LIB R A RY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 U N I VERS ITY 
 
 Of ILLI NOIS
 
 CONFERENCE OF BISHOPS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ANGLICAN COMMUNION. 
 
 H OLDEN AT LAMBETH PALACE, 
 IN JULY, 1897. 
 
 Encyclical ILettev 
 
 FROM THE BISHOPS, 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 RESOLUTIONS AND REPORTS. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, CHARING CROSS, W.C. ; 
 
 43, Queen Victoria Street. 
 
 BRIGHTON : 129, North Street. 
 
 1 897'
 
 ^yU 
 
 .-^^ • 
 
 CONFERENCE OF BISHOPS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ANGLICAN COMMUNION. 
 
 HOLD EN AT LAMBETH PALACE, 
 IN JULY, 1897. 
 
 Encyclical Xettev^ 
 
 FROM THE BISHOPS, 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 RESOLUTIONS AND REPORTS. 
 
 LONDON : 
 SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, 
 NOKTIIUMBKRLAND AVENUE, CHARING CROSS, W.C. ; 
 43, Queen Victoria Street. 
 
 I'.RIGIITON: 129, North Stkf.lt. 
 1897.
 
 LONDON : 
 HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS, 
 
 ST. martin's lane.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 I. — List of the Bishops attending the Conference; arranged 
 according to date of Consecration... ... page 
 
 5 
 
 II. — List of the Bishops attending the Conference ; arranged 
 
 according to Provinces ... ... ... page 9 
 
 III. — Encyclical Letter from the Assembled Bishops page 13 
 
 IV. — Resolutions formally adopted by the Conference page 33 
 
 W — Reports of Committees : — * 
 
 (I 
 (2 
 (3 
 (4 
 (5 
 (6 
 (7 
 (8 
 (9 
 (10: 
 (II 
 
 Organisation of the Anglican Communion page 53 
 
 Religious Communities ... ... page 57 
 
 Critical Study of Holy Scripture ... page 63 
 
 Foreign Missions ... ... ... page 68 
 
 Reformation Movements on the Continent page 96 
 
 Church Unity ... ... ... page loi 
 
 International Arbitration ... ... page 125 
 
 Industrial Problems ... ... ... page 136 
 
 The Book of Common Prayer ... page 146 
 
 Duties of the Church to the Colonies ... page 153 
 
 Degrees in Divinity ... ... ... page 164 
 
 VI.— Purity. Reprint of Report of 1888 ... 
 
 page 169
 
 t"^i
 
 LIST OF THE BISHOPS ATTENDING THE LAMBETH 
 CONFERENCE OF 1897. 
 
 [With the exception of Metropolitans and others entitled to special 
 precedence, the Bishops arc arranged, in the following list, according to 
 the date of their consecration. Those marked with an asterisk took part 
 in the deliberations, though prevented by illness from sitting in the 
 Conference.] 
 
 Arciirishop of Canterbury, 21st December, 1869. 
 Archbishop of York, 24th June, 1878. 
 Archbishop of Armagh, 6th October, 1867. 
 Archbishop of Dublin, nth June, 1894. 
 
 Archbishop of Ontario, 25th March, 1862. 
 Archbishop of Rupert's Land, 24th June, 1865. 
 Bishop of Auckland, 29th June, 1869. 
 Bishop of Brechin, 28tn October, 187 1. 
 Archbishop of Capetown, 17th May, 1874. 
 Bishop of Calcutta, 30th November, 1876. 
 Archbishop of the West Indies, 28th October, 1880. 
 Archbishop of Sydney, 24th June, 1890. 
 
 Bishop of London, 35th April, 1891. • 
 
 ^Bishop of Durham, ist May, 1890. 
 Bishop of Winchester, 25th April, 1S91. 
 
 Bishop of Minnesota, 13th October, 1859. 
 
 Bishop of Madras, 29th June, 1861. 
 
 Bishop of Gloucester, 25th March, 1863. 
 
 Bishop of Tennessee, nth October, 1865. 
 
 Bishop of Limerick, 29th June, 1866. 
 
 Bishop of Maine, 25th January, 1867. 
 
 Bishop of Missouri, ist May, 1867. 
 
 Bishop of Moray and Ross, 25th August, 1867. 
 
 Bishop Macrorie, 25th January, 1869. 
 
 Bishop of Albany, 2nd February, 1869. 
 
 Bishop Marsden, 29th June, 1869. 
 
 Bishop of Pennsylvania, 13th October, 1869 
 
 Bishop of the Falklands 21st December, 1869. 
 
 Bishop T. E. Wilkinson, 8th May, 1870. 
 
 Bishop of New Hampshire, 21st September, 1870. 
 
 Bishop of Grahamstown, 30th November, 1870. 
 
 Bishop of Dunedin, 4Lh June, 1871. 
 
 Bishop of Honolulu, 2nd February, 1S72. 
 
 Bishop of Cashel, 14th April, 1872. 
 
 Bishop Roys ton, 15th December, 1872. 
 
 Bishop Mitchinson, 24lh June, 1873. 
 
 Bisaop OF Colorado, 31st December, 1873. 
 
 Bisisop OF Gibraltar, ist February, 1874. 
 
 liiSHOP OF Dallas, 20ih December, 1874. 
 
 BiSHOi' oi-' Kentucky, 27th January, 1875. 
 
 Bishop of Ballarat, ist May, 1875.
 
 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Bishop ok Chicago, 8lh December, 1875. 
 
 JiisHOP OF Colombo, 2Sih December, 1875. 
 
 Bishop of Iowa, loth September, 1876, 
 
 Bishop of Manchkstf.r, 22nd October, 1876. 
 
 Bishop of Pri-vioria, 2n(l F'jbruary, 1878. 
 
 Bishop of Newfoundland, ist May, 1878. 
 
 Bishop of Springfield, nth June, 1878, 
 
 Bishop of Newcastle, N.S.W., 24th June, 1878. 
 
 Bishop Cramer Koherts, 24th June, 1878. 
 
 Bishop of Toronto, ist May, 1879. 
 
 Bishop of Wakefield, 25th July, 1S79. 
 
 Bishop of Caledonia, 25th July, 1879. 
 
 Bishop of Newark, 8th January, 1880. 
 
 Bishop of Fredericton, lothjuly. 1881. 
 
 Bishop of Pittsburgh, 25th January, 1882. 
 
 Bishop of Barbados, ist May, 1882. 
 
 Bishop of Rangoon, ist May, 1882. 
 
 Bishop of Chichester, 25th July, 1882. 
 
 Bishop of Bath and Wells, 30th November, 1882. 
 
 BisHOi' OF Mississippi, 24th Februaiy, 1883. 
 
 Bishop of Llandaff, 25th April, 1883. 
 
 Bishop of St. Andrews, 25th April, 1883. 
 
 Bishop of Aberdeen, ist May, 1883. 
 
 Bishop of St. John's, Kaffraria, 12th August, 1883. 
 
 Bishop of Argyll and the Isles, 24th August, 1883. 
 
 Bishop of New York, 20th October, 1883. 
 
 Bishop of Huron, 30th November, 1883. 
 
 Bishop of Western New York, 28th December, 1883. 
 
 Bishop Barry, Jst January, 1884. 
 
 Bishop of Oxford, 25th April, 1884. 
 
 Bishop of Southwkt,l, ist Mav, 1884. 
 
 Bishop of Ripon, 25ih July, 1884. 
 
 Bishop of Maryland, 8th January, 1885. 
 
 Bishop of Nebraska, 24th February, 1885. 
 
 Bishop of Exeter, 25th April, i88s. 
 
 Bishop of Lincoln, 25th April, 1885. 
 
 Bishop of Brisbane, nth June, 1885. 
 
 Missionary Bishop of Cape Palmas, 24th June, 1885. 
 
 Bishop of Salisbury, 28th October, 1885. 
 
 Bishop of Ely, 2nd February, 1886, 
 
 Bishop in South Tokyo, 2nd Februaiy, 1886. 
 
 Bishop of Clogher. 29th June, 1886. 
 
 Bishop of Edinburgh, 21st September, 18^6. 
 
 Bishop CoadjutO'< ok Minnesota, 17th October, 1886. 
 
 Bishop in Jerusalem, 25th March, 1887. 
 
 Bishop of Wyoming and Idaho, 27th May, 1887. 
 
 Bishop of Saskatchewan and Calgary, 7th August, 1887. 
 
 Bishop ok Carlisle, 24th August. 1887. 
 
 Bishop of Western Texas, 6th January, 1888. 
 
 Bishop of Marlborough, 24th February, 1888. 
 
 Bishop of Shrewsbury, 24th February, 1888. 
 
 Bishop of Nova Scotia, 25th April, 1888. 
 
 Bishop of Richmond, 22nd May, 1888. 
 
 Bishop of Leicester, 15th July, 1888. 
 
 Bishop of Glasgow, 29th September, 1888. 
 
 Bishop of Delaware, i8th October, 1888. 
 
 Bishop of Guildford, 30th November, 1888. 
 
 Assistant-Bishop of Jamaica, 30th November, 1888.
 
 LIST OF BISHOPS ATTENDING THE CONFERENCE. 7 
 
 BisHor Coadjutor of Southern Ohio, 25th January, 1889. 
 Bishop of Chester, 24th February, 1889. 
 Bishop of St. Asaph, 25th March, 1889. 
 Bishop of Trinidad, 25th March, 1889. 
 Bishop of Fond du Lac, 25th April, 1889. 
 Bishop of Tasmania, 1st May, 1889. 
 Bishop of Rockhampton, ist May, 1889. 
 Bishop of Beverley, nth June, 18S9. 
 Bishop of Barrow, nth June, 1889. 
 Bishop of Ohio, 12th October, 1889. 
 Bishop of Michigan, 18th October, 1889. 
 Bishop in Corea, ist November, 1889. 
 Bishop of Derby, ist November, 1889. 
 Bishop of Reading, ist November, 1889. 
 Bishop of The Platte, istjanuiry, 1890, 
 Bishop of Chota Nagpur, 23rd March, 1890. 
 Bishop of Travancore and Cochin. 25rh April, 1890. 
 Bishop in Eastern Equatorial Africa, 25th April, 1890. 
 Bishop of Christchurch, N.Z., ist May, 1890. 
 Bishop of Tuam, 15th May, 1890. 
 Bishop of St. Albans, 24th June, 1890. 
 Bishop of Swansea, 24th June, 1890. 
 Bishop of California, 24th June, 1891. 
 Bishop of West Missouri, 14th October, 1890. 
 Bishop of Dover, i8th October, 1S90. 
 Bishop of Worcester, 2nd February, 1891. 
 Bishop of Mauritius, 2nd February, 1891. 
 Bishop of Hull, ist May, 1891. 
 BisHDP of North Queensland, 25th July, 1891. 
 Bishop of Lichfield, 2qth September, 1891. • 
 Bishop of Truro, 29th September, 1891. 
 Bishop of Southwark, 29th September, 1891. 
 Bishop of Georgia, 24th February 1892. 
 Bishop of Sodor and Man, 25th March, 1892. 
 BiSHOP OF Down and Connor, 25th March, 1892. 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Sprin jfield, 26ihJuly, 1892. 
 BisHOP OF Quebec, i8th September, 1891. 
 Bishop of Bloemfonpein, 21st September, 1892. 
 Bishop of Texas, i2rh October, 1892. 
 Bishop of Goulburn, ist November, 1892. 
 Bishop of Spokane, i6th December, 1892. 
 Bishop of Southern Florida, 29th December, 1892. 
 Bishop of Lucknow, 15th January, 1893. 
 Bishop of Columbia, 25th March. 1893. 
 BtsH )P of Guian\, 25th March, 1893. 
 Missionary Bishop of >HANiHAi, 14th June, 18)3. 
 Missionary Bishop of Tokyo, 14th June. 1893. 
 Bishop o^ Norwich, 29th June, 1893.' 
 
 Asst.-B'shop in We tern Equatorial Africa. 29 h June, 1893. 
 Asst.-Bishop in Western Equatorial Africa, 29th June, 1893. 
 Bishop of Moosonee, 8th August, 1893. 
 *Bishop of Natal, 291 h >eptember, 1893. 
 Bishop of Massachusetts, 5th October, 1893. 
 Bishop of North Car(1lina, 15th October, 1893. 
 Bishop of Lebombo, 5th Nov mber, 1893. 
 Bishop of Honduras, 28th December, 1893. 
 Bishop of Cork, 6th January, 1X94. 
 piSHOl' of Vkkmont, 2nd February, 1894.
 
 8 
 
 LAMBETH C0NFEKE^'C1•, 1897. 
 
 Bishop in Western Equatorial Africa, 4th March, 1894. 
 
 Bishop in Kiu Siiiu, 4th March, 1894. 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor ok Capetown, 29ih September, 1894. 
 
 Bisiioi' OK TiiKTKORi), i8th October, 1894. 
 
 Bishop ok Perth, i8th Octolier, 1894. 
 
 Bishop of Colchester, 28th December, 1894. 
 
 Bishop of Coventry, 28th December, 1894. 
 
 Bishop of Waiapu, 25th January, 1895. 
 
 Bishop ok Wellington, 25th January, 1895. 
 
 Bishop of Hereford, 25th March, 1895. 
 
 Bishop ok Stepney, 21st April, 1895. 
 
 Bishop ok Indiana, ist May, 1895. 
 
 Bishop ok Adelaide, 19th May, 1895. 
 
 Bishop ok Zanzibar, 29th June, 1895. 
 
 Bishop ok New Wesiminster, 29th June, 1895. 
 
 Bishop of Osaka, 29th June, 1895. 
 
 Bishop of Kansas, 19th September, 1895. 
 
 Bishop of Rochester, i8ih October, 1895. 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Brisbane, ist Novembe'-, 1895. 
 
 Bishop of Newcastle, 25th January, 1896. 
 
 Bishop of Lexington, 30th January, 1896. 
 
 Bishop of Los Angeles, 24th February, 1896. 
 
 Bishop of Derry, 25th March, 1896. 
 
 Bishop of Southampton, 25lh Maich, 1896. 
 
 ]5isiiop of Washington, 25lh March, 189b. 
 
 ISISHOP Oh' Mar(jueite, 1st May, 1896. 
 
 Bishop ok Nia(;ara, 24th June, 1896. 
 
 Bishop ok Ou'Appelle, 30th August, 1896. 
 
 Bishop of Tinnevelly, 2Sth October, 1896. 
 
 Bishop of Algoma, 6th January, 1897. 
 
 Bishop of Killaloe, 2nJ February, 1897. 
 
 Bishop of Duluth, 2nd February, 1897. 
 
 Bishop of Peterborough, 24ih February, 1897. 
 
 Bishop of Ckediton, 24th February, 1897. 
 
 Bishop of St. David's, ist May, 1897. 
 
 Bishop of Sierra Leone, 27th May, 1897. 
 
 Bishop of x\ntigua, iSthJuiy, 1897.
 
 1>IST OF THE BISHOPS ATTENDING THE LAMBETH 
 CONFERENCE OF 1897, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO 
 PROVINCES. 
 
 Archbishop of Canterbury (Most Rev. F. Temple, D.D. ). 
 
 Bishop oe Dover (Rt. Rev. G. R. Eden, D.D.). 
 Bishop of London (Rt. Rev. M. Creighton, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Marlborou(;h (Rt. Rev. A. Earle, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Stepney (Rt. Rev. G. F. Browne, D.D.). 
 
 Rt. Rev. Bishop T. E. Wilkinson, D.D. 
 
 Rt, Rev. Bishop Barry, D.D. 
 Bishop of Winchester (Rt. Rev. R. T. Davidson, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Guildford (Rt. Rev. G. H. Sumner, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Southampton (Rt. Rev. G. C. Fisher, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Bath and Wells (Rt. Rev. G. W. Kennion, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Chichester (Rr. Rev. E. R. Wilberforce, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Ely (Rt. Rev. Lord Alwyne Compton, D.D.). 
 
 Rt. Rev. Bishop Macrorie, D.D. 
 Bishop of Exeter (Rt. Rev. E. H. Bickersteth, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Crediton (Rt. Rev. R. E. Trefusis, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Gloucester (Rt. Rev. C. J. Ellicott, D.D.). 
 
 Rt. Rev. Bishop Marsden, D.D. 
 Bishop of Hereford (Rt. Rev. J. Percival, D.D.). . 
 Bishop of Lichfield (Rt. Rev. the Hon. A. Legge, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Shrewsbury (Rt. Rev. Sir L. T. Stamer, Bt., D.D.). 
 Bishop of Lincoln (Rt. Rev. E. King, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Llandaff(Rt. Rev. R. Lew- is, D. D.). 
 Bishop of Norwich (Rt. Rev. J. Sheepshanks, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Thetford (Rt. Rev. A. T. Lloyd, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Oxford (Rt. Rev. W. Stubbs, D.D. ). 
 
 Bishop of Reading (Rt. Rev. J. L. Randall, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Peterborough (Rt. Rev. the Hon. E. Carr C^lyn, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Leicestj-.r (Rt. Rev. F. II. Thicknesse, D.D.). 
 
 Rt. Rev. Bishop Mitchinson, D.D. 
 Bishop of Rochester (Rt. Rev. E. S. Talbot, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Souihwark (Rt. Rev. H. W. Yeatman, D.D.). 
 Bishop of St. Albans (Rr. Rev. J. W. Festing, D.D). 
 
 Bishop of Colchester (Rt. Rev. H. F. Johnson, D.D.). 
 Bishop of St. Asaph (Rt. Rev. A. G. ?2dw'ards, D.D.). 
 Bishop of St. David's (Rt. Rev. J. Owen, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Swansea (Rt. Rev. J. Lloyd, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Salisbury (Rt. Rev. J. Wordsworth, D.D.). 
 Bit>HOP of Southwell (Rt. Rev. G. Ridding, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Derby (Rt. Rev. E. A. Were, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Truro (Rt. Rev. J. Gott, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Worcester (Rt. Rev. J. J. S. Perowne, D.D. ). 
 
 Bishop of Coventry (Rt. Rev. E. A. Knox, D. D.). 
 
 Archbishop of York (Most Rev. W. D. Maclagan, D.D.). 
 
 liisHOP of Beverley (Rt. Rev. R. C. Crosthwaite, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Hull (Rt. Rev. F. L. lii.uNT, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Durham (Rt. Rev. ]}. F. Westcott, D. D.).
 
 lO LAMBETH CONFERENCF, 1897. 
 
 PisHop OF Carlisle (Rt. Rr.v. J. W, Hardslky, I).D.). 
 
 Bishop of Barrow (Rt. Rkv. II. Wake, I). D.)- 
 Bishop ok Chkstkr (Ri. Kev. F. J. Jayne, 1). D.). 
 Bishop ok Manchesier (Rt. Rev. J. Moohhouse, D. D.). 
 
 Rt. Rev. Bishop Cramkr Roherts, D.D. 
 Bishop ok Newcastle (Rt. Rev. E. Jacoh, D.D.). 
 Bishop ok Ripon (Rt. Rev. \V. B. Carpenter, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop ok Richmond (Rt. Kev. J, J. Pulleine, D.D.). 
 BI^HOP OF Wakekield (Rt. Rev. \V. W. How, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Sodor and Man (Rt. Rev. N. D. J. Straton, D.D.). 
 Rt. Rev. Bishop Royston, D.D. 
 
 Archhishop of Armagh (Most Rev. W. Alexander, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop ok Clo(;her (Rt. Rev. C. M. Stack, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Derry (Rt. Rev. G. A. Chadwick, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Down and Connor (Rt. Rev. T. J. Welland, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Tuam (Rt. Rev. J. O'Sullivan, D.D.). 
 
 Archbishop ok Dublin (Most Rev. J. F. Pe vocke, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Cashel (Rt. Rev. M. F. Day. D.D.). 
 Bishop ok Cork (Rt. Rev. W. E. Meade, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Kiilaloe(Rt. Rev. M. Archdall, D.D.). 
 Bishop ok Limerick (Rt. Rev. C. Graves, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Brechin (Most Rev. H. W. Jermyn, D.D. ), Pn'/nm. 
 Bishop of Aberdeen (Rt. Rev. the Hon. A. C. Douglas. D.D.). 
 Bishop of Argyll and the Isles (Rt. Rev. J. R. A. Chinnery 
 
 Haldane, D.D.). 
 Bishop ok Edinburgh (Rt. Rev. J. Dowden, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Glasgow (Rt. Rev. \V. T. Harrison, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Moray and Ross (Rt. Rev. J. B. K. Kelly, D.D.). 
 Bishop of St. Andrew's (Rt. Rev. G. H. Wilkinson, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Calcutta (Most Rev. E. R. Johnston, D.D.), Meijv/ olitau. 
 
 Bishop of Chota Nagpore (Rt. Rev. J. C. Whitby). 
 
 Bishop of Colombo (Rt. Rev. R. S. Copleston, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Lucknow (Rr. Rev. A. Clifiord, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Madras (Rt. Rev. F. Cell, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Rangoon (Rt. Rev. J. M. Strachan, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Tinnevelly (Rt. Rev. S. Mori ey). 
 
 Bishop of Travancore and Cochin (Rt. Rev. E. N. Hodgef, D.D.) 
 
 Archbishop of Ontario (Most Rev. J. T. Lewis, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Algoma (Rt. Rev. G. Thornloe, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Fredericton (Rt. Rev. H. T. Kingdon, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Huron (Rr. Rev. M. S. Balww, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Niagara (Rt. Rev. J. J. Du Moulin, D.C.L.). 
 Bishop ok Nova Scotia (Rt. Rev. F. Courtney, D.D.). 
 Bishop ok Quebec (Rt. Rev. A. H. Dunn, D.D.). 
 Bishop ok Tor<jnto (Rt. Rev. A. Sweatman, D.D.). 
 
 Archbishop of Rupert's Land (Most Rev. R. Machray, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Moosonee (Rt. Rev. J. A. Newnham, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Qu'Appelle (Rt. Rev. J. Grisdale, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Saskatchewan (Ri. Rev. W. C. Pinkham, D.D.). 
 
 Archbishop of Sydney (Most Rev. W. S. Smith, D.D.'. 
 Bishop of Adelaide (Rt. Rev. I. R. Harmer, D.D.). 
 Bishop ok Ballarat (Rr. Rev. .S. Thornion, D.D.).
 
 LIST OF BISHOPS ATTENDING THE CONFERENCE. 1 1 
 
 Bishop of Brisbane (Rt. Rev. W. T. Webber, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Brisbane (Rt. Rev. J. F. Stretch, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Goulburn (Rt. Rev. W. Chalmers, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Newcastle, N.S.W. (Rt. Rev. G. H. Stanton, D.D.). 
 Bishop of North Queensland (Rt. Rev. C. G. Barlow, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Terth (Rt. Rev. C. O. L. Riley, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Rockhampton (Rt. Rev. N. Dawf:s, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Tasmania (Rt. Rev. H. H. Montgomery, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Auckland (Most Rev. W. G. Cowie, D.D.), MetropoWan. 
 Bishop ov Christchurch (Rt. Rev. C. Julius, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Dunedin (Rt. Rev. S. T. Nevill, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Waiapu (Rt. Rev. W. L. Williams, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Wellington (Rt. Rev. F. Wallis, D. D.). 
 
 Archbishop of Capetown (Most Rev. W. W. Jones, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Capetown (Rt. Rev. A. Gibson, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Bloemfontein (Rt. Rev. J. W. Hicks, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Grahamstown (Rt. Rev. A. B. Webb, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Lebombo (Rt. Rev. W. E Smythe). 
 Bishop of Natal (Rt. Rev. A. H. Baynes, D. D.). 
 Bishop of Pretoria (Rt. Rev. H, B. Bousfield, D.D.). 
 Bishop of St. John's, Kaffraria (Rt. Rev. B. L. Key, D.D.). 
 
 Archbishop of the West Indies (Most Rev. E. Nuttall, D.D.). 
 
 AssT. -Bishop of Jamaica (Rt. Rev. C. F. Douet). 
 Bishop of Antigua (kt. Rev. H. Mather). 
 Bishop of Barbados and the Windward Islands (Rt. Rev. H. 
 
 Bree, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Guiana (Rt. Rev. W. P. Swaby, D.D.). 
 HisHOP of Honduras (Rt. Rev. Ci. A. Ormsby, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Trinidad (Rt. Rev. J. T. Hayes, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Caledonia (Rt. Rev. W. Ridley, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Columbia (Rt. Rev. W. W. Perrin, D.U.). 
 
 Bishop in Corea (Rt. Rev. C. J. Corfe, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop in Eastern Equatorial Africa (Rt. Rev. A. R. Tucker, 
 
 D.D.). 
 Bishop of Falkland Islands (Rt. Rev. W. L. Stirling, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Gibraltar (Rt. Rev. C. W, Sandford, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Honolulu (Rt. Rev. A. Willis, D.D.). 
 Bishop in Jerusalem and the East (Rt. Rev, G. F. P. Blyth, 
 
 U.D.). 
 Bishop in Kiu Shiu (South Japan) (Rt. Rev. H. Evington, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Mauritius (Rt. Rev. W. Walsh. D.D.). 
 Bishop of Newfoundland (Rt. Rev. LI. Jones. D.D.). 
 Bishop of New Westminster (Rt. Rev. j. Dart, D. D.). 
 Bishop of Osaka (Rt. Rev. W. Awdrv, D. D.). 
 Bishop of Sierra Leone (Rt. Rev. J. T. Smith, D.D.). 
 Bishop in South Tokyo (Rt. Rev. E. Bickersteth, D.D.). 
 Bishop in Western Equatorial Africa (Rt. Rev. H. Tugwell, 
 
 D.D.). 
 
 As.sT. -Bishops in Western f Rr. Rev. Bishop Oluwole, D.D. 
 Equatorial Africa | Rt. Rev. Bishop 1*hillips, D.D. 
 Bishop of Zanzibar (Rt. Rev. Wm. Richardson, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop of Albany (Rt, Rev. W. C. Doane, D.D.). 
 Bishop of California (Rt. Rev. W. F. Nichols, D.D.).
 
 12 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Bishop of Chicago (Kr. Kkv. \V. E. McLakkn, D.D. . 
 Bishop ok Colorado (Rt, Rev. J. F. Spalding, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Dallas (Rr. Kkv. A. C. CAKKicir, I ).!).)• 
 Bishop of Delaware (Rr. Rev, L. Coleman, D.D. ). 
 Bishop of Dulcih (Ri'. Rev. J- D. Morrison, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Fond du Lac (Rt. Rev. C. C. Grafton, S.T.D.). 
 Bishop of (Ieorglv (Rt. Rev. C. K. Nelson, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Indiana (Rr. Rev. J. H. White, 1).D.). 
 Bishop of Iowa (Rt. Rev. W. S. Perry, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Kansas (Rt. Rev. F. R. Millspaugh, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Kentucky (Rt. Rev. T. U. Dudley, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Lexington (Rt. Rev. L. W. Burton, D.D.K 
 Bishop of Los Angeles (Rt. Rev. J. H. Johnson, D.D.). 
 Bishop of ALmne (Rt. Rev. H. A. Neely, D.D. ). 
 Bishop of AL\rquette (Rt. Rev. G, M. Williams, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Maryland (Rt. Rev. W. Paret, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Massachusetts (Rt. Rev. W. Lawrence, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Michigan (Rt. Rev. T. F. Davies, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Minnesota (Rt. Rev. H. B. Whipple, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Minnesota (Rt. Rev. M. N. Gilbert, D. D. ). 
 Bishop of Mississippi (Rt. Rev. H. M. Thompson, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Missouri (Rt. Rev. D. S. Tuttle, S.T.D.). 
 Bishop of Nebraska (Rt. Rev. G. Worthington, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Newark (Rt. Rev. T. A. Stark ey, D.D.). 
 Bishop of New Hampshire (Rt. Rev. W. W. Niles, D.D.). 
 Bishop of New York (Rt. Rev. H. C. Potter, D.D.). 
 Bishop of North Carolina (Rt. Rev. J. 13. Cheshire, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Ohio (Rt. Rev. W. A. Leonard, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Pennsylvania (Rt. Rev. O. W. Whitaker, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Pittsburgh (Rt. Rev. C. Whitehead, D.D.). 
 Bishop ot Southern Florida (Rt. Rev. W. C. Gray. D.D.). 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Southern Ohio(Rt.Rev.B.Vincent,D.D.). 
 Bishop of Spokane (Rt. Rev. H. L. Wells, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Springfield (Rt. Rev. G. F. Seymour, D.D.). 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Springfield (Rt. Rev. C. R. Hale, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Tennessee (Rt. Rev. C. T. Quintard, S.T.D.). 
 Bishop of Texas (Rt. Rev. G. H. Kinsolving, D.D.). 
 Bishop of The Platte (Rt. Rev. A. R. Graves, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Vermont (Rt. Rev. A. C. A. Hall, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Washington (Rt. Rev. H. V. Satterlee, D.D.). 
 Bishop of Western New York (Rt. Rev. W. D. Walker, S.T.D.). 
 Bishop of Western Texas (Rt. Rev. J. S. Johnson, D. D.). 
 Bishop of West Missouri (Rt. Rev. E. R. At well, D.D.), 
 Bishop of Wyoming and Idaho (Rt. Rev. E. Talbot, D.D.). 
 
 Missionary Bishop of Cape Palmas (Rt. Rev.' S. D. Ferguson, 
 
 D.D.). 
 Missionary Bishop of Shanghai (Rt. Rev. F. R, Graves, D.D.). 
 Missionary Bishop of Tokyo (Rt. Rev. J. McKim, D.D.). 
 
 ^fSars of t^t Conference : 
 
 Bishop of Gloucester (Rt. Rev. C, J. Ellicott), Kc^islrar. 
 Bishop OF Winchester (Rt. Rev, R. T. ^ 
 
 Davidson, D.D.). I „^- ^ 7 ^ . • 
 
 Bishop of Bath and Wells (Rt. Rev. G. \^P'''-^P^^ Secretaries. 
 
 W. Kennion, D.D.). j 
 
 F. W. Pennefather, LL.D., Zrz_j/ 6'tr;-tf/'a;-j.
 
 13 
 
 LETTER. 
 
 To THE Faitpiful IN Christ Jesus, Greeting — 
 
 We, Archbishops, Bishops Metropolitan, and 
 other Bishops of the Holy Catholic Church 
 In full communion with the Church of England, 
 one hundred and ninety-four In number, all having 
 superintendence over dioceses or lawfully com- 
 missioned to exercise Episcopal functions therein, 
 assembled from divers parts of the earth at 
 Lambeth Palace, In the year of our Lord 1897, 
 under the presidency of the Most Reverend 
 Frederick, by Divine Providence Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, Primate of All England, and Metro- 
 politan, after receiving In Westminster Abbey the 
 Blessed Sacrament of the Lord's Body and Blood, 
 and uniting In Prayer for the guidance of the 
 Holy Spirit, have taken Into consideration 
 various questions which have been submitted to 
 us affecting the welfare of God's people and the 
 condition of the Church In divers parts of the 
 the world. 
 
 We have made these matters the subject of 
 careful and serious deliberation during the month 
 past, both In General Conference and in Com- 
 mittees specially appointed to consider the several 
 questions, and we now commend to the faithful 
 the conclusions at which we have arrived. 
 
 We have appended to this letter two sets of 
 documents, the one containing the formal Reso- 
 lutions of the Conference, and the other the 
 Reports of the several Committees. We desire
 
 14 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 you to bear in mind that the Conference is 
 responsible for the first alone. The Reports of 
 Committees can be taken to represent the mind 
 of the Conference in so far only as they are re- 
 affirmed or directly adopted in the Resolutions. 
 But we have thought good to print these Reports, 
 believing that they will offer fruitful matter for 
 consideration. 
 
 We begin with the questions which affect 
 moral conduct, inasmuch as moral conduct is made 
 by our Lord the test of the reality of religious life. 
 
 Temperance. Intemperance still continues to be 
 one of the chief hindrances to religion in the 
 great mass of our people. There are many excel- 
 lent societies engaged in the conflict with it, but 
 they need steady and resolute perseverance to 
 effect any serious improvement. It is important 
 to lay stress on the essential condition of per- 
 manent success in this work, namely, that it 
 should be taken up in a religious spirit as part of 
 Christian devotion to the Lord. 
 
 Purity. We desire to repeat with the most 
 earnest emphasis what was said on the subject 
 of Purity by the last Conference, and we reprint 
 herewith the Report which that Conference 
 unanimously adopted.* We know the deadly 
 nature of the sin of impurity, the fearful hold it 
 has on those who have once yielded, and the 
 fearful strength of the temptation. The need for 
 calling attention to this is greatly increased at 
 present by the difficulties that hamper all 
 attempts to deal with the frightful diseases which 
 everywhere attend it. We recognise the duty 
 of checking the spread of such diseases, but 
 
 * See page 169.
 
 ENCYCLICAL LETTER. 1 5 
 
 we recognise also the terrible possibility that 
 the means used for this purpose may lower the 
 moral standard, and so, in the end, foster the evil 
 in the very endeavour to uproot it. We are 
 convinced that the root of all such evil is in the 
 sin itself, and that nothing will in the end prove 
 effectual against it, which does not from the very 
 first teach the Christian Law that the sin is a 
 degradation to those who fall into it whether 
 men or women, and that purity is within reach of 
 every Christian who, trusting in the Grace of 
 God, fights the battle of his baptismal vow. 
 
 Sanctity of Marriage. The maintenance of the dignity 
 and sanctity of marriage lies at the root of social 
 purity, and therefore of the safety and sacredness 
 of the family and the home. The foundation of 
 its holy security and honour is the precept of our 
 Lord, •' What therefore God hath joined together 
 let not man put asunder." We utter our most 
 earnest words of warning against the lightness 
 with which the lifelonor vow of marriaore is often 
 taken ; against the looseness with which those 
 who enter into this holy estate often regard its 
 obligations ; and against the frequency and facility 
 of recourse to the Courts of Law for the dissolu- 
 tion of this most solemn bond. The full con- 
 sideration, however, of this matter it has been 
 impossible to undertake on this occasion. 
 
 Industrial Problem?. The industrial problems of the 
 present day present themselves under the double 
 aspect of justice between man and man, and 
 sympathy with human needs. It is widely 
 thought in some classes that the present working 
 of our industries is unjust to the employed and 
 unduly favourable to the employer. It is obviously 
 not possible for us to enter upon the considera-
 
 l6 LAMBETH C0NK1£RENCE, IcSq/. 
 
 tlon of such a question in detail. Hut we think 
 it our duty to press the great principle of the 
 Brotherhood of Man, and to ur^j^e the importance 
 of bringini^ that principle to bear on all the 
 relations between those who are connected by the 
 tie of a common employment. Obedience to this 
 law of brotherhood would ultimately, in all prob- 
 ability, prevent many of the mischiefs which 
 attend our present system. Upon this aspect of 
 the industrial problems wise and helpful counsels 
 will be found in the Report. 
 
 The other aspect of these problems concerns 
 those classes of the community who are, above all 
 others, commended by our Lord to the loving- care 
 of His disciples, the Poor. It is undeniable that 
 poverty is so far from being regarded in the New 
 Testament as a hindrance to the acceptance of 
 the Gospel, that it is on the contrary the rich as 
 such that are warned that they will find serious 
 difficulty in entering the Kingdom of Heaven. 
 Still the poor have temptations and troubles from 
 which the rich are comparatively free. To give 
 help in such temptations and to lessen these 
 troubles is one of the special duties of the Christian. 
 Of all the duties that our Lord has imposed on us, 
 none can be said to stand higher than this, but 
 while it is one of the most imperative, it is also 
 one of the most difficult. It is certain that no 
 permanent good can be done to those who find 
 the daily struggle for subsistence very severe, 
 unless they themselves will join in the work. But 
 the perpetual temptation of their lives is to throw 
 off their burdens and expect to obtain aid without 
 any exertion on their own part. Many, perhaps 
 the great majority, rise above this temptation and 
 live brave lives of dependence on their own per- 
 severing labour. But many sink in the effort and 
 give up all true manly hope. It is character that
 
 ENCYCLICAL LETTER. 1 7 
 
 they need. They need inspiration. They need to 
 have hope brought to them ; they need to be roused 
 to a belief in their power by the help of God to 
 live on higher principles. It is when men of this 
 class are ficrhtincr their own battle acrainst their own 
 
 • 1 1 r 1 
 
 weakness that they can best be aided by thoughtful 
 sympathy and friendly help. But besides these 
 there are not a few who are caught as it were in 
 some overpowering current of trouble which they 
 cannot deal with. Such are those who cannot 
 find employment though often longing to find it. 
 The difficulty of helping these is well known 
 and requires most careful study. And lastly 
 there are the many who are physically unable to 
 maintain themselves ; sometimes from congenital 
 weakness, sometimes from accident or disease, 
 sometimes, and indeed most often, from old age. 
 To instil Christian principle into the great body of 
 Churchmen ; to press on them the duty of not 
 only being ready to give and glad to communicate, 
 but of giving their time, their trouble, their care- 
 ful thought to the discovery of the best mode of 
 helping individual cases of need is the task which 
 our Master gives us. We warmly commend to all 
 Christian people the Report of our Committee on 
 this subject. 
 
 International Arbitration. There is nothing which morc 
 tends to promote general employment and con- 
 sequently genuine comfort among the people than 
 the maintenance of peace among the nations of 
 mankind. But besides and above all considera- 
 tions of material comfort stands the value of 
 Peace itself as the great characteristic of the 
 Kingdom of our Lord, the word which heralded His 
 entrance into the world, the title which specially 
 distinguishes Him from all earthly princes. There 
 can be no question that the influence of the 
 (6440) 13
 
 fS LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Christian Church can do more for this than 
 any other inHuencc that can be named. Without 
 denying that there are just wars and that we can- 
 not prevent their recurrence entirely, yet we are 
 convinced that there are other and better ways of 
 settling the quarrels of nations than by fighting. 
 War is a horrible evil followed usually by 
 consequences worse than itself. Arbitration in 
 place of war saves the honour of the nations 
 concerned and yet determines the questions at 
 issue with completeness. War brutalises even 
 while it gives opportunity for the finest heroism. 
 Arbitration leaves behind it a generous sense of 
 passions restrained and justice sought for. The 
 Church of Christ can never have any doubt for 
 which of the two modes of determinino- national 
 quarrels it ought to strive. 
 
 We pass from moral questions to Ecclesiastical, 
 and first to those which may be called Internal. 
 
 The Organisation of the Anglican Communion. Hvery IVleet- 
 
 ing of the Lambeth Conference deepens the feel- 
 ing of the unity which originally made the Con- 
 ference possible, and now gives increasing value 
 to its deliberations. There are differences of 
 opinion amongst us, but the sense of belonging to 
 one Body, subject to one Master, striving towards 
 one great aim, grows stronger as the Meetings are 
 repeated. In order to maintain and still further 
 develop this unity of feeling we desire first to 
 secure steady and rapid intercourse between all 
 the branches of the AnoHcan Communion, for it is 
 certain that thorough mutual knowledge is the only 
 sure basis of all real unity of life. As one step 
 towards this we propose to form a central consulta- 
 tive body for supplying information and advice. 
 This body must win its way to general recogni- 
 tion by the services which it may be able to render
 
 ENCYCLICAL LETTER. I9 
 
 to the working of the Church. It can have no 
 other than a moral authority, which will be 
 developed out of its action. We have left the 
 formation of it to the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 who already finds himself called on to do very 
 much of what is proposed to be done by this 
 Council. Beyond this point we have not 
 thought it wise to go. But we desire to 
 encourage the natural and spontaneous formation 
 of Provinces, so that no Bishop may be left 
 to act absolutely alone, and we think it desirable 
 that, in accordance with the ancient custom of 
 the Western Church, the Metropolitans of these 
 Provinces should be known as Archbishops, 
 recommending, however, that such titles should 
 not be assumed without previous communication to 
 the other Bishops of the Communion with a view 
 to oreneral recogfnition. We think it would be 
 well for the further consolidation of all provincial 
 action that every Bishop at his consecration 
 should take the Oath of Canonical Obedience to 
 his own Metropolitan, and that every Bishop con- 
 secrated in England under the Queen's Mandate 
 for service abroad should make a solemn declara- 
 tion that he will pay all due honour and deference 
 to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and will respect 
 and maintain the spiritual rights and privileges of 
 the Church of Encrland and of all Churches in 
 communion with her. 
 
 Religious Communities. On the subject of Religious 
 Communities we do not consider it to be yet 
 possible to give advice which can be treated as 
 final. We believe that such Communities are 
 capable of rendering great services to the Church 
 and have indeed already done so. But we think 
 more regulation is needed if they are to be worked 
 in thorough harmony with the [general work 
 (6440) B 2
 
 20 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 of the Church as a whole. What form such 
 reiT^ulation should take requires much further 
 consideration. Meanwhile we express our strong 
 sense of the care that ought to be taken In making 
 sure that no one undertakes the obligations of 
 Community life without having, as far as human 
 judgment can ascertain It, a real vocation from 
 God. Whether God means a particular person 
 to live In this particular way is the preliminary 
 question to be determined by the person who 
 asks to be admitted Into a Community and by the 
 authority of the Community that admits that 
 person. We have requested the Committee to 
 continue its labours, and we commend the Report 
 to the attention of the Church. 
 
 The Critical Study of the Bible. We paSS On tO the 
 
 consideration of the standards of all our teaching, 
 the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer. 
 The critical study of the Bible by competent 
 scholars is essential to the maintenance in the 
 Church of a healthy faith. That faith is 
 already In serious danger which refuses to face 
 questions that may be raised either on the 
 authority or the genuineness of any part of the 
 Scriptures that have come down to us. Such 
 refusal creates painful suspicion in the minds of 
 many whom we have to teach, and will weaken the 
 strength of our own conviction of the truth that 
 God has revealed to us. A faith which is 
 always or often attended by a secret fear that 
 we dare not Inquire lest Inquiry should lead us 
 to results inconsistent with what we believe, is 
 already infected with a disease which may soon de- 
 stroy it. But all Inquiry is attended with a danger 
 on the other side unless It be protected by the guard 
 of Reverence, Confidence, and Patience. It Is 
 quite true that there have been instances where
 
 ENCYCLICAL LETTER. 21 
 
 inquiry has led to doubt and ultimately to infidelity. 
 But the best safeguard against such a peril lies in 
 that deep reverence which never fails to accom- 
 pany real faith. The central object of Christian 
 faith must always be the Lord Jesus Christ Him- 
 self The test which St. Paul gives of the pos- 
 session of the Holy Spirit is the being able to say 
 that Jesus is the Lord. If a man can say with 
 his whole heart and soul that Jesus is the Lord, 
 he stands on a rock which nothinof can shake. 
 Read in the light of this conviction, the Bible, 
 beginning with man made in the image of God, 
 and rising with ever-increasing clearness of reve- 
 lation to God taking on Him the form of man, 
 and throughout it all showing in every page the 
 sense of the Divine Presence inspiring what is 
 said, will not fail to exert its power over the 
 souls of men till the Lord comes aorain. This 
 power will never really be affected by any critical 
 study whatever. The Report of the Committee 
 deals in our judgment temperately and wisely, with 
 the subject, and we think all Christian people will 
 find it worthy of careful consideration. 
 
 The Book of Common Prayer. The Book of Common 
 
 Prayer, next to the Bible itself, is the authoritative 
 standard of the doctrine of the Anglican Com- 
 munion. The great doctrines of the Faith are 
 there clearly set forth in their true relative 
 proportion. And we hold that it would be most 
 dangerous to tamper with its teaching either by 
 narrowing the breadth of its comprehension, or by 
 disturbing: the balance of its doctrine. We do not 
 speak of any omission or modification which might 
 have the effect of practically denying an article in 
 one of the Creeds, for that would be not only 
 dangerous but a direct betrayal of the Faith. 
 Nevertheless it is true that no Book can
 
 ->-> 
 
 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 supply every possible need of worshippers 
 in every variation of local circumstances. We 
 therefore think it our duty to affirm the right 
 of every Bishop, within the jurisdiction assigned 
 to him by the Church, to set forth or to sanction 
 additional services and prayers when he believes 
 that God's work may be thereby furthered, or the 
 spiritual needs of the worshippers more fully met, 
 and to adapt the Prayers already in the Book to 
 the special requirements of his own people. But 
 we hold that this power must always be subject 
 to any limitations imposed by the provincial or 
 other lawful authority, and the utmost care must 
 be taken that all such additions or adaptations 
 be in thorough harmony with the spirit and tenor 
 of the whole Book. 
 
 We find that many of the Clergy, especially in 
 the large towns of England, are troubled by doubts 
 whether, in the present circumstances of life, espe- 
 cially where population is perpetually moving, 
 infants ought to be baptised when thei^ seems so 
 little security for their due instruction. We desire 
 to impress upon the Clergy the need of taking all 
 possible care to see that provision is made for the 
 Christian training of the child, but that, unless in 
 cases of grave and exceptional difficulty, the bap- 
 tism should not be deferred. We consider, further, 
 that the baptismal promises of repentance, faith, 
 and obedience should be made either privately or 
 publicly by those who, having been baptised 
 without those promises, are brought by our Clergy 
 to Confirmation by the Bishop. 
 
 Difficulties having arisen in some quarters with 
 regard to the administration of Holy Communion 
 to the Sick, we recommend that such difficulties 
 should be left to be dealt with by the Bishop of 
 each Diocese in accordance with the direction 
 contained in the preface to the Book of Common 
 Prayer '* Concerning the Service of the Church."
 
 ENCYCLICAL LETTER. 23 
 
 -Readers "used in Schools. Wc thlllk It IieCCSSary tO 
 
 call attention to the misleading character of many 
 of the statements to be found in those School 
 " Readers " which touch on the history of the 
 Church, and we recommend those on whom 
 responsibility rests to take such steps as they can 
 to secure a truer handling of this important subject. 
 
 Encouragement of Theological ^tudy. -•■ here IS a general 
 
 complaint that the facilities provided for theologi- 
 cal study in many of the Colonies and Dependen- 
 cies of Great Britain are not sufficient, and that 
 there is very little recognition of proficiency in 
 theolocxical knowledoe. It is a serious defect in 
 the working of the Church If it fails to produce 
 men who can deal rightly with theological ques- 
 tions. The wrong handling of such questions may 
 easily lead and has often led to serious errors both 
 in doctrine and practice, and ignorance ' of the 
 subject leaves the Church defenceless against many 
 attacks. The Church cannot fulfil all her duties 
 without having men of learning among her divines, 
 and this especially applies to such a Church as 
 ours which founds all her teaching on Scripture 
 and antiquity. The great means provided by God 
 for instructino^ the conscience of the human race 
 is the Bible, and for interpreting the Bible, next 
 after the Bible Itself, the study of the writings and 
 practices of the Primitive Church is of paramount 
 importance. We cannot use these instruments 
 with effect unless we have a thorough knowledge 
 of both. We, therefore, earnestly commend to 
 all Christian people, and especially to those who 
 are connected by commercial or other relations 
 v/Ith the Colonies, the duty of aiding and estab- 
 lishing colleges and scholarships for the Instruction 
 of Colonial students in theology, and we commend
 
 ^4 ]..\ Mill -III CONFKRKNCK, I ^^97- 
 
 to the Ccircful consideration of the Church the 
 question how best to encounii^e men to i^ive 
 tliemselves to that study by arranoino- that some 
 accredited authority shall grant degrees to those 
 who have attained a high standard of proficiency. 
 
 The Duty of the Church to the Colonies. We have jUSt 
 
 spoken of one of the duties which the Church 
 owes to the Colonies, but there are others of no 
 small importance. It is a duty to the Colonies to 
 encourage the freest and fullest communion of 
 spiritual life between the Churchmen at home 
 and the Churchmen abroad, and especially be- 
 tween the Clergy. Clergymen w^ell fitted for 
 colonial service are not always well fitted for 
 home service, and Clergymen well fitted for home 
 service are not always well fitted for colonial. 
 And this must, to a certain extent, put a restraint 
 on free exchange of Clergy between the two 
 services. But subject to this necessary caution, 
 it is good for the Church that men should go 
 from the one service to the other, and under 
 proper regulations this ought not to be difficult. 
 
 To this claim of the Colonies must be added the 
 claim on behalf of some of them for continued and, 
 if possible, increased pecuniary aid. Many of the 
 Colonial Churches cannot yet stand alone. The 
 provision of colleges and schools and of endow- 
 ments for Bishoprics and the like, though we are 
 bound to contemplate its withdrawal in course of 
 time, yet must be maintained for the present, if we 
 do not wish the work already done to be undone for 
 want of funds. The colonists are our own kin, and 
 we cannot leave them to drift away from the Church 
 of their fathers. And the demands on us will 
 inevitably increase. God is opening to us every 
 day new gates of access to the heathen world, and
 
 ENXVCLICAL LE'ITKK. 2$ 
 
 we must enter those orates, and yet what we are 
 already doing will still need to be done if we are 
 to be true to the call which the Lord is 
 making. 
 
 Again, it is our duty, and must continue for some 
 time to be our duty, to do what we can for the 
 Christian care of emigrants on their way, as well 
 as to supply them with letters of commendation 
 addressed to those who will take an interest in 
 their spiritual welfare. And finally, it is an im- 
 perative duty to give all possible assistance to the 
 Bishops and Clergy of the Colonies in their 
 endeavours to protect the native races from the 
 introduction amono^ them of demoralising in- 
 fluences, especially the mischief of the trade in 
 intoxicating liquors and noxious drugs. 
 
 Our duties to the Colonies in all spiritual matters 
 are undeniably heavy. But the great task of 
 evangelising the human race Is largely put upon 
 us, and we cannot shrink from bearing the burden. 
 
 We pass from what is Internal concerning the 
 Anglican Communion to what is external. 
 
 The Unity of the Church. On the Unity of the Church 
 our Committee has not been able to propose any 
 resolutions which would bind us to immediate 
 further action. A Committee has been appointed 
 to open correspondence with a view to establish 
 a clearer understanding and closer relations with 
 the Churches of the East. The Archbishop of 
 Canterbury has been requested to appoint Com- 
 mittees to look into the position of the Unitas 
 Fratriim and the Scandinavian Church, with both 
 of which we desire to cultivate the most friendly 
 possible relations. We recommend also that 
 every opportunity be taken to emphasise the
 
 26 LAMHETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Divine purpose of visible unity amongst 
 Christians as a fact of revelation. We recommend 
 that Committees of Bishops be appointed every- 
 where to watch for and oriq-inate opportunities of 
 united prayer and mutual conference between 
 representatives of different Christian Bodies, and 
 to give counsel where counsel may be asked : 
 these Committees to report to the next Lambeth 
 Conference what has been accomplished in this 
 matter. 
 
 Above all, we urge the duty of special inter- 
 cession for the Unity of the Church in accordance 
 with the Lord's Own Prayer, as recorded in the 
 Gospel of St. John. 
 
 Reformation Movements outside our Communion, ** ^ reCOg- 
 
 nise with warm sympathy the endeavours that are 
 being made to escape from the usurped authority 
 of the See of Rome as we ourselves regained our 
 freedom three centuries ago. We are well aware 
 that such movements may sometimes end in quit- 
 tine not merelv the Roman obedience, but the 
 Catholic Church itself, and surrendering the doc- 
 trine of the sacraments, or even some of the great 
 verities of the Creeds. But we must not antici- 
 pate that men will go wrong until they have begun 
 to do so, and we feel some confidence in express- 
 ing our warm desire for friendly relations with the 
 Old Catholic Community in Germany, with the 
 Christian Catholic Church in Switzerland and 
 with the Old Catholics in Austria ; our attitude of 
 hopeful interest in the endeavour to form an 
 autonomous Church in Mexico and in the work 
 now being done in Brazil '; and our sympathy 
 with the brave and earnest men (if we may use the 
 words of the Conference of 1888) of France, Italy, 
 Spain, and Portugal, who have been driven to
 
 ENCYCLICAL LETTER. 2/ 
 
 free themselves from the burden of unlawful terms 
 of Communion imposed by the Church of Rome. 
 
 Foreign Missions. Lastly, WC COmC tO the SubjCCt of 
 
 Foreign Missions, the work that at the present 
 time stands in the first rank of all the tasks we 
 have to fulfil. We have especial reasons to be 
 thankful to God for the awakened and increasing 
 zeal of our whole Communion for this primary 
 work of the Church, the work for which the 
 Church was commissioned by our Lord. F'or some 
 centuries it may be said we have slumbered. 
 The duty has not been quite forgotten, but it 
 has been remembered only by individuals and 
 Societies ; the body as a whole has taken no 
 part. The Book of Common Prayer contains very 
 few prayers for missionary work. It hardly seems 
 to have been present to the minds of our great 
 authorities and leaders in compiling that Book 
 that the matter should be in the thou*ghts of 
 everyone who calls himself a Christian, and that 
 no ordinary service should be considered complete 
 which did not plead amongst other things for the 
 spread of the Gospel. We are beginning, though 
 only beginning, to see what the Lord would 
 have us do. He is opening the whole world 
 to our easy access, and as He opens the way He 
 is opening our eyes to see it, and to see His 
 beckoning hand. 
 
 In preaching His Gospel to the world we have 
 to deal with one great religious body, which holds 
 the truth in part but not in its fulness, the Jews ; 
 with another which holds fragments of the truth 
 embedded in a mass of falsehood, the Mohamme- 
 dans; and with various races which hold inherited 
 beliefs ranging down to the merest fetichism. 
 In dealing with all these it is certainly right
 
 28 LAMI'.KTII CONFFRKNCK, 1 897. 
 
 to recoonisc whatsoever i^ood they may contain. 
 Hut it is necessary to be cautious lest that good, 
 such as it is, be so exao^oerated as to lead us to 
 allow that any purified form of any one of them 
 can ever be in any sense a substitute for the 
 Gospel. The Gospel is not merely the revelation 
 of the hiohcst morality ; it reveals also the 
 wonderful love of God in Christ, and contains the 
 promise of that grace given by Him by which 
 alone the highest moral life is possible to man. 
 And without the promise of that grace it would 
 not be the Gospel at all. 
 
 The Jews seem to deserve from us more atten- 
 tion than they have hitherto received. The 
 difficulties of the work of converting the Jews are 
 very great, but the greatest of all difficulties 
 springs from the indifference of Christians to the 
 duty of bringing them to Christ. They are the 
 Lord's own kin, and He commanded that' the 
 Gospel should first be preached to them. But 
 Christians generally are much more interested in 
 the conversion of Gentiles. The conversion of 
 the Jews is also much hindered by the severe 
 persecutions to which Jewish converts are often 
 exposed from their own people, and It is some- 
 times necessary to see to their protection if 
 they are persuaded to join us. It seems probable 
 that the English-speaking people can do more 
 than any others in winning them, and, although 
 Jewish converts have one advantage in their 
 knowledge of their own people, yet they are 
 put at a great disadvantage by the extremely 
 strong prejudice which the Jews entertain against 
 those who have left them for Christ. It seems 
 best that both Jews and Gentiles should be 
 employed in the work. 
 
 Tor preaching to the Mohammedans very
 
 ENCYCLICAL LETTER. 29 
 
 careful preparation is needed. The men who are 
 to do the work must study their character, their 
 history, and their creed. The Mohammedans 
 must be approached with the greatest care to do 
 them justice. What is good in their belief must 
 be acknowledged to the full, and used as a foun- 
 dation on which to build the structure of Chris- 
 tian truth. They have been most obstinate in 
 opposing the Christian faith, but there seem now 
 to be openings for reaching their consciences. It 
 is easier for them to join us than it was. In some 
 lands the intolerance, which was their great 
 bulwark, is showing indications of giving way. 
 In India the Christian and the Mohammedan 
 meet on equal terms, and a Mohammedan can 
 become a Christian without danger to his life. 
 It seems as if the time for approaching them 
 had come, and that the call to approach them 
 was made especially on ourselves. To this end it 
 is necessary that we should have the services of 
 men specially trained for the purpose. Such men 
 will, as it seems, be most effective if working 
 from strong centres, such as are to be found in 
 Delhi, Lucknow, and Hyderabad (Deccan). To 
 find such men and urge them to the work ; to 
 provide for their thorough training in proper 
 colleges, and to send them forth, never singly, 
 but, if possible, in large groups, appears to be the 
 best means of dealing with the whole Moham- 
 medan Body. 
 
 The remaining religions of the world require a 
 varied treatment in accordance with the cir- 
 cumstances of each particular case. It is often 
 said that we ought to aim at developing 
 Native Churches as speedily as possible. But 
 it is necessary to move with caution in this 
 matter. It is of real importance to impress
 
 30 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 the converts from the first with a sense 
 that the Church is their own and not a foreign 
 Church, and for that purpose to give them some 
 share in the local management and the financial 
 support of the body which they have joined. But 
 before it is justifiable to give them independent 
 action it is necessary to wait until they have 
 acquired that sense of duty which is needed to 
 keep them in the right way. They must have 
 learned to realise the high moral standard of 
 the Gospel in their ordinary lives, and they 
 must have learned to fulfil the universal duty 
 of maintaining their own ministry. Nothing 
 ought to be laid on them but what is of 
 the essence of the Faith or belongs to the 
 due order of the Catholic Church, but they 
 should be perpetually impressed with the neces- 
 sity of holding the Catholic Faith in its integrity, 
 and maintaining their unity with the Catholic 
 Body. That unity should be sought first in the 
 unity of the Diocese, and when members of the 
 Church move from Diocese to Diocese they 
 should be supplied with letters of commendation 
 to persons who will interest themselves in the 
 spiritual welfare of such travellers. 
 
 The work of Foreign Missions may occasionally 
 bring about apparent collision between difterent 
 Churches within our Communion. In all such 
 cases pains should be taken to prevent as far as 
 possible the unseemliness of two Bishops exercis- 
 ing their jurisdiction in the same place, and the 
 synods concerned ought in our judgment to make 
 canons or pass resolutions to secure this object. 
 Where there has been already an infringement of 
 the rule the Bishops must make all the endeavours 
 they can to adjust the matter for the time. 
 
 In all cases we are of opinion that if any new
 
 ENCYCLICAL LETTER. 3I 
 
 foreign missionary Jurisdiction be contemplated, 
 notification should be sent to all Metropolitans 
 and Presiding Bishops before any practical steps 
 are taken. 
 
 We think it our duty to declare that in the 
 Foreign Mission field, where signal spiritual 
 blessings have attended the labours of missionaries 
 not connected with our Communion, a special 
 obligation has arisen to avoid, as far as possible 
 without compromise of principle, w^hatever tends 
 to prevent the due growth and manifestation of 
 that " unity of the Spirit " which should ever 
 mark the Church of Christ. 
 
 In conclusion we commend to the consideration 
 of all our Churches the suggestions contained in 
 the Report of the Committee on Foreign Missions 
 as to the relation of Missionary Bishops and 
 Clergy to Missionary Societies. 
 
 We have now said w^hat we have to say. We 
 have throughout our deliberations encfeavoured 
 to bear in mind the great work that we are 
 engaged in doing and the presence with us of 
 the Lord and Master who has given us this work 
 to do. The effort to counsel one another and to 
 counsel the members of our Church throughout 
 the world, has drawn us consciously nearer to 
 Him whom we have been desiring to serve. We 
 pray earnestly that as He has been with us in our 
 deliberations, so also He may be with us in all 
 our attempts to live and to labour in the same 
 spirit of devotion. We know that we can do 
 nothing without Him, and we pray that that 
 knowledge may perpetually lift our thoughts to 
 His very self and inspire our work with the zeal 
 and the perseverance, with the humility and the 
 self-surrender which ever characterise His true 
 disciples ; so that we all may be able to abide in
 
 32 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Him and to obtain His loving promise to abide 
 m us. 
 
 Signed on behalf of the Conference. 
 
 F. CANTUAR: 
 
 C. J. GLOUCESTER, 
 
 Registrar, 
 
 RANDALL WINTON : 
 
 • Episcopal Secretat ies. 
 
 U- 
 
 G. W. BATH & WEI 
 
 F. W. PENNEFATHER, LL.D., 
 
 Lay Secretary. 
 July 31, 1897.
 
 33 
 
 RESOLUTIONS FORMALLY ADOPTED BY 
 THE CONFERENCE OF 1897. 
 
 1. That, recognising the advantages which have accrued 
 
 to the Church from the meetings of the Lambeth 
 Conferences, we are of opinion that it is of great 
 importance to the well-being of the Church that 
 there should be from time to time meetings of 
 the Bishops of the whole Anglican Communion 
 for the consideration of questions that may arise 
 affecting the Church of Christ. 
 
 2. That whereas the Lambeth Conferences have been 
 
 called into existence by the invitation of the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, we desire that similar 
 Conferences should be held, at intervals of about 
 ten years, on the invitation of the Archbishop, if 
 he be willing to give it. 
 
 3. That the Resolutions adopted by such Conferences 
 
 should be formally communicated to the various 
 National Churches, Provinces, and extra- 
 Provincial Dioceses of the Anglican Communion 
 for their consideration, and for such action as 
 may seem to them desirable. 
 
 4. That the conditions of membership of the Lambeth 
 
 Conferences, as described in the opening sen- 
 tences of the Official Letter of 1878 and the 
 Encyclical Letter of 1888, should remain 
 unaltered. 
 (6440) C
 
 34 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 5. That it is advisable that a consultative body should 
 
 be formed to which resort may be had, if 
 desired, by the National Churches, Provinces, and 
 extra-Provincial Dioceses of the Anglican Com- 
 munion cyther for information or for advice, and 
 that the Archbishop of Canterbury be requested 
 to take such steps as he may think most desirable 
 for the creation of this consultative body. 
 
 6. We desire to record our satisfaction at the progress 
 
 of the acceptance of the principle of Provincial 
 organisation since the date of its formal com- 
 mendation to the Anglican Communion in the 
 Official Letter of 1878. We would also express 
 a hope that the method of association into 
 Provinces may be carried still further as circum- 
 stances may allow. 
 
 7. Recognising the almost universal custom in the 
 
 Western Church of attaching the title of Arch- 
 bishop to the rank of Metropolitan, we are of 
 opinion that the revival and extension of this 
 custom among ourselves is justifiable and 
 desirable. It is advisable that the proposed 
 adoption of such a title should be formally 
 announced to the Bishops of the various 
 Churches and Provinces of the Communion with 
 a view to its general recognition. 
 
 8. We are of opinion that the Archiepiscopal or 
 
 Primatial title may be taken from a city or from 
 a territory, according to the discretion of the 
 Province concerned. 
 
 9. Where it is intended that any Bishop-elect, not 
 
 under the metropolitan jurisdiction of the See of
 
 RESOLUTIONS. 35 
 
 Canterbury, should be consecrated in England 
 under the Queen's Mandate, it is desirable, if it 
 be possible, that he should not be expected to 
 take an oath of personal obedience to the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, but rather should, 
 before his Consecration, make a solemn declara- 
 tion that he will pay all due honour and deference 
 to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and will 
 respect and maintain the spiritual rights and 
 privileges of the Church of England, and of all 
 Churches in communion with her. In this 
 manner the interests of unity would be main- 
 tained without any infringement of the local 
 liberties or jurisdiction. 
 
 10. If such Bishop-elect be designated to a See within 
 any Primatial or Provincial Jurisdiction, it is 
 desirable that he should at his Consecration 
 take the customary Oath of Canonical Obedi- 
 ence to his own Primate or Metropolitan. 
 
 11. That this Conference recognises with thankfulness 
 
 the revival alike of Brotherhoods and Sister- 
 hoods and of the Office of Deaconess, in our 
 branch of the Church, and commends to the 
 attention of the Church the Report of the 
 Committee appointed to consider the Relation 
 of Religious Communities to the Episcopate. 
 
 12. In view of the importance of the further develop- 
 
 ment and wise direction of such Communities, 
 the Conference requests the Committee to con- 
 tinue its labours, and to present a further Report 
 to his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, in 
 July, 1898. 
 
 (6440) 
 
 C 2
 
 36 LAMHETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 13, That this Conference receives the Report drawn up 
 by the Committee upon the Critical Study of 
 Holy Scripture, and commends it to the con- 
 sideration of all Christian people. 
 
 14. That while we heartily thank God for the missionary 
 
 zeal which He has kindled in our Communion, 
 and for the abundant blessing bestowed on such 
 work as has been done, we recommend that 
 prompt and continuous efforts be made to arouse 
 the Church to recognise as a necessary and 
 constant element in the spiritual life of the Body, 
 and of each member of it, the fulfilment of our 
 Lord's great commission to evangelise all nations. 
 
 15. That the tendency of many English - speaking 
 
 Christians to entertain an exaggerated opinion 
 of the excellences of Hinduism and Buddhism, 
 and to ignore the fact that Jesus Christ alone 
 has been constituted Saviour and King of 
 Mankind, should be vigorously corrected. 
 
 16. That a more prominent position be assigned to the 
 
 Evangelisation of the Jews in the intercessions 
 and almsgiving of the Church, and that the 
 various Boards of Missions be requested to take 
 cognisance of this work ; and particularly to see 
 that care be taken for the due trainincr of the 
 Missionary Agents to be employed in the work. 
 
 17. That in view (i) of the success which has already 
 
 attended faithful work among the Mohammedans, 
 (2) of the opportunity offered at the present 
 time for more vigorous efforts, especially in India 
 and in the Hausa district, and (3) of the need of 
 special training for the work : it is desirable —
 
 kESOLUTIONS. 37 
 
 (a) That men be urged to offer themselves with 
 a view to preparation by special study for Mission 
 Work among Mohammedans. 
 
 (b) That attention be called to the importance of 
 creating or maintaining strong centres for work 
 amongst Mohammedans, as, for instance, in the 
 cities of Delhi, Lucknow, and Hyderabad 
 (Deccan), and elsewhere. 
 
 18. That while we feel that there is much to encourage 
 us in what has been done, and is now in progress, 
 for the establishment and development of Native 
 Churches, we consider it to be of the utmost 
 importance that from the very beginning the idea 
 that the Church is their own and not a foreign 
 Church should be impressed upon converts, and 
 that a due share of the management and financial 
 support of the Church should be theirs j"rom the 
 first. But we hold that the power of independent 
 action, which is closely connected with the estab- 
 lishment of a native episcopate, ought not as a 
 rule to be confided to Native Churches until they 
 arc also financially independent. 
 
 19. That it is important that, so far as possible, the 
 
 Church should be adapted to local circumstances, 
 and the people brought to feel in all ways that 
 no burdens in the way of foreign customs are laid 
 upon them, and nothing is required of them but 
 what is of the essence of the Faith, and belongs 
 to the due order of the Catholic Church. 
 
 20. That while the converts should be encouraged to 
 
 seek independence of foreign financial aid, and 
 to look forward to complete independence, care 
 should be taken to impress upon them the neccs-
 
 38 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 sity of holding- the Catholic Faith in its integrity, 
 and of maintaininc: at all times that union with 
 the great body of the Church which will 
 strengthen the life of the young Church, and 
 prevent any departure from Catholic and 
 Apostolic unity, whether through heresy or 
 through schism. 
 
 21. That due care should be taken to make the Diocese 
 
 the centre of unity, so that, while there may be 
 contained in the sarrie area under one Bishop 
 various races and languages necessitating many 
 modes of administration, nothing shall be allowed 
 to obscure the fact that the many races form but 
 one Church. 
 
 22. That Bishops and Clergy engaged in Missionary 
 
 work should give to those of their flock who 
 may travel to other countries letters of com- 
 mendation in each case, to persons who will 
 interest themselves in the spiritual welfare of 
 such travellers. 
 
 23. That this Conference desires to give expression to 
 
 its deep sense of the evils resulting from the 
 Drink Traffic on the West Coast of Africa 
 and elsewhere, and of the hindrance which it 
 presents not only to the development of Native 
 Churches, but also to the acceptance of 
 Christianity by heathen tribes. 
 
 24. That, while it is the duty of the whole Church to 
 
 make disciples of all nations, yet, in the dis- 
 charge of this duty, independent Churches of 
 the Anglican Communion ought to recognise the 
 equal rights of each other when establishing 
 foreign missionary jurisdictions, so that two
 
 RESOLUTIONS. • 39 
 
 Bishops of that Communion may not exercise 
 jurisdiction in the same place, and the Con- 
 ference recommends every Bishop to use his 
 influence in the diocesan and provincial synods 
 of his particular Church to gain the adhesion of 
 the synods to these principles, with a view to the 
 framing of canons or resolutions in accord there- 
 with. Where such rights have, through inadvert- 
 ence, been infringed in the past, an adjustment of 
 the respective positions of the Bishops concerned 
 ought to be made by an amicable arrangement 
 between them, with a view to correcting as far 
 as possible the evils arising from such infringe- 
 ment. 
 
 25. That when any particular Church contemplates 
 
 creating a new foreign missionary jurisdiction, 
 the recommendation contained in Resolution I. 
 of the Conference of 1867 ought always to be 
 followed before any practical steps are taken. 
 
 26. That this Conference earnestly commends to the 
 
 consideration of the Churches of the Anglican 
 Communion the suggestions contained in the 
 Report of the Committee on Foreign Missions 
 as to the relation of Missionary Bishops and 
 Clergy to Missionary Societies. 
 
 27. That in the Foreign Mission Field of the Church's 
 
 work, where signal spiritual blessings have 
 attended the labours of Christian Missionaries 
 not connected with the Anglican Communion, 
 a special obligation has arisen to avoid, as far 
 as possible without compromise of principle, 
 whatever tends to prevent the due growth and
 
 40 LAMiJKTlI CONl'EKENCE, 1S97. 
 
 manifestation of that " unity of the Spirit," 
 which should ever mark the Church of Christ. 
 
 28, That in accordance with the sentiments expressed 
 by the Bishops who met in the last Conference, 
 we regard it as our duty to maintain and 
 promote friendly relations with the Old Catholic 
 Community in Germany, and with the Christian 
 Catholic Church in Switzerland, assuring them 
 of our sympathy, of our thankfulness to God 
 Who has held them steadfast in their efforts for 
 the preservation of the Primitive Faith and 
 Order, and Who, through all discouragements, 
 difficulties, and temptations, has given them the 
 assurance of His blessing, in the maintenance of 
 their principles, in the enlargement of their con- 
 gregations, and in the increase of their Churches. 
 We continue the offer of the religious privileges 
 by which the Clergy and faithful Laity may be 
 admitted to Holy Communion on the same 
 conditions as our own Communicants. 
 
 29. That we renew the expression of hope for a more 
 
 formal relation with the Old Catholics in Austria, 
 when their organisation shall have been made 
 more complete. 
 
 30. That we recognise thankfully the movement for 
 
 the formation of an autonomous Church in 
 Mexico, organised upon the primitive lines of 
 administration, and having a Liturgy and Book 
 of Offices approved by the presiding Bishop of 
 the Church in the United States and his
 
 RESOLUTIONS. 4I 
 
 Advisory Committee as being framed after the 
 primitive forms of worship. 
 
 81. That we express our sympathy with tlie Reforma- 
 tion movement in Brazil, and trust that it may 
 develop in accordance with sound principles. 
 
 32. That we repeat the expressions of sympathy (con- 
 tained in the Report of the Lambeth Conference 
 of 1888) with the brave and earnest men of 
 France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal who have 
 been driven to free themselves from the burden 
 of unlawful terms of Communion imposed by 
 the Church of Rome ; and continue to watch 
 these movements with deep and anxious interest, 
 praying that they may be blessed and guided by 
 Almighty God. 
 
 38. That we recommend to the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury and the Primates and Presiding 
 Bishops of other Churches in Communion 
 with the Church of England the appoint- 
 ment of at least one representative of each 
 Church to attend the International Congress 
 which is to meet in Vienna on August 30, 1897 ; 
 and we express the hope that there may be a 
 revival of such Conferences as those held at 
 Bonn in 1874 and 1875 to which representatives 
 may be invited and appointed from the Church 
 of England and the Churches in Communion 
 with her. 
 
 34. That every opportunity be taken to emphasise 
 the Divine purpose of visible unity amongst 
 Christians, as a fact of revelation.
 
 42 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1^9/. 
 
 35. That this Conference urges the duty of special 
 
 intercession for the unity of the Church in 
 accordance with our Lord's own prayer. 
 
 36. That the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and 
 
 the Bishop of London be requested to act as a 
 Committee with power to add to their number, 
 to confer personally or by correspondence with 
 the Orthodox Eastern Patriarchs, the " Holy 
 Governing Synod " of the Church of Russia, and 
 the chief authorities of the various Eastern 
 Churches with a view to consider the possibility 
 of securing a clearer understanding and of estab- 
 lishing closer relations between the Churches of 
 the East and the Anglican Communion ; and 
 that under the direction of the said Committee 
 arrangements be made for the translation of 
 books and documents setting forth the relative 
 positions of the various Churches, and also of 
 such Catechisms and Forms of Service as may 
 be helpful to mutual understanding. 
 
 37. That this Conference not possessing sufficient in- 
 
 formation to warrant the expression of a 
 decided opinion upon the question of the Orders 
 of the Utiitas Frat7^uvi or Moravians, must 
 content itself with expressing a hearty desire for 
 such relations with them as will aid the cause of 
 Christian Unity, and with recommending that 
 there should be on the part of the Anglican 
 Communion further consideration of the whole 
 subject, in the hope of establishing closer 
 relations between the Unitas Fratruni and the 
 Churches represented in this Conference.
 
 RESOLUTIONS. 43 
 
 38. That the Archbishop of Canterbury be requested to 
 
 appoint a Committee to conduct the further 
 investigation of the subject, and for such 
 purpose to confer with the authorities or repre- 
 sentatives of the Unitas Fratrum, 
 
 39. That this Conference, being desirous of furthering 
 
 the action taken by the Lambeth Conference of 
 1888 with regard to the validity of the Orders 
 of the Swedish Church, requests the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury to appoint a Committee to inquire 
 into the question, and to report to the next 
 Lambeth Conference ; and that it is desirable 
 that the Committee, if appointed, should confer 
 with the authorities or representatives of the 
 Church of Sweden upon the subject of the pro- 
 posed investigation. ^ 
 
 40. That the Bishops of the several Churches of 
 
 the Anglican Communion be urged to appoint 
 Committees of Bishops, where they have not 
 been already appointed, to watch for oppor- 
 tunities of united prayer and mutual conference 
 between representatives of different Christian 
 bodies, and to give counsel where counsel may 
 be asked in this matter. That these Com- 
 mittees confer with and assist each other, and 
 regard themselves as responsible for reporting 
 to the next Lambeth Conference what has been 
 accomplished in this respect. 
 
 41. That this Conference, while disclaiming any pur- 
 pose of laying down rules for the conduct of
 
 44 LAMBETH CONFEktNCE. 1 897. 
 
 International Arbitration, or of suggesting the 
 special methods by which it should proceed, 
 desires to affirm its profound conviction of 
 the value of the principle of International 
 Arbitration, and its essential consistency with 
 the Religion of Jesus ChrisL 
 
 42. That this Conference welcomes the indications of a 
 
 more enlightened public conscience on the sub- 
 ject of International Arbitration, and desires to 
 call the attention of all Christian people to the 
 e\-idence of the healthier state of feeling afforded 
 by the action of Legislatures, and in the 
 increasing literature on the subject 
 
 43. That this Conference, believing that nothing more 
 
 strongly makes for peace than a healthy and 
 enlightened public opinion, urges upon all 
 Christian people the duty of promoting by 
 earnest prayer, by private instruction, and by 
 public appeal, the cause of International 
 Arbitration. 
 
 44. That this Conference receives the report of the 
 Committee on the dut>' of the Church in regard 
 to Industrial Problems, and commends the 
 suggestions embodied in it to the earnest 
 and sympathetic consideration of all Christian 
 people. 
 
 45, T x^ai i-:is Conference recognises the exclusive right 
 of c^di Bishop to put forth or sanction addj.
 
 RESOLUTIONS. 45 
 
 tional services for use within his jurisdiction, 
 subject to such limitations as may be imposed 
 by the provincial or other lawful authority. 
 
 46. That this Conference also recognises in each 
 
 Bishop within his jurisdiction the exclusive right 
 of adapting the Ser\-ices in the Book of 
 Common Prayer to local circumstances, and 
 also of directing or sanctioning the use of 
 additional prayers, subject to such limitations as 
 may be imposed by provincial or other lawful 
 authority, provided also that any such adapta- 
 tion shall not affect the doctrinal teachinor or 
 value of the Service or passage thus adapted. 
 
 47. That the Archbishop of Canterbury be requested to 
 
 take such steps as may be necessary for the re- 
 translation of the Qutcunque Vult. 
 
 48. That in the opinion of this Conference it is of 
 
 much importance that in all cases of Infant Bap- 
 tism the clergyman should take all possible care 
 to see that provision is made for the Christian 
 training of the child, but that, unless in cases of 
 grave and exceptional difficulty, the baptism 
 should not be deferred. 
 
 49. That the baptismal promises of repentance, faith, 
 
 and obedience should be made either privately 
 or publicly by those who having been baptised 
 without those promises, are brought by our 
 Clergy to Confirmation by the Bishop. 
 
 50. Where difficulties arise in regard to the adminis- 
 
 tiration of Holy Communion to the sick, we
 
 46 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 recommend that these difficulties should be left 
 to be dealt with by the Bishop of each Diocese 
 in accordance with the direction contained in the 
 preface to the Prayer Book of the Church of 
 England Concerning the Service of the 
 Church : — 
 
 " And for as much as nothing can be so 
 plainly set forth, but doubts may arise in the use 
 and practice of the same ; to appease all such 
 diversity (if any arise) and for the resolution 
 of all doubts, concerning the manner how to 
 understand, do, and execute the things contained 
 in this Book ; the parties that so doubt ordiversely 
 take anything shall alway resort to the Bishop 
 of the Diocese, who by his discretion shall take 
 order for the quieting and appeasing of the 
 same ; so that the same order be not contrary to 
 anything contained in this Book. And if the 
 Bishop of the Diocese be in doubt, then he may 
 send for the resolution thereof to the Arch- 
 bishop." 
 
 51. That this Conference welcomes heartily the proposal 
 
 for the temporary employment of younger clergy 
 in service abroad as likely to lead to the great 
 benefit of the Church at home, of the Church in 
 the colonies, and of the Church at large. 
 
 52. That the Conference requests the Bishops of the 
 
 Church of England to grant the same privi- 
 lege to Clergymen temporarily serving in 
 any of the Missionary Jurisdictions of the 
 United States, with the consent of their
 
 RESOLUTIONS. 47 
 
 Diocesan, which they accord to Clergymen 
 serving in the colonies. 
 
 53. That it is the duty of Church people in 
 England to give aid to education in the colonies, 
 whether generally or in the training for the 
 ministry and for the work of teaching : — 
 
 {a{) In the establishment and strengthening 
 of Church schools and colleges ; 
 
 {b.) In the establishment of studentships in 
 England and in the colonies tenable by men 
 living in the colonies, and under preparation for 
 colonial Church work. 
 
 54. That the Endowment of new Sees wherever needed, 
 
 and the augmentation of the Endowment of 
 existing Sees wherever inadequate, deserve the 
 attention and support of the Church af home. 
 
 55. That, in the judgment of this Conference, it is the 
 
 bounden duty of those who derive income from 
 colonial property or securities to contribute 
 to the support of the Church's work in the 
 colonies. 
 
 56. That while the principle of gradual withdrawal of 
 
 home aid to the Church in the colonies, accord- 
 ing to its growth, is sound policy, the greatest 
 circumspection should be used, and the special 
 circumstances of each case most carefully 
 examined before aid is withdrawn from even 
 long-established Dioceses. 
 
 57. That this Conference desires to draw renewed atten- 
 tion to the recommendation of the Committee
 
 48 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 of the Lambeth Conference, 1888, on the subject 
 of Emigrants, and recommends that every care 
 should be taken, by home teaching, by com- 
 mendatory letters, and by correspondence 
 between the home dioceses and the dioceses to 
 which emigrants go, to prevent them from drift- 
 ing from the Church of their fathers when they 
 leave their old homes. 
 
 58. That this Conference desires that every care should 
 
 be taken by the Church at home to impress 
 upon emigrants the duty of helping to provide 
 for the maintenance of the Church in the country 
 to which they emigrate. 
 
 59. That it is the duty of the Church to aid in providing 
 
 for the moral and spiritual needs of our seamen 
 of the mercantile service, who in vast numbers 
 visit colonial ports, by means of Sailors' Homes 
 and like institutions, and by the ministrations of 
 Clergy specially set apart for this work. 
 
 60. That it is the duty of the Church to give all possible 
 
 assistance to the Bishops and Clergy of the 
 Colonics in their endeavour to protect native 
 races from the introduction among them of 
 demoralising influences and from every form of 
 injustice or oppression, inasmuch as these, 
 wherever found, are a discredit to Christian 
 civilisation and a hindrance to the spread of the 
 Gospel of Christ our Lord. 
 
 61. That this Conference commends to the consideration 
 of the duly constituted authorities of the several
 
 RESOLUTIONS. 49 
 
 Branches of the Anglican Communion, the Re- 
 port of the Committee on " Degrees in Divinity " 
 with a view to their taking such steps as 
 to them may seem fit, to meet the need of 
 encouraging, especially among the Clergy, the 
 study of Theology ; and that the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury be requested to consider the recom- 
 mendations contained in the Report, with a view 
 to action in the directions indicated, if His Grace 
 should think such action desirable. 
 
 62. That this Conference is of opinion that, failing any 
 consent on the part of existing Authorities to 
 grant Degrees or Certificates in Divinity without 
 requiring residence, and under suitable conditions, 
 to residents in the Colonies and elsewhere, it is 
 desirable that a Board of Examinations in 
 Divinity, under the Archbishops and Bjshops of 
 the Anglican Communion, should be established, 
 with power to hold Local Examinations, and 
 confer Titles and grant Certificates for pro- 
 ficiency in Theological Study. 
 
 63. Several causes have combined to create a desire for 
 information on the history of the Anglican 
 Church, especially in the early and mediaeval 
 times, but, while recognising with thankful- 
 ness the interest now shown in the history 
 of the Church, we think it necessary to call 
 attention to the inadequate and misleading 
 character of the teaching on this point inciden- 
 tally contained in some of the " Historical 
 Readers " which are put into the hands of the 
 
 (6440) D
 
 50 LAMHETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 young. Wc recommend that the Bishops in all 
 Dioceses should enquire into the nature of the 
 books used, and should take steps to effect 
 improvements ; and that manuals written in a 
 non-controversial spirit should be prepared to 
 enable teachers to give correctly the oral ex- 
 planation of the Elementary Readers.
 
 REPORTS OF COMMITTEES.
 
 N.B. — 77?^ folloiving Reports must be taken as having 
 the authority only of the Conunittees by wJioui 
 they were respectively prepared and presented. 
 The Committees were not in every case 
 unanimous in adopting the Reports. 
 
 The Conference^ as a whole^ is responsible only 
 for the formal Resolutions agreed to after 
 discussion^ and printed above ^ pages 33 to 50.
 
 53 
 
 No. I. 
 
 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE* APPOINTED TO CON- 
 SIDER AND REPORT UPON THE SUBJECT OF THE 
 ORGANISATION OF THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION — 
 (a.) A CENTRAL CONSULTATIVE BODY ; (3.) A TRI- 
 BUNAL OF REFERENCE ; (c.) THE RELATION OF 
 PRIMATES AND METROPOLITANS IN THE COLONIES 
 AND ELSEWHERE TO THE SEE OF CANTERBURY ; 
 (d.) THE POSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE 
 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 
 
 The Committee, in presenting its Report with the 
 accompanying Resolutions, recalls to the Conference 
 that in the first session at which the subjects referred to 
 it were discussed the order of consideration was (i) the 
 position and functions of the Lambeth Conference; 
 
 * Names of the Members of the Committee : — 
 
 Bishop of Albany. Bishop of Manchester. 
 
 Archbishop of Armagh. „ Maryland. 
 
 Bishop of Auckland. „ Mississippi. 
 
 Bishop Barry. „ Missouri. 
 
 Bishop of Bath and Wells. „ New York. 
 
 „ Brechin. Archbishop of Ontario. 
 
 „ Capetown. Bishop of Pennsylvania. 
 
 „ Calcutta. „ Ripon. 
 
 „ Colombo. „ Rochester. 
 
 Archbishop of Dublin. Archbishop of Rupert's Land. 
 
 Bishop of Edinburgh. Bishop of Salisbury (C/zr?/>'w^;/). 
 
 „ Grahamstown. „ Sydney. 
 
 „ Hereford. „ Tasmania. 
 
 „ Jamaica. „ Toronto. 
 
 „ Kentucky, „ Wellington(.S'^r;r/'rt9'}
 
 54 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 (2) a central consultative body ; (3) a tribunal of refer- 
 ence ; (4) the relation of Primates and Metropolitans to 
 the See of Canterbury. It has, therefore, adopted this 
 order in its Report and Resolutions. 
 
 Each decade as it passes brings out more clearly the 
 importance of our duty to maintain and develop the 
 unity and coherence of the Anglican Communion. We 
 learn to realise more and more explicitly the value of 
 the unique combination of respect for authority and 
 consciousness of freedom in the truth, which dis- 
 tinguishes the great body in which God has called us 
 to minister. We begin to perceive in what degree it 
 may impress the rest of Christendom, and in union, in 
 God's good time, with the rest of Christendom, may 
 impress the world in accordance with our Lord's 
 desire (S. John xvii. 21, 23). We also grow more 
 conscious, as time goes on, what are the lessons which 
 the different portions of our Communion may learn from 
 one another. Yet at the same time we perceive that 
 there are tendencies within and without which require 
 to be directed or guarded against with the greatest 
 watchfulness and foresight, if this characteristic type 
 of unity is to be maintained and thus to appeal to the 
 intellect, the imagination and the heart of mankind. 
 
 The Lambeth Conferences of the last thirty years 
 have been the most obvious expressions of this unity, 
 and their services to the creation of the desired impres- 
 sion can hardly be over-estimated. We can point to 
 resolutions passed by these Conferences which have 
 largely guided the practice of the Provinces of our Com- 
 munion : and their indirect influence in proving the 
 possibility of such meetings for counsel, and in perfect- 
 ing their methods, in bringing home to ourselves the 
 nature and bearings of our work, in checking undue
 
 ORGANISATION. 55 
 
 tendencies to divergence, and in exhibiting to others our 
 brotherly fellowship, is equally manifest. We therefore 
 submit the accompanying resolutions which in our 
 judgment sufficiently describe the functions and 
 position of the Lambeth Conferences, and their relation 
 towards the Churches and Provinces whose Bishops take 
 part in them. 
 
 Keeping in mind the ancient principle '' Quod 
 omnes similiter tangit ab omnibus approbetur," we 
 have endeavoured to consider in what ways, under 
 present circumstances, the unity and responsibility of 
 the whole body may receive practical recognition, 
 beyond that which it gains from the resolutions and 
 opinions expressed from time to time by the Lambeth 
 Conferences. We have, therefore, next turned our 
 attention to the questions referred to us regarding a 
 central consultative body and a tribunal of reference. 
 The Committee hopes that it has in a measure overcome 
 the difficulty of reconciling what may be theoretically 
 desirable with what is practically possible in the Resolu- 
 tions which it now submits to the Conference on these 
 two branches of the question.* 
 
 We have also given our attention to some general 
 questions affecting Provincial organisation, as well as to 
 that of the relation of Primates and Metropolitans in 
 the colonies and elsewhere to the See of Canterbury. 
 We hope that the conclusions we have arrived at upon 
 these delicate questions may do something to establish 
 the great principles, the promotion of which we believe 
 to be the chief function of our Committee. 
 
 JOHN SARUM, 
 July 21, 1897. Chairman. 
 
 * See note on next page.
 
 56 LAMP.ETII CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Note. 
 
 The Editor has been directed by the President of the 
 Conference, in accordance with the request of the 
 Committee, to state that the proposed Resolutions on 
 the subject of a tribunal of reference were as follows : — 
 
 " That it is advisable that a tribunal of reference 
 be appointed, to which may be referred any 
 question submitted by Bishops of the Church 
 of England, or by Colonial and Missionary 
 Churches. 
 
 " That it is expedient that the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury should preside over the tribunal, and 
 that it should further consist of the Archbishop 
 of York, the Bishops of London, Durham, and 
 Winchester, and representatives of each province 
 not in the British Isles which may determine to 
 accept the decisions of the tribunal : the Bishops 
 of each such province having the right to elect 
 and appoint any one Bishop of the Anglican 
 Communion for every ten or fraction of ten 
 dioceses of which it may consist : and that the 
 tribunal have power to request the advice of 
 experts in any matter which may be submitted to 
 them.'" 
 
 These Resolutions were considered by the Conference, 
 but after discussion it was decided that they should not 
 be put.
 
 57 
 
 No. 11. 
 
 REPORT OF COMMITTEE* APPOINTED TO CONSIDER 
 TPIE SUBJECT OF THE RELATION OF RELIGIOUS 
 COMMUNITIES WITHIN THE CHURCH TO THE 
 EPISCOPATE, AND TO REPORT IN THE CONCLUD- 
 ING SESSIONS OF THE CONFERENCE EITHER BY 
 SUBMITTING FORMAL RECOMMENDATIONS, OR BY 
 ASKING LEAVE TO REPORT MORE FULLY TWELVE 
 MONTHS HENCE TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE CON- 
 FERENCE — SUCH REPORT BEARING ON ITS FACE 
 THE NAMES OF THE COMMITl'EE, AND .A STATE- 
 MENT THAT THE COMMITTEE ALONE IS RESPON- 
 SIBLE FOR WHAT IT CONTAINS. 
 
 In accordance with what we understand to have 
 been the wish of the Conference in appointing a Com- 
 
 ■^ Names of the Members of the Committee : — 
 
 Bishop of Albany. Bishop of Oxford {Chairman). 
 
 „ Bloemfontein. „ Pennsylvania. 
 
 „ Calcutta. „ Quebec. 
 
 „ Christchurch, N.Z. „ Reading {Secretary). 
 
 Bishop in Corea. „ Rockhampton. 
 
 Bishop of Fond du Lac. „ St. Andrew's. 
 
 Grahamstown. „ Vermont. 
 
 Goulburn. „ Wakefield. 
 
 Lincoln. „ Washington. 
 
 London. „ Winchester. 
 Marlborough.
 
 58 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 mittce, we have regarded the terms of reference as 
 includinfT not only Brotherhoods and Sisterhoods, but 
 also Deaconesses, and we report accordingly as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 A. 
 
 We recognise with thankfulness to Almighty God 
 the manifold tokens of His blessing upon the revival of 
 Religious Communities in our branch of the Church 
 Catholic. 
 
 We are thankful, moreover, for the increasing 
 readiness which such Communities have manifested to 
 be brought into closer union with the Episcopate, and 
 to receive counsel from their Bishops. 
 
 We desire to secure to Communities all reasonable 
 freedom of organisation and development. Such free- 
 dom is essential to the due exercise of special gifts. 
 However important may be the work which is done for 
 the Church by Brotherhoods and Sisterhoods, their 
 primary motive is personal devotion to our Lord ; and 
 the development of the spiritual life is the power upon 
 which the best active work depends. All liberty, how- 
 ever, must be so regulated as to ensure the mainten- 
 ance of the Faith, and the order and discipline of the 
 Church, together with a due recognition of family 
 claims and of the rights of individual members of a 
 Community. 
 
 It is obvious that such a revival could not but 
 be attended with a certain amount of difficulty and 
 even of danger. 
 
 I. Among the points of difficulty not the least serious 
 have been the problems connected with the vows or obliga-
 
 RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES. 59 
 
 tions undertaken by the members of each Community. 
 In view of the fact that we propose to ask the 
 Conference to allow us full time for consultation with 
 Heads of Communities, both of men and of women, 
 we deliberately abstain from entering now into 
 details about such questions as the following : — In 
 what circumstances are these obligations to be 
 regarded as permanent ? With what sanction should 
 they be undertaken ? By what authority, if any, may 
 dispensation or release be given ? We must, however, 
 express our profound sense of the need of care in 
 imposing as well as in undertaking such vows or obliga- 
 tions, and our opinion that there ought in all cases to 
 be some provision, however safeguarded, affording means 
 of release in case of necessity. 
 
 2. Every Priest ministering to a religious community 
 should be licensed for that purpose by the Diocesan 
 Bishop. 
 
 In the case of Communities of men in Holy Orders 
 care must be taken that there is no interference on 
 the part of the Community with the canonical obedience 
 which each clergyman owes to the Bishop of the 
 Diocese in which he ministers. 
 
 3. Right relations to the Episcopate involve some 
 well-defined powers of Visitation ; the consideration of 
 what these powers should be, we reserve for our future 
 report. 
 
 B. 
 
 We hail with thankfulness the revival of the ancient 
 office of Deaconess, and note the increasing recognition 
 of its value to the Church. No full statistical infor- 
 mation is at present available as to the progress 
 which has been made, or as to the variety of usage
 
 Go LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1897. 
 
 in different branches of our Communion. \Vc have 
 reason to expect that wc shall have this informa- 
 tion in a complete form before the preparation of our 
 further report. In the meantime, it is our duty to 
 call attention to certain principles, the neglect of which 
 may easily injure and retard an organisation which we 
 believe to be capable, by the blessing of God, of doing 
 incalculable good. 
 
 1. Care should be taken to prevent the application, 
 within the limits of our Communion, of the term 
 " Deaconess " to any woman other than one who has, in 
 accordance with primitive usage, been duly set apart to 
 her office by the Bishop himself. Half a century ago, 
 when the official service of women in the Church 
 was unrecognised, the ancient term Deaconess was 
 frequently adopted, both within and without our Com- 
 munion, as a convenient title by Christian women given 
 to good works, who did not thereby claim any position 
 in the Church similar to that which belonged to the 
 Deaconess of early days. If, however, the revival of the 
 office is to be encouraged and its importance recognised, 
 the accurate use of its title must be carefully guarded. 
 
 2. Women thus set apart must first have been care- 
 fully trained, and tested as to their fitness for the office, 
 and their purpose to devote their lives to its high calling. 
 There are questions respecting the necessary qualifica- 
 tions for the office, the manner of setting apart a 
 Deaconess, the nature of the specific obligations she 
 assumes, and the form of licence she should hold, which 
 will be considered in our subsequent report. It will 
 be necessary to deal also with the question of the 
 rules to be observed when a Deaconess removes to 
 another Diocese from that in which she wao set 
 apart.
 
 RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES. 6 1 
 
 3. Experience has already shown the possibility and 
 the advantage of encouraging the development ot 
 Deaconess life and work upon two somewhat different 
 lines — 
 
 {a.) The Community life, corresponding more or less 
 closely to that of a Sisterhood whose members 
 are not Deaconesses ; and 
 
 {b.) The system of individual work under the Bishop's 
 licence, without necessary connection with any 
 Community in the stricter sense of the word. 
 
 Upon this distinction we ask leave to report more 
 fully hereafter, but we are anxious not to seem to dis- 
 courage either of two systems, both of which appear to 
 us to have been already blessed of God. It must, how- 
 ever, be understood that, under whatever form of organi- 
 sation, a Deaconess holds of necessity a direct and 
 personal relation to her Diocesan Bishop. 
 
 4. It is, in our opinion, eminently desirable to pro- 
 mote a closer approach to uniformity in the manner of 
 setting apart and licensing Deaconesses in the various 
 Dioceses of our Communion. Upon this point also we 
 hope to speak more fully hereafter. 
 
 C. 
 
 In matters temporal connected with Religious Com- 
 munities the following principles should be maintained : — 
 (i) That before Episcopal recognition is given to any 
 Community holding trust property the trust deeds 
 be submitted to and approved by a competent legal 
 authority appointed by the Bishop, and that the trust 
 deed be such as to secure as far as may be that the
 
 62 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 property be not diverted from fts purpose in connection 
 w.th the Church. (2) That provision be made for the 
 disposal of property in the event of the dissolution of 
 the Community or the withdrawal of an individual 
 member. 
 
 W. OXON. 
 
 Chaimian,
 
 63 
 
 No. III. 
 
 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE* APPOINTED TO 
 CONSIDER AND REPORT UPON THE SUBJECT OF 
 THE CRITICAL STUDY OF HOLY SCRIPTURE. 
 
 I. 
 
 The subject of " the Critical Study of Holy Scrip- 
 ture " claims special attention at the present time, inas- 
 much as some aspects of Biblical criticism, particularly 
 in regard to the origin and structure of the books 
 of the Old Testament, have disquieted the minds of 
 many thoughtful readers of the Bible, whilst others, 
 with an equal reverence for the Bible, welcQme free 
 critical inquiry as helping towards a better understand- 
 ing and readier acceptance of the Word of God. 
 
 Your Committee desire in the first place to record 
 their unfaltering conviction that the Divine authority 
 and unique inspiration of the Holy Scriptures cannot 
 be injuriously affected by the reverent and reason- 
 able use of criticism in investigating the structure 
 
 * Names of the Members of the Committee : — 
 
 Bishop of Adelaide. Bishop of Maine, 
 Bishop Barry. „ Manchester. 
 
 Bishop of Colombo {Secretary). „ Michigan. 
 
 „ Derry. „ Rochester. 
 
 „ Diirham. „ Salisbury. 
 
 „ Edinburgh. Bishop Coadjutor of S. Ohio. 
 
 „ Gloucester (C^<22>wrt«). Bishop of Sydney. 
 
 „ Hereford. „ Vermont. 
 
 „ Indiana. „ Wellington. 
 
 „ Kentucky. „ Worcester.
 
 64 LAMIJKTII CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 and composition of the different books. They affirm 
 that the Bible in historic, moral, and spiritual coherence, 
 presents a Revelation of God, progressively given, and 
 adapted to various ages, until it finds its completion in 
 the Person and teaching and work of the Lord Jesus 
 Christ. This Revelation, as interpreted and applied 
 under the guidance of the Holy Ghost, constitutes the 
 supreme rule and ultimate standard of Christian doctrine. 
 
 Your Committee declare, in the next place, their 
 belief that the critical study of every part of the Bible 
 is the plain duty of those Christian teachers and 
 theologians who are capable of undertaking it. At the 
 same time they deprecate all reckless and impatient 
 dogmatism on questions which in many cases await 
 further investigation, and are constantly receiving illustra- 
 tion and correction from new discoveries. 
 
 Your Committee, also, record their conviction that 
 such study has produced, not only in recent years, 
 but in the hands of great students of Holy Scripture in 
 former times, and will produce in the future, if diligently 
 and patiently pursued, great gain to the Church, in an 
 increased and more vivid sense of the reality of the Divine 
 Revelation which has been made therein through human 
 agencies and human history, and which contains for us 
 "all things necessary to salvation." It may be added that 
 the well-known results of the critical study of the New 
 Testament Scriptures, perseveringly carried on during 
 our generation, strengthen the expectation that analo- 
 gous gains will ultimately emerge from the critical 
 studies which are now especially directed to the investiga- 
 tion of the older Scriptures. 
 
 Reverence, Patience, Confidence, are the words which 
 may sum up for us the attitude of mind which befits 
 Christian believers in contemplating the subject of 
 " the critical study of Holy Scripture."
 
 THE CRITICAL STUDY OF HOLY SCRIPTURE. 6^ 
 
 II. 
 
 Your Committee do not think it within their province 
 to enter into any examination in detail of the various 
 critical speculations now in process of discussion, except 
 so far as to express their conviction that while some are 
 entirely compatible with the principles here laid down, 
 others must be held to be inconsistent with any 
 serious belief in the authority of Holy Scripture ; and 
 that, generally, satisfactory results cannot be arrived at 
 without giving due weight to external as well as to 
 internal evidences. They think it well, however, to point 
 out that the study of the Bible during the last fifty years 
 has been necessarily influenced by two characteristics of 
 our age, namely, a development of scientific and historical 
 research, and a clearer recognition of the solidarity of 
 human knowledge. We have been bidden to study 
 the Bible like any other book, but such study has 
 shown us how absolutely the Bible differs from any 
 other book. We have come to see the significance of 
 the fact, that no authoritative decision on the nature of 
 inspiration has ever been given by the Church ; and 
 certainly the significance of the principle, that we have 
 no right to determine by arbitrary presuppositions 
 what must be the character of the records of revelation. 
 We have come to realise, with a new conviction : — 
 
 (i.) The variety, the fulness, the continuous growth 
 shown in the Bible, and that it is a Divine Library rather 
 than a single Book. 
 
 (2.) The permanent value of the several books of the 
 Old, as well as of the New Testament, when each is 
 placed in its historical environment, and in relation to 
 the ruling ideas of its time. 
 
 The progrcssiveness of Divine Revelation in the 
 (6440) E
 
 66 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 various ages covered by the Old Testament Scriptures 
 is an important principle of Biblical study, which has long 
 ago been recognised by genuine students of the Scrip- 
 tures ; but it has had fresh light thrown upon it by the 
 increased endeavours to examine into the age and com- 
 position of the different portions of the sacred volume. 
 For many, the process of critical investigation has 
 dissipated certain difficulties, presented by the older 
 historical records ; and a careful and sober-minded 
 criticism, as distinguished from criticism of a rash and 
 unduly speculative sort, has proved itself the handmaid 
 of faith and not the parent of doubt. 
 
 III. 
 
 In speaking of the fruits of this critical study your 
 Committee have naturally dwelt upon the clearer 
 exhibition, due to such criticism, of the general con- 
 tinuity and development of the Revelation of God 
 made in the Bible. They deem it, therefore, the 
 more important to lay emphasis upon the duty, which 
 is unchanged by critical results, of humble and prayerful 
 use of Scripture in its separate parts. The example 
 of our Blessed Lord, and the use of the Old Testa- 
 ment in the New, strongly enforce this duty. Our 
 Lord appeals to the Old Testament as witnessing 
 to Himself. He teaches His disciples that all things 
 written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, 
 and in the psalms concerning Him are to be fulfilled. 
 He dwells, moreover, upon details of type and phrase. 
 He declares that not one jot or tittle shall pass from 
 the Law until all be fulfilled. 
 
 Two methods of considering Holy Scripture, the 
 general and the particular^ must go on side by side. 
 They will occasionally overlap ; they may sometimes
 
 THE CRITICAL STUDY OF HOLY SCRIPTURE. 6/ 
 
 seem to clash. But in this, as in other cases, the course 
 which is most loyal to truth is that of proceeding confi- 
 dently upon both lines, without waiting for a theoretically 
 complete reconciliation of the two. The use of the 
 Scriptures by the early teachers of the Church may 
 be regarded as an example to us, of one kind, of 
 the combination of minute fidelity to Holy Writ with 
 great freedom in its treatment. 
 
 Your Committee do not hold that a true view of Holy 
 Scripture forecloses any legitimate question about the 
 literary character and literal accuracy of different parts 
 or statements of the Old Testament; but keeping in 
 view the example of Christ and His Apostles," they 
 hold that we should refuse to accept any conclusion 
 which would withdraw any portion of the Bible from 
 the category of " God-inspired " Scripture, " profitable for 
 doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in 
 ritjhteousness." 
 
 This Report, it will be seen, does not attempt to 
 make any final pronouncement on critical questions. 
 Your Committee express their conviction with regard 
 to the New Testament that the results of critical study 
 have confirmed the Christian faith. They do not 
 consider that the results of the more recent criticism 
 of the Old Testament can yet be specified with 
 certainty ; but they are confident that wherever men 
 humbly and trustfully use the Bible, seeking always 
 the Heavenly assistance of the Holy Ghost, it will com- 
 mend itself more and more clearly to their hearts and 
 consciences as, indeed, the Word of God. 
 
 C. J. GLOUCESTER, 
 
 Chairman. 
 (6440) E 2
 
 68 
 
 No. IV. 
 
 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE* APPOINTED TO 
 CONSIDER AND REPORT UPON THE SUBJECT OF 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 
 
 {a) THE DUTY OF THE CHURCH TO THE 
 FOLLOWERS OF : — 
 
 (i) ETHNIC RELIGIONS, 
 (ii) JUDAISM, 
 (iii) ISLAM. 
 
 (b) DEVELOPMENT OF NATIVE CHURCHES. 
 
 (c) RELATION OF MISSIONARY BISHOPS AND 
 
 CLERGY TO MISSIONARY SOCIETIES. 
 
 Your Committee heartily thank Almighty God that 
 He has kindled throughout our Communion an increasing 
 
 * Names of the Members of the Committee : — 
 
 Bishop of Algoma. 
 
 Bishop of Newcastle 
 
 „ Calcutta. 
 
 {Chairman). 
 
 „ Caledonia. 
 
 „ Newcastle, N.S.W. 
 
 „ California. 
 
 „ New Hampshire, 
 
 Missionary Bishop of Cape 
 
 „ Norwich. 
 
 Pahnas. 
 
 Bishop Oluwole (West. Equat. 
 
 Bishop of Christchurch, N.Z. 
 
 Africa). 
 
 „ Chota Nagpur. 
 
 Bishop of Osaka. 
 
 „ Colombo. 
 
 Bishop Phillips (West. Equat. 
 
 „ Columbia. 
 
 Africa). 
 
 Bishop in Corea. 
 
 Bishop of Rangoon. 
 
 Bishop of Crediton. 
 
 Bishop Royston. 
 
 „ Down and Connor. 
 
 Archbishop of Rupert's Land. 
 
 „ Duluth. 
 
 Bishop of St. Andrew's. 
 
 „ Durham. 
 
 „ St. John's, Kaf- 
 
 Bishop in Eastern Equatorial 
 
 fraria. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Missionary Bishop of Shanghai. 
 
 Bishop of Exeter. 
 
 Bishop of Shrewsbury 
 
 „ Falkland Islands. 
 
 „ Sierra Leone. 
 
 „ Jamaica. 
 
 „ Southampton. 
 
 Bishop in Jerusalem. 
 
 Bishop in South Tokyo. 
 
 „ Kiu Shiu. 
 
 Bishop of Stepney. 
 
 Bishop of Lebombo. 
 
 „ Tasmania. 
 
 „ Lucknow. 
 
 „ Texas. 
 
 „ Madras. 
 
 „ Tinnevelly. 
 
 „ Mauritius. 
 
 Missionary Bishop of Tokyo. 
 
 „ Minnesota. 
 
 Bishop of Travancore. 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Minnesota. 
 
 „ Waiapu. 
 
 Bishop of Mississippi. 
 
 Bishop in Western Equatorial 
 
 „ Missouri. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 „ Moray and Ross. 
 
 Bishop of Wyoming and Idaho. 
 
 „ . . Moosonee. 
 
 „ Zanzibar. .- . ■
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 69 
 
 zeal for the extension of the Kingdom of Christ our 
 Lord, and for the salvation of souls, and that He has so 
 abundantly blessed the efforts which have been made 
 — a blessing granted, we doubt not, to encourage us all to 
 far greater labours, prayers, and self-denial. In the last 
 ten years we note especially the great proofs of the regen- 
 erating power of the Holy Spirit, and the fitness of the 
 Gospel for all races, which have been displayed in the 
 newly-opened countries of Africa. Yet we see that zeal 
 in this cause is still the enthusiasm of a few, and that the 
 Church has yet to be far more fully aroused to recognise, 
 as a necessary and constant clement in the spiritual 
 life of the Body and of each member of it, the 
 fulfilment of our Lord's great commission. Our 
 responsibility in this matter is vast and daily 
 increasing, whether we consider the awful fact that there 
 are still so many of our fellow-men unreached Ijy the 
 Gospel ; or consider that so little interest has been taken 
 in the evangelisation of the Jewish race, and that so 
 little systematic effort has been made to win the 
 followers of Islam, although there is abundant 
 encouragement from what has been done, and the 
 opportunities now, especially in India, arc unique ; or 
 whether we look at the great number of points at which 
 Churches of our Communion are in local contact with 
 heathen nations, or at the responsibilities of the British 
 Empire in India and in the new Protectorates in Africa, 
 or at the great fields ripening for harvest in such regions 
 as China and Japan — China, where Western influence 
 seems to be increasingly welcome, and where there are 
 signs that the blood of martyrs has not been shed in 
 vain ; Japan, where, from the characteristic independence 
 of the people, a crisis in the history of the Church seems 
 to be imminent, and to call for the utmost care in the
 
 70 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 higher Christian education, and the training of those 
 who are to hold office in the Church. 
 
 Your Committee have entered with some detail into 
 the matters which have been referred to them, but they 
 desire first to draw attention to some general considera- 
 tions which cover the whole ground. 
 
 The first duty of the Church is intercession. The 
 observance of a special day of intercession in connection 
 with the Festival of St. Andrew appears to have led to a 
 considerable increase in the personal offers for missionary 
 work. Your Committee desire to urge upon the whole 
 Church the urgent duty of making these days of inter 
 cession a reality in every diocese and every parish, and 
 they desire to commend for the general private use the 
 admirable noontide missionary prayers drawn up for the 
 use of the Sister Church of America. . 
 
 Your Committee observe with gratitude to God that 
 a very large number of students in universities and 
 colleges throughout the world have realised so keenly 
 the call to missionary work that they have enrolled 
 themselves in a Student Volunteer Missionary Union, and 
 have taken as their watchword '' The Evangelisation of 
 the World in this Generation." A large number of 
 these students are members of the Anglican Communion, 
 and it seems the plain duty of that Communion to 
 provide channels through which such newly-awakened 
 zeal may find outlets in earnest, sound, wise work. The 
 time seems ripe for a forward movement in the mis- 
 sionary campaign, and your Committee trust that one 
 result of this Conference will be to give missionary work 
 a far greater prominence than it has yet assumed: in the 
 minds of many Churchmen. 
 
 Experience has shown the necessity of strong centres 
 of work, the value of community missions, especially in
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 7 1 
 
 India, the special work of the universities in touching 
 the higher intellectual life of non-Christian nations, the 
 value of the work of women, of medical missionaries, 
 of industrial missions, and the importance of realising 
 the principle, " to him that hath shall be given," if 
 a rich harvest is to be reaped. With the accumu- 
 lated experience of the last century the Church has 
 now a great opportunity to begin a fresh epoch with 
 greater love for the Master and for the souls for whom 
 He shed His blood, and with greater knowledge, than 
 ever before. 
 
 The cause of missions is the cause of our Lord Jesus 
 Christ. May this be our aim, as it will be our highest glory, 
 to be humble instruments in carrying out the loving will 
 of our Heavenly Father ; in lowliness of mind, praying 
 for the Divine blessing, and confident in the Divine 
 promises, ministering the Gospel of the Grace of God to 
 the souls that we love ; and thus, in promoting the 
 Kingdom of Truth and Righteousness, may we fulfil 
 the sacred mission of the Church of God, by preparing 
 the world for the Second Advent of our Lord. 
 
 A. (I.) THE DUTY OF THE CHURCH TO THE 
 FOLLOWERS OF ETHNIC RELIGIONS. 
 
 Your Committee have had in view the non-Christian 
 peoples, other than Jews and Mahommedans, in two 
 great groups, those who may be called literate, in as 
 much as their creed rests more or less directly on 
 ancient writings, and implies a more or less complete 
 philosophy of life ; and the illiterate, whose beliefs and 
 rites are matter of tradition and custom, and are not, as 
 a rule, associated with any instruction in conduct. 
 
 We see that Christian zeal for the conversion of the
 
 ?2 Lambeth conference, 1897. 
 
 heathen is apt to be dulled, especially in regard to the 
 literate systems, and perhaps in particular to Buddhism, 
 by an exaggerated or false opinion of their excellence. 
 While we thankfully recognise the work of God the 
 Holy Ghost in many glimpses of truth, theological and 
 moral, which appear in these systems, we are bound to 
 assert, first, that no such system as a whole supplies in 
 any adequate degree the truth about God and about 
 man's relation to Him, or presents any sufficient motive 
 for right conduct, or ministers to man any strength 
 higher than his own to aid his weakness ; and, secondly, 
 that, apart from any estimate we may form of such 
 systems, it is a matter of Divine Revelation that in Jesus 
 Christ alone there is salvation for men, that He has been 
 constituted the Saviour and King of mankind, and that to 
 Him are due the loyalty and love of every member of our 
 race. The books in question are known, to all but very 
 few, by extracts only, and a few passages culled from a 
 mass of what is generally puerile, false, or even corrupt 
 and corrupting ; they inevitably appear, when translated 
 into language moulded by Christianity, more Christian 
 than they are. Further, such excellent precepts and 
 ideals of conduct as they exhibit are generally vitiated, 
 for those who profess them, by a philosophy, which 
 destroys or paralyses the sense of responsibility. 
 
 This appears in the results. These religions have 
 not produced, to any considerable extent, the conduct 
 which they appear calculated to produce ; their temples' 
 are too often scenes of vice, and the lives of their so* 
 called priests, in some countries at least, too often con-^ 
 spicuous examples of evil. To the mass of the people 
 the contents of their books are almost unknown, unless 
 in the case of certain popular stories, and the 
 practical religion of the masses is unaffected by them.
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 73 
 
 The majority of those who are classed as believers in 
 these literate religions, are worshippers of demons, or of 
 goddesses of small-pox and cholera, and the like ; of 
 most it may probably be said with truth, that they 
 have no notion of any supernatural being who is not 
 malignant. Their religion is one of abject fear, not of 
 love or of moral conduct. 
 
 Recent attempts to establish in the light of 
 Christianity a purified Hinduism or Buddhism, while they 
 may claim some admiration, cannot be regarded as provide 
 ing possible substitutes for .the Christianity of the Church, 
 based as such schemes are on pantheism or atheism, 
 and denying, as they all do, the Deity of Jesus Christ. 
 Rather they call for our utmost efforts so to establish 
 and equip the visible kingdom of Christ in these lands, 
 that men who are being now detached from the faith of 
 their ancestors may find their home among His people. 
 With this great end in view, while we rejoice over every 
 individual conversion, and recognise as one great spring 
 of missionary enthusiasm the desire to save the souls 
 with whom we are brought in contact, we would urge 
 upon all who are engaged upon this work the para- 
 mount importance of building up the Body of Christ, 
 never losing sight of the great principles of Church 
 order and constitution, and watching with the utmost 
 earnestness over the spiritual growth of those who 
 have been baptised. VVe offer an earnest caution 
 against the waste of strength in sporadic and un- 
 systematised missions, conducted by some Churchmen 
 apart from the guidance and brotherhood of the Church, 
 whilst we recognise unhesitatingly the loving devotion 
 which deserves to be guided into channels that may 
 permanently enrich the Church of Christ.
 
 74 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Among the illiterate races of the world, those of 
 Africa claim a prominent place. The recent acceptance 
 of Christianity by many tribes of Central Africa con- 
 stitutes at once an encouragement and an appeal : an 
 encouragement, because of the evidence which is forth- 
 coming of the readiness of the evangelised to become 
 themselves evangelists ; an appeal, because of the proof 
 which the acceptance of the truth by these tribes affords 
 of the preparedness of kindred tribes for the preaching 
 of the Gospel of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. 
 
 We would emphasise the necessity of stronger 
 efforts to bring to the native races those gifts of 
 God which alone can form in them the character 
 necessary to stand against the present inrush of our 
 civilisation, so deadly to the untaught heathen. The 
 present activity of Mohammedanism makes it the more 
 necessary to enter quickly into the doors which are now 
 open in those lands. 
 
 Turning to the methods by which the propagation 
 of the Gospel is effected, we thankfully note a rapid 
 increase in the number of women who are giving them- 
 selves to the service of the Missionary Church ; a service 
 in which a special and honourable place appears to be 
 reserved, in God's Providence, for such devotion, espe- 
 cially at the present critical point in the Church's 
 growth. Under many forms of national life and custom, 
 it is only by women, that women, on whose influence so 
 much depends, can be reached ; and this constitutes a 
 pressing call to the women of our own Communion to 
 offer themselves for this work. 
 
 We notice, with like thankfulness, the increased 
 employment of medical missionaries in the mission
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 7 5 
 
 field, exhibiting as their ministry does the benign 
 character of our Blessed Lord, who went about doing 
 good to the bodies as well as the souls of the people. 
 
 Realising the special dangers which arise from isola- 
 tion and loneliness, we commend the practice of 
 missionary clergy and laymen going forth two by 
 two ; and we believe that, under some circumstances, 
 notably in great centres of work among the heathen, 
 there may be special advantages and safeguards in 
 community life. 
 
 It we pass, without further remark, the great function 
 of education as a missionary agency, it is only because 
 its importance and value are obvious and undisputed. 
 
 We would emphasise the necessity of a closer 
 acquaintance with the smaller details of custom and life 
 of those to whom the missionaries, men and women, are 
 sent ; ignorance of which so often causes unknown and 
 unintended, but none the less real, friction between the 
 workers and both converts and heathen. 
 
 Above all there is required personal holiness in all who 
 go into these heathen lands from Christian countries. For 
 while our missionaries tell us that the greatest obstacles 
 to their work, on the side of the heathen themselves, 
 are the tyranny of caste without and the paralysing 
 influence of pantheism within, they agree that a greater 
 hindrance still is the inconsistent life of too many 
 professing Christians. 
 
 A. (II.) THE DUTY OF THE CHURCH TO THE 
 FOLLOWERS OF JUDAISM. 
 
 On the second sub-head, " Judaism," your Committee 
 have to report as follows : — 
 
 It is difficult to ascertain, the number of Jews b}-
 
 76 LAMBKTII CONFERKNXK, 1 897. 
 
 race and religion now in the several parts of the 
 world. The total number is probably less than ten 
 millions. Of these Europe contains about eij^ht millions, 
 America about one million, Africa about 350,000, Asia 
 about 300,000, and Australia about 20,000. These are 
 rouL^h estimates, but they come in the main from a well- 
 informed quarter, Jerusalem is again a city of the 
 Jews, about two-thirds of its total population of 6o,ooo 
 being Jews ; whereas twenty years ago the proportion 
 was trifling. 
 
 In England, which contains from 100,000 to 120,000 
 Jews, they are chiefly congregated in London. Five 
 parishes in the deanery of Spital fields, with a total 
 population of 56,000, have 34,000 Jews. 
 
 In the United States, the largest number of Jews is 
 found in New York. Other cities with large Jewish 
 populations are Cincinnati, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New 
 Orleans, Chicago. 
 
 Several agencies exist in connection with the Church 
 for the purpose of evangelising this people, viz., the 
 London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the 
 Jews, the Parochial Mission to the Jews' Fund, the 
 East London Mission to the Jews, Jerusalem and the 
 East Mission Fund : and the Society for Promoting 
 Christianity among the Jews, in connection with the 
 American Board of Missions. 
 
 There are besides other active agencies carried on by 
 other bodies, or of an undenominational character. 
 
 The number of these Missions, and their indepen- 
 dent action, lead often to an overlapping of their opera- 
 tions, which must be both wasteful and hurtful ; and 
 Jewish inquirers are apt to wander from one to another 
 without obtaining lasting benefit from any.
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. • yj 
 
 The Evangelisation of the Jewish people is beset 
 with special difficulties. 
 
 At the outset we are met with the formidable 
 difficulty of finding duly qualified missionaries. For 
 this work men need to be well acquainted with Jewish 
 modes of thought, and in a large number of cases it is 
 advisable that they should be able to speak in languages 
 with which the Jews are familiar. They have to do 
 with a people who are either strongly imbued with 
 rationalistic views, or deeply attached to their traditional 
 forms drawn, as they hold, from a religion once divinely 
 given. 
 
 Again, the consequences of receiving baptism are 
 of the gravest character, the convert being cut off from 
 his family and people as one dead, and cast adrift on 
 the world ; severe bodily suffering and loss of goods 
 being sometimes inflicted besides. It is everywhere 
 found that the fear of these terrible results keeps back 
 from baptism many whose life and practice appear to 
 point them out as believers in our Lord ; and the 
 necessity of providing in some way for those who have 
 the faith and courage to confess Christ, increases the 
 difficulty of the case. 
 
 The evidence at the disposal of your Committee 
 appears to show that the great mass of the poorer Jews 
 know practically nothing of the Old Testament. But 
 it seems clear that the Jews are increasingly willing to 
 listen to Christians who speak to them of the Scriptures 
 of the Old Covenant, and are learning to regard as a 
 great teacher Him who is the theme of the New Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 The New Testament, which has been translated into 
 Hebrew and other languages for the use of the Jews, 
 is widely read by them ; but the doctrines of the Holy
 
 7S LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Trinity, and of the Atonement, seem almost insur- 
 mountable obstacles in the way of many. 
 
 When religious knowledge has spread among the 
 Jews, the breath of the Holy Ghost may come, and 
 the dry bones will live again. Our position with regard 
 to the Jews is specially favourable in this respect, that 
 their Scriptures are our Scriptures, and their God and 
 Father is our God and Father. 
 
 It is impossible to doubt that a fairly considerable 
 number of Jews in each year do earnestly and honestly 
 seek baptism, and from such it should not be withheld. 
 But we read the signs of modern times in the ancient 
 prophecies (Isaiah xxvii., 12, Jeremiah iii., 14), *' Ye 
 shall be gathered one by one, O, ye children of Israel ; " 
 " I will take you one of a city, and two of a familyi 
 and T will bring you to Zion." 
 
 Medical Missions are carried on in many places with 
 much success. 
 
 The Anglican Church appears to be fitted in a 
 special manner to gain the goodwill of the Jews, first, 
 because the English-speaking people show themselves 
 just and kindly towards their race ; and also because the 
 liturgical services of the Church are such as to win their 
 attention and admiration, their own worship being of a 
 similar character. The Book of Common Prayer has 
 been translated into Hebrew and circulated among them. 
 
 But one of the greatest hindrances which impede the 
 work arises from the strange lack of interest manifested 
 by the Church in the Evangelisation of the Jews. But 
 scant attention is given to their religious needs, and 
 Missions to Jews have shared but little in the rising 
 tide of Evangelistic effort which marks our age. 
 
 Yet our Lord gave them precedence and the Gospel 
 is the power of God for salvation to the Jew first.
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 79 
 
 Why should not similar zeal be shown for the con- 
 version of the Jew as of the Gentile ? Why should the 
 Annual Day of Intercession be held in behalf of the 
 Mohammedan and heathen world only and not also for 
 the salvation of Israel? If this great work were given 
 its true place in the Missionary efforts of the Church 
 we might surely expect that a far richer blessing 
 would descend on her labours than even now is vouch- 
 safed her. 
 
 As to the means to be employed, it appears from the 
 evidence that the Jews receive the visits of Gentile 
 Christians more readily than those of Jewish converts to* 
 Christianity ; while, on the other hand, it is agreed that 
 the latter understand very much better the Jewish mind, 
 and can deal more clearly and effectively with Jewish 
 difficulties. This being so, the Committee can only 
 advise that both agencies should be employed, tind that 
 care should be taken to use in each place the kind of 
 agency best adapted to its circumstances. 
 
 A. (ill.) THE DUTY OF THE CHURCH TO THE 
 FOLLOWERS OF ISLAM. 
 
 (A) Islam is distinct from both Judaism and heathen 
 Religions, and needs special attention and treatment. 
 Your Committee would base the claims of Islam 
 on the Missionary energy of the Church on the 
 following considerations : 
 
 ( i) The Number and Distribution of Professed 
 Mo ham medans. 
 
 The total population of the World is estimated 
 at 1,500,000,000, of these one-seventh are Moham- 
 medans, distributed as follows : —
 
 8o LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 In Europe ... ... ... ... 5,750,000 
 
 In Asia and the Eastern Archipelago... 169,000,000 
 
 In Africa 40,000,000 
 
 In Australasia ... ... ... .. 25,000 
 
 More than one-fourth of these are citizens of the British 
 Empire, the Mohammedan portion of the population 
 of India alone being returned at the last census as 
 57,321,164, and therefore have a special claim on the 
 charity of their more favoured fellow subjects, 
 
 • 
 
 (2) T lie Character of Islam, 
 
 The amount of truth contained in Islam, such as the 
 doctrine of the Unity, Personality, and Sovereignty of 
 God, and some good habits inculcated, such as the 
 habit of Worship, and Temperance in certain matters 
 may be used as a foundation on which to build the 
 superstructure of Christian Truth. 
 
 (B) With regard to what has been done, and what is 
 now being done, the Committee would call special 
 attention to the inadequacy of our efforts. 
 
 Until the present century very little systematic 
 spiritual effort appears to have been made to convert 
 Mohammedans. 
 
 As regards the work of the present century there 
 have been the efforts of magnificent pioneers, but we 
 need something more ; we need continuous and 
 systematic work such as has been begun in the Diocese 
 of Lahore, and some other parts of India, and which has 
 already borne considerable fruit. 
 
 The attention of the Committee has been called to 
 the following special works already undertaken : —
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 8 1 
 
 (i) The temporarily suspended work in Constanti- 
 nople ; 
 
 (2) The educational and other work in Egypt, 
 Palestine, and the adjacent countries ; 
 
 (3) The pioneer work in Persia and Arabia ; 
 
 (4) The work in India, especially in the Punjab, and 
 in Madras ; 
 
 (5) and last, but not least, the effort of the 
 Bible Societies to circulate the Bible among 
 Mohammedans. 
 
 (C) The opportunities of the present time. 
 Under this head it is to be noticed that — 
 
 (i) Never since the Crusades has the attention of 
 Western Christendom been so forcibly directed to Islam 
 and its followers as at present. 
 
 (2) The optimistic view of Islam lately field by 
 many Christians has been effectually destroyed by the 
 history of the Armenian massacres. 
 
 (3) The toleration which follows in the wake of 
 civilisation generally, and especially in the British 
 Empire, has reduced very considerably the danger to the 
 life and liberty of those who make efforts to convert 
 Mohammedans to Christianity. As has been pointed 
 out by an eminent writer, India is the place where 
 Christian and Mohammedan can meet most fairly with 
 a prospect of mutual understanding. This rare oppor- 
 tunity involves a corresponding obligation which the 
 Church should not be slow to recognise. 
 
 (4) The growth of a spirit of dissatisfaction with 
 Islam is now showing itself among Mohammedans in 
 parts both of Europe and of Asia. 
 
 (5) The abolition of the legal status of slavery in 
 parts of Eastern and Western Africa sets slaves free 
 
 (6440) F
 
 82 LAMBETH CONFERKNCK, 1S97. 
 
 from the necessity of professing the religion of their 
 masters. 
 
 (6) Some recent political events in Africa have 
 tended to lower the military prestige of Moham- 
 medanism in that country. 
 
 (D) The methods to be employed. 
 
 The Committee would call the attention of those 
 concerned in this work to the following points : — 
 
 (i) That one of the chief needs of the present time is 
 clear, accurate, reasonable statements of positive Christian 
 truth, especially with regard to the Nature of God, the 
 Holy Trinity in Unity, the Divine Sonship of Christ, 
 the Character of God, the balance of Moral Attributes 
 in God, the essential character of morality, the nature 
 of sin, the need of Atonement and Holiness. 
 
 (2) That it is essential that there should be on the 
 part of Missionaries a thorough and patient study of 
 Mohammedanism, also a knowledge of Arabic ; that they 
 must show absolute fairness in dealing with the doctrines 
 of Islam, and the character of Mohammed ; and that 
 care should be taken not to lose sight of the points of 
 contact between Christianity and Islam, whilst discussing 
 the points of difference. 
 
 (3) That Missionaries should, as a rule, not be sent 
 singly, in order to avoid those false charges against their 
 moral character which are a favourite weapon of attack. 
 
 (4) That those who undertake this work should, as a 
 rule, be men who have received a special training for it, 
 and should be exclusively set apart for it.
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONIb. 8^ 
 
 (E) The direction which our efforts might most profit- 
 ably take. 
 
 It is to be noted under this head — 
 
 (i) That there are special opportunities for such woih 
 at the present time in the Dioceses of Lahore, Lucknow, 
 Eastern and Western Equatorial Africa, and Zanzibar ; 
 particularly in the cities of Delhi and Hyderabad, and 
 among the Hausa people of the Central Sudan. It is 
 very desirable that these districts and places should be 
 effectively occupied. 
 
 (2) That more use might be made of such helps as 
 are provided in this country and America and elsewhere, 
 especially by the Indian Institute at Oxford, for the 
 training of men to be employed in such work. 
 
 B. DEVELOPMENT OF NATIVE CHURCHES. 
 
 In considering the "Development of Native Churches" 
 your Committee have had before them an exceed- 
 ingly wide and difficult subject, and in seeking to 
 learn the facts have listened to statements about the 
 present condition of the work from Bishops in the 
 countries where the question is of importance, and have 
 also had short summaries of the facts placed before them 
 by the same Bishops. 
 
 It seems to them that the method of the develop- 
 ment of a native Church is greatly modified by the 
 political and social state of the country in which such a 
 Church is planted, and also by the question whether the 
 native race is one which is already decadent and likely 
 to pass away in the near future, or a race of strong vitality, 
 which is likely to maintain itself, or even to expand. 
 (6440) F 2
 
 84 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 The subject regarded from the side of race seems 
 naturally to be divided into four heads : — 
 
 1. Races diminishing, or that will be absorbed in 
 
 white races, as the Maoris of New Zealand, and 
 the Indians of North America. 
 
 2. Races which will continue numerically vastly in 
 
 excess, though white races exist among them as 
 a dominant minority, without absorption or amal- 
 gamation, as in India, Equatorial Africa, and 
 some of the Pacific Islands. 
 
 3. Races wholly distinct and existing side by side, 
 
 where both are expanding and not amalgamating, 
 as in South Africa. 
 
 4. Races independent and likely to work out their 
 
 own development and to form independent 
 National Churches, as in Japan and China. 
 
 Under the first head the facts reported from New 
 Zealand show that while a native ministry exists 
 ministering to the Maoris, it does so under the consti- 
 tution of the Church of the Province of New Zealand. 
 There is, therefore, no need for the separate organisation 
 of a Maori Church. 
 
 Similar evidence has been given as to the Indians 
 of North America. Though they arc vastly more 
 numerous than the tribes of New Zealand, and, perhaps 
 not diminishing markedly in numbers, and though there 
 is among them, as among the Maoris, a native ministry, 
 the facts seem to show that a separate Indian Church 
 will not permanently maintain itself apart from the 
 Church of the white race. " 
 
 In India, Africa, Japan, and China, however, though 
 the political and social circumstances are different 
 in each case, we may ultimately expect to see, as
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 85 
 
 the result of missionary labours, autonomous Churches, 
 supported and governed in whole or in part by the. 
 native races of these countries. As the problem arising 
 in each country is a separate one, and as it is im- 
 possible to give in detail all the facts as presented 
 to us, we have tried to summarise in each case the 
 main facts and to indicate where development is 
 evident. In doing this we have had regard to the 
 development of the Church (a) in its organisation, 
 and the establishment of a native ministry (l?) in self 
 support, (c) in spiritual character, and (d) in self 
 extension. If, in any case, a Church is developing 
 in all these directions, we ought to have good hope 
 that it will become at no distant day an independent 
 Church, bound to us by no other bonds than the one 
 Faith and one Communion in the Church Catholic. 
 
 India. 
 
 {a.) Organisation. — The Church In India has attained 
 to a considerable degree of organisation, both by the 
 development of the episcopate, and by the formation 
 of diocesan and other councils ; yet it must be admitted 
 that the native portion of the Church has not yet 
 reached an adequate consciousness of corporate life.' 
 There are as yet no- Bishops of Indian race. So far as 
 pastoral work Is concerned, the development of the 
 Indian ministry in most cases keeps pace with the 
 growth of the Christian community. But the number 
 of ordained native missionaries directly engaged in 
 evangelising their own countrymen is small. 
 
 {b?) Self Support. — In some parts there has been a 
 marked increase in contributions for religious purposes, 
 but the Church as a whole Is very backward in this
 
 86 LAMIiETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 respect. This is due in part to a mistaken policy in the 
 early development of missions in India. 
 
 (6'.) Spiritual Character. — There arc many earnest 
 and faithful Christians, lay as well as clerical, who, with 
 their families, are lights among the heathen. But it 
 must be acknowledged that too often there is a deficiency 
 in energy, moral courages, and power of initiative ; and 
 that caste still grievously exercises its baneful influences 
 These defects, however, are to a large extent counter- 
 balanced by fruitfulness in the milder graces of gentle- 
 ness, patience, sobriety, and meekness. 
 
 {d.) Self Extension. — With some bright exceptions, 
 especially in parts of Southern India and of Ceylon, 
 there is a want of definite effort for self extension 
 originating in the Church itself. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 (a.) Organisation. — In Africa, south of the Zambezi 
 the Church possesses a provincial organisation ; in 
 Dioceses lying north of the Zambezi, r.^., Equatorial 
 Africa and Sierra Leone, the Churches are still in direct 
 connection with Canterbury, and possess local con- 
 stitutions approved by the Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 In the Missionary Jurisdiction of Cape Palmas and 
 parts adjacent, which embraces the Republic of Liberia, 
 there is an organisation under the fostering care of the 
 American Episcopal Church and having an African Bishop 
 with full powers at its head and a staff of workers made 
 up almost entirely of Africans. The idea of establish- 
 ing Churches self-supporting, self-extending, and self- 
 governing, is steadily kept in view. In addition to the 
 Bishop of Cape Palmas of the American Episcopal 
 Church, two African A.ssistant Bishops have been con-
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 87 
 
 secrated in recent years, and have rendered valuable 
 assistance to the Church in the Yoruba Country. The 
 appointment of native Assistant Bishops would appear to 
 be an important step towards the realisation of full native 
 control. In West Africa, and, to a certain extent, in 
 Central Africa, the native clergy commonly hold more 
 or less independent cures ; in South Africa they are 
 very seldom placed in positions of entire responsibility. 
 The idea of corporate life needs enforcement to prevent 
 a spirit of Congregationalism. 
 
 {b.) Self Support. — In South Africa considerable finan- 
 cial support is still received from English Societies. In 
 Zanzibar, with the exception of some voluntary help on 
 the part of the native Christians in building churches, 
 mission houses, etc., the Mission is supported by grants 
 from England. In West Africa, the Churches in Sierra 
 Leone, in Lagos, and in the Delta of the Niger are 
 self-supporting, with the exception of the support 
 of the Bishops ; while in the interior, the Churches 
 are aided by annual but diminishing grants. In Liberia 
 the work is almost entirely supported by the American 
 Church ; but increasing local contributions are also 
 made towards it. In Uganda, so far as the Native 
 Church is concerned, and apart from the salaries and 
 expenses of the foreign missionaries, the work is entirely 
 independent of extraneous aid. 
 
 (c.) Spiritual Character. — In Uganda the standard of 
 Christian life is high — very high as contrasted with the 
 standards of the heathen. In South and West Africa 
 the lives of the Clergy and of many of the laity afford 
 much encouragement and hope as to the future of the 
 African Churches. 
 
 {d.) Self Extension. — In Uganda a strong missionary 
 spirit is the distinguishing feature of the Church ; in the
 
 88 I.AMBETII CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 West of Africa greater missionary vigour is to be 
 desired. 
 
 Your Committee would recommend the adoption on 
 the part of the Conference of a resolution expressive of 
 its deep sense of the evils resulting from the present 
 condition of the Drink Traffic on the West Coast of 
 Africa, and of the hindrance which it presents not only 
 to the development of native Churches, but also to the 
 acceptance of Christianity by heathen tribes. 
 
 South Pacific Islands, 
 
 The Mission of the Anglican Communion in the 
 South Pacific, excluding New Zealand and New Guinea 
 is confined to Melanesia, and to work in Fiji, not, how- 
 ever, among the Fijians, but among the imported 
 labourers from other islands. In Melanesia the native 
 clergy are about equal in number to the white 
 clergy, and take their place among their white brethren 
 on equal terms. This Mission has distinguished itself 
 by determining to work, as far as possible, through 
 the natives themselves from the very beginning. 
 
 Spiritual Character. — A very high level of spiritual 
 character has been developed in almost all the groups 
 included in Melanesia. 
 
 Self Extension. — The native ministr)-, however, is 
 not yet supported by the native Church, but the first 
 steps to attain this object have been taken. The 
 Melanesians have shown marked missionary zeal, as 
 evidenced by the number of teachers and clergy who have 
 been sent to islands inhabited by totally distinct races. 
 
 The Committee have heard with thankfulness that the 
 Mission to New Guinea is about to be revived by the Austra- 
 lian Church under the leadership of a Missionary Bishop.
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 89 
 
 China mid Japan. 
 
 Ill China and Japan we meet questions of a different 
 class. Both are the homes of strong and vigorous races, 
 entirely independent of the white races politically, and 
 with a keen sense of nationality. 
 
 In Japan, the English and American Missions have 
 united to form one Japanese Church called Nippon Sei 
 Ko Kwai, having its own constitution and canons, 
 though as yet presided over by the English and 
 American Bishops. There is a strong body of Japanese 
 clergy, and self support is being pressed upon the con- 
 verts, but the prospect of financial independence is still 
 distant. It is, however, only a question of time when 
 the Church in Japan will become self-governing and 
 self-supporting, 
 
 The Christians of the Nippon Sei Ko Kwai are 
 drawn chiefly from the middle classes, the highest and 
 lowest strata being as yet very little touched. That the 
 upper classes should come in slowly and one by one is 
 not surprising, for since their old religions have lost their 
 hold upon them they are very generally agnostics, and 
 their circumstances lead them to look at Christian doctrine 
 in a purely critical and utilitarian spirit. Meanwhile the 
 influence which Christianity exercises on those who do 
 accept it, is seen in the very large extent to which they 
 are to be found In minor posts of public trust, as judges 
 of small districts, heads of local police, etc., where 
 strength and uprightness of character are especially 
 required. Though disappointments arc frequent among 
 others, especially as regards purity of life, the Clergy 
 have proved themselves to be men of stability and high 
 Christian character. From the first the Church has 
 recognised Its missionary duty, and it I'as instituted
 
 90 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 funds, though not (mi a very large scale, for extension 
 both in Japan itself and in the newly-acquired Island of 
 Formosa. 
 
 In .China, there is a considerable number (jf native 
 clergy who are counted by their Bishcjps most zealous 
 and faithful men, and the number of Christians is 
 steadily increasing, in spite of much persecution and 
 the hostility of the literary and ruling classes. Self 
 support advances slowly owing to the poverty of the 
 people, but is steadily worked for in all the Missions ; 
 and the stability of the Chinese character assures us 
 that the work will be permanent, and that a strong 
 Chinese Church will be formed in the future. The first 
 step has been taken this year in the coming together of 
 the English and i^merican Bishops in conference at 
 Shanghai, for union among the various Missions must 
 naturally precede the establishment of a National 
 Church. 
 
 Overlapping Episcopal J iwis diction. 
 
 The President of the Conference having referred to 
 the Committee on Foreign Missions a Resolution passed 
 unanimously by the Conference of English and American 
 Bishops held at Shanghai on April 3, 1897, in reference 
 to certain questions, arising out of overlapping episcopal 
 jurisdiction of independent Churches in full communion 
 with each other, with other documents, including an 
 important communication from the Board of Managers 
 of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the 
 American Episcopal Church, the Committee, having 
 before them the records of the Lambeth Conferences of 
 1807, 1878, and 1888 {see pp. 97, 130, 175, 283, 321, 
 S. P. C. K. Ed.) recommend this Conference to adopt 
 the following resolutions : —
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 9 1 
 
 Resolved 
 
 That this Conference affirms and confirms the 
 following principles : — 
 
 (a.) That, while it is the duty of the whole Church 
 to make disciples of all nations, yet, in the dis- 
 charge of this duty, independent Churches of the 
 Anglican Communion ought to recognise the equal 
 rights of each other when establishing foreign 
 missionary jurisdictions, so that two Bishops 
 of that Communion may not exercise jurisdiction 
 in the same place, and the Conference recom- 
 mends every Bishop to use his influence in the 
 diocesan and provincial synods of his particular 
 Church to gain the adhesion of the synods to these 
 principles, with a view to the framing of canons 
 or resolutions in accord therewith. 
 
 (B.) That where such rights have, * through 
 inadvertence, been infringed in the past, an 
 adjustment of the respective positions of the 
 Bishops concerned ought to be made by an 
 amicable arrangement between them, with a view 
 to correcting as far as possible the evils arising 
 from such infringement. 
 
 (c.) That when any particular Church contem- 
 plates creating a new foreign missionary jurisdic- 
 tion the recommendations contained in Resolu- 
 tion I.* of the Conference of 1867 (p. 97, 
 S. P. C. K. Ed.) ought always to be followed 
 before any practical steps are taken." 
 
 * The words are as follows : — " That it appears to us expedient, 
 for the purpose of maintaining brotherly inter-communion, that all 
 cases of establishment of new Sees, and appointment of new 
 Bishops, be notified to all Archbishops and Metropolitans, and all 
 presiding Bishops of the Anglican Communion."
 
 92 LAMRETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Co)iclusion. 
 
 It will be seen that we have dealt with the matter 
 entrusted to us in its broad outlines w^ithout attempting 
 even to mention all the Missions which in an ex- 
 haustive review would have claimed our attention, and 
 we express the belief that the problem of the establish^ 
 ment of completely autonomous native Churches, while 
 it is still in process of solution, is being surely worked 
 out by patience, and charity, and apostolic labours. 
 
 C RELATION OF MISSIONARY BISHOPS AND CLERGY 
 TO MISSIONARY SOCIETIES. 
 
 INIissionary Societies occupy somewhat different posi- 
 tions in the various branches of the Anglican Communion. 
 In the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United 
 States of America the General Convention, being the repre- 
 sentative body of the whole Church, is also a Board of 
 Missions, and its executive is a Board of Managers, 
 selected by this Board of Missions. There is also a 
 Church Missionary Society which acts as an auxiliary 
 to the Board, assigning its funds to the missionary juris- 
 diction which it desires to assist, but not claiming to 
 appoint, or assign the several spheres of work to the 
 clergy. The Missiohary Bishops, selected by the House 
 of Bishops, appoint their clergy, with the approval of the 
 Board, and assign them spheres of work, reporting to the 
 Board of Managers what they propose to do with the 
 funds appropriated to them. The principle is maintained 
 that those wdio subscribe the funds have, through their 
 representatives, a substantial voice in the administration 
 of the funds, and this continues until the diocese is fully- 
 organised. ' " . • . , ■. .
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 93 
 
 The Missions of the Church of England have been 
 mainly, since the founding of the Societies for Pro- 
 moting Christian Knowledge and for the Propagation of 
 the Gospel, the special care of societies within the 
 Church, and it was hardly possible that, with a growing 
 Church life and increasing missionary zeal, difficulties 
 should not from time to time arise requiring patient 
 adjustment. 
 
 The Committee desire, however, to place on record 
 their conviction — 
 
 1. That in the failure of the Church as a whole to 
 realise her bounden duty to be the great Missionary 
 Society of the world, the work could only be done by 
 some of her members forming themselves into societies 
 within the great Society to do what is the work of the 
 entire Church, and that the Church owes to the great 
 societies a debt of deep gratitude for the work which 
 they have been enabled to do. 
 
 2. That the increasing life of the Missionary Societies 
 has been the Providential way in which the Church has 
 been gradually realising the truth that the call to 
 evangelise the world was given to the Church as a whole, 
 and that thus the societies have not merely been enabled 
 to do a great evangelising work, but have supplied a 
 Providential stage in leading the whole Church to a 
 higher conception, which has never yet been adequately 
 worked out in Church history. 
 
 3. That the societies do not profess to do more than 
 form or found churches, retiring from the work when 
 the missions pass on to the stage of organised church life, 
 and that, therefore, any difficulties pertain only to this 
 transitional stage, and vary according to the degree of 
 ripeness which. the m.ission has attained. 
 
 These general considerations seem to indicate the
 
 fJ4 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 point of view from which any difficulties should be re- 
 Q;ardcd — one which should be characterised by gratitude, 
 sympathy, patience, and a firnn belief that there are no 
 difficulties which are not capable of friendly adjustment. 
 
 It seems impossible to deny the principle that those 
 who subscribe the funds are entitled to a substantial 
 voice in the administration of the funds, subject to the 
 {general principles of Church order, or the further prin- 
 ciple, that however much it may be desired that donors 
 would generally place their offerings at the disposal of a 
 Church representative body, it is yet legitimate to offer 
 funds for missionary, as for other purposes, impressed by 
 the donor with a special trust, either for special locali- 
 ties, or for the carrying out of such special work, and on 
 such special lines as are consistent with the belief, order, 
 and discipline of the Church. 
 
 On the other hand it may be laid down — 
 
 1. That clergy in any missionary jurisdiction what- 
 ever should be subject to the supervision of a Bishop, 
 and that Societies should use their power and influence 
 in striving to foster a wholesome diocesan church life. 
 
 2. That the whole object of missionary work being 
 to extend the Master's Kingdom, and to take up 
 fresh ground, as soon as the Church is duly organised 
 in any part of the world, the Society should seek to 
 transfer, as early as possible, to representatives of 
 the diocese powers which it naturally exercises in 
 early stages of the mission. 
 
 3. That as soon as a definite diocesan organisation 
 has been created with power to hold property, all Church 
 property afterwards acquired should, when possible, be 
 held by such Diocesan authorities, subject to trusts
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS. 95 
 
 securing the rights or recognising the interests of those 
 concerned. 
 
 4. That all questions of internal Church discipline 
 are for the Bishops and Diocesan authorities to deal 
 with. 
 
 5. That in the event of the founding of a Theological 
 College for the training of candidates for the Ministry 
 within any Diocese or Missionary jurisdiction, the 
 Bishop of the Diocese or Missionary jurisdiction should 
 be the visitor of the college, to whose arbitration all 
 matters in dispute may be referred, 
 
 6. That when diocesan organisation has covered a 
 given area, e.g., India, the further organisation, provin- 
 cial or diocesan, within the area is a matter in which the 
 right of initiative and the general controlling voice must 
 rest with the authorities of the province or diocese. 
 
 EDGAR NEWCASTLE, 
 
 Chairman.
 
 96 
 
 No. V. 
 
 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE* APPOINTED TO CON- 
 SIDER AND REPORT UPON THE SUBJECT OF REFOR- 
 MATION MOVEMENTS ON THE CONTINENT OF 
 EUROPE AND ELSEWHERE. 
 
 The Committee feels that the utterances of the last 
 two Lambeth Conferences have so fully stated the 
 attitude of our Communion towards the Reformation 
 movements on the Continent of Europe and elsewhere, 
 as to make its re-statement needless. Founded as 
 they were upon established principles and distinct con- 
 victions which cannot change, there is no need to lay 
 again the foundation of the argument, but only to refer 
 to that which has been already laid down. 
 
 We have carefully considered, in the light of the 
 latest and fullest information within our reach, the con- 
 dition of the various movements of Reform ; and, for 
 
 * N 
 
 ames of the Members of the Committee : — 
 
 Bishop 
 
 of Albany {CJutirman), 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Minnesota. 
 
 
 Argyll and the Isles. 
 
 Bishop of Ohio. 
 
 
 Barrow-in-Furness» 
 
 j, Pittsburgh. 
 
 
 Chester. 
 
 ,, St. Asaph. 
 
 
 Chichester. 
 
 J, Salisbury. 
 
 
 Clogher. 
 
 „ Sodor and Man. 
 
 
 Dover. 
 
 „ Springfield. 
 
 
 Ely. 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Springfield. 
 
 
 ' Falkland Islands. 
 
 Bishop of Stepney. 
 
 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 „ Texas. 
 
 
 Honduras. 
 
 Bishop T. E. Wilkinson. 
 
 Bishop Marsdcn. Bishop of Worcester.
 
 REFORMATION MOVEMENTS. 97 
 
 the purpose of greater clearness, take up these considera- 
 tions generally in the order, and according to the com- 
 pleteness, of their organisation. 
 
 (a.) TJie Old Catholic Church in Germany. 
 
 We are justified in expressing our belief that this 
 movement is growing in strength and influence. The 
 very grave loss, which came in the death of their first 
 Bishop, has been in great part made good by the conse- 
 cration of Bishop Weber, long well known as Professor 
 of Philosophy, who resides at Bonn. It is reported to us 
 as now numbering about 96 congregations, with 56,000 
 adherents, ministered to by 56 priests. 
 
 It has founded, and in part endowed a Theological 
 Seminary at Bonn, in which it is training its own Clergy 
 and also a school for boys in the same town ; and is, 
 we believe, growing in power, from the adhesioh and 
 co-operation more and more of women who at first stood 
 aloof, and by the gathering in more and more of children 
 for instruction. 
 
 Its last Synod, largely attended, was held on the day 
 after the Consecration at Carlsruhe of the largest and 
 most impressive Church which it has built. 
 
 {b^ The Christian Catholic CJinrcJi of Switzerland. 
 
 Whilst not rapidly advancing, because in part at 
 least of difficulties growing out of its relation to the 
 State, this Church, called by a name dear to the people 
 before the Reformation, is holding its own, and deepening 
 its hold. 
 
 It has one Bishop, Dr. Eduard Herzog, with 58 
 Clergymen and about 50,000 adherents. The Church in 
 Lucerne has been consecrated since the last Conference, 
 (6440) G
 
 98 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 and is held in joint occupation by the congregations of 
 the Christian CathoHc Church in Switzerland, and the 
 Episcopal Church in America. 
 
 Recognised as these two Communities have been by 
 the Bishops in Conference in 1888, the Committee has 
 recommended a rcassertion of our confidence and 
 sympathy, in a resolution appended to this report. 
 
 (c.) The Mexican Episcopal CJiurch. 
 
 Much the same thing may be said now about the 
 Mexican Episcopal Church. No longer misunderstood 
 to be a Mission from the Episcopal Church in America 
 to Mexico, it is now fully organised under the presiding 
 Bishop of the Church in America (who has as his Epis- 
 copal Commissary " the Bishop of New Mexico and 
 Arizona "), with its governing Synod, and its liturgical 
 worship entirely in accord with the standards of the 
 English and American " Books of Common Prayer." 
 We recommend that the Conference should thankfully 
 recognise the healthiness of its development, and the 
 hopefulness of its present condition. It has 9 priests, 
 all but two of whom are Mexicans, and 5 Mexican 
 deacons ; 27 congregations, with 1,300 adherents, of 
 whom 658 are communicants; 11 parish schools, a 
 school for boys, an orphanage for girls, and a Theo- 
 logical school, all under the immediate care of the Rev. 
 Henry Forrester, an American Priest, representing the 
 Provisional Bishop. 
 
 (^.) Latiii Churches. 
 
 I. Spain. — The only other religious reformation 
 movement having its own Episcopal head, as well as its 
 Synod and its formularies of Worship and Doctrine, is
 
 REFORMATION MOVEMENTS. 99 
 
 in Spain ; it has a Bishop and lo Clergymen. It is 
 estimated to have 1,170 Communicants, and not less 
 than 3,000 adherents. 
 
 2. Portugal. — The movement in Portugal, which is 
 closely allied with that in Spain, has 5 Clergymen, and 
 about 336 Communicants. 
 
 3. Italy. — The Reformation movement in Italy has 
 its Bishop elect, a Synod, liturgy, ritual, and consti- 
 tution of its own, with 12 congregations, and is reported 
 to us as having 7 Clergymen, and about 1,000 Commu- 
 nicants. Episcopal acts for this community have been 
 discharged from time to time by Bishop Herzog. 
 
 4. France. — The movement in France is, we under- 
 stand, now under the Archbishop of Utrecht. 
 
 {e.) Austria. 
 
 The m.ovement in Austria is distinguished by the 
 great success which has attended it in the part of North 
 Bohemia bordering on Saxony, where its progress has 
 been rapid and sustained. It is estimated to number 
 about 12,000 adherents, and has a Diocesan Admini- 
 strator who is its Bishop-elect, with 8 congregations and 
 8 clergymen. 
 
 ( /".) The Work in Brazil, 
 
 The work in Brazil is on a somewhat different 
 footing from the other movements we have been con- 
 sidering. 
 
 It was undertaken by the American Church Mis- 
 sionary Society, which is a recognised auxiliary of the 
 Board of Missions of the Church in America. The 
 Clergy who minister there are under the direction of 
 the Bishops of Virginia and West Virginia. There are 
 (6440) G 2
 
 100 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 many evidences of growth, and of development on the 
 orderly lines of Catholic usage and law. The Bishop 
 of the Falkland Islands, who recently visited the con- 
 gregations in Brazil, was most favourably impressed by 
 the devotion of the Clergy (7 in number) and the 
 interest of the people, and expresses his belief that the 
 work is good, and is preparing the way for still greater 
 good. 
 
 Having regard to the probable spread of these move- 
 ments of reform, we venture to say that, as a condition 
 for recognition or inter-communion, there should be satis- 
 factory evidence that the Bodies applying are sound and 
 clear as touching the fundamental verities of the 
 Christian faith, and that the Offices for the administration 
 of the Sacraments are in accord with our own liturgical 
 standards. 
 
 WILLIAM CROSWELL DOANE, 
 
 Bishop of Albany, 
 
 Chairman,
 
 lOI 
 
 No. VI. 
 
 REPORT OF TIFE COMMITTEE* APPOINTED TO CON- 
 SIDER AND REPORT UPON THE SUBJECT OF 
 CPIURCH UNITY IN ITS RELATION (a.) TO THE 
 CHURCHES OF THE EAST ; (I?.) TO THE LATIN 
 COMMUNION ; (<r.) TO OTHER CHRISTIAN BODIES. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 The Committee appointed to consider and report 
 upon the subject of " Church Unity in its relation to the 
 
 * Names of the Members of 
 Bishop of Aberdeen. 
 
 Argyll. 
 Archbishop of Armagh. 
 Bishop Barry. 
 Bishop of Brisbane. 
 
 California. 
 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Colchester. 
 
 Coventry. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Dunedin. 
 
 Fredericton. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Jamaica. 
 Bishop in Jerusalem. 
 Bishop of Llandaff. 
 ,, London. 
 
 „ Marquette. 
 
 „ Maryland. 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Minnesota. 
 Bishop of Newcastle, N.S.W, 
 
 the Committee : — 
 Bishop of North Carolina. 
 
 „ Perth. 
 
 „ Peterborough. 
 
 „ Pittsburgh. 
 
 Archbishop of Rupert's Land. 
 Bishop of St. Alban's 
 
 {Convener). 
 
 „ St. Andrew's. 
 
 „ Sodor and Man. 
 
 „ Southwark 
 
 {Secretary). 
 
 ,. Southwell. 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Springfield. 
 Bishop of Sydney. 
 
 „ Toronto. 
 
 „ Trinidad. 
 
 „ Truro. 
 
 Wakefield. 
 
 „ Western New York. 
 
 Bishop T. E. Wilkinson. 
 Bishop of Worcester. 
 Archbishop of York {Chairman).
 
 I02 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Churches of the East, to the Latin Communion, and to 
 other Christian bodies," have thouf^ht well to entrust the 
 work to three Sub-Committees for these sections, and to 
 a fourth with special reference to the Scandinavian and 
 Moravian Churches. Their reports as amended by the 
 main Committee are as follows : — 
 
 (a.) ON CHURCHES OF THE EAST. 
 
 The Sub-Committee appointed to consider the 
 question of *' Church Unity" in its relation "to the 
 Churches of the East," find themselves confronted b}' a 
 subject so extensive in its range, that they can only 
 hope to deal with it in outline, and to indicate some 
 general principles which it is necessary to bear in mind. 
 They would begin by recalling the reference to this subject 
 which is found in the Encyclical letter of the Lambeth 
 Conference of 1888.* 
 
 " The Conference has expressed its earnest desire to 
 confirm and to improve the friendly relations which now 
 exist between the Churches of the East and the 
 Anglican Communion. These Churches have well 
 earned the sympathy of Christendom, for through long 
 ages of persecution they have kept alive in many a dark 
 place the light of the Gospel. If that light is here and 
 there feeble or dim, there is all the more reason that we, 
 as we have opportunity, should tend and cherish it ; and 
 we need not fear that our offices of brotherly charity, if 
 offered in a right spirit, will not be accepted." 
 
 The manifestations of friendly feeling referred to in 
 this passage have been even more remarkable during 
 the intervening period of nine years. It is enough to 
 
 * See "The Lambeth Conferences" (S.P.C.K.), page 273.
 
 CHURCH UNITY. IO3 
 
 instance the cordial welcome given to the present 
 Bishop of London when, as Bishop of Peterborough, he 
 attended last year the Coronation of the Tsar, and the 
 still more recent demonstrations of brotherly regard 
 which were manifested on the occasion of the late 
 visit of the Archbishop of York to Russia. It is 
 impossible not to see in these events a very hopeful 
 indication of increasing desire on their side, as well as 
 ours, to bring about a clearer understanding and closer 
 relations between these two branches of the Church of 
 Christ. They tend to emphasise and to confirm the 
 numerous expressions of good-will which have been 
 exchanged during a long course of years between 
 prelates and other ecclesiastics of the Anglican and 
 Eastern Churches. A cordial reception was given by 
 the four Patriarchs of the East to the revival of the 
 Bishopric which represents the Anglican Comrnunion 
 at the Mother-City of Christianity, and this attitude 
 has been constantly maintained, and has been one of 
 uniform goodwill and helpfulness. The Committee 
 do not forget that it is easy to misunderstand and 
 to over-estimate the value of such kindly words and 
 friendly actions. But after every allowance is made, there 
 remains enough to strengthen the hopes and to gladden 
 the hearts of those whose minds are set upon the pro- 
 moting of closer relations between the Churches of the 
 East and the Anglican Communion. 
 
 It is now the duty of the Committee to suggest 
 some of the means by which this good work may be 
 furthered, and, if God will, finally accomplished. One 
 of the difficulties which stand most prominently in the 
 way is the ignorance which prevails on cither side as 
 regards the position of the other. With a view to 
 diminish or to remove this hindrance the Committee
 
 104 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 arc of opinion that a systematic effort should be made 
 to brinf^ before the Ecclesiastics of the Eastern 
 Churches in their own toni^ue the Services of the 
 Anglican Churches, particularly the Office for Holy 
 Communion, along with such other statements of 
 doctrine and of practice as may seem most likely to 
 be helpful ; and on the other hand to procure the 
 translation into English of the Liturgies and authorised 
 Catechisms of the Churches of the East. As regards 
 the latter undertaking, the Committee would call atten- 
 tion to the excellent work which has been done during 
 the past 35 years, first by the Russo-Greek Committee of 
 the General Convention of the American Church, and 
 afterwards by the Ecclesiastical Relations Commission of 
 the same body, as well as by more than one voluntary 
 Association working in connection with the Church of 
 England. 
 
 Your Committee would further suggest the appoint- 
 ment of a Committee, with authority to communicate 
 with the Orthodox Eastern Patriarchs, the " Holy Govern- 
 ing Synod " of the Church of Russia, and the chief 
 authorities of the various Eastern Churches, in order to 
 ascertain how far it may be possible, without sacrifice of 
 principle, to take steps towards the promotion of such 
 closer relations. There is reason to believe that a desire 
 for such action exists on the part of not a few indi- 
 viduals among the Prelates of the Eastern Churches, 
 but it is important to know how far this feeling is shared 
 by the ruling authorities of the Churches themselves. 
 It would be the duty of such a Committee to ascertain 
 by careful inquiry and friendly communication, and by 
 personal conference where possible, how far there is any 
 ruch desire on the part of the Eastern Churches ; and 
 further in what light it would be regarded by the various
 
 CHURCH UNITY. 105 
 
 branches of the Anglican Communion. Those who, on 
 cither side, are best acquainted with the important 
 differences which exist between the teachings and 
 customs of the Anglican and the Eastern Churches, will 
 best appreciate the difficulties which appear to stand in 
 the way of their reconciliation ; but they will also 
 most hopefully believe that when the origin and the 
 character of these divergences are more accurately 
 understood many of them will be found to have no 
 authority from the Churches themselves, and others 
 to be not incapable of explanation and adjustment. 
 Many of these divergences have their origin in the 
 different characteristics of oriental thought and expres- 
 sion and in the differences of temperament which 
 distinguish the Eastern nations from those of the 
 West ; and similar difficulties may no doubt exist 
 on their side with regard to ourselves. The Com- 
 mittee are thankful to recognise and to bring to 
 the notice of the Conference the great regard and high 
 reverence which are shown to the Word of God in the 
 Orthodox Churches of the East, and the readiness 
 which they have endeavoured to encourage and to promote 
 the circulation of the Holy Scriptures among the 
 people in their own tongues. Above all, the Committee 
 desire to express their conviction that by united prayer 
 the happy issue will most surely be found, and they 
 rejoice to know that both in East and West there 
 are already a goodly multitude who are offering up 
 such intercessory prayer. In such a matter as this 
 there can be no room for fjiithless fears among thosG 
 who truly "believe in the Holy Ghost" and in His 
 willing power to draw together in tlie bonds of love 
 the divided Members of the Body of Christ.
 
 I06 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 {b.) ON THE LATIN COMMUNION. 
 
 As recrards the Church of Rome, a series of docu- 
 ments has been issued by Pope Leo XIII, expressing 
 his desire for the union of Christendom, but unfor- 
 tunately asserting as its only basis the recognition of 
 the papal supremacy as of divine right. In the last of 
 these documents the Pope proceeded to an examina- 
 tion of the position of the Church of England, and 
 thus called forth an answer from the Archbishops of the 
 English Church. Though controversy is rarely a 
 method of promoting unity, there are grounds for thank- 
 fulness in the courteous tone in which much of this 
 controversy has been conducted ; in the abandonment 
 by the Pope of much irrelevant and spurious matter 
 which previously rendered discussion hopeless ; in the 
 limitation of the sphere of controversy to definite 
 ])oints ; in a large amount of subsidiary literature, 
 embodying the results of much research ; and in the 
 desire shown on both sides to understand and not 
 consciously to misrepresent one another. If this spirit 
 increases, even controversy will not have been in vain ; 
 and we await the issue of such controversy with entire 
 confidence. 
 
 The Committee do not propose to submit any 
 resolution to the Conference on this branch of their 
 subject. They desire to adopt, as the substantial 
 expression of their own opinion, the words of a Com- 
 mittee on Home Reunion of the Lambeth Conference of 
 1888. 
 
 " The Committee with deep regret felt that, under 
 present conditions, it was useless to consider the 
 question of Reunion with our brethren of the Roman 
 Church, being painfully aware that any proposal for
 
 CHURCH UNITY. lO/ 
 
 reunion would be entertained by the authorities of that 
 Church only on condition of a complete submission on 
 our part to those claims of absolute authority, and the 
 acceptance of those other errors, both in doctrine and in 
 discipline, against which, in faithfulness to God's Holy 
 Word, and to the true principles of His Church, we 
 have been for three centuries bound to protest." 
 
 (c.) ON OTHER CHRISTIAN BODIES. 
 
 I. 
 
 The question of unity with Christian bodies, other 
 than the Eastern and Roaian Churches, is one which has 
 awakened among the members of this Conference a deep 
 and most affectionate interest, and has led them to 
 consider once more on what basis such unity might be 
 established. 
 
 At the Lambeth Conference of 1888 the following 
 important resolution was passed on the subject: — 
 
 That in the opinion of this Conference, the fol- 
 lowing Articles supply a basis on which approach may 
 be, by God's blessing, made towards Home Reunion — 
 
 (a.) The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New 
 Testaments, as " containing all things necessary to 
 Salvation," and as being the rule and ultimate 
 standard of faith. 
 
 {I;.) The Apostles' Creed, as the Baptismal Symbol ; 
 and the Nicene Creed, as the sufficient statement 
 of the Christian faith. 
 
 (c.) The two Sacraments ordained by Christ Himself 
 — Baptism and the Supper of the Lord — 
 ministered with unfailing use of Christ's words 
 of institution, and of the elements ordained b\' 
 Him.
 
 I08 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 {d.) The Historic Episcopate, locally adapted In the 
 methods of its administration to the varying 
 needs of the nations and peoples called of God 
 into the Unity of His Church. 
 
 And now to-day we can only re-affirm this position 
 as expressing all that we can formulate as a basis for 
 conference. 
 
 It may be well for us to state why we are unable to 
 concede more. 
 
 We believe that we have bc3eli Providentially entrusted 
 with our part of the Catholic and Apostolic inheritance 
 bequeathed by our Lord, and that not only for ourselves, 
 but for the millions who speak our language In every 
 land — possibly for humanity at large. Nearly a century 
 ago the Anglican Church might have seemed to 
 many almost entirely insulated, an institution, in Lord 
 Macaulay's language, " almost as purely local as the 
 Court of Common Pleas." Yet at that time an eminent 
 Roman Catholic (Count Joseph de Maistre) declared his 
 conviction that the English Church was endowed with a 
 quality analogous to that possessed by chemical iJitcr- 
 inedes of combining irreconcilable substances. 
 
 This quality of our Church we cannot forget 
 and dare not annul. Wc feel we should not be justified 
 in placing " new barriers between ourselves and the 
 ancient historical Churches." Nor, in a different direc- 
 tion, do wc believe in mere rhetorical calls to unity. 
 Nor would wc surrender in return for questionable 
 benefits the very elements of the peculiar strength and 
 attractiveness of our own system — its quiet adherence 
 to truth, its abstinence from needless innovation, its back- 
 bone of historical continuity. Wc cannot barter away 
 ■any part of our Ood-givcn trust, because v/e feel that
 
 CHURCH UNITY. 100 
 
 such action would involve an amount of future loss and 
 forfeiture which we cannot estimate at the moment. 
 
 For these and other reasons we cannot concede any 
 part of our essential principles. 
 
 II. 
 
 Yet, if this, our inevitable attitude, seems dis^ 
 COuraging to many loving hearts, those who are watch- 
 ing for the day of re-union to whiten upon the clouded 
 sky are not without tokens of the coming dawn. 
 
 Let us glance for a moment at our four principles. 
 We rejoice to see — i. The general and loving acceptance 
 of the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, 
 as containing all things necessary to Salvation and as 
 being the rule and ultimate standard of faith. 
 
 2. It is cheering to find that not only the Apostles' 
 Creed but also the Nicene Creed is received by so many 
 holy and gifted minds among our separated brethren. 
 In the Nicene Creed — that lasting safeguard against all 
 forms of speculation which call hi question cither the 
 perfect manhood or the true Godhead of our Blessed 
 Lord — they acknowledge the essential Christianity 
 necessary for eternal life, more particularly the full truth 
 concerning the person of our Lord Jesus Christ. 
 
 3. As to the Two Sacraments ordained by Christ 
 Himself: many to whom the question has been referred 
 not only assent to the necessity of the unfailing use 
 of Christ's words of Institution and of the element.«5 
 appointed by Him ; but, in accordance with our Prayer 
 Book, see in the one ordinance the Sacrament of life, 
 in the other the Sacrament of growth. 
 
 4. The historic Episcopate not unnaturally raises 
 graver difficulties. Yet in America many of our Prcs-
 
 no LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 byterian brethren appear to have been not unwilh'ng to 
 remember that in England in 1660 their forefathers 
 would have been prepared to accept episcopacy with 
 such recognition of the laity as now exists in the United 
 States and in the Irish and many of the colonial Churches. 
 We naturally turn to the Established Church of Scotland, 
 which approached us at the beginning of the present 
 Conference with a greeting so gracious and so tender. 
 That body has amongst its sons not a few who are 
 deeply studying the question of the three Orders in 
 their due and proper relation. 
 
 III. 
 
 As we approach the conclusion of our task, we wish 
 to advert to two subjects which should stand out high 
 and clear above all else: — (i) The Divine purpose of 
 unity ; (2} the existence of conditions in the Church 
 and spiritual world. The first as our authority for 
 working, the second our encouragement to work. 
 
 (i) We are thankful that the subject of Christian 
 unity is gaining an increasing hold upon the thoughts, 
 and, we believe, upon the prayers, of Christian people. 
 The day is passed in which men could speak of the 
 Church of God as if it were an aggregate of trading- 
 establishments, as if our divisions promoted a generous 
 rivalry, and saved us from apathy and indolence. Men 
 of all schools of thought are realising the grievous 
 injury which has been done to Christianity by the 
 separations which part holy men and women of various 
 Christian bodies from each other. 
 
 (2) We find an ever growing hope of reconciliation 
 in the historical phenomenon of circumstances gene- 
 rating a co7iditioii in the world of thought.
 
 CHURCH UNITY. Ill 
 
 Such condition-crises sometimes occur. Their his- 
 tory is this. For a long period, two strains of thought, 
 two currents of opinion, two sets of ideas, exist in a 
 community. Of these, one at the outset is greatly in 
 excess of the other ; but that other has in it the true 
 principle of growth, and so at last the two elements stand 
 in equilibrium. Then the balance turns irresistibly, and 
 the hopeless minority of one century becomes the 
 triumphant majority of another. At the present time 
 we are led to believe that this principle may be applied 
 to " Home-Re-union." 
 
 Circumstances^ which are but God's preparation, pro- 
 duce the condition which is God's advance. We look 
 forward in faith and hope to the sure coming of a time 
 when this condition will arise by the anti-sectarian and 
 conciliating work of God the Holy Ghost in the life of 
 Christendom. 
 
 The circumstances of our Christendom are rapidly 
 producing the condition which is antagonistic to separa- 
 tion. The circumstances to which we refer are such as 
 these : larger and more liberal views of the interpretation 
 of Scripture ; movements which enlarge and correct 
 men's knowledge of primitive Church history ; the 
 overthrow of metaphysical systems which deprave and 
 discolour the attributes of God ; belief in and love of 
 the living, ascended Christ, giving earnestness and 
 beauty to Christian worship ; thought critical, ethical, 
 aesthetic — these things arc bringing about the condition 
 in which union will be as natural as disunion has been 
 for some centuries. 
 
 In this renewed spirit of unity we trust that ourbeloved 
 Church will have a large share. We speak as brothers 
 to these Christian brothers who are separated from us. 
 We can assure them that we fail not in love and respect
 
 112 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 for tlicm. \Vc acknowledge with a full heart the fruits 
 of the Holy Ghost produced by their lives and labours. 
 We remember the fact, so glorious for them, that in 
 evil days they kept up the standard at once of family 
 virtue, and of the life hidden with Christ in God. We 
 can never forget that lessons of holiness and love 
 have been written upon undying pages by members 
 of their communions, and that the lips of many 
 of their teachers have been touched with heavenly 
 fire. We desire to know them better — to join with 
 them in works of charity. We are more than willing 
 to help to prevent needless collisions, or unvVise 
 duplication of labour. We know that many among 
 them are praying like many of ourselves, that the time 
 may be near for the fulfilment of our Master's prayer 
 that " they all may be one." Surely in the unseen world 
 there is a pulsation of joy among the redeemed ; some 
 mysterious w^ord has gone forth among them that 
 Christ's army still on earth, long broken into frag- 
 ments by bitter dissensions, is stirred by a divine 
 impulse to regain the loving brotherhood of the 
 Church's youth. May we labour on in the deathless 
 hope that, while in the past, unity without truth has 
 been destructive, and truth without unity feeble, now in 
 our day truth and unity combined may be strong 
 enough to subdue the world to Christ ; and the Muse of 
 the Church's history may no longer be hate but love. 
 May He grant us (in Bishop Jeremy Taylor's words) 
 *• uniting principles, reconciled hearts, and an external 
 communion in His own good season." 
 
 Time ripens, thought softens, love has a tender 
 subtlety of interpretation. Controversy in the past has 
 been too much the grave of Charity. We have much 
 to confess and not a little to learn.
 
 CHURCH UNITY. II3 
 
 IV. 
 
 When \vc come to consider the practicalstepswhich arc 
 to be taken towards re-union, we feel bound to express 
 our conviction as to the magnitude and difficulty of the 
 work which lies before us ; a work which can only be 
 accomplished by earnest, and, so far as possible, united, 
 prayer to our Heavenly Father for the help of the Holy 
 Spirit that we may be delivered from all hatred and 
 prejudice, from everything that can hinder us from 
 seeing His holy will, or prevent us from accomplishing 
 His divine purpose. 
 
 The Lambeth Conference of 1888 adopted the 
 following resolution : 
 
 " That this Conference earnestly request the consti- 
 tuted authorities of the various branches of our 
 Communion, acting, so far as may be, in concert 
 with one another, to make it known that tJiey 
 hold themselves in readiness to enter into 
 brotherly conference (such as that which has 
 already been proposed by the Church in the 
 United States of America) with the repre- 
 sentatives of other Christian Communions in 
 the English-speaking races, in order to con- 
 sider what steps can be taken, cither towards 
 corporate re-union, or towards such relations 
 as may prepare the way for fuller organic unity 
 hereafter." 
 
 We consider, however, that the time has now arrived 
 in which the constituted authorities of the various 
 branches of our Communion should not merely make it 
 known that they hold themselves in readiness to enter 
 into brotherly conference with representatives of other 
 (6440) H
 
 114 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Christian communities in the Enghsh-spcaking races, 
 but should themselves origifiate sudi conferences and 
 especially arrange for representative meetings for united 
 humiliation arid intercession. 
 
 ON THE MORAVIAN CHURCH. 
 
 Your Committee find that the last Lambeth 
 Conference expressed themselves in regard to the 
 Unitas Fratrum in the following resolution : — 
 
 " That having regard to the fact that the question of 
 the relation of the Anglican Church to the Unitas 
 Fratrum^ or Moravians, was remitted by the last 
 Lambeth Conference (of 1878) to a Committee, 
 which has hitherto presented no Report on the 
 subject, the Archbishop of Canterbury be 
 requested to appoint a Committee of Bishops, 
 who shall be empowered to confer with learned 
 theologians, and with the heads of the Unitas 
 Fj^atrum^Kwd shall report to His Grace before the 
 end of the current year, and that his Grace be 
 requested to take such action on their Report as 
 he shall deem right." 
 
 The Committee appointed in accordance with this 
 request collected some valuable materials for a report, 
 which were informally laid before the late Archbishop 
 of Canterbury. 
 
 Your Committee is of opinion that on some questions 
 involved further investigation an.d consideration are 
 desirable, and they therefore deprecate any pronounce- 
 ment at the present time upon the question of Moravian 
 Orders. 
 
 Your Committee find that very friendly relations 
 exist at the present time between the Unitas Fratrum
 
 CHURCH UNITY. II5 
 
 and the members of the Anglican Church in contact with 
 them, and that their missionary efforts, their zeal for edu- 
 cation, and their Christian spirit are held in high esteem. 
 The good and unobtrusive work that they have done 
 and are doing in the mission field, their excellent methods 
 and discipline, and their consistently unaggressive 
 attitude, have especially endeared them to those Bishops 
 of our Communion whose sphere of labour lies outside 
 England. It is, therefore, obviously a matter of expediency 
 as well as of duty to bridge over or remove the obstacles 
 which at present separate the two Communions. 
 
 Your Committee accordingly submit to the Con- 
 ference two resolutions which will, they trust, if accepted, 
 conduce to this most desirable end. 
 
 ON THE SCANDINAVIAN CHURCH. 
 
 The last Lambeth Conference desired, " That 'earnest 
 efforts should be made to establish more friendly rela- 
 tions between the Scandinavian and Anglican Churches ; 
 and that approaches on the part of the Swedish 
 Church, with a view to the mutual explanation of differ- 
 ences, be most gladly welcomed, in order to the ulti- 
 mate establishment, if possible, of inter-communion on 
 sound principles of Ecclesiastical polity." Your Sub- 
 Committee have to report that no advances of the 
 character hoped by the last Conference have been made 
 by the Church of Sweden. It still remains for the pre- 
 sent Conference to consider in what way " earnest efforts 
 can be made to establish more friendly relations between 
 the Scandinavian and Anglican Churches." 
 
 Those Members of this Committee who have been 
 most concerned in this question, either as having 
 visited Sweden in this interest, or as being most closel}' 
 (6440; 11 J
 
 Il6 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1897. 
 
 in contact with Swedes in America, do not represent any 
 desire for nearer approach to be apparent on the 
 part of the Church of Sweden, which seems to exhibit 
 indifference on the subject. The practical urgency of 
 the question of closer union can only be measured by 
 those Bishops who, chiefly in certain districts of America, 
 have large bodies of Swedish settlers in their Dioceses, 
 and to whom it is a pressing problem to determine upon 
 what condition they may be able to take Episcopal 
 charge of those settlements. 
 
 In regard to these settlements your Committee are 
 informed that it is incorrect to speak as if there were 
 a Church of Sweden in America. The Swedish immi- 
 grants come as individual settlers, and arc not organised 
 with Pastors from Sweden as congregations connected 
 with the Church of Sweden, but, where they form 
 Swedish congregations, do so as members of the non- 
 Episcopal body called the Augustana Synod. Their 
 proclivities are as much towards other non-Episcopal 
 bodies as towards the American Church. Those who 
 become members of the American Church do so from 
 personal preference for it among the religious bodies 
 which they find in the country, not as members of a 
 Church in recognised communion with it. Swedish 
 students have been ordained r.s clergy of the American 
 Church, but simply as other students arc, and on the 
 same qualifications. Swedish Orders are not accepted 
 for ministrations in American congregations. It may 
 be well here to refer to the Report presented to the 
 General Convention in 1895 by a Joint Commission on 
 Swedish Orders, although it was not adopted by the 
 Convention. That report concluded with this Resolu- 
 tion : " That (while not giving any judgment with regard 
 to the validity or otherwise of ordinations ministered
 
 CHURCH UNITY. II7 
 
 by the Established Church of Sweden, for the reason that 
 the subject is now before the Lambeth Conference) for 
 the greater security of our own people,, this General 
 Convention judges it right that without first receiv- 
 ing the Order of Deacon, and afterwards that of 
 Priesthood, with the undoubtedly sufficient form of 
 words provided by our Prayer Book, and from a Bishop 
 in communion with this Church, no Minister of the 
 Swedish Church shall be allowed to officiate in any 
 Congregation under the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church." 
 
 Though not adopted by the Convention, this repre- 
 sents the existing practice ; and the reasons on which 
 the Joint Commission based their proposed Resolution, 
 may furnish a convenient summary of the defects 
 alleged by those not satisfied as to the validity of 
 Swedish Ordinations. The Lambeth Conference may 
 judge that the propriety of invitations to the Church 
 of Sweden, or of efforts to promote mutual explanations 
 with a view to establishing intercommunion with 
 that Church, may depend upon the probability of the 
 Conference itself being satisfied of that validity. On 
 this ground your Committee present the positions 
 asserted in the Report of the American Joint Com- 
 mission to their General Convention. 
 
 " I. They find that there is a very strong probability 
 that in the Established Church of Sweden a tactual 
 ministerial succession has been continued since the time 
 of the Lutheran Reformation. 
 
 " 2. They also find that since that time the Swedish 
 Church has not retained the three orders of the 
 Ministry, the Diaconate, as an Holy Order, being 
 entirely rejected. 
 
 " 3. They further find that at Swedish Ordinations
 
 Il8 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 the laying on of hands is accompanied by no words 
 denoting the conferring of any gift, order, or office, nor 
 by any prayer for the descent of the Holy Ghost. The 
 only words now used, and this has been the unvarying 
 custom since 1571, are the Lord's Prayer. 
 
 " 4. They also find that the same ceremony of laying 
 on of hands and the same words are used at the 
 ' Ordination to the office of Preaching,' at ' the Installing 
 into the office of Church Pastor,' and at 'the Installing 
 of a Bishop into Office.' 
 
 " 5. They also find that while ' Ordination ' or 
 ' Consecration ' to the Episcopate is sometimes spoken 
 of in the Canon Law, in the present office books there 
 is no such Service, but only one for ' Installing a Bishop 
 into Office,' which corresponds almost exactly with 
 the form for * Installing a Church Pastor into Office.' 
 
 " Your Joint Commission could add other facts, but 
 they deem these sufficient to warrant their proposing 
 the resolution (as given above)." 
 
 In the face of the careful study on which the Joint 
 Commission assures the Convention that their report is 
 based, this Committee (while observing that the Con- 
 vention did not adopt the report, but continued the 
 Commission and postponed further consideration until 
 the next General Convention) express their respectful 
 hope that further examination of the facts may be 
 pursued on behalf of the Lambeth Conference. 
 
 It is not the office of this Committee to argue 
 the large ultimate question, what is the measure of 
 essential adequacy of form to be required by one Church 
 of another Church, as the condition of intercommunion ? 
 whether, for example, the essential adequacy be in the 
 intention of the whole office, or in a particular verbal 
 expression or formula ; w hether the Lord's Prayer
 
 CHURCH UNITY. II9 
 
 can be offered with special and sufficient intention ; 
 whether recitation of Scripture enjoining the function 
 be sufficient expression, or such recitals must be turned 
 into formal prayers; whether such prayers must be offered 
 individually by the Consecrators or Ordainers, or may be 
 offered by the whole assembled congregation ; whether such 
 prayers must be said absolutely during the continuance 
 of the act of imposition of hands, or may conclude and 
 combine into one functional action a series of ceremonial 
 emblems of the office to be conferred ; whether any par- 
 ticular order of prayers and acts be essential ; and 
 chiefly whether complete enumeration of all functions 
 assigned to an office by one Church is to be required ot 
 others in exact identity. These, and like general ques- 
 tions of principle, on which ultimate judgment about the 
 validity of Ordinations may be held to depend, are 
 questions for the Conference itself. 
 
 But the Committee having presented above the 
 arguments of the American Joint Commission, think it 
 only fair to supplement them with these remarks upon 
 the facts. 
 
 1. The one object of King Gustavus Vasa in his 
 dealing with the Pope was to secure a valid National 
 Episcopate. 
 
 2. The first Archbishop of Upsala consecrated after 
 the Reformation, for the transmission of Apostolical 
 Succession, laid down, in an ordinance made law at the 
 Synod of Upsala in 1572, that a Bishop should be 
 regularly elected, that his Election should be confirmed 
 by the State, and that he must receive episcopal Con sect a- 
 tion. 
 
 The Preface of the Swedish Prayer Book asserts 
 that while the Prayer Book has been revised at each
 
 120 LxVMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 interval of a century, this revision has not been made for 
 change of doctrine or custom, but to meet advances in 
 culture, and that the teaching is the same as at the first. 
 
 The chief anti-Lutheran National historians hold it 
 beyond dispute that orders were transmitted by conse- 
 cration to the succession of Swedish Bishops. 
 
 In interpreting the office book, this original intention 
 and historical recognition must be taken into account, 
 
 3. Comparison of the offices for installing a Bishop and 
 a Pastor brings out essential differences of more impor- 
 tance than the mere likeness of phrase used in speaking 
 of a Bishop as set in an office. The Pastors' institution 
 may be conducted by Priest or Provost, and is not an 
 Episcopal function. The Pastor is called ^' Introducendus^^ 
 not " Ordinandus!' No emblems or instruments are given 
 him, nor is the Veni Creator used. His office is not 
 referred to Divine institution, nor does the Installer 
 speak of acting on behalf of God. The Lections are 
 varied from those at Ordinations, though some are the 
 same. These differences in the character of Instalment ; 
 in the title of the Installed ; in the intentions expressed 
 in the Lections ; and in the delivery of emblems or 
 instruments, as well as in the questions asked and in 
 the Invocation of the Holy Ghost ; may be held by 
 Swedes to constitute the same difference between the 
 Swedish offices for Bishop and Pastor, as exists between 
 our services for Consecration and Institution. 
 
 4. The salient points of agreement bctuccn ll;e two 
 Swedish offices are : (i) That in both offices the Bishop 
 and Pastor arc set — the one in a particular see, the other 
 in a particular parish. (2) That the only prayer offered 
 during the actual imposition of hands is the Lord's 
 Prayer. But here again, in the Bishop's case, the
 
 CHURCH UNITV. 121 
 
 culminating enablem of setting the mitre on his head 
 is all that intervenes between the imposition of hands 
 and the following special prayer, almost identical with 
 that in the Anglican Ordinal : — 
 
 " We thank Thee, Almighty God, Merciful Father, 
 that Thou of Thine infinite kindness hast given us 
 Thy only begotten Son Jesus Christ to be our Saviour ; 
 who, after He had redeemed us by His death, ascended 
 over all heavens, hath richly poured out His gifts 
 upon mankind, and, for the upbuilding of His Church, 
 set some to be Apostles, some Prophets, some Evan- 
 gelists, and some pastors and teachers ; we pray Thee, 
 grant this Thy servant, who is now set to have over- 
 sight in the Church, Thine Holy Spirit, that he may 
 always be ready to work for the gospel of peace, and 
 so use the office which is given, that he may not pull 
 down but build up, not harm but help. Let him not 
 neglect the gift that is in him but hold to prayer, to 
 establish Thy word, to read, warn, and teach. Let 
 him in all things show himself to be Thy servant so 
 that he, as a faithful and ready steward, may feed Thy 
 household in due season, and at the last may receive 
 eternal joy — through Jesus Christ, etc." 
 
 The service implies, as distinctly as our own 
 ordinal, a lifelong office, resting on gifts and con- 
 taining duties which are the same in both ordinals. 
 
 5. The office for the second Order of Ministry is 
 criticised by the American Commission only upon the 
 general point already dealt with, viz., that the Lord's 
 Prayer is the only prayer during the actual imposition 
 of hands. The name of this Order has caused misappre- 
 hension. The Preacher-Office (which might be ren- 
 dered the Prophetic Office) is to be interpreted by the
 
 122 LAMBETH CONFERENCF, 1 897. 
 
 intention expressed in the Lections in which the ordained 
 is directed to see the idea of his office, and which 
 include John xx, 21-23; ^^^^ further expressed in 
 the questions which enquire not only about teaching, 
 but about the ministry of the Sacraments according to 
 Christ's institution. The action of imposition of hands 
 is supplemented by the investing with the chasuble. 
 The terms employed about the office speak expressly 
 of it as Ordination ; and its contents, if varied in 
 order, agree very closely with the Anglican Ordinal. 
 
 6. The Diaconate holds a place like that of a Lay 
 Reader in the Anglican Church. 
 
 This Committee do not embody the Swedish 
 Ordinal in their Report, because there is variation in the 
 translations available, and in editions of the Swedish 
 books themselves, and this in important technical terms. 
 They think that it should be a step preliminary to an 
 expression of any judgment about the Swedish Ordinal, 
 that a complete and authoritative translation of it be 
 made. 
 
 It is upon the general principles affecting the 
 essential adequacy of that Ordinal that the validity of 
 Swedish Orders has to be considered. 
 
 No question appears to be raised as to what the 
 American Commission calls a " tactual ministerial 
 succession," of which it allows a very strong probability 
 that no break of continuity has occurred since the 
 Reformation. Its beginning may be very shortly stated 
 from the manuals available, which, if the statements 
 are verified, establish that "the Apostolic Succession 
 was received by Peter Magnusson, consecrated at 
 Rome in 1524 to be Bishop of Wcsteras, and was 
 conveyed by him to several Bishops by consecration,
 
 CHURCH UNITY. I23 
 
 who in like manner transmitted Roman orders to their 
 successors in the Swedish Church." The said consecra- 
 tion of Magnusson at Rome is certified by a letter of 
 Clement VII to Gustavus ; by a letter of the Papal 
 Prothonotary to the Archbishop of Trondhjem ; by records 
 at his Monastery of Wadstena, of his visit as Bishop 
 and his death as Bishop ; by his admission as Bishop to 
 the State Council ; and by accounts in three co-temporary 
 Episcopal Chronicles. In 1528, before Gustavus in 1529 
 rejected the Roman supremacy, Magnusson consecrated 
 three Bishops in view of the King's Coronation. In 
 1 53 1 he consecrated Peterson as the first Archbishop of 
 Upsala after the supremacy of Rome was rejected, and 
 three other Bishops with a view to the King's marriage. 
 Archbishop Peterson made in the Synod of Upsala in 
 1572 the provision above noticed for perpetuating 
 Episcopal Consecration for the Episcopal Succession. 
 
 To return to the practical problem before your Com- 
 mittee. The Bishops most nearly concerned with 
 Swedish settlements have to determine what Eccle- 
 siastical relations with them would be legitimate. The 
 question is two-fold — as it affects Swedish laity, and as 
 it affects Swedish Clergy. Can they accept Swedish 
 Confirmation, and admit lay Swedes to communicate in 
 Churches under their jurisdiction ? Can they admit 
 Swedish Clergy to minister in those Churches ? In 
 face of their belief that the Swedish Church authorities are 
 indifferent about inter-communion, and seeing that con- 
 gregations of the settlers are rarely in charge of Swedish 
 Episcopal Clergy, and feeling that members of these 
 non-episcopal bodies must and can be dealt with by 
 reception into the American Church, the American 
 Bishops do not press for any hasty change in the pre-
 
 124 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 sent position, which they think possible to work on for 
 some time towards gradual amalgamation ; at the same 
 time they desire a step forward to be made. They 
 suggest that the first step might most wisely be taken by 
 making personal approaches to the Swedish Bishops 
 most interested in the subject, with a view to learning 
 the disposition of the Swedish Church for any com- 
 munication about it. 
 
 Signed, 
 
 WILLELM : EBOR: 
 
 Chairman,
 
 125 
 
 No. VII, 
 
 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE* APPOINTED TO 
 CONSIDER AND REPORT UPON THE SUBJECT OV 
 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION. 
 
 In presenting their Report, your Committee desire to 
 express their sense of the importance of the subject 
 entrusted to their consideration. They have avoided all 
 reference to ancient theories, and have dealt as far as 
 they have been able with the more practical aspects of 
 the question. 
 
 Interdependence of Nations. ^ 
 
 The horrors of war and the blessings of peace are 
 admitted, but the probable magnitude of any future war 
 is hardly realised. In the first 14 days of the Franco- 
 German War, when the combatants engaged can hardly 
 have reached a million, 50,000 men are said to have 
 fallen. Now, however, it has been calculated that, in the 
 event of European war, there would probably be as many 
 as 20,oco,coo armed men placed in the field. None 
 
 ■'^ Names of die Members of the Committee : — 
 
 Bishop of Ballarat. 
 Cashel. 
 
 Chichester. 
 
 Colorado. 
 
 Huron. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Lichfield. 
 
 Marlborough. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Newark. 
 
 Bishop of Newfoundland. 
 „ New York. 
 „ North Queensland. 
 „ Pretoria. 
 „ Ripon {Chairman). 
 „ Swansea. 
 „ Washington. 
 „ Western New York. 
 Western Texas.
 
 126 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 can contemplate the slaughter which such a war would 
 necessitate without yearning for well-founded peace. 
 Whilst the knowledge of these gigantic forces may make 
 nations reluctant to embark on war, there are, never- 
 theless, conditions which tend to promote it The 
 intense feeling of nationality ; the growing sense of race 
 interests ; the pressure which, owing to increasing popu- 
 lation, is felt by some European nations — are causes 
 which may make war inevitable. With these may be 
 reckoned the influence of popular excitement, stimulated 
 by the telegraph and the press, and not wholly unaffected 
 by the manipulation of speculators on the bourses and 
 stock exchanges, and by the unscrupulous arts of self- 
 seeking politicians. In moments of excitement peoples 
 may be more ardent than reasonable, and may be 
 plunged into war before they are aware of it. Within 
 our own generation we have had examples of this 
 danger. We have had in the heated public feeling 
 aroused by comparatively insignificant incidents witness 
 and warning of the difficulty of controlling the impulses 
 of an excited people. 
 
 Notwithstanding this, at no period of the world has it 
 been easier to realise the miseries inevitable to war. We 
 recognise more and more the interdependence of nations. 
 The deepest thinkers assure us that it is a fiction to 
 believe that the prosperity of one nation is promoted by 
 the adversity of another. Casual, transitory, or fictitious 
 gains may arise to particular interests or trades in 
 consequence of war, but the terrible dislocation of com- 
 mercial intercourse and trade arrangements far outweighs 
 any such gain. As civilisation grows, the sense of this 
 dependence of nation upon nation must increase. Some 
 peoples are dependent for their food, others for their 
 wealth, and all more or less for their comfort, on one
 
 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION. 1 27 
 
 another. Sixty per cent, of the exports of the United 
 States come to England ; 33 per cent, of their imports 
 come from England ; this means a commercial inter- 
 course of a magnitude which is little appreciated, but 
 the dislocation and divergence of which through war 
 would bring ruin to millions, and untold misery to the 
 working classes who would be the first to suffer. In 
 realising this interdependence of nations we can 
 appreciate the force of the words of that great modern 
 soldier, General Moltke, '' Every war, even for the 
 nation that conquers, is nothing less than a misfortune.' 
 This misfortune touches far more than material 
 interests : Art, Literature, and Science have joined with 
 commerce in binding nation to nation. War strikes at 
 the heart of the higher interests of mankind. 
 
 Your Committee are far from urging peace simply 
 for prudential reasons. It is no part of their^duty to 
 declare that there have not been in the past or that in 
 the future there may not be occasions when some great 
 principle must be fought for. But under any circum- 
 stances before the decision of war is invoked, it appears 
 to them to be the solemn duty of the people to make 
 sure that it is a great principle and not a prejudice or 
 object of pride which is at stake, and to reflect that great 
 principles may often be more effectively maintained by 
 reasoning, fair dealing, and patience, than by war. In an 
 age when differences between individuals are settled by 
 the Courts, and by a regard for justice, it is reasonable to 
 hope that by similar methods serious differences between 
 nations may be decided. 
 
 Indications of Popular Feeling. 
 
 As an indication of the growth of popular feeling on 
 the subject, your Committee may notice the number (f
 
 128 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 voluntary societies which have been estabhshed .within 
 the present century. No less than six peace societies 
 exist: the English Society, dating from 1816; the 
 American, 1826; the Swiss, 1830; the French, 1841 ; 
 followed in 1882 and 1883 by the Danish and Norwegian 
 Societies. But societies like these, which may be 
 thought to be somewhat ideal, have of recent years 
 given way, more or less, to societies established for 
 the distinct purpose of advocating the principles of 
 Arbitration. Of these, the English Society, 1882, and 
 the Swedish Society, 1883, were followed by the French 
 Society of 1889, which is the result of the fusion of two 
 previous similar societies. In the United States an im- 
 portant organisation has recently come into existence. 
 There are also societies which have been described 
 as socialistic, which are mainly working men's 
 societies for the promotion of peaceful relationships 
 between nations. An English society was established 
 in 1875, and a French society twelve years later. 
 But besides these national societies, there are three 
 international societies, " The International League 
 of Peace and Liberty," 1867; "The Institute of 
 National Rights," having for its aim the consideration of 
 international law, and its codification, arbitration, and 
 the insertion of arbitration clauses in treaties ; and 
 thirdly, the association for the " Reform and Codifica- 
 tion of the Rights of Nations," 1873. These and kindred 
 societies, whatever may be thought of their individual 
 characteristics and m.ethods, are indications of a growing 
 popular feeling in favour of the peaceful solution of 
 international difficulties. The establishment of the more 
 recent " Entente Cordiale," which will be in the recollec- 
 tion of many of us, is only another sign of the same 
 state of feeling.
 
 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION. 1 29 
 
 Parliainetitary Action. 
 
 Your Committee notice with pleasure the progress 
 which has been made in bringing the question of Inter- 
 national Arbitration before the Legislatures of different 
 countries. Within two years, 1873-75, resolutions in 
 favour of International Arbitration in one form or 
 another were passed by the Legislatures of England, 
 Italy, Sweden, the United States, Holland, and Belgium. 
 Similar resolutions, in even more recent years, have 
 been brought forward. In 1888 a petition, signed by 
 6,000 citizens, advocating permanent arbitration between 
 the Scandinavian States was presented to the Danish 
 Parliament, May, 1888. In October, 1890, the Assembly 
 carried by a majority of fifty-eight to ten a motion not 
 only advocating arbitration between the Scandinavian 
 States, but pressing for negotiations for the establish- 
 ment of the principle with other nations. In the 
 same year a similar vote was passed in the Parlia- 
 ments of Norway and Spain ; and the Italian Parlia- 
 ment authorised the Government to conclude treaties 
 of arbitration with all the Powers. Such movements 
 are enough to justify the words of Lord Salisbury 
 in his speech at Hastings in 1892: "We have got rid 
 of private war between small magnates and smaller 
 magnates in this country : we hav^e got rid of duelling- 
 bet ween man and man : we are slowly, as far as wc can, 
 substituting arbitration for struggling in international 
 disputes." 
 
 Arbitration in Practice. 
 
 In practice, the principle of arbitration has been 
 increasing!}' recognised in recent years. Between 1820 
 and 1830 there were only three cases of international 
 (6440) I
 
 130 LAMIiETIl CUMLRENCK, 1 897. 
 
 dispute submitted to arbitration. Between 1880 and 
 1890 there were no fewer than 21. The average number 
 of cases per decade between 1820 and 1850 was four; 
 between 1850 and 1890 it was between 15 and 16. It 
 is true that the majority of these cases have been on 
 matters of minor importance, but that matters of first- 
 rate importance have not been excluded is proved by 
 the cases of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, of Crete, 
 and of the Alabama Claims. 
 
 The Committee desire to call attention, moreover, to^ 
 the fact that the majority of instances in which arbitra- 
 tion has been invoked have been cases more or less 
 touching commercial interests. Parallel to this is the 
 almost automatic action of maritime laws (practically 
 arbitration principles) which govern the Prize Courts. 
 
 When it is remembered that the commercial interests 
 of nations are their practical interests, and that political 
 questions are seldom strong enough to lead nations to 
 forget them, it will be seen how large a proportion o{ 
 pressing human affairs may be brought under the prin- 
 ciple of arbitration. It has been proved that nations 
 are not averse to employ it in matters not affecting such 
 vital interests as their existence, their independence, or 
 their integrity. It can no longer be said, therefore, that 
 arbitration is an untried method. 
 
 The habit, moreover, of appealing to arbitration calls- 
 a halt to the roused passions of men, and gives pause to 
 hasty action. It allows men time to think, and the 
 second thoughts of nations, as of men, are usually the 
 best and wisest thoughts. 
 
 Arbitration Methods. 
 
 Your Committee deem that it is no part of their duty 
 to recommend methods of arbitration, or to suggest the
 
 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION. I3I 
 
 rules or principles on which Courts of Arbitration may- 
 be formed. They fear, however, that a permanent 
 International Tribunal for all nations can hardly be 
 looked upon as within the sphere of practical possibilities. 
 Nations would view such a tribunal with suspicion. It 
 •could hardly have the power to enforce its decisions, and 
 if it had, the enforcement of its decisions would mean 
 war. They look with more hope to the practice of 
 contracting Arbitration treaties between nations, leading 
 to the creation of a temporary court mutually agreed 
 upon, and to the establishment of Arbitration Commis- 
 sions specially constituted for the occasion, and volun- 
 tarily accepted. In this way the impartiality, which is 
 essential to the success of such efforts, would be more 
 likely to be secured than could be possible in a perma- 
 nent international court. They look, with still more 
 hope, to the growing practice of inserting arbitration 
 -clauses in international treaties ; seeing that arbitration 
 can be most successfully used in matters touching facts, 
 and in the interpretation of admitted documents like 
 treaties. 
 
 They desire also to express their opinion that the 
 cause of international peace is not promoted by those 
 who indulge in theories and visions, even though those 
 theories are dignified by the name of " Laws of Nature.'' 
 They believe that in matters of this kind, it is as 
 dangerous to awaken false hopes as it is to repress the 
 growing sentiment of mankind in the direction** of a 
 •better state of things. Far ^better than enlarging on 
 doubtful theories is it to put forward facts, and to give 
 prominence to those precedents which do so much to 
 •stimulate the conscience and establish the confidence of 
 mankind in the growth of good. 
 
 (6440) 1 2
 
 132 LAMBETH CONFEKEN'CK, 1 89;. 
 
 Public Opinioji. 
 
 While your Committee would hesitate to pronounce 
 wdiV^persc, to be immoral, as some have done, they cannot 
 but feel that there are deep moral principles involved 
 in the subject. Philosophers have recognised this. 
 In Germany, Kant and Hegel ; in France, Augustc 
 Comte ; in England, Jeremy Bentham, James Mill, and 
 John Stuart Mill have written in this sense. In the 
 judgment of the Committee, therefore, the best work 
 which the Christian Church can do in this matter is to 
 foster the Christian moral sense of public opinion. It 
 should seek to familiarise peoples with the idea of arbi- 
 tration, and to impress upon them that there is another 
 mode of settling disputes than the appeal to the sword. 
 Much good may be done by calling attention to the 
 literature of peace. Children are familiarised with the 
 glories of war ; they are not so often made familiar with 
 the less obtrusive, but not less noble heroisms of peace. 
 It would seem to be the part, therefore, of all Chris- 
 tian people to keep steadily before their own minds, 
 and to aid in keeping before the minds of others, a 
 better ideal of international intercourse. Christianity 
 encouraged the nobler aspects of patriotism, but Chris- 
 tianity certainly proclaims the brotherhood of man. 
 The Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius said, " As I am 
 Antoninus, I am a citizen of Rome ; as I am a man, 
 I ara a citizen of the world." The followers of Christ 
 can say no less than the philosopher king. They should 
 say much more who believe that God hath made of one 
 blood every nation of men, for to dwell on all the face 
 of the earth, and who believe that Our Lord Jesus 
 Christ was an Ambassador of peace.
 
 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION. 1 33 
 
 The Christian Temper. 
 
 One consideration more the Committee desire to 
 press upon the Conference. In their judgment indirect 
 means are often more powerful than direct, and the 
 cause of international amity may be promoted in other 
 ways than the popular advocacy of international arbi- 
 tration and friendly treaties. War depends much more 
 on the temper of peoples than on the theories current 
 at any particular epoch. They would, therefore, urge 
 upon the Conference the duty of reminding their fellow 
 Christians throughout the world that the interests of 
 mankind and the peace of the world are likely to be 
 subserved more by the cultivation of a Christian temper 
 than by the promulgation of theories, however excellent. 
 To promote impartiality of judgment ; thoughtfulness 
 and deliberation in action ; a judicial calmness in 
 moments of popular excitement ; a charitable way of 
 looking at all questions ; and a faith in the honour and 
 good intentions of other nations — in other words, to 
 make the sense of righteousness, quietness, and brother- 
 liness really operative in the lives of men is to do more 
 towards peace than compiling volumes or theorising 
 about the laws of nations. It is thus that public opinion 
 — called by some the greatest of powers in these last 
 days — may be directed towards nobler ideals, and by 
 this means the true victory of Christian principles may 
 be accomplished. 
 
 W. B. RIPON. 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 The Committee think it may be useful to append a 
 list of some works bearing on the subject of International
 
 134 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Arbitration. The works of Grotius. " Rifj^hts of War and 
 Peace " ; of Puffendorf, *' Law and Nature of Nations " ; 
 and Vatel on the " Law of Nations " are too well known 
 to need more than mentioning. 
 
 Among more modern works arc — 
 
 Rouard De Card, E.: " LArbitragc International dans 
 Ic Passe, le Present et lAvenir." Paris, 1877. 
 
 Rouard De Card, E. : " Les Destinees de TArbitragc 
 International." Paris, 1892. 
 
 Kamarowsky. : " Le Tribunal International." Trans- 
 lated from the Russian by Serge de Westman. 
 Paris, 1887. 
 
 Dreyfus, F. C. : " LArbitrage International," with 
 Preface by F. Passy. Paris, 1892. 
 
 Revon, Michel : " L'Arbitrage International, son 
 Passe, son Present et son Avcnir." Paris, 1892. 
 
 Laveleye, Emile de : " Des Causes Actuelles de la 
 Guerre en Europe et de I'Arbitrage." Brussels, 
 
 1873- 
 [Moore, J. B.*] : " International Arbitration, his- 
 
 toricial Notes, etc." 1896. 
 Seebohm, Fred : "On International Reform." 1871. 
 Lorimer, Prof : " The Institutes of Law." 
 Amos, Prof. Sheldon : " Lectures on International 
 
 Law." 
 Amos, Prof. Sheldon: "Political and Legal Remedies 
 
 for War." 
 Westlake, Prof. : "The Principles of International 
 
 Law." 
 
 * Mr. Moore was entrusted by a vote of Congress with the 
 duty of preparing a history and digest of Arbitrations to which the 
 United States have been parties.
 
 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION. 1 35 
 
 Holtzendorfif, — : " Handbuch des Volkerrechts." 
 
 1889. 
 Holtzendorff, — : " Encyclopadie dcr Rechtswissen- 
 
 schaft (Art. Schiedsspruch)." 1881. 
 Balch, T. W. : " International Courts of Arbitration 
 
 Philadelphia." 1896. 
 Calvo, C. : " Manuel de Droit International," 
 
 §§ 1489-15 10. Paris, 1887-88. 
 Bluntschli, — : " Das Moderne Volkerrecht der Civi- 
 
 lisirten Staten als Rechtsbuch dargestellt." § 448. 
 Rivier, A. : " Principes du droit des gens." Paris, 
 
 1896. 
 
 Attention should also be called to Professor Holland's 
 Lecture on the Brussels Conference of 1874 (London, 
 1876), and to the interesting articles in the "Forum" 
 of July and October, 1896, the former by President 
 Eliot, of Harvard University, the latter by Lord Russell 
 of Killovven, being the admirable address given by the 
 Lord Chief Justice before the American Bar Associa- 
 tion, and also to an article in the " Atlantic Monthly," 
 by Hon. E. J. Phelps, of July, 1896.
 
 136 
 
 No. VIII. 
 
 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE* APPOINTED TO 
 CONSIDER AND REPORT UPON THE OFFICE OF 
 THE CHURCH WITH RESPECT TO INDUSTRIAL 
 PROBLEMS — (a.) THE UNEMPLOYED ; (d.) INDUS- 
 TRIAL CO-OPERATION. 
 
 I. 
 
 The Committee desire to begin their Report 
 with words of thankful recognition that throughout the 
 Church of Christ, and not least in the Churches of our 
 own. Communion, there has been a marked increase of 
 solicitude about the problems of industrial and social 
 
 * Names of the Members of the Committee : — 
 
 Bishop of Barrow. 
 
 Bishop of New Westminster. 
 
 „ Beverley. 
 
 „ Nova Scotia. 
 
 „ Brisbane. 
 
 „ Ohio. 
 
 „ California. 
 
 „ Perth. 
 
 „ Chichester. 
 
 „ Qu'Appelle. 
 
 „ Christchiirch, N.Z. 
 
 „ Quebec. 
 
 Bishop Cramer Roberts. 
 
 „ Rochester. 
 
 Bishop of Durham. 
 
 „ Richmond. 
 
 „ Hereford (C"//^/V/;^?;^). 
 
 „ Shrewsbury. 
 
 „ Lexing^ton. 
 
 „ South Florida. 
 
 „ Lichfield. 
 
 „ Stepney. 
 
 „ Los Angeles. 
 
 „ Thetford. ' 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Minnesota. 
 
 „ Washington 
 
 Bishop of Mississippi. 
 
 {Secre/ary). 
 
 „ Newcastle, N.S.W. 
 
 „ Western Missouri.
 
 INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS. 137 
 
 life, and of sympathy with the struggles, sufferings, 
 responsibilities, and anxieties, which those problems 
 involve. 
 
 They hope that they rightly discern in this some 
 increasing reflection in modern shape of the likeness 
 of the Lord, in whose Blessed Life zeal for the souls 
 and sympathy for the bodily needs of men were 
 undivided fruits of a single Love. 
 
 The Committee, before proceeding to touch upon 
 two specific parts of the subject, desire to record briefly 
 what they deem to be certain principles of Christian 
 duty in such matters. 
 
 The primary duty of the Church, as such, and, within 
 her, of the Clergy, is that of ministry to men in the 
 things of character, conscience, and faith. In doing 
 this, she also does her greatest social duty. Character in 
 the citizen is the first social need ; character,, with 
 its securities in a candid, enlightened, and vigorous 
 conscience, and a strong faith in goodness and in 
 God. The Church owes this duty to all classes alike. 
 Nothing must be allowed to distract her from it, or 
 needlessly to impede or prejudice her in its discharge, 
 and this requires of the Clergy, as spiritual officers, the 
 exercise of great discretion in any attempt to bring 
 within their sphere work of a more distinctively social 
 kind. 
 
 But while this cannot be too strongly said, it is not 
 the whole truth. Character is influenced at every point 
 by social conditions, and active conscience, in an 
 industrial society, will look for moral guidance on 
 industrial matters. 
 
 Economic science does not claim to give this, its 
 task being to inform but not to determine the conscience 
 and judgment, l^ut we believe that Christ our Master
 
 138 LAMBETM CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 does give such guidance by His example and teachings, 
 and by the present workings of His Spirit; and therefore 
 under Him Christian authority must in a measure do the 
 same, the authority, that is, of the whole Christian body, 
 and of an enlightened Christian opinion. This is part of 
 the duty of the Christian Society, as witnessing for 
 Christ and representing Him in this present world, 
 occupied with His work of setting up the Kingdom of 
 God, under and amidst the natural conditions of human 
 life. In this work the clergy, whose special duty it is to 
 ponder the bearings of Christian principles, have their 
 part ; but the Christian laity, who deal directly with the 
 social and economic facts, can do even more. 
 
 The Committee believe that it would be wholly 
 wrong for Christian authority to attempt to interfere 
 with the legitimate evolution of economic and social 
 thought and life by taking a side corporately in the 
 debates between rival social theories or systems. It will, 
 not (for example), at the present day, attempt to identify 
 Christian duty with the acceptance of systems based 
 respectively on collective or individual ownership of the 
 means of production. 
 
 But they submit that Christian social duty will 
 operate in two directions : — 
 
 I. The recognition, inculcation, and application of 
 certain Christian principles. They offer the following 
 as examples : — 
 
 (d.) The principle of Brotherhood. This principle ol 
 Brotherhood, or Fellowship in Christ, proclaiming, 
 as it does, that men are members one of another, 
 should act in all the relations of life as a constant 
 counterpoise to the instinct of competition. 
 (/-'.) The principle of Labour. That every man is 
 bound to service — the service of God and man.
 
 . INDUSTRIAL TROBLEMS. 1 39 
 
 Labour and service are to be here understood in 
 their widest and most inchisive sense ; but in 
 some sense they are obligatory on all. The 
 wilfully idle man, and the man who lives only 
 for himself, are out of place in a Christian 
 community. Work, accordingly, is not to be 
 looked upon as an irksome necessity for some, 
 but as the honourable task and privilege of all. 
 
 (f.) The principle of Justice. God is no respecter of 
 persons. Inequalities, indeed, of every kind are 
 inwoven with the whole providential order of human 
 life, and are recognised emphatix:ally in our Lord's 
 words. But the social order cannot ignore the 
 interests of any of its parts, and must, moreover, 
 be tested by the degree in which it secures for 
 each freedom for happy, useful, and untrammelled 
 life, and distributes, as widely and equitably as 
 may be, social advantages and opportunities. 
 
 (</.) The principleof Public Responsibility. AChristian 
 community, as a whole, is morally responsible 
 for the character of its own economic and social 
 order, and for deciding to what extent matters 
 affecting that order are to be left to individual 
 initiative, and to the unregulated play of eco- 
 nomic forces. Factory and sanitary legislation, 
 the institution of Government labour depart- 
 ments and the influence of Government, or of 
 public opinion and the press, or of eminent 
 citizens, in helping to avoid or reconcile industrial 
 conflicts, are instances in point. 
 
 2. Christian opinion should be awake to repudiate 
 and condemn either open breaches of social justice and 
 duty, or maxims and principles of an un-Christian 
 character. It ought to condemn the belief that economic
 
 I40 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 conditions arc to be left to the action of material causes 
 and mechanical laws, uncontrolled by any moral respon- 
 sibility. It can pronounce certain conditions of labour 
 to be intolerable. It can insist that the employer's 
 personal responsibility, as such, is not lost by his mem- 
 bership in a commercial or industrial Company. It can 
 press upon retail purchasers the obligation to consider 
 not only the cheapness of the goods supplied to them, 
 but also the probable conditions of their production. It 
 can speak plainly of evils which attach to the economic 
 system under which we live, such as certain forms of 
 luxurious extravagance, the widespread pursuit of money 
 by financial gambling, the dishonesties of trade into 
 which men are driven by feverish competition, and the 
 violences and reprisals of industrial warfare. 
 
 It is plain that in these matters disapproval must 
 take every different shade, from plain condemnation of 
 undoubted wrong to tentative opinions about better 
 and worse. Accordingly any organic action of the 
 Church, or any action of the Church's officers, 
 as such, should be very carefully restricted to cases 
 where the rule of right is practically clear, and much the 
 larger part of the matter should be left to the free and 
 
 flexible agency of the awakened Christian conscience 
 
 * 
 of the community at large, and of its individual 
 
 members. 
 
 If the Christian conscience be thus awakened and 
 active, it will secure the best administration of particular 
 systems, while they exist, and the modification or 
 change of them, when this is required by the progress 
 of knowledge, thought, and life. 
 
 It appears to follow from what precedes that the 
 great need of the Church, in this connection, is the 
 growth and extension of a serious, intelligent, and
 
 INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS. I4I 
 
 sympathetic opinion on these subjects, to which 
 numberless Christians have as yet never thought of 
 applying Christian principles. There has been of late 
 no little improvement in this respect, but much 
 remains to be done, and with this view the Committee 
 desire to make the following definite recommendation. 
 
 They suggest that, wherever possible, there should 
 be formed, as a part of local Church organisa- 
 tion. Committees consisting chiefly of laymen, whose 
 work should be to study social and industrial pro- 
 blems from the Christian point of view, and to assist 
 in creating and strengthening an enlightened public 
 opinion in regard to such problems, and promoting a 
 more active spirit of social service, as a part of Christian 
 duty. 
 
 Such Committees, or bodies of Church workers in 
 the way of social service, while representing no one 
 class of society, and abstaining from taking sides in any 
 disputes between classes, should fearlessly draw atten- 
 tion to the various causes in our economic, industrial, 
 and social system, which call for remedial measures on 
 Christian principles. 
 
 Abundant illustration of the kind of matters with 
 which such Committees might deal will be found in the 
 following sections of the report : — 
 
 II. 
 
 The problem of the Unemployed brings us face to 
 face with these two questions : — 
 
 (I.) How best to help those who are unemplo)'ed, 
 and in need, at any particular moment. 
 
 (II.) How to counteract the causes in the society of 
 our time which tend to drive people into this 
 necessitous class, and make it so numerous.
 
 142 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1897. 
 
 (I.) The unemployed are of different types and re- 
 quire different modes of treatment. 
 
 (a.) The umvilling, such as the lazy, and the 
 vagrant. 
 
 These specially need authoritative discipline and 
 corrective management. The existence of such 
 an idle and necessitous class being a danger to 
 society, the State should undertake the duty of 
 dealing with them, both by means of disciplinary 
 authority, and by an enlightened administration 
 of Poor Laws, making labour a condition of relief, 
 and using all possible means, by training and 
 otherwise, to turn them into good citizens. 
 
 (^.) The unfits viz. : (i) The aged poor, for whom 
 Christian society is bound to provide by pension 
 or otherwise some form of decent support; (2) the 
 sicj<, who must be nursed and tended while ill, 
 and should be assisted in making a fresh start 
 when they recover ; (3) destitute children, who 
 should be maintained and educated, so that 
 they may have a chance of growing up to be 
 honest and useful members of society. 
 
 (f.) The unfortunate, the wreckage of our indus- 
 trial and social system. Many of these are 
 wrecked, not by any fault of their own, but, 
 through dislocations of trade, changes of fashion 
 mechanical inventions, the lack of technical train- 
 ing, and other causes, and they have a strong claim 
 on Christian society to assist them by some 
 form of organisation ready for the purpose. 
 
 (<£) The Diorally zueak who are wrecked through 
 lack of character, being rendered useless by 
 drunkenness and other forms of vice ; and they 
 offer a large field for the healing and reforming
 
 INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS. I43 
 
 influences of Christian charity, such as homes 
 and reformatories. 
 
 IL The causes which tend to swell the number of 
 the unemployed and sufferin^^ poor present even greater 
 difficulties. The Church will best contribute to their 
 solution by patient consideration of such matters as 
 the following: — 
 
 (i.) Forms of trade or industry, or any usages, which 
 lead to the " sweating " and degradation of the labouring 
 class, and possible methods of reform. 
 
 (2.) Methods of moralising industrial and commercial 
 relationships. 
 
 (3.) Stronger control by public opinion and authority 
 over the housing of the poor, both in town and country, 
 and methods by which the existing laws may be more 
 effectually carried out so as to secure the conditions 
 necessary for a decent moral life. 
 
 (4.) The encouragement of all sound organisations 
 which have for their object the advancement of thrift 
 and temperance, and the assistance of the working man 
 in making provision for sickness and old age. 
 
 (5.) Possibilities of minimising fluctuations and dis- 
 locations of employment, with the sufferings consequent 
 upon them, by means of such agencies a^ Labour- 
 bureaux, Boards of Conciliation and Arbitration, and 
 some judicious use of public works in times of stress. 
 
 (6.) Methods of making country life and occupations 
 more attractive and remunerative, so as to lessen the 
 drift of population into great towns. 
 
 (7.) The success or failure of the many agencies 
 and schemes, both public and private, which are already 
 in operation for the healing or prevention of these social 
 ills.
 
 144 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 III. 
 
 In dealing with the subject of Industrial Co- 
 operation, the Committee desire to record their apprecia- 
 tion of the benefits which its originators and suppor- 
 ters have conferred upon the community. 
 
 It has helped to spread and strengthen the feeling 
 of mutual membership or brotherhood, and to conciliate 
 the interests of the capitalist, the workman, and the 
 purchaser. It has been equally beneficial in contributing 
 largely to the growth of thrift, independence, a sense of 
 the dignity of labour, and happy family life and content- 
 ment, among that portion of the working classes who 
 have taken a share in it. The Committee hope to see 
 it as successfully established on the side of productive 
 industry, as it is in the field of commercial distribution. 
 
 At the same time, there would seem to be the need of a 
 note of warning. The very success of the movement is 
 bringing with it an element of danger. 
 
 It will be equivalent to the comparative failure of this 
 great movement if it should degenerate into a vast 
 .system of joint-stock shopkeeping or industry, conducted 
 on selfish principles, with no dominant moral purpose 
 pervading it, no longer earnestly striving for the amelio- 
 ration of social and industrial conditions, but aiming 
 chiefly at large dividends. 
 
 Such a system is only selfish competition decked out 
 in new garments, and bearing a new name. 
 
 The sympathy of the Church with the co-operative 
 movement must depend on the faithful adhesion of 
 those who direct it to its true moral and spiritual 
 purpose. 
 
 Such Committees of Social Service as have been 
 recommended above should draw attention to subjects 
 like the following : —
 
 INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS. I45 
 
 1. The dangers that threaten the co-operative move- 
 ment through its becoming infected by the spirit of 
 selfish competition, as illustrated by its tendency to give 
 up the principle of profit-sharing on the part of the 
 workers. 
 
 2. The elevating influence which the feeling of asso- 
 ciated ownership exercises on the character of workmen. 
 
 3. The great importance of education. 
 
 4. The necessity of confidence in approved leaders, 
 and readiness to entrust responsible authority to capable 
 individuals, and to remunerate them liberally. 
 
 5. The vast opportunities for social amelioration 
 which the co-operative system has before it. 
 
 The Committee hope that they have shown con- 
 clusively how varied and urgent are the questions 
 which demand Christian thought and attention ; and 
 that they have sufficiently indicated some of the ways 
 in which it is possible to permeate commercial and 
 industrial life with the regulative and inspiring force of 
 applied Christianity. 
 
 They record their conviction that conspicuous, 
 sustained, and widespread effort in this direction, more 
 particularly on the part of Christian laymen, is required 
 at the present time, as one special sign and form of 
 the witness of the Church to the all-sufficiency of her 
 Divine and Incarnate Lord, and to the transforming, 
 enlightening, and quickening power of His Spirit upon 
 human character and life. 
 
 J. HEREFORD, 
 
 Chairman, 
 
 (6440) K
 
 140 
 
 No. IX. 
 
 KKl'ORT OF COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO CONSIDER 
 AND REPORT UPON THE ROOK OF COMMON 
 J^KAVER — (a) ADDITIONAL SERVICES, (d) LOCAL 
 ADAPTATION. 
 
 The Committee have carefully considered the 
 .subject referred to them, and feel it to be their duty in 
 this Report to bring before the Conference the principles 
 which they think should be observed in providing 
 services other than those in the Book of Common 
 Prayer, and also in adapting to local circumstances 
 those already contained therein. 
 
 Names of the Members of the Committee :- 
 
 Archbishop of York. 
 
 liishop of Ballarat. 
 
 liishop of Bloemfontein. 
 
 lii^hop of Brisbane. 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Brisbane. 
 
 Bishop in Corea. 
 
 Bishop of Cork. 
 
 Bishop of Dallas. 
 
 iVishop of Derby. 
 
 Bishop of Duncdin. 
 
 liishop in Eastern Equatorial 
 
 Africa, 
 liishop of Edinburgh, 
 Jiishop of Ely [Chair nia7i). 
 Bishop of Guiana, 
 liishop of Guildford 
 
 {Secrefary). 
 
 Bishop of Iowa. 
 
 Bishop in Kiu Shiu. 
 
 Bishop of Lincoln. 
 
 Bishop Macrorie. 
 
 Bishop of Marlborough. 
 
 Bishop of Nebraska. 
 
 Bishop Oluwole (West. Equat, 
 
 Africa). 
 Bishop of Rangoon. 
 Bishop in South Tokyo. 
 Bishop of Spokane. 
 Bishop of Springfield. 
 Bishop of Tennessee. 
 Bishop of The Platte. 
 Bishop of Thettord. 
 Bishop of Vermont. 
 Bishop of Wakefield
 
 BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. I47 
 
 The several Churches of the Anglican Communion 
 differ materially in their legal position with reference 
 to the Book of Common Prayer. The Church in 
 England is more or less limited in its action by tlie 
 terms of the Act of Uniformity. The Amendment 
 Act of 1872 provides as follows (35 & 36 Vict., c. 35, 
 sections 3 and 4) : — 
 
 3. " Upon any special occasion approved by the 
 
 Ordinary, there may be used in any Cathedral or 
 Church a special form of service approved by 
 the Ordinary, so that there be not introduced 
 into such service anything, except anthems or 
 hymns, which does not form part of the Holy 
 Scriptures or Book of Common prayer. 
 
 4. " An additional form of service varying from any 
 
 form prescribed by the Book of Common Pra\er 
 may be used at any hour on any Sunday or 
 Holy-day in any Cathedral or Church in which 
 there are duly read, said, or sung, as required by 
 law on such Sunday or Holy-day at some other 
 hour or hours the order for morning prajer, 
 the litany, such part of the order for the ad- 
 ministration of the Lord's Supper or Holy Com- 
 munion as is required to be read on Sundays or 
 Holy-days if there be no Communion, and the 
 order for Evening Prayer, so that there be not 
 introduced into such additional service any [.or- 
 tion of the order for the administration of the 
 Lord's Supper or Holy Communion, or anything 
 except anthems or hymns, which does not form 
 part of the Holy Scriptures or Book of Common 
 Prayer, and so that such form of service and the 
 mode in which it is used is for the time being 
 
 approved by the Ordinary " 
 
 (6440) K 2
 
 148 LAMBETH CONFKKKNCF, 1S97. 
 
 Under the provisions of this clause many services 
 some for occasional use, others for use daily or weekly^ 
 have been introduced and found of considerable value. 
 But the preparation of such services has been much 
 hindered by the limitation the Act appears to impose as 
 regards the choice of materials. 
 
 It is not, however, at all clear that the Acts of 
 Uniformity deprived Bishops of the ''jus liturgiaim'' 
 including the right to set forth for use in their 
 dioceses forms of prayer other than such as are 
 prescribed in those Acts. There are several instances 
 of such services or forms of prayer set forth by Bishops 
 for use in their own Dioceses.* This was done at the 
 time when earlier Acts of Uniformity, as stringent as 
 that of 1662, were in force, and seems to prove that 
 such Acts were not intended to hamper the action of 
 Bishops in this respect. But it is to be regretted that 
 the Act of 1872, which enables the Bishop to authorise 
 services taken from Holy Scripture and the Book of 
 Common Prayer, might appear by implication to limit 
 the power he would otherwise possess of setting forth 
 services composed by himself, or drawn from other sources. 
 As regards any changes in the Book of Common 
 Prayer itself, whether for local adaptation or for any other 
 purpose, such changes for the Church in England would 
 need confirmation by Parliament. 
 
 In other Churches of the Anglican Communion, 
 the state of the case is generally different. The 
 Churches of Scotland, of America, of Ireland, and of 
 Japan, have modified, to a greater or less degree, the 
 services in the Book of Common Prayer, and have in 
 some cases added new services. In some of the Colonies 
 
 * See Appendix.
 
 BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. I49 
 
 either by an Act of the Legislature or by an act or 
 canon of the Spiritual authority no alteration is allowed, 
 unless it be first made by the Church at home ; in others 
 there is no such limitation. But that changes, in some 
 cases, are absolutely needed, is quite clear. 
 
 The Committee consider that the only proper 
 course, whether for local adaptation of the Book of 
 Common Prayer, or for the provision of additional ser- 
 vices, is for the Bishops to avail themselves of the 
 jus liturgicuDi which, by the Common Law of the 
 Church, belongs to their office. It must necessarily be 
 exercised subject to any restrictions imposed by civil or 
 ecclesiastical authority, and it would also, in the opinion 
 of the Committee, be well if the Lambeth Conference 
 were to advise some limitation in all cases upon the 
 independent action of each Bishop in his Diocese where 
 such limitations are not already in force.* These 
 principles of action are embodied in the Resolutions 
 appended to this Report. 
 
 In the formation of additional services care should be 
 taken to adhere as closely as possible to liturgical usage ; 
 and that the distinctive portions of the more solemn 
 offices should not be used apart from their proper place 
 therein. 
 
 The Committee think it well to add in an appendix, 
 by way of illustrating their meaning, some examples of 
 additional services and of adaptations of the Book of 
 Common Prayer to local circumstances, which may be 
 found useful or necessary in various parts of the Anglican 
 Communion. Some of the latter are already in many 
 churches in England actually adopted ; though without 
 authority, and many of the former are already in many 
 Dioceses provided, under the limitations of the Act of 
 Uniformity Amendment Act, 1872.
 
 150 Lt\MBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 A petition from the General Synod of Australia 
 and Tasmania with reference to the importance of 
 a revised translation of the " Quicunque Vult " being 
 authorised by the Lambeth Conference, was transmitted 
 by His Grace the President to your Committee for 
 their consideration. 
 
 Your Committee are of opinion that it is very 
 desirable that action, in accordance with this petition, as 
 expressed in the third of their Resolutions, should be 
 taken. 
 
 Signed on behalf of the Committee, 
 
 ALWYNE, ELY. 
 
 Jjily 19, 1887. Chairman. 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Additional Services. 
 
 (a.) Additional services for Sundays : Holydays : 
 Weekdays : for the Rogation Days : for Harvest 
 Thanksgiving : Services of Intercession for Mis- 
 sions : Services for Children : Form of Admission 
 into the Church of those Baptised otherwise than 
 according to the Service of the Church : A 
 service for Burial of Children : for Burial of 
 Catechumens : A service for the Admission of 
 Readers to their office : and services to be used 
 by Readers.
 
 BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. 151 
 
 Adaptaiio7is of Book of Common Prayer to Local 
 
 Circumstances, 
 
 {b.) Shortened Mattins and Evensong: modifications 
 of the various prayers for the sovereign in 
 countries under heathen sovereigns, or under 
 republican government : where there are many 
 communicants and few clergymen some shortening 
 of the form of words used in the distribution of 
 the Holy Sacrament : diminution of number of 
 sponsors required for public baptism : changes 
 in the preface to the Confirmation Service and 
 in the form of the question put to candidates. 
 
 Services or Forms of Prayer. 
 
 In a volume of Liturgical services, published by the 
 Parker Society in 1847, a list is given of forty-four 
 occasional forms of prayer set forth in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Of these, five are stated in their titles to be published 
 or directed to be used by the authority of the Queen : 
 nine " by authority " without specifying of whom : one is 
 only known by a letter in which Parker tells Cecil he 
 has prescribed it for the use of the inhabitants of his own 
 Cathedral city in their distress : twenty-four have no 
 title, or none which gives any clue to the authority 
 by which they were published. Of the remaining five 
 two appear to have been issued by the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, and the other three by Diocesan Bishops on 
 their own authority. Their titles are as follows : — 
 
 [II. 1560.] A short form and order to be used in 
 Common Prayer thrice a week for seasonable weather
 
 152 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1897. 
 
 and good success of the Common Affairs of the Realm : 
 meet to be used at this present, and also hereafter when 
 like occasion shall arise, by the discretion of 'the 
 Ordinaries within the province of Canterbury. 
 
 [VII. 1564.] A short form of thanksgiving to God 
 for ceasing the contagious sickness of the plague, to be 
 used in Common Prayer on Sundays, Wednesdays, and 
 Fridays, instead of the Common Prayers used in the 
 time of mortality, set forth by the Bishop of London, to 
 be used in the City of London and the rest of his 
 Diocese, and in other places also at the discretion of the 
 ordinary Ministers of the Churches. 
 
 [VIII. 1565.] A form to be used in Common 
 Prayer every Wednesday and Friday within the City 
 and Diocese of Sarum : to excite all godly people to 
 pray unto God for the delivery of those Christians that 
 are now invaded by the Turk. 
 
 [IX. 1565.] A short form of thanksgiving to God for 
 the delivery of the Isle of Malta from the invasion and 
 long siege thereof by the great army of the Turks both 
 by sea and land, and for sundry other victories lately 
 obtained by the Christians against the said Turks, to be 
 used in the Common Prayer within the province of 
 Canterbury on Sundays, Wednesdays and Fridays, for 
 the space of six weeks next ensuing the receipt hereof. 
 
 Set forth by the Most Reverend Father in God^ 
 Matthew, by God's providence. Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, Primate of all England and Metropolitan. 
 
 [XVIII. 1585.] An order of prayer and thanksgiving 
 for the preservation of the Oueenes Majesties life and 
 salftie to be used of the preachers and Ministers of the 
 Diocese of Winchester.
 
 153 
 
 No. X. 
 
 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE* APPOINTED TO 
 CONSIDER AND REPORT UPON THE DUTIES OF 
 THE CHURCH TO THE COLONIES. 
 
 " Our Colonial Empire .... has some of the 
 fundamental conditions of stability. There are in 
 general three ties by which States are held together : 
 community of race, community of religion, community 
 of interest. By the first two our colonies are evidently 
 
 * Names of the Members of the Committee 
 
 Bishop of Auckland. 
 
 „ Ballarat. 
 
 „ Barbados. 
 
 „ Bath and Wells. 
 
 „ Brisbane. 
 
 Bishop Coadjutor of Brisbane. 
 Bishop of California. 
 
 „ Capetown. 
 
 „ Colorado. 
 
 „ Derby. 
 
 „ Goulburn. 
 
 „ Guiana. 
 
 „ Honolulu. 
 
 Assistant Bishop of Jamaica. 
 Bishop of Killaloe. 
 
 „ Leicester. 
 
 „ Los Angeles. 
 
 „ Manchester. 
 
 Bishop Marsden. 
 
 Bishop of Mauritius. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Newcastle. 
 
 Newcastle, N.S.W. 
 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 Niagara, 
 
 Norwich {Chairmari). 
 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Perth. 
 
 Pretoria. 
 
 Qu'Appelle. . 
 
 Rockhampton. 
 Archbishop of Rupert's Land. 
 Bishop of St. Albans. 
 „ Saskatchewan. 
 
 Sydney, 
 „ ^ Toronto 
 „ Tuam. 
 
 „ Wellington.
 
 154 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 bound to us, and this fact by itself makes the connection 
 strong." 
 
 These remarkable words of the late Sir John Seeley 
 suggest a religious connection between England and the 
 colonies, which the Church of England is bound to cherish 
 and sustain. In an ideal national Church the interests of 
 every portion would be known to those at the centre 
 of affairs, who would direct their efforts towards the 
 efficient working of the system. The first duty of the 
 Church to the colonies would in the view of your 
 Committee be to acquire accurate and full information 
 regarding the condition of affairs, the second to strengthen 
 its weak points by generous and timely help. 
 
 But these duties have not been adequately recognised as 
 resting upon the Church as a whole, and therefore voluntary 
 effort on the part of associated individuals has been relied 
 upon. Your Committee gratefully acknowledge that sup- 
 plies of men and money have been furnished by the Society 
 for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel, the Church Missionary, 
 Colonial and Continental Church and other Societies, 
 supplemented by contributions elicited by Bishops and 
 Clergy who have appealed personally to Church people 
 in England. Some of these societies, and notably also the 
 Council of the Colonial Bishoprics' Fund, have given 
 further and most munificent help in the endowment of 
 Colonial Sees. It is to be hoped, however, that as the 
 State has come to regard the colonies as very much 
 more important than they were deemed in days gone 
 by, so the Church in its corporate capacity may look 
 upon the work that is being done in these outposts and 
 at the front as one that demands far more concentrated 
 attention and wisely considered plans for its successful 
 accomplishment.
 
 THE DUTIES OF THE CHURCH TO THE COLONIES. 1 55 
 
 Turning now to matters suggested by the actual 
 condition of affairs, your Committee are face to face 
 with the fact that (as they learn from many quarters of 
 the colonial field) large numbers of people who them- 
 selves, or whose parents, claim membership in the 
 Encrlfsh Church are destitute of their Church's ministra- 
 tions, while others through lack of Clergy support 
 the ministrations of other bodies. The duty of pro- 
 viding for their own spiritual needs rests on these 
 settlers as soon as they are in a position so to 
 do, Aough here an initial difficulty presents itself 
 in consequence of Church people having been accus- 
 tomed to the assistance of endowments at home, 
 and being slow to recognise the combined privilege 
 and duty of self-support. But as they are the children 
 of the Church of England it becomes her duty to care 
 for them until they have been aroused to a^ sense of 
 their responsibility and are able to provide for them- 
 selves. This care would naturally take the form of a 
 supply of men and means commensurate with the needs 
 of the various colonies. In former days this was 
 attempted by the selection and sending out of Clergy 
 and school-teachers, and since 1787 by the erection 
 of Sees, and by the founding of Church schools 
 and colleges. In more recent years, your Committee 
 think that there has been a disposition so to regard 
 the claims of the heathen world as to lose sight of the 
 fact that those of- Church people in the colonies upon 
 the sympathy and help of the Church at home come 
 first in order. To emphasise this priority and to endeavour 
 to meet the very pressing needs of the Church in 
 the Colonies, your Committee offer the following 
 suggestions, under the four heads of Living Agents, 
 Financial Support, the Increase and support of the 
 Episcopate, and the Care of emigrants.
 
 156 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 I. — Living Agents. 
 
 Your Committee think it necessary to differentiate 
 between the colonies, for while some are able to supply 
 and train their own Clergy, and prefer this course to 
 obtaining men from England, there are others which 
 must, at least for a time, depend upon the mother 
 country. Your Committee are of opinion that valuable 
 help may be rendered by a proposed scheme,* 
 which they heartily welcome, for service abroad, whereby 
 young Clergy, with the approval of their Diocesans 
 at home, are to be encouraged to take service 
 abroad for a longer or shorter term of years, such 
 service counting as if rendered in England, and 
 their names being retained in the home diocesan 
 calendars. Your Committee understand that the 
 Boards of Missions of the Provinces of Canterbury and 
 York have been asked by the English Episcopate to 
 take steps for giving effect to this scheme, which repre- 
 sents, they are informed, the strong desire of some of 
 the more active and earnest of the younger Clergy, and 
 gives promise of most useful results. Your Committee, 
 however, would add a word of caution, that zeal and a 
 spirit of enterprise are not sufficient qualifications for 
 colonial work ; the fact being that in many matters a 
 higher standard of general capability is required for 
 work abroad than at home. 
 
 In the training of Clergy, whether in England for the 
 colonies, or in the colonies for themselves, your Com- 
 mittee believe that the Church at home may give great 
 assistance. 
 
 St. Augustine's College, Canterbury, and other mis- 
 sionary colleges, have rendered signal service, and it 
 
 * See Note A.
 
 THE DUTIES OF THE CHURCH TO THE COLONIES. I 5/ 
 
 would be well if studentships in these colleges or in 
 the universities could be established, tenable only by- 
 men sent home from the colonies for training. Such a 
 course would increase the efficiency of the men, and 
 foster mutual sympathy between Church people at home 
 and in the colonies. 
 
 But it is not less important to establish or strengthen 
 colonial colleges and schools, whether for the training 
 of Clergy, or for primary or secondary education. 
 The mother country should give of its best to aid such 
 institutions by the provision of a competent educational 
 staff, and it might be well also to increase the number 
 of studentships which may be held by those who are 
 being educated for the Ministry in and for the colonies, 
 themselves. 
 
 II. — Financial Support. ^ 
 
 To do anything which might diminish the whole- 
 some self-reliance which every colony should learn and 
 practise is the last thing which your Committee would 
 propose : but they doubt if the Church at home adequately 
 realises the paramount importance of strengthening the 
 Church in the colonies in its early stages, or in special 
 stages of development. To take illustrations — the rush 
 of Englishmen to the new goldfields of Western 
 Australia, to Queensland and to Mashonaland, and the 
 gradual filling up of that great north-western part of 
 North America which formerly belonged to the Hudson's 
 Bay Company, constitute claims w^hich can only be 
 neglected at the risk of the Church being outstripped 
 by other religious bodies in the care of the great 
 communities which arc now in their birth-throes. Your 
 Committee have heard with alarm and apprehension of 
 proposals even to withdraw generous help previously
 
 15^ LAMBETH CONFERENCE, I 897. 
 
 aftbrded, on the ground that it has been long given, 
 and without any adequate appreciation of the true 
 position of affairs. A comparison of the progress of 
 tlie various rchgioUvS bodies in the Dominion of Canada 
 according to the census returns of 1881 and 1891 would 
 suggest lessons as to the serious danger of any prema- 
 ture ^\ithdra\val of financial support. The principle of 
 graaual withdrawal according to the growth of the 
 colony is undoubtedly sound, but special circumstances 
 require special treatment, and liberal aid in the early 
 stages of a rising community, in any special time of 
 distress, and at epochs (such as the present in North- 
 West America) on W'hich the issues of the whole future 
 largely depend, is from every 'point of view wise and 
 true policy. 
 
 While the duty of the whole Church in assisting the 
 colonies financially is thus plain, your Committee think 
 there is one point on which clear and decided 
 teaching should be constantly given at home, viz. : the 
 manifest duty of those who derive income from 
 colonial property or securities to contribute to the 
 support and furtherance of the Church's cause in the 
 colony where such property is situate. There are 
 colonies where the Church is struggling with difficulties, 
 and yet from which large revenues are drawn by men 
 and women who live in England, and who give their 
 ir.oney, if and when they give it, rather to the place 
 where they live than to the supply of spiritual privileges 
 to the toilers who contribute to their fortunes. 
 
 Your Committee have already referred to the 
 necessity of aiding the primary and secondary educa- 
 tional work of the colonies in respect of educational 
 staff. They would add that where Church day and 
 boarding schools have yet to be provided or have
 
 THE DUTIES OF THE CHURCH TO THE COLONIES. I 59 
 
 inadequate endowment, or are not self-supporting, 
 immediate and generous aid should be given, for the 
 future of the Church is largely dependent upon the 
 rising generation being thoroughly and soundly educated 
 on a religious basis. 
 
 I III. — TJic Episcopate. 
 
 Your Committee moreover feel bound to call attention, 
 first, to the need of a further extension of the Episcopate in 
 the colonies, and, secondly, to the great difficulty caused 
 by the inadequate endowment of bishoprics, owing in 
 not a few cases to the depreciation in the value of 
 property. Financial support cannot be better given 
 than in this direction, for it has been proved by ample 
 experience that every new See, adequately supported, 
 leads to a general quickening of Church life, and so,, 
 even financially, to a large increase of revenue for 
 Church purposes. 
 
 IV. — E7n igrants. 
 
 Your Committee finally would draw the attention- 
 of the Church to the report of the Lambeth Conference 
 in 1888 on the care of emigrants. The links between 
 the home dioceses and the dioceses in the United States 
 of America, or in the colonies, in reference to emigrants, 
 are still far too weak. Commendatory letters should 
 in every case be given to those who emigrate, and wr.cre 
 possible the authorities of the diocese abroad should be 
 communicated with. The emigration agents of the 
 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge are 
 frequently able to communicate with the authorities 
 abroad if only the parochial clergy will give full 
 written particulars. There is one fact in connection
 
 l6o LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897, 
 
 with emigration which should never be forgotten. 
 Emigrants when they land in a new country should 
 have been so clearly taught w^hy they are members of 
 the Church of England as to be in no danger of 
 drifting to other bodies from ignorance, as is often 
 alleged to be the case. The fact suggests that 
 one very necessary duty of the Church at home is so 
 to teach Christianity as the Church has received, it, that 
 those who emigrate elsewhere shall retain and practise 
 what they have learnt at home. 
 
 Your Committee trust that the Church may evoke 
 from her children at home, on behalf of her dioceses in 
 the colonies, an enthusiasm as spontaneous and eager as 
 that recently shown, on the sixtieth anniversary of Her 
 Majesty's Accession, for the representatives of the 
 several colonies. The Church at home and the Church 
 in the colonies are essentially one body, and " if one 
 member suffer all the members suffer with it." The 
 prosperity and efficiency of the Church in the distant 
 portions of the Empire cannot but give a reflex blessing 
 to the work at home, and thus the Church is really 
 but adding to its own efficienc}- by the care with which 
 it watches over and cherishes its Provinces and Dioceses 
 abroad. 
 
 JOH: NORVIC, 
 
 Chairviau, 
 2irdjuly, 1897.
 
 THE DUTIES OF THE CHURCH TO THE COLONIES. 161 
 
 Note (A). 
 
 The outlines of the scheme for service abroad 
 referred to on page 156 (supra) are as follows : — 
 
 1. An Association may be formed of men who are 
 willing to serve abroad if duly invited to do so, and who 
 have the consent of their Bishops for the purpose. 
 
 2. A Council should be formed of capable persons 
 who really know the countries in which work' under 
 this scheme is to be done, some of whom should know 
 or have the opportunity of watching the career in Eng- 
 land of men who are willing- to work under the scheme 
 abroad. 
 
 3. The request for men who belong to the Asso- 
 ciation to work in any Colonial Diocese must come from 
 the Bishop of such Diocese, and be made to the Council, 
 who before inviting any member of the Association to 
 undertake work in the Colonies, must communicate with 
 his Bishop in England. 
 
 4. When any man is so selected and appointed to 
 serve abroad, in order that he may be still in touch with 
 the Home Diocese, it is advisable that his name be 
 printed in the calendar of that Diocese as on service 
 abroad. 
 
 (6440)
 
 l62 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 Note (B). 
 
 ACTION OF THE SUB-COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY 
 COMMITTEE NO. X. TO CONSIDER THE OPERATION 
 OF THE COLONIAL CLERGY ACT, 1 874. 
 
 Letter sent to the English Diocesan Bishops. 
 
 My Lord Archbishop, or Bishop, 
 
 I am desired, as Chairman of the Committee of the 
 Lambeth Conference, appointed to consider " Our Duties 
 to the Colonies," to forward to you the subjoined report 
 of a Sub-Committee on the operation of the Colonial 
 Clergy Act, 1874. 
 
 (Signed) JOH: NORVIC : 
 
 July 26, 1897. 
 
 The Sub-Committee met at Church House, on July 
 15th, 8.30 p.m. 
 
 Present : — The Archbishop of Rupert's Land, the 
 Bishops of Auckland, Ballarat, Bath and Wells, Cape- 
 town, Goulburn, Guiana, Manchester, Newcastle 
 (^Secretary), St. Albans, and Sydney {Chairnia?i). 
 
 The Colonial Clergy Act, 1874, was read and care- 
 fully considered, together with the official letter of the 
 Lambeth Conference (1878), (see p. 188 of Lambeth 
 Conference Reports), and the letter from the late 
 Archbishop of Canterbury to the Primates and 
 Metropolitans. 
 
 The following report was agreed to b}' the Sub- 
 Committee : — 
 
 After careful consideration of the Colonial Clergy 
 Act, 1874, of the difficulties found to arise in carrying 
 out its provisions, and of the extreme difficulty in 
 carrying fresh ecclesiastical legislation through Parlia- 
 ment, the Sub-Committee do not find themselves able
 
 THE DUTIES OF THE CHURCH TO THE COLONIES. 163 
 
 to recommend any attempt to procure a repeal or 
 alteration of the Act itself. The Sub-Committee are, 
 however, aware of a certain soreness which has resulted 
 in some quarters from the operation of the Act, of which 
 three illustrations among others may be fitly given. 
 
 1. The anomaly — that Clergy who were ordained in 
 England for the colonies by an English Bishop, and 
 therefore have passed the ordinary English examination 
 for Holy Orders, and were in no way pledged by the 
 manner of their education to foreign or missionary work, 
 and afterwards return to England, after approved 
 service, with the sanction of their Bishop, find a difficulty 
 in being licensed in England on the same terms as 
 Clergy who have been ministering in England. 
 
 2. The difficulty which colonial Clergy, who have 
 served faithfully, and possibly with distinction, for an 
 adequate number of years (say 15), experience in 
 obtaining licences to serve in England on the same 
 terms as Clergy who have been ordained by Bishops of 
 the English Bench. 
 
 3. The difficulty which Clergy, coming from the 
 colonies to England for rest and change, but without 
 any idea of permanent settlement, experience in officiat- 
 ing in England during their leave of absence, as 
 sanctioned by their respective Bishops. 
 
 The Sub-Committee desire to express their con- 
 fident hope that the Archbishops and Bishops in 
 England will administer the act in a generous and 
 considerate spirit, especially in dealing with the case of 
 colonial Clergy of long experience and proved efficiency. 
 
 Signed (on behalf of the Sub-Committee), 
 
 W. S. SYDNEY, 
 
 Chairman of Sub-Committee,
 
 164 
 
 No. XL 
 
 REPORT OF THP: COMMITTEE* APPOINTED TO CONSIDER 
 THE SUBJECT OF DEGREES IN DIVINITY. 
 
 Your Committee consider that they will best 
 introduce this subject to the Conference, first, by stating 
 as shortly as possible the conditions of the question in 
 the Colonies and the United States of America ; and 
 next by noticing any attempts which have been made 
 to meet existing difficulties ; and finally by sub- 
 mitting certain proposals for consideration by the 
 Conference. 
 
 I. In many Dioceses of the Anglican Communion, 
 notably in India, South Africa, Australia, Tasmania and 
 New Zealand, the Universities, which should properly 
 be channels of all Degrees, are purely secular Institu- 
 tions, and therefore, from the nature of the case, 
 unfitted under present conditions to include a Faculty 
 of Divinity. This being so, it is felt, in some of the 
 countries so situated, that a disability is imposed 
 alike on candidates for Holy Orders, and on those 
 already ordained. Young men preparing for the Sacred 
 Ministry are unable to avail themselves of any course 
 
 * Names of the Members of the Committee : — 
 
 Bishop of Adelaide. Bishop of Honduras. 
 „ Ballarat. „ Springfield. 
 
 „ Bloemfontein. „ Stepney. 
 
 „ Dover {Secretary). „ Tennessee. 
 
 „ Goulburn {Chair/nan). „ Toronto.
 
 DEGREES IN DIVINITY. 165 
 
 in Theology forming part of the system of a 
 University, while those already ordained are deprived 
 of the healthy stimulus to and guidance in further 
 study, which a system of University Examinations and 
 Certificates would afford. 
 
 In Canada the need does not arise, inasmuch as 
 there are already Universities in connection with the 
 Church with power by Charter to confer Degrees in 
 Divinity. The Provincial Synod of Canada, in par- 
 ticular, has established by Canon a Board of Examiners 
 for Degrees in Divinity, consisting of a representative 
 from each of the three Church Universities and the 
 three Theological Colleges within the Ecclesiastical 
 Province, under the Chairmanship of a Bishop, thus 
 providing a uniform standard of examination for B.D. 
 and D.D., as well as a Voluntary Preliminary Examina- 
 tion, for ten Dioceses. 
 
 In the United States of America, while som5 of the 
 institutions empowered to confer degrees are very care- 
 ful in the exercise of the powers entrusted to them, it is 
 generally allowed that, in the case of others, Degrees in 
 Divinity are too plentifully conferred and too easily 
 obtained, and it is also with equal unanimity conceded 
 that some restraints are needed to check their unwise 
 bestowal, and some safeguards to protect their character. 
 
 Under these circumstances the question has seriously 
 arisen, and especially in the General Synod of Australia 
 and Tasmania, how to provide some trustworthy and 
 creditable system of Examinations and Certificates in 
 Theology, by means of which Candidates for Ordination 
 and those already ordained may be encouraged to raise 
 the standard of their Theological knowledge. The 
 important bearing of such a provision on the future 
 supply of duly qualified clergy is obvious. It also
 
 1 66 LAMliKTII CONFERENCE, 1 897. 
 
 might serve as an important link between the Church in 
 England and that in the Colonies and elsewhere, by 
 furnishing a common standard of Theological attainment 
 recognised by the Church both at home and abroad. 
 
 II. In South Africa the subject has been brought 
 before the Bishops of the Province by the Diocese of 
 Bloemfontein, and is about to come under their consider- 
 ation. 
 
 In New Zealand a Board of Theological Studies has 
 been established, by which examinations in four grades 
 are held annually. To these examinations laymen also 
 are admitted. Certificates of having passed these 
 grades are issued, specifying in which of three classes at 
 the particular examination the recipient has been placed. 
 
 In Australia and Tasmania a very important move- 
 ment has been begun. A Committee of the General 
 Synod entered into communication with several 
 Universities in England and elsewhere. But the result 
 has been disappointing. The difficulties in the case of 
 Oxford and Cambridge seemed for the present to be 
 insuperable, owing to residence being required. The 
 Durham special degree of B.D., though open to Can- 
 didates without residence, can only be obtained by 
 those who have been fifteen years in Holy Orders, and 
 is therefore useless as a stimulus to reading in the 
 earlier years of ministerial life. Trinity University, 
 Toronto, though favourable at first to a scheme for 
 Local Examinations in Australia with Degrees in 
 Divinity, found itself unable to continue the facilities 
 which it had at one time granted, and which would 
 have to some extent supplied the need there felt for 
 some recognised Certificate in Theology. Lambeth 
 Degrees in Divinity are at present granted, at the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury's discretion, only to persons
 
 DEGREES IN DIVINITY. 167 
 
 already eminent in the Faculty of Theology, and con- 
 siderable difficulties have been felt in opening these 
 Degrees (or, at least, both that of Bachelor and Doctor) 
 to Examination. The late Archbishop, however, favour- 
 ably entertained a suggestion that Clergy who had 
 taken a Degree in Arts in any British University 
 (which would include Universities in the Colonies) 
 might be admitted to Examination, after a due lapse of 
 time, for the Degree of Bachelor in Divinity. 
 
 In view of the result of these prolonged negotiations, 
 the General Synod of Australia and Tasmania have 
 recently founded an " Australian College of Theology," 
 under the direction of the Bishops, with power to 
 award Certificates in Theology after Examination. 
 Four Diplomas or Certificates are contemplated, the 
 lowest — that of " Associate in Theology " — being 
 open to all Communicant members of the Churclj in the 
 Dioceses concerned, and the other three: viz., " Licentiate 
 in Theology," *' Scholar in Theology," and " Fellow of 
 the Australian College of Theology," being open to 
 clergymen holding licences in those Dioceses, the two 
 higher grades involving the holding of the next lower 
 grade for a period of years, and the last, that of 
 " Fellow," being also conferable without examination on 
 distinguished divines honoris causa. 
 
 HI. Your Committee feel that the granting of such 
 Certificates should not be left entirely to the initiative and 
 direction of particular Churches, and that their value 
 would be greatly enhanced if they formed part of some 
 general scheme recognised by the Anglican Communion 
 throughout the world. The Lambeth Conference appears 
 to be the only body able to formulate such a scheme, 
 which, among other advantages, would create a bond of 
 union between distant provinces ; would tend in many
 
 l68 LAMBETH CONFERENCE, 1897. 
 
 places to raise the qualifications of candidates for Holy 
 Orders, and the Theological attainments of the Clergy ; 
 and might ultimately lead to a great Central Examining 
 University for promoting the study of Theology under 
 the direction of the Church, whose Certificates or Degrees 
 would command universal respect. 
 
 But, short of this, your Committee would respectfully 
 urge upon the Conference the desirability of approach- 
 ing, in the name of the whole Conference, some of the 
 recognised Universities which have shown themselves 
 favourable to local examinations, or their Boards of 
 Divinity, with the view of obtaining from them some 
 modification or extension of their rules, so as to place 
 within reach of colonists and others the advantage of an 
 examination in Theology, with a Degree or Certificate. 
 
 They also venture humbly to suggest that a Lam- 
 beth Degree of B.A., might be utilised, under well- 
 considered regulations, as one which might be taken 
 after a Final Examination in Theology, just as it 
 is now possible to take a B.A. Degree at Oxford and 
 Cambridge in a final Theological School, after previous 
 examination in general subjects. This might be fol- 
 lowed, after an interval of years, and further examina- 
 tion, by the B.D. Degree. 
 
 Your Committee respectfully ask for the careful con- 
 sideration of this Report, believing that though the subject 
 may at first appear, in comparison with others, of small 
 immediate moment, it is yet of grave importance to the 
 future study of Theology in various Provinces of the 
 Church, and bears very directly upon the maintenance 
 among the Clergy in such provinces of a high standard 
 of Theological knowledge. 
 
 W. GOULBURN, 
 
 Chairman.
 
 169 
 
 The following Report on the subject of Purity was 
 unanimously adopted by the Lambeth Conference of 
 1888, and is now again commended by the Confer- 
 ence of 1897 to the Clergy and Laity of the Church.. 
 (See Encyclical Letter, page 14.) 
 
 On Purity. 
 
 We speak as those who are deeply conscious of their 
 responsibility before God for the words which they utter 
 upon a subject of tremendous moment. 
 
 Knowing, as we do know, how sins of impurity are 
 not only a grave public scandal, but are also fbstering 
 beneath the surface, and eating into the life of multi- 
 tudes in all classes and in all lands, we cannot keep 
 silence, although we dare not utter all that we know. 
 
 We are constrained, as Bishops of the Church of 
 God, to lift up the standard of a high and pure morality, 
 and we call upon all, whether of our own Communion or 
 not, in the name of God our common Father, to rally 
 round this standard. Especially do we press upon those 
 on whom lies the responsibility of the cure of souls, to 
 face the question, and to ask themselves what they are 
 doing, or can do, to protect their flocks from the deadly 
 ravages of sensual sin. 
 
 We believe that, although the public conscience is in 
 some degree awakened, and the self-sacrificing efforts of 
 those who have laboured to this end have not been 
 wholly in vain, yet the awful magnitude of the evil is but 
 imperfectly realised. 
 
 (6440) M
 
 170 
 
 Wc arc not blind to the danger of dealing publicly 
 with the subject of impurity. We dread the effect, 
 especially upon the young, of any increased familiarity 
 with the details of sin. Notwithstanding, we hold that 
 the time has come when the Church must speak with no 
 uncertain voice. 
 
 We solemnly declare that a life of purity is alone 
 worthy of a being created in the image of God. 
 
 We declare that for Christians the obligation to 
 purity rests upon the sanctity of the body, which is the 
 '' Temple of the Holy Ghost." 
 
 W^e declare that a life of chastity for the unmarried 
 is not only possible, but is commanded by God. 
 
 We declare that there is no difference between man 
 and woman in the sinfulness of sins of unchastity. 
 
 We declare that on the man, in his God-given 
 strength of manhood, rests the main responsibility. 
 
 We declare that no one known to be living an 
 immoral life ought to be received in Christian society. 
 
 W^e solemnly protest against all lowering of the 
 sanctity of marriage. 
 
 We would remind all whom our voice may reach 
 that the wrath of God, alike in holy Scripture and in the 
 history of the world, has been revealed against the 
 nations which have transgressed the law of purity ; 
 and we solemnly record our conviction that, wherever 
 marriage is dishonoured and sins of the flesh are lightly 
 regarded, the home-life will be destroyed, and the nation 
 itself will, sooner or later, decay and perish. 
 
 We, on our part, as Bishops of the Church of God, 
 satisfied as to the gravity of this matter, and feeling 
 that nothing short of general action on the part of all 
 Christian people will avail to arrest the evil, determine 
 to confer with the Clergy and Faithful Laity of our
 
 I/I 
 
 several Dioceses as to the wisest steps to be taken for 
 the accomphshment of the weighty enterprise to which 
 God is calHng us. 
 
 We beHeve that we may profitably deliberate upon 
 such questions as the following : — 
 
 1. How best to bring about a general reforma- 
 tion of manners, and to enforce a higher moral tone 
 in the matter of purity. 
 
 2. How especially to guard the sanctity of marriage, 
 and to create a healthier public opinion upon the subject, 
 and, to this end, how best to make the celebration of 
 Holy Matrimony as reverent and impressive as possible. 
 
 3. How most wisely to deal with this difficult and 
 delicate question as regards our children, our homes, our 
 schools, and other places of education. 
 
 4. How best to strengthen the hands of those who 
 are striving in the Army, the Navy, and other. public 
 services, to create and maintain a high standard of 
 purity. 
 
 5. How best to provide safeguards for those who, 
 from inability to marry, or from other circumstances of 
 their lives, are exposed to special temptation. 
 
 6. How best to bind together, and to encourage by 
 the sense of union, all who desire to help, or to be 
 helped, in the battle against impurity. 
 
 7. How best to purify art and literature, and to 
 repress all that is immodest in language, manners, and 
 dress. 
 
 8. How best to enforce or amend the laws framed 
 to guard the innocent, to punish the guilty, to rescue 
 the fallen, to suppress the haunts of vice, and to remove 
 tempation from our thoroughfares. 
 
 We thank God for the readiness, and even enthusiasm, 
 with which the movement in favour of purity has been
 
 172 
 
 welcomed by young men of every class. There is a 
 generosity and chivalry among the young which is 
 seldom appealed to in vain ; while large numbers are 
 deeply thankful for every aid in the desperate battle 
 against the sins of the flesh. 
 
 Once more, as witnesses for God, we would speak to 
 all whom our voice may reach. " Be strong in the Lord, 
 and in the power of His might." Live pure lives. 
 Speak pure words. Think pure thoughts. Shun and 
 abhor all that is not of perfect modesty. Guard with 
 all jealousy the weak and the young. Above all, pray 
 for the sanctifying grace of the ?Ioly Spirit of God, 
 ** that your whole spirit and soul and body ma}^ be 
 preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord 
 Jesus Christ." 
 
 AUKISON AND SONS, I'KINlJiKS IN OKDINAKV TO HEK MAJESTY, ST. MARTIN S LANE.