parts of the 
 state abundant crops are produced, the naturally unproductive 
 districts bordering on Chesapeake Bay having been enriched 
 by careful fertilizing. The staple products are tobacco, wheat, 
 and Indian-corn ; but oats, rye, barley, potatoes, flax, hops, and 
 hay are plentifully raised. The products of the dairy, — milk, 
 butter, and cheese, — also sorghum and maple-molasses, are of 
 great value. Peaches, strawberries, and other fruits are exten¬ 
 sively cultivated in the eastern part of the state. 
 
 Fisheries, etc. — The taking of the fish and game which 
 abound on the shores of Chesapeake Bay constitutes quite an 
 important industry. The chief fisheries are those of the shad 
 and herring, besides which oyster-dredging, the catching of 
 terrapin, and the taking of the canvas-back duck, form an im¬ 
 portant source of wealth. The oyster-fisheries of Chesapeake 
 Bay are the chief source of supply for the markets of the 
 United States. 
 
 Commerce. — This state holds a high rank in the value of 
 its foreign commerce, which is exclusively carried on through 
 the port of Baltimore. The chief articles of export are tobacco, 
 Indian-corn, wheat, flour, cotton, and lard. The coastwise 
 trade is also quite extensive through the ports of Baltimore, 
 Annapolis, and Crisfield. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — The longest canal in the state is 
 the Chesapeake and Ohio, through the valley of the Potomac, 
 from Cumberland to Georgetown, with an extension, by an 
 aqueduct, across the Potomac to Alexandria. This canal is 
 1842 miles in length ; and 27 miles from Cumberland it passes 
 through the mountains by a tunnel 3,118 feet long. The Ches¬ 
 apeake and Delaware and the Susquehanna and Tide-water 
 canals are partly in this state. 
 
 There are over 1,000 miles of railroads in operation in Mary¬ 
 land, the principal lines, wholly or partly in the state, being the 
 following: — 
 
 Annapolis and Elk Ridge; Baltimore and Potomac; Baltimore and 
 Ohio, and branches; Cumberland and Pennsylvania, and branches; 
 Cumberland Valley; Dorchester and Delaware; Eastern Shore; 
 Kent County and Smyrna and Delaware; Philadelphia and Balti¬ 
 more Central; Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore; Queen 
 Anne and Kent; Western Maryland; and Wicomico and Pocomoke. 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufacturing industry of this state 
 is quite extensive, employing a large amount of capital, and 
 producing a great variety of articles. The total value of manu¬ 
 factured products exceeds $80,000,000 a year. 
 
 The chief branches of this industry are boots and shoes, flouring and 
 grist-mill products, bread and bakery products, tobacco and cigars, 
 clothing, sawed lumber, furniture, leather, saddlery and harness, car¬ 
 riages and wagons, iron and machinery, malt and distilled liquors, 
 and agricultural implements. 
 
 Mining. — The valuable coal and iron deposits of the Alle¬ 
 ghany system extend into the mountain regions of this state ; 
 and consequently mining is an important branch of industry. 
 Most of the coal-mines are in Allegany County, the coal 
 trade having its center at Cumberland. The coal yielded is of 
 the bituminous kind. 
 
 Most of the iron ore is mined in Baltimore County. There 
 are also mines of copper, and quarries of marble and other 
 building stone. 
 
 Government. — The constitution of the state vests the ex¬ 
 ecutive power in the Governor, elected by the people for four 
 years, who is assisted by the Secretary of State, Attorney-Gen¬ 
 eral, Comptroller, Treasurer, State Librarian, and Commis¬ 
 sioner of the Land Office, of whom the first three are elected 
 by the people, and the remainder appointed by the Governor, 
 with the consent of the Senate. 
 
io4 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 The Legislature is known as the General Assembly, and con¬ 
 sists of the Senate and House of Delegates. 
 
 There is a Court of Appeals, a chief judge, and two associate 
 justices, in each of the eight judicial districts except the eighth, 
 — the city of Baltimore,—in which there are several courts, in¬ 
 cluding the supreme bench, which is composed of a chief judge 
 and four associates. 
 
 Education. — Maryland has an excellent system of public 
 schools under the direction of a state board of education. This 
 includes about 2,000 elementary schools and a state normal 
 school, located at Baltimore. 
 
 The principal institution for higher education is the Johns 
 Hopkins University at Baltimore, founded in 1876; besides 
 which there are, — 
 
 Frederick College at Frederick, Loyola College at Baltimore, Rock 
 Hill College and St. Charles College at Ellicott City, St. John’s Col¬ 
 lege at Annapolis, Washington College at Chestertown, and Western 
 Maryland College at Westminster. 
 
 Besides these there are several institutions for the education of 
 females, also professional schools, and institutions for the special 
 education of the deaf and dumb and the blind. 
 
 History. — A party from Virginia made a settlement on 
 Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, as early as 1631 ; but it was 
 in 1632 that a special charter of the territory was granted to 
 Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, by the English king, under 
 which a settlement was made at St. Mary’s, near the mouth of 
 the Potomac, in 1634. Entire religious toleration contributed 
 to the rapid growth of the colony; and Puritans settled at 
 Providence, now Annapolis. 
 
 Baltimore was laid out in 1730; Frederick, in 1745; and 
 Georgetown, at the head of navigation on the Potomac, in 1751. 
 
 Tobacco soon became the most important of the products, 
 and the chief export of the colony. In 1732 it was made a 
 legal tender at the rate of one penny per pound. 
 
 Maryland took an active part in the opposition to British 
 
 ance. Its public edifices are constructed of a beautiful species 
 of marble quarried in Baltimore County, and its private houses 
 chiefly of brick. Federal Hill and Paterson Park are the chief 
 points of view. Druid Park, on the north side of the city, is 
 a fine pleasure-ground of 600 acres, besides which there are 
 twelve public squares. 
 
 The chief public buildings are the Corn and Flour Exchange, 
 the Maryland Institute, the new City Hall, one of the finest 
 structures of the kind in the country, and the Court House. 
 Besides these there are many fine church edifices, the Roman 
 Catholic Cathedral being the most imposing. 
 
 There are more than twenty charitable institutions of various 
 kinds, an excellent system of public schools, several libraries, 
 including that of the Peabody Institute, endowed by George 
 Peabody with a fund of $1,000,000. 
 
 The commerce of this city, both foreign and coastwise, is 
 extensive and important. The chief exports are flour and 
 grain, tobacco, cotton, rosin, petroleum, bacon, butter, cheese, 
 and lard. 
 
 The manufacturing industry is also very extensive. It in¬ 
 cludes the making of boots and shoes, and cotton manufactures. 
 The canning of oysters, fruits, and vegetables, is one of the 
 most important branches of industry, reaching an annual value 
 of $5,000,000. 
 
 Annapolis (population, 6,642), the capital of the state, is a 
 small city of Anne Arundel County, situated on the Severn 
 River, about two miles from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. 
 In the early history of the state it was a city of considerable im¬ 
 portance, famous for its wealth, refinement, and extensive trade. 
 It is now chiefly noted as the capital of the state, and the seat 
 of the United States Naval Academy. The state house is a 
 massive structure built of brick, with a lofty dome and cupola. 
 St. John s College and St. Mary’s Seminary are located here. 
 
 Other Places. — The other chief cities and villages are de¬ 
 scribed in the following table : — 
 
 taxation, and entered warmly into the struggle for independence. 
 Its first constitution was framed and adopted in 1776; and the 
 first Legislature met at Annapolis in 1777. It was in this city 
 that Congress was in session in 1783, when Washington resigned 
 his commission, and withdrew to private life. 
 
 In the war of 1812 many interesting events occurred in this 
 state. The Maryland militia vigorously opposed the march of 
 the British on Washington, and at North Point, Gen. Ross, 
 the British commander, was killed. In the attack on Baltimore, 
 in 1814, the British were repulsed ; and it was during the bom¬ 
 bardment of Fort McHenry, which defended the city, that the 
 “Star-Spangled Banner” was composed. 
 
 During the great civil war, Maryland was frequently the 
 theater of military operations. The chief battle fought on its 
 soil was that of Antietam, in 1863. 
 
 The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal was commenced in 1828, 
 and completed in 1850. This important improvement had been 
 projected and recommended by Washington as early as 1774. 
 
 Baltimore (population, 332,313), in Baltimore County, is the 
 metiopolis of the state. It is situated on the Patapsco River, 
 an aim of the Chesapeake, which affords the facilities of a capa¬ 
 cious harbor. The city presents a light and cheerful appear¬ 
 
 Cambridge — county seat of Dorchester County, 
 on the Choptank River. Large export of 
 fish and oysters. 
 
 Chesapeake City — county seat of Cecil County, 
 near the entrance of Elk River in Chesa¬ 
 peake Bay. Western terminus of the Chesa¬ 
 peake and Delaware Canal; local trade. 
 
 Chestertown — county seat of Kent County, on 
 the Chester River. Seat of Washington Coll. 
 
 Cumberland —a city and county seat of Alle¬ 
 gany County, on the left bank of the Po¬ 
 tomac, and on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail¬ 
 road. It is the western terminus of the 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. In the vi¬ 
 cinity of the Cumberland coal region. 
 Center of the coal trade. Blast-furnaces 
 for the iron ore found in the same region. 
 
 Easton—county seat of Talbot County, on a 
 tributary of the Choptank River. A place 
 of considerable trade. 
 
 Elkton — county seat of Cecil County. Carriage- 
 shops, flouring-mills, iron-foundry. Rail¬ 
 road facilities. 
 
 Ellicott City — county seat of Howard County, 
 situated on the Patapsco River and on the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Large sup¬ 
 ply of water-power, and several flour-mills 
 and manufactories. Seat of Rock Hill 
 College. 
 
 Frederick — a city and county seat of Frederick 
 County, on Carroll’s Creek, two miles from 
 its confluence with Monocacy River, con¬ 
 nected by branch with the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad. Extensive trade, and manu¬ 
 
 factories of iron, wool, paper, flour, and 
 leather. Seat of Frederick College. 
 
 Hagerstown — a city and county seat of Wash¬ 
 ington County, on Antietam Creek, and at 
 the junction of several railroads. Center 
 of a rich farming region; iron-foundries, 
 flour-mills, and various manufactories. 
 
 Havre de Grace — in Harford County, on the 
 Susquehanna, near its mouth. Southern 
 terminus of the Tidewater Canal. Large 
 coal trade. 
 
 Laurel — in Prince George’s County, on the. 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Cotton 
 manufacture; local trade. 
 
 Newtown — in Worcester County, on Pocomoke 
 River. Saw and grist mills, etc. 
 
 Port Deposit — in Cecil County, on the east 
 bank of the Susquehanna, five miles from 
 Chesapeake Bay. Head of tide-water. 
 Large lumber depot. 
 
 Salisbury — in Wicomico County, on Wicomico 
 River. Flour-mills and planing-mills; ex¬ 
 ports of lumber, fruit, and grain. 
 
 Sharpsburg — in Washington County. Local 
 trade; scene of the battle of Antietam. 
 
 St. Michael’s —a post-village of Talbot County. 
 Extensive oyster trade. 
 
 Westminster —county seat of Carroll County. 
 Manufacture of engines, agricultural imple¬ 
 ments, and cigars; seat of Western Mary¬ 
 land College. 
 
 Williamsport —in Washington County, on the 
 Potomac River. On the Chesapeake and 
 Ohio Canal*; active trade; fine scenery. 
 
DELAWARE. 
 
 105 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 j Area, 2,050 square miles. Population, 146,608 .] 
 
 Outline and Extent.—The outline of this state is compara¬ 
 tively regular. Its length from north to south is 96 miles ; its 
 width, from 9 miles to 36 miles. It is, with one exception, the 
 smallest state in the Union. 
 
 Surface. — This state comprises the north-eastern part of 
 the low peninsula enclosed by Chesapeake Bay on the west, 
 and Delaware River and Bay and the Atlantic Ocean on the 
 east. In the extreme north the surface is broken by low hills ; 
 but south of Christiana Creek it is a low plain, only relieved by 
 the table-land which forms the water-shed of the peninsula. 
 The shores of Delaware Bay abound in marshes ; the Atlantic 
 coast, in sand-beaches and lagoons. 
 
 Cypress Swamp, at the southern extremity of the state, is an extensive 
 morass, being 12 miles long by 6 miles wide. It is covered with 
 trees and evergreen shrubs, and infested with noxious reptiles. 
 The table-land in the interior of the state contains many similar 
 swamps 
 
 Soil. — In the north, and along the shore of Delaware Bay, 
 the soil is fertile, consisting of rich clay ; in the south and cen¬ 
 ter it is more or less sandy, but in general is productive. The 
 swamps, when drained, afford an excellent soil. 
 
 Climate. — The northern parts of the state have a generally 
 mild and healthful climate ; but in the south the climate is 
 rendered sickly by the malaria from the swamps and marshes. 
 The climate, in general, is tempered by the surrounding 
 waters. 
 
 Agriculture. — The agricultural productions are similar to 
 those of the middle portion of the United States. Indian-corn, 
 wheat, and oats are the chief gram products. Peach-culture, 
 and the raising of berries and garden vegetables for the mar¬ 
 kets of the great cities of New York, Philadelphia, etc., are 
 among the chief industries of the state. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of the state is chiefly domes¬ 
 tic, the foreign trade being absorbed by Philadelphia and Balti¬ 
 more. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — The Chesapeake and Delaware 
 Canal, connecting the waters of Chesapeake and Delaware 
 bays, is mainly in this state. 
 
 It extends west from Delaware City, on the Delaware River, 46 miles 
 below Philadelphia, to Chesapeake City, on a branch of Elk River, 
 in Maryland. It is 13y miles long, 66 feet wide, and 10 feet deep; 
 being navigable for coasting-vessels. This important improvement 
 was completed in 1829, at a cost of $2,250,000. 
 
 The Delaware Breakwater, at Lewes, near Cape Henlopen, 
 is an important structure designed to afford an artificial harbor 
 for the shelter of vessels from storms and from the masses of 
 floating ice brought down by the ebb tides. It is formed by 
 two immense sea-walls, or piers, the breakwater being about 
 half a mile long. 
 
 The principal lines of railroad that are wholly or partly 
 within the limits of the state are the following; — 
 
 The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore; the Delaware Division 
 of the same, extending through the state from Wilmington to Del- 
 mar, near its southern frontier; the Junction and Breakwater, from 
 Harrington, on the Delaware Railroad, to Rehoboth; the Delaware 
 Western; and various roads extending into Maryland. 
 
 Manufactures. — In the northern part of the state manu¬ 
 facturing is the prevailing industry, as agriculture is in the 
 southern and middle portions. The chief manufactured prod¬ 
 ucts are flouring and grist-mill products, boots and shoes, car¬ 
 riages and wagons, sawed lumber, iron, leather, and bricks. 
 
 Mineral Products. — Bog-iron ore is found in the swampy 
 tracts, and shell marl, valuable for fertilizing purposes, abounds 
 in the coast regions of the middle and southern parts. In the 
 north there is a plentiful supply of kaoline, or porcelain clay, 
 and in the same region there are valuable quarries of lime¬ 
 stone. 
 
 Government. — The governor of the state is elected for four 
 years. The General Assembly consists of a Senate and a 
 House of Representatives. There are five judges, one of 
 whom is Chancellor, and President of the Orphans’ Court ; 
 and one is the Chief Justice of the state. There is, besides, 
 a Court of Errors and Appeals. 
 
 Education. — There is a well-organized system of common 
 schools, remodeled in 1875, under the direction of a state board 
 of education and a general superintendent. The Wilmington 
 Normal School gives instruction to teachers ; and higher edu¬ 
 cation is afforded by Delaware College at Newark, and the 
 Wesleyan Female College at Wilmington. 
 
 History. — The Delaware River was discovered by Hudson 
 in 1609; but the name of the river and state is derived from 
 Lord De la War, appointed Governor of Virginia in 1610, who 
 in that year entered the bay. 
 
 Swedes and Finns made the first permanent settlement, in 
 1638, at the mouth of Christiana Creek, and called the coun¬ 
 try New Sweden ; but the Dutch of New Netherlands, who 
 claimed the country, took possession of the settlement in 1655. 
 
 The country was afterwards claimed by Lord Baltimore and 
 William Penn, the latter of whom took possession at New 
 Castle, in 1682, under a grant from Charles II. It was called 
 by Penn the “ Territories, or Three Lower Countries on the 
 Delaware.” 
 
 In 1703 the Territories were allowed a distinct Assembly. 
 The first constitution of the state was adopted in 1776. Dela¬ 
 ware was the first state to ratify the Federal Constitution, in 
 1787 - 
 
 Political Divisions. — The state is divided into three coun¬ 
 ties : New Castle in the north, Kent in the middle, and Sussex 
 in the south. The only city in the state is Wilmington. 
 
 Wilmington (population, 42,47^), in New Castle County, at 
 the confluence of the Brandywine and Christiana creeks, has a 
 beautiful and elevated situation, and one possessing excellent 
 facilities for manufactures and trade. It is at the junction of 
 several railroad lines, besides having the means of water trans¬ 
 portation by the Delaware. 
 
 The falls of the Brandywine also afford ample water-power; 
 
io6 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 and on its bank are extensive flouring, powder, cotton, paper, 
 and other mills, and bleaching and dyeing works. 
 
 The manufactures by steam power are still more extensive, 
 including carriages, morocco and other leather, iron steamships, 
 iron-ware of various kinds, machine-work, chemicals, and many 
 other articles. In the manufacture of passenger-cars, Wil¬ 
 mington ranks among the first cities in the country. Iron ship 
 building is also one of its most prominent industries. 
 
 Its foreign and domestic commerce is very extensive. 
 Steamers run to Philadelphia and New York, and sailing- 
 vessels to ports on the Atlantic coast and in the West Indies. 
 
 Wilmington is distinguished for its fine educational facili¬ 
 ties, including public schools, a high school, and superior pri¬ 
 vate schools and academies, besides several literary institutes, 
 libraries, etc. It is the seat of the Delaware State Normal 
 University. 
 
 Dover, in Kent County, on Jones’s Creek and the Delaware 
 Railroad, is the capital of the state. It is a regularly built 
 town, with wide, straight, well-shaded streets. The principal 
 public buildings face an open square, the east side of which 
 is occupied by a handsome state-house. Dover has an excel¬ 
 lent system of public and private schools. It is the center 
 of the fruit-canning industry, and contains flour and saw mills. 
 
 New Castle, the county seat of New Castle County, is situ¬ 
 ated on the Delaware River and the Delaware Railroad. It is 
 a port of entry with considerable shipping interests. It ha 
 extensive iron-works, and manufactories of locomotives an 
 machinery. 
 
 Towns. — The other most important towns in the state are, 
 Delaware City, Middletown, Newark, and Odessa, in New 
 Castle County; Smyrna, North Milford, Camden, and Fred¬ 
 erica, in Kent County ; Seaford, Lewes, Laurel, Milton, South 
 Milford, and Georgetown, in Sussex County. 
 
 Delaware City, on the Delaware River, is the eastern terminus of the 
 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and a center of local trade. 
 
 Middletown is a thriving village noted for its peach-trade. 
 
 Newark, on the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, is the 
 seat of Delaware College. 
 
 Odessa is a thriving village twenty-four miles north-west of Dover. 
 
 Smyrna, on Duck Creek, a tributary of Delaware Bay, has a large trade 
 in several branches of manufactures, particularly carriages. 
 
 North Milford, on the Breakwater Railroad, is actively engaged in ship¬ 
 building, and contains foundries, grist and saw mills, and fruit-drying estab¬ 
 lishments. 
 
 Camden, three miles south of Dover, is a flourishing village. 
 
 Frederica, on Murderkill Creek, thirteen miles south of Dover, has an 
 iron-foundry, a manufactory of farming implements, and two fruit-canning 
 establishments. 
 
 Seaford, on the Nanticoke River, has extensive trade in canned fruits, 
 oysters, and lime. 
 
 Lewes, on Delaware Bay, opposite the Breakwater, is the terminus of 
 the Breakwater Railroad. In this vicinity is Rehoboth, a well-known 
 watering-place. 
 
 Laurel, on Broad Creek, fifty-two miles south of Dover, has manufactures 
 of fruit-baskets, crates, etc. 
 
 Milton, a thriving village eight miles south of Milford, has ship-building 
 interests. 
 
 South Milford is a flourishing village opposite North Milford. 
 
 Georgetown, the county seat of Sussex County, is an enterprising village 
 ! thirty-six miles south-east of Dover. 
 
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 107 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 'SHINGTO 
 
 ______ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 f Area, 70 square miles. Population, 177,624 .1 
 
 The District of Columbia is a district of the United States, 
 situated on the Potomac, which forms its south-western bound¬ 
 ary : on all other sides it is enclosed by Maryland. The Poto¬ 
 mac is a noble stream, navigable for large vessels. The East 
 Branch of the Potomac is the eastern boundary of Washington, 
 and Rock Creek divides that city from Georgetown. 
 
 Surface and Climate. — The surface is undulating or hilly ; 
 the climate is warm and moist. 
 
 The mean temperature of Washington in the spring is 54 0 ; in summer, 
 73 0 ; in autumn, 6o°; and in winter, 34 0 . 
 
 Industries. — The soil is fairly productive, the chief crops 
 being whe^t, Indian-corn, and other grains, potatoes, peas and 
 beans, and hay, besides the products of the orchard and dairy. 
 The profits of market-gardening are very considerable. 
 
 The principal manufacture is that of flour and other mill 
 products at Georgetown. Other important articles of manu¬ 
 facture are brick, lumber, confectionery, and carriages. 
 
 The commerce of the District is carried on principally at 
 Georgetown, which has considerable coasting trade. The chief 
 exports are coal, tobacco, grain, and flour, the products of West¬ 
 ern Maryland. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — A part of the District is inter¬ 
 sected by the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which crosses the 
 Potomac at Georgetown. The Baltimore and Potomac Rail¬ 
 road connects Washington with Baltimore and Richmond; and 
 
 several branches of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad terminate 
 at Washington. There is also a railroad connecting Washing¬ 
 ton and Alexandria. 
 
 Government. — The government of the District is vested in 
 a board of three commissioners appointed by Congress. The 
 Constitution of the United States does not allow the inhabit¬ 
 ants of the District any vote for presidential electors. 
 
 Education. — There is an excellent system of public schools, 
 including normal schools, and high, grammar, intermediate, 
 and primary schools, under the direction of a board of trustees 
 appointed by the commissioners of the District. There are 
 separate schools for white and for colored pupils, under the 
 supervision of different superintendents. Washington and 
 Georgetown are widely celebrated for the number and excel¬ 
 lence of their private educational institutions. 
 
 The higher education is provided for in Georgetown College, 
 Columbian University, Howard University, Gonzaga College, 
 and numerous professional schools. The Congressional Li¬ 
 brary, containing 300,000 volumes, and other public libraries, 
 add largely to the educational advantages of the District. 
 
 Benevolent Institutions. —The chief charitable institutions 
 are the Naval Hospital, the Soldiers’ Home, the United States 
 Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphan Asylum, the Children’s Hospital, 
 the Freedmen’s Hospital, Providence and Columbia hospitals, 
 the Government Hospital for the Insane, the National Deaf- 
 Mute College, the Institution for Deaf-Mutes, the Reform 
 School and Farm for Boys, and many other establishments 
 public and private. 
 
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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 
 
 109 
 
 History. — The location of the capital was a subject of con¬ 
 siderable discussion in Congress after the organization of the 
 Federal Government in 1789, which led to the passage of an 
 act, in 1790, accepting “a district of territory on the river 
 Potomac, for the permanent seat of government of the United 
 States,” and deciding that the capital should be removed to 
 that place in 1800. In 1791 a site was selected for the city of 
 Washington by the president, and commissioners were ap¬ 
 pointed to lay out the city. This district consisted of 64 square 
 miles of territory ceded by Maryland, and 36 square miles by 
 Virginia, so as to form a territory ten miles square. The Vir¬ 
 ginia portion was retroceded to that state in 1846. According 
 to recent surveys the district now contains 70 square miles. 
 
 During the war of 1812 the city of Washington was taken 
 by the British, and some of the public buildings, including the 
 Capitol, were burned. 
 
 During the civil war, extensive fortifications were constructed 
 for the defence of the city. 
 
 Slavery was abolished by act of Congress in 1862, and the 
 right of suffrage was extended to colored citizens by the act 
 of Jan. 8, 1867. 
 
 Washington, the chief city of the District, and the capital 
 of the United States, is situated on the left bank of the Poto¬ 
 mac River, between the Anacostia, or Eastern Branch, and 
 Rock Creek, which separates it from Georgetown. It is 14 
 miles in circuit, and covers about 9A square miles. The site 
 is lofty, having a mean elevation of about 40 feet. 
 
 The plan of the streets is very peculiar, and it has been well 
 said that “Washington City in its grand plan is French, in its 
 minor plan, Quaker. It is the city of Philadelphia griddled 
 across the city of Versailles.” The rectangular streets are 
 crossed obliquely by twenty-one broad avenues (120-160 feet 
 wide), bearing the names of the states. Pennsylvania Avenue, 
 the main thoroughfare, is at some points 160 feet wide: 
 Massachusetts Avenue is the handsomest in the city. 
 
 The principal public buildings are the Capitol, the Executive 
 Mansion, the Treasury building, the new State Department 
 edifice, the General Post Office, the Patent Office, the Smith¬ 
 sonian Institution, and the Corcoran Art building, besides 
 which may be mentioned the United States Naval Observa¬ 
 tory, through which passes the meridian adopted by act of 
 Congress as the American prime meridian for astronomical 
 purposes, and the Washington Monument. 
 
 The Capitol of the United States is probably the most magnificent and 
 imposing building in the world. It is 751 feet long, 324 feet in 
 extreme depth, covers 3J acres of ground, and has cost over 
 $13,000,000. The general style of its architecture is classic, and 
 the structure consists of a main building, flanked by great marble 
 extensions, and surmounted by a majestic iron dome. This dome 
 is 307J feet high (from the base line of the building to the top of 
 the statue of Freedom, which surmounts the structure) and 135^ 
 feet in diameter, and weighs over 8,000,000 pounds. Works of art 
 adorn the exterior and interior of the Capitol. The senate-chamber 
 (of which a view will be found on page 27), the hall of the repre¬ 
 sentatives, and the chamber of the supreme court, are the three 
 principal divisions of the Capitol. 
 
 The Smithsonian Institution is one of the most ornate buildimrs in 
 
 u 
 
 Washington. It is 447 feet long, and is located in attractive grounds 
 covering over 50 acres. This institution was founded by James 
 Smithson, an Englishman, who bequeathed his entire fortune of 
 over $500,000 “to found at Washington an establishment for the 
 increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” A library, mu¬ 
 seum, and art gallery were established, and the “ Smithsonian Contri¬ 
 butions ” have been of great benefit in the advancement of science. 
 
 The Treasury Department building, constructed in massive Ionic ar¬ 
 chitecture, is 500 feet long by 300 feet wide. A striking feature of 
 this edifice is presented by an unbroken line of thirty Ionic columns 
 (said to be the largest of the kind in the world), on the west front. 
 Within the building are 195 rooms, in which the vast commercial and 
 financial operations of the general government are carried on. 
 
 The Executive Mansion (popularly known as the White 1 house) is 170 
 feet long by 86 feet deep. 
 
 The Corcoran Art Gallery is one of the finest art buildings in the 
 world, and was constructed, at an expense of $600,000, by Mr. W. W. 
 Corcoran of Washington, who endowed the institution with his 
 superb private art collection. In 1870 Mr. Corcoran deeded the 
 building and collection to trustees for the benefit of the people. 
 
 The United States Naval Observatory occupies an eminence 96 feet 
 above the level of the Potomac. The central building is provided 
 with a revolving dome, and contains numerous fine instruments, the 
 chief of which is the great equatorial telescope. The Observatory is 
 on the first meridian for astronomical purposes in the United States 
 (the Greenwich meridian being used for nautical calculations), and is in 
 latitude 3S 0 53' 38” north, and longitude 77 0 3' 6" west of Greenwich. 
 
 The population of Washington is 147,293 ; of whom 98,895 
 are white, and 48,377 colored. 
 
 Georgetown (population 12,578), situated at the head of 
 navigation of the Potomac, and at the terminus of the Chesa¬ 
 peake and Ohio Canal, is noted for its refined society and 
 many educational advantages. It is a place of considerable 
 commerce, both foreign and domestic. It is connected with 
 Washington by lines of street cars. 
 
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VIRGINIA. 
 
 111 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. What river, bay, and ocean form the eastern boundary of 
 Virginia? What state borders Virginia on the north-east? What states 
 border Virginia on the south ? What states border it on the west ? Through 
 how many degrees of longitude does Virginia extend? Through how many 
 degrees of latitude does it extend? 
 
 Surface. I arts of what mountain-ranges form the boundary between 
 Virginia and West Virginia? What mountains form the boundary between 
 Virginia and Kentucky ? What mountain-ridge extends through the western 
 part of the state ? What great swamp is in the south-eastern part of the state? 
 
 Rivers. 
 
 flow? What river flows between 
 Virginia and Maryland ? What large 
 tributary does the Potomac receive 
 at Harper’s Ferry? In what moun¬ 
 tains are the head waters of the 
 Rappahannock River? What two 
 rivers unite at West Point? What 
 is the name of this river from West 
 Point to Chesapeake Bay? De¬ 
 scribe James River. What two 
 
 In what general direction do most of the rivers of Virginia 
 
 rivers of Virginia unite to form the 
 Roanoke ? What river, rising in 
 North Carolina, flows through Vir- 
 ginia into West Virginia? What 
 rivers in the south-western part flow 
 into Tennessee ? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border 
 on the Potomac? What counties 
 border on Chesapeake Bay? What 
 two counties are between Chesa¬ 
 peake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean ? 
 
 What counties border on North 
 Carolina? What counties border 
 on Tennessee? In what county is 
 the state capital? [In what county 
 do you live ? What counties adjoin 
 it?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Describe 
 the location of the capital with 
 reference to its natural and political 
 situation. Locate Norfolk, Portsmouth, Lynchburg. What city south of 
 Richmond is on the Appomattox? Locate Fredericksburg, Winchester, 
 Staunton, Charlottesville, Danville, Abingdon. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 42,450 square miles. Population, 1,512,565.] 
 
 Situation and Extent. — Virginia, one of the Southern 
 States, is situated on the Atlantic seaboard, about midway 
 between Maine and Florida. 
 
 Surface.—With regard to its surface features, Virginia is 
 distinctly divided into two sections, — the western, including 
 the Blue Ridge and the valley and mountain-region beyond ; 
 and the eastern section, which consists of a plain sloping from 
 the Blue Ridge to tide-water, and includes the tide-water 
 region proper, the midland region, and the Piedmont region. 
 
 Drainage.—About seven-eighths of the state is drained by 
 streams belonging to the Atlantic system. The remainder, 
 being the extreme south-western part of the state, belongs to 
 the great Mississippi valley, and is drained by streams which 
 
 find their way to the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Among the most important streams 
 belonging to the Atlantic system 
 are the Potomac, Rappahan¬ 
 nock, York, James, Blackwater, 
 and Roanoke rivers. The Hol- 
 ston and Clinch are the princi¬ 
 pal rivers of the Mississippi 
 system within the state. 
 
 Climate.— In different parts 
 of the state the climate varies 
 greatly. On the Atlantic coast 
 it is equable and healthful. The 
 tide-water and midland regions 
 are more changeable. The 
 mountain-districts have a de¬ 
 lightful summer climate; and 
 in the Piedmont and valley 
 regions the winters also are 
 extremely pleasant and health 
 ful. 
 
 Resources. — The natural 
 resources of Virginia consist 
 of a great variety of excellent 
 soils, vast mineral deposits, ex- 
 [ tensive forests, and numerous streams, adding richness to the 
 soil, affording unlimited water-power, and furnishing abundant 
 j means of transportation. The waters of the numerous bays 
 | and inlets and of the adjacent coast also abound in oysters, 
 j lobsters, and a great variety of other food-fishes. 
 
 Industries. — Owing to the varied natural resources of the 
 state, the industries of Virginia are numerous. Agriculture is 
 |the leading occupation of the people; but large numbers are 
 also engaged in mining, manufacturing, and fishing, and in the 
 varied branches of commerce and transportation. 
 
 RICHMOND. 
 
 Its form is that of an irregular triangle, having for its base 
 a straight line forming the northern boundary of North Caro¬ 
 lina and part of that of Tennessee. Its greatest length (from 
 east to west) is about 475 miles, and its greatest width about 
 200 miles. 
 
 Corn, oats, wheat, and tobacco are the great agricultural staples. The 
 state ranks second in the amount and value of tobacco produced. 
 In 1880 there were produced over 29,000,000 bushels of corn, over 
 5,000,000 bushels of oats, and nearly 8,000.000 bushels of wheat. The 
 production of corn in 1882 was over 35,000,000 bushels. 
 
 Manufactures are rapidly developing, especially in the production of 
 
I 12 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 prepared tobacco and flour. With the development of the forest and ! 
 mineral wealth of the state, the production of lumber, iron, and steel, 
 is increasing. The rich deposits of coal and iron, together with un¬ 
 limited water-power, must make Virginia a great manufacturing state. 
 
 Large numbers of people are engaged in the fisheries; and the capital 
 invested in this industry amounts to several millions of dollars. The 
 fishery-interests are protected by very stringent laws, which are effi¬ 
 ciently administered by the state authorites. 
 
 The many deep rivers and bays of the tide-water region, 
 together with the central position of the state on the Atlantic 
 seaboard of the country, make Virginia an important commer¬ 
 cial state. The coasting-trade is most important, lines of | 
 steamers running to all important ports on the seaboard ; and j 
 the foreign commerce is considerable, and constantly enlarging. \ 
 
 There are over 1,700 miles of railroad and about 250 miles 
 of canal in operation in the state. 
 
 Government. — The present constitution of Virginia was 
 adopted July 6, 1869. 
 
 The execjitive department comprises a governor and lieutenant-governor 
 elected by the people for terms of four years each; a secretary of the 
 commonwealth, treasurer, auditor of public accounts, railroad commis¬ 
 sioner, and register of the land-office, elected by the General Assembly 
 for terms of two years; and a superintendent of public instruction, 
 elected by the General Assembly for the term of four years. 
 
 The legislative department ', the General Assembly, consists of a Senate 
 of forty members, and a House of Delegates of one hundred members. 
 Senators are elected for four years, and delegates for two years. The 
 General Assembly meets biennially, on the first Monday of December, 
 odd years. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, and in circuit, county, 
 and justices’ courts. All judges are elected by the General Assembly, 
 except justices of the peace, who are chosen by a county board. 
 
 Virginia is represented in Congress by two senators and ten 
 representatives, and accordingly has twelve electoral votes. 
 
 Education. — Education receives special attention in Vir¬ 
 ginia. The public schools are efficiently administered by a 
 state superintendent and state board of education, and county 
 superintendents and county boards of education. 
 
 The state also maintains, in whole or in part, a number of higher insti¬ 
 tutions; among them the University of Virginia, the Virginia Military 
 Institute, the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, and excel¬ 
 lent normal school for both white and colored teachers. 
 
 Among private schools there are a number of the very highest merit, | 
 several of these dating back from one to two hundred years. 
 
 History. — Virginia was the first lasting colony founded by 
 the English in America. Its charter dates from 1606, and the 
 first permanent settlement was made at Jamestown in 1607. 
 
 In 1610, on the arrival of Lord Delaware as governor, the colony first 
 began to grow and become prosperous. In 1619 a local legislature 
 was established, and in that year the first representative assembly ever 
 convened in America was held at Jamestown. 
 
 The cultivation of tobacco was begun in 1616, and slaves were first in¬ 
 troduced in 1620; and these two events had a great influence in shap¬ 
 ing the future history of Virginia. 
 
 At the close of the colonial period, Virginia was the wealthiest and most 
 populous of the thirteen colonies, its population in 1776 being 575,000. 
 
 Virginia led in the protests of the colonies against the unjust 
 Stamp Act in 1765, and later was among the first in resisting 
 the encroachments of Great Britain, and in organizing the new 
 government of the United States of America. 
 
 She furnished some of the greatest leaders in that struggle; among 
 them Washington, the chief of the Revolutionary armies, Jefferson, 
 
 the author of the Declaration of Independence, the Lees, Patrick 
 Henry, Madison, and many others. No important battles of the Revo¬ 
 lution were fought on Virginia soil until the closing year of the war, 
 when the siege of Yorktown compelled the surrender of Cornwallis, 
 and put an end to the struggle at a single blow. 
 
 During the war of secession, Virginia was the chief battle¬ 
 field of the contending armies ; and Richmond, her capital, was 
 also the capital of the Confederacy. 
 
 As Virginia took a leading part in the Revolution, so, in the war of seces¬ 
 sion, she furnished the commander-in-chief of the army, in the person 
 of Gen. R. E. Lee; and on her soil the last decisive battle was fought, 
 and the final surrender was made. 
 
 After five years of military government, Virginia’s representatives were 
 admitted to Congress in January, 1870, and civil government was 
 again established in the state. 
 
 Virginia has rightly been named “The Mother of Presidents.” Of the 
 first twenty-one Presidents, one-third of the number were natives of 
 the state. 
 
 Since the close of the war Virginia has entered upon a new 
 era of prosperity, and her vast natural resources are being 
 developed on a grander scale than ever before. 
 
 Political Divisions. — Virginia is divided into one hundred 
 counties. The following are the most important cities and 
 towns ; — 
 
 Richmond (63,600), the capital and largest city, is at the head of tide¬ 
 water on the James River, 100 miles from its mouth. Vessels drawing 
 eighteen feet of water can ascend to the city wharves; and thus the city 
 has the best advantages for shipping the product of its manufactories. The 
 falls of the James River at this point afford unlimited water-power, which 
 is at present only partly utilized. Several lines of railroad connect the city 
 with various parts of the country; and Richmond is an important and grow¬ 
 ing center of internal commerce. The public buildings are the capitol, the 
 governor’s mansion, the custom-house, court-house, state armory, etc. 
 
 The public schools of Richmond are among the finest in the country, 
 being liberally supported by public taxation. 
 
 The principal manufactures, which give employment to large numbers 
 of workmen, are those of flour, tobacco, iron, machinery, agricultural imple¬ 
 ments, and railroad-cars. 
 
 The state library and historical collection are of great value and interest; 
 and the capitol building and grounds are ornamented with imposing monu¬ 
 ments erected in honor of the distinguished sons of Virginia. 
 
 Norfolk, on the Elizabeth River, 30 miles from the Atlantic, is the second 
 city in size in the state, and the first in commercial importance. It has one 
 of the finest harbors on the Atlantic coast, and commands a large coasting- 
 trade with all the Atlantic and Gulf cities of the Union, and with the West 
 Indies and South America. Its railroad connections are important, and 
 are being largely extended. It has excellent public and private schools. 
 The principal manufactures are canned fruit, vegetables, and fish, machin¬ 
 ery, flour, etc. 
 
 Petersburg, on the Appomattox River, is an important manufacturing 
 city and trading-center. It has excellent water-power, good railroad and 
 shipping facilities, and is largely engaged in the manufacture of prepared 
 tobacco, flour, soap, paper, iron, and cotton goods and machinery. 
 
 Lynchburg — on the James River, 150 miles 
 above Richmond, with which city it is con¬ 
 nected by canal. Salubrious climate. Great 
 manufactures of all kinds of prepared to¬ 
 bacco. Fine educational facilities. 
 
 Alexandria — on the Potomac River, opposite the 
 city of Washington, D.C. Large trade by 
 river, canal, and railroad. Manufactures of 
 ships, cotton, leather, furniture, etc. Excel¬ 
 lent public and private schools. 
 
 Portsmouth — opposite Norfolk, on the Elizabeth 
 River, and commercially a part of that city. 
 Seat of a United-States Navy Yard. Large 
 cotton trade. 
 
 Danville — on the Dan River, near the North- 
 Carolina line. Has a large trade in both 
 states. Good railway and manufacturing 
 
 facilities. Important tobacco market. Good 
 schools. 
 
 Manchester —on the south bank of the James 
 River, opposite Richmond. Manufactures 
 of tobacco, cotton, paper, and iron. Con¬ 
 nected with Richmond by numerous bridges. 
 
 Staunton — in the Shenandoah Valley. Railway 
 and trading center of a rich farming region. 
 Seat of the State Deaf, Dumb, and Blind In¬ 
 stitution, and of the Western Lunatic Asylum. 
 
 Fredericksburg — on the Rappahannock, no 
 miles from the Chesapeake Bay. Good 
 water-power, railroad and shipping facilities. 
 
 Winchester — in the Shenandoah Valley. Sur¬ 
 rounded by rich farming country. Consid¬ 
 erable manufactures. Good public and pri¬ 
 vate schools. 
 
WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 i 13 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — What states border West Virginia on the north? What 
 states border it on the east and south ? What states border it on the west ? 
 
 Surface. — Which part of West Virginia is mountainous? What is the 
 principal mountain-range extending through the north-eastern part of the 
 state? Where is Laurel Ridge? Greenbrier‘Mountains ? 
 
 Rivers. — What river forms part of the northern boundary of West 
 Virginia? What streams form the head waters of the Potomac? What 
 river forms most of the western boundary? What are the four principal 
 tributaries of the Ohio in this state ? What river forms the boundary be¬ 
 tween West Virginia and Kentucky? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on Maryland? What four counties 
 constitute the “ Pan Handle”? What other counties border on the Ohio 
 River ? What counties border on Kentucky ? What counties border on 
 Virginia? In what county is the state capital? [In what county do you 
 live? What counties adjoin it?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Describe the location of the state capital with 
 reference to its natural and political 
 situation. What city on the Ohio at 
 the mouth of the Little Kanawha? 
 
 What county towns are on the Balti¬ 
 more and Ohio Railroad, between 
 Harper’s Ferry and Parkersburg? 
 
 [What is the county town of the 
 county in which you live ?] 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 24,780 square miles. Popula¬ 
 tion, 618,457.] 
 
 Situation and Extent. — 
 
 West Virginia extends farther 
 north than any other southern 
 state, its northern extremity 
 being in about the same lati¬ 
 tude as New York City, and 
 farther north than the south¬ 
 ern boundary of Iowa. 
 
 It is most irregular in outline, nearly all the boundary line 
 of the state following the courses of rivers, or the crests of 
 mountain-ranges. 
 
 Surface. —In surface West Virginia is a mountainous state. 
 The eastern part is crossed by several parallel ridges of the 
 Alleghanies, and its western part is a hilly table-land, with 
 fertile river-bottoms sloping toward the Ohio River. 
 
 The mountains of West Virginia belong to the great Appalachian sys¬ 
 tem; those in the eastern part of the state being classed in the Alle¬ 
 ghany mountain group, and those in the west being a part of the 
 Cumberland Mountains. 
 
 The state abounds with magnificent mountain scenery. Among the special 
 points of note is Harper’s Ferry, where the Potomac breaks through 
 the Blue Ridge, forming stupendous walls of rock on either hand. 
 
 Drainage. — About five-sixths of the state belongs to the 
 Mississippi system, and the remainder to the Atlantic system. 
 
 With the exception of a few square miles in Monroe County, drained by 
 the head waters of the James River, the entire drainage of the state is 
 either through the Ohio and its tributaries, or through the Potomac 
 and its tributaries. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is generally free from the extremes 
 of heat and cold. The air in the mountain sections is very 
 pure and healthful. The rainfall is plentiful, and well distri¬ 
 buted throughout the year. 
 
 Resources. — This state has rich deposits of coal and iron, 
 and numerous oil-wells and salt-springs. The finest natural 
 pasturage is found in the mountain sections, and the valleys 
 and river-bottoms possess a soil of great richness and fertility. 
 The rivers furnish abundant water-power and transportation, 
 and have been greatly improved in both these particulars by 
 the aid of the United States Government. 
 
 Industries. — The leading industries are mining and agricul¬ 
 ture. 
 
 Large numbers are also engaged in the manufacture of lumber, leather, 
 flour, salt, nails, and coal-oil. The leading agricultural productions are 
 
 corn, wheat, oats, sorghum, to¬ 
 bacco, and fruits. The pro¬ 
 duction of coal and iron is 
 constantly increasing with the 
 development of transportation 
 facilities. 
 
 There are over seven hundred 
 miles of railroad in the state. 
 
 Government. — The pres¬ 
 ent constitution of West Vir¬ 
 ginia was adopted Aug. 22, 
 1872. 
 
 The executive departmetit com. 
 prises a governor, secretary of 
 state, auditor, treasurer, attor¬ 
 ney - general, adjutant -general, 
 and superintendent of public 
 instruction, elected by the peo¬ 
 ple for terms of four years. 
 The legislative department com¬ 
 prises a Senate of twenty-four 
 members, and a House of Delegates of sixty-five members. Senators 
 are elected for four years, and delegates for two years. The Legisla¬ 
 ture meets biennially, on the second Wednesday of January, odd years. 
 The judicial department consists of a Supreme Court, and circuit, 
 county, municipal, and justices’ courts. All judges and justices are 
 elected by the people. 
 
 West Virginia is represented in Congress by two senators 
 and four representatives, and accordingly has six electoral votes. 
 
 Education. — The state provides liberally for the support of 
 free schools, under the care of state and county superintendents. 
 
 The State Normal School is located at Huntington, with five branches in 
 different parts of the state. The State University is at Morgantown; 
 and the State Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, is at Romney. 
 
 History. — The first permanent settlement within the border 
 of the state was made in Greenbrier County in 1765. 
 
 Settlement did not progress very rapidly till after the Revolution, when 
 it set in largely from the east. Until the war of secession, the state 
 formed a part of Virginia. In 1862 a movement was inaugurated for 
 the formation of a separate state out of about fifty counties of Western 
 Virginia ; and in June, 1863, West Virginia was admitted to the Union. 
 
 HARPER’S FERRY. 
 

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NORTH CAROLiNA. 
 
 1 15 
 
 Political Divisions. — West 
 four counties. The following 
 and towns : — 
 
 Virginia is divided into fifty- 
 are the most important cities 
 
 Charleston—on the Kanawha, county seat of 
 Kanawha County. Extensive salt-works, 
 and large trade with the southern part of 
 the state. Important railway connections. 
 Good public and private schools. 
 
 Parkersburg — on the Ohio, at the mouth of the 
 Little Kanawha. Important railway and 
 shipping point. The center of the West 
 Virginia oil-region. Well laid out. Hand¬ 
 some public buildings. 
 
 Martinsburg — county seat of Berkeley County. 
 Important railroad junction. Here are lo¬ 
 cated extensive shops of the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Huntington — in Cabell County, on the Ohio 
 River. Western terminus of the Chesapeake 
 
 and Ohio Railroad. Large railroad shops. 
 Excellent schools. 
 
 Clarksburg — county seat cl Harrison County, 
 on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Cen¬ 
 ter of large coal-mining district. 
 
 Weston — county seat of Lewis County. Seat 
 of the State Asylum for the Insane. Large 
 local trade. 
 
 Keyser — county seat of Mineral County, on the 
 north branch of the Potomac. Large machine 
 shops of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Berkeley Springs, Capon Springs, White 
 Sulphur Springs, Blue Sulphur 
 Springs, and Shannondale Springs 
 have a wide celebrity for the curative 
 properties of their mineral waters. 
 
 Wheeling (30,737), the capital and largest city, is situated on the Ohio 
 River, in the part of the state called the “ Pan Handle.” The river fur¬ 
 nishes fine commercial facilities, and several trunk-lines of railroad also 
 center here. The most important public buildings are the capitol, custom¬ 
 house, public library, and public school buildings. The city is noted for its 
 excellent public and private schools. The principal manufactures are of 
 nails, mill iron, glass, machinery, and engines; and these industries are 
 developing and increasing very rapidly. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 OFF HATTERAS.—TURPENTINE PINES. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP 
 
 Boundaries. — What two 
 states border North Carolina on 
 the north ? What two states 
 border it on the south ? What 
 natural boundary has the state 
 on the east? What state bor¬ 
 ders it on the west ? What 
 natural boundary between North 
 Carolina and Tennessee ? 
 
 Surface. — What mountain- 
 range extends through the west¬ 
 
 ern part of the state? What two swamps are in the south-central part of 
 the state? What swamp is in the north eastern part? 
 
 Seacoast,—What three capes project from the eastern coast? Name 
 three sounds in the eastern part of the state. What are the principal inlets 
 to these sounds ? 
 
 Rivers. — What two large rivers rising in Virginia flow into Albemarle 
 Sound ? What two rivers flow into Pamlico Sound ? Describe the Cape 
 Fear River. What are its principal tributaries? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on Virginia ? What counties are west 
 of the Blue Ridge? What counties border on South Carolina? In what 
 county is the state capital ? [In what county do you live ?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — What is the state capital? In what county is it? 
 What are the three principal seaports of the state? Locate New Berne, 
 Wilmington, Beaufort, Fayetteville, Salisbury, Greensborough, Asheville, 
 Goldsborough, Chapel Hill. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 52,250 square miles. Population, 1,399,750.] 
 
 Location and Extent. — North Carolina, “the Old North 
 State,” is situated on the Atlantic coast of the United States, 
 just south of Virginia. 
 
 The outline of the state is irregular, having its greatest 
 extent from east to west, and being broadest near the center. 
 Its greatest length is 450 miles ; its greatest breadth, 180 miles. 
 
 Surface. — The state may be divided into three regions,— 
 the low, sandy, or swampy coast-region ; the “Pine Barrens;” 
 and the foot-hill and mountain region. 
 
 The ranges of the Appalachian system are so far to the west, that the 
 state may be said to belong almost entirely to the Atlantic Plain; but 
 this presents in its various parts very different characteristics. 
 
 The marshy coast-region extends about sixty miles inland. The “Pine 
 Barrens ” are to the westward of the coast-region, and have an aver¬ 
 age breadth of about fifty miles. 
 
 The foot-hill and mountain region extends westward to the boundary of 
 the state. The mountain region proper is a wild and precipitous coun¬ 
 try, crossed by the Blue Ridge, the Alleghany Mountains, and the 
 Black Mountains. Mount Mitchell, the highest peak east of the 
 Rocky Mountains, is 6,746 feet high. 
 
 Drainage. — The principal watershed of the state is formed 
 by the Blue Ridge, and hence all the state, except the extreme 
 western slope of the mountains, is drained by streams belong¬ 
 ing to the Atlantic system. 
 
 The chief rivers of the Atlantic system are the Chowan, Roanoke, Tar, 
 Neuse, Cape Fear, Yadkin (a tributary of the Great Pedee), and 
 Catawba, the name given to the upper course of the Wateree. 
 
 On the western slope of the mountain section are found the head waters 
 of the New, Watauga, Nolichucky, French Broad, and Little Tennes¬ 
 see rivers, belonging to the Mississippi system. 
 
 t 
 
 Climate. — The climate of the state is as varied as its 
 surface. In the low country the .atmosphere is warm and 
 humid, and in the mountainous region it is cool and dry. 
 
 The mountains of the extreme western part are greatly resorted to by 
 invalids, on account of the clear, invigorating climate, which is espe¬ 
 cially beneficial to those suffering from pulmonary complaints. 
 
NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 116 
 
 Resources. —The natural wealth of the state consists in 
 its varied soils, its vast pine-forests, and its mountains, rich in 
 mineral deposits. The commercial position of the state is also 
 important. It has good harbors from which to ship the prod- j 
 ucts of its soil and forests, and it lies on the track of the 
 great lines of railway connecting ':he North with the South 
 Atlantic and Gulf States. 
 
 Industries. —The leading occupation of the inhabitants is 
 agriculture ; but large numbers are also engaged in manufactur¬ 
 ing, mining, fishing, lumbering, etc. 
 
 The principal crops are those of tobacco, cotton, corn, rice, sweet- 
 potatoes, and peanuts. The manufactures consist principally of the 
 products of the pine, — pitch, tar, turpentine, and rosin, — prepared 
 tobacco, lumber, rolled zinc, and flour. 
 
 Among the varied products of the mines of the state may be named 
 gold, silver, zinc, iron, coal, lead, copperas, graphite, corundum, mica, 
 and steatite, all of which are successfully mined, and contribute largely 
 to the wealth of the people. 
 
 There are over sixteen hundred miles of railroad in the 
 state, and several short canals. 
 
 Government. — The present constitution of North Carolina 
 was adopted in 1868. 
 
 In 1729 North Carolina became a royal province, the governor being 
 appointed by the King of England, and the Legislature being chosen 
 by the colonists. It so remained until the time of the Revolution. 
 
 North Carolina was among the first to assert the rights of 
 the Colonies in the Revolutionary struggle. 
 
 In May, 1775, the citizens of Mecklenburg County formally renounced 
 allegiance to the crown, and published a declaration of independence. 
 During the war frequent collisions occurred between bands of patriots 
 and royalists; but there were no important battles fought in the state 
 till near the close of the war, when the battle of Guilford Court House 
 was fought March 15, 1781. 
 
 North Carolina passed the ordinance of secession, and ratified 
 the Constitution of the Southern Confederacy, May 21, 1861. 
 
 During the war of secession a number of important engagements were 
 fought in the state and on the coast, the ports of the state being 
 favorite resorts for blockade-runners from the West Indies and Europe. 
 The most important events were the capture of Fort Fisher, and the 
 campaign which led to the surrender of Gen. J. E. Johnston to Gen. 
 W. T. Sherman at Bentonville, April 26, 1865. This practically ended 
 the war. 
 
 After the war, North Carolina remained under military government until 
 July ir, 1868, when, by proclamation of the President, the state was 
 restored to its relations to the Union. 
 
 The executive department consists of a governor, lieutenant-governor, 
 secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruc¬ 
 tion, and attorney-general, all of whom are elected by the people for 
 terms of four years. The governor and lieutenant-governor are ineligi¬ 
 ble for two successive terms. 
 
 The legislative department consists of a senate of fifty members, and a 
 house of representatives of a hundred and twenty members; both 
 senators and representatives being elected for terms of two years. 
 The sessions of the Legislature are biennial, and are limited to 
 sixty days, commencing on the first Wednesday of January, odd 
 years. 
 
 The jiidicial department consists of a Supreme Court, superior courts in 
 each of twelve judicial districts, and justices’ courts. Judges and jus¬ 
 tices are elected by the people. 
 
 North Carolina is represented in Congress by two senators 
 and nine representatives, and consequently has eleven electoral 
 votes. 
 
 Education. — The general interests of education are under 
 charge of a state superintendent of public schools, county 
 commissioners in each county, and a school committee of three 
 in each township. 
 
 The state school-fund amounts to over two millions of dollars, and its 
 revenue is supplemented by public taxation. 
 
 The state abounds in excellent private schools and colleges, some of 
 which have a very wide reputation for excellence, and all are well 
 attended. 
 
 The Stite University is located at Chapel Hill; and the Institution for 
 the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, is at Raleigh. 
 
 In the year 1880 there were 238,000 children enrolled in the public schools. 
 
 History. — Among the earliest settlements attempted in 
 America by the English was one by Sir Walter Raleigh, on 
 the coast of North Carolina, in the year 1585. After the fail¬ 
 ure of this attempt, no effective settlement was made until 
 1663, when a permanent colony was planted on Albemarle 
 Sound by a company of English noblemen. 
 
 Political Divisions. — The state is divided into ninety-six 
 counties. Among the most important cities and towns are 
 the following : — 
 
 Raleigh (9,265), the capital of the state, and county seat of Wake County, 
 is an important and growing city in the interior of the state. The city is 
 handsomely laid out, and the streets are broad and well kept. There are 
 several lines of railroad centering here, and a large trade is carried on with 
 the surrounding towns. Raleigh is one of the most important cotton 
 markets in the South. The city has good public and private schools. 
 
 The railroad shops, and the manufacture of tobacco, cigars, and machine¬ 
 ry, give employment to a large number of persons. 
 
 Wilmington (17,350), county seat of New Hanover County, and the 
 largest city in the state, is situated on the east side of Cape Fear River, 
 thirty miles by river from the Atlantic Ocean. The river up to this point 
 is navigable for vessels drawing sixteen feet of water; and lines of steamers 
 connect the port with several Atlantic cities and with river towns as far up 
 as Fayetteville. Three important lines of railroad give the city communi¬ 
 cation with the north, west, and south. Wilmington carries on an extensive 
 domestic and foreign trade in lumber, pine products, cotton, and cotton goods. 
 
 The chief industries are the manufacture of lumber, cotton goods, tur¬ 
 pentine and other pine products, and machinery. 
 
 New Berne — county seat of Craven County, 
 on the Neuse River, forty miles from its 
 mouth. Large coastwise trade in lumber, 
 pine products, cotton, and fish. Here are 
 extensive turpentine distilleries, saw mills, 
 and machine shops Good public schools, 
 and a normal school. 
 
 Charlotte — county seat of Mecklenburg County, 
 is an important railroad center, and manu- | 
 facturing and trading point. Center of the 
 gold-mining district of the state, and seat 
 of a United States assay office Here is 
 located Biddle University, also several ex¬ 
 cellent academies. 
 
 Goldsborough — county seat of Wayne County, 
 on the Neuse River. Junction of important 
 railroads. Manufactures of carriages, ma¬ 
 chinery, etc. 
 
 Fayetteville — county seat of Cumberland 
 County. Head of steamboat navigation j 
 on Cape Fear River. Manufactures of 
 cotton goods, lumber, turpentine, etc. 
 
 Salisbury — county seat of Rowan County. Rail¬ 
 road junction. Large local trade. Good 
 private schools. 
 
 Beaufort —on an inlet near the Atlantic Ocean. 
 Port of entry Considerable coasting 
 trade. 
 
 Asheville — the largest town on the western 
 mountain slope. Large local trade. Favor¬ 
 ite resort for invalids. 
 
 Washington — on the Pamlico River. Large 
 river trade. 
 
 Durham — in Durham County. Extensive trade 
 in manufactured tobacco. 
 
 Chapel Hill — in same county. Seat of the State 
 University. 
 
 Greensborough — in Guilford County. Railroad 
 junction. Local trade. Manufactures of 
 tobacco. 
 
 Elizabeth City — The United States port of 
 entry for the north-eastern part of the 
 state. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 11 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 RICE PLANTATION. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — What state bor¬ 
 ders South Carolina on the 
 north ? What natural boundary 
 has it on the south-east? What 
 natural boundary has it on the 
 west? What state is west of 
 South Carolina? Through what 
 does the state extend ? Through what degrees of 
 latitude does it extend? 
 
 Seacoast. — What is the principal cape on the coast of South Carolina? 
 Name the inlets, sounds, and roads, beginning at the north. What are the 
 principal islands off the coast ? Name the principal islands in the vicinity 
 of Charleston harbor. 
 
 Surface. — What part of the state is mountainous or hilly? What moun¬ 
 tains form the north-western boundary of the state? In what county is 
 King’s Mountain? 
 
 o 
 
 degrees of longitude 
 
 In what direction and into what do the large rivers of 
 
 O 
 
 the 
 
 Rivers. 
 
 state flow? What two rivers unite to form the Santee? What two rivers 
 unite at Columbia to form the Congaree River ? By what name is the 
 Wateree River known in the northern part of its course? What are the 
 principal tributaries of Broad River? At the junction of what two rivers 
 is Charleston? Describe Edisto River. Describe Combahee River. Name 
 two northern tributaries of the Savannah. 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on the Atlantic Ocean? What coun¬ 
 ties border on the Savannah River? What counties border on North 
 Carolina? In what county is the state capital? [In what county do you 
 live ?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Describe the location of Charleston. Name two 
 other seaports. What are the principal places on the railroad between 
 Charleston and Cheraw? between Charleston and Hamburg? between Ham¬ 
 burg and Wilmington, N.C. ? between Columbia and Charlotte, N.C. ? 
 Locate Spartanburg, Yorkville, Camden, Newberry, Anderson, Cheraw, 
 Georgetown, Beaufort. [What is the county seat of the county in which 
 you live ?] 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 30,570 square miles. Population, 995.577.\ 
 
 Situation and Extent. — South Carolina, familiarly known 
 as the “ Palmetto State,” is situated on the Atlantic seaboard 
 of the United States, between latitude 32 0 and 35 0 io' north, 
 and longitude 78° 25' and 83° 19' west. It borders upon only 
 two states, North Carolina forming its northern and north- 
 ; eastern boundary, and Georgia its south-western. 
 
 In outline the state is irregularly triangular. Its greatest 
 length (from east to west) is about 300 miles, and its greatest 
 breadth (on the meridian of Savannah) is about 200 miles. It 
 has above 200 miles of seaboard, and the coast is deeply in¬ 
 dented with bays and inlets. 
 
 Surface. — The natural divisions of the state are the low 
 coast-lands along the seacoast, the pine region, the “Middle 
 Country,” and westward of this the “ Ridge,” where the sur¬ 
 face rises by a steep and sudden elevation. 
 
 The coast presents in a marked manner the features of the South At¬ 
 lantic seaboard states ; namely, shoals and sandbars, shallow sounds, 
 low islands, cypress swamps, and open marshes. 
 
 The pine region for about 100 miles from the coast is low and sandy, 
 with extensive forests of pine, and numerous swamps. Throughout 
 this region the streams are sluggish, and the formation of the country 
 distinctly alluvial. 
 
 The “ Middle Country” consists of a belt of low sand-hills. The edge 
 of the sand-hills generally marks the head of navigation of the large 
 rivers of the state. 
 
 The mountain country beyond the “ Ridge ” is most beautifully diversified 
 and picturesque. The highest elevation in the state is Table Moun¬ 
 tain, in Pickens County, about 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Drainage. —All the rivers of the state belong to the Atlan¬ 
 tic system, and all reach the sea within the limits or on the 
 borders of the state. 
 
 The general direction of all the streams is south-easterly. The upper 
 courses are broken by occasional falls ; but the lower channels are 
 deep, and the flow is steady, though by no means rapid. 
 
 The rivers of the state receive the drainage of about one-fourth of North 
 Carolina; but not a river of South Carolina crosses its boundary flow¬ 
 ing outward. 
 
 The chief rivers are the Pedee, which receives the waters of the Little 
 Pedee, Yadkin, and Black rivers ; the Santee, formed by the junction 
 of the Wateree and Congaree rivers; the Ashley, Cooper, Edisto, and 
 Savannah. 
 
 Climate. —The climate of South Carolina, except in the 
 swamps and on the low-lying coast islands, is very healthful. 
 The rainfall is abundant and well distributed, and the extremes 
 of heat and cold are seldom experienced. 
 
 The pine region and the “Middle Country” are considered especially 
 healthful for persons having pulmonary complaints, on account of the 
 dry and equable climate. The mountain region is noted for its delightful 
 summer climate, and is a favorite resort of travelers and excursionists. 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 t 18 
 
 Resources. — The location, drainage, and climate of South 
 Carolina combine to give it the resources of a great agri¬ 
 cultural and industrial state. All its lands are well watered ; 
 its soils are adapted to a great variety of productions ; its 
 streams furnish abundant water-power, and, by means of canals 
 and locks around their rapids, they are navigable throughout 
 nearly the whole extent of their courses ; while the harbors on 
 its coast are among the finest on the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 The adaptation of the soils is very remarkable. Along the coast the 
 swamps and marshes produce the best varieties of rice and long Sea- 
 island cotton. The interior swamps are adapted to rice, cotton, and 
 farm produce; the pine lands, to long cotton and general farming: 
 while the upland region produces in great variety the staple cereals, 
 fruits, and vegetables of the warm temperate zone. 
 
 The mineral wealth of the state is considerable. There are found in the 
 mountains some paying deposits of gold, which have been worked for 
 about fifty years. Building-stone of the choicest variety is found in 
 several parts of the state. Very rich deposits of bone phosphates, 
 probably the most extensive in the world, exist in the vicinity of 
 Charleston, and in the marshes and river-beds of the adjacent coast. 
 
 Industries. — In the development of the resources of the 
 state, agriculture has naturally received the first attention ; but 
 commerce and the means of transportation have been largely ex¬ 
 tended, and manufactures are also being considerably developed. 
 
 The finest cotton known to commerce is that which is grown on the Sea 
 Islands of South Carolina. It is distinguished by its long silky fiber, 
 and is much used in the production of the finest fabrics, and even in 
 the adulteration of silk. 
 
 Rice is more extensively produced here than in any other state. South 
 Carolina was the first pkce on the American continent where this 
 cereal was cultivated, the seed being introduced from Madagascar. 
 
 The corn crop of 1882 amounted to over 16,000,000 bushels. 
 
 Great quantities of early garden fruits and vegetables are raised in the 
 coast-region for shipment to the northern markets. 
 
 Among the manufactures the most important are mill products, cotton 
 goods, fertilizers, lumber, machinery, tar, and turpentine. 
 
 The ports of Charleston, Beaufort, and Georgetown, enjoy 
 a large coastwise and foreign trade. The two former are con¬ 
 sidered among the very best harbors on the coast, being spa¬ 
 cious, and securely land-locked. Important trunk lines of 
 railroad from the North-western States are projected to take 
 advantage of these harbors as shipping points for the produce 
 of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 There are about 1,500 miles of railroad in the state, and 
 several short canals which are of great service in connection 
 with the system of river navigation. 
 
 Government. — The present constitution of South Carolina 
 was adopted in 1868. 
 
 The executive department consists of a governor, lieutentant-governor. 
 secretary of state, treasurer, comptroller-general, attorney-general, and 
 superintendent of public education. All are elected by the people for 
 terms of two years each. 
 
 The legislative department comprises a Senate of thirty-five members, 
 and a House of Representatives of one hundred and twenty-four mem¬ 
 bers. Each county elects one senator, except Charleston County, 
 which elects two. Senators are elected for four years, and representa¬ 
 tives for two years. The Legislature meets annually the fourth Tues¬ 
 day in November. 
 
 Th t judicial department embraces a supreme court, and circuit, probate, 
 and justices' courts. Supreme and circuit judges are elected by the 
 General Assembly, — supreme judges for six years, and circuit judges 
 for four years. Probate judges are elected by the people in each 
 county for terms of two years. Justices of the peace are appointed 
 by the governor. 
 
 South Carolina is represented in the National Congress by 
 two senators and seven representatives, and hence has nine 
 electoral votes. 
 
 Education. — The interests of public education are under 
 the supervision of a state board of examiners, consisting of 
 the superintendent of public education, and four persons ap¬ 
 pointed by the governor ; and of county boards of examiners, 
 composed of the county school commissioners, and two other 
 persons appointed by the state board. 
 
 The public schools are supported entirely by taxation, and are generally 
 efficient and well taught. In the larger towns and cities are excellent 
 graded schools, in which both elementary and higher instruction are 
 given. Excellent private academies and colleges are found in all parts 
 of the state. 
 
 The State University is located at Columbia. Claflin University (the 
 South Carolina Agricultural College) is at Orangeburg. The State 
 Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, is at Cedar Spring. 
 
 Under the auspices of the Peabody Fund a system of state normal 
 institutes has been inaugurated, and is in flourishing condition. 
 
 History. — In 1670 a party of English emigrants, under 
 William Sayle, made a settlement on the south side of Ashley 
 River. This was the first permanent settlement within the 
 present limits of South Carolina. 
 
 The proprietors of this colony were a company of English noblemen, 
 the chief of whom was Lord Clarendon. They were also proprietors 
 of the colony planted in North Carolina a few years previously; and 
 it was not until 1729 that the two colonies became royal provinces, and 
 were entirely separated in their interests. From that date they were 
 known as North Carolina and South Carolina, the governor being 
 appointed by the crown, and the assembly chosen by the people. 
 
 Charleston was built in 1680, and became the capital of the colony. 
 During the early years there were frequent collisions with the Span¬ 
 iards and the Indians; but the colonists were generally triumphant. 
 From the separation of the Carolinas till the time of the Revolution 
 there was a continuous period of growth and prosperity. 
 
 Rice became the staple production, and the rice-planters of South Caro¬ 
 lina formed a wealthy and cultivated class. They sent their sons to 
 be educated in England; and thus a large number of young men of 
 fine education and chivalric spirit grew up, and were ready to take an 
 important part in the struggle with the mother-country. The popula¬ 
 tion of South Carolina in 1776 was 180,000. 
 
 Early in 1776 the colony adopted a state constitution, and 
 established an independent government. In the Revolutionary 
 struggle that followed, South Carolina took a prominent part, 
 and several important actions took place within the state. For 
 some time the British made Charleston the base of their opera¬ 
 tions in the South ; and from here began the long series of 
 operations which ended in the surrender of Cornwallis at 
 Yorktown. 
 
 Among the patriot leaders of the state were Marion, Sumter, Pickens, 
 Jasper, Hayne, Laurens, and Horry. Important battles were fought at 
 Charleston, Fort Moultrie, Camden, Sanders’ Creek, King’s Mountain, 
 Cowpens, Eutaw Springs, and Ninety-Six. 
 
 After the organization of the national government, South 
 Carolina took a leading position in all political discussions, 
 maintaining strong ground in favor of state sovereignty as 
 opposed to the views generally held at the North. More than 
 once this threatened to bring about serious collisions with the 
 general government. 
 
 These questions were finally brought to a decisive issue by the act of 
 the state in passing the ordinance of secession Dec. 20, i860. The 
 result was the passage of similar ordinances by all the other Southern 
 States, and the war of 1861-65. 
 
GEORGIA. 
 
 119 
 
 The first action of the war was the bombardment of Fort Sumter by the 
 South Carolina troops, under Gen. Beauregard, which resulted in the 
 surrender of the fortress April 14, 1861. The state suffered severely 
 during the war, especially in the close blockade of its ports, the mili¬ 
 tary occupation of its coast, and the destruction caused in Sherman’s 
 progress through the country in the closing year of the struggle. 
 
 The state was re-admitted to representation in Congress in 1868, and 
 since that time has enjoyed steady growth and increasing prosperity. 
 
 Political Divisions. — South Carolina is divided into thirty- 
 four counties. Among the most important cities and towns 
 are the following : — 
 
 Columbia (10,036), the capital of the state, is situated on the Congaree 
 River at the junction of the Broad and Saluda rivers. The city is well 
 laid out with broad and handsome streets, and contains many beautiful 
 public and private buildings. Among the former are the capitol, /city-hall, 
 United States court-house, and several excellent school buildings. 
 
 The city has superior railroad connections, and is at the head of steam¬ 
 boat navigation on the Congaree, thus having the advantages of a large 
 interior trade. Here are located the State University, the asylum for the 
 insane, and a number of schools and seminaries of a high grade. 
 
 Charleston (49,984), the largest city and commercial metropolis of the 
 state, is located on a small peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper rivers, 
 about five miles from the Atlantic Ocean. The rivers unite at this point 
 to form a broad and spacious harbor, which is one of the best on the Atlan¬ 
 tic seaboard. The city has about nine miles of harbor front, is beautifully 
 built, and its streets are ornamented with magnificent shade-trees and 
 
 spacious lawns. The city is connected by railroad and by river navigation 
 with all parts of the state, and has lines of steamers connecting it with all 
 the larger cities of the Atlantic coast. The chief exports are rice, cotton, 
 lumber, phosphates, and pine products. 
 
 Charleston has many fine public buildings. The city maintains a 
 superior system of public schools, and also has a large number of excellent 
 private schools and benevolent institutions. 
 
 The leading manufactures are of fertilizers, machinery, chemicals, ship 
 stores, mill products, etc. 
 
 Greenville — county seat of Greenville County. 
 The leading place in the mountain section. 
 Manufactures of cotton goods, iron, and 
 lumber. Excellent educational advantages. 
 Favorite summer resort on account of the 
 delightful climate. Seat of Furman Univer¬ 
 sity (Baptist). 
 
 Spartanburg—in Spartanburg County. Rail¬ 
 road center, with large local trade. Manu¬ 
 factures of carriages, brick, etc. Good 
 schools. Seat of Wofford College (Method¬ 
 ist). 
 
 Georgetown — on Winyaw Bay, fourteen'miles 
 from the ocean. A port of entry, with good 
 harbor, and large river trade. Manufactures 
 of lumber, turpentine, etc. 
 
 Beaufort and Port Royal —in Beaufort County, 
 in the center of the Sea-island cotton district. 
 Good harbor, and large commercial facili¬ 
 ties. 
 
 Newberry — in Newberry County. A growing 
 town. Has extensive granite quarries. 
 Large trade in cotton. Good schools. Seat : 
 of Newberry College (Lutheran). 
 
 Orangeburg — in Orangeburg County. Is a thriv¬ 
 ing town, with large local trade. Here is 
 Claflin University for colored pupils, which 
 is also a State Agricultural College. 
 
 Sumter — in Sumter County. Is in the heart of a 
 fine agricultural region, and has a large 
 trade and considerable manufactures. 
 
 Abbeville, Greenwood, and Cokesbury — are 
 important places in Abbeville County, hav¬ 
 ing large trade, and good school advantages. 
 
 Aiken and Graniteville — are growing towns in 
 Aiken County. The former is noted as a 
 winter resort for invalids. The latter has 
 large cotton mills. 
 
 Chester and Winnsborough — are important 
 railroad towns on the railroad north of Col¬ 
 umbia. 
 
 Yorkville, Lancaster, Camden, Cheraw, 
 Darlington, and Marion — are also places 
 worthy of mention in the northern and 
 north-eastern part of the state. 
 
 Walhalla, Anderson, Laurens, and Pickens — 
 are county seats of their respective counties 
 in the western part of the state. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 boundaries. — What two states border Georgia on the north? What 
 rivet and ocean form its eastern boundary? What state borders it on the 
 south? What two states border it on the west? Through how many 
 degrees of longitude does Georgia extend? Through how many degrees 
 of latitude does it extend? 
 
 Seacoast. — How many miles of seacoast has Georgia? Name the prin¬ 
 cipal sounds on the coast. Name the principal islands off the coast. 
 
 Surface. — What part of the state is mountainous? The mountains of 
 Georgia form part of what system ? What mountain-range in the north¬ 
 western part of the state? What great swamp is in the south-eastern part? 
 
 Rivers. — In what general direction do most of the rivers of Georgia 
 flow? Name the principal rivers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. What 
 river flows between Georgia and South Carolina? What are the two prin¬ 
 cipal tributaries of the Savannah River in Georgia? What two rivers unite 
 to form the Altamaha? What river flows into St. Andrew’s Sound? What 
 river forms part of the boundary between Georgia and Florida? What 
 river flowing into the Gulf of Mexico rises near the source of the Savannah 
 River? What two rivers unite at Rome to form the Coosa? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on Tennessee? On North Carolina? 
 What counties border on the Savannah River? What counties border on 
 the Atlantic Ocean? Name the counties bordering on Florida. [In what 
 county do you live? What counties adjoin it?] 
 
 Cities and Towns.—What and where is the state capital? Describe 
 the location of Savannah with reference to its natural and political situation. 
 In what county and on what river is Augusta? Columbus? Rome? In 
 what part of the state is Brunswick? Athens? Macon? What county 
 towns are on the railroad between Chattanooga (Tenn.) and Atlanta? Be¬ 
 tween Atlanta and Augusta? Between Atlanta and Macon? Between 
 Macon and Brunswick? [What is the county town of your county?] 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 59,475 square miles. Population, 1,542,180.) 
 
 Situation and Extent. — Georgia is situated between lati¬ 
 tude 30° 21" and 35 0 north, and longitude 8o° 48' and 85° 40' 
 west from Greenwich. 
 
 The shape of the state is an irregular oblong, the northern 
 and southern boundaries being very nearly parallel, while the 
 eastern and western lines converge somewhat toward the 
 north. The greatest length (from north to south) is 320 miles ; 
 the greatest breadth, 255 miles. It borders on five different 
 states, and upon the Atlantic Ocean, on which it ’ as no miles 
 of coast. 
 
 Surface. — Georgia is naturally divided into tl ee sections, 
 — Northern Georgia, Middle Georgia, and Southern Georgia. 
 
 Northern Georgia is a mountainous region in which the southern spurs 
 of the Appalachian mountain-system rise to a considerable height in 
 broken ridges, and give the country a rugged and.diversified surface. 
 
 Middle Georgia extends from the foot-hills of the Alleghanies and the 
 Blue Ridge to a line running a little south of west, — from Augusta on 
 the Savannah to Columbus on the Chattahoochee River. The surface 
 of this section is somewhat broken and rolling: the streams are rapid, 
 and are interrupted by frequent falls. 
 
 Southern Georgia, occupying about three-fifths of the state, is a great 
 plain sloping gently towards the ocean on one hand, and towards the 
 Gulf on the other. Vast areas are covered by pine-forests, the streams 
 are broad and sluggish, and near the coast and on the southern boun- 
 

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GEORGIA. 
 
 12 i 
 
 dary there are rich alluvial tracts interspersed with extensive swamps. 
 The coast is lined with low islands separated from the mainland by 
 shallow sounds and inlets. 
 
 The dividing line between Middle and Southern Georgia is marked by 
 great changes in the level of the country, and in the soil and surface 
 features. On this line are located some of the most prosperous 
 towns in the state, which owe their growth and wealth mainly to the 
 unlimited water-power furnished by the rivers in this part of their 
 courses. 
 
 Drainage. — A few counties in the extreme northern part 
 of the state are drained by streams which reach the Gulf 
 through the Mississippi. The remainder of the state is about 
 equally divided between the Atlantic system and the Gulf 
 system proper. 
 
 The head waters of the Hiawassee, belonging to the Mississippi system, 
 of the Tallulah, belonging to the Atlantic system, and of the Chatta¬ 
 hoochee, belonging to the Gulf system, are only a few miles apart 
 in the north-eastern 
 part of the state, on 
 the different slopes 
 of the Tallulah 
 Mountains. 
 
 The chief rivers of the 
 Atlantic system are 
 the Savannah, Ogee- 
 chee, Altamaha 
 (formed from the 
 union of the Oconee 
 and Ocmulgee), Sa- 
 tilla, and St. Mary’s. 
 
 Of the Gulf system 
 the principal rivers 
 are the Chattahoo¬ 
 chee and Flint, 
 which unite at the 
 south-western cor¬ 
 ner of the state to 
 form the Appalach- 
 icola. 
 
 Climate.—The cli¬ 
 mate of Georgia is 
 subtropical in its 
 character ; but the 
 heat is greatly modi¬ 
 fied by the prevailing 
 winds from the At¬ 
 lantic and Gulf in the southern part of the state, and by the 
 high altitude of the middle and northern districts. 
 
 Rainfall is abundant; but snow is seldom seen, except in the extreme 
 northern parts. All parts of the state, except the malarial districts 
 along the coast, are very healthful, the mountain region and the pine 
 belts being much resorted to by invalids. 
 
 Resources. — The natural wealth of Georgia is very great. 
 From the fertile mountain-valleys of the north to the rich 
 alluvial marshes and sea islands along the coast, the state pos¬ 
 sesses every variety of soil. Her forests abound in hard and 
 soft pines, live-oak, and other valuable woods. Her varied 
 climate favors the growth of most of the fruits, grains, and 
 vegetables of the temperate and tropical zones. Her rivers 
 furnish unlimited water-power, and many of them are navigable 
 for long distances. The mountains of Northern Georgia yield 
 iron, copper, lead, coal, and the precious metals; and excellent 
 building stone is found in all parts of the state. 
 
 The commercial advantages of the state are worthy of note. Excellent 
 harbors at Savannah, Darien, Brunswick, and St. Mary’s, combined 
 with an extensive system of river and canal navigation, and railroads, 
 furnish the facilities for a large inland, foreign, and coasting trade. 
 
 Industries. — Agriculture is the basis of the industrial sys¬ 
 tem of Georgia ; but the natural resources are so great and 
 varied, that nearly every branch of industry is largely followed 
 within the limits of the state. Among the most prominent of 
 these are the manufacture of lumber and pine products (tar, 
 turpentine, and rosin) ; the mining of iron, coal, and precious 
 metals ; the quarrying of granite, limestone, and marble ; the 
 smelting of iron and steel; and the manufacture of cotton and 
 woolen fabrics. The business of transportation by water and 
 by railroad, and the varied interests of trade and commerce, 
 also absorb large numbers of workmen. 
 
 In the production of cotton, rice, and sweet potatoes, Georgia ranks 
 
 second according to the 
 census of 1880. Regard¬ 
 ing the production of cot¬ 
 ton, the census report 
 says, “ The high position 
 of Georgia is due, not to 
 natural advantages, but 
 to better cultivation of 
 the soil, the use of fertil¬ 
 izers, and the thrift of an 
 industrious population.” 
 The production of cotton in 
 1880 was 814,000 bales; 
 of corn, 23,202,000 bush¬ 
 els ; of wheat, 3,548,000 
 bushels; of oats, 3,150,- 
 000 bushels. The corn 
 crop of 1882 was over 
 32,000,000 bushels. In 
 the northern part of the 
 state the herding of sheep 
 is largely followed, and 
 the wool product is rapid¬ 
 ly increasing. 
 
 Georgia is becoming a great 
 lumbering state, the pine- 
 forests yielding the choi- 
 court-house, Atlanta. cest variety of hard pine, 
 
 and the live-oak being 
 especially adapted to ship¬ 
 building. The manufacture of turpentine and other pine products has 
 assumed vast proportions, Georgia being one of the leading states in 
 this industry. 
 
 In the production of iron Georgia ranks, according to the census of 
 1880, as the eleventh state in the value of the product. The gold 
 mines of the northern section have produced about $7,000,000 since 
 they were first opened. 
 
 In the manufacture of cotton fabrics Georgia ranks as the first state in 
 the South, the mills giving employment to about ten thousand opera¬ 
 tives. The cotton-mills at Augusta and Columbus are very extensive, 
 and are not surpassed anywhere for the perfection of their machinery, 
 and the quality of their product. 
 
 The raising of early fruits and vegetables for the northern market is a 
 growing industry. 
 
 There are over 2,600 miles of railroad in the state. Several 
 short canals are of service to navigation by connecting the 
 upper and lower courses of some of the large rivers. 
 
 Government. — The present constitution of Georgia was 
 adopted in 1877. Its provisions are most liberal and equitable, 
 and it is considered a model instrument of its kind. 
 
 BONAVENTURE CEMETERY, SAVANNAH. 
 
122 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 The legislative department , the General Assembly, consists of a Senate 
 of forty-four members, and a House of Representatives of one hundred 
 and seventy-five members. Senators and representatives are each 
 elected for two years. The General Assembly meets biennially the 
 first day of November of even years, and the sessions are limited to 
 forty days. 
 
 The executive department comprises a governor, secretary of state, 
 treasurer, comptroller-general, and attorney-general (all of whom are 
 elected by the people for terms of two years each), and of a com¬ 
 missioner of education, who is appointed by the governor for the same 
 time. The general election for state officers occurs on the first 
 Wednesday of October of even years. 
 
 The jiidicial department embraces a Supreme Court (consisting of a 
 chief justice and two associates), superior courts, courts of ordinary, and 
 justices’ courts. The judges of the supreme and superior courts are 
 chosen by the General Assembly for terms of four years each. The 
 ordinaries (judges of county courts) and justices of the peace are 
 elected by the people, — the former for four years, the latter for two 
 years. 
 
 The state of Georgia is represented in the Congress of the 
 United States by two senators and ten representatives, and 
 thus has twelve votes in the electoral college. 
 
 Education. — The interests of public education in the state 
 are under the general direction of a state school commissioner 
 and a state board of education. Each county, except four 
 which are organized under special laws, also has a county 
 school commissioner and a board of education. 
 
 The state was early overrun by the British; and in 1778 Savannah was 
 captured, and made the base of operations in the South. The Georgia 
 patriots, however, kept up an active partisan warfare, and contributed 
 largely to the success of the American cause in the Carolina cam¬ 
 paigns. 
 
 The last action of the Revolutionary war was a skirmish, which occurred 
 near Savannah, June 24, 1782. 
 
 The growth of Georgia since the Revolution has been steady; and, by 
 reason of her natural wealth and varied industries, she has won the 
 title of the “Empire State of the South.” 
 
 Georgia passed the ordinance of secession Jan. 19, 1861 ; 
 and during the civil war the state witnessed some of the 
 severest battles of that struggle. 
 
 The coast was early the scene of active operations. The forts and 
 arsenals within the state were seized by the state authorities before 
 the outbreak of the war. Several important naval actions took place 
 in Savannah harbor and at Darien, Brunswick, and St. Mary’s. In 
 the latter half of the war occurred the important battles of Chicka- 
 mauga(on the Tennessee state line), Ringgold, Dalton, Resaca, Carters- 
 ville, Altoona Pass, Dallas, and Kenesaw Mountain. This series of 
 battles ended with the capture of Atlanta, which was followed by 
 Sherman’s march from that city across the heart of the state to 
 Savannah. 
 
 In December, 1870, the state was restored to its representation in Congress 
 after an interval of nearly ten years of civil war and reconstruction. 
 
 Political Divisions. — Georgia, for the purposes of local 
 government, is divided into 137 counties. 
 
 The schools are supported by local taxation, and by the proceeds of cer¬ 
 tain taxes and rentals set apart by the constitution or by statute for 
 that purpose. Considerable sums are also annually appropriated 
 from the Peabody Fund, for the support of teachers’ institutes and 
 normal instruction. 
 
 A number of the chief cities have separate boards of education and 
 superintendents; and in four counties the city and county schools are 
 united under the supervision of one board of education and superin¬ 
 tendent for each county. 
 
 All the larger cities and towns have excellent systems of graded and high 
 schools. Special normal instruction is provided for in the high schools 
 of Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, and Savannah, in the State University 
 and its branches, in the Haven Normal School at Waynesborough, and 
 in the Atlanta University. 
 
 The State University is located at Athens, with branches at Dahlonega, 
 Milledgeville, Cuthbert, and Thomasville; the Institution for the Edu¬ 
 cation of the Deaf and Dumb is at Cave Spring; and the Academy 
 for the Blind is at Macon. 
 
 There are also a number of excellent private colleges, academies, and 
 professional schools in various parts of the state. 
 
 History. — Georgia was the last of the original thirteen 
 states settled before the Declaration of Independence. In 
 February, 1733, the first permanent settlement was made at 
 Savannah by a company of one hundred and twenty emigrants 
 under the lead of Gen. James Oglethorpe. 
 
 Owing to frequent collisions with the Spaniards and Indians of Florida, 
 and to restrictions on slavery and general trade imposed by the pro¬ 
 prietors of the colony, its growth was very slow for a number of years. 
 In 1752 Georgia became a royal province, with a governor appointed 
 by the king, and a Legislature elected by the people. From that time 
 her growth in wealth and population was very rapid; and at the com¬ 
 mencement of the Revolution she was one of the most prosperous of 
 the colonies. 
 
 Georgia was represented in the Second Continental Congress 
 which signed the Declaration of Independence. An independ¬ 
 ent state government was organized, and a constitution adopted, 
 in 1777. 
 
 The counties are subdivided into militia districts. According to the 
 census of 1880, there are in the state 1,205 militia districts, 24 cities, 
 and 176 towns and villages. 
 
 The following are among the most important cities and 
 towns : — 
 
 Atlanta (37,409), capital of the state, and county seat of Fulton County, 
 is the largest and most enterprising city in the state. Its situation on the 
 high ridge, or watershed, between the Atlantic and Gulf systems of rivers, 
 is remarkably pleasant and healthful. It is an important railroad center, 
 and its trade is annually increasing, especially in the great staples of cotton 
 and tobacco, and manufactured goods. The chief manufactures are of 
 iron, cotton goods, paper, flour, etc. 
 
 The public schools, including two excellent high schools, rank with the 
 best in the country; and there are also a number of private educational and 
 professional institutions of a superior grade. 
 
 Savannah (30,709), county seat of Chatham County, is situated on an 
 excellent harbor at the mouth of the Savannah River, and is the most 
 important commercial city of Georgia. It is handsomely and substantially 
 built. Its commercial relations with American and foreign ports are very 
 extensive; and in the shipment of cotton it ranks as the second city in the 
 United States. Other exports are rice, lumber, and pine products. 
 
 The city has important connections with the interior of the state by 
 means of railroads and river navigation. 
 
 Augusta (21,891), on the Savannah River, 231 miles from its mouth, is 
 the third city in the state. It has the advantages of good shipping facilities 
 by rail and river, and has an immense water-power, which is largely utilized 
 in the manufacture of cotton goods; in which industry Augusta is the lead¬ 
 ing city of the South. The city is handsomely laid out, and contains many 
 fine buildings. There are also superior public and private schools. 
 
 Macon — county seat of Bibb County. Situated 
 on both sides of the Ocmulgee River. Six 
 railroads meet here, giving excellent con¬ 
 nections in all directions. Extensive manu¬ 
 factures of iron, machinery, cotton goods, 
 etc. Large wholesale and retail trade, 
 Good graded and high schools. Seat of the 
 Academy for the Blind, Mercer LTniversity, 
 Wesleyan Female College, Pio Nono Col¬ 
 lege, Mt. de Sales Academy, Alexander Free 
 School, etc. 
 
 Columbus — county seat of Muscogee County, 
 
 on the Chattahoochee River. The city has 
 extensive water-power. Manufactures of 
 cotton and woolen goods, flour, engines, 
 and machinery. Superior advantages for 
 shipping by railroad and steamboats. Good 
 educational facilities. 
 
 Athens — county seat of Clarke County, a flour¬ 
 ishing city of Upper Georgia. The sur¬ 
 rounding country is fertile, and the city 
 enjoys a large trade. Extensive cotton trade 
 and manufactures. Seat of the State Uni¬ 
 versity. 
 
ALABAMA. 
 
 123 
 
 Rome — county seat of Floyd County, a thriv¬ 
 ing city of Northern Georgia. Has good 
 water-power, used in manufactures of lum¬ 
 ber, iron, and machinery. Good railroad 
 connections, and large trade. 
 
 Milledgeville — county seat of Baldwin County, 
 and former capital of the state. Seat of the 
 state insane asylum, and of a branch of the 
 State University. Railroad facilities, and 
 large local trade. 
 
 In Northern Georgia the most important places 
 
 not above mentioned are Dalton, a growing 
 railroad and manufacturing city; Carters- 
 ville, the trading center for an important 
 mining district; Gainesville, in Hall Coun¬ 
 ty, noted for its mineral springs; and Dah- 
 lonega, center of the gold-mining district, 
 and seat of North Georgia Agricultural 
 College. 
 
 Middle Georgia, though occupying but one-fifth 
 of the state, has within its limits a majority 
 of the finest towns and cities in Georgia. 
 
 In addition to several already described, are 
 the following: Griffin, an important railroad 
 and trading center in Spalding County; 
 La Grange and West Point, railroad 
 and manufacturing towns in Troup County, 
 noted for their educational advantages; 
 Marietta, in Cobb County, a favorite win¬ 
 ter and summer resort; Washington, a 
 local trading center, and terminus of a 
 branch railroad; and Newman, an im¬ 
 portant railroad junction in Coweta County. 
 
 Madison, Greensborough, Conyers, 
 Eatonton, Forsyth, Jonesborough, 
 Warrenton, Talboton, Elberton, and 
 Carrollton are nearly all county seats and 
 railroad towns which enjoy a large local trade. 
 
 Among the leading places in Southern Georgia 
 are Americus, Albany, Thomasville, 
 Brunswick, Hawkinsville, Bainbridge, 
 Valdosta, Cuthbert, Dawson,—all of 
 them county seats of their counties, with ex¬ 
 cellent railroad and commercial advantages. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — What state borders Alabama on the north? What state 
 borders it on the east? What state forms part of its southern boundary? 
 What forms the remainder of the southern boundary? What state borders 
 it on the west? Through how many degrees of longitude does Alabama 
 extend? Through how many degrees of latitude does it extend? How 
 many miles of seacoast has the state ? 
 
 Surface. — What part of Alabama is mountainous or hilly ? Judg¬ 
 ing from the course of the rivers, in what direction does the surface 
 slope ? 
 
 Rivers. — What great river enters Alabama at its north-eastern extremity, 
 and leaves it at its north-western ? What shoals in this river between 
 Decatur and Florence ? What is the principal tributary of the Tennessee 
 from the north? What two rivers unite to form the Alabama River? The 
 Tombigbee River? Into what bay do the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers 
 flow? What river forms a boundary between Alabama and Georgia? Be¬ 
 tween Alabama and Florida ? What two rivers flow from Alabama through 
 Florida into the Gulf of Mexico ? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on Tennessee? On Georgia? On 
 Florida? On the Gulf of Mexico? On Mississippi? In what county is 
 the state capital ? [In what county do you live ?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Describe the location of the capital with reference 
 to its natural and political situation. What is the only seaport in the state? 
 In what county and on what river is Selma? Eufaula ? Locate Huntsville, 
 Athens, Decatur, Tuscaloosa, Birmingham, Marion. What county towns 
 on the railroad between West Point and Montgomery? Between Mont¬ 
 gomery and Mobile? Between Montgomery and Decatur? [What is the 
 county town of the county in which you live ?] 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 52,250 square miles. Population, 1,262,505 .] 
 
 Situation and Extent. —Alabama, one of the Gulf states, 
 lies between 30° 10' and 35 0 north latitude, and between 84° 
 53' and 88° 30' west longitude. Its outline is oblong and 
 regular, excepting a projection about fifty-five miles square on 
 the south-west, where the state extends to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Its greatest length (from north to south) is 335 miles, and 
 its greatest breadth is 200 miles. 
 
 Surface. — In surface features Alabama resembles the other 
 states which occupy the south-eastern slope of the Appala¬ 
 chian mountain-system. 
 
 Like these states, Alabama has a mountain region and a coast-region, 
 with a clearly defined central region between the two. 
 
 The mountain region of Northern Alabama consists of the last low spurs 
 of the Alleghany and Cumberland mountains, with the rich, broad 
 valley of the Tennessee lying between. 
 
 Central Alabama embraces an upper and a lower terrace; the former 
 containing the foot-hills, with rapid streams and frequent falls, and the 
 latter consisting very largely of rolling prairie. 
 
 Southern Alabama, occupying the low coast-region, is a broad alluvial 
 plain. The streams are generally slow; and broad sluggish bayous are 
 frequent in the south-western part. 
 
 Drainage. — Eight counties in the north western part of the 
 state are drained through the Tennessee, and thus belong to 
 the great Mississippi valley. The remainder of the state be¬ 
 longs to the Gulf system; and fully two-thirds of the drainage 
 flows into the Gulf through Mobile Bay. 
 
 The Mobile River is formed from the union of the Alabama and Tom¬ 
 bigbee rivers. The Alabama receives the waters of the Cahaba, the 
 Coosa, and the Tallapoosa. The Tombigbee's principal tributaries 
 are the Sipsey and Black Warrior. Besides these rivers of the Mobile 
 valley, the other principal ones are the Escambia, Conecuh, Choctaw- 
 hatchee, and Chattahoochee, all of which cross the southern border of 
 the state, and flow through Florida to the Gulf. 
 
 The Tennessee has no important tributaries in Alabama. 
 
 Climate. —Alabama has a very even and healthful climate. 
 The eastern and south-eastern parts of the state are tempered 
 by the prevailing winds, which are from the Atlantic and the 
 Gulf; and thus the climate is especially agreeable. The heat 
 and cold both are greater in the northern part of the state, 
 where the prevailing winds are from the west; but nowhere 
 are the winters severe; and snow and ice are rarely seen, even 
 in the most elevated parts of Northern Alabama. 
 
 Resources. — The different parts of the state have varied 
 and abundant natural resources. 
 
 The timber region , as Southern Alabama is commonly called, extends 
 across the southern portion of the state, and is covered with forests of 
 yellow pine which yield excellent timber. The streams are slow and 
 deep, and thus are navigable for steamers, besides furnishing cheap 
 transportation for immense rafts of lumber and logs. 
 
 The cotton region , occupying the lower terrace of Central Alabama, is 
 from sixty to a hundred miles wide; and its rich prairie soils are an 
 exhaustless source of wealth to the agriculturist. 
 
 The upper terrace of Central Alabama is called the agricultural and 
 manufacturmg region , and extends across the state with a width of 
 about thirty-five miles. The streams afford unlimited water-power, and 
 the valleys are very productive. The timber is mainly hard wood. 
 
124 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 The eight counties of the valley of the Tennessee form the stock and 
 agricultural region of the state. The soil is rich and strong. The 
 principal grains are raised in great abundance; and the fine native 
 grasses are especially adapted to stock-raising. 
 
 The remainder of Northern Alabama constitutes the mineral region. 
 This district abounds in coal, iron, plumbago, marble, limestone, 
 granite, etc. 
 
 Industries. — The resources of Alabama easily determine 
 its industrial character. Lumbering, cotton-planting, milling, 
 manufacturing, grazing, and general farming are the leading 
 industries. Large numbers are also engaged in the various 
 enterprises of commerce, trade, and transportation. 
 
 The lumber interests of Southern Alabama are just beginning to receive 
 systematic development; and the state is taking a high rank in the 
 production of yellow pine, turpentine, and naval stores. Large amounts 
 of capital, and many thousands of laborers, are thus employed. 
 
 In the production of cotton, Alabama ranks as the fourth state, the prod¬ 
 uct in 1880 being nearly 700,000 bales. The same year there were 
 produced 25,451,000 bushels of corn, 3,039,000 bushels of oats, and 
 1,529,000 bushels of wheat. According to the report of the national 
 department of agriculture, the 
 corn crop of 1882 was nearly 
 40,000,000 bushels. The pro¬ 
 duction of cotton-seed oil is a 
 growing industry. 
 
 The number of farms in the 
 state more than doubled in 
 the ten years from 1870 to 
 1880, increasing from 67,382, 
 in 1870, to 135,864, in 1880. 
 
 But the greatest industrial de¬ 
 velopment in Alabama has 
 been in the production of iron 
 and coal. In the census of 
 1870 the state was not men¬ 
 tioned as an iron-producing 
 state. In 1880 it ranked as 
 seventh in the country. 
 
 Coal and limestone of the best 
 quality for the reduction of 
 ores are mined in the same 
 hills that yield exhaustless 
 stores of the richest iron 
 ores; and thus the state fur¬ 
 nishes a field for the highest 
 development of this industry. 
 
 There are about 2,000 miles of railroad in Alabama, and over 1,500 miles 
 of steam navigation. These employ large numbers of the population, 
 and afford cheap and easy transportation for the products of the farm, 
 the mine, and the forest. 
 
 Education. — The interests of education in Alabama are 
 under charge of a state superintendent of education, a county 
 superintendent, and county board of education, in each county, 
 and superintendents and boards of education in several of the 
 larger cities. 
 
 Graded schools of much excellence are established in most 
 of the cities and larger towns. In these are taught all grades 
 of students, from the primary department to the high school. 
 
 The State University is located at Tuscaloosa; the Institution for the 
 Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, is at Talladega; and the Agricultural and 
 Mechanical College is at Auburn. The normal school for white teach¬ 
 ers is at Florence. The colored normal schools are at Huntsville, 
 Tuskagee, and Marion. 
 
 In all parts of the state are found numerous seminaries and colleges 
 maintained by church patronage or private enterprise; and some of 
 these are of the highest character and excellence. 
 
 Government. — The present state constitution was adopted 
 in 1868; but a number of important amendments have been 
 made since that time. 
 
 The legislative department , the General Assembly, comprises a Senate 
 of thirty-three members, and a House of Representatives of a hun¬ 
 dred members. The senators are elected, one-half every two years, 
 for terms of four years, and representatives for terms of two years. 
 The General Assembly meets biennially on the first Tuesday in 
 November, even years ; and the session is limited to fifty days. 
 
 The executive department consists of a governor, secretary of state, 
 treasurer, auditor, attorney-general, and superintendent of education. 
 All these officers are elected by the people for terms of two years 
 each. 
 
 The judicial department consists of a Supreme Court, and of chancery, 
 circuit, probate, county, municipal, and justices’ courts. 
 
 The regular state election is held the first Monday in August of even 
 years. 
 
 Alabama sends two senators and eight representatives to the Congress 
 of the Linked States. 
 
 History. — The first permanent white settlement within the 
 
 limits of Alabama was made 
 at Mobile by the French in 
 1711. 
 
 Alabama, north of latitude 31 0 
 north, belonged in turn to 
 Georgia, Mississippi territory, 
 and Alabama territory, until 
 the admission of the latter as 
 a state in 1819. The part 
 south of the thirty-first parallel 
 was claimed and occupied by 
 Spain from 1780 until 1812, 
 when it was forcibly occupied 
 by the United States as part 
 of the Louisiana purchase 
 from France, and attached to 
 Mississippi territory, to which 
 the rest of the state then be¬ 
 longed. 
 
 The growth of the state since its 
 admission to the Union in 
 1819 has been very rapid. 
 
 Alabama passed an ordi¬ 
 nance of secession on Jan. 
 11, 1861, being the fourth of the Southern States to take that 
 action. 
 
 From the first, Alabama was a prominent member of the Confederacy. 
 Montgomery was the first capital of the seceding states. Large num¬ 
 bers of her sons were found in every department of the Southern 
 army; and important battles were fought in Mobile Bay, and at several 
 points in the northern part of the state. The surrender of the de¬ 
 partment of the Confederacy, which included Alabama, Mississippi, 
 and Eastern Louisiana, was made at Citronelle, Ala., on May 4, 
 1865. 
 
 From this time until the full restoration of civil authority, July 14, 1868, 
 the state was under the provisional and military governments estab¬ 
 lished by the national executive and Congress. 
 
 Since the restoration of Alabama to her relations with the 
 Union, her growth has been greater than ever before. No 
 decade in her history has witnessed such steady and rapid 
 industrial, intellectual, and material progress as that from 1870 
 to 1880; and the wealth of her resources is but just beginning 
 to be appreciated. 
 
 COTTON SHIPPING. 
 
FLORIDA. 
 
 12 5 
 
 Political Divisions. — Alabama comprises sixty-seven coun¬ 
 ties. 
 
 The subdivisions of the counties are called “beats,” corresponding to 
 townships in other states. According to the census of 1880, there 
 were in that year 919 beats, 9 cities, and 88 towns and villages. 
 
 The following are among the most important cities and 
 towns : — 
 
 Montgomery (16,713), the capital and county seat of Montgomery County, 
 is beautifully situated on the Alabama River. It has railroad connections 
 in six different directions, and the river affords facilities for a large shipping 
 trade. The city is growing rapidly, and is the metropolis of a large portion 
 of Central Alabama. 
 
 Montgomery is an important cotton market. The manufacture of ma¬ 
 chinery is carried on extensively, and the city enjoys a very large wholesale 
 trade. 
 
 The public schools are well graded, and rank with the best in the state. 
 
 Mobile (29,132), the chief city in the state, is situated at the mouth of 
 Mobile River on Mobile Bay. It is'a port of entry, and as a shipping point 
 for cotton ranks third in the United States. By means of the Mobile, 
 Alabama, Black Warrior, and Tombigbee rivers, the city has over fifteen 
 hundred miles of steamboat navigation tributary to its wharves. Lines of 
 steamers connect the city with New Orleans and Havana; and four lines of 
 railroad give it communication with the north, east, and west. 
 
 The city is handsomely laid out, and well built. The public schools are 
 well maintained, and of growing excellence. 
 
 Selma — county seat of Dallas County. A thriv¬ 
 ing city on the Alabama River. Has fine 
 railroad connections, and large river trade. 
 The city is one of the leading cotton mar¬ 
 kets of the state. Has extensive manufac¬ 
 tures of cotton goods, machinery, cotton¬ 
 seed oil, etc. 
 
 Huntsville — county seat of Madison County. 
 Is the largest town in the grazing and farm¬ 
 ing region constituting the Tennessee valley. 
 Has large cotton factory. Seat of Hunts¬ 
 ville Female College, the Rust Normal Insti¬ 
 tute, and the State Normal School for Colored 
 Teachers, and has excellent public schools. 
 
 Eufaula — on the Chattahoochee River. Is the 
 largest town upon that river in Alabama. 
 Has first-class advantages for trade by rail¬ 
 road and river. Considerable manufactures, 
 and good educational facilities. 
 
 Opelika — county seat of Lee County. Is fa¬ 
 vorably situated for trade and manufactures 
 on the dividing-line between the cotton region 
 and the manufacturing region of the state. 
 An important railroad center. Auburn, in 
 the same county, is the seat of the State 
 Agricultural College. 
 
 Birmingham — in Jefferson County. Is the cen¬ 
 ter of the richest coal and iron region in the 
 state. The city has fine water-power, good 
 railroad connections, and is rapidly growing 
 in importance. 
 
 Greenville in Butler County, and Troy in 
 Pike County, are county seats, and centers 
 of a fine trade in the lumber region of South¬ 
 ern Alabama. 
 
 Tuscaloosa— is a prosperous manufacturing city 
 in the western part of Central Alabama. 
 Has fine water-power. Seat of the State 
 University, and of several excellent private 
 schools. 
 
 Tuskegee — county seat of Macon County. Is a 
 prosperous town of local importance. It is 
 the seat of a fine female college, an orphans’ 
 home, and of the Park High School for 
 boys; also of a normal school for colored 
 teachers. 
 
 Marion in Perry County, and Greensborough 
 in Hale County, are thriving railroad towns. 
 The former is the seat of Lincoln Normal 
 School, Howard College, the Judson Insti¬ 
 tute, and the Marion Female College; the 
 latter, of the Southern University and of 
 Greensborough Female College. 
 
 In addition to the above, the following places, with 
 a population of between one thousand and two 
 thousand, are worthy of mention: Tal- 
 lassee, the seat of the largest cotton fac¬ 
 tory in the state; Union Springs, an im¬ 
 portant railroad junction; Florence, in the 
 Tennessee valley, the seat of the state nor¬ 
 mal school, and other educational institu¬ 
 tions; Talladega, seat of the Institution 
 for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind; La Fayette, 
 county seat of Chambers County; Demop- 
 olis, a growing commercial town on the 
 Tombigbee River; Decatur, an important 
 railroad junction on the Tennessee River; 
 and Eutaw, county seat of Greene County, 
 a growing railroad town. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — Between what parallels of latitude is Florida situated? 
 Between what meridians of longitude ? What states form its northern 
 boundary? What natural boundary separates it from Alabama? From 
 Georgia ? What other natural boundaries ? 
 
 Coast. — What capes are on the Atlantic coast? On the Gulf? What 
 cape forms the extreme southern point? What bays on the Gulf coast? 
 What group of islands belonging to the state off the southern coast? 
 
 Surface. — What swamp on the northern border? What ones in the 
 southern part? 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — Name ten of the larger lakes? What large river 
 flows nearly parallel to the Atlantic coast? What are its principal tributa¬ 
 ries ? Through what lakes do they flow? What large rivers cross the 
 western part of the state ? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on Alabama? On Georgia? What 
 counties on the Gulf ? On the Atlantic? Which are entirely inland? In 
 what county is the state capital? [In what county do you live? What 
 counties adjoin it ?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — What and where is the capital? Name the prin¬ 
 cipal towns on the St. John’s River. On the Atlantic coast. On the Gulf. 
 What towns on the railroad from Jacksonville to Pensacola? [What is the 
 county town of your county ?] 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 58,680 square miles. Population, 269,493 .] 
 
 Situation. — Florida extends the farthest south of all the 
 Southern States, and has more seacoast (over 1,200 miles) than 
 any other state in the Union. The larger part of the state is 
 
 a peninsula 350 miles long, and about 100 miles wide, forming 
 one of the principal outlying barriers of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The length of the state (north and south), measured from 
 the southernmost of the Keys to the St. Mary’s River, is 450 
 miles. The distance from the mouth of the Perdido River to 
 the mouth of the St. John’s is 360 miles. 
 
 Surface. — Florida belongs entirely to the coast-region of 
 the United States, and there are no elevations in the state 
 which exceed 200 feet above sea level. 
 
 Western Florida is somewhat uneven in surface; but the eastern and 
 peninsular portions of the state are quite low and flat, the only emi¬ 
 nences being occasional gentle knolls, called hummocks, in the central 
 part of the state, which rise to the height of 100 or 150 feet. 
 
 The coast-lands are low; and, as in Georgia and South Carolina, numer¬ 
 ous bays, sounds, and inlets, inclosed by narrow sandy spits, line the 
 whole Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 Along the rivers and on the lakes the scenery is very picturesque; the 
 luxuriant vegetation, and the brilliant colors of flowers and foliage, 
 adding to the beauty of the scenery, and presenting an endless variety 
 of outlook. 
 
 The larger part of Florida is of coral formation geologically; and the 
 long chain of islands known as the Keys are simply a continuation of 
 the ridge which forms the backbone of the whole peninsula. 
 
 Drainage. — Florida abounds in rivers, lakes, and swamps. 
 Of the rivers entirely within the state, the St. John’s is the 
 largest and most important. 
 
 Others are the Ocklawaha, Kissimee, Withlacoochee, and Peace rivers. 
 Indian and Halifax rivers are long lagoons of varying width which 
 
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 run parallel with the Atlantic coast for nearly two hundred miles, and 
 are connected with the ocean by numerous inlets. 
 
 The Chattahoochee and Suwanee rivers enter the state from the north, 
 and empty into the Gulf. The currents of all the rivers are very slow, 
 and they are affected by the ocean tides for a long distance from their 
 mouths. 
 
 The Everglades is a vast marshy lagoon in the southern part of the state, 
 continuous with Lake Okeechobee and the Big Cypress Swamp. It 
 receives the drainage of a considerable part of the state, and dis¬ 
 charges it through numerous channels into the Gulf. 
 
 Climate. — Florida is the most nearly tropical state in 
 the country. Owing to the proximity of the sea on all sides, 
 the climate is insular, or oceanic, rather than continental, in 
 character. Extremes of temperature are unknown. 
 
 In the southern half of the state frost is never found, and the average 
 
 c5 
 
 daily temperature does not vary more than twenty-five degrees the 
 year round. F rom this cause, and owing to the salubrious breezes 
 from the Atlantic and the Gulf, the state has long been the favorite 
 winter resort of invalids. 
 
 Resources.—The hot moist climate admirably adapts this 
 state to the culture of sugar, cotton, rice, and other staple prod¬ 
 ucts of the South ; while nowhere else can the choicest tropi¬ 
 cal fruits be grown in such variety and perfection. 
 
 the forests of Florida are rich in valuable woods, such as pine, mahog¬ 
 any, cedar, live-oak, etc. The coast-waters abound in fish of every 
 variety, and are especially notable for their large deposits of sponge. 
 
 7 he streams and lakes are nearly all navigable for light-draught steamers, 
 and the level country is favorable to cheap and easy railroad construction. 
 
 All the natural conditions are such as to make Florida one of the most 
 thriving and prosperous states in the Union. 
 
 Industries. — The chief industry of Florida is the cultiva¬ 
 tion of the soil. In the northern portion of the state, cotton 
 and rice are the principal productions. On the Gulf coast 
 sugar-cane is grown considerably. But the most characteristic 
 industry of the state is the cultivation of oranges, lemons, and 
 other tropical fruits. 
 
 Oranges, lemons, limes, pineapples, olives, and grapes are produced in 
 great abundance. 1 housands of enterprising people are engaged in 
 the business of fruit culture; and along the St. John’s River, and 
 throughout the lake-region of Central Florida, orange-groves are spring- 
 
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 fljeTiyl I. 
 
 wj Cumberland 
 
 "Cuiriberland Sound 
 
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 ■redoiileKTffjoniuff^Siy^ 
 
 Bronson® ' 'Oranye(L^j^T *^ p 
 r I- F V ; Y Plemineton , * . .1 
 Rose JT i, V 0 r er Cr - OpngeL a V 
 Ced ? r Keys j SUy 
 
 Bradford TO, “ us ^o* °^r Cr. Orange f 
 
 ' Graham’^ ) 
 
 o Inlet 
 
 
 Cvv Smyrna 
 
 29 
 
 \_1 Shingl/ 
 
 Cape 
 
 ^Canaveral 
 |y Ft. 
 bovgiana 
 
 Clear Water Harbor;i 
 
 ^ \\ vt\2T rsb^t 
 
 Jolin’sjTass^s"^ ^ 
 
 
 Ke rf 'vVTG'. . . 
 
 QAla/i. 
 
 Pinellks^A, ^ ^ C 
 
 IMulletlvey • 
 
 Bgmont Key* *K»tvd tn ®} t0 
 -AnnaHVIarialj SV^lr y '* 
 
 orFalmlveylj ^S^ Wee 
 
 Q town 
 
 Long Ke^%YV ^■•dVIiffk'ka, 
 Sarasota Bey^? 
 
 Lit.Sarasota Key^^ ^-^Fort Ogde^ 
 
 Lau Gajllie* 
 < 
 
 volt? IfarianX, 
 
 . - -h , 
 
 Fort Green [/ 
 
 L' a 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 \\ ...MiaKka, SV Nh 
 
 y04^ ineXeVe \ X ioavidson. ^ C/ “ 7 de 
 
 V\ Fort Ogdeptf^— f) 
 
 ■J c» 
 
 . > 
 
 ^Cape 
 JalaTar 
 
 -]28 
 
 
 •«, 0 ‘ IndianR. 
 
 • St.XucieAA j n i et 
 
 Chaise’s lKey\l 
 - 
 
 ^ V 
 c ^ 
 
 GasparWaJPass .. w . 
 Gasparilla .’*• V * ayi 
 
 JJuca Grande\ 
 
 E E 
 
 A -rTl 
 
 a, l°tte HarTjor 
 
 lotte 
 
 0- 
 
 W«avelaml 
 
 rUherts 
 
 a 27 
 
 Jjoca Grande « 'rt.O' 
 Lacostal.yx • J G 
 JJuca Captivtf 
 Captiva l.^u 
 Boca Cieya r 
 
 *o 0 
 
 ■^TnoW'jXr 
 
 Mye« 
 
 ATT-- Ju piter\ 
 
 ~F~—- Inlet 
 c/)j—— r=- _ 
 
 ?^rTLake ^orfli \ 
 
 R fFTA i ? | 
 
 . 7 /i clcpoch ee t- 
 
 •a Cie</ 2 <^^|jJntyRassa ? 51 As IN J 013 
 
 0 /- [, -g T 7 - 
 
 JHalco -= r y—Sam-Jon e 1 ^js.Tj^/gp 
 
 Biscayn^ - 
 
 V.° 
 
 
 FLORIDA v nr 
 
 cS>' 
 
 C.Romano' 5 '?,- p Vbl 
 
 I jy-w 
 
 ?=LSr& 3 fe ^==3 
 
 -^-^-UE Ucapn p m e njr Ke 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 *z 
 
 25 
 
 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 
 State Capital w County Towns ® 
 Railroads 
 
 
 ar'V 
 
 
 °o, 
 
 W8 as 4 c, fc ^Vu 
 
 "WliiteBluff or^.*W.Capr^X MA| . 
 7^ .. PalmPoiuKX>- N 
 
 l 0 o \ Ca P e 
 
 v, z 
 
 : ;,ijysonnd pt. 
 V :B« r ";hv‘ ^X»v'erS,U't. 
 
 .* sot 111 ** Rodri guez K ey 
 
 Logger Bead Xe; 
 
 Borth Xey 
 I, o,y. .Bast Key 
 
 
 
 V 0 ' 
 
 -tteLeccn Shoal V- 
 
 Local Time A.3I. 11 when Noon on the 
 
 Meridian of Washington lbs 
 
 S 
 
FLORIDA. 
 
 i 
 
 27 
 
 ing up on every hand as if by magic. Rice, oats, and Indian-corn are 
 the only cereals produced in any quantity. Of the latter, in 1880, there 
 were produced 3,175,000 bushels. 
 
 The principal manufactures are pine lumber, ship timber, naval stores, 
 salt, cotton-seed oil, cigars, and leather (from alligator hides). 
 
 Fisheries, the taking and preparing of sponges, and the raising of early 
 vegetables for the Northern markets, occupy a considerable share of 
 the population along the coast. 
 
 Florida was the third state to pass an ordinance of secession 
 from the Union, having taken that action Jan. 10, 1861. 
 
 No important military events occurred in the state during the civil war; 
 but a number of points on the coast were early occupied by the Fed¬ 
 eral forces, and a strict blockade was maintained. 
 
 After the war, Florida remained under provisional and military control 
 until July 4, 1868, when civil government was fully resumed. 
 
 Government. — The present constitution of Florida was 
 adopted in 1868. 
 
 The executive department consists of a governor and lieutenant-governor, 
 elected by the people, and a secretary of state, treasurer, comptroller, 
 attorney general, commissioner of immigration, and superintendent of 
 public instruction. The last six officers are appointed by the governor 
 for the term of four years, and constitute his cabinet. 
 
 The legislative department comprises a Senate and a House of Repre¬ 
 sentatives. Senators are elected for four years, and 
 representatives for two years. The Legislature 
 meets biennially in January of odd years, 
 and the session is limited to sixty days. 
 
 The judicial department consists of a 
 Supreme Court, and circuit, coun¬ 
 ty, and justices’ courts. All 
 judges and justices are ap¬ 
 pointed by the governor 
 The supreme judges hold 
 office for life, or during 
 good behavior; circuit 
 judges, for eight years ; 
 and county judges, for 
 four years. 
 
 The regular state election 
 is held on Tuesday after 
 the first Monday in No¬ 
 vember, even years. 
 
 Education. — The 
 public schools of Flor¬ 
 ida are well sustained, 
 and progressive in their 
 character. There are a 
 nu mber of excellent 
 graded and high schools 
 in the cities and larger 
 towns. The state school- 
 fund is growing steadily, 
 and promises to be am¬ 
 ple. Taxation for the 
 support of schools is lib¬ 
 erally granted, and higher education is receiving considerable 
 attention. 
 
 RIVER SCENE. 
 
 Since that time the growth of Florida has been rapid, and 
 at no time has it been greater than at the present. 
 
 Political Divisions. — Florida contains thirty-nine coun¬ 
 ties. The subdivisions of the counties are known as election 
 precincts. 
 
 According to the report of the tenth census, there were, in 18S0, 361 
 election precincts, 9 cities, and 25 towns and villages. 
 
 The most important cities and towns in the state are the fol¬ 
 lowing ; — 
 
 Tallahassee (2,496), the capital of the state, and county seat 
 of Leon County, is pleasantly situated on the Jackson¬ 
 ville, Pensacola, and Mobile Railroad, in Northern 
 Florida. The city is regularly laid out, and is the 
 center of a considerable local trade. There are 
 several excellent private schools in the city. It 
 is the seat of the West Florida (state) Seminary. 
 Key West (9,890), the largest city in the 
 state, is situated on an island at the entrance 
 to the Gulf of Mexico, about sixty miles from 
 the mainland at Cape Sable. It has a good 
 harbor, defended by Fort Taylor. The 
 principal buildings are a custom-house, 
 court-house, and marine hospital. 
 
 The manufacture of cigars is extensively 
 carried on ; while the gathering and 
 preparation of sponge, the manufac¬ 
 ture of salt by solar evaporation, 
 and the business of wrecking, 
 also employ large numbers of 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 Jacksonville — county seat of Duval 
 County, on the St. John’s River, about fifteen 
 miles from the ocean — is the most important and 
 populous city of Eastern Florida. Lines of steamers 
 connect it with all points on the St. John’s; and rail¬ 
 roads run north, south, and west. A large business is 
 transacted in manufacturing and shipping lumber, and in 
 packing and shipping fruit for the Northern markets. 
 
 East Jacksonville, Lavilla, Mandarin, Hansontown, 
 and Oakland, in the same county, are closely connected with Jack¬ 
 sonville in all their business and social interests. 
 
 Pensacola — on the Escambia River. Is the met¬ 
 ropolis of Western Florida, and the center of 
 an extensive lumber district on the Escambia 
 and Perdido rivers. The city is the seat of a United States navy-yard, has a very fine harbor, 
 good railroad facilities, and is connected by lines of steamers with the larger Gulf ports. 
 
 ST. MARK'S CASTLE. 
 
 History. — Florida was first visited by white men under 
 Ponce de Leon, who landed near St. Augustine in 1513. 
 
 De Leon landed on Easter Sunday (Pascua Florida ): hence the name 
 Florida. The first permanent settlement w r as made fifty-two years 
 later, in 1565, when St. Augustine was founded by Spanish colonists. 
 St. Augustine is thus the oldest city in the United States. 
 
 The country was held alternately by the Spaniards and English until 
 1819, when it was ceded to the United States by Spain. Settlement 
 and progress were impeded by constant troubles with the Seminole 
 Indians, which resulted in the Seminole war breaking out in 
 1835. 
 
 This war was only partially checked by the removal of part of the Indians 
 in 1845, an d was not finally declared at an end until May, 1858. Mean¬ 
 while the state was admitted to the Union in 1848; and its growth after 
 that event was more rapid. 
 
 Warrington, Millview, and Molino — are im¬ 
 portant places in Escambia County outside 
 of Pensacola. They are principally inter¬ 
 ested in the lumber trade. 
 
 Fernandina — on the Atlantic coast. Has a good 
 harbor, and enjoys a considerable coasting 
 trade. Lines of steamers run to Savannah 
 and Northern Atlantic ports. Manufactures 
 of lumber. Favorite seaside resort for 
 travelers and tourists. 
 
 St. Augustine—the oldest settled town in the 
 United States. Very interesting on account 
 of its historic associations. A favorite place 
 for Northern tourists. 
 
 Palatka — county seat of Putnam County, on the 
 St. John’s. Principal industries are general 
 trade, the preparation of moss, and the ship¬ 
 ment of oranges. 
 
 Daytona and Enterprise — are growing towns 
 in Volusia County. The latter is county 
 seat, and has considerable local trade. 
 
 Orlando, the county seat, and Apopka, Asto¬ 
 ria, and Lake Eustis, are fast growing in 
 local importance in Orange County. This 
 county is rapidly increasing in population 
 and wealth. 
 
 Lake City, county seat of Columbia County; 
 Live Oak, county seat of Suwanee County; 
 Quincy, county seat of Gadsden County; 
 Marianna, county seat of Jackson County; 
 Cerro Gordo, county seat of Holmes 
 County; and Milton, county seat of Santa 
 Rosa County, — are situated on the railroad 
 line between Jacksonville and Pensacola, 
 and are increasing in trade and importance. 
 
 Tampa, county seat of Hillsborough County, and 
 Cedar Keys, in Levy County, are thriving 
 lumber-manufacturing and shipping ports 
 on the Gulf coast. 
 
 Ocala—county seat of Marion County. Is a 
 thriving interior town, enjoying a growing 
 trade. 
 
128 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 46,810 square miles. Population, 
 1,131,597.} 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation.—What state borders Mississippi on the north? What par¬ 
 allel of latitude forms the northern boundary? What state borders it on 
 the east? What state forms part of the southern boundary? What forms 
 the remainder of the southern boundary? What two states border Mis¬ 
 sissippi on the west ? 
 
 Seacoast. — Name the principal islands off the coast. What sound 
 between these islands and the mainland ? 
 
 Rivers. — What river forms a boundary at the south-eastern corner of 
 the state? What river flows through the eastern part of the state into 
 Alabama? What river flows into Mississippi Sound? Name its three 
 principal tributaries. What river forms part of the boundary between Mis¬ 
 sissippi and Louisiana? What large river forms the greater part of the 
 western boundary ? What tributary does the Mississippi receive south of 
 Vicksburg? North of Vicksburg? Name the four principal tributaries 
 of the Yazoo. 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on Tennessee? On Alabama? On 
 Mississippi Sound ? On Louisiana? 
 
 On Arkansas ? In what county is the 
 capital ? [In what county do you live ? 
 
 What counties adjoin it?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — On what 
 river is the capital? In what coun¬ 
 ty and on what river is Vicksbunr? 
 
 Natchez? Columbus? Locate Biloxi, 
 
 Shieldsborough, Meridian, Corinth, 
 
 Holly Springs, Grenada, Port Gib¬ 
 son, Woodville. [What is the coun¬ 
 ty town of your county ?] 
 
 Drainage. — The drainage of the state is about equally 
 divided between streams flowing directly into the Gulf and 
 those flowing into the Mississippi. 
 
 The chief streams of the Gulf system proper are the Tombigbee (which 
 crosses into Alabama about 25 miles below Columbus), the Pascagoula 
 (formed from the union of the Leaf and Chickasawha), and the 
 Pearl. 
 
 The tributaries of the Mississippi are the Tennessee (draining parts of 
 two counties in the north-eastern corner of the state), the Yazoo, Big 
 Black, and Homochitto. 
 
 The larger part of the bottom-lands lying between the Yazoo and the 
 Mississippi rivers are below the surface level of the rivers at high 
 water. This makes it necessary to levee the rivers in order to protect 
 the lands from overflow. 
 
 At times of extreme high water, breaks in these embankments develop into 
 great crevasses , through which the waters flow, inundating vast tracts of 
 country, and sometimes changing the channel of the river for miles. 
 
 The course of the Mississippi is 
 very tortuous, its course along 
 the western border of the state 
 being nearly twice the length of 
 the state measured in a straight 
 line. 
 
 Situation and Extent. — 
 
 Mississippi is the central one 
 of the five states bordering on 
 the Gulf of Mexico. The Mis¬ 
 sissippi River forms most of its western boundary, and it ex¬ 
 tends to Tennessee on the north, and to Alabama on the 
 east. 
 
 COTTON PICKING. 
 
 The rainfall is abundant, especial¬ 
 ly in the southern part of the 
 state. The prevailing winter 
 winds are from the north-west. 
 The summer winds are from the south-west and the Gulf. 
 
 Except in the Mississippi bottom, where malarial fevers frequently occur 
 in summer, the state is generally healthy. 
 
 Climate. — Along the Gulf 
 coast the climate is delightful ; 
 and this part of the state is a 
 favorite place of resort and 
 residence. In the interior and 
 northern parts the climate is 
 more variable, low tempera¬ 
 ture and light snows being oc¬ 
 casionally seen during the win¬ 
 ter months. 
 
 Its greatest length (from north to south, on the meridian of the mouth of 
 the Pearl River) is 332 miles: its breadth varies from 76 miles (on the 
 parallel of Biloxi) to 186 miles (on the parallel of 31 0 north latitude). 
 
 Surface.— The highest elevations in the state do not exceed 
 1,000 feet; but within that limit almost every variety of sur¬ 
 face is represented. 
 
 Along the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers are vast fertile tracts of bottom¬ 
 lands. In the central and the north-eastern parts are large sections 
 consisting of rolling upland and fertile prairies. The southern part is 
 an extensive plain for 100 miles from the Gulf. The immediate coast 
 is low and marshy. Farther back is a sandy, level country covered 
 with pine-forests. 
 
 Throughout the state, bordering upon the river-bottoms and the prairies, 
 are irregular ridges and bluffs, which give constant variety to the sur¬ 
 face and scenery. 
 
 Resources. — The situation of the state in the lower valley 
 of the Mississippi River is especially favorable to the develop¬ 
 ment of a great industrial commonwealth. The soils of the 
 state — not only of the bottom-lands, but also of a large portion 
 of the upland districts — are very rich. 
 
 The alluvial deposits of the great river have made the bottom-lands 
 practically inexhaustible in fertility; while the prairies, and other parts 
 of the state, are hardly less productive. 
 
 The Mississippi and its tributaries afford cheap and easy transportation; 
 and the nature of the interior is favorable to economical railroad con¬ 
 struction. 
 
 Industries. — Mississippi is the great cotton state of the 
 country, and every other industry of the state is more or less 
 tributary to the culture of the cotton-plant. 
 
Jfew Madrid 
 
 Ben tousle 
 
 \ D p L P H 
 Pocahontas 
 
 Salem fyri, 
 
 Cjrrollton 
 
 Osage 
 
 fe2*8 
 
 I A* o /• 
 
 ilt.OUve'-r- 
 
 Harrison {£ 
 
 0- 
 
 r • w *sh| 
 .J'v.W. T.o,n„ 
 
 ©Mars' 
 
 Jonesboro, 
 
 ■ RAW - V 
 
 fOBOj S*A M K- 
 
 tiircn /Uz.'irli-, 
 
 Qsceol 
 
 /v.Ron; 
 
 o H N S O N; 
 Clarlcsvilld.<^ 
 
 larn^Diirg] 
 
 rande. 
 
 Clintoi 
 
 Quitman 
 
 f* .Dover : 
 Georgetou 
 5S Russel]’ 
 f’Jryj villa! 
 
 Roseville 
 
 .Judaonia 
 
 *j C R o/ss 
 l \ If 
 
 Wittsburg’ijv^ 
 
 Searcy® 
 
 J -*c RITT EfTS) 
 
 . | Marion* \V 
 ;_4 Hopcfi,,/M;_ivi em 
 
 Paris \v^p^Z*> V 
 
 -jJlSarwirio^N//' t 11 t: 1-ewisburE 
 
 -r-— .Perry ville-A. 
 
 Auktin, 
 
 .Lamar # .j 
 
 \Forre^t/<?iti 
 F RlA N_C)I s j 
 
 Pal arm \ 
 
 ivKiv^Rr i 
 <* Aihli 
 Holly @ i 
 Springs- r 
 
 IS H A L L 
 
 Maumelle 
 
 ;; ‘'V P . U L 
 
 ^7<%Q3qS^s< | ■'BlnfBofl ,*> 
 
 SCeAr Cie*> 4 '‘"« "« f a>*»* 
 
 Dallas Ouachita IP" ® -\tt J„ i ’, 
 
 i anna 
 
 -o jlienzi 
 
 irj£VsP:<T 
 
 P R/E N-i\ Xj v 
 BoopevillK ^1)1 
 T 1 s S 
 
 i<ju.niuvfn *: J 
 
 .^‘rAberdeen 
 
 Vk ,^'i LITTiLE 
 
 V® vROCrt I 
 
 kiistin/; T 
 
 Se natolj i_a _^Water|3rd 
 
 . '•Como | _*/y * 
 
 LTlli S ® 
 
 a Oxford/ 
 
 Crocketts 
 
 Bluff 
 
 't!>Fnars^/ 
 QpjPoiat 5 V 
 0 » o<j^ 
 
 0 Yf % Belen 
 
 P 0 t TO! 
 
 : ® : 
 
 : Pontotoc ; - 
 
 I T 0 
 
 i ^ J*ka4eT] 
 •{sMurfrefesboro 
 
 iaklandj 
 
 Princeton 
 
 Lockesburgh 
 
 ® Pitts 1 
 
 >r 9 V •{ bJ 
 
 O H i 
 
 '* Hou ston | * 
 
 jMuldop# 
 
 c L A T 
 
 Vest Poin t® 
 
 Starkville EB 
 ®>^T& 
 OKTI &slW 
 B E H A>* 
 
 35 Mineral v "' 
 •Sp.! HEMP 
 
 iRosedale 
 
 Toledo' 
 
 OWateon’ss 
 
 ;-iXapoleon 
 
 ;°cky! UITTL E \ ^ 
 
 2 £tort* Richmond 
 
 K river 
 
 '^^Grenadal 
 £ N A 0 * * 
 
 Washington. 
 'TFulton c 
 
 Relfs Bluff 
 Monti cello 
 
 I -ClarksvflL 
 
 • ® wail 
 WEBSTER 
 
 Greensboro 
 
 Rosstowj 
 
 •wood, 
 
 C iundeifg 
 
 ai-Fon® 
 
 [amptoii 
 
 (job i sun villi e' 
 
 Jolumbii 
 
 *^3 Johnsville 
 t/ix Hamburg 
 
 'sbfcrrd 
 
 Xisbon* 
 
 El .Dorado 
 
 Pickens ville 
 
 ^Magnolia® 
 
 ^ J ebui 
 Lex i Jgton 
 L M E S ^ , 
 
 .T Ctf^V 
 
 i S SjL.p d 
 
 Louis nlle } 
 
 Lake 
 
 ?:Villaaj 
 
 \ Ur - l 
 
 p Xake* 
 
 Hillsboro 
 
 jMacol 
 
 ■osciusco 
 
 iNIarion, 
 
 ’ °pd'maii 
 
 {borne ^ 
 
 Va°mo r ] 
 
 > Eft sW>0 PeKalbX 
 ' r~yi 1 Herbert cf 
 
 •^T | <K E » V J 
 
 %Dixpn. j\. Hfti^ 
 
 •Pineville 
 
 Yazoo 
 * City 
 
 Mineola 
 
 Farmers vil 
 
 ®Canton 
 
 Damascus#! - 
 Hillsboro » ^ 
 
 Arcadia n»V ieTvna 
 
 ki i 
 
 u •Marian 
 
 ® Meridian 
 
 A | 
 
 fe Tyler 
 
 -I r- W v. 
 
 V ernon 
 
 'N V|l L C 
 
 ■ingg old 
 
 Augustal _*, 
 
 I inX \ r e d 
 Mausfielo v/ Y ? *C V E r 
 
 ©Henderson 
 
 _ CoSunbia®V 
 ■ W infiel d J-Uw—E—i 
 
 ©PauTdingr^ 
 
 Coushat t a Chnte\ 
 
 Crystal Spr«< 
 
 ’ort Ctbsun C'e 0r ^ > 
 •C O p < 
 
 **• &'V>. 
 
 *—Rockport 
 Beauregard# 
 
 (/X.Saline\ 
 
 ' \ . N \l 
 
 Atlanta, 
 icore * j 
 
 i Claiborne 
 
 tosefielil 
 
 Harrison 
 burgb ( 
 
 CAik"s 
 
 [tvllle JJj 
 
 "Ml'TZion ( 
 
 ; C 0 V IN G 
 
 ■^Haines’ 
 
 r/vBiuff 
 
 ■Cardiff 
 
 Erata 
 
 VICINITY OF 
 
 YICKSBURa 
 
 scale 1 JncTi^lO Jliles 
 
 nesboro 
 
 ►IVlncbester 
 
 . A W 
 
 yMonticfcllo 
 
 ©William: 
 burg ; 
 
 TON ! 
 
 Vidalia. 
 
 • Hamburgh 
 
 F R A © N k /l 
 dvOle®^ 4 - ■ 
 
 Brook- 
 baven 
 
 \Catdhouli 
 
 LIlJcp 
 
 Talllpala 
 
 Wilkesburg 
 
 Aagul 
 
 'Summit* 
 
 ® Columbia 
 
 Euon 
 
 lakesxtlle 
 
 Jlolmesyille 
 
 i^f'enn 1 
 
 f tot.. 
 
 ^AVoodVins 
 
 .Mineston 
 
 Liberty 
 
 Spring Cottaiie 
 
 WEST 
 
 FELICI 
 
 ANA, 
 
 S H ! I N G 
 ^Franklin- 
 \ ton 
 
 N < 
 
 Q^en e 
 
 Delta 
 
 N * Ricevillo 
 
 EAST 
 BAT Oil 
 
 ,-ting lie'd 
 
 . ®\ 
 
 Opelousas 
 
 nvonia 
 
 Covington 
 
 ►Warren ton 
 
 ’baton 
 
 .AUainl 
 
 &Z<ike 
 y Ponttli 
 train 
 
 darion 
 
 i -L ^y d p 
 
 _' r Yv-s_'? , 
 
 ->J5onbe \^/ y/ 
 i/nuuia^TVv 
 
 Ri 0olegj) 
 
 Charles 
 
 Brulee /*, 
 
 Queu 6 
 
 St.Mart}Y 
 
 Abbeville^ 
 ^ I L|A?- 
 
 -*N K.C * 1 t.\AS sv 
 fS.ivb'1 
 
 J s 
 
 'n Su A r y s 
 
 /CAM 
 
 /Sabine 
 Lake _$ 
 
 Spanish Fr 
 
 Endj^j 
 
 kmeron 
 
 :nt°^Lifar 87 i U.Qk<T~- 
 
 ^^aHache 
 
 -plac^ Jl.9t.yx Rretoa 
 
 -dtc7iaf«-WI‘ 
 3aV f- 
 
 Longitude 
 
 Uhen Noon on 
 
 93 
 
 the Meridian 
 
 of Greenwich 
 
 West from 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 ARKANSAS, 
 
 LOUISIANA 
 
 fc— AXD 
 
 " 15 ^ MISSISSIPPI 
 
 SCALE 
 
 n MILES 
 
 
 l^j f 
 
 
 r 6 *- 
 
 ( c) a A 
 
 C A J 
 
 /I 
 
 
 
 X,* ! 
 
 GQ 
 
 i <r> ^ 
 
 ^ J 
 
 
 • SJ 
 
 
 -c- 
 
 0 N 
 
 VICINITY OF / 
 
 NEW ORLEANS 
 
 sc A le 1 Inch »10 Miles 
 
 a Voutrt 
 
 t X"nh Eart i’ o! ' 
 
 [ u ‘i East Ta» 
 
 Past 
 
 Longitude 
 
 Yfest from 
 
 Washington 
 
 Local Time 
 
 when Noon on 
 
 the Meridian of 
 
 12 
 
 Washington 
 
130 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 Of the cotton-product of the state, the last census report says, “ Missis¬ 
 sippi stands first in total production, while sixth in population among 
 the cotton-states, thus bringing up its product to .84, or over eight- 
 tenths of a bale, per head. . . . The high production of Mississippi is 
 due to the fact that quite one-half of its territory is occupied by soils of 
 exceptional fertility, coupled with the circumstance that cotton-culture 
 is the one pursuit to which the population devotes itself.” 
 
 The entire cotton-production of the state for 1880 was 955,808 bales, or 
 about one-sixth the entire product of the United States. Of this 
 amount, 54,873 bales were grown in the single county of Washington, 
 lying between the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers, — the greatest cotton- 
 producing county in the country. 
 
 The only cereals produced in any quantity are corn and oats. Of the 
 former, in 1S80, there were produced over 22,000,000 bushels; of the 
 latter, nearly 2,000,000 bushels. 
 
 The manufacture of cotton-seed oil is fast growing in importance, and 
 greatly increases the value of the cotton-crop. 
 
 Throughout the lumber districts in the southern part of the state, large 
 quantities of pine lumber, turpentine, rosin, and tar, are manufactured 
 for the New Orleans market. 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1882, there were 1,232 miles of railroad in the 
 state; but since that time railroad-building has increased with great 
 rapidity, and new lines of great importance to the commercial interests 
 of the state are being projected and constructed. 
 
 Mississippi territory was organized in 1798, and was subsequently en¬ 
 larged by various additions so as to include all the present states of 
 Alabama and Mississippi. In 1817 the state was admitted with its 
 present limits. 
 
 The growth of the state in population and intelligence was from the first 
 very rapid, and its citizens always exerted a large influence in national 
 affairs. 
 
 Mississippi was the second state to pass an ordinance of 
 i secession, the state convention taking that action Jan. 9, 1861. 
 
 1 
 
 During the war which followed, the northern and western borders of the 
 state were frequently the arena of important military movements. The 
 state was more than once overrun by large raiding forces of Federal 
 soldiers, and suffered much in this way. 
 
 The important battles of Corinth, Iuka, and Port Gibson, and the long 
 siege of Vicksburg, with a score of attendant battles and skirmishes, 
 occurred within the state during the years 1862 and 1863. 
 
 Politically the state held a leading place in the Confederate government; 
 and one of its citizens, Jefferson Davis, was president of the Confed¬ 
 eracy during its entire existence. 
 
 After the war, the state was under provisional and military government 
 until March, 1870, when civil government was re-established under the 
 constitution adopted in 1869. 
 
 Government. — The government of Mississippi is conducted 
 under the constitution adopted in 1869. 
 
 The executive department consists of a governor, lieutenant-governor, 
 secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, attorney-general, superintendent 
 of public education, and commissioner of agriculture and immigration. 
 All except the last named, are elected by the people for terms of four 
 years. The commissioner of agriculture and immigration is elected 
 by joint ballot of the two Houses of the Legislature for a term of four 
 years. 
 
 The legislative department consists of two Houses,— a Senate of 37 mem¬ 
 bers, and a House of Representatives of 120 members. Senators are 
 elected for four years, and representatives for two years. The Legis¬ 
 lature meets biennially Tuesday after the first Monday in January, even 
 years. 
 
 The judicial department comprises a Supreme Court, and circuit, chan¬ 
 cery, and justices’ courts. Judges and chancellors are appointed by 
 the governor and Senate. Justices of the peace are elected by the 
 people. 
 
 Education. — The chief educational officers of the state are 
 the state superintendent of public education, state board of ed¬ 
 ucation, and county superintendents ; the latter being appointed 
 by the state board after examination by a board of specially 
 appointed examiners. 
 
 The number of children enrolled in the public schools increased from 
 111,689, ' n 187b t0 236,700, in 1880, more than doubling in ten years. 
 The number of schools taught, increased during the same time from 
 3,450 to nearly 5,500. 
 
 The State University is at Oxford; the State Agricultural and Mechanical 
 College is at Starkville; the State Institutions for the Education of the 
 Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, are at Jackson. 
 
 Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College near Rodney, and the State 
 Normal School at Holly Springs, are state institutions exclusively for 
 the benefit of the colored race. 
 
 There are many flourishing colleges and academies under private man¬ 
 agement. Among these may be named Whitworth College at Brook- 
 haven, the Mississippi College at Clinton, Central Female Institute, 
 St. Stanislaus College at Bay St. Louis, Rust University and Bethlehem 
 Academy at Holly Springs, and Tugaloo Academy at Tugaloo. 
 
 History. — The first permanent settlement in Mississippi 
 was made by the French at Natchez just seventy-five years 
 after De Soto and his adventurous followers crossed the state 
 from the east, and discovered the Mississippi River. 
 
 The growth of Mississippi during the decade from 1870 to 
 1880 was very rapid, the population increasing over thirty-six 
 per cent during that period (from 827,922, in 1870, to 1,131,- 
 597, in 1880); and at the present time the advance in wealth 
 and population seems to be greater than ever before. 
 
 Political Divisions. — Mississippi comprises seventy-four 
 counties. Each county is divided into five beats, or super¬ 
 visors’ districts. 
 
 In 1880, according to the tenth census, there were 11 cities, and 150 
 towns and villages. 
 
 Some of the most prominent places are named below : — 
 
 Jackson (5,204), the capital of Mississippi, is an important and growing 
 city, situated near the center of the state, in Hinds County. It is at the 
 junction of trunk-railway lines, running east and west and north and south, 
 and enjoys an extensive local trade. Cotton is bought very largely for ship¬ 
 ment. The city is regularly laid out, and contains several handsome public 
 buildings. 
 
 Vicksburg (11,814), the largest city in th e state, is situated on the Mis¬ 
 sissippi River, just below the lower mouth of the Yazoo. It is the commer¬ 
 cial center of the richest cotton-producing district in the state, and ships 
 over 100,000 bales of cotton annually. In addition to the advantages of 
 river transportation, it has railroad connections both east and west. The 
 site of the city is irregular; but it is generally well built, and contains many 
 fine residences. It has excellent public schools under the management of 
 a city board of education. 
 
 Natchez (7,058), county seat of Adams County, is a beautiful city, situated 
 on the Mississippi River, about 130 miles below Vicksburg. The residence 
 portion of the city is on a high bluff, commanding an extended prospect of 
 many miles to the south and west. The city has a large trade in cotton and 
 general merchandise. There are several educational institutions of high 
 
 o o 
 
 grade located here. 
 
 Meridian — county seat of Lauderdale County, 
 is a thriving trading, manufacturing, and 
 railroad center. Has some manufactures 
 of cotton goods, machinery, furniture, etc. 
 Here are good public and private schools. 
 
 Columbus — county seat of Lowndes County, at 
 the head of regular steamboat navigation 
 on the Tombigbee River. The city is favor¬ 
 ably situated for trade, and is on the line of 
 an important east and west trunk-railway. 
 It has good educational advantages. 
 
 Yazoo City — on the Yazoo River. Has a large 
 trade in cotton and planters’ supplies. Man¬ 
 ufacture of cotton-seed oil. 
 
 Corinth — is a growing railroad center and cot- 
 ton-market in the north-eastern part of the 
 state. 
 
 Aberdeen —on the Tombigbee, which is here 
 navigable part of the year, is a prosperous 
 town and cotton-market. Good schools. 
 
 Holly Springs — county seat of Marshall Coun¬ 
 ty. Is noted for its excellent educational 
 institutions. Has good railroad facilities 
 and large trade. 
 
 Grenada—county seat of Grenada County. Is 
 an important railroad junction on the Chi¬ 
 cago, St. Louis, and New Orleans Rail¬ 
 road. 
 
LOUISIANA. 
 
 Oxford — county scat of Lafayette County. Is 
 a pleasant and enterprising railroad town. 
 It is the seat of the State University. 
 
 Booneville, Tupelo, Okolona, West Point, 
 Macon, and Enterprise —are prosperous 
 and growing places in the eastern part of 
 the state on the line of the Mobile and 
 Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Wesson, the seat of extensive cotton-mills; 
 Brookhaven, the center of a large lumber 
 trade; and Summit and McComb City, 
 thriving manufacturing towns in Pike Coun¬ 
 ty,— are on the line of railroad between 
 New Orleans and Jackson. 
 
 Winona in Montgomery County, and Canton 
 in Madison County, are county seats and 
 prosperous towns on the Chicago, St. 
 
 Louis, and New Orleans Railroad, between 
 Jackson and Grenada. 
 
 Kosciusko — on the most important branch of the 
 same road, is county seat of Attala County. 
 It is located in the geographical center of the 
 state, and is largely engaged in the cotton 
 trade. 
 
 Sardis, Senatobia, and Hernando — are county 
 seats and growing towns on the Mississippi 
 
 13 I 
 
 and Tennessee Railroad, between Grenada 
 and Memphis. 
 
 Bay Saint Louis, Pass Christian, Mis¬ 
 sissippi City, Biloxi, Ocean Springs, 
 and Scranton — are important places on the 
 line of the New Orleans and Mobile Rail¬ 
 road. They are favorite places of resort 
 and summer residence for the citizens of the 
 large towns and cities. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 MAGNOLIA GROVE. 
 
 Boundaries. — What two 
 states border Louisiana on the 
 north ? What state borders it on 
 the east ? What natural boun¬ 
 dary has it on the south ? What 
 state borders it on the west ? 
 
 Seacoast. — What are the 
 four principal bays on the south¬ 
 ern coast? Locate Chandeleur 
 Islands. What are the prin¬ 
 cipal passes of the Mississippi ? 
 
 Lakes. — What lake is in the north-eastern corner of the state? What 
 three lakes in the north-western part? What lake is in the central part of 
 the state ? What three lakes are in the south-eastern part? What three 
 lakes are in the southern part ? 
 
 Rivers. — What two rivers form most of the eastern boundary? What 
 river forms most of the western boundary? What great river receives 
 most of the drainage of the state? What large tributary does the Mis¬ 
 sissippi receive near latitude 31 0 ? What is the principal tributary of the 
 Red River in Louisiana? What are the principal Louisiana tributaries 
 of the Washita River? What river flows into Lake Calcasieu? What 
 river flows into Vermilion Bay? Name the bayous flowing into Grand 
 Lake. What bayou flows from the Mississippi at Donaldsonville to the 
 Gulf of Mexico? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on Arkansas? On Mississippi? On 
 the Gulf of Mexico? On Texas? In what county is the capital? [What 
 is the name of the county in which you live? What are the adjoining 
 counties ? 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Describe the situation of New Orleans. (See 
 small map.) In what county and on what river is Baton Rouge ? In what 
 county and on what river is Shreveport? Locate Monroe, Natchitoches, 
 
 Alexandria, Plaquemine, Donaldsonville, Port Hud¬ 
 son, Franklin, Brashear, Opelousas, Jackson. [What 
 is the county town of this county?] 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 48,720 square miles. Population, 939,946.] 
 
 Situation and Extent. — Louisiana is 
 situated at the foot of the great Mississippi 
 valley, where it reaches its lowest level, 
 and projects far out into the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 The state is very irregular in shape. The 
 longest line (north and south) is 225 miles 
 on the meridian of the mouth of the Red 
 River. The longest line that can be drawn 
 in the state is from the extreme north-west corner to Port 
 Eads, at the South Pass of the Mississippi, and measures 400 
 miles. 
 
 Surface. — The highest elevation in Louisiana does not 
 reach 250 feet above the level of the Gulf; and nearly one- 
 third of the area of the state does not rise ten feet above that 
 level. 
 
 It is stated on good authority, that, if the entire state were spread out on 
 a uniform average level, it would be about ten feet above high tide in 
 the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The bluffs that border the immediate valley of the Mississippi River on 
 the east are generally of clay and sand formation; while the elevations 
 in the north-western part of the state consist mostly of clay rocks 
 and sandstones. These elevations are nowhere great; but in many 
 places the surface is very uneven, and the changes of level are abrupt 
 and precipitous. 
 
 The Mississippi and Red River bottom-lands merge into the great delta 
 of that river, just below the mouth of the Red River; and the greater 
 part of the state south and west of this point is of alluvial formation, 
 lying below the level of the river at high water. 
 
 Originally this whole delta, and the bottom-lands to the north of it, 
 were traversed by numerous large bayous, and submerged frequently 
 for months at a time. The construction of levees has cut off many 
 of these bayous from connection with the Mississippi River dur¬ 
 ing low water, and has reclaimed vast areas from overflow; but 
 breaks sometimes occur which expose thousands of acres to inunda¬ 
 tion. 
 
 This great delta, as distinguished from the smaller delta at the mouth 
 of the river, comprises over 12,000 square miles, or about one-fourth 
 the entire area of the state. The other lowlands consist of extensive 
 salt-marshes, swamps, and dense tropical forests. 
 
132 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Drainage. — The location and surface features of the state 
 render its river-system very interesting to study. All the 
 streams belong to the Gulf system ; but the Mississippi is so 
 important as to constitute a distinct river-system of itself and 
 its tributaries. 
 
 There are two classes of streams in Louisiana belonging to this system. 
 The first class is composed of the streams flowing into the Mississippi; 
 and the second, of those flowing out of that river. The chief tributary 
 of the Mississippi within the state is the Red River. Through this 
 river it receives the waters of Lake Bistineau, and the Saline, Little, 
 Black, Ouachita, and Tensas rivers. 
 
 The lower course of the Mississippi being above the level of the deltoid 
 region, except at low water, the river begins to send out branches 
 several hundred miles above its mouth. These branches, generally 
 called bayotis, are broad sluggish streams, and many of them are 
 navigable throughout their whole length. The Atchafalaya River, 
 Bayou La Fourche, Bayou Terrebonne, Bayou Plaquemine, and numer¬ 
 ous smaller bayous , connecting these with one another and with other 
 bayous , belong to this system. 
 
 The Mississippi is the longest and by far the most important river in the 
 United States. Its width, in its course through the state, is about three- 
 fourths of a mile, and its depth frequently exceeds ioo feet. It dis¬ 
 charges its water into the Gulf through five principal channels. The 
 entrances to these are very much obstructed by the deposit of sand 
 and sediment; but, by the construction of a system of jetties, the chan¬ 
 nel of the South Pass has been greatly improved, and a depth of 
 water of 30 feet is maintained, thus making the river accessible for 
 vessels of the largest class. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Louisiana is semi-tropical. The 
 summers are long and warm, and the winters are delightful, 
 being cooled by winds from the north-west. 
 
 Resources.—The Mississippi River is directly or indirectly 
 the source of most of the natural wealth of Louisiana. 
 
 About one-third of the state is the direct creation of the river itself. 
 The great alluvial tracts, containing over 15,000 square miles of the 
 richest land in the world, are, for 1,000 feet deep, built out of mud and 
 detritus brought down by the Mississippi and its tributaries. 
 
 The river, with its affluents and outlets, furnishes steamboat navigation 
 to nearly every part of the state. It also brings to the state, as a dis¬ 
 tributing center, a large share of the varied productions of the Mis¬ 
 sissippi valley. 
 
 The climate of the region south of the latitude of 31 0 north, adapts that 
 part of the state to the growth of the sugar-cane. The swamps are 
 peculiarly adapted to the growth of rice; and cotton flourishes in 
 both the upland and lowland districts. 
 
 Many of the flowers and fruits of the tropics flourish here in perfection. 
 Among these are the orange, fig, pomegranate, and the magnolia 
 grandiflora. 
 
 The state is not rich in minerals. It may be noted, however, that in 
 Calcasieu Parish are extensive deposits of sulphur and gypsum, and 
 that at Petite Anse, in Iberia Parish, there is a mass of fine rock-salt 
 more than 150 acres in area, and of unknown depth. It was dis¬ 
 covered during the war, and is now largely mined. 
 
 Industries. — Louisiana is an agricultural state. The staple 
 products are cotton, rice, and sugar. The location of New 
 Orleans, the chief commercial metropolis of the South, within 
 the state, also gives it important character commercially. 
 Manufactures employ large numbers of people. 
 
 Cotton is extensively cultivated, and Louisiana ranks as seventh amon°- 
 
 © 
 
 the cotton-producing states. The total cotton-production for the year 
 1880 was 508,569 bales. In the average product per acre, the state 
 stands first among the cotton-states proper. 
 
 In the production of rice, this state ranks high; and the product is in¬ 
 creasing both in quality and quantity. 
 
 Louisiana is the only part of the country (except limited areas in Florida 
 
 and Texas) that is adapted to the growth of the true sugar-cane. The 
 culture of the cane began about the middle of the last century, and has 
 developed into a leading industry in the state. 
 
 The manufacturing interests are not diversified, but consist mainly of 
 the manufacture of cotton-seed oil, sugar, and molasses. The next 
 most important articles are tobacco, cigars, boots and shoes, flour, 
 clothing, iron castings, and plantation machinery. 
 
 On the 1 st of January, 1882, there were 999 miles of rail¬ 
 road built and in operation in the state. Several other im¬ 
 portant lines have since been built, or are now in process of 
 construction. 
 
 Government.—The present constitution of Louisiana was 
 adopted in December, 1879. ^ is one of the most recent con¬ 
 
 stitutions framed, and contains many provisions which are 
 considered of peculiar merit. 
 
 The executive department consists of a governor, lieutenant-governor, 
 secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, attorney-general, superintendent 
 of education, and commissioner of agriculture ; all of whom are elected 
 by the people for terms of four years. 
 
 The legislative department embraces a Senate of thirty-six members, 
 and a House of Representatives of ninety-six members. Senators 
 and representatives are both elected for terms of four years, one-half 
 being elected every two years. The Legislature meets biennially in 
 May of the even years, and its sessions are limited to ninety days. 
 
 The judicial department comprises a Supreme Court (a chief justice 
 and four associates), and appellate, district, parish, and justices’ courts. 
 There are also municipal courts in the larger cities. 
 
 The system of jurisprudence in this state is peculiar, inasmuch as the 
 civil law prevails, instead of the common. The civil code of Louisiana 
 is based upon the Code Napoleon of France, and the laws of the state 
 are therefore very similar to those of the French Republic. The code, 
 as revised in 1870, is considered one of the best expositions of the 
 civil law in existence. 
 
 The general state election occurs on Tuesday after the third Monday in 
 April, every fourth year, beginning with the year 1880. 
 
 Education. — The general interests of education in Loui¬ 
 siana are under charge of a state superintendent of public 
 education, a state board of education (composed of the gov¬ 
 ernor and other state officers), and boards of parish school 
 directors. 
 
 The public schools are supported by the proceeds of the state school 
 fund and by special taxation. In New Orleans and some other cities 
 these are supplemented by generous appropriations made by the city 
 administration. 
 
 Normal education is provided in two Peabody normal schools in New 
 Orleans, — one for white, and one for colored teachers, — and in the 
 normal departments of several collegiate institutions. 
 
 There are several excellent city and parish high schools in the state, 
 besides many academies, seminaries, and colleges of good reputation. 
 
 The State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, the 
 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Institution for the Educa¬ 
 tion of the Blind, are at Baton Rouge. 
 
 History. — “Louisiana,” at the opening of the present cen¬ 
 tury, was the name applied to an extensive territory including 
 the whole country westward from the Mississippi not occupied 
 by Spain, and northward to the southern boundary of British 
 America, —a vast region then in the possession of France. 
 
 The first permanent settlement within the present state had been made 
 about a hundred years before (in 1699) at Iberville, and the country 
 already gave promise of great wealth and commercial importance. 
 
 In 1803, during the administration of Jefferson, this domain was pur¬ 
 chased from France for $15,000,000; and, on the twenty-third day of 
 December of that year, the American flag was first raised in New 
 Orleans. The territory of Orleans, nearly co-extensive with the present 
 
ARKANSAS. 
 
 133 
 
 state, was organized in 1804. The state of Louisiana, with its present 
 limits, was organized in 1812; and the territory of Louisiana took the 
 name of Missouri. 
 
 This new and distant part of the national domain was the object of 
 special attack by the British in the war of 1812-15; and the battle 
 of New Orleans, fought Jan. 8, 1815, was the crowning event of that 
 war. 
 
 In the civil war (1861-65) Louisiana was again the scene of important 
 military movements. New Orleans was captured by the Federal 
 forces in April, 1862, and from that time was made the base of their 
 military and naval operations in the south-west. 
 
 Since its admission to the Union in 1812, the state has 
 grown rapidly in wealth and population, except during the 
 decade of the civil war. From 1870 to 1880 the increase of 
 population was over 213,000, or 29.3 per cent, which is almost 
 exactly the rate of increase of the country at large. 
 
 Political Divisions. — Louisiana contains fifty-eight par¬ 
 ishes, corresponding to counties in other states. 
 
 The subdivisions of the parish are called police jury wards. There were 
 in 1880, according to the census report, 439 jury wards, 4 cities, and 60 
 towns and villages. 
 
 The more important cities and towns are the following : — 
 
 Baton Rouge (7,197), the capital of the state from 1847 till 1864, and 
 again since 1881, is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi in the parish 
 of East Baton Rouge. The city is beautifully located on a bluff from 30 to 
 50 feet above the river level, and commands an extended view of the bot¬ 
 tom-land and the river course. It is the seat of several state institutions,— 
 among them, the State University, the Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb 
 and for the Blind, the State Prison, and the State Arsenal. 
 
 New Orleans (216,090), the largest city of the South, and the metropolis 
 of the Lower Mississippi and Gulf states, is situated on the Mississippi 
 River about 100 miles from its mouth at the South Pass. The city is co¬ 
 extensive with the parish of Orleans, having an area of 187 square miles, 
 bounded mostly by the river, and Lakes Borgne and Ponchartrain. Much 
 of this area, however, is low, and not compactly built. 
 
 The city proper, covering about 50 square miles, is regularly laid out, and 
 substantially built. The city level is below that of the river and the lakes; 
 and this makes necessary an extensive system of levees, which forms a 
 marked feature of the city. The most prominent public buildings are the 
 custom-house, the United-States mint, the city-hall, court-houses, Cotton 
 Exchange, Washington Artillery Hall, etc. 
 
 The commercial advantages of New Orleans are remarkable. It is the 
 converging point of the greatest system of river navigation in the world. 
 This and its numerous lines of railway give it communication with all 
 parts of the great cotton, wheat, corn, tobacco, and sugar producing sections 
 of the country. Ocean vessels drawing thirty feet of water can enter the 
 river, and load at its wharves. Thus the city ranks among the great com¬ 
 mercial centers of the world. In the value of its foreign commerce, it 
 ranks next to New York. It is the leading sugar-market of this country, 
 and the second largest cotton-market in the world. 
 
 The principal manufactures are sugar, sirup, cotton-seed oil, tobacco, 
 cotton goods, ice, machinery, etc. 
 
 The educational institutions of New Orleans are of superior character. 
 The public schools are liberally supported, and are not surpassed by any in 
 the country. There are also many private and church schools of high 
 grade. 
 
 Shreveport—in Caddo Parish, on the Red 
 River — is the chief city in North-western 
 Louisiana. It has good commercial facili¬ 
 ties by railroad and river transportation, 
 and is growing rapidly in population and 
 commercial importance The city does a 
 large trade in cotton, lumber, and cattle. 
 Steamers connect the city with New Orleans 
 and Red River ports. 
 
 Natchitoches — is situated on Cane River, about 
 four miles from the Red River River 
 steamers come to its wharves, and connect 
 it with Shreveport, New Orleans, and inter¬ 
 mediate points. The town is growing rapid¬ 
 ly, having doubled in population between 
 1870 and 1880. 
 
 New Iberia — in Iberia Parish — is situated on 
 Bayou Teche, which is here navigable for 
 steamers. There is considerable trade in 
 lumber, cotton, and sugar. Good educa¬ 
 tional advantages. 
 
 Donaldsonville — in Ascension Parish — is a rail¬ 
 road and river town on the Mississippi River, 
 at the entrance into Bayou La Fourche. The 
 place has excellent advantages for trade. 
 
 Monroe — in Ouachita Parish— is the largest town 
 on the Ouachita River. It has railroad con¬ 
 nections east and west, and has a large trade 
 in Northern Louisiana. 
 
 Plaquemine — in Iberville Parish — is situated on 
 the Mississippi River, ioo miles above New 
 Orleans. Has a fine local trade, and is a 
 market for cotton and sugar. 
 
 Morgan City — in St. Mary’s Parish, on the 
 Atchafalaya River, here generally called 
 Berwick Bay It is a growing city on the 
 Louisiana and Texas Railroad. It has ex¬ 
 
 cellent shipping facilities, and is connected 
 by lines ot steamers with Galveston and 
 other Gulf ports. Franklin — in the same 
 parish. A prosperous town on the Bayou 
 Teche, which is here navigable for large 
 steamers. Trade in sugar, cotton, lumber, 
 oranges, etc. 
 
 Alexandria — in Rapides Parish, on the Red 
 River. The river is here navigable at all 
 seasons. The town carries on a considerable 
 business in shipping and general trade. 
 
 Opelousas — in St. Landry Parish. An interior 
 town, surrounded by a rich cotton and sugar 
 producing district. 
 
 Gretna—in Jefferson Parish, on the Mississippi 
 River, opposite New Orleans. 
 
 Vermillionville — in La Fayette Parish — is an 
 important and growing railroad junction on 
 Morgan’s Louisiana and Texas Line. 
 
 Lake Charles — in Calcasieu Parish on the New- 
 Orleans and Texas Railroad — is fast growing 
 in population and business importance. 
 
 Mansfield — in De Solo Parish—is a thriving 
 railroad town in the north-western part of 
 the stale. 
 
 In addition to the above, the following towns, with 
 a population of over 1,000 inhabitants each, 
 are worthy of note: St. Martinsville, 
 in St. Martin’s Parish, a growing business 
 town: Thibodeaux, on Bayou La Fourche, 
 in La Fourche Parish; Clinton, in East 
 Feliciana Parish, the terminus of a local 
 railroad: Amite City, a thriving railroad 
 town in Tangipahoa Parish; Washington, 
 in St. Landry Parish; Minden, in Webster 
 Parish; and Houma, in Terre Bonne Par¬ 
 ish. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — What state borders Arkansas on the north? What three 
 states border it on the east? What state borders it on the south? What 
 state and territory border it on the west ? 
 
 Surface. — What mountains extend from Missouri into Arkansas ? 
 What other mountains are in the north-western part of the state ? Judging 
 by the course of the rivers, what is the general direction of the slope of 
 the surface in this state ? 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — What large river forms most of the eastern bound¬ 
 ary ? What other river forms a partial eastern boundary ? What lakes 
 
 are in the north-eastern part? What great tributary of the Mississippi 
 flows entirely across the state ? What tributaries does the Arkansas receive 
 in this state ? What river forms part of the south-western boundary? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on Missouri? On the Mississippi 
 1 River? On Louisiana? On Texas? On Indian Territory? In what 
 county is the state capital ? [In what county do you live ? What counties 
 adjoin it ?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — On what river is the capital ? In what county and 
 , on what river is Fort Smith? Van Buren ? Camden? Pine Bluff? Lo¬ 
 cate Hot Springs, Fayetteville, Arkadelphia, Helena, Texarkana, Hopefield. 
 
 I [What is the county town of the county in which you live ?] 
 
134 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 53,850 square miles. Population, 802,525.] 
 
 of the state have a soil of exhaustless fertility. The leading 
 farm products are, in the north, wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, 
 hemp, butter, apples, wool, and live-stock ; in the south, corn, 
 
 Situation and Extent. — Arkansas (pronounced Ar'kansaw ) ; cotton, tobacco, lice, sweet-potatoes, honey, and beeswax. 
 
 has for its eastern boundary the Mississippi River, and extends j 
 westward to longitude 94 0 40' west. Its extent (north and 
 south) is 3! degrees, or about 242 miles,—from Missouri on 
 the north, to Louisiana and Texas on the south. 
 
 Surface.—The eastern part of the state, bordering on the 
 Mississippi, is low, level, and swampy. In the interior it 
 becomes hilly, and in the west it rises into a mountain region. 
 
 The Mississippi bottom-lands are from thirty to a hundred miles wide, 
 and are covered by extensive forests, interspersed with swamps and 
 sluggish streams. This portion of the state is frequently overflowed, 
 except where prevented by levees, or artificial embankments. 
 
 The central portion of the state rises gradually from the river levels. 
 It is interspersed with numerous extensive prairies, becoming hilly 
 toward the west. These eleva¬ 
 tions are the foot-hills leading 
 up to the mountain region 
 proper, which includes the 
 Ozark Montains, the Boston 
 Mountains, and the Ouachita 
 range. 
 
 Drainage. — The state be¬ 
 longs entirely to the valley of 
 the Mississippi, and all its 
 streams are directly or indi¬ 
 rectly tributary to that river. 
 
 The courses of the rivers are 
 nearly all uniformly from the 
 north-west to the south-east. 
 
 Beside the Mississippi, the prin¬ 
 cipal rivers are the Arkansas, 
 
 Red, St. Francis, White, Oua¬ 
 chita, and Black. All these streams are navigable, and afford 
 facilities for an extensive system of internal commerce. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Arkansas varies with the locality 
 and the surface features. In the eastern part there is con¬ 
 siderable tendency to malaria in the summer months. The 
 western portion of the state is considered very healthful, the 
 winters being especially salubrious and invigorating. 
 
 Resources. — The natural resources of Arkansas are very 
 great. T. he soils are rich and varied. Vast forests of valu¬ 
 able timber are found in all parts of the state. The moun¬ 
 tains abound in rich deposits of minerals, and in quarries of 
 valuable stone. The natural facilities for transportation by 
 water aie unusually good, there being over 1,500 miles of river 
 navigation in the state and on its borders. 
 
 ARKANSAS RIVER SCENE. 
 
 Corn and cotton are the great staples. The production of corn in 1880 
 was 24,156,000 bushels; and in 1882, according to reports of the 
 United-States Agricultural Bureau, it was 35,000,000 bushels. 
 
 Among the great cotton states, Arkansas ranks as the fifth, the produc¬ 
 tion in 1880 being over 608,000 bales. 
 
 The production of wheat in 1880 was 1,270,000 bushels ; of oats, 2,220,000 
 bushels. 
 
 The principal manufactures are lumber, leather, wool, mill products, 
 cotton-seed oil, and farm machinery. 
 
 There were, Jan. 1, 18S1, about 900 miles of railroad in the state, nearly 
 all of which had been built within ten years. 
 
 Government. —The government of Arkansas is adminis¬ 
 tered under the constitution adopted in 1874. 
 
 The legislative department con¬ 
 sists of a Senate of thirty-one 
 members, and a House of 
 Representatives of ninety-three 
 members. Senators are elect¬ 
 ed for terms of four years, 
 one-half being chosen every two 
 years. Representatives hold 
 office for two years. The Legis¬ 
 lature meets biennially, the sec¬ 
 ond Monday in January, odd 
 years, and the session is limited 
 to sixty days. 
 
 The executive department com¬ 
 prises a governor, secretary of 
 state, treasurer, auditor, attor¬ 
 ney-general, superintendent of 
 public instruction, and land com¬ 
 missioner, all of whom, except 
 the last named, are chosen by 
 The land commissioner is appointed 
 
 Several varieties of coal are found along the Arkansas River. Other 
 minerals are iron, zinc, and lead ores, manganese, gypsum, salt, oil¬ 
 stone, granite, etc. 
 
 I he oil-stone of the Ouachita mineral-spring region is the best in the 
 world. In the Ouachita valley, about sixty miles from Little Rock, 
 theie aie many hot-springs, remarkable for their high temperature, 
 which varies from ioo° to 150°. Of these the most famous are at 
 Hot Springs in Garland County. They possess great curative proper¬ 
 ties, and are much resorted to by invalids. 
 
 Industries. Arkansas is chiefly an agricultural state. The 
 rich bottom and prairie lan.ds of the eastern and central parts 
 
 the people for terms of two years, 
 by the governor. 
 
 The judicial department consists of a Supreme Court of three justices, 
 elected by the people, and holding office for eight years each, and 
 various inferior, circuit, chancery, and justices’ courts. 
 
 The general state election occurs on the first Monday in September of 
 even years, and officers take their places in January following. 
 
 Arkansas is represented in the National Congress by two senators and 
 five representatives, and thus has seven votes in the electoral college. 
 
 Education.—The officers of the educational system of 
 Arkansas are the state superintendent of public instruction, 
 county examiners in each county, and boards of district direct¬ 
 ors for each district. 
 
 Excellent public schools are maintained in many of the larger towns 
 and cities of the state, notably at Little Rock, which has, in addition 
 to the ordinary grades, two superior high schools, one for white, and 
 one for colored pupils. 
 
 The Arkansas Industrial University is located at Fayetteville. This 
 institution has a normal department for white teachers. The normal 
 school for colored teachers is at Pine Bluff. Normal departments are 
 also maintained in Judson University at Judsonia, and in St. John’s 
 College at Little Rock. 
 
 The Medical Department of the Industrial University, the Deaf-Mute 
 Institute, and the Institution for the Blind, are located at Little Rock. 
 
 History. — Arkansas was included in the great Louisiana 
 Purchase, which became a part of the United States in 1803. 
 
ARKANSAS. 
 
 1 35 
 
 The first permanent settlement within the limits of the state 
 was made by the French at Arkansas Post in 1685. 
 
 Arkansas constituted a part of Missouri Territory from 1812 to 1819. 
 In 1819 it became a separate territory under its present name; and, in 
 1836, it was admitted as a state, being the twenty-fifth state in the 
 order of admission. 
 
 Arkansas passed the ordinance of secession from the Union in May, 
 1861 ; and the state was the scene of some of the most important 
 military movements west of the Mississippi River. Among these 
 were the actions at Pea Ridge or Elk Horn, Prairie Grove, Arkansas 
 Post, and Helena. 
 
 Attempts at reconstruction began early in 1864; but it was not till 1869 
 that martial law finally ceased throughout the state, and civil govern¬ 
 ment was fully resumed. 
 
 Since the war and reconstruction period, Arkansas has 
 progressed very rapidly in population and material wealth. 
 
 During the decade 1870 to 1880, railroads increased from 128 
 
 _ • 
 
 miles to over 800 miles. The population, during the same 
 time, increased from 484,471 to 802,525, — a gain of over sixty- 
 five per cent, and a rate of growth exceeded by only six states. 
 
 Political Divisions. —Arkansas is divided into seventy-four 
 counties. 
 
 The primary divisions of the counties are called townships. According 
 to the tenth census, in 1880, there were 893 townships, 3 cities, and 
 103 towns and villages. 
 
 Among the cities and towns, the following are the most 
 important; — 
 
 Little Rock (13,138), the capital and largest city of Arkansas, is situated 
 on the south bank of the Arkansas River, in Pulaski County, near the center 
 of the state. The city has very important railroad connections in addition 
 to its shipping facilities by river, and commands a large wholesale and 
 retail trade. 
 
 The city is handsomely situated on a high bluff commanding an exten¬ 
 sive view down the valley of the river. 
 
 Little Rock is an important market for the productions of the state, and 
 is also developing considerable manufactures. 
 
 The educational institutions of the city are of a high character. The 
 public schools are well maintained, and include the ‘Sherman High School 
 for white, and the Union High School for colored pupils. Here are also 
 located St. John’s College, the Deaf-Mute Institute, and the State Institu¬ 
 tion for the Blind. 
 
 Eureka Springs (3,984), in Carroll County, is a rapidly-growing town 
 which has suddenly sprung into prominence on account of the fame of its 
 mineral waters. It is delightfully located in the most picturesque section 
 of the north-western part of the state. The adjacent country is growing 
 
 rapidly, the township having increased in population from 511 in 1870, to 
 nearly 5,000 in 1880. 
 
 Helena (3,652), county seat of Phillips County, is the largest town on 
 the Mississippi River within the state. It has a large river trade, and is 
 an important cotton-market. The Arkansas Central Railroad has its east¬ 
 ern terminus at this place, and the town is rapidly growing in wealth and 
 commercial importance. 
 
 Hot Springs — county seat of Garland County — 
 is a famous resort for invalids and pleasure- 
 seekers. It is located in a narrow valley 
 about five miles from the Ouachita River, 
 and has over fifty springs whose temperature 
 ranges from ioo° to 150°. Formerly the 
 Hot Springs reservation belonged to the 
 General Government of the United States; 
 but recently it has been largely sold to pri¬ 
 vate parties, and many fine improvements 
 have been made. 
 
 Texarkana — county seat of Miller County — is 
 an important railway center, situated about 
 one-half in Arkansas, and the rest in Texas. 
 It is at the junction of the Iron Mountain 
 Road with the great Texas system of rail¬ 
 ways, and is an important point on the 
 southern line to the Pacific coast. The 
 post-office is in the state of Arkansas. 
 
 Pine Bluff — county seat of Jefferson County — is 
 situated on the south bank of the Arkansas 
 River, about fifty miles from Little Rock. 
 The city is pleasantly situated on a high 
 bluff. It has good railroad connections, and 
 ships cotton and other productions very 
 largely by rail and river. It has consider¬ 
 able manufactures of iron, carriages, flour, 
 lumber, cotton-seed oil, etc. Here are good 
 schools, including an excellent high school 
 and a normal school. 
 
 Fort Smith — in Sebastian County, on the ex¬ 
 treme western boundary line where the 
 Arkansas River enters the state — is an im¬ 
 portant city, having a large trade in the 
 Indian Territory. It has considerable 
 manufactures of lumber, leather, farming 
 implements, etc. It is also the seat of the 
 United-States District Court for the west¬ 
 ern district of Arkansas, having jurisdiction 
 over the Indian Territory. 
 
 Fayetteville — county seat of Washington Coun¬ 
 ty — is a prosperous and growing town. 
 It is very pleasantly situated in the moun¬ 
 tain region of the north-western part of the 
 state. It is the seat of the Arkansas State 
 Industrial University, and is the center of a 
 large local trade. 
 
 Arkadelphia — county seat of Clarke County — is 
 situated on the south bank of the Ouachita 
 River, where it is crossed by the St. Louis, 
 Iron Mountain, and Southern Railroad. 
 Since the extension of this railroad system, 
 the town has grown in population and im¬ 
 portance, and does a large local trade. 
 Salt of excellent quality is manufactured 
 here. Superior schools. 
 
 Camden — county seat of Ouachita County, on 
 
 the west bank of the Ouachita River. 
 Steamboats come up the river to this point 
 during high water. The town carries on 
 considerable manufactures, has a good local 
 trade, and is the market for large quantities 
 of cotton and other farm produce. 
 
 Batesville — county seat of Independence County 
 — is a prosperous town on the north bank of 
 the White River. It is growing steadily, 
 has a good trade, and is the seat of several 
 educational institutions, among them the Ar¬ 
 kansas College and Batesville Academy. 
 
 Prescott — county seat and commercial center of 
 the rapidly-growing and prosperous county 
 of Nevada. The town is pleasantly situ¬ 
 ated in a healthful region, and has excellent 
 facilities for trade and shipment by the Iron 
 Mountain Railroad. 
 
 Van Buren—county seat of Crawford County, 
 on the Arkansas River, a few miles from the 
 western boundary of the state. It has con¬ 
 siderable trade and manufactures. Excel¬ 
 lent schools. 
 
 Conway — county seat of Faulkner County — is 
 the buisness center of a rich and rapidly- 
 developing country. The town is on the 
 Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad, and 
 is largely engaged in trade. Excellent 
 educational facilities. 
 
 The following towns are rapidly growing in popu¬ 
 lation and importance; they are located on 
 new lines of railroad, and share in the great 
 development of the natural wealth of the 
 state: Atkins and Russellville in Pope 
 County, Morrillton in Conway County, 
 Clarksville in Johnson County, and 
 Ozark in Franklin County, on the line of 
 the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad; 
 Forest City in St. Francis County, and 
 Lonoke in Lonoke County, on the Mem¬ 
 phis and Little Rock Railroad; Corning 
 in Clay County, Newport in Jackson 
 County, Benton in Saline County, and 
 Fulton in Hempstead County, on the Iron 
 Mountain Railroad; Monticello in Drew 
 County, on the Little Rock and Mississippi 
 River Railroad; Marianna in Lee County, 
 on the Helena and Iron Mountain Railroad; 
 and Clarendon in Monroe County, on the 
 Arkansas Midland Railroad. 
 
 Hamburgh in Ashley County, Dardanelle in 
 Yell County, Augusta in Woodruff Coun¬ 
 ty, Searcy in White County, Jacksonport 
 in Jackson County, and Arkansas City 
 in Desha County, are county seats of their 
 respective counties, and towns of local 
 importance. 
 

 
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TEXAS. 
 
 137 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 f Area, 265,780 square miles. Population, 1,591,749 .] 
 
 Situation and Extent. — Texas is the 
 most southerly state of the American Union, 
 with the exception of Florida, its most south¬ 
 ern point being in latitude 25 0 50' north. 
 
 It extends through nearly eleven degrees of lati¬ 
 tude, and thirteen degrees of longitude. Its area 
 is larger than all the New England and the Mid¬ 
 dle States, together with Maryland, Virginia, and 
 North Carolina. It has a greater extent than 
 France or the German Empire. 
 
 The outline of the state is very irregular. The 
 longest line that can be drawn from north to 
 south is about 700 miles; that from east to west, 
 about 800 miles. 
 
 Surface. —Between the level plain bordering the Gulf of Mexico in the 
 south-eastern part, and the mountain plateau region in the west, the surface 
 of Texas presents three well-marked terraces. 
 
 THE PLAINS. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — Between what degrees of longitude does Texas extend? 
 Between what degrees of latitude does it extend ? By the scale of miles, 
 measure the greatest extent of Texas from east to west. From north to south. 
 
 Seacoast. — What are the principal bays on the Texas coast? On what 
 island is Galveston? What four islands south of Pass Cavallo? What 
 large river flows into Galveston Bay ? Where is Point Isabel? 
 
 Surface.—Judging from the course of the rivers, in what general direc¬ 
 tion is the slope of the surface ? Where is the Llano Estacado ? What 
 mountains are in El Paso County? In Pecos County? In Tom Green 
 County? Where is Double Mountain? 
 
 Rivers. — What river forms the greater part of the northern boundary ? 
 What lake in the north-eastern part of the state ? What river forms part 
 of the eastern boundary? Into what lake does the Sabine River flow? 
 Describe the Brazos River? What large river flows into Matagorda Bay? 
 What river flows into Corpus Christi Bay? What river forms the entire 
 boundary between Texas and Mexico? What is the principal tributary in 
 Texas of the Rio Grande? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on Arkansas? On Louisiana? On 
 the Gulf of Mexico? On Mexico? In what county is the state capital? 
 [In what county do you live? What counties adjoin it?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — What is the principal seaport of Texas? What 
 county towns are on the railroad between Denison and Houston? Between 
 Texarkana and Houston? Between Galveston and Austin? Between 
 Houston and San Antonio? Between Dallas and Shreveport, La.? [What 
 is the county town of the county in which you live ?] What is the most 
 southern seaport of Texas? What city is opposite Matamoras? In what 
 county and on what river is Houston? Dallas? In what county is San An¬ 
 tonio? Jefferson? Locate Sherman, Waco, Fort Worth, Denison, Marshall, 
 Indianola. 
 
 The first terrace is the coast plain, extending from 25 to 60 miles inland from the Gulf 
 of Mexico. It consists mainly of fertile lowlands, wooded only along the banks of 
 the rivers. 
 
 The second te?race is the region of hill-lands, — high rolling prairies, narrow wooded 
 bottoms, and “islands” of timber. 
 
 The third terrace is a tableland rising to the height of over 2,000 feet, 
 and forming the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, some outlying 
 ridges of which extend into the western part of the state. This region 
 has been known from early Spanish times as the Llano Estacado, or 
 “staked plain.” Its characteristic vegetation consists of the cactus, 
 the aloe, mesquite, etc. 
 
 Drainage. — The rivers of Texas belong entirely to the 
 Gulf system. A considerable portion of the northern part of 
 the state is drained by rivers tributary to the Mississippi 
 through the Red and Arkansas rivers. All the other waters 
 
 of Texas reach the Gulf within the state, or on its borders. 
 
 The main boundary rivers are the Red River on the north, the Sabine on 
 the east, and the Rio Grande on the south-west. 
 
 The chief rivers belonging wholly to Texas are the Trinit)', which is 
 navigable as far as Liberty throughout the year; the Brazos (950 miles 
 long), navigable to Richmond, about 75 miles; the Nueces; and the 
 Colorado (about 900 miles long). 
 
 Climate. — Extending through eleven degrees of latitude, 
 from the parallel of Southern Virginia to that of Southern 
 Florida, Texas presents a great variety of climate. 
 
 On the coast plain the climate is semi-tropical; but the heat is tempered 
 by the winds from the Gulf, and the region is generally healthful, being 
 more free from malarial fevers than any other portion of the Gulf 
 coast. The middle country has a dry and healthful climate, which is 
 delightful throughout the year. In the highlands, and on the northern 
 border, the winters are cool, and considerable snow falls at times. 
 
 Texas is noted for its clear and beautiful skies, rivaling those of Italy 
 in their brightness and splendor. 
 
 GALVESTON HARBOR. 
 
TEXAS. 
 
 T - i < 
 
 150 
 
 Resources. — Texas has the finest facilities for agriculture, 
 stock-raising, and commerce; and these, for the time, have 
 received the greatest share of the attention of the people. 
 But the extent of the natural wealth of the state can hardly 
 be realized ; and, in addition to the interests already developed, 
 it also possesses many other resources, and vast capabilities 
 of future growth. 
 
 There is an abundance of most valuable timber; and great deposits of 
 coal, iron, salt, and other useful minerals, are found in various localities. 
 These attractions draw a superior class of immigrants from other 
 states, and also from the most intelligent European countries. 
 
 Industries. — Texas is pre-eminently an agricultural state, 
 and produces all the leading staples of the South, such as 
 cotton, sugar, rice, sweet potatoes, oranges, etc. 
 
 Among these, cotton takes the first rank. In 18S0 Texas ranked third 
 among the great cotton-states. At present the state probably leads 
 all others, producing over 1,000,000 bales per year. In the production 
 of sugar the state ranks next to Louisiana. 
 
 Indian-corn is the chief cereal; but other grains are grown finely in the 
 northern part. The product of corn in 1880 was nearly 30,000,000 
 bushels; of oats, nearly 5,000,000 bushels; and of wheat, over 2,500,- 
 000 bushels. 
 
 The official report of the Department of Agriculture estimates the corn 
 crop of 1S82 at 74,000,000 bushels. 
 
 Sweet potatoes are a great crop; and a good article of tobacco is grown. 
 All the semi-tropical fruits thrive well along the coast. 
 
 Texas raises more livestock than any other state. Immense 
 ranches, having herds of thousands of cattle, horses, and 
 sheep, are common in all parts of the state. 
 
 There are, upon the ranches in the state, 5,000,000 head of cattle, 4,000,- 
 000 sheep, and 500,000 horses and mules. Much attention is now 
 being paid to improving the quality of the stock; and the finest breeds 
 are being largely imported. 
 
 The vast extent of Texas, and its level surface, make it one 
 of the leading railroad states in the country. There are now 
 more than 6,000 miles of railroad in operation in the state; and 
 construction of new lines is going forward at the rate of nearly 
 1,000 miles per year. 
 
 In 1870 there were less than 300 miles of railway in operation in the 
 state. Every year since then, the building and extension of lines have 
 gone on more rapidly. During the twelve months from Oct. 1, 1880, 
 to Oct. 1, 1881, there were built over 1,400 miles. 
 
 A large share of the transcontinental trade of the country passes over 
 Texas lines to and from the Pacific coast. Important lines are also 
 being pushed beyond the Texas border into Mexico, over which there 
 promises to be an immense international trade. 
 
 Government. — The present constitution of Texas was 
 adopted in 1875. Under its provisions a thorough revision of 
 the laws, under the name of the “Revised Code,” was enacted 
 and put in force in the year 1879. In general, the constitution 
 is considered very liberal and effective in its character. 
 
 The legislative department, consists of a Senate of thirty-one members, 
 and a House of Representatives of ninety-one members. Senators 
 are elected for terms of four years, one-half being elected every two 
 years. Representatives are elected for terms of two years. The 
 Legislature meets biennially on the second Tuesday in January, odd 
 years, and its sessions are limited to sixty days. 
 
 The executive department comprises a governor, lieutenant-governor, j 
 secretary of state, comptroller of public accounts, treasurer, commis- j 
 sioner of the land office, attorney-general, adjutant-general, and com-, 
 missioner of insurance, statistics, and history. The secretary of state, 
 
 adjutant-general, and commissioner of insurance, are appointed by the 
 governor. The other executive officers are elected by the people for 
 terms of two years. 
 
 The judicial department consists of a Supreme Court, a court of appeals, 
 and a commission of appeals. These courts meet at Galveston the 
 first Monday in January; at Austin, the first Monday in April; and at 
 Tyler, the first Monday in October. Besides these courts, there are 
 also thirty-six district courts, and county courts in each organized 
 county. All judicial officers are elected by the people. 
 
 The regular state election occurs on Tuesday following the first Monday 
 in November, even years, and state officers take their seats on the 
 second Tuesday in January following. 
 
 Education. — The constitution of Texas directs the Legis¬ 
 lature “to establish and make suitable provision for the sup¬ 
 port and maintenance of an efficient system of free public 
 schools.” The schools are under the general supervision of 
 a state board of education, of which the secretary is the chief 
 executive officer. 
 
 The schools are supported by the interest of the general school fund, a 
 part of the general state revenue (not exceeding one-fourth), a poll-tax, 
 and special local taxation. 
 
 The available school fund amounts to #3,500,000. This is to be largely 
 increased by the sale of the school lands, which amount now to over 
 50,000,000 acres. 
 
 The State University, recently established, is under charge of a board 
 of regents; and its prospective endowment arising from the sale of 
 lands is very large. The Main University is located at Austin, and 
 the medical department at Galveston. The State Agricultural and 
 Mechanical College is located at College Station, in Brazos County. 
 
 Normal instruction is provided for white teachers at the Sam Houston 
 Normal Institute, at Huntsville, and for colored teachers, at the Prairie 
 View Normal Institute, at Hampstead. 
 
 Besides these, there are private and church schools of high grade in 
 nearly all the cities and towns of the state. 
 
 History. — Texas originally belonged to the Spanish province 
 of Mexico, and was a part of the republic of Mexico when 
 that country threw off the Spanish yoke in 1822. Early in 
 this century the country became the resort of large numbers 
 of adventurous characters from “ the states,” who found in 
 the wild freedom of the plains an arena for their active spirits. 
 These men, under the direction of leaders of unquestioned 
 ability and statesmanship, greatly assisted the Texans in as¬ 
 serting their independence of Mexican control. Texas became 
 an independent republic in 1836. In 1845 it was annexed 
 to the United States, and was admitted as a state Dec. 29 
 of the same year. 
 
 The first settlement within the limits of Texas was made on Matasrorda 
 Bay in 1685; but permanent settlement did not begin until early the 
 next century. 
 
 For a long time the boundary between the Spanish possessions in Texas, 
 and the Louisiana Purchase, was a matter of dispute; but in 1819 the 
 Sabine was fixed as the boundary by treaty between the United States 
 and Spain. 
 
 Texas originally claimed a large territory beyond its present limits, 
 reaching to the head waters of the Rio Grande on the west, and to 
 the forty-second parallel on the north. In 1850 the state ceded to 
 the United States all its claim to this territory for the sum of $10,000,- 
 000 in bonds, with which its state debt was paid. As thus originally 
 constituted, the area of the state was over 375,000 square miles,—an 
 extent greater than that of the original thirteen states. 
 
 The annexation of Texas to the United States was the direct 
 cause of the Mexican war. The war, however, was only the 
 continuation and conclusion of the long struggle for Texan 
 
TEXAS. 
 
 1 39 
 
 rights and independence, which began near the opening of this 
 century, and ended with the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 
 Feb. 2, 1848. 
 
 The most important battles fought in Texas during the struggle for 
 independence were at Gonzales, Goliad, San Antonio de Bexar, the 
 Alamo, and San Jacinto. The battles of the Mexican war proper, 
 fought within the limits of Texas, were at Fort Brown, Resaca de la 
 Palma, and Palo Alto. 
 
 Texas passed the ordinance of secession on Feb. 1, 1861, 
 and was represented in the Provisional Congress at Mont¬ 
 gomery, Ala., which organized the Confederate government. 
 
 No important battles of the civil war were fought in Texas; but the last 
 skirmish of the war took place in the western part of the state, May 
 13, 1865, and there Gen. Kirby Smith surrendered the last Confederate 
 army. 
 
 After the war, the state remained under provisional and military gov¬ 
 ernment until April 16, 1870, when it was turned over to the civil 
 authorities. 
 
 Political Divisions. —Texas contains 227 counties, of which 
 166 are now organized. 
 
 According to the tenth census, in 1880, there were 30 
 cities, and 78 towns and villages, in the state. Of these, the 
 most important are the following ; — 
 
 Austin (10,960), the capital of the state, is a beautiful city, situated on 
 the east bank of the Colorado River. The city has handsome public build¬ 
 ings, including a United States court-house, and a state Capitol now in pro¬ 
 cess of construction. The city has a large local trade extending through 
 several counties. It has excellent railroad connections in all directions, and 
 considerable manufactures, including flour, ice, iron goods, furniture, leather, 
 lime, and dressed lumber. 
 
 Austin is the seat of the State University, the Texas Military Institute, 
 and the asylums for the blind, for the insane, and for the deaf and dumb. 
 
 Galveston (22,245), hie largest city and commercial metropolis of the 
 state, is situated on an island at the entrance to Galveston Bay. The city 
 is regularly and handsomely built. The business portion abounds in spacious 
 stores and warehouses; and the residence section is noted for its elegant 
 residences surrounded by luxuriant tropical gardens. 
 
 The harbor is the best in the state; and the city has an active trade with 
 many Atlantic and Gulf ports. It is one of the largest cotton-markets in 
 the country; and its fine commercial position, together with its railroad con¬ 
 nections, gives it command of a large and rapidly increasing trade. It has 
 good public and private schools. It is also the seat of the medical depart¬ 
 ment of the State University, and of the University of St. Mary. 
 
 San Antonio (20,550) is historically the most interesting city in the state. 
 It has been the scene of many of the fiercest conflicts in Texan history, 
 and contains many buildings of unusual interest and antiquity. Of late 
 years it has become an important railroad center; and its trade and popula¬ 
 tion are increasing very rapidly. 
 
 The city has excellent water-power, and considerable manufactures. It 
 carries on a large trade in livestock, cotton, wool, and hides. The public 
 and private schools are of superior grade. 
 
 Houston (16,513), county seat of Harris County, is an important railroad 
 center, having intimate business relations with Galveston, with which city it 
 has communication, both by water and by railroad. Railroad lines leave the 
 city in eight different directions, giving it command of an extensive trade. 
 The city is an important cotton-market, and has considerable manufacturing 
 interests, especially of machinery, railroad repairs and supplies, and cotton 
 goods. 
 
 The city has good public schools, including high school, grammar school, 
 and primary grades. 
 
 Dallas — an important railroad town in North¬ 
 eastern Texas. It is situated in the midst 
 of a fine agricultural country, and is the 
 commercial center of a large and rapidly 
 growing district. The city has fine water¬ 
 works, gas-works, street-railways, etc. Man¬ 
 ufactures of flour, cotton-seed oil, agricul¬ 
 tural implements, ice, cement, artificial 
 stone, soap, wagons, carriages, etc. Large 
 grain-elevators. Excellent public and pri¬ 
 vate schools. Large shipments of cotton, 
 grain, hides, etc. 
 
 Waco — county seat of McLennan County. A 
 fine city, and the trading and shipping point 
 for several counties. The city has consid¬ 
 erable manufactures of cotton, ice, lum¬ 
 ber, flour; has extensive grain-elevators, 
 street-cars, gas and water works; and is 
 growing rapidly. Ships cotton, grain, live¬ 
 stock, hides, and wool. Seat of Waco Uni¬ 
 versity and Waco Female College. Excel¬ 
 lent public and private schools. 
 
 Fort Worth—a beautiful and substantial city 
 about 30 miles west of Dallas. Has excel¬ 
 lent railroad and shipping facilities, street- 
 railroads, gas-works, and water-works sup¬ 
 plied from artesian wells. Large wholesale 
 and retail trade, and rapidly growing manu¬ 
 facturing interests. The city has many fine 
 church edifices, and excellent schools. 
 
 Sherman, county seat of the rich and prosperous 
 county of Grayson, and Denison in the 
 same county, nine miles north, are pros¬ 
 perous railroad towns, with excellent con¬ 
 nections and facilities for trade. They do 
 a large general trade, and ship large quan¬ 
 tities of cotton, stock, grain, etc. They 
 have fine churches, good schools, gas-works, 
 etc. 
 
 Marshall — is a rapidly growing city in Eastern 
 Texas, in the old and wealthy county of 
 Harrison. The city does a large trade, and 
 has considerable manufactures. Here are 
 large railroad, machine, and repair shops. 
 The seat of Wiley University, Marshall 
 Female College, etc. 
 
 Brownsville — on the Rio Grande, opposite 
 Matamoras. The most important city on 
 the Mexican border. It is a port of entry, 
 and has a large river trade. 
 
 Brenham — county seat of Washington County. 
 The trading and shipping center of a very 
 rich cotton-growing section. The city has 
 excellent railroad facilities. The county 
 contains several other intelligent and pros¬ 
 perous towns. 
 
 Paris — a thriving town on the Texas and Pacific 
 Railroad. Has a large trade, extensive 
 
 manufactures, good schools. The county 
 is well watered, and has an abundance of 
 timber and rich prairies. 
 
 Laredo — is a well built and growing city on the 
 Rio Grande. Several railroads from the 
 north and from Mexico are built, or projected 
 to meet at this place; and it is thus becoming 
 one of the most important places on the 
 border. 
 
 Corsicana — a handsome city, county seat of 
 Navarro County, in the heart of a fine 
 agricultural and grazing region. Ships large 
 quantities of cotton, wool, hides, grain, 
 horses, cattle, etc. Has good schools, and 
 fine school buildings. 
 
 Jefferson—an important city in North-eastern 
 Texas. Has good shipping facilities by rail¬ 
 road, and also by steamboats, during the 
 rainy season. Ships large quantities of cot¬ 
 ton, and many cattle. Considerable manu¬ 
 factures, and good schools. 
 
 Texarkana — situated partly in Texas, and partly 
 in Arkansas. Is an important railroad 
 town, at the junction of the St. Louis Iron 
 Mountain and Southern Railroad with sev¬ 
 eral leading Texas lines. 
 
 The following places, by the census of 1880, had 
 a population of from 2,000 to 3,000: Pales¬ 
 tine, an important railroad junction on the 
 Houston and Great Northern Railroad, the 
 location of extensive railroad shops; Gaines¬ 
 ville, the county seat of Cooke County, 
 center of a fine farming region; Terrell, 
 a thriving trading and shipping point in 
 Kaufman County; Tyler, a growing town 
 and railroad junction in Smith County, the 
 seat of the United States and state courts 
 for North-eastern Texas; Calvert, a pros¬ 
 perous business center in Robertson County; 
 and Weatherford, an important point on 
 the Texas and Pacific, growing rapidly since 
 the completion of that line. 
 
 Other important towns in North eastern Texas 
 are, Bonham, Sulphur Springs, Mc¬ 
 Kinney, Longview, Cleburne, Waxa- 
 hatchie, Ennis, and Mineola. All these 
 places share the rapid growth and prosperity 
 of their section. 
 
 In Central Texas are the following thriving places: 
 
 Belton, Hearne, Bastrop, Mexia, 
 Georgetown, San Marcos, and Rock¬ 
 dale. 
 
 The following towns in Southern Texas are also 
 worthy of note: Gonzales, Hempstead, 
 Navosata, Cuero, Huntsville, Colum¬ 
 bus, and Seguin. 
 
 Ysleta and El Paso —are important railroad 
 towns on the Upper Rio Grande. 
 

 
 
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KENTUCKY 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 [Area, 40,400 square miles. Population, 1,648,690.] 
 
 IN THE MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Boundaries. — What river forms the 
 entire northern boundary of Kentucky ? 
 What three states border Kentucky on 
 the north ? What two states border 
 it on the east ? What state forms 
 the southern boundary? What natural 
 boundary has the state on the west? 
 
 Surface. — Which part of the state is most hilly or mountainous? What 
 mountains form the south-eastern boundary? In what part of the state is 
 Pine Mountain? Where are Green Knobs? 
 
 Rivers. — In what part of the state do most of the large rivers of 
 Kentucky rise ? Describe the Ohio River. What large river receives the 
 drainage of most of the northern part of the state? What large’river 
 receives the drainage of most of the southern part? What river and fork 
 form part of the eastern boundary ? What river flows into the Ohio be¬ 
 tween Newport and Covington? What into the Ohio at Carrollton? On 
 what river is the capital of the state situated? Describe Green River. 
 What large rivers flow northward from Tennessee through Kentucky into 
 the Ohio ? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on West Virginia? What counties 
 border on Virginia? What counties border on the Mississippi River? In 
 what county is the state capital ? In what county is Mammoth .Cave ? [In 
 what county do you live ?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — What and where is the largest city in Kentucky? 
 In what county is it? What are the latitude and longitude of Louisville? 
 What two cities are opposite Cincinnati? Locate Maysville, Lexington, 
 Henderson, Columbus. What city is at the mouth of the Tennessee River? 
 Describe the location of the capital with reference to its natural and 
 political situation. What county towns are on the railroad between Louis¬ 
 ville and Nashville? What towns and cities of Kentucky on the railroad 
 from Cincinnati, O., to Chattanooga, Tenn. ? What county towns are on 
 the Ohio River ? [What is the county town of the county in which you 
 live ?] 
 
 Location and Extent. — Kentucky lies just 
 south of the great central states of Ohio, 
 Indiana, and Illinois. The state extends 
 along the south side of the Ohio River for 
 about two-thirds of its course, and is very 
 irregular in form. 
 
 Its greatest length on the line of the thirty- 
 seventh parallel is 350 miles. Its greatest 
 breadth is 178 miles. 
 
 Surface. — Kentucky extends from the 
 crests of the Cumberland Mountains on the 
 east, to the Mississippi River on the west, 
 and within these limits presents a great 
 variety of surface features. 
 
 The south-eastern quarter of the state is broken 
 by the Cumberland Mountains and their off¬ 
 shoots. The average height of these mountains 
 is 2,000 feet, and the highest summits are about 
 3,000 feet above the sea level. 
 
 North and west of the hill country is an upland region (from the Big 
 Sandy River to longitude 86° west), occupying more than half the 
 whole area of the state. This region includes within its limits the 
 famous “ Blue Grass” country, the most fertile part of Kentucky. 
 
 The western part of the state has a generally level surface, diversified 
 by oak knobs. A range of hills runs parallel with the Ohio River. 
 
 Drainage. — Kentucky is abundantly provided with noble 
 streams. The Mississippi forms its western limit for 80 miles ; 
 the Ohio skirts the northern border for over 600 miles ; and 
 the Big Sandy, flowing into the Ohio at the north-eastern cor¬ 
 ner of the state, gives it an additional river boundary of about 
 100 miles. Thus there is a continuous river boundary from 
 the point where the Big Sandy River breaks through the crest 
 of the Alleghanies to the south-western corner of the state, — 
 a distance of fully 800 miles. 
 
 Most of the other rivers of the state flow into the Ohio. The most im¬ 
 portant are the Licking, the mouth of which is opposite Cincinnati; the 
 Kentucky, navigated by steamboats 80 miles; Green River, navigable 
 for steamboats to Greensburg, 200 miles; the Cumberland, navigable 
 to Nashville, Tenn.; and the Tennessee River, navigable nearly its 
 entire course of over 500 miles. 
 
 Climate.—The climate of Kentucky is healthful and pleas¬ 
 ant. The state is free from the malarial influences of the 
 lower Mississippi-valley states. In the upland and mountain 
 districts the summers are long and delightful, and the winters 
 short and seldom severe. 
 
 Resources.—Kentucky possesses a soil of great fertility, 
 extensive forests of valuable woods, rich deposits of coal and 
 iron ore, and an abundance of excellent building-stone. 
 
 1 
 
142 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 The soil of the Blue Grass region is unequaled in its fertility; and there 
 is hardly any part of the state that does not yield abundant harvests. 
 The forests abound in valuable woods, and over half the state is under¬ 
 laid by exhaustless beds of iron and coal. 
 
 Hydraulic limestone abounds, and is largely used in the manufacture of 
 cements. Limestones are also extensively found in caves produced 
 by the action of flowing water. The most famous of these is the 
 Mammoth Cave in Edmonson County, the largest in the world. The 
 cave is about ten miles long, and the aggregate length of all its 
 chambers and passages is nearly 200 miles. 
 
 The rivers of the state are of great service to commerce ; and their 
 navigation has been much improved by appropriations from the National 
 Government, and by state and local enterprise. 
 
 Industries.—Agriculture is the chief industrial pursuit. 
 Mining, manufacturing, and commerce also engage large num¬ 
 bers of the people of the state. 
 
 Tobacco is the most valuable product. The annual yield is over one- 
 third the whole amount produced in the United States. In 1880 the 
 crop amounted to 171,120,784 pounds. 
 
 Of hemp and flax the state raises two-thirds of all that is grown in the 
 country. In 1880 it produced 72,852,000 bushels of corn, 4,582,000 
 bushels of oats, and 11,356,000 bushels of wheat. 
 
 In stock-raising it ranks as one of the leading states, not only on 
 account of its great numbers of horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and hogs, 
 but on account of the excellence of their breeds. 
 
 The principal manufactures are mill-products, distilled liquors, lumber, 
 forged, rolled, and pig iron, castings, bagging, and prepared tobacco. 
 
 The principal exports are hemp, flax, tobacco, horses, mules, hogs, cattle, 
 bagging, and rope. 
 
 The domestic commerce of the state is large. Jan. 1, 18S2, there were 
 1,715 miles of railroad in operation in the state. 
 
 Government. — The state constitution now in force in Ken¬ 
 tucky was adopted in 1850; but numerous important changes 
 have been made in the organic law since that date. 
 
 The legislative department is called the General Assembly, consisting 
 of two houses, — a Senate, and a House of Representatives. The 
 Senate has thirty-eight members, holding office for four years, one- 
 half being elected every two years. The House consists of a hundred 
 members, who are elected for two years. The Legislature meets 
 biennially in December of odd years, and its sessions are limited to 
 sixty days. 
 
 The executive department comprises a governor, lieutenant-governor, 
 secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, attorney-general, and superintend¬ 
 ent of public instruction. The secretary of state is appointed by 
 the governor. All the rest are elected by the people. The term of 
 office of all executive officers is four years, except that of the treas- j 
 urer, which is two years. 
 
 The judicial department consists of a Supreme Court, of four justices 
 elected by the people for a term of eight years. There are various 
 inferior circuit and county courts, and also municipal courts in the j 
 larger cities. 
 
 Kentucky sends to the Congress of the United States two senators and 
 eleven representatives. 
 
 Education.—The educational officers provided by law are 
 the state superintendent, the state board of education, the j 
 state board of examiners, county school commissioners and 
 examiners, and district boards of school trustees. 
 
 T.he state school fund amounts to $1 ,755,682. In 1880 there were 
 
 265,581 children enrolled in the schools, taught by 6,764 teachers; and 
 over $800,000 was expended in maintaining the schools. 
 
 Excellent systems of schools are maintained in Louisville, Covington, 
 Newport, Paducah, and several other cities and towns. 
 
 There are several normal schools in the state which are well attended, 
 and teachers’ institutes are required by law to be held annually in 
 each county. 
 
 The State Agricultural and Mechanical College is at Lexington. The 
 State Institution for the Blind is at Louisville; that for the deaf and 
 dumb is at Danville; and that for the feeble-minded, at Frankfort. 
 
 There are also many excellent schools and colleges maintained at 
 private expense, or endowed by the liberality of various religious 
 denominations. 
 
 History.—The first lasting settlements in Kentucky were 
 made by Daniel Boone and others, in the first year of the 
 Revolutionary war (1775), when Boonesborough was founded. 
 
 The settlements at first, suffered greatly from the Indians; and many 
 dreadful deeds were done which gave peculiar significance to the name 
 “Kentucky,” which, in the Indian language, means the “dark and 
 bloody ground.” 
 
 In 1796 Kentucky was regularly organized as a county of Virginia; and, 
 after the close of the war, Virginians and North Carolinians flocked 
 to the new country in large numbers. At the census of 1790 there 
 were 73,677 inhabitants within its bounds; and, in 1792, it was ad¬ 
 mitted to the Union, — the first state west of the Alleghanies. Ken¬ 
 tucky remained a part of Virginia until its admission as a state. 
 
 The growth of Kentucky has been steady and substantial; and, at every 
 census, it has ranked within the first nine states in population. 
 
 Political Divisions. — Kentucky is divided into 117 coun- 
 1 ties, and the counties are sub-divided into magisterial districts 
 (voting-precincts). 
 
 By the census of 1880 there were, in the state, 896 magisterial precincts, 
 19 cities, and 304 towns and villages. 
 
 The following are among the more important cities and 
 towns in the state : — 
 
 Frankfort (6,958), capital of the state, and county seat of Franklin 
 County, is situated on the east bank of the Kentucky River. It is in-the 
 heart of the Blue Grass region, and is the center of a large trade and 
 shipping interest. It is the seat of several important state institutions. 
 
 Louisville (123,788), the largest city in the state, is situated in Jefferson 
 County at the falls of the Ohio River It is the metropolis of a large 
 section of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, and carries on an extensive 
 trade. It is the most important tobacco market in the country. 
 
 The city is beautifully laid out, and contains a number of fine public 
 and business buildings, and many handsome private residences. There are 
 numerous large manufacturing establishments. The public schools are 
 liberally maintained, and include two fine high schools, — one for boys, and 
 one for girls. 
 
 Covington (29,720), in Kenton County, and Newport (20,433), > n Camp¬ 
 bell County, are situated on the Ohio River opposite Cincinnati. Their 
 business and manufacturing interests are closely connected with those of 
 Cincinnati, and they together constitute one of the most enterprising com¬ 
 mercial centers in the country. 
 
 Lexington (16,656), county seat of Fayette County, is the largest city in 
 the Blue Grass region. It is, next to Boonesborough, the oldest town in the 
 state. Several railroads center here. Lexington is the seat of Kentuckv 
 University and the State Insane Asylum. Excellent public schools. 
 
 Paducah—county seat of McCracken County — 
 is an important business center, located on 
 the Ohio River at the mouth of the Ten¬ 
 nessee. Large manufacturing interests. 
 Extensive trade by railroad and river. 
 Good schools. 
 
 Owensboro — county seat of Daviess County, 
 on the Ohio River. It is the trading and 
 shipping center of a fine tobacco-growing 
 section. Manufactures of lumber, flour, 
 leather, and distilled spirits. 
 
 Henderson — county seat of Henderson County — 
 is a city on the Ohio just below Evansville, 
 Ind., with which it has close business con¬ 
 nections. Large tobacco market. Good 
 local trade. Excellent schools. 
 
 Maysville — county seat of Mason County, on 
 the Ohio River above Cincinnati. It is well 
 situated for trade by river and railroad, and 
 has considerable manufacturing interests. 
 
 Bowling Green — county seat of Warren County 
 
 — is the most important town in the region 
 known as the “ Barrens.” It is hand¬ 
 somely laid out, and well built. Seat of 
 several excellent educational institutions. 
 
 Hopkinsville—county seat of Christian County 
 
 — the richest tobacco-growing county in the 
 state. The city does a large trade and 
 shipping business. It is the seat of one of 
 the state asylums for the insane. 
 
 Ashland — in Boyd County — is an iron manufac¬ 
 turing and railroad town of growing impor¬ 
 tance on the Ohio River, a few miles below 
 the mouth of the Big Sandy. 
 
 Paris — county seat of Bourbon County — is the 
 business center of the finest stock-breeding 
 section of the state. The city is beautifully 
 situated, has fine public and private schools, 
 and large trade and manufactures. 
 
 Danville — county seat of Boyd County — is a 
 
TENNESSEE. 
 
 thriving town in the Blue Grass region. 
 Here are located the State Institution Cot 
 the Deaf and Dumb, and also Center College 
 (Presbyterian). 
 
 Richmond — county seat of Madison County — is 
 a growing town at the terminus of a branch 
 railroad. Trading center of a rich farming 
 
 and stock region, 
 versity. 
 
 Elizabethtown—county seat of Hardin County 
 — is a railroad junction and business center 
 about forty-five miles south of Louisville. 
 
 Dayton—Campbell County — is a manufacturing 
 suburb of Newport and Cincinnati. 
 
 The following enterprising towns are county seats 
 of their respective counties, and have a 
 population of between 2,000 and 2,500, ac¬ 
 cording to the census of 1880: Winches¬ 
 ter, Clark County; Cynthiana, Harrison 
 County; Nicholasville, Jessamine Coun¬ 
 ty; Russellville, Logan County; Leb- 
 
 143 
 
 anon, Marion County; Harrodsburg, 
 Mercer County; Mt. Sterling, Montgom¬ 
 ery County; Shelbyville, Shelby County; 
 and Versailles, Woodford County. 
 
 In addition to the above, there are many beauti¬ 
 ful and enterprising towns of from r,ooo to 
 2,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Seat of Central Uni- 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Boundaries. — What two states border Tennessee on the north ? Which 
 state on its eastern boundary? What three states border it on the south ? 
 What natural boundary has the state on the west? What two states are 
 immediately west of Tennessee ? 
 
 Through how many degrees of lon¬ 
 gitude does Tennessee extend? 
 
 Surface. — What part of the 
 state is mountainous? On the 
 eastern border of the state what 
 mountains are between the Hia- 
 wassee and Little Tennessee riv¬ 
 ers ? What mountains between the 
 Little Tennessee and French Broad 
 rivers ? What mountains between 
 the French Broad and Nolichucky 
 rivers ? What mountains between 
 the Nolichucky River and the north¬ 
 eastern corner of the state? To 
 what system do these mountains 
 belong? A ns. — The Appalachian. 
 
 Into what counties of Tennessee 
 do the Cumberland Mountains ex¬ 
 tend ? 
 
 Rivers. — What four rivers flow 
 from Virginia into Tennessee? 
 
 What five flow from North Caro¬ 
 lina into Tennessee? Describe the 
 course of the Tennessee River. 
 
 What are the principal streams 
 flowing into the Cumberland in this state? What tributaries does the 
 Tennessee receive in the western part of the state? What are the princi¬ 
 pal tributaries of the Mississippi in this state? 
 
 Counties. — What counties border on North Carolina? What counties 
 border on the Mississippi River? In what county is the state capital? 
 [In what county do you live? What counties adjoin the county in which 
 you live ?] 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Describe the location of the capital with reference 
 to its natural and political situation. What is the largest city of Last 
 Tennessee? In what county is it? Locate Memphis, Chattanooga, Mur¬ 
 freesboro’, Jackson, Clarksville, Columbia. Through what county seats does 
 the railroad from Bristol to Chattanooga pass? What county towns in 
 the eastern part are on the Tennessee River? What county towns in the 
 western part are on the Tennessee River? 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 42,050 square miles. Population, 1,542,359.] 
 
 I 
 
 Location and Extent. — Tennessee is one of the central! 
 Southern States, extending from the Mississippi River on the! 
 
 west to the crests of the Appalachian mountain system on the 
 east. 
 
 Its greatest width (north and south) is iio miles. Its great¬ 
 est length is about 430 miles. The northern and southern 
 
 boundaries follow parallels of 
 latitude, the eastern follows 
 the crests of mountain ranges, 
 and the western boundary is 
 •the Mississippi River. 
 
 Surface. — The whole of 
 the state belongs to the Mis¬ 
 sissippi valley; but it is usually 
 divided into three sections, — 
 East Tennessee, Middle Ten¬ 
 nessee, and West Tennessee. 
 
 East Tennessee lies between the 
 crest of the Cumberland Pla¬ 
 teau and the eastern boundary 
 line. It is a mountain valley 
 region about 100 miles in width, 
 and is intersected by numerous 
 parallel ridges bearing various 
 local names. This region con¬ 
 tains some of the grandest 
 mountain scenery to be found 
 on the continent. 
 
 Middle Tennessee extends from 
 East Tennessee westward to the Tennessee River. It is a moderately 
 hilly region, with an average elevation of 750 feet. 
 
 West Tennessee extends from the Tennessee River to the Mississippi. 
 The surface is either level or gently undulating, the extreme western 
 part being marked by high bluffs, with a narrow tract of bottom-lands 
 along the river border. 
 
 Drainage.— The Mississippi River forms the western bound¬ 
 ary for 160 miles; and into this great reservoir flow ulti¬ 
 mately all the waters of the state. 
 
 The Cumberland enters the state from Kentucky, and, after flowing 
 about 150 miles through the north-central part of the state, passes 
 again into Kentucky. It is navigable nearly its whole course in 
 Tennessee. 
 
 The Tennessee, formed by the union of the Clinch and Holston, after 
 leaving this state, and flowing through the northern part of Alabama 
 and into Mississippi, re-enters the western part, takes a northerly 
 course across its whole breadth, passes into Kentucky, and joins the 
 Ohio River at Paducah. It is navigable up to Florence, Ala., at the 
 foot of Muscle Shoals, and above the shoals to the junction of the 
 Clinch and Holston, and by the latter as far as Knoxville. The Hol- 
 
 MEMPHIS. 
 
>44 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 ston, from the point where it is joined by the French Broad, is some¬ 
 times called the Tennessee. 
 
 Climate. — Tennessee is generally healthful. The moun¬ 
 tain and upland regions are most delightful at all seasons of 
 the year, and are favorite resorts for tourists and invalids. 
 
 The winters are mild and pleasant, while the summers are long, and free 
 from oppressive heat. The only malarial region is the swampy parts 
 of West Tennessee. 
 
 Resources. — Middle and West Tennessee have a highly 
 productive soil, and the larger valleys and mountain slopes of 
 East Tennessee are very fertile. In mineral resources the 
 state is very rich, and the natural facilities for transportation 
 by water are an important element of business prosperity. The 
 mountain streams furnish an abundance of power for driving 
 mills and machinery. 
 
 The state has over 5,000 square miles of coal lands, and 28 counties 
 filled with inexhaustible beds of iron ore. Copper, zinc, and manga¬ 
 nese are also found in paying quantities in several localities. The 
 marbles of Tennessee are esteemed for their beauty and variety; and 
 excellent stone for building purposes is abundant. 
 
 Mineral springs are numerous, and are much resorted to by invalids. 
 
 The forests are also a great source of wealth, on account of their valu¬ 
 able timber, and their great variety and abundance of medicinal herbs. 
 
 Industries. — Agriculture is the most important industry. 
 The iron and coal interests are rapidly growing ; and the manu¬ 
 facturing industries are more developed than in any other of 
 the Southern States of the Mississippi valley. 
 
 The great agricultural staples are wheat, corn, cotton, hemp, and tobacco. 
 In the production of the last-named article, it ranked as the fifth state 
 in 1880. In the same year, there were produced 7,331,000 bushels of 
 wheat, 4,722,000 bushels of oats, and 62,765,000 bushels of corn. The 
 official estimate of the corn crop of 1882 was about 70,000,000 bushels. 
 
 Stock-raising, including horses, mules, cattle, and hogs, is largely car¬ 
 ried on. 
 
 The production of iron in 1880 amounted to over 104,000 tons; and this 
 industry is being developed very rapidly. 
 
 There are many cotton-mills, woolen-mills, manufactories of machinery 
 and hardware, tobacco factories, potteries, paper-mills, etc. The value 
 of manufactured articles is about $ 40,000,000 a year. 
 
 An extensive internal commerce is carried on through the rivers and 
 railroads of the state. 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1882, there were 1,974 miles of rail¬ 
 road in Tennessee, and the mileage considerably exceeds 2,000 
 miles at the present time. 
 
 Government. — Tennessee is governed under the constitu¬ 
 tion adopted in 1870. 
 
 The legislative department comprises a Senate of thirty-three members, 
 and a House of Representatives of ninety-nine members. Senators 
 and representatives are elected for two years. The Legislature meets 
 biennially on the first day of January of odd years, and its sessions 
 are limited to seventy-five days. 
 
 The executive department consists of a governor, secretary of state, treas¬ 
 urer, comptroller, attorney-general, superintendent of public schools, 
 adjutant-general, and commissioner of agriculture and statistics. The 
 governor is elected by the people, and holds office for two years from 
 the 1st of January of odd years. Other executive officers are appointed 
 by the governor, or chosen by the General Assembly. 
 
 The judicial department embraces the Supreme Court, and county, 
 circuit, chancery, and justices’ courts. All judges and justices are 
 elected by the people. 
 
 Tennessee sends to the National Congress two senators and ten repre¬ 
 sentatives. The state thus casts twelve electoral votes for President 
 of the United States. 
 
 Education. — The state superintendent of public schools, 
 nominated biennially by the governor, and confirmed by the 
 Senate, has general supervision of the school system of the 
 state. There are also county superintendents in each county, 
 chosen biennially by the county courts, and boards of three 
 district directors in each district, chosen by the people. 
 
 Normal instruction is provided in the Normal College at Nashville (under 
 the patronage of the trustees of the Peabody fund), in Knoxville Col¬ 
 lege, Marysville College, LeMoyne Normal Institute at Memphis, Fisk 
 University, Tennessee Central College, and Nashville Normal Institute 
 at Nashville. 
 
 Fine systems of graded and high schools are maintained at Chattanooga, 
 Knoxville, Memphis, Nashville, and many other places; and higher 
 instruction is also secured in many excellent academies in the state. 
 
 At the present time the permanent school fund amounts to $2.512,500; 
 and the total expenditure for free schools is 1881 was nearly $850,000. 
 
 There are over twenty institutions of collegiate rank in the state, several 
 of which are of high grade, and are well endowed. 
 
 The State University and the School for the Deaf and Dumb are at 
 Knoxville. The School for the Blind, and the medical department of 
 the State University, are at Nashville. 
 
 History. — The Tennessee country was originally a part of 
 North Carolina, for North Carolina was claimed to run west¬ 
 ward to the Mississippi. Occasional settlements were made 
 in East Tennessee as early as 1754 and 1768, but active col¬ 
 onization did not begin until near the close of the Revolution. 
 It then advanced so rapidly, that the population in 1790 was 
 over 35,000; and in 1796 the state was admitted to the Union 
 with a population of over 75,000. 
 
 In 1777 the Legislature of North Carolina organized the county of Wash¬ 
 ington, which comprised the whole state of Tennessee. In the next 
 year, a colony of refugees from the tyranny of the British in Caro¬ 
 lina located themselves on the Cumberland River, near the site of 
 Nashville. 
 
 In 1790, after numerous conflicts of authority between the settlers and 
 the state government of North Carolina, the latter ceded the whole 
 region to the United States. From this time until its admission as a 
 state, Tennessee belonged to what was called the “Territory south of 
 the Ohio River.” 
 
 The state derives its name from the name of its principal river; the 
 word, in the Indian tongue, signifying “ the river of the great bend.” 
 
 Tennessee was the last state to withdraw from the Union in 
 1861, and was the first one to resume its full Federal relations 
 after the close of the war, having been re-admitted to repre¬ 
 sentation in Congress in 1866. 
 
 During the civil war, the state furnished many soldiers to both sides 
 in the contest, and its soil was the scene of several hard-fought battles. 
 Among these were Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Fort Pillow (near 
 Memphis), Murfreesboro’, Chickamauga (on the Georgia state line), 
 Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Franklin, and Nashville. 
 
 The growth of the state has been steady and continuous from the first. 
 In 1800, the population was 105,602; and over 100,000 has been added 
 
 • each decade since that time. From 1870 to 1880, the increase was 
 nearly 300,000, — about twenty-three per cent. 
 
 The state has furnished three Presidents of the United States, — Andrew 
 Jackson, James K. Polk, and Andrew Johnson. 
 
 Political Divisions. — Tennessee is divided into ninety-six 
 counties, and the counties are sub-divided into civil districts, 
 which correspond to the townships of other states. 
 
 In 1880 there were 1,408 civil districts, 7 cities, and 265 towns and villages 
 in the state. 
 
TENNESSEE. 
 
 145 
 
 Among the more important cities and towns are the fol¬ 
 lowing : — 
 
 Nashville (43,350), the capital and largest city of the state, is situated in 
 Davidson County on the south bank of the Cumberland River. The city 
 is beautifully located, and handsomely built. Among the public buildings 
 are the state Capitol, a magnificent structure occupying a commanding ele¬ 
 vation in the heart of the city; the State Insane Asylum; the United-States 
 Court-House; and the buildings of Vanderbilt University, Fisk University, 
 Nashville University, and Tennessee Central College. 
 
 The city is famous for its educational advantages. Besides the institu¬ 
 tions just named, there are several excellent normal schools and academies. 
 The system of free public schools is liberally maintained, and rank with the 
 best in the country. 
 
 Nashville has a large wholesale trade with all parts of the South, and is 
 extensively engaged in manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, iron, 
 paper, leather, lumber, etc. Its railroad connections extend in all directions, 
 and give it great commercial advantages. 
 
 Memphis (33,592), the commercial metropolis of West Tennessee, is 
 situated on the Mississippi River in the south-western part of the state. 
 It is the most important commercial city between St. Louis and New 
 Orleans. In addition to the commercial facilities afforded by the river, it 
 has numerous railroad lines which bring the productions of a large section 
 of country to its wharves. 
 
 The city is handsomely built on a high bluff overlooking the river. 
 
 It is one of the greatest cotton markets in the country, the shipments 
 amounting to over 400,000 bales per year. The principal manufactures 
 are iron, iron goods, cotton-seed oil, lumber, tobacco, farm machinery, 
 etc. 
 
 The public schools are of superior character, and there are a number 
 of excellent private schools and seminaries. 
 
 Chattanooga (12,892), county seat of Hamilton County, is a flourishing 
 city located on the Tennessee River, under the northern spurs of Lookout 
 Mountain. The city is one of the most enterprising and prosperous in the 
 country, the population having more than doubled between the years 1870 
 and 1880. 
 
 It has large manufactures of iron, steel, machinery, etc., and its railroad 
 facilities give it command of a very large trade. The public schools are 
 of an excellent character, and are liberally sustained. In the vicinity are 
 
 extensive coal and iron fields, which are a great source of industrial 
 wealth. 
 
 Knoxville—the metropolis of East Tennessee — 
 is situated on the Holston (upper Tennessee) 
 
 River. It is one of the oldest towns in the 
 state, and was the first state capital. It has 
 good railroad connections, and does a large 
 wholesale and retail trade. Manufactures 
 are increasing very fast, and the city is 
 growing in wealth. The public schools are 
 well maintained, and very progressive in 
 their character. Seat of the University of 
 Tennessee, the State School for the Deaf and 
 Dumb, and other excellent institutions. 
 
 Jackson — county seat of Madison County — is 
 a growing railroad city in West Tennessee. 
 
 It is located in the heart of a very rich and 
 fertde farming region, and is extensively 
 engaged in trade and shipping. It is a con¬ 
 siderable cotton market, has large railroad 
 repair-shops and many handsome buildings. 
 
 It has good public and private schools, among 
 the latter the S. W. Baptist University 
 Clarksville — county seat of Montgomery County 
 — is a fine city in the northern part of Middle 
 Tennessee, on the Cumberland River. Has 
 good shipping facilities by rail and river, 
 and large local trade. Good public schools. 
 
 Seat of South-western University and Clarks¬ 
 ville Female Academy. 
 
 Murfreesboro’ — county seat of Rutherford 
 County —is a prosperous town of Middle 
 Tennessee, on the railroad from Nashville 
 to Chattanooga. The town has a large 
 retail trade, and considerable manufactures 
 of lumber, leather, wooden-ware, etc. Here 
 are several excellent schools and seminaries. 
 
 Columbia — county seat of Maury County — is a 
 thriving town and railroad junction in Mid¬ 
 dle Tennessee. It is surrounded by a fine 
 farming and stock raising country, and has 
 considerable trade and manufactures. 
 
 Lebanon — county seat of Wilson County — is a 
 pleasant town, well situated for trade. It is 
 connected with Nashville by a branch of the 
 Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis Rail¬ 
 road. Seat of Cumberland University. 
 
 Fayetteville — county seat of Lincoln County — 
 is a rapidly-growing railroad town of Middle 
 
 Tennessee. Its trade and manufactures are 
 increasing, and it ships largely of stock, 
 grain, and other products. 
 
 Pulaski —county seat of Giles County —is the 
 center of a rich farming region of Southern 
 Tennessee. It ships great quantities of 
 stock, cotton grain, etc. Here are several 
 excellent educational institutions. 
 
 The following places of from 1,000 to 2,000 
 inhabitants are worthy of mention: — 
 
 In East Tennessee: Marysville, Blount County, 
 an enterprising trading village and educa¬ 
 tional center; Cleveland, Bradley County, 
 a handsome and important railroad town; 
 Greenevillf, county seat of Greene Coun¬ 
 ty: Morristown, Hamblen County, a 
 growing town and railroad center; Rock- 
 wood, Roane County, a new and enter¬ 
 prising mining and manufacturing town; 
 Athens, McMinn County, seat of East 
 Tennessee Wesleyan University; and Bris¬ 
 tol, Sullivan County, a thriving railroad 
 town on the Virginia state line. 
 
 In Middle Tennessee: Shelbyville, Bedford 
 County, the business center of a rich farm¬ 
 ing and grazing region ; Winchester, 
 Franklin County, terminus of a branch 
 railroad; Savannah, Hardin County, a fine 
 and rapidly growing town on the Tennessee 
 River; Gallatin, Sumner County, a manu¬ 
 facturing town and shipping point for a fine 
 agricultural section; McMinnville, Warren 
 County, terminus of a branch railroad; and 
 Franklin, Williamson County, the business 
 center of one of the richest counties in the 
 state. 
 
 In West Tennessee: Dyersburg, Dyer County, 
 on the edge of the rich cotton lands of the 
 Mississippi; Trenton and Milan, Gibson 
 County, railroad towns of local importance; 
 Bolivar, Hardeman County, a town with 
 an enterprising population, and excellent 
 schools; Paris, Henry County, a growing 
 railroad and manufacturing town ; and 
 Union City, Obion County, an important 
 railroad junction rapidly growing in manu¬ 
 factures and trade. 
 
 1 
 
OHIO 
 
 H7 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation and Outline. — What partial natural boundary has Ohio on the 
 north ? What state north-west ? What two states on the east ? What river 
 separates Ohio from West Virginia and Kentucky? Between what parallels 
 of latitude is Ohio situated? Between what meridians? When it is noon 
 at Washington, what time is it at Cincinnati ? At Zanesville ? What is the 
 general shape of Ohio? 
 
 Coast. — Measure by the scale of miles the length of lake-shore in Ohio. 
 Name three bays in the western part. What country north of Ohio ? What 
 parallel crosses the national boundary line ? What islands in Lake Erie 
 belong to Ohio ? 
 
 Surface. — Are any mountains marked on the map? What is the main 
 watershed, judging by the courses of the principal streams ? 
 
 Rivers.— What river receives the principal drainage of this state ? Name 
 the principal affluents of the Ohio in this state. Name any rivers of Ohio 
 which flow into Indiana. What rivers flow into Lake Erie? What river 
 flows into Sandusky Bay? Through what counties, from what source, and 
 into what, does each of the following rivers flow: Great Miami? Little 
 Miami? Scioto? Hocking? Muskingum? Cuyahoga? Sandusky? Auglaize? 
 Name the chief tributaries of each of the following rivers: Muskingum, 
 Scioto, Great Miami. 
 
 Counties. — Which counties border on Michigan? On Lake Erie? On 
 Pennsylvania? On West Virginia? On Kentucky? On Indiana? Which 
 is the most southern county? The most northern? In which county is 
 the capital? 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Locate Cincinnati, the metropolis. What are the 
 chief cities on Lake Erie shore ? Locate Toledo. What are the principal 
 places on Sandusky River? On Cuyahoga River? On Muskingum River? 
 What cities on the Ohio? What places on Hocking River? On the Scioto? 
 On the Great Miami? [What is the county-seat of the county in which you 
 live ?] 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 41,060 square miles. Population, 3,198,062 . ] 
 
 Situation, Outline, and Extent. — Ohio, one of the “ East- 
 Central States,” is situated between 38° 25' and 42 0 north lati¬ 
 tude, and 8o° 30' and 84° 50' west longitude. 
 
 In outline this 
 state approaches 
 a square, its de¬ 
 parture from a 
 regular square 
 being due to the 
 fact that it has 
 the natural boun¬ 
 daries of Lake Erie on the north and the Ohio River on the 
 south-east and south. 
 
 The longest east and west measurement is 225 miles ; the 
 longest north and south measurement, 210 miles. The area is 
 somewhat greater than that of Virginia, but less than that of 
 New York or Pennsylvania. 
 
 Surface. — The general surface of Ohio is a table-land whose 
 average elevation is 800 to 1,000 feet above the sea-level. The 
 surface, though delightfully varied, nowhere presents any con¬ 
 siderable elevations above the plateau. A ridge of highlands 
 north of the middle of the state forms the “great divide” sep¬ 
 arating the drainage of Lake Erie from that of the Ohio River. 
 From the summit of these highlands the surface slopes gradu¬ 
 ally to the lake and the Ohio. 
 
148 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 The “great divide,” the most prominent feature in the topography of 
 Ohio, passes diagonally across the state, from Ashtabula County in 
 the north-east to Mercer and Darke counties in the west. The high¬ 
 est summit in this range is in Logan County, and has an elevation of 
 1,540 feet. 
 
 A subordinate ridge crosses the state in the latitude of Zanesville and 
 Columbus; and between this and the Ohio the surface is diversified 
 with hill and dale. 
 
 Coast. — The lake-shore of Ohio has an extent of 230 miles. 
 At the west end of the lake are Maumee and Sandusky bays, 
 and there are good harbors at Ashtabula, Cleveland, and 
 Black River. There are several small islands in the west 
 end of Lake Erie, and known as the Wine Islands : most of 
 these are included within the limits of the state. 
 
 Drainage.—The rivers of Ohio debouch either into the 
 Ohio or into Lake Erie, and hence belong to two systems,— 
 the Gulf (or Mississippi) system and the Atlantic (or St. Law¬ 
 rence) system. 
 
 The Ohio River, entering the state from Pennsylvania, near 
 the middle of the eastern boundary, flows along the whole of 
 the south-eastern and southern border, a distance of 436 miles. 
 The Ohio is navigable throughout its whole extent in this 
 state, and for light-draught vessels to Pittsburgh, except during 
 dry seasons. This great stream is the immediate reservoir 
 of three-fourths of the drainage waters of the state. 
 
 Its principal tributaries are the Mahoning, Muskingum (made 
 navigable by slack-water improvements to Dresden, 95 miles 
 from its mouth), Hocking, Scioto, Little Miami, and Great 
 Miami rivers. 
 
 The shorter watershed, on the northern slope of the “great 
 divide,” is drained by the Maumee (navigable to South Toledo), 
 Portage, Sandusky (navigable to Fremont), Huron, Vermilion, 
 Black, Rocky, Cuyahoga, Chagrin, and Grand rivers. Most of 
 these have rapid courses, and are valuable chiefly for the water¬ 
 power they afford. 
 
 Climate. — The climate is agreeable and healthful, though 
 the state is subject to great and sudden changes in tempera¬ 
 ture. In the southern part snow rarely lies long enough to 
 make good sleighing ; farther north, especially in sections away 
 from the modifying effect of Lake Erie, the winters are as cold 
 as in the same latitude near the Atlantic. There is a differ¬ 
 ence of about six degrees between the mean temperature of 
 Cincinnati and of Cleveland. The prevailing summer winds 
 are from the south-west. 
 
 The annual rainfall along the Ohio River is about 44 inches; on the 
 Lake Shore it is about 33 inches. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — The natural advantages of this 
 favored state may be grouped under the four heads of soil, 
 minerals, forests, and facilities for transportation. 
 
 /. Soil. The soil may be generally characterized as fertile, 
 and much of it exceedingly so. The southern slopes of the 
 watershed are best fitted for the growth of grain ; while the 
 northern slopes are admirably suited for grazing. The Miami, 
 Scioto, and Muskingum river-bottoms (largely underlaid by the 
 self-fertilizing soil derived from the highly fossiliferous “Cin¬ 
 cinnati limestone ) are among the richest corn-growing regions 
 of the world. 
 
 II. Minerals .—The principal mineral products of Ohio are 
 coal, iron, clays, gypsum, peat, salt, petroleum, lime, hydraulic 
 cement, marl, and building-stone. 
 
 The coal-measures occupy the south-eastern third of the state, covering 
 an estimated area of more than 12,000 square miles. The counties of 
 Mahoning, Columbiana, Stark, Holmes, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Jeffer¬ 
 son, Harrison, Belmont, Guernsey, Coshocton, Muskingum, Perry, 
 Noble, Morgan, Monroe, Washington, Athens, Meigs, Gallia, and 
 Lawrence, are entirely underlaid by coal, which is also found to a 
 greater or less extent in Jackson, Trumbull, Portage, Geauga, Sum¬ 
 mit, Medina, Licking, Wayne, Hocking, Fairfield, Scioto, Vinton, 
 Knox, Richland, and Ashland. 
 
 Iron.—Between Marietta and Portsmouth (especially in Lawrence, 
 Jackson, and Scioto counties) there is a magnificent development 
 of iron ores in the lower coal-measures. They are the most im¬ 
 portant carbonates of iron in the United States, and are largely 
 wrought. The most important deposit of “black-band” ore is found 
 in Tuscarawas and Stark counties. 
 
 The salt of Ohio is manufactured from brine obtained by boring deep 
 wells in the coal-bearing region. 
 
 III. Forests. — The state was originally splendidly timbered, 
 and, though time and the axe have much reduced the forest 
 area, it is still of considerable extent. In the highlands are 
 found the oak, chestnut, maple, etc. ; on the lowlands, the 
 elm, beech, ash, etc. 
 
 IV Water-Highways. — Ohio has admirable natural chan¬ 
 nels of transportation in its two great water-highways, — the 
 Ohio River, extending along half the eastern and the entire 
 southern border of the state, in a course of 436 miles, and 
 Lake Erie, the Ohio shore of which has an extent of 230 
 miles ; thus giving the state a navigable water-frontier of 666 
 miles. By these two great channels Ohio has direct communi¬ 
 cation both with the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Agriculture. — The agricultural interest is very large, Ohio 
 ranking among the foremost states in the production of the 
 cereals (especially corn, wheat, and oats), and of hay, flax, and 
 tobacco, in stock-raising and wool-growing, in dairy products, 
 and in fruit-culture. 
 
 Many of the best lands in the state were called “barrens ” by the early 
 settlers, and were supposed to be too dry to have much value. 
 
 Mining. — In the coal and iron regions mining is an im¬ 
 portant industry. In the product of its coal-mines, and in the 
 value of its iron-products, Ohio is second only to Pennsyl¬ 
 vania. 
 
 Manufactures. — In its abundant supply of water-power, 
 coal, iron, and timber, Ohio possesses great natural advantages 
 as a manufacturing state, and its active and intelligent popu¬ 
 lation largely avails itself of these advantages. Ohio ranks 
 next after New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts in the 
 amount of capital employed in manufactures, and the value of 
 products. 
 
 The leading articles of manufacture are flouring and grist¬ 
 mill products, iron-products, agricultural implements, clothing, 
 packed meats, sawed and planed lumber, distilled, malt, and 
 vinous liquors, machinery, carpenter-work, boots and shoes, 
 furniture, tanned and curried leather, tobacco and cigars, car¬ 
 riages and wagons, paper, etc. 
 
 The fisheries of Lake Erie are highly important. The chief 
 fishing-ports are Sandusky, Toledo, Cleveland, Huron, Conneaut, 
 Put-in Bay, and Ashtabula. 
 
 Commerce. — The large production of food-supplies, raw 
 material, and manufactured articles, creates for the state an 
 extensive commerce. FTom the geographical position of Ohio, 
 the exchanges are, however, for the most part, inter-state. 
 
OHIO. 
 
 149 
 
 Ohio has three United States customs districts, — Miami, Sandusky, 
 and Cuyahoga; the ports of entry being Toledo, Sandusky, and 
 Cleveland. Cincinnati is a port of delivery in the district of Louisi¬ 
 ana; it is also a port of entry, where merchandise maybe entered 
 without appraisement at the port of first arrival. 
 
 Transportation. — In addition to the natural facilities of 
 cheap transportation afforded by the Ohio River and Lake Erie, 
 the state is richly equipped with canals and railroads. 
 
 Ohio has a total of Soo miles of canal navigation. The principal canals 
 are the Ohio, from Cleveland to Portsmouth, 309 miles, and the 
 Miami and Erie , from Cincinnati to Toledo, 246 miles. 
 
 The railroad system is very extensive. The mileage of track 
 has increased from 36 miles in 1841 to more than 6,000 miles 
 (exclusive of sidings and extra tracks). The principal railroad 
 centers are Cincinnati, Columbus, Toledo, Dayton, Cleveland, 
 and Mansfield. 
 
 State Government. —The state government consists of three 
 departments,—the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. 
 
 The present constitution of Ohio was adopted in 1851. The right to 
 vote is secured to every white male citizen of the United States, 
 twenty-one years of age, who has resided one year in the state, 
 thirty days in the county, and twenty in the township, village, or 
 ward, next preceding the election. Colored citizens are entitled to 
 vote under the Federal Constitution. The general elections are 
 held annually on the second Tuesday of October. 
 
 The Legislature, or General Assembly, consists of a Senate 
 and a House of Representatives, the members of each being 
 elected for two years. Its regular sessions are biennial, begin¬ 
 ning on the first Monday of January in even years. 
 
 The executive officers of the state are a governor, lieutenant- 
 governor, secretary of state, treasurer, and attorney-general, 
 elected by the people for two years ; a comptroller and com¬ 
 missioner of common schools, for three years ; and an auditor, 
 for four years. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in a supreme court of five judges, 
 in district courts, courts of common pleas, courts of probate, 
 and other minor local courts. Besides these are special superior 
 courts in certain cities. 
 
 Education. — Ohio was a pioneer state in the establishment 
 of free education, and in no part of the country does the com¬ 
 mon school system receive a more liberal and enlightened sup¬ 
 port. The annual expenditure for school purposes is in excess of 
 $8,000,000. The public schools include the common schools, 
 graded and ungraded, and the high schools ; the whole under 
 the supervision of the state commissioner, and local boards and 
 superintendents. 
 
 By the school law of 1873 the state is divided into school districts of 
 five classes; the first class comprising cities with over 10,000 pop¬ 
 ulation; the second, cities of less than that number; the third, 
 incorporated villages; the fourth, special districts; and the fifth, 
 township districts. In all of these districts, boards of education are 
 elected by the people. 
 
 The higher education is provided for in mere than fifty col¬ 
 leges and professional schools. The Ohio Agricultural and 
 Mechanical College at Columbus is a state institution. To 
 these should be added numerous private educational establish¬ 
 ments of a high order, including various normal schools for the 
 training of teachers, and furnishing special courses of instruc¬ 
 tion. - 
 
 French pioneers, by right of whose discoveries the French 
 claimed the whole of the Mississippi Valley. By the treaty 
 of 1763 (which closed the French and Indian war) all the 
 French possessions between the Alleghanies and the Missis¬ 
 sippi (except the island and city of New Orleans) were ceded 
 to England ; and by the treaty of 1783 (which ended the Revo¬ 
 lutionary War) this extensive region became a part of the 
 United States. 
 
 In the year 1787, Congress, by an ordinance, erected “the 
 territory north-west of the Ohio” into a political territory, 
 declaration being made that slavery should not be allowed in 
 it. The ordinance further provided that a certain number of 
 future states (from three to five) should be formed from the 
 “North-west Territory,” as it was called, and admitted into the 
 Union, when they should have a population of 60,000 each. 
 Gen. St. Clair was appointed territorial governor. In the 
 mean time the first permanent white settlement in the Ohio 
 region was made by a band of New England pioneers, who, 
 under Gen. Rufus Putnam, established themselves at Marietta 
 in 1788. Washington was much interested in this first emigra¬ 
 tion to the Great West, and said of this settlement, “ No 
 colony in America was ever settled under such favorable 
 auspices as that which has just commenced at the Muskingum. 
 I know many of the settlers personally, and there never were 
 men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a com¬ 
 munity.” 
 
 The settlement which afterwards grew to be the “ Queen 
 City” of Cincinnati was founded in the following year, 1789. 
 In January, a few pioneers landed on “a delightful high bank 
 of the Ohio,” where they began a village which they called 
 Losanteville , a name soon afterwards changed by Gen. St. Clair 
 to Cincinnati. At this period the woods and prairies of Ohio 
 swarmed with Indians, among whom were the Miamis, Wyan- 
 dots, Shawanese, and many other tribes. They were very hos¬ 
 tile to the whites who now began to overrun their hunting- 
 grounds. In 1790 war was begun. Several encounters, in 
 which the Indians were successful, took place ; and in the fol¬ 
 lowing year Gov. St. Clair was defeated. Soon afterwards 
 Gen. Anthony Wayne was put in command of the forces : he 
 overcame the hostiles, and in 1795 made a treaty of peace, 
 which buried the hatchet in Ohio. 
 
 The increase of population in the north-west territory was 
 so rapid, that in 1800 it numbered 45,000. Large numbers 
 went from Connecticut to the region called the “ Connecticut 
 Reserve,” or the “Western Reserve,”—a part of Connecti¬ 
 cut’s early charter claim which that state had reserved when 
 she gave up her western lands to Congress. A large part of 
 this “Reserve” 1 was-sold to a Connecticut company in 1795. 
 Moses Cleveland was the surveyor; and in his honor the first 
 city of the “ Reserve,” Cleveland, was named. 
 
 In 1800 the north-west territory was divided, the western 
 part taking the name of the “ Indiana Territory.” In 1802 the 
 eastern part had a sufficient population (60,000) to be admitted, 
 and in that year it came into the Union as the state of Ohio. 
 From 1800 to 1810 the seat of government was in Chillicothe ; 
 from 1810 to 1812, at Zanesville; and from 1812 to 1816, at 
 Chillicothe. Columbus became the capital in 1816. 
 
 History. — The first white explorers of Ohio were the early 
 
 1 The Reserve is bounded by Lake Erie, the eastern state line, the parallel of 
 41 and the western boundary of Huron and Erie counties. 
 
OHIO. 
 
 150 
 
 I11 1811 the first steamboat that navigated the western 
 waters, the “ New Orleans,” was launched at Pittsburgh. In 
 1825 the noble common school system of the state was insti¬ 
 tuted. 
 
 The progress of Ohio up to the present time has been ex¬ 
 traordinarily rapid. The one hundred log-cabins of Cincinnati 
 in 1796 have grown to a splendid and populous city. The 
 Ohio, which in 1788 floated the “Mayflower,” the rude ark of 
 the first white pioneers, now bears its hundreds of steamers, 
 and its banks are filled with beautiful and flourishing cities and 
 towns. 
 
 Political Divisions. — Ohio contains 88 counties, which are 
 subdivided into cities, townships, and villages. 
 
 Cincinnati (population 255,139) is the metropolis of the 
 state. Located about midway between Pittsburgh at the head, 
 and Cairo at the mouth, of the Ohio River, its position is pecul¬ 
 iarly favorable to commerce. It is the southern terminus of 
 the Miami Canal, and a center from which numerous railroads 
 radiate in all directions. A suspension bridge connects Cin¬ 
 cinnati with Covington, Ky., and a wrought-iron railroad pier 
 bridge with Newport, Ky., from which places, separated by the 
 Licking River, railway lines afford communication to the south. 
 Besides these bridges there are several ferries across the Ohio 
 at this point. The central position of Cincinnati in relation to 
 extensive producing regions and to leading channels of com¬ 
 merce, both by water and by rail, renders it one of the most 
 important commercial cities of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Its manufactures are of a widely diversified character; the 
 most important industries being pork-packing, the fabrication 
 of iron and leather goods, furniture, and clothing, and the brew¬ 
 ing, distilling, and refining of liquors. 
 
 This city is specially noteworthy for the elegance of its pri¬ 
 vate residences and public edifices. Among the latter may be 
 mentioned the United States government building, the county 
 court-house, the Cincinnati Hospital, Pike’s Opera House, the 
 Masonic Temple, and numerous beautiful church edifices and 
 charitable institutions. 
 
 Cincinnati supports an admirable system of public schools, 
 and is the seat of the Cincinnati University, of the Cincinnati 
 Wesleyan College for P'emales, of St. Xavier’s College, of the 
 McMicken School of Design, of Lane Theological Seminary, 
 and other institutions of learning of a high character, besides 
 numerous libraries, both public and private. 
 
 Cincinnati was first settled in 1789 by emigrants from New Jersey. It 
 is said that its name was suggested by Gen. St. Clair, in honor of 
 the Cincinnati Society of Officers of the Revolutionary War. In 1790 
 Hamilton County was organized, with Cincinnati as the county-seat. 
 With the application of steam to river-navigation, the whole charac¬ 
 ter of trade on the Ohio was changed; and Cincinnati, organized as 
 a city in 1814, became the mart of a vast commerce, and the point 
 of receipt and distribution of the immense surplus products of the 
 great region of which she was the center. 
 
 Cleveland, the second city in population and importance, is 
 county seat of Cuyahoga County, and is situated on the southern 
 shore of Lake Erie, at the north of Cuyahoga River, which is 
 here spanned by several bridges. This city is a port of entry, 
 and its harbor is provided with a commodious ship-channel. 
 At Cleveland is the northern terminus of the Ohio Canal, by 
 which this city is connected with the coal-fields and grain-dis¬ 
 tricts of the state. It has also an extensive trade by water 
 
 with the various lake ports, and is a railroad center of prime 
 importance. 
 
 Its industries are numerous, and its manufacturing establish¬ 
 ments number over 400. Among these are extensive iron¬ 
 works, oil-refineries, flouring-mills, and manufactories of agricul¬ 
 tural implements. The trade with the Lake Superior mining 
 region is very great, and large quantities of copper and iron ore 
 are shipped thence to this port. The trade in wool, lumber, 
 and bituminous coal, is also extensive. 
 
 The streets and squares of this city are wide and spacious, 
 well lighted, and well paved. The abundance of shade-trees 
 has given it the title of the “ Forest City.” It is a city of ele¬ 
 gant residences with ample grounds. There are two parks 
 within the city ; and among other public buildings the following 
 are especially noteworthy : Case Hall, the Cleveland Medical 
 College, the government building, the Union Railway Depot, 
 and a number of fine library-buildings well supplied with ex¬ 
 cellent libraries. The city supports an admirable system of 
 public schools, with many large and handsome school-buildings, 
 and has also various private and denominational institutions 
 and seminaries. 
 
 Toledo, a city, port of entry, and county seat of Lucas 
 County, is situated on Maumee River, five miles from its mouth 
 in Maumee Bay, and eight miles from Lake Erie. It is located 
 on the Miami and Erie Canal, by which it has communication 
 with Cincinnati and Evansville, Ind., and it has extensive rail¬ 
 road connections. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the 
 Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific, and numerous other railroads, 
 center here in an immense union depot. There are eleven 
 elevators, with storage for more than 4,000,000 bushels of grain. 
 The chief items of receipt and shipment are grain and flour; 
 
 ' but it has also an important trade in live stock, lumber, hides, 
 wool, iron, etc. The manufactures are extensive, the establish¬ 
 ments including the largest wagon-works in America, planing 
 : mills, pump-factories, foundries, boiler and locomotive works, 
 establishments for making mowers and reapers, furniture, etc. 
 
 Toledo has a finely organized public school system, numerous 
 charitable institutions, and a public library. It was settled in 
 1832, and incorporated in 1836. 
 
 Columbus, in Franklin County, on Scioto River, near the 
 center of the state, is the capital of Ohio. It is situated on 
 a branch of the Ohio Canal, at the intersection of numerous 
 railroads, by one of which (the Columbus and Hocking Valley 
 Railroad) it has easy communication with the very rich iron 
 and coal region of the state. 
 
 The manufacturing establishments are numerous and impor¬ 
 tant, including foundries, breweries, machine-shops, planing- 
 mills, tanneries, flour-mills, blast-furnaces, and binderies. There 
 are also manufactories of agricultural implements, boilers, cars 
 and car-wheels, and furniture. 
 
 The state capitol is a very extensive and very beautiful speci¬ 
 men of Doric architecture. The charitable and penal institu¬ 
 tions are established in imposing edifices, and it may be said 
 in respect to its public buildings, that Columbus is not sur¬ 
 passed by any city in the United States, except Washington. 
 Especially deserving of notice are the penitentiary building, the 
 Central Ohio Lunatic-Asylum, the new Asylum for the Blind 
 (a handsome Gothic structure), the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 
 and the high school building. This city is the seat of Capitol 
 
OHIO. 
 
 University, the Oh»o Agricultural and Mechanical College, and 
 the State Library. 
 
 Dayton, county seat of Montgomery County, is located on the 
 Miami Canal, at the confluence of the Mad and Great Miami 
 rivers, and is an important railway center. It is a city of great 
 industrial activity, and is especially noted for its manufactures 
 of railroad-cars, paper, stoves, and hollow-ware. There are also 
 several breweries, iron-foundries and machine-shops, linseed-oil 
 mills, and manufactories of agricultural implements. 
 
 The city is regularly laid out, and its spacious streets are 
 lined with tasteful private residences. The public buildings of 
 Dayton are very beautiful and imposing. Among these may 
 be mentioned the County Court-House (a marble structuie), the 
 public markets, and the group of buildings which comprise the 
 
 National Soldiers’ Home. 
 
 Among the other principal cities and towns are, 
 
 Akron —the county seat of Summit County, on 
 the Ohio and Erie Canal, and Little Cuya¬ 
 hoga River. Manufactures of flour and 
 paper, iron goods, and agricultural im¬ 
 plements. 
 
 Alliance — a thriving railroad center in Stark 
 County, on the Mahoning River. Manu¬ 
 factures of white-lead, bagging, farming- 
 implements, etc. 
 
 Athens — a fine village and county seat of Athens 
 County, on Hocking River and Hocking 
 Canal. Seat of Ohio University and a hos¬ 
 pital for the insane. Manufactories of fur¬ 
 niture, machinery, etc. 
 
 Bellaire—a flourishing city of Belmont County, 
 on the Ohio River, five miles below Wheel¬ 
 ing. Manufactures of window-glass, flint- 
 ware, nails, galvanized ware, and farming 
 implements. Coal and limestone region. 
 
 Bellefontaine —a village and the county seat of 
 Logan County, at junction of several rail¬ 
 roads. Varied manufactures. 
 
 Bucyrus — the county seat of Crawford County, 
 on Sandusky River. Woolen-mills, and 
 manufacture of machinery, agricultural im¬ 
 plements, etc. 
 
 Canton — the county seat of Stark County, on 
 Nimishillen Creek. In a rich mineral and 
 very fine wheat-region. Most extensive man¬ 
 ufactories of farming-implements ; works of 
 Wrought Iron Bridge Company, iron-foun¬ 
 dries, machine-shops, paper-mills, woolen- 
 factories, etc. 
 
 Chillicothe — the county-seat of Ross County, 
 situated in the rich Scioto Valley. Large 
 local trade; considerable manufactures. 
 
 Circleville — the county seat of Pickaway County, 
 on the Scioto River. Canal and railroad 
 facilities; mills and manufactories. 
 
 Coshocton — the county seat of Coshocton 
 County, on Muskingum River and Ohio 
 Canal. Coal-trade; manufactures of axles 
 and steel springs, etc. 
 
 Delaware — the county seat of Delaware County. 
 A pleasant prosperous town, with various 
 manufactures. Seat of the Ohio Wesleyan 
 University and other educational institu¬ 
 tions. 
 
 Elyria — a beautiful village, county seat of Lorain 
 County, on Black River. Manufactures of 
 cheese, grindstones, hardware, etc. Rail¬ 
 road center. 
 
 Findlay— a village and county seat of Hancock 
 County. Manufactures of carriages, furni¬ 
 ture, machinery, etc. Railroad facilities. 
 
 Fremont — the county seat of Sandusky County, 
 on Sandusky River. Flourishing commer¬ 
 cial town. Varied manufactures, farming- 
 implements, steam-engines, lime, etc. 
 
 Galion — a flourishing city of Crawford County, 
 at the junction of several railroads. Ma¬ 
 chine-shops, cigar-factories, foundry, etc. 
 
 Gallipolis—the county seat of Gallia County, on 
 Ohio River. River trade; manufactures 
 
 of leather, lumber, furniture, brooms, and 
 woolen goods. 
 
 Hamilton — a city and county seat of Butler 
 County, on both banks of the Miami River 
 and on the Miami Canal. Manufactures of 
 woolen goods, flour, paper, agricultural im¬ 
 plements, machinery, and tools. 
 
 Hillsborough — a fine town, county seat of High¬ 
 land County Varied manufactures. Edu¬ 
 
 cational center. 
 
 Ironton —the county seat of Lawrence County, 
 on Ohio River. In a rich iron and bitumi¬ 
 nous coal region. Chief industries con¬ 
 nected with the iron interest. 
 
 Jackson — a village, the county seat of Jackson 
 County. Vicinity of beds of coal and iron- 
 ore. Blast-furnaces, flour and planing 
 mills. 
 
 Lancaster— the county seat of Fairfield County, 
 on Hocking River and Ohio Canal. A thriv¬ 
 ing city. Seat of Ohio Reform School. * 
 
 Lebanon — an attractive village, county seat of 
 Warren County. Superior educational fa¬ 
 cilities. 
 
 Lima — the county seat of Allen County, on 
 Ottawa Creek. Railroad center. Manu¬ 
 factures of steam-engines, furniture, rail¬ 
 road-cars, etc. 
 
 Mansfield — the county-seat of Richland County. 
 
 A flourishing city with fine railroad facilities. 
 Extensive manufactures, especially of farm¬ 
 ing-implements, steam-engines, saw-mills, 
 etc. 
 
 Marietta — the county seat of Washington County, 
 on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Mus¬ 
 kingum. Varied manufactures, and exten¬ 
 sive trade in petroleum. A handsome place 
 with picturesque surroundings. The oldest 
 town in the state. 
 
 Marion — the county seat of Marion County. 
 Important railroad center. Manufactories 
 of carriages, steam-engines, machinery, fur¬ 
 niture, farming-implements, chairs, etc. 
 
 Massillon —a city of Stark County, on Tusca¬ 
 rawas River. Canal and railroad facilities, 
 and advantages of rich coal and iron de¬ 
 posits; a flourishing mining, manufacturing, 
 and business center. 
 
 Middletown —a village of Butler County, on 
 Great Miami River and Miami Canal 
 Paper-mills, foundries, and tobacco-facto¬ 
 ries. 
 
 Mt. Vernon — the county seat of Knox County, 
 on Vernon River. A handsome place, carry¬ 
 ing on actively varied manufactures. 
 
 Newark — the county seat of Licking County, at 
 confluence of the three forks of Licking 
 River. Canal and railroad facilities. 
 
 New Philadelphia — county seat of Tuscarawas 
 County, on Tuscarawas River. Woolen and 
 planing mills, agricultural machines; rail¬ 
 way facilities. 
 
 Oberlin —a village of Lorain County. Seat of 
 Oberlin College. Manufacture of machines, 
 carriages, flour, etc. 
 
 Painesville — the county seat of Lake County, 
 on Grand River. Mills and divers manu¬ 
 factories; active trade. 
 
 Piqua — a city of Miami County, on west bank 
 of Great Miami River. Trading and ship¬ 
 ping center for a rich farming region; man¬ 
 ufactures of flour, carriages, furniture, 
 woolen goods, etc. 
 
 Pomeroy — the county seat of Meigs County, on 
 Ohio River. An important commercial and 
 manufacturing point. Coal-mines, foundries, 
 salt-furnaces, etc. 
 
 Portsmouth — the county seat of Scioto County, 
 on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the 
 
 151 
 
 Scioto, at the southern terminus of the Ohio 
 and Erie Canal. Iron and coal in vicinity. 
 Iron-works; canal and river trade. 
 
 Ravenna — the county seat of Portage County. 
 Manufactories of carriages, glass, machines, 
 woolen goods, flour, etc.; depot for cheese, 
 butter, wool, and flax. Railroad and canal 
 facilities. 
 
 Salem —a beautiful town of Columbiana County. 
 Center of rich farming country. Varied 
 manufactures. 
 
 Sandusky — the county seat of Erie County, on 
 the shore of Sandusky Bay, three miles from 
 Lake Erie. Extensive trade in lumber, ice, 
 and fish; manufactures of wood; center of 
 a vine-growing district. 
 
 Sidney — a beautiful village, county scat of Shelby 
 County, on high ground on Miami River. 
 Fine edifices; water-power; varied manu¬ 
 factures. 
 
 Springfield — the county seal of Clark County. 
 Manufacture of agricultural implements, 
 water-wheels, etc.; large trade in grain and 
 live-stock; railroad center. 
 
 Steubenville — the county seat of Jefferson 
 County, on Ohio River. Excellent coal; 
 extensive manufactories of iron, glass, etc.; 
 large local and river trade. 
 
 Tiffin — the county seat of Seneca County, on 
 Sandusky River. Railroad center and nu¬ 
 merous manufactories. Seat of Heidelberg 
 College. 
 
 Troy — a village and county seat of Miami County, 
 on Great Miami River and Miami Canal. 
 Beautiful situation. Extensive water-power; 
 flour-mills, wagon-factories, etc. - , extensive 
 trade. 
 
 Urbana — a beautiful city, county seat of Cham¬ 
 paign County. Railroad center. Varied 
 manufactures. 
 
 Warren — the county seat of Trumbull County. 
 Important railroad center, and depot for 
 varied manufactures and products. 
 
 Wooster — the county seat of Wayne County. 
 A flourishing business and manufacturing 
 point. The seat of Wooster University. 
 
 Xenia — the county seat of Greene County, on 
 Little Miami River. Railroad facilities ' 
 planing-mills, saw-mills, glass-works, manu¬ 
 factures of agricultural implements, cordage, 
 twine, carriages, etc. Educational center, 
 and seat of the Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ 
 Orphans’ Home. 
 
 Youngstown — the county seat of Mahoning 
 County, on Mahoning River. Advantageous 
 situation in center of the block coal region. 
 Railroad facilities. One of the finest manu¬ 
 facturing cities in the state; twenty blast¬ 
 furnaces, several rolling-mills, etc. 
 
 Zanesville —a city and county seat of Mus¬ 
 kingum County, on Muskingum River, in 
 a rich mineral region. Manufacture of 
 iron, steam-engines, stoves, agricultural 
 implements, glass-ware, stone-ware, paper, 
 etc. 
 
6 12 Local Time A. M. u 7 ien Moon on 
 
 the Meridian of Greenwich 
 
 
 '.Longitude 
 
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 9_Longitude West from Washington 8 
 
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INDIANA 
 
 I 53 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Position. — What state west of Indiana? What state north ? Which of the 
 Great Lakes in the north-western part? What states on the east? What 
 natural boundary on the south? What state south of Indiana? When it is 
 noon at Washington, what time is it at Indianapolis? Measure by the scale 
 of miles the greatest length of this state. The greatest breadth. 
 
 Surface.—Judging from the course of the principal rivers, what can you say 
 as to the general slope of the surface? In which county is the highest table¬ 
 land in the state? A us. In Randolph County. What is the nature of the surface 
 in the southern section? Locate “The Knobs.” What hill in Brown County? 
 [Name any elevations in your county.] In which county is Wyandotte Cave ? 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — What lake in Newton County ? In Starke County ? In 
 Fulton County? [Name any lakes or ponds in your county.] What river cross¬ 
 ing the state forms a partial western boundary? Of what river is the Wabash 
 an affluent? What is the principal tributary of the Wabash River ? Name the 
 two branches of the White River. Name six other tributaries of the Wabash 
 River. What great river forms the entire southern boundary of Indiana? 
 What tributary of the Ohio at the south-eastern boundary of the state? What 
 is the principal tributary of the Great Miami River in Indiana? What river 
 traverses the north-western part of the state? Of what river is the Kankakee 
 an affluent? What river in the northern part of the state flows into Lake 
 Michigan? A ns. St. Joseph River. What river in the north-eastern part 
 flows into Lake Erie? What are the two branches of the Maumee River? 
 [Name any streams in your county.] 
 
 Counties. — What counties on Lake Michigan? What five counties border 
 on Michigan? What counties border on Ohio ? On Ohio River? What counties 
 border on Illinois? [Bound the county in which you live.] 
 
 Cities. — Name and locate the capital of the state. What city in the south¬ 
 western part of the state? Wha* city at the confluence of the St. Joseph’s and 
 St. Mary’s rivers? What city in Vigo County? What two cities on the Ohio 
 are opposite Louisville? What city in Tippecanoe County? What city is the 
 county-seat of Cass County? What city on the Ohio is the county-seat of 
 Jefferson County? What city in Wayne County? Name the county-seat of St. 
 Joseph County. What two cities in La Porte County? What important railroad 
 center in Knox County ? 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 36,350 Square Miles. Population, 1,978,301.] 
 
 Position. — Indiana is situated between 37° 41' and 41 0 
 46' north latitude, and between 84° 44' and 88" 6 west 
 longitude. The parallel which forms its northern boun¬ 
 dary line passes near the cities of Boston, Constantinople, 
 and Pekin. Its southern extremity nearly corresponds in 
 latitude to Richmond, Va., Athens in Greece, and the 
 | mouth of the Hoangho River. 
 
154 
 
 INDIANA 
 
 On the north the boundary line extends through a point ten miles 
 north of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan ; on the east, it 
 is the meridian passing through the mouth of the Miami River; on 
 the south, it is low-water mark on the north side of the Ohio River; 
 on the west, it follows the middle of the Wabash River for a dis¬ 
 tance of 125 miles from its mouth to a point a few miles below j 
 Terre Haute, and thence it runs due north to the place of begin¬ 
 ning in Lake Michigan. 
 
 Outline and Extent. — The state has the form of an irreg- 
 ular trapezoid, with an extreme length of 276 miles, and an 
 average width of 140 miles. It is the smallest of the Central 
 States, and is about equal to Maine, South Carolina, Ireland, 
 or Portugal. 
 
 Coast. — Indiana has less than 50 miles of coast on Lake 
 Michigan. The coast-line is extremely regular, with no projec¬ 
 tions or indentations to form natural harbors. But an excellent 
 harbor has been constructed by the United States government 
 at Michigan City by widening and deepening the mouth of a 
 small creek. Large quantities of lumber, iron ore, and fish are 
 received at this point from vessels for transportation inland. 
 
 Surface.—All the principal streams of Indiana flow toward 
 the mouth of the Wabash River, — an evidence that the general 
 surface of the greater portion of the state slopes toward the 
 south-west corner. The highest table-land (between the head¬ 
 waters of the White and Whitewater rivers in Randolph 
 County) is nearly 1,000 feet above the mouth of the Wabash. 
 
 Careful measurements have shown that the mouth of the Wabash is 
 about 200 feet lower than the surface of the Ohio at Lawrencebur°\ 
 about 400 feet lower than the water in the Wabash where it enters 
 the state, and about 300 feet lower than the level of Lake Michigan. 
 
 The portion of the state lying north of the Wabash River is 
 very level, and much of it bears evidence of being the bed of 
 an ancient lake. A large area in the western part of this sec¬ 
 tion, equal to one-eighth of the whole surface of the state, is 
 prairie-land. About Michigan City are found immense hills 
 of sand, which have been built up by the action of the winds 
 and waves to the height of from 100 to 175 feet. 
 
 Between the Wabash and the east fork of White River the 
 surface is generally undulating, although there are extensive 
 tracts of almost perfectly level land on the “divides” between 
 the streams. South of the east fork of White River, especially 
 in the counties bordering on the Ohio, the surface is greatly 
 broken by hills. The highest of these rise to more than 500 
 feet above the adjacent valleys. A range extending from the 
 Ohio, near New Albany, to the east fork of White River in 
 Brown County, has received the name of “The Knobs,” because 
 of the sharp conical shape of the hills. One of these Knobs, 
 called Weed Patch Hill, near Nashville, is believed to be the 
 highest point in the state. 
 
 A peculiar feature of the country west of the Knobs is the numerous 
 ‘‘sinkholes,” as they are called. These are funnel-shaped depres¬ 
 sions or pits, varying in diameter from a yard to a thousand feet. 
 On the sloping sides of the larger of these pits tall trees are grow- 
 ing, and at the bottom is an opening into some fissure or cavern in 
 the limestone beds many feet below. Through some of these sink¬ 
 holes streams of water of considerable size suddenly dive into the 
 earth, and find their way along underground channels to other simi¬ 
 lar orifices, through which they re-appear upon the surface. In this 
 way Lost River in Orange County flows as a subterranean river for 
 a distance of eight miles. 
 
 Wyandotte Cave, in Crawford County, is one of the most wonderful 
 natural curiosities in the world. In extent, and the beauty of its 
 crystal halls, it is not inferior, and by many it is considered superior, 
 to the celebrated Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. Its largest room 
 is 600 feet long, 25 to 40 feet wide, and 15 to 20 feet high. Its 
 sides and roof are completely covered with gypsum crystals of 
 snowy whiteness. 
 
 Rivers.—The principal rivers of Indiana are the Ohio, 
 Wabash, Kankakee, White, and Whitewater, of the Gulf sys¬ 
 tem, and the St. Joseph (of Lake Michigan) and the Maumee 
 of the Atlantic system. 
 
 The Ohio, the largest branch of the Mississippi from the 
 east, flows along the entire southern boundary of the state, — a 
 distance of 380 miles. It is navigable throughout its entire 
 length ; but during portions of the summer and autumn the 
 larger steamboats ascend no farther than Wheeling, W. Va. In 
 winter it is often frozen over; and for several weeks floating ice 
 prevents its navigation. The “ Falls of the Ohio,” a series of 
 rapids between Jeffersonville and New Albany, obstruct the 
 passage of boats, except during times of high water. This ob¬ 
 stacle has been overcome by the construction of a lock canal 
 on the Kentucky side of the river, through which the largest 
 steamboats may pass in all stages of water. The Falls afford 
 the finest water-power in the Ohio Valley. A railroad bridge 
 one mile in length spans the river from Jeffersonville to Louis¬ 
 ville. 
 
 The Wabash is the most important tributary of the Ohio 
 from the north. In its course westward and southward across 
 the state, it traverses a distance of over 500 miles. Steam¬ 
 boats ascend as far as Terre Haute, and in times of high water 
 they sometimes reach Lafayette. Excellent water-power is to 
 be had along the entire course of the river. 
 
 The Kankakee, a sluggish stream with low banks, flows for a distance 
 of 100 miles through a swampy region in the north-western part of 
 the state. Its waters reach the Mississippi through Illinois River. 
 
 The two branches of White River, the East Fork and the West Fork, 
 drain the central and southern sections of the state. They are clear 
 streams, and afford abundant water-power. They unite, to form 
 White River proper, 50 miles above its entrance into the Wabash. 
 
 The St. Joseph River flows into Lake Michigan; and the Maumee, 
 formed by the union of the St. Joseph’s and St. Mary’s, flows into 
 Lake Erie. 
 
 Lakes. — The northern section of the state is remarkable 
 for its many small lakes. These seldom exceed a few acres in 
 extent; though several, about the source of Tippecanoe River, 
 and near the city of Laporte, have an area of a few square 
 miles. Several of them have no outlet. They are generally 
 clear, with sandy shores and bottoms, and give to the country 
 a charming appearance. 
 
 Climate. — Indiana, from its position in the interior of the 
 continent, receives in winter the cold winds from the north and 
 north-west, and in summer the warm winds from the south and 
 south-west; while the winds from the ocean are cut off by the 
 Alleghany and Rocky mountains. As it extends over nearly 
 four degrees of latitude, a marked difference in climate is 
 observable in different parts of the state. The region border¬ 
 ing on the Ohio River has shorter winters and less snow than 
 the northern counties; the difference in the mean annual 
 temperature of the two portions of the state being about 8°. 
 
 Soil. — Few states of the Union have greater agricultural 
 
INDIANA. 
 
 155 
 
 resources than Indiana. The soil of the bottom-lands along 
 the rivers and creeks is a dark sandy loam, very rich in organic 
 matter. It produces bountiful crops of all kinds, and is unsur¬ 
 passed for the production of Indian-corn. The upland is mostly 
 a clay loam, well adapted to the different varieties of farm- 
 products, particularly to wheat and other small grains, and 
 clover. The prairie-lands have a deep black, sandy soil, on 
 which immense crops of corn, wheat, and hay are raised. 
 
 The central and southern portions of the state are the native home of 
 the blue-grass. This grass forms a thick and permanent sward 
 upon the hills, as well as on the level lands, and affords rich pasture 
 at all seasons of the year, except in time of heavy snows. No 
 region better than this for grazing and dairying can be found any¬ 
 where. 
 
 Forests.—The whole area of Indiana, except the prairies, 
 was originally covered with a heavy growth of timber, nearly 
 one-half of which, it is estimated, is still standing. Hard 
 woods are most common, such as oak, birch, ash, hickory, 
 maple, and walnut. The black-walnut of this state is of supe¬ 
 rior excellence for the manufacture of fine furniture. 
 
 Minerals. — Bituminous coal is found in great abundance in 
 the south-western section. There are seven workable seams, 
 varying in thickness from 2 \ to 11 feet, at an average depth 
 of 80 feet below the surface. 
 
 The coal-measures cover about 6,500 square miles, or about one-fifth 
 of the entire surface of the state. They are found in the coun¬ 
 ties of Warren, Fountain, Parke, Vermilion, Vigo, Clay, Sullivan, 
 Greene, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Gibson, Pike, Dubois, Vanderberg, 
 Warwick, Spencer, Perry, Crawford, Monroe, Putnam, and Mont¬ 
 gomery. These beds are a part of the great coal-field which extends 
 through Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. 
 
 A narrow strip from one to three miles wide, extending along the 
 entire eastern margin of the Indiana coal-region, yields a superior 
 kind of coal, called “block coal,” because it is taken from the mines 
 in smooth cubical blocks as large as can be handled. The peculiar 
 excellence of this kind of coal is its fitness for use in the blast 
 furnace, just as it comes from the mine, without the necessity of 
 coking. 
 
 Greene, Martin, Lawrence, Clay, and Vigo counties have 
 extensive beds of iron ore, some of which have been mined 
 with profit. Numerous deposits of bog-iron ore are found in 
 the northern part of the state. 
 
 Limestone of an excellent quality for building is found in 
 many counties. A variety called oolitic limestone, possessing 
 especially valuable properties, is extensively quarried near 
 Bedford, and shipped to distant parts of the country. The 
 limestone in the neighborhood of Huntington makes an excel¬ 
 lent quality of lime. Large quarries of sandstone are found in 
 the region immediately east of the coal-fields. 
 
 Porcelain clay, or kaolin, is abundant in Lawrence County, 
 equal in quality to that used in the celebrated potteries of New 
 J ersey. 
 
 Agriculture is the chief industry of the state, more than 
 half the population being engaged upon farms. Indiana ranks 
 among the leading states in the production of wheat and corn, 
 and in the raising of hogs and cattle. Wool-growing, dairying, 
 cheese-making, and hop-growing are pursued to some extent. 
 
 In the hilly country in the vicinity of the Ohio and Wabash 
 rivers are extensive orchards, some of them numbering thou¬ 
 sands of trees. Great quantities of peaches and grapes of the 
 finest quality are shipped from that section every year. 
 
 Manufactures. — Manufacturing is the industry next in im¬ 
 portance, and is rapidly increasing both in extent and variety. 
 The principal manufactures are the products made from wheat 
 and corn, lumber, iron and iron-ware, agricultural implements 
 and wagons, furniture, wooden-ware, and packed pork. 
 
 Commerce. — Indiana is crossed in every direction by a net¬ 
 work of railroads, having an aggregate length within the state 
 of over 5,000 miles. These, with the steamboat lines on the 
 Ohio River and Lake Michigan, afford cheap and rapid trans¬ 
 portation for commerce. 
 
 The commercial advantages of the state are increased by the fact that 
 the hills and mountains south of the Ohio River, and the Great 
 Lakes on the north, compel nearly the entire east and west com¬ 
 merce of the nation to cross its territory. “It is not unusual for cars 
 laden with gold and silver bullion from the Pacific slope, or trains 
 filled with teas, spices, and silks from China and Japan, to meet on 
 Indiana soil, other trains bearing the rich manufactures of Europe 
 and our own country, to the Pacific continents and islands.” 1 
 
 Education. — No other state has made such liberal pro¬ 
 vision for the education of its people, in proportion to its 
 population, as Indiana. It has a permanent school fund 
 of over nine million dollars, the interest of which, amounting 
 annually to over half a million dollars, is devoted exclusively to 
 the support of the public schools. In addition to this fund, the 
 school law provides for a property-tax of 16 cents on the $100 
 and a poll-tax for school purposes. The total tuition revenue 
 for the year 1879 was $2,861,837. In the same year there were 
 in the public schools of the state 13,590 teachers and 503,892 
 pupils. 
 
 The common schools, the State University at Bloomington, 
 with a medical department at Indianapolis, the State Normal 
 School at Terre Haute, and Purdue University (industrial) at 
 Lafayette, constitute the public school system of the state. 
 Its officers are the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 the State Board of Education, County Superintendents, City 
 and Town Trustees, and Township Trustees. 
 
 There are special schools at Indianapolis, supported by the 
 state, for the instruction of the blind and of deaf-mutes, a 
 school at Knightstown for feeble-minded children, a Reforma¬ 
 tory School for Boys at Plainfield, and a Reformatory School 
 for Girls at Indianapolis. There is an asylum for the insane at 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 The following are prominent denominational and private educational 
 institutions in the state: Asbury University at Greencastle, Hanover 
 College at Hanover, Wabash College at Crawfordsville, Earlham 
 College at Richmond, Butler University at Irvington, Franklin Col¬ 
 lege at Franklin, Union Christian College at Merom, and Notre 
 Dame and St. Mary’s at South Bend. 
 
 Government. — The officers of the executive department are 
 a Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, elected for four years, 
 and a Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney-General, 
 and Superintendent of Public Instruction, each elected for two 
 years. 
 
 The Legislature, or General Assembly, consists of two 
 bodies, the Senate and House of Representatives. There are 
 50 senators, elected for a term of four years, and 100 lepie- 
 sentatives, elected for two years. The Legislatuie meets bien¬ 
 nially, beginning on the i hursday following the first Monday 
 of January in the odd numbered years. 
 
 1 Professor Collett, in report of Bureau of Statistics. 
 
INDIANA. 
 
 j 56 
 
 The judicial department consists of a Supreme Court of 
 five judges, who are elected for six years, of forty-one Circuit 
 Courts (one in each judicial circuit of two or more counties), 
 each presided over by a judge elected for six years, and of 
 Superior Courts in the large cities, each having one judge 
 elected for four years. 
 
 Indiana sends two senators and thirteen representatives to 
 the National Congress. 
 
 Counties. — There are 92 counties in the state, each having 
 the following officers: Clerk of the Circuit Court, Auditor, 
 Treasurer, Sheriff, Coroner, Surveyor, three County Commis¬ 
 sioners, and a County Superintendent of Schools. The term 
 of office of Clerk and Auditor is four years ; of the other offi¬ 
 cers, two years. 
 
 History. — When first visited by white men, Indiana was a 
 vast wilderness of heavy forests and grassy plains inhabited 
 by a nation of Indians known in history as the Miami Con¬ 
 federacy. The powerful tribes which composed this nation 
 lived in the valleys of the principal rivers. The present sites 
 of Fort Wayne, Lafayette, and Vincennes were centers of 
 Indian population. 
 
 Fifty years after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth 
 Rock some French missionaries sailed up the Great Lakes 
 from Canada, and, landing upon the south shore of Lake Michi¬ 
 gan, explored the neighboring country. It is believed that 
 these were the first Europeans who visited what is now Indi¬ 
 ana. I hey were followed at different times by other mission¬ 
 aries and fur-traders; and in 1702 a party of PTench Canadians 
 descended the Wabash Rivqr, and established a number of 
 trading-posts. One of these was at Vincennes, the oldest 
 town in the state. 
 
 By reason of these explorations Indiana was claimed by 
 I H ranee. d hirteen years before the commencement of the 
 Revolutionary War, it was ceded, with the rest of the Ohio 
 Valley and the Canadas, to England. At this time there were 
 about a hundred white families within the region now compris¬ 
 ing the state. Their settlements were in the neighborhood 
 of Port Wayne, Lafayette, and Vincennes. 
 
 The treaty which closed the Revolution included Indiana 
 within the United States. By an act of Congress known as 
 the “Ordinance of 1789,” the territory north-west of the Ohio 
 was organized, which included the present states of Ohio, 
 Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Indiana was estab¬ 
 lished as a separate territory in 1800, and Gen. William H. 
 Harrison was appointed governor. Ten years after this (1810) 
 the census exhibited a population of 24,520. 
 
 In 1816, during President Madison’s administration, Indiana 
 was admitted into the Union as a state. Jonathan Jennings 
 was elected first governor of the new state. Previous to 1813 
 the territorial capital was at Vincennes ; but in that year it was 
 removed to Corydon. The Legislature continued to meet at 
 the latter place until 1825, when Indianapolis was made the 
 capital. 
 
 Indianapolis (population, 75,056), the capital and metropolis 
 of Indiana, is situated near the center of the state, on the 
 west fork of White River. Twelve different railway lines 
 radiate from it, giving it connection with all parts of the state 
 and ali the principal cities of the Union. The immense 
 amount of freight passing this point has led to the construc¬ 
 
 tion of a belt railway, extending around the city, and con¬ 
 necting the different lines of railroad, so that through freight- 
 trains may pass around without entering the city limits. Upon 
 this belt railway extensive stock-yards, grain-elevators, and 
 machine-shops have been established. The unusual facilities 
 for shipping afforded by so many railroads, and the con¬ 
 venient supplies of coal and timber, have made Indianapolis 
 an important manufacturing city. The leading manufactured 
 products are lumber, furniture, machinery, flour, packed pork, 
 and beer. The wholesale trade of the city is extensive. It 
 has many imposing buildings, among them Marion County 
 Court-House, erected at a cost of $1,500,000. A new state- 
 house is in process of erection, which, when completed, will 
 be one of the finest capitols in the United States. The 
 city has wide streets, beautiful parks, and an abundant supply 
 of water. 
 
 Other Cities. — Among other important cities and towns 
 are: — 
 
 Evansville, the second city of the state, is situated on a bend of the 
 Ohio River, and is an important commercial and manufacturing center. Its 
 principal wholesale trade is in ironware, groceries, tobacco, and liquors, 
 and its leading manufactures are furniture, carriages, iron, and ironware. 
 
 Fort Wayne, at the confluence of the St. Joseph’s and St. Mary’s rivers, 
 is noted for the manufacture of carriage-wheels, plows, machinery, and 
 leather. Eight railroad lines meeting here give to the city extraordinary 
 commercial advantages. 
 
 Terre Haute, on the Wabash River, in the western part of the state, is 
 an important railroad center. It has extensive manufactures, especially of 
 iron, and has a large trade in the agricultural productions of the fertile 
 region around it. It is the seat of the State Normal School. 
 
 New Albany, two miles below the Falls of the Ohio, is the terminus of 
 tlnee 1 ail road lines. It is noted for the manufacture of woolen goods and 
 iron, and has the most extensive plate-’glass works in the United States. 
 It is the seat of De Pauw Female College. 
 
 Lafayette, on the Wabash, has a large grain-trade, and is the seat of 
 Purdue University. 
 
 South Bend, on St. Joseph River, is an important railroad center, and 
 lias extensive manufactures of carriages or wagons, furniture, farming-imple¬ 
 ments, flour, paper, etc. Near it is the seat of the University of Notre 
 Dame. 
 
 Richmond, on the east fork of Whitewater River, is a beautiful and 
 prosperous city. It has large railroad facilities and good water-power, and 
 carries on a great variety of manufactures. It is the seat of Earlham 
 College. 
 
 Logansport, at the junction of Eel River with the Wabash, carries on 
 varied manufactures, and is an important shipping point for grain, lumber, 
 pork, etc. 
 
 Jeffersonville, at the head of the falls of the Ohio, opposite Louisville, 
 possesses splendid water-power, and is extensively engaged in the manu¬ 
 facture of railroad-cars, locomotives, farm-implements, and steamboats. It 
 has a large river trade. 
 
 Madison, the county seat of Jefferson County, is pleasantly situated on 
 the Ohio River. It is engaged in the manufacture of flour, engines and 
 boilers, furniture, leather, etc., and has a large provision trade. 
 
 Laporte, county seat of Laporte County, is engaged in the manufacture 
 of carriages, chairs, brooms, agricultural implements, flour, etc., and has an 
 important ice-trade. 
 
 Vincennes, county seat of Knox County, on the Wabash, is an important 
 railroad center, and has large steam flouring-mills. It is the oldest town in 
 the state, having been settled by the French-Canadians about 1735. 
 
 Michigan City, a port town of Laporte County, on Lake Michigan, has 
 varied manufactures, and a large fish and lumber trade. 
 
 Crawfordsville, county seat of Montgomery County, on Sugar Creek, is 
 the seat of Wabash College. 
 
 o 
 
 Peru, county seat of Miami County, on the Wabash River and the 
 Wabash and Erie Canal, is engaged in varied manufactures. 
 
ILLINOIS. 
 
 157 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 mm 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Name all bodies of water forming boundaries. Where is the 
 state widest? Where narrowest ? How does the width at the north 
 compare with the greatest width ? What part of the east boundary is 
 formed by the meridian of Vincennes? What part by the Wabash ? 
 
 Beginning at the north-west corner of the state, go down the 
 Mississippi River to Cairo, naming and locating the chief towns on 
 each side. What rivers enter the Mississippi from Illinois? In 
 what counties are their mouths? What towns on the Ohio? In 
 what counties are they? What rivers enter the Ohio from Illinois? 
 
 What towns in Illinois are on the Wabash? In what counties are they? 
 What streams enter the Wabash from Illinois? In what counties are their 
 mouths ? Beginning where the Rock River enters the state, go down that 
 stream, naming and locating the chief towns on each side. 
 
 What rivers unite to form the Illinois River? In what county do they 
 unite? Name the chief towns on each. Name the chief tributaries of each. 
 Pass down the Illinois River, naming and locating the chief towns on each 
 side, and giving the chief tributaries, with the principal towns on each. Do 
 the same with the Kaskaskia. 
 
 Locate the following places, naming the county in which each is found, 
 and give the streams, if any, with the railroads, — Springfield, Ouincy, Peoria, 
 Bloomington, Rockford, Aurora, Galesburg, Jacksonville, Alton, Rock Isl¬ 
 and, Ottawa, Joliet, Decatur, Freeport, Belleville, Galena, Cairo, Elgin, La 
 Salle, Peru, Pekin, Danville, Sterling, Dixon, Polo, Rochelle, Du Ouoin, 
 Clinton, Lockport, Carbondale, Carlinville, Shelbyville, Charleston, Paris, 
 Mattoon, Champaign, Effingham, Jerseyville, Monmouth, East St. Louis, 
 Kankakee. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 56,650 square miles. Population, 3,077,871 .] 
 
 Position, Outline, and Extent. — Illinois extends from lati¬ 
 tude 36° 59' to 42 0 30' north, and from 87° 35' to 91 0 40' west 
 from Greenwich. It stretches over about five and a half de¬ 
 grees of latitude, and over more than four degrees of longitude. 
 
 The state is irregular in shape, owing to the winding course 
 of the rivers that determine a portion of its boundary. Its out¬ 
 
 line is that of a somewhat flattened ellipse cut off at its north¬ 
 ern extremity. 
 
 Its greatest length from north to south is about 385 miles, 
 and its greatest width about 218 miles. It is equal in extent 
 to New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and all of New England 
 except Maine. Georgia and Michigan are each a little larger, 
 and Arkansas, Wisconsin, and Iowa a trifle smaller. 
 
 Coast. —The state has about sixty-five miles of lake front¬ 
 age on the north-east. There are no natural harbors of any 
 considerable size; but at Chicago an artificial harbor has been 
 constructed at great expense. 
 
 Surface. — Illinois is a great plain, slightly descending to¬ 
 ward the south-west. A large portion of the state is occupied 
 by level or gently rolling prairies, although a considerable area, 
 especially along the courses of streams and in the southern 
 part of the state, is quite heavily wooded. 
 
 The highest lands lie along its northern limits, between Galena and 
 Freeport, where the surface culminates in mound-like elevations 
 that reach a height of 850 to 900 feet above the level of the river at 
 Cairo. The surface descends along the central line of the state 
 very gradually as far south as Carbondale, where it is not more than 
 50 or 60 feet above the river at Cairo. From here the surface rises 
 quite rapidly, the state being crossed from Grand lower to Shaw- 
 neetown by a low range of mountains. 
 
 River System. — The rivers may be divided into three 
 

 
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 ILLINOIS. 
 
 classes: i. Those flowing into the Mississippi; 2. Those flow¬ 
 ing into the Wabash ; 3. Those flowing into the Ohio. 
 
 The first group comprises the Rock, the Illinois, and the 
 Kaskaskia ; the second, the Embarras and the Little Wabash ; 
 the third, the Saline and the Cache. 
 
 There are several insignificant streams : those rising in the 
 eastern part of the state fall into the Wabash, and those in the 
 western part find their way to the Mississippi. 
 
 Rock River is about 300 miles in length. It drains one of the most 
 beautiful and fertile regions in the state. It is imperfectly navigable 
 for a short distance, is interrupted by falls in the upper part of its 
 course, and furnishes abundant water-power. 
 
 Illinois River is much the largest stream in the state. Like the Rock, 
 it follows the general slope of the state to the south-west, and falls 
 into the Mississippi a few miles above Alton. Its length is about 
 500 miles, and it is navigable in favorable seasons about 250 miles; 
 Peru, the lower terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, being 
 the limit of navigation. In the upper part of its course it furnishes 
 superior water-power, especially in the vicinity of Marseilles. It is 
 furnished with dams at Henry and at Copperas Creek, which mate¬ 
 rially aid the navigability of the stream above them. The canal, 
 100 miles long, connects the river with the lake navigation at 
 Chicago. The Illinois has a wide, deep bed, and- in some places, 
 as at Peoria, spreads out into broad, lake-like expanses. 
 
 The Kaskaskia, sometimes called the Okaw, is 250 miles in length. In 
 high water it is navigable for small steamboats for a few miles. 
 
 Embarras River has a general southerly course, and is about 100 miles 
 in length. The watershed is very low. 
 
 The Little Wabash rises in the northern part of Wayne County, and, 
 flowing south, falls into the Wabash a short distance above its 
 mouth. 
 
 The Chicago River is a short stream formed by the union of the North 
 and South Branch about one mile from the lake. It has been deep¬ 
 ened and widened, and its sides are lined with warehouses and 
 elevators. It admits the shipping from the lake to the heart of the 
 city. The South Branch is connected with the Illinois River by 
 means of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. 
 
 Lakes. — Lake Michigan, touching the state for about 65 
 miles, is 320 miles long, and 100 miles wide. Its area is 22,000 
 square miles. Its greatest known depth is 900 feet. Its sur¬ 
 face is nearly 600 feet above sea-level. There are harbors at 
 Chicago and Waukegan in this state. There are no lakes of 
 any considerable size in the state. Peoria Lake is simply a 
 widening of the river: it is a beautiful body of water about 
 three miles long and a mile wide. It furnishes the water-supply 
 for the city, and is abundantly supplied with fish. There are a 
 few small lakes in Lake and McHenry counties, near the Wis¬ 
 consin line. 
 
 Climate. — Extending over five and a half degrees of latitude, 
 Illinois possesses a great variety of climate. Remote from the 
 modifying influences of large bodies of water, its climate is also 
 very variable. In the northern part of the state the winters 
 are long and severe, and the summers are hot. The heat is 
 mitigated, however, by continuous breezes across the level 
 prairies. 
 
 I he prevailing winds are north and north-west in the winter, and 
 south and south-west in the summer; the latter bringing the most of 
 the rain. Near the middle of the north and south line of the state 
 the average temperature is about 54 0 Fahr., being about 77 0 in the 
 summer and 33 0 in the winter. The average temperature on 
 the north line of the state is 47A 0 , and at Cairo 58^°. In the south¬ 
 ern portion the winters are mild, and the summers long and warm. 
 
 Soil. — Illinois has a soil of matchless fertility. It is of 
 
 diluvial origin, the whole state, at some remote time, having 
 probably been the bed of a great lake. 
 
 The prairie soils are extremely rich, very deep, and free from 
 rocks. They produce, year after year, without fertilizing, luxu¬ 
 riant growths of vegetation. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 The soil in the timbered portion is lighter, but is better 
 adapted to the growth of certain crops, especially wheat. 
 
 The alluvial deposits along the rivers are of inexhaustible 
 fertility. 
 
 The most remarkable of these is the American Bottom, which is about 
 five miles wide, and reaches along the Mississippi River nearly 100 
 miles. It is in the south-western part of the state, extending from 
 Alton to Chester. The soil sometimes reaches a depth of 25 feet, 
 and has produced abundant crops of corn every year for a hundred 
 and fifty years. The prairie soil is admirably adapted to withstand 
 the extremes of drought and wetness to which the state is subject. 
 
 Timber. — Most of the woodland is found in the southern 
 counties. In the central portion the woodlands and prairies 
 are about equally distributed. In the northern counties, with 
 the exception of Jo Daviess, the prairies prevail, the wooded 
 tracts being confined to the river-bottoms. 
 
 The most abundant kinds of timber are the oak, black walnut, ash, 
 elm, sugar-maple, locust, linden, hickory, pecan, and persimmon. 
 The cottonwood and sycamore flourish in many river-bottoms. Large 
 tracts have been plentifully planted with trees within a few years. 
 Almost all kinds thrive on the prairies, when planted, and protected 
 for a time. 
 
 Facilities for Transportation. — Few inland states enjoy so 
 many natural facilities for transportation. The Mississippi 
 forms the entire western boundary, — more than 600 miles; — 
 and affords river frontage to 18 counties. The Ohio bounds the 
 state on the south-east for 140 miles, touched by five counties. 
 The navigable portion of the Illinois touches 14 counties not 
 reached by the Mississippi. Lake and Cook counties lie on 
 Lake Michigan, while, by the construction of the canal connect¬ 
 ing the lake and the Illinois River at Peru, three additional 
 counties have direct water transportation to the seaboard. 
 These water facilities are supplemented by numerous railroads 
 that put almost every county in the state into easy communica¬ 
 tion with the markets of the world. 
 
 Minerals. — Illinois is a vast coal-field. More than one-half 
 of its surface is underlaid with this valuable mineral, the coal 
 area being computed at 30,000 square miles. A line extending 
 from the mouth of Rock River east to the Indiana line, marks 
 the northern limits of the coal-measures. About one-seventh 
 of the whole amount in the United States is supposed to be 
 in this state. It is bituminous, and most of it of excellent 
 quality. 
 
 A portion of the gr-eat western lead-bearing belt projects into 
 the north-western part of the state. The productive portion is 
 in the vicinity of Galena, where the deposits are very rich, and 
 are extensively worked. 
 
 Good limestone suitable for building purposes and for cement, 
 clay fit for brick-making, and superior sandstone, are found in 
 different parts of the state. Salt is procured from springs 
 about the head-waters of the Big Muddy, Saline Creek, and the 
 Little Wabash. 
 
 Mineral springs possessing medicinal properties are found at 
 Peoria, Waukegan, near Ottawa, in Perry County, and in some 
 other parts of the state. 
 
ILLINOIS. 
 
 161 
 
 Fisheries. — The most valuable food fishes are white-fish and 
 lake trout: they abound in Lake Michigan. Of the river fish 
 the buffalo and cat-fish are of most importance commercially : 
 they are taken from the Illinois in large numbers. 
 
 The game fish are confined almost entirely to the northern 
 portions. The most important aie the black bass, the peich, 
 the pike-perch, and the pickerel. 
 
 Agriculture. — The leading industry of the state is agricul¬ 
 ture. Illinois contains more acres of improved land than any 
 other state in the Union, and more than half of its population 
 is engaged in its cultivation. 
 
 The leading crops are Indian-corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, 
 flax, castor-beans, the grasses, potatoes, garden vegetables 
 generally, and the various kinds of fruits. 
 
 Illinois is a leading state in the production of corn, this cereal occu¬ 
 pying one-fourth of the whole area in 1878, and producing over 
 250,000,000 bushels. 
 
 Illinois takes high rank also in the amount of wheat produced. About 
 one-sixteenth of the state was occupied by it in 1878, and 34,000,000 
 bushels were produced. 
 
 The pastures cover 4,000,000 acres, and oats are extensively grown. 
 Orchards occupy over 400,000 acres. Apples are abundant in cen¬ 
 tral and northern sections; while the southern portion yields im¬ 
 mense quantities of peaches and small-fruits. 
 
 Live Stock. — Illinois raises great numbers of hogs and 
 horses. Wool-giuwing is a very important industry. Cattle- 
 raising has long been a leading and profitable occupation. 
 Great attention is paid to fine stock, the state having become 
 famous for its superior breeds of horses and cattle. Dairying 
 is a large and growing industry, and the production of butter 
 and cheese is rapidly increasing. 
 
 Manufactures. —Although Illinois is so admiiably adapted 
 to agriculture, it also possesses superior advantages for manu¬ 
 factures. Water-power is abundant in some portions, and the 
 facilities for transportation are very great. It ranks among 
 the leading states in the amount of capital invested and in the 
 value of its productions. 
 
 The chief manufactured articles are distilled liquors, agricul¬ 
 tural implements, carriages and wagons, flouring and grist mill 
 products, boots and shoes, planed and sawed lumber, etc. 
 
 Mining and Lumbering. — Coal-mining employs a large 
 number of people. The mines are very numerous, and the 
 yield is immense. 
 
 The lumber product of the state is not large. The black 
 walnut is abundant, and is being rapidly exported. Timber for 
 building purposes is not extensively grown. 
 
 Commerce. — The leading exports are grain, live stock, 
 packed pork, and agricultural implements. The chief imports 
 are manufactured goods and staple groceries. 
 
 Railroads. — Railroads traverse nearly every county in the 
 state. Trunk-lines connect all the important towns with one 
 another, and with the principal cities in the adjacent states ; 
 while of the minor roads or branches there are a very great 
 number. The first railroad in the state was built in 1840. It 
 extended from Jacksonville to the Illinois River, about 30 miles. 
 Illinois has now over 9,000 miles of railroad. 
 
 Education. — Ample provision is made for the maintenance 
 of free public education. The school law provides for a state 
 superintendent of public instruction, a county superintendent 
 
 in each county, three school trustees in each school township, 
 and three school directors in each district. 
 
 The state superintendent serves four years, and is elected in Novem¬ 
 ber of the same year as the President. The county superintendent 
 serves four years, and is elected in November, one year after the 
 President. The trustees serve three years, one being elected eacli 
 year, on the second Saturday in April. The school directors serve 
 three years, one being elected each year, on the third Saturday in 
 April. 
 
 According to the Tenth United-States Census, in 1880 there 
 were in the state 15,203 public schools, including 113 high 
 schools, attended by 704,041 pupils, and taught by 15,912 
 teachers (employed at one time). The total value of school 
 property was $15,876,000, and the total expenditure for school 
 purposes $7,536,000. 
 
 There are two state normal schools, one at Normal, the other 
 at Carbondale. They are both admirably equipped for purposes 
 of instruction. 
 
 The State Industrial University (established in Champaign 
 in 1867) contains schools of agriculture, horticulture, engineer¬ 
 ing, natural science, literature and science, and several minor 
 schools. 
 
 The state sustains schools in connection with its benevolent 
 or reformatory institutions. 
 
 There are numerous colleges and universities in the state 
 under denominational control, together with many excellent 
 private seminaries and academies. 
 
 Government. — The state is divided into fifty-one senatorial 
 districts ; each elects one senator (term of service four years) 
 and three representatives (term of service two years). The 
 sessions of the legislature are biennial. 
 
 Each voter is entitled to cast three votes for representative. He may 
 cast them for one, two, or three candidates. This feature of the 
 constitution is peculiar, and is called the “minority representation” 
 clause. 
 
 The Executive Department consists of the governor, lieu¬ 
 tenant-governor, secretary of state, auditor of public accounts, 
 treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, and attorney- 
 general. 
 
 All are elected for four years, except the treasurer, who is elected for 
 two years, and is ineligible for re-election until two years after his 
 term has expired. The elections occur with the election for Presi¬ 
 dent. 
 
 The judicial powers are vested in a Supreme Court, Appel¬ 
 late Courts, Circuit and County Courts, justices of the peace, 
 police magistrates, and certain special courts. 
 
 Public Institutions. — There are two penitentiaries in the state, —one 
 at Joliet, and the other at Chester. There is also a Reform School 
 for Boys at Pontiac. 
 
 The Institution for Feeble-minded Children at Lincoln occupies a fine 
 building, and is chiefly educational in its character. 
 
 There are four hospitals for the insane, —the Northern at Elgin, the 
 Central at Jacksonville, the Southern at Anna, and the Eastern at 
 Kankakee. 
 
 Institutions for the education of the blind, and of the deaf and dumb, 
 are located at Jacksonville. 
 
 The Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home is located at Normal. Its benefits are 
 chiefly for the children of soldiers in the late war. There are about 
 300 inmates. Good schools are connected with the institution. 
 
 The state sustains an Eye and Ear Infirmary at Chicago. 
 
162 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 History. — The name of the state is derived from Mini , a 
 Delaware word meaning “superior men the termination, ois, 
 is French. 
 
 Remains found in various localities indicate that this state, 
 in common with much more of the Mississippi Valley, was once 
 the home of the “mound-builders,”—a race superior to the 
 Indians who succeeded them. 
 
 When the white man entered the north-western territory, he 
 found it occupied by numerous tribes of Indians. Their resem- 
 b ance in lan^ua^e and mental and physical characteristics 
 denoted a common origin. They all belonged to the great 
 Algonquin family. 
 
 The French were the first white explorers of the north-west. 
 Among these early pioneers the most distinguished were Mar¬ 
 quette, Joliet, La Salle, and Father Hennepin. 
 
 The first French mission established in Illinois was at the 
 village near Starved Rock, in 1682: it was called Kaskaskia. 
 Within three or four years it was removed to the site of the 
 present Kaskaskia, near Chester. Soon after, missions were 
 established at Cahokia and two or three neighboring points. 
 
 Fort Chartres, on the Mississippi, 22 miles above Kaskaskia, 
 was the seat of government during most of the French occu¬ 
 pation. 
 
 In 1763, at the close of the French and Indian war, Illinois 
 was ceded to the English. In 1778, during the Revolutionary 
 War, it was taken from the English by Col. George Rogers 
 Clark, who had been sent from Virginia for that purpose. Illi¬ 
 nois was then joined to Virginia, and was called Illinois 
 County. 
 
 In 1784 Virginia ceded it to the general government, and in 
 1787 it became a part of the North-west Territory. 
 
 In 1809 that part of the North-west Territory now included 
 m Illinois and Wisconsin was organized into the Territory of 
 Illinois, with Kaskaskia as its capital. The population was 
 about 10,000, and it included 168 slaves. 
 
 During the war of 1812 many of the Indians were hostile, 
 and committed a number of murders. Numerous stockade 
 forts were constructed in the southern portion for the protec¬ 
 tion of the white settlers. Fort Russell, near the present site 
 of Edwardsville, was the chief of these. It marked the north¬ 
 ern frontier of the settled portion. 
 
 In 1804 hurt Dearborn was built, where Chicago now stands. 
 In 1812 the troops were ordered to evacuate the fort. Shortly 
 aftei they had started for bort Wayne, they were attacked by 
 their escoit, about 500 Pattawatomies, and several of them 
 were massacred, and the remainder, with their wives and chil¬ 
 dren, were made prisoners. This occurred Aug. 15, 1812. 
 
 Several expeditions were sent against the Indians in Central 
 Illinois; but the close of the war in 1814 put an end to hos¬ 
 tilities. 
 
 In 1818 Illinois was admitted to the Union. Shadrach Bond 
 •was the first governor. Kaskaskia continued to be the capital 
 until 1820, when it was removed to Vandalia. It remained in 
 Vandalia until 1839, when it was removed to Springfield. The 
 population at this time was about 55,000. 
 
 In 1824 an effort was made to establish slavery in the state ; 
 but after a bitter contest it was defeated. 
 
 In 1834 the state attempted a gigantic system of internal 
 improvements. A money-panic occurred in 1837, and the im¬ 
 
 provement scheme ingloriously failed. The state was reduced 
 to the verge of bankruptcy, and did not recover for many 
 years. 
 
 In 1850 Congress made an immense grant of land to the 
 Illinois Central Railroad Company, in consideration of which 
 the road was built from Galena to Cairo, and a branch from 
 Chicago to Centralia. This road gave an immense impetus to 
 immigration, and the state filled very rapidly. Seven per cent 
 of the gross earnings of the road goes to the state treasury, — 
 a sum now almost sufficient to pay the ordinary expenses of 
 the state government. 
 
 In 1870 the present constitution was adopted. “Minority 
 representation ” is its most peculiar feature. 
 
 Counties and Cities.—There are 102 counties in the state. 
 The largest is McLean, containing 1,154 square miles: the 
 smallest are Hardin and Putnam, each containing about 175 
 
 square miles. These contain many important cities, the prin¬ 
 cipal of which are described below. 
 
 Springfield (population 19,743), the capital of the state, is 
 | situated on a fine prairie five miles south of the Sangamon 
 Ivi\er, and a little south-west of the center of the state. It 
 has many railroad lines, numerous mills and manufacturing 
 establishments, a large coal trade, fine public schools, several 
 newspapers, etc. It is supplied with water from the Sangamon 
 River. It contains a United States custom-house and many 
 fine private buildings. The State-house is one of the best in 
 the country. Oak Ridge Cemetery, two miles north of the 
 city, is the burial-place of Lincoln, and contains the monument 
 erected to his memory. 
 
 Chicago (population, 503,185), the metropolis of Illinois, is 
 I situated near the head of Lake Michigan. The city extends 
 j a ^ on S the lake about eight miles, and to the west about five 
 j miles. It is divided by the Chicago River and its two branches 
 into three parts, known respectively as the North, South, and 
 ^Aest divisions. The river affords a large water frontage, and 
 j admits \ essels to the heart of the city. The South Branch 
 connects with the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The different 
 parts of the city are connected by 33 bridges and two stone tun- 
 : nels. The harbor has been greatly improved by the construc¬ 
 tion of immense piers and break-waters. They inclose a basin 
 comprising 275 acres with a spacious opening on the north. 
 
 The city is well built. The streets are generally 80 feet wide, 
 j and ci oss each other at right angles. It has the best water- 
 [ supply of any city in the world. Immense tunnels extend two 
 miles into the lake, and furnish an abundant supply of the 
 purest quality. 
 
 The public buildings are very large and expensive. The gov¬ 
 ernment building is an immense structure used as a post-office 
 and custom-house. It cost more than $3,000,000. The court¬ 
 house and city-hall, built jointly by the city and Cook County, 
 is a large and imposing structure. 
 
 The business of the city is very great, and includes direct 
 transactions with every part of the civilized world. 
 
 Chicago is the greatest grain-market in the world, handling 100,000,000 
 bushels of grain in a year. In 1S81 there were 24 elevator-ware¬ 
 houses for grain, the largest having a capacity of 1,800,000 bushels. 
 They are located on the river slips for convenience in loading ships. 
 
 It is also the most important live stock center in the United States. 
 This business is transacted at the great Union Stock Yards, situ- 
 
ILLINOIS. 
 
 ated near the south limits of the city. 
 
 hundred acres, and have ample accommodations for stock, 
 are connected with all of the railroads. 
 
 Railroads reach Chicago from all points of the compass. More than 
 350 trains enter and leave the city daily. 
 
 During the shipping season, in the business hours, a ship leaves Chi¬ 
 cago every ten minutes. 
 
 The city has an excellent system of public schools, which are liberally 
 maintained and are very popular. There are also many private 
 schools. Higher and professional education is provided for in a 
 university, three theological seminaries, several medical colleges 
 (one of which is exclusively for women), a law school, public library, 
 an academy of design, etc. 
 
 Chicago has a magnificent system of parks connected by boulevards 
 250 feet wide, that extend around the land side of the city. 
 
 The city was incorporated in 1837. The great fire, in October, 1871, 
 burned over 2,100 acres, destroyed over 17,000 buildings, and ren¬ 
 dered nearly 100,000 people homeless, and caused a loss of from 
 $100,000,000 to $200,000,000. The destroyed portion has been 
 almost entirely rebuilt. 
 
 The growth of Chicago has been marvelous. In 1850 it had a popula¬ 
 tion of 30,000. In 1880 its population was over half a million. 
 
 Peoria, the second city of the state, is surrounded by a very 
 fertile country. It is regularly laid out with wide streets. It 
 is one of the important railroad centers of the West. The man¬ 
 ufactures are extensive, including machinery, agricultural imple¬ 
 ments, carriages, glucose, starch, and malt and distilled liquors. 
 The city has a large grain-trade, receiving more corn than any 
 other city in the state, except Chicago. It is chiefly used in 
 the immense distilleries. It also has a large wholesale trade, 
 and is extensively engaged in pork-packing. The public 
 schools are supplied with excellent buildings, and there is a 
 fine public library. 
 
 Quincy, county seat of Adams County, is handsomely situated on a bluff 
 of the Mississippi (here spanned by a fine bridge). The streets are wide 
 and well shaded, and the buildings are excellent in quality. There are four 
 small parks, and commodious fair-grounds lie near the city. Several rail¬ 
 roads center here, and trade is extensive. The manufactures are chiefly 
 wagons, agricultural implements, flour, and distilled and malt liquors. Pork¬ 
 packing is an important business, and the grain-trade is quite extensive. 
 It has good public and private schools, and several charitable institutions 
 sustained by churches. 
 
 Bloomington is regularly laid out, has an excellent system of water¬ 
 works, is well lighted, and, owing to the uneven character of the site, is 
 well drained. Many railroad lines pass through the city, and here are lo¬ 
 cated the large shops of the Chicago and Alton Railroad. The public school 
 buildings are very superior, and the Illinois Wesleyan University occupies 
 a spacious building in the north part of the city. 
 
 Rockford, in the midst of a rich agricultural region, is one of the most 
 beautiful cities in the state. The Rock River supplies abundant water¬ 
 power, which is employed in a number of manufactories. The leading 
 articles of manufacture are watches, agricultural implements, paper, flour, 
 tacks, cotton and woolen goods, and machinery. It has a fine system of 
 public schools and a flourishing female seminary. 
 
 Aurora has several manufactories that receive their power from the Fox 
 River. It contains the car-shops of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy 
 Railroad. The public schools hold a high rank in the state. 
 
 Galesburg contains railroad-shops and stock-yards, a manufactory of 
 agricultural implements, and enjoys a good trade from the rich farming- 
 
 163 
 
 region about it. It is the seat of Knox College and Lombard University, 
 two flourishing institutions. 
 
 Jacksonville has four railroads, contains the Central Insane Hospital, the 
 Asylum for Deaf and Dumb, and the Blind Asylum. It is a noted educa¬ 
 tional center, being the location of Illinois College, three female seminaries, 
 and a conservatory of music. 
 
 Alton has several manufactories, two railroads, and is the seat of Shurt- 
 leff College. 
 
 Belleville is a prosperous town largely occupied by a German population. 
 
 Rock Island has fine water-power, and is extensively engaged in the man¬ 
 ufacture of agricultural implements, lumber, and glass. It is situated on the 
 Mississippi River just below an island of the same name. This island, one 
 of the old land-marks of the West, belongs to the United States Govern¬ 
 ment, and contains a United States Arsenal. 
 
 Ottawa has two railroads, a canal, and a fine township high school. 
 
 Joliet is the seat of the Northern Penitentiary, one of the largest civil 
 prisons in the world. There are several quarries of excellent limestone 
 suitable for building purposes in the vicinity. Four railroads and the Illi¬ 
 nois and Michigan Central pass through the town. 
 
 Decatur has seven lines of railroad, a system of water-works, and several 
 manufacturing establishments. 
 
 Freeport, the county seat of Stephenson County, on Pecatonica River, 
 has excellent railroad facilities, and is engaged in trade and manufactures. 
 
 Galena, the county seat of Jo Daviess County, is picturesquely situated 
 on Fevre River. It has fine facilities for trade, and its leading exports are 
 lead (mined and smelted in the vicinity), zinc, dairy products, and grain. 
 
 Lincoln, county seat of Logan County, is the center of a rich agricultural 
 region, and has manufactures of farm-implements. Coal is mined here. 
 Lincoln is the seat of Lincoln University. 
 
 Cairo, county seat of Alexander County, is situated at the southern ex¬ 
 tremity of the state, at the confluence of the Ohio with the Mississippi. 
 The city is very advantageously situated for trade and navigation. 
 
 Pekin, a city, and county seat of Tazewell County, is situated on the left 
 bank of Illinois River, and is an important railroad center. It has steam- 
 mills, distilleries, manufactories of farming-implements, carriages, etc., and 
 ships large quantities of grain and other products. 
 
 Elgin, in Kane County, is situated on Fox River, which is here spanned 
 by a bridge, and affords excellent water-power. It has* important manu¬ 
 factures, especially of watches, washing-machines, carriages, farm-imple¬ 
 ments, etc., and is the center of a large dairy business. 
 
 La Salle, in La Salle County, is situated on the north bank of Illinois River, 
 and is the western terminus of the Illinois Canal. It is engaged in the man¬ 
 ufacture of glass, in coal-mining, and in the smelting and rolling of zinc. 
 
 Danville, county seat of Vermilion County, is situated on Vermilion 
 River, and is an important railroad center. It has varied manufactures, 
 and is largely engaged in the mining and shipment of coal. 
 
 Monmouth, county seat of Warren County, has varied manufactures, and 
 valuable coal-deposits. It is the seat of Monmouth College. 
 
 Champaign, in Champaign County, is a prosperous and thriving place 
 with good railroad facilities. Between this city and Urbana, the county 
 seat, is located the Illinois Industrial University, with its extensive experi¬ 
 mental farm, shops, and laboratories. 
 
 Waukegan, county seat of Lake County, is situated on the western shore 
 of Lake Michigan. It has valuable mineral springs, varied manufactures, 
 and exports grain, wool, butter, and manufactured articles. 
 
 Moline, in Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River, has extensive 
 water-power and important manufactures, especially of every variety of agri¬ 
 cultural implements. 
 
 Sterling, a city of Whiteside County, situated on the Rock River, has an 
 extensive water-power, and is the seat of very important manufacturing 
 interests. 
 
 Dixon, the county seat of Lee County, also on the Rock River, is largely 
 engaged in the manufacture of flour and agricultural implements. 
 
 These yards cover several 
 
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166 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation and Divisions. — What country north and east of Michigan? What 
 states south? West? Between what parallels is the state? Between what 
 meridians ? 
 
 What two natural divisions does the state comprise? Ans. Two peninsulas,— 
 the Upper Peninsula and the Lower Peninsula. Bound. the Upper Peninsula. 
 Bound the Lower Peninsula. When it is noon at Washington, what time is it at 
 Detroit ? 
 
 Coast. — What are the principal peninsulas and capes in the Northern Penin¬ 
 sula? In the Southern Peninsula? What are the principal bays indenting the 
 Northern Peninsula? The Southern Peninsula? 
 
 What large island in Lake Superior belongs to Michigan? {See Small Map) 
 What other important islands in Lake Superior belong to the state? What 
 island in St. Mary’s River belongs to the state? What islands in Lake Michigan 
 belong to the state ? In Lake Huron? 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — What are the principal rivers of the Lower Peninsula flow¬ 
 ing into Lake Huron? Of the Lower Peninsula flowing into Lake Erie? Of 
 the Lower Peninsula flowing into Lake Michigan? Name the principal streams 
 of the Upper Peninsula. What two rivers serve as boundary-lines between 
 Michigan and Wisconsin? 
 
 Name the principal lakes within the Upper Peninsula. Within the Lower 
 Peninsula. 
 
 Counties.— Name the counties of the Upper Peninsula. What island in Lake 
 Superior forms a county? What counties on the Strait of Mackinaw? What 
 counties of the Lower Peninsula on Lake Huron ? On Lake Michigan? Name the 
 counties in the southern tier. In what county is the state capital? In what 
 county is Detroit ? 
 
 Cities. Give the situation (including county) of the following cities and towns: 
 Grand Rapids, Bay City, East Saginaw and Saginaw City, Jackson, Kalamazoo, 
 Muskegon, Port Huron, Flint, Ann Arbor, Adrian, Battle Creek, Monroe, Mar¬ 
 quette, \ psilanti, Manistee, Ishpeming, Marshall, Niles, Grand Haven, Coldwater, 
 Alpena, Negaunee, Hillsdale, Pontiac, Wyandotte, Ionia, Greenville, Big Rapids, 
 Three Rivers. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 58,915 Square Miles. Population, 1,636,937.] 
 
 Position, Outline, and Extent. — Michigan is situated in the 
 northern part of the United States, somewhat east of the center of 
 
 North America. It lies between the parallels 4i'°42 / and 
 47° 29' north, and between the meridians 82° 24' and 90° 
 32' west. 
 
 Michigan is known as the “ Peninsular State,” and 
 comprises two peninsulas : the Upper Peninsula and the 
 Lower Peninsula. 
 
 Having mainly a water-line boundary, Michigan is ex- 
 
MICHIGAN 
 
 167 
 
 ceedingly irregular in form. The shape of the Lower Peninsula 
 has sometimes been compared to a mitten, with the thumb 
 extending into Lake Huron, east of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 The Upper Peninsula has its greatest extent from east to 
 west, about 320 miles : its greatest breadth is about 130 miles. 
 The Lower Peninsula has its greatest extent from north to 
 south, about 280 miles : its greatest breadth is about 200 miles. 
 
 The area of the state is about the same as that of Illinois or 
 Iowa, nearly a fifth larger than New York or Pennsylvania, 
 and more than a fifth larger than Ohio. 
 
 Coast.—The coast-line of Michigan is computed to be 1,620 
 miles long. The shores of the lakes are broken by numerous 
 peninsulas and capes. The principal projections in the Upper 
 Peninsula are Points Keweenaw, Abbaye, White Pish, St. 
 Ignace, and Detour; in the Lower are Mackinaw. North, Aux 
 Barques, and Leelenaw Points. Some are extensive penin¬ 
 sulas ; as Keweenaw County terminating in Keweenaw Point, 
 and Leelenaw County which terminates in Lighthouse Point. 
 
 Numerous bays indent the coast. Prominent among these 
 are Keweenaw, White Fish (or Tequamenon), Green, and Little 
 and Big de Noquette (pronounced, and frequently spelled, Noc) 
 in the Upper Peninsula; and Thunder, Tawas, Saginaw, and 
 Grand and Little Traverse in the Lower. 
 
 There are within the limits of the state 179 islands, having 
 an area of one acre or more each. Many of these are of 
 considerable size. Isle Royale in Lake Superior has a length 
 of 45 miles, with a width of eight miles, and constitutes a 
 county by itself. 
 
 Surface.—The surface of the two sections of the state is 
 exceedingly unlike. 
 
 The Upper Peninsula is broken and rugged ; the western 
 portion consisting of hills and mountains rising to an elevation 
 of nearly 2,000 feet. The Wisconsin or Porcupine Mountains 
 enter at the extreme west, and extend along the coast north¬ 
 east to Keweenaw Point. 
 
 The watershed separating the streams of Lake Superior from those 
 flowing into the Mississippi and Lake Michigan extends along the 
 southern line of Ontonagon County to Lac Vieux Desert, then runs 
 north-east nearly to the head of Keweenaw' Bay, whence it extends 
 east, attaining its greatest elevation, of over 1,200 feet above Lake 
 Michigan, near the sources of Lake Michigamme : it continues east 
 in a zigzag line within six to ten miles of Lake Superior, and, a short 
 distance beyond Grand Island, abuts against the lake in bold bluffs 
 known as the Pictured Rocks. These cliffs extend along the lake 
 for several miles, and are composed of variously-colored sandstone, 
 worn by frost and storm into fantastic shapes, which, at a little dis¬ 
 tance, resemble castles, towers, columns, gateways, etc. They are 
 one of the most striking and beautiful features of Michigan scenery, 
 and are much visited and admired by tourists. From Pictured 
 Rocks the watershed trends south-east to the vicinity of Lake 
 Michigan, thence north-east nearly to St. Mary’s River. 
 
 The Lower Peninsula is mainly an undulating plain, rising 
 gradually into hills in the central and northern parts. With 
 slight variations, the streams flow east and west from a water¬ 
 shed extending north and south in an irregular manner, some¬ 
 what east of the geographical center. 
 
 The elevation of the watershed varies greatly. In Hillsdale County 
 it reaches an altitude of 600 feet; the lowest point is in Gratiot 
 County, between the tributaries of the Grand and Saginaw rivers, 
 and is but 72 feet above Lake Michigan; while the highest eleva¬ 
 tion, 1,200 ieet, is reached in Otsego County. The eastern portion 
 is quite level; the south-western has a few small prairies and 
 
 occasional “ oak openings.” The shores of the Great Lakes are 
 sometimes low and marshy; sometimes there is an abrupt descent 
 of a few feet; and occasionally high bluffs occur. Stretching along 
 the coast of Lake Michigan is a series of dunes, or sand-hills, blown 
 up by the westerly winds. Some of these, as two at Grand Haven 
 at the mouth of the river, are over 200 feet high. 
 
 Rivers. — In the Upper Peninsula the streams, from the 
 I nature of the surface, are short, and those in the western por¬ 
 tion have rapid currents. 
 
 The Ontonagon, Sturgeon, and Tequamenon are tributary to Lake 
 Superior; the Pine and Carp, to Lake Huron; Manistique, Stur¬ 
 geon, White Fish, Escanaba, and Menominee, to Lake Michigan. 
 The Montreal and Menominee serve as parts of the boundary line 
 between Michigan and Wisconsin. The Menominee drains an 
 extensive territory; and large quantities of pine-logs are floated 
 down its current, and sawed near its mouth. 
 
 The following are the principal rivers of the Lower Penin¬ 
 sula. Flowing into Lake Huron are the Black, draining the 
 north-eastern part, the Thunder Bay, Au Sable, and Saginaw. 
 The latter is a large stream, navigable, throughout its entire 
 length of 18 miles, for all but the largest lake vessels. The 
 Saginaw Valley is the most noted lumber region in the state. 
 
 Flowing into Lake Erie are the Huron and Raisin rivers, 
 whose rapid currents afford frequent water-powers. 
 
 The following are tributary to Lake Michigan. The St. 
 Joseph, about 250 miles in length, and the Kalamazoo, 200, 
 flow through fertile valleys, and furnish valuable water-powers. 
 The Grand, about 270 miles long, is the largest river in the 
 state: it drains a rich country, and is navigable to the rapids, 
 a distance of 40 miles. The Muskegon, nearly 180 miles long, 
 and the Manistee, 150, are important lumber streams. 
 
 Lakes. — All the Great Lakes, except Ontario, are adjacent 
 to this state. Besides the Great Lakes, there are within the 
 limits of the state over 5,000 small lakes. 
 
 In the Upper Peninsula, Agogebic, Vieux Desert, Portage, Torch, 
 Michigamme, and Manistique are the most important. In the Lower 
 Peninsula, Oakland and Barry counties are celebrated for the num¬ 
 ber and beauty of their lakes. In Roscommon County are Higgins 
 and Houghton lakes. Along the shore of Lake Michigan, at the 
 mouths of many of the rivers, are small lakes, forming land-locked 
 harbors, which are of great advantage to die lumber and vessel 
 interests. The vicinities of Grand Traverse and Mackinaw are 
 especially lake regions. In the former are Carp, Elk, Torch, Pine, 
 and others : in the latter, Crooked, Burts, Mullet, and Cheboygan 
 are noteworthy. Many of these are navigable for steamboats, and 
 rival in size and beauty the famous lakes of Central New York. 
 
 Climate.—The influence of the Great Lakes causes the 
 climate to be milder than that of the adjoining states of the 
 same latitude. 
 
 In the Upper Peninsula the winters are somewhat long; 
 but the summers are cool and delightful, d he air is pure and 
 bracing, and the temperature equable. 
 
 In the Lower Peninsula the climate is milder; but the tem¬ 
 perature is subject to frequent and sudden changes. As the 
 prevailing winds are from the west, the climate of the range of 
 counties just east of Lake Michigan is especially modified : the 
 winters are rendered milder, and the autumn frosts are delayed. 
 This section is the celebrated P'ruit Belt : peaches, grapes, and 
 other tender fruits are successfully cultivated throughout its 
 whole extent. 
 
 In both peninsulas the rainfall is abundant for agricultural 
 purposes. 
 
MICHIGAN. 
 
 168 
 
 The salubrious climate, and the wild and beautiful scenery, 
 make the Lake Superior country and the Traverse and Macki¬ 
 naw regions famous summer resorts. Deer, wild-fowl, and 
 other game are plentiful ; and the streams abound with trout 
 and other choice fish. 
 
 Natural Advantages. — The natural advantages of Michigan 
 are unsurpassed. The soil, except in the more rugged regions 
 and a few sandy tracts, is fertile and of all varieties, from the 
 deep rich loam of the prairies to the light sandy soil of the pine- 
 lands. Extensive forests overspread the Upper, and large 
 portions of the Lower Peninsula, affording vast supplies of 
 lumber. 
 
 The Upper Peninsula has inexhaustible supplies of the rich¬ 
 est copper and iron ; and silver and lead exist in considerable 
 quantities. Valuable sandstone, and fine marble and slate, are 
 found in great abundance. In the Lower Peninsula are exten¬ 
 sive deposits of bituminous coal, salt, and gypsum. 
 
 The wealth of the state is not confined to its soil, its forests, 
 and its mines ; but its lakes and rivers furnish a variety and j 
 abundance of the choicest fish. | 
 
 The situation of Michigan—in the heart of the continent, 
 and in the midst of the Great Lakes — gives it peculiar com¬ 
 mercial advantages. Its products reach the great markets of 
 the world at a low cost for transportation, and high prices are 
 realized by the producer. History shows that a coast-line 
 extensive, in proportion, to the size of a country, is an element 
 of greatness. 
 
 Agriculture, on account of the propitious climate and extent 
 of fertile soil, is the principal pursuit. Wheat is the leading 
 staple ; but hay, corn, oats, and potatoes are raised in large 
 quantities, and butter and cheese are extensively produced. 
 In the amount of the wool-clip Michigan is one of the fore¬ 
 most states of the Union. Orchards flourish in nearly every 
 part of the Lower Peninsula; while in the Fruit Belt fruit¬ 
 raising is extensively followed, the value of the orchard prod¬ 
 ucts exceeding that of New Jersey or California. 
 
 Lumbering is a prominent industry, and the products of the 
 foi est ai e next in value to those of the farm. More sawed lum¬ 
 ber is produced than in any other state, for which a ready 
 market is found in the adjoining states, the seaboard, and even 
 the countries of Europe. 
 
 The principal lumber regions are the Huron shore, and the Saginaw, 
 Giand, Muskegon, Manistee, and Menominee valleys: there are 
 also large tiacts of pine in the vicinity of the Ontonagon River. 
 
 Mining is the third industry in importance. A majority of 
 the inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula are engaged in occupa¬ 
 tions connected with the mining, smelting, and shipping of 
 copper and iron. In the amount of copper produced Michigan 
 exceeds any region in the world, and, in iron, any state in *the 
 Union, except Pennsylvania. 
 
 In the Lower Peninsula coal is mined at Jackson, Williamstown, and 
 Corunna. Gypsum is quarried near Grand Rapids and at Alabaster, 
 and, when ground into plaster, is extensively used in agriculture and 
 the mechanic arts. Salt-wells have been bored in the lower por¬ 
 tions of the Saginaw Valley, and along the shores of lakes Huron 
 and Michigan. Strong brine is obtained in abundance; and salt 
 of fine quality is easily manufactured by boiling down, or evapo¬ 
 rating; the necessary heat being furnished at small expense by the 
 “ waste ” of the saw-mills, or by the surplus steam. In the produc¬ 
 tion of salt Michigan is the leading state. 
 
 The Fisheries give employment to a large number of 
 people, and are a steady and profitable occupation. Whitefish 
 and trout are taken in large quantities for home use and 
 export. The principal fishing-stations are Green and Saginaw 
 bays, and the vicinities of Detroit, Mackinaw, Grand Haven, 
 and Marquette. 
 
 The Commerce of the state is very important and con¬ 
 stantly increasing. Michigan controls the toll-gates of the 
 Great Lakes. The interstate and foreign trade are large, the 
 lattei being chiefly with Canada. The chief exports are lumber, 
 wheat, floui, iron, copper, salt, wool, live-stock, and orchard and 
 dairy products. 
 
 The Manufactures of the state, while extensive and varied, 
 have not yet reached the development that the abundance and 
 availability of the raw material warrant : they are, however, 
 rapidly increasing. The leading articles are flour, engines, and 
 machinery, stoves, wagons and carriages, furniture, tobacco and 
 cigars, agricultural imolements, and sashes, doors, and blinds. 
 
 Internal Improvements. — There are in the state more 
 than 4,000 miles of railroad. The southern portion of the 
 state is well supplied, and the northern part is being fur¬ 
 nished with railroad facilities as rapidly as the settlement and 
 condition of the country demand. The principal railroads 
 of the Upper Peninsula are Marquette, Houghton, and Ontona¬ 
 gon, the Chicago and North-western, and the Marquette and 
 Mackinaw : of the Lower Peninsula, Chicago and Grand 
 Trunk; Flint and Pere Marquette; Detroit, Grand Haven, 
 and Milwaukee; Detroit, Lansing, and Northern; Michigan 
 Central; Lake Shore and Michigan Southern; Grand Rapids 
 and Indiana; and the Chicago and West Michigan. 
 
 A canal connects Portage Lake with Lake Superior on the 
 north, thus enabling vessels to pass across the peninsula, 
 instead of roilnding Keweenaw Point. A ship canal has also 
 been constructed at Sault Ste. Marie around the rapids of the 
 St. Mary’s River, which here has a descent of 18 feet within 
 thiee-quaiteis of a mile: this work was undertaken and com¬ 
 pleted by the state, but has been transferred to the national 
 government. 
 
 Education. Michigan has a system of free schools, which 
 i stands deservedly high. In 1880 there were 5*963 ungraded 
 districts, and 389 graded schools. The whole number of school- 
 houses was 6,400; teachers, 13,949; children enrolled, 362,556; 
 while the value of school-buildings and grounds was nearly 
 $10,000,000, and the amount expended for school purposes 
 during the year was over $3,000,000. In many of the graded 
 districts well organized high schools are maintained. 
 
 The common schools, while under the general supervision of 
 the Superintendent of Public Instruction, are managed by the 
 people of the different districts through local superintendents, 
 county examiners, township inspectors, and district boards ; 
 but the following institutions are under control of the state : — 
 
 i. The University at Ann Arbor. This noble institution has depart¬ 
 ments of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Medicine and Surgery, 
 Pharmacy, Law, Engineering, Dentistry, a School of Mines, and a 
 school of Political Science; it may properly be considered the cap- 
 sheaf of the public school system. 
 
 “■ TK Normal School at h psilanti. 1 his is designed for the special 
 instruction and preparation of teachers for the public schools of the 
 state. 
 
MICHIGAN. 
 
 169 
 
 3. The Agricultural College at Lansing. This was the first institution 
 of the kind in the United States. 
 
 4. The Reform School at Lansing, for boys convicted of minor 
 offences. 
 
 5. The Reform School at Adrian, for girls. 
 
 6. The State Public School at Coldwater. This educates and finds 
 homes for dependent children from the county poor-houses, and is 
 designed to prevent pauperism. 
 
 7. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Flint. 
 
 8. The Institution for the Blind at Lansing. 
 
 The following chartered colleges and higher institutions are 
 maintained by denominational and private enterprise: Kala¬ 
 mazoo, Hillsdale, Albion, Olivet, Adrian, and Battle Creek 
 Colleges, Grand Traverse College at Benzonia, Hope College 
 at Holland, Michigan Female Seminary at Kalamazoo, Young 
 Ladies’ Collegiate Institute at Monroe, German American 
 Seminary at Detroit, Raisin Valley Seminary near Adrian, 
 and Michigan Military Academy at Orchard Lake, near Pon¬ 
 tiac. There are also two medical colleges at Detroit. 
 
 Penal and Benevolent Institutions. — The State Prison is 
 located at Jackson, and the state House of Correction at Ionia: 
 the latter is designed for the younger and less hardened crimi¬ 
 nals. Both institutions are largely supported by the labor of 
 the convicts. The state maintains two hospitals for the care 
 and treatment of the insane, — the Michigan Asylum located 
 at Kalamazoo, and the Eastern Asylum at Pontiac. 
 
 Government. — The Legislature consists of two houses,— 
 the Senate, of 32 members ; and the House of Representatives, 
 of 100 members, — and meets biennially, on the first day of 
 January in the odd years. The executive department is com¬ 
 posed of the Governor and a number of subordinate officers. 
 
 The members of the Legislature and the state officers are elected in 
 November of the even years, to serve for two years from the first 
 of January following. 
 
 The judiciary consists of a supreme court, which sits at 
 Lansing ; of circuit and probate courts, which are held at the 
 county seats ; of justices courts, held in every township by jus¬ 
 tices of the peace; and of special municipal courts in certain 
 cities. All judges and justices are elected by the people. 
 
 The different counties, townships, and cities have various officers 
 elected or appointed to enforce the state and local statutes, to 
 secure order, and preserve the public peace. 
 
 History. — Michigan was originally under the dominion of 
 France. The first settlements were made by the French, and 
 consisted of missionary and trading posts at Sault Ste. Marie, 
 Mackinaw, Port Huron, and Detroit. In 1763, at the close of 
 the French and Indian war, Canada was ceded to the English, 
 and Michigan and the North-west were also included in the 
 treaty. By the treaty of peace in 1783, at the close of the 
 Revolutionary War, Michigan was ceded to the United States, 
 and was included in the North-west territory; in 1802 it be¬ 
 came a part of the territory of Indiana, with Gen. William 
 Henry Harrison as governor, and in 1805 was organized as a 
 territory, with Gen. William Hull as governor, Detroit being 
 the capital. 
 
 Michigan was admitted into the Union as a state in 1837, 
 Stevens T. Mason having been elected governor. The popula¬ 
 tion was then estimated at nearly 200,000. 
 
 When Michigan was organized as a territory, the Upper Peninsula 
 was not included in its boundaries. When it asked to become a 
 
 state, it claimed, under an act of Congress known as the Ordi¬ 
 nance of 1787, a portion of Ohio, which includes the port and site 
 of Toledo. This was resisted by Ohio, and Congress gave the new 
 state the Upper Peninsula in lieu of the territory claimed. The 
 troubles over the disputed boundary gave rise to what is known as 
 the “Toledo War.” 
 
 The growth and development of the state have been steady 
 and wholesome : its advancement in material prosperity and all 
 the elements of real progress has kept pace with the increase 
 in population. 
 
 Counties. — Michigan contains eighty counties. Eleven 
 belong to the Upper Peninsula, and sixty-nine to the Lower. 
 These are divided into townships, which are ordinarily six 
 miles square: the number organized is over one thousand. 
 The township constitutes the political unit of the state. 
 
 Lansing is the capital of the state. It has an excellent 
 situation, on both banks of the Grand River, which is here 
 spanned by several iron bridges. The manufacturing inter¬ 
 ests are important, and steadily increasing. The capitol, one 
 of the finest buildings of its kind, is an ornament to the city. 
 The Agricultural College, the Reform School for Boys, and 
 the Institution for the Blind, are located here. 
 
 Detroit (population, 116,340) is the commercial metropolis 
 and largest city of Michigan. It is situated on the west bank 
 of the Detroit River, and is known as the “ City of the Straits.” 
 It has the largest and best harbor on the lakes, and is exten¬ 
 sively engaged in foreign and domestic commerce. I he river¬ 
 front, for nearly seven miles, is lined with docks, shipyards, 
 mills, foundries, grain-elevators, and warehouses. 
 
 Steamboats and sailing-vessels connect Detroit with all points on the 
 Great Lakes ; while ten lines of railway afford rapid communication 
 with all sections of the country. Its industrial and mercantile in¬ 
 terests are of the most solid character: it has large establishments 
 for smelting iron and copper, and for the manufacture of engines, 
 bridges, cars, machinery, tools, stoves, furniture, boots and shoes, 
 and tobacco. The city is well laid out, with wide streets intersect¬ 
 ing at right angles, and is noted for its beautiful homes, substantial 
 business structures, and excellent public buildings. 
 
 Grand Rapids is the second city in the state. It is beauti¬ 
 fully situated on both banks of the Grand River, at the head of 
 navigation. Six railways center here. It has the best water¬ 
 power in the State, and is extensively engaged in manufac¬ 
 turing ; the principal articles being furniture (in the production 
 of which this city exceeds any other in the country), lumber, 
 wooden-ware, agricultural implements, machinery, and flour. 
 The gypsum beds yield about 100,000 tons of plaster annually. 
 
 Bay City has a commanding situation for commerce, near the mouth of 
 Saginaw River and the deep waters of Saginaw Bay: it also has important 
 railroad connections. It is extensively engaged in the fisheries, and in the 
 manufacture and shipment of lumber, salt, machinery, and wooden-ware. 
 
 East Saginaw and Saginaw City are on opposite sides of the Saginaw 
 River, — one 15, the other 17, miles from its mouth. The river is spanned 
 by several swing-bridges, and the places are connected by a street railroad. 
 The industries of the “ Saginaws ” are essentially the same : they constitute 
 a great center for the manufacture and sale of lumber, lath, shingles, salt, 
 staves, and heading. The railroad facilities are excellent, and both cities 
 enjoy a large trade in lumbermen’s supplies. 
 
 Jackson has many natural advantages, and is centrally located in a fine 
 agricultural district. Sandstone and common and fire clay are found in 
 its immediate vicinity, and beds of bituminous coal furnish abundance of 
 cheap fuel for manufacturing purposes. Several branches of the Michigan 
 
I/O 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Central Railroad unite at this point, and the locomotive-works and repair- 
 shops of the road are located here. 
 
 Kalamazoo, though still a village, ranks as the sixth town in size. It is 
 surrounded by a rich farming region, with which it carries on an active 
 trade. Four lines of railway, intersecting at this point, afford excellent 
 shipping facilities. It is largely engaged in the manufacture of plows, har¬ 
 rows, windmills, fanning-mills, steel springs, paper, and sash, doors, and 
 blinds. It is famed for its beautiful streets and grounds, and for the excel¬ 
 lence of its institutions. It is an important educational center. 
 
 Muskegon is the largest town on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. 
 Lines of steamers run to Chicago, and it enjoys a large coasting trade. 
 Three railroads give excellent communication with the interior. This is 
 one of the principal points in the state for the production of sawed lumber. 
 Muskegon is also engaged in the manufacture of flour, salt, saws, engines, 
 boilers, etc. Fruit is extensively raised in the vicinity. 
 
 Port Huron is a port of entry, and has an advantageous position on St. 
 Clair River, at the foot of Lake Huron. It has important railroad connec¬ 
 tions. The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada enters the state at this point, 
 and sends off branches to Detroit and Chicago. The shops of the com¬ 
 pany are located here. The coasting-trade, fisheries, and the manufacture 
 of lumber, are the most important industries. 
 
 Flint is a beautiful city surrounded by a fine farming country. For an 
 inland town it is extensively engaged in the manufacture of lumber. It 
 has large flouring-mills and other manufactories. 
 
 Ann Arbor has a beautiful location on the banks of the Huron, on the 
 Michigan Central Railroad, 40 miles from Detroit. It manufactures flour, 
 agricultural implements, and furniture. This place is distinguished as 
 being the seat of the University of Michigan. 
 
 Adrian is situated on the new Wabash line to Detroit, at the junction 
 of several branches of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad. 
 It is surrounded by a fertile country, and has large planing and flouring 
 mills, foundries, and machine-shops. It is the seat of Adrian College. 
 
 Battle Creek is a flourishing city at the intersection of the Michigan 
 Central and Grand Trunk railroads. It has a large local trade, and ex¬ 
 tensive manufactures of threshing-machines, portable engines, farm tools, 
 
 woolen goods, and school-furniture. This is the headquarters of the Ad¬ 
 ventist denomination ; and their college, tabernacle, publishing-house, and 
 sanitarium are located here. 
 
 The following brief description presents the principal fea¬ 
 tures of some of the other important towns of the state : — 
 
 Albion—in Calhoun County. Large plow fac¬ 
 tory; flouring-mills. Albion College con¬ 
 trolled by the Methodist-Episcopal Church. 
 
 Alpena — in Alpena County, mouth of Thunder 
 Bay River, on Thunder Bay. Large lum¬ 
 ber interests; rapid growth. 
 
 Big Rapids—in Mecosta County, on the Mus¬ 
 kegon River. Great water-power; lumber; 
 machine-shops. 
 
 Coldwater— in Branch County. Fine country. 
 Local trade; flour; cigars. Seat of State 
 Public School. 
 
 Escanaba — in Delta County, Fine harbor. 
 Great shipping point for iron; largest iron 
 docks in the world. 
 
 Grand Haven — in Ottawa County. Port of 
 entry, mouth of Grand River. Fine har¬ 
 bor; steamers to Chicago and Milwaukee; 
 lumber; machine-shops; mineral springs. 
 
 Greenville — in Montcalm County. Farming 
 country; water-power; lumber and plan¬ 
 ing mills. 
 
 Hancock ) —in Houghton County, in center of 
 
 Houghton i the copper region. 
 
 Hillsdale — in Hillsdale County. Flour-mills; 
 grain-trade. Hillsdale College, under con¬ 
 trol of Freewill Baptists. 
 
 Ionia — in Ionia County. Farming trade and 
 lumber interests; fine building stone; 
 railroad machine-shops; state House of 
 Correction. 
 
 Ishpeming — in Marquette County; largest 
 town in Upper Peninsula. Iron mines in 
 city limits. 
 
 Ludington — in Mason County, mouth Pere 
 Marquette River. Lumber, fruit. 
 
 Manistee — in Manistee County, mouth of 
 Manistee River. Great lumber interests; 
 tanneries: salt; machine-shops, etc. 
 
 Marquette — in Marquette County. Port of 
 entry. Blast-furnaces and rolling-mills; 
 headquarters for iron interests, and ship¬ 
 ping point for iron. 
 
 Marshall—in Calhoun County, on Kalamazoo 
 River. Water-power; mills and foundries; 
 fine public buildings. 
 
 Monroe — in Monroe County, on Raisin River, 
 two miles from Lake Erie. Good harbor; 
 manufactories; nurseries; shipments of 
 grain and glass sand. 
 
 Mount Clemens — in Macomb County. Salt, 
 lumber, mineral springs. 
 
 Negaunee — in Marquette County. Iron mines 
 and blast-furnaces. 
 
 Niles — in Berrien County. Extensive water¬ 
 power; flour and paper mills; wagon and 
 machine shops. 
 
 Pontiac — in Oakland County. Rich country; 
 active trade; woolen mills; Eastern Asy¬ 
 lum for Insane. 
 
 Three Rivers — in St. Joseph County. Water¬ 
 power; varied manufactures. 
 
 West Bay City — in Bay County, near mouth 
 of Saginaw River, opposite Bay City. In¬ 
 dustries similar. 
 
 Wyandotte — in Wayne County, on the Detroit 
 River. Rolling-mills, blast-furnaces, smelt¬ 
 ing-works. 
 
 Ypsilanti — in Washtenaw County. Fine 
 water-power ; large paper, flour, and 
 woolen mills; brisk trade; seat of State 
 Normal School. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation and Extent. — Bound Wisconsin on the north. On the north¬ 
 east and east. What is the distance in miles from Milwaukee to the state 
 boundary through Lake Michigan? What state south ? What states west? 
 What natural boundary on the south-west? What two rivers form partial 
 boundary between Wisconsin and the North Peninsula of Michigan? Be¬ 
 tween what parallels does the state extend ? Between what meridians ? 
 Measure the greatest length and breadth of the state. When it is noon at 
 Washington, what time is it at Milwaukee ? 
 
 Coast. — What northern county forms a peninsula? What group of 
 islands off the northern coast ? Name the principal islands of the Apostle 
 Group. What bay indents the northern coast ? What county of the eastern 
 shore forms a peninsula ? What bay west of this peninsula? 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — By what two river systems is the surface of Wiscon¬ 
 sin drained? Ans. By the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence systems. 
 Which drains much the larger area? What are the two principal rivers of 
 Wisconsin flowing into Lake Superior ? What river flows into Green Bay? 
 What streams are discharged by Fox River and Green Bay into Lake 
 Michigan? What are the four principal streams flowing directly into Lake 
 Michigan? What are the seven principal tributaries of the Mississippi in 
 Wisconsin ? 
 
 What is the largest lake wholly in Wisconsin? Which sections of the 
 
 state are dotted with numerous lakes? Name the largest of these. Which 
 lake on the western boundary is an expansion of the Mississippi? Which 
 one of the St. Croix? 
 
 Counties. — Which counties border on Lake Superior? On the Upper 
 Peninsula of Michigan? On Green Bay? On Lake Michigan? Name the 
 counties in the southern tier. Which counties border on the Mississippi ? 
 On the St. Croix? In which county is the state capital? 
 
 Cities. — What cities of Wisconsin are situated on Lake Michigan? 
 What cities at the southern extremity of Green Bay ? What cities on Fox 
 River? What cities on or near Lake Winnebago? What cities on Rock 
 River? What cities on Wisconsin River, or its branches? What cities on 
 the Mississippi? What city on the St. Croix? [What is the county-town 
 of the county in which you live ?] 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 56,040 square miles. Population, 1,315,497.] 
 
 Position and Extent. — The latitude of the southern boun¬ 
 dary is 42 0 30' N. ; of the northern extremity of Devil’s Island, 
 the most northern of the Apostle Islands, 47 0 6 ' N. The longi- 
 
WISCONSIN 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 tude of the eastern shore of Rock Island in Lake Michigan 
 is 86 3 49' W. of Greenwich ; of the western extremity of 
 Polk County, 92 0 54' W. 
 
 Extent in latitude in miles, 317 ; in longitude, 300. 
 
 Surface. — Wisconsin has no mountains. The surface in 
 some sections is hilly, but may be described, in general, as 
 an elevated rolling plain from 600 to 1,200 feet above the 
 sea level. 
 
 The chief highland is a ridge which runs in an easterly and westerly 
 direction through the counties bordering upon Lake Superior, and 
 extends into Northern Michigan. It attains its greatest height, about 
 1,800 feet above the sea, in the Penokee Range. 
 
 From this highland the surface slopes in two general directions. 
 
 The northward slope has a short and rapid descent toward Lake 
 Superior: the southward is long and gentle, extending to the south¬ 
 ern limit of the state. I his long slope is divided by a low watershed, 
 having a general northerly and southerly direction, into two subordi¬ 
 nate slopes,—one inclined south-westerly toward the Mississippi; the 
 other south-easterly, toward Lake Michigan. 
 
 The uniformity of the southward incline is broken by a remarkable diagonal 
 valley which crosses the state from north-east to south-west. This valley is occupied by 
 Green Bay, Fox River, and the Lower Wisconsin, and contains the great depression of 
 Lake Winnebago. Another notable valley, extending southward from Lake Winnebago, 
 is occupied by Rock River. The Rock River and Green Bay valleys are bounded east 
 by a limestone ridge, which extends from the state line, in a northerly and north-easterly 
 
 direction, to the extremity of Door Peninsula. This 
 ridge presents an abrupt face toward the valleys, and 
 inclines gently eastward toward Lake Michigan. 
 
 In the western-central part of the state are many 
 isolated peaks and ridges of sandstone, or sandstone 
 capped with limestone, which rise abruptly and often 
 precipitously from 100 to 300 feet above the general 
 level. A ridge extends between the Mississippi and 
 Lower Wisconsin, through which, in Monroe County, 
 several railroad tunnels have been cut. These various 
 elevations owe their origin to erosion. 
 
 MADISON. 
 
172 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Rivers.—The surface of Wisconsin is drained by two great 
 river systems, — the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence. The 
 former drains much the larger area. 
 
 The St. Lawrence system drains the northerly and south¬ 
 easterly slopes. The principal rivers flowing into Lake Supe¬ 
 rior are the St. Louis and Montreal. Fox River and Green 
 Bay, which lie in the north-eastern basin of the diagonal valley, 
 receive the waters of the Menominee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and 
 Wolf, and discharge them into Lake Michigan. The principal 
 streams flowing directly into Lake Michigan are the Manitowoc, 
 Sheboygan, Milwaukee, and Root. 
 
 The Fox is navigable by the aid of locks to the portage. The Lower 
 Fox has a fall of 170 feet between Lake Winnebago and Green 
 Bay, and, having this large lake as a reservoir, affords one of the 
 most extensive and reliable water-powers in the United States. 
 The Wolf is navigable to New London. 
 
 The Mississippi system drains the south-westerly slope. Its 
 principal tributaries are the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wis¬ 
 consin, Rock, Southern Fox, and Des Plaines. 
 
 * Of these tributaries the St. Croix is navigable to Taylor’s Falls, 
 Minn.; the Chippewa, to Chippewa Falls; the Wisconsin, to Port¬ 
 age. The navigation of the latter is much obstructed by bars of 
 shifting sand. It is the longest river wholly in the state, its length 
 being about 500 miles. 
 
 Lakes. — Wisconsin is situated in that remarkable lake 
 region of the United States which is drained by the St. Law¬ 
 rence and the Upper Mississippi. The northern and eastern 
 portions of the state are dotted with small lakes ; while its 
 borders lie upon the upper Great Lakes, — Superior and 
 Michigan. Winnebago, the largest lake wholly in Wisconsin, is 
 28 miles long and 10 miles wide. Lakes Pepin and St. Croix, 
 on the western boundary, are respectively expansions of the 
 Mississippi and of the St. Croix. What was formerly Lake 
 Horicon has been drained by the removal of Horicon dam, and 
 the result is Horicon Marsh. 
 
 Scenery. — The most striking feature of Wisconsin scenery 
 is that afforded by the numerous beautiful lakes, the great 
 majority of which have high wooded banks, rocky or sandy 
 beaches, and clear, deep water. These lakes are becoming the 
 summer resort of people from the cities of Wisconsin and 
 adjoining states. They are stocked with choice varieties of 
 fish, while myriad water-fowl frequent their borders. Among 
 the most noted for their beauty are Winnebago, Geneva, and 
 Devil’s Lake. One of the most attractive features of Lake 
 Superior scenery is found in the sandstone cliffs of Bayfield 
 Peninsula and the Apostle Islands. 
 
 In the Wisconsin, St. Croix, and other northern streams, the 
 currents have worn deep, narrow gorges through the rocks, 
 called “dalles.” The finest example of these is the dalles of 
 the Wisconsin, where the canon is about eight miles in length, 
 the stream narrow, deep, and swift, and the rocky walls, worn 
 into curious shapes, rise frequently to a perpendicular height 
 of 80 feet. The western border of the state is rendered exceed¬ 
 ingly picturesque by the bold bluffs, varying in height from 
 200 to 500 feet, that line the courses of the Upper Mississippi 
 and its tributaries ; while the streams flowing down the abrupt 
 descent from the northern watershed to Lake Superior are 
 characterized by numberless beautiful cascades and rapids. 
 
 Climate. — Lying as it does in the center of a great conti¬ 
 
 nent, Wisconsin might be expected to possess seasons charac¬ 
 terized by extremes of temperature ; and such is to a consider¬ 
 able extent the case; but the Great Lakes have a marked 
 influence in moderating the heat and cold, causing those por¬ 
 tions of the state that border upon them to have an average 
 temperature from 6° to io° higher in winter, and lower in sum¬ 
 mer, than the portions along the Mississippi River. 
 
 The winters are generally long and cold. The average winter temper¬ 
 ature in the south is 20°, in the north, 15 0 ; but the mercury often 
 falls below zero, and in the north-west, on rare occasions, stands at 
 —40°. The springs are often backward; but in that case the sum¬ 
 mer comes so rapidly, that vegetation is not permanently retarded. 
 The summers are generally cool, with the exception of an occa¬ 
 sional “heated term” that lasts but a few days, and is frequently 
 terminated by an abrupt change of temperature. The average 
 summer temperature in the south is 70°; in the north, 6o°. The 
 mercury often rises to 90°, very seldom to ioo°. The autumns are 
 long, frequently lasting into December. 
 
 The winds are chiefly westerly, except in spring, when north¬ 
 easterly currents prevail. 
 
 Lying in the belt of equinoctial rains, Wisconsin has its 
 greatest rainfall in spring and autumn, with a preponderance 
 in spring. Moisture is however abundant throughout the year, 
 copious showers falling during the summer months; while the 
 winter usually brings plenty of snow. 
 
 The dry, clear air, pure water, and good drainage of Wiscon¬ 
 sin, combine to make it one of the most healthful states in the 
 Union. 
 
 Soil and Native Vegetation. — The rocks underlying the 
 surface soils of Wisconsin may be described as crystalline, 
 sandstone, and limestone. The surface soils are largely the 
 result of the breaking-up of these underlying rocky forma¬ 
 tions. 
 
 Occupying nearly the whole of the state north of the center, except a 
 region of sandstone rock along Lake Superior, is an elliptical-shaped 
 area of crystalline rocks, having its longer axis east and west. 
 Around the southern edge of this region of crystalline rocks runs 
 a curved belt of sandstone, with its broadest part in the valley of 
 the Wisconsin, where it extends as far south as Columbia and 
 Dane counties ; while the extremities rest respectively upon the 
 Menominee and St. Croix rivers, in Marinette and Polk counties. 
 Around the southern edge of this sandstone belt, occupying the 
 remainder of the state, lies the region of limestone which stretches 
 southward along the shores of Green Bay, Lake Winnebago, and 
 Lake Michigan, and westward to the Mississippi River. 
 
 The regions of crystalline rocks and of Lake Superior sand¬ 
 stone are covered nearly everywhere with “drift,” its fertility 
 depending upon the relative amount of sand and clay found in 
 it. In the higher lands, these are, as a rule, mixed, producing a 
 loamy soil which supports a heavy growth of mingled pine and 
 hardwood timber, and, when cleared, furnishes excellent tillable 
 land. Where the soil is very sandy, it is sterile, although now 
 covered, for the most part, with pine-forests. Where clay 
 largely predominates, the soil is not at first very productive, 
 but steadily improves upon working. 
 
 The curved belt of sandstone is characterized by a loose, 
 sandy soil of the poorest quality, upon which the prevailing 
 growth is small oaks. It possesses, however, streaks of highly 
 fertile soil, that occur where it is invaded by tongues of loamy 
 “ drift,” or crossed by the alluvial bottom-lands of streams. 
 
 In the limestone region, the soil, being mingled with lime 
 
WISCONSIN. 
 
 173 
 
 from the underlying rock, constitutes a marly loam, in which 
 clay usually predominates. This entire region is one of great 
 fertility, and affords an agricultural area among the finest in 
 the West. It is, in the main, quite evenly divided between 
 grassy prairies and thinly-timbered districts called “openings,” 
 in which the characteristic growth is oak. The exceptions 
 occur in two portions, which were originally heavily tim¬ 
 bered,— the one lying mainly to the north of Milwaukee, along 
 the shores of Lake Michigan and Green Bay; and the other 
 in the east side of the Rock River valley, dhe prairies and 
 “ openings ” are so arranged, that a farm of moderate size will 
 usually afford both arable land and woodland. 
 
 Water and Timber Supply. — The plentiful rainfall and 
 numberless lakes and streams mark Wisconsin as a well-watered 
 state ; but it is particularly so in the unfailing supply of pure 
 drinking-water that is everywhere found. 
 
 Mineral springs, some of them highly valued for their medi¬ 
 cinal qualities, are numerous. One of the most noted is the 
 Bethesda Spring at Waukesha. The underlying porous sand¬ 
 stones and overlying impervious limestones and clays furnish 
 the necessary conditions for the artesian wells throughout the 
 
 south-eastern portion of the state. 
 
 The supply of pine timber is not yet exhausted in any of the 
 lumbering districts of the state, notwithstanding the immense 
 quantities manufactured yearly during the last quarter of a 
 century. At the present rate of cutting, it is estimated that 
 the supply would last for fifty years. As the cutting continues, 
 however, it must of necessity progress more and more slowly, 
 because of the increasing distance of the timber from streams 
 and railways, and the consequent difficulty of getting out the 
 logs. It is therefore likely to be long before the pine-forests 
 of Wisconsin are exhausted. 
 
 Mineral Products. — Rich deposits of lead and zinc exist in 
 the region west of Sugar River, and south of the Wisconsin. 
 Iron is found in the Penokee range in Lincoln, Ashland, and 
 Bayfield counties, also in northern Marinette County, and at 
 various points in the central part of the state. Coppei is 
 found in Ashland County. The iron and copper of the regions 
 bordering upon Northern Michigan occur in the westward 
 extensions of the ranges which furnish the rich ores of that 
 
 ^ The clav-beds afford material for the manufacture of large quantities 
 of brick, which are mostly of a beautiful cream-color, and are widely 
 known as “ Milwaukee brick.” 
 
 Porcelain clay is found at Grand Rapids. A very superior quality of 
 hydraulic cement is manufactured from a deposit in the vicinity 
 of Milwaukee. 
 
 Throughout the south-eastern portion of the state, limestone rock is 
 burned for quicklime, producing an article of exceptional excellence. 
 
 Sand of good quality for glass-making occurs in various places in the 
 sandstone rocks. All of the rocky formations are used as building- 
 stone, and an abundance of one or more of them is found in all 
 parts of the state. The most beautfful is the rich brown sandstone 
 of the Lake Superior coast and the Apostle Islands 
 
 Hops are cultivated in large quantities, chiefly to supply the demand 
 made by the breweries of the state. 
 
 Flax is raised both for fiber and seed; its culture is increasing 
 throughout the state. 
 
 Tobacco is grown principally in Rock and Dane counties, lhe varie¬ 
 ties having a large, tough leaf, suitable for cigar-wrappers, do well. 
 
 The production of maple-sugar is likely to increase as the settlement 
 of the timbered regions of the north advances ; while the raising of 
 sorghum for sugar bids fair to grow in importance. 
 
 The marshes of the state, almost without exception, admit of easy 
 drainage, and will be in the future among its most valuable lands. 
 Large numbers of them are now valuable for hay, and many produce 
 cranberries spontaneously. Some of the latter, especially in south¬ 
 eastern Waushara County, have been improved : and the fruit pays 
 well for cultivation, both in the amount and quality produced. 
 
 In addition to cranberries, most ot the fruits adapted to this latitude 
 are successfully cultivated, especially the grape, which grows in 
 great abundance and perfection. 
 
 Agriculture. — Agriculture ranks first among the industries 
 of the state. At present it is almost entirely confined to the 
 southern half and the counties on the western border. Meth¬ 
 ods of farming are steadily improving. Grain-growing is the 
 chief branch of husbandry; but stock and dairy farming are 
 rapidly increasing in importance, and are likely, at no distant 
 day, to become leading industries. 
 
 Manufactures. — Foremost among the manufactures of the 
 state is that of lumber. The immense forests of the north yield 
 annually over 1,000,000,000 feet of pine timber, which finds a 
 ready market in the prairie states farther west and south. The 
 streams that flow through the forest region are of the utmost im¬ 
 portance to the lumbering interests, as they furnish facilities for 
 floating the logs to the mills, and in many instances the power 
 which saws them into lumber. Quite extensive operations are 
 also conducted upon various railway lines which penetrate the 
 timbered regions lying remote from lumbering streams. 
 
 The amount and variety of manufactured products is rapidly 
 increasing. Besides lumber, the principal articles manufac¬ 
 tured are threshing-machines and other agricultural imple¬ 
 ment, matches, sashes and doors, malt liquors, iron products, 
 paper, wagons, woolen and cotton goods, boots and shoes, etc. 
 
 The abundant water-powers of the state are of gieat advan¬ 
 tage to its manufacturing interests, though comparatively few 
 of them have as yet been utilized. 
 
 Mining and Fisheries. — Only lead, zinc, and iron ores are 
 at present mined. The most important iron-mines in the state 
 are at Iron Ridge in Dodge County, Ironton in Sauk County, 
 Cazenovia in Richland County, and Florence in Marinette 
 
 County. 
 
 Fishing is extensively carried on along the shores of lakes 
 Superior and Michigan, and immense quantities of whitefish 
 
 and lake-trout are annually taken. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of the state is constantly in¬ 
 creasing to keep pace with the increasing products of its indus¬ 
 tries and those of the country farther west. Its lines of rail¬ 
 way, reaching out into the great agricultural regions of the west 
 and north-west, and carrying products which seek an outlet to 
 the Eastern markets by way of the Great Lakes, centet in 
 Milwaukee, making it, by reason of its location on Lake Michi¬ 
 gan, and its railroad connections, the commercial metropolis of 
 the state. The products of the extreme north find a natural 
 outlet through Lake Superior; while the Mississippi River fur¬ 
 nishes a water-way for commerce with the South. 
 
 Transportation. — Wisconsin is crossed in every direction 
 by a network of railroads having an aggregate length of more 
 than 3,000 miles within the state. The chief systems are the 
 Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul, the Chicago and North¬ 
 western, the Wisconsin Central, the Chicago, St. Paul, Minne¬ 
 apolis, and Omaha, the Green Bay and Minnesota, and the 
 
174 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Milwaukee, Lake Shore, and Western, all of which have numer¬ 
 ous tributary branches. 
 
 A canal about two miles in length has been cut between the Fox 
 and Wisconsin rivers, at Portage. There is also a short canal 
 around the rapids, near the foot of Lake Winnebago. By means of 
 these, water-communication is established between the Great Lakes 
 and the Mississippi. The Sturgeon Bay ship-canal cuts through 
 Door Peninsula, and shortens the route by water between the ports 
 of Green Bay and those of Lake Michigan farther south. 
 
 Education.—The public school system is under the super¬ 
 vision of the state superintendent, and comprises district 
 schools, graded and high schools, state normal schools, and the 
 State University. The latter is located at Madison. It com¬ 
 prises colleges of letters, arts, and agriculture, and departments 
 of law and engineering. It is open to both sexes. 
 
 The normal schools are four in number: they are located at 
 Platteville, Whitewater, Oshkosh, and River Falls. Each as¬ 
 sembly district in the state is entitled to eight representatives 
 in the normal schools : these are nominated by county or city 
 superintendents. The University and normal schools are con¬ 
 trolled by boards of regents appointed by the governor: they 
 are supported by the proceeds of public lands. Tuition is free 
 to residents of the state. The high, graded, and district 
 schools are supported in part by the proceeds of public lands, 
 and in part by taxation. They are under the supervision of 
 city and county superintendents. 
 
 The charitable and reformatory institutions are the Institu¬ 
 tion for the Blind at Janesville, the Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb at Delavan, the Hospitals for the Insane near Madison 
 and Oshkosh, the Industrial School for Boys at Waukesha, that 
 for Girls at Milwaukee, and the State Prison at Waupun. 
 
 The most important denominational schools are Beloit, Mil- 
 ton, Ripon, and Racine Colleges, Lawrence University at 
 Appleton, and the Seminary of St. Francis of Sales, and Pio 
 Nono College, near Milwaukee. 
 
 Government. — The state is divided into 33 senatorial, and 
 100 assembly districts. At the fall election, which occurs on 
 the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November, the 
 qualified voters in each district elect senators and assemblymen. 
 Ihese, on the second Wednesday in January in each year, meet 
 at Madison in their respective Houses, the Senate and Assem¬ 
 bly, and together constitute the Legislature of the state. Sena¬ 
 tors are elected for a term of two years, one-half of the whole 
 number each year ; assemblymen are elected for one year. 
 
 The executive power is vested in a governor. The lieu¬ 
 tenant-governor is, cx-officio , president of the Senate. The 
 administrative officers are the secretary of state, who is ex- 
 officio, auditor, the state treasurer, attorney-general, railroad 
 commissioner, insurance commissioner, and state superintend¬ 
 ent of public instruction. These executive and administrative 
 officers are elected at the fall election, in the years whose num¬ 
 bers are odd, and hold office two years. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court and circuit 
 courts : the former consists of one chief justice and four asso¬ 
 ciate justices, who are elected, one every two years, for the 
 term of ten years each. The state is divided in thirteen judi¬ 
 cial circuits. A judge is elected in each circuit for a term 
 of six years. Supreme and circuit judges are elected at the 
 spring elections held on the first Tuesday in April. 
 
 P'or purposes of local government the state is divided into 
 66 counties, and these are again divided into “towns.” 
 
 The county government, like that of the state, consists of legislative, 
 executive and administrative, and judicial departments. The legis¬ 
 lative power is vested in a board of supervisors, which consists of 
 the chairmen of the town boards, and a supervisor elected by each 
 incorporated village and each ward of a city. These supervisors 
 are elected at spring elections, and hold office one year. The execu¬ 
 tive officers are sheriff and coroner. The administrative officers 
 are clerk, treasurer, register of deeds, surveyor, district-attorney, 
 and school superintendent. The judicial officers are county judge 
 and clerk of the circuit court. These officers are elected by the 
 qualified voters of the county at the fall elections, and hold office 
 two years, except the county judge, who is elected in the spring, 
 and holds office four years. 
 
 The town government is in form nearly that of a pure democracy. 
 The legislative power is vested in the entire body of voters. They, 
 however, elect the following officers: a town board of three super¬ 
 visors, one of whom is chairman, a clerk, treasurer, assessor, over¬ 
 seers of highways, four constables, and four justices of the peace. 
 At the regular spring election all town officers are elected for one 
 year, except justices of the peace, who are elected for two years, 
 two each year. 
 
 History. — In 1634, fourteen years after the landing of the 
 Pilgrims, Jean Nicolet, a Frenchman, visited the country now 
 called Wisconsin. He passed through the state by way of 
 the Fox River and Lake Winnebago, nearly to the Wisconsin, 
 and was the first white man to set foot upon its soil. A quar¬ 
 ter of a century later he was followed by the French missiona¬ 
 ries, among them Claude Allouez, who in 1665 established a 
 mission at Chequamegon Bay, and another at La Pointe. In 
 1669 he also founded the mission of St. Francis Xavier, on 
 Green Bay. In 1673 Louis Joliet and James Marquette passed 
 through the Fox and Wisconsin, and discovered the Upper 
 Mississippi. 
 
 French rule began in 1671, when, by right of discovery, 
 France took formal possession of the country of the Upper 
 Lakes. She held it until 1763, when, at the close of the 
 French and Indian War, it was ceded to the English, who, in 
 their turn, held it just twenty years, until the close of the war 
 of the Revolution, in 1783, when they ceded it to the United 
 States. 
 
 Wisconsin was originally a part of the great North-West 
 Territory of the United States. In 1836 it became a separate 
 territory, and was admitted as a state in 1848. 
 
 The first permanent settlement within the present limits of the state 
 was made at Green Bay, in 1745, by a small colony led by Augustin 
 de Langlade and his son Charles. 
 
 The south-western part of the state was the first to be settled by 
 Americans. This was on account of the lead-mines, which be<ran 
 to attract general attention in 1S26, and to bring large numbers of 
 miners and settlers into the region. The famous Black Hawk War 
 occurred in 1832. It was caused by trouble that arose between the 
 settlers and the Sacs and Foxes, led by Black Hawk, in regard to 
 certain lands claimed by each. The principal engagements were 
 the battle of Wisconsin Heights in Dane County and the battle of 
 the Bad Axe. The latter closed the war. 
 
 The climate of Wisconsin has attracted large numbers of 
 emigrants from the countries of Northern Europe, especially 
 Germans and Scandinavians. These have settled in the state 
 in such numbers as to form almost the entire population of 
 certain districts. 
 
WISCONSIN. 
 
 175 
 
 Qi t i es> —Wisconsin contains forty-five incorporated cities, of 
 which the most important are : — 
 
 Madison (population, 10,325), in Dane County, is the capital. 
 It is situated between lakes Mendota and Monona, and is 
 justly celebrated for the beauty of its location. The city is 
 finely planned, with the Capitol Park in the center; and the 
 capitol building is one of the finest in the United States. 
 Madison is an important railroad center. 
 
 Milwaukee (population, 1 15 ’ 5 ^ 7 )» situated on Lake Michigan 
 and Milwaukee River, is the commercial metropolis, railroad 
 center, and port of entry, of the state. It is one of the most 
 important wheat markets in the country, and has extensive 
 manufactures of iron, flour, malt liquors, and leather. 
 
 In appearance it is a beautiful city. It stands on elevated 
 ground overlooking the lake, and is mainly built of cream- 
 colored brick. Milwaukee is noted for the excellence of its 
 school system and the healthfulness of its situation. 
 
 Racine, beautifully situated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Root 
 River, has excellent railroad connections and a considerable amount of 
 shipping. It is the center of a fertile farming-region, and contains one 
 of the largest manufactories of threshing-machines in the world. Among 
 other important industries are the manufacture of wagons and woolens, and 
 silver-plating. 
 
 Oshkosh, on Lake Winnebago and Fox River, and near the mouth of 
 Wolf River, is the most important commercial town on the line of the Fox 
 and Wisconsin River Improvement. It is the center of the lumber trade 
 of the Wolf River district, and manufactures lumber, sash, doors, blinds, 
 and matches in very large quantities. It is well built of cream-coloied 
 brick, is pleasantly situated, and has excellent railroad facilities. 
 
 La Crosse, in La Crosse County, has a picturesque situation on the 
 Mississippi River. It has good railroad connections and a large river 
 
 trade. It is the center of the lumbering interests of the Black River dis¬ 
 trict. It is growing in business importance, and in population. 
 
 Fond du Lac is situated at the head of Lake Winnebago, in a fine 
 farming-region. It has good water communications and excellent railioad 
 connections. Its principal manufactures are lumber, sash, doors and blinds, 
 and agricultural implements. It is noted for the number and excellence 
 of its artesian wells. 
 
 Eau Claire, on Eau Claire and Chippewa rivers, is the center of impor¬ 
 tant lumber interests, and is a prosperous, growing city, with excellent rail¬ 
 road facilities. 
 
 Janesville is prettily situated on Rock River, which affords abundant 
 water-power. It is the center of a rich agricultural country, and has good 
 railroad facilities. Its principal manufactures are agi icultural implements, 
 cotton and woolen goods, flour, boots and shoes, and perfumery. 
 
 Appleton —on the Lower Fox. The navigation 
 of the Fox, and excellent railroad connec¬ 
 tions, give it good commercial advantages. 
 Immense water-power, with considerable 
 fall, and steady flow Extensive manufac¬ 
 tures of wood-pulp, paper, iron, flour, and 
 lumber. 
 
 Beloit —on Rock River. Water-power. Two 
 railroads. Varied manufactures, — paper, 
 machinery for paper-mills,, water-wheels, 
 iron and steel goods, windmills, agricultural 
 implements, flour, and shoes. 
 
 Chippewa Falls — on Chippewa River. Water¬ 
 power. Railroad communication. Head 
 of steamboat navigation. Extensive manu¬ 
 facture of lumber. 
 
 Green Bay — On Green Bay, at the mouth of the 
 Lower Fox. Excellent natural harbor. A 
 lake-port of the Fox and Wisconsin River 
 Improvement. Railroad connections. Ex- 
 
 * tensive fisheries, and important manufac¬ 
 tures of lumber and shingles, staves, spokes, 
 and hubs. 
 
 Kenosha —on Lake Michigan. Manufactures 
 of machinery, wagons, fanning-mills. 
 
 Manitowoc — on Lake Michigan, at the mouth 
 
 of Manitowoc River. Excellent harbor. 
 Lake commerce and ship-building. 
 
 Neenah — on Fox River, at the outlet of Lake 
 Winnebago. Water-power. Important 
 railroad connections. Manufactures of 
 paper and flour. Beautiful situation. 
 
 Oconto —on Green Bay, at the mouth of the 
 Oconto River. Extensive manufactures of 
 lumber. 
 
 F^ortage — on the Wisconsin River. Important 
 railroad point; on the line of water commu¬ 
 nication by the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. 
 Head of navigation in the latter. 
 
 Sheboygan—on Lake Michigan, at the mouth 
 of Sheboygan River. Two railroads. Manu¬ 
 facturing and shipping point. 
 
 Stevens Point —on Wisconsin River. Impor¬ 
 tant point on the Wisconsin Central Rail¬ 
 road. Large lumbering interests. 
 
 Watertown — on Rock River. Good water¬ 
 power. Three railroads. Manufactures of 
 agricultural implements, flour, and brick. 
 
 Wausau—on Wisconsin River. Lumber manu¬ 
 facture. 
 
 Whitewater — important manufactures of wag¬ 
 ons, paper, and agricultural implements. 
 
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MINNESOTA 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 between latitude 43 0 30' and 49 0 24' north, and longitude 89° 30' and 97 0 5' 
 west from Greenwich. 
 
 Boundaries. — Minnesota is bounded on the north by the provinces of Manitoba and 
 Keewatin (in the Dominion of Canada), the dividing line being formed west of the 
 Lake of the Woods by the 49th 1 parallel, and east of that lake by Rainy Lake River, 
 Rainy Lake and a chain of small lakes, Arrow River, and Pigeon River; east by Lake 
 Superior, and by Wisconsin, — from which state it is separated by a line drawn due 
 south from the first rapids in the St. Louis River to the St. Croix River, — and by the 
 St. Croix and Mississippi rivers; south by Iowa; and west by Dakota, from which it 
 is divided by the Red River of the North, the Bois des Sioux River, Lake Traverse, 
 and Big Stone Lake, and a line drawn directly south from the outlet of the last-named 
 lake to the Iowa boundary. 
 
 Extent. — The extreme length north and south is about 380 miles; breadth, 
 from 183 miles in the middle to 262 miles on the southern boundary, and 337 
 miles near the northern boundary. Its area is greater than that of all New 
 England, and nearly double that of New York. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 83,365 square miles. Population, 780,773 ] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation. — Minnesota, one of the “West- 
 Central States,” occupies the central part of 
 North America, and includes the “ Height of 
 Land ” which divides the Arctic Plain from 
 the valley of the Mississippi. It is situated 
 
 Watershed. — Minnesota occupies the most elevated plateau between 
 Hudson Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, and forms the watershed of the three 
 great river-systems of North America, — that of the Mississippi (Gulf System), 
 that of the St. Lawrence (Atlantic System), and that of the Red River of the 
 North (Arctic System). 
 
 The north-eastern part of the state is in the St. Lawrence basin; the northern and north¬ 
 western parts are in that of Hudson Bay; the extreme south-western part is in the Mis¬ 
 souri basin; but the greater part of the state is in the valley of the Upper Mississippi. 
 
 1 Except that there is a small detached area north-west of the Lake of the Woods, with a few islands in that lake 
 north of that parallel. 
 
MINNESOTA. 
 
 l 7 9 
 
 “Height of Land.”— The “Height of Land,” a group of 
 low rocky hills in the north-eastern part of the state, is the 
 highest elevation, and its ranges form the divides, or water¬ 
 sheds, of the river-systems already named. 
 
 The “ Height of Land” (French Hauteurs des Terres , and hence 
 properly '■'■Heights of Land”) reaches nowhere a greater elevation 
 than i,680 feet above the sea-level, which is little more than 600 feet 
 above the general level of the state, and not more than 100 feet 
 above the level of the adjacent lakes. 'I he ascent from the plateau 
 to the highest summits of these hills is very gradual, except from 
 Lake Superior, where, within a few miles, there is an ascent of 759 
 feet. 
 
 The Minnesota Plain.— The greater part of the surface of 
 Minnesota is an undulating plain, with an average elevation 
 of about 1,000 feet above the sea. 
 
 The lowest point within the state, on the Mississippi, has an elevation 
 of 660 feet above the sea-level. 
 
 Objects of Interest. —The state presents many natural 
 objects of interest. The Mississippi is bordered with pictur¬ 
 esque scenery, and studded with numerous islands, among 
 which Mountain Island (400 feet high) is of particular interest. 
 St. Anthony’s Falls and the Minnehaha Falls, though not 
 notable for any great perpendicular pitch, are romantic and 
 beautiful cascades. Among other objects of interest may be 
 named the dalles of the St. Louis and St. Croix rivers, and the 
 great Indian pipestone quarry, regarded as a common sanctuary 
 by the Indians. 
 
 III. WATER-SYSTEM. 
 
 Lakes. — Minnesota is distinguished for the number and 
 beauty of its lakes, with generally clear, sweet water, and 
 abounding in fish. They vary in size from a few rods to 30 
 miles in length, and have been estimated as numbering from 
 7,000 to 10,000. 
 
 These lakes are especially numerous in the vicinity of the Height of 
 Land. Among the largest are the Lake of the Woods, Rainy, 
 Leech, Red, Namekin, Vermilion, Bois Blanc, Winibigosish, and 
 Mille Lacs. 
 
 Rivers. — in regard to its rivers Minnesota is remarkably 
 interesting from the fact that within its limits is the water¬ 
 shed of the three great river-systems of North America. 
 
 The Mississippi, which drains the greater part of the state, 
 rises in Lake Itasca, on the Height of Land, and flows in a 
 south-easterly direction, 797 miles of its course within or 
 bordering on Minnesota. It is navigable during the season 
 of high water more than half this distance. 
 
 Lake Itasca, regarded as the source of the Mississippi, receives the 
 waters of various creeks. Of these, the principal one has its origin 
 about six miles distant, in a pond formed by water oozing from 
 crevices in the Height of Land. Lake Itasca is a sheet of clear, 
 deep water, seven miles long, and from one to three miles wide. 
 
 The name “ Mississippi ” (Miche Sepe as spelled by some old writers) 
 signifies “Great River,” or “the Great Father of Waters.” At the 
 outlet of Lake Itasca it is ten or twelve feet wide, and about eighteen 
 inches deep. 
 
 The chief tributaries of the Mississippi in this state are the 
 Minnesota, which has a course through the state of 450 miles, 
 and which is navigable for steamers as far as Mankato ; and the 
 St. Croix, which forms 129 miles of the eastern boundary, and 
 is navigable about 50 miles. 
 
 Other rivers are the Red River of the North, which rises in 
 
 Elbow Lake, flows in a south-westerly direction, and then turns 
 northward, forming about half the western boundary of the 
 state ; the St. Louis, which flows into Lake Superior, and thus 
 forms a head-stream of the St. Lawrence ; and the West I'ork 
 of the Des Moines, an affluent of the Mississippi. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 Characteristics. — The range of temperature from the ex¬ 
 treme of summer heat to the extreme of winter cold is great ; 
 but on the whole the climate of Minnesota is exceedingly 
 pleasant. The winters are severe ; but the cold is dry and 
 steady, and the snows are usually light. Spring and fall are 
 long and pleasant seasons ; the summers are warm, but with 
 breezy nights. 
 
 Salubrity. —The dry, pure air and even temperature make 
 the climate very salubrious, and have given the state a wide 
 reputation as a sanitary resort. 
 
 V. NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 
 
 Soil. — The soil of Minnesota is generally fertile, two-thirds 
 of the surface being admirably adapted to the cultivation of all 
 the grains of the temperate zone ; and both soil and climate 
 are peculiarly favorable to wheat-growing. 
 
 The soil is composed generally of “ a dark calcareous loam, abounding 
 in organic and saline ingredients, and is retentive of moisture.” 
 
 Minerals. — The north-east corner of the state possesses the 
 general characteristics of the mineral fields to the south of 
 Lake Superior, and iron-ore and copper have been found there 
 to a limited extent. Peat suitable for use as fuel is found in 
 many parts of the state ; and also salt springs of considerable 
 value in the valley of the Red River of the North. Among 
 other useful minerals are slate, granite, sandstone, limestone, 
 and beds of clay and glass-sand. The mineral wealth of Min¬ 
 nesota is still, however, very imperfectly known. 
 
 A o-eoloMcal survey of the state is now in progress under the direction 
 of officers of the State University. 
 
 Forests. — Minnesota is rich in forests, of which the most 
 important are the pineries and the “Big Woods.” 
 
 The former, the great white pine belt, covering nearly one- 
 fourth of the state (over 20,000 square miles), are chiefly north¬ 
 eastward of the Mississippi River, and extend indefinitely 
 northward. The “Big Woods are a great forest of oak, elm, 
 maple, ash, and other deciduous trees, covering a region of 100 
 miles in length by 40 in breadth (4,000 square miles) south of 
 Crow Wing River. 
 
 The state gives generous bounties to encourage tree-planting, and, in 
 consequence of this wise policy, the wooded area is rapidly spread- 
 in°\ and the effect is felt in an increased rainfall in sections of the 
 state subject to drought. 
 
 Water Facilities. — Minnesota, commanding the head of 
 navigation of the two great river systems, the St. Lawience 
 system, by which she has continuous communication with the 
 Atlantic Ocean ; and the Mississippi, by which she has outlet 
 to the Gulf of Mexico,— is in a highly-favored position for the 
 cheap transportation of her products both to domestic and to 
 foreign markets. 
 
 The numerous falls and rapids in the rivers of Minnesota 
 supply unlimited water-power. 
 
i8o 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 industry in Min- 
 
 The judicial department comprises a supreme court, twelve 
 district courts, and a probate court in each county, besides 
 justices of the peace. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Agriculture. — Agriculture is the leading 
 nesota, about two-thirds of the population (ten years old and 
 upward) being engaged in its various branches. 
 
 The leading staple is wheat, and the next most important 
 crops are oats, corn, potatoes, rye, barley, and flax. The 
 hardier varieties of fruits are also extensively cultivated. 
 
 A leading authority says, “The capacities of Minnesota as a wheat- 
 producing state are prodigious. Spring wheat succeeds best here; 
 and, since the introduction of the recent new processes of milling 
 and bolting, the spring wheat of Minnesota has commanded the 
 highest market-prices, and has produced a greater percentage of 
 flour than any winter wheat, the best grades heading the list of 
 high-priced flours, both in eastern and western markets.” 
 
 Stock-raising is a growing interest : cattle, horses, and hogs 
 are largely shipped to the seaboard ; and there is a large 
 production of butter and cheese. Pork-packing is an increas¬ 
 ing industry. 
 
 Lumbering. — The cutting and sawing of logs in the great 
 northern pineries furnish extensive employment for men and 
 money. The logs are floated down from the head-waters of the 
 Mississippi, St. Croix, and St. Louis rivers, a part to be sawed 
 at mills within the state, and a part sent in rafts to be manu¬ 
 factured at more southern points. 
 
 Manufactures.—The presence of unlimited water-power 
 and vast forests of the most valuable timber-trees, in a state 
 producing great quantities of grain and wool, forms the basis of 
 a manufacturing interest already large, and certain to expand. 
 
 The leading products are flour and lumber, woodenware, 
 carriages, and furniture. The manufacture of boots and shoes, 
 lime, bricks, saddlery, leather, and woolens, is large and in¬ 
 creasing. 
 
 Commerce. — The jorincipal articles of export are wheat, 
 flour, and lumber. 
 
 The state comprises the United States customs district of Duluth and 
 that of Minnesota, of which the port of entry is Pembina. St. Paul 
 is a port of delivery. 
 
 Railroads. — In 1862 the state had no railroads: she has 
 now about 3,200 miles of track. Seven of the railroads cross 
 the entire state from east to west, and railroad lines connect 
 the leading towns with one another and with important places 
 outside the state. 
 
 The completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad (which now joins 
 Lake Superior with the Red River and upper Missouri water- 
 systems) will give Minnesota direct communication with the Pacific 
 coast. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The legislative department consists of a senate of forty-one 
 members, and an assembly of one hundred and six representa¬ 
 tives ; the former elected for four years, the latter for two years. 
 
 The executive officers of the state are the governor, lieu¬ 
 tenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney-general 
 (all elected for two years), and an auditor, who is elected for 
 three years. 
 
 These are elected by the people: the superintendent of public in¬ 
 struction and several other officers are appointed by the governor. 
 
 The election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem¬ 
 ber of each alternate year, and the Legislature meets on the Tuesday 
 after the first Monday in January following the election. The Legis¬ 
 lature can sit but sixty days. 
 
 All judges are elected by the people; those of the supreme and dis¬ 
 trict courts for seven years, and the others for two years. 
 
 State Constitution. — The present constitution of Minnesota 
 was adopted in 1857. 
 
 Voters must have lived in the United States one year, and in the 
 state four months. 
 
 Indians and mixed breeds, who have adopted “the language, customs, 
 and habits of civilization,” are also allowed to vote in any distiict 
 in which they have resided for the ten days next preceding election. 
 
 Federal Representation. — Minnesota is represented in the 
 national Congress by two senators, and by the tenth census is 
 entitled to five representatives. The state therefore has seven 
 electoral votes. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 The public school system of Minnesota ranks among the 
 best in the Union, and is generously provided for by a perma¬ 
 nent school fund. 
 
 The permanent school fund is derived from the proceeds of the school 
 lands, which comprise every sixteenth and thirty-sixth section, or 
 one-eighteenth of the entire public domain. It is estimated, that, 
 when the remainder of these lands is sold, the permanent school 
 fund will exceed $15,000,000. 
 
 There are three state normal schools, situated at Winona, 
 Mankato, and St. Cloud. 
 
 The State University is at Minneapolis, and is beautifully 
 situated on a bluff of the Mississippi, one mile below the falls of 
 St. Anthony. It comprises various colleges, — of science, lit¬ 
 erature, and the arts, and of agriculture, and the mechanic 
 arts. Tuition is free in all departments, and both sexes are 
 admitted. 
 
 Other Institutions. — In addition to the public school system 
 of the state are numerous private seminaries, academies, etc. ; 
 while the higher education is provided for in various colleges 
 and professional schools. 
 
 Most of these will be found mentioned in connection with the treat¬ 
 ment of cities and towns. 
 
 Benevolent Institutions, etc. — The State Hospital for the 
 Insane is at St. Peter; the Institution for the Education of 
 the Deaf and Dumb, at Faribault; and the Soldiers’ Orphans’ 
 Home, at Winona. The State Prison is at Stillwater; and the 
 Reform School, at St. Paul. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 Territorial History. — That part of Minnesota east of the 
 Mississippi River was part of the original domain of the United 
 States (by the treaty of 1783), and has belonged successively 
 to the “ North-west Territory ” and to the territories of Indiana, 
 Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. 
 
 That part west of the Mississippi was included in the vast 
 region of “Louisiana” purchased by the United States from 
 France in 1803. It has belonged, in turn, to the District of 
 Louisiana, and to the territories of Louisiana, Missouri, Michi¬ 
 gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. 
 
 Soon after the United States acquired “Louisiana,” Lieut. 
 Pike was sent to explore the sources of the Mississippi; and in 
 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 
MINNESOTA. 
 
 1 81 
 
 1805 he penetrated as far as Sandy and Leech lakes. But it 
 was not till 1812 that the United States had any authority 
 within the limits of Minnesota. At this time northern Min 
 nesota was the abode of the Chippewa Indians, and the rest 
 was possessed by bands of Sioux, the two tribes being deadly 
 enemies. In 1816 a law was passed excluding foreigners from 
 the Indian trade; and the military post at Fort Snelling 
 was established and permanently garrisoned by United States 
 troops in 1819. Lumbering operations on the St. Croix were 
 commenced about 1837. 
 
 In 1849 Congress organized the territory of Minnesota, which 
 comprised nearly twice the area of the present state, its west¬ 
 ern limits extending to the Missouri and White Earth rivers. 
 At this time, though the Indians were the chief inhabitants, a 
 small population of about 5,000 whites and half-breeds had 
 grown up around the trading-posts and mission-stations. In 
 1857 the Sioux ceded to the United States all their lands in 
 the territory west of the Mississippi to the Big Sioux River; 
 and after this the population increased so rapidly, that in 1857 
 application was made for admission into the Union. At this 
 time the territory contained 150,000 inhabitants. 
 
 State Period.—The act authorizing the formation of a 
 state government passed Congress February 26, 185 7 » and the 
 state was admitted into the Union May 11, 1858. 
 
 In the summer of 1862, when many of the inhabitants were 
 absent, fighting the battles of the great civil war, Minnesota 
 was made to feel the horrors of an Indian massacre. The 
 Sioux fell upon the settlements, and killed more than 700 
 persons, but were at last thoroughly subdued by the United 
 States troops. A large number of the Indians were hanged, 
 and their chief, Little Crow, was killed. The Sioux were then 
 removed from the state, and the Chippewas placed upon reser¬ 
 vations in the northern part. 
 
 Since the civil war, the progress of Minnesota has been 
 rapid and continuous. Her intelligent native population is 
 drawn chiefly from the northern states, and her foreign element 
 comprises a desirable class of settlers, including Swedes, Nor¬ 
 wegians, Danes, and Germans. 
 
 The name “ Minnesota ” is an Indian term signifying cloudy 
 water , or whitish water. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties and Towns. — Minnesota contains seventy-eight 
 counties, and the following chief cities and towns : 
 
 St. Paul (population, 41,473), the capital of Minnesota, is a 
 flourishing and healthful city and port of delivery in Ramsey 
 County, on both banks of the Mississippi River, about 2,000 
 miles from its mouth, and at the head of steam navigation. 
 The greater part of the city is built on an elevated terrace, 
 which, at its highest point, rises 90 feet above the river, this 
 terrace being underlaid with blue limestone, of which many of 
 the buildings of the city are constructed. 
 
 St. Paul is an important railroad-center, being the terminus 
 of several lines, as well as the junction of numerous others. It 
 is, during an annual period varying from seven to eight months, 
 the scene of immense river commerce. Its large wholesale 
 business is rapidly increasing. A fine bridge over the Missis¬ 
 sippi connects St. Paul proper with that portion of the city 
 lying on the west bank. 
 
 The principal manufactures are machinery ; agricultural im¬ 
 plements ; sash, doors, and blinds ; carriages ; boots and shoes ; 
 and ale and beer. Limestone for building-purposes is quarried 
 in considerable quantities. 
 
 St. Paul is an extensive shipping point for wheat and flour, 
 the export of which is facilitated by several grain-elevators, 
 among the largest in the state. 
 
 Numerous fine structures, public and private, adorn its 
 streets, and an extensive public park has recently been laid out. 
 The state house, city hall, and custom house, are the most 
 considerable of the public edifices. 
 
 St. Paul supports a complete system of public schools, em¬ 
 bracing high, grammar, and primary schools. It is also the 
 seat of an academy of natural sciences, and a state historical 
 society. There are also several large libraries, and charitable 
 institutions. 
 
 Minneapolis (population, 46,887), the metropolis, situated on 
 both banks of the Mississippi, here spanned by several bridges 
 at St. Anthony’s Falls, is the capital of Hennepin County. It 
 is built on a broad, natural plain overlooking the falls and the 
 river; the scenery at this point being very picturesque. The 
 falls afford extensive water-power, which is effectively utilized 
 by means of dams. The celebrated Minnehaha Kails are 
 situated in the vicinity of the city. 
 
 In respect to its transportation facilities, Minneapolis is 
 especially worthy of note. At this point several important 
 railroad-lines have their junction ; and during the season of 
 navigation it has steamboat communication with the Upper 
 Mississippi. 
 
 The two principal items of manufacture are lumber and flour, 
 the numerous mills being among the largest in the country. 
 There are extensive grain-elevators and works for the manu 
 facture of iron-machinery, engines, boilers, etc , besides manu¬ 
 factories of farming implements, furniture, doors and blinds, 
 carriages, soap, beer, woolen goods, paper, etc. This city, now 
 enlarged by the incorporation with it of St. Anthony, on the 
 east bank of the Mississippi, is one of the most important 
 commercial centers in the north-west. 
 
 Minneapolis is the seat of the University of Minnesota, of 
 the Augsburg Theological Seminary, and of Minnesota College 
 Hospital, and has an excellent system of public schools. 
 
 The first settlement was made here in 1849, and the cit y vvas 
 incorporated in 1867. 
 
 Winona, a flourishing city, and the county seat of Winona County, is 
 situated on the right bank of the Mississippi. Its railway facilities are con¬ 
 siderable, three lines centering at this place. It is substantially and hand¬ 
 somely built, containing numerous fine residences and business structures. 
 
 In manufactures Winona presents much diversity, the chief items being 
 flour, lumber, iron-castings, carriages, and barrels. The article of largest 
 export is wheat, in which it ranks third or fourth among the cities of the 
 North-West. This city is also a very important distributing point for lumber, 
 and lumber manufactures. 
 
 Winona is the seat of one of the State Normal Schools, and its public 
 schools rank among the best in the state. 
 
 Red Wing, a city, and the county seat of Goodhue County, is situated on 
 the right bank of the Mississippi River, at the upper end of Lake Pepin, 
 and on the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad. 
 
 It has manufactures of flour, engines, and farming machinery, lumber, 
 and lumber products, etc. Red Wing is an important market foi wheat, 
 which is its chief article of export. 
 
 This city is the seat of the Hauge Seminary, and maintains a superior 
 system of common schools. 
 
182 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Stillwater, the county seat of Washington County, is situated on the west 
 bank of the St. Croix River, about 20 miles from St. Paul. In commerce 
 and manufactures it ranks as third city in the state. It has excellent rail¬ 
 road facilities, and receives by river immense quantities of pine logs, which 
 are here manufactured into lumber, and reshipped by rail and water to 
 various points. There are also extensive manufactures of railroad cars and 
 farm machinery. 
 
 The state prison is located here. 
 
 Rochester is a thriving city of Olmsted County, on the south fork of 
 the Zumbro River, about 50 miles west of Winona, and on the Winona and 
 St. Peter Railroad. Its manufactures are extensive, comprising, among 
 other articles, furniture, pumps, wagons, flour, etc. It has water-power from 
 Zumbro River, and is an important wheat depot. 
 
 Mankato, the county seat of Blue Earth County, is situated on the right 
 bank of the Minnesota River, in the vicinity of several beautiful lakes. It 
 is an important railroad center, and small steamboats can ascend the river 
 to this place. The manufactures are varied, including, among other items, 
 flour, carriages, furniture, iron-castings, etc. 
 
 There are several large grain-elevators. Mankato is the seat of one of 
 the state normal schools, and of a Catholic college. 
 
 Hastings, a city, and the county seat of Dakota County, is situated on the 
 right bank of the Mississippi, at the mouth of Vermilion River. It has 
 considerable railway facilities, and the Mississippi is here crossed by a 
 railroad bridge. 
 
 Albert Lea — a thriving village and county seat 
 of Freeborn County. Fine situation on lake 
 of same name; manufactures of brick, flour, 
 lumber, iron goods, etc.; numerous grain- 
 elevators. 
 
 Anoka — county seat of Anoka County, about 
 30 miles north-west of St. Paul, on the St. 
 Paul and Pacific Railroad. Seat of exten¬ 
 sive trade and manufactures of lumber, etc. 
 
 Austin —a city and county seat of Mower County, 
 on Red Cedar River. Manufactures of 
 farming tools, barrels, etc.; northern ter¬ 
 minus of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids, 
 and Northern Railroad. 
 
 Brainerd — county seat of Crow Wing County, 
 on the east side of the Mississippi, is the 
 most important town on the Northern Pa¬ 
 cific Railroad, between Duluth and the Red 
 River of the North. 
 
 Caledonia — a village and the county seat of 
 Houston County. Manufactory of wagons, 
 etc.; seat of Caledonia Academy; has local 
 trade. 
 
 Fergus Falls — county seat of Otter Tail County, 
 on Otter Tail River; good water power; 
 center of an extensive farming country; 
 rapidly growing in trade and manufactures. 
 
 Henderson —a borough and county seat of Sibley 
 County, on the west bank of Minnesota 
 River, fifty miles south-west of Minneapo¬ 
 lis. Varied industries. 
 
 The principal manufactures are those of lumber and flour; other manu¬ 
 factures are furniture, wagons, cigars, etc. Abundant water-power is fur¬ 
 nished by the Vermilion River. 
 
 Duluth, a city, port of entry, and county seat of St. Louis County, is finely 
 situated at the western extremity of Lake Superior. Its commercial position 
 is very advantageous, being at the head of navigation on the Great Lakes. 
 It is the eastern terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad. The harbor of 
 Duluth, naturally land-locked by Minnesota Point, has been improved by 
 dredging and the construction of an artificial breakwater by the United 
 States government. 
 
 Numerous regular lines of steamers connect it with the lake ports. 
 
 Faribault, the county seat of Rice County, is situated at the junction of 
 Cannon and Straight rivers, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul 
 Railroad. Its principal manufactures are flour, bricks, carriages, furniture, 
 plows, etc. 
 
 Faribault is the seat of the State Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and 
 Blind, of the Seabury Divinity School, and of other educational institutions, 
 public and private. 
 
 Hokah —a village of Houston County, on Lake 
 Como, and on Root (or Hokah) River. 
 Manufactures of flour, furniture, plows, 
 etc.; educational facilities. 
 
 Kasson — a village of Dodge County. Varied 
 industries; grain-elevators; center of local 
 trade. 
 
 Lake City — a village of Wabasha County, on 
 Lake Pepin. Picturesque situation; iron¬ 
 works, flour-mills, carriage-factories, etc. 
 
 Litchfield—county seat of Meeker County, an 
 enterprising and prosperous town, sur¬ 
 rounded by a beautiful farming country. 
 
 Moorhead — at the head of navigation on the 
 Red River of the North, and at the cross¬ 
 ing of the Northern Pacific Railroad; is fast 
 growing in importance. 
 
 New Ulm — a borough and county seat of Brown 
 County, on the Minnesota River. Manu¬ 
 factures of flour, sash and doors, etc. 
 
 Northfield — a city of Rice County, on the 
 Cannon River. Varied manufactures; seat 
 of Carleton College and of St. Olaf College. 
 
 Owatonna — a city, county seat of Steele 
 County, on Straight River. Railway cen¬ 
 ter; manufactures of flour, carriages, farm¬ 
 ing implements, etc.; mineral springs; 
 educational facilities. 
 
 Sauk Center — a thriving railroad town and 
 trading center in Stearns County. 
 
 Shakopee — a village and county seat of Scott 
 County, on the south bank of the Minne¬ 
 sota River. Manufactures of flour, bricks, 
 etc.; lime-kilns, machine-shops, railway 
 facilities. 
 
 St. Charles — a city of Winona County. 
 Varied industries; center of local trade. 
 
 St. Cloud—a city and county seat of Stearns 
 County, on the west bank of the Mississippi 
 River. Lofty situation; abundant water¬ 
 power; excellent railroad facilities; seat of 
 a state normal school; manufactures of 
 lumber, wagons, etc. 
 
 St. Peter — a city and county seat of Nicollet 
 County, on the west bank of the Minnesota 
 River. Varied industries; railway center; 
 seat of Gustavus Adolphus College, and of 
 a state insane-hospital. 
 
 Waseca — county seat and largest village of 
 Waseca County. Railway facilities, flour¬ 
 mills, etc.; local trade. 
 
 Among other noteworthy places in this state may 
 be mentioned Preston, the county seat, 
 and Spring Valley, Chatfield, Lanes- 
 borough, and Rushford, all thriving 
 places of local importance in Fillmore 
 County, extensively engaged in manufac¬ 
 tures and trade: Chaska, county seat of 
 Carver County, a railroad town of grow¬ 
 ing importance on the Mississippi River; 
 Blue Earth, county seat, and Winnebago 
 City, prosperous trading centers in Fari¬ 
 bault County; and Taylor’s Falls, at the 
 head of steamboat navigation on the St. 
 Croix River. Willmar, county seat of 
 Kandiyohi County; Sauk Rapids, on the 
 east bank of the Mississippi, county seat 
 of Benton County; Alexandria, county 
 seat of Douglas County; and Glencoe, 
 county seat of McLeod County, are well- 
 established and flourishing towns in the 
 central part of the state. Crookston 
 and St. Vincent are important places 
 recently established in the extreme north¬ 
 western part of the state, on the line of the 
 immense immigration into the Red River 
 Valley. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 56,025 square miles. Population, 1 , 624 , 615 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation. — Iowa, one of the “West-Central States,” is 
 situated between latitude 40° 20' and 43 0 30' north, and longi¬ 
 tude 90° 12' and 96° 38' west. The northern boundary is the 
 parallel of 43 0 30' north latitude. The southern boundary, 
 in its eastern part, departs slightly from a true parallel of lati¬ 
 tude. The east and west boundaries follow the courses of the 
 Mississippi and the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers. 
 
 The southern boundary line of Iowa was for a time in dispute, and 
 became the subject of many reports and much discussion. It was 
 finally settled by the United States Supreme Court in 1849. The 
 
 court decided to adopt the old Indian boundary line surveyed by 
 commissioners in 1816, under a treaty with the Osage tribe. Com¬ 
 missioners were appointed to mark the line, and their report was 
 confirmed in 1850. The initial point taken was exactly one hundred 
 miles due north from a point on the north bank of the Missouri 
 River opposite the middle of the mouth of the Kansas River. To 
 the west of this initial point the southern boundary runs due west 
 till it intersects the Missouri River; and to the east it runs a little 
 north of east till it strikes the Des Moines River. Thence it follows 
 the middle line of that river to its junction with the Mississippi. 
 
 Extent. — Its greatest length (from east to west) is about 
 300 miles, and its greatest width (from north to south) is about 
 220 miles. It is larger than New York or Pennsylvania, and 
 nearly the same size as Illinois, Wisconsin, or Michigan. 
 
IOWA. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 General Character. — In general the surface of the state is prairie, 
 either level, or with long wave-like elevations of gentle slope. There is 
 a marked incline in a south-easterly direction; the highest land (1,694 
 feet above the sea-level) being near Spirit Lake in Dickinson County, 
 and the lowest point (the low-water surface of the Mississippi at the 
 south-east angle of the state, 444 feet) being at the confluence of the 
 Des Moines with the Mississippi. 
 
 Special Features. — The rivers in the extreme northern part of the state often 
 flow in deep narrow valleys, or between bold, rocky bluffs. The country is 
 broken and hilly, and was originally well wooded. Farther south and west the 
 rivers occupy sinuous channels in wider valleys: the valleys are not so deeply 
 cut below the level of the adjacent country, and the surface is level, or “ rolling.” 
 In some parts of the state (e.g., in Butler and Floyd counties) the rivers have 
 not formed valleys in all parts of their course; and they often flow in channels 
 that have been cut but little below the general level of the region, cultivated 
 fields frequently extending to the water’s edge. 
 
 In general all surface irregularities in Iowa are due to erosion (wearing away by 
 the action of flowing water). The valley of the Missouri is a remarkable ex¬ 
 ample of this. Along the western border of the state this valley is from three 
 to twelve miles in width, and bounded by clayey bluffs that often exceed 300 
 feet in height. From Sioux City to the south-west corner of the state the 
 river runs near the western bluffs, leaving nearly all the great valley with its 
 half-million acres of rich alluvial soil in Iowa. 
 
 The dividing ridge that forms the watershed separating the sources of the streams 
 flowing into the Mississippi from those of the affluents of the Missouri trav¬ 
 erses the counties of Dickinson, Clay, Buena Vista, Sac, Carroll, Audubon, 
 Guthrie, and Adair; thence trending south-eastward, it passes into Missouri. 
 
 Scenery. — The scenery of Iowa presents but few striking features, 
 and yet the region has a just reputation for beauty. The greater part 
 of the state was originally undulating prairie, recalling something of the 
 grandeur, and at the same time the monotony, of the ocean. High pic¬ 
 turesque bluffs, however, often wall in the valleys of the Missouri and 
 Mississippi; while bluffs of less imposing proportions border the streams 
 in other parts of the state. No more pleasing pictures can be seen 
 than those presented from the broken, fantastic bluffs that border the 
 
 Missouri. From some of these bluffs the expanse of 
 the valley for twenty or thirty miles can be seen at a 
 
 glance. 
 
Local 
 
 Time 
 
 A. M. 
 
 when 
 
 Noon 
 
 on 
 
 5 « 
 
 Meridian 
 
 U 
 
 Bongitude West from Greenwich 
 
 \ 
 
 
 >Tatt ersonvi,^^r Barileyf 
 
 V 
 
 
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 S ^\^' on 
 
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 Junction 
 
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 * * E 
 
 Albert Lea 
 
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 s 
 
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 N Austin 
 
 vj4 
 
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 Ochcyedan m ^ 
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 d, Tumello §^Gill(-tF. ^ n - 
 
 BasrJOrange 
 
 •Hpskins v.o 
 
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 O S ^ eant( P uffs 0 I)D 
 
 /V 
 
 
 
 12 
 
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 Benson Grove i 
 
 
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 Fore st C ityjgL_| 1 V , Manly June, j . I j ' 
 
 ~C? cJllUnijtoiuy • ~VPlyihouth! 
 
 SH# S~xRoek 
 
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 Stacey vjlle I ^ 
 
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 ITCH E L L 
 
 Mitchell \xj. 
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 helnu id 
 
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 Gal ? ler '’XpChar 1. CUy 
 
 CERRO GORDO 
 
 Hock 
 
 3 Rock Ss 
 
 Storm 
 
 Lai 
 
 G ' l?* 
 
 JBadoerZ, 
 
 <7 
 
 Whiting 
 
 M 0 
 
 _1_ 
 
 Como 
 
 ,Onawa 
 
 
 Hound 
 L. 
 
 | Odebolt \ Wall Z, 
 
 Wall Be® 
 
 ® Denison 
 
 How City 
 
 Littl^ffeioux y 
 C\ 
 
 ^tagn 
 
 R *R 
 
 Heloit^— 
 
 .Fryeburgh _ A 
 
 
 Gra,nt City 
 Breda 
 ^ests.-Areadi 
 
 JO w 9r/or, 
 
 £g oldfield 
 
 \W R I G>, H T 
 
 (Eagle Gr.f^uj. 
 
 ‘Grove J (r 
 
 •Waterman 
 
 Aldeh - —i 
 
 •^^^StCamboat Jl 
 
 H ^ 
 
 s^'o^a cVtS !e 
 
 ] ' 
 
 "Callahan 
 
 Allisons^ 
 
 VJ 1 
 
 V T —M-<- — 
 
 .Kaon 
 
 Carro |Cit y 
 
 D\0 U G L A 
 
 to / Omaha^ 
 
 ?\a 
 
 Atsm 1 
 
 0 uth“ 
 
 C A 
 
 H E \L /Y 
 
 Harlan 
 
 »o; 
 
 Audu ad9r j 
 
 w 
 
 Council TBIuffs 
 
 ^Pacific 
 
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 Nebraska Oity^^hs-^ ne ^ 
 
 JOHNSON 
 
 Brownville 
 
 Cedai 
 Wells -Holland! 
 
 cTr TDPdV 
 
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 Grundy Center v -t~ 
 
 Fteitmec 
 
 
 Connell 
 
 - 
 
 ! Gladbrooi: 
 
 ^Marietta 
 
 I M A R S 
 
 tT/i Sh elhy vijle 
 - 4 ’indin (Jj/w r aini^t 
 
 .... - / ~i E.\m 
 
 Elkliorn t 
 
 Anita 
 
 « 
 
 ,Wiota 
 
 Nevajda^ Colo , state 
 i Center 
 
 HeGt-f 
 Hillon 
 
 Tuttle k 
 Grove* to 
 
 G U T^HvR" 
 
 . Guthrie® 
 Honh Branch Center 
 
 Gllmanj 
 Newhurgh.l 
 
 Jr Bear Grove 
 
 .G^NorthBrancfiv 
 
 Grov 
 
 'Adair ^ SV 
 
 Riverton ! J 0110 " 1 
 
 ICoJ 
 
 JTahl'burgl vJ High Cr.. Tilari . ci iard 
 
 Nemalia 
 "> City 
 
 •7 
 
 i c, ° 
 
 Hebron • 
 
 Mackshurgh, 
 -yet’ 
 
 — . CPburgh y illiscal 
 
 *l] AF / t 4 bi 
 
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 r T ! P /A 
 
 •Fairagut \ 
 
 fenoi 
 
 Conw 
 
 | • r' Bedford 
 
 ViiiB t A Mormont 
 i'Hie V State Bine 
 
 Maryville 1 
 
 Tingley 
 
 th^nW Smyr ^ , - 
 lan. garden. 
 
 hen/ Eugene Westeifvill^ Woodland 1 ° V 
 
 I .Hopeville 
 
 Union Hill 
 
 19 
 
 i ® C r 
 
 iount) Kellertbn 
 Ayer ‘ ■ ^ 
 
 R I P O.W I 
 
 Bynnville^ 
 
 Galesburglij% borou 
 —iii- 
 
 INew . 
 Sharon 
 
 BelindaiJ' ' 
 
 . . . rr *1 / cialton 1 
 
 1 Murray- Osceola Clevelan d ' _ Chajiton 
 
 C L A.rtvE 
 
 
 Woodburi 
 
 W'ert 
 
 i Wpod ib. i m 
 
 D Eic A T U )>R 
 
 StAyviUc 
 Irani 
 
 _ _Mi]an 
 
 Humeston 
 
 
 Tuskeego 
 Bethany • 
 | I June/ 
 
 Becgtur Leon 
 
 Havis City"! 
 
 \ - 7 
 
 \ Corydon 
 
 S 4 - /JT ^ f 
 
 M 
 
 Bethany 
 
 1 
 
 Spring 
 
 O S Ej 
 
 • Sharon 
 Kirkwoiil.. 
 
 Tie* 
 
 Pleasan -) 
 • ton 
 
 •Clio 
 /Llneville 
 
 Prireeton 
 
 XT 
 
 Longitude West from Washington 
 
 16 
 
 10« 
 
 Local' 
 
 Time 
 
 A.3£. 
 
 10.52 
 
 when 
 
 Noon 
 
 the 
 
 10?6 
 
 Meridian 
 
Greenwich 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 ■ ! 
 
 fl) 
 
 Preston 
 
 flora 
 ville 
 
 Crespo 
 
 D-clv.’ 1 
 
 Caledonia 
 
 ® O 
 
 ( <; 
 
 1-N 
 
 ib 
 
 <G 
 
 {Dorchester 
 
 ! 
 
 J v 
 
 >k> Eansing} 
 v Village £jv4 
 
 S 
 
 b dw A R, D* 
 
 V ^ PV 0 L A M A V ' 
 
 __?euje \.°“ u6>v ' r I i 
 
 | A] •Colmar 'ForestMills 
 
 JlQ ] I \Fort # Ossiaiu. W&iikon 
 
 i > Atkinson i *-n 
 
 W \hj ! .•V S, „ Castaltaf -i -Postvflle ■* i * O 
 
 ,, A ^IpSiggEfeSSi - -^^CETTatprairi 
 
 C X ^\vlcrV W ^i^T ia ^ S J 21 dorado < Moftona* ^Sl/chie 
 
 lick 
 ashua'l 
 
 lorton 
 
 ddericTtsTjurgli 
 
 7 
 
 West Union 
 
 J. ‘ 
 
 > J Donnan 
 1 1 • 
 ii Randalia. 
 
 IOWA 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 
 Cities of over 2000 inhabitants underlined. 
 
 ^ County Towns ® Railroads 
 
 * 
 
 O • - 
 
 -Beulah- 
 
 e d u 
 f Chien 
 
 Fan'¬ 
 ll Maynard 
 
 '$'* ! .Read \J 
 
 Elkader\\< •GarnaV. 
 
 Wadena p>y4/*« XL Guttenberk j 
 YoiglS ' 
 
 City S&o*. 
 
 UaBCsv 
 ford 
 
 • Oelwein 
 
 Fair 7 ® 
 
 /^V% 
 
 W' 0 -fr f , \ *GUberivUli 
 
 j 9 u / i \ 
 
 <J, V LaPortck£ nter P rise , 
 i 
 
 a.nk 
 
 Chatham. / 
 
 l^ervdel'A 
 
 ^ WWt 
 
 Brush Cr! '(Enfield) ,-- w. 
 
 n ^ strawberry Pt>^l ,ort Tui ^^ 
 
 ^ S _L___.Edgewood 
 
 ton 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 9>/iu . 
 
 j\m> 
 
 Rowley J? ’’ 
 
 <A 
 
 Sherrill’s Mount 
 
 <L 
 
 Colesbufgh i . T“‘..T 'XI® 
 
 | Cottage Hill Durango JV"S 
 
 < | I O w A 
 
 id 
 
 H 
 
 / f- 
 . Id 
 
 I ^ 
 
 I * rr* 
 
 I 
 
 * W? l^yersVille 
 
 -pc' 
 
 thr 
 
 Delhi 
 
 
 ‘ ^ &ycravn„_ 
 
 ^ r 0 v. B u q <va 
 
 1 ^ F- /Farley* *Rnworth J 
 
 * E.Dubuque 
 
 *Epworth. 
 
 . .Worthington 
 
 ! vergreen_ 
 
 fTraer 
 Dysart’ 
 
 \ 
 
 'ey m. 
 
 "^VS Auburn 
 
 Hopkinto 
 Sand Sp: 
 
 Garrison 
 
 Vinton * 8 
 
 W alker • Prairieburgli 
 
 W^st Prairie. -Paris) - 
 
 rhanna 
 
 Melleray 
 
 _ / Zwihgle 
 
 La Motte 
 
 Garry \) wen Bellevue 
 
 I 
 
 .Langivorthy 
 
 Center PorntW • 
 
 Waubeck*“S r\ JONES, 
 ij. Stone\City\ Centre June.. Onflow 
 
 Shellsburgli / _ HC-Af Anamosa * T 
 
 L . .1 . N N Pairylew*- 
 
 B E N T |0 N 1 T .S T ‘ 
 
 -* A - 
 
 St.Donatus 
 
 Galena* 
 
 WaW^' 
 
 , 'Koszta 
 
 J.iffn :<s > _yjiie- 
 
 Wyonrmg. 
 
 TluBc. . j’Martelle ., 
 
 ‘ . Cedar Ra pidk \ Ohn 
 
 lalthaih 
 
 :iCit y A?? 0, 
 
 _ K c Green 
 
 Fult^n^-dndrew* q 
 
 Sahula.W^"^ 
 
 . . '^VsA ei ~ J i >r estoni 
 
 I Bald\vin_^fm2k§la__ 7 _A--* 
 
 Garfield Rlwood. •Delmar ) ElkR. 
 
 • L°st —^•charlotte 
 
 t L T. r O N ju/ <<, 
 
 Elvira^* Lyons 7/ <3 
 
 , ,.-u. 
 
 % ^ jBadora^lviarergo 
 —-W^tor Horn* 
 
 • I o w 
 
 H I E K j 
 
 \ T£ngJi*A ... 
 
 "West Pilot 
 
 ezuma 
 
 iSver* iMihersbu^ 
 j REnghsh.*-. 
 
 i!*WWte / T 
 
 T 7 
 
 ' Morse i & 
 
 . 
 
 es tead f .Oxford 
 
 ! Tiffin*^ / Elmira, ^ 
 
 Coralville^. Iowa I ‘Branch 
 ; pierce S City ! Centerdale 
 
 A 
 
 Stellapolis 
 
 Stanwood .Clar mce] LonVnto ^Ois Ffitt 
 
 0 A\ heat- f Grand j * —:- , JUj , ~i_ 
 
 n ‘dandj> Mound ^ -^^manche^y^ 
 
 Bigpocle% - ^^Qpsipi'Peoi>i^» w _Zyj 
 
 ' ^T^Cnr • Long Grove /O U ? 
 
 3fuiyZr - J/ Q i > 
 
 T>^tnopt.nn / ^ 
 
 Eldndgo* 
 
 C 0 
 
 Shueyville / , , 
 
 *Solont^ C E >? A 
 1 ~ Tifxton’ 
 
 ihestdrr 
 
 Princeton 
 
 T T 
 
 Durant.j. 
 
 _ . Tt . . ,. . ... '"‘Twnton ~*7”^ ,WalCOtt Pleasant 
 
 . .Westlaberty • jAnetion^octton Valley*/ 
 
 .. T{/, ’^-xlSo.pH / St f'F BlueiGrassDavenpsr 
 
 ,»y M .U SjTJ ATI N ^p u ff a i 0 
 
 ^ _/Dayfield I ' a l r Por< j - ’ 
 
 a r Ihora ¥ ' TXXXxC South ’Dayton- ‘OJisha. ) " Station^— .•„»»/«— ^ —t— -. > 
 
 ^ burgh Reswick E llg ii b li yUle Richmond K^!Srf vi i le l^yiS£a^S^X^tsftS st -P^ V 
 
 •vrb ueA " llrf . / I Rn£ 
 
 GT°N A ! ^ 7 
 
 'e 4/- 
 
 • What Cheer 
 
 Harper. 
 
 K E O s K U K 
 
 •Delta Sigourney 
 
 Leota 
 
 Inhc^ster*^\T a,, fJiP Ild y 
 
 f'>cf 
 
 ‘ s '°ZiTskMrt r ‘£ 
 f ont»i Richland 
 
 i UiLiXartni^bUiS_^ 
 
 M»_ ! Pleasant Plain* 
 
 rkville\ 
 
 don 
 
 AAncent 
 
 .*dx-- 
 
 -_ * 
 
 ■ aUn 3 Nvortlrl ui3un X*^ 
 at^mbus* 
 
 WasHtPg^Cldl 
 
 ! Ahing-d 
 
 L o' J EFFERSON 
 
 Fairfield 
 
 'hilbcothe P>-—. | ;' U “ S T 1 .Perlee 
 
 p ■'v I --1 
 
 Trento! 
 
 »Agency City , . 
 
 Batavia _ .. . u ... 
 
 Eibertyville 
 
 •Eidon 
 
 Douc.’s 
 
 Grand r yiew 
 
 Winfield > ® , 
 
 j. • pilorning * 
 
 •, , ;• Sun 
 
 ISwedeshurgl--^---^^- 
 
 M 
 
 lew Boston 
 1 Keithsburg 
 
 —I 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 Yarmouth v .a • . 
 
 <X. Veav^ 0 Kossutl1 
 
 ! Mt.PleasaiU D E S 
 
 SoLmXines 
 
 ~ Darfv^^a^to^ 
 
 Keosa* 
 
 ■OPulaslii-rt . 
 
 y i 4 s-V *rb> 
 
 Rome 
 Giasgow 
 
 , 3 *Bii'ininghani 
 
 Winches^fc- Burlin gton'(■ 
 
 U R E N !pilot Qroye T % ^S;Augusta )lV 
 _ ' r__ v \ Denmark /J» 
 
 .Bentunsiiort h h % % “ 
 
 ,onapaA (V M.^-F,,,_ 
 
 DoLehS) 
 
 Belfast o 
 
 )ntro6e , 
 
 nes\\ o 
 
 landusky 
 hit V. 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 4/ 
 
 .1 
 
 eokuk >s. 
 
 arsaw V- 
 
 X' 
 
 M C 
 
 D O N O U G H 
 
 « 
 
 S 
 
 Washington 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 lift 
 
 "V 
 
 Situation.—What parallel forms the northern boundary of 
 Iowa? What state north? What natural boundary on the east? 
 What two states border Iowa on the east? Bound Iowa on the 
 south. What natural boundary on the west ? What state and 
 what territory west? What river between Iowa and Dakota? 
 Measure by the scale of miles the extreme length and width of the 
 state. When it is noon at Washington, what time is it at Des 
 Moines ? 
 
 Surface. — Are any mountains marked on the map ? Judging by 
 the course of the principal tributaries of the Mississippi, in what 
 general direction does the surface slope ? 
 
 Rivers. — Name the two great boundary rivers of the state. 
 Name two minor boundary rivers. What are the principal tribu¬ 
 taries of the Mississippi ? What is their general direction ? What 
 is the chief branch of the Iowa? What are the head streams of 
 Cedar River? What is the chief branch of the Des Moines? 
 Name the chief tributaries of the Missouri. What is their direc¬ 
 tion? What are the principal streams flowing from Iowa into the 
 state of Missouri? 
 
 Counties. — Which counties border on Minnesota? Which on 
 the Mississippi? Which county extends farthest east? Which 
 farthest south ? Name the counties of the southern tier. Which 
 counties border on the Missouri? Which on the Big Sioux? 
 Which county extends farthest west? In which county is the 
 capital? [In which county do you live ?] 
 
 Cities. — What city at the south-eastern angle of the state? 
 Name the principal cities or towns on the Mississippi, beginning 
 at the north. Which is opposite the boundary between Wiscon¬ 
 sin and Illinois? What city opposite Rock Island? Name the 
 chief cities or towns on or near the Iowa River. Name the chief 
 cities or towns on or near Des Moines River. Between Iowa and 
 Des Moines rivers. Name the chief cities on or near Cedar 
 River. In Winneshiek County. What are the principal places 
 on Missouri River? What city at the mouth of the Big Sioux? 
 [What is the county seat of the county in which you live ? ] 
 
 COUNTIES OF IOWA. 
 
 V-- 
 
 Adair 
 
 Davis 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Pocahontas 
 
 Adams 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Polk 
 
 Allamakee 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Jones 
 
 Pottawattamie 
 
 Appanoose 
 
 Des Moines 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Poweshiek 
 
 Audubon 
 
 Dickinson 
 
 Kossuth 
 
 Ringgold 
 
 Benton 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Lee 
 
 Sac 
 
 Black Hawk 
 
 Emmet 
 
 Linn 
 
 Scott 
 
 Boone 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Louisa 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Bremer 
 
 Floyd 
 
 Lucas 
 
 Sioux 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Lyon 
 
 Story 
 
 Buena Vista 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Madison 
 
 Tama 
 
 Butler 
 
 Greene 
 
 Mahaska 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 Grundy 
 
 Marion 
 
 Union 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Guthrie 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Van Buren 
 
 Cass 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Mills 
 
 Wapello 
 
 Cedar 
 
 Hancock 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Warren 
 
 Cerro Gordo 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Monona 
 
 Washington 
 
 Cherokee 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Chickasaw 
 
 Henry 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Webster 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Howard 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 Winnebago 
 
 Clay 
 
 Humboldt 
 
 O’Brien 
 
 Winneshiek 
 
 Clayton 
 
 Ida 
 
 Osceola 
 
 Woodbury 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Page 
 
 Worth 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Palo Alto 
 
 Wright 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 
186 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 River Systems. — All the rivers of Iowa belong either to 
 the Mississippi system on the east or to the Missouri system 
 on the west. The areas drained by these systems are sepa¬ 
 rated by the low watershed already mentioned. 
 
 The Mississippi flows along the eastern border for about 450 miles, 
 and the Missouri along the western border from the mouth of Big 
 Sioux River to latitude 43 0 35', a distance of more than 300 miles. 
 Each of these rivers is a great natural highway of commerce. 
 
 Mississippi System. — From the situation of the divide be¬ 
 tween the affluents of the Missouri and those of the Mississippi, 
 the larger streams flow into the latter river, and its tributaries 
 drain nearly three-fourths of the surface of the state. 
 
 The chief tributaries of the Mississippi are the Upper Iowa, 
 Turkey, Makoqueta, Wapsipinicon, Iowa (with its affluent the 
 Cedar), Skunk, and Des Moines rivers. 
 
 These rivers supply abundant water-power. They flow noticeably 
 parallel with one another. 
 
 The Des Moines, the largest interior river of the state, flows from 
 Minnesota, and through more than 300 miles in Iowa. It drains an 
 area of 10,000 square miles. 
 
 Missouri System.—The short western slope from the main 
 watershed is drained by various streams, among which may be 
 named Boyer, Soldier, Little Sioux, Floyd, and Rock rivers. 
 
 The Big Sioux forms a portion of the western boundary. The Chari¬ 
 ton, Grand, Platte, Nodaway, and Nishnabotna rise in the south of 
 Iowa, pass into Missouri, and join the Missouri River in its course 
 through that state. 
 
 Lakes. — In the northern part of the state are many small 
 but beautiful lakes, forming part of the system of lakes extend¬ 
 ing into Minnesota. 
 
 Among the most noted of these are the Okoboji lakes, “ East ” and 
 “ West,” and Spirit, Storm, Clear, and White lakes. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 General Character. — As Iowa is in the heart of the conti¬ 
 nent, and removed from the influence of large bodies of water, 
 its climate is “ continental,” with hot summers and cold 
 winters. But the summer heats are relieved by cool nights, 
 while the winter cold, though keen, is dry and bracing; and 
 Iowa ranks as one of the most healthful sections of our country. 
 
 Details. — The mean temperature of the year is 47.47 0 : the tempera¬ 
 ture is rarely lower than io°, or higher than 90°. The prevailing 
 winter winds are northerly and north-westerly: the summer winds 
 are from the west and south. The rainfall is ample for farming 
 purposes, though not excessive, the mean annual amount being 32.07 
 inches. 
 
 V. NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 
 
 Soil. — The soil of Iowa is highly productive, there being 
 few parts of the state that do not richly reward tillage. It is 
 estimated that less than five per cent of the area is waste 
 land. 
 
 A leading authority says, “ The prairies are everywhere covered with 
 a deep friable loam, with few stones and stumps, and with but little 
 marsh or slough land. The bluff country of the West has a very 
 deep soil of good character, always free from surplus moisture.” 
 
 Minerals. — The chief mineral wealth of the state consists 
 of extensive deposits of coal and lead. 
 
 The coal-field of the state (an extension of the Illinois coal¬ 
 field) comprises an area of about 20,000 square miles, and is 
 practically inexhaustible. The coal is bituminous and of excel¬ 
 lent quality. 
 
 The “lower coal-measures ” are the most important, and extend to the 
 north-west about 175 miles, along the Des Moines River, from near 
 Keokuk to a point beyond Fort Dodge. The “ middle coal-measures ” 
 extend to the south-west 5 and along the Nodaway River there is a 
 development of the “upper” carboniferous. 
 
 The lead ore of Iowa is found in the belt occupied by the 
 “Galena limestone,” — a tract which extends from Illinois into 
 the state at Dubuque. 
 
 The crevices in the “ Galena limestone ” are frequently found to expand 
 into what are called “openings,” and large caves several hundred 
 feet long. The walls of these are incrusted with the sulphuret of 
 lead, of which a single cave sometimes furnishes several million 
 pounds. 
 
 Among other minerals may be mentioned peat, lime, gypsum, 
 
 I sandstone, limestone, granite bowlders, brick materials, and 
 ' fictile clays. 
 
 Timber. — Though Iowa is a prairie state, one-eighth of 
 its surface is covered by natural forests. Belts of timbered 
 land, often several miles in width, skirt the streams in all the 
 eastern half of the state. The same is true of some portions 
 of the Missouri slope. Hard woods, such as oak and hickory, 
 abound in the east : elm and cottonwood predominate along 
 the western border. The forests in all parts of the state are 
 made up almost exclusively of deciduous trees. The area of 
 timber-land is also extending on account of the arrest of prairie 
 fires and the very general planting of trees by the people. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Agriculture. —- Iowa ranks among the leading food-producing 
 states, farming operations being favored by its excellent soil, 
 fine climate, and the advantages which the nature of the surface 
 offers for the use of agricultural machinery. Much the larger 
 part of the population (of ten years and upwards) are engaged 
 in agriculture. 
 
 The leading farm products are corn, oats, potatoes, barley 
 hay, and dairy products. The conditions of soil and climate 
 are favorable to the production of tobacco, flax, sorghum, etc. 
 Fruit-culture is attracting much attention, and is profitably 
 conducted. The southern section is generally well adapted to 
 vine-growing. 
 
 In stock-raising, also, Iowa ranks among the leading states. 
 Large numbers of horses and mules, and immense quantities of 
 beef and pork, are every season shipped eastward. The dairy 
 products of the state are large and rapidly increasing, one 
 county alone shipping more than 4,000,000 pounds of butter 
 in 1881. The clear water and nutritious grasses render the 
 northern half of the state one of the finest dairy countries in 
 the world. Wool is also an important product. 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufacturing interest is largely on 
 the increase, both steam and water power being extensively 
 employed. 
 
 Extensive manufactories in many of the leading cities of the state 
 consume vast quantities of agricultural products in the manufacture 
 of glucose, flour, pork, and woolen goods; while creameries are 
 being established in nearly every county in the state. 
 
IOWA. 
 
 187 
 
 Other leading articles of manufacture are lumber (in the 
 towns on the Mississippi River), agricultural implements, 
 wagons, carriages, machinery, brick, and pottery. 
 
 Commerce. — Though Iowa has no direct foreign commerce, 
 she forwards to the Atlantic and Gulf ports heavy shipments 
 of the products of her soil, manufactories, and mines. The im¬ 
 ports are eastern and foreign manufactures, groceries, etc. 
 
 The state has three United States ports of delivery, — Burlington, 
 Dubuque, and Keokuk. 
 
 Transportation. — The great boundary rivers are the natural 
 highways of an immense local and interstate trade by means 
 of barges and steamboats. 
 
 The extensive railroad system is the growth of a very brief 
 period. In 1855 there were but 68 miles of railroad in the 
 state, whereas the total mileage is now nearly 6,000 miles. 
 
 Six great trunk lines are now in operation across the state 
 from east to west. Four of them have their western terminus 
 at Council Bluffs. These are intersected by other lines extend¬ 
 ing across the state in other directions. Excellent facilities 
 are thus afforded for the transportation of the products of the 
 state. The Mississippi is spanned by iron railroad bridges at 
 Keokuk, Burlington, Davenport, Clinton, Sabula, and Dubuque ; 
 and at Council Bluffs and Plattsmouth (Neb.) similar bridges 
 span the Missouri. The Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad 
 crosses the Mississippi on a pontoon bridge at McGregor. 
 
 The Union Pacific Railroad has its eastern terminus at 
 Council Bluffs. 
 
 VI!. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The executive officers of the state are a governor, lieutenant- 
 governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, attorney-general, 
 and superintendent of public instruction, all of whom are elected 
 by the people for two years. 
 
 The Legislature consists of a Senate, of fifty members, 
 elected for f ur years (half biennially), and a House of Repre¬ 
 sentatives, of one hundred members, elected biennially. 
 
 The Legislature meets on the second Monday of January biennially 
 (even years). 
 
 The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, district 
 courts, and circuit court, all the judges being elected by the 
 people. 
 
 County Officers.— The county officers consist of a board of super¬ 
 visors, auditor, clerk, treasurer, recorder, sheriff, superintendent of 
 schools, surveyor, and coroner. 
 
 National Representation. — Iowa is represented in Congress 
 by two senators, and, by the census of 18S0, is entitled to eleven 
 representatives ; and hence has thirteen electoral votes. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Common Schools. — Iowa has a thoroughly organized and 
 liberally endowed system of common schools. These schools 
 are cared for by state, county, and city superintendents, and by 
 local boards of directors. Women may hold educational offices. 
 
 The total annual expenditure for public schools amounts to over 
 $5,000,000. There is a permanent school fund, derived from the 
 sale of public land. It now amounts to about $4,000,000. 
 
 Higher Education. — The state institutions for higher 
 education are the State University, located at Iowa City, 
 embracing collegiate, law, and medical departments ; the State 
 
 Agricultural College at Ames ; and the State Normal School 
 at Cedar Falls. All these are amply aided by the state, and 
 are largely patronized. 
 
 Many private and denominational colleges supplement the 
 state institutions. These are mostly prosperous, and well 
 endowed by the liberality of individuals. Of these, Upper 
 Iowa University at Fayette, Cornell College at Mount Vernon, 
 and Iowa College at Grinnell, are most largely attended. 
 
 Other State Institutions. — The state has made generous 
 provision for the unfortunate. There is a college for the blind, 
 at Vinton ; a state institution for deaf-mutes, at Council Bluffs ; 
 an institution for the feeble-minded, at Glenwood ; an orphans’ 
 home, at Davenport ; and asylums for the insane, at Mount 
 Pleasant and Independence. The state has also provided a 
 reform school for boys, at Eldora ; and one for girls, at Mitchell- 
 ville. Two state penitentiaries are maintained, — one at Fort 
 Madison, and one at Anamosa. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 Territorial History. — Iowa (a name said to signify “the 
 beautiful land ”) was originally a part of the vast region known 
 as the “Louisiana Purchase,” ceded by PTance to the United 
 States in 1803. 
 
 The first settlement of whites within the present limits of 
 the state was made by Julien Dubuque, a French Canadian, 
 who in 1788 obtained from the Spanish authorities the grant of 
 a large tract, including the site of the present city of Dubuque 
 and the rich mineral lands in its vicinity. For many years 
 after this, however, Iowa was too literally the “Far West” to 
 invite immigrants, and it was not till about 1832 (after the 
 close of the Black-Hawk war) that its fertile prairies began to 
 attract settlers. In the following year several families settled 
 in the vicinity of Burlington ; and, at a later period, settlements 
 were made at other points along the Mississippi. 
 
 From 1812 to 1834 the territory now included in Iowa 
 formed part of the Missouri Territory. In the latter year it 
 was placed under the jurisdiction of Michigan, and in 1836 
 under that of Wisconsin. In 1838 Iowa was erected into a 
 separate territory, with the capital at Burlington. In the 
 following year the seat of government was removed to Iowa 
 City. 
 
 Under its territorial organization, Iowa included all the country north 
 of Missouri, between the Mississippi and the Missouri, and to the 
 British line, and consequently the greater part of the present state of 
 Minnesota, and the whole of Dakota (nearly 200.000 square miles). 
 This great region was, however, curtailed to the present limits 
 before the admission of Iowa as a state. 
 
 State History. — In 1846 (Dec. 28) Iowa was admitted into 
 the Union as a state,—the sixteenth state admitted under the 
 Federal Constitution. In 1857 the present state constitution 
 was framed, and in the same year the capital was removed to 
 Des Moines. 
 
 The subsequent history of Iowa has been one of unexampled 
 and uninterrupted prosperity. Its population has increased 
 from 97,588 in 1846 (when the state was admitted) to 1,624,615 
 by the census of 1880. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties and Towns. — Iowa contains ninety-nine counties 
 and the following leading cities and towns : — 
 
188 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Des Moines (population 22,408), in Polk County, is the capi¬ 
 tal of the state. It is situated on the Des Moines River, at 
 the mouth of the Coon River. Four trunk lines of railroad 
 center here, and, with other shorter lines, give facilities for 
 traffic unsurpassed by any other city in the state. 
 
 The principal public buildings are the fine new state capital, 
 the United States court-house and post-office building, the 
 county court-house, and several large public-school buildings. 
 Des Moines University, Drake University, and Collanan Col¬ 
 lege are located here. 
 
 Des Moines is the center of one of the most productive coal 
 areas in the state ; and mining, pork-packing, and the manufac¬ 
 ture of alcohol and glucose, give employment to a large number 
 of people. Des Moines has a large wholesale trade, extending 
 beyond the limits of the state. 
 
 Dubuque (population 22,254), the county seat of Dubuque 
 County, is built on a commanding site on the west bank of the 
 Mississippi, which is here crossed by a costly railroad bridge 
 of iron. It is an important railroad point, is the headquarters 
 for the business of the lead region of the North-west, carries 
 on varied manufactures, and is the center of a large trade by 
 river and rail. The lumber and pork-packing interests are 
 large; and the manufacture of carriages, wagons, and plows, is 
 carried on more extensively than anywhere else in the state. 
 Dubuque has an excellent system of public schools. It is an 
 old and very wealthy city, finely built, with streets excellently 
 paved. It has a superior system of water-works. 
 
 Davenport, a flourishing city, the county seat of Scott County, is beauti¬ 
 fully situated on the Mississippi River, at the foot of the Upper Rapids, 
 opposite Rock Island, Ill. This city is an important railroad center, and a 
 splendid wrought-iron bridge for railroad and other traffic crosses the Mis¬ 
 sissippi at this point. Opposite this city is a beautiful island several miles 
 in length (Rock Island by name), from which the neighboring city receives 
 its title. This island, which is of limestone formation, is the property of 
 the United States government, which has located on it an arsenal and mili¬ 
 tary headquarters, portions of it being also used as a public park. 
 
 Davenport is the seat of Griswold College, and maintains a fine system 
 of public schools. It is an important depot for shipment of grain, and has 
 diversified manufactures, including farming-implements, carriages, woolen 
 goods, flour, glucose, etc. 
 
 Burlington, a thriving city, the county seat of Des Moines County, is 
 pleasantly situated on the Mississippi, about 80 miles below Davenport. Its 
 railroad facilities are very extensive, and its commerce, both by rail and by 
 the river, is large and increasing. The city is substantially built, and many 
 of its residences occupy elevated positions commanding beautiful views. 
 The Burlington University is located at this place. The industries of Bur¬ 
 lington are varied, its manufactures comprising, among others, machinery 
 and farming implements, flour, cars and carriages, etc. 
 
 Council Bluffs, an important commercial point, is the county seat of 
 Bottawattamie County, and is situated on the Missouri River, opposite 
 Omaha in Nebraska, with which it is connected bv a fine railroad bridge 
 over the Missouri. Occupying a central position between the two oceans, 
 Council Bluffs has railroad facilities of the first importance. The Union 
 Pacific is joined at this point by seven roads tributary to its transcontinental 
 traffic. It is the seat of the State Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 
 
 Keokuk, a thriving city of Lee County, in the south-eastern part of the 
 state, occupies an elevated situation on the Mississippi River, at the foot of 
 the Lower Rapids. The river is crossed at this point by a fine railroad 
 
 bridge. It is a very impotant railroad center, and has also an extensive 
 river traffic, the Mississippi being navigable at this point for the largest 
 steamboats. The United States government has constructed a magnificent 
 ship canal around the rapids, which is over 7 miles long, and 300 feet wide. 
 Keokuk is built on a limestone foundation, affording excellent material for 
 building purposes. The manufactures are various and in a thriving con¬ 
 dition. 
 
 Cedar Rapids, a city of Linn County, on Cedar River, is an important 
 railroad center. The river here supplies immense water-power, which is 
 utilized in numerous mills. The chief manufactures are flour, oatmeal, 
 pork, carriages, machinery, etc. The poik-packing industry is especially 
 important. 
 
 Atlantic — county scat of Cass County, is the 
 most important town between Des Moines 
 and Council Bluffs. It has an extensive 
 canning factory, and is in the center of a 
 very fine agricultural section. 
 
 Cedar Falls — a city of Black Hawk County, is 
 situated on Cedar River, about ioo miles 
 west of Dubuque. It has fine water-power 
 from the river, and manufactories of flour, 
 lumber, carriages, pumps, etc. 
 
 Clinton — the county seat of Clinton County, is 
 a very enterprising manufacturing point, 
 located on the Mississippi River, at the 
 junction of several railroads, about 60 miles 
 below Dubuque. A splendid iron railroad 
 bridge three-fourths of a mile long crosses 
 the river at this point. Sawed lumber is 
 largely exported, and Clinton is also a 
 thriving grain depot. Manufactures of 
 paper, chairs, etc. 
 
 Creston—in Union County, at the junction of 
 several railroads, is an important center of 
 trade. Extensive railroad shops are located 
 here. 
 
 Decorah — county seat of Winneshiek County, is 
 a finely-built town in the valley of the 
 Upper Iowa River. Near this place is a 
 remarkable ice cave, where ice forms on the 
 walls during the summer, and disappears 
 during the winter months. 
 
 Fairfield — the county seat of Jefferson County, 
 occupies a beautiful situation 25 miles east 
 of Ottumwa. Parsons College is located 
 here. 
 
 Fort Dodge — is the county seat of Webster 
 County, on Des Moines River. The manu¬ 
 factures comprise furniture, plaster, stucco, 
 etc. Fort Dodge is an extensive grain- 
 market, and there are quarries of building- 
 stone, and gypsum and coal mines in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 Fort Madison — the county seat of Lee County, 
 is located on the Mississippi, about 25 miles 
 above Keokuk. It is the seat of the south¬ 
 ern Penitentiary. Here are large lumber- 
 mills, and manufactories of chairs, boots and 
 shoes, etc. 
 
 Independence — the county seat of Buchanan 
 County, is located on Wapsipinicon River, 
 at the junction of two railways, about 40 
 miles to the north of Cedar Rapids. The 
 northern Iowa Hospital for the Insane is 
 located near this place. 
 
 Iowa City — the county seat of Johnson County, 
 is pleasantly situated on Iowa River, about 
 50 miles to the west of Davenport. This 
 city was until 1856 the capital of the state, 
 the former capitol building being now occu¬ 
 pied by the Iowa State University. The 
 manufactures include flour, alcohol, car¬ 
 riages, linseed-oil, pumps, plows, glucose, 
 paper, oatmeal, pork-packing, etc. 
 
 Le Mars — county seat of Plymouth County, is 
 the business center of a fine farming region 
 largely settled by wealthy English colonists. 
 
 Manchester—county seat of Delaware County, 
 is a finely-built and wealthy town, and is 
 
 the largest shipping-point for butter in the 
 state. 
 
 Marshalltown — a thriving city, the county seat 
 of Marshall County, occupies an elevated 
 site in the valley of the Iowa River. It 
 contains extensive grain-elevators, and man¬ 
 ufactories of flour, oil, soap, etc. The car- 
 shops of the Central Iowa Railroad are 
 located here, and also extensive glucose- 
 works. 
 
 Mason City — county seat of Cerro Gordo Coun¬ 
 ty, at the junction of several railroads, is a 
 large and rapidly growing town in the 
 northern part of the state. 
 
 Mount Pleasant — the county seat of Henry 
 County, is the seat of the Iowa Wesleyan 
 University and of other institutions of 
 learning. The southern Iowa Hospital for 
 the Insane is located here. 
 
 Muscatine —the county seat of Muscatine 
 County, is mostly built on rocky bluffs 
 overlooking the Mississippi River. It is 
 advantageously situated for commerce both 
 by water and by rail, and is accordingly 
 an important shipping-point for grain, flour, 
 and lumber. Here are extensive saw-mills, 
 besides manufactories of furniture and 
 plows. 
 
 Oskaloosa — the county seat of Mabaska Coun¬ 
 ty, is situated in the center of one of the 
 most extensive coal areas in the state. It 
 has excellent railroad connections, affording 
 the best facilities for the shipment of the 
 great quantities of coal which are mined in 
 this region. It has an excellent system of 
 water-works, and a most complete pork¬ 
 packing establishment. Penn College and 
 Oskaloosa College, located here, are thriv¬ 
 ing institutions. 
 
 Ottumwa — the county seat of Wapello County, 
 is situated on the Des Moines River, which 
 here affords abundant water-power. Sev¬ 
 eral railways have their junction in this 
 city, and an iron railroad bridge crosses 
 the river. The manufactures are varied, 
 and pork-packing and the manufacture of 
 starch are extensively carried on. 
 
 Sioux City — an enterprising city, the county 
 seat of W'oodbury County, is situated on the 
 Missouri River, near the mouth of the Big 
 Sioux River. It is the terminus of five 
 important railroads, and has varied and ex¬ 
 tensive manufactures and a large wholesale 
 trade. 
 
 Waterloo — a flourishing city, the county seat of 
 Black Hawk County, is built on both banks 
 of the Cedar River, six miles below Cedar 
 Falls. The river is very wide at this place, 
 and its water-power is largely utilized in 
 various manufactures. This city has supe¬ 
 rior railroad facilities, and makes large 
 shipments of produce. 
 
 Among other important and growing places in 
 this state may be mentioned Glenwood, 
 McGregor, Makoqueta, Waverly.Win- 
 TERSET, AlGONA, Red Oak, DeNISON, 
 Webster City, and Grinnell. 
 
MISSOURI 
 
 189 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 [Area, 69,415 square miles. 
 Population, 2,168,380.] 
 
 S. POSITION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Position. — Missouri is one of the “West-Central States,” 
 and is situated between latitude 36° and 40° 30' north, and 
 longitude 89° 2 ' and 95 0 51' west from Greenwich. 
 
 Most of the southern boundary is on the parallel of 36° 36', only a 
 small projection between the St. Francois and Mississippi rivers 
 extending southward to 36°. 
 
 Extent. — Its length from north to south is about 280 
 miles: its width varies from 208 miles in the north to 312 
 in the south, with an average of about 250 miles. It ranks 
 as the ninth state in respect to size, has an area eight times 
 that of Massachusetts, and is as large as England and Wales. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 Northern Section. —The two sections into which the state 
 is divided by the Missouri River differ greatly in geographical 
 features. The northern section, comprising about one-third of 
 the state, is generally undulating prairie-land, with low, level 
 bottom-lands along the rivers, and diversified with timber. 
 
 Southern Section. — The southern section has a diversified 
 surface of plain, table-land, mountain-ridges, and knobs. 1 he 
 highest land consists of the plateau and ridge of the Ozark 
 Mountains, which cover nearly one-half of South Missouri, and 
 form the divide between the affluents of the Missouri and those 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 The Ozark ridge enters the state from Arkansas, and extends in a 
 direction east by north into Perry County on the Mississippi. In 
 its western part this highland region consists of a broad table-land, 
 reaching an elevation of i, 5 °° feet in Webster County: in the 
 eastern part the highland region is marked by numerous hills, not 
 forming continuous ranges, but divided into various spurs, knobs, 
 and peaks. Shepherd Mountain (i, 57 ° f eet above the sea-level) is 
 the highest elevation of the Ozark ridge. 
 
 The western section of South Missouri consists of opCn and compara¬ 
 tively treeless plains continuous with those of Kansas. 
 
 The south-eastern part of South Missouri, extending along the Mis¬ 
 sissippi from Cape Girardeau to Arkansas, is a low track, which 
 sank to its present level during the earthquakes of 1811-12. This 
 region comprises fertile and well-timbered bottom-lands, inter¬ 
 spersed with extensive marshes, lakes, and lagoons. The Missis¬ 
 sippi frontage of this region is diked, or leveed. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 Rivers.— The rivers of Missouri all belong to the Missis¬ 
 sippi system, the two great streams being the Mississippi and 
 the Missouri, the former constituting the entire eastern bound¬ 
 ary of the state, the latter traversing the state from its north¬ 
 western boundary to the middle of its eastern boundary, where 
 it unites with the Mississippi. 
 
 The Mississippi gives the state a water-front of more than 
 500 miles, navigable throughout the year, except when blocked 
 with ice. Its largest tributary is the Missouri. 
 
 The other principal direct tributaries of the Mississippi are 
 Cuivre, Salt, Wyaconda, Fabius, Fox, and Des Moines rivers, 
 north of the Missouri, and the Maramec south of the Missouri. 
 
 Of the affluents of the Mississippi in part within the state 
 and flowing into the Mississippi beyond the state limits, the 
 

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 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation and Extent. — What state bounds Missouri on the north? 
 What states on the east? What states and what territory on the west? 
 What natural boundary on the east? What partial natural boundary 
 on the west? In what direction is the state longest? Between what 
 parallels is the state ? Between what meridians ? When it is noon at 
 Washington, what time is it at St. Louis? At Kansas City? 
 
 Surface. — Which section of Missouri is the most mountainous? 
 What is the principal range ? Through which counties can you trace 
 the Ozark Mountains? Locate Iron Mountain, Pilot Knob, Shepherd 
 Mountain, Simmons Mountain. Judging from the course of the rivers, 
 in what direction does the part of the state north of Missouri River 
 slope ? Where are swamp-lands indicated on the map ? 
 
 Rivers. — What river flows wholly across the state ? What river 
 forms a boundary on the north-east corner? What are the principal 
 tributaries of the Missouri from the north? From the south? What is 
 the largest tributary of the Mississippi? What are the principal tribu¬ 
 taries of the Mississippi north of the Missouri? South of the Missouri ? 
 What river drains the low district in the south-east ? 
 
 Counties.—What counties in the northern tier? In the southern tier? 
 What counties border Missouri River on the east? On the north? On 
 the south? In what county is the state capital? In what county is St. 
 Louis ? [In what county do you live ?] 
 
 Cities. — What great city on the Mississippi? In what county is 
 Kansas City? St. Joseph? On what river and in what county is Han¬ 
 nibal? In what county is Joplin? What city is the county seat of 
 Pettis County? What city is the county seat of Greene County? On 
 what river is St. Charles? Cape Girardeau? Louisiana? Locate Car 
 thage, Mexico, Macon City, Warrensburg. What cities in your own 
 county? What cities in adjoining counties ? 
 
 COUNTIES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Adair 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Livingston 
 
 Ralles 
 
 Andrew 
 
 Daviess 
 
 McDonald 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Atchison 
 
 De Kalb 
 
 Macon 
 
 Ray 
 
 Audrain 
 
 Dent 
 
 Madison 
 
 Reynolds 
 
 Barry 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Maries 
 
 Ripley 
 
 Barton 
 
 Dunklin 
 
 Marion 
 
 St. Charles 
 
 Bates 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Mercer 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Benton 
 
 Gasconade 
 
 Miller 
 
 St. Francois 
 
 Bollinger 
 
 Gentry 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 St. Genevieve 
 
 Boone 
 
 Greene 
 
 Moniteau 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 Grundy 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Saline 
 
 Butler 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Schuyler 
 
 Caldwell 
 
 Henry 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Callaway 
 
 Hickory 
 
 New Madrid 
 
 Scott 
 
 Camden 
 
 Holt 
 
 Newton 
 
 Shannon 
 
 Cape Girardeau 
 
 Howard 
 
 N odaway 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Howell 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Stoddard 
 
 Carter 
 
 Iron 
 
 Osage 
 
 Stone 
 
 Cass 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Ozark 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Cedar 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Pemiscot 
 
 Taney 
 
 Chariton 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Perry 
 
 Texas 
 
 Christian 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Pettis 
 
 Vernon 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Knox 
 
 Phelps 
 
 Warren 
 
 Clay 
 
 Laclede 
 
 Pike 
 
 Washington 
 
 Clinton 
 
 La Fayette 
 
 Platte 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Cole 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Polk 
 
 Webster 
 
 Cooper 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Worth 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Wright 
 
 Dade 
 
 Linn 
 
 
 
192 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 chief are the White River (which makes a bend into the state 
 from Arkansas, to which state it returns) together with various 
 tributaries ; the St. Francois (with its tributary, Little River), 
 which drains the low district in the south-east; and in the 
 south-west corner the Elk and Spring, which flow into the 
 Neosho, a tributary of Arkansas River. 
 
 The Missouri, though contributing its waters to the Missis¬ 
 sippi, may, from its extent and volume, be regarded as a 
 primary river, and from this stream the state derives its name. 
 It is navigable throughout the whole year, except when block¬ 
 aded with ice. 
 
 The principal tributaries of the Missouri are Big Tarkio, 
 Nodaway, Platte, Grand, and Chariton, from the north ; and 
 La Mine, Osage (the most important affluent, and navigable in 
 high stages of water to Papinsville), and Gasconade rivers, 
 from the south. 
 
 Summary. — The general drainage is indicated by the prin¬ 
 cipal slopes that characterize the surface. These are the long 
 gentle slope south-eastward towards the Mississippi (forming 
 the valley of the Missouri), its lateral slope towards that river, 
 and the southern slope towards the Arkansas. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 General Characteristics. — The situation of the state, far 
 removed from the modifying effect of the ocean, gives it a 
 climate continental in character, being subject to extremes in 
 the degree of temperature and moisture; but the climate is 
 agreeable and healthful. 
 
 Special Facts. — The mean annual temperature of the state is about 
 53 0 . The average annual rainfall is 45 inches in the south-east 
 corner, diminishing to 30 inches in the north-west corner. The prev¬ 
 alent winds are from the south-east, though in winter westerly winds 
 are the most frequent. 
 
 V. NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 
 
 Soils.—The most fertile soils of Missouri are those of the 
 broad, alluvial or bottom lands, together with the swamps in 
 the south-eastern section, the latter comprising large tracts of 
 some of the richest lands in the world. 
 
 The next richest bodies of land include all the north-western 
 section of the state, with several counties south of the Missouri 
 River. The soil is composed of sand, clay, hnmas, lime, and 
 magnesia. This district is mostly underlaid by the upper coal- 
 measures, and for most farming purposes is considered the most 
 desirable part of the state. 
 
 In the Ozark region the face of the country is in many places 
 too rough for agricultural use ; but the valleys are generally 
 productive, and the steep hillsides are well adapted to grape- 
 culture. 
 
 Mineral Wealth. — In mineral resources Missouri is exceed¬ 
 ingly rich. These resources comprise coal, iron, lead, copper, 
 tin, zinc, cobalt, nickel, fire-clays, kaolin, fine marble, granite, 
 and other building-stone, together with a great variety of other 
 minerals. In fact, Missouri furnishes an epitome of the mineral 
 wealth of the globe. The most important items of this wealth 
 are, however, coal, iron, and lead. 
 
 Coal. — The most useful and abundant mineral of Missouri is coal (can- 
 nelite or bituminous), the “measures ” of which underlie the entire 
 north-western section of the state, comprising about 25,000 square 
 miles, or nearly one-third the total area. The coal-fields are esti¬ 
 
 mated to be capable of yielding 100,000 tons a day for several 
 thousand years. 
 
 Iron. — Missouri merits the title of “the Iron State,” the ore beds of 
 that mineral being excellent in quality, and inexhaustible in quantity. 
 The iron districts are situated chiefly in the eastern part of South 
 Missouri; but the most wonderful deposits are found in Pilot Knob 
 (Iron County), Iron Mountain (St. Francois County), and Shepherd 
 (Iron County); the first two being mountain-like masses of excellent 
 hematitic and magnetic ores. 
 
 Lead. — Missouri has for 150 years produced a great amount of lead, 
 and the state could apparently supply the world with this commodity 
 for an indefinite period. With few exceptions it is found in every 
 county south of the Missouri River, though in many counties beds 
 known to exist are not yet worked. 
 
 Forests. — The principal forests are found in the south¬ 
 eastern section. The hill country is well wooded with pine 
 and oak, and the river-bottoms produce much cypress, ash, 
 locust, hickory, pecan, basswood, cottonwood, walnut, etc. The 
 state, however, does not produce sufficient lumber for home 
 use, and has to draw largely on the Upper Lake states. 
 
 Water-power and Navigation. — The state has abundant 
 water-power, and in the mountain-country it is to some extent 
 utilized. By means of her two great rivers and their navigable 
 branches, Missouri has direct water communication with almost 
 every state in the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Agriculture. — The leading industry of Missouri is agricul¬ 
 ture, more than half the population being engaged in farming 
 occupations or interests. 
 
 The staple crops are corn (in the production of which Mis¬ 
 souri ranks among the leading states), wheat, oats, hay, and 
 tobacco; minor but important products being rye, barley, 
 sweet and Irish potatoes, and garden products. Cotton, hemp, 
 and flax are cultivated tq some extent in the southern counties. 
 
 Among fruits, the apple, peach, pear, and nectarine, together 
 with strawberries, raspberries, and other small fruit, are largely 
 raised. Grapes are extensively cultivated in several counties. 
 Sorghum and castor-oil beans are important crops, and the 
 yield of honey is large. 
 
 Grazing is perhaps the leading farm-interest, and Missouri 
 ranks among the first of the states in the number of her live¬ 
 stock, — horses, neat-cattle, mules, swine, and sheep. Dairy 
 products hold an important place, and wool-growing receives 
 increasing attention. 
 
 Mining. — The vast and varied mineral wealth of Missouri is 
 still but imperfectly developed. The largest production is in 
 coal. Of iron ore millions of tons are mined in years when the 
 iron trade is active. Iron is largely smelted ; but the ore is 
 principally sent abroad for working. The production of lead 
 and the quarrying of stone are important industries. 
 
 Manufactures. — All the conditions for the growth of a large 
 manufacturing interest—great natural resources, abundant 
 water-power, and an intelligent and progressive people — are 
 present in Missouri; and in this branch of industry it ranks as 
 the fifth state in the value of its products. 
 
 The principal articles are flouring and grist-mill products, 
 saddlery and harness, iron and iron goods, boots and shoes, 
 building-materials, tobacco and cigars, liquors, bags, animal oil, 
 clothing, furniture, carriages, printed books, and periodicals. 
 Pork-packing is also a prominent industry of the state. 
 
MISSOURI. 
 
 193 
 
 The chief centers of manufactures are St. Louis, Hannibal, 
 Kansas City, St. Joseph, Cape Girardeau, Joplin, Lexington : 
 other places are developing various manufacturing industries. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of Missouri is very extensive. 
 Owing to its geographical position and its natural and artificial 
 channels of transportation, a large portion of the produce of 
 the north-west, and of the supplies for that section, is borne 
 through the state or along its borders. In addition to its 
 domestic trade it has an important foreign commerce. 
 
 By act of Congress of 1870 foreign merchandise is allowed to be trans¬ 
 ported from foreign countries in bond direct to interior ports. St. 
 Louis, St. Joseph, and Kansas City are United States ports of de¬ 
 livery belonging to the district of Louisiana. 
 
 Transportation. — In addition to its great natural highways 
 of transportation, Missouri is well equipped with railroads. In¬ 
 deed the railroad business now renders the steam navigation of 
 the rivers quite subsidiary. In 1852 there were but 38 miles 
 of railroad in the state; there are now more than 4,500 miles 
 (exclusive of sidings, double tracks, etc.). Several splendid iron 
 railroad bridges span the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. 
 
 VI!. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly, 
 consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The 
 Senate is composed of thirty-four members elected to serve four 
 years. 
 
 The House of Representatives must not exceed two hundred members 
 (at present it consists of one hundred and forty-three): these repre¬ 
 sentatives are chosen at the general elections every two years. The 
 sessions of the General Assembly are biennial, beginning on the 
 first Wednesday of January in odd years. 
 
 Every person who was not a qualified voter prior to Jan. 1, 1876, must 
 be able to read and write as a qualification for voting. 
 
 Members of both branches of the General Assembly must be white 
 males. 
 
 The executive officers of the state are a governor, lieutenant- 
 governor, secretary of state, state auditor, state treasurer, 
 attorney-general, and superintendent of public schools. The j 
 official term of each is four years. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, the St. 
 Louis Court of Appeals, circuit courts, criminal courts, probate 
 courts, county courts, and municipal corporative courts. 
 
 The county officials are judges of the county courts, sheriff, treasurer, 
 recorder, assessor, collector, prosecuting attorney, clerk of circuit 
 court, clerk of county court, coroner, physician, public administrator, 
 school commissioner, and surveyor. 
 
 State Constitution. — The present state constitution of Mis¬ 
 souri was adopted in 1875. 
 
 Federal Representation. — Missouri is represented in the 
 national Congress at Washington by two senators and thirteen 
 representatives, and has therefore fifteen electoral votes. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION, ETC. 
 
 The public school system is very complete and effective, 
 and is under the general control of the State Board of Educa¬ 
 tion, consisting of the state superintendent of schools, the' 
 governor, the secretary of state, and the attorney-general. The 1 
 system comprises : 
 
 I. Ungraded district schools. 
 
 II. Graded schools , including primary, grammar, and high 
 schools. 
 
 III. State normal schools. —There is a normal college con¬ 
 nected with the State University at Columbia, and a city nor¬ 
 mal school at St. Louis, and a normal department for colored 
 teachers in connection with Lincoln Institute at Jefferson City. 
 Besides these are the normal school of the First District, lo¬ 
 cated at Kirksville; the normal school of the Second District, 
 at Warrensburg; and the normal school of the Third District, 
 at Cape Girardeau. 
 
 IV. The State University. — This is the highest institution 
 of the public school system of the state, and is located at Co¬ 
 lumbia, near the center of the state. It is open to persons of 
 either sex, and includes, in addition to the academic depart¬ 
 ment, various special and professional schools and colleges. 
 
 Other Institutions. — In addition to the public school sys¬ 
 tem of the state are numerous private seminaries, academies, 
 etc. ; while the higher education is provided for in various col¬ 
 leges and professional schools. 
 
 Most of these will be found mentioned in connection with the treat¬ 
 ment of cities and towns. 
 
 Benevolent Institutions, etc. — The Missouri Institution for 
 the Education of the Deaf and Dumb is at Fulton ; at the same 
 place is State Lunatic Asylum No. 1. Lunatic Asylum No. 2 
 is at St. Joseph. The Missouri Asylum for the Blind is at 
 St. Louis; the State Penitentiary, at Jefferson City. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 Early History;. — In 1541 De Soto, the Spanish explorer, 
 with his followers, entered Missouri by the valley of the White 
 River, being the first white men to set foot on the soil of the 
 state. Later the whole valley of the Mississippi was claimed 
 by the French, under the name of “the province of Louisiana.” 
 Fort Orleans, near where Jefferson City stands, was built by 
 the French in 1719- St. Genevieve was settled in 1755, and 
 St. Louis in 1764. 
 
 In 1803 the vast region called “Louisiana” was purchased 
 from France by the United States for $15,000,000. Two yea’ s 
 later the northern part of the purchase was established as the 
 “District of Louisiana,” and in 1812 the name was changed to 
 Missouri. 
 
 State History. — The state of Missouri was admitted into 
 the Union in 1821, after a long and excited political struggle, 
 which ended in the “Missouri Compromise” of 1820, by which 
 the new state was permitted to retain slavery. The present 
 limits of the state were not settled till 1835. 
 
 Missouri never passed an ordinance of secession ; but the 
 state was the scene of several active campaigns. After the 
 close of the war, sectional differences gradually disappeared, 
 and the state entered on a new era of prosperity. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties and Towns. — Missouri contains 114 counties, and 
 the following chief cities and towns : 
 
 Jefferson City, in Cole County, is the state capital and 
 county seat. It has an imposing situation on the south bank 
 of the Missouri River; is a well-built, prosperous city, and car¬ 
 ries on various manufactures, including flour, wooden and iron 
 ware, furniture, etc. 
 
 St. Louis (population, 350,518), the metropolis of the state, 
 occupies a commanding position on the Mississippi River, 
 
 1 
 
194 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 20 miles below the mouth of the Missouri. It is geographi¬ 
 cally the most central of the large cities of the United States, 
 and commercially the metropolis of the middle Mississippi 
 Valley. It has a river frontage of 18 miles, and occupies an 
 area of more than 60 miles. It is a railroad center of the 
 first order, more than twenty railroads meeting here. A rail 
 way and roadway bridge of three steel arches, resting on 
 stone piers, connects the city with East St. Louis and the 
 eastern railroad system. With its approaches, it is a mile and 
 a sixth in length, and is one of the most magnificent structures 
 of its kind in the world. 
 
 In manufacturing industry St. Louis ranks as the third city 
 of this country. The annual value of its manufactured prod¬ 
 ucts exceeds $250,000,000. Its manufactures include a great 
 variety of classes and kinds of articles. In the manufacture 
 of flour St. Louis surpasses every other city in the United 
 States; and among other leading articles are iron and iron 
 goods, steel, wooden-ware, white-lead, zinc, sugar, pork, beer, 
 whisky, and tobacco. 
 
 In commerce St. Louis is one of the great depots of the 
 country. Its vast railroad system and admirable water trans¬ 
 portation place it in daily communication with the Atlantic 
 seaboard, with the Great Lakes, with the grain fields of the 
 Mississippi Valley, with the Gulf of Mexico, with the rich gold 
 and silver regions of the Rocky Mountains, and across these 
 with the Pacific coast. 
 
 The city is well laid out, and has numerous public buildings 
 of great architectural beauty. Among the notable structures 
 are the Pour Courts, the Court House, the Masonic Temple, 
 the Merchants’ Exchange, the County Insane Asylum, the 
 Columbia Insurance Building, and the Mercantile Library. A 
 large proportion of the newer buildings are of iron, brick, and 
 stone. St. Louis has more than 2,000 acres enclosed as parks 
 
 and pleasure-grounds, and as a place of residence is one of the 
 most healthful cities in the world. 
 
 In education St. Louis has long enjoyed an exceptional repu¬ 
 tation. The public schools, which are of every grade, from 
 kindergarten to high and normal schools, have more than a 
 hundred buildings, and are attended by nearly 50,000 pupils. 
 There are also many private and denominational schools, while 
 the higher education is provided for in two colleges and two 
 universities. The Mercantile Library and the Public School 
 Library add to the educational advantages of the city. 
 
 Kansas City (population, 55,785), the second city in population and 
 importance, is in Jackson County, on the right bank of the Missouri River. 
 It is a very important railroad center, and the trains of several lines here 
 cross the Missouri on a great railroad bridge. The city is advantageously 
 located in the midst of a region of vast agricultural resources, and abound¬ 
 ing in coal, iron, lead, etc., — facts that account for its rapid growth, and 
 insure its future prosperity. It has a large business in live-stock and grain, 
 and is the distributing point for the trade of the Missouri Valley. Among 
 its manufacturing establishments are foundries and immense pork-packing 
 houses. The growth of the city has been exceedingly rapid. 
 
 St. Joseph, a city, and county seat of Buchanan County, is situated on the 
 left bank of the Missouri River. It is an important railroad center, and has 
 a, costly iron railroad bridge over the river. Its manufacturing interests are 
 large and varied; and among the establishments are iron-foundries, manu¬ 
 factories of woolen goods, carriages, saddlery, furniture, boots and shoes, 
 clothing, together with packing-houses, flour-mills, etc. 
 
 Hannibal, a city of Marion County, is one of the largest lumber-markets 
 on the Mississippi. It is an important railroad center, and the river is here 
 crossed by a fine iron bridge. Hannibal has flouring-mills, grain-elevators, 
 iron-foundries, tobacco-factories, car-works, packing-houses, and various 
 other manufactures. It is the seat of St. Paul’s College. 
 
 Joplin City is the center of the lead district of Jasper County, and its 
 rapid growth (it was founded in 1872) is due to its great development of the 
 lead industry. It contains numerous smelting furnaces. 
 
 Sedalia, a city, and county seat of Pettis County, is the chief railroad 
 center of west-central Missouri. It has important manufactures, and a 
 large and increasing commerce. 
 
 Booneville — a city, and county seat of Cooper 
 County, on Missouri River. Manufactures 
 of iron, woolen goods, earthenware, wine, 
 etc. 
 
 Brookfield — in Linn County, on Yellow Creek. 
 Important railroad center. Machine shops. 
 Coal-mines in vicinity. Much business 
 enterprise 
 
 Butler — county seat of Bates County. Manu¬ 
 facture of woolen goods, etc Vicinity of 
 extensive coal-fields. 
 
 California — a village, and county seat of Moni¬ 
 teau County Manufactures of paper, flour, 
 woolen goods, etc. 
 
 Cameron — in Clinton County. Educational 
 facilities. Important railroad center. 
 
 Canton — the county seat of Lewis County, on 
 Mississippi River. Flouring-mills, planing 
 and lumber mills. Educational center, and 
 seat of the Christian University. 
 
 Cape Girardeau—a city of Cape Girardeau 
 County, on Mississippi River. Educational 
 center. Manufacture of flour, beer, lime, 
 barrels, etc. River trade One of the state 
 normal schools is located here. 
 
 Carrollton — county seat of Carroll County, on 
 Waconda Creek. Local trade. 
 
 Carthage — a flourishing town, county seat of 
 Jasper County Abundant water-power 
 Manufactures of flour, iron and woolen 
 goods, carriages, plows, etc. Vicinity of 
 lead-mines. It has excellent public schools. 
 
 Chillicothe — county seat of Livingston County. 
 Railroad and trading center. 
 
 Columbia — county seat of Boone County. Edu¬ 
 cational center. Seat of State University. 
 Manufacturing interests. 
 
 De Soto — in Jefferson County, on Joachim 
 Creek. Grist-mills. Shipping-point for 
 grain, lead, and zinc. 
 
 Fayette — a village, and county seat of Howard 
 County, on Bonne Femme Creek. Seat 
 of Central College Educational center. 
 
 Fredericktown — a village, and county seat of 
 Madison County, on little St. Francis 
 River. Manufactures of flour, beer, lum¬ 
 ber, etc 
 
 Fulton — county seat of Callaway County. Seat 
 of State Asylum for the Insane, a State 
 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and of 
 Westminster College. Educational center 
 
 Glasgow — in Howard County, on Missouri 
 River. Educational center. Manufactures 
 of flour, tobacco, etc. 
 
 Hermann — county seat of Gasconade County, 
 on the south bank of Missouri River. 
 Manufactures of flour, wine, cigars, etc. 
 
 Huntsville — county seat of Randolph County, 
 near East Chariton River. Seat of Mount 
 Pleasant College. Manufactures of flour, 
 woolen goods, plows, etc. Coal beds. 
 
 Independence — county seat of Jackson County. 
 Manufactures of flour, woolen goods, 
 brooms, etc. Railroad facilities. 
 
 Iron Mountain — in St Francois County, on 
 St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern 
 Railroad. Rich iron region. Manufac¬ 
 tures of iron. 
 
 Ironton — a flourishing village, county seat of 
 Iron County. Iron ore and beds of granite 
 in vicinity. Varied manufactures. 
 
 Kirksville — county seat of Adair County. Seat 
 of the Normal School of the First District. 
 Manufactures of flour, woolen goods, etc. 
 
 Kirkwood—a beautiful 'place in St. Louis 
 County, twelve miles from St. Louis. 
 
 La Grange — in Lewis County, on Mississippi 
 River. Baptist college. Local trade. 
 
 Lexington — county seat of Lafayette County, 
 on Missouri River. Coal fields. Manu¬ 
 
 facture of lumber, flour, rope, etc. Educa¬ 
 tional center. 
 
 Liberty — county seat of Clay County, near 
 Missouri River. Railway facilities. Manu¬ 
 factures of flour, plows, woolen goods, 
 wagons, etc. Educational center. Seat of 
 William Jewell College. 
 
 Louisiana — a thriving city of Pike County, on 
 Mississippi River, here crossed by a splen¬ 
 did iron bridge. Important railroad center 
 Seat of a Baptist college, and of Paidee 
 College. Manufactures of flour, tobacco, 
 lumber, stoves, etc. 
 
 Macon City — county seat of Macon County. 
 Manufactures of agricultural implements, 
 wagons, etc. Vicinity of rich coal-mines. 
 
 Mexico — county seat of Audrain County. Trade 
 and varied manufactures. Educational 
 center. 
 
 Moberly — in Randolph County, is an impor¬ 
 tant railway center. Machine shops and 
 manufactories of carriages, flour, tobacco, 
 etc. 
 
 Neosho — a flourishing village, county seat of 
 Newton County Lead-mines ;a the vicinity 
 Manufactures of flour, woolen goods, wag¬ 
 ons, etc. 
 
 Nevada — county seat of Vernon County. Vi¬ 
 cinity of coal-mines. Varied industries. 
 
 Oregon — a village, and county seat of Holt 
 County, near the Missouri River. Varied 
 manufactures. The town has excellent 
 schools. 
 
 Palmyra — county seat of Marion County. Ed¬ 
 ucational center. Seat of St. Paul’s College 
 and of Ingleside Female College. Railway 
 center. 
 
 Pleasant Hill — the county seat of Cass County. 
 Railway center. Manufactures of flour, 
 chairs, and woolen goods. 
 
 Richmond — county seat of Ray County, near 
 M issouri River. Manufactures of carriages 
 and farming implements. Vicinity of coal¬ 
 beds. 
 
 Rolla — county seat of Phelps County. Seat of 
 the Missouri School of Mines, a branch of 
 the State University. 
 
 Savannah —county seatof Andrew County, near 
 Missouri River. Manufactures of brooms, 
 plows, etc. 
 
 Springfield — a city, and county seat of Greene 
 County. Most important place in south¬ 
 western Missouri. Seat of Drury College. 
 Manufactures of machinery, engines and 
 boilers, and cotton. 
 
 St. Charles — a city, and county seat of St. 
 Charles County, on the north bank of the 
 Missouri, twenty-two miles north-west of 
 St. Louis. Elevated situation. Seat of St. 
 Charles College. Manufactures of railroad- 
 cars and flour. Extensive establishment for 
 building bridges. Limestone quarries and 
 coal-mines in the vicinity. 
 
 St. Genevieve — county seat of St. Genevieve 
 County, on Mississippi River. Oldest town 
 in the state. Limestone, marble, and lead 
 are found in the vicinity. 
 
 Trenton —county seatof Grundy Count}', on the 
 Crooked Fork of Grand River. Machine 
 shops, flour and woolen mills. 
 
 Warrensburg — county seat of Johnson County, 
 on Black River. Seat of South Missouri 
 State Normal School. Flouring and woolen 
 mills. Important shipping-point for wheat 
 and other grain. 
 
 Washington — a village of Franklin County, on 
 the Missouri River. Shipping-point for 
 wheat, maize, pork, etc. 
 
 Weston — in Platte County, on Missouri River. 
 Manufactures of flour, leather, etc. 
 
KANSAS 
 
 T 95 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 adjoining Missouri. Name the southern tier of counties. What are the 
 seven counties bordering on Colorado? In which county is the capital? 
 [In which county do you live?] 
 
 Cities. —Locate the capital. In what section of the state are most of 
 the large towns ? What important cities or towns on or near the Missouri 
 River? & On or near Kansas River? On or near Big Blue River? What 
 city in Nemaha County? In Washington County? What cities or towns 
 on or near Republican River? On Smoky Hill River? On 01 near the 
 Neosho? What city in Bourbon County? What places on Osage River? 
 What city in Montgomery County? What places at the south-eastern 
 corner of the state ? What places are on the railroad between Wyandotte 
 and Salina ? Between Kansas City and Fort Scott? Between Atchison 
 and Independence? Between Oswego and Clay Center? Between Leaven- 
 worth and Wichita? Between Stockton and Kansas City? [What is the 
 county seat of the county in which you live? What cities in your own 
 countv ? What cities in adjoining counties ? ] 
 
 Situation and Outline. — What is the general shape of Kansas? What 
 parallel forms its northern boundary? What states north of Kansas? What 
 natural boundary on the north-east? What states east? What parallel 
 forms its southern boundary? Through how many degrees of longitude 
 does the southern boundary extend? Measure by the scale of miles the 
 length of this boundary line. What political division south of Kansas? 
 What meridian forms its western boundary ? Length of this boundary line ? 
 What state west of Kansas ? When it is noon at Washington, what time is 
 it at the western border of the state ? 
 
 Rivers. — What great river forms a partial boundary? What large river 
 in the state is a tributary of the Missouri? What two rivers unite to foim 
 Kansas River? In which county is their confluence ? Name other branches 
 of the Kansas. What are the principal tributaries of Smoky Hill River? 
 What river drains the south-central part of the state? What are the piin- 
 cipal branches of Arkansas River? Of what great river is the Arkansas a 
 tributary? What river drains the south-western part of the state? What 
 river drains the south-eastern part of the state? What river in the eastein 
 section flows into Missouri? Into Indian territory? 
 
 Counties. — How many counties border on Nebraska? Which counties 
 border on the Missouri River? Name the counties south of Kansas River 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 82,080 square miles. Population, 996,096 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation. — Kansas, one of the “West-Central States,” is 
 so situated, that the geographical center of the United States 
 domain (exclusive of Alaska) is within its limits. 
 
 It extends from longitude 94 ° 4 o west to 102 west, and fiom 
 latitude 37° to 40° north. 
 
 Extent. — Its greatest length (from east to w T est) is 410 
 miles, and its greatest width about 210 miles. The state has 
 the general form of a rectangle. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 General Character. — The ^eneral surfac 
 undulating plateau, forming a part of “ I ho Plains. At the 
 
516 
 
 Local Time A 
 
 520 
 
 102 
 
 Longitude West 
 
 K E\A R N E Y 
 
 f 0 r» 
 
 Altqpy * 
 
 jj enmng6^_^r-^I 
 
 Shibboleth 
 
 Long Island ^ 
 
 , p H i 1 M , 
 
 LieighliorV. Mat fT 
 
 ; Jimtowtn "VVe^tl Cedar/ 
 
 JVlouHU^ Ph|l|ipsburg\ 
 
 L K)p\ S' 
 
 * Bray 
 
 '|l Hf- 
 
 Si^CtntaV.^ 
 
 SaleL 
 
 N ee p 
 
 CQ 
 
 ft 
 
 •Quickville /s^.^J^Cumherla 
 
 y\ 0 > ^ 
 
 ^■pv^Oitterhourne, 
 
 •Y* ^ 
 
 Streator 
 
 ^rns 
 
 Carlyle 
 
 Grinnell 
 
 i 
 
 l 
 
 1 Monotony Ea 6 leT j> 
 
 'Grv R 
 
 ark | Saline JJ. 
 
 •Farnsworth * 
 
 Rolling Prairie • CutU 
 
 St.Scphia 
 N \*^Utica * 
 
 ^old. Springs 
 
 a t T.y 
 
 \ '.Basin I 
 
 L A v 
 
 Walnut Cr'. 
 
 DightoSj^- 
 
 Keber J | Cre 4 0 ^ .V ^ 16 
 
 p lam Ville Welcome H „1,V 
 „ j • s# •Hoskins 
 
 Zurich 
 
 . , CAmit 
 
 TOnole. 
 
 ,JYin 
 
 ^CreeV ^ 
 
 J Bristj/w # 
 
 */ Covert/ Q 
 
 •RounjTMopnd # ^ree^’Uj 
 s 2 Potterville ' # ' 
 
 kpl^PleasantHUl'w ,*J JCf 
 
 ^ ' „r„.DeihLCj3: 
 
 .Cyrus 
 
 MVansburg 
 
 , N .Jiff 
 
 Seabury La q 
 
 Kienfield,* R ' 1 tr 
 
 Leovillt 
 
 Alicura 
 
 Challae< 
 
 aS 
 
 __ 
 
 Wjiodvill^ ' r 
 
 S/ S E L L lor 
 
 ikerHill/ 1 - 
 Homer ~ 
 
 1 .! , / homa 5 /\'erbeck / V 
 
 Millard ^ Dubuque 
 S Webb P» 3 e 
 
 , Aslil 
 
 md\Sidney 
 
 Q 
 
 S 
 
 j Brookdale 
 # "Bed Rock 
 
 @^7-^onnieX)ooh Ott^ \ • - t * >r- 
 
 _ T _ -'Ness j '~^- y iEsthira Hutton, ^y an #/^ T) I* 
 
 • C A y /^lanteno Dolnl>£ V Lanark* •Cobkli^P^] “ " 
 
 ^^iu&Y. Harm 7-^ LUCaS * 1 
 
 .-—IP a A ■ ■ 
 
 B A 
 
 Olmutz 
 
 ^Midway 
 
 Patten V j» j 
 New Buffalo v. 
 
 Sh. 
 
 Aubrey 
 
 DeerfieRflf^ 
 
 1 Latin ; 
 
 ey\ 
 
 Tt 
 
 
 iDariby 
 
 k ) s /s 
 
 Bazi^e. / 1 -R rf , f ,y./i at Cr, 
 
 B*He\£ i^^'ite 
 
 Putnam 
 indej 
 
 „ State Center 
 *G ere • 1 
 
 a - f w^aiena v ista 1 
 
 e S V “ Mahe{vilk\ '^OdiiivBkxnnm^. 
 
 • OYn I 
 
 's* Glen Slmrralh • 
 
 Pawnee Valley 
 
 Jvidder ille 
 
 G 
 
 Buckner 
 V 
 
 
 HAMILTON 
 
 Basin{ 
 
 i <o 
 
 Pprdy v Ue 
 
 Hazlewood * 
 
 ;K e 
 
 ■ys > 
 
 
 g at Bend Wil 
 
 
 
 c. ^ Salt 
 
 . | Samtago *ji ars h‘ ./ / !- 
 
 R 5 I Seward* * ^ 
 
 E MN ^ ^ 
 
 ^^MiddleBnluch; ~ Gar/ieb 
 
 i- ForaWi I „ yj^ y _ _ A;! on 
 
 ettkton i 
 
 
 Gardeii City . 
 
 ! St.JoKn 
 
 lowell 
 
 N 
 
 A-:.—A: 
 
 ]VIacltsA r .# 
 
 Kelpre joJrCatW^ 
 XivingstonV 
 
 M ilwaukee • | 
 
 •*. Stafford 
 
 V • i « 
 
 ^ Prattsl)urg # 
 • Fellsburg 
 Kirkfield ^ 1 
 
 { IrnianJ ^•Antrim 
 
 Freeman*^/ 
 • Leeshurj ^ 
 
 1 * # Vosburg ^ Neola*i.l 
 
 -----ArmiatehTf ^ 
 
 Haynesville* n 
 •Tsaron J # CotU' 
 
 Nora Carmi Gr<. 
 
 Iu !j a ® Terra pi i 
 
 ,S.lr... * 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 . A- 
 
 o, i 
 
 -_L. 
 
 cbO> 
 
 N 
 
 P R A T T A 
 
 Mt.Nebo* \ 
 
 A 
 
 s 
 
 Springyate J 
 
 wLodi 
 
 i'd PoSt 
 
 25 
 
 22 Longitude "West 
 
 in 20 
 
 10 2) 
 
 10 28 
 
 10 32 
 
 Local Time 
 
. when Soon on 5“ the Meridian of Greenwich 
 
 5» 
 
 'ii Greenwich 
 
 9S 
 
 97 
 
 Pleasant Ridge 
 
 0 
 
 
 : 3 0 * I / >r 
 
 ; y\VV// Berorly 
 
 SAL 
 
 ;ansas _ 
 
 EXPLANATION *• 
 
 iver 2000 iiihab’s are underlined 
 unty Towns ® Railroalds —-— <t '- 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 . 10 20 30 
 
 ' *>. *Urs ^ 
 
 C ^Oj^L S-^ j ^ '% 
 
 iTh*^ranch * ' ~ ” “ ~ 
 
 Harrison 
 
 •lolmwwuj_ \ Rul)en! 
 
 rrOTtJt Bishop* 
 
 ,* \. \«£elta 
 
 lankato 
 
 N E 
 
 I 
 
 ^ecumseh 
 * ; n 
 
 [JOHN SSP N>, 
 
 Brownville*) / A T C H 
 
 O 
 
 ! J\E_f F E R S 0 
 Hebron I ft 
 jFairbury 
 
 £ 
 
 ft IBeatric^j 
 
 ®Rockport j q 
 
 SON 
 
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 o T ®Belleville A lh _! — „ 
 y ) \ , „ y uba (De Witt 
 
 iSoandia / *Jefferson\ • 
 
 Aspect ^ftjySeatidia j 'Jeffeaon 
 
 day J 
 
 L 
 
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 Jewe 
 
 Mavv 
 
 Lsburg 
 
 Ay view 
 
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 *■ Brymtford Reiter/® re * nlea ’ 
 
 Palmer* • Butltr . 
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 tCfede ( Dm 
 
 Hund’t 
 
 P A 
 
 A>\Pa 
 
 A 
 
 ’tear CrWk 
 
 Silver!Spr. ^ I » *m 
 
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 V r»r^lajTdi x ^ ^ f f r 
 
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 J Y Frmkvil&/ Hiawj^ha Jtobinjon OfO N I - 
 
 j T\lers» V1 
 
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 vv/ .4V ^^n^orth 55 
 
 v-. 4- £^SaltCi.’. \ J , i 
 
 ' O > / « I V>_ 5C 
 
 *■ ' 
 
 ( 
 
 ■ EAVENWORT 
 
 Lansingr 
 
 I r «tei-sbi. 
 
 VICINITY OF * 7 
 
 LEAVER WORTH . % ; 
 
 ( SCALE OF MILES ^ 
 
 I <1 1 T 
 
 4 5 
 
 ^ r 
 
 hepstow | ^ Irvmg 
 
 v \ 
 
 dCorningi 
 
 ^7) 'Wvbmins: ; \ .Lorain 
 
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 aiill? 
 
 VC (L . 
 
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 LaLati &ot 1 as^i 
 
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 V Allamead ^ y 
 
 Denmark 
 
 
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 — »\ 
 
 Saltville ; . y i/ 
 
 * 
 
 ^ Floyd I^SumneAJ. 
 
 Aler^dithi * -Malta CZalmvillc 
 
 •'PfSTCrT^ xZT!. oak Hill 
 
 • Eieter 
 
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 ardviVle • \( 
 
 Delphi IC?-Yale •!, 
 
 / wa,Jlar 
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 | LarjioilC 
 
 Wakefield v> 
 
 
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 ■^WMinr^apolisV —_*_-Wl^Yjty OgdejpX^. 
 
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 w a' v\t c> 6 ; M lr=* E 
 
 Louis^iHe*-\ j£ SuBil 
 
 3-,,. ,, 
 
 '-‘h,.. sv”^>Ln=^__C|3i ar y’ s J 
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 Adrl; 
 
 N 
 
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 .^poo City 
 
 ' i . imltpv mJ * w vllfifiVCr n ^\LjI \ V/y 
 
 . N *°‘T' 0r V Yo^^&n^ngton \ Aclt ’ e y {»^r Chillicoth^Moun'tc|S, 
 
 CjV i W:\paunsee_ 
 
 Pavift 
 
 \>ie'w bur 30 
 
 Aft 4 >~< ; L^airT FaUs 
 
 , , t gT S.Cedar^-T l<vBo*le WinchesterI| >. Mt l 
 
 n / S Co'pe i j * | \i < OlivaL 
 
 V 40ska lopsa S. ^|Pairjjiounl 
 
 ille 1 
 
 T, [ I \ v\-A r eA .JatJialo.i , • 
 
 5 I j MeridenN^/ / ! ”»rL»ui“ \<i»Ho|re 
 
 "hOa (w- ( </> Tonknoiie (Jllo, May 
 
 ^ i } Maria” 
 
 Mull 
 
 Rancb 
 
 iitonka 
 
 (l l f s : 
 
 illswoftl 
 
 Ciilve 
 
 
 Yordy 
 
 L/arneiro, 
 
 r ket 
 
 R >T*- H 
 
 t T 
 
 i • - _ Lindsborj 
 
 ' nead Trivoliy AluleCr.*j l Stt LoVjrBill 
 1 n Valley 1101 ^ •Bradley Stni. X 
 
 V^rown Point 
 
 \-^ei 
 
 Selina 
 
 , ■STJ 
 
 fAssarin^ 
 
 fe., 
 
 Enterprise 
 •Altron 
 
 i)q\s 
 
 hyoL! Moss Springs »Y’ Templi/T' Blsu 
 
 ISP. W 1 -——----1 •iii* „ 
 
 • n / ^r< , B , 1 i.'V\ r ooirbine^ t 
 
 . J ^WlYS^“ , y ^ 
 
 I Polieta { rCy) ■ 
 
 ^ • Cahiden x. u tlier l^auiorris 
 
 Ba& 
 
 Albion 
 
 --/-r 
 
 it*City jyI„nsou a »7' f :Chalk/ j PrenTi/t'aT 
 Takers/ille J/ .¥ ound S/ , Wilmington.;^. 
 
 Piattsburg 
 
 ~~ A) 
 
 O 
 
 A 
 
 CP 
 
 d° 
 
 0 Liberty 
 At* .-^ 
 
 'Center' 
 
 —-—-■ ••nn »• 
 
 5^rr M V ,M ''3|um 
 
 , v ' 
 
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 S^o N 
 
 >4 1 j 
 
 Morse 
 
 ns ^sCit 
 
 dale / .$ 
 
 Indepen- 
 deno'e 
 
 39 
 
 !Dry Cr./pJlun 
 
 _ 'Bridgep ort L /f Gypsum •_V^i Rho^dey RnVe Bank * { _i i Vi< 
 
 - T ind rViAl*i» ■ ) N 1 ,* f * 
 
 Lost Springs 
 
 5f-> i 
 
 I BAiaville \ 
 
 )urliar 
 
 •Plyrmtlon j fFarWest^*SJ ( Alburtis JC*; 
 Hope, f AroSia, M Q R V S Jf 
 
 dwoodi Grand* • r r ^,J 1 
 
 "iew! AIildrVr^ rr ?5fi r0Ve | 
 
 ^puth Bend ^ 
 
 Dunlap 
 
 •imgaiue 
 Tairfax • 
 
 .Pomona 
 
 ^•Battle* ADurham Park 
 
 Diamond Sp, 
 Lineolnvaiel Ckh °' a ' 
 
 iJ Field 
 
 Fremont \ 
 
 Tlay 
 
 3farain< 
 
 
 Olivet 
 
 [ Homewood 
 
 t7® C 
 
 ^°ns 
 
 ^V^" 1 in g vLlttlA 
 
 t Cr 
 
 • Huntsville 
 
 : ice Creek 
 
 ,, .. Salt Creek 
 
 l-^Jonpareil- 
 
 [Hill j/^Tl ' WudCr. 7 
 ^Sharp’/Cr. -o^\nnesbeik /J 
 
 C PHE-RSON'ij AA y„, 
 
 —■ p ' i-> -- ' / 5y 
 
 • Hymer 
 
 
 ,Tox Cr. 
 
 Toledo J 
 
 »Peoria j "^i f^aolA^ / 1 Somerset I 
 
 (m /'i i 
 
 VNew Lanf« 
 
 ntoul 
 Osawatomje, 
 
 C^Iie 
 
 y^vitchinson 
 
 Burrl 
 
 JV. • #Reuo Center 
 
 N 
 
 ,'7 Sletberrand Pretty 0 
 
 r d •--^ • Prairie 
 
 s *go Purity 
 
 : ”*• !. ^Eunice 
 Jsorwalk/^. -^ 
 
 > ' e '^^aA i^ an Stan fop 
 
 C4 *eA 
 
 I N G^t- 
 
 Belmont 
 
 , Alta J 
 
 Peabody 
 
 , Buijii! 
 
 Tyi i 
 
 Sheldon 
 
 ;Redden 
 
 iSedgwicL 
 
 Cedar Pt. 
 
 • Alori 
 
 'Wo»iteK Ho J, e ,tead 
 
 i k 
 
 , Matfield Green 
 
 \ id 
 
 idor ^ 
 
 Z v, N _ -Germania 
 
 c • / W 
 
 * Oil City Rosalia • 
 
 „ Alar shall*) 
 *Loretle 
 
 /B^ightoirw GoodRiv 
 
 Thrfnnan. 
 
 Sycamore S prin gs 
 
 1 fC 'i nr ' . J i 
 
 (l*Woodward 
 
 'helsea 
 
 Keighley •- 
 
 A v -- Clear>OhiACen\[| 
 
 # ✓ i C° x< Peotone^ L^VVatei^WacQ 
 
 _ ‘ ren l° n • Asht^nC^.. »Levy • 
 
 Milton* '^1 'Beverly 
 Sunset^ 
 
 j Slope 
 
 .Sum n't 
 
 • • V <• 
 
 Rose I 
 
 mvnnje 
 > T ew Cantor^ 
 Red Bud 
 
 - k Cr CedarKord Lnion Center) 
 
 G leiTG rouse 
 
 # j Harper <j ^ ^ 
 
 ' yo lj,, r 
 
 ;, »Roy\ • Orij 
 R • J \ fJ ChikKskia 
 
 Attica^ 
 
 H A'lRV P 
 
 Antrariy 
 
 ^^MidH’thianft • 
 Sonora } 
 
 Cr. | L t . 
 
 CaVA 
 
 rn J.,!— Concord 
 nrs^Crdsiing lc 
 
 J ^ Salt City | 
 
 S#ftLen G ue lph ArkanU 
 
 *) * jC.v> 
 
 unneVell 
 
 W Burli 
 
 naV r alley 
 y Shell Rode 
 Bangor 
 |— 
 
 ^•I^a Cvgne ! 
 Cadmus \ j I 
 
 N J?' N 
 
 ‘f as< o 
 
 Rockville 
 
 i ^ 
 
 .O.. F- 
 
 Le Royi XComo 
 
 v^Eure ka 
 
 W 0N0 D 
 
 KoHhwLl Cn ^ CTwinFall.' 
 
 ■ Rich/ 
 
 iOakwoodv*Mound City 
 
 7° zarl£ iBlu'eM 
 
 -L_--- - . 
 
 JarlyieVVMUon V. j^ enm 
 
 •Mail Ridge L j 
 unds ^ Presgott 
 
 
 rnes V. 
 
 —I— 
 
 »n. 
 
 Da > t " n » (Glendale ■ 
 
 
 38 
 
 w^vO 
 
 Yates 
 Center 
 
 fianc8 
 
 S 0 rN 
 
 Cent<erRidge 
 
 Berlin 1 ^Hamijond 
 
 A c i I E |® 0 T l0W,>ti ‘-Owi^ R- 
 
 Haw.-/ RocklowT t iy, * /• \, v ol' 
 
 •tmrgV . i ( hYhlioMtown^ • , ^ 
 
 Humboldt 'I' 1 / 1 ' ^'urmitm R K. ' i 
 
 s ‘KfewT * q ^H m 
 
 ^'f^-^^Rorkl'ord j M.mjpbi}.-^. 
 
 <vw j^Fort Scott 
 ■ at 
 
 Piedmont Severy 
 
 uffalo 
 
 stone 
 
 
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 - ,, i ,*s o r ' 
 
 Jail River W^*;| Rest 
 
 comb j’WeHtern^ark \ .Ct 
 
 S^Fredoni^\/ U /' rti H4 rle & 
 
 V Hia/ yhw* Pawnde Sta. . M T 
 
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 Cloverdale/ 
 
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 leid \\ \ JurcttN A'eoaYft'VC' _ J i -> S * / l Pittsburg • * 
 
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 STobne > \/ f < Parsons X \- ^ \ 
 
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 ngcr. • ^Graivon v . •Truman 
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 WTTTKun^ 
 
 \ Lowe 
 
 Y 
 
 \.V • Barton 
 
 
 Crouse 
 
 • Otto 
 
 # MapleCity 
 iiiverDaie / 
 
 R 
 
 
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 r&S.£l 3 «^“* icawisra? J^nkHiU*^- .»l\S Barter^ 
 
 _6 ri5 ^_-h+V ^vT *“Si'rmgy I 
 
 37 
 
 .R 
 
 Y 
 
 i Washington 21 
 M. when Noon on 10 36 the Meridian of Washington 
 
 20 
 
 10 to 
 
 19 
 
 10 JJ 
 
 18 
 
 10 J* 
 
198 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 north-western border the altitude is about 3,5°° feet above the 
 sea-level; at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers 
 it is about 750 feet. 
 
 Special Features. — There are no mountains in the state; 
 but no portion of the state is monotonous, the surface being 
 varied by bluffs rising back from the bottom-lands, and by 
 rolling prairies, grass-covered hills, and beautiful valleys. 
 
 111. DRAINAGE. 
 
 System.—All the rivers of the state belong directly or 
 indirectly to the Mississippi system. The greater rivers are 
 the Missouri, the Kansas, and the Arkansas. 
 
 The Missouri forms the north-eastern boundary, where it 
 presents a water-front of more than 150 miles. It is an impor¬ 
 tant commercial highway, and is crossed by four iron railroad 
 bridges which connect Kansas with the railroad system of 
 Missouri. 
 
 Kansas (or Kaw) River, formed by the union of Republican 
 and Smoky Hill rivers, has been navigated as far as Fort Riley 
 by steamers ; but the presence of bridges and dams now pre¬ 
 vents steam navigation. The valley of the Kansas includes 
 about a third of the surface of the state. 
 
 Tributaries. — Republican River rises by several branches in eastern 
 Colorado, and, after flowing through north-western Kansas into 
 Nebraska, takes a course generally eastward until it reaches longi¬ 
 tude 98° west Greenwich, where it strikes the northern boundary of 
 Kansas, and again enters that state. It has a length of 550 miles, 
 and near Junction City unites with the Smoky Hill to form Kansas 
 River. 
 
 Smoky Hill River also rises in the eastern part of Colorado, and after 
 entering Kansas flows in an easterly direction to its union with 
 Republican River. Its length is about 400 miles, and its two most 
 important branches are the Saline and the Solomon rivers. 
 
 Besides its two main constituents, the other principal tributaries of 
 Kansas River are the Blue, the Grasshopper, and the Wakarusa. 
 
 Arkansas River rises on or near Mount Arkansas, in Colo¬ 
 rado, and in Kansas has a winding course (first eastward, and 
 then south-eastward) of about 450 miles, passing into Indian 
 Territory at about 97 0 west longitude. The valley of the 
 Arkansas includes about two-thirds of the southern part of 
 the state. 
 
 Other Rivers. — All the other rivers of the state are tributaries of the 
 Missouri, the Kansas, or the Arkansas. Among these the most 
 important is the Neosho, which rises in the east-central part of the 
 state, and flows south-east, passing into Indian Territory near the 
 south-east corner of Kansas. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 General Characteristics. — The climate of Kansas is “con¬ 
 tinental ; ” that is, it presents extremes of temperature. But 
 the cold, though sometimes severe, is of brief duration, and 
 the dry air makes it the more easily borne ; while the summer 
 heats are tempered by cool, refreshing nights. 
 
 The rainfall decreases from the eastern section, where it is 
 usually abundant, to the western section, where it is less plenti¬ 
 ful, but generally sufficient for a pastoral country. 
 
 The climate of Kansas is famed for its salubrity. 
 
 Details. — As regards rainfall, authorities divide the state into three 
 sections, — Eastern, Middle, and Western Kansas; and the obser¬ 
 vations thus far made give the average annual number of inches of 
 rain as 37 in the eastern, 23 in the middle, and 19 in the western 
 section. 
 
 The most disagreeable feature of the climate is the severe winds 
 which sweep over the prairies during the winter months from the 
 north-west: during summer, pleasant south-west breezes prevail. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 Soil. — The bottom-lands, bench-lands, and table-lands of 
 Kansas, are, for the most part, a rich black loam, finely suited 
 to farming-purposes. In the western section and in the Ar¬ 
 kansas valley the soil is sandy ; in the entire state it is rich in 
 mineral constituents. 
 
 Minerals. — In the south eastern section of the state is an 
 area of about 10,000 square miles containing excellent bitumi¬ 
 nous coal, fairly abundant, and readily accessible. 
 
 This section belongs to the “ middle coal-measures of the true car¬ 
 boniferous system.” These coal-fields are yearly developing value. 
 Large mines are also being worked near Leavenworth in the north¬ 
 eastern part of the state. In the western part are beds of lignite, 
 which is very useful as a domestic fuel. 
 
 Other valuable minerals are limestone, gypsum, sandstone, 
 good chalk (in the western section), lead, zinc (which is mined 
 and smelted at several points), salt (abundant in the salines of 
 Kansas, and of great excellence), fire-clay, hydraulic limestone, 
 excellent building-stone, etc. 
 
 Vegetation. — Only about five per cent of the area is forest¬ 
 land ; but the river-bottoms throughout most of the state have 
 belts of timber, including ash, elm, hackberry, cottonwood, 
 box-elder, black-walnut, sycamore, pecan, oak, hickory, mul¬ 
 berry, and other species. 
 
 Among other native productions abundantly found are the 
 plum and cherry, the grape, strawberry, raspberry, and goose¬ 
 berry. 
 
 The timber area is increasing in consequence of tree-planting and 
 the restricting of prairie fires. Considerable plantations of trees 
 have been made; the favorites being the locust, ailanthus, eucalyp¬ 
 tus (the presence of which is known to destroy the germs of 
 malaria), and the more rapidly growing native trees. 
 
 The native grasses of all parts of the state afford excellent 
 pasturage, which endures throughout the year. The buffalo- 
 grass, which covers the plains in the western section, is exceed¬ 
 ingly sweet and nutritious. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Agriculture. —- Agriculture is the leading industry. Winter 
 and spring wheat, Indian-corn, rye, oats, and potatoes, are the 
 great staples ; and large crops of sorghum, broom-corn, hay, 
 hemp, flax, and orchard and garden products, are raised. 
 
 Among other of the very varied products of Kansas should also be 
 mentioned cotton, tobacco, and castor-beans. As a wine-producing 
 state it has great possibilities, and promising experiments have 
 been made in silk-raising. Bee-keeping and the production of honey 
 is also a growing industry. 
 
 The rearing of cattle is a prominent industry, and an im¬ 
 mense business is done in fattening and shipping cattle driven 
 in from Texas and the Cherokee country, as well as from the 
 •ranches of Colorado and New Mexico. Sheep-husbandry, for 
 which the western section of the state presents unusual advan¬ 
 tages, is attracting much attention. 
 
 Manufactures. — The absorption of so large a proportion of 
 labor in the primary industries of agriculture and grazing has 
 retarded manufactures ; but this interest is attracting increased 
 
KANSAS. 
 
 199 
 
 attention : and its speedy development is assured by the exist¬ 
 ence of abundant water-power and good coal in proximity to 
 he raw materials. 
 
 The principal manufactures are those of lumber, flour, furniture and 
 cabinet goods, castings, metallic wares, woolens, castor and linseed 
 oils, soap, dressed stone, paint, ground plaster, lime, salt, sirup, 
 bricks, leather, cheese, wagons, carriages, machinery, cigars, brooms, 
 and farm utensils. 
 
 Transportation. — Transportation facilities are afforded by 
 the Missouri River, and by the numerous railroads, the con¬ 
 struction of which, aided by government land-grants and the 
 universal ease of grades, has been extraordinarily rapid. In 
 1863 there were but 40 miles of railroad in Kansas; whereas 
 the total mileage is now over 2,500 miles. 
 
 The two great railway systems of the state are the Kansas Pacific (the 
 Kansas branch of the Union Pacific) and the Atchison, Topeka, and 
 Santa Fd. The former is part of the transcontinental line by way of 
 the Union Central Pacific route, and the latter by way of the South¬ 
 ern Pacific. The Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railway is an im¬ 
 portant line connecting the south-eastern part of the state with the 
 Gulf, as well as with the North and East. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The executive officers of the state are the governor, lieu¬ 
 tenant-governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, attorney- 
 general, and superintendent of schools. All of these are 
 elected by the people for a term of two years. 
 
 The Legislature consists of a Senate, whose members are 
 elected for four years, and a House of Representatives, whose 
 members are elected for two years. The sessions are biennial. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, and district 
 and other local courts. 
 
 Municipal Corporations. — The cities are divided into three classes: 
 those having a population of over 15 000 are cities of the first class; 
 those between 2,000 and 15,000, of the second class; and those of 
 under 2,000 population, of the third class. 
 
 National Representation. — Kansas is represented in Con¬ 
 gress by two senators, and by the census of 1880 is entitled to 
 seven representatives, and hence has nine electoral votes. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Public. — The public school system is under the supervision 
 of the state superintendent and state board of education, of 
 county and city superintendents, and of district boards and 
 directors. It comprises district schools, graded and high 
 schools, state normal schools, and the state university, and is 
 liberally provided for in the constitution and by enlightened 
 legislation. 
 
 The state normal schools are at Emporia, Leavenworth, and 
 Concordia. The State University is at Lawrence; it is open to 
 both sexes, and tuition is free. The State Agricultural College 
 is at Manhattan : it furnishes scientific and industrial education 
 free to both sexes. 
 
 Among other institutions for the higher education may be 
 mentioned Washburn College and the College of the Sisters of 
 Bethany at Topeka, Baker University at Baldwin City, High¬ 
 land University at Highland, St. Mary’s Cathedral and Mount 
 St. Mary’s Academy at Leavenworth, St. Mary’s Mission and 
 St. Mary’s College at St. Mary’s. 
 
 Other State Institutions. —The Asylum for the Deaf and 
 
 Dumb is at Olathe ; the Institution for the Blind, at Wyan¬ 
 dotte ; and the State Insane Asylums are at Ossawattomie and 
 Topeka. The State Penitentiary is near Leavenworth. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 Territorial Period. — Kansas was annexed to the United 
 States in 1803 as part of the territory bought from France 
 under the general designation of “ Louisiana.” 
 
 By an act of Congress in 1854 a territorial government 
 (whose jurisdiction included Nebraska and Colorado) was or¬ 
 ganized. By this act the “ Missouri Compromise ” 1 was de¬ 
 clared inoperative and void in these territories, and the question 
 of slaverv was left to the decision of the inhabitants. Kansas 
 
 J 
 
 thus became the battle-ground of the party in favor of the 
 extension of slavery in their struggle against the “ Freesoilers.” 
 Thousands of persons immigrated from both North and South ; 
 bloodshed began between the two classes of settlers, and for 
 years Kansas was the scene of lawless violence. In this long 
 struggle several hundred lives, and millions of dollars’ worth of 
 property, were sacrificed. The strife was ended in 1861 by the 
 admission of Kansas as a free state. 
 
 State History. — During the war of secession (1861-65) the 
 Kansas borders were more or less constantly the scene of 
 military operations. It is said that Kansas “had more soldiers 
 than she had voters ; and although she never offered a bounty, 
 or made a conscription, she furnished proportionately more 
 soldiers than any other state. In the battle mortality list she 
 also far exceeded all other states, 61 out of every 1,000 of her 
 soldiers having been killed in the field.” 
 
 With the close of the war began a period of prosperity for 
 Kansas. By the aid of the railroad extension the area of her 
 cultivated lands has wonderfully increased, and her growth in 
 wealth and population has been uninterrupted. 
 
 The population in 1855 was 8,601 ; by the census of 1880 it 
 was over 1,000,000. 
 
 The present constitution was adopted in 1861. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties and Cities. — Kansas is divided into 103 counties. 
 The following are the leading cities : — 
 
 Topeka (population, 15,451), the county seat of Shawnee 
 County, is the capital of the state. It is built on both banks 
 of the Kansas River, about 70 miles west of Kansas City, in 
 the heart of the most populous and fertile portion of Kansas. 
 The greater portion of the city, however, lies on the south 
 bank of the river, which is crossed by a fine iron bridge. In 
 the neighboring country are extensive deposits of bituminous 
 coal. Of the public buildings the State House is an imposing- 
 structure, and the State Asylum for the Insane is also worthy 
 of note. 
 
 The educational facilities of Topeka are excellent, this city 
 being the seat of Washburn College and of the College of the 
 Sisters of Bethany, and having a fine system of public schools. 
 
 1 By the Missouri Compromise Law of 1820 it was provided, that “ in all territory ceded 
 by France to the United States under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of latitude 
 36° 30' north, excepting only such parts as are included within the limits of the state [Mis¬ 
 souri] contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the 
 punishment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall be and is hereby 
 forever prohibited.” 
 
200 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 The manufactures are widely diversified, and in a thriving 
 condition, comprising, among other items, flour, iron goods, 
 bricks, tiles, carriages, etc. Extensive railway shops are also 
 located here. 
 
 Topeka was incorporated as a city in 1857, and became the 
 capital of the state in 1861. 
 
 Leavenworth (population, 16,550), the metropolis of the 
 state, and the county seat of Leavenworth County, is beautifully 
 situated on the west bank of the Missouri River, about 40 
 miles above Kansas City. A bed of limestone underlies the 
 site of the city, effectually protecting it from the encroachments 
 of the Missouri River. 
 
 In respect to its commercial facilities Leavenworth is highly 
 favored. Numerous important railways center here, and its 
 trade both by river and by rail is flourishing and steadily 
 increasing. A -magnificent iron railway bridge here crosses 
 the Missouri. 
 
 Among the numerous thriving industries of this place may 
 be mentioned the manufacture of lumber, soap, wagons, and 
 furniture, besides its extensive elevators, flour and saw mills, 
 and machine shops. 
 
 Leavenworth is the seat of one of the state normal schools, 
 and enjoys a well-deserved reputation for the superior excel¬ 
 lence of its common-school system. 
 
 Atchison, the county seat of Atchison County, has a pleasant situation on 
 the west bank of the Missouri River, about midway between Leavenworth 
 and St. Joseph, in Missouri. In common with these cities it has great ad¬ 
 vantages from its favorable situation for river traffic, in addition to which 
 numerous important railroad lines contribute largely to its prosperity. 
 About seventy-five trains arrive and depart daily over the eight roads which 
 here intersect, and a fine iron bridge crosses the river at this point. 
 
 The population of Atchison has greatly increased during the last decade, 
 and the city has extensive and flourishing manufactures of flour, brick, 
 lumber, furniture, carriages, steam-engines, etc. 
 
 Lawrence, the county seat of Douglas County, on the Kansas River, is 
 a center of trade for a fertile and populous section of the state, having a 
 favorable situation, between Topeka and Kansas City, in Missouri. The 
 manufactures, favored by the excellent water-power, are in a thriving condi¬ 
 tion, the most important of them being grain and lumber products. This 
 city is the seat of the State University, which occupies a commanding 
 site. 
 
 Fort Scott, the county seat of Bourbon County, is one of the most impor¬ 
 tant places in the south-eastern part of the state. It is situated near the 
 Missouri border, and in a region rich in bituminous coal, the mining and 
 shipping of which give Fort Scott its chief commercial importance. Among 
 
 the articles manufactured here may be mentioned flour, woolen goods, soap, 
 etc. Here is situated a high and normal school. 
 
 Wyandotte, the county seat of Wyandotte County, at the confluence of 
 the Kansas and Missouri rivers, is a thriving and growing place. Here are 
 extensive machine shops and carriage factories, besides flour and lumber 
 mills. It is the seat of the State Institution for the Blind. 
 
 Emporia, located in a fertile farming-country, is the county seat of Lyon 
 County, on the Neosho River, near its confluence with the Cottonwood 
 River. It is at the junction of two important lines of railroad, and has 
 varied and thriving manufactures. Here is one of the state normal schools. 
 
 Wichita, the county seat of Sedgwick County, is situated at the conflu¬ 
 ence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas rivers, on a branch of the Atchi¬ 
 son, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad. It derives its chief importance from 
 the shipment of the products of the fertile surrounding country. 
 
 Junction City, the county seat of Davis County, is finely situated between 
 Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, at the junction of several railroads. Its 
 manufactures are various and in a thriving condition, comprising, among 
 other items, flour, furniture, etc. 
 
 Olathe, the county seat of Johnson County, is the seat of the State 
 Asvlum for the Deaf and Dumb, and possesses superior educational advan¬ 
 tages. 
 
 Ottawa, the county seat of Franklin County, on the Osage River, is an 
 important railroad center. The river is here crossed by a suspension bridge 
 and a railroad bridge. This place is the seat of Ottawa University. The 
 chief manufactures are those of flour, carriages, furniture, soap, lumber, and 
 wagons. 
 
 Parsons, in Labette County, in the south-eastern section of the state, is 
 an important railroad center. Here are railroad machine-shops, and manu¬ 
 factories of plows, furniture, pottery and tiles. 
 
 Hutchinson, the county seat of Reno County, is a flourishing and pros¬ 
 perous city, surrounded by a thriving agricultural region. It has a large 
 and growing trade, extending to the southern and south-western borders of 
 the state. It also has an excellent system of public schools. 
 
 Dodge City, in Ford County, is an important shipping-point for all the 
 western part of the state. 
 
 Among other noteworthy places in this state maybe mentioned Paola, a 
 flourishing town in the fertile county of Miami; Manhattan, in Riley 
 County, the seat of the State Agricultural College; Oswego, in Labette 
 County, in a rich coal region; Humboldt, in Allen County, a thriving 
 trading center; Independence, an enterprising town in Montgomery 
 County, the heart of a fine farming-region; Burlington, the county seat 
 of Coffey County, on the Neosho River; and Concordia, the county seat of 
 Cloud County, the seat of a state normal school. 
 
 Abilene, Beloit, Clay Center, Hiawatha, Marysville, Salina, 
 Columbus, Girard, Iola, Wellington, Wingfield, Great Bend, and 
 Newton are all county seats, and important towns in their respective 
 localities, and have a large and growing trade. The rapid development of 
 the country is equaled only by the thrift and prosperity of the towns, from 
 which supplies are furnished and in which the increasing products of the 
 soil find a ready market. 
 
NEBRASKA. 
 
 201 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — What parallel forms the greater part of the northern boun¬ 
 dary? What natural boundary on the east? What states east? What 
 parallels form the southern boundary ? What states south ? What me¬ 
 ridians form the western boundary of the state ? What state and territory 
 west of Nebraska? When it is noon at Washington, what time is it at 
 Omaha? Through how many degrees of longitude does the state extend ? 
 Through how many of latitude ? Measure by the scale of miles the greatest 
 length (east to west) and breadth of the state. 
 
 Rivers. — What great boundary river has Nebraska? Describe the 
 Missouri River. Into what river do all the streams of the state flow directly 
 or indirectly? What is the chief tributary of the Missouri in Nebraska? 
 Describe the Platte River. What two streams unite to form the Platte? 
 What chief tributaries does the Platte receive from the north? What is 
 the principal tributary of the Missouri in the northern part of the state? 
 What are the principal rivers in the southern part of the state? Of what is 
 Republican River an affluent? 
 
 Counties. —Which are the most northern counties of the state? Which 
 counties border on the Missouri River? Name the counties of the southern 
 tier. Through which counties does the Union Pacific Railroad pass? 
 Which is the largest county? Which are the most western counties? [In 
 which county do you live ?] What part is not yet divided into counties ? 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Which city is the capital of the state? Locate 
 Omaha, the metropolis. What city in Otoe County, on the Missouri River? 
 What city in Dodge County? Name the principal towns on the Union 
 Pacific Railroad. On the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. On 
 Nebraska Railroad. On Omaha and South-western Railroad. On Atchi¬ 
 son and Nebraska Railroad. On Sioux City and Pacific Railroad. On or 
 near the Missouri River. [What is the county seat of the county in which 
 you live ? ] 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 77,505 square mites. Population, 452,402.] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation. — Nebraska, one of the “West-Central States,” is 
 situated between latitude 40° and 43 0 north, and longitude 
 95° 25' and 104° west from Greenwich. 
 
 All the boundaries, except on the east and north-east, are either paral¬ 
 lels or meridians. The northern line is formed by the forty-third 
 degree of north latitude and the Missouri river; and the last-named 
 river forms the entire eastern boundary. The southern line strikes 
 westward along the parallel of 40° north to the meridian of 102° 
 west from Greenwich, then north to 41 0 north latitude, then again 
 westward to 104° west longitude, and again northward to latitude 
 43 0 north. 
 
 Extent. — The length (from east to west) in the central part 
 is about 420 miles; the width, about 210 miles. It is in area 
 the eighth state in the Union. It is nearly double the size of 
 Ohio, and is as large as the combined New-England states to¬ 
 gether with Maryland. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 General Character. — The greater part of Nebraska is a 
 gently undulating plain, forming a part of that geographical 
 section of the United States called “The Plains.” 
 
 The surface has an eastward inclination, and nearly the whole 
 of it is prairie, either gently rolling, or broken into low hills 
 and ridges. 
 
 Special Features. — There are few hills of magnitude, and 
 no mountains, except in the north-western part, where the sur¬ 
 face rises into the eastward foothills of the Rocky Mountains. 
 The effect of erosion is seen in the numerous broad river 
 valleys. The barren “Bad Lands” {Mauvaises Tcrres ) of Da¬ 
 kota extend into the north-western part of the state; but they 
 occupy a comparatively small area. Eastward of this region, 
 and south of the Niobrara, is a tract covered with sandhills and 
 interspersed with small lakes. 
 
 The “Bad Lands” are in a basin “whose surface is covered with 
 marvelously formed masses of clay, standing erect, and occasionally 
 reaching upward more than 200 feet, with intricate labyrinthine pas¬ 
 sages between. This strange and desolate track abounds in inter¬ 
 esting fossil remains.” 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 The Missouri. — The Missouri, which forms the north¬ 
 eastern and eastern boundaries, is the only navigable river in 
 Nebraska, and receives the entire drainage of the state. Mis¬ 
 souri River belongs to the Mississippi system. 
 
 The Missouri (meaning “Mud River”) is formed by the conflu¬ 
 ence of the Jefferson, Gallatin, and Madison rivers, or forks , which 
 rise in the Rocky Mountains, and unite at Gallatin City, Montana. 
 (See Map of the United States, pages 28, 29.) This point is over 
 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. From Gallatin City the river 
 flows nearly northward, and about 16 miles east of Helena passes 
 through a deep and narrow canon, or gorge, five miles long, called 
 the “ Gate of the Rocky Mountains,” where the scenery is very 
 sublime. About 350 miles from the junction of the three forks 
 occur the “Great Falls,” and about 40 miles below these is Fort 
 Benton, the head of steamboat navigation. At Fort Buford it 
 crosses the eastern boundary of Montana, and enters Dakota, 
 where, after receiving its largest tributary, the Yellowstone, it flows 
 in a south-easterly direction through Dakota to the Nebraska line. 
 
 The Missouri, from its source to where it joins the Mississippi, 20 
 miles above St. Louis, is nearly 3,000 miles long (without including 
 either of its branches), and exceeds, both in length and in volume, 
 the part of the Mississippi above their confluence. “ It drains an 
 area of nearly or quite 1,000,000 square miles ” (Hayden’s Repott). 
 It is a turbid stream, noted for the rapidity of its current. Owing 
 to the melting of the snows on the Rocky Mountains, it experiences 
 a considerable rise in June ; so that the river encroaches on the land, 
 and often carries away its banks. Bluffs, or terraces, form a peculiar 
 feature of the Missouri. 
 
 Its Tributaries. — The principal tributaries of the Missouri 
 in this state follow the easterly incline of the surface of Ne¬ 
 braska. Niobrara River flows across the northern part of the 
 state, and joins the Missouri in Knox County. 
 
 Platte River, which rises in the Rocky Mountains in Colo¬ 
 rado, is the chief tributary of the Missouri, and drains the 
 central part of the state. It is formed by two branches,—the 
 North Platte and the South Platte, which unite in Lincoln 
 County. The stream is wide, rapid, and shallow, passing 
 through a valley of great fertility, and which, for 200 miles 
 west from Omaha, is from eight to ten miles wide. The Platte 
 from the north receives numerous affluents, among the chief 
 of which are Wood River, Loup River (with many feeders), and 
 the Elkhorn. 
 
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204 NEBRASKA. 
 
 The southern part of the state is drained by streams flowing into Kansas, i 
 the chief being the Republican (which is a narrow, swift stream, with steep 
 banks), and the Little Blue, Big Blue, and Nemaha rivers, and Medicine, Red 
 Willow, and Spring creeks, flowing into the Republican, all of which furnish 
 valuable water-power. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 Characteristics. — The climate of Nebraska is dry and exhilarating : the 
 mean temperature in winter is about 22°, and in summer about 70°. The 
 mean annual rainfall in the eastern section is about thirty inches. The pre¬ 
 vailing wind is south-east. 
 
 Special Features. — The climate is subject to great and sudden extremes; 
 but the summer heat is tempered by the prairie winds ; and the winter storms, 
 though severe, are infrequent. The western section of the state is the most 
 liable to drought ; but, as agriculture advances westward, the rainfall in that 
 section increases. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 Soils. — The soils of Nebraska include those of the eastern or agricultural 
 section, and those of the western or grazing section. In a general way, the 
 line of division is about 99 0 west longitude. 
 
 There is, however, fine farming-land west of this meridian, and considerable grazing-land 
 east of it. 
 
 The eastern counties have everywhere a deep and fertile soil. This section 
 is divided into bottom and prairie lands, — the soil of the latter being a rich, 
 black vegetable mold ; while the bottom-lands along the river-banks have a rich 
 alluvial soil. 
 
 Minerals. — Minerals have not yet been found to any considerable extent. 
 Beds of bituminous and block coal exist in the south-eastern counties ; but the 
 deposits are mostly “pinched out,” and lie in layers too thin to be worked with 
 advantage. In various parts are workable beds of brown lignite. Some iron 
 
 ores occur; but the coal yet found is not suffi¬ 
 cient to utilize them. 
 
 The principal minerals found in the state are 
 salt (obtained from various “salines,” or salt 
 springs), extensive beds of peat, building-stone, 
 brick clay and potter’s clay, hydraulic limestone, 
 and lithographic stone. Some granite has been 
 found in the south-western part of the state. 
 
 Timber. — As a whole, Nebraska is scantily 
 supplied with native timber. Wood is of free 
 natural growth on the bluffs or river-banks, 
 where groves of cottonwood, hackberry, box- 
 elder, elm, walnut, chicot, ash, oak, and other 
 trees, skirt the water-courses ; and in the Upper 
 Niobrara Valley is some forest land with yellow 
 pine timber. 
 
NEBRASKA. 
 
 205 
 
 Much attention has, under legislative encouragement, been 
 given to tree-planting, and millions of forest-trees are now 
 annually planted on the prairies. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Agriculture and grazing are the leading pursuits of the peo¬ 
 ple of Nebraska, and engage the attention of about two-thirds 
 of the inhabitants. Corn, wheat, and oats are the staple 
 products ; but other cereals, together with garden and orchard 
 products, and broom-corn, sorghum, and tobacco, are also 
 raised. 
 
 Stock-raising is largely carried on in the western section. 
 Many of the wild grasses (of which more than 150 species 
 have been described) are exceedingly nutritious, and admirably 
 adapted to the raising of sheep and cattle. Great numbers 
 of cattle from Kansas and Texas are sent to the upland to be 
 fattened preparatory to shipment eastward. 
 
 Manufactures. — Owing to the limited supply of coal, iron, 
 and wood, Nebraska is not naturally a manufacturing state. 
 For the supply of local needs, various manufactures are carried 
 on, and this branch of industry is largely on the increase. 
 
 Among the articles produced may be specified farm-implements, 
 wagons, boots and shoes, harness, lumber, furniture, bricks, tiles, 
 salt, lime, flour, meal, sirup, soap, candles, tobacco, cigars, metallic 
 wares, nails, white lead, and linseed oil. 
 
 Commerce. — Nebraska has only a domestic and inter-state 
 commerce, the chief exports consisting of her leading staples. 
 Large quantities of grain and great numbers of cattle are 
 regularly forwarded eastward. 
 
 Omaha is a United States port of delivery, belonging to the customs 
 district of Louisiana. 
 
 Transportation. — The Missouri is the only navigable water¬ 
 way in Nebraska; but the state is well equipped with railroads. 
 In 1865 the first railroad trains were run in the state: it has 
 now three lines crossing the state from east to west, with nine 
 branches north and south. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The executive department comprises a governor, lieutenant- 
 governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, attorney-general, 
 superintendent of public instruction, and commissioner of lands 
 and buildings. The term of office is two years, except that of 
 the auditor, which is four years. 
 
 The legislative department consists of a Senate of thirty- 
 three members, and a House of Representatives of one hundred 
 members. Senators and representatives are elected for two 
 years. 
 
 The Legislature meets biennially on the first Tuesday in January, odd 
 years. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, and dis¬ 
 trict, probate, and justices’ courts. All the judges are elected 
 by the people. 
 
 State Constitution.—The present Constitution was adopted 
 in 1875. 
 
 National Representation. — Nebraska is represented in 
 Congress by two senators and three representatives, and ac¬ 
 cordingly has five electoral votes. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Public. — Education receives special attention in Nebraska, 
 intelligent legislation on the subject being heartily supported 
 
 by the people. The general supervision of the public school 
 system is intrusted to the state superintendent and to county 
 and local superintendents. There is a large permanent schooi 
 fund. 
 
 Graded and high schools are maintained in the principal 
 towns, and there is a state normal school at Peru. The State 
 University, which constitutes a part of the public educational 
 system, is at Lincoln. It embraces various departments, or 
 colleges, and is open to both sexes. 
 
 Other institutions supported by the state are the Institute 
 for the Deaf and Dumb at Omaha, the Asylum for the Insane 
 at Lincoln, the Asylum for the Blind at Nebraska City, the 
 State Penitentiary at Lincoln, and the State Reform School at 
 Kearney. 
 
 IX HISTORY AND INHABITANTS. 
 
 Territorial History. — In 1803, during the presidency of 
 Jefferson, the United States purchased from France the vast 
 region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Moun¬ 
 tains, called “ Louisiana.” Nebraska formed successively a 
 part of the territories of Louisiana and of Missouri. 
 
 In 1854 both Kansas and Nebraska were formed into terri¬ 
 tories. The bill for the territorial organization of Kansas and 
 Nebraska (the “ Kansas-Nebraska Bill”), introduced into Con¬ 
 gress by Senator Douglas, provided that the question whether 
 these territories should be slave or free should be determined 
 by “popular sovereignty;” that is, by the votes of the inhabit¬ 
 ants. This created a rivalry between the pro-slavery and the 
 anti-slavery parties, which led to years of lawless violence and 
 bloodshed in Kansas ; and in the mean time the general interest 
 in the fate of Kansas drew the stream of immigrants in that 
 quarter rather than to Nebraska. 
 
 In i860 the question of forming a state government was 
 submitted to the people, but was disapproved. In 1864 an 
 enabling act was passed by Congress, providing for the admis¬ 
 sion of Nebraska into the Union ; but the necessary action for 
 admission was not at that time taken by the territory.. 
 
 After the civil war the growth of the territory in popula¬ 
 tion and prosperity was rapid. In 1866 the territorial legisla¬ 
 ture framed a constitution, which was ratified by the people, 
 and in the same year a bill for the admission of Nebraska as a 
 state was passed by Congress, but vetoed by the President. 
 In the following year the bill was passed over the President’s 
 veto, and Nebraska was admitted as a state March 1, 1867. 
 
 The territory of Nebraska as formed in 1854 comprised about 352,000 
 square miles, extending from latitude 40° north to the national 
 boundary, and from the Missouri River west to the crest of the 
 Rocky Mountains. In 1861 a large tract of the territory was set 
 off to Colorado, and an immense tract (over 200,000 square miles) 
 to Dakota. 
 
 State History. — Soon after Nebraska became a state, Lin¬ 
 coln was chosen as the seat of government. The growth of 
 the state was greatly stimulated by the building of the Union 
 Pacific Railroad, the construction of which was begun in 1865. 
 In that year the first forty miles, from Omaha to Fremont, were 
 completed. In 1868 the railroad was finished through the 
 whole length of the state, and was thence pushed westward 
 into Wyoming. In the mean time the Central Pacific road had 
 been under construction, and in May, 1869, the railroad com¬ 
 munication from the Atlantic to the Pacific was opened. As 
 
206 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 the Union Pacific Railroad was building, centers of popula¬ 
 tion were formed along the line, and some of them grew to be 
 fixed and permanent towns. 
 
 The population of Nebraska in i860 was 28,841, and by the 
 census of 1870 it was 122,993. Since 1870 the population has 
 increased at a rate unparalleled by that of any other state in 
 the Union, the census of 1880 showing 452,402, exclusive of 
 Indians not taxed. 
 
 There are in the state several thousand Indians, who live on 
 “reservations.” They comprise Sioux, Pawnees, Winnebagoes, 
 Omahas, Iowas, Sacs, Foxes, Otoes, and Missouris. They have 
 missions and schools ; and efforts looking to their civilization 
 *ire made by the National Government. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties and Cities. — Nebraska comprises sixty-eight or¬ 
 ganized counties. The following are the chief places: — 
 
 Lincoln (population, 13,003), the county-seat of Lancaster 
 County, on the right bank of Salt Creek, is the capital. It is 
 at the intersection of six railroad lines, under the control of the 
 Burlington and Missouri and Union Pacific companies. 
 
 The city is built on a beautiful undulating prairie, and has 
 wide streets and avenues (the former 100, the latter 120 feet 
 in width), which are lighted with gas. It is the seat of the 
 State University and Agricultural College (open to both sexes), 
 and has an excellent system of public schools, including a high 
 school. It has also an opera-house and an academy of music. 
 The State-PIouse is a handsome edifice of white limestone, and 
 among other notable structures are the United States post- 
 office and court-house building. Beyond the city limits are the 
 State Penitentiary and Insane Asylum. Both the commercial 
 and the manufacturing interests of Lincoln are important and 
 increasing. Near the city is a salt basin, where good salt is 
 manufactured. Lincoln was laid out in July, 1867. 
 
 Omaha (population, 30,518), in Douglas County, on Missouri 
 River, is the metropolis of the state. A costly iron railroad- 
 bridge spans the Missouri at the southern part of the city, and 
 connects Omaha with numerous railroad lines at Council Bluffs. 
 
 The city is beautifully situated on a plateau flanked by 
 bluffs. Among the principal buildings are the United States 
 court-house and post-office, the Omaha High School, the 
 Creighton College, and the Union Pacific car-shops. The 
 chief sources of support are the extensive western trade, the 
 smelting and refining of silver, gold, and lead, nail making, 
 distilling, and the industries growing out of the large railroad 
 interests. 
 
 Omaha is justly noted for the excellence of its public schools. 
 
 Ashland, in Saunders County, is situated on Salt Creek, two miles from 
 its entrance into the Platte River, on the Burlington and Missouri Railroad, 
 about 40 miles south-west of Omaha. Important shipping-point. Valuable 
 stone-quarries. Extensive water-power. Flour-mills, machine-shops, etc. 
 
 Beatrice, the county seat of Gage County, on Big Blue River, is 40 miles 
 south of Lincoln. Railroad facilities. Quarries of limestone, used for 
 
 building purposes. Manufactures of cement, flour, lumber, etc. Water¬ 
 power. 
 
 Blair, the county seat of Washington County, three miles west of the 
 Missouri River, and 30 miles from Omaha, is an important railroad center. 
 Large local trade and varied industries. 
 
 Brownville, the county seat of Nemaha County, has an elevated situation 
 on the Missouri River, about 120 miles below Omaha by river, and on the 
 Nebraska Railroad. Several mills and factories. River and local trade. 
 
 Columbus, the county seat of Platte County, near the Platte River, and 
 on the Union Pacific Railroad, is an important depot for the shipment of 
 grain. 
 
 Crete, a village of Saline County, on Big Blue River, is at the junction 
 of the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad and the Beatrice Branch 
 Railroad. Center of local trade. Seat of Doane College. 
 
 Falls City, the county seat of Richardson County, and on the Atchison 
 and Nebraska Railroad, is center of local trade for populous surrounding 
 country. Varied industries. 
 
 Fremont, the county seat of Dodge County, is situated on the north 
 bank of the Platte River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad at its junction 
 with the Sioux City and Pacific Railroad. Fremont is an important market 
 for grain, and here are several large grain-elevators. The manufactures 
 comprise carriages, cheese, cigars, etc. 
 
 Grand Island, the county seat of Hall County, is situated on the Platte 
 River and on the Union Pacific Railroad, whose extensive repair-shops are 
 located at this point. Large trade in grain; flour-mill, and varied indus¬ 
 tries. 
 
 Hastings, the county seat of Adams County, is an important railroad 
 center, and a rapidly growing town. 
 
 Kearney, the county seat of Buffalo County, on Platte River, is located 
 at the junction of several railroads. The Union Pacific Railroad and the 
 Burlington and Missouri Railroad center here. Vicinity of Fort Kearney. 
 Seat of State Reform School, Manufactures of flour, furniture, wagons, 
 shoes, plows, etc. 
 
 Nebraska City, the county seat of Otoe County, is situated on the west 
 bank of the Missouri River, on the Nebraska Railroad, about 75 miles 
 south of Omaha. This flourishing place is an important depot of river 
 trade, the Missouri being navigable in both directions for steamboats of 
 large size. The manufactures are varied, including flour, leather, tiles, 
 bricks, carriages, plows, soap, etc. Nebraska College and the State Blind 
 Asylum are located here. 
 
 Norfolk, in Madison County, is an important railroad center in the north¬ 
 eastern part of the state. 
 
 Peru, in Nemaha County, on the Missouri River and the Nebraska 
 Railroad, is the seat of State Normal School. 
 
 Plattsmouth, the county seat of Cass County, is situated on the Missouri 
 River, near its confluence with the Platte, about 25 miles south of Omaha. 
 Manufactures of engines, reed-organs, flour, wagons, etc. The Burlington 
 and Missouri River Railroad here crosses the Missouri River on a fine 
 steel bridge. 
 
 Red Cloud, the county seat of Webster County, is an important town in 
 the Republican Valley. It is the railroad center for the south-western part 
 of the state. 
 
 Ord, Albion, Stanton, Tekamah, Dakota City, Creighton, O’Neil 
 City, and Niobrara are important towns in the northern part of the state. 
 
 Culbertson, Indianola, Alma, Republican City, Plum Creek, 
 North Platte, and Sidney are important business centers in the 
 southern and western section. 
 
 Hebron, Wymore, Pawnee City, Table Rock, Tecumseh, Sheri¬ 
 dan, and Wilber are thriving towns in the south-eastern part of the state. 
 
DAKOTA. 
 
 20 7 
 
 DAKOTA. 
 
 corners, nearly equals the distance from the south boundary 
 of Tennessee to Chicago, Ill. Its area exceeds that of every 
 other territory but Alaska, and every state except Texas and 
 California. It is more than double that of all New England. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 148,450 sq. miles. Population, j 
 
 135,177, by U. S. census of 1880. J 
 201,500, by Territorial census of 1882.] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation. — Dakota Territory is grouped naturally with the 
 “ West-Central States,” and is the north-western member of 
 the group. It is situated between the parallels of 42 0 30' and 
 49 0 north latitude, and longitude 19 0 25' and 2 y° west from 
 Washington. 
 
 The eastern boundary, in common with the western boundary of 
 Minnesota, is largely formed by the Red River of the North, and 
 by Traverse and Big Stone lakes, with a line south from the latter; 
 and that part of the eastern boundary adjoining Iowa is formed by 
 the Big Sioux River. The northern boundary is the 49th parallel 
 of north latitude. The west boundary is the 27th meridian west 
 from Washington ; and the south boundary is the 43d parallel of 
 north latitude eastward to the Missouri River, and thence follows 
 that river easterly, being throughout the same as the north bound¬ 
 ary of Nebraska. 
 
 Extent. — The average breadth from east to west is about 
 360 miles; and the average length from north to south is 
 about 430 miles. The extreme length of the eastern bound¬ 
 ary, in a straight line from the south-east to the north-east 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 General Character.—Almost the entire surface is prairie. 
 East of the Missouri River it is gently rolling, broken in a 
 few places by ranges of hills called coteaus ; while west of that 
 river it is more uneven, and in the extreme south-west part 
 broken and mountainous. The south-eastern part is a great 
 plain slightly inclined to the south ; and that west of the Mis¬ 
 souri is a less perfect plain, much more inclined, and sloping 
 toward the east. The north-eastern part is a plain inclined 
 toward the east and north. The north-western quarter con¬ 
 sists largely of high plains and plateaus, through which is 
 plowed the wide valley of the Missouri. 
 
 Special Features. — The Black Hills, in the south-western 
 part, rise to nearly the magnitude of mountains. They are 
 about 90 by 60 miles in area, and extend slightly into Wyo¬ 
 ming Territory. They have a general elevation of 4,000 feet 
 above sea-level. Harney’s Peak, the highest point, rises to 
 5,000 feet. 
 
 South-east of the Black Hills is a barren region of about 
 100 square miles, called “Bad Lands” (by the early French, 
 Mauvaises Tcrres), which extend into Nebraska. The valley 
 of the Red River of the North is a vast prairie plain, nearly 
 level, the former bed of a shallow lake that existed in prehis- 
 ; toric times. It is 220 miles long and 40 miles wide in Dakota, 
 
 1 and extends eastward into Minnesota, and northward into the 
 Province of Manitoba in British America. A plateau bordered 
 ; by ranges of low hills ( cotcaus) lies centrally near the cast line; 
 
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 DAKOTA. 
 
 and a longer similar plateau extends from the central part 
 north-westerly between the Dakota and the Missouri rivers, to 
 the north-west corner of the territory. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 The Missouri River drams five sixths of the territory. (For 
 full description of this river see Special Geography of Nebraska, 
 p 30.) The Red River of the North, with the Souris or Mouse 
 River, drains the remaining sixth. The courses of the Missouri 
 and its tributaries converge toward the south-east ; those of 
 the Red River of the North and its tributaries, toward the 
 north-east. The Missouri River enters the territory from Mon¬ 
 tana, a little south of the north west corner, flows easterly, 
 and then southerly, to the southern boundary, which it forms 
 from that point to the south east coinci of the territory. 
 
 Tributaries of the Missouri —The Yellowstone River, the largest 
 tributary of the Missouri, enters the territory but a few miles from 
 its confluence with the Missouri. Its other principal tributaries from 
 the west are the Little Missouri, the Cheyenne, and White rivers: 
 the smaller ones are the Heart, Cannon Ball, Grand, and Moreau. 
 These streams generally have a rapid current, are shallow, except 
 when swollen bv melting snows and spiing rains, and the water is 
 often discolored by the clays and earths washed from their steep 
 banks. Like the Missouri, they vary greatly in volume from the 
 spring floods to the late autumn, when the plains are dry. Its prin¬ 
 cipal tributaries from the north-east are the Dakota (or James), 
 the Vermilion, and the Big Sioux, all of which join it near the 
 south-east corner. The Dakota is the longest unnavigable river in 
 the world, rising in the north-west, and flowing 600 miles by its gen¬ 
 eral courses. The Big Sioux, rising in higher lands, is the most 
 rapid of these streams, and is noted for its water-power. At Sioux 
 Falls in Minnehaha County it descends about 100 feet in a series 
 of beautiful cascades. 
 
 The Red River of the North drains the north-east part of 
 the territory, and flows northerly into Lake Winnipeg. It be¬ 
 longs to the Arctic river-system. Its principal tributaries in 
 Dakota are the Cheyenne, the Pembina, the Wild Rice, the 
 Park, and the Goose. 
 
 The Souris or Mouse River enters the northern part from British 
 America, and returns by a circular course to the same region, a 
 little west of the Turtle Mountains. It is indirectly tributary to the 
 Red River of the North through the Assiniboine, 
 
 Lakes. — Lake Minniwakan (Spirit or Devil’s Lake), in the 
 north-eastern part, is the largest lake in the territory, and is 
 bordered by timber, and beautifully located in a fertile and 
 charming region. Numerous small lakes are found in the 
 valleys of the Big Sioux and the Vermilion rivers. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 The dry and invigorating air, with prevailing clear skies and 
 frequent breezes, renders the climate salubrious. In the sum¬ 
 mer and dry autumn it is especially delightful. The winters 
 are generally cold, and sometimes severe. 
 
 Special Features. — The sunshine of the long summer days causes 
 a high temperature, and gives vegetation a rapid growth; but the 
 prairie breezes render the nights refreshing. The snows are usually 
 light, and, when accompanied by high winds, cause upon the prairies 
 of the West-Central States what is termed a “blizzard.” The aver¬ 
 age winter temperature is io°, and that of the summer 65° Fahren¬ 
 heit; but the difference is great between the extremes of summer 
 and winter. The rainfall is mainly confined to the spring and early 
 
 summer. In the eastern section it is ordinarily ample; while the 
 western is more subject to drought, except in the Black Hills and 
 vicinity. It seems to be well established that rainfall increases with 
 agriculture. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 Soils. — The soil is generally a deep, black prairie loam, 
 abounding in vegetable mold and calcareous and silicious ele¬ 
 ments, is finely pulverized, and retains moisture. The sub¬ 
 soil is generally clay, except in the western parts, where it is 
 often a light earth. 
 
 Minerals. — Gold, silver, and other valuable minerals, are 
 largely produced in the Black Hills. Dakota is the third in 
 rank in the United States in gold production. Coal of fair 
 quality is mined in the Black Hills ; and good lignite is found 
 extensively west of the Missouri River, along the Northern 
 Pacific Railroad, and in other parts. Salt is found in the val¬ 
 ley of the Red River of the North. At Sioux Falls, on the 
 Big Sioux River, is a vast ledge of a granite called red quartz¬ 
 ite, over which the river descends in a series of falls. The 
 same rock is found in large amount at Dell Rapids, north of 
 Sioux Falls, and at Rockport on Dakota River. This is exten¬ 
 sively quarried, and is in great demand for building purposes. 
 A red sandstone is found in Hutchinson County on the Dakota 
 River; and great beds of chalk-rock, that is used for building 
 purposes, are exposed at Yankton, Scotland, and elsewhere. 
 Useful clays are abundant. 
 
 Forests. — Limited pine and hard-wood lorests aie found 
 in the Black Hills, and meager strips of timber along the 
 streams. The cultivation of timber is increasing under favor¬ 
 able territorial and United States laws. 
 
 Water Facilities. — The Missouri River is navigable 
 throughout its entire course in Dakota; and the Red Rb er 
 of the North is navigable for 200 miles along the eastern 
 boundary, from Wahpeton to British America. The heads of 
 the Gulf and Arctic river-systems interlock in Dakota and 
 Minnesota, separated only by low plateaus. 
 
 VI- INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Agriculture and grazing employ four-fifths of the people, 
 and, except in the Black Hills, most other business depends 
 upon these industries. Wheat, corn, oats, barley, flax, rye, 
 and potatoes are the chief products. 1 he central and north¬ 
 ern sections are peculiarly adapted to wheat-raising, and are 
 famous for the immense production of that ceieal. Corn is 
 the characteristic crop of the southern section. Stock-raising 
 is an important and increasing industry in the western and 
 south-eastern sections, being promoted by the excellence of 
 the native grasses. 
 
 Manufactures are mainly of the domestic kinds, such as 
 flour, meal, lime, brooms, boots and shoes, iion and metal 
 wares. 
 
 Commerce.—The chief articles of export are wheat, hogs, 
 cattle, wool, and gold. The commerce of the northern half is 
 with St. Paul and Duluth, and that of the southern half with 
 Chicago and Milwaukee. Some foreign commerce is carried 
 on with Manitoba, Pembina being the port of entry.- 
 
 Transportation. — d he Missouri and Red River of the 
 North furnish all the facilities for water transportation for 
 the territory. Twelve railroad lines enter the territory from the 
 
DAKOTA. 
 
 2 I I 
 
 east, one of which, the Northern Pacific, passes through the ter¬ 
 ritory, and three others extend to the Missouri River. I here 
 are numerous branches and intersecting lines. The first rail¬ 
 road was built in 1872, and there were 1,200 miles in operation 
 Jan. 1, 1882. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The territory is governed under the laws of the United 
 States ; and the governor, secretary, and chief and associate 
 justices of the Supreme Court, are appointed by the President, 
 and confirmed by the Senate, for terms of four years. 
 
 The executive department consists of the governor and 
 secretary, and a treasurer, auditor, and superintendent of public 
 instruction ; the last three appointed by the goveinor, and con¬ 
 firmed by the Legislative Council of the territory, for the term 
 of two years each. 
 
 The legislative power is vested in the Legislative Assem¬ 
 bly, consisting of two branches. The Council, or upper house, 
 has twelve members ; and the House of Representatives has 
 twenty-four members. They are elected by the people for 
 terms of two years. The United States law requires a bien¬ 
 nial session, and limits the time thereof to forty days. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court of four 
 members, District Courts, which are held by the justices of 
 the Supreme Court, Probate Courts, and Couits of Justices 
 of the Peace. 
 
 The national representation is one delegate to Congress, 
 elected by the people. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Public. — A system of free public schools is established by 
 general law, and supported solely by taxation. In several of 
 the leading cities and towns excellent graded and high schools 
 are maintained. 
 
 There is no vested school fund. The sixteenth and thirty- 
 sixth sections in every township are reserved by the United 
 States to be applied to the public common schools by the 
 future state. Seventy-two sections are also reserved for the 
 endowment of a university, which a territorial statute has 
 located at Vermilion. 
 
 Other Institutions. — Provision is being made for higher 
 education in several church colleges, academies, and semina¬ 
 ries. Yankton College, controlled by the Congregational 
 Church, is erecting extensive buildings at that city, and has a 
 considerable endowment. The Academy of the Sacred Heart 
 has been for several years in successful operation at \ ankton, 
 and has valuable buildings. The Dakota College is an academy 
 at Spearfish in Laurence County. The Baptist Church has 
 established a collegiate institute at Sioux Falls. The Presby¬ 
 terian Church has located a college at Grand Forks. 
 
 Benevolent Institutions. — The Hospital for the Insane is 
 situated at Yankton, where it has large new buildings. The 
 Territorial Prison is located at Sioux Falls, where extensive 
 buildings are being erected. The School for the Deaf and 
 Dumb is in operation at the same place, in a suitable building 
 owned by the territory. 
 
 1803, through the Louisiana Purchase. Out of this area the 
 “West-Central States” of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, 
 and Minnesota have been formed, beside others farther south. 
 During their existence as territories, the boundaries and extent 
 of these divisions, as well as their names, have been changed, 
 as settlement extended, and the needs of government required. 
 Thus the political geography of the territory was very change¬ 
 able until about twenty years ago, since which time it has been 
 more fixed. 
 
 The central and southern parts were, when first known, occupied by 
 the associated bands of Indians called by the French Siouxs, but 
 in their own language Dakotas, which means “friendly,” “allied.” 
 The north-east section was occupied by the Chippewas, or Ojibwas, 
 and the north-west by Mandans, and other bands now nearly extinct. 
 
 This, like other parts of the north-west, was early penetrated by 
 French explorers and voyageurs, who left traces of their language 
 in permanent names of natural features. In 1803 the Missouri 
 River was ascended by Lewis and Clarke, and many points are 
 recognized from their description. After that, and upon school 
 maps of forty years ago, it was called the “ Mandan Region,” from 
 the interesting band of Indians of that name. 
 
 All of Dakota east of the Missouri River and its tributary, the White 
 Earth, in Mountraille County, shared in the territorial relations of 
 Minnesota detailed on pp. 6 and 7, under that head. The region 
 west of that had different relations part of the time, having been 
 within the boundaries of Nebraska Territory from 1854 to 1861. 
 
 White settlements began in 1859, at Sioux Falls, and along 
 the Missouri River, at Yankton, and points eastward. March 2, 
 1861, the Act of Congress organizing the territory of Dakota 
 was approved by President Buchanan j and, soon aftei that, 
 President Lincoln appointed Gov. William Jayne, and other 
 officers. These soon qualified, and in June, 1861, organized a 
 government. The first election was held under the go\einor s 
 proclamation, in September, 1861. The first Legislative As¬ 
 sembly convened in March, 1862. Its session lasted sixty days, 
 and a full body of laws was enacted. 
 
 Progress and Development. — Progress was very slow 
 until after the close of the civil war. It was also delayed by 
 the Sioux War, which raged in Minnesota and Dakota in 1862, 
 and was continued in Dakota in 1863. The states east of it 
 were not yet fully occupied, and settlement extended slowly. In 
 June, 1870, the population was less than 15,000. Then a more 
 decided growth began, the rate of which has steadily increased. 
 
 In 1872 three railroads entered the territory, — the first, along 
 the Missouri from Iowa ; the second, the Northern Pacific; and 
 the third, the Winona and St. Peter to Watertown. Settle¬ 
 ment extended more rapidly, and in 1873 began in the valley 
 of the Red River of the North, and on the Missouri at Bis¬ 
 marck. Railroads advanced slowly after 1873, until 1880, 
 when extensive new lines were begun and constiucted in that 
 and subsequent years. These lines opened new and lei tile 
 regions, and the territory has since received a greatly increased 
 immigration of the finest character. The inhabitants are 
 chiefly from the northern part of the United States, from 
 Canada, and the north of Europe. About 30,000 Indians live 
 upon reservations in the territory, the larger portion of whom 
 are Dakotas or Sioux. 
 
 IX. HISTORY AND INHABITANTS. 
 
 Territorial History. — The territory of Dakota is one of 
 the few remaining parts not yet organized into states, of that 
 vast domain acquired by the United States fiom Fiance in 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Counties and Towns. — There are nearly one hundred 
 counties in the territory, of which forty-seven are organized 
 (June 1, 1882). 
 
2 I 2 
 
 DAKOTA. 
 
 The following are the most important cities and towns : — 
 
 Yankton, the seat of government of the territory, and the 
 county seat of Yankton County, is beautifully situated upon 
 the Missouri River, near the junction of the Dakota River 
 with that stream, and at the intersection of a railroad from 
 the east, and one from the north. Its wide streets are at 
 right angles. It has a good trade by the railroads and the 
 Missouri River. There are many fine brick business blocks, 
 numerous and superior church edifices, and private dwellings. 
 The city has for many years maintained a high reputation for 
 its public schools, and has several excellent school buildings. 
 It has an iron-foundry, railroad machine-shops, a large flouring- 
 mill, and other manufactories. Pure water flows from an arte¬ 
 sian well five hundred feet deep, situated upon a bluff in the 
 western edge of the city, and seventy-five feet above its gen¬ 
 eral level. Yankton is the seat of the Hospital for the Insane, 
 the Academy of the Sacred Heart, and Yankton College. It 
 was organized as a city in 1873. 
 
 Deadwood is the county seat of Lawrence County, and the financial and 
 trade center and depot of the Black Hills. It is situated at the junction 
 of Deadwood and Whitewood gulches, where they widen for a considerable 
 distance, and is nearly surrounded by lofty hills. Whitewood Creek runs 
 through the city. It has many substantial brick and stone business-houses, 
 banks, and places of amusement, and contains a large and fine court¬ 
 house. Extensive warehouses are a marked feature. It is supplied with 
 water from City Creek, at an elevation which gives force for fire pur¬ 
 poses. The most valuable gold-mines in the Black Hills are within a few 
 miles of Deadwood, at Central City and at Lead City, where also are located 
 the largest stamp-mills in the world. 
 
 Fargo, the county seat of Cass County, is situated at the point where 
 the Northern Pacific Railroad crosses the Red River of the North. It is 
 marked by enterprise and rapid growth, and is the financial and commercial 
 center for a large and prosperous region, which is rapidly developing. Its 
 public buildings are a large and substantial court-house, and two fine public 
 school buildings. There are numerous excellent business blocks, and sev¬ 
 eral large public halls. It has three extensive hotels. The St. Paul; 
 Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railroad intersects the Northern Pacific Rail¬ 
 road at this place, and there are also two branch lines joining it here. An 
 extensive traffic is carried on by means of these railways, and by steamers 
 and barges upon the Red River of the North. The city is supplied with 
 water by the Holly system, has a telephone exchange, and is illuminated 
 by electric lights placed upon a tower. 
 
 Grand Forks is the county seat of Grand Forks County, and is finely 
 situated upon a very high bank of the Red River of the North, opposite the 
 mouth of Red Lake River. It is at the intersection of four railroad lines, 
 and at the middle point of the Red River Valley in Dakota. Its growth has 
 been very rapid and substantial, and it enjoys an extensive trade by rail 
 and river. It has the largest and finest school building in the territory. It 
 is surrounded by rich farming lands, and commands the resources of an 
 extensive region. Many substantial business blocks and several large 
 hotels adorn the city. Business energy and enterprise are striking features 
 of its daily life. 
 
 Sioux Falls, the county seat of Minnehaha Countv, takes its name from 
 the extensive falls in the Big Sioux River, near which it is located upon an 
 
 attractive site. It has the largest and best water-power in the territory, 
 upon which stands the Queen Bee mill (seven stories high, and one of the 
 largest flouring-mills in the world), besides other and smaller mills. It has 
 railroad connections in four directions, and commands a fine trade. It 
 has a superior system of public schools, and commodious school buildings. 
 There are large hotel structures and business blocks. It has extensive 
 quarries of granite, which is shipped widely for building purposes. It is 
 the seat of the territorial penitentiary and of the territorial school for the 
 education of deaf-mutes. 
 
 Aberdeen, in McCauley County, is a prosperous railroad town located in a 
 fertile region. It has a flowing artesian well. 
 
 Bismarck, the county seat of Burleigh County, is situated on the east 
 bank of the Missouri River, where the Northern Pacific Railroad crosses 
 it. A fine iron railroad bridge spans the Missouri at this point. It has a 
 fine court-house, and excellent schools. 
 
 Canton, the county seat of Lincoln County, is an enterprising town, 
 situated on the Big Sioux River, at a railroad junction, surrounded by a 
 well-settled country. 
 
 Chamberlain, the county seat of Bruld County, is a rapidly growing town 
 it the terminus of the main line of the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, 
 upon the Missouri River, and an important shipping-point for the Black 
 Hills. 
 
 Huron, the county seat of the large county of Beadle, is delightfully 
 located near Dakota River, and is a railroad center of importance, and the 
 financial and trade center of a rich region. Machine-shops of Dakota Cen¬ 
 tral Division, Chicago and North-Western Railroad, are located here. 
 
 Jamestown is located upon a fine plateau at the crossing of the Dakota 
 River by the Northern Pacific Railroad, and is the county seat of Stuts¬ 
 man County. It is a beautifully built and attractive place, doing a large 
 business. 
 
 Mitchell is the county seat of Davison County, and a new town of rapid 
 and fine growth. The Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad makes this a lead¬ 
 ing point on its line. Its court-house and school buildings are excellent. 
 
 Pierre is the terminus of the Chicago and North Western Railroad upon 
 the Missouri River, and the county seat of Hughes County. It is a point 
 of departure for stage, mail, and freight lines to the Black Hills, and for 
 reshipment by river. ~ 
 
 Watertown is upon the Chicago and North-Western Railroad, where it 
 crosses the Big Sioux River, near its source, and is the county seat of 
 Codington County. It has long had many trade advantages, has good 
 schools, and a very intelligent and enterpi.amg population. Near it is the 
 beautiful Lake Kampeska, a favorite resort. 
 
 Brookings, county seat of Brookings County, is beautifully situated in a 
 very fertile section of country, and enjoys a fine trade with the sui rounding 
 country. Junction of Sioux River and Dakota Central Divisions of Chicago 
 and North-Western Railroad. 
 
 Redfield, in Spink County, at the junction of the Winona and St. Peter 
 Railroad with the Dakota Central Division of the Chicago and North- 
 Western Railroad, is finely located, and has a large and rapidly increasing 
 trade. 
 
 Ordway, McCauley County, terminus of the Dakota Central Division of the 
 Chicago and North-Western Railroad, a town of growing local importance. 
 
 Columbia, an important business center in Brown County; De Smet, 
 the county seat of Kingsbury County ; Elk Point, the county seat of Union 
 County; Madison, the county seat of Lake County; Millbank, a growing 
 town in Grant County; Valley City, the county seat of Barnes County; 
 Vermilion, the county seat of Clay County; and Wahpeton, the county 
 seat of Richland County, — are all enterprising and prosperous places. 
 
MONTANA. 
 
 213 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 YELLOWSTONE RIVER, 
 NEAR LIVINGSTON. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 145,776 square miles. Population (Census of 1880), 39,159.] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Montana reaches from the Rocky Mountain regions in the 
 
 west to the great plains of the Mississippi valley in the east. 
 It is bounded on the north by the Dominion of Canada, on the 
 west by Idaho, on the south by Idaho and Wyoming, and on 
 the east by Dakota. It lies between longitude 104° and 116° 
 west from Greenwich, and between 45 0 and 49 0 north latitude. 
 
 The greatest length of the territory from east to west is 540 miles, and 
 its width north and south is 275 miles. 
 
 Beside the main range of the Rocky Mountains, the principal 
 subsidiary ranges are the Bitter Root, Deer Lodge, Bear Paw, 
 Big Horn, and Powder River mountains. 
 
 The Mauvais Terres , or bad lands, are found in the eastern part of the 
 territory, along the lower Yellowstone River, and south of the Missouri. 
 These lands, which have until recently been considered a desert, are now 
 pronounced the richest of soils, with vast deposits of iron and coal, and 
 containing many fossils. 
 
 The average elevation of the valleys and bench lands is something less 
 than 3,000 feet, while the average elevation of the territory is about 3,100 
 feet above the sea-level. 
 
 The principal mountain peaks are Emigrant Peak (10,629 feet), Mount 
 Powell (10,500 feet), Ward’s Peak (10,371 feet), Mount Cowan (10,351 
 feet), Mount Delano (10,200 feet), and Mount Blackburn (10,134 feet). 
 
 The principal valleys are those of the Missouri, Yellowstone, Gallatin, Madi¬ 
 son, Jefferson, Beaver Head, Deer Lodge, Bitter Root, Judith, Sun, and 
 Prickly Pear rivers. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 That portion of the territory lying west of the main range of 
 the Rocky Mountains is drained into the Pacific Ocean by Clarke’s PArk of the 
 Columbia River, and its tributaries. 
 
 This stream from Deer Lodge City to the mouth of the Little Black-foot is called locally the Deer 
 Lodge River; thence to the mouth of the St. Mary’s or Bitter Root River, the Hellgate; and 
 thence to the mouth of the Flathead River, the Missoula. 
 
 That portion of the territory east of the main range is drained by the Missouri 
 River and its tributaries into the Mississippi, and thence into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Within the limits of Montana the Missouri averages about 1,000 feet in width. The great falls and 
 rapids begin a short distance below the mouth of the Sun River, and extend some ten miles with 
 a descent of 450 feet. They are remarkable for their beauty and the swiftness of their waters. 
 
 The most important tributary of the Missouri is the Yellowstone, which 
 rises in the Yellowstone Lake in the National Park of the same name, 
 and flows about 800 miles north-westerly, emptying into the Missouri 
 at Fort Buford. This river is navigable for about 400 miles, and is 
 remarkable for the beauty of its scenery and for the grandeur of its 
 falls and canons. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 While the climate of Montana is severe in some localities, it 
 is favorably affected by oceanic influences. The warm Japan 
 current, washing the coasts of Oregon and Washington, pours 
 its heat into the atmosphere, which passes over the mountains 
 in a warm wind known as the “Chinook,” producin 
 
 g wonderful 
 
 The surface for the most part is mountainous. 
 The western portion is traversed by the main 
 range of the Rocky Mountains, having about 
 one fourth of the territory on the western 
 slope, and three fourths on the eastern. Be¬ 
 sides the main divide, there are many smaller 
 ranges and detached groups of mountains. 
 Between these are many beautiful and fertile 
 valleys. The western part of the territory is 
 rugged, while the eastern slope abounds more 
 in plateaus and rolling prairies, which in the 
 north stretch out into a great plain. 
 
QUESTIONS ON THE MAP, 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 Situation. —What country on the north of Montana? What territory 
 on the east? What territories on the south and west? Between what 
 degrees of latitude is it located? How many miles does it extend north 
 and south? What degrees of longitude nearly mark its boundaries? 
 How many miles does it extend east and west? How does it compare 
 in extent with the other territories ? In what great plateau is this terri¬ 
 tory located ? What is its shape ? 
 
 Surface.—What is the general surface of the south-western half of 
 Montana? Of the north-eastern half? What mountain range divides 
 it from Idaho? What important mountain system extends through the 
 western portion? From the course of the rivers, what do you infer of 
 the elevation of the western part? Of the eastern part? What of its 
 comparative general elevation? What two extensive valleys in the 
 eastern part ? What one in the north-west ? 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — What are its three principal rivers ? Describe 
 the course of the longest. Of its main branch. Have these rivers 
 many tributaries ? Where do their waters reach the ocean ? Describe 
 the course of Clarke’s Fork. What lake does it drain ? Where does 
 this water reach the ocean ? Is this territory well watered ? What parts 
 appear to be most so ? 
 
 Counties and Cities. — What three counties comprise the northern 
 tier? What two the eastern tier? What county extends nearly across 
 the state on the west ? What part of the territory appears to be most 
 inhabited? Name the seven southern central counties. Name and 
 locate the capital. Name one other city in each of the central counties. 
 Name the three counties largest in extent. What counties appear to 
 be least settled ? What important National division partly in the central- 
 southern portion ? Its extent ? 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 Situation. — What country on the north of Idaho? What division 
 on the north-east? On the east? What state and territory on the 
 south ? On the west ? What river forms part of the western boundary ? 
 What parallel marks its northern boundary? Its southern? Nearly 
 between what meridians is it? What is its shape? 
 
 Surface. — What mountain range divides it on the north-east from 
 Montana? What mountains in the south-eastern part? What is the 
 surface of the central portion ? What extensive valleys does it con¬ 
 tain? What of its general elevation ? 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — What is the principal river of Idaho? Where 
 does it rise? In what direction does it flow? Name some of its tribu¬ 
 taries on the north and east. On the south. What river crosses the 
 northern part of the territory? W T hat lakes are connected with it? 
 What lake in the south-east ? What is the outlet of this lake, and into 
 what does it flow ? 
 
 Counties and Cities. — What counties border on the Snake or 
 Shoshone River? Name the western tier of counties. Name the 
 counties adjoining Montana. What is the north-eastern county ? 
 What is the capital, and in what county ? What other principal places 
 in the counties adjoining? In what parts of the territory are the chief 
 settlements ? 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 Situation. — What territory on the north of Wyoming? What terri¬ 
 tory and state on the east? On the south? What two territories on 
 the west? What is its shape? What parallels mark its boundaries? 
 What meridians nearly mark its boundaries ? According to the scale 
 of miles, what is its extent north and south? East and west? How 
 many square miles does it contain ? 
 
 Surface. —What is the general surface of Wyoming? Which por¬ 
 tions are most mountainous ? What mountains in the south-east? In 
 the center? In the north? Has it many mountain peaks? Name 
 several of the most important. Which is the highest ? What do the 
 flowing waters show as to height of land? In what directions do its 
 streams flow? Is its general elevation high? 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — What four large rivers have some part of their 
 source in Wyoming? Where do the waters of each find the ocean? 
 What is the length of the longest of these river systems, as it flows 
 from its source to the sea ? What the shortest distance across the 
 country from its source to its mouth ? [See map of U.S.] What lake 
 in the north-western part? Connected with what river? 
 
 Counties and Cities. — How many counties in Wyoming? Which 
 is the largest in extent ? What National division to the north-west? Its 
 dimensions in miles? Near the size of what eastern state is this Park? 
 Name and locate the capital. 
 
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2 16 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 effects upon the snows of the severest season. During the 
 winter, westerly winds prevail; and this season resembles the 
 climate of the Pacific coast rather than that of the colder north. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 The resources of Montana, though to a great extent undevel¬ 
 oped, are of no mean order. Gold, silver, copper, iron, coal, and 
 building-stone are among her mineral resources ; while for stock- 
 raising, agriculture, and lumbering, the opportunities are ample. 
 
 Soil.— The bottom or meadow lands along the streams are a rich black 
 loam, which is very productive. Farther back the bench lands are more 
 sandy, but still productive, and more or less easily irrigated. The 
 higher tablelands produce fine grasses, but are not classed as arable. 
 
 Minerals. — Montana is rich in the precious metals. Some of the most 
 productive mines in the history of American mining have been worked 
 in the territory; and it has produced more gold since 1862 than those 
 of any other state or territory excepting California. 
 
 Valuable iron ores are found in many places, particularly in Gallatin and 
 Deer Lodge counties. In the latter an iron mountain yielding thirty 
 per cent pure iron is found. 
 
 Rich deposits of copper are found near Butte and White Sulphur Springs, 
 the veins carrying ores from twenty-five to fifty per cent. 
 
 Lead is found in great quantities in several places. Bituminous and 
 lignite coals are plentiful. Hardly a county in the territory is without 
 it, while along the Missouri, Yellowstone, and other streams, the supply 
 is comparatively inexhaustible. 
 
 Excellent building-stone, a beautiful marble, is found in great abundance 
 near Helena and Deer Lodge City, as well as in other places. Other 
 geological resources are numerous and of growing importance. 
 
 Forests. — Several million acres of the mountain uplands are covered 
 with forests, pine of several varieties and of excellent quality predomi¬ 
 nating. Other varieties are cedar, tamarack, spruce, cottonwood, ash, 
 willow, and box-elder. 
 
 Montana abounds in beautiful scenery.’' Grand mountains, 
 lovely valleys, wonderful cascades and waterfalls, and magnifi¬ 
 cent caverns, are among the most prominent features of scenery 
 within the territory. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 The industries of Montana are chiefly those belonging to a 
 thrifty and intelligent pioneer mountain commonwealth, rich 
 in the natural resources of the forest, the mine, the valley, and 
 the plain. Mining and stock-raising are of first importance ; 
 but much attention is also given to lumbering, agriculture, and 
 trade. 
 
 Mining. — Important mining operations are carried on in almost every 
 county in the territory, and this is the chief employment of many of 
 the people. In addition to the great interests involved in the gold and 
 silver mines, the copper, lead, and coal mines are also of much im¬ 
 portance. 
 
 Stock-raising is one of the chief industries of Montana. The herding 
 and raising of cattle, sheep, and horses afford business and employ¬ 
 ment to a great many people. 
 
 Manufactures, beyond those which are connected with mining and rail¬ 
 roads, and the domestic industries of the people, are of minor im¬ 
 portance. 
 
 Agriculture. — A comparatively small portion of the territory has been 
 brought under cultivation; but considerable crops of wheat, oats, and 
 barley are grown, while potatoes, onions, beets, turnips, and other garden 
 products are profitable crops. 
 
 Commerce and Transportation.— The commerce of the territory consists 
 in exchanging the products of her mines and ranges for the merchandise 
 necessary for the people. The rivers afford a water-line to the seaboard, 
 while railroads are rapidly pushing through the territory. 
 
 The Northern Pacific Railroad passes through the territory from east to 
 west, while the Utah and Northern connects with it at Little Black- 
 
 foot, giving ample facilities for rail transportation in almost every 
 direction. A branch line has been built by the Northern Pacific Rail¬ 
 way from Livingston to the Yellowstone National Park. 
 
 Lumbering. — The extensive forests of Montana render the lumber 
 interests of the highest importance, and this industry is already em¬ 
 ploying considerable capital and large numbers of men. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The government of the territory is vested, under the United 
 States Statutes, in the executive, legislative, and judicial 
 departments. Besides the officers appointed under the pro¬ 
 visions of the general government, the territorial officers are 
 an auditor, treasurer, attorney-general, superintendent of public 
 instruction, and three district-attorneys. 
 
 The governor, who is the chief executive officer, is appointed for four 
 years, or until his successor is duly qualified, unless sooner removed by 
 the President. 
 
 The legislative department is vested in an Assembly composed of two 
 houses, — a Council, composed of twelve members, and a House of 
 Representatives, composed of twenty-four members, all of whom are 
 elected for two years. Sessions limited to sixty days are held biennially, 
 commencing in January in the odd years. 
 
 The territorial judiciary consists of a chief justice and two associates, 
 appointed by the President, who are styled the Supreme Court. The 
 territory is also divided into three districts; and district courts are held 
 in each by one of these judges, at times and places prescribed by law. 
 
 Each county has its own officers to attend to the business of 
 the county in all local matters. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Montana has a well-organized public school system, whose 
 entire support is derived from direct taxation. There have also 
 been established at numerous places fine denominational and 
 private schools. 
 
 Recent statistics show a rapid increase in the enumeration of pupils, in 
 the number enrolled, as well as in the length of the school term and in 
 the number of schools actually taught. 
 
 Teachers are usually well paid, and the schools are liberally supported, 
 the average rate of taxation voted for school purposes being nearly 
 four mills on the dollar. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 The region now embraced in Montana has successively be¬ 
 longed, all or in part, to Louisiana, Oregon, Washington, 
 Nebraska, Dakota, and Idaho. The present territory of Mon¬ 
 tana was organized under the provisions of an Act of Congress, 
 May 26, 1864. 
 
 Nearly all of Montana came under control of the United 
 States Government in 1803, by means of the Louisiana purchase 
 from Lrance. 
 
 The French had made expeditions into what is now Montana as early as 
 1743 ; but little was known of the country until an expedition was fitted 
 out by the United States Government in 1804, and sent to explore the 
 region lately acquired from France, under the command of two army 
 officers, Capts. Lewis and Clarke. This expedition had for its prime 
 object the exploration of the Upper Missouri River, and the discovery 
 of the most direct line of water communication across the Continent. 
 In July, 1805, they reached the point where the present Gallatin, Madi¬ 
 son, and Jefferson rivers unite to form the Missouri. In August they 
 crossed the Rocky Mountains, and followed the course of the Columbia 
 River from its head waters to the Pacific Ocean, which they reached in 
 November. In March, 1806, they set out on the return trip, reaching 
 St. Louis in September, 1806, having twice traversed the whole length 
 of Montana. 
 
MONTANA. 
 
 2 i 7 
 
 In 1852 gold was discovered in what is now Deer Lodge 
 County, and during the next ten years in several other places ; 
 but it was not until 1872 that any great discoveries were made. 
 
 From this time, discoveries of both gold and silver have been frequent; 
 and wonderful mines have been developed, which have added largely 
 to the wealth of the territory, and have attracted a superior class of 
 settlers to its borders. 
 
 In 1876-77 great trouble was experienced with the Indians, principally 
 the Sioux and Cheyennes. These difficulties have all been settled, 
 and the conditions of life in Montana are well adapted to the develop¬ 
 ment of a strong and intelligent state. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. • 
 
 Montana contains thirteen counties and the following leading 
 cities and towns ; — 
 
 Helena (7,000), county seat of Lewis and Clarke County, and 
 capital of the territory, is the largest and most important city. 
 It is situated at the western base of the Rocky Mountains, on 
 the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad. 
 
 It is the commercial and financial center of the territory, and has banks 
 with ample capital, stores with fine stocks of merchandise, hotels, 
 churches, and other public buildings. It has well organized and 
 equipped police and fire departments, and is lighted by a system of 
 electric lights. Foundries, smelters, factories, and mills of various 
 kinds, afford employment to hundreds. It is surrounded by many 
 and extensive gold and silver mines, which contribute to the thrift and 
 prosperity of the city. 
 
 Butte City (5,000) is the county seat of Silver Bow County, and the most 
 important mining town in the territory. It is a handsome, well-built city, 
 and has an extensive business with the surrounding mines and camps. Here 
 are located numerous mills, smelters, roasters, etc., for the treatment of the 
 ores. It has good railroad facilities, and, in addition to its direct mining 
 interests, is an important business center, with excellent stores, banks, and 
 business houses in all departments of trade and merchandise. It has good 
 schools and a prosperous and well-regulated city government. 
 
 Bozeman, the county seat of Gallatin County, is important for the mining 
 as well as the agricultural interests which surround it. It has a good 
 business, with all the evidences of thrift and prosperity. It is built up in 
 good style, having fine churches and excellent public schools. It has good 
 railroad facilities, and is a principal outfitting point for parties visiting the 
 National Yellowstone Park. 
 
 Missoula, the county seat of Missoula County, is beautifully located on 
 
 the Missoula River, and is a thriving and prosperous town. It has extensive 
 flouring-mills and mercantile establishments, which do a good business with 
 the surrounding country. Churches and public schools have been established, 
 and prosperity is visible in every direction. 
 
 Miles City, county seat of Custer County, is the most important city in 
 the eastern part of the tenritory. Situated on the Yellowstone River as well 
 as on the Northern Pacific Railroad, it has important commercial facilities, 
 and is a prosperous and growing town. It is an important outfitting point 
 for the mining camps in eastern Montana and Dakato, and its military 
 business through Fort Keough is important. It has a good court-house, 
 churches, and public schools. 
 
 Deer Lodge City, the county seat of Deer Lodge County, has a good 
 trade with the surrounding mining and farming community. In addition to 
 an excellent public school, it is the seat of the Montana Collegiate Institute, 
 and a flourishing school under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. 
 
 Fort Benton, county seat of Choteau County, is one of the oldest settle¬ 
 ments in the territory. It was for years the principal trading and distributing 
 point for supplies on the Upper Missouri. It carries on a large trade in the 
 supplies and merchandise required by the people, as well as in the exporta¬ 
 tion of furs and the other products of the region. 
 
 Billings, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, has a good trade with the 
 surrounding agricultural country. Extensive irrigation ditches have been 
 constructed in this region, and the area of cultivated lands is rapidly increas¬ 
 ing. It is an important stock shipping point, and has railway-shops and 
 other advantages. 
 
 Glendive is situated on the Yellowstone River, 90 miles from its junction 
 with the Missouri. It is surrounded by a good farming country, and is a 
 point for the shipment of cattle and sheep by the Northern Pacific Railroad 
 to eastern markets. 
 
 Livingston, on the Yellowstone, at the foot of the Belt Range, is an im¬ 
 portant railroad station on the Northern Pacific, and the point of departure 
 of the branch line to the National Park. Here are located extensive machine- 
 shops and engine-houses. 
 
 Virginia City, county seat of Madison County, is also a prominent out¬ 
 fitting point for the Yellowstone National Park. It has fine churches, good 
 schools, and beautiful and attractive houses. 
 
 Alder Gulch, upon which the city is located, is one of the most famous 
 mining camps in the world, having yielded not less than $75,000,000 in gold 
 alone. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, the county seat of Meagher County, is surrounded 
 by a fine fanning and grazing region, and is a flourishing business town. It 
 is a prominent resort for tourists, hunters, and invalids. The mineral springs 
 and baths are very popular. 
 
 Dillon, on the Utah and Northern Railroad, is an important and thriving 
 town, having a good trade with the surrounding country. 
 
2 I 8 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 86,294 square miles. Population [1880), 32,600 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 an average width of 200 miles. In area it is a little more than 
 half as large as California. 
 
 * II. SURFACE. 
 
 Idaho touches British Columbia on the north, and borders on 
 six states and territories. It lies between 42 0 and 49 0 north 
 latitude, and between ni° and 117 0 west longitude. In shape 
 
 it is an irregular triangle, 
 440 miles in length, with 
 
 Idaho is a mountain region. Its boundary-line on the north¬ 
 east is one of the main ridges of the Rocky Mountains, known 
 in the northern part as the Bitter Root and Coeur d’Alene 
 mountains. 
 
 This range is nearly 500 miles in length ; and many of its summits reach a 
 
 height of from 10,000 to 13,000 feet. 
 The Salmon River Mountains cross 
 the central part of the territory. Sev¬ 
 eral of the peaks of this group are 
 between 13,000 and 14,000 feet high. 
 Valleys. — The largest valley is that 
 of the Snake River. There are 
 numerous small mountain \ T alleys 
 from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the 
 sea-level. 
 
 Between the south-western spurs of 
 the Salmon River Mountains and 
 the Snake River is a considerable 
 tract of arid country called the lava 
 district of the Snake River. This 
 region is of volcanic origin, and 
 abounds in hot-springs and geysers. 
 The extreme south-eastern part of the 
 territory, belonging to the Great 
 Basin, which extends over a large 
 part of Nevada and Utah, partakes 
 of the surface characteristics of 
 those divisions. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 Nearly all of Idaho belongs to 
 
 MOUNTAIN SCENERY. . . 
 
 the basm of the Columbia River. 
 The extreme south-eastern part, forming the rim of the Great Basin, is 
 drained by Bear River, which flows into Great Salt Lake. 
 
 The largest head stream of the Columbia is the Snake or Shoshone River, which rises in 
 Wyoming, near the Yellowstone Park, and has a course within Idaho of 850 miles. 
 The Snake River is navigable for 200 miles, from the mouth of Powder River to 
 Salmon Falls; and also from Lewiston to its junction with the Columbia in Washington 
 Territory. The river runs through several canons of great depth and magnificent 
 scenery, and its navigation is interrupted at several points by cataracts and rapids. 
 Among the finest of these are the Great Shoshone, American, and Salmon Falls. The 
 largest tributaries of the Snake River within the limits of Idaho are the Salmon and 
 Clearwater rivers. 
 
 Other important tributaries of the Columbia are the Kootenai, Pend d’Oreille, and Spokan ; 
 the first two joining the Columbia in British America, and the last in Washington. 
 
 In the south-central part of the territory a number of small streams have no outlet except 
 in the sinks and lakes of the lava-fields. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 On account of its altitude, Idaho has a healthful climate. Spring, summer, 
 and autumn are delightful; and the winters, though cold, are less severe 
 than in the mountain region east of the Rocky Mountains. The rainfall in 
 the northern part of the territory is much heavier than in the southern part. 
 
IDAHO. 
 
 The influence of the warm ocean currents flowing down the Pacific coast 
 of the United States is felt here, especially in winter. Warm winds 
 blow across the mountains from the west, and mitigate the severity of 
 the coldest seasons. The mean annual temperature is remarkably high 
 for the latitude, the isotherm of Harrisburg and Chicago passing con¬ 
 siderably north of the territory. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 The resources of Idaho consist chiefly in its mines of silver 
 and gold, its vast extent of good grazing ground for the pastur¬ 
 age of live-stock, and its numerous fertile valleys. 
 
 Minerals. — Gold is found along: the head waters of most of the mountain 
 streams. There are rich silver mines in the southern part of the terri¬ 
 tory. There are also extensive deposits of coal and iron not yet worked. 
 
 Forests. — The mountains are covered up to the snow line with forests 
 of pine, fir, spruce, and hemlock; and the wooded tracts are most ex¬ 
 tensive in the northern part of the territory. 
 
 Soils. — The soil of Idaho in the long, narrow river valleys is very pro¬ 
 ductive. In the northern part of the territory the rainfall is abundant; 
 but, in the southern half, irrigation is required in order to secure crops. 
 
 The elevated mountain valleys, the mountain slopes, and the rolling 
 plains are covered with nutritious grasses, and afford extensive grazing 
 grounds for cattle and sheep. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 As indicated by its resources, the industries of Idaho are 
 mainly confined to the development of her rich mineral re¬ 
 sources and the herding of live-stock. Supplementary to these, 
 there is a large commercial interest, and a constantly increasing 
 production of cereals and fruits to supply the home market. 
 
 Mining. — Although gold was discovered as early as 1852, mining opera¬ 
 tions on any considerable scale began only in 18C0. Since that time, 
 both silver and gold have been produced in large quantities, and the 
 total product to date has been nearly $100,000,000. Lead is also a 
 valuable incidental product in silver-mining operations. 
 
 Stock-raising. — Herding is rapidly developing into the most important 
 and profitable industry of the territory. In 1880 the total value of live¬ 
 stock was over $2,250,000; and since that time it has nearly doubled 
 in value. 
 
 Farming. — The principal farm and garden productions are grain, hay, 
 vegetables, and fruits, — such as apples, pears, plums, peaches, apricots, 
 and grapes. In 1880 the cereal productions amounted to 1,300,000 
 bushels, and the hay product was over 40,000 tons. 
 
 Commerce. — The trade of Idaho consists in the exchange of gold, silver, 
 and live-stock for manufactured articles of every description. 
 
 Idaho is commercially connected with the Pacific coast and the valley of 
 the Mississippi by the Northern Pacific Railroad, which crosses the 
 northern part of the territory north of Lake Pend d’Oreille. The 
 southern part of the territory is connected with the Union and Central 
 Pacific Railroad system by the Oregon Branch and the Utah and 
 Northern Railroad. The latter road forms a connection between the 
 central and the northern transcontinental lines, and is an important 
 commercial route. 
 
 Extensive stage routes and wagon transportation lines connect the various 
 parts of the territory, and form an important part of the commercial 
 equipment of the country. They penetrate the mountain valleys in all 
 directions, in many cases where the railroad is impossible, and are a 
 necessary and distinctive feature of mountain life in the territory. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Idaho has a territorial government, based on the Act of 
 Congress of March 3, 1863. 
 
 219 
 
 The executive departvient consists of a governor and secretary, appointed 
 by the President and Senate of the United States. 
 
 The legislative department consists of a Council of twelve members and 
 an Assembly of twenty-four members. The Legislature holds biennial 
 sessions. 
 
 The judicial departvient consists of a Supreme Court (a chief justice and 
 two associates); district courts, held at various points in the territory by 
 the justices of the Supreme Court; probate and justices’courts. The 
 justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President, with the 
 consent of the Senate. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Idaho has a good system of public schools, under the control 
 of a superintendent of public instruction, county superintend¬ 
 ents, and three school trustees for each district. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 The area of Idaho formerly belonged to Washington Terri¬ 
 tory, and was set apart as a separate organization by Act 
 of Congress of March 3, 1863. At that time it embraced all 
 the area of Montana and part of Wyoming. It was reduced 
 in extent by the organization of Montana in 1864, and was 
 given its present limits in 1868, when Wyoming was organ¬ 
 ized. 
 
 The first settlement within the territory was made in 1842, when a mission 
 was established at Coeur d’Alene, a few miles east of the lake of that 
 name. With this exception, there were no white settlements in the 
 territory until about the year i860. With the advent of the new rail¬ 
 road lines from the east and south, the growth of the territory has been 
 more rapid and substantial. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Idaho is divided into thirteen counties, and contains the 
 following leading cities and towns : — 
 
 Boise City (1,899), in Ada County, on the line of the Oregon 
 Branch Railroad, is the capital and largest city. It has an 
 important trade with the mining districts in the central and 
 western parts of the territory. It is the seat of a United 
 States assay office, and the center of the most important 
 financial operations in the territory. 
 
 Lewiston (739), county seat of Nez Perces County, on the Snake River, 
 near the Oregon line, is the most important trading town in the northern part 
 of the territory. It is at the head of nearly three hundred miles of uninter¬ 
 rupted navigation on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, and has a large ship¬ 
 ping trade with points in Oregon and Washington. 
 
 Malade City (759), county seat of Oneida County, near the Utah line, is 
 the trade center of an agricultural and lumber region which is rapidly grow¬ 
 ing in population and wealth. 
 
 Silver City, county seat of Owyhe County, is the largest town in the 
 south-west section of the territory. It is the center of an important quartz¬ 
 mining district, and is largely employed in supplying the mines and reducing 
 their product. 
 
 Idaho City, in Boise County, is the trade center of rich mining districts, 
 both gold and silver being mined extensively in its vicinity. 
 
 Hailey and Bellevue, in Alturas County, are important mining centers, 
 which have recently been developed. 
 
 Challis, in Lemhi County; Montpelier and Paris, in Bear Lake County; 
 Placerville, in Boise County; Sa’mon City, in Lemhi County; and Wash¬ 
 ington, in Idaho County, —are also among the more thriving and populous 
 places in the territory. 
 
220 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 1 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 97,890 square miles. Pop¬ 
 ulation (1880), 20,798 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EX¬ 
 TENT. 
 
 Wyoming Territory is 
 situated principally on the east¬ 
 ern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and extends eastward into: 
 the great plain lying between these mountains and the Missis¬ 
 sippi River. 
 
 The south-western portion slopes towards the Pacific Ocean through 
 the Green River valley. It lies between 41 ° and 45 0 north lati¬ 
 tude, and between longitude 104° and m° west from Green¬ 
 wich. 
 
 The length of the territory from east to west is about 360 miles, 
 and its width north and south is about 270 miles. It is the ninth 
 in size of all the states and territories, and the forty-sixth in popu¬ 
 lation. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 The Missouri River, through the North 
 Platte, drains the south-eastern part of 
 the territory; and through the , Chey¬ 
 enne, Powder, and Big Horn, the north¬ 
 ern portion. The Snake River, which 
 eventually becomes a portion of the 
 great Columbia River of the north¬ 
 west, and empties into the Pacific 
 Ocean, has its source in the north¬ 
 western portion of this territory; while 
 the Green River, which drains the south-western portion, finds its way 
 out through Utah and Colorado into the Colorado River, and thence 
 into the Pacific Ocean through the Gulf of California. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate of the territory is greatly varied. The remote¬ 
 ness of the ocean, together with the altitude, exert great 
 influence on the temperature. 
 
 In the more exposed regions the winters are cold and severe; but the 
 summers are delightful for their mildness, and for the invigorating in¬ 
 fluences which are experienced by the traveler. On the plains there 
 are seasons of severe storm, when the winds from the mountains 
 sweep down upon them in great fury; but these are of brief duration. 
 The general character of the climate in these regions for the greater 
 part of the year is favorable to health and comfort. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 The resources of Wyoming are varied as its surface, and 
 of great importance, but in the main they have not as yet 
 been fully developed. 
 
 III. DRAINACE. 
 
 Wyoming, being situated mainly 
 in the highest parts of the Rocky 
 Mountains, is the source of in¬ 
 numerable rivers. Three of the 
 largest rivers on the continent 
 receive waters through her bor¬ 
 ders. 
 
 The greater portion of the territory is mountainous, being 
 traversed by the main axis of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The principal mountain-ranges are the Black Hills in the north-east, the 
 Big Horn Mountains in the north-central, the Shoshone, Teton, Gros 
 Ventre, and Wind River ranges in the west, the Laramie Range in 
 the southeast, and the Rattlesnake and Sweetwater mountains in the 
 central portions of the territory. 
 
 Interspersed between these mountain-ranges are extensive and beautiful 
 plateaus of level and fertile tablelands. 
 
 The principal mountain peaks are Mount Hayden (13,858 feet), Fre¬ 
 mont Peak (13,570 feet), Mount Moran (12,800 feet), Washakie Needles 
 (12,250 feet), Chimney Mountain (11,853 feet), and Elk Mountain (11,551 
 feet). 
 
 The mean altitude of the Laramie plains, one of the principal plateaus, 
 is about 7,000 feet; while Bridgers Pass, in the Medicine Bow Moun¬ 
 tains, is 11,410 feet. 
 
 Yellowstone Lake is 7,788, Shoshone Lake 7,670, and Lewis Lake 7,750 
 feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Soil. — The soil on the plains is of unsurpassed fertility. Though irri¬ 
 gation is necessary, as a rule, to successful farming, the numerous 
 streams which traverse the territory afford ample facilities for this 
 purpose. 
 
 Hundreds of thousands of acres of pasture-lands, clad with nutritious 
 grasses, afford abundant range for millions of cattle. The pasturage 
 continues throughout the year, as during the winter the snows are dry, 
 and the winds drift them into ridges; so that it is of rare occurrence 
 that a herd can not find plenty of grass. 
 
 Minerals. — Gold and silver have been discovered in several places in 
 the territory; and the Black Hills, the Wind River, and Big Horn 
 Mountains, all have their thrifty and prosperous mining camps. 
 
 Copper ores in great abundance have been developed at Hartville and 
 near Cheyenne, in the south-eastern part of the territory. 
 
 Valuable iron ores are found in the southern portion of the territory near 
 Rawlins, and near Laramie in the south-east. 
 
 A superior quality of soft coal is known to exist in great abundance in 
 many parts »of the territory, especially near Carbon, Evanston, and 
 Rock Springs. 
 
WYOMING. 
 
 22 I 
 
 Soda, gypsum, mica, graphite, kaolin, fire-clay, antimony, and sulphur are 
 also among the mineral resources of the territory. 
 
 Forests. — Portions of the territory are finely timbered, the varieties of 
 pine spruce, cedar, and cottonwood of good quality being most fre¬ 
 quent, and covering many thousands of square miles. 
 
 Water. — The many mountain-streams of the territory afford abundance of 
 water-power for the handling of machinery, for mining, and for irrigation. 
 Scenery. — The scenery throughout the territory is beautiful and grand. 
 The mountain parks and valleys are much resorted to by pleasure- 
 seekers and sportsmen. Mineral springs, hot and cold, in great vari¬ 
 ety, are abundant; and pulmonary diseases are favorably affected by 
 the waters and the climate. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 The industries of Wyoming are rapidly increasing in variety 
 and extent, and already employ large sums of capital. 
 
 Grazing. — Cattle-raising is the chief industry of the territory. 
 
 While cattle often go the year round without other feed than the range 
 affords, the most successful stockmen are now providing against 
 emergencies by harvesting and stacking, at the proper season, vast 
 quantities of the grasses which make most excellent hay. 
 
 Sheep-raising is also an important industry of Wyoming, and there are 
 many extensive herds yielding a handsome income. 
 
 Farming. — Increasing attention is being given to this industry, and the 
 principal products are hay, potatoes, and garden vegetables. 
 
 Lumbering.— Important lumbering operations are carried on in several 
 localities ; and railroad-ties, telegraph-poles, laths, shingles, and building 
 and fencing boards are produced in large quantities. 
 
 Manufactures. — Considerable attention has been given to the manu¬ 
 facturing interest; and extensive rolling-mills, railroad repair-shops, 
 and wagon and carriage shops are in successful operation. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of the territory is almost exclusively by 
 railroad, and consists of the trade in cattle, and merchandise generally. 
 The Union Pacific Railroad passes through the south side of the terri¬ 
 tory, and has done much towards the development of the resources of 
 the territory. The Oregon Branch of this line starts from the town of 
 Granger, in the western part of Wyoming, and constitutes an important 
 factor in the business interests of the territory. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The territory is governed under the laws of Congress ; and 
 the governor and other principal officers are appointed by the 
 President and confirmed by the Senate of the United States. 
 
 The laws provide for a governor and other territorial officers, who con¬ 
 stitute the executive branch of the government. 
 
 The legislative department of the government is vested in a Legisla¬ 
 tive Assembly, made up of two houses, — the Council, or upper house, 
 and the House of Representatives, — both elected for two years. Ses¬ 
 sions are held biennially in the even years, and are limited to sixty days. 
 The judiciary power is vested in a Supreme Court with three judges, who 
 are appointed by the President of the United States, and hold office 
 for four years; district courts, circuit courts, and others of inferior 
 jurisdiction, whose officers are elected by the people for terms of vary¬ 
 ing length. 
 
 The right to vote is extended to women equally with men at all terri¬ 
 torial elections. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Liberal provisions have been made for the support of public 
 schools. A territorial superintendent is at the head of the 
 system, and county superintendents and district boards have 
 charge of the details, which are generally well provided for. 
 
 A teachers’ institute is provided for, which may arrange and prescribe a 
 course of study for uniform use throughout the territory. Women may 
 vote at the school elections, and are eligible to hold school offices. 
 Parents are required to see that their children between the ages of 
 seven and sixteen attend school during three months in each year. 
 The larger towns maintain excellent .graded schools, good buildings 
 are provided, and the schools receive liberal and popular support. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 The greater portion of this territory was acquired by the 
 United States, through the “ Louisiana Purchase,” from France 
 in 1803, though a portion of the south-western section came 
 under the protection of our government by the “ treaty of 
 1848” with Mexico. 
 
 The territory was organized by Act of Congress, July 25, 1858. 
 
 X. THE NATIONAL PARK. 
 
 The Yellowstone National Park occupies the north-western 
 corner of the territory, and affords the tourist and pleasure- 
 seeker a greater variety of natural and scenic attractions than 
 any other locality on the continent. 
 
 The Yellowstone Lake, 7,788 feet above the level of the sea, is remark¬ 
 able for the beauty and sublimity of its surroundings. The geysers 
 are wonderful alike to the pleasure-seeker and the scientist, while the 
 general mountain scenery rivals that of any other region in the world. 
 
 XI. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Wyoming is divided into seven counties, and contains the 
 following leading cities and towns : — 
 
 Cheyenne (6,000), the capital of the territory, and its chief 
 city, is an important railway center, 106 miles north of Denver, 
 and 516 miles west of Omaha. 
 
 It is the leading shipping and outfitting point for the great mining and 
 stock-raising regions of Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. Banking- 
 houses with ample capital, large wholesale stores, and many fine private 
 residences, churches, and schools, indicate the wealth, enterprise, and 
 industry of the community. 
 
 Laramie City (3,500), “The Gem of the Plains,” 57 miles west of Chey¬ 
 enne, is also a thriving, growing city. Extensive rolling-mills, owned and 
 operated by the Union Pacific Railroad, afford employment for several hun¬ 
 dred men, and have a capacity of 25,000 tons of railway iron per annum. In 
 addition to these, large railway machine-shops are located here. In the 
 immediate vicinity are rich deposits of coal, iron, lead, and other minerals. 
 A large freighting and forwarding business is done with the surrounding 
 ranches and camps. 
 
 Rawlins, situated 709 miles west of Omaha, is the county seat of Carbon 
 County. Here are located extensive machine-shops which afford employ¬ 
 ment to large numbers. It has a fine business in shipping and outfitting 
 for the Big Horn mining regions, and is an important point for the ship¬ 
 ment of cattle. Iron ore is mined near by, and a superior metallic paint 
 has been made in this vicinity. 
 
 Evanston, the county seat of Uintah County, is a well-built and flourish¬ 
 ing town, with railway machine-shops, and a large trade in lumber and 
 charcoal. It is in the immediate vicinity of extensive coal-mines, which 
 yield half a million tons per annum. 
 
 Carbon, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 657 miles west of Omaha, is 
 principally engaged in mining and the business tributary to the mining 
 interests. 
 
 Rock Springs, situated 830 miles west of Omaha, is an important coal- 
 producing town. It also has a large business in the handling and shipping 
 of cattle to the eastern markets. 
 
 Green River, the county seat of Sweetwater County, is a railroad town, 
 with machine-shops, round houses, etc. It is in the midst of a fine agri¬ 
 cultural region, and has a good trade with the surrounding country. 
 
 Sherman, situated upon the main range of the Rocky Mountains, at an 
 altitude of 8.242 feet, commands a grand view of the Laramie plains, with 
 their countless herds of cattle and beautiful river scenery. A monument 
 to the memory of the projectors of the Union Pacific Railway has been 
 erected on the summit in the village. 
 
 Hilliard is a lumber town, situated 943 miles west of Omaha. A flume 
 33 miles long has been constructed to transport lumber, ties, telegraph- 
 poles, and cordwood from the lumber-camps to the railroad. Other indus- 
 , tries are the manufacture of charcoal and the smelting of ores which are 
 shipped from Utah. 
 
Local Time A. M. 
 
 when Noon c 
 
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 Longitude 
 
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 Local Time A. M. 
 
 
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 the Meridian 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 UTAH 
 
 AM) 
 
 EXPLANATION 
 
 Cities of over 2,000 inhabitants are underlined 
 County Towns ® Railroads —— 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 Laramie Cjty 
 
 CHEYENNE 
 
 Henderson*, 
 
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 '"Virginia T)a' 
 
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 .iverri 
 
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 T (Ignacio, 
 
 Price, 
 
 Antonito 
 
 Washington 
 
 of Washington 
 
 the Meridian 
 
 f i 
 
 / 
 
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 N- 
 
224 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 GRAND CANON OF THE GUNNISON. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — What is the shape of Colorado ? What parallels mark 
 its northern and southern boundaries? Nearly between what meridians 
 is it? How many miles in length according to the scale of miles on 
 the map? How many in width ? What state and division on the north ? 
 What states on the east ? What divisions on the south ? On the west? 
 
 Surface. — Of what great plateau is Colorado a characteristic part ? 
 Where in this plateau is it located ? What general mountain range is 
 prominent here? Give the names of some of its minor divisions. Name 
 some of the principal mountain peaks. Give their location. What is 
 the surface in the western two-thirds of the state? The eastern third? 
 Where are the North, Middle, and South parks? 
 
 Rivers. — What four large rivers have their sources in this state ? 
 [See also other maps of this region.] Which flow west? Which south ? 
 Which east ? Where does each reach the ocean ? What do these rivers 
 indicate in respect to the height of land? 
 
 Counties and Cities. — Name the counties crossed by the 105th me¬ 
 ridian. By the 106th meridian. How many counties has this state ? [In 
 what county do you live? In what part of the state? Its county seat?] 
 Name and locate the state capital. What is the second city in size? 
 What other principal cities, and where located? In what natural region 
 are most of the cities and towns located ? What do you judge from the map 
 to be peculiar to the eastern tier of counties ? 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 103,925 square miles. Population (1880), 194,327.] 
 
 I. POSITION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Colorado is one of the Pacific Highland States, and the most 
 western state having an eastern drainage. It is situated partly 
 in the Rocky Mountain region, and partly in the great plain of 
 the Mississippi valley, between latitude 37 0 and 41 0 north, and 
 longitude 102° and 109° west from Greenwich. 
 
 Its length from east to west is about 380 miles, and its width 
 north and south about 275 miles. It is the thirty-fifth state in 
 population, and the fourth in area. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 Nearly one-half of the 
 state — its eastern end — 
 is a great plain, through 
 which course the upper 
 tributaries of the Arkan¬ 
 sas and Platte rivers, ren¬ 
 dering its surface beauti¬ 
 fully undulating ; but, in 
 the main, this portion of 
 the state is very level, pre¬ 
 senting much the appear¬ 
 ance of a vast sea of grass. 
 
 The western division is 
 traversed by the various 
 ranges of the Rocky 
 Mountains, which here 
 attain their greatest alti- 
 tude, with broad table¬ 
 lands or plateaus on their 
 
 GARDEN OF THE GODS. WCStCm Slope. 
 
COLORADO. 
 
 The Front or Colorado range, in the north-central, and the Sangre de 
 Cristo range in the south-central portions of the state, rising through 
 a series of verdure-clad foot-hills from the broad plains on the east, 
 form part of the great western watershed of the continent. 
 
 West of these, the Park, Saguache, San Juan, Uncompahgre, Roan, and 
 Elk ranges occupy the greater part of the state. Interspersed among 
 these ranges of mountains are numerous “parks,” or elevated, irregu¬ 
 lar plateaus, where may be found, shut in by peaks clad in perpetual 
 snow, vast areas of valuable fertile lands clothed with verdure, and 
 dotted with the homes of an enterprising and thrifty agricultural 
 people. 
 
 The most important of these natural gardens, with their approximate 
 areas and elevations, are,— 
 
 North Park. — Area, 2,500 square miles ; elevation, 9,000 feet. 
 
 Middle Park. — Area, 3,000 square miles ; elevation, 8,500 feet. 
 
 South Park. — Area, 2,200 square miles ; elevation, 9,500 feet. 
 
 Estes Park. — Area, 100 square miles ; elevation, 7,500 feet. 
 
 San Luis Park. —Area, 8,000 square miles ; elevation, 7,500 feet. 
 
 The principal mountain-peaks, with their elevations, are,— 
 
 Mount Blanco 
 
 .HA64 
 
 Mount Rosalie . . 
 
 . . . 14,340 
 
 Mount Evans . 
 
 . 14,330 
 
 Uncompahgre Peak 
 
 • • • 14435 
 
 Pike’s Peak 
 
 .I 4 ,H 7 
 
 Gray’s Peak . . . 
 
 . . . 14,341 
 
 Mount Elbert . 
 
 . 14,351 
 
 Long’s Peak . . . 
 
 . . . 14,271 
 
 Holy Cross 
 
 .I 4 A 76 
 
 Mount Massive . . 
 
 . . . 14,298 
 
 Spanish Peak . 
 
 .13,620 
 
 Buckskin Mountain. 
 
 . . . 14,296 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 While Colorado has no navigable rivers, her position upon 
 the very crest of the continent makes her the source of many 
 streams, part of them finding their way through the Missis¬ 
 sippi and Rio Grande into the Atlantic Ocean, and part 
 through the Colorado into the Pacific. 
 
 The principal streams of the Mississippi system, which originate in 
 this state, are the North Platte, which rises in the Park and Front 
 Mountains, and the South Platte, which rises in the Front Mountains 
 in the north-central part of the state, together forming the Platte 
 River of Nebraska, which empties into the Missouri at Plattsmouth; 
 the Republican, which rises in the eastern part of the state, and flows 
 out through Kansas and Nebraska into the Missouri at Kansas City; 
 and the Arkansas, which has its source a little north and west of the 
 center of the state, and flows south-westerly through grand gorges and 
 canons into the great eastern plain, passing out of the state into Kan¬ 
 sas near the 38th parallel of north latitude, and continuing an easterly 
 and south-easterly course to the Mississippi. 
 
 The Rio Grande rises in the San Juan region in the southern part of 
 the state, passes south into New Mexico, in longitude 106 0 west, 
 flowing south through that territory, and south-east between Texas 
 and Mexico, into the Gulf. 
 
 The Colorado River, which empties into the Pacific Ocean through the 
 Gulf of California, receives as tributaries from this state the San 
 Juan, which rises in the south-west corner of the state, and flows out 
 through New Mexico; the Grand, which flows west into Utah; and 
 the White and Yampa, tributaries of the Green River of Wyoming, 
 which drain the north-western portion of the state. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 The state being situated in the heart of the Rocky Moun¬ 
 tains, far removed from the modifying influences of the ocean, 
 its climate partakes of the character of every latitude. The 
 rigors of a northern winter, and the balmy breezes of an Ital¬ 
 ian summer, may both be experienced within a day’s journey. 
 
 The extreme dryness of the atmosphere tempers the severity of the 
 cold in winter, and the exhilarating effects of the altitude make the 
 summers most delightful. Pulmonary affections are greatly benefited 
 by the climate and waters. 
 
 The mean annual temperature is about 50°. 
 
 225 
 
 The rainfall is scant for agricultural purposes, and is exceedingly varied. 
 The influences of irrigation and agriculture will, it is anticipated, 
 promote the quantity as well as the uniformity of the rainfall. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 Soil. — The soil of Colorado is naturally fertile; but the 
 insufficiency of the rainfall makes irrigation a necessary ad¬ 
 junct of successful agriculture in most parts of the state. 
 
 The most productive lands are found in the parks and valleys of the 
 South Platte, Clear, Cherry, South Boulder, San Luis, and Rio Grande, 
 while the level lands in all parts of the state yield a fruitful harvest 
 wherever they can be artificially watered. The great plains in the 
 eastern part of the state, as well as the parks and plateaus of the 
 mountain regions, afford excellent pasturage the year round. 
 
 Minerals. — Gold was first discovered in Colorado in 1858; 
 and the more important deposits are found in what miners call 
 “true fissure ” veins or lodes, and in “chimneys” having the 
 appearance of the craters of extinct volcanoes. 
 
 These deposits are extremely rich. Many of them have been penetrated 
 for hundreds of feet without any apparent reduction of the quantity 
 of the ores. The most productive mines are located in Gilpin County; 
 but gold is found in one form or another throughout all the moun¬ 
 tainous portions of the state. 
 
 Silver was discovered as early as 1864 near Georgetown, 
 but it was not until 1870 that any important results were 
 reached. The importance of the silver deposits was never 
 suspected until the great mines of carbonate ores were opened 
 near Leadville in 1877, about which time the silver excitement 
 reached its height. 
 
 Like gold, the silver is found in all the geological combinations. “Na¬ 
 tive silver,” “ruby silver,” “silver glance,” “smelting ore,” “free-mill¬ 
 ing ore,” “mill dirt,” “stamp rock,” “sand carbonates,” etc., are terms 
 used in describing them, while they are found in veins, lodes, fissures, 
 contracts, sedimentary deposits, and other forms. Silver in various 
 forms is found in almost every county in the mountainous part of the 
 state, Lake producing the greatest quantity, followed by Gilpin, Clear 
 Creek, Boulder, Summit, Gunnison, Pitkin, Custer, San Juan, Hins¬ 
 dale, Dolores, Grand, Saguache, Chaffee, Ouray, Park, and others. 
 The principal deposits are found in beds or strata between layers of 
 porphyry and limestone. 
 
 Coal of superior quality is found in many parts of the state. 
 There are thousands of square miles underlaid with valuable 
 deposits, and the supply is comparatively inexhaustible. 
 
 An excellent lignite, adapted to domestic use and to railway purposes, 
 is mined in large quantities in the vicinity of Boulder. Bituminous 
 varieties are found in the vicinity of Trinidad, as well as in the south¬ 
 west near Durango, and in the regions around Gunnison. Anthracite 
 has been discovered in several places; but its extent and value is as 
 yet comparatively unknown. 
 
 Iron ores in many of the valuable varieties have been discovered in sev¬ 
 eral parts of the state, and are abundant in the immediate vicinity of 
 the coal-measures. 
 
 Quarries of excellent granite, limestone, sandstone, etc., have been 
 ’ opened, and marbles of superior texture and color are abundant. 
 
 Among the other minerals of Colorado are agates, alum, amethyst, anti¬ 
 mony, arsenic, baryta, bismuth, chalcedony, chalk, copper, fire-clay, 
 garnet, graphite, gypsum, jasper, manganese, mica, onyx, opal, salt, 
 soda, sulphur, talc, topaz, tufa, turquoise, etc. 
 
 Mineral springs are found in many parts of the state. Waters, both 
 hot and cold, containing salt, soda, sulphur, iron, etc., are of frequent 
 occurrence, and their medicinal properties make them the resort of 
 thousands of invalids and tourists. 
 
226 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 The forests of Colorado are not rich in valuable timber; but the moun¬ 
 tain-regions are abundantly supplied in the lower altitudes with many 
 varieties of pine, spruce, fir, aspen, hemlock, and cedar. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Mining. —As the wealth of Colorado lies in her mines, so 
 the principal industry of her people is devoted to their work¬ 
 ing. The digging and raising of the ores to the surface is a 
 work of great labor, and affords profitable employment to 
 thousands of men. These ores are then treated by various 
 processes known to science, resulting in the extraction of the 
 precious metal which becomes the bullion of commerce. 
 
 The ore beds, or veins, or contracts, are reached through shafts, ver¬ 
 tically, or through tunnels into the face of the mountains, horizontally. 
 All these openings have to be made with much labor and skill, and 
 heavy timbers are placed to protect the sides from caving in upon the 
 workmen. 
 
 The ores, as they come from the mine, are generally sold by the mine- 
 owner to the mills or smelters, where the reduction to bullion is made 
 by various processes of pulverization by stamp-mills, roasting-ovens, 
 and smelting-furnaces. 
 
 In many cases the ores are transported hundreds of miles before 
 treatment, while in others they are treated near the mines by works 
 erected with special reference to the peculiarities of the ores of 
 the locality. 
 
 There are many different methods of reducing ores. Some of the 
 processes involve the principles of chemistry to a wonderful degree, 
 while others are very simple. In many cases the refuse of one course 
 of treatment is made to pay a handsome profit when submitted to 
 another and different process. 
 
 Agriculture. — While mining has been the great business 
 of Colorado, agriculture affords employment to an industrious 
 and numerous portion of her people. 
 
 The principal crops are wheat, oats, barley, corn, potatoes, hay, and the 
 products of the garden. Lands which a few years ago were com¬ 
 paratively worthless have been made productive by the introduction 
 of a system of irrigation; and experiments are now being made in 
 the eastern portion of the state with artesian wells, from which it is 
 hoped an ample supply of water for irrigation will be afforded in lo¬ 
 calities remote from the mountains. 
 
 Cattle-raising is an important industry. The climate is favorable, and 
 the native grasses are abundant, affording nutritious food all the year 
 round. 
 
 Wool-growing is also carried on to a large extent, and is a productive 
 and profitable business. 
 
 Fruit-growing has received considerable attention, and small fruits yield 
 abundant and paying returns. 
 
 Manufactures. — The most important manufacturing inter¬ 
 ests in Colorado are those which are represented by the es¬ 
 tablishments for treating ores, though iron and steel works, 
 foundries, and rolling-mills have already been put in operation. 
 The developments of the iron and coal fields will undoubtedly 
 enhance the interest of capitalists in these enterprises. 
 
 The commerce of the state is principally with the east, and by railroad. 
 The interchange of bullion, cattle, wool, etc., the products of Colo¬ 
 rado industry, for the merchandise of the eastern markets, makes a 
 business of great magnitude. 
 
 Transportation. — The railway systems which center in this 
 state are numerous and important. “The Colorado Pool ” is 
 a powerful factor in the railway interests of the west. 
 
 Important divisions of the Union Pacific System radiate from Denver 
 in four directions. The Denver and Rio Grande, the Burlington 
 Route, the Denver and New Orleans, and the Atchison, Topeka, and 
 Santa Fe, are all important lines. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The state government consists of three departments,—the 
 executive, the legislative, and the judicial. 
 
 The officers composing the executive department are a governor, lieu¬ 
 tenant-governor (who is also president of the Senate), secretary of 
 state, auditor, treasurer, attorney-general, and superintendent of pub¬ 
 lic instruction, all elected by direct vote of the people, and holding 
 their respective offices for the term of two years. 
 
 The legislative department consists of a Senate and House of Repre¬ 
 sentatives. Regular sessions are held biennially, convening on the 
 first Wednesdays in January of the odd years. The Senate is com¬ 
 posed of twenty-six members, elected for four years; and the House 
 of Representatives, of forty-nine members, elected for two years. 
 
 The judicial department is administered through a supreme court, the 
 three judges of which are chosen for nine years; six district courts, 
 with six judges, each elected for six years ; county courts, with one 
 judge in each county, elected for three years; and justices’ courts, 
 which are presided over by justices of the peace, who are chosen for 
 two years. 
 
 In the Congress of the United States, Colorado is entitled to two 
 senators and one representative; and the state has three votes in the 
 Electoral College in choosing a President of the United States. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 The public-school system was early made a prominent fea¬ 
 ture in the policy of the state. 
 
 The organization consists of a state superintendent, state board of 
 education, state board of examiners, county superintendents, and dis¬ 
 trict boards. Provision is made for graded schools. State and 
 county teachers’ associations have been provided for. 
 
 The laws require at least sixty days of school in each district annually; 
 but the average duration of the schools is much longer, while in the 
 cities and towns the schools are in session from a hundred and twenty 
 to two hundred days. 
 
 The state institutions are the State University located at Boulder, School 
 of Mines at Golden, Agricultural College at Fort Collins, Mute and 
 Blind Institute at Colorado Springs, and Industrial School at Golden, 
 all of which are liberally provided for. 
 
 Numerous private institutions of high order have been established. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 Territorial History. — The territory included within the 
 borders of Colorado was acquired, part from the French through 
 the “Louisiana Purchase” in 1803, and part from Meixco 
 through the “ treaty of 1848.” 
 
 Prior to the acquisition of that part of the territory which came to us 
 from France, no important explorations or researches had been made 
 in this region. In 1803 the government sent out a small expedition 
 under Lieut. Pike. Later, in 1819, Col. S. H. Long led another expe¬ 
 dition, neither of which made any foothold or discovery of importance. 
 Private enterprises, as late as 1832, were unsuccessful in the accom¬ 
 plishment of any good results; and it was not until Capt. Fremont, in 
 1842 and 1844, had made surveying and exploring expeditions, that the 
 government knew any thing of the character of its newly acquired 
 domain. 
 
 From this time until 1858, fur-traders, explorers, emigrants bound for 
 the Pacific coast, and Mormons on their way to Utah, were the only 
 white men who ventured into these regions. In 1858, however, a 
 prospecting party from Georgia established a lodgment on the Platte 
 near the present site of Denver. They were soon joined by others, 
 who, hearing of the discovery of gold, flocked to the new Eldorado. 
 Several towns were established, and efforts to form a territorial 
 government were at once inaugurated. 
 
 A territorial government was not fully consummated till 1861, when, 
 with William Gilpin as governor, Colorado first became an organiza¬ 
 tion under the United States. The young territory grew rapidly in 
 
COLORADO. 
 
 227 
 
 population, and had hardly acquired a territorial standing before 
 efforts were made to secure state privileges, which came near being 
 successful in 1865, when President Johnson vetoed the “enabling 
 act” passed by Congress for that purpose. Continued prosperity- 
 attended the territory, however, and the tide of immigration flowed 
 in unabated. 
 
 State History. — In the winter of 1874-75 another effort 
 was made to secure a state government. These efforts were 
 successful; and the necessary laws having been enacted by 
 Congress (March 3, 1875), a constitution adopted by the people 
 (July 1, 1876), and state officers elected (Oct. 3, 1876), the state 
 government of Colorado was inaugurated in November, 1876, 
 making the thirty-eighth state in the Union. From the date 
 of its admission, Colorado is fitly called the “Centennial State.” 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 For purposes of local government the state is divided into 
 counties, of which there are at present thirty-eight. The lead¬ 
 ing cities and towns are as follows : — 
 
 Denver (35,630) is the capital of the state, its commercial 
 metropolis, and the chief railroad center of this part of the 
 United States. The city was first settled in 1858, and for about 
 fifteen years had a moderate and steady growth, which gave 
 place in 1872 to a remarkable era of prosperity, which has 
 not yet ended. 
 
 The city is beautifully laid out, and is located at the junction of Cherry 
 Creek and the South Platte River, a few miles from the base of the 
 foot-hills which rise and gradually recede into the mountains. Long’s 
 Peak and Pike’s Peak are both visible in the distance. 
 
 Denver has a well-ordered city government, water-works, gas-works, 
 electric-lighting establishments, telephone, street-railways, and all other 
 conveniences of a metropolis. 
 
 Among the finest public buildings are the Union Depot, Tabor Grand 
 Opera-House, Tabor Block, Windsor Hotel, St. James Hotel. There 
 are also a mining and industrial exposition of great proportions anc 
 interest, a branch of the United-States Mint, a board of trade, and a 
 stock exchange. 
 
 The public-school system of the city of Denver is of special excellence. 
 A high school and numerous ward schools have been provided; anc 
 no expense has been spared to keep the requirements up to the 
 demand. 
 
 Leadville (14,820), the county seat of Lake County, is the 
 second city in size and importance in the state. This city is 
 situated near the Arkansas River, on California Gulch, and was 
 settled in 1876. The surrounding scenery is grand and impos¬ 
 ing. It is the leading silver-mining center in Colorado. 
 
 Gunnison City, the county seat of Gunnison County, was laid out in 
 1879. R h as g as an d water works, theaters, banks, churches, newspapers, 
 and public schools. It is connected with Denver by two lines of railway, 
 and is the distributing point for the many mining-camps in South-western 
 Colorado. Important manufacturing establishments are located here. 
 
 Boulder, the county seat of Boulder County, is an important railroad 
 center, and has a large and growing trade and business. The coal-mines 
 in the vicinity afford its most important industry; but extensive gold and 
 silver mines, and important manufacturing interests, all contribute to its 
 prosperity. 
 
 Boulder is also a literary center of the state, being the seat of the Uni¬ 
 versity of Colorado. 
 
 Colorado Springs, the county seat of El Paso County, was settled in 
 1871, and has already become a flourishing and prosperous city. It is situ¬ 
 ated in the vicinity of many points of interest to the tourist, and is the resort 
 of thousands who make it the base of their excursions to Manitou, Pike’s 
 Peak, the Garden of the Gods, Monument Park, Engleman’s Canon, etc. 
 It has many fine buildings, and has superior educational facilities, with ex¬ 
 cellent public schools. Colorado College and Deaf-Mute Institute are 
 located here. 
 
 Georgetown, the county seat of Clear Creek County, is the oldest and 
 one of the most important mining towns in the state. It has a flourishing 
 mining business, and large sampling and reduction works. There are many 
 points of interest in the vicinity, and it is an important radiating point for 
 miners and tourists. 
 
 Alamosa — situated on the Rio Grande in the 
 famous San Luis Valley, is surrounded by 
 grand scenery, and is the center of a flour¬ 
 ishing business, in which the cattle, wool, 
 and farming interests are important features. 
 
 Aspen — the county seat of Pitkin County, was 
 laid out in 1879, but has already become a 
 flourishing community, with good stores, 
 smelting-furnaces, etc. 
 
 Black Hawk is situated about 35 miles west of 
 Denver, in Gilpin County. The many gold 
 and silver mines in the vicinity make it one 
 of the important mining towns of the state. 
 It is closely allied with its neighbor, Central 
 City, in business and social intercourse. 
 
 Breckenridge — the county seat of Summit Coun¬ 
 ty, is situated on Blue River, on the Pacific 
 slope of the main range. It is a thriving 
 town, with smelters and other mining ad¬ 
 juncts. It has good schools and a great 
 variety of business interests. 
 
 Buena Vista — the county seat of Chaffee Coun¬ 
 ty, is situated on the Arkansas River, at the 
 junction of the Denver and Southern Pacific 
 Division of the Union Pacific Railway with 
 the Denver and Rio Grande. It has a flour¬ 
 ishing business, and good banks, churches, 
 and schools. 
 
 Canon City — the county seat of Fremont Coun¬ 
 ty, is situated at the foot of the mountains, 
 and on the left bank of the Arkansas River. 
 It has a good business with the farming 
 community around it. It commands some 
 of the finest mountain scenery in the world. 
 The state penitentiary is located here. 
 
 Del Norte — the county seat of Rio Grande Coun¬ 
 ty, is the center of a fine farming community, 
 and enjoys a good trade with the surround¬ 
 ing country. 
 
 Durango — the county seat of La Plata County, 
 is situated on the Pacific Slope, and is sur¬ 
 rounded by fine farming-lands, and some of 
 the best timbered lands in the state. The 
 coal-mines near by are an important element 
 of its prosperity. 
 
 Fort Collins — the county seat of Larimer Coun¬ 
 ty, was settled as a colony in 1871. It is a 
 favorite resort for tourists visiting the neigh¬ 
 boring mountain-parks. It is situated in a 
 fine farming section, and supports good pub¬ 
 lic schools and a large public library. 
 
 Greeley — the county seat of Weld County and 
 the principal market-town in its portion of 
 the state, was organized as a colony in 1870. 
 It has a fine business with the surrounding 
 country, and supports an excellent public 
 school. 
 
 Longmont — situated in Boulder County, is an 
 important town in a fine farming region. It 
 is beautifully laid out, and is a popular stop¬ 
 ping-place for parties visiting Estes Park 
 and other contiguous mountain-resorts. 
 
 Manitou is one of the most noted pleasure-re¬ 
 sorts in the state, and is well supplied with 
 every thing required by the invalid or the 
 tourist. 
 
 Rico — the county seat of Dolores County, and an 
 important mining town, has stamp-mills, 
 smelting-works, banks, churches, and excel¬ 
 lent schools, both public and private. 
 
 Surrounded by the richest mines in the state, it is pre-eminently a min¬ 
 ing city. Numerous large smelting and reduction works, with stamp- 
 mills and other mining interests, afford the principal business of the 
 city. 
 
 The city has a good system of public schools, with excellent buildings, 
 which are a credit to the enterprise and taste of the people. 
 
 Pueblo, county seat of Pueblo County, on the north bank of the Arkansas 
 River, and South Pueblo, on the opposite side of that stream, constitute one 
 of the most populous and important manufacturing centers of the state. 
 Among the most prominent industries are steel and iron foundries, lolling- 
 mills, nail-mills, car-shops, smelters, etc. 
 
 A rich agricultural region lying to the east is tributary to the cities, and 
 important railroad lines center here. 
 
 Both cities are efficiently organized with good local governments, watei- 
 works, and fire departments, and maintain excellent systems of public schools. 
 
 Other important mining towns are Adelaide, Alma, Alpine, Ashcroft 
 Bonanza, Caribou, Coal Creek, Cochetopa, Columbia, Crested Butte, fair 
 play, Frisco, Garfield, Gold Hill, Gothic, Irwin, Kokomo, Lake City, Ne- 
 vadaville, Ohio City, Ouray, Pitkin, Red Cliff, Robinson, Rosita, Silver 
 Plume, Silverton, Teller, Tin Cup, and Tucson. 
 
 Box Elder, Como, Deer Trail, El Moro, El Paso, Elbert, Evans, Fort 
 Garland, Gardner, Grand Junction, Hugo, Kit Carson, Kiowa, La Junta, 
 Loveland, Saguache, and Walsenburg are important from their agricultural 
 
 surroundings. 
 
 The Alpine Tunnel, Antelope Springs, Brookvale, Cottonwood Springs, 
 Dome Rock, Elkhorn, Estabrook Park, Estes Park. South Park, Grand Lake, 
 Grant, Green Lake, Hot Sulphur Springs, Idaho Springs, Morrison, Middle 
 Park, North Park, Pagosa Springs, Poncho Springs, Soda Springs, Twin 
 Lakes, and Wagon-Wheel Gap are noted as the resort of tourists and 
 pleasure-seekers. 
 
228 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 size of California, and near¬ 
 ly the same size as Idaho, 
 Minnesota, or Kansas. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 As indicated by its loca¬ 
 tion, Utah is divided into 
 two great plateau regions, 
 differing, however, very 
 widely in all their surface 
 features. The eastern and 
 western parts of the terri¬ 
 tory are of about the same 
 elevation, — 5,000 feet 
 above the sea-level. 
 
 Mountains. — Rising 
 from this plain, the chief 
 mountain range is the 
 Wahsatch, which extends 
 nearly north and south the 
 entire length of the terri¬ 
 tory. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — What divisions bound Utah on the north? What state on 
 the east? What territory on the south? What state on the west? Over 
 how many degrees, north and south, does it extend? According to the 
 scale, how many miles ? 
 
 Surface. — What general natural regions is the surface divided into from 
 north to south? Name of the principal mountain range? Names of its 
 minor divisions ? 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. —What large lake in the northern part? What other 
 lakes, and where? Have these lakes surface outlets? What is the lamest 
 
 o 
 
 river? Describe its course. Where do its waters reach the ocean? Name 
 some of its chief tributaries. What other considerable streams ? Into what 
 bodies of water do they flow? 
 
 Counties and Cities.— In what part of Utah is the principal tier of 
 settled counties ? Extending in what direction ? Name the counties north 
 of the central county. Name those south of it. Name and locate the capi¬ 
 tal. What are the largest cities north of it? What south of it? [Name 
 your county. Its county-seat. In what part of the territory is it ?] 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 84,970 square miles. Population [in 1880), 143,963.] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Utah occupies the eastern part of the Great Basin and the 
 western part of the upper valley of the Colorado. It is included 
 between 37 0 and 42 0 io' north latitude and 109° and 114 0 west 
 longitude. 
 
 The Great Basin is a remarkable depression of land lying between the 
 Sierra Nevada and Wahsatch mountains, mostly in Utah and Nevada. 
 Much of the land is an arid waste, with no streams and little vegeta¬ 
 tion. The waters of the rivers have no outlet to the sea, and disap¬ 
 pear in sinks or in salt lakes. 
 
 In shape Utah is nearly a parallelogram, 350 miles in length north and 
 south, and 280 miles in width. In area it is a little more than half the 
 
 The Uintah Mountains are 
 an eastern spur of the Wahsatch, extending at right angles from the 
 main range to the north-eastern boundary of the territory. The high¬ 
 est elevations in the territory are in this minor range, which, in the 
 cases of Reed’s and Hayden’s peaks, reach to nearly 14,000 feet above 
 the sea. The highest points in the Wahsatch Range are Mounts 
 Nebo and Baldy, each about 12,000 feet high. 
 
 The western part of the territory consists in part of barren alkaline • 
 deserts, or of plains covered with a scattering growth of sage-brush 
 and grease-wood. Toward the Nevada line are several short ranges 
 of mountains. 
 
 Valleys. — Extending from the crests of the Wahsatch 
 Range are numerous spurs and lateral ranges, between which 
 are found many very fertile valleys supporting a thrifty and 
 prosperous people. 
 
 Among the more important of these valleys are the Salt Lake, Bear 
 Lake, and Utah valleys, adjacent to the lakes from which they are 
 named; the Bear River, Weber, Upper and Lower Sevier, Ogden, and 
 Provo valleys, lying along the rivers of the same name; and the Pah 
 Vant, Beaver, Parowan, and Tintic valleys, named after the mountains 
 in their immediate vicinity. 
 
 Outside of the Great Basin, the most important valley is that of the 
 Virgin River, in the south-western part of the territory. 
 
 The high tablelands of Eastern Utah south of the Uintah 
 Range partake somewhat of the surface features and charac¬ 
 teristics of Colorado and Wyoming. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 Western Utah. — West of the Wahsatch Range there are 
 no waters that reach the ocean. All the streams flow into 
 salt lakes, or disappear in sinks in the desert. 
 
 Great Salt Lake, which receives the drainage of about 20,000 square 
 miles, is the largest saline lake in the United States. It is 80 miles 
 long and 40 miles wide, and covers an area of over 3,000 square miles. 
 
UTAH. 
 
 229 
 
 Its waters contain 22 per cent of salt. The largest streams flowing 
 into it are the Bear River, Weber River, and the Jordan. 
 
 Utah Lake is a fresh-water lake, having the Jordan River for its outlet. 
 
 Sevier River flows into Sevier Lake, a body of saline water 20 miles long 
 and 10 miles wide. 
 
 Bear Lake, lying partly in Utah and partly in Idaho, is remarkable for its 
 beauty and picturesque scenery. 
 
 The rivers within the rim of the Great Basin are all short streams, rising 
 in the mountains, and are especially serviceable for the irrigation of 
 the agricultural valleys through which they flow. 
 
 There are abundant indications to show that a large part of the Great 
 Basin was once occupied by a great inland sea, of which the largest 
 remnant is now the Great Salt Lake. There are also indications that 
 this gradual subsidence is still going on, and that the great saline lake 
 is lowering its level year by year. 
 
 On account of the great percentage of saline matter in solution in the 
 lake, no animal life is possible in its waters. The specific gravity is 
 one-sixth greater than that of pure water, which enables it to float the 
 human body lightly on its surface. The character of the salts held 
 in solution is also such as to render the waters remarkably curative 
 and invigorating to the bather; and thus the lake has become the lesoit 
 of many people who seek its shores either for health or pleasure. 
 
 Eastern Utah. —The eastern half of the territory, which in 
 its general physical character belongs to the Colorado river 
 system, has several noble streams. The most important are 
 the Green and the Grand rivers, which unite in the eastern 
 part of the territory to form the main stream of the Colorado ; 
 and the San Juan, which has a course of 150 miles in the 
 extreme south-eastern part of the territory. The Virgin River, 
 also belonging to the Colorado system, drains the south-western 
 corner of the territory. 
 
 All the streams of the Colorado system have worn deep valleys or 
 cations in the soft limestone in many parts of their courses. The 
 canons of the Colorado River proper constitute the most magnificent 
 natural feature of their kind in the world. The mysteries of these 
 canons were first penetrated by Professor J. W. Powell of the United 
 States Geological Survey, in 1869. He entered Green River with his 
 adventurous party at a point in Wyoming Territory near the Utah line, 
 and, after nearly three months of exploration, came out at the foot of 
 the Grand Canon of the Colorado, in Western Arizona. 
 
 Scenery. — The surfuce 3 nd drebnuge fe 3 tures of Ut 3 h con¬ 
 tribute to muke its scenery grand 3 nd picturesque. The terri¬ 
 tory ubounds in splendid mountnin views, beuutiful takes, vnst 
 chusms worn by the wuter or rent usunder by eurthquukes, 
 extensive tav3-fields, extinct volcunoes, 3 nd huge rocks stnnding 
 like monuments of 3 race of gtants. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 The clim3te of Ut3h h3s the general chnracteristics of the 
 Grent Bnsin. The sir is exceedingly dry, owing to the light 
 rainfnll. On the ptains the ctays in summer 3 re intensely hot, 
 but the nights 3re cool 3 nd refreshing. In the vulleys, 3 t 
 the foot of the mountuins, the summers 3 re delightful, 3 nd the 
 winters mild 3nd enjoyuble. The upper vulleys, between the 
 tateral ranges, 3re cool 3 nd pleusunt in summer, 3 nd Irave heuvy 
 snows in winter. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 The resources of Utuh 3 re found muinly in its greut moun- 
 tuin range, the Wtahsutch. Here 3 re the rich stores of mineral 
 weulth thut huve yielded to the skill 3 nd industry of the miner, 
 a nd here is stored the fur richer treusure of the snow, which 
 alone hus mude ugriculture 3 possibility, und thus hus rendered 
 the territory hubituble by nran. 
 
 Soil. — The greater part of Utah is a desert by nature. The soil of the 
 valleys, having largely been produced by w'earing away of the mountain 
 rocks, meets all the requirements of agriculture except the element of 
 moisture, and therefore, when irrigated, yields bountiful returns to the 
 farmer. Even the dry soils of the alkali plains and deserts readily 
 submit to the influence of moisture, and, when washed free of their 
 mineral impurities, are among the most productive in the territory. 
 
 But as the amount of water available for purposes of irrigation is limited, 
 the greater part of the cultivated lands of Utah lie at the western base 
 of the Wahsatch Mountains, and along the streams that take their rise 
 high up the sides of that range. 
 
 The north-eastern part of the territory, having a more regular rainfall, is 
 adapted to grazing, its plains being covered with rich nutritious grasses. 
 The greater part of Utah is treeless. The mountain forests consist 
 chiefly of pine. The cottonwood grows along the banks of the streams. 
 Minerals. — Utah is rich in deposits of silver, iron, copper, lead, and 
 coal; but the leading product of the mines is silver. The mineral 
 wealth of the territory is as yet largely undeveloped, and it is probable 
 that in the end the richest mineral treasures will be found to be among 
 the baser metals rather than in gold and silver. 1 he richest mining 
 districts are in the Wahsatch Range. 
 
 Iron County possesses immense stores of the choicest iron ores, d he 
 granites, marbles, limestones, and slates are also of the best quality, 
 and are found in abundance in several counties. 
 
 The mountain streams, in addition to their service in irrigation, afford 
 excellent and abundant water-power for running various mills, chiefly 
 for the manufacture of flour, woolen goods, etc. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Agriculture und mining 3 re the chief industries of the people 
 of the territory ; but considerable numbers sre also engsged in 
 munufuctures, herding, 3nd the vnrious branches of commerce. 
 
 Agriculture. — The leading farm products are wheat, bailey, oats, ■vege¬ 
 tables, and fruit. In Southern Utah the irrigated valleys produce 
 cotton, tobacco, rice, and grapes in abundance. 
 
 According to the census of 1880, there were in the territory 9 , 45 2 farms, 
 containing 655,524 acres, nearly two-thirds of which were improved. 
 These farms were valued at over $14,000,000, or over $20 per acre. It 
 is notable that the average size of these farms is only 69 acres, which 
 is below the average in any other state or territory. 
 
 This feature is a peculiarity of Utah farming, by which a few acres are 
 carefully watered and tended like a garden, thus yielding the richest 
 return to the thrifty husbandman. 
 
 Market-gardening for the supply of the many mining camps and larger 
 towns in the territory is also a profitable pursuit. 
 
 The hardy fruits and vegetables of the temperate zone are grown in the 
 northern districts, while the sub-tropical region around the head waters 
 of the Virgin River yields grapes, oranges, apricots, and other fruits. 
 Mining.— In 1881 the total product of the mines of the territory was 
 estimated to exceed $7,000,000. Of this, by far the greatei part was 
 silver. Gold is mined independently to some extent, and also in con¬ 
 nection with silver. Lead is an incidental product of silver-mining. 
 Coal is chiefly mined for manufacturing and railroad uses. Copper is 
 found in rich deposits, and its product promises to be very large. 
 Excellent building-stone is found in many localities, and good quarries 
 are already opened up, adequate for local needs. 
 
 Stock-raising is a growing industry in both Eastern and W estern Utah. 
 In 1880 the value"of live-stock in the territory was over $3,300,000, but 
 since that time it has much more than doubled in value. 
 
 In Eastern Utah stock-raising on an extensive scale is only just begun, 
 but that region is capable of maintaining large herds of cattle. 
 
 The wool product of 1880 was nearly 1,000,000 pounds, and in 1SS3 
 about twice that quantity. 
 
 The manufactures of Utah consist chiefly of flour, woolen goods, and 
 machinery, together with the varied products required by a thrifty 
 industrial population. 
 
 It is a peculiarity of the territory that there is hardly an essential of 
 comfortable and intelligent living which its people do not produce or 
 manufacture within their own borders. 
 
230 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 Commerce. — The exports of the territory largely exceed the imports, 
 and wealth and capital are constantly increasing, in. return for the 
 product of her soils, mines, and herds. 
 
 There are no navigable rivers in Utah, but the railroad shipping facilities 
 are of unusual excellence. It is connected with Nevada and California 
 by the Central Pacific Railroad, and with the Mississippi valley by the 
 Union Pacific. It also has an important connection with the Colorado 
 system of railroads by a line coming into the territory through the 
 Grand River valley, and extending through Emery and Utah counties 
 to Salt Lake City. 
 
 There are also numerous local railroads extending into the agricultural 
 and mining districts. 
 
 The Utah and Northern Railroad gives the territory connection with the 
 Northern Pacific Railroad. 
 
 than that of any other territory. The amount of taxation de¬ 
 voted to education and public improvements was also greater 
 than that in any other territory in the Union. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Utah contains twenty-four counties, twenty of which are 
 organized. Among the more important cities and towns are 
 the following : — 
 
 Salt Lake City (20,768), the capital and largest city of the 
 territory, is situated in the northern part of Utah, 12 miles from 
 the southern shore of Great Salt Lake, and under the shadow 
 of the Wahsatch Mountains. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Utah has a territorial government under laws enacted by the 
 Congress of the United States or by the territorial Legislature. 
 
 The chief executive officers are the governor and secretary, appointed 
 by the President of the United States with the consent of the Senate. 
 
 The legislative department consists of two houses, — the Council, consist¬ 
 ing of twelve members; and the House of Representatives, of twenty- 
 four members. They are elected by the people for terms of two years, 
 and meet biennially on the first Monday in January of odd years. 
 
 The judiciary of the territory consists of a Supreme Court (a chief justice 
 and two associates), district courts held in various parts of the territory 
 by the justices of the Supreme Court, courts of probate, and justices’ 
 courts. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 The city is finely laid out with broad streets handsomely shaded. The 
 yards and gardens in the residence part of the town are spacious and 
 elegantly maintained, being irrigated by streams of water running on 
 either side of the public streets. 
 
 The city is the chief center and seat of government of the Mormon 
 Church, which has a large membership throughout Utah and the adja¬ 
 cent territories. Among its most prominent features are the temple 
 (not yet completed), the tabernacle, and a number of fine private build¬ 
 ings. 
 
 Salt Lake City is the metropolis of trade for the territory, and the center 
 of an excellent system of railways. The traffic of the Union and 
 Central Pacific and the Utah and Northern roads comes into the city 
 over the Utah Central from Ogden, and there is an important system 
 of territorial roads connecting the city with nearly every fertile valley 
 and mining camp in the territory. 
 
 Utah has a territorial system of public schools, and there is 
 no general school fund for the support of public education. 
 
 The schools are supported by local taxation levied by each district, and 
 by a territorial tax of three-tenths of one per cent distributed to the 
 several districts on the basis of school population. 
 
 The general supervision of the school system is intrusted to a territo¬ 
 rial superintendent of schools, assisted by a county superintendent 
 and a county board of school examiners in each county. 
 
 The territorial university, called the University of Deseret, is located at 
 Salt Lake City. It is liberally supported from the public funds, and 
 maintains a Normal department of high grade. 
 
 Several of the larger towns maintain graded schools: and among the 
 leading private institutions are Salt Lake Academy, Rocky Mountain 
 Seminary, and St. Mark’s School, at Salt Lake City; Brigham Young 
 College, at Logan; and Brigham Young Academy, at Provo. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 The soil of Utah was part of the extensive territory acquired 
 by the United States from Mexico by the treaty of 1848. 
 
 When California was organized as a state by Act of Congress, 
 in 1850, the newly acquired region to the east, lying north of 
 the 37th parallel, was organized as Utah Territory. 
 
 Utah then included, in addition to its present limits, parts of 
 Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado. It has occupied its present 
 area since the organization of Wyoming Territory, in 1868. 
 
 The first settlement made within the territory was at Salt Lake City, in 
 1847. On the twenty-fourth day of June of that year, Brigham Young, 
 with about one hundred and fifty Mormon followers, reached the site 
 of the present city, and decided to found there a place of refuge for 
 the followers of his faith. They had successively attempted settle¬ 
 ments in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, but wherever they had settled 
 they were subjected to severe persecution. 
 
 The successful migration to Utah, and the subsequent growth and pros¬ 
 perity of the territory, were largely due to the skill and leadership of Brig¬ 
 ham Young, who was the head of the Mormon Church from 1844 to 1877. 
 
 In 1880 the assessed valuation of real and personal property 
 was nearly twenty-five millions of dollars, which was greater 
 
 Ogden (6,096), near Great Salt Lake, is the county seat of 
 Weber County, and the second largest town in the territory. 
 It is the point of junction of the Union and Central Pacific 
 railroads,' running east and west, and also of the Utah and 
 Northern and the Utah Central, running north and south. 
 
 The city is the center of a fine trade, and is handsomely and substan¬ 
 tially built. It has schools of a superior character, and large and 
 growing manufacturing interests. 
 
 Logan — the county seat of Cache County, is the 
 trade center of the extreme north-eastern 
 part of the territory. It has considerable 
 manufactures and excellent water-power. It 
 is in the center of a fine wheat, stock, and 
 dairy region. 
 
 It has excellent public and private schools, and 
 is the seat of Brigham Young College. 
 
 Provo — county seat of Utah County, is situated 
 near the foot of Provo valley, about 48 miles 
 from Salt Lake City. It has excellent water¬ 
 power, which is used mainly in the manufac¬ 
 ture of woolen goods. It is the seat of the 
 Utah Insane Asylum and of Brigham Young 
 Academy. 
 
 Springville — in Utah County, is the terminus 
 of a narrow-gauge railroad running to the 
 Pleasant valley coal-mines. It has a large 
 mercantile and shipping business, and is a 
 rapidly growing place. 
 
 Manti — county seat of San Pete County, is the 
 trade center of the San Pete valley, a rich 
 farming, grazing, and dairy region. 
 
 Mount Pleasant and Ephraim City are also 
 important business towns in the San Pete 
 valley. 
 
 Brigham City — county seat of Box Elder 
 County, near the northern shores of Great 
 Salt Lake, is an important trading town in 
 the northern part of the territory. It has 
 considerable manufactures of woolen goods 
 and leather. 
 
 St. George — county seat of Washington County, 
 is the chief trading center in the fertile valley 
 of the Virgin River. It is the largest town 
 in the territory outside the borders of the 
 Great Basin. Silver Reef is the leading 
 mining town in this region. 
 
 Park City and Colville — in Summit County, are 
 situated on a branch of the Union Pacific 
 Railroad, and are engaged chiefly in the 
 mining of coal for railroad and manufactur¬ 
 ing purposes. 
 
 Corinne —on Bear River, is an important ship¬ 
 ping and trading point on the line of the 
 Central Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Beaver City — county seat of Beaver County, is 
 the chief town and business center in the 
 rich valley of the same name. The county 
 is mainly devoted to farming and stock- 
 raising. In the amount of wool product it 
 ranks third in the territory. 
 
 The following towns, each having between 1,000 and 2,500 
 inhabitants in 1880, are worthy of mention: — 
 
 Hyrum, Richmond, Smithfield, and Wells- 
 ville — thriving towns in Cache County: 
 
 Kaysville — a shipping point and trading center 
 in Davis County; 
 
 Nephi — county seat of Juab County, and the 
 chief town in the fertile Juab valley; 
 
 Fairview — in San Pete County, commanding a 
 wonderful view of the lofty Mount Nebo; 
 
 Richfield — county seat of Sevier County, and 
 trading center of the Upper Sevier valley; 
 
 Grantsville and Tooele — in Tooele County, the 
 latter the county seat; 
 
 American Fork, Lehi, Pleasant Grove, and 
 Spanish Fork — thriving railroad towns in 
 Utah County, on the shores of Utah Lake; 
 and 
 
 Heber City — county seat of Wahsatch County, 
 and chief commercial point in the Upper 
 Provo valley. 
 
NEW MEXICO. 
 
 231 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — What is the shape of New Mexico? Accord¬ 
 ing to the scale of miles, what is the length of one side of it? 
 What state on the north ? What state forms most of the east¬ 
 ern boundary and a part of the southern ? What country on 
 the south ? What division bounds it on the west? What par¬ 
 allel crosses it near the middle ? What degree of longitude 
 would divide this territory into two equal parts ? 
 
 Surface — What portions are most moun¬ 
 tainous ? What general mountain range 
 crosses it, and in what direction ? What 
 minor ranges are there ? Where are the 
 more level portions ? The Staked 
 Plain ? What is the general slope of 
 the land as shown by the flowing 
 waters ? 
 
 Rivers. — What two principal riv¬ 
 ers cross New Mexico ? Describe 
 their course. Which is the larger? 
 
 What other rivers have head waters 
 here ? What parts appear to be 
 well watered? What portions lack 
 streams ? 
 
 Counties and Cities. — How 
 many counties in New Mexico ? 
 
 Through what counties does the Rio 
 Grande flow ? What important places 
 on this river? Name the capital, 
 and describe its location. From the 
 map, what counties appear to be most thickly settled ? 
 regions are most of the cities and towns ? 
 
 ANCIENT INDIAN PUEBLO 
 
 VN/'-. 
 
 ON THE UPPER RIO GRANDE. 
 
 In what natural 
 
 them are found the Oscura, Organ, San Andres, Sacramento, 
 and Guadaloupe ranges. West of the Rio Grande River, the 
 Zuni, Datil, Tularosa, Mimbres, and Pinos Altos ranges are 
 the most important. The eastern portion of the territory, 
 together with much that lies up between the mountain ranges, 
 consists of extensive plateaus, where excellent native grasses 
 abound, and where the principal pastoral interests of the ter¬ 
 ritory flourish. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 122,580 square miles. Population [1880), 119,565 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 The Territory of New Mexico is situated in the south-west¬ 
 ern portion of the United States, its western portion being 
 traversed by the Rocky Mountains, while its eastern extends 
 through a series of plateaus and tablelands into the great 
 grazing regions which occupy so much of the western slope 
 of the Mississippi valley. 
 
 It is bounded by Colorado on the north, in latitude 37 0 north; by the 
 Indian Territory and Texas on the east; and by Arizona on the west, 
 lying between the 103d and 109th degrees of longitude west from 
 Greenwich; and on the south by Texas and Mexico in an irregular 
 line. 
 
 New Mexico is about 370 miles long from east to. west, while from north 
 to south it is about 335 miles. It ranks fifth in size, and forty-first in 
 population, among all the states and territories. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 The surface presents all the variety of mountain, plateau, 
 and valley, the larger portion being a mountainous plateau. 
 
 The Santa Fd, Las Vegas, and Taos ranges, forming a part of the main 
 axis of the Rocky Mountains, occupy a central position in the north 
 end of the territory west of the Rio Grande River, while south of 
 
 New Mexico sends her waters to either ocean. 
 
 The Rio Grande, which has its source in the mountains of Colorado, 
 flows south through the territory draining its central portion, and 
 passing out as the boundary between Texas and Mexico. It receives 
 into its channel a great many small streams, the largest of which are 
 the Rio Chama and Rio Puerco. Numerous small streams which 
 drain the north-eastern part of the territory form the Canadian, and 
 find their way through Texas, the Indian Territory, and Arkansas, 
 into the Mississippi River as the Arkansas. 
 
 The south-eastern portion of the territory is drained by the Rio Pecos, 
 which receives innumerable small tributaries, and joins the Rio Grande 
 after flowing through the western part of Texas. 
 
 The waters of the western part of the territory are tributary to the 
 Pacific Ocean through the Colorado River, which they reach by way 
 of the head waters of the San Juan from the extreme north-western 
 corner, the Little Colorado from the central portions, and the Gila 
 from the south-western corner, and through some other unimportant 
 streams. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate of New Mexico is remarkable for its uniformity. 
 The summers are moderate, and extremely hot weather is of 
 rare occurrence, while the winters are neither long nor severe. 
 
 The atmosphere is pure and dry. This serves to moderate the ex¬ 
 tremes of cold in the higher localities, and of the heat in the plains 
 and valleys. The rainy season, which usually lasts during July and 
 August, is not a continuous rain, but is rather a season of frequent 
 showers, which usually continue for a few hours, with periods of sun- 
 
113 110 Longitude West from Greenwich 107 
 
 X. Pecos 
 
 
 •s±w 
 
 93 UQNV ' 
 
 
 V/»^2£ 
 
 JUUi'lU’K 
 
 U A 
 
 
 f&xbicu. C)'. 
 
 ■ Jfl <5 iSaritcJ&L 
 
 Silio Vjfr 
 
 *«*W 
 
 ssbamb 
 
 'io v J ^'"Wva, 
 
 
 3 / ''?nd 
 
 H BA i_5 M T S. 
 
 '•fr>jo') 
 
 a 
 
 Y 
 
 Si 
 
NEW MEXICO. 
 
 2 33 
 
 shine. The atmosphere is heavily charged with electricity, and tele¬ 
 graph and other electric wires are often affected. Owing to atmos¬ 
 pheric influences, objects at a distance appear much nearer than they 
 really are. All the climatic influences tend to health and comfort. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 The material natural resources of New Mexico are of great 
 importance, though as yet they have not been so far developed 
 as to make their value known to the commercial world. 
 
 Soil. — The soil in the valleys is a rich and sandy loam, capable of 
 producing excellent crops; and, while the greater part of the territory 
 is by no means an agricultural country, there are millions of acres 
 which, with irrigation, can be made rich and productive. 
 
 Minerals. — Important discoveries of the precious minerals have been 
 made, and enough has been developed to show that the territory is rich 
 in gold and silver. The most important mines have been opened in the 
 south-western portion of the territory in the vicinity of Deming, Silver 
 City, and Lordsburg; and gold and silver are found in all the usual 
 formations peculiar to the Rocky Mountains. Important mines are 
 also worked in the central part of the territory in the regions around 
 Socorro, and also in the north-west in the San Juan region. 
 
 Several varieties of iron ores are found in different parts of the terri¬ 
 tory. 
 
 Important mines of copper have been discovered, and are already 
 worked to advantage in many parts, notably in the vicinity of Santa 
 Rita in the south-west, and Glorieta in the north-central portions of 
 the territory. 
 
 An excellent article of coal is found in many parts of the territory in 
 abundance. Important mines are worked in the northern part near 
 Raton, in the vicinity of Socorro in the central part, and in the ex¬ 
 treme western border near Gallup and Defiance. 
 
 Among other geological products of the territory may be mentioned 
 lead, salt, soda, sulphur, plumbago, mica, gypsum, cement, granite, 
 and building-stone in great variety. 
 
 Forests. — The eastern portion of the territory is mostly free from 
 timber; but the western part, including the north-central, has a good 
 supply for home requirements. 
 
 Scenery. — The natural scenery throughout the territory is very fine, 
 presenting every variety of wildness and beauty. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 At the present time New Mexico is pre-eminently a stock- 
 raising region, but the mining and commercial interests are 
 being rapidly developed. 
 
 Stock-raising. — The range is ample and generally well watered, and 
 affords feed for cattle, with a little shifting, the year round. Vast 
 herds roam at will, with a few watchers; while in many localities the 
 ranges are inclosed, and cattle are kept well in hand, and an effort is 
 made to improve the stock as well as to get them ready for the market. 
 
 There are localities where the range is sufficient, but where the water is 
 scarce; but efforts are being made to provide for this deficiency by 
 irrigation and by artesian wells. 
 
 Sheep-raising is an important interest; and this territory has more sheep 
 in its ranges than any other state or territory in the Union, and yields 
 the greatest product of wool. While this business is considered a 
 little less certain in its results, it is more profitable than cattle-raising, 
 on account of the quicker returns from an investment. 
 
 Mining. — The mining interests of the territory embrace gold and silver 
 mines, yielding large quantities of ore, and affording employment to 
 thousands of men. Coal-mining is also an important industry, and the 
 labor and capital employed are very great; while the copper, iron, and 
 other mines all tend to enhance the mining value of the territory, 
 which is fast assuming importance among the mining regions of the 
 west. 
 
 Farming. — In the rich valleys there are many farms where good atten¬ 
 tion secures excellent returns. Corn, wheat, and garden products are 
 the principal crops. 
 
 Manufactures. — The most important manufacturing interests of the 
 territory are those connected with mining business in the way of 
 smelters, etc., for the treatment of the ores of gold, silver, and copper, 
 and with the railroad interests through machine-shops, etc.; though 
 there are other manufacturing interests of no mean importance, among 
 which may be named the production of jewelry of a peculiar style, 
 noted for its richness and beauty. 
 
 Commerce. — The commerce of the territory consists in the marketing 
 of its cattle and wool products, and the results of its mining interests, 
 on the one hand, and of the purchase of the goods, wares, and mer¬ 
 chandise demanded by her people, on the other. 
 
 The railroad facilities of the territory embrace connections with the 
 Pacific Ocean through California and Mexico, over four different 
 routes, and with the Atlantic and the great stock-consuming regions 
 of the north and east by as many more. As has been the case in 
 many other localities, the railroads have led the way to the develop¬ 
 ment of the country, and much of the thrift and prosperity of this 
 region is due to them. 
 
 Lumbering. — The lumber interests have attracted capital from the older 
 lumbering regions of the north; and large mills are in operation in 
 several localities, notably in the plateaus and foot-hills of the San 
 Francisco Mountains, and in some ranges of the continental divide. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The territory of New Mexico, like all the other territories, 
 is largely governed under the provisions of the United States 
 statutes. 
 
 The governor and other territorial officers are appointed by the Presi¬ 
 dent of the United States, and confirmed by the Senate, and are paid 
 out of the United States treasury. 
 
 The local legislative authority is vested in a territorial Assembly, com¬ 
 posed of two branches, —a House of Representatives and a Legisla¬ 
 tive Council, — the members of which are elected by the people for 
 two years. Sessions are held biennially in the even years. 
 
 The judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court with three judges, district 
 courts, circuit courts, and other courts of inferior jurisdiction. These 
 officers are charged with the administration of justice under the laws 
 of the United States and of the territory. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 The educational system of New Mexico is not yet fully 
 developed ; and, as in all territories, there is no public school 
 fund. There is a territorial organization, but the more impor¬ 
 tant functions of the educational work devolve upon “ county 
 boards of commissioners.” 
 
 These commissioners are elected by the people, and have general 
 charge of the public school interests of their respective counties, 
 under the laws of the territory. In most cases, schools are provided 
 in every district where the school population is large enough to war¬ 
 rant it. In the cities and towns there are very fair accommodations, 
 and in several instances, superior facilities are afforded. 
 
 In addition to the public schools, there are numerous private and denomi¬ 
 national schools, which are generally well supported and patronized. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 The history of New Mexico is the history of three civiliza¬ 
 tions, and no portion of our country is so rich in traditional 
 lore as this. While it is among the newest in settlement and 
 material advancement, under our present civilization, it is the 
 oldest, in point of what has been, of all the regions of our great 
 republic. 
 
 Three hundred years ago the Spaniards made settlements in New 
 Mexico, planting their banners upon the ruins of a civilization which 
 had flourished and decayed before them. The Zunis, from whom they 
 wrested the territory, had peopled a region which yields to us some of 
 
234 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 the richest fields for antiquarian research on our continent, and which, 
 for interesting study, is not surpassed by the classic regions of the 
 Nile. 
 
 The principal part of this territory came under control of the United 
 States through the “Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo,” Feb. 2, 1848, as 
 the result of the war with Mexico, and by cession from the state of 
 Texas in 1850. The Gadsden Purchase, in 1853, completed the trans¬ 
 fer of a portion of the south-western corner of the territory. 
 
 New Mexico was organized as a territory Sept. 9, 1850, when it included 
 much of the territory now embraced in Colorado, Arizona, and Cali¬ 
 fornia. The territory has occupied its present limits since 1863. 
 For twenty-five years the agricultural and stock-raising interests grew 
 steadily but slowly; and the most important hold the United States 
 had upon the country was through the treaty with the Mexican 
 Government, and the presence of a few soldiers. With the develop¬ 
 ment of its vast mining interests, and the extension of railroad lines 
 in all directions through its limits, the territory has taken on a new 
 life, and is rapidly becoming an enterprising and populous modern 
 community. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 New Mexico contains fourteen counties and the following 
 principal cities and towns : — 
 
 Santa Fe (7,000), the capital city and metropolis of New 
 Mexico, is situated a little north of the center of the territory. 
 Since its occupation by the Spaniards in 1583, until within a 
 few years, it has been important only as the seat of govern¬ 
 ment and as a military, outfitting, and trading post. 
 
 The streets are generally narrow, and the older houses are built of 
 adobe, or sun-dried bricks, among the most interesting of which is the 
 Palace, said to have been built in 1581, and which has served as the 
 home of the local ruler ever since. The church of San Miguel, built 
 in 1640, and now probably the oldest church in the United States, is 
 still in use. 
 
 With the advent of the railroad and the public school, Santa Fe has 
 begun to show signs of a new life; and churches and other public 
 buildings, as well as business houses, have sprung into existence, and 
 the legends of the past are being obliterated by the unmistakable signs 
 of progress. Surrounded by a mining region of untold wealth, and a 
 large area of farming land, which, with irrigation and work, yields 
 great and increasing crops, Santa Fe has at her doors every thing 
 necessary to make her a great city. Water-works, gas-works, and a 
 fire'department are already in existence, and the city is the center of 
 considerable manufactures and an extensive trade. 
 
 Albuquerque ( 8 ,ooo) is beautifully situated in Bernalillo 
 County, in the central part of the territory, and is surrounded 
 by a fine farming and stock-raising country. The old portion 
 of this city dates back to the early Spanish settlements, and is 
 principally built of adobe. The new town was laid out in 1880, 
 and is a marvel of growth and prosperity. 
 
 It has important railroad facilities, which have done much in the way of 
 developing the resources of the town and the surrounding country. 
 It is supplied with gas and water works, newspapers, churches, schools, 
 banks, hotels, and a fine opera-house. Extensive railway-shops are 
 located here; and, in addition to the business which these shops con¬ 
 trol, it has a prosperous trade with the surrounding agricultural com¬ 
 munity. It is an important shipping-point, and has ample facilities 
 for the transaction of a large and rapidly growing business. 
 
 Anton Chico, situated on the head waters of the Rio Pecos, is the center 
 of a fine farming and grazing community. 
 
 Bernalillo is the county seat of Bernalillo County, and is situated on the 
 Rio Grande, south-west of Santa Fe, in the center of a splendid agricultural 
 
 community. It is an old Mexican town, and has for many years been one 
 of the prominent towns in this region of the country, owing to the wealth 
 and influence of her people. It is surrounded by a fine fruit-growing dis¬ 
 trict; and peaches, apples, apricots, and grapes of excellent quality are 
 produced in abundance. It is important as an outfitting point for adjacent 
 mining regions. 
 
 Cimmaron, formerly the county seat of Colfax County, is a beautiful 
 village in the interior, twenty-two miles from the railroad. 
 
 Deming is situated in the south-western part of the territory, at the 
 terminus of Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad, and at its junction 
 with the Southern Pacific. It is surrounded by a fine stock-raising country, 
 and is the center of one of the most promising mining districts in the 
 territory. It has a good trade across the border with Mexico, as well as 
 with the neighboring mining camps. A United States custom-house is 
 located here. 
 
 Fernandez de Taos is located in the valley of the Rio Grande, near the 
 northern end of the territory, and is one of the ancient settlements of the 
 territory, surrounded with much that is of interest to the antiquarian and 
 the historian. It is the county seat of Taos County, and a wealthy and 
 prosperous town. It was the home of the famous frontiersman, Kit Car- 
 son, whose grave may be found in the adjacent cemetery. 
 
 Las Crusces is one of the chief towns in the southern part of the terri¬ 
 tory. It is situated on the east bank of the Rio Grande, and is noted for 
 the extensive and beautiful orchards and vineyards by which it is sur¬ 
 rounded, as well as for the value of the mining interests which are tributary 
 to it. It has also a flourishing business with the adjacent country. 
 
 Las Lunas is the county seat of Valencia County, in the central part of 
 the territory. It is one of the old Mexican towns, and is surrounded by 
 a fine stock-raising region, rich in flocks and herds. 
 
 Las Vegas, owing to its railway machine-shops, etc., is an important 
 station on the great southern route. The town is well built up, has water¬ 
 works, gas-works, street-railway, newspapers, banks, hotels, churches, and 
 schools. There are many important mining regions in the adjacent moun¬ 
 tains, while the valleys produce excellent crops of grain and vegetables. 
 The famous Las Vegas Hot Springs are a few miles distant. The old 
 town of Las Vegas is one of the oldest in the territory, and was an impor¬ 
 tant point on the old “ Santa Fe Trail.” 
 
 Lordsburg is a thriving mining town in the south-western corner of the 
 territory. The most productive mines in the vicinity are those of Shake¬ 
 speare and Pyramid City. 
 
 Mesilla, the county seat of Dona Ana County, is situated on the oppo¬ 
 site bank of the Rio Grande, and a few miles below Las Crusces, and, like 
 its neighbor, is noted for its orchards and vineyards. 
 
 Raton is an important town in the northern end of the territory. It 
 has excellent water-works, hotels, banks, churches, and schools. It is sur¬ 
 rounded by a fine grazing region, and has a large trade in the supplies 
 required by the stockmen. Important gold-mines are located in the vicinity, 
 while silver, copper, lead, iron, and plumbago are also found. Coal-mining 
 is the leading business interest. Railway-shops also employ a large number 
 of people. 
 
 Rincon is the junction of two important railroads, and is a prosperous 
 town surrounded by Mexican settlements, engaged in agriculture and stock- 
 raising. 
 
 Silver City, the county seat of Grant County, is an important towq. 
 The business is largely with the adjacent mines. It is well built, having 
 several banks, numerous large wholesale stores, besides stamp-mills, planing- 
 mills, hotels, churches, and public schools. 
 
 Socorro, the county seat of Socorro County, is an important mining center, 
 many of the best mines in the territory lying in the immediate vicinity. 
 It is beautifully situated in the valley of the Rio Grande, and has large 
 and prosperous outfitting stores, fine churches, and good schools. Exten¬ 
 sive stamp-mills and smelting-works are established here. 
 
 Springer, the county seat of Colfax County, is a prosperous town in the 
 northern part of the state. It is surrounded by a rich stock region, and 
 has a good trade, supplying a large section of country. 
 
ARIZONA. 
 
 2 35 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 Arizona is a succession of 
 tablelands and mesas , rising 
 in successive platforms from 
 a few hundred feet in the 
 south-west, along the Colo¬ 
 rado, to an altitude of 7,000 
 feet in the north. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 CLIFF 
 
 VILLAGE. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP 
 
 IN THE GRAND CANON. 
 
 Situation. — What division 
 forms the northern boundary of 
 Arizona ? What the eastern ? 
 What country bounds it on the 
 south ? What states on the west ? 
 What important river bounds it 
 on the west? What is its gener¬ 
 al shape? What parallel marked 
 on the map crosses the southern 
 part ? According to the scale of 
 miles, what is the distance across 
 it from north to south ? From east to west? 
 
 Surface. — What is the general character of its surface? Name some 
 of the mountains in the south-east. In the central region. Is the average 
 elevation of Arizona high, or low? What celebrated canon is partly in this 
 section ? 
 
 Rivers. — What river system drains this region ? What are the two 
 principal branches here ? Give the location and describe the course of the 
 larger one. The smaller one. Are there many small streams ? 
 
 Counties and Cities. — What counties in the northern part? How many 
 and what counties in the southern half? Which county is the largest in 
 extent? The smallest? Name and locate the capital. Judging from the 
 map, do most of the people live among the mountains, or on the plains ? 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 These great plateaus are every¬ 
 where crossed by a network of 
 mountain ridges, more than 
 fifty in number, with numer¬ 
 ous intervening valleys. 
 
 The highest summit is Hum¬ 
 phrey’s Peak (12,561 feet), in 
 the San Francisco Mountains, 
 near the central part of the 
 territory. The largest valley is that of the Gila River, and the most 
 stupendous canon that of the Colorado. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 Almost the entire area of Arizona is drained by the Colorado 
 River and its tributaries. This great river is one of the longest 
 west of the Rocky Mountains, in which it takes its rise by two 
 branches called the Grand and Green rivers. These rivers 
 unite in Utah, and thence the Colorado flows by a generally 
 south-west course into the Gulf of California. Including Green 
 River, the larger of these head streams, it is about 1,800 miles 
 in length. Its waters assume a reddish color from the falling 
 of the rains upon a soil of red clay : hence the name Colorado 
 or Colored River. 
 
 The Colorado has worn through the soft strata of sandstone a narrow 
 canon to the depth of from 2,000 to 5,000 feet. This dark and gloomy 
 river gorge, 400 miles long, with its stupendous walls, is noted for its 
 grand and desolate scenery. 
 
 The Gila River, the largest tributary of the Colorado, 500 miles long, 
 drains the southern section of the territory. It is a shallow stream 
 during the dry season, but in the season of rains discharges a great 
 volume of muddy and yellow water. 
 
 A few insignificant streams on the extreme southern border of the terri¬ 
 tory flow through Mexico into the Gulf of California. With this ex¬ 
 ception, the Colorado receives the entire drainage of Arizona. 
 
 [Area, 113,020 square miles. Population, 41,580 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation. — Arizona lies between Mexico on the south and 
 Utah on the north. It is included between the parallels of 
 31 0 37' and 37 0 north latitude, and between the meridians of 
 109° 3' and 114 0 25' west longitude. 
 
 Extent. — In shape it is nearly a square, — 370 miles long 
 north and south, and 350 miles wide east and west. In area it 
 is about two-thirds as large as California. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 Arizona has a dry climate. The south-western part of the 
 territory is the driest and hottest region in the United States. 
 In the low and sandy valley of the Colorado, in the vicinity of 
 Yuma, the summer heat is intense, the thermometer frequently 
 rising to 115 0 in the shade. 
 
 The average annual rainfall in this section rarely reaches three inches. 
 The elevated mesas and the mountain regions of central and eastern 
 Arizona have cooler summers, more abundant rains, and colder winters. 
 The rains fall chiefly in the months of July, August, and September. 
 
236 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 V. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Minerals. — Arizona is rich in mines of silver, gold, copper, 
 coal, and salt. Mining is the chief industrial pursuit. The 
 development of the mineral resources is recent; but in 1882 
 the total product of the mines of Arizona was estimated at 
 $ 12,000,000. 
 
 Agriculture. — The greater part of Arizona is too dry for 
 tillage. The valley lands, when irrigated by water from the 
 rivers, produce grain, Indian-corn, beans, vegetables, and fruits, 
 — such as apples, pears, peaches, plums, oranges, lemons, and 
 figs. 
 
 The cultivated lands mostly lie along the Gila River, and in the small 
 mountain valleys of the central and eastern parts of the territory. 
 
 The mountain slopes and valleys afford good natural pasturage, and stock- 
 raising is an important pursuit. 
 
 Forests and Vegetation. — In the central and eastern parts 
 of Arizona there are extensive forests of coniferous trees, such 
 as pines, cedars, and junipers; but, as a whole, Arizona is 
 sparsely wooded. 
 
 On the arid mesas , or level tablelands, the characteristic vegetation is the 
 sage-brush, cactus, prickly-pear, and the maguey or century plant. 
 
 Among the peculiar trees is the mesquite , which bears a bean-like seed, 
 largely used by the Indians for food. 
 
 In the elevated valleys of the mountains the potato is indigenous. 
 
 Commerce. — The trade of Arizona consists chiefly in the 
 export of bullion and ores, and the import of bread-stuffs and 
 manufactured articles. 
 
 The Southern Pacific Railroad crosses the southern part of the territory, 
 connecting it with California and the Gulf of Mexico dnd the Missis¬ 
 sippi valley. This line of road, and the Atlantic and Pacific, which 
 crosses the territory east and west near its central part, give to Arizona 
 excellent facilities for exchanging the products of her mines, and the 
 increase of her fields and herds, for the manufactures of the east. The 
 recent progress of the territory is largely due to these advantages for 
 ready and direct transportation. The Colorado River is navigable for 
 small steamers as far as the mouth of the Grand Canon. 
 
 Manufactures. — The manufactures are limited chiefly to 
 lumber and flour. 
 
 VI. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Arizona has a territorial government, organized by Act of 
 Congress in 1863. 
 
 The chief executive officers are the governor and the secretary, who are 
 appointed by the President of the United States, with the consent of 
 the Senate. 
 
 The Legislature is elected by the people at the biennial territorial election, 
 and meets once in two years in regular session, on the 1st of January 
 of odd years. The session is limited to sixty days; and both senators 
 and representatives are elected for terms of two years. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, the judges of which are 
 appointed by the President and Senate of the United States for a term 
 of four years. 
 
 VII. EDUCATION. 
 
 The territory has an organized system of public schools, 
 which are under the general supervision of a Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction, elected by the people. 
 
 The schools of Tucson, Prescott, and other mining towns, are 
 in good condition and liberally sustained. 
 
 VIII. HISTORY. 
 
 Down to the close of the Mexican war all of Arizona be¬ 
 longed to Mexico. By the treaty of 1848 the part north of the 
 Gila became the property of the United States; and in 1853 
 the balance of the territory was acquired by means of the 
 Gadsden Purchase. 
 
 According to the treaty of 1848, the boundary between Mexico and the 
 United States was to be the Rio Grande, from its mouth to New 
 Mexico; thence to the river Gila; that river to its junction with the 
 Colorado; then in a straight line to the Pacific, at a point ten miles 
 south of San Diego. Soon afterwards the United States acquired by 
 the Gadsden Purchase a considerable strip of the territory of Northern 
 Mexico, including a good part of Arizona. 
 
 Until 1863 the territory formed a part of Utah. In that 
 year it was separately organized by Act of Congress; but its 
 progress was very much retarded by the hostile Apaches and 
 other savage Indian tribes. With the extension of railroads 
 into and through the territory, and the development of its rich 
 mines of gold and silver, these hostile bands have gradually 
 been driven out or restrained, and this territory has entered 
 upon an era of rapid and substantial development in industry, 
 wealth, and population. 
 
 IX. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Arizona is divided into nine counties, and contains the follow¬ 
 ing cities and towns : — 
 
 Prescott is the capital of the territory, and county seat of 
 Yavapai County. It is situated in a beautiful mountain valley, 
 and enjoys a delightful climate. The place is the center of a 
 considerable trade in lumber, cattle, etc. Its elevation is over 
 5,500 feet. 
 
 Yuma, in Yuma County, on the Colorado River, lies near- 
 the boundary line of Mexico, and directly opposite Fort Yuma 
 in California. It is an important trading town, on the line of 
 the Southern Pacific Railroad, and is fast growing in population 
 and importance. It is also the entrepot of a large river trade 
 on the lower Colorado. 
 
 Tucson, in Pima County, 250 miles from Yuma, on the line 
 of the Southern Pacific Railroad, is near several rich silver 
 districts, and is an important center of business and travel. 
 It is the commercial center of the rich Santa Cruz region, and 
 has a large business in cattle, bullion, and farm products. 
 
 Tombstone, in Cachise County, is the center of a rich grazing and mining 
 district. It has had a very rapid growth, and now ranks as one of the largest 
 cities in the territory. 
 
 Phoenix, in Maricopa County, is the center of trade and supplies for a 
 number of prosperous mining districts, and is rapidly growing in importance. 
 
 Florence is an important town in Pinal County, on the Gila River. It is 
 surrounded by a fertile farming region, and has a large trade in supplying 
 the mining districts in the vicinity and in reducing and shipping their 
 product. 
 
 Globe City, in Gila County, is the center of trade for an extensive mining 
 district on the eastern slope of the Pinal Mountains. 
 
 The following enterprising places are also worthy of mention: Tubac, in 
 Pima County; Ehrenberg and Castle Dome City, in Yuma County; Wick- 
 enburg, in Maricopa County; Safford, in Graham County; and Aubrey City 
 and Hardyville, in Mohave County. All these towns are places of consider¬ 
 able trade in connection with the mining and shipping interests of the 
 territory. 
 
CALIFORNIA 
 
 237 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 [Area, 158,360 square miles. Population ( 1880), 864,686; 
 estimated population (1883), 1,000,000 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation. — California, the largest and most 
 populous of the Pacific States, borders on the 
 Pacific Ocean. It is included between 32 0 31' 
 and 42 0 north latitude, and 120° and 124 0 15' west 
 longitude. 
 
 Extent. — In shape it is an irregular oblong, about 
 750 miles long and 200 miles wide. It is three times 
 as large as the New England States, and, exceptin 
 Texas, is the largest state in the Union. 
 
 SURFACE. 
 
 Physical Divisions. — California may be divided into five 
 distinct sections : (1) the mountain region of the Sierra Ne¬ 
 vada ; (2) the plains of the Sacramento valley ; (3) the coast 
 belt; (4) the plateau east of the Sierra Nevada, on the border 
 of the Great Basin ; (5) the Colorado desert, in the south-east. 
 
 Mountains. — The Sierra Nevada Mountains extend north and south 
 nearly two-thirds of the entire length of the state. The average 
 width of this great range is about 70 miles. The western slope to 
 the Sacramento valley is very gradual, and is 60 miles long; the 
 eastern slope to the Great Basin, short and precipitous, not exceed¬ 
 ing 10 miles in length. 
 
 The loftiest summits are Mount Whitney (14,887 feet) in the south, and 
 Mount Shasta (14,440 feet) in the north. The average height of the 
 crest summits is from 6,000 to 9,000 feet. 
 
 The higher peaks of this range are snow-clad all the year round, and are 
 the retreats of numerous small glaciers, — the remaining fragments of 
 a system of mighty glaciers that once covered the entire chain. 
 
 The Coast Range extends in parallel ridges, near the Pacific, the entire 
 length of ‘the state, 750 miles. It is from 20 to 40 miles wide, and is 
 less than half the average height of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Its most noted peaks are Mount Hamilton (4,448 feet), the site of the 
 
 VINE-GROWING. 
 
 famous Lick Astronomical Observatory; St. Helena, in Napa valley 
 (4,343 feet); Mount Tamalpais (2,604 feet), and Monte Diablo (3,848 
 feet), near the Bay of San Francisco; and Mount San Bernardino 
 (11,600 feet), in the southern part of the state. 
 
 Valleys. — In the central part of the state the Sierra Nevada and the 
 Coast Range are nearly parallel: but in the north and towards the south 
 the two chains run together, and inclose the Sacramento valley. This 
 great central valley is 400 miles in length and from 20 to 50 miles in 
 width. It is drained from the north by the Sacramento River, and 
 from the south by the San Joaquin. The Coast Range is intersected 
 
CALIFORNIA and NEVADA 
 
 
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240 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 by numerous small valleys opening towards the ocean, the most im¬ 
 portant of which are the Russian River, Napa, Santa Clara, Salinas, 
 and San Gabriel valleys. 
 
 The Colorado desert, in the south-eastern part of the state, east of the 
 San Bernardino Mountains, belongs to the Great Basin, but has a very 
 moderate elevation, and in some places is below the level of the sea. 
 It is dry, sandy, hot, and barren. 
 
 The plateau region, east of the Sierra Nevada, is a part of the Great 
 Basin, which includes Nevada and Utah. It is an arid country, gen¬ 
 erally destitude of vegetation, with the exception of sage brush and 
 bunch grass and the forests on the eastern slopes of the Sierra 
 Nevada Mountains. 
 
 Scenery. — California is noted for its picturesque scenery. 
 
 The Yosemite Valley, in the heart of the Sierra Nevada, attracts tourists 
 from all parts of the world. It is a glacial valley seven miles long, and 
 a mile and a half wide, with almost vertical walls of solid granite from 
 3,000 to 4,000 feet in height. It has numerous waterfalls, of which the 
 most remarkable is the Yosemite Falls, where the water plunges down 
 1,600 feet in one unbroken sheet, and 2,600 feet in three leaps. 
 
 Mount Shasta, in the extreme northern part of the state, is a volcanic 
 cone, which rises 14,440 feet above the level of the sea, and 10,000 feet 
 above the level of the surrounding plateau. It is one of the most 
 beautiful of mountains; and the surrounding country is a favorite 
 resort for tourists and hunters. 
 
 The Big Tree Groves, near the Yosemite Valley, contain some of the 
 largest trees in the world. 
 
 Lake Tahoe is a favorite resort for summer tourists. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 The two largest rivers, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, 
 drain the Sacramento basin, and flow into the Bay of San 
 Francisco. Their tributaries rise in the summits of the Sierra 
 Nevada, which supply an abundance of water from melting ice 
 and snow during the long dry season. 
 
 The Sacramento River, 400 miles long, rises in the lakes of the mountain 
 region around Mount Shasta, and flows south into the Bay of San 
 Francisco. It is navigable for small steamers to Red Bluff, 360 miles. 
 Its chief tributaries are the American, Yuba, and Feather rivers. 
 
 The San Joaquin, 350 miles long, rises in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, 
 and flows north into the Bay of San Francisco. It is navigable for 
 large steamers to Stockton, 120 miles, and for small steamers 75 miles 
 farther. Its chief tributaries are the Kings, Kern, Merced, Tuolumne, 
 Fresno, Stanislaus, Calaveras, and Mokelumne rivers. 
 
 The smaller rivers which flow directly into the Pacific are the Klamath 
 River, Eel River, and Russian River, north of the Bay of San Fran¬ 
 cisco; and the Salinas River and Santa Ana River, to the south of that 
 bay. 
 
 The rivers of the plateau and desert region east of the Sierra 
 Nevada Mountains have no outlet to the ocean. They are 
 small streams that terminate in salt lakes, or disappear by 
 evaporation in the “ sinks ” of the desert. 
 
 The most important of these rivers are the Mohave ( mo-ha've ), which 
 sinks in the sands of the Mohave desert; Owens River, which flows 
 into Owens Lake (salt); the Truckee, which flows into Pryamid Lake in 
 Nevada; Carson River; and Walker River. 
 
 Lakes. — Lake Tahoe, two thirds in California and one third in Nevada, 
 is in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, at an elevation of about 6,000 feet. 
 It is 20 miles long, 10 miles wide, and is noted for its beautiful moun¬ 
 tain scenery. 
 
 Clear Lake, in the Coast Range, north of the Bay of San Francisco, is'a 
 favorite summer resort. 
 
 Tulare Lake is a large and shallow sheet of water which lies in the 
 southern part of the Sacramento valley, and has its outlet in the San 
 Joaquin River. 
 
 Mono Lake lies at the foot of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, in 
 
 . a region of extinct volcanic cones. Its waters, like those of Great 
 
 Salt Lake in Utah, are so intensely salt, bitter, and alkaline, that no 
 fish can live in them. 
 
 Owens Lake, south-east of Mono, is also a saline lake. 
 
 In the northern part of the state, on the boundary line of Oregon, there 
 is a group of fresh-water lakes, of which the largest are Goose, Rhett, 
 and Klamath lakes. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate of California is sub-tropical. There are two 
 seasons, — a dry season, from May to November (summer); and 
 a rainy season, from November to May (winter). Snow falls 
 only in the mountain regions. In general, the climate is health¬ 
 ful, breezy, and invigorating, subject to no sudden extremes of 
 heat and cold. In the coast belt the climate is remarkably 
 mild and equable. In the Sacramento basin and the foot-hills 
 of the Sierra Nevada the summer is very hot and dry, but the 
 rainy season is cool and delightful. 
 
 The rain-winds of California are the south-west return trade-winds, 
 which have their moisture condensed as they strike the cool mountain 
 slopes and summits. 
 
 In summer the great tropical rain-belt of the trade-winds is moved from 
 7 0 to io° farther north than in winter. As a consequence the return 
 trade-winds descend to the earth mostly to the northward of California. 
 Besides, any rain-clouds falling upon California have their moisture 
 dissipated and absorbed by the hot air rising from the heated earth 
 during the long, dry, hot summer. 
 
 The cause of the equable climate along the coast belt is the return Japan 
 current, which moves in a broad stream from 20 to 30 miles wide the 
 entire length of the coast. This current in winter is warmer than the 
 neighboring land : in summer it is cooler. This difference of tempera¬ 
 ture renders the climate more equable, and also causes the dense fogs 
 prevailing along the coast both in summer and winter. 
 
 The strong, chilling, and fog-laden winds that blow in San Francisco 
 during the summer months are caused by the cold-air currents that 
 rush from the ocean through the Golden Gate into the heated valley 
 of the Saci'amento. 
 
 V. NATURAL ADVANTAGES. 
 
 Soil. — The soil of the valleys and rolling hills is fertile and 
 easily tilled, and is well adapted to the production of the 
 cereals and the vine. The tule lands along the banks of the 
 Sacramento and the San Joaquin are exceedingly productive 
 when reclaimed and protected by levees from overflow. 
 
 Minerals. — California is rich in minerals, of which the most 
 important is gold. The gold region lies chiefly on the western 
 slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. 
 
 Quicksilver-mines are numerous in the northern part of the Coast Range. 
 Petroleum is found in the coast belt south of San Francisco. 
 
 The only coal-mines in the state which are extensively worked are near 
 Monte Diablo, in Contra Costa County. 
 
 There are also in California valuable deposits of iron, copper, and tin, 
 though they are not extensively worked. 
 
 Forests.— The western Slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and of 
 the Coast Range north of the Bay of Monterey, are covered by 
 extensive forests of conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood. 
 
 The most durable lumber for building purposes is supplied by the red¬ 
 wood trees of the Coast Range. 
 
 The oak and sycamore are found in the valleys and foot-hills. 
 
 The Sacramento valley, the southern coast belt, and the plateau and 
 desert region east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, are almost desti¬ 
 tute of trees. 
 
 The “ Big Trees ” (Sequoia gigantea) are among the wonders of the world. 
 Some of these trees are over 100 feet in circumference and 300 feet 
 in height. The best known groves are the Calaveras Grove and the 
 Mariposa Grove, both near the Yosemite Valley. There is a forest 
 belt of these trees, from three to six miles in width, extending along 
 
CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite region southward for 120 miles. 
 The Sequoia furnishes excellent lumber resembling redwood. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Agriculture is the leading occupation, the annual wheat-crop 
 alone exceeding in value the annual product of the gold and 
 silver mines. Owing to the diversity of climate, surface, and 
 soil, the agricultural products are exceedingly varied. 
 
 The Cereals. — In wheat-growing, California ranks as one of the leading 
 states. Barley and oats are extensively raised. 
 
 The Grape. — The culture of the grape ranks next in importance to 
 wheat-raising. The vine thrives in nearly all parts of the state below 
 an elevation of 4,000 feet. The annual wine product already exceeds 
 12,000,000 gallons. In the hot and dry Sacramento basin and in the 
 southern part of the state the grapes are made into raisins. 
 
 Fruit. — The central and northern sections of the state are favorable to 
 the culture of apples, pears, peaches, plums, prunes, apricots, and 
 cherries. Great quantities of plums and apricots are put up in cans 
 for export, and pears and grapes are extensively shipped by rail to 
 Eastern cities. 
 
 Dried prunes, plums, and peaches are important articles of export. The 
 coast belt south of Santa Barbara is noted for the production of the 
 citrus fruits, — oranges, lemons, and limes. 
 
 Other Products. — Bee-culture is an important industry in San Diego 
 and Los Angeles counties, and great quantities of the finest honey 
 are sent to Eastern markets. Olive-oil is an important product of the 
 olive-orchards. Cotton and tobacco grow in the state, but are not 
 extensively cultivated. Potatoes and other vegetables are grown 
 along the coast and in the bay counties. 
 
 Mining. — For twenty years after the discovery of gold in 
 1848, mining was the leading industry in California; but since 
 that period it has ranked second in importance to agriculture. 
 
 The annual gold product does not now exceed $17,000,000 ; but formerly, 
 for many years in succession, the annual yield exceeded $50,000,000. 
 The total product of the mines since 1848 is estimated to exceed 
 $1,000,000,000. 
 
 Gold is obtained from “ quartz-mines ” by crushing gold-bearing quartz- 
 rock, and from gravel banks by washing away the earth with streams 
 of water forced by heavy pressure through strong hose-pipe. 
 
 Prominent among the other industries are stock-raising, lum¬ 
 bering, varied manufactures, and a large domestic and foreign 
 trade. 
 
 Stock-raising. *— The rolling hills and the mountain slopes of Cali¬ 
 fornia afford pasturage for large herds of cattle, horses, and sheep. 
 TJie coast belt north of San Francisco is noted for its dairy products. 
 
 Lumbering. — In the redwood forests of the coast north of San Fran¬ 
 cisco, and in some parts of the Sierra Nevada, saw-mills are numer¬ 
 ous, and lumbering is the chief industry. 
 
 Manufactures. — The most important manufactured products are lumber, 
 flour, wine, liquors, mining machinery, iron-work, woolens, boots and 
 shoes, leather, clothing, canned and dried fruits. 
 
 Commerce. — California has an extensive export and import trade. It 
 is connected by steamship lines with China, Japan, India, the Sand¬ 
 wich Islands, Australia, Mexico, and South America. It is connected 
 with the Atlantic states by two transcontinental railroads, by a steam¬ 
 ship line via Panama, and by sailing-vessels around Cape Horn. Its 
 chief exports are wheat, wine, wool, gold, dried and canned fruits. 
 Its chief imports are tea, coffee, sugar, and manufactured articles of 
 all descriptions. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The government of California is administered under the pro¬ 
 visions of the state constitution, which was adopted in the year 
 
 1879 - 
 
 State Government. — The officers of the executive department of the 
 state government are the governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of 
 state, comptroller, treasurer, attorney-general, surveyor-general, clerk 
 
 24 I 
 
 of the Supreme Court, and superintendent of public instruction, all 
 elected by direct vote of the people for a term of four years. 
 
 The Legislature consists of a Senate of forty members, elected for four 
 years, and of an Assembly of eighty members, elected for two years. 
 The Legislature holds biennial sessions. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in the Senate sitting as a court of impeach¬ 
 ment, in a Supreme Court, superior courts, justices of the peace, and 
 such inferior courts as may be established by law. The Supreme 
 Court consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. 
 
 Local Government. — The officers of a county government are a board 
 of supervisors, board of education, treasurer, assessor, tax-collector, 
 district-attorney, sheriff, surveyor, county clerk, and superintendent of 
 common schools. The unit of political division <s the school district, 
 the officers of which consist of three school trustees, elected by direct 
 vote of the people for a term of three years. 
 
 National Representation. — California is represented in Congress at 
 Washington by two senators and six representatives, and hence is 
 entitled to eight electoral votes. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 The state has a well-organized system of public schools. 
 
 The state constitution provides that a free school shall be 
 maintained in every school district for at least six months in 
 the year. 
 
 The schools are supported partly by state, by county, and by 
 district taxation. 
 
 Each county has a county superintendent of common schools, elected by 
 the people for a term of four years, and a county board of education, 
 consisting of the county superintendent and four members appointed 
 by the county board of supervisors. The county board of education 
 prescribes the text-books and course of study, and examines teachers. 
 
 Each school district has a board of trustees of three members, elected 
 at special school elections for three years, one member being elected 
 each year. The school trustees appoint teachers, build schoolhouses, 
 and have the local government of the schools. 
 
 California raises annually, by direct state tax, more than a million of 
 dollars for the support of public schools; and the total expenditure 
 for schools in 1883 was over three millions of dollars. 
 
 State Institutions. — The State University of California, at Berkeley, is 
 well endowed, and is free to both young men and young women. The 
 State Normal School, at San Josd, is attended by a large number of 
 students; and the Branch State Normal School at Los Angeles is a 
 flourishing institution. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and 
 Blind is located at Berkeley. 
 
 There are numerous denominational colleges and seminaries 
 and many excellent private schools. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 Upper or Alta California was first explored by the Spaniards, 
 within fifty years after the discovery of America by Columbus. 
 
 The name “ California ” was given by the Spaniards to the region north 
 of Mexico. The name is taken from an old Crusader romance which 
 was very popular in the days of Cortez. 
 
 The Spaniards made their first settlement in Upper California, at San 
 Diego, in 1769. San Diego was the first of a series of Missions, 
 which the Spanish Catholic missionaries established in California, 
 running north from San Diego to San Francisco. Into these Mis¬ 
 sions the Indians were gathered, and the Padres, or Roman Catholic 
 priests, taught them the arts of civilization. They cultivated the vine, 
 the olive, and the fig, and lived in spacious houses, built of adobe , or 
 sun-dried bricks. 
 
 In 1822 Mexico threw off the yoke of Spain, and became an independent 
 republic. Alta or Upper California was then made a Mexican province. 
 The first American settlers found their way into California in [843. In 
 1846 the war between the United States and Mexico began. I he 
 Americans in California immediately raised the “bear flag," and 
 asserted their independence of Mexico. At this time Capt. John C. 
 
242 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Fremont, who had been sent west to survey a new route to Oregon, 
 arrived in California. Fremont united with the Americans, who were 
 successful in several encounters with the Mexicans. 
 
 In July, 1846, Commodore Sloat, then commander of the United States 
 fleet on the Pacific coast, hearing of the declaration of war, took pos¬ 
 session of Monterey. A little later, Stockton superseded Sloat. He 
 took San Diego, and, aided by Fremont, captured Los Angeles. Late 
 in the year, Gen. Kearney, with a small column from the army operat¬ 
 ing against Mexico on the northern line, reached California after a 
 long and toilsome march from Santa Fe, in New Mexico. Kearney 
 arrived in time to take part in the battle of San Gabriel, Jan. 8, 1847. 
 This action overthrew the Spanish power, and established the author¬ 
 ity of the United States in California. 
 
 The chief exports are wheat, wine, wool, gold, canned and dried fruits. 
 The chief imports are manufactured goods of all kinds, sugar, coffee, 
 and tea. 
 
 San Francisco is the site of a United States branch mint, the largest 
 and finest in the world. 
 
 Sacramento, in Sacramento County, on the Sacramento 
 River, 120 miles from its mouth, is the capital of the state. 
 The state Capitol is an imposing building, erected at a cost of 
 three millions of dollars. Sacramento is the site of the exten¬ 
 sive machine-shops of the Central Pacific Railroad. It is in the 
 center of a rich farming region, and has an extensive trade. 
 
 The Mexican war was ended by the treaty of Guadaloupe 
 Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848. It was just before this treaty was con¬ 
 cluded that the first discovery of gold in California took place 
 (Jan. 19, 1848), — a discovery which resulted in founding a 
 great state on the Pacific coast. 
 
 Oakland, in Alameda County, on the east side of the Bay of San Fran¬ 
 cisco, 10 miles from San Francisco, ranks in population as the second city 
 in the state. It is closely connected with San Francisco by ferries. It is a 
 favorite place of residence on account of its trees, its gardens, and its mild 
 climate. The city has important manufactories of hosiery, cotton goods, 
 nails, etc. 
 
 The news of the discovery reached the States; and it soon spread 
 throughout the world that California was the golden land, the true 
 “ El Dorado.” An extraordinary rush of immigration to the dig-ginefs 
 now set in. Some crossed the thousands of miles of dreary and 
 desolate plains, others braved the deadly climate of the Panama route, 
 while still others made the long circumnavigation of Cape Horn. In 
 1849, between the months of April and January, nearly forty thousand 
 emigrants arrived at the port of San Francisco. 
 
 California was soon ready to become a state. In September, 
 
 1849, a convention met at Monterey and framed a state consti¬ 
 tution. Congress admitted California into the Union, Sept. 9, 
 
 1850. 
 
 The history of California may be divided into two periods, — 
 the period of “gold and experiment,” and the period of “wheat 
 and growth.” 
 
 The first period began with the discovery of gold, and lasted till about 
 i860. During this period the great object of the people was to 
 accumulate a fortune and return “ home.” The second period began 
 when the population ceased to be exclusively a mining population and 
 commenced to develop the agricultural resources of the state. 
 
 After some years it was found that the yearly returns derived from the 
 export of wheat were fully equal to the value of the gold produced. 
 
 With the period of “wheat and growth,” people began to think of mak¬ 
 ing their homes on the Pacific coast. They found they had every in¬ 
 ducement to do so in its remarkable climate and its rich returns for 
 human industry. 
 
 The subsequent progress of California has been both rapid and health¬ 
 ful. The pioneers of California were, as a rule, young men of energy 
 and brains. Many were finely educated. This has given a very bright 
 and progressive character to California life and civilization. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 California is divided into fifty-two counties, and contains the 
 following leading cities and towns : — 
 
 San Francisco, the largest city of the Pacific coast, is a 
 great commercial and manufacturing seaport. In foreign com¬ 
 merce it ranks as the fourth city in the United States. The 
 foundation of its commercial greatness is its magnificent harbor, 
 the finest on the whole coast. 
 
 The city is situated on a low sandy peninsula lying between the Bay of 
 San I rancisco and the Pacific Ocean. The bay is a beautiful sheet of 
 water 60 miles long and 10 miles wide. The entrance to this land¬ 
 locked harbor is through the Golden Gate, a narrow strait one mile 
 wide. 
 
 I he manufactures consist of mining-machinery, iron-work, woolen goods, 
 boots and shoes, leather, clothing, cigars, carriages, furniture, and 
 agricultural implements. 
 
 Los Angeles, in Los Angeles County, is the business center of Southern 
 California. It is noted for its orange groves and vineyards, and is a favorite 
 winter resort for Eastern tourists. It is the seat of the Branch State Nor¬ 
 mal School. 
 
 San Jose, in Santa Clara County, is the trade center of the beautiful and 
 highly cultivated valley of Santa Clara. It is the seat of the State Normal 
 School and of the College of Notre Dame. 
 
 Stockton, in San Joaquin County, on the San Joaquin River, has a large 
 agricultural trade with the surrounding country. It is the seat of the State 
 
 Asylum for the Insane. 
 
 Alameda — contiguous to Oakland, is, like that 
 city, a famous place of residence for people 
 doing business in San Francisco. 
 
 Berkeley — contiguous to Oakland on the north, 
 is the seat of the University of California 
 and of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 
 and Blind. 
 
 Chico — in Butte County, has an important trade 
 in farm products and lumber. 
 
 Eureka — in Humboldt County, on Humboldt 
 Bay, in the redwood region, has the largest 
 lumber trade in the state. 
 
 Fresno — in Fresno County, in the southern part 
 of the San Joaquin valley, is the trade 
 center of a large vine and fruit growing 
 region made fertile by irrigation. 
 
 Grass V alley — in Nevada County, is a mountain 
 town in the midst of extensive quartz-mines. 
 
 Modesto — in Stanislaus County, in the San Joa¬ 
 quin valley, on the line of the Southern 
 Pacific Railroad, is the trade center of a large 
 agricultural region. 
 
 Monterey — in Monterey County, on Monterey 
 Bay, is a fashionable summer resort. 
 
 Marysville — in Yuba County, has an extensive 
 mining and agricultural trade. 
 
 Napa — in Napa County, on the Napa valley 
 branch of the California Pacific Railroad, 
 commands the trade of the beautiful and 
 fertile Napa valley. It is the site of a branch 
 State Asylum for the Insane. 
 
 Nevada City — in Nevada County, in the Sierra 
 Nevada Mountains, is situated in a rich gold 
 region, and has an extensive mining business. 
 
 Petaluma — in Sonoma County, on the San Fran¬ 
 cisco and North Pacific Railroad, and at the 
 head of navigation on Petaluma Creek, is an 
 important shipping point for the farm prod¬ 
 ucts of Sonoma County. 
 
 Port Costa — in Contra Costa County, on the 
 Bay of San Francisco, 30 miles from the city 
 of San Francisco, is the chief point for the 
 ocean shipment of wheat. It contains im¬ 
 mense warehouses for storing grain, and has 
 the largest flour-mill in the state. 
 
 Placerville — in El Dorado County, is the termi¬ 
 nus of the Sacramento and Placerville Rail¬ 
 road. It was formerly a famous mining town. 
 
 Red Bluff — in Tehama County, at the head of 
 light steamer navigation on the Sacramento, 
 commands the trade of the upper Sacramento 
 valley. 
 
 Santa Barbara — in Santa Barbara County, on 
 
 the seacoast, is a favorite resort for invalids 
 and tourists, on account of its charming 
 climate. 
 
 San Bernardino — in San Bernardino County, in 
 the southern part of the state, is surrounded 
 by vineyards and orange groves. It is on 
 the line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 
 and has an extensive trade with Arizona. 
 
 Santa Cruz — in Santa Cruz County, is a noted 
 summer resort for sea-bathing. It has manu¬ 
 factures of paper, powder, lime, and leather. 
 
 Santa Clara — in Santa Clara County, is sur¬ 
 rounded by an extensive fruit-growing 
 region. It is the seat of the University of 
 the Pacific and of the Santa Clara College. 
 
 San Diego — in San Diego County, on San Diego 
 Bay, has one of the finest harbors of the 
 Pacific coast. It is connected by rail with 
 the'Southern Pacific Railroad at Colton. 
 
 San Quentin — in Marin County, on the Bay of 
 San Francisco, is the site of the State Prison 
 of California. 
 
 Santa Rosa — in Sonoma County, is the business 
 center of the fertile Russian River valley. 
 
 San Rafael —in Marin County, on the shores of 
 the Bay of San Francisco, is a favorite sum¬ 
 mer resort on account of its delightful sum¬ 
 mer climate. 
 
 St. Helena — in Napa valley, is surrounded by 
 extensive vineyards, and has an extensive 
 trade in wine. 
 
 Truckee — in Nevada County, near the crest of 
 the Sierra, at an elevation of about 6,000 
 feet, has extensive saw-mills and lumber 
 manufactories, run by the water-power of 
 the Truckee River. It is in the vicinity of 
 Donner Lake and Lake Tahoe. In winter 
 snow falls to a great depth. 
 
 Vallejo — in Solano County, on the Bay of San 
 Francisco, is the bay terminus of the Napa 
 Valley and the California Pacific railroads. 
 Near the city, on Mare Island, is a United 
 States navy-yard, — the only one on the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 Visalia — in Tulare County, is the trade center of 
 an extensive grain-growing region in the San 
 Joaquin valley. 
 
 Yreka — in Siskiyou County, is in the extreme 
 northern part of the state. It was once a 
 famous mining town, but is now the trade 
 center of an agricultural and stock-raising 
 country. It is on the line of the California 
 and Oregon Railroad. 
 
NEVADA. 
 
 24 3 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 Valleys. — Nevada has no broad river valleys. Its longest rivers, the 
 Humboldt and the Carson, are bordered in a part of their courses by 
 a narrow strip of green and fertile meadow lands. Many of its wide, 
 open valleys lying between mountain ranges have no rivers except 
 the small, narrow streams that rush down from the melting snows, and 
 rapidly disappear on reaching the plains. 
 
 The valleys and plains are covered in many places with sage-brush and 
 bunch-grass, with here and there an alkaline fiat of dazzling white, ora 
 small lake of intensely salt and bitter water. 
 
 General Aspect. — The general aspect of the country is exceedingly 
 barren, desolate, and uninviting. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 As Nevada lies in a region of light rains, its rivers are small 
 and comparatively few. Its only waters that reach the Pacific 
 are a few small streams that flow into the Colorado. All its 
 other rivers flow into saline lakes, or terminate in sinks in the 
 sandy deserts. 
 
 The Humboldt, the largest and longest river, rises in the north-eastern 
 part of the state, flows south-westerly in a winding course of 350 miles, 
 and disappears in the broad, shallow, and brackish waters of the Hum¬ 
 boldt lake and sink. The Central Pacific Railroad runs along the 
 narrow valley of this river for more than 200 miles. 
 
 Truckee River, which is the outlet of Lake Tahoe’, is go miles long, and 
 flows into Pyramid Lake. Lake Tahoe is partly in Nevada, and partly 
 in California. 
 
 The Carson River rises in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and flows east¬ 
 erly into Carson Lake; and Walker River, rising in the same moun¬ 
 tains, flows into Walker Lake. 
 
 The Colorado is merely a boundary river. None of the rivers of Nevada 
 are navigable, but they are valuable for irrigation purposes. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 NELL 
 
 [Area, 110,700 square miles. 
 Population (Census of 1880), 
 62,266 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EX¬ 
 TENT. 
 
 Situation. — Nevada 
 lies east of California, 
 and includes the western 
 part of the central plateau 
 known as the Great Basin. 
 This basin, between the 
 Sierra Nevada and the 
 Wahsatch Mountains, is 
 500 miles in width, and 
 is crossed by more than 
 one hundred short moun¬ 
 tain ranges. 
 
 Nevada is included be¬ 
 tween 35 0 and 42 0 north 
 latitude and 114° and 120° west longitude. 
 
 Extent. — It is nearly 500 miles in length north and south, 
 and 300 miles in width. In area it is about two-thirds the size 
 of California, and about equal to Colorado or Arizona. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 This state is a vast plateau, elevated about 4,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea. It is crossed north and south by short 
 detached mountain ranges and spurs, over sixty in number, gen¬ 
 erally lying in parallel lines, with narrow intervening valleys. 
 
 Mountains. — The highest mountain summits are Mount Wheeler (12,800 
 feet), Mount Moriah (12,000 feet), and Granite Mountain (12,000 feet), 
 — all in the Snake Range, near the boundary line of Utah. 
 
 The most noted peak is Mount Davidson (7,827 feet), famous for its 
 immense mineral treasures. 
 
 The average annual rainfall in Nevada does not exceed five 
 inches : hence the climate is exceedingly dry. The extremes 
 of heat and cold are much greater than they are nearer the 
 coast in the same latitude. 
 
244 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 The cause of the dryness of the Great Basin is the Sierra Nevada Range, 
 which condenses the greater part of the moisture in the rain-winds 
 from the Pacific. In summer, on the arid plains, the heat during the 
 day is intense; but, owing to rapid radiation, the nights are always 
 cool. 
 
 V. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Agriculture is possible in Nevada only where the soil can be 
 irrigated by the water of mountain streams. 
 
 The extent of land capable of being cultivated depends entirely on the 
 water-supply. The farms of Nevada lie chiefly along the banks of the 
 Carson River, Walker River, and Humboldt River, where the products 
 are grain, hay, vegetables, and fruit. 
 
 In parts of the state the extensive plains, covered with sage-brush and 
 bunch-grass, afford fine natural pasturage for cattle and sheep, and 
 stock-raising is an important pursuit. 
 
 VII. EDUCATION. 
 
 The public school system of Nevada resembles that of Cali 
 fornia. 
 
 The schools are under the general control of a State Board of Education, 
 consisting of the governor, the superintendent of public instruction, 
 and the surveyor-general. Each county has a county superintendent 
 of schools, and each school district has a local district board of three 
 trustees. 
 
 There is a State University at Elko. The schools of Virginia City, Gold 
 Hill, and Carson are distinguished for their excellence. 
 
 VIII. HISTORY. 
 
 The soil of Nevada was part of the extensive territory ac¬ 
 quired by the United States from Mexico by the treaty of 
 Guadaloupe Hidalgo, in 1848. 
 
 Minerals. — Nevada, though meager in vegetation, is rich 
 in minerals, and mining is the chief pursuit of the people. 
 Silver-mines are found in nearly every mountain range in the 
 state. 
 
 The most noted mines are those of the Comstock Lode, on Mount David¬ 
 son, in Storey County, in the western part of the state. These are 
 called silver-mines, though they yield both gold and silver. For many 
 years after their discovery in 1859 they were the richest mines in the 
 world, yielding an annual product of $30,000,000. The mines of the 
 Eureka and White Pine Districts were also famous for their richness. 
 The total silver product of Nevada in 1881 exceeded $8,000,000. 
 
 Lead is obtained in large quantities in the reduction of silver ores. Salt 
 is found spread in thin beds over the surface of low basins, and in the 
 form of rock-salt in solid crystalline masses. 
 
 Nevada also contains valuable deposits of soda, sulphur, borax, and 
 antimony, though none of these minerals are extensively worked. 
 
 Forests. — The greater part of Nevada is almost treeless. 
 
 The forests are limited to a narrow belt on the eastern slopes of the 
 Sierra Nevada, and the canons of the mountain ridges, where the pine, 
 fir, and spruce reach a considerable size, though not so large as on the 
 California slopes of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 The nut pine yields a great abundance of edible nuts, which the Indians 
 use as an important article of food. 
 
 Commerce. — The trade of Nevada consists in the export 
 of bullion and ores, live-stock and wool, and in the import of 
 bread-stuffs, machinery, and manufactured articles of all de¬ 
 scriptions. 
 
 The most important railroad is the Central Pacific, which extends the 
 entire width of the state. 
 
 There are several short branch roads, of which the most important are 
 the Virginia and Truckee, from Reno to Virginia City; the Eureka 
 and Palisade; the Battle Mountain and Austin. 
 
 VI. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The present constitution was adopted in 1866, and its pro¬ 
 visions are of the most liberal character. 
 
 The officers of the executive department of the government are the 
 governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer, comp¬ 
 troller, surveyor-general, attorney-general, and superintendent of public 
 instruction, all elected by direct vote of the people, for a term of four 
 years. 
 
 The legislative department consists of a Senate of twenty-five members, 
 elected for four years, and an Assembly of fifty members, elected for 
 two years. The sessions of the Legislature are biennial. 
 
 The judicial department consists of a Supreme Court, district courts, 
 and justices of the peace, elected by direct vote of the people. 
 
 National Representation. — Nevada is represented in Congress at Wash¬ 
 ington by two senators and one representative, and is therefore entitled 
 to three electoral votes. 
 
 When the present boundaries of California were marked off, in 1850, the 
 newly-acquired region to the east was organized as Utah Territory. 
 This territory embraced nearly all of what is now the state of Nevada. 
 
 While Nevada was a part of Utah it received a small Mormon popula¬ 
 tion. These first actual settlers went to Nevada in 1848. The 
 population was very small till the time of the first great silver dis¬ 
 covery, in 1859, when it increased rapidly by emigration from Cali¬ 
 fornia. A number of towns were founded, among which Virginia City 
 and Carson took the lead. 
 
 Nevada was made a separate territory in 1861, and in 1864 was admitted 
 into the Union as a state. 
 
 IX. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Nevada is divided into thirteen counties, each of which has a 
 local county government. It contains the following leading 
 cities and towns ; — 
 
 Virginia City (10,917), in Storey County, is the most noted 
 mining town in the world. It is built on the steep slopes of 
 Mount Davidson, at an elevation of 6,000 feet above the sea- 
 level and of 2,000 feet above the surrounding plateau. 
 
 The ores of the famous mines that underlie the city are obtained by 
 means of shafts and inclines, some of which reach a depth of more 
 than 3,000 feet. The machinery of these mines for hoisting the ore, 
 pumping the water, and ventilating the lower levels is the finest and 
 costliest in the world. The lower levels are so intensely hot that the 
 miners can work only half an hour at a time; and to strangers visiting 
 the mines the heat is insufferable. The immense quantities of lumber 
 used in timbering up the shafts and drifts in the mines are brought 
 from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. 
 
 Gold Hill ( 4 ,53 1 ) is on the Comstock Lode, contiguous to 
 Virginia City. Indeed, the two cities run together, and form 
 but one town, though they have distinct city governments. 
 
 Some of the richest mines lie underneath the town. Both Gold Hill and 
 Virginia City are supplied with water from the Sierra Nevada, brought 
 by means of flumes and strong iron pipe. Both cities are distinguished 
 for their excellent public schools. 
 
 Carson (4,229), in Ormsby County, is the capital of Nevada. 
 It is situated near the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada Moun¬ 
 tains, and is abundantly supplied with the purest mountain water. 
 It is the site of a ETnited States branch mint. 
 
 Austin, in Lander County, is the center of the silver-mining district of 
 Reese River. 
 
 Battle Mountain — on the line of the Central 
 Pacific Railroad, is a shipping point of ores 
 and mining supplies. 
 
 Elko — on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad, 
 is the site of the State University. 
 
 Eureka — in Eureka County, is the center of one 
 of the richest mining districts in the state. 
 It is connected by rail with the Central Pa¬ 
 cific Railroad at Palisade. 
 
 Hamilton — in White Pine County, lies in the 
 center of a rich mining district. 
 
 Reno — in Washoe County, is on the Truckee 
 River, on the line of the Central Pacific 
 Railroad, at the point of its junction with 
 the Virginia and Truckee Railroad. 
 
 Winnemucca— in Humboldt County, on Hum¬ 
 boldt River, contains extensive workshops of 
 the Central Pacific Railroad. 
 
OREGON 
 
 245 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Situation. — What division north of Oregon? What river marks most 
 of this boundary? What division on the east? What states on the south? 
 By what is it bounded on the west? Between what parallels is it situated? 
 Nearly between what meridians? According to the scale of miles, what is 
 its width from east to west ? What its length from north to south ? 
 
 Surface. — What is the nature of the surface of the western portion ? 
 The central and eastern portion ? What is the principal mountain range ? 
 Its location and extent? What high mountain peaks does it contain? What 
 extensive river valley ? 
 
 Lakes and Rivers. — What is the largest river ? Describe its course. 
 In what direction do its tributaries in this state flow? Name and describe 
 the tributary which forms part of its eastern boundary. What considerable 
 streams empty into the Pacific Ocean? What lakes in the southern part? 
 Are they connected by rivers with the ocean ? 
 
 Counties and Cities. — How many counties are there in Oregon? In 
 what part of the state are the counties smallest in extent? Where the largest 
 in extent? What counties border on the Columbia River? What counties 
 border on the Willamette River to the west ? What to the east ? What is 
 the capital, and where is it located? The largest city? What city near the 
 mouth of the Columbia River? Name several cities located on the Colum¬ 
 bia River. Several on the Willamette River. What proportion of the state 
 appears from the map to be but sparsely settled ? 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 06,030 square miles. Population (Census of 1880), 174,768 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation. — Oregon lies next north of California, bordering 
 on the Pacific Ocean, and extending to the Columbia River, 
 which separates it from Washington Territory on the north. 
 It extends from 42° to 46° 20' north latitude, and from 116° 30' 
 to 124 0 35' west longitude. 
 
 Extent. — In shape it is an oblong, 350 miles long east and 
 
 west, and 275 miles wide. In area it is a little more than half 
 as large as California. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 Mountains. — Oregon is a mountainous state. The Cascade 
 Range extends north and south the entire length of the state, 
 at a distance of 120 miles from the coast. It divides the state 
 into two distinct sections, East Oregon and West Oregon. 
 The loftiest summit is Mount Hood, a volcanic cone 11,225 feet 
 in height. 
 
 The Coast Range is made up of numerous broken ridges and 
 spurs, the highest of which do not exceed an elevation of 4,000 
 feet. In the southern part of the state the most marked ridges 
 are known as the Umpqua, the Rogue River, and the Cala- 
 poosa mountains. 
 
 The Blue Mountains are in the northern part of East Oregon. 
 
 Valleys. — The largest and most highly cultivated valley, the 
 
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 45 Longitude West 44 from WasJiington 43 
 
 8 ss Local Time A.M. 9 when Noon on 9 4 the Meridian 9 * of Washington 9 12 
 
 
OREGON. 
 
 247 
 
 Willamette, lies between the Cascade Mountains and the Coast 
 Range. It is 140 miles long, and from 10 to 40 miles wide. 
 
 There are numerous coast valleys opening towards the Pacific, the most 
 important of which are those of Rogue River and the Umpqua River. 
 
 Plateaus and Plains. — East Oregon is a plateau region which has an 
 elevation of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. The south-eastern section is an 
 extension of the Great Basin. This is largely a desert region, covered 
 with volcanic ashes, sand, and sage-brush, and dotted here and there 
 with alkaline lakes. 
 
 The scenery along most of the rivers of the state is remarkably fine; and 
 at the Cascades, where the Columbia breaks through the mountain 
 walls of lava basalt, it is especially majestic and beautiful. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 The Columbia, with its tributaries, drains the greater part of 
 Oregon. It forms the northern boundary of the state for a 
 distance of 300 miles. It rises in the Rocky Mountains of the 
 northern United States and British America, and flows south¬ 
 westerly into the Pacific. Its chief branches in Oregon are the 
 Willamette, Des Chutes, John Day, Umatilla, and Snake. 
 
 There are numerous short rivers flowing from the Coast Range directly 
 into the ocean, of which the largest are Rogue River and the Umpqua. 
 
 The greater part of the lake country along the border of California is 
 drained through that state by the Klamath River. In a part of the 
 central plateau the rivers terminate in alkaline lakes, either within 
 the state, or in Northern Nevada and California. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate resembles that of California in respect to sea¬ 
 sons, there being two seasons, — the wet or winter, and the dry 
 or summer season. But the winters are colder and the rainfall 
 greater than on the more southern Pacific coast. 
 
 Eastern Oregon has a drier climate than Western Oregon 
 because the Cascade Mountains condense the moisture of the 
 rain-clouds from the Pacific. 
 
 The climate of the coast belt of Oregon and of the Willamette valley is 
 made cooler in summer and milder in winter by the Japan current, which 
 flows southward along the coast. This current is warmer than the land 
 in winter, and colder in summer, thus causing the prevailing fogs along 
 the coast of Oregon as well as of California. 
 
 On the coast there is very little snow or ice; but in the mountain valleys 
 and in Eastern Oregon there is considerable snow’fall, followed by 
 heavy rains toward the end of the winter season. The summers in 
 the mountains are warm and delightful. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 The soil of the Willamette valley, the coast valleys, the 
 Des Chutes valley, and the valley of the Columbia in Eastern 
 Oregon, is a rich black loam, and is very fertile, yielding in 
 abundance all the products of the temperate zone. It is espe¬ 
 cially adapted to the production of the cereals, root-crops, and 
 fruits. There are also large tracts of natural pasture-lands 
 adapted to grazing of herds of cattle and sheep. 
 
 The gold-mines of Eastern Oregon are worked to a considerable extent, 
 and the Coast Mountains contain valuable coal-deposits. 
 
 The great forest belt between the Cascade Mountains and the coast 
 constitutes one of the chief resources of the state. The trees are 
 mostly coniferous, the pine, fir, and cedar; being valuable for lumber 
 and for the production of ship-stores, —tar, turpentine, and rosin. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Agriculture is the leading industry of the state; and the 
 chief product is wheat, of which many millions of bushels are 
 annually exported. The other important farm-products are 
 barley, oats, potatoes, garden vegetables, and fruit,— such as 
 
 apples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, and cherries. The 
 broad plains of Eastern Oregon afford good grazing-grounds 
 for cattle, horses, and sheep; and wool and live-stock are 
 largely exported. 
 
 In 1880, according to the report of the tenth census, there were produced 
 7,480,000 bushels of wheat, 4,385,000 bushels of oats, 1,359,000 bushels 
 of potatoes, 920,000 bushels of barley, 126,000 bushels of Indian-corn, 
 and orchard products to the value of $583,000. The improved land 
 in farms amounted to 2,198,000 acres, which was about double that of 
 1870, and was estimated to be worth about $57,000,000. 
 
 Manufactures. — The saw-mills of Oregon produce immense 
 quantities of lumber. Oregon pine is shipped to all parts of 
 the western coast of America, and even to more distant quar¬ 
 ters of the globe. 
 
 The forests also Tirnish material for ship-building, which is a large and 
 growing industry. The other important manufactures are woolen goods, 
 iron-work, carriages, leather, and pine products. In 1880 the capital 
 invested in manufactures was over $6,312,000, and the annual product 
 over $10,000,000 in value. 
 
 Fisheries. — The salmon fisheries near the mouth of the 
 Columbia are very extensive, and great quantities of canned 
 salmon are exported. 
 
 Sea-fishing is also prosecuted by considei'able numbers. The total value 
 of the product of fisheries of Oregon in 1880 was over $2,776,000. In 
 the value of its fisheries product, Oregon ranked as the seventh state in 
 the Union. 
 
 Commerce. — Wheat, lumber, and fish are the leading ex¬ 
 ports. Wheat is shipped direct from Portland and Astoria to 
 Liverpool and China. Lumber, masts, and spars are shipped 
 to California, South America, and the Atlantic States. Other 
 articles of export are wool, hides, and bullion. The chief 
 imports are manufactured goods of all kinds, coffee, tea, and 
 sugar. 
 
 Oregon carries on an extensive coasting trade with California, Alaska, 
 British Columbia, and the ports on Puget Sound. It has railroad 
 communication with California by means of the Oregon and California 
 Railroad, now nearly completed. It is connected with the eastern 
 states by the Northern Pacific Railroad, which has its western termi¬ 
 nus at New Tacoma, on Puget Sound in Washington Territory; and 
 by the Oregon Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad, which enters the 
 state from the south-east. 
 
 The Columbia River system is navigable for ships to Portland (on the 
 Willamette, 12 miles above its junction with the Columbia), 112 miles 
 from the sea. The main stream of the Columbia is also navigable for 
 smaller vessels to the Cascades, 60 miles above the mouth of the Willa¬ 
 mette. There is a short railroad around these Cascades, above which 
 the river is navigable for steamers to the Dalles. Here there is a 
 second railroad around the rapids, above which small steamers ascend 
 the Snake River to Lewiston in Idaho, — a distance of 275 miles from 
 the Dalles, and 475 from the Pacific Ocean. The Willamette is navi¬ 
 gable for steamers of considerable size as far south as Eugene City 
 during a large part of the year. This and other rivers are rendered 
 navigable by means of locks and portage-railroads, and thus contribute 
 largely to the commercial facilities of the state. 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The government of Oregon is administered in accordance 
 with the provisions of the State Constitution, adopted in 1859. 
 
 The officers of the executive department of the state government are the 
 governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer, and superin¬ 
 tendent of public instruction, all elected by direct vote of the people 
 for a term of four years. 
 
 The legislative department consists of a Senate of thirty members, elected 
 for four years, and a House of Representatives of sixty members, 
 elected for two years. 
 
248 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 Th& judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, circuit courts, county 
 courts, and justices of the peace. 
 
 Oregon is represented in the National Congress by two senators and one 
 representative, and has three electoral votes for President of the United 
 States. 
 
 VIII. EDUCATION. 
 
 The public schools of Oregon are under the general control 
 of a State Board of Education, consisting of the governor, the 
 secretary of state, and the superintendent of public instruction. 
 Each county has a county superintendent of schools, and each 
 school district a school board of three members. 
 
 The schools of Portland are noted for their excellence, and the country 
 district schools are steadily increasing in excellence. 
 
 In addition to its excellent system of public schools, there are a number 
 of superior private institutions of high grade in the state. Among 
 these are Pacific University, at Forest Grove; McMinnville College, at 
 McMinnville; Willamette University, at Salem; Blue Mountain Uni¬ 
 versity, at La Grande; Ashland College and Normal School, at Ash¬ 
 land ; and the Bishop Scott Grammar School, at Portland. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 The coast of Oregon, though occasionally visited by naviga¬ 
 tors from early times, did not attract much attention until near 
 the close of the last century. As early as the year 1788 two 
 trading ships from Boston, under Capts. Kendrick and Gray, 
 visited the Oregon coast. In 1792 Capt. Gray discovered the 
 great river of Oregon, which he named the Columbia, in honor 
 of Capt. Kendrick’s ship. At this time this North Pacific 
 country did not belong to any nation. 
 
 When the United States acquired from France the great territory of 
 Louisiana, in 1803, President Jefferson sent an exploring party, under 
 Lewis and Clark, to go to the head waters of the Missouri River, and 
 thence advance across to the Pacific. These bold explorers, with a 
 party of men, set out in 1804. They explored to the very head of the 
 Missouri River, a distance of three thousand miles, then crossed to the 
 head waters of the Columbia, and down that river to its mouth. This 
 was the first exploration of this region. 
 
 The report of this exploration led John Jacob Astor, a far-seeing merchant 
 of New York, to plan a settlement on the Oregon coast, with the view 
 of fur-trading. Mr. Astor sent out one party across the continent, and 
 another in a vessel; and in 1811 a settlement was made on the southern 
 bank of the Columbia. This settlement was named Astoria. The 
 British became very jealous of this American settlement, and set up a 
 claim to the North Pacific region. By treachery Astoria was given 
 up to the British “North-west Fur Company” in 1812. 
 
 The United States continued to assert its claim to the country. A great 
 deal of correspondence on the subject between the two governments 
 resulted. At last, in 1818, the United States and England agreed to a 
 joint occupancy of the whole territory for ten years. In 1828 the treaty 
 of joint occupancy was renewed, to terminate on either party giving a 
 year's notice. Up to this time, the number of Americans in Oregon 
 was trifling; and the first beginnings of real settlement were made in 
 1834. In that year a little band of Methodist missionaries established 
 themselves in the lovely valley of the Willamette. Here they were 
 joined by others, and several mission stations were founded. 
 
 No settlement of the conflicting claims of the British and Americans to 
 this region was made till 1846. It was then agreed by a treaty that the 
 American possessions should extend as far north as latitude 49 0 . Out 
 of the bounds of Oregon were afterwards formed the state of Oregon 
 and the territories of Washington and Idaho. Oregon was organized 
 as a territory in 1848. 
 
 The growth of Oregon was very slow until after the discovery of gold in 
 California. In 1850 Congress passed a law giving lands to settlers in 
 Oregon. The country then began to fill up. In 1859 h was admitted 
 as a state. Since the completion of the Pacific railroads its growth 
 has been exceedingly rapid. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Oregon contains twenty-five counties and the following lead¬ 
 ing cities and towns : — 
 
 Portland (i 7 , 577 )> in Multnomah County, is the business 
 center and largest city of Oregon. It is situated at the head 
 of navigation on the Willamette River, a little over twelve 
 miles above its junction with the Columbia. It is an impor¬ 
 tant railroad center, and is a manufacturing and commercial 
 city. 
 
 From its location at the foot of the rich valleys of the Columbia and the 
 Willamette, and at the head of ship navigation in the Columbia River 
 system, it enjoys a commanding commercial position on the Pacific 
 coast as the most important point between San Francisco and Puget 
 Sound. Since the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad the 
 city has grown even more rapidly than before. The city has excellent 
 public schools and other educational institutions. 
 
 Salem (2,538), in Marion County, south of Portland, 53 miles 
 by rail, is the capital of the state. It has an extensive water¬ 
 power, and has large flour and woolen mills. The Willamette 
 River affords excellent shipping facilities, and the city is a 
 distributing point for a large and wealthy agricultural section. 
 Other manufactures are iron, leather, etc. The city is the seat 
 of Willamette University. 
 
 Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia, is a seaport, a summer resort, and 
 the center of the business of canning salmon. The salmon fisheries employ 
 several thousand men, and the value of the annual product of salmon exceeds 
 $3,000,000. The facilities for lumbering and ship-building are also great, and 
 are being largely developed. 
 
 Albany, on the Willamette, south of Salem, has extensive flour-mills, 
 saw-mills, carriage-factories, and machine-shops. It has a large trade with 
 the interior, and by means of rail and river transportation has excellent 
 shipping facilities. 
 
 Corvallis, the county seat of Benton County, is favorably located on the 
 west bank of the Willamette, and is the seat of the State Agricultural 
 College. 
 
 The Dalles, county seat of Wasco County, is situated at the LIpper Cas¬ 
 cade Rapids of the Columbia, 115 miles from Portland. It has great advan¬ 
 tages as a manufacturing point, and is the center of trade for Eastern Oregon, 
 This place is much visited on account of the splendid scenery of the Dalles 
 of the Columbia. 
 
 Eugene City, at the head of steamer navigation on the Willamette River, 
 is the seat of the State University, and is the shipping point for farm-products 
 for a large section of the Willamette valley. 
 
 Jacksonville, county seat of Jackson County, in the southern part of the 
 state, on the line of the Oregon and California Railroad, is the trade center 
 of Southern Oregon. 
 
 Oregon City, county seat of Clackamas County, is situated about 12 
 miles south of Portland, on the Willamette. It has a valuable water-power, 
 and contains flouring-mills, saw-mills, and the largest woolen-mills in the 
 state. The Willamette is here made navigable by an extensive series of 
 lochs on the west bank of the river. 
 
 Roseberg, on the Umpqua River, is an important trading town on the 
 Oregon and California Railroad. 
 
 Baker City, county seat of Baker County, is a growing place in Eastern 
 Oregon on the line of the Oregon branch of the Union Pacific Railroad. 
 Several prosperous mining districts are in the vicinity. 
 
 East Portland, opposite Portland, on the Willamette, is a busy and enter¬ 
 prising place, which shares the growth and prosperity of its neighboring city. 
 
 Among other places worthy of special mention, are Dallas, a manufac¬ 
 turing town, in Polk County; Ashland, near the California line, in Jackson 
 County; Forest Grove, seat of the Pacific University, in Washington County; 
 Marshfield and Empire City, near the coast, in Coos County; McMinnville, 
 a railroad town and seat of the McMinnville College, in Yamhill County; 
 Pendleton, center of a fine agricultural region, and county seat of Umatilla 
 County; Umatilla, a shipping and trading town on the Columbia River; 
 Brownsville; Dayton; Halsey; Junction City; Oakland; and Weston. 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 249 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Extent. — Its length east and west is 340 miles, 
 and its width 200 miles. Its area is thus somewhat 
 less than that of Oregon, which state it resembles 
 both in its general shape and its surface features. 
 
 CAPE FLATTERY. 
 
 What is the 
 
 CUTTING UP A WHALE. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE 
 MAP. 
 
 Situation.—What coun¬ 
 try on the north of Wash¬ 
 ington Territory? What di¬ 
 vision on the east? What 
 state on the south ? What 
 forms the western bound¬ 
 ary ? What large river 
 forms a large part of the 
 southern boundary ? What 
 
 degrees of latitude nearly mark its limits north and south ? 
 distance between these limits according to the scale of miles ? What 
 degree of longitude marks its eastern limit? How many miles from this 
 meridian across the territory to the Pacific Ocean ? 
 
 Surface. — What is the nature of the surface west of the Columbia River? 
 What east of this river? What range of mountains extends through the 
 territory from north to south? Name and locate some of the highest peaks. 
 What important valley largely within this territory ? What is the nature of 
 the coast ? 
 
 Lakes and Rivers.—What large river crosses this territory? Describe 
 its course. What are chief tributaries on the north? What on the east? 
 What rivers on the western slope ? What lake, and where ? What other 
 important inland waters, and in what part ? 
 
 Counties and Cities. — Name the counties that border on the Pacific 
 Ocean. Name those that border on its connected inland waters. Name 
 the tier of counties, north and south, next east of these waters. In what 
 portion of the territory are the chief settlements? Name and locate the 
 capital. Name the more important cities on the navigable waters in the 
 north. Those on the Columbia River. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 69,180 square miles. 
 
 Population (Census of 1880), 75,116; 1883, esti¬ 
 mated, 125,000 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation. — Washington Territory lies north of Oregon, and 
 borders on the Pacific on the west, and British Columbia on the 
 north. It is included between 45 0 32' and 49 0 north latitude, 
 and 117 0 and 124 0 28' west longitude. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 Washington, like Oregon, is crossed north and 
 south by the Cascade Mountains, which divide it into 
 Eastern Washington and Western Washington. The 
 highest peaks of the Cascade Range are St. Helens, 
 12,000 feet, and Mount Rainier (Tacoma), 14,444, 
 both volcanic cones, whose peaks are covered with 
 
 perpetual snow, and whose 
 upper slopes are covered 
 with glaciers. 
 
 Western Washington, includ- 
 ing about one-third of the 
 area of the territory, is di¬ 
 vided into the tide - water 
 basin of the Columbia in the 
 south, the Chehalis valley in 
 the middle, and the Puget 
 Sound basin in the north. 
 The Coast Range extends in 
 broken ridges along the Pa¬ 
 cific near the coast. In the 
 north these mountains are 
 known as the Olympic Range, 
 of which the highest summit 
 is Mount Olympus, 8,150 feet. 
 The western slopes of these mountains feed numerous short and rapid 
 streams which flow directly into the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Eastern Washington, which includes two-thirds of the area of the terri¬ 
 tory, is for the greater part a plateau of moderate elevation traversed 
 by the Columbia River and its tributaries. The surface of this plateau 
 consists of several broad plains or prairies well adapted for grazing 
 and wheat-raising, divided here and there by the spurs of the Cascade 
 Range and by many irregular and abrupt changes of elevation. The 
 rivers are broken by numerous rapids, and the scenery is varied and 
 picturesque. 
 
 In the extreme north-eastern and south-eastern parts of the territory are 
 found the broken spurs of the Pend d’Oreille, and the Blue Mountains; 
 the former extending into the territory from Idaho, and the latter from 
 Oregon. 
 
 III. DRAINACE. 
 
 The Columbia River drains the entire eastern part of the 
 territory, and also a considerable part of the region west of 
 the Cascade Range. It receives the water of a number of noble 
 streams in part or entirely within the borders of the territory. 
 Among these are the Cowlitz, Klikitat, Yakima, Okanagan, 
 Pend d’Oreille, Spokan, Snake, and Walla-Walla. 
 
 The other drainage systems include the rivers flowing into the Puget 
 Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and those emptying directly 
 into the Pacific Ocean. Some of these streams, though short, are navi¬ 
 gable to a considerable distance, and are of value in lumbering and 
 shipping operations. The Chehalis, flowing into Gray’s Harbor on the 
 coast, is the most important. 
 
 Puget Sound is a magnificent arm of the sea, extending far into the 
 
250 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 interior, and affording great commercial facilities. It is navigable for 
 the largest ship; and its network of deep tide-water channels is unsur¬ 
 passed in any quarter of the globe. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 Washington, like California and Oregon, has two seasons, — 
 the rainy and the dry; but the rainfall is greater than in Cali¬ 
 fornia, and the dry season is shorter. Around Puget Sound 
 the winters are exceedingly mild for so high a latitude. 
 
 Eastern Washington, on account of its position to the east 
 of the Cascade Mountains, has a much lighter rainfall than 
 Western Washington, and much colder winters. 
 
 The territory, however, in all parts, has a much milder climate than east¬ 
 ern states of the same latitude; and this is mainly due to the Japan 
 current, which renders the sea much warmer than it is in similar sec¬ 
 tions of the eastern coast of the continent. This action is similar to 
 that of the Gulf Stream on the western coast of Europe. 
 
 V. RESOURCES. 
 
 The natural resources of Washington are of the most splen¬ 
 did character. The soil is rich and productive, easily tilled, and 
 adapted to the production of cereals. Extensive plains in the 
 eastern part of the territory afford fine pasturage for live-stock. 
 The bays and rivers abound in fish. 
 
 Western Washington is very heavily wooded, the forest trees 
 consisting mainly of pine, fir, spruce, and cedar. This whole 
 section is also underlaid by the richest deposits of coal. 
 
 The territory has great commercial advantages. It is deeply 
 penetrated by Puget Sound, whose waters are navigable for 
 more than a hundred miles for the largest vessels, thus afford¬ 
 ing excellent facilities for the ocean shipment of lumber and 
 the products of the fields and mines of the territory. 
 
 VI. INDUSTRIES. 
 
 The industries of Washington are as varied as its resources. 
 Large numbers of the population are engaged in farming and 
 lumbering* Coal-mining is rapidly developing, the fisheries are 
 important and valuable, and an extensive foreign and domestic 
 trade is growing up with the completion of the railroad lines to 
 the east. 
 
 Agriculture. — Farming is the leading occupation, and wheat is the chief 
 product, of which great quantities are raised for export. 
 
 On the extensive grazing-grounds of Eastern Washington stock-raising 
 is an important source of wealth. 
 
 In 1880 there were nearly 500,000 acres of improved land in farms, 
 valued at over $13,844,000. The chief productions were 566,000 bush¬ 
 els of barley, 1,571,000 bushels of oats, 1,921,000 bushels of wheat, 
 703,000 pounds of hops, 1,035,000 bushels of potatoes. The value of 
 live-stock was $4,852,000, and the total farm product was valued at 
 $4,212,000. 
 
 Lumbering. — In the Puget Sound basin the cutting, sawing, and ship¬ 
 ping of lumber is a leading pursuit. Ship-building is also carried 
 on to a considerable extent, and spars are shipped to the Atlantic 
 coast. 
 
 Mining. — Gold-mines are worked to some extent in the mountain sec¬ 
 tions, but the mineral wealth consists chiefly in extensive coal deposits 
 in the Puget Sound basin. The best known coal-mines are those of 
 Bellingham Bay, Seattle, Renton, Newcastle, and Carbon Hill. 
 
 Fisheries. — On the Columbia River there are extensive salmon can¬ 
 neries. The fisheries on the coast are also of considerable value. In 
 1880 the value of the seal fisheries product was over $61,000. 
 
 Manufacturing. — The manufactures of Washington are in their infancy. 
 They consist principally of lumber, flour, machinery, iron-work, and 
 ship stores. 
 
 Commerce. — It is connected with the east by the Northern Pacific Rail¬ 
 road, and by branch lines with Oregon and California. This great line 
 of railway, the shortest of the transcontinental lines, is already exer¬ 
 cising a great influence on the development of the territory. It is 
 opening up new routes of travel, and bringing together distant parts, 
 thus cementing the bonds of the future great commonwealth of the 
 North-west. It is also utilizing the magnificent harbors of the Puget 
 Sound, and bringing forward the exhaustless stores of wealth that have 
 been locked up in the mines and forests of the territory. 
 
 The Columbia River is navigable throughout the territory with the 
 exception of a few rapids, affording good facilities for the transporta¬ 
 tion of wheat. 
 
 The chief exports of Washington are wheat, lumber, coal, wool, live¬ 
 stock, and fish. The imports are all kinds of manufactured articles. 
 
 VII. EDUCATION. 
 
 Washington has laid the foundation for a good system of 
 public schools. The schools are under the general control of a 
 superintendent of public instruction, appointed by the governor 
 and council for a term of two years, and of county superin¬ 
 tendents of schools, elected by the people. Each school district 
 has a local board of three school directors. The Territorial 
 University is established at Seattle. 
 
 VIII. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Washington has a territorial form of government, subject to 
 the provisions of the United States statutes. 
 
 The executive officers consist of the governor and the secretary, ap¬ 
 pointed by the President of the United States, with the consent of the 
 Senate, for a term of four years. 
 
 The Legislature consists of the Council, of twelve members, and the House 
 of Representatives, of twenty-four members, elected by the people. 
 
 The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, the judges of which 
 are appointed by the President and Senate of the United States for a 
 term of four years; in district courts, county probate courts, and jus¬ 
 tices’ courts, the judges of which are elected by the people. 
 
 IX. HISTORY. 
 
 When the Territory of Washington was organized, in 1853, it 
 included all of the present area, and also Idaho and considerable 
 parts of Montana and Wyoming. 
 
 In 1863 the territory was reduced to its present limits upon 
 the organization of the territories to the east of Washington. 
 The settlement of the boundary disputes with Great Britain, 
 the discovery of gold in California, and the completion of the 
 Pacific Railroad, have been the main causes of the growth of 
 the territory. 
 
 The north-west boundary had long been a matter of dispute with Great 
 Britain, and was finally settled as to the mainland in 1846. From that 
 time the only question unsettled was the true boundary line through 
 the channel of the Strait of San Juan de Fuca. This resulted in the 
 joint occupancy of the San Juan Islands, ten in number, by the United 
 States and Great Britain. In the year 1872 these islands were decided 
 to belong to the United States by the Emperor of Germany, to whom 
 the question was submitted for arbitration, and they thus came under 
 the exclusive control of the territory. 
 
 X. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 Washington Territory comprises thirty-three counties and 
 the following leading cities and towns; — 
 
 Olympia, capital of the territory, and county seat of Thurs¬ 
 ton County, is situated at the head of Puget Sound. It is 
 connected by a branch road with the main line of the Northern 
 Pacific Railroad, and has most excellent facilities for commerce 
 
WASHINGTON. 
 
 2 5 1 
 
 and general trade. Its harbor is safe and commodious, and is 
 especially adapted for the lumber trade and for ship-building. 
 
 Seattle, county seat of King County, is situated on the 
 eastern side of Puget Sound, at the mouth of the Dawamish 
 River. It is one of the leading financial and business centers 
 of the territory, and has great commercial advantages. It is 
 surrounded by a rich coal and lumber region, which is being 
 rapidly developed. The principal manufactures are iron and 
 lumber. It is the seat of the University of Washington Terri¬ 
 tory. 
 
 Tacoma, in Pierce County, about midway between Seattle 
 and Olympia, on Puget Sound, is the western terminus of the 
 Northern Pacific Railroad. It has an excellent harbor, and is 
 largely engaged in the manufacture and shipping of lumber. 
 Here are located the extensive machine-shops of the western 
 division of the railroad, and its business is being largely ex¬ 
 tended since the completion of the road to the east. 
 
 Walla-Walla (by the census of 1880, the most populous town in the 
 territory) is situated in the south-eastern part in the rich and fertile Walla- 
 Walla valley. It is connected by railroad with the Columbia River at 
 Wallula, and is extensively engaged in trade and the shipment of wheat, 
 wool, etc. 
 
 Vancouver, county seat of Clarke County, is situated on the Columbia, 
 
 too miles from its mouth. It is one of the oldest settled points in the terri¬ 
 tory, and has considerable trade and shipping. 
 
 Spokan, on the Spokan River and the Northern Pacific Railroad, has an 
 extensive water-power, which is being considerably developed. 
 
 Whatcom, on Bellingham Bay, is a shipping point for coal and lumber. 
 
 Colfax, county seat of Whitman County, is a growing town in the center 
 of a fine agricultural district. 
 
 Tumwater, closely connected with Olympia in its business and manufac¬ 
 turing interests, has immense water-power, which is utilized in manufacture 
 of lumber, flour, etc. 
 
 Cascades, at the head of the lower rapids of the Columbia, is largely 
 engaged in trans-shipment of the commerce of that river. A ship canal is 
 being built at this point. 
 
 Wallula, on the upper Columbia, is the terminus of a railroad into the 
 fertile Walla-Walla valley. 
 
 Oysterville is the most important town on the Pacific coast, and is largely 
 engaged in the taking of sea-fish. 
 
 Port Townsend, county seat of Jefferson County, is the chief port of 
 entry for the entire Puget Sound region, and the headquarters of the military 
 division of the Columbia. 
 
 Ainsworth, in Franklin County, is a growing commercial town on the 
 Northern Pacific Railroad, and the terminus of an important branch of that 
 line. 
 
 Wilkeson and Carbonado are growing railroad towns in Pierce County. 
 
 Other important places are Dayton, in Columbia County; Steilacoom, in 
 Pierce County; Blakely, in Kitsap County; San Juan, in San Juan County; 
 Yakima, in Yakima County; and Port Gamble, in Kitsap County. 
 
252 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 165 Longitude East 175 
 
 ATTU I. 
 
 V ..SEMICHI r. 
 
 BOULDIR |. 
 
 SGGATEO I. 
 
 F r a »i i- PtBar row 
 
 ATKA I. 
 
 KRYSKA I, 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 lADAKH L 
 
 AMCHITKA I. 
 
 ’•YOULAk 
 
 * IS. 
 
 , IV" 
 
 j At< «iiiiut viu,l A 
 
 T~ ^ |pV Tt-Adams/* 
 
 uklukahyet. 
 
 Chukotski N°jV 
 
 '•nanah ji, 
 
 ifj Mq ineecharj 
 if .^UKOutaga 
 ^cpSi-ruk ^ 
 
 ^^^jitshaga V_ 
 
 III r : Tfjgeliede J 
 
 W'fstolik 
 
 t^fakimut 
 
 ‘aimut 
 
 \ 
 
 f^Cke£tno R- 
 
 Eedbtj Kc 
 
 Idotehkai 
 
 datumt 
 
 a l j asiak 
 
 °ft Etches, 
 
 ! E^ rx “^ i, **v~vpu‘ 
 
 ", / J3 > ' 
 
 ft'O-ySEory ,. -■ 
 
 c. Suckling 
 
 kusK 0 ® . I 
 
 I 
 
 ' Vew «n/>am.^ 
 
 C.Pe' toe 
 
 .0.0^ 
 
 — ^f^W^^^MONTAGU 
 
 ,0 ’ .-Cm*; Lt■ 
 
 "j^VKesurrcctiou $ 
 ;androwski 
 
 iusTiN Cl 
 
 [uwaroli 
 
 Wglass 
 Latognak i. 
 
 Ft.Xodiak 
 
 ■&V$il c ' Greville 
 K^KB^kooiak *• I 
 
 "HlfiStTKALIDAK I. I 
 .Trinity 
 
 TUGIPAK I. 
 
 ITKWIK I. 
 
 ■^MITROFANIA I. 
 
 4UKAMOK I, 
 
 CHOUMAG 1 N IS. 
 
 Ueuti a n 
 
 is.of the v 
 ^ FO UR Mn .O 
 
 °umnak 
 
 SEGOUAM 
 
 Longitude 
 
 ■Washington 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 Situation. — In what part of North America is Alaska? What bounds 
 it on the north ? What on the east? What waters form its southern and 
 western boundaries? What parallel marks its most northern limit? Its 
 most southern limit? 
 
 Surface. — What important continental range of mountains terminates in 
 Southern Alaska? What peninsula and islands indicate its course? What 
 mountains to the north of this? What important mountain peaks, and 
 where are they located? Which is the highest? What is the nature of the 
 southern coast of Alaska ? Of the western coast ? 
 
 Rivers, Lakes, and Towns. — What is the principal river of Alaska ? De¬ 
 scribe its course. In what general direction do most of the streams flow? 
 Has it many lakes? What is their size, and where are they mostly located? 
 Name the largest one. Name and locate the capital. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 531,409 square miles. Population (Census of 1880), 33,426 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Situation. — Alaska, which includes the extreme northern 
 and western parts of our continent, is separated from the 
 rest of the United States by British Columbia. Its area 
 is considerably greater than that of the original thirteen 
 states. 
 
 The mainland extends from the mouth of the Portland Canal, 54 0 40' 
 north latitude, to the shores of the Arctic Ocean, 71 0 23' north latitude, 
 and lies between the meridians of 130° and 167° west longitude. The 
 
ALASKA. 
 
 2 53 
 
 Island of Attoo, the most westerly of the Aleutian group, which is in¬ 
 cluded in Alaska, is situated in 173 0 east longitude. This island is as 
 many degrees west of San Francisco as that city is west of Maine. 
 
 Extent. — Alaska is 1,100 miles in length north and south, 
 and 800 miles in width. Its area is nearly four times that of 
 California. 
 
 In consequence of the numerous bays, inlets, and fiords that indent its 
 shores, together with its long chain of islands stretching across the 
 Pacific almost to Asia, Alaska has a coast line of not less than 20,000 
 miles. 
 
 Its most northerly point is Cape Barrow; and the most westerly point of 
 the mainland is Cape Prince of Wales. 
 
 II. SURFACE. 
 
 Mountains. — A great mountain-chain called the Coast Range 
 extends along the Pacific from British Columbia to the penin¬ 
 sula of Alaska. The Alaskan portion is from 50 to 75 miles 
 wide, and many of its summits rise to a great height. Mount 
 St. Elias, estimated to exceed 19,000 feet, is the loftiest peak 
 in North America. Mount Fairweather exceeds 16,000 feet, 
 and numerous other mountains exceed 12,000 feet in height. 
 
 The slopes of this mighty range are covered with thousands of glaciers, 
 that push their slow-moving masses down to the bays and fiords that 
 indent the coast. Some of these glaciers are 40 miles long, and from 
 10 to 15 miles wide. The glacial scenery of this region is by far the 
 grandest in the world. The long chain of the Aleutian Islands stretch- 
 insr out into the Pacific almost to Asia is a continuation of this chain of 
 mountains, though the island peaks seldom exceed a height of 5,000 
 feet. 
 
 The interior of Alaska has been but little explored. It consists of rolling 
 grassy plains, and mountains covered with scattered groves of pine and 
 spruce. 
 
 III. DRAINAGE. 
 
 The Yukon, the chief river of Alaska, is one of the great 
 rivers of the globe. 
 
 It rises in British Columbia, and flows into the Pacific. It is navigable 
 for steamers for 2,000 miles, and is a mile wide at a distance of 600 
 miles from the sea. The only large river of Alaska that flows into the 
 Arctic Ocean is the Colville. 
 
 IV. CLIMATE. 
 
 Two thirds of Alaska is in the north temperate zone, and 
 one third in the Arctic zone. 
 
 Owing to the influence of the warm Japan current, sometimes called the 
 Gulf Stream of the Pacific, that bathes the western shores of Alaska, 
 
 the climate of the coast belt and of the Aleutian Islands is temperate. 
 The rainfall of this region is very heavy, owing to the condensation, 
 by the mountains, of the warm rain-winds which come, heated and 
 vapor-laden, from the Japan current. 
 
 At Sitka, and southward along the coast, and westward throughout the 
 Aleutian chain of islands, it rains or snows two days out of three during 
 the entire year. 
 
 East of the Coast Range, and on the vast plains that border on the Arctic 
 Ocean, the cold in winter is intense, the thermometer falling to 70° 
 below zero. 
 
 At Sitka, during the longest days of summer, there is no darkness at 
 midnight. The sun just dips below the horizon, and then rises again. 
 
 V. RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 
 
 The resources of Alaska consist chiefly of the fish which 
 swarm in its innumerable bays, fiords, and rivers ; of the furs 
 of its wild animals ; and of its forests and minerals. 
 
 Fisheries. — Salmon abound in all the streams of Alaska; and extensive 
 canneries are already established on the Yukon River, the Chilcat, and 
 among the islands of the Alexander Archipelago. 
 
 The cod fisheries off the coast are carried on by a considerable number of 
 vessels from San Francisco. 
 
 The Arctic Ocean is the resort of many whaling-vessels, which push their 
 way in the summer months into these dangerous seas in pursuit of 
 whales. 
 
 Furs. — The principal fur-bearing animals are the seal, sea-otter, fox, 
 ermine, marten, and beaver. The most valuable of these is the fur- 
 seal, which is found in vast numbers on the two small islands of 
 St. Paul and St. George. These two islands are leased by the United 
 States Government to the Alaska Fur Company. The annual product 
 of the seal fisheries, as reported in the census of 1880, is valued at 
 nearly $2,100,000; and of other fisheries, over $500,000. 
 
 Forests. — The timber lands of Alaska are limited chiefly to the coast 
 belt of South-western Alaska. The trees most valuable for lumber are 
 the yellow cedar, and the spruce or Sitka pine. 
 
 Minerals. — Gold has recently been discovered on the tributaries of the 
 Yukon, but the mines have not as yet been extensively worked. 
 
 Vegetation. — The agricultural resources of Alaska are limited. Potatoes 
 and vegetables can be grown along the western coast and on the islands, 
 but the cereals will not ripen. 
 
 VI. GOVERNMENT. 
 
 No territorial government has yet been organized in Alaska. 
 This territory was purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000. 
 The population of the entire territory consists of a few hundred 
 whites and about 33,000 natives. 
 
 Sitka is a port of entry in charge of a United States rev¬ 
 enue officer. 
 
254 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 [Area, 69,304 square miles. Estimated population, 100,000 .] 
 
 I. SITUATION AND EXTENT. 
 
 Indian Territory is situated between the parallels of 33 0 35' 
 and 37 0 north latitude, and between the meridians of 94 0 20' 
 and ioo° west longitude. 
 
 Its length from east to west is 310 miles; its average breadth, 210 
 miles. Its area is about equal to that of the New-England States. 
 
 II. SURFACE AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 Surface.—The general slope of the surface is in an easterly 
 direction. In the south-west the Wichita Mountains reach a 
 considerable elevation, and in the east there is a continuation 
 
 of the Ozark Mountains from Arkansas. Apart from these 
 the country is, in the main, a rolling prairie, rising gradually 
 to the north and west, where it attains an elevation of from 
 3,000 to 4,500 feet above the sea-level. 
 
 Drainage. — Indian Territory is well watered, surpassing 
 Kansas in that respect. The principal river is the Arkansas, 
 which receives within the territory numerous large affluents. 
 The tributaries, great and small, of the Red, make up the 
 drainage of the southern section. 
 
 The most important tributaries of the Arkansas are the Canadian, the 
 North Fork of the Canadian, the Cimarron or Red Fork, and the 
 Little Arkansas, on its south bank; and the Neosho, Verdigris, and 
 Illinois, on the north. The Arkansas River is only navigable as far 
 as Fort Gibson, where it is obstructed by falls. 
 
INDIAN TERRITORY. 
 
 2 55 
 
 The principal tributaries of the Red River in this territory are the 
 North Fork of Red River, and the Washita River. The Red River 
 is navigable for nearly the whole distance along the southern border 
 of the territory. The numerous streams of Indian Territory afford 
 permanent and valuable water-power. 
 
 III. CLIMATE. 
 
 General Character. — The climate of Indian Territory is 
 generally mild and salubrious. 
 
 The rainfall in the north-west is very slight. In the south-west there j 
 are tracts of marshy land, where fevers prevail. The mean annual 
 temperature in the south-east is 6o°; in the north-west, 55 0 . 
 
 IV. NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Owing to the peculiar conditions under which this territory 
 has been set apart for the exclusive occupation of Indian tribes, 
 we have only an incomplete knowledge of the extent of its 
 natural resources. 
 
 Minerals. — There are, in the west and north-west, extensive deposits 
 of gypsum and of salt; and, in the Cherokee country, iron, marble, ( 
 and yellow sandstone are found in abundance. Deposits of bitumi¬ 
 nous coal of the best quality have been discovered in the Cherokee, 
 the Creek, and the Choctaw countries. Copper has also been dis¬ 
 covered at several points in the territory. 
 
 Soil and Vegetation. — The region south of the Canadian River pos¬ 
 sesses a fertile soil. There are extensive forests in the north-east¬ 
 ern portion of the territory ; but most of the Cherokee country is 
 rocky, and best fitted for grazing. The north-western section is in 
 the main sterile. The arable lands of the territory are finely adapted 
 to cereal and root crops. 
 
 Industries. — The leading industry is agriculture, although 
 in the more thickly settled portions, and especially in the rail¬ 
 way and river towns of the eastern section, commerce has 
 made some beginnings, and the simpler mechanical industries 
 have gained a foothold. 
 
 The principal agricultural products in 1883 were estimated as follows: 
 cotton, 5,900,000 pounds; wheat, 245,400 bushels; Indian-corn, 
 1,255,900 bushels; oats, 202,500 bushels. Of sawed lumber, the 
 annual product is about 8,000,000 feet. Of late several of the tribes 
 have leased large tracts of lands to northern and eastern capitalists 
 for grazing purposes, and thus stock-raising bids fair to become a 
 leading industry. 
 
 Railroads. — The Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railway crosses the 
 eastern part of the territory, connecting at Denison, in Texas, 
 with the railway system of that state. At Vinita, in the Cherokee 
 country, the Atlantic and Pacific Railway, entering the territory from 
 the north-east, forms a junction with the first-mentioned road. 
 
 There are at present about 300 miles of railways in operation within 
 the territory. Other lines have been proposed; and on the 31st of 
 May, 1884, Congress passed a bill granting a right of way through 
 the territory to the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe Company. 
 
 V. HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Indian Territory formed a part of the Louisiana Purchase. 
 It was selected and permanently set apart in 1832 (being, at 
 that time, the only unorganized portion of the vast territory 
 acquired from France) as the future home of the Indian tribes 
 then living east of the Mississippi River. 
 
 As the result of various treaties, Indian nations were from time to 
 time deported to this region by our Government, which covenanted 
 to maintain the exclusive title of the Indians to their new country 
 against the tide of white emigration then and now setting westward. 
 Each tribe thus transplanted is supreme, on its own reservation, in 
 the regulation of its domestic concerns. There is accordingly no 
 organized territorial government, such as obtains in the other terri¬ 
 tories, though the various tribes here settled are looked upon as the 
 
 wards of the American Government. The United States maintain 
 several military stations, and numerous post-offices, in this territory. 
 
 The most highly civilized tribe of any considerable numbers 
 the Cherokee nation, whose principal town, Tahlequah, is 
 e nominal capital of Indian Territory. 
 
 VI. EDUCATION. 
 
 Considerable advances have been made in education by the 
 more civilized Indian tribes. In 1883 they maintained over 30 
 boarding-schools, and 205 day schools, with an average attend¬ 
 ance of about 5,000 pupils. The relative educational develop¬ 
 ment of the tribes is indicated by the fact that 100 of these 
 schools were in the Cherokee nation alone ; and that 99 of the 
 remainder were Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole. 
 
 As an interesting evidence of progress, it may be noted that there are 
 three weekly papers published in the territory, — one (English and 
 Cherokee) at Tahlequah, one (English and Choctaw) at New Bogy, 
 and one (English) at Caddo. 
 
 VII. RESERVATIONS. 
 
 The most important reservations are those of the five civil¬ 
 ized tribes, — the Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, 
 and Seminoles. 
 
 Amono - other reservations within the boundaries of this territory may 
 be mentioned those of the Peorias, Kaskaskias, Weas, Miamis, 
 Ottawas, Shawnees, Wyandots, and Senecas in the north-east; the 
 ICiowas, Comanches, Apaches, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes in the 
 west and south-west; the Raws (or Kansas), Poncas, Otoes, Nez 
 Perces, Pawnees, and Osages in the north; and the Iowas, Sacs, 
 Foxes, Kickapoos, and Pottawatomies in the central part. 
 
 Of the five important nations, the Cherokees are easily foremost in 
 civilization, and the Choctaws the strongest in numbers. 
 
 Small but highly civilized nations are the Delawares and the Quapaws; 
 
 the latter long under tutelage of the Society of Friends. 
 
 Numerous other Indian tribes, in varying stages of civilization, are 
 now domiciled in this territory. Among the latest transfers are some 
 bands of Utes, and the remnant of the Modocs. 
 
 VIII. POPULATION. 
 
 We have no means of determining the exact population of 
 this territory. In 1883 the Indian office reported the whole 
 number of Indians as 81,731. 
 
 The greater part of these have attained a considerable degree of civil¬ 
 ization,—wear citizen’s dress, are farmers or herdsmen, have some 
 education, maintain churches and schools, and successfully admin¬ 
 ister their internal affairs. 
 
 It is estimated that there is also a white population of 10,000, 
 and a colored population of 8,000, within the territorial limits, 
 thus making the total population about 100,000. 
 
 Of the whites, the greater number are settled among the Cherokees 
 and Chickasaws. This class consists principally of missionaries, 
 teachers, traders, mechanics, and miners, and is rapidly gaining in 
 numbers and importance. 
 
 The colored population is chiefly distributed among the five most 
 civilized nations, by whom they were formerly held as slaves. 
 
 There is, in addition, a considerable half-breed population, from which 
 the trading element is mainly drawn. 
 
 IX. TOWNS. 
 
 The capital of the Cherokee nation is Tahlequah; of the 
 Chickasaws, Tishemingo; of the Choctaws, Armstrong; of 
 the Creeks, Okmulgee ; and of the Seminoles, Wewoka. 
 
 Other important places are Vinita and Fort Gibson in the Cherokee 
 country, MacAllister and Caddo in the Choctaw country, Muscogee 
 and Eufala in the Creek country, and Fort Sill in the south-west. 
 
 At Muscogee and MacAllister are coal-mines in active operation. 
 
THE LAND SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 256 
 
 The Land Surveys of the United States. 
 
 I. Historical Note. 
 
 After the close of the Revolutionary War, the eastern colonies surren¬ 
 dered to the General Government their several claims to the lands north 
 of the Ohio, and west of Pennsylvania, as far as to the Mississippi. Con¬ 
 necticut, however, retained the north-eastern corner of Ohio, now called 
 the Connecticut, or Western Reserve. Virginia also reserved a large tract 
 in the southern part of the state, between the Scioto and the Miami 
 rivers. Georgia relinquished her claim to Alabama and Mississippi. 
 Subsequently Florida, the Louisiana Purchase, Texas, California, and 
 Arizona were acquired either by treaty or by purchase. 
 
 As early as 17S5 provision was made by Congress for a uniform sys¬ 
 tem of surveys of all public lands. The present system was adopted in 
 1786. Ihomas Jefferson is generally credited with its authorship. 
 '• Lot 16 ” of every township was set apart for the maintenance of pub¬ 
 lic schools. Since 1852, sections 16 and 36 in every township are 
 given to the school fund. They are called School Sections. The sur¬ 
 veys are not extended across Indian reservations, nor over any lands 
 which are not the property of the United States. 
 
 There was no system adopted in allotting the lands of the original 
 states. Each tract was described by metes and bounds, and often in a 
 manner so vague as to present various conflicting claims. 
 
 II. The Township and its Subdivisions. 
 
 The public lands of the United States are generally laid out in town¬ 
 ships and sections. These townships and sections are designated by a 
 simple and uniform system of numbering. 
 
 A township is six miles square, and consequently contains thirty-six 
 square miles, or 23,040 acres. Its boundaries are meridians on the 
 east and west, and parallels of latitude on the north and south. 
 
 A township is divided into 36 sections, each one mile square “as 
 nearly as may be.” A section contains 640 acres. 
 
 I he sections of a township are always numbered in the order indi¬ 
 cated by Diagram 1. 
 
 Section 1 is always in the north-east corner of the township, and the 
 numbers run alternately west and east. Sections are divided as indi¬ 
 cated in Diagram 2. 
 
 r l he government surveyors mark the corners of townships, sections, 
 half-sections, and quarter-sections (except the corner in the center of 
 the section) with stakes, stones, or mounds of turf, after a uniform 
 system. In some of the later surveys eighths and sixteenths are also 
 measured. 
 
 III. Numbering of Townships. 
 
 Townships are legally designated by numbers instead of names. 
 
 All surveys begin by establishing a true meridian, along which the 
 
 surveyors measure from some selected point, marking each half-mile 
 point with a “quarter stake,” and each mile point with a “section 
 corner.” At each six-mile point a “ township corner ” is marked. This 
 line is called a principal meridian. 
 
 I hrough this selected starting-point upon the principal meridian, a 
 true parallel of latitude is run, and measured from the meridian. The 
 half-mile, mile, and six-mile corners are marked as upon the meridian. 
 This is called a base line. 
 
 In the later surveys, additional parallels, called correction lines, are 
 measured at distances of twenty-four or thirty miles apart, and also true 
 meridians fifty-four miles apart, called guide meridians. The principal 
 meridians, guide meridians, base lines, and correction lines, are astro¬ 
 nomical lines. All other lines are run with chain and compass, and are 
 subject to two errors, — one from the variation of the needle, and the 
 other from the impossibility of making perfectly accurate measurements 
 with the chain. The sections are never surveyed by the same surveyors 
 that mark the townships. 
 
 Townships are numbered north and south from the base line. A row 
 of townships running north and south is called a range. Ranges are 
 numbered east and west from the principal meridian. 
 
 This is illustrated by Diagram 3. 
 
 Diagram No. 3. 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corre 
 
 ction 
 
 
 5 
 
 TAnc. 
 
 T. 5 N. 
 R .3 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 t, 4 n., 
 R 3 W. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 T. 3 N., 
 R. 4 e. 
 
 
 
 
 
 T. 2 N , 
 R. 2 W 
 
 s 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 Kn.se 
 
 
 1 
 
 Line. 
 
 
 
 
 IA 
 
 lif. 
 
 ii. 
 
 1. 
 
 1. 
 
 1 
 
 11. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cipal 
 
 2 
 
 
 T. 2 S., 
 R. 3 E. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «S 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t. 4 s., 
 
 R. 4 W. 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T. 5 S , 
 R. 4 W 
 
 Corre 
 
 ction 
 
 
 5 
 
 Line. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Explanation. — Each square represents a township. Numerals on the base 
 line indicate ranges east and west of the principal meridian. Numerals on 
 the principal meridian indicate townships north and south of the base line. 
 The south-west township on this diagram is described as “ Township 5 
 South, of Range 4 West,” or “ T. 5 S., R. 4 W.” 
 
 North of the base line the correction lines occur every four townships, or 
 twenty-four miles; south of the base line, every five townships, or thirty 
 miles. This is on account of the greater convergence of the meridians as 
 we proceed north. In a survey of Central British America, to secure equal 
 accuracy, correction lines would need to be laid out every two or three 
 townships. 
 
 Diagram No. 2. 
 
 A SECTION. 
 
 N 
 
 N. W. 34 
 
 Op 
 
 N W. 34 
 
 E. H 
 
 
 40 A. 
 
 
 N. E. 14. 
 
 S. W. 14 
 
 N. W. 14 
 
 160 A. 
 
 OF 
 
 80 A. 
 
 
 N. W. 14 
 
 
 
 s y t . 
 
 320 A. 
 
 S 
 
 Diagram No. 1. 
 
 A TOWNSHIP. 
 
 N 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 S 
 
THE LAND SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 2 57 
 
 In locating townships thev are always described as north or south of th ?base 
 line. 
 
 Sometimes a new base line is located in passing from one state to another. 
 For instance, on the fourth principal meridian the south boundary line of 
 Wisconsin forms a new base line for surveys in that state. 
 
 To locate any given township, as, for instance, Township 16 North, of Range 
 9 East, count eastward from the principal meridian along the base line until 
 the ninth range is reached; then count northward in that range until its 
 sixteenth township is reached. 
 
 To locate a township accurately when its number and range are given, it is 
 necessary to know from what meridian it is reckoned, and where its base 
 line crosses that meridian. 
 
 IV. Location of Meridians. 
 
 The first principal meridian is the west boundary of Ohio. Its base 
 line is the south boundary of the Western Reserve, latitude 41 0 north. 
 Only the western portion of Ohio is surveyed from this line. 
 
 The second principal meridian runs due north from the mouth of 
 Little Blue Creek, in Indiana, nearly through the center of that state. 
 Its base line crosses it near New Albany. All of Indiana and a little of 
 Eastern Illinois are surveyed from this meridian. 
 
 The third principal meridian runs north from the mouth of the Ohio, 
 nearly through the center of Illinois, to the north boundary of Wiscon¬ 
 sin. Its base line is the same as that of the second principal meridian. 
 Most of Illinois south-east of the Illinois River is surveyed from this 
 meridian. 
 
 The fourth principal meridian runs north from the mouth of the Illi¬ 
 nois River to Lake Superior. Its base line crosses it at Beardstown All 
 of Wisconsin, Minnesota east of the Mississippi, and Illinois north of 
 the Illinois River and west of the third principal meridian, are surveyed 
 from this meridian. 
 
 The fifth principal meridian commences at the mouth of the Arkan¬ 
 sas River, and extends through Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. 
 
 Its base line runs west from the mouth of the St. Francis River, pass¬ 
 ing a little south of Little Rock, Ark. Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota 
 west of the Mississippi, and Dakota east of the Missouri, are surveyed 
 from this meridian. 
 
 The sixth principal meridian is near the center of Kansas (long. 97 0 
 13' west from Greenwich). Its base line is the 40th parallel of north 
 latitude. Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Dakota west of the Mis¬ 
 souri, are surveyed from it. 
 
 The other principal meridians are named, not numbered. 
 
 Michigan is surveyed from the Michigan meridian, running nearly 
 through the center of the state. Its base line forms the line between 
 the second and third tiers of counties. Both peninsulas are surveyed 
 from this meridian. 
 
 Florida is surveyed from the Tallahassee meridian. The base line 
 intersects the meridian in the city of Tallahassee. 
 
 Utah is surveyed from the Salt Lake meridian, which intersects the 
 base line at the corner of the Temple Block in Salt Lake City. 
 
 Northern California and Nevada are surveyed from the Monte Diablo 
 meridian, which intersects its base line on the summit of Monte Diablo, 
 about thirty miles north-east of San Francisco. North-western California 
 is surveyed from the Humboldt meridian, whose base line intersects it 
 on the summit of Mount Pierce. Southern California is surveyed from 
 the San Bernardino meridian, whose base line intersects it on the sum¬ 
 mit of Mount San Bernardino. 
 
 Oregon and Washington Territory are surveyed from the Willamette 
 meridian (long. 122 0 30 ; west from Greenwich). The base line is near 
 the city of Portland. 
 
 Alabama is surveyed from the Huntsville and St. Stephens meridians. 
 
 Mississippi, from the St. Stephens, Choctaw, and Washington meridi¬ 
 ans. 
 
 Louisiana, on the east of the Mississippi River, from the St. Helena 
 meridian, and on the west, from the Louisiana meridian. 
 
 The public lands of Texas belong to that state, and are surveyed by 
 a system of its own. 
 
 New Mexico is surveyed from the New Mexico meridian. Arizona 
 surveys are regulated by the Gila and Salt River meridians ; Idaho 
 surveys, by the Boise meridian ; and Montana surveys, by the Montana 
 meridian. In all there are twenty-three principal meridians in the 
 United States. 
 
 V. Convergence of Meridians. 
 
 In consequence of the convergence of meridians, townships accu¬ 
 rately surveyed are not perfect squares, but are longer upon the southern 
 than upon the northern boundary. If the township corners upon abase 
 line are exactly six miles apart, the townships surveyed northward grow 
 less and less as the distance from the base line increases, and those 
 surveyed southward grow larger. Hence the necessity of standard 
 parallels, or correction lines , to prevent the errors from becoming so 
 great as to destroy the value of the system. 
 
 Upon these correction lines the township corners are carefully placed 
 
 at distances of six miles apart. 
 
 The convergence of meridians is great¬ 
 er in the higher latitudes ; but at latitude 
 42 0 it is about half a rod to a mile. 
 Supposing the surveys to be perfectly 
 accurate, and the correction lines to be 
 twenty-four miles apart, the conver¬ 
 gence of the meridians will then be 
 about twelve rods, and there will be a 
 double set of township corners, as illus¬ 
 trated in the following diagram, in which 
 the convergence of the meridians is 
 greatly exaggerated to make it evident 
 to the eye. 
 
 Explanation.—In consequence of the 
 convergence of meridians, a line run 
 due north from a strikes the correction 
 line at b instead of at a'. Double 
 township corners are consequently es¬ 
 tablished at b and a', and so on, their 
 distance apart increasing with their 
 distance from the principal meridian. 
 
 Diagram No. 4. 
 
 £ 
 
 1 Principal Meridian 1 
 
 
 ]N L 
 
 b 
 
 a/ d 
 
 c* 
 
 C0RRECT1 
 
 on Lin 'e 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 OL 
 
 e 
 
 | Base Line 
 S 
 
 Lands are legally advertised in the following way: — 
 
 “ The south-east quarter of the south-east quarter of the north-west quarter of 
 Section thirty-five in township twenty-nine north, of range seven east of the fourth 
 principal meridian, containing ten acres more or less.” 
 
 The above is often abbreviated thus : — 
 
 “ The S. E. ± of the S. E. i of the N W. | Sect. 35, T. 29 N., R. 7 E. of the 4th 
 
 p. m.” 
 
 Supposing the annexed drawing to Diagram No. 5. 
 
 represent the Section 35 described, the N 
 
 star (*) shows the position of the lot 
 advertised. 
 
 The proper description is found by 
 consulting the records of the land offices, 
 or the deed by which the title was origi¬ 
 nally conveyed by the government. 
 
 These records are presumed to be cor¬ 
 rect, and the only appeal from them is to 
 the Commissioner of the General Land 
 Office, the Secretary of the Interior, and 
 ultimately to the President of the United States. 
 
 Diagram No. 5. 
 
 N 
 
GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES 
 
 COMPILED FROM THE CENSUS REPORT FOR 1880. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Autauga.13,108 
 
 Baldwin.8,603 
 
 Barbour . 33,979 
 
 B >bb.9,487 
 
 Blount.15,369 
 
 Bullock.29,066 
 
 Butler.19,649 
 
 Calhoun.19,591 
 
 Chambers.23,440 
 
 Cherokee.19,108 
 
 Chilton.10,793 
 
 Choctaw.15,731 
 
 Clarke.17,806 
 
 Clay.12,938 
 
 Cleburne.10,976 
 
 Coffee 
 
 ,119 
 
 Colbert.16,153 
 
 Conecuh.12,605 
 
 Coosa.15,113 
 
 Covington.5,639 
 
 Crenshaw.11,726 
 
 Cullman.6,355 
 
 Dale.12,677 
 
 Dallas . 48,433 
 
 De Kalb.12,675 
 
 Elmore.17,502 
 
 Escambia. 5,719 
 
 Etowah. 5,398 
 
 Fayette. 1 0,135 
 
 Franklin. 9,155 
 
 Geneva.4,342 
 
 Greene.21,931 
 
 HaIe .26,553 
 
 Henry . . 
 
 Jackson . . 
 
 Jefferson 
 Lamar . . 
 
 Lauderdale . 
 Lawrence . 
 Lee . . . 
 
 Limestone . 
 Lowndes 
 Macon . . 
 
 Madison 
 Marengo 
 Marion . . 
 
 Marshall 
 Mobile . . 
 Monroe . . 
 
 Montgomery 
 Morgan . . 
 
 Perry. . 
 
 Pickens . . 
 
 Pike . . . 
 
 Randolph . 
 Russell . . 
 St. Clair . . 
 
 Shelby . . 
 Sumter . . 
 
 Talladega . 
 Tallapoosa . 
 Tuscaloosa. 
 Walker . . 
 
 Washington 
 Wilcox . . 
 Winston. . 
 
 18,761 
 
 25,114 
 
 23,272 
 
 12,142 
 
 21,035 
 
 21,392 
 
 27,262 
 
 21,600 
 
 3 LI 76 
 
 I 7 , 37 i 
 
 37,625 
 
 30,890 
 
 9,364 
 
 14,585 
 
 48,653 
 
 17,091 
 
 52,356 
 
 16,428 
 
 30,741 
 
 21,479 
 
 20,640 
 
 16,575 
 
 24,837 
 
 14,462 
 
 17,236 
 
 28,728 
 
 23,360 
 
 23,401 
 
 24,957 
 
 9,479 
 
 4-538 
 
 31,828 
 
 4,253 
 
 *** For other general statistics see text. 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 ESTIMATED POPULATION. 
 
 Arctic Alaska . . . 
 Yukon Valley . . . 
 
 Kuskokvim Region 1 
 
 O 
 
 Aleutian Islands . . 
 
 3,094 
 
 6,870 
 
 8,911 
 
 2,451 
 
 Kadiak Section . 
 South-east Alaska 
 
 4,352 
 
 7,748 
 
 Total . 33,426 
 
 POPULATION BY RACE. 
 
 White 
 
 430 
 
 Creole .. 1,756 
 
 Innuit.17,617 
 
 Aleut.2,145 
 
 . 3,927 
 
 Tinneh 
 
 Thlinket 
 Hyda . . 
 
 6,763 
 
 788 
 
 Total . 33,426 
 
 1 This includes the population of the Kuskokvim Valley, of the Togiak Valley, and of part of the 
 
 Yukon Delta. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Apache . 
 Maricopa 
 Mohave . 
 Pima . . 
 
 5,283 
 5,689 
 1,190 
 17,006 
 
 pinal . 3,044 
 
 Yavapai.5,013 
 
 . 3,215 
 
 Yuma 
 
 POPULATION BY RACE. 
 
 White 
 
 Colored 
 
 Chinese 
 
 35,i6o 
 
 155 
 
 1,630 
 
 Japanese 
 Indians . 
 
 2 
 
 3,493 
 
 Silver product 
 Copper product 
 Wool product. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 $2,325,825 
 3,183,750 pounds. 
 313,698 pounds. 
 
 258 
 
 Arkansas 
 Ashley 
 Baxter 
 Benton 
 Boone 
 Bradley 
 Calhoun 
 Carroll 
 Chicot 
 Clark . 
 
 Clay . 
 Columbia 
 Conway . 
 Craighead 
 Crawford 
 Crittenden 
 Cross . 
 
 Dallas 
 Desha 
 Dorsey 
 Drew . 
 Faulkner 
 Franklin 
 Fulton . 
 Garland . 
 Grant. 
 
 Greene . 
 Hempstead 
 Hot Spring 
 Howard . 
 Independence 
 I zarcl . 
 Jackson . 
 Jefferson 
 Johnson , 
 
 8,038 
 
 10,156 
 
 6,004 
 
 20,328 
 
 12,146 
 
 6,285 
 
 5,671 
 
 13,337 
 
 10,117 
 
 15,771 
 
 7,213 
 
 14,090 
 
 12,755 
 
 7,037 
 
 14,740 
 
 9 , 4 i 5 
 
 5,050 
 
 6,505 
 
 8,973 
 
 8,370 
 
 12,231 
 
 12,786 
 
 H, 95 i 
 
 6,720 
 
 9,023 
 
 6,185 
 
 7 , 48 o 
 
 19,015 
 
 7,775 
 9 , 9‘7 
 18,086 
 10,857 
 10,877 
 22,386 
 11,565 
 
 La Fayette.5,730 
 
 Lawrence.8,782 
 
 Lee.13,288 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 9,255 
 
 Little River.6,404 
 
 Logan.14,885 
 
 Lonoke.12,146 
 
 Madison.11,455 
 
 Marion.7,907 
 
 Miller.9,919 
 
 Mississippi.7,332 
 
 Monroe 
 
 9-574 
 
 Montgomery.5,729 
 
 Nevada.12,959 
 
 Newton.6,120 
 
 Ouachita.11,758 
 
 Perr y.3,872 
 
 Phillips.21,262 
 
 Pike .6,345 
 
 Poinsett.2,192 
 
 Polk . 5,857 
 
 Pope.14,322 
 
 Prairie.8,435 
 
 Pulaski.32,616 
 
 Randolph.11,724 
 
 St. Francis.8,389 
 
 Saline.8,953 
 
 Scott. 9 d 74 
 
 Searcy.7,278 
 
 Sebastian.19,560 
 
 Sevier.6,192 
 
 Sharp.9,047 
 
 Stone.5,089 
 
 Union ....... 
 
 Van Buren 
 
 13,419 
 
 9,565 
 
GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 259 
 
 Washington.23,844 Woodruff . . 
 
 White. 17,794 Yell ... . 
 
 *** For other general statistics see text. 
 
 8,646 Routt. . 
 
 13,852 Saguache 
 San Juan, 
 
 140 Summit 
 1,973 Weld . 
 1,087 
 
 5,459 
 
 5,646 
 
 Alameda 
 Alpine . . 
 
 Amador . . 
 Butte . . . 
 
 Calaveras . 
 Colusa . . 
 Contra Costa 
 Del Norte . 
 El Dorado . 
 Fresno . . 
 
 Humboldt . 
 Inyo . . . 
 
 Kern . . . 
 
 Lake . . . 
 
 Lassen . . 
 
 Los Angeles 
 Marin . . 
 
 Mariposa 
 Mendocino . 
 Merced . . 
 
 Modoc . . 
 
 Mono . . 
 
 Monterey . 
 Napa. . . 
 Nevada . . 
 
 Placer . . 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 62,976 
 
 539 
 
 11,384 
 
 18,721 
 
 9,094 
 
 13,118 
 
 12,525 
 
 2,584 
 
 10,683 
 
 9,478 
 
 15,512 
 
 2,928 
 
 5,601 
 
 6,596 
 
 3,340 
 
 33 , 38 i 
 
 11,324 
 
 4,339 
 
 12,800 
 
 5,656 
 
 4,399 
 
 7,499 
 
 11,302 
 
 13,235 
 
 20,823 
 
 14,232 
 
 Plumas . . . 
 
 Sacramento 
 San Benito . . 
 
 San Bernardino 
 San Diego . . 
 
 San Francisco 
 San Joaquin . 
 San Luis Obispo 
 San Mateo . . 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 Santa Clara 
 Santa Cruz . . 
 
 Shasta . . . 
 
 Sierra . . . 
 
 Siskiyou. . . 
 
 Solano . . . 
 
 Sonoma . . . 
 
 Stanislaus . . 
 
 Sutter . . . 
 
 Tehama . . . 
 
 Trinity . . . 
 
 Tulare . . . 
 
 Tuolumne . . 
 
 Ventura . . . 
 
 Yolo .... 
 Yuba .... 
 
 . 6,180 
 
 • 34 , 39 ° 
 
 • 5,584 
 
 . 7,786 
 
 . 8,618 
 
 • 233,959 
 . 24,349 
 
 • 9 A 42 
 8,669 
 
 • 9 , 5 i 3 
 
 • 35,039 
 
 . 12,802 
 
 . 9,492 
 
 6,623 
 8,610 
 . 18,475 
 
 . 25,926 
 
 • 8,751 
 
 • 5 d 59 
 
 • 9 , 3 oi 
 
 . 4,999 
 
 . 11,281 
 
 . 7,848 
 
 • 5,073 
 
 . 11,772 
 
 . 11,284 
 
 White 
 
 Colored 
 
 Chinese 
 
 POPULATION BY RACE. 
 
 767,181 
 
 6 ,Ol8 
 
 75 d 32 
 
 Japanese 
 
 Indian 
 
 C6 
 
 16,277 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Hops. 
 
 Irish potatoes. 
 
 Butter.'. . . . . 
 
 Cheese . 
 
 Value of gold product. 
 
 Value of silver product. 
 
 Coal product. 
 
 Copper . 
 
 Value of fisheries product. 
 
 12,463,561 bushels. 
 29,017,707 bushels. 
 16,798,036 pounds. 
 1,444,077 pounds. 
 4,550,565 bushels. 
 14,084,405 pounds. 
 2,566,618 pounds. 
 $17,150,941 
 $1,150,887 
 239,950 tons. 
 720,000 pounds. 
 $1,860,714 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Arapahoe .... 
 
 
 Grand. 
 
 417 
 
 Bent. 
 
 
 Gunnison. 
 
 8,235 
 
 Boulder. 
 
 • • • 9,723 
 
 Hinsdale. 
 
 1,487 
 
 Chaffee. 
 
 
 Huerfano. 
 
 4,124 
 
 Clear Creek . . . 
 
 • • • 7,823 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 6(804 
 
 Conejos. 
 
 . . . 5,605 
 
 Lake. 
 
 23,563 
 
 Costilla. 
 
 
 La Plata. 
 
 1,110 
 
 Custer. 
 
 . . . 8,080 
 
 Larimer. 
 
 4,892 
 
 Douglas. 
 
 
 Las Animas. 
 
 8,903 
 
 Elbert. 
 
 
 Ouray. 
 
 2,669 
 
 El Paso . 
 
 • • • 7,949 
 
 Park. 
 
 3,970 
 
 Fremont . . . . 
 
 • • ■ 4,735 
 
 Pueblo. 
 
 7,617 
 
 Gilpin. 
 
 
 Rio Grande. 
 
 L 944 
 
 SPECIAL STATIST ICS. 
 
 Wool product. 
 
 Gold product. 
 
 Silver product. 
 
 Coal product. 
 
 Fairfield . 
 Hartfor 1 
 Litchfield 
 Middlesex 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 112,042 
 125,382 
 52,044 
 35,589 
 
 New Haven 
 New London . 
 Tolland . . . 
 
 Windham . . 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Principal Agricultural Productions : — 
 
 Indian corn. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Irish potatoes. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Value of Leading Manufactured Products: — 
 
 Boots and shoes. 
 
 Boots and shoes (rubber). 
 
 Brass and copper (rolled). 
 
 Carpets. 
 
 Carriages and wagons. 
 
 Clocks . 
 
 Clothing (men’s). 
 
 Cotton goods. 
 
 Corsets.*. 
 
 Cutlery and edge-tools. 
 
 Firearms. 
 
 Flouring and grist mill products .... 
 Foundery and machine-shop products . . 
 
 Hardware. 
 
 Hats and caps. 
 
 Hosiery and knit goods. 
 
 Mixed textiles. 
 
 Paper . 
 
 Plated ware. 
 
 Sewing machines. 
 
 Silk and silk goods. 
 
 Slaughtering and meat-packing . . . '. . 
 
 Woolen goods. 
 
 Quarries: — 
 
 Number of quarries. 
 
 Product in 1880 (cubic feet). 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 Fisheries: — 
 
 Persons employed. 
 
 Capital invested. 
 
 Value of products. 
 
 Public Schools : — 
 
 Number of teachers. 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils . . . 
 
 DAKOTA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Aurora . . 
 
 Barnes . . 
 
 Beadle . . 
 
 Billings . . 
 
 | Bon Homme 
 
 69 
 
 1,585 
 
 1,290 
 
 1,323 
 
 5,468 
 
 Boreman 
 Brookings 
 Brown . 
 Brule 
 Buffalo . 
 
 3,197,39! pounds. 
 $2,699,898 
 $16,549,274 
 
 462,747 tons. 
 
 156,523 
 
 73 d 52 
 
 24,112 
 
 43,856 
 
 1,880,421 bushels. 
 1,009,706 bushels. 
 14,044,652 pounds. 
 2,584,262 bushels. 
 8,198,995 pounds. 
 
 $2,211,385 
 
 4 d 75,997 
 
 10,985,471 
 
 2,500,559 
 
 2,605,591 
 
 3,016,717 
 
 2,210,159 
 
 17,050,126 
 
 3 , 322,359 
 
 2,704,708 
 
 2,470,398 
 
 2,964,134 
 
 6 , 339,599 
 
 10 , 374,293 
 
 4 , 407,993 
 
 2,432,271 
 
 5 , 9 ! 9 , 5°5 
 
 • 4 , 337,550 
 
 , 6,080,076 
 
 . 2,969,741 
 
 5,881,000 
 . 4,669,540 
 
 . 16,892,284 
 
 38 
 
 • 3 , 527 , 4 oo 
 
 . $1,087,425 
 
 3 d 3 i 
 . $1,421,020 
 . $1,456,866 
 
 2,719 
 
 '1,643 
 
 72,725 
 
 534 
 
 4,965 
 
 353 
 
 238 
 
 63 
 
260 
 
 GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 Burleigh 
 Campbell 
 Cass . . 
 
 Charles Mix 
 Clark . . 
 
 Clay . . 
 
 Codington 
 Custer 
 Davison . 
 Day . . 
 
 Deuel 
 Douglas . 
 Emmons 
 Faulk . 
 Foster 
 Grand Forks 
 Grant 
 Hamlin . 
 Hand 
 Hanson . 
 Howard . 
 Hughes . 
 Hutchinson 
 Kidder . 
 Kingsbury 
 Lake . . 
 
 LaMoure 
 Lawrence 
 Lincoln . 
 Lyman . 
 McCook. 
 
 3,246 1 Meyer. 115 
 
 50 1 Miner. 363 
 
 8,998 ; Minnehaha.8,251 
 
 407 Moody.3,915 
 
 114 Morton. 200 
 
 5,001 Mountraille. 13 
 
 2,156 Pembina.4,862 
 
 995 { Pennington.2,244 
 
 1,256 Ramsey. 281 
 
 97 | Ransom. 537 
 
 2,302 1 Richland.3,597 
 
 6 Rusk. 46 
 
 38 Shannon. 113 
 
 4 Spink. 477 
 
 37 Stanley. 793 
 
 6,248 Stevens. 247 
 
 3,010 j Stutsman. 1,007 
 
 693 | Sully. 296 
 
 153 | Todd. 203 
 
 1,301 ; Traill.4,123 
 
 12 Turner.5)320 
 
 268 Union.6,813 
 
 5,573 Wallette. 432 
 
 89 j Walworth. 46 
 
 1,102 Williams. 14 
 
 2,657 Yankton.8,390 
 
 20 
 
 13,248 Sisseton and Wahpeton Res- 
 
 5,896 ervation. 73 
 
 124 Fort Sisseton. 134 
 
 1,283 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Indian corn.2,000,864 bushels. 
 
 Oats.2,217,132 bushels. 
 
 \\ heat.2,830,289 bushels. 
 
 Gold product (1880).$3,305,843 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of buildings.361 
 
 Number of teachers.320 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils.8,530 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Sussex . . 
 
 Kent . . . 
 
 New Castle 
 
 32,874 
 
 77,716 
 
 36,018 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products: — 
 
 Indian corn.3,894,264 bushels. 
 
 Wheat. 1,175,272 bushels. 
 
 B utt er. 1,876,275 pounds. 
 
 Value of Chief Manufactured Products : — 
 
 Iron and steel.$2,347,177 
 
 Wrought-iron pipe.2,000,000 
 
 Ship-building.2,162,503 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 369 
 
 Number of teachers. 326 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils. 17,439 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Alachua.16,462 Calhoun . 
 
 Baker.2,303 Clay . . 
 
 Bradford.6,112 Columbia 
 
 Brevard 1,478 Dade . . 
 
 1,580 
 2,838 
 9,589 
 2 57 
 
 Duval. 
 
 ’ 9 , 43 ’ 
 
 Marion. 
 
 13,046 
 
 Escambia. 
 
 12,156 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 10,940 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 L 79 1 
 
 Nassau. 
 
 6,635 
 
 Gadsden. 
 
 12,169 
 
 Orange. 
 
 6,618 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 6 , 79 ° 
 
 Polk". 
 
 3,i8i 
 
 Hernando. 
 
 4,248 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 6,261 
 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 5,814 
 
 St. Johns. 
 
 4,535 
 
 Holmes. 
 
 2,170 
 
 Santa Rosa. 
 
 6,645 
 
 Jackson . 
 
 i 4 , 37 i 
 
 Sumter. 
 
 4,686 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 16,065 
 
 Suwanee. 
 
 7,161 
 
 Lafayette ....... 
 
 2,441 
 
 T aylor. 
 
 2,279 
 
 Leon. 
 
 19,662 
 
 Volusia. 
 
 3,294 
 
 Levy. 
 
 5,767 
 
 Wakulla. 
 
 2,723 
 
 Liberty. 
 
 1,362 
 
 Walton. 
 
 4,201 
 
 Madison. 
 
 14,798 
 
 Washington. 
 
 4,089 
 
 Manatee. 
 
 3,544 
 
 
 
 *#* For other general statistics see text. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Appling.5,276 
 
 Baker. 7,307 
 
 Baldwin.13,806 
 
 Banks.7,337 
 
 Bartow.18,690 
 
 Berrien.6,619 
 
 Bibb.27,147 
 
 Brooks.11,727 
 
 Bryan.4,929 
 
 Bullock.8,053 
 
 Burke.27,128 
 
 Butts.8,311 
 
 Calhoun. 7,024 
 
 Camden.6,183 
 
 Campbell.9,970 
 
 Carroll.16,901 
 
 Catoosa.4,739 
 
 Charlton.2,154 
 
 Chatham.45,023 
 
 Chattahoochee.5,670 
 
 Chattooga.10,021 
 
 Cherokee.14,325 
 
 Clarke . 11,702 
 
 Clay.6,650 
 
 Clayton.8,027 
 
 Clinch.4,138 
 
 Cobb.20,748 
 
 Coffee.5,070 
 
 Colquitt.2,527 
 
 Columbia.10,465 
 
 Coweta.21,109 
 
 Crawford.8,656 
 
 Dade.4,7° 2 
 
 Dawson.5,837 
 
 Decatur.19,072 
 
 De Kalb.14,497 
 
 Dodge. 5,358 
 
 Dooly.12,420 
 
 Dougherty.12,622 
 
 Douglas.6,934 
 
 Early.7,611 
 
 Echols. 2,553 
 
 Effingham. 5,979 
 
 Elbert.12,957 
 
 Emanuel. 9,759 
 
 Fannin.7,245 
 
 Fayette.8,605 
 
 Floyd.24,418 
 
 Forsyth.10,559 
 
 Franklin.11,453 
 
 Fulton.49T37 
 
 Gilmer.8,386 
 
 Glascock.3,577 
 
 Glynn 
 Gordon . 
 Greene . 
 Gwinnett 
 Habersham 
 Hall . . 
 
 Hancock 
 Haralson 
 Harris 
 Hart . 
 Heard 
 Henry 
 Houston 
 Irwin . 
 Jackson 
 Jasper 
 Jefferson 
 Johnson 
 Jones . 
 Laurens 
 Lee 
 
 Liberty 
 Lincoln 
 Lowndes 
 Lumpkin 
 McDuffie 
 McIntosh 
 Vfacon . 
 Madison 
 Marion . 
 Meriwether 
 Miller 
 Milton 
 Mitchell . 
 Monroe . 
 Montgomer 
 Morgan . 
 Murray . 
 Muscogee 
 Newton . 
 Oconee . 
 Oglethorpe 
 Paulding 
 Pickens 
 Pierce 
 Pike . 
 
 Polk . 
 Pulaski 
 Putnam 
 Ouitman 
 Rabun 
 Randolph 
 Richmond 
 
 6,497 
 
 11,171 
 
 17,547 
 
 19,531 
 
 8,718 
 
 15,298 
 
 16,989 
 
 5,974 
 
 15,758 
 
 9>°94 
 
 8,769 
 
 HT 93 
 22,414 
 2,696 
 16,297 
 11,851 
 15,671 
 4,800 
 11,613 
 10,053 
 io ,577 
 10,649 
 6,412 
 11,049 
 6,526 
 
 9,449 
 
 6,241 
 
 11,675 
 
 7,978 
 
 8,598 
 
 17,651 
 
 3,720 
 
 6,261 
 
 9.392 
 18,808 
 
 5 , 38 i 
 
 14,032 
 
 8,269 
 
 19,322 
 
 13,623 
 
 6,351 
 
 15,400 
 
 10,887 
 
 6 , 79 ° 
 
 4,538 
 
 15,849 
 
 11,952 
 
 14,058 
 
 H ,539 
 
 4.392 
 4,634 
 
 ’ 3,341 
 
 34,665 
 
GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 261 
 
 Rockdale 
 Schley . 
 Screven . 
 Spalding 
 Stewart . 
 Sumter . 
 Talbot . 
 Taliaferro 
 Tattnall . 
 Taylor . 
 Telfair . 
 Terrell . 
 Thomas . 
 Towns . 
 Troup 
 Twiggs . 
 
 6,838 | Union 
 
 5 , 3°2 
 
 Upson 
 
 12,785 
 
 12,585 
 
 13,998 
 
 18,239 
 
 14,115 
 
 7,034 
 
 6,988 
 
 8,597 
 
 4,828 
 
 10,451 
 
 20,597 
 
 3,261 
 
 20,565 
 
 8,918 
 
 Walker . . 
 
 Walton . . 
 
 Ware. . . 
 Warren . . 
 
 Washington 
 Wayne . . 
 
 Webster 
 White . . 
 Whitfield . 
 Wilcox . . 
 
 Wilkes . . 
 
 Wilkinson . 
 Worth . . 
 
 *%* For other general statistics see text. 
 
 Ada . . . 
 Alturas . . 
 
 Bear Lake . 
 Boise. . . 
 Cassia . . 
 
 Idaho . . 
 Kootenai 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 4,674 
 
 1,693 
 
 3,235 
 
 3,214 
 
 1,312 
 
 2,031 
 
 518 
 
 Lemhi . . 
 
 Nez Perces 
 Oneida . . 
 
 Owyhee . . 
 
 Shoshone . 
 Washington 
 
 White 
 
 Indian 
 
 POPULATION BY RACE. 
 
 29,013 
 
 165 
 
 Colored 
 
 Chinese 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Mining Products (1880): — 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Copper . 
 
 Adams . . 
 
 Alexander . 
 Bond . . . 
 
 Boone . . 
 
 Brown . . 
 
 Bureau . . 
 
 Calhoun . . 
 
 Carroll . . 
 
 Cass . . . 
 Champaign . 
 Christian 
 Clark . . . 
 
 Clay . . . 
 
 Clinton . . 
 
 Coles . . . 
 
 Cook . . . 
 Crawford . 
 Cumberland 
 De Kalb. . 
 
 De Witt. . 
 
 Douglas. . 
 
 Du Page 
 Edgar . . 
 
 Edwards 
 Effingham . 
 Fayette . 
 
 Ford . . 
 
 Franklin 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 59? 1 35 
 14,808 
 14,866 
 11,508 
 
 13,041 
 
 33 d 72 
 
 7,467 
 
 16,976 
 
 14,493 
 40,863 
 28,227 
 21,894 
 16,192 
 18,714 
 27,042 
 607,524 
 16,197 
 13,759 
 26,768 
 17,010 
 15,853 
 19,161 
 25,499 
 
 8,597 
 18,920 
 23,241 
 15,099 
 16,129 
 
 F ulton . . 
 
 Gallatin . . 
 
 Greene . . 
 
 Grundy . . 
 
 Hamilton . 
 Hancock 
 Hardin . . 
 
 Henderson . 
 Henry . . 
 
 Iroquois 
 Jackson . . 
 
 Jasper . . 
 
 Jefferson 
 Jersey . . 
 
 Jo Daviess . 
 Johnson . . 
 
 Kane. . . 
 
 Kankakee . 
 Kendall . . 
 
 Knox. . . 
 
 Lake . . . 
 
 La Salle . . 
 
 Lawrence . 
 Lee . . . 
 
 Livingston . 
 Logan . . 
 
 McDonough 
 McHenry . 
 
 6,431 
 12,400 
 11,056 
 15,622 
 
 4 J 59 
 10,885 
 21,964 
 5,980 
 5,237 
 5,341 
 11,900 
 3,109 
 
 15,985 
 
 12,061 
 
 5,892 
 
 2,230 
 
 3,965 
 
 6,964 
 
 1,426 
 
 469 
 
 879 
 
 53 
 
 3,379 
 
 $ 1 , 479,653 
 
 $464,550 
 
 150,000 pounds. 
 
 41,240 
 
 12,861 
 
 23,010 
 
 16,732 
 
 16,712 
 
 35,337 
 
 6,024 
 
 10,722 
 
 36,597 
 
 35 , 45 i 
 
 22,505 
 
 H, 5 i 5 
 
 20,686 
 
 15,542 
 
 27,528 
 
 13,078 
 
 44,939 
 
 25,047 
 
 13,083 
 
 38,344 
 
 21,296 
 
 70,403 
 
 >3,663 
 
 27,491 
 
 38,450 
 
 25,037 
 
 27,970 
 
 24,908 
 
 McLean . . 
 
 Macon . . 
 
 Macoupin . 
 Madison 
 Marion . . 
 
 Marshall 
 Mason . . 
 
 Massac . . 
 
 Menard . . 
 
 Mercer . . 
 
 Monroe . . 
 
 Montgomery 
 Morgan . . 
 
 Moultrie 
 Ogle. . . . 
 Peoria . . 
 
 Perry. . . 
 
 Piatt . . . 
 
 Pike . . . 
 Pope . . . 
 
 Pulaski . . 
 
 Putnam . . 
 
 Randolph . 
 
 60,100 j 
 
 30,665 
 
 37,692 
 
 50,126 
 
 23,686 
 
 15,055 
 
 16,242 
 
 io ,443 
 
 13,024 
 
 19,502 
 
 13,682 
 
 28,078 
 
 3 i, 5 i 4 
 
 13,699 
 
 29,937 
 
 55,355 
 
 16,007 
 
 15,583 
 
 33 , 75 i 
 
 13,256 
 
 9,507 
 
 5,554 
 
 25,690 
 
 Richland 
 Rock Island 
 St. Clair. . 
 Saline . . 
 Sangamon . 
 Schuyler 
 Scott . . . 
 
 Shelby . . 
 
 Stark . . . 
 
 Stephenson 
 Tazewell 
 Union . . 
 
 Vermillion . 
 Wabash . . 
 
 Warren . . 
 
 Washington 
 Wayne . . 
 
 White . . 
 
 Whiteside . 
 Will . . . 
 Williamson 
 Winnebago 
 Woodford . 
 
 *** For other general statistics see text. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Adams . . 
 
 Allen . . . 
 
 Bartholomew 
 Benton . . 
 
 Blackford . 
 Boone . . 
 
 Brown . . 
 
 Carroll . . 
 
 Cass . . . 
 
 Clark . . . 
 
 Clay . . . 
 
 Clinton . . 
 
 Crawford . 
 Daviess . . 
 
 Dearborn . 
 Decatur . . 
 
 De Kalb 
 Delaware . 
 Dubois . . 
 
 Elkhart . . 
 
 Fayette . . 
 
 Floyd . . 
 
 Fountain 
 Franklin 
 Fulton . . 
 
 Gibson . . 
 
 Grant. . . 
 
 Greene . . 
 
 Hamilton . 
 Hancock 
 Harrison 
 Hendricks . 
 Henry . . 
 
 Howard . . 
 
 Huntington 
 Jackson . . 
 
 Jasper . . 
 
 Jay . . • 
 
 Jefferson 
 Jennings 
 Johnson . . 
 
 Knox. . . 
 
 Kosciusko . 
 Lagrange . 
 Lake . . • 
 
 La Porte 
 
 15,385 
 
 Lawrence . 
 
 54,763 
 
 Madison 
 
 22,777 
 
 Marion . . 
 
 11,108 
 
 Marshall 
 
 8,020 
 
 Martin . . 
 
 25,922 
 
 Miami . . 
 
 10,264 
 
 Monroe . . 
 
 18,345 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 27,611 
 
 Morgan . . 
 
 28,610 
 
 Newton . . 
 
 25,854 
 
 Noble . . 
 
 23,472 
 
 Ohio . . . 
 
 12,356 
 
 Orange . . 
 
 2>,552 
 
 Owen. . . 
 
 26,671 
 
 Parke . . 
 
 > 9,779 
 
 Perry. . . 
 
 20,225 
 
 Pike . . . 
 
 22,926 
 
 Porter . . 
 
 1 5,992 
 
 Posey . . 
 
 33,454 
 
 Pulaski . . 
 
 > 1,394 
 
 Putnam . . 
 
 24,590 
 
 Randolph . 
 
 20,228 
 
 Ripley . . 
 
 20,092 
 
 Rush . . . 
 
 >4,301 
 
 St. Joseph . 
 
 22,742 
 
 Sc6tt . . . 
 
 23,618 
 
 Shelby . . 
 
 22,996 
 
 Spencer . . 
 
 24,801 
 
 Starke . . 
 
 17,123 
 
 Steuben . . 
 
 21,326 
 
 Sullivan . . 
 
 22,981 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 24,016 
 
 Tippecanoe 
 
 19,584 
 
 Tipton . 
 
 21,805 
 
 Union 
 
 23,050 
 
 Vanderburg 
 
 9,464 
 
 Vermillion 
 
 19,282 
 
 Vigo . • 
 
 25,977 
 
 Wabash . 
 
 > 6,453 
 
 Warren . 
 
 > 9,537 
 
 Warrick . 
 
 26,324 
 
 Washington 
 
 26,494 
 
 Wayne . 
 
 15,630 
 
 Wells . 
 
 15,091 
 
 White 
 
 30,985 
 
 Whitley . 
 
 > 5,545 
 38,302 
 61,806 
 15,950 
 52,894 
 16,249 
 10,741 
 30,270 
 11,207 
 
 31,963 
 
 29,666 
 
 18,102 
 
 41,588 
 
 9,945 
 
 22,933 
 
 21,112 
 
 21,291 
 
 23,087 
 
 30,885 
 
 53,422 
 
 19,324 
 
 30,505 
 
 21,620 
 
 . . >8,543 
 
 • • 27,527 
 
 . . 102,782 
 
 . . 23,414 
 
 • • >3,475 
 
 . • 24,083 
 
 • • 15,875 
 
 . . 27,316 
 
 . . 18,900 
 
 . . 8,167 
 
 . . 22,956 
 
 • • 5,563 
 
 • • 14,363 
 
 . . 15,901 
 
 . . 19,460 
 
 . . 16,997 
 
 . . 16,383 
 
 . . 17,227 
 
 . . 20,857 
 
 . . 9,851 
 
 . . 22,501 
 
 • • 26,435 
 
 . . 21,627 
 
 • • >9,238 
 
 • • 33,>78 
 
 • • 8,343 
 
 . . 25,257 
 
 OO T OO 
 
 • • 1 ^ 
 
 . . 5,105 
 
 . • 14,645 
 
 . . 20,336 
 
 • • 13,336 
 
 • • 35,966 
 
 . . 14,407 
 
 • • 7,673 
 
 • • 42 d 93 
 . V 12,025 
 
 • • 45,658 
 
 . . 25,241 
 
 • • n,497 
 
 . . 20,162 
 
 . • 18,955 
 
 . . 38,613 
 . . 18,442 
 
 • • >3,795 
 
 . . 16,941 
 
262 
 
 GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Indian corn.115,482,300 bushels. 
 
 Oats.15,599,518 bushels. 
 
 W heat.47,284,853 bushels. 
 
 Wool.6,167,498 pounds. 
 
 Hay. 1,361,083 tons. 
 
 Tobacco.8,872,842 pounds. 
 
 Irish potatoes.6,232,246 bushels. 
 
 Butter . 37 , 377,797 pounds. 
 
 Bituminous coal product. 1,449,496 tons. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Adair 
 
 Buena Vista 
 
 Calhoun 
 Carroll 
 Cass . 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Dickinson 
 
 Emmet. 
 
 Fayette.22,258 
 
 Floyd . 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 Fremont. 
 
 Guthrie . 
 Hamilton 
 Hancock 
 
 Henry 
 Howard . 
 Humboldt 
 Ida . . 
 Iowa . . 
 
 Jackson . 
 Jasper 
 
 
 Jefferson .... 
 
 . . . 17,469 
 
 
 Johnson . 
 
 • • • 25,429 
 
 • i 9 , 79 > 
 
 Jones . 
 
 
 . 16,636 
 
 Keokuk ...*.. 
 
 CO 
 
 rn 
 
 N 
 
 CN 
 
 • 7,448 
 
 Kossuth. 
 
 . . . 6,178 
 
 
 Lee. 
 
 • • 34,859 
 
 • 23,913 
 
 Linn. 
 
 
 . 20,838 
 
 Louisa. 
 
 
 
 Lucas . 
 
 . . 14,530 
 
 . 18,546 
 
 Lyon. 
 
 
 • 7,537 
 
 Madison .... 
 
 . . 17,224 
 
 • 14,293 
 
 Mahaska .... 
 
 
 • 5,595 
 
 Marion. 
 
 . . 25,111 
 
 • 12,351 
 
 Marshall .... 
 
 • • 23,752 
 
 • [6,943 
 
 Mills. 
 
 • • 14437 
 
 • 18,936 
 
 Mitchell. 
 
 
 
 Monona. 
 
 
 . 8,240 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 • • 13,719 
 
 • 14,534 
 
 Montgomery . . 
 
 • • 15,895 
 
 • 1 [, 5 r 3 
 
 Muscatine. 
 
 
 . 4,248 
 
 O’Brien. 
 
 
 
 Osceola. 
 
 
 • 36,763 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 • 12,413 
 
 Palo Alto. 
 
 
 . 18,746 
 
 Plymouth. 
 
 . . 8,566 
 
 
 Pocahontas . . . . 
 
 • • 3 , 7 i 3 
 
 • 15,336 
 
 Polk. 
 
 • • 42,395 
 
 • 1 7 , 95 ° 
 
 Pottawattamie . . . 
 
 • • 39,850 
 
 • 33,099 
 
 Poweshiek. 
 
 • • 18,936 
 
 1,901 
 
 Ringgold. 
 
 . . 12,085 
 
 . 42,996 
 
 Sac. 
 
 • • 8,774 
 
 • i, 55 o 
 
 Scott. 
 
 
 . 22,258 
 
 Shelby. 
 
 
 • 14,677 
 
 Sioux. 
 
 . . 5,426 
 
 . 10,249 
 
 Story . 
 
 
 . 17,652 
 
 Tama. 
 
 . . 21,585 
 
 • 12,727 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 • • 15,635 
 
 • 12,639 
 
 Union. 
 
 
 • 14,394 
 
 Van Buren. 
 
 • • 17,043 
 
 . 11,252 
 
 Wapello. 
 
 
 
 Warren . 
 
 • • 19,578 
 
 . 17,807 
 
 Washington . . . . 
 
 • • 20,374 
 
 16,649 
 
 Wayne. 
 
 
 . 20,986 
 
 Webster. .'.... 
 
 • • i 9 , 95 i 
 
 . 10,837 
 
 Winnebago. 
 
 • • 4 , 9 i 7 
 
 • 5 , 34 i 
 
 Winneshiek . . . . 
 
 • • 23,938 
 
 
 Woodbury. 
 
 • • 14,996 
 
 . 19,221 
 
 Worth. 
 
 • • 7,953 
 
 • 23,771 
 
 Wright. 
 
 
 • 25,963 
 
 
 Ha >*.3,613,941 tons. 
 
 Irish potatoes.9,962,537 bushels. 
 
 Butter .55,481,958 pounds. 
 
 Cheese. 1,075,988 pounds. 
 
 Value of Leading Manufactured Products : — 
 
 Flouring and grist mill products.$19,089,401 
 
 Sawed lumber.6,185,628 
 
 Slaughtering and meat-packing.11,285,032 
 
 Bituminous coal product. \ 442 tons. 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of school buildings. 11,148 
 
 Number of teachers. 12,794 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils. 260,813 
 
 KANSAS . 1 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Allen.11,303 
 
 Anderson.9,057 
 
 Arapahoe . 3 
 
 Atchison.26,668 
 
 Barbour.2,661 
 
 Barton.10,318 
 
 Bourbon.19,591 
 
 Brown.12,817 
 
 Buffalo. 191 
 
 Butler.18,586 
 
 Chase.6,081 
 
 Chautauqua.11,072 
 
 Cherokee.21,905 
 
 Cheyenne. 37 
 
 Clark. 163 
 
 Clay.12,320 
 
 CIoud . 15,343 
 
 Coffey.11,438 
 
 Comanche. 372 
 
 Cowley.21,538 
 
 Crawford.16,851 
 
 Davis.6,994 
 
 Decatur ..4,180 
 
 Dickinson.15,251 
 
 Doniphan.14,257 
 
 Douglas.21,700 
 
 Edwards.2,409 
 
 Elk.10,623 
 
 Ellis.6,179 
 
 Ellsworth.8,494 
 
 Foote. 411 
 
 Ford.3,122 
 
 Franklin.16,797 
 
 Gove. 1,196 
 
 Graham.4,258 
 
 Grant. 9 
 
 Greeley. 3 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Barley.4,022,588 bushels. 
 
 Indian corn.275,014,247 bushels. 
 
 ° ats .50,610,591 bushels. 
 
 Wheat.31,154,205 bushels. 
 
 . 2,971,975 pounds. 
 
 Wool 
 
 Greenwood. . 
 
 .10,548 
 
 Sherman 
 
 Hamilton . . 
 
 . 168 
 
 Smith 
 
 Harper . . . 
 
 . 4 J 33 
 
 Stafford . 
 
 Harvey . . . 
 
 .u, 45 i 
 
 Stanton . 
 
 Hodgeman . 
 
 . 1,704 
 
 Stevens . . 
 
 fackson . 
 
 
 Sumner . 
 
 Jefferson . . 
 
 
 Thomas . 
 
 Jewell . . . 
 
 
 T rego . . 
 
 Johnson . . . 
 
 .'6,853 
 
 Wabaunsee 
 
 Kansas . . . 
 
 
 Wallace . . 
 
 Kearney. . . 
 
 . 159 
 
 Washington 
 
 Kingman 
 
 . 3 , 7 i 3 
 
 Wichita . . 
 
 Labette . . . 
 
 .22,735 
 
 Wilson . . 
 
 Lane .... 
 
 
 Woodson . 
 
 Leavenworth . 
 
 . 32,355 
 
 Wyandotte . 
 
 
 *** For other general statistics see 
 
 Lincoln.8,582 
 
 Lynn. 5,298 
 
 Lyon.17,326 
 
 McPherson.17,143 
 
 Marion.12,453 
 
 Marshall.16,136 
 
 Meade. 296 
 
 Miami.17,802 
 
 Mitchell.14,911 
 
 Montgomery.18,213 
 
 Morris.9,265 
 
 Nemaha.12,462 
 
 Neosho.15,121 
 
 3,722 
 
 Ness 
 
 Norton.6,998 
 
 Osage.19,642 
 
 Osborne.12,517 
 
 Ottawa.10,307 
 
 Pawnee.5*396 
 
 Phillips.12,014 
 
 Pottawatomie.16,350 
 
 Pratt. 1,890 
 
 Rawlins. 1,623 
 
 Reno.12,826 
 
 Republic.14,913 
 
 Rice.9,292 
 
 Riley.10,430 
 
 Rooks.8,1 r 2 
 
 . 5,490 
 
 . 7 , 35 i 
 
 .[3,808 
 
 . 43 
 
 . 18,753 
 
 . 568 
 
 . 5 
 
 .29,093 
 
 .1,567 
 
 . 13 
 
 .13,883 
 
 . 4,755 
 
 . 5 
 
 . 12 
 
 .20,812 
 
 . 161 
 
 .2,535 
 
 .8,756 
 
 . 686 
 
 .14,9 10 
 
 . 14 
 
 . 13,775 
 
 Rush 
 Russell . 
 Saline 
 Scott . . 
 
 Sedgwick 
 Sequoyah 
 Seward . 
 Shawnee 
 Sheridan 
 
 19,143 
 
 1 The counties here given are those enumerated in the census of 1880; and while the list is now 
 incomplete, owing to the remarkable growth of population since the year 1880, it affords some basis foi 
 estimating the relative density of population in different parts of the State. 
 
I 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Adair.13,078 
 
 Allen.12,089 
 
 Anderson.9,361 
 
 Ballard.14,378 
 
 Barren.22,321 
 
 Bath.11,982 
 
 Bell.6,055 
 
 Boone.11,996 
 
 Bourbon. 1 5,956 
 
 Boyd.12,165 
 
 Boyle. . 11,930 
 
 Bracken. ....... 13,509 
 
 Breathitt.7,74 2 
 
 Breckinridge.17,486 
 
 Bullitt.8,521 
 
 Butler.12,181 
 
 Caldwell. ....... 11,282 
 
 Calloway.13,295 
 
 Campbell. 37,44° 
 
 Carroll.8,953 
 
 Carter.12,345 
 
 Casey.10,983 
 
 Christian. . 31,682 
 
 Clark.12,115 
 
 Clay.10,222 
 
 Clinton.7,212 
 
 Crittenden.11,688 
 
 Cumberland.8,894 
 
 Daviess.27,730 
 
 Edmonson.7,222 
 
 Elliott.6,567 
 
 Estill.9,860 
 
 Fayette.29,023 
 
 Fleming.15,221 
 
 Floyd.10,176 
 
 Franklin.18,699 
 
 Fulton.7,977 
 
 Garrard.11,704 
 
 Gellatin.4,832 
 
 Grant.13,083 
 
 Graves.24,138 
 
 Grayson.15,784 
 
 Green.11,871 
 
 Greenup. 1 3,37 1 
 
 Hancock.8,563 
 
 Hardin..* . . 22,564 
 
 Harlan.5,278 
 
 Harrison.16,504 
 
 Hart.I7d33 
 
 Henderson.24,515 
 
 Henry.14,492 
 
 Hickman.10,651 
 
 Hopkins.19,122 
 
 Jackson.6,678 
 
 Jefferson.146,010 
 
 Jessamine.10,864 
 
 Johnson.9,155 
 
 Kenton. 43,9 8 3 
 
 Knox.10,587 
 
 La Rue.9,793 
 
 Laurel.9,131 
 
 Lawrence. . 13,262 
 
 Lee.4,254 
 
 Leslie.3,74o 
 
 Letcher.6,601 
 
 Lewis.13,154 
 
 Lincoln.15,080 
 
 Livingston.9,165 
 
 Logan.24,358 
 
 Lyon.6,768 
 
 McCracken ...... 16,262 
 
 McLean.9, 2 93 
 
 Madison.22,052 
 
 Magoffin.6,944 
 
 Marion. . . 14,693 
 
 Marshall.9,647 
 
 Martin.3,057 
 
 Mason.20,469 
 
 Meade.10,323 
 
 Menifee.3,755 
 
 Mercer.14,142 
 
 Metcalfe.9>4 2 3 
 
 Monroe.10,741 
 
 Montgomery ...... 10,566 
 
 Morgan.8,455 
 
 Muhlenburgh.15,098 
 
 Nelson. . 16,609 
 
 Nicholas.11,869 
 
 Ohio.19,669 
 
 Oldham.7,667 
 
 Owen.17,401 
 
 Owsley.4,94 2 
 
 Pendleton.16,702 
 
 Perry.5,607 
 
 Pike.13,001 
 
 Powell.3,639 
 
 Pulaski.21,318 
 
 Robertson.5,814 
 
 Rockcastle.9,670 
 
 Rowan.4,420 
 
 Russell. 7,591 
 
 Scott.14,965 
 
 Shelby.16,813 
 
 Simpson.10,641 
 
 Spencer.7,040 
 
 Taylor.9,259 
 
 Todd.15,994 
 
 Trigg.14,489 
 
 Trimble.7 , t 7 1 
 
 Union.17,809 
 
 Warren.27,531 
 
 Washington.14,419 
 
 Wayne.12,512 
 
 Webster.14,246 
 
 Whitley.12,000 
 
 Wolfe.5,638 
 
 Woodford.11,800 
 
 *** For other general statistics see text. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 STICAL TABLES. 
 
 
 
 263 
 
 Claiborne . . . 
 
 
 . 18,837 
 
 Red River .... 
 
 • • • 8,573 
 
 Concordia . . . 
 
 
 . 14,914 
 
 Richland .... 
 
 . . . 8,440 
 
 De Soto . . . 
 
 
 . 15,603 
 
 Sabine. 
 
 • • • 7,344 
 
 East Baton Rouge 
 
 
 . 19,966 
 
 St. Bernard . . . 
 
 . . . 4,405 
 
 East Carroll 
 
 
 . 12,134 
 
 St. Charles.... 
 
 . . . 7,161 
 
 East Feliciana 
 
 
 • I5d3 2 
 
 St. Helena .... 
 
 . . . 7,504 
 
 Franklin . . . 
 
 
 . 6,495 
 
 St. James .... 
 
 . . . 14,714 
 
 Grant .... 
 
 
 . 6,188 
 
 St. John Baptist . . 
 
 . . . 9,686 
 
 Iberia .... 
 
 
 16,676 
 
 St. Landry .... 
 
 . . . 40,004 
 
 Iberville . . . 
 
 
 • 0,544 
 
 St. Martin .... 
 
 . . . 12,663 
 
 Jackson .... 
 
 
 • 5,328 
 
 St. Mary .... 
 
 . . . 19,891 
 
 Jefferson . . . 
 
 
 . 12,166 
 
 St. Tammany . . . 
 
 . . . 6,887 
 
 La Fayette . . . 
 
 
 • '3,235 
 
 Tangipahoa . . . 
 
 . . . 9,638 
 
 La Fourche . . 
 
 
 • '9,''3 
 
 Tensas . 
 
 . . . 17,815 
 
 Lincoln .... 
 
 
 . 11,075 
 
 Terre Bonne . . . 
 
 • • • U,957 
 
 Livingston . . . 
 
 
 . 5,258 
 
 Union. 
 
 . . . 13,526 
 
 Madison . . . 
 
 
 . 13,906 
 
 Vermillion .... 
 
 . . . 8,728 
 
 Morehouse . . . 
 
 
 . [4,206 
 
 Vernon. 
 
 . . . 5,160 
 
 Natchitoches . . 
 
 
 • 19,707 
 
 Washington . . . 
 
 . . . 5,190 
 
 Orleans .... 
 
 
 . 216,090 
 
 Webster .... 
 
 
 Ouachita . . . 
 
 
 . 14,685 
 
 West Baton Rouge . 
 
 . . . 7,667 
 
 Plaquemines . . 
 
 
 • ",575 
 
 West Carroll . . . 
 
 . . . 2,776 
 
 Point Coupde . . 
 
 
 • 17,785 
 
 West Feliciana . . 
 
 
 Rapides .... 
 
 
 . 23,563 i Winn. 
 
 . . . 5,846 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products: — 
 
 Indian corn.9,889,689 bushels. 
 
 Sugar. 171,706 hogsheads. 
 
 Molasses.. 11,696,248 gallons. 
 
 Rice .23,188,311 pounds. 
 
 Cotton. 508,569 bales. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Androscoggin.45,042 
 
 Aroostook.41,700 
 
 Cumberland.86,359 
 
 Franklin.18,180 
 
 Hancock.38,129 
 
 Kennebec.53,058 
 
 Knox.32,863 
 
 Lincoln.24,821 
 
 Oxford.32,'627 
 
 Penobscot.70,476 
 
 Piscataquis.14,872 
 
 Sagadahoc.19,272 
 
 Somerset. 3 2 ,333 
 
 Waldo.32,463 
 
 Washington. 44,484 
 
 York.62,257 
 
 
 Ascension .... 
 
 . . . 16,895 
 
 Caddo . 
 
 . . . 26,296 
 
 » 
 
 Assumption . . . 
 
 
 Calcasieu . . . . 
 
 . . . 12,484 
 
 
 Avoyelles .... 
 
 . . . 16,747 
 
 Caldwell . . . . 
 
 . • • 5,767 
 
 
 Bienville .... 
 
 . . . 10,442 
 
 Cameron . . . . 
 
 . . . 2,416 
 
 1 
 
 Bossier. 
 
 
 Catahoula . . . . 
 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Agricultural Products: — 
 
 Barley. 242,185 bushels. 
 
 Buckwheat. 382,701 bushels. 
 
 Indian corn. 960,633 bushels. 
 
 Oats.2,265,575 bushels. 
 
 Rye. 26,398 bushels. 
 
 Wheat. 665,714 bushels. 
 
 Wool.2,776,407 pounds. 
 
 Hay. 1,107,788 tons. 
 
 Hops. 48,214 pounds. 
 
 Irish potatoes. 7,999,625 bushels. 
 
 Butter.14,103,966 pounds. 
 
 Cheese. 1,167,730 pounds. 
 
 Value of Principal Manufactured Products : — 
 
 Boots and shoes.$5,823,45 1 
 
 Cotton goods.13,3 1 9,363 
 
 Flouring and grist mill products.3,566,023 
 
 Foundery and machine-shop products.2,232,675 
 
 Leather, curried.2,612,350 
 
 Leather, tanned.7,100,967 
 
 Lumber, sawed. 7,933,868 
 
 Paper.2,170,321 
 
 Ship-building.2,909,846 
 
 Woolen goods.6,686,073 
 
264 
 
 GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 Quarries: — 
 
 Number of quarries. 74 
 
 Product . . ..2,465,670 cubic ft. 
 
 Value of product.$1,259,086 
 
 Fisheries: — 
 
 Number of persons employed. 11,071 
 
 Capital invested.$ 3 , 375,994 
 
 Value of products.$3,614,178 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 4,324 
 
 Number of teachers. 4,797 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils. 106,763 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Allegany .... 
 
 . . . 38,012 
 
 Anne Arundel . . 
 
 . . . 28,526 
 
 Baltimore .... 
 
 • • • 83,336 
 
 Baltimore City . . 
 
 • • • 332 , 3'3 
 
 Calvert. 
 
 . . . 10,538 
 
 Caroline . . 
 
 • • • 13,766 
 
 Carroll. 
 
 . . . 30,992 
 
 Cecil. 
 
 
 Charles. 
 
 . . . 18,548 
 
 Dorchester.... 
 
 . . . 23,110 
 
 Frederick .... 
 
 . . . 50,482 
 
 Garrett. 
 
 . . . 12,175 
 
 Harford. 
 
 . 28,042 
 
 Howard. 
 
 . 16,140 
 
 Kent. 
 
 . 17,605 
 
 Montgomery. 
 
 • 24,759 
 
 Prince George’s .... 
 
 . 26,451 
 
 Oueen Anne. 
 
 . 19,257 
 
 St. Mary’s. 
 
 • 16,934 
 
 Somerset. 
 
 . 21,668 
 
 Talbot. 
 
 . 19,065 
 
 Washington. 
 
 • 38,561 
 
 Wicomico. 
 
 . 18,016 
 
 Worcester. 
 
 • 19,539 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Value of Leading Manufactured Porducts : — 
 
 Boots and shoes. 
 
 Bread and other bakery products.... 
 
 Clothing, men’s. 
 
 Cotton goods. 
 
 Fertilizers. 
 
 Flouring and grist mill products .... 
 Foundery and machine-shop products . . 
 
 Fruits and vegetables, canned and preserved 
 
 Iron and steel. 
 
 Slaughtering and meat-packing . . . . 
 
 Tinware, copper-ware, and sheet-iron ware 
 Mining: — 
 
 Bituminous coal product. 
 
 Value of bituminous product. 
 
 Iron-ore product. 
 
 Value of iron-ore product. 
 
 Fisheries: — 
 
 Persons employed. 
 
 Number of vessels. 
 
 Value of products. 
 
 Chief Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Indian corn.. 
 
 Wheat.. 
 
 Tobacco . 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 
 
 Number of teachers. 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils . . . . 
 
 $2,212,963 
 
 2,275,227 
 
 9,579,066 
 
 4,688,714 
 
 5,770,198 
 
 7,954,004 
 
 4 , 454 , 3 t 7 
 
 6,245,297 
 
 4,470,050 
 
 3,377,605 
 
 3,564,994 
 
 2,227,844 tons. 
 $2,584,455 
 
 57,940 tons. 
 $118,050 
 
 26,008 
 
 1,450 
 
 $5,221,715 
 
 15,968,533 bushels. 
 8,004,864 bushels. 
 26,082,147 pounds. 
 7,485,871 pounds. 
 
 L 934 
 
 3,038 
 
 85,449 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Barnstable. 
 
 • 31,897 
 
 Hampshire . . . 
 
 
 Berkshire. 
 
 . 69,032 
 
 Middlesex . . . . 
 
 
 Bristol. 
 
 . 139,040 
 
 Nantucket . . . . 
 
 
 Dukes. 
 
 • 4,300 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 
 Essex . 
 
 • 244,535 
 
 Plymouth . . . 
 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 . 36,001 
 
 Suffolk. 
 
 
 Hampden. 
 
 . 104.142 
 
 Worcester . . . 
 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Principal Agricultural Products: — 
 
 Indian corn. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Hay. 
 
 Tobacco . 
 
 Irish potatoes. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Value of Leading Manufactured Products : — 
 
 Boots and shoes. 
 
 Men’s clothing. 
 
 Cotton goods. 
 
 Foundery and machine-shop products . . 
 
 Iron and steel. 
 
 Leather, curried. 
 
 Leather, tanned. 
 
 Mixed textiles. 
 
 Paper . 
 
 Slaughtering and meat-packing .... 
 
 Refined sugar and molasses. 
 
 Woolen goods. 
 
 Worsted goods. 
 
 Quarries: — 
 
 Number of quarries. 
 
 Product in census year. 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 Fisheries: — 
 
 Number of persons employed. 
 
 Capital invested. 
 
 Value of products. 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of teachers. 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils . . . 
 
 Alcona . . . 
 Allegan . . . 
 
 Alpena . . . 
 
 Antrim . . . 
 
 Baraga . . . 
 Barry .... 
 Bay .... 
 Benzie . . . 
 
 Berrien . . . 
 
 Branch . . . 
 
 Calhoun . . . 
 
 Cass .... 
 Charlevoix . . 
 
 Cheboygan . . 
 
 Chippewa . . 
 Clare .... 
 Clinton . . . 
 
 Crawford . . 
 Delta.... 
 Eaton . . . 
 
 Emmet . . . 
 Genesee. . . 
 
 Gladwin . . . 
 
 Grand Traverse 
 Gratiot . . . 
 
 Hillsdale . . 
 
 Houghton . . 
 
 Huron . . . 
 
 Ingham . . . 
 
 Ionia .... 
 Iosco .... 
 Isabella . . . 
 Isle Royale 
 Jackson . . . 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 3,io7 
 
 Kalamazoo . 
 
 37,8i5 
 
 Kalkaska . 
 
 8,789 
 
 Kent . . . 
 
 5,237 
 
 Keweenaw . 
 
 1,804 
 
 Lake . . . 
 
 25,317 
 
 Lapeer . . 
 
 38,081 
 
 Leelenaw . 
 
 3,433 
 
 Lenawee 
 
 36,785 
 
 Livingston . 
 
 27,941 
 
 Mackinac . 
 
 38,452 
 
 Macomb. . 
 
 22,009 
 
 Manistee 
 
 5,"5 
 
 Manitou . . 
 
 6,524 
 
 Marquette . 
 
 5,248 
 
 Mason . . 
 
 4,187 
 
 Mecosta. . 
 
 28,100 
 
 Menominee 
 
 M59 
 
 Midland. . 
 
 6,812 
 
 Missaukee . 
 
 31,225 
 
 Monroe . . 
 
 6,639 
 
 Montcalm . 
 
 39,220 
 
 Muskegon . 
 
 1,127 
 
 Newaygo . 
 
 8,422 
 
 Oakland. . 
 
 21,936 
 
 Oceana . . 
 
 32,723 
 
 Ogemaw 
 
 22,473 
 
 Ontonagon . 
 
 20,089 
 
 Osceola . . 
 
 33,676 
 
 Oscoda . . 
 
 33,872 
 
 Otsego . . 
 
 6,873 
 
 Ottawa . . 
 
 12,159 
 
 Presque Isle 
 
 55 
 
 Roscommon 
 
 42,031 
 
 Saginaw. . 
 
 1,797,768 bushels. 
 645,159 bushels. 
 299,089 pounds. 
 684,679 tons. 
 5 , 369,436 pounds. 
 3,070,389 bushels. 
 9,655,587 pounds. 
 
 $95,900,51 o 
 17,902,662 
 74,780,835 
 
 23 , 935,604 
 10,288,921 
 23,282,775 
 ' 3 , 556,721 
 13,043,829 
 15,188,196 
 22,951,782 
 22,880,439 
 45,099,203 
 10,466,016 
 
 "3 
 
 5,468,030 cubic ft. 
 $ 1 , 7 ",104 
 
 20,117 
 
 £' 4 , 334 , 45 ° 
 
 8,141,750 
 
 7,336 
 
 3,343 
 
 235,664 
 
 34.342 
 2,937 
 
 73,253 
 
 4,270 
 
 3,233 
 
 30,138 
 
 6,253 
 
 48.343 
 22,251 
 
 2,902 
 
 31,627 
 
 12,532 
 
 B 334 
 
 25,394 
 
 10,065 
 
 13,973 
 
 11,987 
 
 6,893 
 
 ',553 
 
 33,624 
 
 33,148 
 
 26,586 
 
 14,688 
 
 4',537 
 11,699 
 
 i, 9'4 
 
 2,565 
 
 10,777 
 
 467 
 
 L 974 
 
 33,126 
 
 3,"3 
 
 L 459 
 
 46,197 
 
GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 26 5 
 
 Saint Clair. 
 
 . . 26,626 
 
 Tuscola . . . 
 
 .25,738 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 
 Saint Joseph .... 
 
 • • 59,095 
 
 Van Buren . . 
 
 .30,807 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 
 
 3,978 
 
 Sanilac. 
 
 . . 26,341 
 
 Washtenaw 
 
 .41,848 
 
 Number of teachers. 
 
 5,100 
 
 Schoolcraft. 
 
 • • L 575 
 
 Wayne . . . 
 
 .166,444 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils ...... 
 
 103,378 
 
 Shiawassee .... 
 
 • • 27,059 
 
 Wexford . . 
 
 .6,815 
 
 
 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 
 Leading Products : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 
 
 • 35,532,543 bushels. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 
 Aitkin .... 
 
 
 
 Anoka .... 
 
 
 7,108 
 
 Becker .... 
 
 
 . 5,218 
 
 Beltrami . . . 
 
 
 10 
 
 Benton .... 
 
 
 
 Big Stone . . . 
 
 
 • 3,688 
 
 Blue Earth. . . 
 
 
 . 22,889 
 
 Brown .... 
 
 
 . 12.018 
 
 Carlton .... 
 
 
 1,230 
 
 Carver .... 
 
 
 . 14,140 
 
 Cass. 
 
 
 486 
 
 Chippewa . . . 
 
 
 . 5,408 
 
 Chisago .... 
 
 
 • 7,982 
 
 Clay. 
 
 
 . 5,887 
 
 Cook. 
 
 
 65 
 
 Cottonwood . . 
 
 
 • 5,533 
 
 Crow Wing . . 
 
 
 • 2,319 
 
 Dakota .... 
 
 
 • I 7 , 39 i 
 
 Dodge .... 
 
 
 • n ,344 
 
 Douglas .... 
 
 
 • 9 A 30 
 
 Faribault . . . 
 
 
 . 13,016 
 
 Fillmore . . . 
 
 
 
 Freeborn . . . 
 
 
 
 Goodhue . . . 
 
 
 . 29,651 
 
 Grant .... 
 
 
 . 3,004 
 
 Hennepin . . . 
 
 
 . 67,013 
 
 Houston . . . 
 
 . 
 
 • 16,332 
 
 Isanti .... 
 
 
 • 5,063 
 
 Itasca .... 
 
 
 124 
 
 Jackson .... 
 
 
 
 Kanabec . . . 
 
 
 505 
 
 Kandiyohi . . . 
 
 
 . 10,159 
 
 Kittson .... 
 
 
 905 
 
 Lac-qui-parle . . 
 
 
 . 4,891 
 
 Lake. 
 
 
 
 Le Sueur . . . 
 
 
 • 16,103 
 
 Lincoln .... 
 
 
 . 2,945 
 
 Lyon. 
 
 
 . 6,257 
 
 McLeod .... 
 
 
 . 12,342 
 
 Irish potatoes.10,924,111 bushels. 
 
 Wool.11,858,497 pounds. 
 
 Butter.38,821,890 pounds. 
 
 Copper ingots.45,830,262 pounds. 
 
 Coal. 100,800 tons. 
 
 Iron ore. 1,837,712 tons. 
 
 Value of sawed lumber.$52,449,928 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Marshall. 992 
 
 Martin.5,249 
 
 Meeker.11,739 i 
 
 Mille Lacs.1,501 
 
 Morrison . ..5,875 
 
 Mower.16,7991 
 
 Murray.3,604 
 
 Nicollet.12,333 
 
 Nobles. 4435 
 
 Olmsted.21,543 
 
 Otter Tail.18,675 
 
 Pine.1,365 
 
 Pipestone.2,092 
 
 Polk.11 433 
 
 Pope. 5,874 
 
 Ramsey.45,890 
 
 Redwood. 5,375 
 
 Rertville.10,791 
 
 Rice.22,481 
 
 Rock.3,669 
 
 St. Louis.4,504 
 
 Scott. 1 3,5 1 ^ 
 
 Sherburne.3,855 
 
 Sibley.10,637 
 
 Stearns.21,956 
 
 Steele.12,460 
 
 Stevens., . . 3,911 
 
 Swift.7,473 
 
 Todd.6,133 
 
 Traverse.1,507 
 
 Wabasha.18,206 
 
 Wadena.2,080 
 
 Waseca.12,385 
 
 Washington.19,563 
 
 Watonwan.5,104 
 
 Wilkin. 1,906 
 
 Winona.27,197 
 
 Wright.18,104 
 
 Yellow Medicine.5,884 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Barley.2,972,965 bushels. 
 
 Indian corn.14,831,741 bushels. 
 
 Oats.23,382,158 bushels. 
 
 Wheat.34,601,030 bushels. 
 
 Hay. 1,636,912 tons. 
 
 Irish potatoes. 5,184,676 bushels. 
 
 Butter.19,161,385 pounds. 
 
 Value of Leading Manufactured Products : — 
 
 Agricultural implements . $2,340,288 
 
 Flouring and grist mill products.41,519,004 
 
 Sawed lumber.7,366,038 
 
 Adams.22,649 
 
 Alcorn.14,272 
 
 Amite.14,004 
 
 Attala.19,988 
 
 Benton.11,023 
 
 Bolivar.18,652 
 
 Calhoun.13492 
 
 Carroll. . 17,795 
 
 Chickasaw.17,905 
 
 Choctaw.9,036 
 
 Claiborne . 16,768 
 
 Clarke.15,021 
 
 Clay.17,367 
 
 Coahoma.13,568 
 
 Copiah.27,552 
 
 Covington. 5,993 
 
 De Soto.22,924 
 
 Franklin.9,7 2 9 
 
 Greene.3,194 
 
 Grenada.12,071 
 
 Hancock . 6,439 
 
 Harrison.7,895 
 
 Hinds. 43,958 
 
 Holmes.27,164 
 
 Issaquena.10,004 
 
 Itawamba.. - 10,663 
 
 Jackson ..7,607 
 
 Jasper.12,126 
 
 Jefferson.17,314 
 
 Jones.3,828 
 
 Kemper.15,719 
 
 La Fayette.21,671 
 
 Lauderdale.21,501 
 
 Lawrence.9420 
 
 Leake.13,146 
 
 Lee.20,470 
 
 Le Flore.10,246 
 
 Lincoln . . 
 Lowndes 
 Madison. . 
 Marion . . 
 
 Marshall 
 Monroe . . 
 
 Montgomery 
 Neshoba 
 N ewton . . 
 
 Noxubee 
 Oktibbeha . 
 Panola . . 
 
 Perry. . . 
 
 Pike . . . 
 Pontotoc 
 Prentiss . . 
 
 Quitman 
 Rankin . . 
 
 Scott . . . 
 
 Sharkey . . 
 
 Simpson 
 Smith . . 
 
 Sumner . . 
 
 Sun Flower 
 Tallahatchie 
 Tate . . . 
 
 Tippah . . 
 
 Tishomingo 
 Tunica . . 
 
 Union . . 
 
 Warren . . 
 
 Washington 
 Wayne . 
 Wilkinson . 
 Winston. . 
 
 Yalobusha . 
 Yazoo . . 
 
 13,547 
 
 28,244 
 
 25.866 
 6,901 
 
 29,330 
 
 28,553 
 
 13,348 
 
 8,741 
 
 13436 
 
 29,874 
 
 15,978 
 
 28,352 
 
 3,427 
 16,688 
 13,858 
 12,158 
 
 1.407 
 
 16,752 
 
 10.845 
 6,306 
 8,008 
 8,088 
 
 9,534 
 
 4,661 
 
 10,926 
 
 18,721 
 
 12.867 
 
 8,774 
 
 8,461 
 
 13,030 
 
 31,238 
 
 25,367 
 
 8,741 
 
 17,815 
 
 10,087 
 1 5,649 
 
 33.845 
 
 For other general statistics see text. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Adair. 
 
 
 • 15,190 
 
 Christian . . . . 
 
 . . . 9,628 
 
 Andrew .... 
 
 
 
 Clarke . 
 
 . . . 15,031 
 
 Atchison . . . 
 
 
 . 14,556 
 
 Clay. 
 
 . . . 15,572 
 
 Audrain .... 
 
 
 • 19,732 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 . • • 16,073 
 
 Barry. 
 
 
 . 14,405 
 
 Cole. 
 
 • • • 15,515 
 
 Barton .... 
 
 
 • 10,332 
 
 Cooper . 
 
 . . . 21,596 
 
 Bates. 
 
 
 . 25,381 
 
 Crawford .... 
 
 . . . 10,756 
 
 Benton .... 
 
 
 
 Dade. 
 
 . . . 12.557 
 
 Bollinger . . . 
 
 
 . 11,130 
 
 Dallas. 
 
 . . . 9,263 
 
 Boone .... 
 
 
 . 25,422 
 
 Daviess. 
 
 • • • I 9 d 45 
 
 Buchanan . . . 
 
 
 . 49,792 
 
 De Kalb . . . . 
 
 • • •• 13,334 
 
 Butler .... 
 
 
 
 Dent. 
 
 
 Caldwell.... 
 
 
 . 13,646 
 
 Douglas. 
 
 • • • 7,753 
 
 Callaway . . . 
 
 
 . 23,670 
 
 Dunklin. 
 
 
 Camden .... 
 
 
 . 7,266 
 
 Franklin . . . . 
 
 . . . 26,534 
 
 Cape Girardeau . 
 
 • • • 
 
 . 20,998 
 
 Gasconade . . . . 
 
 . . . 11,153 
 
 Carroll .... 
 
 
 . 23,274 
 
 Gentry. 
 
 . . . 17,176 
 
 Carter .... 
 
 
 
 Greene. 
 
 
 Cass. 
 
 
 
 Grundy . 
 
 . . . 15,185 
 
 Cedar .... 
 
 
 
 Harrison . . . . 
 
 . . . 20,304 
 
 Chariton . . . 
 
 
 . 25,224 
 
 Henry. 
 
 . . . 23,906 
 
266 
 
 general statistical tables. 
 
 Hickory 
 Holt . 
 Howard 
 Howell 
 Iron . 
 Jackson 
 Jasper 
 Jefferson 
 Johnson 
 Knox . 
 Laclede 
 La Fayette 
 Lawrence 
 Lewis 
 Lincoln . 
 Linn . . 
 
 Livingston 
 McDonald 
 Macon . 
 Madison 
 Maries . 
 Marion . 
 Mercer . 
 Miller 
 Mississippi 
 Moniteau 
 Monroe . 
 Montgomery 
 Morgan 
 New Madrid 
 Newton . 
 Nodaway 
 Oregon . 
 Osage 
 Ozark 
 Pemiscot 
 Perry. . 
 
 Leading Agricultural 
 
 7,387 
 15,509 
 18,428 
 8,814 
 8,183 
 82,325 
 32,019 
 18,736 
 28,172 
 13,047 
 1 1.524 
 25,710 
 0,583 
 I 5 , 9 2 5 
 17,426 
 20,016 
 20,196 
 7.816 
 26,222 
 8,876 
 7,304 
 
 24,837 
 14,673 
 9,805 
 9,270 
 14,346 
 19,07 [ 
 16,249 
 10,132 
 
 7,694 
 
 18,947 
 
 29,544 
 
 5 , 79 i 
 
 11,824 
 
 5,618 
 
 4.299 
 
 11,895 
 
 Pettis.27,271 
 
 Phelps.12,568 
 
 Pike.26,715 
 
 Platte.17,366 
 
 Polk.15,734 
 
 Pulaski.7,250 
 
 Putnam. 1 3,555 
 
 Ralles.11,838 
 
 Randolph.22,751 
 
 Ray.20, f 90 
 
 Reynolds.5,722 
 
 P'pley. 5,377 
 
 St. Charles.23,065 
 
 St. Clair.14,125 
 
 St. Francois.13,822 
 
 St. Genevieve ...... 10,390 
 
 St. Louis.31,888 
 
 St. Louis City. ..... 350,518 
 
 Saline.29,911 
 
 Schuyler.10,470 
 
 Scotland.12,508 
 
 Scott.8,587 
 
 Shannon.3,441 
 
 Shelby.14,024 
 
 Stoddard ....... 13,431 
 
 Stone.4,404 
 
 Sullivan.16,569 
 
 Taney.5,599 
 
 Texas. 12,206 
 
 Vernon. 1 9,369 
 
 Warren ..10,806 
 
 Washington.12,896 
 
 Wayne.9,096 
 
 Webster.12,175 
 
 Worth ........ 8,203 
 
 Wright. 9,712 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS 
 
 Products: — 
 
 Indian corn 
 Oats .... 
 Wheat . . . 
 Wool . . . 
 Tobacco . . 
 Butter . . . 
 
 Mining Products : — 
 Bituminous coal 
 Iron ore . . 
 
 Lead ore . . 
 
 Zinc ore. . . 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION 
 
 202,414,413 bushels. 
 20,670,958 bushels. 
 24,966,627 bushels. 
 
 7G 1 3,9 2 4 pounds. 
 12,015,657 pounds. 
 28,572,124 pounds. 
 
 543,990 tons. 
 386,197 tons. 
 28,315 tons. 
 34,344 tons. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 1 
 
 Adams.10,235 
 
 Antelope.3,953 
 
 Blackbird . 109 
 
 Boone.4,17° 
 
 Buffalo. 7 , 53 i 
 
 Burt .6,937 
 
 Butler.9d94 
 
 Cass.16,683 
 
 Cedar.2,899 
 
 Chase. 70 
 
 Cheyenne.L558 
 
 Clay ..11,294 
 
 Colfax.6,588 
 
 Cuming.5,569 
 
 Custer.. 2,211 
 
 Dakota.3,213 
 
 Dawson. . 2,909 
 
 Dixon.4477 
 
 Dodge. . 11,263 
 
 Douglas.37,645 | 
 
 Dundy ......... 37 
 
 Fillmore.10,204 
 
 Franklin 5,465 
 
 Frontier. 934 
 
 Furnas.6,407 
 
 Gage.13,164 
 
 Gosper. . 1,673 
 
 Greeley. 1,461 
 
 Hall.8.572 
 
 Hamilton.8,267 
 
 Harlan.6,086 
 
 Hayes .. 119 
 
 Hitchcock. 1,0121 
 
 Holt.3,287 | 
 
 Howard.4,391 1 
 
 Jefferson 
 Johnson 
 Kearney 
 Keith . 
 
 Knox . 
 Lancaster 
 Lincoln 
 Madison 
 Merrick 
 Nance 
 Nemaha 
 Nuckolls 
 Otoe . 
 Pawnee 
 Phelps 
 Pierce 
 Platte 
 Polk . 
 
 Red Willow 
 Richardson 
 Saline 
 Sarpy 
 Saunders 
 Seward . 
 Sherman 
 Sioux 
 Stanton . 
 Thayer . 
 Valley 
 Washington 
 Wayne 
 Webster 
 Wheeler 
 
 York . . 
 
 Unorganized Territory 
 *** For other general statistics see text. ' 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION 
 
 8,096 
 
 7,595 
 
 4,072 
 
 194 
 
 3,666 
 
 28,090 
 
 3,63^ 
 
 5,589 
 
 5 , 34 i 
 
 1,212 
 
 10,451 
 
 4,235 
 
 15,727 
 
 6,920 
 
 2,447 
 
 1,202 
 
 9 , 5 H 
 
 6,846 
 
 3,044 
 
 15,031 
 
 14,491 
 4 , 48 r 
 15,810 
 11447 
 2,061 
 699 
 
 1,813 
 
 6,1 13 
 
 2,324 
 
 8,631 
 
 813 
 
 7,104 
 
 644 
 
 11,170 
 
 2,913 
 
 Beaver Head . . . 
 
 . . . 2,712 
 
 Choteau. 
 
 . . . 3,058 
 
 Custer. 
 
 . . . 2,510 
 
 Dawson. 
 
 
 Deer Lodge . . . 
 
 . . . 8,876 
 
 Gallatin. 
 
 • • • 3,643 
 
 Jefferson . . . 
 
 Lewis and Clarke 
 Madison. . . . 
 
 Meagher . . . 
 
 Missoula . . . 
 
 2,464 
 
 6,521 
 
 3 , 9 1 5 
 2,743 
 2,537 
 
 Churchill 
 
 . 479 
 
 Lyon. 
 
 2,409 
 
 Douglas. . 
 
 . 1,581 
 
 N ye. 
 
 1,875 
 
 Elko . . . 
 
 ...... 5,716 
 
 Ormsby. 
 
 5,412 
 
 Esmeralda . 
 
 .3,220 
 
 Roop . .. 
 
 286 
 
 Eureka . . 
 
 .7,086 
 
 Storey. 
 
 16,115 
 
 Humboldt . 
 
 .3,48o 
 
 Washoe. 
 
 5,664 
 
 Lander . . 
 
 .3,624 
 
 White Pine. 
 
 2,682 
 
 Lincoln . . 
 
 .2,637 
 
 
 
 POPULATION BY RACE. 
 
 
 White . . 
 
 . 53,556 
 
 Chinese. 
 
 5,416 
 
 Colored . . 
 
 . 488 
 
 Indians.. 
 
 2,803 
 
 Japanese 
 
 ....... 3 
 
 
 ! 
 
 White 
 
 Colored 
 
 POPULATION BY RACE. 
 
 Chinese . . 
 
 35,385 
 
 346 
 
 Indians 
 
 1,765 
 
 1,663 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Mining Products: 
 
 Gold . 
 Silver 
 Copper 
 
 M ,805,767 
 2,905,068 
 1,212,500 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Mining Products: — 
 
 Value of gold product 
 Value of silver product 
 Copper product . . . 
 
 $4,888,242 
 
 $12,430,667 
 
 734,730 pounds. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Belknap.17,948 Cheshire.28,734 
 
 Carroll.18,224 Coos.18,580 
 
 1 The counties here named are those enumerated in the census of 1880, since which time, with the 
 great increase of population, there have been numerous changes and subdivisions modifying this list. 
 
GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 Grafton.38,788 j Rockingham.49,064 
 
 Hillsborough.75,634 Strafford.35,558 
 
 Merrimac.46,300 Sullivan.18,161 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Principal Agricultural Products: — 
 
 Indian corn. 1,350,248 bushels. 
 
 Oats. 1,017,620 bushels. 
 
 Wool. 1,060,589 pounds. 
 
 Hay. 583.069 tons. 
 
 Irish potatoes.3,358,828 bushels. 
 
 Butter.. . . . 7,247,272 pounds. 
 
 Cheese. 807,076 pounds. 
 
 Value of Principal Manufactured Products : — 
 
 Boots and shoes.£7,23°>8o4 
 
 Cotton goods.18,226,573 
 
 Flouring and grist mill products.2,542,784 
 
 Hosiery and knit goods.2,362,779 
 
 Leather, tanned.2,315,616 
 
 Leather, curried.2,161,734 
 
 Lumber, sawed. 3 > 84 2 !° 12 
 
 Mixed textiles.2,703,281 
 
 Woolen goods.8,113,839 
 
 Worsted goods.2,694,232 
 
 Quarries: — 
 
 Number of quarries. 39 
 
 Annual product. 1,920,340 cubic ft. 
 
 Value of product. $303,066 
 
 Fisheries: — 
 
 Number of persons employed. 414 
 
 Capital invested. $209,465 
 
 Value of products. 176,684 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of teachers. 2,620 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 2,230 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils ...... 48.943 
 
 Tobacco and snuff.$5,063,949 
 
 Woolen goods.4,984,007 
 
 Mining: — 
 
 Product of iron ore. 754,872 tons. 
 
 Product of zinc ore. 39 . 38 1 tons. 
 
 Fisheries: — 
 
 Number of persons employed. 6,220 
 
 Value of products.$3476,589 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 1,588 
 
 Number of teachers. 3,422 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils. 116,860 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Indian corn.11,150,705 bushels. 
 
 Oats. 3 . 7 io ,573 bushels. 
 
 Wheat. 1,901,739 bushels. 
 
 Hay. 518,990 tons. 
 
 Irish potatoes. 3 . 563.793 bushels. 
 
 Sweet potatoes.2,086,731 bushels. 
 
 Butter. 9 . 5 1 3.835 pounds. 
 
 Bernalillo 
 Colfax 
 Doha Aha 
 Grant. . 
 
 Lincoln . 
 Mora . . 
 
 White 
 
 Colored 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 17,225 
 
 3.398 
 
 7,612 
 
 4,539 
 
 2 , 5 i 3 
 
 9 , 75 i 
 
 Rio Arriba 
 San Miguel 
 Santa Fd 
 Socorro . 
 Taos . . 
 
 Valencia. 
 
 POPULATION BY RACE. 
 
 108,721 
 
 I.OI 5 
 
 Indian 
 
 Chinese 
 
 11.023 
 20,638 
 10,867 
 7,875 
 11,029 
 13,095 
 
 9,772 
 
 57 
 
 Atlantic . . 
 Bergen . . 
 
 Burlington . 
 Camden . . 
 
 Cape May . 
 Cumberland 
 Essex . . 
 
 Gloucester . 
 Hudson . . 
 
 Hunterdon . 
 Mercer . , 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 18,704 
 
 36,786 
 
 55,402 
 
 62,942 
 
 9,765 
 
 37,687 
 
 189,929 
 
 25,886 
 
 187,944 
 
 38,570 
 
 58,061 
 
 Middlesex 
 Monmouth 
 Morris . 
 Ocean 
 Passaic . 
 Salem 
 Somerset 
 Sussex . 
 Union 
 Warren . 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Value of Principal Manufacturing Products: — 
 
 Boots and shoes. 
 
 Clothing (men’s). 
 
 Cotton goods. 
 
 Drugs and chemicals. 
 
 Flouring and grist mill products .... 
 Foundery and machine-shop products . . 
 
 Hats and caps. 
 
 Iron and steel. 
 
 Jewelry. 
 
 Leather, curried. 
 
 Leather, tanned. 
 
 Liquors, malt. 
 
 Sewing-machines. 
 
 Silk and silk goods . 
 
 Slaughtering and meat-packing .... 
 
 Smelting and refining. 
 
 Sugar and molasses, refined. 
 
 
 52,286! 
 55,5381 
 50,861 ; 
 
 1 4,45 5 
 68,860 ' 
 
 24 - 579 ! 
 27,162 
 
 2 3,539 
 
 55,571 
 
 36,589 
 
 $4,689,286 
 
 4 , 737 , 5 2 5 
 
 5 , 039,519 
 
 4 , 993,965 
 
 8 , 459,944 
 
 11,282,748 
 
 6,152,447 
 
 10,341,896 
 
 4,079,677 
 
 8,727,128 
 
 6,748,094 
 
 4 , 532,733 
 
 4,640,852 
 
 17,122,230 
 
 20,719,640 
 
 8,370,100 
 
 22,841,258 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Products: — 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Copper . 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Albany . . 
 
 
 
 Madison. . 
 
 Allegany 
 
 
 . . . 41,810 
 
 Monroe . . 
 
 Broome . . 
 
 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Cattaraugus 
 
 • • 
 
 . . . 55,806 
 
 New York . 
 
 Cayuga . . 
 
 
 
 Niagara . . 
 
 Chautauqua 
 
 • t 
 
 . • • 65,342 
 
 Oneida . . 
 
 Chemung . 
 
 
 . . . 43,065 
 
 Onondaga . 
 
 Chenango . 
 
 
 . . . 39,891 
 
 Ontario . . 
 
 Clinton . . 
 
 
 
 Orange . . 
 
 Columbia . 
 
 
 
 Orleans . . 
 
 Cortland. . 
 
 
 
 Oswego . . 
 
 Delaware . 
 
 
 . . . 42,721 
 
 Otsego . . 
 
 Dutchess 
 
 
 
 Putnam . . 
 
 
 
 . . . 219,884 
 
 Queens . . 
 
 Essex . . 
 
 
 
 Rensselaer . 
 
 Franklin 
 
 
 • • • 32,390 
 
 Richmond . 
 
 Fulton . • 
 
 
 
 Rockland . 
 
 Genesee. . 
 
 
 
 St. Lawrence 
 
 Greene . . 
 
 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 
 • ■ • 3,923 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 Herkimer . 
 
 
 
 Schoharie . 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 
 
 Schuyler 
 
 Kings . . 
 
 
 
 Seneca . . 
 
 Lewis. . . 
 
 
 
 Steuben . . 
 
 Livingston . 
 
 
 
 Suffolk . . 
 
 4,019,188 pounds. 
 
 £ 392,33 7 
 
 £ 49,354 
 
 4,055 pounds. 
 
 . 44,112 
 
 . 144,903 
 
 • 38,315 
 1,206,299 
 
 • 54 d 73 
 
 • 115,475 
 . 117,893 
 
 • 49,541 
 
 . 88,220 
 
 . 30,128 
 
 • 77 , 9' 1 
 
 • 5 i ,397 
 
 . 15,181 
 
 • 90,574 
 
 • 115,328 
 
 . 38,991 
 . 27,690 
 
 . 85,997 
 
 • 55,156 
 
 • 23,538 
 
 • 32,910 
 
 . 18,842 
 
 . 29,278 
 . 77,586 
 
 • 53,888 
 
268 
 
 GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 Sullivan.32,491 
 
 Tioga.32,673 
 
 Tompkins.3.1,4/1 c 
 
 Ulster.85,838 
 
 Warren.25,179 
 
 Washington.47,871 
 
 Wayne.51,700 
 
 Westchester.108,988 
 
 Wyoming.30,907 
 
 Yates.21,087 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Principal Agricultural Products: — 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Buckwheat. 
 
 Indian corn. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Rye. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Wool. 
 
 H ay. 
 
 Hops. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Irish potatoes . 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Cheese . 
 
 Ship-building: — 
 
 New vessels built. 
 
 Tonnage of new vessels. 
 
 Value of all ship-building products . 
 
 Production of iron ore. 
 
 Number of persons employed in the fisheries 
 Value of fisheries products .... 
 
 Value of Leading Manufactured Products: — 
 
 Agricultural implements. 
 
 Boots and shoes.. . 
 
 Bread and other bakery products . . . 
 
 Cheese and butter. 
 
 Flouring and grist mill products . . 
 
 Foundery and machine-shop products . 
 
 Furniture. 
 
 Iron and steel. 
 
 Lard, refined .. 
 
 Leather, tanned. 
 
 Liquors, malt. 
 
 Lumber, sawed. 
 
 Marble and stone work. 
 
 Men’s clothing. 
 
 Mixed textiles. 
 
 Printing and publishing. 
 
 Shirts. 
 
 Silk and silk goods. 
 
 Slaughtering and meat-packing . . . 
 
 Sugar and molasses, refined .... 
 Tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes . . . 
 
 Women’s clothing .. 
 
 Quarries: — 
 
 Number of quarries. 
 
 Product in census year., 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of teachers. 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils . . , 
 
 7,792,062 bushels. 
 4,461,200 bushels. 
 . 25,690,156 bushels. 
 
 • 37 , 575 , 5°6 bushels. 
 
 . 2,634,690 bushels. 
 
 . 11,587,766 bushels. 
 
 . 8,827,195 pounds. 
 
 5,240,563 tons. 
 
 . 21,628,931 pounds. 
 
 . 6,481,431 pounds. 
 
 . 33,644,807 bushels. 
 
 . 111,922,423 pounds. 
 8,362,590 pounds. 
 
 635 
 
 76,418 
 
 . $ 7,985,044 
 
 • L239 ,759 tons. 
 
 7,266 
 . $4,380,565 
 
 . $10,707,766 
 
 • 18,979,259 
 
 • 19 , 937,953 
 
 . 12,295,353 
 
 • 49 , 33 L 984 
 
 . 44,714,915 
 . 15,210,879 
 
 . 22,219,219 
 . 14,758,718 
 
 • 23,652,366 
 
 • 35 , 392 ,677 
 
 • i 4 , 356 , 9 to 
 
 . 10,189,267 
 
 . 81,133,611 
 
 • 13,376,380 
 
 • 27,885,376 
 
 . 11,014,820 
 
 . 1 o, 170,140 
 
 • 43,096,138 
 
 • 71,237,051 
 
 • 24,767,504 
 
 • 20,314,307 
 
 251 
 
 6,057,278 cubic ft. 
 
 . $1,261,495 
 
 20,738 
 
 11,927 
 
 55 L 958 
 
 Alamance 
 
 Alexander 
 
 Alleghany 
 
 Anson 
 
 Ashe . . 
 
 Beaufort 
 
 Bertie 
 
 Bladen . 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 14,613 
 
 8,355 
 
 5,486 
 
 17,994 
 H ,437 
 17,474 
 i 6,399 
 16,158 
 
 9,389 
 
 Buncombe 
 Burke 
 Cabarrus 
 Caldwell 
 Camden . 
 Carteret . 
 Caswell . 
 Catawba. 
 Chatham 
 
 21,909 
 r 2,809 
 14,964 
 10,291 
 
 6,274 
 
 9,784 
 
 17,825 
 
 14,946 
 
 23,453 
 
 Cherokee . 
 Chowan . , 
 
 Clay . . . 
 
 Cleveland . 
 Columbus . 
 Craven . 
 Cumberland 
 Currituck . 
 Dare . . . 
 
 Davidson . 
 Davie. . . 
 
 Duplin . . 
 
 Edgecombe 
 Forsyth . . 
 Franklin. . 
 Gaston . . 
 
 Gates. . . 
 
 Graham . . 
 
 Granville 
 Greene . . 
 
 Guilford . . 
 Halifax . . 
 Harnett . . 
 Haywood 
 Henderson . 
 Hertford 
 Hyde . . . 
 
 Iredell . . 
 Jackson . . 
 
 Johnston 
 Jones . . •. 
 Lenoir 
 Lincoln . . 
 
 McDowell . 
 Macon . . 
 
 Madison 
 Martin , . 
 
 Mecklenburgh 
 
 8,182 
 
 7,900 
 
 3 , 3 i 6 
 
 16,571 
 
 14,439 
 19,729 
 23,836 
 6,476 
 3,243 
 20,333 
 11,096 
 18,773 
 26,181 
 18,070 
 20,829 
 
 Mitchell . . . 
 
 Montgomery . 
 Moore . . . 
 Nash . . . 
 New Hanover. 
 Northampton . 
 Onslow . . . 
 Orange . . . 
 
 Pamlico . . . 
 Pasquotank 
 Pender . . . 
 
 Perquimans 
 Person . . . 
 Pitt . . . . 
 Polk . . . . 
 
 14,254 
 
 8,897 
 
 2,335 
 
 31,286 
 
 10,037 
 
 23,585 
 
 30,300 
 
 10,862 
 
 10,271 
 
 10,281 
 
 11,843 
 
 7,765 
 
 22,675 
 
 7,343 
 
 23,461 
 
 7 . 49 1 
 15,344 
 11,061 
 
 9,836 
 
 8,064 
 
 12,810 
 
 13,140 
 
 34 A 75 
 
 Randolph . 
 Richmond . 
 Robeson 
 Rockingham 
 Rowan . 
 Rutherford . 
 Sampson 
 Stanley . . 
 
 Stokes . . 
 Surry. . . 
 
 Swain . . 
 
 Transylvania 
 Tyrrell . . 
 
 Union . . 
 
 Wake . . 
 Warren . . 
 
 Washington 
 Watauga 
 Wayne . . 
 
 Wilkes . . 
 Wilson . . 
 Yadkin . . 
 Yancey . . 
 
 For other general statistics see text. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Adams 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24,005 
 
 Hamilton . 
 
 Allen . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 L 3 I 4 
 
 Hancock 
 
 Ashland . 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 23,883 
 
 Hardin . . 
 
 Ashtabula 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 A 39 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Athens . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28,411 
 
 Henry . . 
 
 Auglaize. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25,444 
 
 H ighland . 
 
 Belmont. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 49,638 
 
 Hocking 
 
 Brown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32,911 
 
 Holmes . . 
 
 Butler . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 42,579 
 
 Huron . . 
 
 Carroll . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16,416 
 
 Jackson . . 
 
 Champaign . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27,817 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Clarke . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41,948 
 
 Knox. . . 
 
 Clermont 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36,713 
 
 Lake . 
 
 Clinton . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24,756 
 
 Lawrence . 
 
 Columbiana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48,602 
 
 Licking . . 
 
 Coshocton , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26,642 
 
 Logan . . 
 
 Crawford 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30,583 
 
 Lorain . . 
 
 Cuyahoga , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 196,943 
 
 Lucas . . 
 
 Darke . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40,496 
 
 Madison 
 
 Defiance 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22,515 
 
 Mahoning . 
 
 Delaware . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27,381 
 
 Marion . . 
 
 Erie . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32,640 
 
 Medina . 
 
 Fairfield. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34,284 
 
 Meigs . . 
 
 Fayette . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20,364 
 
 Mercer . . 
 
 F ranklin 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86.797 
 
 Miami . . 
 
 Fulton . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21,053 
 
 Monroe . 
 
 Gallia . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28,124 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Geauga . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14,251 
 
 Morgan . . 
 
 Greene . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 L 349 
 
 Morrow . . 
 
 Guernsey . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 A 97 
 
 Muskingum 
 
 • 9,435 
 
 • 9,374 
 
 . 16,821 
 
 • i 7 , 73 i 
 
 • 2 r ,376 
 
 . 20,032 
 
 . 9,829 
 
 • 23,698 
 
 • 6,323 
 
 • 10,369 
 
 . 12,468 
 
 9,466 
 
 • 13,719 
 
 . 21,794 
 
 . 5,062 
 
 . 20,836 
 
 • 18,245 
 
 . 23,880 
 
 . 21,744 
 
 . 19,965 
 
 . 15,198 
 
 . 22,894 
 . 10,505 
 
 • 15,353 
 
 • 15,302 
 
 • 3,784 
 
 • 5,340 
 
 • 4,545 
 
 . 18,056 
 
 • 47,939 
 
 . 22,619 
 . 8,928 
 
 . 8,160 
 
 • 24,951 
 
 . 19,181 
 
 . 16,664 
 . 12,420 
 
 • 7,694 
 
 • • 313,374 
 
 • • 27,784 
 
 • • 27,023 
 
 . . 20,456 
 . . 20,585 
 . . 30,281 
 . . 21,126 
 . . 20,776 
 
 • 31,609 
 
 . . 23,686 
 . . 33,018 
 
 • • 27,431 
 
 . . 16,326 
 
 • • 39 ,o 68 
 
 • • 40,450 
 . . 26,267 
 
 ■ • 35,526 
 
 ■ • 67,377 
 
 . . 20,129 
 
 . . 42,871 
 
 • • 20,565 
 
 • • 21,453 
 
 • • 32,325 
 
 . . 21,808 
 
 • • 36,158 
 . . 26,496 
 
 • • 78,550 
 
 . . 20,074 
 
 . . 19,072 
 
 • • 49,774 
 
GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 269 
 
 Noble . . . 
 
 .21,138 
 
 Shelby. 
 
 . . . 24,137 
 
 Ottawa . . . 
 
 .19-762 
 
 Stark . 
 
 . - - 64,031 
 
 Paulding . . 
 
 .13,485 
 
 Summit. 
 
 . . . 43,788 
 
 Perry.... 
 
 .28,218 
 
 Trumbull .... 
 
 . . . 44,880 
 
 Pickaway . . 
 
 .27,415 
 
 Tuscarawas . . 
 
 . . . 40,198 
 
 Pike .... 
 
 . 17,927 
 
 Union. 
 
 - - - 22,375 
 
 Portage . . . 
 
 .27,500 
 
 Van Wert .... 
 
 
 Preble . . . 
 
 .24,533 
 
 Vinton . 
 
 . . . 17,223 
 
 Putnam . . . 
 
 . 23,713 
 
 Warren. 
 
 . . . 28,392 
 
 Richland . . 
 
 .36,306 
 
 Washington . . . 
 
 . . . 43,244 
 
 Ross .... 
 
 .40,307 
 
 Wayne. 
 
 
 Sandusky . . 
 
 .32,057 
 
 Williams .... 
 
 . . . 23,821 
 
 Scioto . . . 
 
 . 33 , 5*1 
 
 Wood. 
 
 . . . 34,022 
 
 Seneca . . . 
 
 . 36,947 
 
 Wyandot .... 
 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Indian corn. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Hay. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Irish potatoes. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Cheese. 
 
 Value of Leading Manufactured Products: — 
 
 Agricultural implements. 
 
 Men’s clothing. 
 
 Flouring and grist mill products . . . 
 
 Foundery and machine-shop products . 
 
 Iron and steel. 
 
 Sawed lumber. 
 
 Slaughtering and meat-packing . . . 
 
 Bituminous-coal product. 
 
 Iron-ore product. 
 
 Value of quarried products. 
 
 111,877,124 bushels. 
 28,664,505 bushels. 
 46,014,869 bushels. 
 25,003,756 pounds. 
 
 2,210,923 tons. 
 34-735,235 pounds. 
 12,719,215 bushels. 
 
 67.634.263 pounds. 
 2,170,245 pounds. 
 
 $15,479,825 
 
 20,008,398 
 
 38.950.264 
 18,242,325 
 34,918,360 
 13,864,460 
 19,231,297 
 
 5.932,853 tons. 
 198,835 tons. 
 $2,541,647 
 
 Baker 
 Benton . 
 Clackamas 
 Clatsop . 
 Columbia 
 Coos . . 
 
 Curry. . 
 
 Douglas . 
 Grant 
 Jackson . 
 Josephine 
 Lake . . 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION 
 
 4.616 
 
 6,403 
 
 9,260 
 
 7,222 
 
 2,042 
 
 4-834 
 
 1,208 
 
 9-596 
 
 4-303 
 
 8,154 
 
 2,485 
 
 2,804 
 
 Lane . . . . 
 
 Linn . . . . 
 
 Marion . . . 
 
 Multnomah 
 Polk . . . . 
 
 Tillamook . . 
 
 Umatilla . . 
 
 Union . . . 
 
 Wasco . . . 
 
 Washington 
 Yam Hill . *. 
 
 9,411 
 12,676 
 14-576 
 25,203 
 6,601 
 970 
 9,607 
 6,650 
 11,120 
 7,082 
 7,945 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural products : — 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Wool .. 
 
 Value of sawed lumber. 
 
 Value of gold product. 
 
 Value of fisheries product.. 
 
 4,385,650 bushels. 
 7,480,010 bushels. 
 5,718,524 pounds. 
 $2,030,463 
 1,097,701 
 2,781,024 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Adams . . 
 
 Allegheny . 
 Armstrong . 
 
 32,455 
 
 355-869 
 
 47,641 
 
 Beaver 
 
 Bedford 
 
 Berks. 
 
 39-605 
 
 34,929 
 
 122,597 
 
 Blair. 
 
 . . . 52,740 
 
 Bradford .... 
 
 . . . 58,541 
 
 Bucks . 
 
 
 Butler. 
 
 . • - 52,536 
 
 Cambria. 
 
 
 Cameron .... 
 
 . . . 5,159 
 
 Carbon . 
 
 • • • 31,923 
 
 Centre. 
 
 . . . 37,922 
 
 Chester. 
 
 . . . 83,481 
 
 Clarion. 
 
 . . . 40,328 
 
 Clearfield .... 
 
 • • • 43,408 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 . . . 26,278 
 
 Columbia .... 
 
 . . . 32,409 
 
 Crawford .... 
 
 
 Cumberland . . . 
 
 • • • 45-977 
 
 Dauphin .... 
 
 . . . 76,148 
 
 Delaware .... 
 
 
 Elk. 
 
 
 Erie. 
 
 . . . 74,688 
 
 Fayette. 
 
 . . . 58,842 
 
 Forest. 
 
 . . . 4,385 
 
 Franklin .... 
 
 . . . 49,855 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 . . . 10,149 
 
 Greene. 
 
 . . . 28,273 
 
 Huntington . . . 
 
 • • - 33-954 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 • • - 40,527 
 
 Jefferson .... 
 
 • • • 27,935 
 
 Juniata. 
 
 . . . 18,227 
 
 Lackawanna . . . 
 
 . . . 89,269 
 
 Lancaster .... 
 
 • • • * 39-447 
 
 Lawrence .... 
 
 • • • 33 - 3*2 
 
 Lebanon.38,476 
 
 Lehigh.65,969 
 
 Luzerne.133,065 
 
 Lycoming. 57,486 
 
 McKean.42,565 
 
 Mercer.56,161 
 
 Mifflin. 19,577 
 
 Monroe.20,175 
 
 Montgomery.96,494 
 
 Montour.15,468 
 
 Northampton.70,312 
 
 Northumberland.53,123 
 
 Perry.27,522 
 
 Philadelphia.847,170 
 
 Pike.9,663 
 
 Potter. 13,797 
 
 Schuylkill.129,974 
 
 Snyder . . . •.< 7,797 
 
 Somerset.33,110 
 
 Sullivan.8,073 
 
 Susquehanna.40,354 
 
 Tioga. 45 , 8 i 4 
 
 Union.16,905 
 
 Venango. 43 , 67 ° 
 
 Warren.27,981 
 
 Washington.55,418 
 
 Wayne. 33,5 <3 
 
 Westmoreland.78,036 
 
 Wyoming.* 5,598 
 
 York.87,841 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Mineral Products: — 
 
 Product of anthracite coal.28,612,595 tons. 
 
 Value of anthracite product.$42,116,500 
 
 Product of bituminous coal.18,075,548 tons. 
 
 Value of bituminous product.$18,267,151 
 
 Product of iron ore. 1,820,561 tons. 
 
 Value of iron-ore product.$ 4 - 3 * 8-999 
 
 Petroleum product.24,005,392 barrels. 
 
 Shipbuilding: — 
 
 Number of new vessels. 802 
 
 Capital invested.$ 5 ,184,200 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Buckwheat. 3-593-326 bushels. 
 
 Indian corn.45,82*1,531 bushels. 
 
 Oats.33,841,439 bushels. 
 
 Rye.3-683,621 bushels. 
 
 Wheat.19,462,405 bushels. 
 
 Wool.8,470,273 pounds. 
 
 Hay.2,811,654 tons. 
 
 Tobacco.36,943,272 pounds. 
 
 Irish potatoes.16,284,819 bushels. 
 
 Butter.79,336.012 pounds. 
 
 Cheese. 1,008,686 pounds. 
 
 Quarries: — 
 
 Number of quarries. 164 
 
 Product.15,310,184 cubic ft. 
 
 Value of product.$*,944, 2 °8 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 12,857 
 
 Number of teachers. 19-388 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils. 622,351 
 
 •Value of Leading Manufactured Products: — 
 
 Boots and shoes.$9,59°, 002 
 
 Carpets.14,304,660 
 
 Clothing (men’s).23,821,887 
 
 Cotton goods.21,640,397 
 
 Drugs and chemicals.13,092,863 
 
 Flouring and grist mill products .41,522,662 
 
 Foundery and machine-shop products.35,029,673 
 
 Iron and steel.>45,576,268 
 
 Leather, tanned.27,042,068 
 
 Liquors, malt.10,124,348 
 
GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 270 
 
 Lumber, sawed.22.457,359 
 
 Mixed textiles.20,882,764 
 
 Printing and publishing.10,229,893 
 
 Slaughtering and meat-packing.9,908,545 
 
 Sugar and molasses, refined.24,294,929 
 
 \\ oolen goods.32,341,291 
 
 V orsted goods.10,072,473 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Bristol.IL394 
 
 Kent.20,588 
 
 Newport.24,180 
 
 Providence.197,874 
 
 Washington.22,495 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS 
 
 Value of the Leading Manufactured Products: — 
 
 Cotton goods.$24,609,461 
 
 Dyeing and finishing textiles.6,874,254 
 
 Foundery and machine-shop products.6,281,707 
 
 Gold and silver, refined. 1,421.100 
 
 J ewelt 7.5^50,133 
 
 Men's clothing. 1,980,330 
 
 Mixed textiles.2,718,822 
 
 Rubber and elastic goods.2,217,000 
 
 Rubber boots and shoes. 1,455,420 
 
 Slaughtering and meat-packing.3,876,740 
 
 Woolen goods.^io^o 
 
 Worsted goods.6,177,754 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Abbeville 
 
 Aiken 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Barnwell 
 
 Beaufort 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Chester . 
 
 Chesterfield 
 
 Clarendon 
 
 Colleton . 
 
 Darlington 
 
 Edgefield 
 
 Fairfield . 
 
 Georgetown 
 
 Greenville 
 
 Hampton 
 
 Horry 
 
 40,815 
 28,1 12 
 
 33 .612 
 
 39.857 
 
 30,176 
 
 102,800 
 
 24d53 
 
 16,345 
 
 19,190 
 
 36,386 
 
 34,485 
 
 45,844 
 
 27,765 
 
 19.613 
 
 37.496 
 
 18,741 
 
 5 5,574 
 
 Kershaw 
 
 = 5,538 
 
 Lancaster ..16,903 
 
 Laurens 
 Lexin 
 Marion 
 
 .29,444 
 
 gton.18,564 
 
 . 34,5 07 
 
 Marlborough.20,598 
 
 Newberry.26,497 
 
 Ocone.16,256 
 
 Orangeburgh.41,395 
 
 Pickens.14,389 
 
 Richland.28,573 
 
 Spartanburgh.40,409 
 
 Sumter 
 
 Union 
 
 Williamsburgh 
 
 O 
 
 York 
 
 37,037 
 
 24,080 
 
 24,110 
 
 30,753 
 
 Carroll.22,103 
 
 Carter.10,019 
 
 Cheatham.7-956 
 
 Claiborne. 53,373 
 
 Clay.6,987 
 
 Cocke.14,808 
 
 Coffee.12,894 
 
 Crockett.14,509 
 
 Cumberland.4,538 
 
 Davidson.79,026 
 
 Decatur.8,498 
 
 De Kalb.14,813 
 
 Dickson.12,460 
 
 Dyer.15,158 
 
 Fayette.31,871 
 
 Fentress 
 
 5 , 94 i 
 
 Franklin.17,578 
 
 Gibson.32,685 
 
 Giles.36.014 
 
 Grainger.1 2,384 
 
 Greene.24,005 
 
 Grundy.4,592 
 
 Hamblen.10,187 
 
 Hamilton.23,642 
 
 Hancock.9,098 
 
 Hardeman ....... 22,921 
 
 Hardin. 54,793 
 
 Hawkins.20,610 
 
 Haywood.26.053 
 
 Henderson.17,430 
 
 Henry.22,142 
 
 Hickman. i’2,o95 
 
 Houston.4,295 
 
 Humphreys.1 r ,379 
 
 Jackson.12,008 
 
 James.5,187 
 
 Jefferson.15,846 
 
 Johnson.7,766 
 
 Knox.59, [ 24 
 
 Lake.3,968 
 
 Lauderdale.14,918 
 
 Lawrence.10,383 
 
 Lewis.2,181 
 
 Lincoln.26,960 
 
 Loudon.9,148 
 
 McMinn.15,064 
 
 McNairy.17,271 
 
 Macon 
 
 9,321 
 
 Madison.30,874 
 
 Marion.10,910 
 
 Marshall 
 
 19,259 
 
 Maury.39,904 
 
 Meigs 
 
 7 , 5 17 
 
 Monroe.14,283 
 
 Montgomery.28,481 
 
 Moore.6,233 
 
 5,156 
 
 7,174 
 
 7,269 
 
 11 
 
 501 
 7,073 
 
 Morgan 
 
 Obion.22,912 
 
 Overton.12,153 
 
 Perry. 
 
 Polk . 
 
 Putnam 
 Rhea . 
 
 Koane.15,237 
 
 Robertson.18,861 
 
 Rutherford.36,741 
 
 Scott.6,021 
 
 Sequatchie.2,565 
 
 Sevier.15,541 
 
 Shelby.78,430 
 
 Smith.17,799 
 
 Stewart... 
 
 Sullivan.18,321 
 
 Sumner.23,625 
 
 Tipton.21,033 
 
 Trousdale.6,646 
 
 Unicoi.3,645 
 
 Union.10,260 
 
 Van Buren.2,933 
 
 Warren.14,079 
 
 Washington.16,181 
 
 Wayne.11,301 
 
 Weakly.24,538 
 
 White.11,176 
 
 Williamson.28,313 
 
 Wilson.28,747 
 
 *** For other general statistics see text. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Anderson.17,395 
 
 Angelina.5,239 
 
 996 
 596 
 
 35 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products: — 
 
 Indian corn.11,767,099 bushels. 
 
 ° ats .2,715,505 bushels. 
 
 < “ otton . 522,548 bales. 
 
 Rlce .52,077,515 pounds. 
 
 Sweet potatoes.2,189,622 bushels. 
 
 RuUci .3,596,851 pounds. 
 
 Aransas 
 Archer . 
 
 Armstrong 
 Atascosa.4,217 
 
 14,429 
 
 Austin 
 
 Bandera.2,158 
 
 Bastrop.17,215 
 
 Baylor. 7x5 
 
 Bee.2,298 
 
 3,453 
 5 4,959 
 5,935 
 16,724 
 2,187 
 16,723 
 
 25 
 
 5,045 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Anderson . .*.10,820 
 
 Bedford.26,025 
 
 Benton.9,780 
 
 Bledsoe.5,617 
 
 B] ount.15,985 
 
 Bradley.12,124 
 
 Campbell.10,005 
 
 Cannon.11,859 
 
 20,518 
 
 30,470 
 
 Bell. 
 
 Bexar. 
 
 Blanco . 
 
 Borden . 
 
 Bosque.11.217 
 
 Bowie.10,965 
 
 Brazoria.9,774 
 
 Brazos . 13,576 
 
 Briscoe. 12 
 
 Brown.8,414 
 
 Burleson.9,243 
 
 Burnet.6,855 
 
 Caldwell.11,757 
 
 Calhoun.. . 1,739 
 
 Callahan. 
 
 Cameron. 
 
 Camp. 
 
 Cass. 
 
 Chambers. 
 
 Cherokee. 
 
 Childress. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 Coleman.3,603 
 
 Collin.25,983 
 
 Collingsworth. 6 
 
 Colorado.16,673 
 
 Comal.5,546 
 
 3,583 Comanche.8,608 
 
 35 Concho. 800 
 
 Cooke.20,391 
 
 Coryell.10,924 
 
 Cottle 
 Crockett. . 
 Crosby . . 
 
 Dallas . . 
 
 Dawson . . 
 
 Deaf Smith 
 Delta . . . 
 
 Denton.18, 
 
 24 
 127 
 82 
 33,488 
 24 
 38 
 5,597 
 5 43 
 
GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 De Witt. . 
 Dickens . . 
 
 Dimmit . . 
 
 Donley . . 
 
 Duval . . 
 
 Eastland 
 Edwards 
 Ellis . . . 
 El-Paso . . 
 
 Enciflal . . 
 
 Erath. . . 
 
 Falls . . . 
 
 Fannin . . 
 
 Fayette . . 
 
 Fisher . . 
 
 Floyd. . . 
 
 Fort Bend . 
 Franklin. . 
 Freestone . 
 Frio . . . 
 
 Gaines . . 
 
 Galveston . 
 Garza . . 
 
 Gillespie 
 Goliad . . 
 Gonzales 
 Gray . . . 
 
 Grayson. . 
 
 Gregg . . 
 
 Grimes . . 
 
 Guadalupe . 
 Hall . . . 
 Hamilton 
 Hansford . 
 Hardeman . 
 Hardin . . 
 
 Harris . . 
 
 Harrison 
 Hartley . . 
 
 Haskell . . 
 Hayes . . 
 
 Hemphill . 
 Henderson . 
 Hidalgo . . 
 
 Hill . . , 
 Hood. . , 
 
 Hopkins. . 
 Houston 
 Howard . . 
 
 Hunt . . 
 
 Hutchinson 
 Jack . . 
 
 Jackson . 
 Jasper 
 Jefferson 
 Johnson . 
 Jones . . 
 
 Karnes . 
 Kaufman 
 Kendall . 
 Kent . . 
 Kerr . . 
 
 Kimble . 
 King . . 
 
 Kinney . 
 Knox . . 
 
 Lamar . 
 Lampasas 
 La Salle . 
 Lavaca . 
 Lee . . 
 Leon . . 
 Liberty . 
 Limestone 
 Lipscomb 
 Live Oak 
 
 271 
 
 10,082 
 
 Llano.... 
 
 . 4,962 
 
 28 
 
 Lubbock . . 
 
 . 25 
 
 665 
 
 Lynn .... 
 
 . 9 
 
 160 
 
 McCulloch . . 
 
 .i ,533 
 
 5,732 
 
 McLennan . . 
 
 .26,934 
 
 4,855 
 
 McMullen . . 
 
 
 266 
 
 Madison . . 
 
 . 5,395 
 
 21,294 
 
 Marion . . . 
 
 .10,983 
 
 3,845 
 
 Martin . . . 
 
 
 1,902 
 
 Mason . . . 
 
 .2,655 
 
 11,796 
 
 Matagorda . . 
 
 . 3,940 
 
 16,240 
 
 Maverick . . 
 
 .2,967 
 
 25,501 
 
 Medina . . . 
 
 . 4 , 49 2 
 
 27,996 
 
 Menard . . . 
 
 .i ,239 
 
 136 
 
 Milam . . . 
 
 .18,659 
 
 3 
 
 Mitchell . . . 
 
 . 117 
 
 9 , 38 o 
 
 Montague . . 
 
 .n ,257 
 
 cn 
 
 To 
 
 CO 
 
 0 
 
 Montgomery . 
 
 .10,154 
 
 14,921 
 
 Morris . . . 
 
 . 5,032 
 
 2,130 
 
 Motley . . 
 
 . 24 
 
 8 
 
 Nacogdoches . 
 
 . 11 , 59 ° 
 
 24,121 
 
 N avarro, . . 
 
 
 36 
 
 Newton . . . 
 
 . 4,359 
 
 5,228 
 
 Nolan . . . 
 
 
 5,832 
 
 Nueces . . . 
 
 . 7,673 
 
 15,840 
 
 Oldham . . . 
 
 
 56 
 
 Orange . . • 
 
 
 38,108 
 
 Palo Pinto . . 
 
 . 5,885 
 
 8,530 
 
 Panola . . . 
 
 
 18,603 
 
 Parker . . . 
 
 
 12,202 
 
 Pecos . . . 
 
 
 36 
 
 Polk .... 
 
 . 7,189 
 
 6,365 
 
 Potter . . . 
 
 
 18 
 
 Presidio . 
 
 
 50 
 
 Rains . . . 
 
 . 3,035 
 
 
 Randall . . . 
 
 . 3 
 
 27,985 
 
 Red River . . 
 
 . I 7 d 94 
 
 25 d 77 
 
 Refugio . . . 
 
 . 1,585 
 
 100 
 
 Roberts . . . 
 
 
 48 
 
 Robertson . . 
 
 
 7,555 
 
 Rockwall . . 
 
 . 2,984 
 
 149 
 
 Runnels . . . 
 
 
 9,735 
 
 Rusk .... 
 
 
 4-347 
 
 Sabine . . . 
 
 
 i 6,554 
 
 San Augustine 
 
 .5,084 
 
 6,125 
 
 San Jacinto 
 
 
 15,461 
 
 San Patricio . 
 
 
 16,702 
 
 San Saba . . 
 
 . 5,324 
 
 50 
 
 Scurry . . . 
 
 
 17,230 
 
 Shackelford 
 
 
 5 ° 
 
 Shelby . . . 
 
 
 6,626 
 
 Smith . . . 
 
 
 2,723 
 
 Somervel . . 
 
 
 5,779 
 
 Starr .... 
 
 
 3,489 
 
 Stephens . . 
 
 . 4,725 
 
 17 , 9 ” 
 
 Stonewall . . 
 
 
 546 
 
 Swisher . . . 
 
 
 3,270 
 
 Tarrant . . . 
 
 
 15,448 
 
 Taylor . . . 
 
 
 2,763 
 
 Throckmorton. 
 
 
 92 
 
 Titus .... 
 
 
 2,168 
 
 Tom Green 
 
 
 1,343 
 
 Travis . . . 
 
 
 40 
 
 Trinity . . . 
 
 
 4,487 
 
 Tyler .... 
 
 
 77 
 
 Upshur . . . 
 
 
 27 d 93 
 
 Uvalde . . . 
 
 
 5,421 
 
 Van Zandt . . 
 
 
 789 
 
 Victoria . . . 
 
 
 13,641 
 
 Walker . . . 
 
 
 8,937 
 
 Waller . . . 
 
 
 12,817 
 
 Washington . 
 
 .27,565 
 
 4,999 
 
 Webb . . . 
 
 
 16,246 
 
 Wharton . . 
 
 . 4,549 
 
 69 
 
 Wheeler. . . 
 
 
 i ,994 
 
 Wichita . . . 
 
 . 433 
 
 Wilbarger . . 
 
 
 
 Wood .... 
 
 . . . . XI ,212 
 
 Williamson. . 
 
 • • • • 
 
 • I 5 d 55 
 
 Young .... 
 
 . . . . 4,726 
 
 Wilson . . . 
 
 
 7 ,h 8 
 
 Zapata .... 
 
 .... 3,636 
 
 Wise .... 
 
 
 
 Zavalla .... 
 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Indiah corn.29.065,172 bushels. 
 
 Oats.4,893,359 bushels. 
 
 Wheat.2,567,737 bushels. 
 
 Cotton. 805,284 bales. 
 
 Wool.6,928,019 pounds. 
 
 Sweet potatoes. 1,460,079 bushels. 
 
 Butter.13,899,320 pounds. 
 
 Livestock: — 
 
 Horses, number of. 805,606 
 
 Milch cows, number of. 606,176 
 
 Working oxen, number of. 90,502 
 
 Other cattle, number of.3.387,927 
 
 Sheep, number of.2,411,633 
 
 Swine, number of. 1,950,371 
 
 Mules and asses, number of. 132,447 
 
 Total value of livestock in 1880.$60,307,987 
 
 Value of flouring and grist mill products ..7,617,177 
 
 Value of sawed lumber.3,673,449 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of school-buildings. 1,054 
 
 Number of teachers. 6,764 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils. 123,473 
 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 
 Beaver .... 
 
 . . . . 3,918 
 
 Salt Lake . . 
 
 . . , . . 31,977 
 
 Box Elder . . . 
 
 . . . . 6,761 
 
 San Juan . . 
 
 . 204 
 
 Cache .... 
 
 
 San Pete . . 
 
 .ii ,557 
 
 Davis .... 
 
 .... 5,279 
 
 Sevier . .. . 
 
 . 4,457 
 
 Emery .... 
 
 
 Summit . . . 
 
 . 4,921 
 
 Iron. 
 
 
 Tooele . . . 
 
 . 4,497 
 
 Juab. 
 
 
 Uintah . . . 
 
 ..... 799 
 
 Kane. 
 
 
 Utah .... 
 
 . 17,973 
 
 Millard .... 
 
 
 Wasatch . . 
 
 .2,927 
 
 Morgan .... 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 . 4,235 
 
 Pi Ute . . . . 
 
 
 Weber . . . 
 
 . 12,344 
 
 Rich. 
 
 
 
 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 
 Gold product 
 
 
 
 
 Silver product . 
 
 
 
 
 Addison . 
 
 Bennington 
 
 Caledonia 
 
 Chittenden 
 
 Essex 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Grand Isle 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 24d73 
 
 21,950 
 
 23,607 
 
 32,792 
 
 7,93i 
 
 30,225 
 
 4d24 
 
 Lamoille 
 Orange . . 
 
 Orleans . . 
 
 Rutland . . 
 
 Washington 
 Windham . 
 Windsor 
 
 12,684 
 
 23,525 
 
 22,083 
 
 41,829 
 
 25,404 
 
 26,763 
 
 35d96 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Principal Agricultural Products : — 
 
 Indian corn.2,014,271 bushels. 
 
 Oats. 3,742,282 bushels. 
 
 Wool.2,551,113 pounds. 
 
 Hay. 1,051,183 tons. 
 
272 
 
 GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Irish potatoes. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Cheese. 
 
 Value of Principal Manufactured Products 
 Flouring and grist mill products . . 
 
 Lumber, planed. 
 
 Lumber, sawed. 
 
 Scales and balances. 
 
 Woolen goods. 
 
 Quarries: — 
 
 Number of quarries. 
 
 Annual product in cubic feet . . . 
 
 Value of product. 
 
 Public Schools: — 
 
 Number of teachers. 
 
 Number of school-buildings . . . . 
 
 Average daily attendance of pupils . , 
 
 131,432 pounds. 
 4,438,172 bushels. 
 25,240,826 pounds. 
 1,545,789 pounds. 
 
 $3,038,688 
 
 2,709,522 
 
 3,258,816 
 
 2,080,474 
 
 3,217,807 
 
 61 
 
 2,468,150 
 $L 75 2 ,333 
 
 2,597 
 
 2,450 
 
 47,206 
 
 Chehalis 
 Clallan . 
 Clarke 
 Columbia 
 Cowlitz . 
 Island 
 Jefferson 
 King . . 
 
 Kitsap . 
 Klikitat . 
 Lewis 
 Mason . 
 Pacific . 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 921 
 
 638 
 
 5 , 49 ° 
 
 7,103 
 
 2,062 
 
 1,087 
 
 1,712 
 
 6,910 
 
 L 738 
 
 4,055 
 
 2,600 
 
 639 
 
 1,645 
 
 Pierce . . 
 San Juan 
 Skamania . 
 Snohomish . 
 Spokan . . 
 
 Stevens . . 
 Thurston 
 Wahkikum . 
 Walla Walla 
 Whatcom . 
 Whitman . 
 Yakima . . 
 
 3,319 
 
 948 
 
 809 
 
 L 387 
 
 4,262 
 
 1,245 
 
 3,270 
 1,598 
 8,716 
 3,137 
 7,oi4 
 2,811 
 
 Accomack . . 
 Albemarle . . 
 
 Alexandria . . 
 Alleghany . . 
 
 Amelia . . . 
 Amherst . . 
 
 Appomattox . 
 Augusta . . . 
 
 Bath .... 
 Bedford . . . 
 
 Bland . . . 
 Botetourt . . 
 
 Brunswick . . 
 
 Buchanan . . 
 
 Buckingham . 
 Campbell 
 Caroline. . . 
 
 Carroll . . . 
 
 Charles City . 
 Charlotte . . 
 Chesterfield 
 Clarke . . . 
 
 Craig .... 
 Culpeper . . 
 Cumberland 
 Dinwiddie . . 
 
 Elizabeth City 
 Essex . . . 
 
 Fairfax . . . 
 
 Fauquier . . 
 
 Floyd . . . 
 
 Fluvanna . . 
 
 Franklin . . 
 
 Frederick . . 
 
 Giles .... 
 Gloucester . . 
 
 Goochland . . 
 
 Grayson. . . 
 
 Greene . . . 
 Greenville . . 
 
 Halifax . . . 
 
 Hanover . . 
 Henrico . . . 
 Henry . . . 
 
 Highland . . 
 Isle of Wight. 
 James City . . 
 
 King and Queen 
 King George . 
 King William . 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 24,408 
 
 Lancaster .... 
 
 
 32,618 
 
 Lee. 
 
 
 17,546 
 
 Loudoun .... 
 
 • • • 23,634 
 
 5,586 
 
 Louisa. 
 
 
 10,377 
 
 Lunenburgh . . . 
 
 • • • IL 535 
 
 18,709 
 
 Madison. 
 
 
 10,080 
 
 Matthews .... 
 
 
 35 , 7 io 
 
 Mecklenburgh . . 
 
 . . . 24,610 
 
 4,482 
 
 Middlesex .... 
 
 . . . 6,252 
 
 31,205 
 
 Montgomery . . . 
 
 • • • 16,693 
 
 5,004 
 
 Nansemond . . . 
 
 • • 15,903 
 
 14,809 
 
 Nelson. 
 
 . . 16,536 
 
 16,707 
 
 New Kent .... 
 
 • • 5 , 5 U 
 
 5,694 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 • • 58,657 
 
 U, 54 o 
 
 Northampton . . . 
 
 . . 9,152 
 
 36,250 
 
 Northumberland . . 
 
 • • 7,929 
 
 17,243 
 
 Nottoway .... 
 
 . . 11,156 
 
 1 3,323 
 
 Orange. 
 
 
 5 , 5 i 2 
 
 Page. 
 
 . . 9,965 
 
 16,653 
 
 Patrick. 
 
 • • 12,833 
 
 LO 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 LO 
 
 N 
 
 Pittsylvania . . . 
 
 • • 52,589 
 
 7,682 
 
 Powhatan .... 
 
 
 3,794 
 
 Prince Edward . . 
 
 . . 14,668 
 
 13,408 
 
 Prince George . . 
 
 . . 10,054 
 
 10,540 
 
 Princess Anne . . 
 
 . . 9,394 
 
 32,870 
 
 Prince William . . 
 
 . . 9,180 
 
 10,689 
 
 Pulaski. 
 
 • • 8,755 
 
 11,032 
 
 Rappahannock . . 
 
 . . 9,291 
 
 16,025 
 
 Richmond. 
 
 • • 7095 
 
 22,993 
 
 Roanoke . 
 
 
 13,255 
 
 Rockbridge . . . . 
 
 
 10,802 
 
 Rockingham . . . 
 
 . . 29,567 
 
 25,084 
 
 Russell. 
 
 
 • 7,553 
 
 Scott. 
 
 
 8,794 
 
 Shenandoah . . . . 
 
 
 11,876 
 
 Smyth. 
 
 
 10,292 
 
 Southampton . . . . 
 
 
 13,068 
 
 Spottsylvania . . . . 
 
 
 5,830 
 
 Stafford. 
 
 
 8,407 
 
 Surry. 
 
 
 33,588 
 
 Sussex . 
 
 
 18,588 
 
 Tazewell. 
 
 
 82,703 
 
 Warren. 
 
 • • 7,399 
 
 16,009 
 
 Warwick. 
 
 . . 2,258 
 
 5,164 
 
 Washington . . . . 
 
 
 10,572 
 
 Westmoreland . . . 
 
 . . 8,846 
 
 5,422 
 
 Wise. 
 
 
 10,502 
 
 Wythe. 
 
 
 6,397 
 
 8,751 
 
 York. 
 
 • • 7,349 
 
 *** For other general statistics see text. 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products: — 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Hops. 
 
 Value of sawed lumber. 
 
 Coal product. 
 
 Barbour . 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 Boone 
 
 Braxton . 
 
 Brooke . 
 
 Cabell 
 
 Calhoun . 
 
 Clay . . 
 
 Doddridge 
 
 Fayette . 
 
 Gilmer . 
 
 Grant. . 
 
 Greenbriar 
 
 Hampshire 
 
 Hancock 
 
 Hardy . 
 
 Harrison 
 
 Jackson . 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Kanawha 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Lincoln . 
 
 Logan 
 
 McDowell 
 
 Marion . 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Mason . 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 11,870 | 
 I 7 , 38 o 
 5,824 
 9,787 
 6,013 
 
 13,744 
 6,072 
 3 , 46 o 
 10,552 
 11,560 
 7,108! 
 5,542 j 
 15,060 
 10,366 
 4,882 
 6,794 
 
 20,l8l ; 
 
 1 6,312 
 15,005 
 32,466 
 13,269 
 8 , 739 ! 
 7,329 
 3,074 
 17,198 
 
 18,840 
 
 22,293 
 
 Mercer . 
 Mineral . , 
 Monongalia 
 Monroe . 
 Morgan . . 
 
 Nicholas 
 Ohio . . . 
 Pendleton . 
 Pleasants . 
 Pocahontas 
 Preston . . 
 
 Putnam . . 
 
 Raleigh . . 
 Randolph . 
 Ritchie . . 
 Roane . . 
 
 Summers 
 Taylor . . 
 
 Tucker . . 
 
 Tyler. . . 
 
 Upshur . . 
 
 Wayne . . 
 
 Webster. . 
 Wetzel . . 
 
 Wirt . . . 
 
 Wood . . 
 Wyoming . 
 
 *** For other general statistics see text. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION. 
 
 Adams . . . 
 
 
 Burnet . 
 
 Ashland . . . 
 
 . L 559 
 
 Calumet . 
 
 Barron . . . 
 
 .7,024 
 
 Chippewa 
 
 Bayfield . . . 
 
 . 564 
 
 Clark . . 
 
 Brown . . . 
 
 . 34,078 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Buffalo . . . 
 
 . 15,528 
 
 Crawford 
 
 I ,57L7o6 bushels. 
 1,921,322 bushels. 
 1,389,123 pounds. 
 703,277 pounds. 
 
 734,742 
 145,015 tons. 
 
 • 7,467 - 
 8,630 
 
 • H, 9 8 5 
 
 . 11,501 
 
 • 5,777 
 
 • 7,223 
 
 • 37,457 
 
 8,022 
 
 6,256 
 
 • 5 , 59 i 
 
 . 19,091 
 
 • IL 375 
 
 • 7,367 
 8,102 
 
 • 13,474 
 
 . 12,184 
 
 • 9,033 
 
 • IL 455 
 
 • 3 T 5 i 
 
 • 11,073 
 
 . 10,249 
 
 • H ,739 
 
 • 3,207 
 
 . 13,896 
 
 . 7,104 
 
 . 25,006 
 
 • 4,322 
 
 3 ,MO 
 
 16,632 
 
 1 5 , 49 1 
 10,715 
 28,065 
 15,644 
 
GENERAL STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 2/3 
 
 Dane. 
 
 • • 53,233 
 
 Oconto . . . 
 
 .9,848 
 
 Oats. 
 
 
 
 • 32,905,320 bushels. 
 
 Dodge. 
 
 • • 45,931 
 
 Outagamie . . 
 
 .28,716 
 
 Rye. 
 
 
 
 2,298,513 bushels. 
 
 Door. 
 
 . . . 11,645 
 
 Ozaukee. . . 
 
 .15,461 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 
 
 . 24,884,689 bushels. 
 
 Douglas. 
 
 . . . 655 
 
 Pepin . . . 
 
 
 Wool. 
 
 
 
 . 7,016,491 pounds. 
 
 Dunn. 
 
 
 Pierce . . . 
 
 . 17,744 
 
 Hay. 
 
 
 
 1,896,969 tons. 
 
 Eau Claire .... 
 
 • • 19,993 
 
 Polk .... 
 
 
 Hops. 
 
 
 
 . 1,966,827 pounds. 
 
 Fond du Lac . . . 
 
 . . . 46,859 
 
 Portage . . . 
 
 .I 7 , 73 i 
 
 Tobacco .... 
 
 
 
 . 10,608,423 pounds. 
 
 Grant. 
 
 • • • 37,852 
 
 Price .... 
 
 . 785 
 
 Irish potatoes . . 
 
 
 
 8,509,161 bushels. 
 
 Green. 
 
 . . . 21,729 
 
 Racine . . . 
 
 .30,922 
 
 Butter. 
 
 
 
 • 33,353,045 pounds. 
 
 Green Lake . . . 
 
 . . . 14,483 
 
 Richland . . 
 
 .18,174 
 
 Cheese. 
 
 
 
 2,281,411 pounds. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 . . . 23,628 
 
 Rock .... 
 
 .38,823 
 
 Value of flouring and grist mill products .... 
 
 • $27,639,430 
 
 Jackson . 
 
 . . . 13,285 
 
 St. Croix . . 
 
 .18,956 
 
 Value of sawed lumber. 
 
 
 
 • 17 , 952,347 
 
 Jefferson .... 
 
 . . . 32,156 
 
 Sauk .... 
 
 .28,739 
 
 
 
 
 
 Juneau . 
 
 N 
 
 CO 
 
 *-0 
 
 1-0 
 
 Shawano . . 
 
 .10,371 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kenosha .... 
 
 . . . 13,550 
 
 Sheboygan . . 
 
 . 34 , 2 o 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kewaunee .... 
 
 . . . 15,807 
 
 Taylor . . . 
 
 . 2,311 
 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 
 La Crosse .... 
 
 . . . 27,073 
 
 Trempealeau . 
 
 .17,189 
 
 
 
 
 
 La Fayette .... 
 
 . . . 21,279 
 
 Vernon . . . 
 
 .23,235 
 
 COUNTIES AND POPULATION 
 
 
 Langlade .... 
 Lincoln . 
 
 . . . 685 
 
 Walworth . . 
 
 Washington . 
 
 .26,249 
 
 .23,442 
 
 Albany . 
 
 Carbon. 
 
 • • 3,438 
 
 Laramie . . . 
 
 Sweetwater. 
 
 .6,409 
 
 2,561 
 
 Manitowoc .... 
 
 . • • 37,505 
 
 Waukesha . . 
 
 .28,957 
 
 Crook . 
 
 • • 239 
 
 Uintah . . . 
 
 .2,879 
 
 Marathon .... 
 Marinette .... 
 
 . . . 17,121 
 
 . . . 8,929 
 
 Waupaca . . 
 
 Waushara . . 
 
 .20,955 
 
 .12,687 
 
 Johnson . 
 
 • • 637 
 
 
 Marquette .... 
 
 
 Winnebago 
 
 . 42,740 
 
 
 
 
 
 Milwaukee .... 
 
 • • • 138,537 
 
 Wood . . . 
 
 
 
 POPULATION BY RACE. 
 
 
 Monroe ..... 
 
 . . . 21,607 
 
 
 
 White. 
 
 • • 19,437 
 
 Chinese . . 
 
 . 9'4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Colored. 
 
 
 Indians . . 
 
 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Leading Agricultural Products : — 
 
 
 5,043,118 bushels. 
 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 
 Barley .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Indian corn . . 
 
 
 
 . 34,230,579 bushels. 
 
 Bituminous coal product 
 
 
 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX 
 
 Abbaye, Point. 
 
 Abbeville, S.C. 
 
 Aberdeen, Dakota Ter. 
 
 Aberdeen, Miss. 
 
 Aberle, Kan. 
 
 Aborigines of Mexico. 
 
 Abraham, Mount. 
 
 Acapulco. 
 
 Acushnet River. 
 
 Ada County, Idaho Ter. 
 
 Adams, Mount. 
 
 Addison County, Vt. 
 
 Adelaide, Col. 
 
 Adirondack Mountains. 
 
 Adrian, Mich. 
 
 African race, estimated numbers of . 
 
 Agogebic. 
 
 Aiken, S.C. 
 
 Ainsworth, Wash. Ter. 
 
 Akron, 0 . 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 admitted to Union. 
 
 area of. 
 
 ceded to the United States . . 
 
 description of. 
 
 general statistics of. 
 
 historical sketch of. 
 
 population of. 
 
 special map of. 
 
 when part of Georgia . . . . 
 
 Alabama River. 
 
 Alabaster, Mich. 
 
 Alameda, Cal. 
 
 Alameda County, Cal. 
 
 Alamosa, Col. 
 
 Alaska Territory. 
 
 area of. 
 
 description of. 
 
 general statistics of ... . 
 
 government of. 
 
 map of. 
 
 population of. 
 
 Albany, Ga. 
 
 Albany, N.Y. 
 
 view of. 
 
 Albany, Ore. 
 
 Albert Lea, Minn. 
 
 Albion, Mich. 
 
 Albion, Neb. 
 
 Albuquerque, N. Mex. .... 
 Alder Gulch, Montana Ter. . . 
 
 Aleutian Islands. 
 
 Aleuts of Alaska. 
 
 Alexander Islands. 
 
 Alexandria, La. 
 
 Alexandria, Minn. 
 
 Alexandria, Va. (see map ) . . . 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 . . . 164, 167 
 
 . . . 114, 119 
 
 . . . 208, 212 
 
 . . . 129, 130 
 
 . . . 197, 200 
 
 . 15 
 
 . . . . 48, Si 
 
 . . . . 14, 15 
 
 . ... 63,68 
 
 . . . 214, 219 
 
 .... 54 , 57 
 
 .... 54,61 
 
 . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . 25, 26, 81, 82 
 
 . . 165, 169, 170 
 
 . 3 
 
 . . . 164, 167 
 
 . . . 114,119 
 
 . . . 246, 251 
 
 • • • 146, is 1 
 
 28, 29, 30, 31, 123 
 
 . 3 ° 
 
 .... 3°, 123 
 
 .30 
 
 .123 
 
 .123 
 
 .124 
 
 .123 
 
 .120 
 
 . 30 
 
 . . . 120, 123 
 
 . . . 165, 168 
 
 . . . 238, 242 
 
 . . . 238, 242 
 
 • • • 223, 227 
 
 • 19, 43 , 44 , 252 
 
 .252 
 
 .252 
 
 .... 252 
 
 .... 44 
 
 .... 252 
 
 . . . . 252 
 
 . . 120, 123 
 
 25, 26, 27, 81, 86 
 .... 82 
 
 . . 246, 248 
 
 . . 176, 182 
 
 . 165, 169, 170 
 . . 203, 206 
 
 . . . 232, 234 
 
 . . . 214, 217 
 
 • • • 252, 253 
 
 . 44 
 
 ■ • • 252, 253 
 
 • • • 129, 133 
 
 . . . 176, 182 
 
 .108 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Alexandria, Va.10S, no, 112 
 
 Algona, Io. .. 184, 188 
 
 Allegany County, Md.100, 103 
 
 Alleghany Mountains . 25, 26,92, 95, no, 113, 114, 115 
 
 Alleghany River.80, 82, 92, 95 
 
 Allegheny, Penn. 9 2 > 9 & 
 
 Allentown, Penn. 93 > 98 
 
 Alliance, 0 . 146,15! 
 
 Alligator Swamp. 3 1 
 
 Alma, Col.223, 227 
 
 Alma, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Alpena, Mich.165, 170 
 
 Alpine, Col.223, 227 
 
 Altamaha River. 120, 121 
 
 Alton, Ill.158,160,163,191 
 
 Alton Bay, N.H. 54 , 5 ^ 
 
 Altoona, Penn. 9 2 » 98 
 
 Altoona Pass, Ga., action at.122 
 
 Alturas County, Idaho Ter. ...... 214,219 
 
 Amboy, N.J. 88, 90 
 
 American Falls, Idaho Ter.214, 218 
 
 American Fork, Utah Ter. 222, 230 
 
 American River, Cal. 238, 240 
 
 Americus, Ga.120, 123 
 
 Ames, Io.^ 4 , *87 
 
 Amherst, Mass.62, 66 
 
 Amite City, La.129, 133 
 
 Amoskeag Falls. 55 , 58 
 
 Amsterdam, N.Y.81, 87 
 
 Anacostia River.108, 109 
 
 Anamosa, Io. 1 85, J 87 
 
 Anderson, S.C. 11 4 , n 9 
 
 Androscoggin County, Me. 49 , 5 2 
 
 Androscoggin River.48, 5 1 
 
 Ann Arbor, Mich.165, 168, 170 
 
 Annapolis, Md.26, 27, 101, 103, 104 
 
 Anne Arundel County, Md .101, 104 
 
 Anoka, Minn. l 7 &> J ^2 
 
 Antarctic Ocean, area of. 3 
 
 Antelope Springs, Col.223, 227 
 
 Anthracite coal region, map of. 95 
 
 Antietam Creek. IOO > io 4 
 
 Antilles, Greater and Lesser. 1 4 , 1 5 
 
 Anto Chico, N. Mex.232, 234 
 
 Apachees. 2 54 > 255 
 
 Apache Indians, the. 43 
 
 Apopka, Fla. 126, 127 
 
 Apostle Islands, the.164, 170, 172, 173 
 
 Appalachian Mountains .... 7 , 1 6 , 17, 28, 29, 5 1 
 
 Appen, Col. 22 3 > 22 7 
 
 Appleton, Wis.*65, ! 74 , l 75 
 
 Appomattox River.no, in 
 
 Aquidneck Island . . 75 ’ 7 6, 77 
 
 Arabian Sea. 3 
 
 Arctic America, account of. 1 1 
 
 Arctic explorations, account of. 11 
 
 Arctic Ocean, area of. 3 
 
 Arctic regions, map of. n 
 
 Arizona Territory.41, 42, 43, 235 
 
 area of.41 
 
 description of.235 
 
 general statistics of.235 
 
 historical sketch of.236 
 
 population of.41 
 
 special map of.232 
 
 Arkadelphia, Ark. 129, 135 
 
 Arkansas. 3 2 > 33 - 34 , ^33 
 
 area of.134 
 
 description of.133 
 
 general statistics of.133 
 
 population of.33 
 
 special map of.129 
 
 Arkansas City, Ark.129, 135 
 
 Arkansas Post, Ark.135 
 
 Arkansas River . . 129, 135, 196, 197, 198, 223, 225 
 
 Armstrong, Indian Ter.254, 255 
 
 Aroostook County, Me. 49 > 5 2 
 
 Aroostook River.48, 5 1 
 
 Arrapahoes. 2 54 , 255 
 
 Arrow River, Minn.176, 178 
 
 Ascension Parish, La.129, 133 
 
 Ashcroft, Col.223, 227 
 
 Asheville, N.C. 114,116 
 
 Ashland, Ky.140, 142 
 
 Ashland, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Ashland, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Ashland, Penn. 93 > 9 ^ 
 
 Ashland, Wis.164, 173 
 
 Ashland County, 0 . 146, 148 
 
 Ashley River.H 4 > Ir 7 > u 8 
 
 Ashtabula, 0 .146, 148 
 
 Ashuelot River. 55 > 58 
 
 Assabet River.63, 65 
 
 Astoria, Fla. I2 7 
 
 Astoria, Ore.246, 247, 248 
 
 Atchafalaya River.129, 132 
 
 Atchison, Kan. r 97 » 200 
 
 Athens, Ga.120, 122 
 
 Athens, O. l 4 ^ * 5 * 
 
 Athens, Tenn. I 4 °, ! 45 
 
 Atkins, Ark. 12 9 » T 35 
 
 Atlanta, Ga.28, 30, 120, 122 
 
 scene in. 121 
 
 Atlantic, Io. ^ 5 , J 88 
 
 Atlantic County, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Atlantic Ocean, area of. 3 
 
 Atlantic Plain, width of. l 7 
 
 Attleborough, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Attoo, Island of. 2 5 2 > 2 53 
 
 Aubrey City, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Auburn, Ala.120, 124 
 
 Auburn, Me.48, 53 
 
 Auburn, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Augusta, Ark. I2 9 > 1 35 
 
 275 
 
2 76 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 TAGE. 
 
 Augusta, Ga. 
 Augusta, Me. 
 Aurora, Ill. . . 
 Au Sable River . 
 Austin, Lake. . , 
 Austin, Minn. . , 
 Austin, Nev. . . . 
 Austin, Tex. . . . 
 Aux Barques Point 
 Avon, N.Y. . . . 
 
 Aztecs of Mexico . 
 
 28, 29, 30, 119, 120, 121, 122 
 
 . . . .23,24,48,51,52 
 
 .15 8 . i6 3 
 
 .165, 167 
 
 .60 
 
 .176, l82 
 
 .238, 244 
 
 • • 3 2 > 33. 136. r 38, 139 
 
 .165, 167 
 
 .81,84 
 
 .D 
 
 01, 202, 207, 209, 213, 214 
 .11 
 
 Bad Lands, the . . . .40, 
 
 Baffin’s Arctic expedition . 
 
 Baffin Bay. 3 
 
 Bahamas, the.14, 15 
 
 Bahamas, British ownership of.15 
 
 Bainbridge, Ga. 120, 123 
 
 Baker City, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Bald Mountain.48, 51 
 
 Baldwin City, Kan.197, 199 
 
 Baldy Mountain.222, 228 
 
 Balize, area of.15 
 
 British ownership of.15 
 
 government of.15 
 
 population of. 15 
 
 town of.14, 15 
 
 Ballston, N.Y.81, 84 
 
 Baltic Sea. 3 
 
 Baltimore, Md.26, 27, 100, 101, 103, 104 
 
 view of.102 
 
 and vicinity, map of.100 
 
 Baltimore County, Md., mines of.103 
 
 Bangor, Me.23, 24, 48, 51, 53 
 
 Barnstable, Mass.63, 66 
 
 Barnstable County, Mass.63, 67 
 
 Barre, Vt.54, 60 
 
 Barrington, R .1 .76, 79 
 
 Barrow, Cape.252, 253 
 
 Barrow Strait. 11 
 
 Barry County, Mich.165, 167 
 
 Bartlett, N.H.55,57 
 
 Bastrop, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Batavia, N.Y.So, 87 
 
 Batesville, Ark. 129, 135 
 
 Bath - Me .48, 5 b 5 2 > 53 
 
 Baton Rouge, La.32, 33, 129, 132, 133 
 
 Battle Creek, Mich.165, 169, 170 
 
 Battle Mountain, Nev.238, 244 
 
 Bay City, Mich. 165, 169 
 
 Bayfield, Wis.164, 173 
 
 Bayfield Peninsula.164, 172 
 
 Bayonne, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Bayou Lafourche.129, 132 
 
 Bayou Plaquemine.129,132 
 
 Bayou Terre Bonne.129, 132 
 
 Bay St. Louis, Miss.129, 130, 131 
 
 Bear Lake.222, 228, 229 
 
 Bear Lake County, Idaho Ter.214, 219 
 
 Bear River.214, 218, 228 
 
 Bear Paw Mountains.213, 214 
 
 Beatrice, Neb.202, 206 
 
 Beaufort, N.C.114,116 
 
 Beaufort, S.C.114, 118, 119 
 
 Beaver City, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Beaver Falls, Penn.92, 98 
 
 Beaver Head River. 213, 214 
 
 Beaver Mountains.222, 228 
 
 Beaver River, Penn.92, 98 
 
 Bedford, Ind.152, 155 
 
 Bedloe’s Island, N.Y.83, 86 
 
 Behring Strait. 
 
 Belcher’s arctic expedition . 
 
 Belfast, Me. 
 
 Belknap County, N.H. . . 
 
 Bellaire, O. 
 
 Bellefontaine, O. 
 
 Bellefonte, Penn. 
 
 Belleville, Ill. 
 
 Bellevue, Idaho Ter. . . . 
 
 Bellingham Bay, Wash. Ter, 
 
 Bellows Falls, Vt. 
 
 Belmont County, O. . . . 
 
 Beloit, Kan. 
 
 Beloit, Wis. 
 
 Belt Range, Montana Ter. . 
 
 Belton, Tex. 
 
 Bengal, Bay of. 
 
 Bennington, Vt. 
 
 Bennington County, Vt. . . 
 
 Benton, Ark. 
 
 Benzonia, Mich. 
 
 Bergen, N.J. 
 
 Bergen, N.J., settlement at . 
 
 Berkeley, Cal. 
 
 Berkeley Springs, W.Va. 
 Berkshire County, Mass. 
 
 Berkshire Hills. 
 
 Berlin, Conn. 
 
 Bernalillo, N. Mex. . . . 
 
 Berwick Bay, La. 
 
 Bethesda Spring, Wis. . . 
 
 Bethlehem, N.H. 
 
 Bethlehem, Penn. 
 
 Beverly, Mass. 
 
 Beverly, N.J. 
 
 Biddeford, Me. 
 
 Big Blue River. 
 
 Big Cypress Swamp, Fla. . 
 Big De Noquette Bay - . . 
 
 Bigelow, Mount. 
 
 Big Horn Mountains . . . 
 
 Big Muddy River, Ill. . . 
 
 Big Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Big Sandy River .... 
 Big Sioux River .... 
 
 Big Stone Lake. 
 
 Big Tarkio River .... 
 Billings, Montana Ter. . . 
 
 Biloxi, Miss. 
 
 Binghamton, N.Y. 
 
 Birmingham, Ala. 
 
 Birmingham, Conn. . . . 
 Bismarck, Dakota Ter. . . 
 Bistineaux Lake .... 
 Bitter Root Mountains . . 
 Bitter Root River .... 
 Blackburn Mountain . . . 
 
 Black Hawk, Col. 
 
 Black Hills, the .... 
 Black Mountains, N.C. . . 
 
 Black River, Ark. 
 
 Black River, La. 
 
 Black River, Mich. . . . 
 
 Black River, N.Y. 
 
 Black River, O. 
 
 Black River, Vt. 
 
 Black River, Wis. 
 
 Black Sea . 
 
 Blackstone River .... 
 Black Warrior River . . . 
 Black Water River, Va.. . 
 
 Blackwell’s Island, N.Y. . 
 
 Blair, Neb. 
 
 Blakely, Wash. Ter. . . . 
 Blanco Mountain .... 
 
 . 3 
 
 .11 
 
 . 48 , 53 
 
 . 55 . 58 
 
 .146, 151 
 
 .146, 151 
 
 .92,98 
 
 .158, 163 
 
 .214, 219 
 
 .246, 250 
 
 . 55 .60 
 
 .146, 148 
 
 .197, 200 
 
 .164, i 74 , 175 
 
 .214, 217 
 
 .136, i39 
 
 . 3 
 
 . 54 , 61 
 
 . 55 , 61 
 
 .129, 135 
 
 .165, 169 
 
 .86,88,91 
 
 .27 
 
 .238, 241, 242 
 
 .no, 115 
 
 .62, 65 
 
 .62, 64, 65 
 
 .70, 72 
 
 .232, 234 
 
 . J 33 
 
 . 173 
 
 . 54 , 58 
 
 . 93,98 
 
 .63, 65, 68 
 
 .88, 91 
 
 .48, 51, 53 
 
 .203, 204 
 
 .126 
 
 .165, 167 
 
 .48, 5 1 
 
 .213, 214, 220 
 
 .158, 160 
 
 .165, 170 
 
 .140, 141 
 
 176, 1S1, 1S2, 186, 209, 210 
 
 . . . 176, 178, 207, 208 
 
 .190, 192 
 
 .214, 217 
 
 .128, 129, 131 
 
 .80, 87 
 
 .120, 125 
 
 .24 
 
 .208, 211, 212 
 
 .129, 132 
 
 ..... 213, 214, 218 
 
 • ..213, 214 
 
 .213, 214 
 
 .223, 227 
 
 • 38, 39, 207, 208, 215, 220 
 
 .” 4 , 115 
 
 .129, 134 
 
 .132 
 
 .165, 167 
 
 .80, 83 
 
 .146, 148 
 
 . 54 , 60 
 
 .164, 172 
 
 . 3 
 
 ... 63, 65, 75, 76, 77 
 
 .120, 123, 125 
 
 .1 to, III 
 
 .83,86 
 
 .203, 206 
 
 .246, 251 
 
 .223, 225 
 
 Block Island. 
 
 Bloomfield, N.J. 
 
 Bloomington, Ill. 
 
 Bloomington, Ind. 
 
 Bloomsburg, Penn. 
 
 Blue Earth, Minn. 
 
 Blue Grass Region. 
 
 Blue Hills of Connecticut .... 
 
 Blue Mountain. 
 
 Blue Mountains, the. 
 
 Blue Mountains, Ore. 
 
 Blue Ridge, the . 100, no, in, 113, 
 
 Blue River, Kan. 
 
 Blue Sulphur Springs, W.Va. . . . 
 
 Bois Blanc Lake, Minn. 
 
 Bois de Sioux River. 
 
 Boise City, Idaho Ter. 
 
 Boise County, Idaho Ter. 
 
 Bolivar, Tenn. 
 
 Bolton, Conn. 
 
 Bombazine Lake. 
 
 Bonanza, Col. 
 
 Bonham, Tex. 
 
 Bonne Femme Creek, Mo. 
 
 Boone, explorations of. 
 
 Boonesborough, Ky. 
 
 Booneville, Miss. 
 
 Booneville, Mo. 
 
 Boothbay, Me. 
 
 Bordentown, N.J. 
 
 Borgne Lake . 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 bird’s-eye view of ..... 
 
 map of vicinity of. 
 
 Boston Bay, view from. 
 
 Boulder, Col. 
 
 Boulder County, Col. 
 
 Bowling Green, Ky. 
 
 Box Elder, Col. 
 
 Boyer River, Io. 
 
 Bozeman, Montana Ter. 
 
 Brace, Mount. 
 
 Braddock, Penn.. 
 
 Bradford, Penn. 
 
 Brahmanists, estimated numbers of . . 
 
 Brainerd, Minn. 
 
 Brandon, Vt.. 
 
 Brandywine Creek. 
 
 Brattleborough, Vt. 
 
 Brazos River. 
 
 Breckenridge, Col. 
 
 Brenham, Tex. 
 
 Brewer, Me. 
 
 Bridesburg, Penn. 
 
 Bridgeport, Conn. 
 
 scene in harbor of. 
 
 Bridger’s Pass. 
 
 Bridgeton, N.J. 
 
 Bridgewater, Mass. 
 
 Brigham City, Utah Ter. 
 
 Brighton, Mass. 
 
 Bristol, Conn. 
 
 Bristol, Penn. 
 
 Bristol, R.I. 
 
 Bristol, Tenn. 
 
 Bristol County, Mass.- . 
 
 Bristol County, R.I. 
 
 British Columbia. 
 
 British Honduras. 
 
 British West Indies, area of ... . 
 
 population of. 
 
 Broad Creek, Del. 
 
 Broad River, S.C. 
 
 Brockton, Mass. 
 
 Bronx River, N.Y. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 • ■ • 75.76 
 
 . . . 88,91 
 
 36, 37, 158, 163 
 
 • • 152, 155 
 
 • • • 93.98 
 
 . . 176, 182 
 
 . . 140, 141 
 
 . . . . 69 
 
 ... 48, 51 
 
 . 25, 26, 88, 90 
 . . 245, 246 
 
 14, 115, 119, 120 
 
 . . 196, 198 
 
 . . no, 115 
 
 • • 176, 179 
 
 . . 176, 178 
 
 42, 43, 214, 219 
 . . 214, 219 
 
 . . 140, 145 
 
 ... 70, 72 
 
 ... 54,60 
 
 . . 223,‘22 7 
 
 • • 136 , 139 
 
 . . 190, I94 
 
 .... 30 
 
 .... 142 
 . . 129, I3I 
 
 . . I90, I94 
 
 • • • 49. 53 
 . . 88, 90, 91 
 
 • • 129. 133 
 
 . 63, 65, 66, 67 
 
 . . 23,62 
 
 ... 64 
 
 223, 225, 227 
 . 223, 225 
 
 140, 142 
 . 223, 227 
 
 . 184, 186 
 
 . 214, 217 
 
 . . 69, 72 
 
 . . 92,99 
 
 . . 92, 99 
 
 • • • 3 
 
 . 176, 182 
 
 . . 54, 61 
 
 . 101, 105 
 
 • • 55. 61 
 
 • 136. 137 
 
 . 223, 227 
 
 • 136, 139 
 
 • • 49 . 53 
 
 • • 97 , 98 
 
 . 69,70,74 
 ... 69 
 
 . 215, 220 
 
 . 88, 90, 91 
 . . 63,66 
 
 . 222, 230 
 
 . . 62, 67 
 
 • 70, 72, 74 
 
 • • 93.99 
 
 • 75 . 76 , 79 
 
 . 140, 145 
 
 . . 63, 67 
 
 • • 76, 78 
 
 • • 12, 13 
 
 . . 14, 15 
 
 . . . 15 
 
 . . . 15 
 
 . 101, 106 
 
 . 114, 119 
 
 . . 63, 68 
 
 • • 8 5 . 8 <i 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 2 77 
 
 Brookfield, Mo. 
 
 Brookhaven, Miss. 
 
 Brookings, Dakota Ter. 
 
 Brookline, Mass. 
 
 Brooklyn, N.Y. 
 
 population of. 
 
 map of vicinity of ... . 
 Brooklyn Bridge, glimpse of . . 
 
 Brookvale, Col. 
 
 Brownsville, Ore. 
 
 Brownsville, Tex. 
 
 Brownville, Neb. 
 
 Brunswick, Ga. 
 
 Brunswick, Me. 
 
 Buckskin Mountains. 
 
 Bucksport, Me. 
 
 Bucyrus, O. 
 
 Buddhists, estimated numbers of 
 
 Buena Vista, Col. 
 
 Buffalo, N.Y. 
 
 map of vicinity of ... . 
 
 Bunker Hill, battle of . . . . 
 
 Burlington, Io. 
 
 Burlington, Kan. 
 
 Burlington, N.J. 
 
 Burlington, Vt. 
 
 view near. 
 
 Burrillville, R.I. 
 
 Burt’s Lake, Mich. 
 
 Butler, Mo. 
 
 Butler’s Island, Vt. 
 
 Butte City, Montana Ter. . . . 
 
 Butte County, Cal. 
 
 Buzzards Bay. 
 
 Byram River, Conn. 
 
 Cabot’s arctic expedition . . 
 
 Cache County, Utah Ter. . . 
 
 Cache River. 
 
 Cachise County, Arizona Ter. 
 
 Caddo, Indian Ter. 
 
 Caddo Parish, La. 
 
 Cahaba River. 
 
 Cahokia, Ill. 
 
 Cairo, 111 . 
 
 Calais, Me. 
 
 Calapoosa Mountains . . . 
 
 Calaveras River. 
 
 Calcasieu Parish, La. 
 
 Caledonia, Minn. 
 
 Caledonia County, Vt. . . . 
 
 California. 
 
 area of. 
 
 description of. 
 
 historical sketch of . . . 
 
 population of. 
 
 special map of . . . . 
 
 California, Gulf of ... . 
 
 California, Mo. 
 
 California Gulch, Col. . . 
 
 Calvert, Tex. 
 
 Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Cambridge, Md. 
 
 Cambridgeport, Mass. . . 
 
 Camden, Ark. 
 
 Camden, Del. 
 
 Camden, N.J. 
 
 Camden, S.C. 
 
 Camel’s Hump, Vt. . . . 
 
 Cameron, Mo. 
 
 Campton, N.H. 
 
 Canaan, Conn. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 ... 190, 194 
 
 . . 129, 130, 131 
 . . . 209, 212 
 
 .... 62, 68 
 
 . . . 26, 27, 86 
 
 .86 
 
 .86 
 
 .25 
 
 . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . 246, 248 
 
 , . . . 136, 139 
 
 . . . 203, 206 
 
 . . . 120, 121, 122 
 
 ■ • - 43 , 49 . 52 , S 3 
 . . . . 223, 225 
 
 . 49 . S 3 
 
 . . . . 146, 151 
 
 . 3 
 
 . . . • 223, 227 
 
 25, 26, 27, So, 83, 86 
 
 .80 
 
 .67 
 
 39, 40, 185, 187, 188 
 . . . . 197, 200 
 
 .88,91 
 
 • 23, 24, 54, 60, 61 
 
 . 59 
 
 .76, 79 
 
 . . . . 165, 167 
 
 . . . . 190, 194 
 
 . 54 , 59 
 
 216, 217 
 238, 240 
 
 63, 64 
 
 69, 70 
 
 !I4, 
 
 .11 
 
 . . . 222, 230 
 
 . . . 158, 160 
 
 • • • 232, 236 
 
 129, t33- 254, 255 
 
 • • • 254, 255 
 
 . . . 120, 1 
 
 .162 
 
 . .157, 158, 163 
 .... 48, 53 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 . . 245,246 
 
 . . 238,240 
 
 . . 129, 13 
 
 . . 176, 182 
 
 ... 54,6 
 
 42, 43, 44, 237 
 .... 237 
 
 .... 237 
 
 .... 241 
 .... 237 
 . . 238, 239 
 
 ■ • • • 3 , 239 
 
 . . 190, 194 
 
 . • • 223, 227 
 
 • • i 3 6 > x 39 
 
 23, 24, 63, 66, 67 
 . . . 101, 104 
 
 .67 
 
 • • • 129, 135 
 
 . . . 101, 106 
 
 . . . 88, 91, 98 
 . . 114, 118, 119 
 
 . . . . 54, 59 
 . . . 190, 194 
 
 . . . . 54 , 58 
 
 . . . . 70,72 
 
 Canada, area of.12 
 
 description of. 12 
 
 map of. x 3 
 
 Canadian River.231, 232, 254, 255 
 
 Canandaigua, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Canandaigua Lake, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Cane River, La. 129, 133 
 
 Canisteo River.80, 87 
 
 Cannon Ball River.208, 210 
 
 Cannon River, Minn. 176, 182 
 
 Canon City, Col. .223, 227 
 
 Canonicut Island.75> 7^ 
 
 Canterbury, N.H. 55 > 57 
 
 Canton, Dakota Ter. 209, 212 
 
 Canton, Miss. I2 9, 131 
 
 Canton, Mo. I 9 °> x 94 
 
 Canton, 0 . 1 4^, 1 5 1 
 
 Cape Ann.63, 64 
 
 Cape Cod.63, 64 
 
 Cape Cod Bay.63, 64 
 
 Cape Constitution. 11 
 
 Cape Elizabeth, Me. 49 , 53 
 
 Cape Fear River.U 4 , Ir 5 
 
 Cape Girardeau, Mo.189, 190, 193, 194 
 
 Cape May, N.J.88, 90 
 
 Cape Sable, Fla.126, 127 
 
 Cape Vincent.80, 83, 87 
 
 Capon Springs, W.Va. IIQ , ”5 
 
 Caravan routes {see map) . 4 , 5 
 
 Carbon, Wyoming Ter.215, 220, 221 
 
 Carbon Hill, Wash. Ter.246, 250 
 
 Carbonado, Wash. Ter.244, 246 
 
 Carbondale, Ill.1 57 . i 5 8 > 160, 161 
 
 Carbondale, Penn. 93 > 95 > 99 
 
 Cardigan Mountain. 55 » 57 
 
 Caribbean Sea. 
 
 Caribou, Col. 22 3 > 2 
 
 Carlisle, Penn. 93 , 99 
 
 Carolinas, why so named. 3 1 
 
 Carp Lake, Mich. 1 65, 1 &7 
 
 Carp River, Mich.t 64 > I &7 
 
 Carroll County, N.H. 55 > 58 
 
 Carroll County, O.148 
 
 Carrollton, Ga. 12 °, 1 
 
 Carrollton, Mo. 19°. *94 
 
 Carson City, Nev. 4 2 » 43 > 2 38 > 2 44 
 
 Carson Lake.238, 2 43 
 
 Carson River.238, 2 4 °, 2 43 
 
 Cartersville, Ga.120, 122, 1 
 
 Carthage, Mo. x 9 °> *94 
 
 Cascade Range. 7 , 4 2 , 43 , 2 45 > 2 46 , 2 4§ 
 
 Cascades, Wash. Ter. 246, 251 
 
 Cascades of the Columbia.247, 248 
 
 Casco Bay. 49 , 5 
 
 Castine, Me.48, 5 2 
 
 Castle Dome City, Arizona Ter. 232, 236 
 
 Castleton, Vt.54, 60, 6 
 
 Catasaqua, Penn. 93 , 99 
 
 Catawba River. n 4 , 11 
 
 Catskill, N.Y.81, 87 
 
 Catskill Mountains.25, 26, 81, 8 
 
 Cattaraugus County, N.Y., springs of.84 
 
 Caucasian race, estimated numbers of . . 
 
 Caucasians, number of, in North America 
 
 Cave Spring, Ga. 12 
 
 Cayuga Lake.80, 83 
 
 Cazenovia, Wis. x 64 > x 73 
 
 Cedar Creek, natural bridge over 
 
 Central America, map of.14 
 
 Central American republics.15 
 
 Central City, Col.223, 227 
 
 Central City, Dakota Ter.209, 212 
 
 Central States (East), description of .... 35-37 
 
 map of.36 
 
 Central States (West), description of ... . 38-40 
 
 map of. 39 
 
 Central Time. 45 > 4^ 
 
 Centralia, Ill.158, 162 
 
 Centre Harbor, N.H. 54 , 58 
 
 Cerro Gordo, Fla.126, 127 
 
 Ceuka Lake, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Chaffee County, Col.223, 225 
 
 Chagrin River, 0 . 146, 148 
 
 Challis, Idaho Ter.214, 219 
 
 Chamberlain, Dakota Ter. 209, 212 
 
 Chamberlain, Lake.48, 5 1 
 
 Chambersburg, Penn. 93 > 99 
 
 Champaign, Ill.15, I ^ I > x ^3 
 
 Champlain, Lake. 54 , 6°, 81, 83 
 
 scene on. 59 
 
 Champlain and Hudson Canal.60, 81, 83 
 
 Champlain’s expedition.27, 85 
 
 Chapel Hill, N.C. 114,116 
 
 Chariton River.184, 186, 190, 192 
 
 Charles River.62, 63, 67 
 
 Charleston, S.C.28, 29, 30, 114, 118, 119 
 
 map of vicinity of. IX 4 
 
 Charlestown, Mass.62, 67 
 
 Charlestown, W.Va. no, 115 
 
 Charlotte, N.C. 114,116 
 
 Cedar Falls, Io. J 84 , 1 87, X 8 S 
 
 Cedar Keys, Fla. I2 ^, 12 
 
 Cedar Rapids, Io. ^ 5 . J 88 
 
 Cedar River, Io. x 84 , x 86 
 
 Cedar Spring, S.C. n 4 , 11 
 
 Central America, commerce of. 
 
 description of.. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Charlottetown, P.E.I. I2 > r 3 
 
 Chart of world’s commerce. 4 , 5 
 
 Chaska, Minn. l 7 &> *82 
 
 Chatfield, Minn.176, 182 
 
 Chattahoochee River . . . . 119,120,121,123,126 
 
 Chattanooga, Tenn.28, 30, 140, 144, 145 
 
 Chautauqua County, N.Y., springs of.84 
 
 Chautauqua Lake.80, 83 
 
 Cheboygan Lake. x 65 > I &7 
 
 Chehalis River.246, 249 
 
 Chelsea, Mass.62, 67, 68 
 
 Chemung River, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Chenango River, N.Y.80, 87, 92, 99 
 
 Chequamegon Bay, Wis.164, 174 
 
 Cheraw, S.C.114, I! 0 
 
 Cherokee nation. 3 2 > 33 
 
 Cherokees. 2 54 > 2 55 
 
 Cherry River, Col. 222 , 225, 227 
 
 Chesapeake Bay.i OI > I0 3 > io 4 
 
 Chesapeake City, Md. I0I > 104 
 
 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal . . . 101, 103, 105 
 
 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal . . . 100, 103, 107, 108 
 
 Cheshire, Conn. 7 °) 7 2 
 
 Cheshire County, N.H. 55 > 58 
 
 Chester, Ill. 1 5 ^» I ^° 
 
 Chester, Penn. 93 > 97 » 99 
 
 Chester, S.C. IX 4 > IX 9 
 
 Chestertown, Md. IOI > I0 4 
 
 Chestnut Hill, Penn. '.f . 97 . 98 
 
 Chesuncook, Lake.48, 5 1 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming ler. . . . 4 2 > 43 > 2I 5 > 22 °> 221 
 
 Cheyenne River. 2 ° 9 > 210 
 
 Cheyennes. 2 54 > 2 55 
 
 Chicago, Ill.36, 37 . 157 , x 5 8 , 162 
 
 view of. 35 
 
 from the river. x 57 
 
 from the lake. r 57 
 
 Chicago River. x 58 . x 6o, 162 
 
 Chickamauga, Ga.120, 122 
 
 Chickasaw Reservation. 3 2 > 33 
 
 Chickasawha River.128, 129 
 
 Chickasaws. 2 54 > 2 55 
 
 Chico, Cal. 2 3 s > 2 4 2 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 2 78 
 
 M 7 
 
 * 5 * 
 
 Chicopee, Mass.62, 68 
 
 Chicopee River.62, 65 
 
 Chilcat River.252, 253 
 
 Chillicothe, Mo.190, 194 
 
 Chiliicothe, 0 .146, 149, 151 
 
 Chimney Mountains, Montana Ter. 215, 220 
 
 Chippewa Falls, Wis.164, 172, 175 
 
 Chippewa River, Wis.164, 172, 175 
 
 Chittenden County, Vt.54, 61 
 
 Choctaw Reservation.32, 34 
 
 Choctawhatchee River.120, 123 
 
 Choctaws.254, 255 
 
 Choptank River.101, 104 
 
 Choteau County, Montana Ter.214, 217 
 
 Chowan River.114,115 
 
 Christiana Creek, Md.101, 105 
 
 Christians, statistics of. 3 
 
 Cimarron, Indian Ter.254, 255 
 
 Cimarron, N. Mcx.232, 234 
 
 Cincinnati, 0 .35, 36, 146, 149, 150 
 
 map of vicinity of.36 
 
 view of. 
 
 Circleville, 0 .146, 
 
 Citronelle, Ala. 120, 124 
 
 City Creek, Dakota Ter.209, 212 
 
 Clackamas County, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Claremont, N.II.54, 58 
 
 Clarendon, Ark.129, 135 
 
 Clarke’s Fork of the Columbia.213, 214 
 
 Clarksburg, W. Va.no, 115 
 
 Clarksville, Ark. . . •.129, 135 
 
 Clarksville, Tenn. 140, 145 
 
 Clay Center, Kan. ..197, 200 
 
 Clay County, Ind. 152, 155 
 
 Clay Mountain. 54 , 57 
 
 Clear Creek County, Col.223, 225 
 
 Clear Lake, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Clear Lake, Io. 184, 186 
 
 Clear River, Col.223, 225 
 
 Clear River, R .1 .76, 79 
 
 Clearwater River.214, 218 
 
 Cleburne, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Clemens, Mount.165, 170 
 
 Cleveland, 0 .35, 36, 146, 148, 150 
 
 scene at.147 
 
 Cleveland, Tenn.140, 145 
 
 Clinch River.no, hi, 140, 143 
 
 Clinton, Io.X85, 187, 188 
 
 Clinton, La.129, 133 
 
 Clinton, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Clinton, Miss.129, 130 
 
 Clinton, Mount. 54 , 57 
 
 Clinton County, N.Y., mines of.84 
 
 Coal Creek, Col.223, 227 
 
 Coast Range, 7, 42, 43, 237, 238, 245, 246, 249, 252, 253 
 (See Pacific maps.) 
 
 Cobbossecontee River, Me.53 
 
 Cocheco River.55, 58 
 
 Cochetopa, Col.223, 227 
 
 Cochituate Lake.63, 68 
 
 Coeur d’Alene, Idaho Ter.214, 219 
 
 Cceur d’Alene Mountains. 212, 218 
 
 Cohoes, N.Y.81, 83, 87 
 
 Cohoes Falls, N.Y.83 
 
 Cokesbury, S.C. 114, 119 
 
 Colchester, Conn. 
 
 . 7 L 74 
 
 Colchester, Vt.54, 61 
 
 Cold Spring, N.Y.81, 87 
 
 Coldwater, Mich.165, 169, 170 
 
 Colebrook, N.H.55, 58 
 
 Colfax, Wash. T.246, 251 
 
 Colorado.4i ) 42, 43, 224 
 
 area of.4J 
 
 description of.224 
 
 general statistics of.224 
 
 Colorado, parks of.41, 42 
 
 population of . \ . . • .41 
 
 special map of.222, 223 
 
 Colorado Mountains.223, 225 
 
 Colorado Plateau, elevation of.17 
 
 Colorado River.232, 235 
 
 canon of the.42, 43 
 
 sources of.17 
 
 Colorado Springs, Col.223, 226, 227 
 
 Columbia, Col.223, 227 
 
 Columbia, Dakota Ter.208, 212 
 
 Columbia, District of . . . .25, 26, 27, 107, 108, 109 
 
 Columbia, Mo.190, 193, 194 
 
 Columbia, Penn.93, 99 
 
 Columbia, S.C.28, 29, 30, 114, 118, 119 
 
 Columbia, Tenn.140, 145 
 
 Columbia, plain of the. 17 
 
 Columbia County, Wis. 164, 172 
 
 Columbia River.213, 214, 245, 246, 247 
 
 sources of. X7 
 
 Columbiana County, 0 . 146, 148 
 
 Columbus, Ga.28, 30, 119, 120, 121, 122 
 
 Columbus, Kan.197, 200 
 
 Columbus, Miss.128, 129, 130 
 
 Columbus, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Columbus, 0.35, 36, 146, 149, 150 
 
 Columbus, Tex. 136,139 
 
 Colville, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Colville River.252, 253 
 
 Comanches.254, 255 
 
 Como, Col.223, 227 
 
 Como, Lake, Minn.176, 182 
 
 Commercial chart of the world.4, 5 
 
 Commercial products of the world.4, 5 
 
 Comparative statistics, tables of. 3 
 
 Comparison of continents. 3 
 
 Concord, N.H.23, 24, 55, 57, 58 
 
 Concord River.63, 65 
 
 Concordia, Kan.197, 199, 200 
 
 Conecuh River. 120, 123 
 
 Conestoga Creek.93> 99 
 
 Congaree River.114, 117 
 
 Conneaut, 0 . 146, 148 
 
 Connecticut, area of.69 
 
 boundaries of.69, 70 
 
 description of.69-74 
 
 general statistics of.71 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Costa Rica, area of. 15 
 
 population of.15 
 
 Cotton states, the.29 
 
 Cottonwood River.X97, 200 
 
 Cottonwood Springs, Col.223, 227 
 
 Council Bluffs, Io.184, 187, 188 
 
 Counties of United States (see tables under tht 
 several States ). 
 
 Coventry, R.I.. . 76, 77, 79 
 
 Covington, Ky.28, 30, 140, 142 
 
 Cowan, Mount.. . . . . 213, 214 
 
 Cowlitz River.246, 249 
 
 Cowpens, S.C.n8 
 
 Cranston, R.I.76, 77, 79 
 
 Crawford County, Ind.152, 155 
 
 Crawfordsville, Ind. I 5 2 > 1 55, 156 
 
 Creek Reservation.3 2 > 34 
 
 2 54 > 2 55 
 
 Creeks 
 
 historical sketch of 
 
 73 
 
 origin of name of.7 
 
 population of, by counties.71 
 
 quarries of.24 
 
 special map of.70, 71 
 
 Connecticut River.55, 59, 70, 71, 72 
 
 Conshohocken, Penn.93» 99 
 
 Continents, comparison of. 3 
 
 Contra Costa County, Cal. 238, 240 
 
 Conway, Ark.129, 135 
 
 Conyers, Ga.120, 123 
 
 Cook County, Ill. 150, 160 
 
 Coon River, Io. 184, 1S8 
 
 Cooper River.114,117 
 
 Cobs County, N.H.55) 58 
 
 Coos County, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Coosa River.120, 123 
 
 Copperas Creek.158, 160 
 
 Corinne, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Corinth, Miss.129, 130 
 
 Corning, Ark.129, 135 
 
 Corning, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Corry, Penn.92, 99 
 
 Corsicana, Tex. 136, 139 
 
 Cortez in Mexico. 15 
 
 Corunna, Mich. 165, 168 
 
 Corvallis, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Coshocton, 0 .146, 151 
 
 Creighton, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Crested Butte, Col.223, 227 
 
 Creston, Io.184, 188 
 
 Crete, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Crisfield, Md.101, 103 
 
 Crooked Fork of Grand River.190, 194 
 
 Crooked Lake, Mich.165, 167 
 
 Crookston, Minn.i76 ) 182 
 
 Croton River, N.Y.•.86 
 
 Crow Wing River, Minn.176, 179 
 
 Cuba, Spanish ownership of.13 
 
 Cuero, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Cuivre River.189, 190 
 
 Culbertson, Neb.202, 206 
 
 Cumberland, Md.100, 103, 104 
 
 Cumberland, R.I.76, 77, 79 
 
 Cumberland County, Me.49) 52 
 
 Cumberland County, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Cumberland Mountains . . . . no, 113, 123, 140, 141 
 
 Cumberland River.140, 141, 143 
 
 Custer County, Col.223, 225 
 
 Cnthbert, Ga.120, 122, 123 
 
 Cuyahoga River.146, 148 
 
 Cynthiana, Ky. 140, 143 
 
 Cypress Swamp, Del. 101, 105 
 
 Cypress Swamp, Fla.126 
 
 Dahlonega, Ga.120, 122, 123 
 
 Dakota .38, 39, 40, 207 
 
 area of.207 
 
 counties of.209 
 
 general statistics of.209 
 
 historical sketch of.211 
 
 population of.207 
 
 special description of.207 
 
 special map of.208, 209 
 
 Dakota City, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Dakota River.208, 209, 210 
 
 Dallas, Ga. 120, 122 
 
 Dallas, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Dallas, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Dalles, the, Ore.246, 247, 248 
 
 Dalles, the, Wis.164, 172 
 
 Dalton, Ga.120, 122, 123 
 
 Dan River, Va. no, 112 
 
 Danbury, Conn.70, 74 
 
 Dane County, Wis.164, 172 
 
 Danielsonville, Conn.71, 74 
 
 Danish America. q 
 
 Danish West Indies.13 
 
 Dansville, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Danvers, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Danvers Center, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Danversport, Mass.63, 68 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 2/9 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Danville, Ill. 158, 163 
 
 Danville, Ky. 140,142 
 
 Danville, Penn. 93 > 99 
 
 Danville, Va. no, 112 
 
 Danville, Vt.54, 61 
 
 Dardanelle, Ark.129, 135 
 
 Darien, Ga. % .120,121 
 
 Darke County, 0 . 146, 148 
 
 Darlington, S.C.114,119 
 
 Datil Mountains.231, 232 
 
 Davenport, Io.39, 40, 185, 187, 188 
 
 view of.183 
 
 Davidson Mountain.238, 243, 244 
 
 Daviess County, Ind. 152, 155 
 
 Davis Strait, Cabot in.n 
 
 Dawamish River.246, 251 
 
 Dawson, Ga. 120, 123 
 
 Dayton, Ky. 140, 143 
 
 Dayton, 0 .146, M 9 - I S I 
 
 Dayton, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Dayton, Wash. Ter.246, 251 
 
 Daytona, Fla.126, 127 
 
 Deadwood, Dakota Ter.209, 212 
 
 view of.207 
 
 Decatur, Ala.120, 125 
 
 Decatur, Ill.158) 163 
 
 Decorah, Io.184, 188 
 
 Deerfield River.55, 60, 62, 65 
 
 Deering, Me.48, 5 2 
 
 Deer Lodge City, Montana Ter.213, 214, 217 
 
 Deer Lodge County, Montana Ter. 214, 217 
 
 Deer Lodge Mountains.213, 214 
 
 Deer Lodge River.213, 214 
 
 Deer Trail, Col.223, 227 
 
 Defiance, N. Mex.232, 233 
 
 DeHaven’s arctic expedition.11 
 
 Delano, Mount.213, 214 
 
 Delavan, Wis.164, 174 
 
 Delaware.25, 26, 27, 105 
 
 area of.105 
 
 general statistics of.102 
 
 population of.105 
 
 settlement of.27 
 
 special description of.103 
 
 special map of.101 
 
 Delaware, 0 . 146, 15 1 
 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal.81, 83 
 
 Delaware and Maryland, physical view of . . . 103 
 
 Delaware and Raritan Canal.88, 90 
 
 Delaware Breakwater.101, 105 
 
 Delaware City, Del.101, 105, 106 
 
 Delaware River.81, 82, 88, 90, 93, 95 
 
 Delawares. 2 54 > 2 55 
 
 Delaware Water-Gap, Penn. 93 > 95 
 
 Dell Rapids, Dakota Ter.209, 210 
 
 Del Norte, Col.223, 227 
 
 Delta of the Mississippi.129, 131 
 
 Deming, N. Mex.232, 233, 234 
 
 Demopolis, Ala.120, 125 
 
 Denison, Io. t 84 , 188 
 
 Denison, Tex. r 36 > 1 39 
 
 Denver, Col. 4 2 . 43 - 22 3 > 22 6, 22 7 
 
 Derby, Conn. 7 °> 7 2 > 74 
 
 Des Chutes River.246, 247 
 
 De Smet, Dakota Ter.208, 212 
 
 Des Moines, Io. 39 » 4 °, ! 84 > t88 
 
 Des Moines River . . 176, 179, 182, 185, 186, 189, 190 
 
 De Soto, Mo. I 9 °> *94 
 
 De Soto Parish, La.129, 133 
 
 Des Plaines River.164, 172 
 
 Detour Point.^4, 167 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 3 6 > 37 , 165, 168, 169 
 
 from the river.166 
 
 map of vicinity of.165 
 
 Detroit River.^5 
 
 Devil’s Island, Wis.164, 170 
 
 Devil’s Lake, Dakota Ter. 208, 210 
 
 Devil’s Lake, Wis., view of.171 
 
 Dillon, Montana Ter.214, 217 
 
 Dismal Swamp, the.28, 29, 31 
 
 District of Columbia .... 19, 25, 26, 27, 107, 109 
 
 area of.107 
 
 population of.107 
 
 special map of.108 
 
 Dixon, Ill. 158, 163 
 
 Dodge City, Kan. 196, 200 
 
 Dolores County, Col.223, 225 
 
 Dome Rock, Col.223, 227 
 
 Dominion of Canada, map of.13 
 
 area of. 12 
 
 description of.12 
 
 Dona Ana County, N. Mex.232, 234 
 
 Donaldsonville, La.129, 133 
 
 Donner Lake, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Door Peninsula, Wis.164, 171, 174 
 
 Dorchester, Mass.62, 67 
 
 Dover, Del.26, 27, 101, 106 
 
 Dover, N.H. 55 . 57 , 5 § 
 
 Dresden, 0 .146, 148 
 
 Dubois County, Ind.152, 155 
 
 Dubuque, Io.. 39, 40, 185, 186, 187, 188 
 
 scenes at.183 
 
 Duck Creek, Del.101, 106 
 
 Dukes County, Mass.63, 67 
 
 Duluth, Minn.176, 180, 182 
 
 Dunkirk, N.Y.80, 83, 87 
 
 Dunmore, Lake.54, 60 
 
 Durango, Col.223, 225, 227 
 
 Durham, N.C.114, 116 
 
 Dutch West Indies. 15 
 
 Dutchess County, N.Y., mines of.84 
 
 Dutch Island. 75 
 
 Dyersburg, Tenn. 140, 145 
 
 East Boston, Mass.62, 67 
 
 East Central States, map of.36 
 
 description of. 35 - 37 
 
 East Chariton River, Mo.190, 194 
 
 East Derry, N.H. 55 , 5 ^ 
 
 Eastern Hemisphere, map of. 2 
 
 Eastern States, map of.23 
 
 description of.22 
 
 Eastern Time. 45 , 4^ 
 
 East Feliciana, La.129, 133 
 
 East Greenwich, R .1 . 7 6, 78, 79 
 
 East Hartford, Conn. 7 °, 74 
 
 East Jacksonville, Fla.127 
 
 Easton, Md. 01, 104 
 
 Easton, Penn. 93 > 95 > 99 
 
 Eastport, Me.48, 53 
 
 East Portland, Ore.246, 248 
 
 East Providence, R .1 . 7 ^> 78 
 
 East Range, Vt. 54 , 55 * 59 
 
 East Rochester, N.H. 55 , 5 ^ 
 
 East Rock, Conn.69, 7 ° 
 
 East Saginaw, Mich.36, 37, 165, 169 
 
 East St. Louis, Ill.19b J 94 
 
 Eatonton, Ga. 120, 123 
 
 Eau Claire, Wis.164, 175 
 
 Eau Claire River, Wis. 
 
 Echo Canon, Utah Ter., scene in.17 
 
 Eddyville, N.Y.Si, S3 
 
 Edgartown, Mass.63, 66 
 
 Edisto River. 11 4 , lI 7 
 
 Edwardsville, Ill.158, 162 
 
 Eel River, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Eel River, Ind. I 5 2 > 1 5 ^ 
 
 Ehrenberg, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Elbert, Col.223, 227 
 
 Elbert, Mount.223, 225 
 
 Elberton, Ga.120, 123 
 
 Elbow Lake.176, 179 
 
 Eldora, Io.185, 187 
 
 Eldorado County, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Elgin, Ill.158, 161, 163 
 
 Elizabeth, N.J. 86, 88, 91 
 
 Elizabeth City, N.C. 114, 116 
 
 Elizabeth Islands.63, 64, 66 
 
 Elizabeth River, Va. no, 112 
 
 Elizabethtown, Ky.140, 143 
 
 Elk Horn, Ark.135 
 
 Elkhorn, Col.223, 227 
 
 Elkhorn River.201, 203 
 
 Elk Lake, Mich.165, 167 
 
 Elk Mountains.215, 220, 223, 225 
 
 Elko, Nev.238, 244 
 
 Elk Point, Dakota Ter.208, 212 
 
 Elk River, Md.101, 104 
 
 Elk River, Mo.190, 19 2 
 
 Elkton, Md. 101, 104 
 
 Ellicott City, Md.101, 104 
 
 Ellis Island, N.Y.83, 86 
 
 Ellsworth, Me.. 48, 53 
 
 Elmira, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 El Moro, Col.223, 227 
 
 El Paso, Col.223, 227 
 
 El Paso, Tex.136, 1 39 
 
 Elyria, 0 . 146, 15 1 
 
 Embarras River.158, 160 
 
 Emery County, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Emigrant Peak.213, 214 
 
 Empire City, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Emporia, Kan.197, ! 99 > 201 
 
 Enfield, Conn. 7 °, 74 
 
 Englefield’s arctic expedition.11 
 
 Engleman’s Canon, Col.223, 227 
 
 Ennis, Tex.* 3 ^, *39 
 
 Enterprise, Fla.126,127 
 
 Enterprise, Miss.129, 131 
 
 Ephraim City, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Erie, Penn. 9 2 > 94 , 99 
 
 Erie Canal.25, 26, 80, 81, 82, 85 
 
 Erie, Lake . . .25, 26, 27, 80, 83, 146, 148, 165, 167 
 
 Escambia River.120, 123, 126, 127 
 
 Escanaba, Mich.165, 170 
 
 Escanaba River.164, 167 
 
 Esopus Creek, N.Y.81, 87 
 
 Essex County, Mass.'• • • 63, 65, 67 
 
 Essex County, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Essex County, N.Y., mines of.84 
 
 Esterbrook Park, Col.223, 227 
 
 Estes Park, Col.223, 225, 227 
 
 Eufaula, Ala. 120,125 
 
 Eufaula, Indian Ter.254, 255 
 
 Eugene City, Ore.246, 247, 248 
 
 Eureka, Cal. ..238, 242 
 
 Eureka, Nev.238, 244 
 
 Eureka Springs, Ark. I2 9 > ! 35 
 
 Eutaw, Ala. .120, 125 
 
 Eutaw Springs, S.C.114, 118 
 
 Evans, Col. 22 3 , 22 7 
 
 Evans, Mount.223, 225 
 
 Evanston, Wyoming Ter.215, 220, 221 
 
 Evansville, Ind. 3 ^> 37 , I 5 2 > ! 5 ^ 
 
 164, 175 | Everglades, the.28, 29, 31, 126 
 
 i Exeter, N.H. 55 > 5 ^ 
 
 Exeter, R.I.. 7 ^, 79 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 280 
 
 Fabius River. 
 
 Fairfield, Conn. 
 
 Fairfield, Io. 
 
 Fairfield County, Conn. . . 
 
 Fairfield County, O. . . . 
 
 Fairplay, Col. 
 
 Fairview, Utah Ter. . . . 
 
 Fairweather, Mount . . . 
 
 Fall River, Mass. 
 
 Falls City, Neb. 
 
 Falls of St. Anthony . . . 
 Fargo, Dakota Ter. . . . 
 
 Faribault, Minn. 
 
 Farmington, Me. 
 
 Fayette, Io. 
 
 Fayette, Mo. 
 
 Fayetteville, Ark. 
 
 Fayetteville, N.C. 
 
 Fayetteville, Tenn. 
 
 Feather River, Cal. . . . 
 
 Felchville, Mass. 
 
 Fergus Falls, Minn. . . . 
 
 Fernandez de Paos, N. Mex, 
 
 Fernandina, Fla. 
 
 Fevre, Ill. 
 
 Fifteen Mile Falls, N.H. . 
 
 Findlay, O. 
 
 Fire-Hole Basin . . . . 
 
 Fitchburg, Mass. 
 
 Flathead River. 
 
 Flattery, Cape, view of . . 
 Flemington, N.J. . . . . 
 
 Flint, Mich. 
 
 Flint River, Ga. 
 
 Florence, Ala. 
 
 Florence, Arizona Ter. . . 
 
 Florence, Wis. 
 
 Florida, area of. 
 
 description of ... . 
 first settlement of . . 
 
 general statistics of . . 
 
 population of ... . 
 
 purchase of. 
 
 special map of . . . . 
 
 sponge fisheries of . . 
 
 Florida Keys. 
 
 Floyd River, Io. 
 
 Flushing, N.Y. 
 
 Flushing Bay, N.Y. . . . 
 
 Fond du Lac, Wis. . . . 
 
 Forest City, Ark. 
 
 Forest Grove, Ore. . . . 
 
 Forsyth, Ga. 
 
 Fort Benton. 
 
 Fort Buford. 
 
 Fort Collins, Col. 
 
 Fort Dodge, Io. 
 
 Fort Edward, N.Y. . . . 
 
 Fort Garland, Col. 
 
 Fort Gibson, Indian Ter. . 
 Fort Kearney, Neb. . . . 
 
 Fort Keough, Montana Ter. 
 
 Fort Madison, Io. 
 
 Fort Moultrie, S.C. . . . 
 
 Fort Riley, Kan. 
 
 Fort Scott, Kan. 
 
 Fort Sill, Indian Ter.. . . 
 
 Fort Smith, Ark. 
 
 Fort Sumter, S.C. 
 
 Fort Wayne, Ind. 
 
 Fort Worth, Tex. 
 
 Foster, R.I. 
 
 Fountain County, Ind. . . 
 
 Fox River, Ill. 
 
 Fox River, Mo. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 . . . 189, 190 
 
 ... 70, 72, 74 
 . . . 185, 188 
 
 • • • • 7 L 73 
 
 . . . 146, 148 
 
 . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . 222, 230 
 
 • • • 252, 253 
 
 • 23, 24, 63, 65, 67 
 
 . . . 203, 206 
 
 .... 38, 40 
 
 . . . 208, 212 
 
 . . 176, 180, 182 
 
 • • • 48, 52, 53 
 
 . . . 185, 187 
 
 . . . 190, 194 
 
 • • 129, 134, 135 
 
 . . . 114, 116 
 
 . . . 140, 145 
 
 • • • 23S, 240 
 
 .... 62, 68 
 
 . . . 176, 182 
 
 • • • 232, 237 
 
 . . . 126, 127 
 
 • • • 158, 163 
 
 . 58 
 
 . . . 146, 151 
 
 .41 
 
 .... 62, 68 
 
 • • • 213, 214 
 
 .249 
 
 . . . . 88, 91 
 
 . . 165, 169, 170 
 . . . 120, 121 
 
 . . 120, 124, 125 
 
 • • • 232, 236 
 
 . . . 164, 173 
 
 . I2 5 
 
 2S, 29, 30, 31, 125 
 
 . 3 ° 
 
 . .... 125 
 
 .125 
 
 . 30 
 
 .126 
 
 . 31, 125, 126 
 
 . . 184, 186 
 
 ... 86,87 
 
 ... 86,87 
 
 36, 37, 164, 175 
 
 • • 129, 135 
 
 . . 246, 248 
 
 . . 120, 123 
 
 . 201, 214, 217 
 . . . . 201 
 
 . 223, 226, 227 
 . 184, 186, 188 
 ... 81,87 
 
 • • 223, 227 
 
 • • 254, 255 
 
 . . 203, 206 
 
 . . 215, 217 
 
 . . 187, 188 
 
 . . 114, 118 
 
 . 196, 197, 198 
 . . 197, 200 
 
 • • 254, 255 
 
 32, 33, 129, 135 
 
 . . 114.119 
 
 36, 37, 152, 156 
 
 • • i 3 6 . 139 
 
 ... 76,79 
 
 • • 152, 155 
 
 . . 158, 163 
 
 . . 189, 190 
 
 Fox River, Wis. 
 
 Francestown, N.H. . . . 
 
 Franconia, N.H. 
 
 Franconia Mountains . . . 
 
 Frankfort, Ky. 
 
 Franklin, Ind. 
 
 Franklin, La. 
 
 Franklin, Mount . . . . 
 
 Franklin, N.H. 
 
 Franklin, Penn. 
 
 Franklin, Tenn. 
 
 Franklin County, Mass. . . 
 Franklin County, Me. . . 
 
 Franklin County, Vt. . . . 
 
 Franklin’s arctic expedition 
 
 Frederick, Md. 
 
 Fredericksburg, Va. . . . 
 Fredericktown, Mo. . . . 
 
 Fredericton, N.B. 
 
 Frederika, Del. 
 
 Fredonia, N.Y. 
 
 Freeport, Ill. 
 
 Fremont, Neb. 
 
 Fremont, O. 
 
 Fremont Peak. 
 
 French Broad River . . . 
 
 French West Indies . . . 
 
 Fresno, Cal. 
 
 Fresno River. 
 
 Frisco, Col. 
 
 Frobisher’s arctic voyages . 
 Front Mountains .... 
 
 Fulton, Ark. 
 
 Fulton, Mo. 
 
 . . 164, 171 
 
 • • • 55 . 57 
 
 • • • 55 . 57 
 
 ... 54, 56 
 
 28, 30, 140, 142 
 
 • • 152, 155 
 
 • • 129, 133 
 
 • • • 54 , 57 
 
 • • • 55 , 58 
 
 • • • 92,99 
 
 . 140, 144, 145 
 
 • • 62, 65, 67 
 
 ... 49, 52 
 
 ... 54 , 61 
 
 . . . . 11 
 
 . . 100, 104 
 
 . . no, 112 
 
 . . 190, 194 
 
 . . . 12, 13 
 
 . . 101, 106 
 
 . . 80, 84, 87 
 . 157,158,163 
 . 203, 205, 206 
 . 146, 148, 151 
 
 215, 220 
 . . 114,115 
 
 . . . . 15 
 
 . . 238, 242 
 
 . . 238, 240 
 
 . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . . I I 
 
 . . 223, 225 
 
 . . 129, I35 
 
 • 190 , 193 , 194 
 
 Gadsden Purchase . 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 Gainesville, Ga. 
 
 
 
 120, 
 
 123 
 
 Gainesville, Tex. 
 
 
 
 13 6 , 
 
 139 
 
 Galena, Ill. 
 
 
 I 57 , 
 
 158, 
 
 163 
 
 Galesburg, Ill. 
 
 
 
 158, 
 
 
 Gallatin, Tenn. 
 
 
 
 140, 
 
 M 5 
 
 Gallatin City, Montana Ter. . 
 
 
 
 
 201 
 
 Gallatin County, Montana Ter., 
 
 mines of 
 
 • 
 
 214, 
 
 216 
 
 Gallatin River. 
 
 
 20, 
 
 213, 
 
 214 
 
 Gallia County, O. 
 
 
 
 146, 
 
 148 
 
 Gallion, O. 
 
 
 
 146, 
 
 151 
 
 Gallipolis, O. 
 
 
 
 146, 
 
 151 
 
 Gallup, N. Mex. 
 
 
 
 232, 
 
 233 
 
 Galveston, Tex . 
 
 • 3 2 > 33 . 
 
 1 136, 
 
 138, 
 
 139 
 
 view of. 
 
 
 
 
 ! 37 
 
 Garden of the Gods .... 
 
 
 
 
 224 
 
 Gardiner, Me . 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 ; , 53 
 
 Gardner, Col . 
 
 
 
 223, 
 
 227 
 
 Garfield, Col . 
 
 
 
 223, 
 
 227 
 
 Gasconade River . 
 
 
 
 190, 
 
 192 
 
 Geauga County, O. 
 
 
 
 146, 
 
 148 
 
 Genesee Falls . 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 Genesee River . 
 
 
 26, 2 
 
 00 
 
 0 
 
 83 
 
 Geneva, N.Y . 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 87 
 
 Geneva Lake, Wis . 
 
 
 
 164, 
 
 172 
 
 George, Lake . 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 ,83 
 
 Georgetown, Col. 
 
 
 223, 
 
 225, 
 
 227 
 
 Georgetown, Del. 
 
 
 
 101, 
 
 106 
 
 Georgetown, D.C. 
 
 
 103, 
 
 108, 
 
 109 
 
 Georgetown. S.C. 
 
 
 114, 
 
 118, 
 
 119 
 
 Georgetown, Tex. 
 
 
 
 13 6 , 
 
 i 39 
 
 Georgetown Falls. 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 . . 28,: 
 
 J 9 > 3 ° 
 
 > 3 b 
 
 119 
 
 area of . 
 
 
 
 
 ”9 
 
 first settlement of . . . 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 general statistics of . . . 
 
 
 
 
 n 9 
 
 Georgia, population of . . . 
 
 special description of . . 
 special map of . . . . 
 
 Germantown, Penn. 
 
 Gettysburg, Penn. 
 
 Gibson County, Ind. 
 
 Gila River. 
 
 Gilford, N.H. 
 
 Gilpin County, Col. 
 
 Girard, Kan. 
 
 Glasgow, Mo. 
 
 Glastonbury, Conn. 
 
 Glencoe, Minn. 
 
 Glendive, Montana Ter. . . . 
 
 Glens Falls, N.Y. 
 
 Glenwood, Io. 
 
 Globe City, Arizona Ter. . . 
 Globular map of the world 
 
 Gloriata, N. Mex. 
 
 Gloucester, Mass. 
 
 Gloucester, N.J. 
 
 Gloucester, R.I. 
 
 Gloucester County, N.J.. . . 
 
 Gloversville, N.Y. 
 
 Goat Island, N.Y. 
 
 Golden, Col. 
 
 Golden Gate, the. 
 
 view of. 
 
 Gold Hill, Col. 
 
 Gold Hill, Nev. 
 
 Goldsborough, N.C. 
 
 Gonic, N.H. 
 
 Gonzales, Tex. 
 
 Goodhue County, Minn.. . . 
 
 Goose Lake, Cal. 
 
 Goose River, Dakota Ter. . . 
 
 Gorham, Me. 
 
 Gorham, N.H. 
 
 Gothic, Col. 
 
 Governor’s Island, N.Y. . . . 
 Grafton County, N.H. . . . 
 
 Granby, Conn. 
 
 Granby, Mass. 
 
 Grand Banks of Newfoundland 
 
 Grand County, Col. 
 
 Grand divisions, population by 
 Grand Forks, Dakota Ter. . . 
 
 Grand Haven, Mich. 
 
 Grand Island, Mich. 
 
 Grand Island, Neb. 
 
 Grand Island, N.Y. 
 
 Grand Isle County, Vt. . . . 
 
 Grand Junction, Col. 
 
 Grand Lake, Me. 
 
 Grand Lake, Col. 
 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Grand Rapids, Wis. 
 
 Grand River, Col. 
 
 Grand River, Dakota Ter. . . 
 Grand River, Iowa .... 
 
 Grand River, Mich. 
 
 Grand River, Mo. 
 
 Grand River, O. 
 
 Grand River, Utah Ter. . . . 
 Grand Traverse Bay .... 
 Granger, Wyoming Ter.. . . 
 
 Granite Mountains .... 
 
 Graniteville, Mass. 
 
 Graniteville, S.C. 
 
 Grant, Col. 
 
 Grantsville, Utah Ter. . . . 
 
 Grasshopper River, Kan. . . 
 
 Grass Valley, Cal. 
 
 Gratiot County, Mich. . . . 
 
 Gray’s Harbor, Wash. Ter. . 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 . . . . 119 
 . . . . 119 
 
 . ... 120 
 
 • • 93 » 97,98 
 
 • • 93 , 97,99 
 
 I 5 2 , 155 
 . 231, 232, 235 
 
 • • 55 , 57 , 58 
 
 • • 223, 225 
 
 . . 197, 200 
 
 • • 19 °, l 94 
 
 ... 70, 74 
 
 . . 176, 182 
 
 . . 214, 217 
 
 . . 81, 83, 87 
 
 . 184, 187, 188 
 
 • • 232, 236 
 
 • • • • 232, 233 
 
 . ... 63, 65, 68 
 . . . . 88, 91,98 
 
 . 76 , 79 
 
 .88, 91 
 
 .81,87 
 
 .83 
 
 . . . . 223, 226 
 
 .242 
 
 . 44 
 
 . . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . . 238, 244 
 
 . . . . 114, 116 
 
 . 55 , 58 
 
 . . . . 136, 139 
 
 . . . . 176, 181 
 
 . . . . 238, 240 
 
 . . . . 208, 210 
 
 .48, 5 2 
 
 . 54 , 58 
 
 . . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . ' . . 83, 86 
 
 . 55 , 58 
 
 .70,72 
 
 .62,65 
 
 .13 
 
 . . . . 223, 225 
 
 . 3 
 
 . . . 208, 211, 212 
 
 . 165, 167, 168, 170 
 
 . . . . 165, 167 
 
 . . . . 203, 206 
 
 .80,83 
 
 ... 54, 59, 61 
 
 . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . . . 48, 51 
 
 . . . . 223, 227 
 
 3 6 , 37, 165, 168, 169 
 . . . 164, 173 
 
 . . . . 223, 225 
 
 . . . 208, 210 
 
 . . . . 184, 186 
 
 . . . . 165, 167 
 
 . . . 190, 192 
 
 . . . . 146, 148 
 
 . . . 222, 229 
 
 . . . 165, 167 
 
 . . . 215, 221 
 
 . . . 238, 243 
 
 .... 63, 65 
 
 ... 114, 119 
 
 • • • 223, 227 
 
 . . . 222, 230 
 
 . . . 196, 198 
 
 . . . 238, 242 
 
 . . . 165, 167 
 
 . . . 246, 249 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 281 
 
 Gray’s Peak. 
 
 Great Bend, Kan. 
 
 Great Divide, the, of Ohio . 
 Great Egg Harbor .... 
 Greater Antilles, the . . . 
 
 Great Falls of the Lamoille 
 
 Great Falls, N.H. 
 
 Great Lakes, the .... 
 Great Miami River . . *. 
 Great Monadnock Mountain 
 Great Pedee River.... 
 Great Plains, the (see maps ) 
 Great Plateau, the (see maps ) 
 Great Salt Lake .... 
 
 view of. 
 
 Great Shoshone Falls . . 
 
 Greeley, Col. 
 
 Green Bay, Mich. 
 
 Green Bay, Wis. 
 
 Greenbrier County, West Va. 
 
 Greenbush, N.Y. 
 
 Greencastle, Ind. 
 
 Greene County, Ind. . . . 
 
 Greeneville, Tenn. 
 
 Greenfield, Mass. 
 
 Green Lake, Col. 
 
 Greenland, exports of . . 
 
 population of ... . 
 
 Green Mountains .... 
 
 Green River, Ky. 
 
 Green River, Utah Ter. . . 
 
 Green River, Vt. 
 
 Green River, Wyoming Ter. 
 Greensborough,Ala. . . . 
 
 Greensborough, Ga. . . . 
 
 Greensborough,N.C. . . . 
 
 Greensburg, Ky. 
 
 Greenville, Ala. 
 
 Greenville, Mich. 
 
 Greenville, S.C. 
 
 Greenwich, Conn. .... 
 
 Greenwood, S.C. 
 
 Greenwood Lake, N.J. . . 
 
 Grenada, Miss. 
 
 Gretna, La. 
 
 Greylock Mountain . . . 
 
 Griffin, Ga. 
 
 Grinnell, Io. .. 
 
 Grinnell Land. 
 
 Gros Ventre Mountains . . 
 
 Groton, Conn. 
 
 Guadalaxara, Mex. 
 
 Guadaloupe Mountains . . 
 
 Guanaxuato, Mex. 
 
 Guatemala, area of ... 
 
 city of. 
 
 population of ... . 
 
 Guernsey County, O. . . . 
 
 Guilford, N.C. 
 
 Gulf of California .... 
 
 Gulf of Kara. 
 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Gulf of Obi. 
 
 Gull Island, Vt. 
 
 Gunnison Canon, view of . 
 Gunnison City, Col. . . . 
 Gunnison County, Col. . . 
 
 Hackensack, N.J. 
 
 Hackensack River, glimpse of 
 Haddam, Conn. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 . . . 223,225 
 
 . . . 196, 200 
 
 . . . 147, 148 
 
 . . . . 88, 90 
 
 .... 14, 15 
 
 .60 
 
 .... 55 , 58 
 
 35> 3 6 ’ 37. 164, 165 
 . . . 146, 148 
 
 • • • • 55 . 57 
 
 . . . 114, ”5 
 
 .... 16, 17 
 
 , . . . . 16, 17 
 
 . . . 222, 228 
 
 . 43 
 
 , . . . 214, 218 
 
 . . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . . 164, 167 
 
 . .37,164,171,175 
 
 . . . . no, 113 
 
 .81,87 
 
 • • • I 5 2 > 155 
 
 • • • 152. 155 
 
 . . . . 140, 145 
 
 .62,68 
 
 . . . . 223, 227 
 
 . 9 
 
 . 9 
 
 22, 23, 54, 55, 59, 60 
 
 . . . . 140, 141 
 
 . . . . 222, 229 
 
 . 55 - 60 
 
 . . . 215, 220, 221 
 . . . . 120, 125 
 
 . . . . 120, 123 
 
 . . . . 114, 116 
 
 . . . . 140, 141 
 
 . . . . 120, 125 
 
 . . . . 165, 170 
 
 . . . . 114, 119 
 
 . 70 , 74 
 
 . . . . 114, 119 
 
 .88,90 
 
 . . . . 129, 130 
 
 . . . . 129, 133 
 
 .62,65 
 
 . . . . 120, 123 
 
 . . . 184, 187, 188 
 
 .11 
 
 215, 220 
 
 • 7 1 . 74 
 
 • 14 . 15 
 23b 232 
 
 • 14 , 15 
 
 • • T 5 
 
 • 14 ’ 15 
 
 • • 15 
 
 146, 148 
 
 . . 116 
 3 
 
 • • 3 
 
 • • 3 
 
 • • 3 
 
 • • 59 
 
 . . 224 
 
 3> 225, 227 
 223, 225 
 
 . 86, 88, 91 
 . . . 89 
 
 • • 70, 72 
 
 Hagerstown, Md. 
 
 Hailey, Idaho Ter. 
 
 Halifax, N.S. 
 
 Halifax River, Fla. . . . 
 
 Hall’s polar expedition . . 
 
 Hallowell, Me. 
 
 Halsey, Ore. 
 
 Hamburgh, Ark. 
 
 Hamden, Conn. 
 
 Hamilton, Mount . . . . 
 
 Hamilton, Nev. 
 
 Hamilton, O. 
 
 Hamilton County, O. . . . 
 Hammondton, N.J. . . . 
 
 Hampden County, Mass. . 
 Hampshire County, Mass. . 
 Hampstead, Tex. . . . , 
 
 Hampton, N.H. 
 
 Hancock, Mich. 
 
 Hancock County, Me. . . 
 
 Hannibal, Mo. 
 
 Hanover, Ind. 
 
 Hanover, N.H. . . 
 
 Hansontown, Fla. 
 
 Hardin County, Ill. . . , 
 
 Hardyville, Arizona Ter. 
 Harney’s Peak, Dakota Ter, 
 Harper’s Ferry, W. Va. . 
 
 scene at . 
 
 Harrington, Del. . . . 
 
 Harrisburg, Penn. . . . 
 
 Harrison, N.J. 
 
 Harrison County, O. . . 
 
 Harrodsburg, Ky. . . . 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 view of. 
 
 Hart’s Island, N.Y. . . 
 
 Hartville, Wyoming Ter. 
 
 Hastings, Minn. 
 
 Hastings, Neb. 
 
 Haverhill, Mass. . . . 
 
 Havre de Grace, Md. . . 
 
 Hawkinsville, Ga. . . . 
 
 Hayden, Mount .... 
 Hayes’s polar expedition 
 Haystack Mountain . . 
 
 Hayti and St. Domingo . 
 Hazardville, Conn.. . . 
 
 Hazel ton, Penn.. . . . 
 
 Hearne, Tex. 
 
 Heart River, Dakota Ter. 
 Heber City, Utah Ter. . 
 
 Hebron, Neb. 
 
 Height of Land .... 
 
 Helena, Ark. 
 
 Helena, Montana Ter. . 
 Hellgate River .... 
 Hemispheres, map of the 
 Hempstead, N.Y. . . . 
 
 Henderson, Ky. 
 
 Henderson, Minn. . . . 
 
 Henlopen, Cape . . . 
 
 Hennepin County, Minn. 
 Hennepin’s exploration . 
 
 Henry, Ill. 
 
 Hermann, Mo. 
 
 Hernando, Miss. . . . 
 
 Heron Lake. 
 
 Hiawassee River . . . 
 
 Hiawatha, Kan. 
 
 Higgins Lake, Mich. . . 
 
 Highland, Kan. 
 
 Highland Range, N.J. . 
 Highlands of the Hudson 
 Hightstown, N.J. . . . 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 . . 100, 104 
 
 . . 214,219 
 
 . . . 12, 13 
 
 . . 125, 126 
 
 . . . . 11 
 
 • • • 48 , 53 
 
 . . 246, 248 
 
 • • 129, 135 
 
 ... io, 74 
 
 • • 237, 238 
 
 . . 238, 244 
 
 . . 146, 151 
 
 . . 146, 150 
 
 . . . 88,91 
 
 . . . 62, 67 
 
 . . . 62,67 
 
 • 136, i 3 8 > 139 
 
 • • • 55 - 56 
 
 . . 165, 170 
 
 . . . 49, 52 
 
 . 190, 193, 194 
 
 • • 152, 155 
 
 • • • 55 - 57 
 
 . . 126, 127 
 
 . . 158, 162 
 
 . . 232, 236 
 
 . . 207, 208 
 
 28, 31, no, 113 
 
 ' • • • "3 
 
 . . 101, 105 
 
 . 26, 27, 93, 98 
 . . 86, 88, 91 
 . . 146, 148 
 
 • • 140, 143 
 
 • 24, 70, 72, 73 
 
 .... 69 
 
 215, 220 
 176, 182 
 203, 206 [ 
 63, 65, 68 ! 
 100,104! 
 120,123 J 
 215,220, 
 
 • • 11 
 
 • 48,51: 
 
 . 70,74 
 
 . 93 ’ 99 
 
 .136’ 139 
 
 .208, 210 
 
 .222, 230 
 
 .203, 206 
 
 7, 16, 18, 35, 40, 176, 179 
 
 .129- 135 
 
 . 42, 43, 201, 214, 216, 217 
 
 .213, 214 
 
 81, 87 
 140, 142 
 176, 182 
 101, 105 
 176, 181 
 . 162 
 
 158, 160 
 190,194 
 129,131 
 48,51 
 120 , 121 
 197, 200 
 165, 167 
 197 ’ 199 
 88, 90 
 81, 82 
 88 , 91 
 
 Hilliard, Wyoming Ter. 
 
 Hillsborough, O. 
 
 Hillsborough County, N.I 1 . . . 
 
 Hillsdale, Mich. 
 
 Hillsdale County, Mich. 
 
 Hinsdale, N.H. 
 
 Hinsdale County, Col. 
 
 Hoboken, N.J. 
 
 Hocking County, O. 
 
 Hocking River. 
 
 Hog Island, Vt. 
 
 Hokah, Minn. 
 
 Hokah River, Minn. 
 
 Holland, Mich. 
 
 Plollidaysburg, Penn. 
 
 Holly Springs, Miss. 
 
 Holmes County, O. 
 
 Holston River. 
 
 Holy Cross Peak. 
 
 Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 Holyoke, Mount. 
 
 Honduras, area and population of 
 
 Honesdale, Penn. 
 
 Hood, Mount, view of .... 
 
 Hooksett, N.H. 
 
 Hoosac Mountains. 
 
 view in. 
 
 Hoosac River. 
 
 Hopatcong Lake. 
 
 Hopedale, Mass. 
 
 Hope Island, R.I. 
 
 Hopkins Hill, R.I. 
 
 Hopkinsville, Ky. 
 
 Hopkinton, R.I. 
 
 Horicon Marsh, Wis. 
 
 Hornellsville, N.Y. 
 
 Hot Springs, Ark. 
 
 Hot Sulphur Springs, Col. . . . 
 
 Houghton, Mich. 
 
 Houghton Lake. 
 
 Houlton, Me. 
 
 Houma, La. 
 
 Housatonic River. 
 
 Houston, Tex. 
 
 Hubbardton, Vt., action at . . . 
 
 Hudson, N.Y. 
 
 Hudson Bay. 
 
 Hudson County, N.J. 
 
 ; Hudson River. 
 
 Hudson River, Lower, map of 
 Hudson’s arctic expedition . . . 
 
 Hudson’s discovery of New York 
 
 Hugo, Col. 
 
 j Pluguenots in Florida, the . . . 
 
 Humboldt, Kan. 
 
 j Humboldt County, Cal. 
 
 Humboldt River. 
 
 j Humphrey’s Peak. 
 
 j Hunterdon County, N.J. 
 
 j Huntingdon, Penn. 
 
 j Huntington, Ind. 
 
 Huntington, W. Va. 
 
 ; Huntsville, Ala. 
 
 Huntsville, Mo. 
 
 Huntsville, Tex. 
 
 Huron, Dakota Ter. 
 
 Huron, O. 
 
 | Huron, Lake. 
 
 I Huron River. 
 
 Hutchinson, Kan. 
 
 Hyde Park, Mass. 
 
 Hyrum, Utah Ter. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 . . . 215, 221 
 
 . . . 146, 151 
 
 .... 55, 58 
 
 . . 165, 169, 170 
 . . . 165, 167 
 
 .... 55, 58 
 
 . . . 223, 225 
 
 . . . 86, 88, 91 
 . . . 146, 148 
 
 . . . 146, 148 
 
 • • • • 54-59 
 
 . . . 176, 182 
 
 . . . 176, 182 
 
 . . . 165, 169 
 
 .... 92, 99 
 
 . . . 129, 130 
 
 . . . 146, 148 
 
 no, hi, 140, 143 
 . . . 223, 225 
 
 . . . 62, 65, 68 
 . . 23, 24, 62, 65 
 
 .15 
 
 ... 93, 96, 99 
 .245 
 
 • • • • 55 > 57 
 
 . . .22, 23, 62, 64 
 
 .64 
 
 .62,65 
 
 , . . . . 88, 90 
 
 .68 
 
 . 75 ’ 76 
 
 . 75-76 
 
 . . . . 140, 142 
 
 • • • • 76 , 77 - 79 
 
 . . . . 164, 172. 
 
 .80, 87 
 
 3 2 > 33 - 129- 134 - 135 
 . . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . . 165, 170 
 
 . . . . 165, 167 
 
 . 48, 53 
 
 ■ • • • 129- 133 
 
 . 62, 64, 69, 70, 72 
 
 • • 3 2 > 33 . 136- 139 
 
 .61 
 
 .81, 87 
 
 . 3 
 
 .88, 91 
 
 .81,83 
 
 .26 
 
 . . / . . . II 
 
 . 85 
 
 223, 227 
 
 . 3 ° 
 
 . . . . 197, 200 
 
 .... 238, 240 
 
 .... 238, 243 
 
 • • • • 2 3 2 - 2 35 
 
 .88, 91 
 
 . 9 2 - 99 
 
 • • • • i 5 2 » 155 
 
 . . . no, 113, 115 
 . . . 120, 124, 125 
 
 .... 190, 194 
 
 . . . 136, 138, 139 
 . . . . 209, 212 
 
 . . . . 146, 148 
 
 • 35 - 36 . 37 - 165- 167 
 
 . 146, 148, 165, 167 
 
 . . . . 197, 200 
 
 .... 62, 63, 68 
 . . . . 222, 230 
 
282 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 Iberia Parish, La. 
 
 Iceland, population of . . . . 
 
 Idaho Territory. 
 
 area of. 
 
 description of. 
 
 population of. 
 
 special map of. 
 
 Idaho City, Idaho Ter. 
 
 Idaho County, Idaho Ter. . . . 
 
 Idaho Springs, Col. 
 
 Ilion, N.Y. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 area of . 
 
 description of. 
 
 general statistics of ... . 
 
 history of. 
 
 population of. 
 
 special map of. 
 
 Illinois and Michigan Canal . . 
 
 Illinois River. 
 
 Independence, Io. 
 
 Independence, Kan. 
 
 Independence, Mo. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 area of . 
 
 description of. 
 
 general statistics of ... . 
 
 population of. 
 
 special map of. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 scene in. 
 
 Indian Ocean. 
 
 Indianola, Neb. 
 
 Indian race, estimated numbers of 
 
 Indian reservations. 
 
 Indian River, Fla. 
 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 area of. 
 
 description of. 
 
 population of. 
 
 general statistics of ... . 
 
 special map of. 
 
 Iola, Kan. 
 
 Ionia, Mich. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 area of . . \. 
 
 counties of. 
 
 description of. 
 
 general statistics of ... . 
 historical sketch of ... . 
 
 population of. 
 
 special map of. 
 
 Iowa City, Io. 
 
 Iowa River, Io. 
 
 Iowas. 
 
 Iron County, Utah Ter. 
 
 Iron Mountain, Mo. 
 
 view of. 
 
 Iron Ridge, Wis. 
 
 Ironton, Mo. 
 
 Ironton, O. 
 
 Ironton, Wis. 
 
 Irvington, Ind. 
 
 Irwin, Col. 
 
 Ishpeming, Mich. 
 
 Isle La Motte. 
 
 Isle Royale. 
 
 Isles of Shoals, scene in ... 
 
 Itasca Lake. 
 
 Ithaca, N.Y. 
 
 Iuka, Miss. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 . . . . 129, 132 
 
 . 9 
 
 . 41, 42, 43, 214, 218 
 
 .218 
 
 .218 
 
 .218 
 
 . . . . 214,215 
 
 . . . . 214, 219 
 
 . . . . 214, 219 
 
 o 'y 3 oon 
 
 . . . . 
 
 .81,87 
 
 • • 35 . 36 , 37.15 7 
 
 . 157 
 
 . 157 
 
 . 157 
 
 .162 
 
 . J 57 
 
 . . . . 158, 159 
 
 . . . . 158, 160 
 
 . 158,160,254,255 
 
 . . . 185, 187, 188 
 . . . . 197, 200 
 
 . . . . 190, 194 
 
 • • 35 , 36 , 37 . 153 
 
 . 153 
 
 . 153 
 
 . 153 
 
 . J 53 
 
 .i 5 2 
 
 • • 36, 37 , i 5 2 , 1 56 
 
 . !53 
 
 . 3 
 
 . . . . 202, 206 
 
 . 3 
 
 • 32, 34 , 39 , 40 , 206 
 
 . . . . 125, 126 
 
 32 , 33 , 34 , 254, 255 
 
 .254 
 
 • • • 34 , 254, 255 
 
 .254 
 
 .254 
 
 .254 
 
 • . . . 197, 200 
 
 . . . 165, 169, 170 
 
 • 38, 39, 40, 1S2, 185 
 . ... 7 . 182 
 
 .185 
 
 .182 
 
 .185 
 
 .187 
 
 .182 
 
 .184 
 
 . . . 185, 187, 188 
 
 . . . . 184, 186 
 
 . . . . 254,255 
 
 222, 229 
 . . . 190,192,194 
 
 .189 
 
 . . . . 164,173 
 
 . . . 190,194 
 
 ■ • • • 146,151 
 
 • • • 164,173 
 
 • • • 152,155 
 
 . . . 223,227 
 
 . . . 165,170 
 
 .... 54,59 
 
 . . . 164,167 
 
 .56 
 
 • • 38, 39,176,179 
 
 1 . . . . 80,87 
 
 . . . 129,130 
 
 Jackson, Mich. 
 
 Jackson, Miss. 
 
 Jackson, Mount .... 
 
 Jackson, O. 
 
 Jackson, Tenn. 
 
 Jackson County, O. . . 
 
 Jacksonport, Ark. . . . 
 Jacksonville, Fla. . . . 
 Jacksonville, III. . . . 
 Jacksonville, Ore. . . . 
 Jamaica, Island of . . . 
 
 Jamaica, N.Y. 
 
 James River, Va. . . . 
 Jamestown, Dakota Ter. 
 Jamestown, N.Y. . . . 
 Jamestown, R.I. . . . 
 
 j Jamestown, Va. 
 
 Janesville, Wis. 
 
 Japan Sea . 
 
 Jay Peak, Vt. 
 
 Jefferson, Mount . . . 
 
 Jefferson, N.H. 
 
 Jefferson, Tex.. 
 
 Jefferson City, Mo. . . , 
 
 Jefferson County, O. . . 
 
 Jefferson Parish, La. . . 
 
 Jefferson River .... 
 Jeffersonville, Ind. . . . 
 
 Jersey City, N.J. . . . 
 (see map) .... 
 waterside •scene at 
 Joachim Creek, Mo. . . . 
 
 Jo Daviess County, Ill. . . 
 John Day River. . . . 
 
 Johnson, Vt. 
 
 Johnston, R.I. 
 
 Johnstown, N.Y. . . . 
 
 Johnstown, Penn. 
 
 Joliet, Ill. 
 
 Jonesborough, Ga. 
 
 Joplin, Mo. 
 
 Jordan River. 
 
 Juab County, Utah Ter. . . 
 
 Juan de Fuca Strait . . . 
 
 Judith River, Montana Ter 
 
 Judsonia, Ark. 
 
 Junction City, Kan. . . . 
 
 Junction City, Ore. . . . 
 
 Juniata River. 
 
 Juniper Island Light . . . 
 
 Kaaterskill Falls .... 
 
 Kalamazoo, Mich. 
 
 Kalamazoo River .... 
 Kampeska Lake, Dakota Ter 
 Kanawha River, W. Va. . 
 Kane’s polar expedition . . 
 
 Kane’s search for Franklin . 
 
 Kankakee River. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 area of . , 
 
 description of. 
 
 genera] statistics of . . . 
 
 historical sketch of . . , 
 
 population of. 
 
 special map of. 
 
 Kansas City, Mo.. 
 
 Kansas Indians. 
 
 Kansas River. 
 
 Kara, Gulf of. 
 
 Kaskaskias. 
 
 1 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 , . I65, l68, I69 
 
 28, 30, 129, I3O 
 
 • • • 54 . 57 
 
 . . 146, 151 
 
 • • 140, 145 
 
 . . 146, 148 J 
 
 • • 129, i35 
 
 28, 30, 126, 127 
 . 158, 161, 163 
 . . 246, 248 
 
 .... 15 
 
 . . 81,86,87 
 
 . 110, 111, 112 
 . . 20S, 212 
 
 . . . 80,87 
 
 • • 75 . 76 , 79 
 
 . . . 30, 112 
 . 164, 174, 175 
 .... 3 
 
 • • • 54 , 59 
 
 • • • 54 , 57 
 
 ... 54, 58 
 
 • • 136, 139 
 
 39, 40, 190, 193 
 . . 146, 148 
 
 • • 129, 133 
 
 . 2or, 213, 214 
 . 152, 154, 156 
 
 26, 27, 88, 90, 91 
 .... 86 
 .... 89 
 
 . . 190, 194 
 
 . . 158, 160 
 
 . . 246,247 
 
 ... 54, 60 
 
 • • 76 , 77 , 79 
 
 ... 81, 87 
 
 ... 92,99 
 
 Ivasson, Minn. . . . 
 
 Katahdin, Mount . . 
 Kaw River .... 
 Kaysville, Utah Ter. . 
 Kearney, Neb. . . . 
 
 Kearn River .... 
 Kearsage Mountain 
 
 Keene, N.H. 
 
 Keewatin, district of . 
 Kenduskeag River, Me. 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. 
 Kennebec County, Me. 
 Kennebec River . . 
 Kennedy Channel . . 
 Kenosha, Wis. . . . 
 
 Kent, Conn. 
 
 Kent County, Del. . 
 Kent County, R.I. . . 
 Kent Island, Md. . . 
 Kent’s Hill, Me. . . 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 area of ... . 
 description of . . 
 first settlement of 
 genera] statistics of 
 population of . . 
 
 special map of. . 
 
 Kentucky River. . . 
 
 Keokuk, Io. 
 
 Keweenaw Bay . . . 
 Keweenaw Point . . 
 
 Keyport, N.J. . . . 
 Keyser, W. Va. . . . 
 
 Key West, Fla. . . . 
 
 Kickapoos .... 
 Killingly, Conn.. . . 
 
 Killington Peak, Vt. . 
 Kineo Mountain . . 
 
 . . 158, 161, 163 
 . . . 120, 123 
 
 • • 19 °, r 93 > 1 94 
 
 . . , 222, 229 
 
 . . . 222, 230 
 
 . . . 246, 249 
 
 . . . 213, 214 
 
 • • • 129, 134 
 
 196, 197, 198, 200 
 . . . 246, 248 
 
 • • • 92, 93 , 95 
 
 . . . . 59,61 
 
 • 83 
 
 165, 170 
 165, 167 
 209, 212 
 no, 115 
 . 11 
 
 • • • 152, 154 
 
 38, 39, 40, 195, 198 
 
 King’s County, N.Y. . . . 
 
 King’s River, Cal. 
 
 Kingston, Jamaica . . . . 
 
 Kingston, N.Y. 
 
 Kiowa, Col. 
 
 Kiowas. 
 
 Kirksville, Mo. 
 
 Kirkwood, Mo. 
 
 Kissimee River, Fla. . . . 
 
 Kit Carson, Col. 
 
 Kitsap County, Wash. Ter. 
 Kittatinny Mountains, N.J.. 
 
 Kittery, Me. 
 
 Kittery Point. 
 
 Klamath Lake, Cal. . . . 
 
 Klamath River, Cal. . . . 
 
 Klikitat River. 
 
 Knightstown, Ind. 
 
 Knobs, The, Ind. 
 
 Knox County, O. 
 
 Knox County, Ind. . . . 
 
 Knox County, Me. 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 Kokomo, Col. 
 
 Kootenai River. 
 
 Kosciusko, Miss. 
 
 . 195 
 
 . J 95 
 
 . r 95 
 
 . 199 
 
 . 38 
 
 . . . . 196, 197 
 
 39, 40, 190, 193, 194 
 
 • • • 254, 255 
 
 . . . 196, 197, 198 
 
 •. 3 
 
 • • • 254, 255 
 
 Labrador Plateau 
 Laconia, N.H. . 
 La Crosse, Wis. 
 Lac Vieux Desert 
 La Fayette, Ala. 
 Lafayette, Ind. . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 176, 182 
 
 • • 48, 51 
 
 196, 197, 198 
 . 222, 230 
 
 203, 205, 206 
 . 238, 240 
 
 • • 55 - 57 
 
 • • 55 . 58 
 
 • • 12, 13 
 
 • • 48, 53 
 
 . . • l 22 
 
 .49.52 
 
 .48,5 1 
 
 .11 
 
 .... 164,175 
 
 . 7 °, 72 
 
 .... 101, 105 
 
 .76,78 
 
 . . . . 101, 104 
 
 .52 
 
 28,29, 30, 31, 140,141 
 
 .141 
 
 .141 
 
 .30 
 
 .140 
 
 .141 
 
 .140 
 
 .140, 141 
 
 . 39, 40, 185, 186, 187, 188 
 
 . 164, 167 
 
 .164, 167 
 
 .88, 91 
 
 .no, 115 
 
 • • -28, 30, 31, 126, 127 
 
 .254, 255 
 
 . 7 L 74 
 
 . 54 , 59 
 
 .48, 5 1 
 
 .81, 82 
 
 .238, 240 
 
 .15 
 
 .81,87 
 
 . . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . . 254, 255 
 
 • • • 190. J 93 , T 94 
 
 . . . . 190, 194 
 
 . . . . 125, 126 
 
 . . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . . 246, 251 
 
 .88,90 
 
 . 49 , 56 
 
 .... 49, 50 
 
 . . . . 238, 240 
 
 . . . 238, 240 
 
 . . . . 246, 249 
 
 . . . . 152, 155 
 
 . . . . 152, 154 
 
 . . . . 146, 148 
 
 ■ • • • 152. 155 
 
 . 49 , 5 2 
 
 28, 30, 140, 143, 145 
 
 . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . . 214,218 
 
 • • • 129, 131 
 
 • • • • 7 , 13 
 
 • • • 55 - 58 
 
 • • 164, 175 
 
 . . 165, 167 
 
 . . 120, 125 
 
 . 152, 154, 156 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 28 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Lafourche Bayou, La.129, 132 Le Roy, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 La Grande, Ore.246, 248 Lesser Antilles, the.14, 15 
 
 La Grange, Ga.120, 123 
 
 La Grange, Mo. ' 9 °. '94 
 
 La Junta, Col. 
 
 23. 227 
 
 Lake Charles, La.129, 133 
 
 Lake City, Col.223, 227 
 
 Lake City, Fla. 126, 127 
 
 Lake City, Minn.176, 182 
 
 Lake County, Col.223, 225 
 
 Lake County, Ill.158) 160 
 
 Lake Erie.25, 26, 27, 35, 36, 37 
 
 Lake Eustis, Fla.127 
 
 Lake George, N.Y.81, 83 
 
 Lake Huron. 35 > 3 ^’ 37 » T 6s, 167 
 
 Lake Itasca.38, 39, 176, 179 
 
 Lake Michigan.35, 36, 37, 158, 160 
 
 elevation of.35 
 
 Lake of the Woods.38, 39, 176, 178, 179 
 
 Lake Pohenagamook. 5 ° 
 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 copper-mines of. 
 
 Lewes, Del. toi, 105, 106 
 
 Lewis and Clarke’s expedition.216 
 
 Lew’isburg, Penn.93, 99 
 
 Lewis Lake.215,220 
 
 Lewiston, Idaho Ter.214, 218, 219 
 
 Lewiston, Me.48, 52, 53 
 
 Lewistown, Penn.. 93, 99 
 
 Lexington, Ky.140, 142 
 
 Lexington, Mo.190, 193, 194 
 
 Liberty, Mo.i 9 °> I 94 
 
 Liberty, Tex. I 3 6 » *37 
 
 Licking County, 0 .146) 148 
 
 Licking River.140, 141 
 
 Lima, 0 .146, 151 
 
 Limestone quarries of Maine.24 
 
 Lincoln, Ill.158) 161, 163 
 
 Lincoln, Neb.39, 40, 203, 205, 206 
 
 Lincoln, R .1 .76, 77, 78 
 
 35, 36, 37, 164 j Lincoln County, Me. 49 , 5 2 
 
 . . . 35 | Lincoln County, Wis.164, 173 
 
 elevation of.35 
 
 Lake Tahoe. 4 2 > 44 
 
 I.ambertville, N.J.88, 91 
 
 La Mine River. 190, 192 
 
 Lamoille County, Vt.54, 61 
 
 Lamoille River.54> 60 
 
 Lancaster, N.H.54, 58 
 
 Lancaster, 0 .146, 15 1 
 
 Lancaster, Penn. 93 > 99 
 
 Linden, Mass.62, 68 
 
 Litchfield, Conn.70, 74 
 
 Litchfield, Minn. 176, 182 
 
 Litchfield County, Conn. 7 ', 73 
 
 Little Arkansas River.197, 200, 254, 255 
 
 Little Blackfoot River.213, 214 
 
 Little Blue River.203, 204 
 
 Little Colorado River.231, 232 
 
 Little Compton, R .1 . 76, 79 
 
 Lancaster, S.C. 114, 119 Little de Noquette Bay.165, 167 
 
 Lancaster County, Penn.93, 96 ! Little Egg Llarbor.88, 90 
 
 Lancaster Sound.11 Little Falls, N.Y.81, 83, 87 
 
 I.andaff. N.H.54, 57 | Little Kanawha River.110,115 
 
 Lander County, Nev. 238, 244 j Little Miami River.'46, 148 
 
 Land surveys of the United States . . . . 256, 257 ! Little Missouri River.• • 208,210 
 
 Lanesborough, Minn. 176, 182 j Little River, La. ..129, 132 
 
 Lansing, Mich.36, 37, 165, 169 ! Little River, Mo. 191, 19 2 
 
 Lansingburg, N.Y.81, 87 Little Rock, Ark. 3 2 > 33 > I2 9 > ' 34 . 1 35 
 
 La Pointe, Wis.164, 174 
 
 Laporte, Ind.152, 154, 156 
 
 Laramie City, Wyoming Ter.215, 220, 221 
 
 Laramie Mountains. 
 
 Laredo, Tex. 
 
 Little Sioux River, Io.184, 1S6 
 
 Little Tennessee River . . .114, 115 
 
 Littleton, N.H. 54 > 58 
 
 215, 220 Little Traverse Bay ......... 165, 167 
 
 136, 139 I Little Wabash River.158, 160 
 
 La Salle, Ill. 158, 163 
 
 La Salle’s expedition.162 
 
 Las Crusces, N. Mex.232, 234 
 
 Las Lunas, N. Mex.232, 234 
 
 Las Vegas, N. Mex.232, 234 
 
 Las Vegas Mountains.231, 232 
 
 Laurel, Del.101, 106 
 
 Laurel, Md.101, 104 
 
 Laurens, S.C.114,119 
 
 Laurentide Mountains. 7 
 
 Lav ill a, Fla. 126, 127 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Louisiana, population of.131 
 
 special map of.129 
 
 sugar-crop of.33, 13 2 
 
 Louisiana, Mo.190, 194 
 
 Louisville, Ky.28, 30, 140, 142 
 
 Loup River.20r, 203 
 
 Loveland, Col.223, 227 
 
 Lowell, Mass.23, 24, 63, 65, 67 
 
 Lower Hudson, map of.26 
 
 Ludington, Mich. 165, 170 
 
 Lunenburg, Vt.54, 6° 
 
 Lynchburg, Va. no, 112 
 
 Lynn, Mass.23, 24, 63, 68 
 
 Lyons, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Live Oak, Fla.126, 127 
 
 Livingston, Montana Ter.214, 216, 217 
 
 Llano Estacado.'36. ' 37 . 2 3 2 
 
 Llewellyn Park, N.J.86, 91 
 
 Lock Haven, Penn. 93 > 99 
 
 Lockport, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Logan, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Logan County, 0 . 146) 148 
 
 Logansport, Ind.1 5 2 > 1 5 ^ 
 
 Long, Mount, Col. 223, 227 
 
 Long Branch, N.J., view of.89 
 
 Lawrence, Kan. 39 . 4 °. ' 97 . ' 99 , 200 j Long Island, N.Y 
 
 81, 82 
 
 Lawrence, Mass. . . . .... 23, 24, 63, 65, 67 
 
 Lawrence County, Ind. 
 
 Long Island City, N.Y.Si, 86, 87 
 
 Lawrence County, O. * 146, 148 
 
 Lead City, Dakota Ter.209, 212 
 
 Leadville, Col.42, 43 . 22 3 . 22 5 . 22 7 
 
 Leaf River, Miss.128, 129 
 
 Leavenworth, Kan.39, 40, 197, 198, 200 
 
 view of. 195 
 
 Lebanon, Ky.140. 143 
 
 Lebanon, 0 . 146, 15 1 
 
 Lebanon, Penn. 93 . 99 
 
 Lebanon, Tenn. 140, 145 
 
 Leech Lake, Minn.176, 179 
 
 Leelenaw Point.165, 167 
 
 Lehi, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Lehigh River.93, 96 
 
 Le Mars, Io. 184, 188 
 
 Lemhi County, Idaho Ter.214, 219 
 
 152, 154 Long Island Sound.70, 71, 81 
 
 48, 5 ‘ 
 
 071 07 
 
 227 
 
 Long Lake . 
 
 Long’s Peak. 
 
 Longview, Tex. 1 3 ^» 1 39 
 
 Lonoke, Ark.129, 135 
 
 Lookout Mountain.14°. r 44 . '45 
 
 Lordsburg, N. Mex.232, 233, 234 
 
 Los Angeles, Cal.238, 241, 242 
 
 Losanteville, O. '49 
 
 Lost River, Ind. 1 5 2 . 1 54 
 
 Louisiana. 3 2 > 33 > 34 . I 2 9 > I 3 I 
 
 area of.' 3 1 
 
 civil law of.' 3 2 
 
 description of.' 3 ' 
 
 general statistics of.131 
 
 historical notes on. 34 . ' 3 2 
 
 parishes of (see map) . 129 
 
 MacAlister, Indian Ter.254, 255 
 
 Mackenzie River.11,252 
 
 Mackinaw, Mich. 165, 168 
 
 Mackinaw Point.165, 167 
 
 MacKinney, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Macon, Ga.28, 30, 120, 122 
 
 Macon, Miss. 129, 131 
 
 Macon City, Mo.190, 194 
 
 Madison, Dakota Ter.208, 212 
 
 Madison, Ga.120, 123 
 
 Madison, Ind. 152, 156 
 
 Madison, Mount. 54 . 57 
 
 Madison, Wis. 36, 37, 164, 174, 175 
 
 view of.. 171 
 
 Madison River.201, 213, 214 
 
 Mad River, 0 .146,15' 
 
 Magalloway River, Me.48, 5 ' 
 
 Mahanoy City, Penn. 93 > 99 
 
 Mahoning County, 0 . 146. 148 
 
 Mahoning River.146, 148, 151 
 
 Maidstone Lake.60 
 
 Maine, area of. 5 ° 
 
 description of.5°. 53 
 
 fisheries of.5' 
 
 general statistics of. 49 
 
 historical sketch of.5 2 
 
 lumbering industry of.24, 51 
 
 population of.5° 
 
 population of, by counties. 49 
 
 quarries of.24, 52 
 
 special map of.48, 49 
 
 surface and scenery of.5 1 
 
 Maine coast, description of. 5 ° 
 
 Makoqueta, Io.184, 188 
 
 Makoqueta River.'84, 186 
 
 Malade City, Idaho Ter.214, 219 
 
 Malay race, estimated numbers of. 3 
 
 Malden, Mass.62, 68 
 
 Mammoth Cave, Ky. 3 1 » 1 4 2 
 
 scene in.' 4 ' 
 
 Managua, Nicaragua.' 4 . '5 
 
 Manayunk, Penn. 97 , 98 
 
 Manchester, Conn. 7 °. 74 
 
 Manchester, Io.'85, '88 
 
 Manchester, N.H.23, 24, 55, 57, 58 
 
 Manchester, Va.no, 112 
 
 Manchester, Vt.54, 60. 61 
 
 Mandan Indians, the. 39 , 4 °, 211 
 
 Mandarin, Fla.126, 127 
 
 Manhattan, Kan.' 97 , ' 99 , 200 
 
 Manhattan Island.82, 86 
 
 Manistee, Mich. 165, 170 
 
 Manistee River.'65, 167 
 
 Manistique Lake.'64. '67 
 
 Manistique River.'65, '67 
 
 Manitoba, Province of. I2 > r 3 
 
284 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Manitou, Col.223, 227 
 
 Manitowoc, Wis.164, 175 
 
 Manitowoc River, Wis.164, 172 
 
 Mankato, Minn.176, 179, 182 
 
 Mansfield, La.129, 133 
 
 Mansfield, Mount.54, 59 
 
 Mansfield, O.[46, 149, 151 
 
 Manti, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Maplewood, Mass.62, 68 
 
 Maramec River.189, 190 
 
 Marblehead, Mass.63, 65, 66, 68 
 
 Marble quarries of Vermont.24 
 
 Marcy,'Mount.25,26,81,82 
 
 Mare Island, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Marianna, Ark.129, 135 
 
 Marianna, Fla.126, 127 
 
 Maricopa County, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Marietta, Ga.120, 123 
 
 Marietta, 0 .146, 148, 149, 151 
 
 settlement of.37 
 
 Marin County, Cal. 238, 240 
 
 Marinette, Wis.164, 172, 173 
 
 Marion, Ala.120, 124, 125 
 
 Marion, 0 . 146, 151 
 
 Marion, S.C.114, 119 
 
 Mariposa Grove, the.240 
 
 Marlborough, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Marquette, Mich.165, 168, 170 
 
 Marquette’s expedition.162 
 
 Marseilles, Ill.158, 160 
 
 Marshall, Mich.165, 170 
 
 Marshall, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Marshalltown, Io.184, 188 
 
 Marshfield, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Mars Hill, Me.48, 51 
 
 Martha’s Vineyard, Mass.63, 64 
 
 Martin County, Ind. 152, 1 55 
 
 Martinsburg, W. Va. no, 115 
 
 Maryland.25, 26, 27, 103 
 
 area of.103 
 
 counties of.101, 102 
 
 description of.103 
 
 general statistics of.102 
 
 historical sketch of.104 
 
 population of.103 
 
 settlement of.27, 104 
 
 special map of.100, 101 
 
 Maryland and Delaware, physical view of . . . 103 
 
 Marysville, Cal.238, 242 
 
 Marysville, Kan.197, 200 
 
 Marysville, Tenn.140, 144, 145 
 
 Mascoma Lake. 54 . 57 
 
 Masillon, 0 .146, 151 
 
 Mason City, Io.184, 188 
 
 Massachusetts.23, 24, 64 
 
 area of.64 
 
 description of.64-68 
 
 general statistics of.62, 63 
 
 historical sketch of.66 
 
 population of.64 
 
 special map of.62, 63 
 
 Massachusetts Bay.63, 64, 66 
 
 Massive, Mount.223, 225 
 
 Matagorda Bay.136, 138 
 
 Matanzas, Cuba. 15 
 
 Mauch Chunk, Penn.93, 95, 99 
 
 Maumee Bay.146, 148 
 
 Maumee River.146, 148, 152, 154 
 
 Maurice River.88, 91 
 
 Maysville, Ky.140, 142 
 
 Mayville, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 McClintock’s search for Franklin.11 
 
 McClure’s arctic expedition.n 
 
 McComb City, Miss.129, 131 
 
 McGregor, Io.185, 187, 188 
 
 McHenry County, Ill.158, 160 
 
 McKeesport, Penn.92, 99 
 
 McLean County, Ill.158, 162 
 
 McMinnville, Ore.246, 248 
 
 McMinnville, Tenn.140, 145 
 
 Meadville, Penn.92, 99 
 
 Mechanicsburg, Penn. 93 . 99 
 
 Mecklenburg, N.C.114, 116 
 
 Medford, Mass.63, 66, 68 
 
 Medicine Bow Mountains.215, 220 
 
 Medicine Creek.203, 204 
 
 Medina County, 0 .146, 148 
 
 Mediterranean Sea. 3 
 
 Meigs County, 0 .146, 148 
 
 Memphis, Tenn.28, 30, 140, 144, 145 
 
 view of.143 
 
 Memphremagog Lake.54, 60 
 
 Mendota Lake.164, 175 
 
 Menominee River.164, 167, 172 
 
 Mercator’s map. 2 
 
 Merced River.238, 240 
 
 Mercer County, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Mercer County, 0 .146, 148 
 
 Mercer County, Penn.92, 96 
 
 Meriden, Conn.70, 73, 74 
 
 Meriden, N.H.55. 58 
 
 Meridian, Miss. 129, 130 
 
 Merom, Ind.152, 155 
 
 Merrimac County, N.H.55, 58 
 
 Merrimac River.55, 56, 58, 63, 64 
 
 Mesilla, N. Mex.232, 234 
 
 Mexia, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Mexican people, account of.15 
 
 Mexico, area of. 15 
 
 commerce of.15 
 
 Cortez in. 15 
 
 description of. 15 
 
 g ul f of.^.3, 14 
 
 map of.'.14 
 
 map of valley of. 14 
 
 population of. ... 15 
 
 the Aztecs in. 15 
 
 Mexico, Mo. 190, 194 
 
 Miami and Erie Canal.146, 149 
 
 Miami River.146, 148 
 
 Miamis.254, 255 
 
 Michigamme Lake.165, 167 
 
 Michigan. 35 > 36, 37 , 166 
 
 area of.166 
 
 description of.166 
 
 general statistics of.166 
 
 population of.166 
 
 special map of.164, 165 
 
 Michigan, Lake, 35,36,37, 152, 154,158,160, 164,165,167 
 
 Michigan City, Ind.152, 154, 156 
 
 Middlebury, Vt.54, 60, 61 
 
 Middlesex County, Conn.71, 73 
 
 Middlesex County, Mass.62, 65, 67 
 
 Middlesex County, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Middle States, area of.26 
 
 description of.25 
 
 settlement of.27 
 
 Middletown, Conn.70, 72, 74 
 
 Middletown, Del.101, 106 
 
 Middletown, N.Y.8r, 87 
 
 Middletown, 0 .146, 151 
 
 Middletown, R .1 . 75 , 76, 79 
 
 Milan, Tenn.140, 145 
 
 Miles City, Montana Ter.215,2x7 
 
 Milford, Conn.70, 74 
 
 Milford, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Milford, N.II.55, 57, 58 
 
 Millbank, Dakota Ter.208, 212 
 
 Milledgeville, Ga.28, 29, 30, 120, 122, 123 
 
 Mille Lacs Lake.176, 179 
 
 Millers River, Mass.62, 65 
 
 Millinoket Lake.✓ . . 48, 51 
 
 Mill River, Mass.62, 65 
 
 Millview, Fla.126, 127 
 
 Millville, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Milton, Del.101, 106 
 
 Milton, Fla.126, 127 
 
 Milton, Wis.164, 174 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis.36,37, 164, 175 
 
 view of.171 
 
 Milwaukee River.164, 172 
 
 Mimbres Mountains.231, 232 
 
 Minden, La.129, 133 
 
 Mined a, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Minersville, Penn. 93 , 99 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn.39, 40, 176, 180, 181 
 
 Minnehaha Falls.176, 179 
 
 view of.178 
 
 Minnesota.38, 39, 40, 178 
 
 area of 
 counties of . . . 
 
 description of . . 
 
 general statistics of 
 historical sketch of 
 population of . . 
 
 special map of. . 
 
 178 
 
 177 
 
 178 
 
 177 
 180 
 
 178 
 176, 177 
 
 Minnesota Point.176, 182 
 
 Minnesota River.38, 39, 176, 179 
 
 Minniwakan Lake.208, 210 
 
 Missisquoi River.54, 60 
 
 Mississippi.28, 29, 30, 31, 128 
 
 area of.128 
 
 description of.128 
 
 general statistics of.128 
 
 population of.128 
 
 special map of.129 
 
 Mississippi City, Miss.129, 131 
 
 Mississippi River (see maps) .128, 129 
 
 delta of.129, 131 
 
 levees of . 33 - 1 31 
 
 Mississippi Valley, description of.18 
 
 Missoula, Montana Ter.214, 217 
 
 Missoula River.213, 214 
 
 Missouri.38, 39, 40, 189 
 
 area of...189 
 
 counties of . 191 
 
 description of.189 
 
 general statistics of.191 
 
 historical sketch of.193 
 
 mines of.192 
 
 population of.189 
 
 special map of.190, 191 
 
 Missourias.254, 255 
 
 Missouri River.189, 190, 191, 192 
 
 sources of.17, 201 
 
 tributaries of.208, 209, 210 
 
 Mitchell, Dakota Ter.209, 212 
 
 Mitchell, Mount.114, 115 
 
 Mitchellville, Io.185, 187 
 
 Moberly,. Mo.190, 194 
 
 Mobile, Ala.28, 29, 30, 120, 125 
 
 Mobile Bay.120, 123, 125 
 
 Mobile River.120, 123, 125 
 
 Modesto, Cal.238, 242 
 
 Modocs.254, 255 
 
 Mohammedans, estimated numbers of. 3 
 
 Mohave County, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Mohawk River.25, 26, 80, 81, 83 
 
 Mokelumne River.238, 240 
 
 Moline, Ill.158, 163 
 
 Molino, Fla.126, 127 
 
 Monadnoek, Mount. 55 , 57 
 
 Mongolian race, estimated numbers of ... . 3 
 
 Monmouth, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Monmouth, Ill.158, 163 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 28s 
 
 TAGE. 
 
 Monmouth County, N.J.88, gi 
 
 Mono Lake, Cal.238, 2 4 ° 
 
 Monona Lake.164, 175 
 
 Monongahela River. 9 2 » 95 
 
 Monroe, La. I2 9 > x 33 
 
 Monroe, Mich.165, 169, 170 
 
 Monroe, Mount. 54 > 57 
 
 Monroe County, Ind. 1 5 2 » 1 55 
 
 Monroe County, O.I 4 ^» *48 
 
 Monroe County, W. Va. no, 113 
 
 Monroe County, Wis.164, 171 
 
 Monson, Mass. • 63, 65 
 
 Montana Territory. 4 L 4 2 > 43 > 2I 3 
 
 area of. 2I 3 
 
 description of. 2I 3 
 
 historical sketch of. 21 6 
 
 population of. 2I 3 
 
 special map of.214, 215 
 
 Montauk Light, view of.82 
 
 Monte Diablo. 2 37 > 238 
 
 Monterey, Cal.238. 2 4 °> 2 4 2 
 
 Montgomery, Ala.28, 29, 30, 120, 125 
 
 Montgomery County, Ind. 1 5 2 » 1 55 
 
 Monticello, Ark. I 2 9 > r 35 
 
 Montpelier, Idaho Ter. 2I 4 > 2I 9 
 
 Montpelier, Vt.23, 24, 54, 60, 61 
 
 Montreal, P.Q.12, 13 
 
 Montreal River, Wis.167, 172 
 
 Monument Park, Col.223, 227 
 
 Moorhead, Minn. l 7&, iS 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Multnomah County, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Murderkill Creek, Del.101, 106 
 
 Murfreesboro, Tenn.140, 144, 145 
 
 Muscatine, Io.185, 188 
 
 Muskegon, Mich.165, 170 
 
 Muskegon River.165, 166 
 
 Muskingum County, 0 .146) 148 
 
 Muskingum River.146, 148 
 
 Mystic River, Conn. 7 L 74 
 
 Mystic River, Mass.62, 68 
 
 Nahant, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Namekin Lake, Minn.* 76 , 1 79 
 
 Nanticoke River, Del. I0I > I0 6 
 
 Nantucket County, Mass.63, 67 
 
 Nantucket Island.63, 64, 66 
 
 Nantucket Sound.63, 64 
 
 Napa, Cal. 2 3 8 . 242 
 
 Napa River. 238, 240 
 
 Nares’s polar expedition. 11 
 
 Narragansett Bay.63, 67, 75, 76 
 
 Narragansett Pier, R .1 .76. 79 
 
 Nashua, N.H.23, 24, 55, 57, 5 8 
 
 Nashua River. 55 » 58 > 63, 65 
 
 Nashville, Ind. 1 5 2 > 1 54 
 
 Nashville, Tenn.28, 3 °> I 4 °i T 44 > T 45 
 
 New Bogy, Indian Ter.254, 255 
 
 New Brighton, N.Y.81, 86, 87 
 
 New Brighton, Penn.92, 99 
 
 New Britain, Conn.70, 73, 74 
 
 New Brunswick, N.J.88, 90, 91 
 
 New Brunswick, Province of.12, 13 
 
 Newburgh, N.Y.8r, 85, 87 
 
 Newburyport, Mass.63, 65, 66, 68 
 
 New Castle, Del.101, 106 
 
 New Castle, Penn.92, 99 
 
 Newcastle, Wash. Ter.246, 250 
 
 New Castle County, Del.101, 105 
 
 New England, area of . .. 22 
 
 description of. 22 
 
 first map of.24 
 
 historical note on.24 
 
 manufactures of.24 
 
 map of.23 
 
 quarries of. 2 4 
 
 settlement of. 2 4> 27 
 
 Newfound Lake. 54 > 57 
 
 Newfoundland, description of.13 
 
 24, 28, 51 i Natchez, Miss.28, 30, 129, 130 
 
 Natchitoches, La. I2 9 > T 33 
 
 Natick, Mass.63, 68 
 
 National Park.4 1 , 4 2 
 
 Natural Bridge, view of. 3 1 
 
 Naugatuck River. 7 °> 7 2 
 
 Navosata, Tex. 1 3 ^» 1 39 
 
 Nebo, Mount. 222 > 22 8 
 
 Nebraska.38, 39 > 4 °, 201 
 
 area of. 201 
 
 description of. 201 
 
 general statistics of.201 
 
 historical sketch of.205 
 
 population of. 201 
 
 special map of. 202 > 203 
 
 Nebraska City, Neb.203, 205, 206 
 
 Neenah, Wis. ld 4 > l 75 
 
 Moosehead Lake, Me. 
 
 Moose Island, Me.48. 53 
 
 Moran, Mount.215,220 
 
 Moreau River.208, 210 
 
 Morgan City, La. I2 9 > *33 
 
 Morgan County, O. ! 46 > 14S 
 
 Morgantown, W. Va. n °, Ir 3 
 
 Moriah, Mount.238, 243 1 
 
 Morrillton, Ark. I2 9 > *35 
 
 Morris Canal, N.J.88, 90 i 
 
 Morris County, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Morrison, Col.223, 227 
 
 Morristown, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Morristown, Tenn.M 0 > x 45 
 
 Moshassuck River. 75 > 7*3 
 
 Mount Abraham.48, 5 1 
 
 Mountain Island, Minn. 1 7^, 179 , 
 
 Mountain Time. 45 , 46 j Negaunee, Mich.*. ' * * l65, * 7 ° 
 
 Mount Bigelow.48, 5 X ! Negroes, number of, in North America .... 
 
 Mount Blue.48, 5 1 | Ne S ro Head > RL > sketch of . 75 
 
 Mount Brace.69, 70 ; Nemaha River. 2 ° 3 > 2 °4 
 
 Clemens, Mich.165, 170 j Nemasket River.03, 05 
 
 . 49, 50 j Neosho, Mo. I 9 °, 1 94 
 
 Mount 
 
 Mount Desert Island 
 
 Mount Haystack.48, 5 1 
 
 Mount Holly, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Mount Holyoke.62, 65 
 
 Mount Hope, R .1 . 75 > 7*3 
 
 Mount Hope Bay.63, 67 
 
 Mount Katahdin.48, 5 1 
 
 view of. 5 ° 
 
 Mount Kineo.48, 5 1 
 
 Mount Mansfield, Vt. 54 , 59 
 
 Mount Marcy.25, 26 
 
 Mount Pleasant, Io.185, 187, 188 
 
 Mount Pleasant, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Mount Saddleback.48, 5 1 
 
 Mount Sterling, Ky.* 4 °, J 43 
 
 Mount Sugarloaf. 4 §i 5 1 
 
 Mount Tom.62, 65 
 
 Mount Vernon, Io.1S4, 187 
 
 Mount Vernon, O. I S l 
 
 Mount Wachusett.62, 65 
 
 Mount Washington. 22 > 2 3 > 2 4 > 57 
 
 Mouse River, Dakota Ter.208, 210 
 
 Mullett Lake. i6 5 > l6 7 
 
 190, 192, 196, 198, 254, 255 
 
 222 , 2T.O 
 
 Neosho River ... 
 
 Nephi, Utah Ter. . . . 
 
 Neuse River . . . .. 1 T 4 » 11 5 
 
 Nevada, Mo. I 9 °> *94 
 
 Nevada City, Cal..?o8> 2 4 2 
 
 Nevada Territory. 4 1 , 4 2 , 43 > 2 43 
 
 area of ... 2 43 
 
 description of . . 
 
 population of. 2 43 
 
 special map of. 2 38 > 2 39 
 
 Nevadaville, Col. 22 3 > 22 7 
 
 Neversink Highlands, N.J.88, 90 
 
 New Albany, Ind. ! 5 2 > 1 54 , T 5 d 
 
 view of. 1 53 
 
 Newark, Del.•QL I0 5 > 106 
 
 Newark, N.J.26, 27, 86, 88, 91 
 
 scene at ... . 89 
 
 Newark, .. 46, 15 1 
 
 Newark Bay. 86, 88, 90 
 
 New Bedford, Mass. 63, 64, 65, 66, 6S 
 
 New Berne, N.C. . . 
 
 Newberry, S.C. . . . 
 
 map of. '3 
 
 New Hampshire.23, 24, 57 
 
 area of. 5 d 
 
 description of. 5 d > 57 , 58 
 
 first settlers in.24 
 
 general statistics of. 55 
 
 grants, the.61 
 
 history of.58 
 
 mines of. 57 
 
 population of. 3 d 
 
 quarries of. 57 
 
 special map of. 5 b 55 
 
 New Hampton, N.H. 55 > 58 
 
 New Hanover County, N.C.114, 116 
 
 New Hartford, Conn. 7 °, 74 
 
 New Haven, Conn.24, 69, 70, 73 
 
 New Haven County, Conn. 7 1 , 73 
 
 New Haven Light, Conn., view of.69 
 
 New Herrnhut, Greenland. 9 
 
 New Iberia, La. I2 9 > ! 33 
 
 New Ipswich, N.H. 55 > 58 
 
 New Jersey.25, 26, 27, 89 
 
 area of.89 
 
 description of.89, 90, 91 
 
 general statistics of.89 
 
 historical sketch of. 9 1 
 
 physical view of. 9 ° 
 
 population of.89 
 
 special map of.88 
 
 New Lebanon, N.Y.81, 84 
 
 New London, Conn.69, 71, 7 2 » 74 
 
 New London, N.H. 55 > 5*8 
 
 New London, Wis.164, 172 
 
 New London County, Conn. 7 1 , 73 
 
 New Mexico Territory. 4 r > 4 2 . 43 » 2 3 ! 
 
 area of. 2 3 r 
 
 description of. 2 3 l 
 
 general statistics of. 
 
 population of. 
 
 special map of. 
 
 New Milford, Conn. 7 °, 7 2 » 74 
 
 Newnan, .. 123 
 
 New Orleans, La. 3 2 > 33 > I2 9 > L 33 
 
 map of vicinity of.. 
 
 view of.. 
 
 New Philadelphia, O. x 46 , 15 1 
 
 Newport, Ark. I2 9 > r 35 
 
 Newport, Ky.28, 30, 140, 142 
 
 Newport, R .1 .23, 24, 75, 76, 78 
 
 Newport, Vt. 61 
 
 Newport County, .. 7 d > 78 
 
 114, 116 Newport Harbor, scene in. 75 
 
 114, 119 j New Preston, Conn.. 7 2 
 
 231 
 
 231 
 
 2 3 2 
 
2 86 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 New River, N.C.114, 115 
 
 New Shoreham, R .1 . 75 . 76, 79 
 
 New standard time, map of.46 
 
 Newton, Kan.197, 200 
 
 Newton, Mass.62, 68 
 
 Newton, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Newtown, Conn.70, 74 
 
 Newtown, Md.104 
 
 Newtown Creek, N.Y.87 
 
 New Ulm, Minn.176, 182 
 
 New York.25, 26, 27, 82 
 
 area ©f.82 
 
 counties of.81 
 
 description of.82, 87 
 
 discovery of.*27 
 
 general statistics of.80, 8x 
 
 historical sketch of.84 
 
 physical view of.83 
 
 population of. 82 
 
 special map of.80, 81 
 
 New York City.85, 86 
 
 bird’s-eye view of.25 
 
 description of.85 
 
 population of.85 
 
 view of, from the bay.. . . . 82 
 
 New York City and vicinity, maps of ... . 26, 86 
 
 Nez Perces.254, 255 
 
 Nez Perces County, Idaho Ter.214, 219 
 
 Niagara Falls, N.Y.80, 83, 87 
 
 Niagara River, map of.80 
 
 Nicaragua. 
 
 Nicholasville, Ky.140, 143 
 
 Niles, Mich. 165, 170 
 
 Nimishillen Creek.146, 151 
 
 Niobrara River.201, 202, 203 
 
 Nishnabotna River, Io.184, 186 
 
 Noble County, 0 .146, 148 
 
 Nodaway River.184, 186, 190, 192 
 
 Norfolk, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Norfolk, Va.28, 29, 30, 110, 112 
 
 Norfolk County, Mass.63, 65, 67 
 
 Norichucky River.114, 115 
 
 Normal, Ill.158,161 
 
 Norsemen in Greenland.. 
 
 North Adams, Mass. . . . 
 
 North America, description of 
 physical map of . . . 
 
 political map of . . . 
 
 population of ... . 
 Northampton, Mass. . . . 
 
 North Attleborough, Mass. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 area of . 
 
 description of ... . 
 
 first settlement of . . , 
 
 general statistics of . . , 
 
 historical note on . . . 
 
 population of ... . 
 
 special map of. 
 
 North Conway, N.H. 
 
 North-east Territory . . . . 
 
 Northfield, Minn. 
 
 North field, Vt. 
 
 North Hero Island . . . . 
 North Kingstown, R.I. . . . 
 
 North Milford, Del. 
 
 North Platte River. 
 
 North Point, Mich. 
 
 North River. 
 
 North Russell Mountain. . . 
 
 North Sea. 
 
 North Smithfield, R.I. . . . 
 North-west passage, the . . . 
 
 Norwich, Conn. 
 
 Norwich, N.Y. 
 
 62, 68 
 
 • 7.9 
 6 
 
 .10 
 
 . 7.3 
 
 . . . 62,66,68 
 
 . . . . 63,68 
 
 28, 29, 30, 31, 115 
 
 .”5 
 
 . ”5 
 
 . 3 ° 
 
 .”5 
 
 .116 
 
 • • • • • 115 
 
 . "4 
 
 . . . . 54, 58 
 
 . 176, 182 
 
 . 54, 60, 61 
 
 • • 54 . 59 
 
 • • 76 , 79 
 
 101, 106 
 201, 202, 206 
 . 165, 167 
 
 • • 55.60 
 
 • • 48, 51 
 
 • • • 3 
 
 • 75 . 76 , 79 
 
 . . . 11 
 
 • 71 , 72,74 
 . . So, 87 
 
 Nova Scotia, Province of 
 Nueces River . . . . 
 
 Nulhegan River. . . . 
 
 Oakland, Cal. 
 
 Oakland, Fla. 
 
 Oakland, Ore. 
 
 Oakland County, Mich. . . 
 
 Oberlin, O. 
 
 Obi, Gulf of. 
 
 Ocala, Fla. .. 
 
 Ocean County, N.J. . . . 
 Ocean Springs, Miss. . . . 
 Ocklawaha River, Fla. . . 
 
 j Ocmulgee River. 
 
 Oconee River. 
 
 Oconto, Wis. 
 
 Oconto River. 
 
 Odessa, Del. 
 
 Ogden, Utah Ter. 
 
 Ogden River. 
 
 Ogdensburg, N.Y. 
 
 Ogeechee River. 
 
 Oglethorpe’s Colony . . . 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 area of . 
 
 description of ... . 
 first settlement of . . 
 
 general statistics of . . 
 
 historical sketch of . . 
 
 population of ... . 
 special map of ... . 
 
 Ohio Canal, the. 
 
 Ohio City, Col. 
 
 Ohio River. 
 
 Oil City, Penn. 
 
 Okanagan River .... 
 
 Okaw River.. 
 
 Okefinokee Swamp . . . , 
 
 Okhotsk Sea.. 
 
 Okmulgee, Indian Ter. . . . 
 
 Okoboji Lakes, Io. 
 
 Okolona, Miss. 
 
 Olathe, Kan. 
 
 Old Town, Me. 
 
 Olivet, Mich. 
 
 Olympia, Wash. Ter. 
 
 Olympic Range. 
 
 Olympus, Mount. 
 
 Omaha, Neb. 
 
 view of. 
 
 Oneida County, Idaho Ter.. . 
 
 Oneida Lake, N.Y. 
 
 O’Neil City, Neb. 
 
 Onion River, Vt. 
 
 Onondaga County, elevation of 
 
 Ontario, Lake. 
 
 Ontario, Province of ... . 
 
 Ontonagon River. 
 
 Opelika, Ala. 
 
 Opelousas, La. 
 
 Orange, N.J. 
 
 Orangeburg, S.C. 
 
 Orange County, Vt. 
 
 Orchard Lake, Mich. 
 
 Ord, Neb. 
 
 Ordway, Dakota Ter. 
 
 Oregon. 
 
 area of . 
 
 description of. 
 
 general statistics of . . . 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 12, 13 
 136. 137 
 54. 60 
 
 42, 44, 238, 242 
 
 . . 126, 127 
 
 . . 246, 248 
 
 . . 165, 167 
 
 . . 146, 151 
 
 . . . . 126, 127 
 
 .88, 91 
 
 . . . . 129, 131 
 
 . . . . 125, 126 
 
 . . . . 120, 121 
 
 • . . . 120, 121 
 
 . . . . 164, 175 
 
 . . . . 164, 172 
 
 . . . . 101, 106 
 
 . . . . 222, 230 
 
 222, 228 
 . ... 80, 83, 87 
 
 . . . . 120, 121 
 
 .30, 3 1 
 
 • • 35 . 36 , 37 . 147 
 
 .i 47 
 
 .i 47 
 
 . 37 
 
 .i 47 
 
 .i 49 
 
 .i 47 
 
 .146 
 
 . . . . 146, 149 
 
 . . . . 223, 227 
 
 . 140, 141, 146, 148 
 
 . ... 92, 96, 99 
 
 . . . . 246, 249 
 
 . . . . 158, 160 
 
 . . . .28, 31, 120 
 
 . 3 
 
 • • • • 254, 255 
 
 . . . . 1S4, 186 
 
 . . . . 129, 131 
 
 • • • 1 97 . 199 . 200 
 
 . 48 , 53 
 
 . . . . 165, 169 
 
 . . 42, 44, 246, 250 
 
 . . . . 246, 249 
 
 . . . . 246, 249 
 
 39, 40, 201, 203, 206 
 
 .204 
 
 . . . . 214, 219 
 
 .So, 83 
 
 . . . . 203, 206 
 
 .61 
 
 .... 82, 84 
 
 . . . 80, 82, 83 
 
 .... 12, 13 
 
 . . . 167, 168 
 
 . . . 120, 125 
 
 • • • 129, 133 
 
 . . . . 88, 91 
 
 . . 114, 118, 1x9 
 .... 54, 61 
 
 . . . 165, 169 
 
 . . . 203, 206 
 
 . . . 209, 212 
 
 • 42, 43 . 44 . 245 
 
 .245 
 
 .245 
 
 .245 
 
 Oregon, historical sketch of 
 population of ... . 
 
 special map of. . . . 
 
 Oregon, Mo. 
 
 Oregon City, Ore. 
 
 Organ Mountains . . . . 
 
 Orlando, Fla. 
 
 Orleans County, Vt. . . . 
 
 Ormsby County, Nev.. . . 
 
 Orono, Me. 
 
 Osage River . 
 
 Osages . 
 
 Oscura Mountains . . . . 
 
 Oshkosh, Wis. 
 
 scene at . 
 
 Oskaloosa, Io. 
 
 Ossawattomie, Kan. . . . 
 
 Ossipee Lake. 
 
 Oswego, Kan. 
 
 Oswego, N.Y. 
 
 Oswego River. 
 
 Otoes. 
 
 Otsego County, Mich. . . 
 
 Otsego Lake. 
 
 Ottaquechee River. . . . 
 
 Ottawa, Ill. 
 
 Ottawa, Kan. 
 
 Ottawa, Ontario. 
 
 Ottawas. 
 
 Otter Creek, Vt. 
 
 Otter Tail River, Minn. . . 
 
 Ottumwa, Io. 
 
 Ouachita Parish, La. . . . 
 
 Ouachita River. 
 
 Ouray County, Col. . . . 
 Owasco Lake, N.Y. . . . 
 
 Owatonna, Minn. 
 
 Owego, N.Y. 
 
 Owensboro, Ky. 
 
 Owens Lake, Cal. 
 
 Owens River, Cal. 
 
 Owyhe County, Idaho Ter. . 
 
 Oxford, Miss. 
 
 Oxford, N.H. 
 
 Oxford County, Me. . . . 
 
 Oysterville, Wash. Ter. . . 
 
 Ozark, Ark. 
 
 Ozark Mountains .... 
 
 Pacific Highland, description of 
 Pacific Ocean, area of. . . . 
 
 Pacific States. 
 
 historical notes on . . . 
 
 map of. 
 
 Pacific Time. 
 
 Paducah, Ky.. . 
 
 Pagoda Springs, Col. 
 
 Pah Vant Mountains .... 
 
 Painesville, O. 
 
 Palatka, Fla. 
 
 Palestine, Tex. 
 
 Palisades, the, N.Y. 
 
 Palmyra, Mo. 
 
 Palo Alto, battle of .... 
 Pamedumcook Lake .... 
 
 Pamlico River. 
 
 Panama Bay. 
 
 Pan Handle, the. 
 
 Paola, Kan. 
 
 Papinsville, Mo. 
 
 Paris, Idaho Ter. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 .248 
 
 .245 
 
 .246 
 
 • • • • 19°. J 94 
 
 • ■ ■ . 246, 248 
 
 • • • • 231, 232 
 
 . . . . 126, 127 
 
 . 54 > 61 
 
 • • • • 238, 244 
 
 . 48 , 5 2 
 
 . 190, 192, 197, 200 
 
 . . . . 254, 255 
 
 . . . . 231, 232 
 
 36, 37, 164, 174, 175 
 .171 
 
 . . . . 184, 188 
 
 . . . . 197, 199 
 
 • • • • 54, 56 
 
 . . . . 197, 200 
 
 . . . 80, 83, 86 
 .... 80, 83 
 
 . . . . 254, 255 
 
 . . . . 165, 167 
 
 .81,83 
 
 .... 54, 60 
 
 . . . 158, 160, 163 
 
 . . . 197, 200 
 
 .... 12, 13 
 
 • • • 254, 255 
 
 .... 54,60 
 
 . . . 176, 182 
 
 . . . 184, 188 
 
 • • • 129, 133 
 
 • • • 129, 132 
 
 • • • 223, 225 
 
 . . . . 80,87 
 
 . . . 176, 182 
 
 . . . . 80, 87 
 
 . . . 140, 142 
 
 . . . 238, 240 
 
 . . . 238, 240 
 
 . . . 214, 219 
 
 • -129, 13°. L 3 1 
 
 • • • • 55 . 57 
 
 .... 49, 52 
 
 . . . 246, 251 
 
 • • • 129, i 35 
 
 • 38. 39 . l8 9) 190 
 
 • • 17 
 
 3 
 
 ■ 43 - 44 
 
 19. 44 
 . 42 
 
 45 . 46 
 140, 142 
 22^ 227 
 222, 228 
 146, 151 
 126, 127 
 
 ! 3 6 - J 39 
 86, 87 
 190, 194 
 
 • r 39 
 48, 51 
 114, 116 
 3 
 
 no, 113 
 197, 200 
 190, 192 
 214, 219 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 2S7 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Paris, Ky.140, 142 
 
 Paris, Tenn.140, 145 
 
 Paris, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Park City, Utah Ter.222,230 
 
 Park County, Col.223, 225 
 
 Parke County, Ind.152, 155 
 
 Parkersburg, W. Va.28, 30, no, 115 
 
 Park Mountains.223, 225 
 
 Park River, Dakota Ter.208, 210 
 
 Parks of Colorado.223, 225 
 
 Parrowan Mountains.222, 228 
 
 Parry’s arctic expedition.n 
 
 Parsons, Kan.i 97 > 200 
 
 Pascagoula River.128, 129 
 
 Passaic Falls. 9 ° 
 
 Passaic County, N.J. 88, 91 
 
 Passamaquoddy River.48, 51 
 
 Pass Christian, Miss.129, 131, 
 
 Passumpsic Falls.60 
 
 Passumpsic River.54> 60 
 
 Patapsco River.. 100, 101, 103 
 
 Paterson, N.J. 86, 88, 90, 91 
 
 Patience Island. • 75 > 76 
 
 Patuxent River.101, 103 
 
 Pawcatuck River.69, 70, 75, 76 
 
 Pawlet River.55, 60 
 
 Pawnee City, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Pawnees.254, 255 
 
 Pawtucket, R.I. . . ..76, 77, 78 
 
 Pawtuxet River.75. 7 6 
 
 Peabody, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Peace River.125, 126 
 
 Pea Ridge, Ark.1 35 
 
 Pearl River, Miss.128, 129 
 
 Pecatonica River, Ill. 158, 163 
 
 Peclee River.114, 117 
 
 Peekskill, N.Y.81, 87 
 
 Pekin, Ill. . . 158, 163 
 
 Pelham, N.H. 57 . 5 8 
 
 Pembina, Minn.176, 180 
 
 Pembina River.208, 210 
 
 Pembroke, N.H. 55 > 5 8 
 
 Pend d’Oreille Lake.214, 219 
 
 Pend d’Oreille Mountains.246, 249 
 
 Pend d’Oreille River.214, 218 
 
 Pendleton, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Pennsylvania.25, 26, 27, 94 
 
 area of.. .... 94 
 
 canals of. 9 2 . 93 » 96 
 
 counties of. 9 2 > 93 > 97 
 
 description of. 94 . 99 
 
 general statistics of. 94 
 
 historical sketch of .. 97 
 
 physical view of. 95 
 
 population of. 94 
 
 railways of.9 2 > 93> 96 
 
 settlement of. 2 7 
 
 special map of.9 2 > 93 
 
 Penn Yan, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Penobscot Bay.48, 5 1 
 
 Penobscot County, Me. 49 > 5 2 
 
 Penobscot River.48, 5 1 
 
 Penokee Range, Wis.164, 171, 173 
 
 Pensacola, Fla.28, 30, 126, 127 
 
 Peoria, Ill.. 3 6 > 37 . i 5 8 > l6o > i6 3 
 
 Peoria Lake. 58, 160 
 
 Peorias. 2 54 > 2 55 
 
 Pepin Lake.*64. l 7 2 
 
 view on.U 8 
 
 Perdido River, Fla.125, 126 
 
 Perry County, Ind. 1 5 2 > 1 55 
 
 Perry County, O. I 4 ^> J 4 8 
 
 Perry Island. 75 
 
 Persian Gulf. 3 
 
 Perth Amboy, N.J.88, 90, 91 
 
 Peru, Ill.158,160 
 
 Peru, Ind.152, 156 
 
 Peru, Neb.203, 205, 206 
 
 Peshtigo River.164, 172 
 
 Petaluma, Cal.•. . . . 238, 242 
 
 Petaluma Creek, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Peterborough, N.II.55, 58 
 
 Petersburg, Va.28, 29, 30, no, 112 
 
 Petite Anse, La.132 
 
 Petroleum mines of Pennsylvania.96 
 
 Philadelphia, Penn.26, 27, 93, 95, 97, 98 
 
 Philadelphia and vicinity, maps of.28, 98 
 
 Phillipsburg, N.J.88, 90, 91 
 
 Phoenix, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Phoenixville, Penn. 93 > 99 
 
 Physical description of North America .... 7 
 
 Physical geography of the United States . . 16, 17, 18 
 
 Physical map of North America. 6 
 
 of the United States.16 
 
 Physical United States, description of.17 
 
 Physical view of New Jersey.90 
 
 of New York.83 
 
 of the United States. 18 
 
 Pickens, S.C. 114, 119 
 
 Pictured Rocks.165, 167 
 
 view of.37, 166 
 
 Piedmont region of Virginia.nr 
 
 Piermont, N.H. 55 > 57 
 
 Pierre, Dakota Ter. . 209, 212 
 
 Pigeon River. 3 8 > 39 . I 7^, 178 
 
 Pike County, Ind.1 5 2 > 1 55 
 
 Pike’s Peak. 22 3 » 22 5 
 
 Pilot Knob, Mo .190, 192 
 
 view of. i8 9 
 
 Pima County, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Pine Barrens, the. 2 9 > 11 5 
 
 Pine Bluff, Ark.32, 33, 129, 134, 135 
 
 Pine River, Mich. 164, 167 
 
 Pine woods of Maine .... 24 
 
 Pinos Altos Mountains.231, 232 
 
 Piqua, 0 .146,15! 
 
 Piscataqua River.48, 52, 55, 58 
 
 Piscataquis County, Me. 49 > 5 2 
 
 Pitkin County, Col.223, 225 
 
 Pittsburg, Penn.26, 27, 92, 95, 98 
 
 view of.- 94 
 
 Pittsfield, Mass.62, 68 
 
 Pittston, Penn. 93 > 95 
 
 Placerville, Cal. .238, 242 
 
 Placerville, Idaho Ter.214, 219 
 
 Plainfield, Conn. 7 1 . 74 
 
 Plainfield, Ind. 1 5 2 » 1 55 
 
 Plainfield, N.J. 8S, 91 
 
 Plain of the Columbia. 17 
 
 Plaquemine, La. 12 9 > *33 
 
 Plaquemine Bayou. 1 29, 132 
 
 Platte River . . . 184, 186, 190, 192, 201, 202, 223, 225 
 
 Platteville, Wis.*64, U 4 
 
 Plattsburg, N.Y.81, 83, 87 
 
 Plattsmouth, Neb. 20 3 > 2 °6 
 
 Pleasant, Mount. 54 . 57 
 
 Pleasant Grove, Utah Ter. 222, 230 
 
 Pleasant Hill, Mo. r 9 °> *94 
 
 Plum Creek, Neb.203. 2 °6 
 
 Plum Island.64 
 
 Plymouth, Mass.63, 65, 66, 68 
 
 settlement of. .... 24 
 
 Plymouth, N.H. 55 > 57 . 5 8 
 
 Plymouth County, Mass.63, 67 
 
 Pochuck Mountains.88, 90 
 
 Pocomoke River, Md. IOI > I0 4 
 
 Pohenagamook Lake. 5 ° 
 
 Point Judith, R.I. 75 > 76 
 
 Polar explorations, map and account of ... . 11 
 
 Political divisions of North America. 9 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Political divisions of the United States .... 19 
 
 of the West Indies.15 
 
 Political map of North America.10 
 
 of the United States.20, 21 
 
 Political North America, description of ... . 9 
 
 Political United States.19, 20, 2 r 
 
 Polk County, Wis.164, 171, 172 
 
 Pomeroy, 0 . 146, 151 
 
 Poncas. 2 54 . 2 55 
 
 Ponce de Leon in Florida. 31 
 
 Poncho Springs, Col.207, 223 
 
 Pontchartrain, Lake.129, 133 
 
 Pontiac, Ill. 158, 161 
 
 Pontiac, Mich. ..165. 170 
 
 Pontoosuc River.68 
 
 Population, nations compared by. 3 
 
 Porcupine Mountains.164, 167 
 
 Portage, Wis.164, 172, 174, 175 
 
 Portage County, 0 .146, 148 
 
 Portage Lake.165, 167 
 
 Portage River.146, 148 
 
 Portchester, N.Y.81, 86, 87 
 
 Port Costa, Cal.238, 242 
 
 Port Deposit, Md. 101, 104 
 
 Port Eads, La.129, 131 
 
 Port Gamble, Wash. Ter.246, 251 
 
 Port Gibson, Miss.129, 130 
 
 Port Huron, Mich.165, 169, 170 
 
 Port Jervis, N.Y.81,87 
 
 Portland, Conn. 7 °. 7 2 > 74 
 
 Portland, Me.12, 13, 22, 23, 49, 52 
 
 view of. 5 ° 
 
 Portland and vicinity, map of. 49 
 
 Portland, Ore. 4 2 , 44 . 246, 247, 248 
 
 Portland Canal, Alaska Territory.252 
 
 Porto Rico. >5 
 
 Port Royal, S.C.” 4 . ^9 
 
 Portsmouth, N.H.23, 24, 55, 56, 57, 58 
 
 Portsmouth, O.146. 148, 15 1 
 
 Portsmouth, R.I. 75 > 76 . 77 . 79 
 
 Portsmouth, Va.110,112 
 
 Portsmouth Light, N.H. 56 
 
 Port Townsend, Wash. Ter.246, 251 
 
 Potomac Falls. 18 
 
 Potomac River.. too, 101, 103, no, 111 
 
 Pottawatomies.254, 255 
 
 Potter’s Island, Vt. 54 > 59 
 
 Pottstown, Penn. 93 > 99 
 
 Pottsville, Penn.26, 27, 93, 95, 99 
 
 Poughkeepsie, N.Y.81, 87 
 
 Poultney, Vt.54, 60, 61 
 
 Poultney River.55> 59. 60 
 
 Powder River Mountains.213, 214 
 
 .213, 214 
 
 Powell, Mount. 
 
 Powow River.63, 65 
 
 Prescott, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Prescott, Ark. 4 2 , 43 > 12 9 > *35 
 
 Preston, Minn. 1 76, 182 
 
 Prickly Pear River.213, 214 
 
 Prince Edward Island. 12 » 1 3 
 
 Prince of Wales, Cape.252, 253 
 
 Princeton, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Projection, Mercator’s. 
 
 Providence, R.I. 2 3 > 2 4 > ?6> 77 . 7 8 
 
 Providence County, R.I.76, 7 8 
 
 Providence Island, Vt. 55 > 59 
 
 Providence River. 75 * 76 
 
 Provincetowm, Mass.63, 65 
 
 Provo, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Provo River . 222, 228 
 
 Prudence Island. 75 > 76 
 
 Public lands. . 
 
 Pueblo, Col. 22 3 > 22 7 
 
 Pueblo, Mex. 1 4 . 1 5 
 
 Puget Sound.. 44 . 2 46 . 249 
 
288 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Pulaski, Tenn.140, 145 
 
 Put-in Bay, 0.146, 148 
 
 view of.147 
 
 Putnam, Conn.71, 74 
 
 Putnam County, Ill.158, 162 
 
 Putnam County, Ind.152, 155 
 
 Pyramid City, N. Mex.232, 234 
 
 Pyramid Lake.238, 243 
 
 Quapavv Agency.254, 255 
 
 Quarries of New England.24 
 
 Quebec, Province of.12, 13 
 
 Quebec, view of. 12 
 
 Quechee River.54, 6° 
 
 Queen’s County, N.Y.81, 82 
 
 Quincy, Fla. 126, 127 
 
 Quincy, Ill.36,37,158,163 
 
 Quincy, Mass.63, 65, 68 
 
 Quinebaug River.69, 71, 72 
 
 Quoddy Head, Me.48, 50 
 
 Races, population by. 3 
 
 Racine, Wis. 3 6 > 37, 164, H4, H5 
 
 Rahway, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Rahway River.86, 91 
 
 Railways of the United States (see special state 
 maps). 
 
 Railway time, account of the new.45 
 
 Railway time, map of.46 
 
 Rainier, Mount.246, 249 
 
 Rainy Lake.176, 178, 179 
 
 Rainy Lake River.176, 178 
 
 Rainy River.38, 39 
 
 Raisin River.165, 167 
 
 Raleigh, N.C.28, 29, 30, 114, 116 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, explorations of .... . 30 
 
 Ramsey County, Minn.176, 181 
 
 Randall’s Island, N.Y.83, 86 
 
 Randolph, Vt.54, 60, 61 
 
 Rangeley Lakes, the.48, 51 
 
 Rapides Parish, La.129, 133 
 
 Rappahannock River.no, hi 
 
 Raritan Bay, N.J.88, 90 
 
 Ratom, N. Mex.232, 233, 234 
 
 Rattlesnake Mountains.215, 220 
 
 Ravenna, 0.146, 151 
 
 Rawlins, Wyoming Ter.215, 220, 221 
 
 Reading, Penn.93, 99 
 
 Red Bank, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Red Bluff, Cal.238, 240, 242 
 
 Red Cedar River.176, 182 
 
 Red Cliff, Col. . . . v .223, 227 
 
 Red Cloud, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Redfield, Dakota Ter.209, 212 
 
 Red Lake, Minn.176, 179 
 
 Red Lake River, Dakota Ter.212 
 
 Red Oak, Io. 184, 188 
 
 Red River (north).176, 178, 179, 207, 208 
 
 Red River (south) . . . .129, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137 
 
 Red Sea. 3 
 
 Red Willow Creek.203, 204 
 
 Red Wing, Minn.176, 181 
 
 Reed’s Peak.222, 228 
 
 Reese River, Nev.238, 244 
 
 Rehoboth, Del.101, 105, 106 
 
 Relief map of the United States.18 
 
 Religions, population by. 3 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Reno, Nev.238, 244 
 
 Renton, Wash. Ter.246, 250 
 
 Republican City, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Republican River .... 196, 197, 202, 204, 223, 225 
 
 Resaca, Ga., battle at.122 
 
 Resaca de la Palma, battle of.139 
 
 Reservations, Indian.32, 34, 254, 255 
 
 Reykjavik, Iceland. 9 
 
 view of ..17 
 
 Rhett Lake, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Rhode Island.23, 24, 75 
 
 area of.75 
 
 description of.. 75, 79 
 
 general statistics of.77 
 
 historical sketch of.78 
 
 land area of.75 
 
 population of.75 
 
 special map of.76 
 
 Richfield, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Richfield Springs, N.Y.81, 84 
 
 Richland County, 0. 146, 148 
 
 Richland County, Wis.164, 173 
 
 Richmond, Ind.152, 155, 156 
 
 Richmond, Ky.140, 143 
 
 Richmond, Mo.190, 194 
 
 Richmond, R.1.76, 77, 79 
 
 Richmond, Tex.136, 137 
 
 Richmond, Utah Ter. 222, 230 
 
 Richmond, Va.28, 29, 30, no, 112 
 
 view of. hi 
 
 Richmond County, N.Y. . .... 81, 82, 86 
 
 Rico, Col.223, 227 
 
 Rincon, N. Mex.232, 234 
 
 Ringgold, Ga.120, 122 
 
 Rio Chama River. 232, 238 
 
 Rio Grande River .... 136, 137, 223, 225, 231, 232 
 
 sources of. 17 
 
 Rio Pecos River. 231, 232 
 
 Rio Puerco River.231, 232 
 
 Ripon, Wis. 164, 174 
 
 River Falls, Wis.164, 174 
 
 Roan Mountains.223, 225 
 
 Roanoke River.110, 111, 114, 115 
 
 Robeson Channel. 11 
 
 Robinson, Col.223, 227 
 
 Rochester, Minn. 176, 182 
 
 Rochester, N.H.55, 58 
 
 Rochester, N.Y.26, 27, 80, 83, 86 
 
 Rock Creek, D.C.107, 108 
 
 Rockdale, Tex. 136, 139 
 
 Rockford, Ill. 158, 163 
 
 Rockingham, Vt.54, 61 
 
 Rockingham County, N.H.55, 5S 
 
 Rock Island, Ill.158, 163 
 
 scene at.157 
 
 Rock Island, Wis. 164, 171 
 
 Rockland, Me.48, 53 
 
 Rockport, Dakota Ter.209, 210 
 
 Rockport, Mass.63, 65 
 
 Rock River, Ill.158, 160 
 
 Rock River, Io.184, 186, 188 
 
 Rock River, Wis. 164, 171 
 
 Rock Springs, Wyoming Ter.215, 220, 221 
 
 Rockville, Conn.71, 74 
 
 Rockwood, Tenn.140, 145 
 
 Rocky Mountains.17, 41 
 
 (See maps of Pacific States and Territories.) 
 
 Rocky Mountain states.41, 42 
 
 Rocky River, 0.146, 148 
 
 Rodney, Miss.129, 130 
 
 Roger Williams in Rhode Island.24 
 
 Rogue River.246, 247 
 
 Rogue River Mountains.245, 246 
 
 Rolla, Mo.190, 194 
 
 Rome, Ga.120, 123 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Rome, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Romney, W. Va.no, 113 
 
 Rondout Creek, N.Y.81, 83 
 
 Root River, Minn. 176, 182 
 
 Root River, Wis.164, 172 
 
 Rosalie, Mount.223, 225 
 
 Roscommon County, Mich.165, 167 
 
 Roseberg, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Rosita, Col.223, 227 
 
 Ross’s arctic expedition.. j 
 
 Roxbury, Conn.70, 72 
 
 Roxbury, Mass.62, 67 
 
 Rushford, Minn.176, 182 
 
 Russellville, Ark.129, 135 
 
 Russellville, Ky.140, 143 
 
 Russian River.238, 240 
 
 Rutland, Vt.54, 61 
 
 Jutland County, Vt.55, 61 
 
 Rye, N.H.55, 56 
 
 Sabine River.136, 137 
 
 Sabula, Io.185, 187 
 
 Sac and Fox Indians.254, 255 
 
 Saco, Me.. 48, 53 
 
 Saco River.48, 51 
 
 Sacramento, Cal.42, 44 
 
 view of.237 
 
 Sacramento Mountains.231, 232 
 
 Sacramento River.237, 238, 240 
 
 Saddle Back, Mount.48, 51 
 
 Saddle Mountain.62,65 
 
 Safford, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Sagadahoc County, Me..49, 52 
 
 Sag Harbor, N.Y.81, 83, 87 
 
 Saginaw Bay.. 165, 167 
 
 Saginaw City, Mich.36, 37, 165, 169 
 
 Saginaw River.165, 167 
 
 Saguache County, Col.223, 225 
 
 Saguache Mountains.223, 225 
 
 Salem, Mass.63, 65, 66, 68 
 
 Salem, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Salem, O.146, 151 
 
 Salem, Ore.42, 44, 246, 248 
 
 Salem County, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Salina, Kan. 197, 2 oo 
 
 Salinas River.238, 240 
 
 Saline River, Ill.158, 160 
 
 Saline River, Kan. 196, 198 
 
 Saline River, La.129, 132 
 
 Salisbury, Conn.70, 72, 74 
 
 Salisbury, Md.101, 104 
 
 Salisbury, N.C. 114,116 
 
 Salmon City, Idaho Ter.214, 219 
 
 Salmon Falls.214, 218 
 
 Salmon Falls River.55, 58 
 
 Salmon River Mountains.214, 218 
 
 Salt Creek, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Salt Lake, Great.'.42, 43 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah Ter.42, 43, 222, 230 
 
 view of.228 
 
 Salt River, Mo.. . 189, 190 
 
 Saluda River, S.C. 114, 119 
 
 San Andres Mountains.. 231, 232 
 
 San Antonio, Tex. 136, 139 
 
 San Antonio Bexar.139 
 
 San Bernardino, Cal.238, 242 
 
 San Bernardino Mountain.237, 238 
 
 San Diego, Cal.238, 241, 242 
 
 San Domingo, area of.15 
 
 population of. 
 
 San Domingo and Hayti.15 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 289 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Sandusky, 0 . 35 - 36 - HC 148, 15 1 
 
 Sandusky Bay.146, 148 
 
 Sandusky River.146, 148 
 
 Sandwich, N.H. 54 > 5 ° 
 
 Sandy Hook, N.J.88, 98 
 
 Sandy Lake, Minn.176, 1S1 
 
 Sandy River, Me. 49 > S 3 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. 4 2 > 44 > 238- 2 4 2 
 
 maps of vicinity of.42, 238 
 
 view of. 4 1 
 
 San Francisco Mountains.232, 233 
 
 San Gabriel River. •*.... 238, 240 
 
 Sangamon River.158- 162 
 
 Sangre de Cristo Mountains.223, 225 
 
 San Jacinto, Tex. 139 
 
 San Joachim River . 237, 238, 240 
 
 San Jose, Cal.238, 241, 242 
 
 San Jose, Central America.• • • i 4 » 1 5 
 
 San Juan, Porto Rico.14. 1 5 
 
 San Juan, Utah Ter. 
 
 OO') 22 ' 
 
 29 j 
 
 San Juan, Wash. Ter.246, 251 
 
 San Juan County, Col.223, 225 
 
 San Juan Islands, Wash. Ter.246, 250 
 
 San Juan Mountains.223, 225 
 
 San Juan River.223, 225, 231, 232 
 
 San Luis, Col.223, 225 
 
 San Luis River.223, 225 
 
 San Marcos, Tex. 136, 139 
 
 San Pete County, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 San Quentin, Cal.238, 242 
 
 San Rafael, Cal.. 238, 242 
 
 San Salvador, area of. 15 
 
 population of.15 
 
 San Salvador, City of.M- l 5 
 
 Santa Ana River, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Santa Barbara, Cal.238, 241, 242 
 
 Santa Clara, Cal.238,242 
 
 Santa Clara County, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Santa Clara River.238, 240 
 
 Santa Cruz, Cal.238, 242 
 
 Santa Fe, N. Mex. 4 2 . 43 » 2 3 2 > 2 34 
 
 Santa Fe Mountains.231, 232 
 
 Santa Rita, N. Mex. . . . ,.232, 233 
 
 Santa Rosa, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Santee River.114, 117 
 
 Santiago de Cuba.1 4 > 1 5 
 
 Saranac Lakes, the.81, 83 
 
 Saratoga Springs, N.Y.81, 84, 87 
 
 Sardis, Miss. 12 9 > I 3 I 
 
 Satilla River.120, 121 
 
 Saugerties, N.Y.81, 87 
 
 Sauk Center, Minn.176, 182 
 
 Sauk County, Wis.164, 173 
 
 Sauk Rapids, Minn.176. 182 
 
 Sault St. Marie, Mich.165, 168 
 
 Savannah, Ga.28, 29, 30, 120, 121, 122 
 
 map of vicinity of. ri 4 
 
 Savannah, Mo.I 9 °> ! 94 
 
 Savannah, Tenn. I 4 °> J 45 
 
 Savannah River. IT 4 - Il 7 - I20 > 121 
 
 Saxton’s River, Vt.SS> 60 
 
 Saybrook, Conn.69, 71 
 
 Schenectady, N.Y.81,87 
 
 Schoharie County, N.Y.81, 84 
 
 Schoodic Lake.48, 5 1 
 
 Schoodic River.48, 5 1 
 
 Schooley’s Mountain.88, 90 
 
 Schroon Lake.81,83 
 
 Schuylkill Falls. 18 
 
 Schuylkill River. 93 - 97 , 9 $ 
 
 Scioto County, 0 .146- J 48 
 
 Scioto River.146, 148 
 
 Scituate, R .1 .76- 77 > 79 
 
 Scotland, Dakota Ter.209, 210 
 
 Scranton, Penn.26, 27, 93, 95, 99 
 
 Seaford, Del.101, 106 
 
 Searcy, Ark.129, 135 
 
 Seattle, Wash. Ter.246, 250, 251 
 
 Sebago Lake.48, 51 
 
 Section of United States showing land elevations, 16, 18 
 
 Sedalia, Mo. 190, 194 
 
 Seekonk River.76, 77 
 
 Seguin, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Selma, Ala.28, 30, 120, 125 
 
 Seminole Reservation. 3 2 > 34 
 
 Seminoles.254, 255 
 
 Senatobia, Miss.129, 131 
 
 Seneca Falls, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Seneca Lake, N.Y.80, 83 
 
 Senecas . 254, 255 
 
 Severn River, Md. 101, 104 
 
 Sevire, Lake.222, 229 
 
 Sevire River.222, 228 
 
 Seymour, Lake ..54, 60 
 
 Shakespeare, N. Mex.232, 234 
 
 Shakopee, Minn.176, 182 
 
 Shamokin, Penn. 93-99 
 
 Shamokin Creek. 93 > 99 
 
 Sharon, Penn.92, 99 
 
 Sharon Springs, N.Y.81,84 
 
 Sharpsburg, Md.100, 104 
 
 Shasta, Mount.237, 238, 240 
 
 Shawangunk Mountains.81,82 
 
 Shawnees.254, 255 
 
 Shawneetown, Ill.157, 158 
 
 Shawsheen River.63, 615 
 
 Sheboygan, Wis.164, 175 
 
 Sheboygan River, Wis.164, 172 
 
 Shelbyville, Ky.140, 143 
 
 Shelbyville, Tenn. 140, 145 
 
 Shenandoah Valley, Va. .110,112 
 
 Shepherd Mountain, Mo.. 189, 190 
 
 Sheridan, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Sherman, Tex.136-139 
 
 Sherman, Wyoming Ter.215, 221 
 
 Sherman Station, Wyoming Ter.43 
 
 Shetucket River. 7 1 -74 
 
 Shoshone Lake.215, 220 
 
 Shoshone Mountains.215, 220 
 
 Shoshone River.214, 218 
 
 Shreveport, La. 3 2 > 33 - I2 9 > *33 
 
 Shrewsbury River ... .88, 91 
 
 Sidney, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Sidney, O. T 46 > 15 1 
 
 Sierra Nevada Mountains ... 42, 43, 237, 238, 239 
 
 Silver City, Idaho Ter. 214, 219 
 
 Silver City, N. Mex.232, 233, 234 
 
 Silver Plume, Col.223, 227 
 
 Silver Reef, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Silverton, Col.223, 227 
 
 Simsbury, Conn. 7 °> 7 2 
 
 Sing Sing, N.Y.81, 87 
 
 Sioux City, Io.•83,184 
 
 Sioux Falls, Dakota Ter.209, 211, 212 
 
 view of. 20 7 
 
 Sipsey River.120, 123 
 
 Siskiyou County, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Sitka River. 2 5 2 > 2 53 
 
 Skowhegan, Me. 48-53 
 
 Skunk River, Io.•84, 186 
 
 Smithfield, R .1 .76, 77 , 79 
 
 Smithfield, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Smith Sound. 11 
 
 Smoky Hill River.196, • 97 , 198 
 
 Smyrna, Del. I0I > Ic >6 
 
 Snake Mountains.238, 243 
 
 Snake River, Idaho Ter.214, 218 
 
 Snake River, Ore. 2 46 , 247 
 
 Socorro, N. Mex.232, 233, 234 
 
 Soda Springs, Col. 22 3 » 22 7 
 
 Solano County, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Soldier River, Io.184, 186 
 
 Solomon River, Kan.196, 198 
 
 Somerset County, Me.49, 52 
 
 Somerset County, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Somersworth, N.H. 55-58 
 
 Somerville, Mass.62, 63, 68 
 
 Somerville, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Sonoma County, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Souhegan River." 55-58 
 
 Souris River.208, 210 
 
 South Bend, Ind.152, 155, 156 
 
 South Bethlehem, Penn.93, 99 
 
 South Bowlder River.223,225 
 
 South Carolina.28, 29, 30, 31 
 
 area of.117 
 
 description of.117 
 
 general statistics of.117 
 
 historical sketch of . ...118 
 
 population of.117 
 
 special map of.114 
 
 South-eastern States, area of.29 
 
 description of.29, 30, 31 
 
 map of.28 
 
 South Easton, Penn. 93-99 
 
 South Fox River, Wis.164, 172 
 
 South Hadley, Mass.62, 66 
 
 South Hero Island, Vt. 54-59 
 
 Southington, Conn.70, 72, 74 
 
 South Kingstown, R .1 .76, 79 
 
 South Milford, Del.101, 106 
 
 South Milford, Mass.63, 68 
 
 South Natick, Mass.63, 68 
 
 South Norwalk, Conn. 7 °- 73 - 74 
 
 South Orange, N.J.88, 91 
 
 South Pass of the Mississippi.129, 131, 132 
 
 South Platte River.201, 202 
 
 South Pueblo, Col.223, 227 
 
 South Russell Mountain.48, 5 1 
 
 South Toledo, 0 .146, 148 
 
 South-western States, area of. 33 
 
 description of. 33 - 34 
 
 map of .. 3 2 
 
 South Weymouth, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Spanish Fork, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Spanish Peak.223, 225 
 
 Spanish West Indies.* 4 - 1 5 
 
 Spartanburg, S.C. H 4 > u 9 
 
 Spearfish, Dakota Ter.209,211 
 
 Spencer County, Ind. 1 5 2 * 1 55 
 
 Spicket River.63,65 
 
 Spirit Lake, Dakota Ter.208, 210 
 
 Spirit Lake, Io.183, 184, 186 
 
 Spokan, Wash. Ter.246, 251 
 
 Spokan River.214, 218 
 
 Sprague, Conn. 7 1 * 74 
 
 Spring Creek.203, 204 
 
 Springer, N. Mex.232, 234 
 
 Springfield, Ill.36- 37 - •58- *62 
 
 Springfield, Mass.23, 24, 62, 68 
 
 Springfield, Mo. i 9 °> J 94 
 
 Springfield, 0 . 1 4 ^- 151 
 
 Springfield, Vt. 54 - 61 
 
 Spring River, Mo. > 9 °- I 9 2 
 
 Spring Valley, Minn. 176. 182 
 
 Springville, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Squam Lake.* • • • 54 - 56 
 
 Squamscot River.58 
 
 Stafford, Conn.7°, 7 2 - 74 
 
 St. Albans, Vt. 54 - 61 
 
 Stamford, Conn. 7 °- 74 
 
 Standard Time, explanation of. 45 
 
 map of.46 
 
 Stanislaus River.238, 240 
 
 St. Anthony’s Falls.> 7 ^- *79 
 
 1 
 
290 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 St. Anthony’s Falls, view of.178 
 
 Stark County, 0 .146; 148 
 
 Starkville, Miss.129, 130 
 
 Staten Island, N.Y.81, 82, 86 
 
 Statistics of the world, tables of. 3 
 
 St. Augustine, Fla.30, 126, 127 
 
 Staunton, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Staunton, Va. 110,112 
 
 St. Charles, Minn. 176, 182 
 
 St. Charles, Mo. 190, 194 
 
 St. Clair, Penn.93, 99 
 
 St. Clair, Lake.165, 167 
 
 St. Clair River, Mich. 165, 170 
 
 St. Cloud, Minn.176, 180, 182 
 
 St. Croix, Lake, Wis. 164, 172 
 
 St. Croix River, Me.48, 50, 51 
 
 St. Croix River, Minn.38, 39, 176, 178, 179 
 
 St. Croix River, Wis. 164, 172 
 
 Ste. Genevieve, Mo.191, 193, 194 
 
 Steilacoom, Wash. Ter.246, 151 
 
 St. Elias, Mount.7, 252, 253 
 
 Sterling, Ill.158, 163 
 
 Steubenville, 0 . 146, 151 
 
 Stevens Point, Wis.164, 175 
 
 St. Francis River, Ark.129, 134 
 
 St. Francis River, Me.50 
 
 St. Francois River, Mo. 189, 191 
 
 St. George, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 St. George Island.252, 253 
 
 St. Helena, Cal. 238, 242 
 
 St. Helena, Mount.237, 238 
 
 St. Helens, Mount.246, 249 
 
 St. Ignace Point.164, 167 
 
 Stillwater, Minn.176, 180, 182 
 
 St. John, N.B.12, 13 
 
 St. John River, Me.48, 50 
 
 St. Johns, Newfoundland.13 
 
 St. Johnsbury, Vt.54, 60, 61 
 
 St. Johns River, Fla. 125, 126 
 
 St. Joseph, Mo.39) 40, 190, 193, 194 
 
 St. Joseph River, Ind.152, 154 
 
 St. Joseph’s River, Mich.165, 167 
 
 St. Landry Parish, La.129, 133 
 
 St. Lawrence County, N.Y.80, 84 
 
 St. Lawrence River.12, 13, 80, 83 
 
 St. Louis, Mo.39, 40, 191, 193, 194 
 
 map of vicinity of.191 
 
 St. Louis, Mo., views of.3S, 189 
 
 St. Louis River, Minn.176, 178, 179 
 
 St. Louis River, Wis. 164, 172 
 
 St. Martinsville, La.129, 133 
 
 St. Marys, Ga.120, 121 
 
 St. Marys, Kan.197, 199 
 
 St. Mary’s Parish, La.129, 133 
 
 St. Mary’s River, Ga. 120, 121 
 
 St. Mary’s River, Fla.125, 126 
 
 St. Mary’s River, Ind.13^ 
 
 St. Mary’s River, Mich.165, 167 
 
 St. Mary’s River, Montana Ter.213, 214 
 
 St. Michaels, Md. 101, 104 
 
 Stockton, Cal.238, 240, 242 
 
 Stonington, Conn.69, 71, 74 
 
 Storey County, Nev.238, 244 
 
 Storm Lake, Io. 184, 186 
 
 Stowe, Vt.54, 61 
 
 St. Paul, Minn.39, 40, 176, 180, 181 
 
 map of vicinity of.176 
 
 view of.178 
 
 St. Paul Island.252, 253 
 
 St. Peter, Minn.176, 180, 182 
 
 Strafford County, N.H!.55, 58 
 
 Straight River, Minn. 176, 182 
 
 Stratford, Conn.70, 74 
 
 Stratford Peaks. 54 , 57 
 
 Straw Island, Vt. 54 , 59 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Sturgeon River.164, 167 
 
 St. Vincent, Minn. 176, 182 
 
 Submarine cables (see map) .4, 5 
 
 Suffield, Conn.70, 74 
 
 Suffolk County, Mass.63, 67 
 
 Suffolk County, N.Y.81, 82 
 
 Sugar-loaf Mountain.48, 51 
 
 Sugar River, N.H.55, 58 
 
 Sugar River, Wis. 164, 173 
 
 Sullivan County, Ind.152, 1 55 
 
 Sullivan County, N.H.55, 58 
 
 Sulphur Springs, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Summit, Miss.129, 131 
 
 Summit County, Col.223, 225 
 
 Summit County, 0 .146, 148 
 
 Sumter, S.C. 114, 119 
 
 Sunapee Lake. 54 , 57 
 
 Sunbury, Penn. 93 , 99 
 
 Sun River, Montana Ter.213, 214 
 
 Superior, Lake. 35 , 3 6 , 37 , 164, 165, 167 
 
 Surveys of the United States.256, 257 
 
 Suspension Bridge, N.Y.80, 83, 87 
 
 Susquehanna Canal.101, 103 
 
 Susquehanna River ... 80, 82, 92, 93, 95, 101, 103 
 
 Sussex County, Del.101,105 
 
 Sussex County, N.J.88, 90, 91 
 
 Sutro Tunnel, glimpse of.243 
 
 Suwanee River.126 
 
 Swanton, Vt.54, 61 
 
 Swift River, Mass.62, 65 
 
 Sweetwater Mountains.215, 220 
 
 Syracuse, N.Y.26, 27, 80, 86 
 
 Table Rock, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Tacoma, Mount.246, 249 
 
 Tacoma, Wash. Ter.246, 251 
 
 Taconic Mountains.62, 64, 81, 82 
 
 Tahlequah, Indian Ter.32, 33, 44, 255 
 
 Tahoe, Lake.42, 44, 238, 240 
 
 scene on.243 
 
 Talbotton, Ga.120, 123 
 
 Talladega, Ala.120, 124, 125 
 
 Tallahassee, Fla.28, 30, 126, 127 
 
 Tallapoosa River.120, 123 
 
 Tallassee, Ala.120, 125 
 
 Tallulah, Falls of.31 
 
 Tallulah Mountains.120, 121 
 
 Tallulah River.120, 121 
 
 Tamalpais, Mount. 237, 238 
 
 Tamaqua, Penn.93, 95, 99 
 
 Tampa, Fla. .... 126, 127 
 
 Taos Mountains.231, 232 
 
 Tappan Bay, N.Y.87 
 
 Tar River, N.C. 1x4, 115 
 
 Tarrytown, N.Y.81, 87 
 
 Taunton, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Taunton River.63, 65 
 
 Tawas Bay.165, 167 
 
 Taylor’s Falls, Minn.172, 176, 177, 182 
 
 Tecamah, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Teche, Bayou.129, 133 
 
 Tecumseh, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Tegucigalpa, Honduras.14, 15 
 
 Tehama County, Cal. 238, 240 
 
 Teller, Col.223, 227 
 
 Tennessee.28, 29, 30, 31, 143 
 
 area of.143 
 
 Tennessee, description of.143 
 
 general statistics of.143 
 
 population of.143 
 
 special map of.140 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Tennessee River.128, 129, 140, 141 
 
 Tensas River.129, 132 
 
 Tequamenon Bay.165, 167 
 
 Tequamenon River. ... 164, 167 
 
 Terre Bonne Bayou.129, 132 
 
 Terre Bonne Parish, La. 129, 133 
 
 Terre Haute, Ind.36, 37, 152, 154, 156 
 
 Terrell, Tex. 136, 139 
 
 Teton Mountains.215, 220 
 
 Texarcana.129, 135, 136, 139 
 
 Texas, area of.137 
 
 description of ..137 
 
 general statistics of.137 
 
 historical sketch of.138 
 
 population of.137 
 
 special map of.136 
 
 Thames River, Conn.69, 71, 72 
 
 Thibodeaux, La.129, 133 
 
 Thomaston, Conn.70, 74 
 
 Thomasville, Ga.120, 122, 123 
 
 Thompson, Conn.71, 74 
 
 Thompsonville, Conn.70, 74 
 
 Thousand Islands, the.80, 83 
 
 Three Rivers, Mich.165, 170 
 
 Thunder Bay.165, 167 
 
 Thunder Bay River.165, 167 
 
 Ticonderoga.61, 85 
 
 Tiffin, 0 .146, 151 
 
 Tilton, N.H. 55 , 58 
 
 Time, map showing standard.46 
 
 Tin Cup, Col.223, 227 
 
 Tintic Mountains.222, 228 
 
 Tippecanoe River.152, 154 
 
 Tishemingo, Indian Ter.254, 255 
 
 Titusville, Penn.92, 99 
 
 Tiverton, R .1 .76, 79 
 
 Toledo, 0 . 35 , 36, 146, 148, 150 
 
 Tolland County, Conn.7 t, 73 
 
 Tombigbee River.120, 123, 125, 128, 129 
 
 Tombstone, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Tonawanda Creek, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Tooele, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Topeka, Kan. ..39, 40, 197, 199 
 
 scene in.195 
 
 Torch Lake.164, 167 
 
 Toronto, P .0 .12, 13 
 
 To wanda, Penn. 93 , 99 
 
 Township surveys of the United States . . 256, 257 
 
 Trade routes (see map) .4, 5 
 
 Traverse Lake.176, 178, 207, 208 
 
 Trenton, Mo. 190, 194 
 
 Trenton, N.J.26, 27, 88, 90 
 
 view of.89 
 
 Trenton, Tenn. 140, 145 
 
 Trenton Falls, N.Y.81, 83 
 
 Trinidad, Col.223, 225 
 
 Trinity River. 136, 137 
 
 Troy, N.Y.26, 27, 8r, 83, 86 
 
 Troy, 0 .146, 151 
 
 Troy, Vt.54, 60 
 
 Truckee, Cal.238, 242 
 
 Truckee River.238, 240, 243 
 
 Trumbull County, 0 . 146, 148 
 
 Tubac, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Tucson, Arizona Ter. 232, 236 
 
 Tucson, Col.223, 227 
 
 Tugaloo, Miss.129, 130 
 
 Tulare Lake, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Tularosa Mountains.231, 232 
 
 Tumwater, Wash. Ter.246, 251 
 
 Tuolumne River.238, 240 
 
 Tupelo, Miss.129, 131 
 
 Turkey River, Io. 184, 186 
 
 Turner’s Falls, Mass.62, 65 
 
 Tuscaloosa, Ala.28, 30, 120, 124, 125 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 291 
 
 Tuscarawas County, O 
 Tuscarora Mountains . 
 Tuskegee, Ala. . . . 
 Twin Lakes, Col. . . 
 
 Tyler, Tex. 
 
 Uintah County, Wyoming Ter 
 Uintah Mountains .... 
 Ulster County, N.Y. . . . 
 
 Umatilla, Ore. 
 
 Umatilla River. 
 
 Umbagog Lake. 
 
 Umpkwa River. 
 
 Umpkwa Mountains . . . 
 
 Uncompahqre Mountains . 
 
 Union City, N.J. 
 
 Union City, Tenn. 
 
 Union River, Me. 
 
 Union Springs, Ala. . . . 
 
 Uniontown, Penn. 
 
 United States, area of . . 
 physical geography of . 
 physical map of . . . 
 
 physical view of . . . 
 
 political description of . 
 political map of . . . 
 
 population of ... . 
 
 Senate chamber, view of 
 Upernavik, Greenland . . 
 
 Upper Iowa River .... 
 
 Urbana, Ill. 
 
 Urban a, O. 
 
 Utah Lake . 
 
 Utah Territory. 
 
 area of . 
 
 description of ... . 
 
 general statistics of . . 
 
 population of ... . 
 
 scene in Echo Canon . 
 special map of. . . . 
 
 Utes. 
 
 Utica, N.Y. 
 
 Valdosta, Ga. 
 
 Valencia County, N. Mex. . 
 
 Vallejo, Cal. 
 
 Valley City, Dakota Ter. 
 
 Van Buren, Ark. .... 
 Vancouver, Wash. Ter. . . 
 
 Vandalia, Ill. 
 
 Vanderberg County, Ind. 
 Venango County, Penn. . . 
 
 Vera Cruz, Mex. 
 
 Verdigris River. 
 
 Vergennes, Vt.. 
 
 Vermilion, Dakota Ter. . . 
 Vermilion County, Ind. . . 
 
 Vermilion Lake, Minn. . . 
 Vermilion River, Dakota Ter, 
 Vermillion River, Ill. . . . 
 
 Vermillionville, La. . . . 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 area of . 
 
 description of ... . 
 
 general statistics of . . 
 
 historical sketch of . . 
 
 population of ... . 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 146, 148 
 . . 25, 26 
 
 120, 124, 125 
 . 223, 227 
 
 i3 6 > x 3 8 > *39 
 
 . . . . 215, 221 
 
 . . . . 222, 228 
 
 .80,84 
 
 . . . . 246, 248 
 
 . . . . 246, 247 
 
 48, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57 
 . . . . 246, 247 
 
 . . . . 245, 246 
 
 . . . . 223, 225 
 
 .88, 91 
 
 . . . . 140, 145 
 
 . 49 . S 3 
 
 . . . . 120, 125 
 
 . 93.99 
 
 .17 
 
 . . . . 16, 17, 18 
 
 .16 
 
 .18 
 
 . 19 
 
 . .... 20, 21 
 
 .19 
 
 . X 9 
 
 . 9 
 
 . . . . 184, 186 
 
 . . . . 158, 163 
 
 . . . . 146, 151 
 
 . . . . 222, 228 
 
 . . 41, 42, 43, 228 
 
 .228 
 
 .228 
 
 .228 
 
 .228 
 
 .D 
 
 2 54, 2 55 
 80, 86 
 
 . 120, 123 
 
 . 232, 234 
 
 . 238, 242 
 
 . 208, 212 
 
 • 129, i35 
 
 . 246, 251 
 
 . 158, 162 
 
 • i5 2 . I S5 
 
 ... 96 
 
 . . 14, 15 
 
 . 254, 255 
 
 . . 54, 60 
 
 209, 211, 212 
 
 • I 5 2 , i55 
 
 • 176, 179 
 
 . 208, 210 
 
 . 158, 163 
 
 • 129, 133 
 
 23. 24, 59. 60 
 
 ■ • • 59 
 
 . 59, 60, 61 
 
 • • • 55 
 
 . . . 61 
 
 ... 59 
 
 Vermont, special map of . . . 
 
 Vernon, Conn. 
 
 Versailles, Ky. 
 
 Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 Victoria, B.C. 
 
 Vieux Desert Lake. 
 
 Vigo County, Ind. 
 
 Vincennes, Ind. 
 
 Vineyard Sound. 
 
 Vinita, Indian Ter. 
 
 Vinton, Io. 
 
 Vinton County, O. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 area of. 
 
 description of. 
 
 general statistics of ... . 
 
 historical sketch of ... . 
 
 population of. 
 
 special map of. 
 
 University of. 
 
 Virginia City, Montana Ter. . . 
 
 Virginia City, Nev. 
 
 Virgin River. 
 
 Visalia, Cal. 
 
 Wabash and Erie Canal . 
 Wabash River .... 
 Wachita Reservation . . 
 
 Wachusett Mountain . . 
 
 Waco, Tex. 
 
 Waconda Creek, Mo. . . 
 
 Wagon-Wheel Gap, Col. 
 Wahpeton, Dakota Ter. . 
 Wahsatch Mountains . . 
 
 Waits River. 
 
 Wakaruda River, Kan. . 
 Wake County, N.C. . . 
 Waldo County, Me. . . 
 
 Walhalla, S.C. 
 
 Walker Lake, Nev. . . 
 
 Walker River, Cal. . . 
 Walla Walla River . . 
 Wallingford, Conn. . . 
 
 Wallkill Mountains . . 
 
 Walloostook River . . 
 
 Wallula, Wash. Ter. . . 
 
 Walsenburg, Col. . . . 
 
 Waltham, Mass. . . . 
 
 Wapsipinicon River . . 
 
 Ward’s Island, N.Y. . . 
 
 Ward’s Peak. 
 
 Ware River. 
 
 Warren, O. 
 
 Warren, R.I. ... 
 Warren County, Ind. . . 
 
 Warren County, N.J. . . 
 
 Warrensburg, Mo. . . . 
 
 Warrenton, Ga. 
 
 Warrington, Fla. . . . 
 
 Warwick, R.I. 
 
 Warwick County, Ind. . 
 Wasco County, Ore. . . 
 
 Waseca, Minn. 
 
 Washakie Needles, the . 
 Washington, Conn. . . 
 
 Washington, D.C. . . . 
 
 map of. 
 
 Washington, D.C., view of 
 Washington, Ga. . . . 
 
 Washington, Idaho Ter.. 
 Washington, La. . . . 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 • • • • 54 . 55 
 
 . . . . 74, 75 
 
 . . . 140, 143 
 
 . 28, 30, 129, 130 
 
 . . . . 12, 13 
 
 . . . 164, 167 
 
 • • • 152, 155 
 
 • • • 152. 15 6 
 
 .... 63,64 
 
 • • • ' • 255 
 
 . . . 184, 187 
 
 . . . 146, 148 
 
 28, 29, 30, 31, hi 
 
 .hi 
 
 .hi 
 
 .111 
 
 .112 
 
 .111 
 
 .110 
 
 .112 
 
 • 42, 43 - 214, 217 
 
 • 42, 43 . 238, 244 
 
 . . . 222. 228 
 
 . . . 238, 242 
 
 . . . 152, 156 
 
 . . . 152, 154 
 
 • • • • 32, 34 
 
 .... 62, 65 
 
 • • • I 3 6 . x 39 
 
 . . . 190, 194 
 
 . . . 223, 227 
 
 . . 208, 210, 212 
 . . . 222, 228 
 
 .... 54, 60 
 
 . . . 196, 198 
 
 . . . 114, 116 
 
 .... 49, 52 
 
 . . . 114, 119 
 
 • • • 238, 243 
 
 . . . 238, 240 
 
 . . . 246, 249 
 
 .... 70, 74 
 
 . . . . 88,90 
 
 .... 48, 51 
 
 . . . 246, 251 
 
 . . . 223, 227 
 
 .... 63,68 
 
 . . . 184, 186 
 
 . . . . 83,86 
 
 . . . 212, 214 
 
 .... 62,65 
 
 . . . 146, 151 
 
 • • • 76 , 77 . 79 
 
 • • • 152, 155 
 
 . . . . 88,91 
 
 . . 190, 193, 194 
 . . . 120, 123 
 
 . . . 126, 127 
 
 • • 76, 77 , 78 , 79 
 
 • • • 152,155 
 
 . . . 246, 248 
 
 . . . 176, 182 
 
 . . . 215, 220 
 
 .... 70, 72 
 
 19, 26, 27, 108, 109 
 
 .108 
 
 .i °7 
 
 . . . 120, 123 
 
 . . . 214, 219 
 
 • • • 129, 133 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Washington, Mo. 190, 194 
 
 Washington, Mount.22, 23, 24, 54, 57 
 
 Washington, N.C. 114, 116 
 
 Washington, Penn.92, 99 
 
 Washington County, Me.49, 52 
 
 Washington County, 0 . 146, 148 
 
 Washington County, R.I.76, 78 
 
 Washington County, Vt.54, 61 
 
 Washington Land.n 
 
 Washington Territory.42, 43, 44, 249 
 
 area of.249 
 
 description of.249 
 
 general statistics of.249 
 
 population of.249 
 
 special map of.246 
 
 Washoe County, Nev.238, 244 
 
 Watauga River.114, 115 
 
 Waterbury, Conn.24, 70, 73, 74 
 
 Waterbury, Vt.54, 60, 61 
 
 Wateree River.114, 115, 117 
 
 Waterloo, Io.184, 188 
 
 Waterloo, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Watertown, Dakota Ter.208, 211, 212 
 
 Watertown, N.Y.So, 87 
 
 Watertown, Wis.164, 175 
 
 Waterville, Me.48, 51, 53 
 
 Watkins Glen, N.Y.80, 83 
 
 Watuppa Pond.63, 67 
 
 Waukegan, Ill.158, 160, 163 
 
 Waukesha, Wis.164, 173, 174 
 
 Waupun, Wis.164, 174 
 
 Wausau, Wis. 164, 175 
 
 Waushara County, Wis. 164, 173 
 
 Waverly, Io. 184, 188 
 
 Waxahatchie, Tex.136, 139 
 
 Wayne County, 0 . 146, 148 
 
 Waynesborough, Ga. 120, 122 
 
 Weas.254, 255 
 
 Weatherford, Tex. 136, 139 
 
 Weber County, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Weber River, Utah Ter.222, 228 
 
 Webster, Mount. 54 , 57 
 
 Webster City, Io.180, 184 
 
 Webster Parish, La.129, 133 
 
 Weed-Patch Hill, Ind.154 
 
 Wellesley, Mass.63, 66 
 
 Wellington, Kan. 197, 200 
 
 Wells River.54, 60 
 
 Wellsville, Utah Ter.222, 230 
 
 Wesson, Miss.129, 131 
 
 West Bay City, Mich. 165, 170 
 
 West Canada Creek.81, 83 
 
 West Central States, map of.39 
 
 description of.38 
 
 West Chester, Penn. 93 > 99 
 
 Westchester County, N.Y.84, 85, 86 
 
 Westerly, R.I. 75 - 76, 77 , 79 
 
 Western Hemisphere, map of. 2 
 
 Western Reserve, the.149 
 
 Westfield, Mass.62, 66, 68 
 
 Westfield, N.Y.80, 87 
 
 Westfield River.62, 65 
 
 West Greenwich, R.I. 75 , 7 ^, 79 
 
 West Indies, the.14, 1 5 
 
 West Lebanon, N.H. 55 > 5 8 
 
 Westminster, Md.101, 104 
 
 Weston, Mo. T90, 194 
 
 Weston, Ore. 246,248 
 
 Weston, W. Va. no, 115 
 
 West Point, Ga. 120,123 
 
 West Point, Miss. 129, 131 
 
 West Point, N.Y.81, 85, 87 
 
 Westport, Conn. 7 °, 74 
 
 West Range, Vt. 54 , 55 > 59 
 
 West River, Vt.55, 6° 
 
2g2 
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 West Rock, Conn.69 
 
 West Troy, N.Y.81, 83, 87 
 
 West Virginia.28, 29, 30, 31, 113 
 
 area of.113 
 
 description of.113 
 
 general statistics of.113 
 
 historical note on.113 
 
 population of.113 
 
 special map of.‘ no 
 
 Wethersfield, Conn.70, 73 
 
 Wewoka, Indian Ter. 254, 255 
 
 Weymouth, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Whatcom, Wash. Ter.246, 251 
 
 Wheeler, Mount.238, 243 
 
 Wheeling, W. Va.28, 30, 110-115 
 
 Whitefish Bay. 165, 167 
 
 Whitefish Point.164, 167 
 
 Whitefish River. .165, 167 
 
 Whitehall, N.Y.81,83-87 
 
 White Lake, Io. 184, 186 
 
 White Mountains, the.22, 23, 24, 54, 57 
 
 scene in.56 
 
 White River, Ark.129, 134, 190, 192 
 
 White River, Col.223, 225 
 
 White River, Dakota Ter. . . . . . . . 209, 210 
 
 White River, Ind.152, 154 
 
 White River, Vt.54, 60 
 
 White Sea. -j 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, Montana Ter.. . 214, 216, 217 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. no, 115 
 
 Whitewater, Wis.164, 174, 175 
 
 Whitewater River, Ind.152, 154 
 
 White wood Creek, Dakota Ter.212 
 
 Whitney, Mount.237, 238 
 
 Wichita, Kan.197, 200 
 
 Wichita Mountains.254, 255 
 
 Wichitas.254, 255 
 
 Wickenburg, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Wickford, R .1 .76, 79 
 
 Wicomico River, Md. 101, 104 
 
 Wilber, Neb.203, 206 
 
 Wild Rice River.208, 210 
 
 Wilkesbarre, Penn.26, 27. 93, 95, 99 
 
 Wilkeson, Wash. Ter.246, 251 
 
 Willamette River.42, 44, 246, 247 
 
 Williamsport, Md.100, 104 
 
 Williamsport, Penn.93, 94 
 
 Williams River, Vt.55, 60 
 
 Williamstown, Mass.62, 66 
 
 Williamstown, Mich.165 
 
 Willimantic, Conn.. 71,74 
 
 Willmar, Minn.176, 182 
 
 Willoughby Lake.54, 60 
 
 Wilmington, Del.26, 27, 101, 105 
 
 view at.102 
 
 Wilmington, N.C.28, 30, 114, 116 
 
 map of vicinity of.114 
 
 Winchester, Conn.70, 74 
 
 Winchester, Ky.140, 143 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Winchester, Tenn. 140, 145 
 
 Winchester, Va.1x0,112 
 
 Windham, Conn.71, 74 
 
 Windham County, Conn.71, 73 
 
 Windham County, Vt.55> 61 
 
 Wind River Mountains.. . 215, 220 
 
 Windsor, Conn.70, 73 
 
 Windsor County, Vt.55» 61 
 
 Wine Islands, 0 .146, 148 
 
 Wingfield, Kan...197,200 
 
 Winibigosish Lake.176, 179 
 
 Winnebago City, Minn. 176, 182 
 
 Winnebago Lake.164, 171 
 
 Winnemucca, Nev. 238, 244 
 
 Winnepesaukee Lake.24, 54, 55, 56, 57 
 
 scene on.56 
 
 Winnipeg. 12, 13 
 
 Winnsborough, S.C. ..114, 119 
 
 Winona, Minn.176, 180, 181 
 
 Winona, Miss.129, 131 
 
 Winooski Falls.54, 60 
 
 Winooski River.54, 60 
 
 Winsted, Conn.70, 74 
 
 Winterset, Io.184, 188 
 
 Wisconsin. 35 . 36, 37 . 17© 
 
 area of.170 
 
 description of.170 
 
 general statistics of.170 
 
 historical sketch of.174 
 
 population of.170 
 
 special map of.164, 165 
 
 Wisconsin Mountains.164, 167 
 
 Wisconsin River, view on.171 
 
 Wissahickon Creek.97, 98 
 
 Withlacoochee River.125, 126 
 
 Woburn, Mass.63, 68 
 
 Wolfborough, N.H.54, 58 
 
 Wolf River, Wis.164, 172, 175 
 
 Woodbury, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Wood Island, Vt.59 
 
 Wood River, Neb.201, 202, 203 
 
 Woodstock, Vt.54, 61 
 
 Woodstown, N.J.88, 91 
 
 Woolastook River. 48, 51 
 
 Woonasquatucket River.75.76 
 
 Woonsocket, R .1 .76, 77, 78 
 
 Woonsocket Hill, R .1 .75, 76 
 
 Wooster, 0 .146, 151 
 
 Worcester, Mass.. 23, 24, 63, 66, 67 
 
 Worcester County, Mass.62, 65, 67 
 
 World, globular map of. 1 
 
 World in hemispheres, the. 2 
 
 World’s commerce, chart of.4, 5 
 
 Wyakonda River.189, 190 
 
 Wyandotte, Kan.197, 199, 200 
 
 Wyandotte, Mich. 165, 170 
 
 Wyandotte Cave, Ind.154 
 
 Wyandottes.254, 255 
 
 Wymore, Neb.203, 209 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Wyoming, Penn.27, 93 
 
 Wyoming Territory.41, 42, 43, 220 
 
 area of.220 
 
 description of.220 
 
 population of.220 
 
 special map of.214,2.15 
 
 Xenia, 0 .146,151 
 
 Yadkin River.114, 115 
 
 Yakima, Wash. Ter.246, 251 
 
 Yakima River.246, 249 
 
 Yamhill County, Ore.246, 248 
 
 Yampa River.223, 225 
 
 Yankton, Dakota Ter.39, 40, 209, 210, 212 
 
 Yantic River.69, 71, 72 
 
 Yarmouth, Mass.63, 65 
 
 Yavapai County, Arizona Ter.232, 236 
 
 Yazoo City, Miss. 129, 130 
 
 Yazoo River.128, 129 
 
 Yellow Creek, Mo.190, 194 
 
 Yellow Sea. 3 
 
 Yellowstone, Canon of.41 
 
 Yellowstone Lake.213, 214, 220 
 
 scene on.213 
 
 Yellowstone Park.213,214,215,221 
 
 Yellowstone River .... 201, 208, 210, 213, 214, 215 
 
 scene on .21? 
 
 Yonkers, N.Y. (see map) .81, 86, 87 
 
 York County, Me.49, 52 
 
 York River, Va. 110,111 
 
 Yorktown, Va.no, 112 
 
 Yorkville, S.C.114, 119 
 
 Yosemite Falls.240 
 
 view of.44 
 
 Yosemite Valley, the.238, 240 
 
 Youngstown, 0. 146,151 
 
 Ypsilanti, Mich.165, 168, 170 
 
 scene at.166 
 
 Yreka, Cal.238, 242 
 
 Ysleta, Tex. 136, 139 
 
 Yuba River, Cal.238, 240 
 
 Yukon River.17,252,253 
 
 Yuma, Arizona Ter. .'.232, 235, 236 
 
 Zanesville, 0 .146, 149, 151 
 
 Zumbro River.176, 182 
 
 Zuni Mountains.231, 232 
 
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