l^'4 
 
 »?^ 
 
 ' . ■ ^ 
 
 
 ><t^ <#%'!
 
 THE COST 
 
 OF 
 
 VOLUNTAEY SCHOOLS 
 
 AND OF 
 
 BOAED SCHOOLS 
 
 BT 
 
 EOBEET GREGORY, M.A.' 
 
 CANON OF ST. PAUl's 
 TREASURER OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY: MEMBER OF THE LONDON SCHOOL BOARD 
 
 lublrs^cb bg llje 
 NATIONAL SOCIETY, SANCTUARY, WESTMINSTER 
 
 1875 
 
 Price Sixpence
 
 LONDON : PRINTED BY 
 
 SPOTTISWOODB AND CO., NEW-STRKRT SQUATIK 
 
 AND PARLIAMENT STREET
 
 THE COST 
 
 OF 
 
 VOLUNTAEY SCHOOLS 
 
 AND OF 
 
 BOARD SCHOOLS. 
 
 There is a growing feeling that School Boards have an ex- 
 pensive way of managing their business, and thairthe system 
 which they seek to displace accomplished very much more 
 in return for the funds placed at its disposal. I propose to 
 institute a comparison between the cost of the two systems, 
 and, so far as I am able to do so, between their educational 
 results. 
 
 Before comparing the cost of particular Schools managed 
 by voluntary managers with those under School Boards, it 
 seems desirable to set forth a general view of the cost 
 of the Board School system as a whole, so far as it is as yet 
 developed, and to compare it with the expenditure of the 
 Education Department, as both have to deal with large 
 sums of money, and have to make provision in different 
 ways for the education of a large number of children. This 
 is now easily done, as the report of the Committee of 
 Council on Education (England and Wales) gives ample 
 information concerning the financial operations of the various 
 School Boards in the country.
 
 The duties of the Committee of Council on Education 
 and of School Boards are somewhat different. The ofl&ce of 
 the former has been to stimulate others to undertake the 
 work, and to help them to do their work well. It began by 
 inviting the various religious bodies to erect Schools, and by 
 offering to assist them with grants of money ; it then sought 
 to incite them to improve the quality of the education they 
 gave by undertaking a share of their annual expenditure, 
 and by assisting to train teachers better qualified efficiently 
 to instruct their scholars ; and beside this, to secure that the 
 money it gave was not wasted, it provided for the annual 
 inspection and examination of every School which it helped. 
 It has now ceased to make grants towards building Schools, 
 but it provides about one-third of the annual cost of the 
 Schools which it inspects. The Education Department 
 therefore originates no Schools, but assists all ; and by the 
 very complete system of inspection which it has established, 
 it ably supervises very nearly the whole primary education of 
 the country. 
 
 The School Boards were called into existence to fulfil a 
 different office. It was alleged that the Voluntary system 
 was unable to cope with the requirements of the country ; 
 that there were places where from inability or apathy no 
 Schools, or an insufficient number of Schools, were p rovided ; 
 and that therefore there must be a power given to supple- 
 ment Voluntary agencies, when they were found insufficient 
 for the task. To accomplish this the School Boards are 
 empowered to tax the community for educational purposes, 
 to erect and maintain Schools where they are needed, whilst 
 the rates supply that portion of their funds which in 
 Voluntary Schools is furnished by subscriptions. In Volun- 
 tary Schools the cost is not very unequally divided between 
 the payments of the children, the grant from Government, 
 and subscriptions. Last year, in all the Schools in England 
 and Wales receiving grants from the Education Depart- 
 
 ^ UIUC , 
 
 \ J
 
 merit, the children's pence amounted to £762,184 ; the 
 Government grant to £861,657 ; the voluntary subscriptions 
 to* £601,172. As Board Schools are entitled to the same 
 Grovernment grants as Voluntary Schools, and as the children 
 instructed in them equally pay for their education, it would 
 naturally be expected that the cost of supporting them would 
 not be greatly in excess of what had to be provided for the 
 maintenance of Voluntary Schools similarly circumstanced. 
 And it would also be supposed that as Grovernment would 
 furnish the larger third of their anticipated annual expendi- 
 ture, the burden imposed by the School Boards upon the 
 ratepayers for educating about one-twelfth of the children 
 receiving education, for whom alone they have any respon- 
 sibility, would be much less than that imposed by the 
 Education Department upon the taxpayers, as it had to 
 furnish a very full third of the annual outlay incurred not 
 by the School Boards only, but by all managers of efficient 
 Schools as well. 
 
 This anticipation would be greatly strengthened by our 
 examining the tables in the recent report of the Education 
 Department. It shows that last year that Department 
 assisted 12,246 Schools having 19,078 departments in which 
 separate head teachers were employed : that these Schools 
 provided accommodation for 2,871,826 children, and that 
 the average attendance in them was 1,678,759. It also 
 states that of this accommodation the School Boards had 
 provided 838 Schools, with 1,404 independent departments, 
 in which there were places for 245,508 children, whilst the 
 average attendance was 138,293. Of the accommodation, 
 therefore, in Schools receiving annual grants from the 
 Education Department last year the proportion belonging to 
 School Boards was 1 in 11*69; of the children in average 
 attendance 1 in 12-14 was found in a Board School. 
 
 * It must be borne in mind that the school pence and the Goveipiment 
 Grant include what was received in Board Schools as well as in Voluntary 
 Schools, whilst the subscriptions apply only to the latter.
 
 We next turn to the amount of money expended. During 
 the year the Education Department spent on the various 
 objects already named * £1,268,773; the School Boards 
 £1,958,065. It is necessary to examine in detail the items 
 of which these large sums are composed, that we may fairly 
 understand their significance. 
 
 The Education Department spent £972,723 in direct 
 grants to the various elementary Schools of the country, 
 these grants constituting, as has been already shown, rather 
 more than one third of their annual expenditure; £92,187 
 in annual grants to training colleges; £73,483 on inspec- 
 tion; £89,533 in the payment of building grants made 
 before 1871, and organising districts under the Education 
 Act ; and £40,845 in management expenses. 
 
 The School Boards had to spend a large amount in 
 providing additional school accommodation, and for this 
 they are able to borrow upon the security of the rates; 2 per 
 cent, of the principal being paid off every year, and interest 
 at the rate of 3^ per cent. Of the sum they expended, about 
 £1,358,000 would be money thus borrowed, and the remainder, 
 about £600,000, would represent the present annual charge ; 
 of this sum £139,582 were for management charges, such as 
 salaries to officers of the Board, office charges, election 
 expenses, &c. &c. 
 
 Having dealt with the statements in the Blue Book as 
 they affect the whole body of Schools under School Boards, 
 we would next quote from the same authority as to the 
 average rate of expenditure in the various kinds of Schools 
 which it assists. Each child at a Church School had spent 
 upon its education £1. 10s. lid.; in a British, Wesleyan, 
 or other School not connected with the Church, £1. lis. 4:d. ; 
 
 ^ It may be well to note, though I am not aware that it in any way affects 
 my argument, that the accounts of the Education Department are made up for 
 the year ending March 31, 1874; those of the School Boards for the year 
 ending September 29, 1874.
 
 in a Eoman Catholic School £1. 8^. lOJcZ. ; in a Board 
 School £1. 15s, 4JcZ. Of this sum the friends of denomi- 
 national education provided by voluntary contributions 
 8s. 4-38d in Church Schools; 5s. 6-16cZ. in British, Wes- 
 leyan, or other schools not connected with the Church ; 
 7s. ll'82cZ. in Koman Catholic Schools; whilst the rate- 
 payers had to furnish £1. Os. 8'S8d. for each child in a 
 Board School. 
 
 If we look to the educational results achieved by this 
 expenditure, it is as follows : — Of the children examined 
 there passed, in readmg, in Church Schools 87*18 per cent. ; 
 in Nonconformist Schools 88*63 per cent. ; in Eoman 
 Catholic Schools 85*29 per cent. ; in Board Schools 90*01 
 per cent. In writing, in Church Schools 71*06 per cent.; 
 in Nonconformist Schools 71*85 per cent. ; in Eoman 
 Catholic Schools 63*86 per cent. ; in Board Schools 76*55 per 
 cent. In arithmetic, in Church Schools 60*52 per cent. ; 
 in Nonconformist Schools 61*34 per cent. ; in Eoman Catholic 
 Schools 48*69 per cent. ; in Board Schools 68*15 per cent. 
 In part explanation of the position occupied by Church 
 Schools, it ought to be said that many of them are very 
 small Schools in country places, and that such Schools can 
 never be expected to secure educational results equal to 
 those in large towns, where most of the other Schools are 
 situated. 
 
 But it is not from figures so large as those just set down, 
 when we have to take an average from a number of places 
 very differently circumstanced, that we can obtain a result 
 that quite satisfies our own mind. The figures ought to be 
 known as a whole, in order to correct erroneous conclusions 
 we might otherwise form from particular examples. They 
 serve to show whether the instances more fully described are 
 in harmony with the great mass of Schools throughout the 
 country, or whether they are exceptions which represent 
 only themselves. It is to establish such a standard that I
 
 8 
 
 have quoted them ; it is to enable my readers to see that 
 the particular Schools about which I propose to speak at 
 greater length are only typical examples of the great classes 
 which they represent, that I have troubled them with a 
 general statement. Let us now proceed to compare the cost 
 and educational results of Board Schools and Voluntary 
 Schools that are carrjdng on their work under similar circum- 
 stances. 
 
 The Schools managed by the London School Board have 
 practically to deal with children of the same class, in what- 
 ever part of London they may be situated. If I were to 
 select any one School, and to give the cost of its manage- 
 ment and its educational results, I might be accused of 
 selecting my example for the better support of my own views. 
 I feel, therefore, that I shall convey a more accurate notion 
 by drawing my argument from several Schools rather than 
 from one, and then speaking afterwards of the differences 
 which exist amongst them. 
 
 This is easily done, because every quarter the School 
 Board issues a report of its School Management Committee. 
 In this report is contained a copy of the accounts submitted 
 to Her Majesty's Inspector, and of the results of his exami- 
 nation of every School which has been inspected during the 
 preceding three months. I propose to take the two latest of 
 these reports — those for Lady-day and Midsummer of this 
 year — and make them my authority for the cost and educa- 
 tional results of the Board Schools in London. 
 
 In the Lady-day report there is included the accounts of 
 21 Schools with 36 departments, having an average attend- 
 ance of 5,237 children, or rather more than 145 in each 
 separately conducted School. The gross cost of the education of 
 each of these children was £2. 2s. 0-|(i., towards which it 
 contributed 7s. 4'28d, in school pence, and earned 7s. A'S6d, 
 in Government grant, whilst the ratepayers had to pay, to 
 make good the deficiency, £1. 7s. 0'66d. The Midsummer
 
 report contains the accounts of 28 Schools with 54 depart- 
 ments, having an average attendance of 8,748 children, or 
 162 in each separately conducted School. The gross cost of 
 the education of each of these children was £2, 68. ll*69cZ., 
 towards which it contributed 8s. 0'95d. in school pence, 
 earned 7s. 10*45c?. in Grovernment grant, whilst the rate- 
 payers had to pay £1, 10s. 10'05c^. to make good the 
 deficiency. The small balance required to make up the 
 difference between income and expenditure is derived from 
 other sources. Taking the two returns together, we find that 
 upon an average the gross cost* of each child's education was 
 £2. 5s, l*53cZ., of which its own fees paid 7s. 9'7d,, whilst 
 the ratepayers had to provide i^l. 9s. 5'05d. 
 
 It is impossible to obtain an equally complete account of 
 all the Church Schools in London examined during the same 
 period, or I would gladly produce it. In the absence of such 
 general statement I am obliged to bring forward particular 
 Schools, of which I happen to possess accurate knowledge. 
 All the Schools about to be named are described for this 
 reason alone, and have not been selected in any way. 
 
 During the month of June two groups of Schools and a 
 single School in Lambeth, with which I had been closely con- 
 nected for many years, and of the Managing Committees of 
 which I am still a member, were examined by Her Majesty's 
 Inspector. I will compare the cost of these Schools with that 
 of the Board Schools. 
 
 The first group of which I will speak is that of St. 
 Peter's, Vauxhall.f It consists of four departments under 
 separate head teachers — upper boys, lower boys, girls, and 
 infants. The average attendance in these schools last year was 
 426, or an average of 106 in each department. The gross cost 
 
 * In order to present as accurate a picture as I can of the cost of Board 
 Schools, I have inserted in the Appendix the balance-sheets of the most 
 economically, and of the most expensively managed of these Schools, and also 
 the balance-sheets of two of the large permanent Board Schools. 
 
 t See Appendix, for a copy of the balance-sheet.
 
 10 
 
 of eacli child's education was £1. I9s, 9'38(i., towards which 
 it contributed by school fees £l. Os. 9*28d., and earned by 
 Grovernment grant 146*. 9'56d. ; whilst the proportion of 
 cost which had to be furnished by voluntary contributions was 
 4s. 2'54:d. 
 
 The second group, known as the St. Mary's, Prince's- 
 road Schools,* consists of three Schools — boys, girls, and 
 infants. The average attendance last year was 507, or an 
 average of 169 in each department. The gross cost of the 
 education of each child was £1. Is, 5'55d., of which it con- 
 tributed 10s. S'86d. in school fees; earned lis. 10*96?. 
 by Grovernment grant ; whilst the sum required from voluntary 
 subscribers to balance the accounts was 4s. 9*7 9c?. 
 
 There is yet another School, St. Saviour's, Salamanca, j 
 This was intended for the lowest and the poorest, and has 
 always been a ragged School in everything but the name. 
 With the exception of a few children at the head of the 
 School, every child pays a fee of only a penny a-week. It is 
 a mixed School for girls and infants, and last year had an 
 average attendance of 195. The gross cost of the education 
 of each child was 23s. 8*58t?., of which it paid in school 
 fees 4s. 9*1 Ic?., and earned in Grovernment grant 6s, 9'ld.; 
 so that it was necessary to obtain from voluntary sources 
 12s. 2*37c?. for each child to balance the accounts. 
 
 It will be observed that the cost of management in these 
 schools varies with the fee charged. It is notorious that in 
 London there are at all events three grades amongst the 
 working classes — the artisans and small shopkeepers ; the 
 steady labouring people ; and the costermonger class, includ- 
 i*ng therein the dissolute and neglectful of all classes. These 
 Schools were graded to meet the wants of these classes ; in the 
 upper group for many years we passed several boys at the 
 Cambridge Middle Class Examination, and one of our boys 
 
 * See Appendix, for a copy of the balance-sheet, 
 t See Appendix, for a copy of the balance-sheet.
 
 11 
 
 is now a scholar of one of the most distinguished Colleges in 
 Cambridge. In the lowest School we had to deal with a 
 nomad population, where the attendance was exceptionally 
 bad, and the educational results exceptionally low ; the 
 former of these points is easily shown : with an average at- 
 tendance of 195 only 40 children above seven years old and 
 80 infants had qualified themselves by the necessary number 
 of attendances to be presented to Her Majesty's Inspector ; 
 whilst in St. Peter's Schools, with an average attendance of 
 426, 289 children above seven years old and 82 infants 
 were so qualified ; and in St. Mary's Schools, with an 
 average attendance of 507, 263 children above seven years 
 old and 111 infants were so qualified ; and in the Board 
 Schools, with an average attendance of 13,985, 7,169 children 
 above seven years old, and 3,048 infants were so qualified. 
 Every neighbourhood requires one such School, but its educa- 
 tional results are so much inferior to those of other Schools 
 that it is not fair to compare them. • 
 
 In the Board Schools the attempt is made to combine 
 all these classes in one School. The fee is low, to induce the 
 poorest to attend, whilst the cost of education is much greater 
 than in the most costly of the upper Schools just described, 
 in order to persuade artisans and others, able to pay a remu- 
 nerative fee for the education of their children, to use the 
 Schools : as yet the School Board has made no provision for 
 the education of the most neglected class, and by a large 
 majority refused to accept a motion that I proposed,* the 
 object of which was to pledge them to make it their first 
 care to provide for the educational wants of the poorest 
 and lowest. There are no Board Schools which can be 
 fairly compared with St. Saviour's, Salamanca, whilst all 
 
 * The motion I proposed was as follows : ' In all circumstances it shall be 
 recognised as the primai'y duty of the School Board to secure School pro- 
 vision for the poorest children in every neighbourhood for which there is an 
 insufficient supply of School accommodation.' On the 20th January 1875, 
 this was rejected by 23 votes against 7.
 
 12 
 
 their Schools are designed to educate together such children 
 as are found in the Schools of St. Peter, Vauxhall, and St. 
 Mary, Prince's-road, Lambeth. 
 
 To bring therefore into fuller contrast what has been just 
 stated. I will place in tabular form the cost of the two systems : 
 
 London School "1 
 Board . . J 
 
 St. Peter's, ~J 
 Vauxhall . J 
 
 St. Mary's, ] 
 Lambeth . / 
 
 •rt <x> 
 
 <!) a) g 
 
 MO B 
 c8 S c3 
 
 > ti^S 
 
 <u _ 
 -t^ -^ 
 
 c3 c3 
 
 <S 
 
 155 
 106 
 169 
 
 0-43 " 
 to cS fd 
 
 d 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 2 5 1-53 
 
 1 19 9-38 
 
 1 7 5-55 
 
 to gj-g 
 
 «2h a) aj 
 
 c3 
 
 £ 5. rf. 
 
 7 9-7 
 
 1 9-28 
 10 8-86 
 
 +i rj3 -g 
 
 o ro ■" 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 7 8-35 
 
 14 9-56 
 
 11 10-9 
 
 
 £ 5. d. 
 
 1 9 7-48 
 
 4 2-54 
 
 4 9-79 
 
 But it may be supposed that the educational results 
 achieved by the different Schools will give a sufficient reason 
 for the difference of cost. I will therefore next insert a 
 comparative view of what these were : 
 
 
 bog 
 as 
 
 
 
 Per centage of passes in 
 
 [late 
 
 jasses 
 
 ejects, 
 
 en 
 
 3d 
 
 
 Read- 
 ing 
 
 Writ- 
 ing 
 
 Arith- 
 metic 
 
 Proportio] 
 
 number of 
 
 in special su 
 
 to cliildr 
 
 examine 
 
 Board Schools . . 
 St. Peter's, Vauxhall 
 St. Mary's, Lamheth 
 
 13,985 
 426 
 507 
 
 7,169 
 289 
 263 
 
 6,111 
 262 
 210 
 
 84-38 
 88-16 
 88'09 
 
 82-94 
 86-25 
 89-04 
 
 69-46 
 76-33 
 80-95 
 
 lin6 
 lin 1-69 
 1 in 3-28 
 
 Beside those qualified for examination, 3,048 infants were 
 qualified for presentation in Board Schools, of whom 2,780 
 were presented ; 82 infants were qualified for presentation in 
 St. Peter's Schools, of whom 67 were presented ; 111 infants 
 were qualified for presentation in St. Mary's Schools, of whom 
 109 were presented.
 
 13 
 
 Here then we have the materials for comparison between 
 the cost and the educational results of the two systems. The 
 gross cost of the education given in the Board Schools exceeds 
 that in the St. Peter's Schools by 5s. 4^d, per child ; the result 
 of the teaching, as tested by Her Majesty's Inspector, is that 
 St. Peter's Schools passed nearly four per cent, more children in 
 reading, more than three per cent, more in writing, and nearly 
 seven per cent, more in arithmetic than do the Board Schools, 
 whilst they passed nearly four children in a special subject for 
 every one passed in a Board School : and in like manner, to 
 compare the St. Mary's Schools with the Board Schools, the 
 cost of the education given in the former is less by 178, 8d, 
 per child than that given in the latter ; and yet, notwith- 
 standing this enormous difference, the St. Mary's Schools 
 passed nearly four per cent, more children in reading, 
 more than six per cent, more in writing, and more than 
 eleven per cent, more in arithmetic ; whilst it passed nearly 
 two children in a special subject for every one passed in a 
 Board School. 
 
 But it might be said that the percentage of children 
 passed is no real test of the educational results of a School, 
 because in some Schools every child that is qualified for 
 examination is presented, whilst in others only those children 
 are presented whom the teachers think are likely to pass. 
 But in this case it cannot be said that more children have 
 been withheld from examination in the Voluntary Schools than 
 in the Board Schools ; for in the Board Schools 7,169 children 
 were qualified for examination and only 6,111, or 85*24 per 
 cent., were presented ; in St. Peter's Schools, of the 289 qualified, 
 262, or 90*65 per cent., were presented ; in St. Mary's Schools, 
 of the 263 qualified, 210, or 79*84 per cent., were presented. 
 I have no doubt that in every case every child was examined 
 that the managers could persuade to attend for examination, 
 and I only notice the point to guard against a cavil that might 
 be raised.
 
 14 
 
 The comparison would be very incomplete if it stopped here, 
 for one great thing which I wish to point out is the difference 
 of expenditure entailed by the two systems upon those who 
 have to make good the deficiency. When we have examined 
 the balance-sheet of the Voluntary Schools sent in to the 
 Department we know the whole of the outgoings — whatever 
 work beyond has to be done is done without charge ; not so 
 with the Board Schools. For the management of their 
 affairs an expensive establishment of clerks &c. has to be 
 kept up. The London School Board has expended more than 
 £60,000 in erecting a building in which its business may be 
 carried on ; without reckoning anything for the heavy annual 
 outlay which interest and the repayment of the principal of 
 this large sum will entail upon the ratepayers, the portion 
 of management expenses which would have to be allotted to 
 each child in average attendance last year was 3s. 2^d. The 
 average cost to the subscribers for the St. Peter's and 
 St. Mary's Schools was 4s. 6'45cZ. per child, or about sixteen- 
 pence more than that for managing the Board Schools. 
 But we see the effect of this most clearly by looking at it 
 in the mass, and as it would affect the pockets of those 
 who have to make good the deficiency, excluding from 
 our calculation all sums expended in providing the 
 School buildings. Let us see what the difference would 
 be if the one System or the other prevailed over the 
 whole Metropolis. Taking in the cost of management, 
 each child in a London Board School costs the ratepayers 
 £1. 12s. 9'98d,; supposing 300,000* children to be each 
 costing that sum, the amount required would be £492,475 : 
 each child in the Voluntary Schools costs the subscribers 
 4s. 6*45c?. ; at the same rate 300,000 children would cost 
 
 * The ayerage attendance at efficient schools during the half-year ending 
 Christinas last was 270,466 ; of whom 199,811 were in Voluntary Schools and 
 70,655 in Board Schools ; there was then School accommodation for 382,493 
 children : for 283,868 in Voluntary Schools, and for 98,625 in Board Schools.
 
 1.5 
 
 £68,062. So that in the one case a rate of nearly * Q^d. would 
 be needed to make good the sum which would have to be 
 supplied by those who are responsible for the Schools ; in the 
 other case a rate of three farthings would nearly suffice 
 for that purpose. If the number of children for whom 
 provision had to be made should be 400,000, then the cost 
 to the ratepayers would be £656,633, or a rate of nearly 
 8^d.^ in the pound if the scale of the expenditure of the 
 School Board should be adopted ; or £90,750, or something 
 more than a penny in the pound, if the scale of expenditure 
 of the Voluntary Schools was made to suffice. 
 
 To meet the possible objection which might be made that 
 the Schools I have particularised were exceptional, I have 
 obtained returns from a few parishes in other parts of the 
 Metropolis ; and these returns I shall give fully, whether they 
 agree with or differ from the results which have been already 
 detailed. I will do this in a tabular form. 
 
 London Board Schools . 
 
 Christ Church, St. 
 
 G-eorge's in the East 
 St. Thomas, Columbia"! 
 
 Market . . . . / 
 Islington, St. Anne's, 1 
 
 Tollington Park . ./ 
 St. Paul's, Bentinck 
 
 Schools. Grove St. 
 
 Lisson Grove . 
 St. Mark's, Clerkenwell 
 
 } 
 
 ;i 
 
 St. Jude's, Bethnal Green 
 
 
 155 
 117 
 111 
 120 
 
 198 
 
 128 
 119 
 
 
 -^v 
 
 n 
 
 
 o o 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 
 r/3 CO 
 
 r-l^ 
 
 
 p 3 
 
 c3 
 
 
 J-.-C 
 
 a> 
 
 
 cij <u 
 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1-53 
 
 
 6 
 
 2-93 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 tl 
 
 13 
 
 5-3 
 
 
 11 
 
 809 
 
 tl 
 
 7 
 
 4-88 
 
 
 5 
 
 2-43 
 
 (It ^ Xi'^ 
 
 <u -fl ^ t:3 
 
 o C c5 03 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 7 9-7 
 
 10 3-14 
 
 8 4-76 
 
 13 0-19 
 
 13 8-44 
 
 12 5-77 
 
 11 4-6 
 
 ? S w 
 
 O C rt 
 60 
 
 S^ 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 7 8-35 
 
 12 4-98 
 
 10 9-35 
 
 11 6-32 
 
 13 109 8 
 
 11 077 
 
 10 11-97 
 
 c3 O .2 5^ M 
 
 <1> +3 ^ O ^ 
 
 0.73 ^ O 3 
 
 += /3 9 (o o 
 
 m U M <jj 03 
 
 £ 5. d. 
 
 1 9 7-48 
 
 3 6-81 
 
 1 4-89 
 
 8 10-79 
 
 4 0-67 
 
 3 10-34 
 
 2 9-86 
 
 * The Report of the Education Department (1875) states that the London 
 School Board had then raised by loan £1,073,700, and agreed to borrow 
 £1,067,590 more. Upon this 5| per cent, has to be paid annually, the amount 
 of interest slightly diminishing every year. At first the annual charge would 
 be £117,770, which would require an additional rate of \\d. in the pound. 
 
 t In each of these schools the total cost includes the payment of a heavy 
 ^ound-rent.
 
 16 
 
 "} 
 
 Board Schools . . 
 
 Christ Church, St. George' 
 
 in the East . . 
 St. Thomas, Columbia "1 
 
 Market J 
 
 Islington, St. Anne's, Tol-"! 
 
 lington Park . . . . / 
 St. Paul's, Bentinck^j 
 
 Schools, Grove Street, \ 
 
 Lisson Grove .... J 
 St. Mark's, Clerkenwell . . 
 
 St. Jude's, Bethnal Green. . 
 
 §,1 
 
 ^1 
 
 a a 
 
 Per centage of passes in 
 
 Read- 
 
 Writ- 
 
 Arith- 
 
 
 
 ing 
 
 ing 
 
 metic 
 
 13,985 
 
 6,111 
 
 84-38 
 
 82-94 
 
 69-46 
 
 351 
 
 169 
 
 89-94 
 
 76-92 
 
 63-9 
 
 334 
 
 105 
 
 86-66 
 
 93-33 
 
 3904 
 
 241 
 
 153 
 
 92-15 
 
 76-47 
 
 71-24 
 
 595 
 
 361 
 
 95-01 
 
 91-68 
 
 89-75 
 
 385 
 
 171 
 
 89-47 
 
 73-09 
 
 78-94 
 
 357 
 
 138 
 
 86-95 
 
 83-33 
 
 68-11 
 
 M P9 
 
 
 gp.-§| 
 
 2-9 
 
 o -S 35 o » 
 
 1 in 6 
 1 in 16-9 
 
 1 in 11-76 
 
 1 in 2-75 
 
 1 in 19 
 1 in 5-3 
 
 If it were desirable further to multiply evidence, it 
 would be easy to do so. When it is remembered that 
 taking all England and Wales into the account, the 
 average sum provided by subscription for the education 
 of each child in average attendance in Church Schools is 
 8s. 4*38c?.5 it will be seen that few Schools in London or in 
 any large town can cost much more than do the Schools 
 whose accounts I have set before my readers. For in small 
 country parishes, where the attendance does not exceed 20 or 
 25, the cost per head must necessarily be very great, and 
 of such Schools and Schools of a somewhat larger size the 
 Church has many in the thinly peopled parts of the country. 
 Of the cost of one of these small Schools I will give an 
 example, comparing it with the expenditure in a Board School 
 of equal size. 
 
 The National School in the small country parish of Mark- 
 beech, in the county of Kent, had last year an average 
 attendance of 25 ; the expenditure was for salary of teachers, 
 ^70; for books and school material, £1. lis. 7d»; for fuel and 
 
 * The number examined appears small when compared with the average 
 attendance ; but the explanation of this is, that most of the Schools referred 
 to have an Infant department.
 
 17 
 
 cleaning, £5. 10s. 6d, ; in all £77. 2s. Ic^., or £3. Is. S'2d. for 
 the education of each child. Of this it contributed in school 
 pence 8s. 0'96d,, earned in Grovernment grant 14s. l'92d., 
 whilst £1. 19s. 5'S2d. had to be provided from other sources. 
 Of the children presented to Her Majesty's Inspector for 
 examination 86*66 per cent, passed in reading; all passed in 
 writing, and 93*33 in arithmetic, whilst 1 in 7*5 of the chil- 
 dren presented for examination passed in a special subject. 
 
 For the accounts of a Board School I am obliged to rely 
 upon the Blue Book. The smallest Board School in Kent is 
 that at Worth, where the average attendance last year was 
 40, and I do not shrink from comparing it with Mark- 
 beech, though the difference in the number of children 
 is of that kind that ought to make the smaller School nearly 
 double as costly per child as the larger one. At Worth 
 £67. 16s. is paid as salary of the teacher; £12. 3s. Id, 
 for books, apparatus, and stationery; £3. 12s. for print- 
 ing, postage, advertising, and office charges; £8t 14s. 6d. 
 for rent, taxes, and insurance; £14. 5s. 6d. for fuel and 
 light; and £16. 19s. Od, for the salaries of officers of the 
 Board, and 13s. 5d. for other expenses. This gives £3. 
 2s. 1 05d. for the cost of the education of each child: a sum 
 a trifle in excess of that expended on each child at Mark- 
 beech; though in the one case the cost had to be divided 
 amongst 25 children, in the other amongst 40. I ought to 
 add that in estimating the cost of the Worth School I have 
 taken no notice of a sum of £41. 12s. Id. expended on 
 "purchase of, and repairs to, furniture and cleaning;" £10. 
 9s. Sd. on legal expenses, and £569. 4s. 9d. in purchase of 
 land and buildings. Each child at Worth paid towards the 
 cost of its education in school fees 5s. 8*7(i., and earned in 
 Grovernment grant 13s. lO'Sd., leaving £2. 2s. 5'55d. to be 
 provided by the rates, which involved a rate in the parish of 
 3*1 6cZ. in the pound. The cost of buying land and building 
 was, no doubt, met by a loan.
 
 18 
 
 There is another class of Schools of which it may be 
 well to speak, as they exist in considerable numbers all over 
 the country. I refer to such as would be aptly represented 
 by the Schools of Speldhurst, in the county of Kent. There, 
 with a population of about 1,000, there is a boys' School and a 
 mixed School for girls and infants, with an average attendance 
 last year in the two Schools of 137 children. The expendi- 
 ture on the Schools was, for teachers' salaries, £199. 18s. 3d. ; 
 for books and stationery, £13. 16s. 4c?.; for fuel and clean- 
 ing, £17. Is. 7d. ; for repairs and printing, £S. 16s. 9d. ; for 
 rates and insurance, £l. 13s. lid, ; for sundries, £3. 7s. 4td, 
 in all, £244. 14s. 2d., or £1. 15s. 8'68d. for each child; of 
 which it paid in school pence 8s. 0*7c?., and earned in 
 Government grant 13s. 5'78d., leaving 14s. 2*2d. to be pro- 
 vided from other sources. Of the 101 children qualified for 
 examination by Her Majesty's Inspectors 86 were examined; 
 and of these there passed 95*34 per cent, in reading, 76*74 per 
 cent, in writing, and 76*74 per cent, in arithmetic; 1 in 28*66 
 of those presented for examination passed in a special subject. 
 The Board School in the county which most nearly resembled 
 that of Speldhurst is at Farnborough, in the parish of 
 Chelsfield. There the average is 113, or 24 less than at 
 Speldhurst. There the amount paid for salaries of teachers 
 is £280. 6s. 5d. ; for books, apparatus, and stationery, 
 £17. 10s. Sd.; for printing, postage, advertising, and 
 office charges, £6. 19s. 9d.; for rent, rates, taxes, and in- 
 surance, £19. 9s. 2d.; for purchase of, and repairs to furniture 
 and cleaning, £27. 13s. 3d ; for fuel and light, £20. 8s. 6d.; 
 and then for management expenses, £10 for salaries of 
 officers of the Board, and £9. 19s. for other expenses; in 
 all, £392. 6s. 4:d., or £3. 9s. 5'2Zd. for each child. Of this 
 sum each child paid in school pence 7s. 5'ld., and earned 
 Grovernment grant 14s. 8*5(i., leaving £2. 7s. 3*63(i. to be 
 paid by the ratepayers. The rate levied was \8d. in the 
 pound.
 
 19 
 
 Between these groups of Schools it is not quite so easy to 
 institute a comparison as it is between Schools so similarly 
 circumstanced as are those in London ; but I think that by 
 comparing the items of expenditure in the two cases, those 
 who are familiar with school management will see that 
 economy is not confined to those who are responsible for 
 Voluntary Schools in towns, and that lavish expenditure 
 flourishes in country School Boards as well as in those in 
 town. 
 
 There is yet another comparison between Voluntary 
 Schools and Board Schools which ought to be made to com- 
 plete our picture ; and that is, between them as they are 
 found in borough towns. I am able to obtain the informa- 
 tion I need for Brighton, and therefore I will place it before 
 my readers. The Voluntary Schools I will take are the Cen- 
 tral schools — boys, girls, and infants ; the St. Peter's schools 
 — boys, girls, and infants ; and the Warwick Street Schools — 
 boys and infants. In these Schools there was last year an 
 average attendance of 1,474 children ; the average cost of the 
 education of each child was £1. 9s. 3*7 l(i., of which it paid 
 in school fees 9s. 9*87(i., earned in Government grant 14s. 
 l'58d. ; leaving 5s, 4*26cZ. to be supplied from other sources. 
 The School Board for Brighton has 9 sets of Schools, including 
 1 8 departments. In these the average attendance from Lady 
 Day 1874 to Lady Day 1875 was 2,229.^ The total annual ex- 
 penditure, excluding all payments on account of purchase of 
 land, School buildings, and such like, amounted to £5,559. 
 3s. IcL, or £2. 9s. lO'Qld. per child. In this sum is included 
 cost of management, as it cannot be seen from the published 
 accounts what sums belong to such expenditure, and what 
 are whollv made for the direct benefit of the Schools. Of this 
 
 * At least this is given as the average attendance when the Schools were 
 examined during the half-year between Lady Day and Michaelmas ; and as 
 the attendance had steadily increased, it is probable that during the time stated 
 above it was less than the number given above. 
 
 b2
 
 20 
 
 sum each child paid in school fees 8s. 0'S5d., earned in Grovern- 
 ment grant 9s. 6*33c^., leaving £1. 12s. 3*93(i. to be sup- 
 plied by the ratepayers of the town. In June last there was 
 an average attendance at all the efficient Schools in the town — 
 Voluntary and Board — of 10,412 children; if the whole of these 
 children were being educated at Schools like the Voluntary 
 Schools of which I have just spoken, the amount to be supplied 
 from some other sources, after their pence and the Grovern- 
 ment grant had been received, would be £2,787. 16s. S-I2d,; 
 but if they were all being educated in Board Schools the 
 amount to be supplied, after the deductions just enumerated 
 had been made, would be £16,829. 13s. lid. In Brighton 
 a rate of a penny in the pound produces about £1,600. If 
 therefore all the deficiencies had to be made good by rate, 
 it would suffice to levy a rate of l^d., if the scale of ex- 
 penditure incurred by the Voluntary Schools was adopted ; 
 but if that of the School Board was preferred, a rate of 
 lO^d. would not suffice. There are probably in Brighton 
 as many ratepayers who prefer the Voluntary School system 
 as there are who like the Board School system best ; why 
 should the former be compelled to pay rates to support the 
 extravagant expenditure of the latter system, to the injury 
 of that system which they would wish to sustain ; when the 
 inevitable result of its success must be to saddle them with 
 a still heavier burden ? Would it not be much fairer, and 
 much more in accordance with the principles that have re- 
 cently governed legislation on such subjects in this country, 
 if both were allowed to appropriate their school-rates to the 
 sustentation of that system which, in their opinion, is best 
 for the community ? 
 
 There are two points which such an examination as this 
 forces upon our notice. The first is, whether it is absolutely 
 necessary for the country to continue a system which is 
 proved to be much more costly, and not a whit more efficient 
 than the old one. The old machinery still exists ; the
 
 21 
 
 excessive competition and the increased costliness which the 
 Boards have forced upon all school managers have not yet 
 succeeded in destroying the great mass of Voluntary Schools ; 
 but there is danger lest they may do so. Time is on their 
 side, for it is difficult to maintain for a long time the 
 unequal struggle between a system of boundless resources, 
 as a rating system virtually is, and a system which depends 
 upon individual benevolence, and which may in a parish at 
 any time be overthrown by the folly or apathy of those to 
 whom its administration is committed, or by the selfishness 
 of a few persons. 
 
 But there is a second consideration. Those who are 
 struggling to maintain the Voluntary system are themselves 
 payers of school rates, where school rates are levied. Is it 
 equitable, after the destruction of Church rates, to compel 
 them to uphold a system of education to which they object 
 on account of the religious teaching, or want of religious 
 teaching, by which it is characterised ? Is it right that a 
 number of persons who prove the reality and the depth of 
 their convictions by the sacrifices they make to uphold the 
 Schools which they approve should be taxed to support a 
 system to which they are conscientiously opposed, and which 
 can only succeed by destroying that system of which they con- 
 scientiously approve ? 
 
 In Canada they solve this difficult question by allowing 
 more kinds of Schools than one, and by permitting all rate- 
 payers to allocate their rates to those Schools of whose 
 religious teaching they approve. Why should not we have 
 a like system in England ? It would be just to all. The 
 Churchman could then support the Schools he approves by 
 his rates ; and so could the Eoman Catholic, and the Wes- 
 leyan, and the Nonconformist, and the unbeliever. Probably 
 the present system would have the fewest friends, but if so, 
 what condemnation of it could be more severe ? for, if so, the 
 great mass of people are paying for that which they dislike,
 
 22 
 
 and to which they are opposed on the ground of religious 
 belief. But people say it would be difficult to establish a 
 system that would be just to all. Of course it would be 
 difficult ; but then so it always is to construct a system in 
 which a variety of interests have to be considered, and in 
 which it is sought to do justice to all. The tyrant, whether 
 he be a king or a multitude, avoids the difficulty by insisting 
 on making all bow to his will ; but in England we profess 
 to desire liberty for all, and to press rudely upon the con- 
 sciences of none. Why then should not the task of a fair 
 adjustment be attempted ? It ought to be a peculiar satis- 
 faction to Conservative statesmen to deal with this question, 
 and to protect the fair rights of men who are suffering be- 
 cause they have a definite religious belief. We have no 
 reason to suppose that they are insensible to this, or that 
 they will shrink from doing what we believe to be their duty 
 to the country more than to their own party. If they make 
 the attempt we are satisfied that in this case they will find 
 no difficulties which cannot easily be surmounted.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 It is necessary that I should examine a statement of Mr. 
 Ricks, one of the Examiners appointed by the London Schocl 
 Board, which bears on this subject, and I prefer to do it in an 
 appendix in order that I may not interrupt the thread of the 
 argument in the text. In his report, dated May 1875, he says : 
 
 ' Of course this standard compares most unfavourably with 
 Voluntary Schools, but then it must be borne in mind that the 
 Board teacher has at present the most unfavourable material to 
 work upon, and the most unskilful hands to work with. Whilst 
 there are vacant places in Board Schools the teachers cannot re- 
 fuse admission to any children of school age,Jhowever ignorant ; the 
 teacher in the Voluntary School can pick and choose. They (the 
 Board Schools) are filled with unwilling scholars, driven in, and 
 kept in, by the Board visitors. Not only are the Board teachers 
 at a disadvantage from the materials on which they have to work, 
 bat also from the youth and inexperience of a large proportion of 
 the teaching staff. When I remember that in a staff of a little over 
 1,300 teachers (inclusive), 270 are young, inexperienced candi- 
 dates, and considerably over 300 are pupil teachers in their first 
 or second years, I think there is reason to be satisfied with the 
 progress made in the past year." 
 
 The admission with which this statement opens, that the 
 standard work in the London Board Schools compares most un- 
 favourably with Voluntary Schools, is no doubt true, and when the 
 cost of the two systems is also compared, it needs to be excused. 
 No doubt Mr. Ricks gives the best excuses available, but I think 
 I shall have no difiGiculty in showing that the excuses he gives 
 have no basis in fact. I have no doubt the Board Schools suffer 
 from the causes he mentions, but the Voluntary Schools equally 
 suffer from the same causes, whilst they do not enjoy the advan- 
 tages he alleges.
 
 24 
 
 Take, first, the quality of the scholars. So long as there 
 are vacant places Voluntary Schools accept all the children 
 that present themselves just as much as Board Schools do ; 
 and when the Schools are well filled the teachers of Board 
 Schools pick and choose just as much as the teachers of Volun- 
 tary Schools do. We are perpetually told at the Board that 
 the visitors send the children impartially to Voluntary Schools 
 and to Board Schools, and if so, the number of unwilliDg 
 children is likely to be as great in one kind of Schools as 
 in the other. It is not to be forgotten that, at all events, one 
 correspondence has appeared in the papers in which the mana- 
 gers of a superior Voluntary School complained of having to 
 receive a number of ragged urchins who were driven in by the 
 visitors. Nor must it be forgotten that the great increase of 
 children attending efiicient Schools arises from the war which 
 has been waged upon private Schools. The many complaints of 
 the teachers of such Schools who have been ruined by the action 
 of the School Board, which have appeared in the papers, prove 
 this, not less conclusively than do the returns of the Bye-laws 
 Committee. The mass of children, therefore, who are driven 
 into ef&cient Schools do not belong to the poorest class, but to the 
 class which preferred private Schools to public Schools, a full 
 proportion of whom would be likely to prefer Voluntary to Board 
 Schools ; and I can positively assert that I never heard of a 
 child being refused admission at a Voluntary School on 
 account]' of its ignorance. I have not inserted the proof Mr. 
 Kicks gives of the low condition of one School, because I do not 
 wish to lengthen out this note ; but nothing would have been 
 easier than to have produced corresponding cases in Voluntary 
 Schools. 
 
 What Mr. Bicks says about the teachers is not less fatal to 
 what he wants to prove — that Board Schools are at a disadvan- 
 tage in comparison with Voluntary Schools. He says, that ^' of a 
 little over 1,300 teachers, 270 are candidates, and 300 pupil 
 teachers in their first or second year." This leaves more than 
 730 for the number of certificated teachers and pupil teachers in 
 their fifth, fourth, or third year, a proportion far beyond what is 
 to be found in Voluntary Schools. Last year, in 19,978 Schools in 
 Jjngland and Wales, there were employed 20,162 certificated 
 teachers, 1,999 assistant teacherSj 6,219 pupil teachers in their
 
 25 
 
 first year, 6,512 in their second year, 6,088 in their third year, 
 5,093 in their fourth year, and 3,409 in their fifth year. Com- 
 pare this with what Mr. Ricks finds in the schools with which 
 he has to deal. In 190 schools there are 730 certificated teachers, 
 or pupil teachers in their fifth, fourth, or third year ; 300 pupil 
 teachers in their second or first year, and 270 candidates. I am 
 compelled to take the figures for all England from the Blue Book, 
 for comparison, because I have no means of ascertaining the 
 number of teachers in Voluntary Schools from any other source ; 
 but, at a glance, it will be seen that the proportion of experienced 
 teachers in the London Board Schools must be much greater than 
 would be found in other Schools. When it is remembered that 
 the School Boards have a bottomless pocket from which to draw, 
 whilst the managers of Voluntary Schools have to give or beg what 
 funds are needed for their Schools — when it is remembered that the 
 School Board have greatly increased salaries and thus have drawn 
 into their service some of the best teachers from Voluntary Schools, 
 it will be obvious how mistaken must be the statement that Board 
 Schools "have the most unskilful hands to work with." And in 
 the particular case of the Board Schools in London, how are we 
 to account for the great excess of their expenditure o^'^er that of 
 the Schools with which I have compared them, if the hands with 
 which they work are so much less skilful ? It must be remem- 
 bered that the Board has nearly completed the fifth year pf its 
 existence, so that it has had ample time to perfect its arrange- 
 ments. 
 
 If I were asked to account for the fact that Voluntary Schools, 
 at so much less cost, have achieved the results spoken of, I should 
 do it by pointing to the cheaper and more efficient way in which 
 private firms manage their business than do public companies. 
 The personal loving care of managers interested in and respon- 
 sible for the Schools will accomplish results at a cost which never 
 can be hoped for in Schools managed as Board Schools must be.
 
 26 
 
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