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 APPENDIX. 53.^ 
 
 General Remarks, geographical and systematical, on the Botany of Terra 
 Australis. By Robert Brown, F. R. S. Acad. Reg. Scient, Berolin. 
 Corresp., Naturalist to the voyage. 
 
 1 H E coasts of the great South Land commonly called New Holland 
 have been discovered partly by Dutch and partly by English navigators. 
 Captain Flinders, considering it therefore unjust towards the English to 
 retain a name for the whole country which implies its discovery to have 
 been made by the Dutch alone, has thought proper to recur to its original 
 name Terra Australis; under which he includes the small islands adjacent 
 to various parts of its coasts, and the more considerable southern island 
 called Van Diemen's Land. 
 
 In this extended sense I shall use Terra Australis in the following 
 observations, but when treating of the principal Land separately, shall con" 
 tinue to employ its generally received name New Holland : that I may be 
 more readily understood by botanists, for whom these observations are in- 
 tended, and preserve consistency with the title of a work, part of which i 
 have already published on the plants of that country. 
 
 In the following pages I have endeavoured to collect such general, 
 and at the same time strictly botanical, observations on the vegetation of 
 Terra Australis, as our very limited knowledge of this vast country appears 
 already to afford. To these observations are added descriptions of a few 
 remarkable plants, which have been selected for publication, from the ex- 
 tensive and invaluable collection of drawings made by Mr. Ferdinand 
 Bauer in New Holland, chiefly during the voyage of the Investigator. 
 
 The materials for the present essay were acquired principally in 
 the same voyage, from captain Flinders's account of which a general 
 notion of the opportunities afforded for observation may be gathered. 
 It seems necessary, however, to present in one view the circumstances 
 
 % ■ 357314 H 
 
 c 
 
534 * APPENDIX. [Botamj of Terra Australis. 
 
 under which our collections were formed, both in the Investigator's voyage, 
 and snbsequently, during a stay of eighteen months, in New South Wales 
 and Van Diemen's Island; as also to state other sources from which addi- 
 tional materials have been obtained. By this means the reader will be 
 better enabled to judge how far I am entitled to make those observations 
 of a more general nature which he will find in the following pages. 
 
 The first part of New Holland examined in captain Flinders 's voyage 
 was the South Coast, on various and distant points of w hich, and on 
 several of its adjacent islands we landed, in circumstances more or less 
 favourable for our researches. The survey of this coast took place from 
 West to East, and our first anchorasre was in Kins: Georae Third's Sound, 
 in 35° S. lat. and 118" E. Ion. In this port we remained for three weeks, in 
 the most favourable season for our pursuits ; and our collections of plants 
 made chiefly on its shores and a few miles into the interior of the country, 
 amount to nearly 500 species, exclusive of those belonging to the class 
 Cryptogamia, which, though certainly bearing a small proportion to phse- 
 nogamous plants, were not, it must be admitted, equally attended to.- At 
 our second anchorage, Lucky Bay of captain Flinders's chart, in 34° S. lat. 
 and about 4° to the eastward of King George's Sound ; we remained only 
 three days, but even in that short time added upwards of 100 species to 
 our former collection. 
 
 Goose-Island Bay, in the same latitude and hardly one degree to the 
 eastward of the second anchorage, where our stay was al?o very short, af- 
 forded us but few new plants ; and the remaining parts of the South Coast, 
 on five distant points of which we landed, as well as on seven of its adjacent 
 Islands, were still more barren, altogether producing only 200 additional 
 species. The smallness of this number is to be accounted for, partly, no 
 doubt, from the less favourable season in which this part of the coast was 
 examined ; but it appeared to depend also in a considerable degree on its 
 greater sterility, and especially that of its islands. 
 
 Of New South Wales, or the East Coast of New Holland, scarcely 
 any part beyond the tropic was examined in the voyage ; our first landing 
 after leaving Port Jackson being at Sandy Cape, in nearly 25" S. lat. Be- 
 tween this and 21° S. lat, we had many, and upon the whole, favourable 
 epportunities for observation, especially at Port Curtis, Keppel Bay, Port 
 
Coasts examined.'] APPENDIX! 535 
 
 Bowen, Strong-tide Passage, Shoal-water Bay, and Broad Sound, the survey 
 of which was completed ; we landed also on two of the Northumberland and 
 on one of the Cumberland Isles. 
 
 On the North Coast we landed on Good's Island, one of the Prince 
 of Wales' Isles of captain Cook ; for a few hours at Coen River on the 
 east side of the Gulph of Ca*pentaria ; and in more favourable circum- 
 stances on many of the islands and some points of the mainland on the 
 west side of this Gulph Several of the group called the Company's Islands 
 in the chart, the shores of Melville Bay, of Caledon Bay, and a small part 
 of iVrnhem Bay were also examined. 
 
 We then left the coast, owing to the decayed state of the ship, which, 
 on our return to Port Jackson, was surveyed and pronounced unfit for the 
 prosecution of the voyage. 
 
 Captain Flinders having, in consequence of this, determined to re- 
 pair immediately to England, for the purpose of obtaining another vessel 
 to complete the objects of the expedition ; Mr. Bauer and myself agreed to 
 remain in the colony of New South Wales, until his return, or, if that should 
 not take place, for a period not exceeding eighteen months. During this 
 time we added very considerably to our collections of plants, within the 
 limits of the Colony of Port Jackson and its dependent settlements ; the 
 banks of the principal rivers and some part of the mountains bounding the 
 colony were examined ; I visited also the noi'th and south extremities of 
 Van Diemen's Land, remaining several mouths in the vicinity of the river 
 Derwent ; and repeatedly landed on Kent's Islands, in Bass' Strait, on the 
 shores of which the principal part of the Submarine Algae contained in 
 our collections were found. . . * . 
 
 The reader of captain Fiinders's narrative is already acquainted with 
 the unfortunate circumstances that prevented his revisiting Port Jackson 
 within the expected period, soon after the expirationof which we embraced 
 an opportunity of returning to England, where we arrived in October 180-5, 
 with the greater part of our colleclions, and without having absolutely lost 
 any one species ; though many of our best specimens of the South Coast, 
 and all the living plants collected in the voyage perished in the wreck of 
 the Porpoise. - y. 
 
 The collection of Australian plants thus formed amounts to nearly 
 3900 species. But before embarking in the voyage of captain Flinders, J 
 
636 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Atistralis. 
 
 enjoyed no common advantages, through the liberality of Sir Joseph Banks, 
 in whose Herbarium I had not only access to nearly the whole of the impe- 
 des of plants previously brought from Terra Aiist ral is, but received speci- 
 mens of all those of which there were duplicates. Of these plants, exceeding 
 1000 species, the far greater part were collected by Sir Joseph Banks 
 himself, in the vosrasre in which New Sout^i Wales was discovered. The 
 rest were found at xAdventure Bay iii Van Diemen's Land, by Mr. David 
 Nelson, in the third voyage of captain Cook; at King Georges's Sound on 
 the south-west coast of New Holland, by Mr. Menzies, in captain Van- 
 couver's voyage ; and in the colony of New South Wales by several bota- 
 nists, especially the late colonel Paterson and Mr. David Burtoji. Since 
 my return from New Holland I have had opportunities of examining, in 
 the same Herbarium, many new species, found in New South Wales by 
 Mr. George Caley, an acute and indefatigable botanist, who resided nearly 
 ten years in that colony : and have received from the late colonel Paterson 
 several species discovered by himself within the limits of the colony of Port 
 Dalrymple ; which was establis^hed under his command. 
 
 I have also examined, in the Sherardian Herbarium at Oxford, the 
 greater part of the plants brought from Shark's Bay by the celebrated 
 navigator Dampitr, and have seen a few additional species from that and 
 other parts of the West Coast of Ne\v Holland, collected in the voyage of 
 captain Baudin. 
 
 The additional species obtained from all these collections are up- 
 wards of 300 ; my materials, tiierefore, for the commencement of a Flora 
 of Terra Australis amount to about 4200 species ; a small nuu)ber certainly 
 for a country nearly equal in size to the whole of Europe, but not incon- 
 siderable for the detached portions of its shores hitherto examined. 
 
 In Persoon's Synopsis, the latest general work on phtenogamous 
 plants, their number is nearly 21000, (he cryptogamous plants already 
 published, by various authors, exceed 6000 ; and if to these be added the 
 phsenogamous plants that have appeared in ditierent works since the pub- 
 lication of Persoon's Synopsis, and the unpublished spec.es of both classes 
 already existing in the collections of Europe, the number of plants at pre- 
 sent known may be estimated at 33000, even exclusive of those peculiar to 
 Terra Australis, ' 
 
 The observations in the present essay being chiefly on extensive 
 
 ^ I 
 
Primary Classes.1 APPENDIX. . - _ 537 
 
 tribes of plants they are necessarily arranged according to the natural 
 method. ' ' 
 
 Of this method the primary classes are Dicotyledones, Monocoty- 
 LEDOXEs, and Acotyledones. 
 
 These three divisions may be admitted as truly natural, and their 
 names, though liable to some exceptions, appear to me the least objection- 
 able of any hitherto proposed. 
 
 Of the Australian plants at present known, upwards of 2900 are Dico- 
 tyledonous ; 860 Monocotyledonous ; and 400 Acotyledonous, Ferns being 
 considered as such. • 
 
 It is well known that Dicotyledonous plants greatly exceed Monoco- 
 tyledonous in nunvber ; 1 am not however aware that the relative propor- 
 tions of these two primary divisions have any where been given, or that 
 it has been enquired how far they depend on climate. Into this subject I 
 can enter only very generally in the present essay. According to the 
 numbers already stated the Dicotyledones of Terra Australis are to the 
 Monocotyledones as rather more than 3 to 1, or somewhat less than 
 
 7 to 2. ;' ' . • 
 
 In Persoon's Synopsis, to which, as the latest general work, I again 
 refer, these two classes are to each other nearly as II to 2. But, from the 
 nature of this compilation, it may be assumed that certain difficult and ex- 
 tensive orders of Monocotyledones, especially Graminese and Cyperaceae, 
 are considerably under-rated ; an addition of 500 species to Monocotyle- 
 dones would make the relative numbers of the two classes as 9 to 2, which 
 I am inclined to think an approximation to the true proportion. 
 
 With a view to determine how far the relative proportions of these 
 two classes are influenced by climate, I have examined all the local cata- 
 logues or Floras which appeared most to be depended on, and have like- 
 wise had recourse to unpublished materials of great importance in arcer- 
 tainino- this point. The general results of this examination are, that from 
 the equator to 30° of latitude, in the northern hemisphere at least, the spe- 
 cies of Dicotyledonous plants are to Monocotyledones as about 5 to 1; in 
 some cases considerably exceeding, and in a very few foiling some ■ liat 
 short of this proportion ; and that in the higher latiiudes a gradual dimi- 
 
 VOL. II. 3 Z 
 
538 ■ APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 nation of Dicotyledones takes place, until in about 60" N. lat and 5-5° S. lat. 
 they scarcely equal half their intratropical proportion. 
 
 In conformity with these results the Dicotyledones should be to the 
 Monocotyledones of Terra Australis as nearly 9 to 2 ; whereas the actual 
 proportion as deduced from our materials is hardly 7 to 2 : blit it appears, 
 on arranging these materials geographically, that the relative proportions 
 of the different regions of Terra Australis itself, are equally at variance 
 with these results. About half the species of Australian plants at present 
 kno'vn have been collected in a parallel included between 33' and 35° S. 
 laL ; for this reason, and for one which will hereafter appear, I shall call 
 this the principal parallel. At the eastern extremity of this parallel, within 
 the limits of the colony of Port Jackson, where our materials are the 
 most perfect, the proportion of Dicotyledones to Monocotyledones does 
 not exceed 3 to 1. At the western extremity of the same parallel, in the 
 vicinity of King George's Sound, the proportion is but little different from 
 that of Port Jackson, being nearly as 13 to 4. At the south end of Van 
 Diemen's Island in 43"^ S. lat., it is fully 4 to 1. And with this proportion 
 that of Carpentaria, and I may add the whole of the aequiuoctial part of 
 New Holland, hitherto examined, very nearly agrees. 
 
 I confess I can perceive nothing, either in the nature of the soil or cli- 
 mate of Terra Australis, or in the circumstances under which our collections 
 were formed, to account for these remarkable exceptions to the general pro- 
 portions of the two classes in the corresponding latitudes of other countries. 
 
 With regard to the proportion of Acotyledones in Terra Australis, 
 it is necessary to premise that I consider my collections of some of the 
 Cryptogamous orders, especially of Fungi, as very imperfect. If, however, 
 300 species were added to the 400 actually collected, I believe it would 
 give an approximation to the true proportions, which on this supposition, 
 would be of Pheenogamous to Cryptogamous plants as nearly 11 to 2. 
 But the general proportipn of these two great divisions, as deduced from 
 the published materials, is very different from this, being nearly 7 to 2. 
 
 If we enquire in what degree these proportions are dependent on cli- 
 mate, we ftnd that in the more northern parts of Europe, as in Lapland and 
 even in Great Britain, Cryptogamous plants somewhat exceed the Phaj- 
 
Primary Classes.} APPENDIX. 53§ 
 
 noo'amous in number. In the south of Europe, even making allowance 
 for its beino; at present less perfectly examined, these proportions seem to 
 be inverted. And within the tropic, unless at very great heights, Cryp- 
 togamous plants appear to form liardly one-fifth of the whole number of 
 species. But their proportion in Terra Australis is still smaller than the 
 assumed intratropical proportion : for this, however, in the northern parts 
 of New Holland at least, the comparative want of shade and moisture, 
 conditions essential to the vegetation of several of these |ribes, •/ill in some 
 measure account; for at the southern extremity of Van Diemen's Island, 
 where the necessai-y conditions exist, the relative proportion of Cryptpga- 
 mous plants is not materially different from that of the south of Europe. 
 
 In that which 1 have called the principal parallel of New Holland, 
 however, Crj^togamous plants appear to be much less numerous than in 
 the corresponding latitudes of the northern hemisphere; and within the 
 tropic they probably do not form more than one-twelfth of the whole num- 
 ber of species. 
 
 In several of the islands of the Gulph of Carpentaria, having a Flora 
 of Phajnogamous plants exceeding 200 species, I did not observe a single 
 species of Moss. 
 
 From the three primary classes of plants already treated of I proceed 
 at once to those groups called Natural Orders or Families ; for the in- 
 termediate divisions are too much at variance with the natural series to 
 be made the subject of such general remarks as hav6 been already offered 
 on the primary classes, and which are equally admissible with respect to 
 the natural families. 
 
 A methodical, and at the same time a natural, arrangement of these 
 families is, in the existing state of our knowledge, perhaps impracticable. It 
 would probably facilitate its future attainment, ifntpresent, entirely neglect- 
 ing it, attention were turned to the combination of these orders into Classes 
 equally natural, and which,on a thorough investigation, might equally admit 
 of being defined. The existence of certain natural classes is already acknow- 
 ledged, and I have, in treating of the Australian natural families, ventured 
 to propose a few that are perhaps less obvious, still more however might 
 have been suggested had this been the place for pursuing the subject. 
 
5^0 :. APPENDIX. [Botcuiy of Terra Aiistralis, 
 
 The natural orders in the Genera Plantarum of Jussieu are exactly 
 100 ; subsequent observations of Jussieu himself and of other botanists 
 have considerably encreased their numbers, so that in the lately published 
 Theorie Elementaire de la Botanique of Decandolle they amount to 145. 
 
 The plants of Terra Australis are referable to 120 natural xjrders, 
 some of which are not included in DecandoUe's list. 
 
 On such of these as either c(jntribute largely to fofm the mass or 
 the striking peculiarities of the Australian vegetation, I proceed to offer a 
 few observations, chiefly on their geographical distribution, and more re- 
 markable points of structure : taking them nearly in the same series in 
 which they are given by Decandolle in the work already referred to. 
 
 MALVACEAE. The Malvaceae may be considered as a class including 
 several orders, namely, Malvacece of Jussieu,* Siercidiacees of yentenat,"^ 
 Chlenacece of Da Petit Thouars,X TiUacecB oi Jussieu, § and an order 
 very nearly related to the last, and perhaps gradually passing into itj 
 but wiiich I shall, in the mean time, distinguish under the name of 
 Buttneriacece 
 
 Of the Malvacece strictly so called, upwards of fifty species have been 
 observed in Terra Australis, where the maximum of the order appears to 
 be within the ti'opic. In the principal parallel Malvaceee are more abun- 
 dant at its eastern than its western extremity ; and at the south end of Van 
 Diemen's Island two species only have been observed. There is nothing 
 very peculiar in the structure or appearance of the New Holland plants of 
 this family ; most of ihem belong to genera already established, and several 
 of the species are common to other countries. - 
 
 BUTTNERIACE.*:.? The Australian portion of Buttneriacece 
 
 . * Gen.pl. 271. t Malmms. .91- % Plant, des isles d'Afrique, 46- 
 
 • II Gen.jyl 289. •• • ' , ' ' 
 
 ^ BuTTNEEiACE/E. Colyx 1-ph. 5-fid. aequalis, marcescens, testivatione valvat". 
 Petala b : vel basi saccata superne varie producta; vel miniita squamuliformia ; quan- 
 doque nulla. Stamina hypogyna, definlta : Filamenta antherifera cum laciniis calycis 
 alteinantia, siniplicia, vel 2-3 connata ; sterilihus quandoque alternantibus. Ovarium 
 .3-5-loculaie, loculis 2-polyspennis, ovulis erec.tis : Styli 3-5, saepiiis connati : Stigmata 
 
Natural Orders.'] APPENDIX. 541 
 
 consists of Abroma, Conimersonia, Lasiopetalum, and several unpublished 
 genera, intermediate to the two last. - 
 
 The greater part of the order exists in the principal parallel, very 
 few species have been observed within the tropic, and one oiiiy in Van 
 Diemen's Island. 
 
 Lasiopetalum, the most extensive genus of the family, was esta- 
 blished by Dr Smith,* who cons^idered it to belong to Ericeae. Ventenati* 
 taking a different view of its structure, has assigned some plausible rea- 
 sons for referring it to Rhamneae. From both these orders it appears to 
 me sufficiently distinct, and it is certainly more nearly related to the genera 
 with which 1 have placed it. 
 
 DILLENIACE^E. It was first, f believe, proposed by Mr. Salisbury 
 to separate Dillenia, Wormia, Hibbertia, and Candollea from the Magnolise 
 of Jussieu, and to form them into a distinct order, which he has called 
 Dillinecc. % It is remarkable that Decandolle, § who has adopted this 
 order, should also limit it to these genera, Jussieu || having previously 
 suggested the separation of Dillenia from Magnolise and its combination 
 with Tetracera and Curatella. genera which certainly belong to Dilleniaceae, 
 as do also Pleurandra of Labillardiere ? and Hemistemma of Du Petit 
 Thouars.** 
 
 1 he Dilleniaceae appear to be more abundant in Terra Australis than 
 in any other part of the world, nearly 70 Australian species having already 
 been observed ; most of these belong to Hibbertia and Pleurandra, both of 
 which are very generally diffused, their maximum, however, is in the prin- 
 cipal parallel, to the western extremity of which Candollea seems to be 
 limited. Hemistemma, "Wormia, and an unpublished genus remarkable 
 
 simplicia. Capsida 3-5-loc. Sem'ma : umbilico strophiolato. Emhri/o erectus, in axi 
 albumiiiis cRvnosl cujus dimldio longior. Frutices raro Arboie?, pnhe scepe stellar!. 
 Folia filferna, simplicia, siipidata, scepiu: dentafa. Pcdunciiii suhct/mosi, ojipositifolii ; 
 pedirellJs ulplurhnum bracfeatis. 
 
 * Linn. soc. transact. •), p. 21G. f Malmais. 59. Dec gen- nov. p. 7- 
 
 X Faradis. Lond- 73- § Annales du mus- 17? p- '00. 
 
 \ Annates du mus. 14. pp. 129-130. f Flant. Nov. Holl. 2. p. 5. 
 
 ** Gen- nov. Madagasc n. Gl. 
 
542 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 for its thickened filaments and flat leafless stems, are found only within 
 the tropic. The remaining' genera of the order have not yet been observed 
 in New Holland. 
 
 Magnoliaceae and Dilleniaceae appear to me to form two orders of 
 one natural class. These orders are sufficiently distinct from each other in 
 most cases, both in fructification and habit ; they are not, however, easily 
 defined. The ovaria, which are indefinite in number in the greater part of 
 Magnoliaceae, are also so in certain Dilleniaceae ; there are likewise exam- 
 ples in both orders, in which they are reduced to unity ; and the stipulation 
 of Magnoliaceae exists in Wormia. . - 
 
 PITTOSPORE/E.* Authors have generally been disposed to con- 
 sider Pittosporum, Bursaria, and Billardiera, as belonging to Rhamnese or 
 Celastrinae, from both of which they are certainly widely ditt'erenl ; and they 
 appear to me to constitute, along with some unpublished Australian 
 genera, a very distinct natural family. Pittospore^ form a small tribe 
 chiefly belonging to Terra Aastralis, where most of them have been ob- 
 served in the principal parallel ; but certain species of all the published 
 ffenera exist at the south end of Van Diemen's Island, and both Pitto- 
 sporum and Bursaria are found within the tropic. Pittosporum, the ordy 
 senus of the order which is not confined to Terra Australis, has the most 
 extensive range in that country, and has been found in many other parts of 
 the world, namely, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, the Society and Sandwich 
 Islands, the Moluccas, in China, Japan, and even Madeira. It has not, 
 however, been observed in any part of America. 
 
 POLYGALEi^. + The curious observation of Richard, that the arillus 
 
 * PirrospoRE^. Call/a; 5-^\\. (raio 1-ph. 5-fid.) ^stivatione imbricata. Pefala 5 : 
 unguibus conniventibus, nunc cohajventibus ; lamii-is patulis, aestivatione irnbricatis. 
 Stamina 5, liypogyna, distinita cum petalis alternantia. Ovuriiun loculis placentisve2-5 
 polysijerinis : Stylus 1 : Stigmata iiumero placentaium. Pericarpium capsulare vel 
 baccatuni, loculis polyspermis quandoque incompletis. Embryo ininiitus, prope umbiJicum, 
 inclusus albumine carnoso. Frutices vel Ai bores. Folia simplicia, alterua, exdipulata, 
 Flores terminates vel a.iiliures, quandoque polygami. 
 
 t PoLYGALE^. Calyx b-^h. raro 5-fid. aestivatione imbricata : seepius irregularis : fo- 
 
Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. . 543 
 
 of the seed, whether general or partial, is never found in the Dicotyledo- 
 nous orders with monopetalous flowers, seems to have determined Jussieu* 
 and other French botanists to remove Polygala, remarkable for its carun- ' 
 cula umbilicalis, from Rhinanthaceae with which they had placed it, and 
 to consider it, along with some nearly related genera, as forming a dis'linct 
 polypetalous order. They appear to me however, not to have taken so cor- 
 rect a view of the structure of its Corolla as Adanson,1' who very justly ob- 
 serves that both in this genus and Securidaca, which he rightly associates 
 with it, the apparently monopetalous corolla is made up of three petals, 
 united by means of the cohering filaments, the extei'nal sutures remaining 
 visible; but Adanson himself has not observed the minute rudiments of 
 two additional petals in Securidaca, the existence and position of which 
 assist in explaining the nature of the irregularity in Polygala, where no 
 such rudiments are found, but in which the corolla is in every other respect 
 very similar. A much nearer approach to regulai'ity, however, takes place 
 in an unpublished genus, having 5 petals, which, though irregular, are of 
 nearly equal size and similarly connected by the cohering filaments, likewise 
 5 in number. The essential characters of the order Polygaleae to which Kra- 
 meria, Monnina, Salomouia, and several unpublished genera also belong, 
 consist in the hypogynous insertion of its corolla, which is always irregular, 
 and frequently reduced to 3 petals, connected together by the cohering 
 filaments, whose atitherse are simple and bursting only at the top. 
 
 About 30 species of this order are found in Terra Australis ; these 
 are either Comespermaeor Polygalee, with a single species of Salomoniaof 
 
 liolis 2 lateralibus interioribus majoribus quandoque petaloideis; reliquorum duobus 
 anterioribus (respectu spicse) tertio postico. Petala 3-5, mediante tubo stamineoconncxa, 
 raro distincta. Sfmnina hypogyna, 8 (nunc 3-1 vel 5) : filamentis Infern^ connatis in 
 tubu'um hinc apertum inde petala connectentem : Antliera: simplices, basi inserts, poio 
 apicis deliiscentes. Ovarium 2-Ioc. (quandoque 1-3 loc) ovulissolitariis pendulis : Stilus 
 1; 6V?^7nfl!saspe bilabiatum. Pericarpiiim saspius capsulare, biloculare, bivalve, valvis 
 medio septigeris : nunc Drupa vd Samara. 1-2-sperm. Semina pendula, umbilico (in cap- 
 sularibus) strophiolato vel comoso. Embryo in axi albuminis carnosi vix longioris, quan- 
 doque (prBesertim in pericarpiis clausis) deficientis. Herbae vel Frutices, utphcrlmimi 
 glabi-i. Folia simplicia bidivisa alterna exst'ipidata. Flores spicati scBpius terminales. 
 * Annales du mus.l'i. p. 3S6. et seq. t Fam. des Plantes. 2, p. 3-18. 
 
Si4 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra AustraUs. 
 
 Loureiro, a genus which is certainly not monandrous, as that author affirms, 
 but hjs four connected filaments with distinct uniloculai* anthei'se, and 
 consequently half the number of stamina usually found in the order. Most 
 of the Comespermae exist in the principal parallel, and equally at both its 
 extremities ; several, however, are found beyond it, and in both directions ; 
 the genus extending from Arnhem's Land to. Adventure Bay. The 
 greater part of the Polygalae and the genus Salomonia exist only within 
 the tropic. 
 
 TREM A NDRE J^.* The genus Tetratheca of Dr. Smith and one very 
 nearly related to it, which I shall hereafter publish under the name of 
 Tremandra, constitute a small tribe of plants peculiar to Terra Australis. 
 For this tribe I prefer the name Tremandrete to that of Tetrathecaceae, as 
 it is more distinctly, and at the same time more correctly descriptive ofthe 
 structure of stamina in both genera; the four distinct cells in the ripe state 
 ofthe antherse not existing in Tremandra, nor even in all the species of 
 Tetratheca. In the quadrilocular antheraj ofthe latter genus there is in- 
 deed nothing peculiar, that being the original structure of all those antherae 
 which are commonly described as bilocular ; and the difference in this 
 case depending on the mode of bursting, which when lateral, necessarily 
 obliterates two of the septa, but when terminal, as in Tetratheca, admits 
 of their persistence. It is remarkable that both Dr. Smith and Labillar- 
 diere have mistaken the fungous appendix of the apex of the seed for an 
 umbilical caruncula, a mistake involving a second, that of considering- the 
 
 ' O -^ CD 
 
 seeds erect in the capsule, and which has led Labillardiere into a third 
 error, namely, describing the radicule of the embryo as pointing towards 
 this supposed umbilical appendix. 
 
 * Tremandrb^. Calyx 4-5-ph. sequalis, aestivatione valvata. Pctala 4-5, fequalia : 
 asstivatione involuta stamina incUidentia. Stamina 8-10, liypogyna, distincta : Antliera 
 2-'l-loculares, basi inseilse, poro tubulove apicis dehiscentes. Ovarium 2-loc. loculis 1-3- 
 spermis, ovulis pendulis : Stylus!: Stigmata 1-2. Caj9«(/a bilocularis, bivalvis, valvis 
 medio septigeris. Semina umbilico nudo : extremitate opposita appendiciilata ; albumi- 
 nosa. Embryo in axi albuminis carnosi cujus dimidio longior : radicula umbilicum 
 spectante. Fruticuli ericoides. Folia sparsa vel verticillata, exstipulata. VduncxAi 
 axillares, unijluri. 
 
Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 545 
 
 The Treinandreae are in several respects nearly related to Polygalese ; 
 they appear to me however sufficiently distinct, not only in the regularity 
 of the flower, and in the structure of antherae, but in the aestivation of both 
 calyx and corolla, in the appendix of the seed being situated at its apex, 
 and not at the umbilicus, and, I may also add, in a tendency to produce 
 an indefinite number of ovula in each cell of the ovarium. 
 
 The greater number of Treraandrese are found in the principal parallel 
 of New Holland,they extend also to the south end of Van Diemen's Island, 
 but none ha\ e been observed within the tropic. 
 
 DIOSME.^. To this natural order, in addition to the Australian 
 genera hereafter to be mentioned, and the south African genus from which ' 
 its name is derived, I refer Fagara, Zanthoxylon, Melicope, Jambolifera/ 
 Euodia, Pilocarpus, Empleurum, and Dictamnus : and four genera of gequi- 
 noctial America, namely, Cusparia of Humboldt and Bonpland, Ticorea 
 and Galipea of Aublet, and Monnieria, if not absolutely of this order, 
 belong at least to the same natural class. 
 
 Roth Ruta and Peganum may be annexed to Diosmese, but neither of 
 them are calculated to give a clear idea of the order, from the usual struc- 
 ture and habit of which they deviate in some important points; I have there- 
 fore proposed to derive the name of the family from one of its most extensive 
 and best known genera. The first section of Jussieu's Rutacece is sufficiently 
 different to admit of its being considered a distinct order, which may be 
 named Zygophylleae. 
 
 DiosmecB are numerous in Terra Australis, and form, at least in its 
 principal parallel and more southern regions, a striking feature in the vege- 
 tation. Nearly 70 species have been observed, of which the greater part 
 are referable to Boronia, Correa, Eriostemon, and Zieria, of Dr. Smith, and • 
 Phebalium of Ventenat. Of these genera Boronia is both the most exten- 
 sive and the most widely diffused, existing within the tropic, and extending 
 to the South end of Van Diemen's Island ; like the others, however, its 
 maximum is in the principal parallel, at both extremities of which it is 
 equally abundant. Correa, though extending to the south end of Van 
 Diemen's Island, is not found witiiin the tropic, nor was it observed at the 
 western extremity of the principal parallel ; in the intermediate part of 
 VOL. I!. 4 A ^ - . 
 
546 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 which, however, where many of the peculiarities in the vegetation of the 
 parallel are less remarkable, or entirely wanting, it may be said to abound, 
 
 Eriostemon, which appears to be most abundant at the eastern ex- 
 tremity of the principal parallel, has not been observed either at its western 
 extremity or intermediate part; it extends, however, to the south end of 
 Van Diemen's Island on the one hand, and within the tropic as far as En- 
 deavour River on the other. 
 
 Phebalium, very nearly related to Eriostemon, has like that genus its 
 maximum at the eastern extremity of the principal parallel, it is found also 
 at the western extremity of this parallel, and as far as the south end of Van 
 Diemen's Island, but it has not been observed within the tropic. 
 
 Zieria seems to be limited to the eastern extremity of the principal 
 parallel, and the more southern regions. 
 
 The most remarkable plant of the order with regard to structure, is 
 that imperfectly figured and described in Dampier's voyage.* Of this 
 genus, which may be named Diplol^na, I have examined Dampier's origi- 
 nal specimen in the Sherardian Herbarium at Oxford, and others recently 
 collected, also at Shark's Bay, in the voyage of captain Baudin, and have 
 ascertained that what appear to be calyx and corolla in this singular plant, 
 are in fact a double Involucrum containing many decandrous flowers, whose 
 Stamina and Pistilla exactly agree with those of the order, but of which 
 the proper floral envelopes are reduced to a few irregularly placed scales. 
 
 Another Australian genus of Diosmeae differs from the rest of the 
 order in having a calyx with ten divisions, an equal number of petals, and 
 an indefinite number of stamina with evidently perigynous insertion. 
 
 MYRTACE.^.i- This is one of the most extensive tribes in Terra 
 Australis, in which considerably above 200 species have already been ob- 
 served, and where the order is also more strikingly mi;dified than in any 
 other part of the world. It is very generally spread over Ihe whole of Aus- 
 tralia, but its maximum appears to be in the principal parallel. Many 
 observations might here with propriety be introduced on the more re- 
 markable structures which occur among the Australian Myrlaceae; I must 
 
 * Vol. 3, p. 110, tab. 3, f. 3. t Myrti. Jiiss. gen. 322. 
 
Natural Orders.'] APPENDIX. 54T 
 
 however, confine myself to a fevv remarks on the distribution of the most 
 extensive genera. 
 
 O^ Eucalyptus alone nealy 100 species have been already observed, 
 most of these are trees, many of them of great and some of enormous dimen- 
 sions. Eucalyptus globulus of Labiilardiere and another species peculiar to 
 the south end of Van Diemen's Island, not unfrequently attain the height of 
 150 feet, with a girth near the base of from 25 to 40 feet. In the colony of 
 Port Jackson there are also several species of great size, but none equal to 
 those of Van Diemen's Island : and no very large trees of this genus were 
 seen either on the south coast or in the aequinoctial part of New Holland, 
 Mr. Caley has observed within the limits of the colony of Port Jackson 
 nearly 50 species of Eucalyptus, most of which are distinguished, and have 
 proper names applied to them, by the native inhabitants, who from differ- 
 ences in the colour, texture, and scaling of the bark, and in the ramifica- 
 tion and general appearance of these trees, more readily distinguish them 
 than botanists have as yet been able to do. Eucalyptus, although so gene- 
 rally spread over the whole of Terra Australis, and so abundant as to form 
 at least four-fifths of its forests, is hardly found beyond this country. I am 
 acquainted with one exception only, in an additional species which is said 
 to be a native of Amboyna. 
 
 Next to Eucalyptus in number, is the beautiful genus Melaleuca, of 
 which upwards of 30 Australian species have already been observed, ex- 
 clusive of Tristauia, Calothamnus, Beaufortia, and an unpublished genus 
 which I separate from it. The maximum of Melaleuca exists in the prin- 
 cipal parallel, but it declines less towards the south than within the tropic, 
 where its species are chiefly of that section which gradually passes into 
 CaMistemon, a genus formed of those species of Metrosideros that have 
 inflorescence similar to that of Melaleuca, and distinct elongated filaments. 
 With the exception of two species of this section, namely, Melaleuca Leu- 
 cadendron, and M. Cajeputi, the genus Melaleuca appears to be confined 
 to Terra Australis. 
 
 Leptospermum, of which, nearly 30 Australian species have been 
 observed, exists also in New Zealand and in the/ Moluccas. In Terra Au- 
 stralis its maximum is decidedly in the principal parallel, and like Melaleu- 
 ca, it is much more abundant in the southern regions than within the tropic. 
 
548 
 
 APPENDIX. [Bofany of Terra Amtralis. 
 
 Bcechia, to which I refer Imbrlcaria of Dr. Smith, as well as the 
 opposite-leaved Leptospermums, is also an extensive Australian genus, 
 having its maximum in the principal parallel, extending like the two for- 
 mer genera to the highest southern latitude, and hardly existing within the 
 tropic : one species, however, has been found in New Caledonia, and that 
 from which the genus was formed is a native of China. 
 
 COMBRETACEiE.* I have formerly^ made some remarks on tha 
 structure and limits of Combretacese, one of whose principal characters 
 consists in the unilocular ovarium with two or more ovula simply pendulous 
 from the upper part of its cavity, and not inserted, as in Santalaceoe, into 
 a central receptacle or column. Guiera of Jussieu, having the same struc- 
 ture, and also leaves dotted with pellucid glands, appears to connect this 
 order with Myrtacece. 
 
 The Australian Corabretacete, which belong to Terminalia, Chuncoa, 
 and Laguncularia, are not numerous, and all of them are found within the 
 tropic. 
 
 CUNONIACE^ %. This order, several of whose genera have been 
 referred to Saxifrageae, is more readily distinguished from that family by its 
 widely different habit, than by any very important characters in its fructifi- 
 
 * CoMBRETACB^. Cahjx superus : limbo 4-5-fido, sequalL Petala 4-5. vel nulla. 
 Stamina 8-10 ; quandoque laciniis calycis eequalia et cum iisdem alternant'a. Ovarium 
 uniloculare, ovulis 2-4, ab apice loculi pendulis absque receptaculo communi vcl colu.iina 
 central! : Stylus 1 : Stigma 1. Pericarpium monospermum, clausum, fii^ura et textura 
 variuiii, Drupa v. Samara. Semen exalbuminosum. Embryo cotyledonibus saepius ii,vo- 
 lutis: plumula inconspicua. 
 
 . Arbores i)e/ Frutices. Folia simplicia, ititegra, exsti^mlata, alterna nunc opposita, 
 raro punctato-pellucida. Flores spicati, axillares. 
 
 f ProdrJl.7iuv. HoIl.Sr,l. 
 
 X CuNONiACEffi. Ca/y;r ]-ph. 4-5-fidus, semisuperus velinferus. Petala 4-5 ; raro 
 nulla. Stamina pevigyna, definita, 8-10. Ovarium biloculare, loculis 2-polvspermis : 
 Stylus 1-2. Pericarpium biloculare, capsulare vel clausunn. Embryo in axi albuminis 
 carnosi. 
 
 Arbores vel Frutices. Folia opposite, composita vel simplicia, scepius stipulata sti^ 
 pulis interpetiolaribus. 
 
Natural Orders.1 APPENDIX. ^ 549 
 
 cation ; like Saxifrageae also it comprehends genera with ovarium superum 
 
 and infemm. 
 
 The genera strictly belonging to Ctmoniaceee are Weinmaniiia, 
 
 Cunonia, Ceratopetalum, Calycomis, and Codia. To this order Bauera 
 
 may also be referred, but it must form a separate section from the genera 
 
 already mentioned. Of these JVemmannia, Ceratopetalum, and Calycomis 
 
 are found in Terra Australis, and hiiherto, only at the eastern extremity of 
 
 its principal parallel, where also Baveni is most abundant ; but this gt nus 
 
 is found beyond the parallel in one direction, extending to the southern 
 
 extremity of Van Diemen's Island. 
 
 RHIZOPHOKEiE.* The genera Rhizophora, Bruguiera, and Ca- 
 rallia, ail of which are found in the ^equinoctial part of New Holland, form 
 a distinct natural order which may be called Rhizophorece. This order agrees 
 with CunoniacesB in its opposite leaves and intermediate stipulse, and with 
 great part of them in the aestivation of its calyx, and in the structure and 
 cohesion of the ovarium. From these it differs chiefly in the want of Albu- 
 men and greater evolution of its Embryo. Jussieut has combi.ied Rhi- 
 zophora and Bruguiera with Loranthus and Viscum, neglecting some very 
 obvious, and, as they appear to me, important differences in the flower, 
 and probably never having had an opportunity of comparing the very dis- 
 tinct structures of their ovaria ; the affinity too of Rhizophorese to Cuno- 
 niaceae is unquestionable, and it will hardly be proposed to unite both 
 these tribes with Loranthus, which I consider as even more nearly related 
 to Proteaceae. 
 
 HALORAGEiE. The greater part of the genera of which this order is 
 composed, have been referred to Onagrare8e,to certain parts of which tliey 
 no doubt very nearly approach ; but it must appear rather paradoxical to 
 unite Fuchsia in the same family with Myriophyllum and even Hippuris, 
 
 » Rhizophore^. Calyx superus, 4-5-fidus, asstivatione valvata. Petala 4-5. 5i!a- 
 OTH2« perigyna, 8-15. Ot^ajiwrn 2-loc. loculis 2-polyspermis ovulis peiidulis : Sfi/lns 1. 
 Pericarpium clausum, monospermum. Semen exalLuminosum. Embryo saepe genni» 
 nans et pericarpium semibuperucn pe.furaiis. 
 
 Aibores. Folia opposita, simplicia, stipulis interpetiolaribus, 
 
 t Annales da mus. 12. jj. 28sJ. 
 
550 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 and it would be in vain to attempt a definition of an order composed of such 
 heterogeneous materials. By the separation of the order here proposed it 
 becomes at least practicable to define Onagrarise. It is still however, 
 difficult to characterise Halorageae, which will probably be best understood 
 by considering as the type of the order the genus Haloragis, from which all 
 the others differ by the suppression of parts or separation of sexes. Thus 
 Meionectes, an unpublished genus of New Holland, is reduced to half the 
 number of parts both of flower and fruit. Proserpinaca is deprived of petals 
 and of one fourth of all the other parts. Mtriopliyllvm, which is monoecious, 
 has the complete number of parts in the male flower, but in the female 
 wants both calyx and corolla ; what several authors liave described as 
 petals being certainly bracteae. 
 
 Serpicula differs from Myriophyllum in having only half the number 
 of stamina in the male flower, and in its unilocular four-seeded ovarium. 
 
 Hippuris, though retaining the habit of Myriophyllum, yet having a 
 monandrous hermaphrodite flower without petals, and a single-seeded ova- 
 rium, is less certainly reducible to this order : and it may appear still more 
 paradoxical to unite with it Callilriche. in which, however, I am inclined to 
 consider what authors have denominated petals as rather analogous to the 
 bracteae in the female flower of Myriophyllum and Serpicula, and to both 
 these genera Callitriche in the structure of its pistillum, and even in habit 
 very nearly approaches. ^ 
 
 The Australian genera of this order are Haloragis, Meionectes, Myrio- 
 phyllum, and Callitriche. 
 
 Of Haloragis, many new species have been observed in Terra Aus- 
 tralis, in every part of which this genus is found, most abundantly however 
 at both extremities of the principal parallel. 
 
 That Gonocarpus really belongs to the same genus, I am satisfied 
 from an examination of original specimens sent by Thunberg himself, to 
 Sir Joseph Banks, for in these I find not only petals, but eight stamina and 
 a quadrilocnlar ovarium. 
 
 LEGUMINOS^.* This extensive tribe may be considered as a 
 class divisible into at least three orders, to which proper names should be 
 
 * Juss. gen. 345. 
 
Natural Orders:] APPENDIX. 651 
 
 given. Of the whole class about 2000 species are at present published, 
 and in Terra Australis, where this is the most numerous family, consider- 
 ably more than 400 species have already been observed. 
 
 One of the three orders of Leguminosae which is here for the first time 
 proposed may be named Mimose^.. It consists of the Linnean Mimosa, 
 recently subdivided by Willdenow into five genera, along \vith Adenanthera 
 and Prosopis. 
 
 This order is sufficiently distinguished from both the others by the 
 hypogynous insertion and valvular sestivation of its corolla, which being 
 perfectly regular differs in this respect also from the greater partof Lomen- 
 taceae and from all the Papilionaceae. ' 
 
 Nearly the whole of the Australian species of the Linnean genus 
 Mimosa belong to ^c«cia of Willdenow, as it is at present constituted; 
 and about nine-tenths of the Acaciee to his first division of that genus, de- 
 scribed by him as having simple 1 aves, but which is in reality aphyllous ; 
 the dilated foliaceous footstalk performing the functions of the true com- 
 pound leaf, which is produced only in the se'^dling" plant, or occasionally in 
 the more advanced state in particular circumstances, or where plants have 
 been injured. ■ ' 
 
 The great number of species of Acacia having this remarkable oeco- 
 nomy in Terra Australis forms one of the most striking peculiarities of its 
 vegetation. Nearly 100 species have already been observed ; more than 
 half of these belong to the principal parallel, at both extremities of which 
 they appear to be equally abundant ; they are however very generally dif- 
 fused over the whole country, existing both on thcliorth coast of New Hol- 
 land, and at the south end of Van Diemen's Island. But though the leaf- 
 less Acacise are thus numerous and general in Terra Australis, they appear 
 to be very rare in other parts of the \vorld ; none of the Australian species 
 are found in other countries, and at present I am acquainted with only seven 
 additional species, of which five are natives of the intratropical Islands of 
 the Southern hemisphere; the sixth was observed in Owliyhee, and is said to 
 be the largest tree in the Sandwich Islands ; the seventh is 31miosa stellata 
 of Loureiro, upon whose authority it entirely rests. 
 
 The second order, Lomentace^ or CyESALPiNE^E, comprehends all 
 the genera having perigynous stamina, a corolla whose aestivation is not 
 
552 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Amfralis. 
 
 valvular, and which though generally irregular is never papilionaceous. 
 To these characters may be added the straight Embryo, in which they 
 agree with Mimosere, but differ from all the Papilionactse except Arachis 
 
 and Cercis. 
 
 The Lomentacess of New Holland are not numerous, and consist 
 chiefly of the genus Cassia, the greater part of whose species grow within 
 the tropic. On the east coast they probably do not extend beyond 35° lat. ; 
 and on the south coast only one species has been observed, it was found in 
 32'' S. lat. and is remarkable in being aphyllous, with dilaled footstalks 
 exactly like the Acacise already noticed. 
 
 The third order, Papilio.vace^, which comprehends about three- 
 fourths of the whole class at present known, includes also nearly the same 
 proportion of the Auslralian Leguminosse. 
 
 Papilionacese admit of subdivision into several natural sections, but 
 in Terra Australis they may be divided almost equally, and without vio- 
 lence to natural affinities, into those with connected and those with distinct 
 stamina. 
 
 The decandrous part of the whole order bears a very small propor- 
 tion to the diadel pilous, which in Persoon's synopsis is to the former as 
 nearly 30 to I, while in Terra Australis, as I have already staled, the two 
 tribes are nearly equal. 
 
 This remarkably increased proportion of Decandrous Papilionaceous 
 plants, forms another peculiarity in the vegetation of New Plolland, where 
 their maximum exists in the principal parallel. They are not so generally 
 spread over the whole of Terra x\usLralis, as the leafless Acaciae, for although 
 they extend to the southern extremity of Van Diemen's Island, they are 
 - even there less abundant, and very few species have been observed within 
 the tropic. Papilionaceous plants with distinct stamina do not in fact form 
 a very natural subdivision of the whole order, though those of New Holland, 
 •with perhaps one or two exceptions, may be considered as such : this Aus- 
 tralian portion, however, forms nearly three- fourths of the whole section, ai 
 present known : the remaining part, consisting of genera, most of which are 
 very different, both from each other and from those of Terra Australis, are 
 found at the Cape of Good Hope, in sequinoctial and north x\frica, in the 
 ' ditierent regions of America, in New Zealand, in India, very sparingly in 
 
Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. . 553 
 
 North Asia, and lastly in the South of Europe, where, however, only two 
 species have been observed, namely, Anagyris foetida, and Cercis Siliquas- 
 trum ; but the latter having- a straight Embryo and a habit approaching to 
 that of Bauhinia, rather belongs to Lomentaceae. 
 
 Among the Diadelphous genera of Terra Australis the most remark- 
 able in habit and structure, namely Platylobium, Bossisea, Hovea, Scottia, 
 and Kennedia, are found chiefly in the principal parallel and higher lati- 
 tudes ; within the tropic the greater part of these cease to exist, and 
 most of the genera which there occur are common to other countries, espe- 
 cially India. 
 
 ATHEROSPERME.E.* Jussieu in his excellent memoir on Moni- 
 raieEef has referred Pavonia of Ruiz and Pavouand Atherosperma of Labil- 
 lardiere to that order, from the other genera of which, namely, Ambora, 
 Mouimia, and Ruiza, they appear to me very different, not only in the inser- 
 tion of the seed, in the texture of the albumen, and relative size of the Em- 
 bryo, but in having antheres similar to those of Laurinae. I separate them 
 therefore into a distinct family with the name of Atherosperme^. The 
 propriety of this separation is confirmed by the discovei-y of two New Hol- 
 land plants, evidently belonging to this family, but which have hermaphro- 
 dite flowers ; a structure not likely to occur in Monimieae, in which what 
 has been termed calyx is more properly an involucrum. 
 
 The place of Atherospermese in the natural series is not very easily 
 determined. It is singular that differing so widely as they certainly do in most 
 parts of their structure from Laurinae they should notwithstanding agree with 
 them, in the oeconomy of their Antherae, and very remarkably with some of 
 them in their sensible qualities. Of the three Australian plants of this order- 
 
 * Atherosperme^. Flores diclines vel liermaphroditi. Calyx monopliyllus, limbo 
 diviso : laciois ssepe duplici serie, interiorlbus omnibusve semipetaloideis : Squamuleejaiccis 
 in fernineis et liermaphroditis. Corolla nulla. Stamina in masculis floribus numerosa, 
 fundo calyc'is inserta, squamulis aucta; in bermaphroditis pauciora, fauce imposita: An- 
 thercE adnata;, biloculares, loculis valvula longitudinal! a basi ad apicem debiscenti. Ovaria 
 uno plura, ssepius indefinita, monosperma, ovulo erecto : Sii/li simplices, nunc laterales v. 
 basllares : Stigmata indivisa. Pericarpia elausa seminiformia, stylis persistentibus plu- 
 mosis aristata, tubo aucto calycis inclusa. Embryo erectus brcvis, in basi albuminis carnosi 
 mollis, " 
 
 Arbores. Folia opposita simpUcia exstipulata. Pedunculi axillares, unijlori. 
 
 t Annales du museum, I'i.p. 116. 
 
 VOL. II. 4 B 
 
 V 
 
S54 * • - APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australii. 
 
 two are found in the colony of Port Jackson, the third through the whole 
 of Van Diemen's Island. Pavonia of the Flora Peruviana (Laurelia of Jus- 
 sieu), a native of a similar climate, and possessing the same sensible 
 qualities, is more nearly related to Atherosperma than is generally sup- 
 posed, differing from it merely in the oblong form and regular bursting of its 
 female calyx. 
 
 RHAMNE^. Into this order I admit such genera only as have 
 ovarium cohering more or less with the tube of the calyx, of which the 
 lacinise have a valvular aestivation ; stamina equal in number to these laci- 
 niae, and alternating with them ; an ovarium with two or three cells and 
 a single erect ovulum in each ; an erect Embryo generally placed in the 
 axis of a fleshy albumen, or entirely without albumen : the petals, which 
 are opposite to the stamina, and inclose the antherae in their concave 
 laminae, are in some cases wanting. 
 
 With these characters Rhamnus, Ziziphus, Paliurus, Ceanothus 
 (from which Pomaderris is hardly distinct), Colletia, Cryptandra, Phylica, 
 Gouania, Ventilago, and probably Hovenia correspond. In comparing this 
 description of Rhamneae with that of Buttneriaceae formerly given, they will 
 be found to coincide in so many important points, that the near relationship 
 of these two orders cannot be doubted, and thus an unexpected affinity seems 
 to be proved between Rhamneae and Malvaceae. 
 
 In Terra Australis upwards of 30 species of Rhamneae, belonging to 
 Ziziphus, Ceanothus, Pomaderris, Colletia and Cryptandra, have been ob- 
 served, and chiefly in its principal parallel or southern regions. 
 
 CELASTRINiE.* This order comprehends the greater part of the 
 two first sections of the Rhamni of Jussieu ; it is obviously different from 
 the more limited order of Rhamneae, which I have already attempted to de- 
 
 * Celastrin^. Ca/yx 4-5 partitus, sestivatione imbricata. Petafa 4-5. Stamina to- 
 tidem, cum petalis alternantia, insertione ambigu^ perlgyna. Ovarium libcrum, 2-4 
 loculare loculus l-polyspiiimis, ovvilis erectis (raro pendiilis) : Sty/us 1-4. Pericarpiiim 
 capsulare, vel clausum (Baccatum, Drupaceum vel alatiiin.) Semina in capsulaiibus 
 arillata. Embryo fere longitudine alljuininis carnosi, axilis. 
 
 Frutires vel Ai bores. Folia simplicia (rard composita) alterna vel opposita^stipulata 
 ttipulis scEpius minutis, quandoque 7iullis, . 
 
Natural Orders.} APPENDIX. 5o5 
 
 fine and in many respects so nearly approaches to the Hippocralicece of 
 Jussieu,* that it may be doubted whether they ought not to be united. 
 
 In New Holland the Celastrinae are not numerous, nor do they form 
 any part of its characteristic vegetation : their distribution is somewhat 
 diiferent from that of Rharanese, for they are found either in the principal 
 parallel, or within the tropic. . . • 
 
 STACKHOUSE.^.t Stackhousia of Dr. Sraith,X and an unpublished 
 genus, exactly agreeing with it in flower, but remarkably different in fruit, 
 form a small tribe of plants, sufficiently distinct from all the natural orders 
 hitherto established. I have placed it between Celastrinae and Euphor- 
 biaceae ; to both of which, but especially to the former, it seems to be re- 
 lated in a certain degree, ' 
 
 The Stackhouseee are peculiar to Terra Australis, and though found 
 chiefly in its principal parallel, extend more sparingly both to the south- 
 ern extremity of Van Diemen's Island, and to the north coast of New 
 Holland. 
 
 EUPHORBIACEx^.§ This is an extensive and very general family, of 
 which about 100 species have already been observed in Terra Australis. 
 Of these the greater part exist within the tropic, but the order extends to 
 the southern extremity of Van Diemen's Island, and the greater number 
 of the genera peculiar to this country are found in the principal parallel or 
 higher latitudes. 
 
 * ^7i7iales du mus. IS. p. 486. 
 
 f Stackhousb^. Calyx 1-ph. 5-fidus, sequalis : tubo ventricoso. Petala 5, ffiqualia, 
 summo tubo calycis inserta : unguibus cohaerentibus in tubum calyce longiorem ; laminis 
 angustis stellato-patulis. Stamina 5, distincta inaequalia (duo alterna breviora), fauci 
 calycis inserta. Ovanu7n\iheium,'6-5-\ohum, lobis discretis, monospermis, ovulise rectis : 
 Str/li 3-5, nunc basi cohsrentes : Stigmata indivisa. Pericarpium 3-5-coccum, coccis 
 evalvibus, apti lis v. alatis ; columna centrali persistent!. Embryo erectus axilis, longitudine 
 fere albuminis tarnosi. 
 
 Herbae. Folii simplicia, integerrima, sparsa, qitandoqiie minuta : Sii^\x\^ later ales 
 minutissimce. ^pica termiimlis ; Jloribus tribracteatis. 
 
 X Linn. soc. transact, 4. p, 218. § Jus. gen. 384- 
 
556 
 
 APPENDIX, [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 The species of Enphorbta are not numerous in Terra Australis, 
 most of them are intratropical plants, and all of them are referable 
 to one section of the genus. It appears to me that the name of the order 
 ought not to be taken from this genus, which is so little calculated to 
 afford a correct idea of its structure that authors are still at variance 
 in the names and functions they assign to several parts of the flower. 
 The view I take of the structure oi Euphorbia is, in one important particu-. 
 lar at least, different from those given by Lamarck,* Ventenat,1' Richard 1% 
 and DecandoUe, § though possibly the same that Jussieu has hinted at ; || 
 so briefly, however, and I may add obscurely, that if his supposition be 
 really analogous to what I shall presently offer, he has not been so under- 
 stood by those who profess to follow him in this respect. 
 
 With all the authors above quoted, I regard what Linneus has called 
 Calyx and Corolla in Euphorbia as an Involucrum, containing several male 
 flowers which surround a single female. By some of these authors the male 
 flowers are described as monandrous, and in this respect, also, I agree with 
 them ; but the body which all of them describe as a jointed filament, I 
 consider to be made up of two very distinct parts, the portion below the joint 
 being the footstalk of the flower, and that above it the proper filament : but 
 as the articulation itself is entirely naked, it follows that, there is no peri- 
 anthium ; the filiform or laciniated scales, which authors have considered as 
 such, being on this supposition analogous to bractese ; The female flower, 
 in conformity with this supposition, has also its pedunculus, on the dilated, 
 and in a few cases obscurely lobed, apex of which the sessile ovarium is 
 placed. If this be a correct view of the structure of Euphorbia, it may be 
 expected that the true filament, or upper joint of what has commonly been 
 called fi'ament, should, as in other plants, be produced subsequent to the 
 distinct formation of the anthera, which consequently will be found at first 
 sessile on the lower joint or peduncule, after that has attained nearly its full 
 length ; and accordingly this proves to be the case in such species as I have 
 examined. Additional probability is given to this view by the difference 
 
 * Encyclop. hotan- 4. j). 413. 
 
 X In Michaux,Jl. bor, amer. 2. p. 209. 
 
 I Gen. pi. 386. 
 
 t Tableau, 3. jw. 487- 
 § Flor. Franc. 3.p, 329. 
 
Natural Orders:] APPENDIX. - 55T 
 
 existino- between the surfaces of the two joints in some species. I con- 
 sider it, however, as absolutely proved by an unpublished genus of this 
 order, having an involucrura nearly similar to that of Euphorbia, and like 
 it, inclosing several fasciculi of monandrous male flowers, surrounding 
 a single female ; but which, both at the joint of the supposed filament, 
 and at that by whicli the ovarium is connected with its pedicellus, has 
 an obvious perianthium, regularly divided into lobes. 
 
 UMBELLIFERiE.* This order maybe considered as chiefly Euro- 
 pean, having its maximum in the temperate climates of the northern 
 hemisphere ; in the corresponding southern parallels it is certainly much 
 less frequent, and within the tropics very few species have been observed. 
 In Terra Australis the Umbelliferae, including a few Araliae, which be- 
 long at least to the same natural class, exceed 50 species. The greater 
 part of these are found in the principal parallel, in which also those genera 
 deviating most remarkably from the usual structure of the order occur. 
 The most singular of these is Actinotus of Labillardiere,*!" which differs 
 from the whole order in having a single ovulum in the vmimpregnated 
 ovarium. A second genus, which I shall hereafter publish with the 
 name of Leiicolfsna, is worthy of notice on account of the great apparent 
 y differences of inflorescence existing among its species ; which agree in . 
 habit, in the more essential parts of fructification, and even in their re- 
 markable involucelia. Of this genus, one species has a compound umbel 
 of four many flowered radii; a second has an umbel of three rays with 
 two or three flowers in each ; several others, still retaining the compound 
 umbel, which is proved by the presence of their involucelia, have from 
 four to two single-flowered rays : and lastly one species has been observed, 
 which is reduced to a single flower ; this flower, however, is in fact the 
 remaining solitary ray of a compound umbel, as is indicated by the two 
 bracteae on its footstalk, of which the lower represents the correspond- 
 ing leaf of the general involucrum, while the upper is evidently similar t« 
 the involucellum of the two-rayed species of the genus. 
 
 * Jus, gen. 218. 
 
 \ Nov. holl.pl. spec. 1. p. 67. t, 92. Eriocalia Smith exot. bat- 2. p. 37- 
 
558' ' APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 COMPOSVTM* Of this family, which is the most extensive among 
 Dicotyledones, upwards of 2500 species have been ah'eady described. 
 About 300 are at present known in Terra Australis, in which therefore the 
 proportion of Compositse to its Dicotyledonous plants is considerably smaller 
 than that of the whole order to Dicotyledones generally, and scarcely half 
 that which exists in the Flora of South Africa. It is also inferior in number 
 of species to Leguminosse, like which it seems expedient to consider it as a 
 class including several natural orders. Of these orders Cichoraceai and 
 Cinarocephalce are comparatively very rare in Terra Australis, not more 
 than ten species of both having hitherto been observed. 
 
 The class therefore chiefly consists of Corymhiferce^ which are very 
 generally diffused, they are however evidently less numerous within the 
 tropic, and their maximum appears to exist in Van Diemen's Island. Co- 
 rymbiferae may be subdivided into sections and the greater part of the genera 
 peculiar to Terra Australis belong to that section which may be named 
 GnaphaloidecB, and exist either in the principal parallel or higher latitudes. 
 
 The whole of Compositce agree in two remarkable points of structure 
 in their corolla; which, taken together at least, materially assist in deter- 
 mining the limits of the class. The first of these is its valvular aestivation^ 
 this, however, it has in common with several other families. The second 
 I believe to be peculiar to the class, and hitherto unnoticed. It consists 
 in the disposition of its fasciculi of A^essels, or nerves ; these, which at their 
 origin are generally equal in number to the divisions of the corolla, instead 
 of being placed opposite to these divisions and passing through their axes, as 
 in other plants, alternate with them ; each of the vessels at the top of the 
 tube dividing into two equal branches running parallel to and near the 
 margins of the corresponding lacinia?, within whose apices they unite. 
 These, as they exist in the whole class, and are in great part of it the only 
 vessels observable, may be called primary. In several genera, however, 
 other vessels occur, alternating with the primary and occupying the axes of 
 the lacinise : in some cases these secondary vessels, being most distinctly 
 visible in the laciniae, and becoming gradually fainter as they descend the 
 tube, may be regarded as recurrent ; originating from the united apices of 
 
 * Adans.fam. 2. p. 103. Decand. theor. elem. 216". 
 
Natural Orders.'] APPENDIX. 559 
 
 the primary branches ; but in other cases '.vhere they are equally distinct at 
 the base of the tube, this supposition cannot be admitted. A raonopetalous 
 corolla not splitting at the base is nece'-:<arily coiinected with this struc- 
 ture, which seems also peculiarly well adapted to the dense inflorescence 
 of Compositae ; the vessels of the corolla and stamina being united, and so 
 disposed a^ to be least liable to suffer by pressure. 
 
 As this disposition of vessels is found in Ambrosia and Xanthiura 
 they ought not to be separated from Compositae as Richard* has proposed ; 
 and as it does not exist in Brunonia I prefer annexing that genus to Giod- 
 enoviae, with which it agrees in the peculiar indusiura of the Stigma. 
 
 GOODENOVI^.i' This order I have formerly separated from 
 Campanulaceae, considering the peculiar membranous cup surrounding 
 the stigma, along vvith a certain irregularity in the corolla, as sufficient dis- 
 tinguishing characters, especially as these are accompanied by other differ- 
 ences which appear to me important. In Goodenoviae I have not included 
 Lobelia, which, however, has also an irregular corolla, and although it 
 wants the peculiar indusium of the stigma, has in its place a fascicnius or 
 pencil of hairs surrounding that organ. This structure has been regarded 
 by Jussieu and Richard, in a very leared memoir, more recently written on 
 the subject, X analogous to the indusium of Goodenoviae, to which they have 
 therefore added Lobelia and derived the name of the order from this, its 
 most extensive and best known genus. To the opinion of these authors I 
 hesitate to accede, chiefly for the following reasons : 
 
 1st. In Goodenoviae the deeper fissure of the tube of the corolla 
 exists on its inner or upper side, a circumstance readily determined in those 
 species having simple spikes. In Lobelia, on the other hand, the corres- 
 ponding fissure is on the outer or lower side, a fact, however, vvhich can 
 only be ascertained before the opening of the corolla, the flowers in the 
 greater number of species becoming resupinate in the expanded state, a 
 circumstance that does not appear to have been before remarked. The re- 
 lation therefore not only of the corolla but of the calyx and stamina to the 
 axis of inflorescence, is different in these two tribes. 
 
 * u4nnales du mus. 8, p. 184. f Prodr.fi- nov. holl- 573. 
 
 X Annates dumus. 19:. p. \. 
 
560 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 2dly. In Goodenovise the greater part of the tube of tlie corolla is 
 formed by the cohesion of five laciniae, the distinct inflected margins of 
 which are in most cases visible nearly to its base ; these laciniae are in some 
 cases unconnected, as in Diastasis, and more remarkably still in Cyphia, 
 whichis actually pentapetalous. I have observed no such structure in Lobelia. 
 
 3dly. At the period of bursting of the Antherae the stigma in Lobelia 
 is almost completely evolved, and capable of receiving impregnation from 
 the pollen of the same flower ; the function therefore of its surrounding 
 pencil, is similar to that of the hairs which are almost equally obvious in 
 many Compositae, especially Cinarocephalse. On the contrary in Gooden- 
 oviffi the stigma at the same period, is hardly visible, and is certainly not 
 then capable of receiving impregnation from the pollen of its proper flower ; 
 it is therefore either impregnated by the antherae of diff'erent flowers, or in 
 some cases at a more advanced stage by the pollen of its own antherae, 
 which is received and detained in the ludusium. To these arguments for 
 the exclusion of Lobelia I may add that in the greater part of Goodenoviae 
 with dehiscent fruit, the dissepiment is parallel to the valves of the cap- 
 sule, in which respect they difl"er equally from Lobelia and the valvular- 
 fruited CampanulaceoB ; and lastly, that many species of Lobelia as well as 
 Campanulaceae contain a milky juice of which there is no instance in 
 Goodenoviae. If therefore in Lobelia tlie pencil surrounding the stigma 
 and the irregularity of the corolla, which, how^ever, in some species is 
 hardly perceptible, be considered as characters sufficient to separate this 
 extensive genus from Campanulaceae, it may form a separate order admit- 
 ting, perhaps, of subdivision into several distinct genera. 
 
 I have formerly observed* that in two genera of Goodenoviae, namely, 
 Euthales and Velleia, the base of the corolla coheres with the ovarium 
 while the calyx remains entirely distinct. This structure I had stated as 
 being peculiar to these genera, and as in some degi'ee invalidating one of 
 Jussieu's arguments for considering the floral envelope of Monocotyledones 
 as calyx rather than corolla. The fact, however, seems not to be admitted 
 by Richard, who in the dissertation already quoted'!' describes what has 
 hitherto been called calyx in Velleia as bracteae : a view of the structure 
 which in tliose species of that genus having triphyllous calyx, may appear 
 
 * Prodr.Ji. nov.holl. 580. f Annales du mus. IS. p. 17. 
 
Natural Orders.^ APPENDIX. 561 
 
 pliiisible, but of which the probability is diminished even in those with 
 pentaphyllous calyx, and still more in Euthales, where the calyx is also 
 tubular. But a stronger argument for the part usually denominated calyx 
 being in these genera really such, may be derived from certain species of 
 Goodenia, in which it will be admitted that both calyx and corolla are 
 present, and where though both these envelopes adhere to the ovarium, 
 they may be separately traced to its base ; the coloured corolla being 
 plainly visible in the interstices of the foliaceous caJyx. 
 
 Goodenovise, whose maximum exists in the principal parallel of New 
 Holland, are n€arly but not absolutely confined to Terra Australis ; the only 
 known exceptions to this consist of the genus Cyphia, which is peculiar to 
 Africa, and chiefly occurs at the Cape of Good Hope ; of some species of 
 Sccevola which are found within the tropics ; and of Goodenovia littoralis, 
 vv^hich is common to the shores of Terra Australis and New Zealand, and ac- 
 cording to Cavanilles is also a native of the opposite coastof South America. 
 
 STYLIDE^^.* This order, consisting of Stylidium, Levenhookia, 
 andForstera, I have formerly separated from Campanulaceae, on account of 
 its reduced number of stamina, and the remarkable and intimate cohesion 
 of their filaments with the style, through the whole length of both organs. 
 It differs also both from Campanulacese and Goodenovise in the imbricate 
 «estivation of the corolla, and where its segments are unequal in the nature 
 of the irregularity. In the relation which the parts of its flower have to 
 the axis of inflorescence, and in the parallel septum of its capsule, it 
 agrees with Goodenovise and differs from Lobelia, which, however, in some 
 other respects it more nearly resembles. 
 
 Very different descriptions of the sexual organs in this tribe, and 
 especially of the female, have been given by several French botanists. 
 According to Richard the lateral appendices of the labellum in Stylidium 
 are the real stigmata, the style being consequently considered as cohering 
 with the tube of the corolla, and the column as consisting of stamina only. 
 This view of the structure demands particular notice, not only from the 
 respect to which its author is himself intitled, but because it has also been 
 adopted by Jussieu,*!" whose arguments in support of it, and against the 
 
 * Prodr. fl. 710V. holh 565. \ Annales dumus. i8. p. 7- 
 
 VOL. II. 4 C 
 
 N«. 
 
#562 APPENDIX, [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 common opinion, may be reduced to three. 1st. Were the common opi- 
 nion admitted, the difficulty of conceiving so wide a difference in what he 
 terms insertion of Stamina, in two orders so nearly related as Campanula- 
 ceae and Stylideae obviously are : 2dly. The alleged non-existence of the 
 Stigma, which preceding authors had described as terminating the column : 
 and lastly the manifest existence of another part, which, both from its ap- 
 pearance and supposed origin is considered as capable of performing the 
 function of that organ. 
 
 In opposition to these arguments it may be observed, that the real 
 origin of the Stamina is in both orders the same, the apparent difference 
 arising simply from their accretion to the female organ in Stylideae, a ten- 
 dency to which may be said to exist in Lobelia. The inability to detect 
 the Stigma terminating the column in Stylidium must have arisen from the 
 imperfection of the specimens examined, for in the recent state, in which 
 this organ is even more obvious than in Goodenoviae at the time of bursting 
 of the antherae, it could not have escaped so accurate an observer as Richard ; 
 and were it even less manifest in Stylidium, its existence would be suffici- 
 ently confirmed from the strict analogy of that genus with Levenhookia, 
 whose stigma, also terminating the column, consists of two long capillary 
 laciniae, which are in no stage concealed by the antherae. 
 
 With respect to the part considered as Stigma by Richard, I have 
 formerly observed that it is obsolete in some species of Stylidium and 
 entirely wanting in others,* and there is certainly no trace of any thing 
 analogous to it in Forstera. ; • 
 
 The greater part of the Australian Stylidece exist at the western ex- 
 tremity of the principal parallel, several species are found at the eastern 
 extremity of the same parallel, and a few others occur both within the 
 tropic and in Van Diemen's Island. Beyond Terra Australis very few 
 plants of this order have been observed ; two species of Stylidium, very 
 similar to certain intratropical species of New Holland, were found in 
 ^ Ceylon and Malacca by Kcenig ; and of the only two known species of 
 Forstera, one is a natve of New Zealand, the other of Terra del Fuego. 
 and the opposite coast of Patagonia, • ' 
 
 * Bauer illustr. tab. 5. * ^ 
 
Natural Orders.'] APPENDIX- 563 
 
 RUBIACE^.* As this order is now constituted it appears to 
 me impracticable to distinguish it from Apocinese, by characters taken 
 from the fructification alone ; and even if the Stellatse or Asperuleae be ex- 
 cluded, and the remarkable stipulation of its remaining sections be taken into 
 account, it will not then, perhaps, admit of a definition entirely free from 
 exceptions. It must also, I think, be allowed that Rubiacese, Apocineae, 
 Asclepiadese, and certain genera at present referred to Gentianeae, form but 
 one great natural class. In this class the leaves are uniformly simple, per- 
 fectly entire, and, with a very few exceptions, occurring in Asclepiadese and 
 Apocineae, also opposite ; while in the parts of fructification there are hardly 
 any characters that are not liable to exceptions, unless the monopetalous 
 regular corolla, and stamina alternating with its lacinise and not exceeding 
 them in number. 
 
 The order Rubiaceee, admitting it as it is at present established, is 
 chiefly aequinoctial. In Terra Australis its maximum is also within the 
 tropic, where, however, it is not very numerous ; and the most remarkable 
 Australian part of the order, consisting of Opercvlaria and Pomax, is chiefly 
 found in the principal parallel. Jussieu is very unwilling to admit these 
 two genera into Rubiaceae, and is rather disposed to consider them as a 
 distinct family ; chiefly on account of their single-seeded ovarium. To 
 prove that this character alone, however, is not of such importance as to 
 separate plants into different natural orders, it is sufficient to advert to 
 Proteaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Epacrideae, all of which contain genera 
 with one, two, and even an indefinite number of seeds : and as Opercula- 
 riae entirely agree with many genera of Rubiaceae in other points of struc- 
 ture of fructification, in habit, and especially in their remarkable stipula- 
 tion, I think there can be no doubt that they ought to be referred to the 
 same order, of which they may form a section, characterized not only by its 
 single-seeded ovarium, but by the peculiar dehiscence of its compound 
 fruit. 
 
 APOCINETE.f I have already observed^ that this order is very nearly 
 
 * Juss. gen. 196. 
 
 t Prodr. Jl. nov. holl. 465. Apocinearum pars, Jjiss, gen. 143. 
 
 X Werner, soc. transact. I. p. 12. 
 
564 - APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Anstralis. 
 
 related to Rubiaceee and GentianeEe ; the former appearing to differ chiefly 
 in its remarkable stipulte, the latter in its minute Embryo. If these charac- 
 ters be admitted, certain New Holland genera which I have placed with 
 Gentianea; will either be transferred to Rubiacea-, or, as I have formerly 
 proposed,* may with some others, constitute a family intermediate to 
 Rubiacca? and Apocinese. 
 
 This order or section, wdiich may be named Logane^, will consist 
 of Logania, Geniostoma, (from which Anasser of Jussieu is not distinct), 
 listeria, Gsrtnera of Lamarck i", Pagameaof Anblet, and, perhaps, Fagraea. 
 Of these, the only New Holland genus is Logania, the greater part of 
 whose species are found in the principal parallel. In this genus, which 
 admits, however, of subdivision, the importance of stipulation seems to be 
 entirely lost, for it contains species agreeing in this respect with Rubi- 
 aceaj, others in which the stipulse are lateral and distinct, and one species, 
 at least, in which they are entirely wantifig. 
 
 There is an evident affinity between certain species of Logania and 
 Mitrasacme, which I had therefore placed in Gentianese. Mitrasacme is 
 very general in Terra Australis, but its maximum is within the tropic : it 
 is not absolutely confined to New Holland, for I have observed in the Sher- 
 ardian Herbarium two species collected at Cheusan, by Mr. Cunningham. 
 
 Among the true Apocineas of New Holland, which are chiefly found 
 within the tropic, the most remarkable genus is Alyxia, in which the albu- 
 men and embryo agree with those of the very different family Annonaces. 
 
 ASCLEPlADEiE.X These plants differ from ApocineEe, solely 
 in the peculiar structure of their genitalia, a character, however, which 
 appears to me, fully sufficient to justify their separation. They are not 
 very numerous in New Holland, where they are found chiefly within the 
 tropic, and I have not observed any plant of the order in that country in a 
 higher latitude than 34° S. ' 
 
 EPACRIDE^. II The abundance of this family in Terra Australis 
 
 * Prodr.Jl. nov. /toll. 455. t lUustr. gen. tab. IGJ. 
 
 X Werner, soc. transact. I. p. I2.prvdr.jl. nov. koll. 458. 
 
 II Prodr.Jl, nov. hall. 5^5. Ericearum genera. Juss, gm. \60. 
 
Natural Orders.'] APPENDIX. .. 565 
 
 constitutes one of the peculiarities of its vegetation. About 140 species 
 have already been observed, the greater part of which are found in the 
 principal parallel ; the oder, however, continues numerous at the south 
 end of Van Dieraen's Island, where several genera appear that have not 
 been met with in other parts ; within the tropic very few species have been 
 observed, and none with capsular fruit. 
 
 Epacridefs, with the exception of two species found in the Sandwich 
 Islands, are confined to the southern hemisphere, several species have been 
 observed in New Zealand, a few in the Society Islands, and even in the 
 Moluccas ; the only species with capsular fruit found within the tropic is 
 Draeophyllura verticillatum, observed by Labillardiere in New Caledonia; 
 and the only plant of the family known to exist in America is an unpub- 
 lished genus also with capsular fruit, found by Sir Joseph Banks in Terra 
 del Fuego. 
 
 The sections into which I have divided this order differ from each 
 other in two remarkable points of structure. The SUjphelece, as they may 
 be called, having a valvular or very rarely a plaited aestivation of the 
 corolla, and a definite number of seeds ; while the Epacridetp, strictly 
 so called, have along with their indefinite number of seeds and capsular 
 fruit, a corolla with imbricate aestivation. I have formerly* pointed out 
 what seems to be the natural subdivision of this section, depending more 
 on the differences of insertion in its leaves than on characters derived 
 from the parts of fructification. 
 
 LABIAT/E and VERBENACEif: appear to me to form one na- 
 tural class, the two orders of which gradually pass into each other. Terra 
 Australis contains several remarkable genera of both orders, and chiefly in 
 its principal parallel. Cldoanthes'^ is the most singular among Yerbenaceae, 
 having, with the fruit of that order, entirely the habit of Labiatae. 
 
 Westriugia and Prostanthera, with the genera nearly related to eacli 
 of these, are the most worthy of notice among Labiatae, all of them are 
 limited to Terra Australis, and they are found chiefly in its principal 
 parallel, but Westringia and Prostanthera abound also in Van Diemen's 
 Island, and extend, though more sparingly, in the opposite direction as far 
 
 * Prodr.fl. noi: hoU. .53&. f Bauer illustr. tab. 4. 
 
566 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Amtralis. 
 
 as the tropic. Prostanthera is remarkable in the appendages to its antherae, 
 in the texture of its fruit, and in the remains of Albumen existing in the 
 ripe seeds of several of its species. Westringia, and its related genera 
 Microcorys and Hemigenia, differ from the rest of the order in having ver- 
 ticillate leaves, and from the greater part in the structure of antherae, 
 particularly in the order in which these organs become abortive. Wes- 
 tringia, according to Dr. Smith, has resupinate corolla^ a term which in 
 this case cannot allude to a mere inversion in the form of its lips, for this 
 does not exist ; and if it mean an absolute change in the relation of its 
 parts to those of the calyx or to the included organs, it cannot, I apprehend, 
 be admitted either in this genus or in any other of the order. The fact 
 which I formerly stated* against the resupination of corolla in Labiatae is 
 the uniformity of its aestivation in this order, in which the upper lip 
 always covers the lower. To those who do not consider this as a sufficient 
 proof, the following, drawn from another equally uniform point of struc- 
 true, may perhaps appear more satisfactory. In Labiatae, as well as in 
 several other orders with irregular flowers, the deviation from the usual 
 quinary division of calyx and corolla in Dicotyledones, does not consist in 
 an absolute suppression of parts, but merely in their confluence ; a fact in- 
 dicated by the disposition of vessels; thus, the upper lip of the corolla, 
 which in this order generally consists of one piece, either entire, or more or 
 less deeply bifid, is always furnished with two longitudinal nerves equidis- 
 tant from its axis, which is without vessels ; while each of the three laciniae 
 usually forming the lower lip, has a single nerve passing through its axis ; 
 the upper lip is therefore to be considered even when entire, as made up 
 of two confluent laciniae : and if this test be allowed to be conclusive, and 
 applied to the corolla of those genera of Labiatae in which it is supposed to 
 be resupinate, the opinion will be found to be erroneous. 
 
 MYOPORINiE f The principal characters in the fructification of 
 this order, by which it is distinguished from Verbenaceae, are the presence 
 of x41bumen in the ripe seed, and the direction of the Embryo, whose radi- 
 cule always points towards the apex of the fruit. The first of these cha- 
 racters, however, is not absolute, and neither of them can be ascertained 
 
 * Prodr.Ji. not. holl. 499. t Prodr.Jl. nov. holL 514. ' 
 
• Natural Orders.-] APPENDIX. 56T 
 
 before the ripening* of the seed : for previous to thfe complete developement 
 ofthe Embryo the fluid albumen or liquor amnios equally exists in both 
 orders ; and although all the genera of Verbenaceas have an Embryo 
 whose radicule points towards the base ofthe fruit, yet many of them have 
 pendulous seeds, and consequently a radicule remote from the umbilicus. 
 Hence Avicennia,* which I formerly annexed to Myoporinse, should be re- 
 stored to Verbenacese, with which also it much better agrees in habit. 
 
 Myoporinee, with the exception of Bontia, a genus of agquinoctial 
 Aoierica ; and of two species of Myoporum found in the Sandwich Islands, 
 has hitherto been observed only in the southern hemisphere, and yet nei- 
 ther in South Africa, nor in South America beyond the tropic. Its maximum 
 is evidently in the principal parallel of Terra Australis, in every part of 
 which it exists ; in the more southern parts of New Holland, and even in 
 Van Diemen's Island it is more frequent than within the tropic. The genus 
 Myoporum is also found in New Zealand, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, 
 and the Society Islands. 
 
 PROTEACE^.* I have formerly^ offered several obsers'ations both 
 on the geographical distribution and on some of the more remarkable 
 points of structure of this order of plants. I shall now therefore confine 
 myself to a few ofthe most important facts on each of these subjects. 
 
 Proteacece are chiefly natives ofthe Southern hemisphere, in which 
 they are most abundant in a parallel included between 32° and .'^5° lat. 
 but they extend as far as 56° S. lat. The few species found in the Northern 
 hemisphere occur within the tropic. 
 
 Upwards of 400 species ofthe order are at present known, more than 
 half of these are natives of Terra Australis, where they form one of the 
 most striking peculiarities of the vegetation. Nearly four-fifths of the 
 Australian Proteaceae belong to the principal parallel, in which, however, 
 they are very unequally distributed : the number of species at its western 
 extremity being to those of the eastern as about 2 to 1, and what is much 
 more remarkable, the number even at the eastern extremity being to that 
 ofthe middle ofthe parallel as at least 4 to 1. From the principal parallel 
 the diminution of the order in number of species is nearly equal in both 
 
 * Prodr.Jl.nov. holl. 51S, f Lin. soc. transact. 10. p. 15. 
 
^^gg' • APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 directions : but while no genus has been met with within the tropic which 
 does not also exist in the principal parallel, unless that section of Grevillea 
 having a woody capsule* be considered as such, several genera occur at 
 the South end of Van Dienien's Island which appear to be peculiar to it. 
 
 No Australian species of the order has been observed in any other 
 part of the world, and even all its genera are confined to it, with the ex- 
 ception of Lomatia, of which several species have been found in South Ame- 
 rica ; and of Stenocarpus, the original species of which is a native of New 
 Caledonia. 
 
 The genera of Terra Australis that approach most nearly to the South 
 African portion of the Proteacese exist in the principal parallel, and 
 chiefly at its western extremity : those allied to the American part of the 
 order are found either at the eastern extremity of the same parallel, or in 
 Van Diem en's Island. 
 
 There is no species of Proteacese common to the east and west coasts 
 of New Holland, and certain genera abound at one extremity of the prin- 
 cipal parallel which at the opposite extremity are either comparatively rare 
 or entirely wanting. •■ 
 
 I have formerly remarked that in this order no instance of deviation 
 from the quaternary division of the perianthium has been obsers'ed ; a 
 fact Avhich is the more remarkable as this is itself a deviation from the 
 prevailing quinary number in the floral envelopes of Dicotyledonous 
 plants. 
 
 There is a peculiarity in the structure of the stamina of certain genera 
 of ProtfcjaceoB namely, Simsia, Conospermum, and Synaphea, in all of which 
 these organs are connected in such a manner that the cohering lobes of two 
 different antherte form only one cell. 
 
 Another anomaly equally remarkable, exists in Synaphea, the divi-' 
 sions of whose barren filament so intimately cohere with the stigma as to 
 be absolutely lost in its substance, while the style and undivided part of 
 the filament remain perfectly distinct. 
 
 SANTALACEiE. I have formerly t proposed, and attempted to 
 
 * Gyclept>'ra, Lin. soe. transact. IQ.p. \'J6. prodr.Ji. nov. holl. 380. 
 + Prodr.Ji. nov. holl. 350. 
 
Nahiral Orders.'\ APPENDIX. S69 
 
 define this natural order, one of whose most remarkable characters consists 
 in its unilocular ovarium, containing more than one, but always a deter- 
 minate number of ovula, which are pendulous and attached to the apex 
 of a central receptacle. This receptacle, which varies in its figure, in 
 the different genera, in some being filiform, in others nearly filling the 
 cavity of the ovarium, had not been previously noticed in any plant of the 
 order. 
 
 The greater part of the Santalaceae of Terra Australis are found in 
 the principal parallel, to which several genera, namely, Leptomeria, 
 Corethrum, and Fusaniis are nearly limited : Santalum on the other hand is 
 found chiefly within the tropic. 
 
 I have added Exocarpus and Anthoboltis to this order, with cei'tain 
 genera of which they agree in habit and many points of structure, both of 
 the flower and fiuit ; but they are readily distinguishable from the whole 
 order by their fructus superus, and they may possibly differ also in the 
 internal structure of their ovarium, which has not yet been satisfactorily 
 ascertained. 
 
 The genus Exocarpus is most abundant in the principal parallel and 
 southern parts of Terra Australis, but it is not unfrequent even within the 
 tropic. Exocarpus ciipressiformis is not only the most common species 
 of the genus, but the most general tree in Terra Australis, being found in 
 nearly the whole of the principal parallel, in every part of Van Diemeu's 
 island that has been visited, and even within the tropic. I am acquainted 
 with only three plants that have in that country an equally extensive rauoe. 
 These are Anthistiria australis, the most valuable grass as well as the 
 most general plant in Terra Australis ; Arundo Phragmitis, less frequent 
 than the former, but which extends from the soutliern extremity of Van 
 Diemen's Island to the North coast of New Holland ; and 3Iesembryan- 
 ihemuni ceqnilaterale, which occurs on almost every part of the sandy sea 
 shores, of both these Islands. 
 
 Exocarpus is not absolutely confined to Terra Australis, for Mr. Bauer 
 has discovered a very remarkable species bearing its flowers on the margins 
 of dilated foliaceous branches, analogous to those of Xylopliylla ; and 
 Xylophylla longifolia, which was taken up Ijy Liuneus from Rumphius,* 
 
 * Xylophyllos ceramica, Herb. amh. 7. p. 19. t. 12. 
 
 VOL. 11, 4 D 
 
570 APPENDIX [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 appears more probably, bothfrona the description and figure of that author, 
 to be also a species of Exocarpus. 
 
 There is so great a resemblance between the enlarged fleshy recep- 
 tacle of Exocarpus and the berry of Taxus, that some botanists have been 
 led to compare these plants together in other respects. A complete coin- 
 cidence in this part of their structure would not indeed prove the affinity of 
 these two genera, any more than it does that of Exocarpus to Anacardium 
 or Semecarpus, with which also it has been compared ; and to determine 
 their agreement even in this respect it is necessary to understand the origin 
 of the berry of Taxus, of which very different accounts have been given. 
 According to Lamarck* it consists of the enlarged ovarium itself, perfor- 
 ated by the seed soon after impregnation ; while Mirbel'l' considers it as 
 formed of the scales of the female amentum, immediately surrounding the 
 organ, named by him cvpula ; and considered as containing the pistillum, 
 but which most other authors have regarded as the pistillum" itself. My 
 observations differ from both these accounts, for on examining the female 
 fructification of Taxus before impregnation I find the rudiments of the fu- 
 ture berry, consisting at that period of a narrow fleshy ring, surrounding 
 the base only of the cupula of Mirbel, and very similar to the annular hy- 
 pogynous nectarium of many flowers. If this cupula therefore were the 
 pistillum itself, the berry of Taxus would have an origin analogous to that 
 of Balanites, X as it has been very lately described by Mirbel ; and on the 
 other hand, if that author's view of the female fructification of Taxus, and 
 Coniferse generally, be adopted, it might then to a certain degree be com- 
 pared with the external cupula of Dacrydium , which will be more particu- 
 larly noticed hereafter; but from this it would still be very distinct both in 
 its texture and in its not inclosing, in the early stage the cupula, on neither 
 supposition, however, does its origin agree with that of the berry of Exo- 
 carpus, which in some respects more nearly resembles the fleshy receptacle 
 of Podocarpus. 
 
 I have annexed Olax to Santalace8e,§ not however considering it as ' 
 absolutely belonging to the same family, but as agreeing with it in some 
 
 * Encydop. hotan. ^.p. 228. t Nouv. bulletin des scien. 3. p. 73. 
 
 \ Delile in mem. stir I'JSgi/pte, ,^. p. 326. Xiaienia aegyptiaca Linn. 
 § Prodr.Jl. nov. holl. 357- 
 
Natural Orders.-] APPENDIX. 571 
 
 important circumstances; especially in the internal structure of its ovarium, 
 and that of its pericarpium and seed ; but as in Olax there appears to be a 
 double floral envelope, as its antheriferous stamina alternate with the seg- 
 ments of the inner envelope, and its ovarium does not cohere with either, 
 there are sufficient grounds for regarding it, with Mirbel, as a distinct 
 family. 
 
 CASUARINE^E. The genus Casuarina is certainly not referable 
 to any natural order of plants at present established ; and its structure 
 being now tolerably understood, it may be considered a separate order, as 
 Mirbel has already suggested.* 
 
 The maximum of Casuarina appears to exist in Terra Australis, 
 where it forms one of the characteristic features of the vegetation. Thir- 
 teen Australian species have already been observed, the greater number 
 of these are found in the principal parallel, in every part of which they are 
 almost equally abundant ; in Van Diemen's Island the genus is less frequent, 
 and within the tropic it is comparatively rare ; no species except Casuarina 
 equisetifolia having been observed on the north coast of New Holland. 
 Beyond Terra Australis only two species have been found, namely. C equi- 
 setifolia, which occurs on most of the intratropical Islands of the Southern 
 Pacific, as well as in the Moluccas, and exists also on the continent of 
 India ; and C. nodijlora, which is a native of New Caledonia. 
 
 In the male flowers of all the species of Casuarina, I find an envelope 
 of four valves, as Labillardiere has already observed in one species, which 
 he has therefore named C. quadrivalvis.'t' But as the two lateral valves 
 of this envelope cover the others in the unexpanded state, and appear to 
 belonff to a distinct series, I am inclined to consider them as bractese. On 
 this supposition, which, however, I do not advance with much confidence, 
 the Perianthium would consist merely of the anterior and posterior valves, 
 and these firmly cohering at their apices, are carried up by the anthera, as 
 soon as the filament begins to be produced, while the lateral valves or brac- 
 tese are persistent ; it follows from it also that there is no visible perian- 
 thium in the female flower, and the remarkable oeconomy of its lateral 
 bracteae may, perhaps, be considered as not only afl'ording an additional 
 
 * Annates du mus. 16. p. 451. t Plant, nov. holt. 2. p. 67. t. 2iS, 
 
572 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Austr alts. 
 
 argument in support of the view now taken of the nature of the parts, but 
 also as in some degree again approximating Casuarina to Coniferce, with 
 which it was formerly associated. 
 
 The outer coat of the seed or caryopsis of Casuarina consists of a 
 very fine membrane, of which the terminal wing is entirely composed; 
 between this membrane and the crustaceous integument of the seed there 
 exists a stratum of spiral vessels, which Labillardiere, not having dis- 
 tinctly seen, has described as an " integumentura arachnoideura ;" and 
 within the crustaceous integument there is a thin proper membrane closely 
 applied to the Embryo, which the same author has entirely overlooked. 
 The existence of spiral vessels, particularly in such quantity, and, as far as 
 can be determined in the dried specimens, unaccompanied by other vessels, 
 is a structure at least very unusual in the integuments of a seed or cary- 
 opsis, in which they are very seldom at all visible, and have never, I 
 believe, been observed in such abundance as in this genus, in all whose 
 species they are equally obvious. 
 
 CONIFER^.* The structure of the female parts of fructification in 
 Coniferse having, till very lately, been so little understood ; and certain facts 
 concerning it being still unpublished, I shall prefix a few observations on 
 this subject to the remarks I have to offer on the Australian part of the 
 order. 
 
 In the late essays of Mirbel and Sclioubert on Coniferce + that part of 
 the female fructification which had previously been considered as the Pistil- 
 lum, having a perforated style, is described as a peculiar organ inclosing 
 the ovarium, and in most cases also the stigma. This organ, which they 
 have named Cupula, they regard as more analogous to an involucrum than 
 to a perianthium. which, according to them, also exists, cohering, how- 
 ever, with the body of the ovarium. Without absolutely adopting this latter 
 part of their statement, it appears to me that impregnation really takes 
 place in the manner these authors describe. Their principal argument 
 is derived from the genus Ephedra, in whicli both the stigma and a con- 
 siderable part of the style project beyond this cupula, without cohering 
 with its aperture. In further confirmation of their opinion it may be 
 
 * Juss. gen. 411. t Noiiv. Bulleiin des scien. 3. p. 73, 85, et, 12L 
 
Natural Orders.] APPENDIX. 
 
 observed that I have found a projection of the stigma, though certainly in a 
 much less obvious degree, both in Agathis* and in a species of Podocarpus. 
 
 Towards this discovery, as extending to the Cooiferaj more strictly so 
 called, an important step was made in Pinus, by the accurate Schkuhr,t 
 who first correctly described and figured the cupula of that genus, but who 
 considered it as the ovarium itself and the two processes of its aperture as 
 stigmata. Mr. Salisbury, who seems to have been unacquainted with 
 Schkuhr's observations, published, a few years afterwards, J the same 
 opinion, which continued to be generally received till the appearance of 
 the essays, already quoted, of Mirbel and Schoubert. 
 
 But these authors do not seem to be aware that certain plants of the 
 order are even furnished with a double cupula. This is most remarkable 
 in Podocarpus, in which ihe drupa is formed of this external cupida, whose 
 aperture exists not at the apex, but very near its base or point of insertion. 
 The inner cupula iu this genus is in every stage entirely inclosed in the 
 outer, and is in like manner inverted. 
 
 '1 hat this is the real structure of Podocarpus seems to be proved 
 by that of the nearly related genus Dacrydium, hitherto so imperfectly un- 
 derstood. This genus has also a double cupula, the outer in the young 
 state inclosing the inner, and both of them at this period being inverted as 
 in Podocarpus ; but the inner in a more advanced stage acquires nearly an 
 erect position, by rupturing one side of the external cupula, which, not con- 
 tinuing to encrease proportionally in size', forms a cup surrounding the base 
 only of the ripe fruit. 
 
 Three species of Podocarpus are found in Terra Australis, two of 
 these exist in the colony of Port Jackson, the third was observed on the 
 summit of the Table Mountain in Van Diemen's Island. Podocarpus as- 
 plenifolia of Labillardiere || is certainly not a Podocarpus. but either forms 
 a distinct genus, as Richard has already supposed, § or it may possibly be 
 a species of Dacrydium ; a conjecture which I have no means of verifying, 
 having never seen the female fructification of this remarkable plant. 
 
 * Salishury in Unn.soc. transact. S. ja. 311. Pinus Dammara Lamb, pin. p. 61. ^. 38. 
 t Botan. handh. 3. p. 276. t. 30S. ^ Linn. soct. transact. 8. p. 30S. 
 
 li Plant, nov. holl. 2. p.7l. t. 22\. § ^4nnales. du mus. 16. p. 299. 
 
574 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 CalUtris of Ventenat * is peculiar to Terra Australis, where it exists 
 very generally, but most abundantly in the principal parallel : it consists 
 of several species, differing from each other chiefly in the form of their fruit. 
 
 Arancaria excelsa, which was first observed in Norfolk Island and 
 New Caledonia, is found also on the east coast of New Holland, immedi- 
 ately within the tropic : it is there, however, a tree of very moderate dimen- 
 sions, and never of that enormous size which it not unfrequeutly attains in 
 Norfolk Island. 
 
 ORCHIDEiE.t The Australian species of this order already known 
 amount to 120, many of these, however, are of very rare occurrence, and 
 none of them appear to be produced in abundance. 
 
 The maximum of the order exists in the principal parallel, a consi- 
 dei'able part extends to Van Diemen's Island, and very few have been 
 observed within the tropic. 
 
 The greater part form genera nearly or entirely peculiar to Terra 
 Australis, and most of these genera belong to that division of the order 
 having farinaceous pollen, with an anthera which is inserted but not deci- 
 duous, and either parallel to the stigma or terminating the column. The 
 two sections of this division with parallel and terminal anthera, are found 
 in New Holland to pass very gradually into each other, and several genera 
 belongirfg to the former are, in that country, remarkable for the great ex- 
 pansion of the lateral lobes of the column. These lateral lobes I have con- 
 sidered as barren stamina, which, like those of Philydrum, are occasionally, 
 though indeed very rarely, furnished with rudiments of Antherae. This 
 structure as well as that of Cypripedium, in which the lateral lobes are 
 antheriferous, while the middle is barren, approximates the flower of 
 Orchidese to what may be called the type of Monocotyledones, that is, a 
 regular flower with ternary division of its envelope, stamina, and cells or 
 placentae of the fruit. 
 
 I have attempted a similar approximation of true Scitaminece,% whose 
 processes crowning the ovarium, and usually two in number, form the 
 complement of the stamina. 
 
 * Dec, gen, nov. 10. f Prodr.Ji. nov. holl. 309. J Prodr-Ji. nov. holl, 305. 
 
Natural Orders.'] APPENDIX. 575 
 
 Marantece., or Cannea,'^ an order at present referred to Scitamineae, 
 may also be reduced to this type ; they differ, however, from Scitamineae 
 in the mutual relation of their barren and fertile stamina, somewhat as 
 Cypripediura does from the other genera of Orchidese ; except that in Ma- 
 rantea; the imperfection is greater, a single lobe only of one of the latei'al 
 stamina having the appearance of an anthera and producing pollen. 
 
 It is remarkable that so very few Orchideae of Terra Australis belong 
 to that section of the order with angular elastic pollen and adnate anthera ; 
 this section being not only the most numerous in Europe, but existing in an 
 equal proportion, though singularly modified, at the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Of another section of the order formerly comprehended under the 
 Linnean genus Epidendrum, most of which, though not properly parasiti- 
 cal, grow upon trees, several species, chiefly belonging toDendrobium, are 
 found in New Holland. In the northern hemisphere very few plants of this 
 section that grow on trees have been observed beyond the tropic. The 
 only exceptions to this, that I am acquainted with, consist of two species 
 of a genus related to Dendrobium, discovered by Dr. Buchannan, in Upper 
 Nepaul ; + of Deyidrobium monUiforme, observed by Kaempfer, and Thun- 
 berg, in Japan, near Nagasaki : and of Epidendrum conopseum, X which, 
 according to Mr. William Bartram, grows in East Florida, in lat. 28° N. 
 In some parts of the southern hemisphere this" section appears to 
 have a more extensive range. On the East coast of New Holland several 
 species of Dendrobium and Cymbidium are foui;d in 34° S. lat. ; but this 
 is probably about their southern limit in that country, no species having 
 been met with on any part of its South coast. They have, however, been 
 observed in a considerably higher latitude in New Zealand, in the northern 
 island of which several species were collected by Sir Joseph Banks, in 
 about 38" S. lat., and Epidendrum autumnale of Forster grows in the 
 neighbourhood of Dusky Bay, in upwards of 45** S. lat. 
 
 I am not acquainted with the limit of this section in South America ; 
 but in South Africa, at the Cape of Good Hope none of those, at least, 
 that are parasitical on trees, have been observed. 
 
 * Loc. citat. 307- 
 
 + Epidendrum praecox and Epidendrum liumile. Smith cxot, hot, tahh, 97 and 98. 
 , ; Hort. Kew. ed, 2. vol, 5. p. 2 19. 
 
576 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Anstralis. 
 
 ASPHODELEiE.t In this order I include the greater part, both of 
 Asphodeleae and Asparagese of Jussieu, distinguishable from each other 
 only by texture and dehiscence of fruit; differences which, as they separate 
 StVpandra from Dianella, and Eustrephus from Luzuriaga, cannot be 
 admitted to be of more than generic importance. 
 
 I confess myself unable to point out satisfactory distinguishing cha- 
 racters for this order, in my description of which, however, I have noted 
 two circumstances, neither of them indeed peculiar to the order, but 
 both of them appearing to extend through the whole of it; namely, the 
 reduction of stamina from six to three, which occasionally occurs, con- 
 stantly taking place by the suppression of those opposite to the outer series 
 of the perianthiura ; and the existence of the black crustaceous testa or 
 outer integument of the seed. It is probable I have given too much weight 
 to this latter circumstance, in combining, partly on account of it, genera 
 so very dissimilar as Anthericum, Xanthorrhcea, and Astelia. 
 
 Xanthorrhoea, which I have included in Asphodeleae, is in habit one of 
 the most remarkable genera of Terra Australis, and gives a peculiar charac- 
 ter to the vegetation of that part of the country where it abounds. This 
 genus is most frequent in the principal parallel, but it extends to the south 
 end of Van Diemen's Island, and is also found within the tropic. 
 
 A plant of a very similar habit to Xanthorrhoea, agreeing with it in its 
 caudex and leaves, having, however, a very diiferent inflorescence, was 
 observed abundantly at King George's Sound, but with fructification so 
 decayed and imperfect that I have not been able to determine the structure 
 either of its flower or fruit. This plant is introduced by Mr. Westall in the 
 view of King George's Sound published in captain Fiinders's account of his 
 voyage. 
 
 I had annexed Hypoxis and Cttrctdigo to the Asphodeleae, chiefly on 
 account of a similarity in the testa of the seed ; but they differ so much 
 from this order in other parts of their structure^ and from Amaryilideae both 
 in this respect and in the singular umbilicus of the seed, as well as in 
 habit, that it is better to consider them as forming a separate family. 
 
 Of this family, which may be called Hypoxide^,* only five species 
 
 » Prodr.Jl.nov. holl. 214, 
 
 t HvpoxiDEiE, Perianthiuni superum : limbo sexpartito, regulari, aestivatione imbri- 
 
Natural Orders.'\ APPENDIX. 577 
 
 have been observed in Terra Australis, four of these belong to Hypoxis, 
 
 which is chiefly an extratropical genus, the fifth is a Curculigo very like 
 
 those of India. 
 
 f 
 
 PALMiE. Only six species of this order have been observed in New 
 Holland, and of two of these the fructification is at present unknown. 
 
 The New Holland Palms exist chiefly within the tropic, but one spe- 
 cies is found in 34° S. lat. ; it seems, however, that this is nearly the 
 southern limit of the order in that country, no species having been seen on 
 any part of the South coast. 
 
 In New Zealand a species of Areca was observed by Sir Joseph 
 Banks, in about 38° S. lat., which is probably nearly the limit of Palms, in 
 the southern hemisphere. In the northern hemisphere their extent is not 
 materially different from this : in North America, indeed, they do not 
 appear to grow beyond 36" lat. ; but in Europe ChamcBrops humilis extends 
 as far as the neighbourhood of Nice. 
 
 It is remarkable that no species of Palm has been found in South 
 Africa, nor was any observed by Mr. Lechenault*, on the West coast of 
 New Holland, even within the tropic. 
 
 JUNCEiE. We are now in possession of so many links connecting 
 together the Monocotyledonous orders with regular flowers, that in at- 
 tempting to define several of them, we are obliged to have recourse to dif- 
 ferences, many of which may appear, and some of which unquestionably 
 are, of but secondary importance. Of this kind may be considered the 
 characters by which I have endeavoured to distinguish Juncece from Aspho- 
 deleae, namely the difference in the texture of the perianthium, and in that 
 of the testa of the seed, in the consistence of the albumen, and in the order 
 of suppression of the stamina ; these when reduced to three in number being 
 always placed opposite to the three outer leaves of the perianthium : in 
 
 cata. Stamina sex, imis lacinis inserta. Ovarium 3-loc. loculis polyspermis. Capsula 
 evalvis, nunc baccata, polysperma. Semina umbilico laterali rostelliformi j testa atra 
 Crustacea. Embryo in axi albuniinis carnosi : radu ula vaga. 
 
 * u4nnales du mus. 17. p. S7. 
 
 VOL. 11. 4 E 
 
578 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Anstralis. 
 
 this respect and in the more important character of the position of the 
 Embryo Jiincese dift'er also from Restiacese, to which they more nearly 
 approach in habit. 
 
 Three very remarkable genera, which I have referred to Juncese, are 
 peculiar to Terra Australis. Of two of these Calectasia and Dasypogon, 
 each consisting of only one species, figures and descriptions are annexed to 
 this essay. 
 
 Of the third, Xerotes, 24 species have already been observed. This 
 genus is somewhat more abundant in the principal parallel than in other 
 parts ; but it is very generally extended, and is more frequent within the 
 tropic than in Van Diemen's Island. Xerotes, in the structure and appear- 
 ance of its flowers and in the texture of Albumen, has a considerable re- 
 semblance to Palms, but it wants the peculiar characters of the seed and 
 also the habit of that remarkable order. 
 
 Flagellaria, which I have added to Juncese, difl'ers from Xerotes 
 chiefly in its pericarpiimi , and in the form and relation of its Embryo to the 
 Albumen, which is also of a diff'erent texture ; in all these respects it ap- 
 proaches to Cyperacese, with some of whose genera it has even a certain 
 resemblance in habit. This genus has usually been found only within 
 the tropics, but in New Holland it extends as far as 33° S. lat. 
 
 Philydrum, which I have annexed to Junceae, has always appeared 
 to me an insulated genus, yet though not referable to any established 
 natural order, it may be compared with several in certain respects. In 
 the structure of its stamina it may in one point of view be said to be inter- 
 mediate between Scitamineae and Orchideae ; in that of its pericarpium 
 and even of its seeds it has some affinity to the latter order ; yet it 
 differs from both of them in almost every other respect. In general ap- 
 pearance, it bears a considerable resemblance to Cartonema, which be- 
 longs to Commelineae. In some parts of its structure it may be compared 
 tv'ith Xyris, and perhaps with Burmannia ; a genus which I have likewise 
 annexed to Juncete, but whose real affinities ai'e equally obscure. 
 
 Pliilydrum pygmceum differs in so many respects from P. lanuginosum 
 that it may probably hereafter be considered a distinct genus ; and a very 
 few additions to this tribe of plants would sanction their formation into a 
 separate natural order. 
 
Natural Orders.} APPENDIX. 579 
 
 RESTIACEtE. The principal character distinguishing- this family 
 from Junceae and Cyperacese consists in its lenticular Embryo being placed 
 at the extremity of the seed opposite to the umbilicus ; from Juncese it 
 also differs in the order of suppression of its stamina, which when reduced 
 to three are opposite to the inner lacinias of the perianthium ; and most 
 of its genera are distinguishable from both these orders as well as from 
 Commelineae by their simple or unilocular antherse. 
 
 With the exception of Eriocaulon, Tonina, and Xyris, the order 
 appears to be confined to the Southern hemisphere. In Terra Australis 
 its maximum is in the principal parallel, but it extends to the southern 
 extremity of Van Diemen's Island, whex'e it is even in considerable abun- 
 dance, and exists, though much more sparingly within the tropic. 
 
 Restiaceae are almost equally numerous at the Cape of Good Hope, 
 as in the principal parallel of New Holland. One species only of the 
 order has been observed in New Zealand, and hitherto none in South 
 America. 
 
 CYPERACEiE. In Terra Australis this is a very extensive order, 
 consisting already of more than 200 species. It contains, however, fewer 
 peculiarities in structure than several other orders that are much less nume- 
 rous. Its maximum appears to be in the principal parallel ; but the species 
 observed solely within the tropic exceed one-third of the whole num- 
 ber. Cyperacese, in many respects, are nearly related to Restiaceae, and 
 when furnished with a true perianthium are distinguishable from the 
 monospermous genera of that order, solely by the different position of the 
 Embi-yo in the seed. But in the greater part of the order the Perianthium 
 is either entirely wanting or merely setaceous. Fuirena, Lepidosperma 
 and Orcobolus, all of them natives of New Holland, are almost the only 
 genera in which it is found of nearly the usual appearance. 
 
 What I have formerly termed Perianthium in Carex, Diplacrum, and 
 Schoenus nemorum, ought, perhaps, rather to be considered as internal 
 lateral bracteae, analogous to those of Lepyrodia, of Irideae, and, perhaps, 
 to the upper valve of the inner envelope of grasses. 
 
 I have formerly remarked that the Perianthium of Hypcelyptum 
 
580 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 consists merely of the squamae of a spicula, similar to that of Kyllinga, but 
 reduced to two valves. 
 
 GRAMINEJ3. This order comprehends, at least, one-fourth of the 
 whole of Monocotyledones, and in Terra Australis, where upwards of 200 
 species have already been observed, it bears the same proportion to that 
 primary division. 
 
 I have formerly, in arranging the Australian genera of Graminece, en- 
 deavoured to explain what I conceived to be the natural subdivision of 
 nearly the whole order into two great tribes. The reasons which I then 
 assigned for this arrangement appear, however, either not to have been 
 comprehended, or to have been considered too hypothetical. With a view 
 of removing the supposed obscurity and strengthening my former argu- 
 ments, I shall preface what I have now to say on the subject, -by a few 
 observations common to both tribes. 
 
 The natural or most common structure of Graminece is to have their 
 sexual organs surrounded by two Horal envelopes, each of which usually 
 consists of two distinct valves : but both of these envelopes are in many 
 genera of the order subject to various degre'es of imperfection or even 
 suppression of their parts. 
 
 The outer envelope or Gluma of Jussieu, in most cases, containing 
 several flowers with distinct and often distant insertions on a common 
 receptacle, can only be considered as analogous to the bractese or involu- 
 crum of other plants. 
 
 The tendency to suppression in this envelope appears to be greater in 
 the exterior or lower valve, so that a gluma consisting of one valve may, 
 in all cases, be considered as deprived of its outer or inferior valve. In 
 certain genera with a simple spike, as Lolium and Lepturus, this is 
 clearly proved by the structure of the terminal flower or spicula, which 
 retains the natural number of parts ; and in other genera not admitting of 
 this direct proof, the fact is established by a series of species shewing its 
 gradual obliteration, as in those species of Panicum which connect that 
 genus with Paspalum. 
 
 On the other hand, in the inner envelope or Calyx of Jussieu, obli= 
 
Natural Orders. "[ APPENDIX. 381 
 
 teration first takes place in the inner or upper valve ; but this valve having, 
 instead of one central nerve, two nerves equidistant from its axis I consi- 
 der it as composed of two confluent valves, analogous to what takes place 
 in the calyx and corolla of many irregular flowers of other classes ; and 
 this confluence may be regarded as the first step towards its obliteration, 
 which is complete in many species of Panicum, in Andropogon, Pappopho- 
 rum, Alopecurus, Trichodium, and several other genera. 
 
 With respect to the nature of this inner or proper envelope of 
 grasses, it may be observed that the view of its structure now given, in 
 reducino' its parts to the usual ternary division of Monocotyledones, aflbrds 
 an additional argument for considering it as the real Perianthium. This 
 argument, however, is not conclusive, for a similar confluence takes place 
 between the two inner lateral bracteos of the greater part of Iridese ; and 
 with these, in the relative insertion of its valves, the proper envelope of 
 grasses may be supposed much better to accord, than with a genuine Pe- 
 rianthium. If therefore this inner envelope of grasses be regarded as 
 consisting merely of bractese, the real Perianthium of the order must be 
 looked for in those minute scales, which in the greater part of its genera 
 are found immediately surrounding the sexual organs. 
 
 These scales are in most cases only two in number, and placed 
 collaterally within the inferior valve of the proper envelope. In llieir real 
 insertion, however, tliey alternate with the valves of this envelope, as is 
 obviously the case in Ehrharta and certain other genera ; and their collate- 
 ral approximation may be considered as a tendency to that confluence 
 which uniformly exists in the parts composing the upper valve of t-ie pro- 
 per envelope, and which takes place also between these two squamae them- 
 selves, in some genera, as Glyceria and Melica. In certain other genera, as 
 Bambusa and Stipa, a third squaraula exists, which is placed opposite to 
 the axis of the upper valve of the proper envelope, or, to speak in confor- 
 mity with the view already taken of the structure of this valve, opposite to 
 the junction of its two component parts. With these squamae the stamina 
 in triandrous grasses alternate, and they are consequently opposite to the 
 parts of the proper envelope; that is, one stamen is opposed to the axis of 
 its lower or outer valve, and the two others are placed opposite to the two 
 nerves of tlie upper valve. Hence, if the inner envelope be considered as 
 
582 APPENDIX, [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 consisting of bractese and the hypogynous squamae as forming the perian- 
 thium, it seems to follow, from the relation these parts have to the axis of 
 inflorescence, that the outer series of this perianthiura is wanting, while its 
 corresponding stamina exist, and that the whole or part of the inner 
 series is produced while its corresponding stamina are generally wanting. 
 This may, no doubt, actually be the case, but as it would be, at least, con- 
 trary to every analogy in Monocotyledonous plants, it becomes in a certain 
 degree probable that the inner or proper envelope of grasses, the calyx of 
 Jussieu, notwithstanding the obliquity in the insertion of its valves, forms 
 in reality the outer series of the true perianthium, whose inner series con- 
 sists of the minute scales, never more than three in number, and in which 
 an irregularity in some degree analogous to that of the outer series gene- 
 rally exists. 
 
 It is necessary to be aware of the tendency to suppression existing, as 
 it were, in opposite directions in the two floral envelopes of grasses to com- 
 prehend the real structure of many irregular genera of the order, and also 
 to understand the limits of the two great tribes into which I have proposed 
 to subdivide it. 
 
 One of these tribes, which may be called PANicEiE, comprehends 
 Ischaemum, Holcus, Andropogon, Anthistiria, Saccharum, Cenchrus, 
 Isachne, Panicum, Paspalum, Reimaria, Anthenantia, Monachne, Lap- 
 pago, and sevei'al other nearly related genera ; and its essential character 
 consists in its having always a Locusta of two flowers, of which, the lower 
 or outer is uniformly imperfect, being either male or neuter, and then not 
 unfrequently reduced to a single valve. 
 
 Ischsemura and Isachne are examples of this tribe in its most perfect 
 form, from which form Anthenantia, Paspalum, and Reimaria most remark- 
 ably deviate in consequence of the suppression of certain parts: thus Anthe- 
 nantia (which is not correctly described by Palisot do Beauvois,) differs 
 from those species of Panicum that have the lower flower neuter and bival- 
 vular, in being deprived of the outer valve of its gluma; Paspalum differs 
 from Anthenantia in the want of the inner valve of its neuter flower; 
 and from those species of Panicum, whose outer flower is univalvular, ia 
 the want of the outer valve of its gluma ; and Reimaria differs from 
 Paspalum in being entirely deprived of its gluma. That this is the real 
 
Natural Orders.-] APPENDIX. 583 
 
 structure of these genera may be proved by a series of species connecting 
 them with each other, and Panicura with Paspalum. 
 
 PanicecehsLxe their maximum within the tropics, and they cease to 
 exist in the most northern parts of Europe and the higher southern latitudes. 
 Of this tribe, 99 species have been observed in Terra Australis, 79 of which 
 were found within the tropic, abd of these, 66 only within it. There is no 
 Australian genus of this tribe ; Neurachne and Hemarthria excepted, 
 which is not chiefly intratropical. 
 
 The second tribe, which may be called PoACEiE, is more numerous 
 than Panicete, and comprehends the greater part of the European genera, 
 as well as certain less extensive genera peculiar to the sequinoctial coun- 
 tries ; it extends also to the highest latitudes in which Phaenogamous plants 
 have been found, but its maximum appears to be in the temperate climates 
 considerably beyond the tropics. The Locusta in this tribe mayconsist of 
 one, of two, or of many flowers, and the two flowered genera are distin- 
 guished from Paniceee by the outer or lower flower being always perfect ; 
 the tendency to imperfection in the locusta existing in opposite dii'ections in 
 the two tribes. In conformity with this tendency in Poacess, the outer valve 
 of the periarithium in the single flowered genera is placed within that of the 
 gluma, and in the many flowered locusta the upper flowers are frequently 
 imperfect. There are, however, some exceptions to this order of suppres- 
 sion, especially in Arundo Phragmitis^, Campulosus, and some other genera, 
 in which the outer flower is also imperfect, but as all of these have more 
 than two flowers in their locusta, they are still readily distinguished from 
 Paniceee. 
 
 In Terra Australis the Poacece amount to 115 species, of which 69 
 were observed beyond the tropic and of these 63 only beyond it ; but of the 
 52 species that occur within the tropics 49 belong to genera which are 
 either entirely or chiefly intratropical, and of the remaining three species, 
 two, namely, Arundo Phragraitis, and Agrostis virginica, are very general 
 and also aquatic plants. The distribution of this tribe, therefore, in Terra 
 Australis agrees with that which obtains in other parts of the world. 
 
 FILICES.* Of this order nearly 1000 species are described in the 
 * Prodi: fl. 710V. holl. 14.5. 
 
o84 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 fifth volume of Willdenovv's edition of the Species Plantariim. In their 
 geographical distribution Ferns differ from all the other orders of crypto- 
 gamous plants, their maximum being in the lower latitudes, probably near, 
 or very little beyond the tropics. Thus Norfolk Island, situated in 29° S. 
 lat. and only a few leagues in circumference, produces as many species of 
 the order as are described in Dr. Smith's Flora Britannica. 
 
 But as shade and moisture are essential conditions to the vegetation of 
 the greater part of Ferns, few species only have been observed in those 
 parts of sequinoctial New Holland, hitherto examined. The number of 
 species already found, however, in the different regions of Terra Aus- 
 tralis exceeds 100, of which, nearly one-fourth ai'e also natives of other 
 countries. 
 
 Among the Australian Ferns there is no genus absolutely confined to 
 that country, except Platyzoma, but this, perhaps, ought not to be sepa- 
 rated from Gleichenia. 
 
 Only two arborescent Ferns have been observed in Terra Australis, 
 one in the colony of Port Jackson, the second, Dicksonia anlarctica, is 
 frequent in Van Diemen's Island, at the southern extremity of which its 
 trunk is not unfrequently from 12 to 16 feet in height. An arborescent 
 species of the same genus was found byForster, in New Zealand, at Dusky 
 Bay, in nearly 46° S. the highest latitude in which tree ferns have yet been 
 observed. It is remarkable that, although they have so considerable a range 
 in the southern hemisphere, no tree fern has been found beyond the 
 northern tropic : a distribution in the two hemispheres somewhat similar 
 to this has been already noticed respecting the Orchideae that are parasi- 
 tical on trees. 
 
 I have formerly, in treating of the New Holland Asplenia, observed 
 that Ccenopteris does not differ from them in the relation its iuvolucra have 
 to the axis of the frond or pinna, but merely in having the ultimate pinna 
 more deeply divided with one, or, at most, two involucra on each segment, 
 towards the margins of which they must necessarily open : hence, the cha- 
 racters of both genera not unfrequently occur in the same frond, and are 
 even exhibited by the same involucrum when it happens to extend below 
 the origin of the segment. 
 
 I have observed also, in the same place, that in Asplenium when the 
 
Natural Orders] APPENDIX. 585 
 
 involucrum originates from the inner branch of a primary vein, w' 'ch 
 is usualiy the case, it opens inwards or towards the mid-rib of ihe froiid 
 from which the vei.i is derived ; and that wljcn it arises from the lover cr 
 outer branch of a vein it opens outwards, or in an opposite direction, in- 
 stances of which occur in several speciesof the genus, in some jf those espe- 
 cially where the frond is simple. On the same law also depends the peculiar 
 character of Scolopendrium, in which the involucra are produced in pairs, 
 one of each pair originating- from the lower branch of a vein, the other from 
 the upper branch of the vein imaiediately below it ; they consequently open 
 jn opposite directions and towards each other. This law, however, in Asple- 
 nium is only observed where the vein has but few branches, for when these 
 are more numerous, and especially when, in consequence of their greater 
 number, the vein has amanifest trunk or axis, tl;e itivolucra of all its branches 
 open towards this axis : the most remarkable instances of this occur in those 
 species of the genus which authors have separated from it, under the name 
 of Diplazium, where, however, another peculiarity exists, depending on the 
 same law. This peculiarity consists in the inner brancli of the vein, or that 
 adjoining the mid-rib, appearing to have a relation not only to the axis of 
 the vein but to that of the pinna or frond from which the vein originates; a 
 relation indicated by its having two involucra, one of which bursts towards 
 the axis of the vein, the other towards the adjoining mid-rib. This double in- 
 volucrum constitutes the character of Diplazium, but as it is confined to the 
 inner branch, alltheothersbeing simple, and opening towards the axis ofthe 
 vein, there do not appear to be sufficient grounds for its separation from 
 Asplenium. I consider the curved involucrum of Asplenbnn FilLv Fcemina, 
 which exists only on this inner branch ofthe vein, as somewhat analogous 
 to the double involucrum of Diplazium; but in another point of view it may 
 be regarded as an approach to the structure of Nepirodium, to which this 
 plant has been improperly referred. 
 
 VOL. II. 4 F 
 
586 APPENDIX. [Botamj of Terra Australis. 
 
 There are some other Australian natural families of plants to which, either 
 as containing distinct and peculiar genera, or a considerable number of spe- 
 cies, similar remarks might be extended ; but I have already exceeded the 
 limits prescribed for the present essay, which I shall therefore conclude with 
 a few general observations, chiefly deduced from tlie facts previously stated, 
 and with a very slight comparison of the vegetation of Terra Australis with 
 that of other countries. 
 
 I have formerly remarked that nearly half the Australian species of 
 plants, at present known, have been collected in a parallel included be- 
 tween 33° and 35° S. latitude ; and it appears, from the preceding obser- 
 vations on the several natural orders, that a much greater proportion of the 
 peculiarities of the Australian Flora exist in this, which I have therefore 
 called the principal parallel ; and that many of them are even nearly con- 
 fined to it. But these peculiarities exist chiefly at its western and eastern 
 extremities, and are remarkably diminished in that intermediate part which 
 is comprehended between 133° and 138° E. long. 
 
 From the principal parallel most of the characteristic tribes diminish 
 in number of species as well as of individuals, not, however, equally in 
 both directions, but in a much greater degree towards the equator. In 
 Van Diemen's Island the same general aspect of vegetation is retained ; 
 but of the natural orders forming the peculiar character of the principal 
 parallel several are very much reduced, while none are augmented in 
 numbers ; and the only tribes which enter in nearly the same proportioj» 
 into the composition of its Flora are Eucalyptus, the Leajiess Acacice and, 
 perhaps, Epacridece. Within the tropic, at least on the East coast, the 
 departure from the Australian character is much more remarkable, and an 
 assimilation nearer to that of India than of any other country takes place. 
 Several of the peculiar orders and extensive genera of the principal parallel 
 are here exceedingly diminished, and none remain in nearly equal propor- 
 tion except Eucalyptus and the Leajiess Acacice. 
 
 These two genera are not only the most widely diff'used, but, by far, 
 the most extensive in Terra Australis, about 100 species of each having 
 been already obsex'ved ; and if taken together and considered with respect 
 
General observations.'] APPENDIX. .687 
 
 to the mass of vegetable matter they contain, calculated from the size as 
 well as the number of individuals, are, perhaps, nearly equal to all the 
 other plants of that country. They agree very generally also, though be- 
 longing to very different families, in a part of their a?conomy which contri- 
 butes somewhat to the peculiar character of the Australian forests, namely, 
 in their leaves or the parts performing the functions of leaves being vertical, 
 or presenting their margin, and not either surface, towards the stem ; both 
 surfaces having consequently the same relation to light. This ceconoray, 
 which uniformly takes place in the Acaciae.is in them the result of the ver- 
 tical dilatation of the foliaceous footstalk ; while in Eucalyptus, where, 
 though very general, it is by no means universal, it proceeds from the 
 twisting of the footstalk of the leaf 
 
 The plants of Terra Australis at present known, amounting to 4200, 
 are referable, as has been already stated, to 120 natural orders ; but fully 
 half the number of species belong to eleven oi'ders. 
 
 Of these Lcguminosae, Euphorbiacese, Compositee, Orchidese, Cypera- 
 ceae, Gramine8e,and Filices are most extensive and very general tribes, which 
 are not more numerous in Terra Ausfralis than in many other countries. 
 
 Thus Leguminosae and Corapositse, which taken together compre- 
 hend one-fourth of the whole of Dicoiyledones, and Graminese, which 
 alone form an equal part of Monocotyledones, bear nearly the same pro- 
 portion to these primary divisions in the Australian Flora. 
 
 The four remaining orders are Myrtaceae, Proteaceaj, Restiaceae, and 
 Epacridefe. Of these Myrtaceie, though it is likewise very general, has evi- 
 dently its maximum in Terra Australis, more species having been already 
 observed in that country than in all other parts of the world ; Proieacets 
 and Restincece, which are nearly confined to the southern hemisphere, and 
 appear to be most abundant in the principal parallel of New Holland, are 
 also very numerous at the Cape of Good Htpe : and ^/wcrtV/e*», at least, 
 equally limited to the southern hemisphere, are, with very few exceptions, 
 confined to Terra Australis. 
 
 Several other less extensive natural families have also their maximum 
 in this country, especially Goodenoviae, St>lideae, Myoporinae, Pittosporeae, 
 Dilleniaccse, Diosraea;, and Halorageae ; but the only orders that appear 
 to be absolutely confined to Ferra Australis are Tremandreae and Stack- 
 
588 APPENDIX, ^Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 houseae, both of them very small tribes, which many botanists may be dis- 
 posed to consider rather as genera than separate families. 
 
 A sreat part of the genera of Terra Australis are peculiar to it, and 
 also a considerable number of the species of such of its genera as are 
 found in other countries. 
 
 Of the species at present composing its Flora scarcely more than 
 400, or one-tenth of the whole number, have been observed in other 
 parts of the world. More than half of these are Phagnogaraous plants, of 
 which the greater part are natives of India, and the islands of the southern 
 Pacific ; several, however, are European plants, and a few belong even to 
 requiuoclial America. Of the Cryptogamous plants the far greater part 
 are natives of Europe. 
 
 In comparing very generally the Flora of the principal parallel of Terra 
 Australis with that of South Africa, we find several natural families cha- 
 racteristic of the Avistralian vegetation, as Proteaceae, Diosmeaj, Restiacese 
 Polygaleae, and also Buttneriace8e,ifHermannia and Maherniabeconsidered 
 as part of this order, existing, and in nearly equal abundance, at the 
 Cape of Good Hope ; others are replaced by analogous families, as Epacri- 
 dete by Ericese ; and some tribes which form a considerable part of the Aus- 
 tralian peculiarities, as Dilleniacese, the leafless Acacicc and Eucalyptus, 
 are entirely wanting in South Africa. 
 
 On the other hand, several of the characteristic South African orders 
 and extensive genera are nearly or entirely wanting in New Holland : thus 
 IridesB, Me.sembrjanthemum, Pelargonium, and Oxalis, so abundant at the 
 Cape of Good Hope, occur very sparingly in New Holland, where the 
 South African genera Aloe, Stapelia, Cliffbrtia, Penaea, and Brunia, 
 do net at all exist. Very few species are common to both countries, 
 and of these the only one which is at the same time peculiar to the Southern 
 hemisphere is Osmvncla barbara. 
 
 We have not sufficient materials for a satisfactory comparison of the 
 Flora of the higher latitudes of South America with that of the Southern 
 parts of Terra Australis. If, however, we may judge from those at pre- 
 sent in our possession, it would seem that the general character of the 
 South American vegetation differs mucli more from the Australian than 
 this does from that of South Africa. Yet several instances occur of the 
 
Comparison icith other countries.'] APPENDIX. 589 
 
 same or of very nearly related genera, peculiar to the southern hemi- 
 sphere, which are common to Terra Australis and South America, and 
 which do not exist at the Cape of Good Hope. Thus the Pavonia or Lau- 
 relia of Chili has its nearly related genus Atherosperma in Van Diemen's 
 Island ; where also a genus that I shall name Tasmania occupies the place 
 of the Wintera of South America, from which it difi'ers chiefly in havisig a 
 sino-le ovarium ; a species of the Araucaria of Chili exists in New Holland 
 as well as in Norfolk Island and New Caledonia ; several Lomatice are 
 found in South America ; a species of Astelia grows in Terra del Fuego ; 
 and Goodenia littoralis of the southern shores of Terra Australis is found 
 not only in New Zealand but on the opposite coast of America. 
 
 Certain tribes of plants common to South Africa and Terra Australis, 
 and almost equally abundant in both these countries, are either very sparingly 
 produced or cease to exist in South America. Others which abound in 
 South Africa and are comparatively rare in Terra Australis are in South 
 America entirely wanting ; and I am acquainted with no tribe of plants 
 common to South Africa and South America and at the same time wanting 
 in Terra Australis, unless the Composite with bilabiate corolla. 
 
 The character of the New Zealand Flora, known to us chiefly from the 
 materials collected by Sir Joseph Banks, is to a considerable degree pe- 
 culiar ; it has still however a certain aflSnity to those of the two great 
 countries between which it is situated, and approaching rather to that of 
 Terra Australis, than of South America. 
 
 In comparing together the Floras of Terra Australis and Europe, I 
 shall chiefly confine myself to an enumeration of the species common to both 
 countries ; the subject at present hardly admitting of many remarks of a 
 more general nature. It may, however, be observed, that none of the great 
 natural orders of Europe are absolutely wanting in Terra Australis ; that 
 some of them, as Compositse, Leguminosae, Gramineae and Cyperaceae 
 are found even in nearly the same proportion ; while others, as Cruciferse, 
 Ranunculaceae, Caryophyllese, Rosaceae, and Ericeae are reduced to very 
 few species : and that several of the less extensive European orders, namely 
 Saxifrageae, Cistinae, Berberides, Resedeaceae, Fumariaceae, Grossularinae, 
 Valerianeae, Dipsaceae, Polemonideae, Globularise, Elaeagneae, and Equi- 
 setaceae in Terra Australis do not at all exist. 
 
590 x\PPENDIX. [Botamj of Terra Australis. 
 
 The greater iiuraber of Australian genera, except the Acotyledonous, 
 differ from those of Europe ; there are, however, a few European genera, 
 as Utricularia, Drosera, and Samolus, that appear to have even their 
 maximum in Terra Australis. 
 
 From the following list of species, common to Terra Australis and 
 Europe, I have carefully excluded all such, as though now existing in the 
 different Settlements, have evidently, or probably, been introduced, and 
 I am satisfied that no naturalized plant will be found in it except, perhaps, 
 Cynodon Dactylon. 
 
 I have also excluded certain plants, as Eiatine Hydropiper, Geura 
 utbanum, Oxalis corniculata, Lycopus europseus, and Typha angustifolia, 
 which, though appearing to differ in some respects from those of Europe, 
 are probably not specifically distinct. And if among the Phsenogamous 
 plants inserted there be any room for doubt respecting the identity of the 
 Australian and European species, it may possibly be as to Arenaria 
 marina, Zapania nodiflora,' Atriplex Haliraus, Potamogeton gramineum, 
 Cyperus rotundus, and Holcus gryllus. 
 
 The first observation that occurs with regard to this list is, that the 
 relative proportions of the three primary divisions of plants compared with 
 those of the Australian Flora are inverted : for of 2900 Dicotyledones of 
 the Flora only 15 are natives of Europe ; while of 860 Monocotyledones 
 SO, and of 400 Acotyledones upwards of 120 appear in the list. 
 
 The Phsenogamous plants of the list are, with very few exceptions, 
 also natives of North America, and several of them are found even in other 
 parts of the world. 
 
 There is nothing peculiar in the apparent structure or ceconomy of 
 the Dicotyledonous plants common to countries so remote to account for 
 their more general diffusion: though several of them grow in wet or 
 marshy ground, yet very few are properly aquatic plants ; and in the struc- 
 ture of their seeds the only circumstance in which they all agree is in the 
 plumula of their embryo not being evolved. 
 
 Of the Monocoi'yledones, on the other hand, a considerable nuu>ber 
 are aquatic plants ; and the greater part of those that are not aquatic 
 belong to the irregular tribes, supposed to have a simpler structure 
 
 Among the Acotifledonous or Cryptogaiuous orders it is remarkable 
 
Comparison ivith other countries."] APPENDIX. ^ 59 1 
 
 that there should be but a single species of Fern in the list, though those of 
 the Flora exceed 100, of which 28 species are found likewise in other 
 countries. It is also worthy of notice that of the Submersed Algae not more 
 than one-sixth of the whole number found occur in the list : wliile of the 
 Musci andHepaticae one-third, and of the Lichenosse two-thirds of those 
 observed are also natives of Europe. 
 
 The proportion of European plants in Terra Australis, though only 
 one-tenth of the whole number observed, appears to be greater than that in 
 the Flora of South Africa. And the vegetation of the Cape of Good Hope, 
 not only in the number of species peculiar to it, but in its general character, 
 as depending on the extensive genera or families of which it is composed, 
 differs almost as widely from that of the northern parts of the same con- 
 tinent, and the south of Europe, as that of the corresponding latitude of 
 Terra Australis does from the Flora of India and of Northern Asia. 
 
 Of the proportion of European species in the Flora of South America, 
 which is probably still smaller than that of South Africa, we have very 
 insufficient means of judging: we know, however, from the collectious 
 made by Sir Joseph Banks, that at the southern extremity of America, 
 certain European plants, as Phleum alpinum, Alopecurus alpinus, and 
 Botrychium Lunaria exist ; and that there is even a considerable resem- 
 blance in the general character of the Flora of Terra del Fuego to that of 
 the opposite extremity of America and of the North of Europe. 
 
592 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 {Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 A LIST OF PLANTS, 
 
 NATIVES BOTH OF 
 
 TERRA AUSTRALIS AND OF EUROPE. 
 
 DICOTYLEDONES. 
 
 POLYPETAL^. 
 
 Potentilla anserina Linn- 
 
 Apliaties arvensjs Lbin. 
 
 Lythrum Salicaria Linn. 
 
 Poitulaca oleracea Linn. 
 
 Arenaria marina Smith brit. 480. 
 
 Nasturtium amphibium Hart. Keiv. ed. 2. vol. 4. 
 
 p. 110. 
 Hydrocotyle vulgaris Linn. 
 
 MoNOPETALJE. « 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus Linn, 
 Picris hieracioides Linn. 
 Zapania nodiflora Pj-orfr, 514. 
 Verbena officinalis Litui, 
 Prunella vulgaris Linn. 
 Calystegia sepium Prodr. 48.3. 
 Saniolus valerandi Linn. 
 
 Apetalji. 
 
 Atriplex Halimus Liwrt. 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 HyDBOCHARIDEiE 
 
 Valisneria spiralis Linn. 
 Lemna minor Limi. 
 ■ trisulca Zr/wM. 
 
 Alismace^;. 
 Potamogcton natans Linn. 
 ~— — — perfoliatum Linn. 
 
 Potamogeton crispum Linn. 
 
 gramineum Linn. 
 
 Alisma Plantago Lhui. 
 
 ArOIDEiE. 
 
 Caulinia oceanica Prodr. 339- 
 Zostera marina Linn. 
 
 JUNCB^. 
 
 Luzula campestris Decand^ franc. 3. p. 161. 
 Juncus niaritimus Smith brit. 375. 
 eifusus Linn. 
 
 Cypebace^. 
 Carex Pseudo-cyperus Linn. 
 
 casspitosa Linn. 
 
 Cladium Mariscus Prodr. 236. 
 Scirpus maritimus Linn. 
 
 triqueter Linn. 
 
 mucronatus Linn. 
 
 lacustris Linn. 
 
 Isolepis sctacea Prodr. 222. 
 
 fluitans Prodr. 221. 
 
 Cyperus rotundas Linn. 
 
 GRAMINEyE, 
 
 Glyceria fluitans Prodr. 179. 
 Arundo Phragmitis Linn. 
 Cynodon Dactylon Prodr. 1 87- 
 Panicum crus-galli Linn. 
 Pennisetum glaucura Prodr. l'J5. 
 Im])erata arundinacea Prodr. 204. 
 Holcus Grvllus Prodr. 199. 
 
Comparison with other coimtries-l APPENDIX. 
 
 593 
 
 ACOTYLEDONES. 
 
 MARSILIACEiE. 
 
 Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. 
 
 FiLICES. 
 
 Hymenophyllum tunbridgense Smith hrit. II 11 . 
 
 Musci. 
 
 Hypnum recognitum Hedw. sp- rmcsc 261. 
 Leskia complansta Hedw. sp. muse. /31. 
 Hookeria lucens Smith in linn- soc, transact. 9. 
 
 p. 275. 
 Neckera pennata Hedw. sp, muse. 200. 
 
 heteromalla Hedw. sp. muse. 202. 
 
 Eryutn capillare Hedw. sp. muse, 182. 
 
 ?ixg&[i\.e.ura Hediu.sp.musc. 181. 
 
 Bartramia pomiformis Hedw- sp, 7m(sc. I (54. 
 Fundih\iygrometnc?i Hedw. sp muse. 172. 
 Barbula uriguiculata Hedw. sp-. muse. 118. 
 Trichcstomum canescens Hedw. sp. muse. 111. 
 
 pulyphyllum Hedw. suppl. 1 53. 
 
 Cynontodium capillaceum Hedw. sp. muse. 57- 
 ' Fissidens exilis Hedw. sp. muse. 152. 
 
 Dicranum pui-pureum Hedtv. sp. 7nuse. 136. 
 
 ■ flexuosum Hedw. sjj. muse. 145 ? 
 ■r scoparium Hedw. sp. muse. 126. 
 Encalypta vulgaris Hedw. sp. muse. 60 
 Weisia controversa Hediv. sp. muse. G'J. 
 Grimmiapulvinata. Dicranum pulvinatuin Hedw. 
 
 suppl. 1. p. 189. 
 
 ■ apocarpa Hedw. sp. muse, 76. 
 Gymnostonmm pyriforme Hedw. sp. muse. 3S. 
 Anictangium ciliatum Hedw. sp. muse. 40. 
 Phascum muticum Hedtv. sp. muse. 25. 
 Sphagnum capillifoliuni Hedw. sp.musc. 25. 
 
 Hepaticje. 
 
 Jungermannia tomentella Hooker junger. 36. 
 
 tamaribci Linn. 
 
 cumplanata Linn. 
 
 bidentaia Linn. 
 
 pinguis Linn. 
 
 hyssdcea. Hooker junger, 12. 
 
 furcata Lin7i. 
 
 Targl riia iypophylla Lm«. 
 Marc'i'.antia polymorpha Li7m. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 4G 
 
 Mari-hanlia hemisphasrica Linn, 
 Anthoueros punctatu; Linn. 
 Riccia glauca Linn. 
 
 natans Linn. 
 
 flui ans Linn. 
 
 I.ICHFNOSiE. 
 
 Le( "dea geKuraphica .j< har. iichenrgr. 163- 
 
 coi fluent Achar. I c. cit- 174. 
 
 j arasema /t/c. c?7. 1,5. 
 
 luteola loe. eit- J 95. 
 
 lurida loc. cit. 219. 
 
 Gyrophora polyphylla. G. beteroi 'ea /S loc. cit. 219. 
 
 • probo-ciiea loc. tit. 2_'0. 
 
 Cnllicium claviculare loe. cit. 235. 
 Verrucaria n'tida loc eit. 279. 
 Endocarpon hepatitum loc. cit. 21)8. 
 Ihclotrema lejiadinum loc. cit. 312. 
 Lecariora atra loe. cit. 34 4. 
 
 fusco-atra loe. cit. 359. 
 
 /3 dendritica loc. cit. 
 
 parella loc, cit. 370. 
 
 — subfiisca loc. cit. S93. 
 
 ■ ventosa loc. cit. 399. 
 
 sulphurea loc. cit. 399. 
 
 decipiens loc. cit. 409. 
 
 — lepidosa /oc. ci^. 417. 
 
 microphylla loe. eit. 420. 
 
 gelida loe. cit. 428. 
 
 lentigera loe. cit. 423. 
 
 brunnea /3 nebulosa loe. cit. 419. 
 
 Roccella fucif&rmis loe. eit. 440. 
 Evtriiia prunastri loc. cit. 442. 
 St.'c'a crocata loe. cit. 447. 
 
 pulmonacea loe. eit. 449 ? 
 
 scrohiculata loc. cit. 453. 
 
 Prirmelia caperata loe. cit. 457. 
 
 olivacea loc. ci' . 462. 
 
 paiietina loc. cit. 463. 
 
 pluuihea /oc. at. 466. 
 
 steUaris loe. cit. 476. 
 
 conspersa loc, cit. 486. 
 
 pbys; de loe cit. 492. 
 
 Peliidea canina loe cit. 517. 
 Ceiiomyce pyxiJ;;ta loe. dt .J34. 
 
 — - cucciiera Ic. cit, 537> 
 
594 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 [Botany of Terra Anstralis. 
 
 Cenomyce deformis loc. cit. 538 
 
 cornuta loc. cit, 545- 
 
 — rangiferina loc. cit- 5 (j4 
 
 — vennicularis loc. cit. 566. 
 
 Stereocaulon paschalis loc. cit. 581. 
 Sphaerophoron coralloides loc. cit. 585. 
 . — conipressum loc. cit. 586. 
 Ramalina fraxinea loc. cit. 602. 
 
 fastigiata, loc. cit. 602. 
 
 Cornicularia spadicea loc. cit. 611. 
 
 — lanata loc- cit. 615. 
 
 pubescens loc cit. 616. 
 
 Usnea florida loc. cit. 620. 
 Collema nigrum loc cit- 628. 
 
 ■ fascicuiare loc- cit. 639. 
 
 . . tremellc; des loc. cit. 655. 
 
 Lepraria flava loc- cit- 66ci. 
 
 -. incan I loc. cit- 665- 
 
 -. botiyoides Achao-. meth. 6. 
 
 Fungi. 
 Rhizomorpha setiformis Pers- syn.fnng. 705. 
 Turbercularia vulgaris Pers. syn.fung. 112. 
 
 Sphseiia ophioglossoides Pers. syn-fung. 4. 
 Clavaria pistillaris Linn. 
 
 coralloides Linn. 
 
 Peziza scuteliata Limi. 
 Boletus igniarius Linn, 
 Agaricus alneus Linn. 
 
 . — muscarius Linn. 
 
 ■ — campestris Linn, 
 
 Algm. 
 
 Conferva ebenea Dillwyn hrit. conf. 101. 
 
 ericetorum Dilltvyn brit.conf. 1. 
 
 Ulua plumosa Huds. ang, 571. 
 
 lactuca Linn. 
 
 Fueus articulatus Turner fuci 2 p. 93. 1. 106 
 
 obtusus Turner furi \. p 44. r. 2 ) . 
 
 pinnatifidus Turner fmi l.p. 40. t,20. 
 
 corneus Lng. hot 1970. 
 
 plicatus Turner fmi 3 p. 107- t. 180. 
 
 palmatus Turner fuci p. 11?. t. 115. 
 
 rubens Turner fuci I. p. 89 t. 42. 
 
 sinuosus Turner fuci \.p, 74. /.35. 
 
APPENDIX. 595 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF PLANTS, 
 
 FIGURED L\ THE ATLAS. 
 
 FLINDl^RSIA. 
 
 Ord. Nat. Cedrelece, 
 
 S)st. Linn. Pentandria 3Ionogynia, inter Cedrebm et Calodendiuni. 
 
 Char. GEN. Stamina decern, dorso urceoli hypogyni inserta: alterna 
 sterilia. Capsula 5-pattibiIis : segmentis singulis divisis dissepi- 
 menta longitudinali, demutn libero, utrinque dispermo. Semina 
 erecta, apice alata. 
 
 Flindersia australis. Tab. 1. 
 
 A tree of moderate size, observed September 1 802, both in flower and with ripe 
 capsules, in the woods and thickets near the head uf Broad Sound, on the East toast of 
 New Hollnnd, in about 23° S. lat. The examination of Broad Sounrl was completed at 
 the saTne time by Captain Flinders, to commemorate whose merits I havesthcted this 
 genus from the consi-^lerable number discovered in the Expedition, of which he was the 
 able and active commander. 
 
 DESC. Jrbor, trunco pro ratione altitudinis mediocris crasso, coma irregulari, ramis 
 patulis, ramulis teretibus umbellatis cortice fusco cincreo rugoso, gemmis foliorum apici- 
 bu?que r^imulorum gummiferis. Folia altcrna, ad apicem ramuli conferta, exsti]julata, 
 petiolata, composita, ternata vel cum imparl opposito-pinnata 2-3-juga : foliola cblongo- 
 ellijitica (in ramulis sterilibus quandoque laiiceolata), integerrima glaberrima plana pellu- 
 cido-punctata, dum 2-3 uncias longa 12-15 lineas lata. Petiobis communis angulatus 
 mediociis : pariialium laieralt-s brevissimi, terminalis foliorum inferiorum 3-4 lineas 
 aequans, PaniculeB terminales confertae, ramis ramulisque alternis patentibus, pube 
 brevi in^tru.ti^ : hracteis parvis subulatis. i^wes parviaibi, odore debili baud ingrato. 
 Calyx brevis 5-fidus, extus pubescens, laciniis sequalibus seniiovatis acutis, persistens. 
 PetalaS sissilia oblongo-ovata obtusa plana, extus tenuissime pubescentia, basi disci sta- 
 uiiniferi inserta, aestivatione imbricata. Stamina decern, infra apicem extus disci hypo- 
 
596 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra AustraUs. 
 
 gyni inserta, petalis breviora. Filamenta 5 antherifera cum petalis alternantia, prope 
 basin disci inserta : 5 sterilia petalis opposita, breviora, in disco paulo altius imposita: 
 omnia glabra cumpre>so-filiformia connlventia: Aiithera, conniventes ovato-cordataa acu- 
 minatae glabr» flavicantes, juxia basin affixse, lotulis appositis longitudinaliter dehis- 
 centibus: Pollen flavum globosum teve. Discus hypogynus ovarium laxfe circumdans, 
 brevisglaber cyatbiformis decemplicatus subcrenatus. 0?.'ar««m llberum se.-sile depresso- 
 globosvmi viilde, luberculis confcrtissimis obtusis undique tectum, villisque rarioribus 
 ttnuibus puhescens, f)-loculare : Stylus simplex crtctus glaber obtuse 5-gonus : 
 S^("^wi« peltatum alte 5-lobum. Capsula lignea oblotiga obtu^a fere 3-uncialis, basi 
 calyce minimo persistenti subtensa, undique cbinata processubus sul>(.roso-lignels con- 
 fertis subconicis, 5-partibili<, segmentis cymbiformibus, tandem ab apice semibifidis et 
 siccatione saepe transversim fissis, basibus ante dehiicentiam adnexis axi centrali brevi 
 demum Uhero et persistenti. Placenta centralis longitudinaliter alte 5-loba, efFormaas 
 Dissepimenta quinque longitudine c;ipsul<£, cum segnientis alternantia ideoque eorum 
 cavitates bipartientia, ante dehiscentiam margine interiore connexa, demum soluta, dimi- 
 diato-oblonga plana sj)ongioso-lignea, versus dorsum obtusum sensim crassiora, margine 
 interiore in aciem attenuaia, utrinque disperma, et insignita lineis duabus alternis a mar- 
 gine interiore arcuatim descendentibus et paulo intra dorsum desinentibus. Seniina 
 erecta, funiculo brevi compresso pudo supra basin marginis exterioris inserta, plano-eon- 
 vexa, apice in alarn membranaceam planam uniiierveni ipso nucleo subovato sesquilongio- 
 rem desinentia. Integumentumi\m'^\iiy^ coriaceum basi lateribusquespongioso-incrassatis. 
 Alhumcn nullum. £mZir7/o dicotyledoneus albus : Co/j/Zerfone* transversae crasso-folia- 
 ceee avenise : Radicida prope medium marginis interioris seminis transversa^ bi'evissima, 
 sinu baseos cotyledonnm inclusa, ab umbilico remota. 
 
 Obs. There can be very little doubt that Arbor Radulifera of the 
 Herbarium amboinense (3. p. 201, t. 129.) belongs to FJindersia, not 
 only from the external appearance of the capsule as exhibited in the figure, 
 but from the description given by Runipf of its dehiscence, as well as of 
 the peculiar dissepiments and the structure of the seeds. 
 
 The affinities of this genus are not perhaps very evident. I have 
 referred it to Cedreleee, an order certain genera of which are annexed by 
 Jussieu to Meliaceee, but which I have separated from that family chiefly 
 on account of the structure of the fruit, and of the winged seeds. Flin- 
 dersia, however, does not agree with tlie other genera of Cedreleae either 
 ill the insertion of its seeds or dehiscence of its capsule: and it appears to 
 differ from tl em remarkably in its moveable dessepiments ; but these may be 
 considered as the segments of a common placenta, having a peculiar form, 
 
Descriptions of Plants.^ APPENDIX. 597 
 
 indeed, but not being in other respects essentially different from that of 
 Cedrelese. Flindersia is distinct also from the whole of the order, in 
 having its leaves dotted w^ith pellucid glands, in which respect it seems to 
 connect Cedreleae with Hesperidese ; and, notwithstanding the absence 
 of albumen, even with Diosmeae. 
 
 EUPOMATIA. 
 
 Ord. Nat. Annonacece ! 
 
 Syst. Linn. Icosandria Polygynia, v. MonadelpJda Polyandria. 
 
 Char. gen. Operculum superum integerrimum deciduum (integumentis 
 floralibus prseterea nuUis). Stamina uumerosa : exteriora antherifera ; 
 interiora sterilia petaloidea imbricata. Ovarium multiloculare, loculis 
 indefinitis (numero et ordine), polyspermis. Stigmata : areolae tot quot 
 loculi, in apice planiusculo ovarii. Bacca polysperma. 
 
 EuPOMATIA LAURINA. Tab. 2. 
 
 In woods and thickets in the colony of Port Jackson, especially in the moun- 
 tainous districts, and on the banks of the principal rivers ; flowering in December and 
 January. 
 
 DESC. Fnitex erectus ramosus glaberrimus 5-10 pedes altus, trunco gracili, 
 ramulis teretibus subporrectis. i^o/ia alterna, in ramulis bifaria, petiolata, exstipulata, 
 impunctata coriacea utrinque nitida nigro-viridia, integerrima plana oblonga acumine 
 brtvi, basi acuta sequali, dum 5 uncias longa sesquiunciam lata. Pedunculi axillares, 
 uniflori folio breviores ramuliformes, foliis 3-4 alternis nanis instructi. Perianthium 
 superum, limbo juxta basin transvcrsim dehiscente: Operculo caduco semielliptico, patilo 
 ante dehiscentiam albo-virescenti, e calyce et corolla concretis forsan conflate. Stamuia 
 margine persistenti limbi perianthii inserta, multiplici serie, basibus connatis : exteriora 
 antherifera numerosa patulu vel arct^ reflexa ; Fitamenth e basi dilatata subulatis; 
 Antheris ochroleucis linearibus, adnatis apice filamenti in mucronulum uitro producn*, 
 bilocularibus longitudinaliter dehiscentibus ; Polline globoso laevi : interiora sterilia 
 petaloidea, arete imbricata multiplici serie, basi invicem et antheriferis connexa simulque 
 decidiia, interioribus sensim minoribus arctiusque imbricatis. Ovarium, turbinatum 
 multiloculare, loculis sparsis nee verticillatis, polyspermis, ovulis ellipticis angulo interiori 
 loculi insert!?. Stigma sessile planiusculum integrum, areolis subrotundis numero locu- 
 lorum notatum. Bacca turb'nato-obovata glabra, basi angusta limbi persistenti-; peri- 
 anthii coronata, apice truncato areolato. Semi7ia solitari^ vel quandoque geminatim 
 
598 APPENDIX. [Botamj of Terra Australis. 
 
 inclusa rellulls clausis, mnfuo pressione varie angulata, circumscriptione subovata glabra 
 i^ipiessd-punctala, altera extremitate, ssepius ohtusiore, affixa ; chorda ventrali ab umbi- 
 lico p'-rvr flucta ad extremitatem oppositam ibique in clialazam inttgiimento interior! 
 adn ti'.ni drsinentc : Infegionoittiiii duplex; exterhis membranaceum intus . uudique 
 emittt ns processus breves intrr rugas albuminis demissos, et secundum chordam ventralem 
 proce.ssiim continuum ahinrem nucleum semibipartientem ; interhis tenuissimura albu- 
 mine arciis-ime alnatum : Albumen semini coufoime carnosum lob turn. Embryo in 
 regione umb lici, albumine 5-6ies brevior, dicotyledoneu5 albicans: Cotyledones lineares 
 foliaceae : Radkula teres recta longitudine cotyledonum. 
 
 Obs. This oeiius forms a very unexpected addition to Annonaceee, of 
 which it will constitute a distinct section, remarkable in the manifestly 
 perigynous insertion of its stamina and the cohesion of the tube of its 
 calyx with the ovarium. It has therefore nearly the same relation to the 
 other genera of the order that Nymphaea has to Hydropeltis : and the 
 affinity in both cases is chiefly determined by the structure of the seed. 
 
 The Operculum of Eupomatia, in which there is no mark of longi- 
 tudinal division, may be considered as formed either of the calyx alone, 
 or of the confluent calyx and corolla, as appears to be the case at least 
 in several species of Eucalyptus. 
 
 A singular part of the structure of Eupomatia consists in its internal, 
 barren, petal-like stamina, which, from their number and disposition, com- 
 pletely cut off all communication between the Antherse and Stigmata. 
 This communication appears to be restored by certain minute insects 
 eating the petal-like filaments, while the antheriferous stamina, which 
 are either expanded or reflected, and appear to be even slightly irritable, 
 remain untouched. I have at least not unfrequently seen the barren sta- 
 mina removed in this way, and, as all the stamina are firmly connected at 
 the base and fall ofl' together, it is difficult to conceive any other mode of 
 exposing the Stigmata to the influence of the Antherae. 
 
Frr'' Bot„-rdelt 
 
 I 
 
'//// f///yyf//>f. 
 

Descriptions of Plants.'] APPENDIX. " 599 
 
 EUDESMIA. 
 
 Ord, Nat. Myrtacece, inter Eucalyptum et Angophoram- 
 Syst. Linn. Polyadelphia Poh/andria. 
 
 Char. Gen. Calyx superus, 4-dentatus. Petala arete connata in Oper- 
 culum 4-striaturu decidimm. Stamina in phalanges quatuor polyan- 
 dras, cumdentibus calycis alternantes, basi connata. Capsula 4-loc. 
 polysperma, apice dehiscens. 
 
 EUDESMIA TETRAGONA. Tab. 3. 
 
 In exposed barren places near the shores, in the neighbourhood of Lucky Bay, on 
 the South coast of New Holland in 34" S. lat. and 1 23° E. Ion- ; gathered both in flower 
 and fruit in January 1802. 
 
 DESC. Frutex 3-5 pedes altus, ramis patentibus, ramulis 4-gonis angulis niargi- 
 natis. Folia opposita quandoque subopposita, petiolata, sBepius aversa, lanceolata vel 
 oblonga, coriacea conipacta, integerrinia marginata glauca resinoso-punctata, venis vix 
 emersis anastomozantibus, 3-4 uncias longa, 14- 16 lineas lata, Uinbellce laterales 
 pauciflorae, pedunculo pedicellisque ancipitibus. Calyx turbinatus obtuse 4-gon^3 cum 
 ovario cohaerens, angulis apice productis in dentes breves subinsequales, duobus oppositis 
 paulomajoribus. 0/jercM?;<m depresso-hemisphasricum muticuni glandulosum albicans, 
 striis quatuor cruciatis parum depressis dentibus calycis oppositis notatum, quasi epetalis 
 quatuor conflatum, caducum. Stamina plurima : Filamenta in phalanges quatuor petalis 
 oppositas approximata, capillaria glabra alba, interiora sensim breviora: Anthera ovato- 
 subrotundae incumbentes ochroleucae, loculis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium 
 inclusum tubo adherent! calycis, 4-loculare: Stylus 1, cylindraceus: Stigma obtusum. 
 Capsula inclusa et connata tubo aucto turbinate oblongo ligneo calycis, apice 4-fariaai 
 dehiscens. 
 
 Obs. There can be no doubt respecting the affinity of this genus, 
 which belongs to Myrtacese and differs from Eucalyptus solely in having a 
 striated operculum placed within a distinctly toothed calyx, and in its 
 filaments being collected into bundles. The Operculum in Eudesmia, 
 from the nature of its striae and their relation to the teeth of the calyx, ap- 
 pears to be formed of the confluent petals only: whereas, that of Eucalyp- 
 tus, which is neither striated nor placed within a distinct calyx, is more 
 probably composed, in several cases at least, of both floral envelopes united. 
 But in many species of Eucalyptus a double Operculum has been observed ; 
 in these the outer Operculum, which generally separates at a much earlier 
 
600 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 stage, may, perhaps, be considered as formed of the calyx, and the inner 
 consequently of corolla alone, as in Eudesmia: this view of the struc- 
 ture appears at least very probable in contemplating Eucalyptus globulus, 
 in which the cicatrix caused by the separation of the outer operculum is 
 particularly obvious, and in which also the inner operculum is of an evi- 
 dently different form. 
 
 Jussieu, in some observations which he has lately made on this 
 subject, (in Annates du mm. 19. p. 432., J seems inclined to consider the 
 operculum of Eucalyptus as formed of two confluent bractese, as is certainly 
 the case with respect to the calyptra of Pileanthus, and of a nearly related 
 genus of the same natural family. This account of its origin in Eucalyptus, 
 however, is hardly consistent with the usual umbellate inflorescence of that 
 genus ; the pediceili of an umbel being always destitute of bractese ; and in 
 Eucalyptus globulus, where the flowers are solitary, two distinct bracteseare 
 present as well as a double operculum. But a calyptra analogous to that 
 of Pileanthus exists also in most of the species of Eucalyptus, where it is 
 formed of the confluent bractete common to the whole umbel, and falls off 
 at a very early period. 
 
 1 CEPHALOTUS. 
 
 Ord. Nat. Bosacece. 
 
 Syst. Linn. Dodecandria Hexagynia. 
 
 Char. Gen. Ca^i/« coloratus,6-fidus, festivatione valvata. Peta/ao. Slam. 
 12, perigyna: Antherarum dorso glanduloso. Ovaria 6, distincta, 
 monospcrnia, ovulo erecto. Styli terminales. 
 
 Cephalotus follicularis. Tab. 4. 
 
 Cephalotus follicularis. Labillard. nov. holl. 2. p. 7- t. 145. 
 
 In marsliy ground, in the neighbourhood of King George's Sound, especially near 
 the shores of Princess Royal Harbour, in 35° S. lat, and 118° E. long. ; beginning to 
 flower about the end of December. 
 
 DESC. Herba perennis. Caulis abbreviatus vix uncialis, demernis, saepe sub terrim 
 divisus. Folia in apice vix em<.-rso caulis confirta quas' r idicalia, nuraerosa, petiolata, 
 exsiipuiata, elliptica intcgerrimn, enervia orassiuscula plana glabra p^isve raris iustiucta, 
 viridia, 8-l(> lineas longa. Petiolus folio vix bievior, ^emiteres b.isi parurn diliitata. 
 
 ulscidia io\\\s intermista, petiolisque similibus porivcti- p inimve deflexis insi^en- 
 tia, in orbem circa folia digesta, respectu petioli dependtntia, ijuoaJ propriani cavitatem 
 
Descriptions of Plants.] APPENDIX. 601 
 
 erecta, subovata, operculata, uncialia: E.vtus ornata costis tribus ab ore cristato 
 ortis, valde elevatis et ssepius apice longitudinaliter depresso latiusculo niarginibus aciitis 
 pilosis; lateralibus obliquis dorsum versus tendentibus sensim declinantibus et prope 
 medium lateris desinentibus in lineas cnrsum oblique anticum servantes pauloque supra 
 basin ventris coalescentes ; veidrali elevatiore recta, longitudine ascidii, apice semper 
 Idtiusque depresso : Intus nitentia et e majore parte nigro-purpurea, paulo infra an- 
 nulum costatum oris aucta margine prominulo integerrimo. Ore plusquam semiorbi- 
 culari, paulo infra marginem extus cincto annulo tenui, ortum prsebeiite processubus 
 nuraerosis (19-23), parallelis costeeformibus, adnatis, extremitate interiore soluta brevi 
 incurva acuta. Operculo e petiolo derivato et postico lateri oris ascidii lata basi inserto, 
 foliaceo oriiiculato-obovato emarginato planiusculo viridi, vtnis nigro-purpureis latis 
 ramosis apice anastomozantibus picto, extus pilosiusculo intus glahro. 
 
 Scapus simplicissimus erectus pedalis sesquipedalis villosus pilis simplicibus acutis, 
 instructus br.jcteis nonnullis alternis'remotis deciduis ; dimidio inferiore quaiidoqiie an- 
 gulato, superiore semper tereti. Spica terminalis ertcta biuncialis, composita spiculis 
 numerosis, superiorihus confertis, inferionbus sensim remoiioiibus, omnibus pedunciilatis 
 4-5-iloris, floribus subcorymliosis ebraceatis. Braitece pedunculos spicularum subten- 
 dentes subulato-lineares deciduae. Flores parvi. Calyx albus, alt^ 6"-fidus simjiliei serie, 
 regularis aequalis, extus pube adpressa simplici, laciniis ovato-lanceolatis patulis apice 
 denticulo interiore aiietis : basi intus incrassata pilisque capitatis brevissimis i:ispidula. 
 Stamina margini tiibi cal, cis insata, ejusdem lacioiis breviora ; sex laciiiiis alternantia 
 longiora et praecociora : Filamenta subulata erecto-conniventia glabra purpurascentia : 
 Antherce conniventcs subrotundce didymss, lobis appositis purpurascentibus longitudina- 
 liter dehisceniibus, connectivo subgloboso fungoso celluloso albo adnatis : Pollen fl ivum. 
 Pis/ilia 6 p.pproximata, staminibus minoribus breviora : Ovar'ui cum laciniis perianthii 
 alternantia subovata parum comprcssa glabra, margine venlrali truncate dorsali rotundato, 
 monosperma; Ovnlo erecto, magnitudine fercloculi et intra testam membrnnaceam con- 
 tinente sac ulum magnitudine cavitatis testfe, pendulum : Styli terminales teretiusculi : 
 Stigmata simplicia. Fasciculus laxus albus villorum centrum receptaculi intra ovaria 
 occupat. 
 
 Obs. Cephalotus has been referred by its discoverer Labillardiere to 
 Rosaceae, to which, notwithstanding its coloured calyx and the absence of 
 petals, it seems to have the nearest affinity ; a knowledge of the fruit, how- 
 ever, is wanting to determine absolutely its place iu the natural method. 
 From the slruc'ure of its ovulurn, even iii the unimpregnated state, I enter- 
 tain no doubt that the radicule of the Embryo points to the uinbilicus of 
 the seed and therefore downwards ; a circumstance in which it would 
 VOL. II. 4 H 
 
602 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Amtralis , 
 
 differ from tlie greater part, but not from all the Rosacea; ; and in other 
 respects it does not ai)pear to belong- to any subdivision of that order 
 hitherto proposed. 
 
 In the structure of its Ascidia it agrees with Nepenthes, with whichj 
 however, it has no other point of resemblance. 
 
 The Ascidia or Pitchers of Cepl.aiotus were observed to be in gene- 
 ral nearly half filled with a watery fluid, in which great numbers of a 
 small species of Ant were frequently found drowned. This fluid, which 
 had a slightly sweet taste, may possibly be in part a secretion of the Pitcher 
 itself, but more probably consists merely of rain-water received and pre- 
 served in it. The lid of the Pitcher in the full grown state was found 
 either accurately closing its mouth or having an erect position and tliere- 
 fore leaving it entirely open ; and it is not unlikely that the position of the 
 lid is determined by the slate of the atmosphere, or even by other external 
 causes, 
 
 ANTIARIS. 
 
 Ord. Nat. Urticece, inter Broslmum et Olmediam. 
 Syst. Linn. 3Ioncecia Tetrandria 
 
 Char. Gen. Masc. Involucrvm multiflorum, basi orbiculata florifera, 
 
 apice mullifido. Calyx 4-ph. Slam. 4. 
 Fem. Involucrum uniflorum, urceolatum, apice multifidum. Calyx o. 
 
 Ovarium cum invoiucro cohferens, monospcrmum, ovulo pendulo. 
 
 Stylus bipartitus. DrujJa ex involucro aucto formata. Semen exal- 
 
 bumiiiosum. Embryonis rad\cu\a. super a. 
 
 Antiakis mackophylla. Tab. 5. 
 
 A slirul) or very small tree observed in barren stony places, on the shores of the 
 Compmy's IsUmc's, ailjacent to Arnliem's Land, on the North const of New Holland, in 
 abuui 12° S. lut. ; beaiing both ilouers and ripe fruit in February 1803. 
 
 DESC. Frute.v orgyalis raniosissimus glaber lactescens. Itamuli teretes. Folia 
 alterna, petiolata, siipulaia, oMonga i uin brcvi acumine, hasi inaequali SLibcordata, g!a- 
 b -r -'mi integerrinia ci riycea, sujjra nigro-viridla nitida subtus virid^ora, venis fere rect- 
 atigull- juxta niarginem anastomozantibus, venulis divaricatis, duni sex unciaslonga ulira 
 
'y/-/,,--.'r' 
 
Descriptions of Plants.'] APPENDIX. 603 
 
 tres unci IS lata. Petioli teretiusculi cinerascent-^s semunciales. Stipula infrafoliacea 
 condupllcatii lanccolata acuminata foliacea. P«/m»/7(// axillires solitarii, luevi-sinii, an- 
 drogyni, pcdicellis 6"-S alternis, inliiiio femineo prtKCOcior,-, leliquis masculis. M.vsc. 
 Involucrum subcyathiforme apice multifido, laciiiiis iiubricatis acutis c;li:itis conni- 
 ventibus, demum exp:insum oibicu'are niarginibus reflixis, diain.-tro (piiriMU lineari. 
 Flosculi Kumerosi dense conftrti sessiles. Cah/x 4-ph. foiiolis subsput!iii!ati> ipi con- 
 niventibus. Corollao. ^-hifher^E hWocnlares : Pollen aUwrn. Nullum rudinitiituin pistiili. 
 Fem. Invohicnim uuiflorum ovatum parvum glabruiri v > d" ai'ce multiHclui!), 
 laciiiiis numeiosis lanccolatis ciliatis eonniventibus, niinnuUisaue dorsalibus sparsis 
 similibus. Calyx o. Stamina o. Ovarium nccretum et i;i. liisumveiiti-f involueri, uidiuj- 
 speinuim, ovLilo pendulo: iS/j/Zzw profunde b fidus lac iis fil f mi ^ s eloiigati albicaa- 
 tibus glabris : Stigmata acuta. Drupa as iiivolucm au.t:) cffjr atum, lis abra, 
 magnitudine pruni domestic! minoiis, n'gro-singuinca, sulis'an'ia carnosa eras lac'cs- 
 cente intus flavicantf, lacte albo ; pittamine ova'o ciu ta e ■ tiuaci 1 svi fu-i-d. Ifitegu- 
 mentum.seminis\>X:S\e\'^u\^.mex\n\x\\uva. Albumen iiul'um. JStiihr o <\ cot leion us 
 albus : Coti/ledones maximae amygdalino-carnosae ovatie plano-convcx.je : Rudicula su- 
 pera brevissimn, 
 
 Obs. When I collected and described tliis plant on the norlh coast of 
 New Holland, I had no reason to suppose it had any affiiiity to t!ie Upns 
 Antiar or Poison tree of Java, of which the first satisfactory account has been 
 since pnblishcd by Mr. Lescheoault. There can however be no doubt that 
 the plant of New Holland belongs to the same genus \vith Antiaris toxicaria 
 of that anlhor,* notwithstanding some difference between our accouals 
 of the structure of the male flowers; with respect to wliicSi [ iiave only to 
 observe that my description was taken from living plants, and I coasi !er its 
 correctness to be very much contirmed by the figure, which was after- 
 wards made from dried specimens, by Mr. B luer, who was unacquainted 
 with my observations. Antiaris evidently belongs to Urticese, and in 
 a natural series will stand between Brosimum of Swartz nnd Olmedia of 
 Floi'a Peruviana, agreeing with the latter in the structure of its male flowersj 
 and more nearly resembling the former in its female flowers and iiuii, 
 
 * Annates du ynus, 16. p, 478, t, 22. 
 
604 APPENDIX. {Botany o/ Terra Australia. 
 
 FRANKLANDIA. 
 
 Ord. Nat. Proteacece. 
 
 Sjs . Linn. Tetrandria 31oiiogynia. 
 
 Char, Gen. Perianthium hypocrateriforme: /imfeo quadripartite deciduo, 
 aestivatione induplicata: tubo persistenti. Antherce iacliisa3, perian- 
 thio accretae. Sqiiam(E 4, perigynae, in vaginam 4-fjdam connatse. 
 Ovarium monospermum. Caryopsis fusiformis pedicellata, apice 
 dilatato papposo. 
 
 Franklandia fucifolia. Tab. 6. 
 
 Franklandia fucifolia, Li7m. soc. tramact. 10, ji. 157- Prdr.Jl. nov. holL370. 
 
 In moist heaths near the shores of King George's Sound, on the South west coast of 
 New Holland, found in flower and with ripe seed in December, 1801. 
 
 DESC. Frutex erectus ramosus 2-3 pedes altus glaber, glandulis pustuliformibus 
 aurantiacis undique conspersus. Rami teretes striati, epidermide tenui cinerea. Folia 
 alterna triuncialiafiliformia, basi perspatiUm senrsunciale indivisa, dein dichotoraa, lacinia- 
 rum apicibus fastigiatis, ultimas dichotomiae ramulo altero bifido altero /implici. Spicee 
 axillares solitarias simplicissimae rarae pedunculatae erectae, foliis parum longiores : pedi- 
 cellis alternis basi unibracteatis : hractea ovata obtusa concava sesquilineam longa, post 
 lapsum peranthii fructiferi persistenti. Perianthium luteum fere biunciale, extus con- 
 spersum pustulis rufescentibus: Ungues in tubum eylindraceam cbhaerentes, extra medium 
 pappo caryopsidis expandtnti solubiles et decldui ; inferne arctiuG connati indurati persis- 
 tentes : LamintB tubo brevioies, aequales lanceolatte, disco piano, marginlbus adscendenti- 
 bus parum undulatis vividiusque coloratis, sub aestivatione induplicatis. Stami7ia 4, 
 inclusaj antherarum apicibus faucem semiclaudentibus : Filamenta medio tubo perian- 
 thii quasi inserta, laciniis opposita et iisdem longitudinaliter arete coliaerentia: Antherce 
 lineares dimidio superiore filamenti in mucronulum ultro producti adnatffi. loculis appositis 
 longitudinaliter dehiscentibus : Pollen flavum subglobosum obsoletiisimd trigonum lasve. 
 Vaginula dimidio inferiore tubi J^erianthii arctissime adnata, ita ut quasi ad eandem alti- 
 tudinem ac filamenta inserta, supern^ soluta quadridentata, demum increscenti caryopsidi 
 quadrifida, laciniis subulato-linearibus cum staminibus alternantibus. Ovarium teretius- 
 Culum, monospermum : dimidio inferiore barbato pills strictis copiosis, tenuiore et in 
 pediccllum sensim angustato : superiore fusiform i glabro striate: apice coronatum Pappo 
 sessili capillari e pilis strictis acutis formato, ipsum ovarium aliquoties superante. Stylus 
 filiformis erectus altitudine staminum lanatus apice glabro. Stigma turbinatum indivisum 
 
^-^: 
 
 !■« j-c": 
 
Descriptions o/ Plants.'] APPENDIX. 605 
 
 glabrum, apice depresso. Caryopsis ciustacea, dimidio inferiore persistent! indurato tubi 
 perianthii inclusa, striata apice dilatatain vaglnulambrevem subcyathiformam extus pappi- 
 geram intus glabram. Semen fusiforme, membiana propria tenuissima apice cbalaza fusca 
 insigiiita. Albumenn^Wnm, Emhrj/o erectus subcylindraceusalbus: Cott/ledones hrevisslmca 
 semiorbiculatae: /iarficw^a maxima elongato-turbinata teres acuta: Plunmla inconspicua. 
 
 Obs. Franklandia, though evidently belonging to Proteaceas, differs 
 from the whole of that family in at least three points of structure, any 
 one of which may equally be assumed as the essential character of the 
 genus ; namely, in the antherje being fixed through their whole length to 
 the laciuiffi of t!ie perianthiura ; in the squamae which alternate with the 
 stamina so intimately cohering at their base with the lower half of the 
 calyx that they appear to originate from its upper part; and in the induplicate 
 aestivation of the lamina: of the hypocrateriform perianthiura, in this last 
 respect the genus presents an exception to what I had formerly considered 
 as one of the most constant distinguishing characters of the order ; it does 
 not however so materially invalidate this character as a change to any 
 other kind of aestivation would have done; the induplicate and valvular 
 modes passing into each other, merely by an abstraction or addition of the 
 elevated margins of the lacinifE. Instances of the abstraction of these 
 elevated margins, in orders where they are generally present, are met with 
 in Goodenovia> and Convolvulaceae, and an instance of their addition as 
 in Franklandia occurs, though less obviously, in Chuquiraga, a genus 
 belonging to Coraposits, in which family the valvular aestivation is as 
 general as in Proteaceae. 
 
 The estivation of Franklandia may be adduced in support of that 
 opinion which considers the floral envelope of Proteaceae as corolla rather 
 than calyx; there being, I believe, no instance of a similar aestivation in 
 a genuine calyx, unless that of Nyctagines be regarded as such: but 
 a stronger argument for this envelope being really calyx is afforded also 
 by Franklandia, in which the transition from the footstalk to the perian- 
 thium is so gradual as to be externally imperceptible, and is not marked 
 either by any change or interruption of the surface. 
 
 The apparently similar origin in Franklandia of the stamina and squamae 
 affords an argument, in addition to what I have formerly stated*, for con- 
 
 * Linn. soc. transact. 10. p. 159. 
 
606 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Australis. 
 
 sidering the latter as barren filaments ; we may therefore expect to find 
 octandrous general belonging to this family. While the persistence and 
 induration of the lower half of the perianthiura in this genus, and the peri- 
 gynous origin of the sqiiamee, which in other genera of the order are hypo- 
 gynous, render it not improbable that plants may hereafter be discovered 
 having a calyx absolutely cohering with the ovarium, which nevertheless it 
 may be necessary to refer to Proteaceae. 
 
 Elceagnece, in winch tlie tendency to cohesion of the calyx and ova- 
 rium is still more obvious than in Franklandia, approach very near to 
 Proteacea? in most respects, and the single difference in fructification 
 between these two orders, consisting in the stamina being opposite to the 
 lacinise of the calyx in the latter and alternating with them in the former, 
 is not an insuperable objection to their union ; for Drapetes, which evi- 
 dently belongs to Thymeleae, has, in opposition to the rest of that order, 
 its stamina alternating with the divisions of the perianthium. 
 
 SYNAPHEA. 
 
 Ord. Nat. Proteaceee. 
 
 Syst. Linn. Triandria Monogynia. 
 
 Char. Gen. Perianthium tubulosum, 4-fidum, ringens. Antheree tres, 
 iuclusae: inferior dldyma cum lateralibus dimidiatis prime cohserens 
 in vaginam bilocularem, lobis proximis vicinarum loculum unicum 
 constitueutibus. Slignia filamento superiore sterili connatum. Nux. 
 
 Synaphea dilatata. Tab. 7. 
 
 Synaphea follis apice dilatatis trilobis: lobis inci^o-dentatis, petiolis spicisque villosis, 
 
 stigmate bicorni. Linn. soc. transact. lO, p. 156. Prodr.ji. nov. holt, 370. 
 Conospermum recticulatutn. Smith in Pees Cycloped. 
 
 In exposed barren situations, near the shores of King George's Sound ; gathered in 
 flower and fruit, in December, IbOl. 
 
 DESC. /n^^ira/w* procumbens teres crassUie pennse corvinse, subramosus, villis 
 patulis mollibus tomentoque appresso cinereus. Folia alurna, elongato-petijlata, afiscen- 
 dentia, cuneata, basi valde attenuata, apice dilatato tritido, lobis inciiis, seginentis 
 
I'er' lioJter' rt..'/: 
 
 / 
 
i 
 
 /^//tf////f/f rn/if//f/ff . 
 
 ff 
 
 J 
 
Descriptions of Plants.'] APPENDIX. 607 
 
 brevibus acutis niucronulo sphacelato ; trineivia, iiervis lateralibus margini approximatis 
 simplici-siaiis et infra apicem folii desinentlbus, nee in lacinulas extimas productis ; 
 medio trifido, ramis lateralibus subalternis ; utrinque pulclire reticulata, areolis nii- 
 nutis subtus magis conspicuis ; adulta glabrata, novella viilosa. Petioli teretes, basi dilatata 
 oblongo-lanceolata scariosa. Spicm axillares solitariae simplicissimse erectie 3-4-unciales 
 folia vix aequantes, basiflorte, racbi tomentcsa, florlbus alternis sessilibus unibracleatis ; 
 bracttis cucullatis ovatis acutis persistentibus. 'Perianthiuvi coloratum flavum di'ciduum: 
 ungues inferne tronnaii in tubum demum 4-partibilem : lamince in limLuai bilabiatum dispo- 
 s!tiB, lanci oKitffi ; dor.-^ali labium superius constituente latiure ; anticarum media lateralibus 
 angustiore. Stamina tulio i iclusa, supra medium unguium inserta : Filamenta quatuor, 
 \ive\'m : siiperiure sterili apice curn stigraato connate; reliqua antherifera: ^nthercB 
 laterales diniidiatse ; inferior didyma, lobis cum iis lateralium longitudinaliter connexis, 
 ita ut lobus singulus inferioris cum respondent! laterali loculum unicum tandem bivalvem 
 constituit, nulio vestigio disseplmenti : PoZ/e» triangulare. Squamce ht/pogynce nullas. 
 Oz^on«W2 turbinatum pubescens apiceque ornatum pilis brevibus crassis pellucidis strictis), 
 monospermum: Stylus cnrvAtus glaber sursum incrassatus deciduus : Stigma dilatatum 
 obliquum, hinc apice filameiiti arctissime connatum, inde desinens in cornua duo parallela 
 distantia subulata. Nnx crustacta obovata striata pilosa, apiceque coronata pappo brevi 
 e pilis strictis crassioribus formato. 
 
 Obs. In my general observations on Proteacese I have noticed two 
 very remarkable characters of Synaphea, namely, the cohesion of the bar- 
 ren filament with the stigma, which is peculiar to this genus, and the 
 structure and connection of the Antherse, in which it agrees with Cono- 
 spermum : it is also remarkable that these two nearly related genera should 
 differ in the position of their barren and fertile stamina with relation to the 
 perianthiiim ; plants of the same natural family very generally agreeing 
 in the order of abortion or suppression of these organs ; to this however 
 some other exceptions are known, and one has been already noticed as 
 occuring in Drapi tes. 
 
 The ger.vis Synapliea seems to be confined to the south-west coast of 
 New Holl aid, for it is more likely that PoUjj)odiuin spinulosum of Bur- 
 naannus (flor. ind.2^'3. t. 67 y. I.) which I have formerly referred to this 
 genus, as well as .idicmhim trmicatmn of the same author, long since deter- 
 mined to be a species of Acacit, by Mr. Dryander, were brought from that 
 coast to Batavia hy one of the Dutch navigators, perhaps by Vlaming, than 
 that tiiey are real.y natives of Java, from which Burmannus received them. 
 
608 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Anstralis. 
 
 DASYPOGON. 
 
 Drd. Nat. Jnncece inter Xerotem et Calectasiam. 
 Syst. Linn. Hexandria Monogynia, post Xerophytam. 
 
 Char. Gen. Perianthmm duplex : e.r/e?-*wstubiilosum,trifiduin; interius 
 triphyllura, foliolis semipetaloideis cochleariformibus. Stamina 6, 
 irao perianthio inserta. Ovarium superain, uniloculaie, trispermuin, 
 ovulis erectis. Stylus subulatus, Stigma simplex. TJtriculus mono- 
 sperraus, tubo indurato aucto perianthii exterioris inclusus. 
 
 Dasypogon bromelufolius. Tab. 8. 
 
 Dasypogon bromeliifolius. Prodr.Jl. nov, holl- 263. 
 
 On the shores of King George's Sound ; obseived in flower and fruit in December, 
 1801. 
 
 DESC. Planta sufFruticosa sesquipedalis bipedalis, habitu peculiar!, ad Xerotem 
 aliquatends accedenti. Caulis simplicifsimus teres foliatus, pilis strietis brcxibus copiosis 
 denticulatis reversis tectus. JPo/irt graminea; radicalia conftrta; caulina sparsa supe- 
 rioribus remotis, breviora^ semiamplexicaulia : omnia mucronata glabra niarginibus 
 denticulato-asperis. Capilulmn terminale soliTarium sphsericum, magnitudine nucis 
 juwlandis vel pruni minoris, bracteis nonnuilis patulis foliiformibus iavolucramm. Flwes 
 sessiles conferti, paleis e dilatata basi lanceolatis margine denticulatis distincti, aliisque 
 angustioribus intermistis. Perianthium exterius 3-partitunfi, extus pilis longis strietis 
 denticulatis barbatum ; iinguibus in tubum subovatum leviter cohaerentibus ; laminis 
 distinctis ovatis concaviusculis infern^ pallidls, supi rn^ uigricantibus ibique intus pube 
 tenuissima: Interius longitudine exterioris, glabrum : unguibus angusiis dislinctis ap- 
 proximatis concaviusculis hyalinis glabris ; laminis ungue paulo latioribus, subellip- 
 ticis ciliatis hyalinis, carina nigricanti apice pubescenti. Stamina ipsi basi perianthii 
 inserta eoque fere duplo longiora : Filametita aequalia filiformia alba glabra, apice incras- 
 sato subclavato cum apiculo brevi setaceo antherifero : AnthercB oblongse pallide flavae 
 incumbentes, infra medium affixae, biloculares, loculis appositis approximatis longitudi- 
 naliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium subovatum trigonum glabrum albicans, ovulis oblongis : 
 Stylus strictus glaber albus, inferne obsolete trigonus, supern^ teres. Utriculus mem- 
 branaceus,inclusus tubo perianthii exterioris incrassato nucamentaceo nitido fusco glabrato. 
 Semen subglobosum, integumento simplicissimo connato : .Jlbumi?ie carnoso semini 
 conformi. Embryo - - - 
 
, !•.->■'' L'lOU'-j- -i- 
 
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Descriptions of Plants.] APPENDIX. 609 
 
 CALECTASIA. 
 
 Ord. Nat. Junccae. 
 
 Syst. Linn. Hexandria Monogynia. 
 
 Char. gen. Perianthium inferuin, tubulosum, hypocrateriforme, pensis- 
 tens : limbo petaloideo 6-partiio, ajstivatione irabricata. Stamina 6, 
 fauci inserta : Antheris conniventibus, poro duplici apicis dehiscenti- 
 bus. Ovarium uniloculare, Irispermum, ovulis erectis. Stijlns lili- 
 formis. Stigma simplex. Utriczilus monospermus, tubo indurato 
 perianthii inclusus. 
 
 Calectasia Cyanea. TcJj. D. 
 
 Calect&sia. cysnita Frodr.Jt. )iov. holt. '26i. 
 
 On barren liills, near the shores of King George's Sound ; flowering in December. 
 
 DESC. Fruticulus ramosissimus erectus csespitem cfforman?, pedalis sesqui- 
 pedalis, glaber ; caiile inferne tertti, basibus persistentibus foliorum squamoso. Folia 
 e basi'ius dilatatis semivaginantibus imbricatis patula, acerosa ancipitia rigida semun- 
 cialia, mucron e brevi pungenti terminata, glabra; ramca patula, raaiuloruni mo • 
 dice patentia confertiora. Flores ramulos breves ultimos terminantes solitarii, sessiles, 
 foliis floralibus minoribus confertissimis, intimis albicantibus, inferne cincti. Perianthium : 
 Tuho angusto-infundibuliformi subcarnoso viridi striate, extus villosiusculo, intus glabro : 
 Limho stellatim patulo, laciniis lanceolatis brevissime mucronulatis immerse nervosis pa- 
 rum concavis vivide Ctcruleis, disco extus villosiusculo. Stamina 6 : Filamenta fauci 
 perianthii inserta, limbi laciniis opfosita, conniventia curvata cterulea glabra : Anthera: 
 appro.s.imatae, liberae, oblongo-lineares obiusfe, basi emarginatae affixae, Inferne quadrilo- 
 culares, superne biloculares poro duplici apicis debistentibus. Ovarium subcylindraceum 
 utrinque attenuatum dilute viride glabrum, longitudine tubi perianthii, uniloculare, trisper- 
 mum, ovulis erectis : Stx/liis filiforn.is glaber cteruleus, basi pallidiore pauloque crassiore, 
 pariter ac filamenta tuivatus, stanniriibus paulo longior : Stigma atutum. Utriiidus 
 tubo indurato perianthii inclusus, tenuis, juxta basin transversim abscedens margine lacero, 
 calyptra apicem seniiuis maturescciitis tegcnte. Stmen unicum, maturescens clongato- 
 pyriforme teres tcnuiter striatum, basi c;:udata funiculo capillari affixum. Integumenfian 
 simplicissimum nucleo arete cohaerens, apice area fusca notatum. Albumen .-emini con- 
 forme, dense carnosum, album, apice iusculptum caxitatc superficiali area fusca incras- 
 sata integumenti repleta, EmhrT/o .... 
 
 VOL. II. 4 I 
 
610 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Austrahs. 
 
 CORYSANTHES. 
 
 Ord. Nat. Orclndea:. 
 
 Sysl. Linn. Gynandria Monandria. 
 
 ■Perkmfhimn r'mgens : Galea magua. : Lahivm inferius 4-paititiim, lia- 
 num, occultatum Lahello maxirao cucullato vel tubuloso. Anthera 
 terminalis, unilocularis, semibivalvis, persistens : Massca Pollinis 4, 
 pulverese. 
 
 CoRYSANTHES FIMBRIATA. Tab. lO. 
 
 Coiysanthfs fimbriata. Frodr.fl. nov, hoU. 328. 
 
 In shady places, especially under rocks and large stones, near Sydney, and in other 
 parts of the colony of Port Jackson . 
 
 DESC. Bulbus solitarius pisiformis radicem longam teretem fibris nonnuUis al- 
 ternis simpliclssimis instructam terminans- 
 
 J^o/(M»« unicum, quasi radicale, sed caulem brevissimum demersum, basi squama 
 unica seiiiivaginanti subovata acuta instruetuno terminans, subrotuudum mucrone 
 brevissimo, basi alt^ cordata, lobis posticis rotundatis altero alterum equitante, expla- 
 natum horizontale, viride subtus dilutius, diametro subunciali, venosum venis di- 
 chotomis crebre anistomozantibus in nervum margin! approximatum et parallelum 
 desinentibus. Flos solitarius, pro ratione plantse magnus, purpureus ; ovario intra folium 
 subsessili postice bractea semilanceolata erecta sukenso. Per'mnthium petaloideum 
 scxpartitum ringens : Foliola tria exteriora, quorum Galea hyalinacum maculis crebris 
 purpureis insequalibus, e basi erectiuscula arcuata argustiore, superne dilatata obovata 
 magis concava porrecta, apice incurvo, inarginibus longitudinaliter nudis; duo aiitica cum 
 lateralibus imeriorum labium inferius descendenti-por-ectum efformantia, subulata plana 
 alba immaeulata, ipsis basibus invicem connatis : tria interiora, quorum duo lateralia 
 anticis exteriorum similia, e basi brevi porrecta adscendentia, Labetlum maximum 
 unguiculatum inlivisum : ungue brevissimo erecto albo: lamina dimidio inferiore 
 adscend nti galeae basi appresso, marginibus nudis inflexis tubum completum efformante, 
 intus nigro sanguineo sur>um dilutiore, paulo infra apicem albo virescenti rugoso subglan- 
 duloso ; superiore dilatato ovato concavo deflexo, dilute purpureo maculis numerosis con- 
 fluentibus rufo-sangu'neis, disco intus paulo infra apicem glandulis sessilibus sparsis ornato 
 marginibus infl.xis fimhriatis lacinulis subularis aequalibus. 
 
 Cohimnafructif.rationis inclusa, brcvissima, adiCendens, alba carnosa, basi parum 
 coarctata, apice posiice trifido dentibus lateralibiis ereclis subidatis iutermedio anthen- 
 
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Descriptions of Plants r\ APPENDIX. 611 
 
 * 
 
 fero. Anthera mobilis ovata membranacca puipurascens apice semibificio, unilocularis, 
 apiceni columnae incumbens. Massce Pollinis 4, per paria cobserentes, farinacese, apici- 
 bus affixae glandulae communi emarginaturam stigmatis operienti. Ovarium oblongum : 
 Stylus cum basi columnae conferrumin.itus : Stigma solutum, horizontale subrotundum, 
 antice concavum, apice plica duplici coarctatumj atitherae siibparallelum. 
 
 Obs. The three species of which this genus at present consists agree 
 in their anthera being- unilocular after burstinof, in the singular relative 
 proportions of the parts of the perianthium, and in habit; but in some 
 points, generally of importance in this order of plants, they differ very 
 remarkably, especially in the form of the labellum, which in one species is 
 even furnished with a doable calcar. Corysanthes may therefore be con- 
 sidered as afibrding a proof, and many others might be adduced, of the 
 superior importance of certain modifications of the anthera to these of the 
 labellum in Orchidea?. 
 
 AZOLLA. 
 
 Old. Nat. Marsiliacece. 
 
 Syst. Linn. Cryptogamia Filices. 
 
 Char. Gen. Flares monoici. 
 
 Masc. Gemini, involucre clauso monophyllo merabranaceo inclusi, (nunc 
 solitarii femineum stipantes), ovati, biloculares, membrana exteriore 
 transversim dehiscenti : loculo siiperiore corpusculis 9 vel 6 angulatis, 
 circa axin perforatum apice demum apertum insertis : loculo inferiore 
 sphserico clauso, sub duplici membrana materia fluida (demum pul- 
 verea?) repleto. 
 
 Fem. In diversis alis ejusdem frondis solitarii, (nunc masculo inferiore 
 stipati) : Involucrum duplex, utrumque clausum membranaceum : 
 exterius marium simile : interius ovatuni, evalve ; includens Capsulas 
 numerosas evalves, G — 9-spermas, affixas pedicellis capillaribus e 
 receptaculo communi baseos involucri interioris ortis. Semina angu- 
 lata, radiculis exsertis. 
 
 AzOLLA PINNATA. Tab. 10. 
 
612 APPENDIX. [Botany of Terra Auslralis. 
 
 x\zolla fronde ciicumscriptlone triangular! pinnata et semibipinnata : foliolis supe- 
 lioribus papulosis, radicibus longitudinaliter plumosis. Prodr. Jl. nov. IioU. 167. 
 
 In lakes and ponds, frequent within the limits of the colony of Port Jackson. 
 
 DESC. Plantula natans, facie Jungermannia?. Itadices axillares solitariae per- 
 pendiculares hyalinas, primo aspectu simplicissimae, per lentem plumosae, novellae calyptra 
 glabra subulata tectse. Frons semuncialis : Jlamis distichis alternis approximatis 
 parallelis teretiuscu'is ; infimis haud rsro pinnatis ; superioribus saspe instructis gcm- 
 niulis ramulorum nonnullis axiUaribus teretibus. Folia alterna undique imbricata : 
 in latere superiure frundis trapezoideo-ovata, crassiuscula cellulosa, viridia passim 
 lubicunda^ margine exteriore submembranaceo, supra convexiuscula papuloso-scabra, 
 subtus leevia : in latere iiiferiore tenuiora lasvia, subconformia vix tamen angulata. Pcri- 
 chcetia in superficle inferlore frondis, prope basin pinnae solitaria. 
 
 Obs. Mr. Bauer's very satisfactory figure and the generic character 
 already given, will in a great measure supersede any farther description of 
 the singular -structure of this genu.*; on which, however, it appears neces- 
 sary to subjoin a few remarks. 
 
 Admitting the parts of fructification to be accurately described, it is 
 not easy to understand in what manner the male influence is communicated 
 to the fen.ale organ. In one instance the turbid fluid, which usually fills 
 the cavity of the lower cell of the supposed male organ, was found con- 
 verted into a powder, and it is not improbable that this change ultimately 
 takes place in all cases where the organ attains perfection. This powder 
 may be supposed either to be discharged by the lateral rupture of the 
 double coat of the containing cell, or a communication may at length be 
 opened between this cell and the tubular axis of the upper cell, which, 
 after the separation of its outer membrane, is open at the top ; in this 
 case the ejection of the pollen, or even of a fluid matter, may possibly be 
 aided by the pressure or action of the angular solid bodies which sur- 
 round this axis, and its dispersion would, no doubt, be assisted by the 
 increased surface of its divided apex. 
 
 But whatever supposition may be formed respecting the ceconomy of 
 this part, it appears to me that as it is found in a second species of the genus, 
 and of essentially the same structure, though slightly modified, the angular 
 
Descriptions of Plants.] APPENDIX. 613 
 
 bodies of the upper cell being only six in number, there can remain little 
 doubt of its being really the male organ. 
 
 The genus AzoUa was founded by Lamarck on specimens of the 
 South American species entirely destitute of fructification, the remains of 
 which only appear to have been seen more recently by Willdenow, who 
 describes it as a " Capsula unilocularis polysperma." 
 
 REFERENCES TO TAB. 10. 
 
 AZOLLA PINN'ATA. 
 
 1. Plant of the natural size. 
 2. magnified. 
 
 3. Leaves, magnifled. 
 
 4. Male involucrum, containing two flowers, magnified. 
 5. ' empty. 
 
 6. Two male flowers. 
 
 7. A male flower divided longitudinally. 
 
 S. deprived of its Calyptra, 9. 
 
 10. Lower cell of a male flower.. 
 
 11 and 12. Different views of the contents of the upper cell. 
 
 13. Longitudinal section of the upper cell. 
 
 14. Inner female involucrum. 
 
 15- Capsules, with their footstalks arising from the base of the involucrum. 
 
 16. A capsule more highly magnified. 
 
 17- opened transversely to show the position of the seeds. 
 
 18. empty. 
 
 19. Seeds. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 Loudon: Printed by W. BvilmiT and Co. 
 Cleveland-row, St. Juinet's.