Oak Street UNCLASSIFIED Vol. IV. MAY, 1912 No. 3 New Hampshire College Bulletin Entered as second-class matter, August 6, 1907, at the P. O. at Durham, N. H., under Act of Congress of July 16, 1894. FORESTRY AND OTHER Courses in Agriculture AT NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE Winter Scene in the College Forest DURHAM. N. H. PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE COLLEGE BULLETIN 3. NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE The New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts was incorporated by the State Legislature in 1866 under the provisions of the Land Grant Act of Congress approved July 2, 1862. The college was first estab- lished and organized at Hanover in connection with Dartmouth College. In 1890, by the will of Benjamin Thompson, a resident of Durham, there was bequeathed, to the state a farm and an endowment of about $400,000 for the purpose of establishing a college which should promote the improvement of agriculture and the mechanic arts. Upon the acceptance of this bequest by the state, buildings were erected at Durham and the college removed from Hanover in 1893. THE AGRICULTURAL DIVISION. This division of the college comprises the departments of agronomy, animal husbandry, dairying, forestry and horticulture. Other departments are closely associated with it and offer courses of instruction to the agricultural students. The agricultural division offers the following courses of study: 1'. Four-year course in a. Animal Husbandry and Dairying. b. Forestry. c. Horticulture. d. General Agriculture. 2. Two-year course in Agriculture. 3. Ten-week course in Dairy Farming. 4. Farmers’ One-week course. The tabular statement below will show the registration by classes in the agricultural division for the year 1911: Freshmen 18 Sophomores 18 Juniors 18 Seniors 10 1st year Two-year 51 2nd year Two-year 25 Special 1 Dairy Farming Course 8 Total 149 Students graduating from the four-year courses in Agriculture in 1915 and thereafter, must present satisfactory evidence of having had practical ex- perience in farm work, either through having lived on a farm for at least two years subsequent to the age of 12 or through having worked on a farm for at least six months subsequent to the age of 16. Students graduating from the Forestry course must have spent at least three months in practical forest work, which time will be counted as a part of the six months’ requirement. May, 1912.] FORESTRY AND OTHER COURSES. 3 The number of students taking the agricultural courses has been steadily and rapidly increasing during the past five years. The following table will indicate the total enrollment of students and the number and percentage of these taking the agricultural courses for each year since 1907 : Year Total number of students Number taking agr’l courses Per cent taking agr’l courses 1907 203 51 25.1 1908 231 72 31.2 1909 248 95 38.2 1910 280 122 43.6 1911 315 149 47.3 THE FOUR-YEAR COURSES. Animal Husbandry and Dairy Course: This course is designed for those students who wish to specialize either in animal husbandry or dairying. Elec- tion of courses of instruction between these two departments may be made throughout the junior and senior years. The new dairy building with its new and complete equipment, together with the additional courses and in- creased facilities for instruction in the animal husbandry department makes this course especially attractive. Horticulture Course: This is the course for those students who contem- plate making a specialty of some line of horticultural work. Several ad- vanced courses in botany will be required while during the senior year oppor- tunity will be given to elect courses in other departments. The horticultural department is well equipped with gardens, orchards, greenhouses and labora- tories for the study of the different phases of this industry, especially fruit growing, which is so prominent in the agriculture of the state. General Agriculture Course: This course is intended for those students who desire to secure a general training in the art and science of agriculture without definite specialization along some particular line. During both the junior and senior years the student may elect one or more courses of instruc- tion in whatever department he wishes. The course is especially suited for those who expect to become teachers of agriculture as well as for those who intend to practice general farming. Forestry Course: Within the last few years forestry has become a subject of important economic consideration throughout the United States. This is due to the rapid exhaustion of the timber supply and the consequent advance in prices of all forest products. People in the past have been engaged in ex- ploiting old forests and have had no interest in developing new ones or handling on a scientific basis those which already existed. A marked change has recently taken place and interest is being directed more and more each year to the care and protection of forest areas, the reproduction or desirable growth after lumbering, and the establishment of new forests on waste and abandoned 4 NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE. [Bulletin 3 land. This new attitude on the part of people has led to a demand for knowl- edge relating to the scientific management of woodlands and consequently has developed a profession, old in European countries, but new to ours. The profession of forestry is meeting the various problems in a practical way. It is bringing about improved legislation relating to forests and fire protection. It is helping large timber owners to institute more rational systems of woods operations, and assisting farmers and wood lot owners to utilize non-productive areas and secure larger and more continuous returns from their wood lots. There is a general interest in forestry and a desire for instruction in its principles. Forestry is fundamentally an educational proposition and as such, it should form an important part of the curriculum of every agricultural college. Every student who returns to the farm, who teaches, or carries on work along any agricultural line whatsoever should understand the principles of forestry and be qualified to carry them out in practice. Upon the graduate of the agricultural college must depend in a measure the dissemination of a knowledge of forestry among farmers, and the teaching of the subject along with other branches of agriculture in the schools. Forestry as a Profession: Each year a larger number of college men are taking up forestry as a profession. The trained foresters of a decade ago were necessarily educated in European forest schools. At that time American colleges and universities were only beginning to train men for the profession. The demand for men and for colleges which could train them in forestry has developed very rapidly. Today there are three universities which offer two year courses to those only who have already received degrees fron recognized colleges and many other colleges are giving undergraduate courses in forestry. Most of the men trained in forestry heretofore have found employment in the Federal Forest Service, through Civil Service examinations. The organ- ization of the National Forests in the West has required more men than could pass the stringent examinations. Within the last year or two, however, the openings in the government service have been more nearly filled and foresters have been compelled to seek fields of work elsewhere. This does not mean that openings for foresters have decreased. State and private forestry is offering larger opportunities each year. The various states are establishing forestry departments, establishing state forests, and undertaking fire protection work on a large scale. Lumber companies are looking for young men with scientific view points to work up their business. Cities are employing foresters to look after their parks and shade trees. Rail- road corporations are employing foresters to take charge of their woodlands, grow trees for future tie consumption, and establish preservative treating plants. Owners of private estates are practicing forestry and asking for trained men as managers. Mining companies are large owners of land and recognize forestry as the only way to supply their need for timber. Pulp and paper companies are joining with lumber companies in providing for their future wood supply. Nursery companies are beginning to grow forest tree seedlings in commercial quantities and offer excellent opportunities in this branch of forestry. Teachers will continue to be in demand in colleges and schools throughout the country. The openings for young men in forestry will prob- ably be greater in the next ten years than they have been during the last. THE COLLEGE FACULTY 6 NEW HAMPSHIRECOLLEGE. [Bulletin 3 Preparation for Forestry: What preparation is needed in order that a young man may enter the field of forestry among others with an equal chance to succeed? First of all, he should be able-bodied and fond of an out-door life. A college education in forestry may be considered essential although many men with only a practical training in forest work are able to develop along the lines of forestry and occupy important positions. If a college graduate can afterwards take the course given at one of the graduate forest schools, he has a greater chance of securing more responsible positions in a shorter time. He has little chance of entering the government forest service without this special training. If a student during his undergraduate course receives a fundamental training in forestry in addition to other subjects closely related to it, he may be allowed advanced standing and may receive his advanced degree in a less time than the two years ordinarily required. For those who would be unable to spend an additional year or two years at a graduate institution, it is important that the fundamental subjects be not neglected. Being younger when he begins practical work the student should expect to serve apprenticeship in whatever employment he accepts. If he has the proper attitude toward his profession, is willing to begin low and work hard, if he has the capacity for adapting himself to different situations, is thorough, conscientious and studious, his chances for success in the long run are probably as large as those of the graduate student. The function of the undergraduate course in forestry should be to give men a broad general training in fundamental branches of forestry and subjects allied to them so that they may complete their forestry training at a graduate institution in as short a time as possible, or accept positions at once where they can work up in the profession of forestry or lumbering. It is needless to say that any student contemplating forestry or already taking the course should spend his spare time and vacations in work which will help him in his profession. Establishment of the Department: The demand for instruction in forestry at the New Hampshire State College has been increasing from year to year and at the last session of the Legislature a separate department of forestry was provided. It is in keeping with the progressive policy of the State in matters of forest protection and preservation. It is now possible to offer students a regular course in forestry and to require of all students before graduating from the various agricultural departments one general course in the subject. The regular forestry course is intended to provide not only a special training in forestry, but a broad general training in other lines of agriculture and applied science. For those who desire to make forestry their life work, every encouragement and assistance will be given. Equipment of the Department: The office and class-room of the forestry department are at present located on the second floor of Morrill Hall. All the instruments necessary for making forest maps and surveys, estimating timber, and other work in forest measurements, as well as an equipment of tools for use in the woods and in nursery work are available. The class room contains a collection of native and tropical wood specimens. As rapidly as possible collections of the fruit, seeds, and twigs of forest trees will be made. May, 1912.] FORESTRY AND OTHER COURSES. 7 Lantern slides, photographs, forest maps, and a good working forestry library are available. Subjects taken in connection with forestry and which are closely allied to forestry such as botany and entomology are studied in the class rooms and laboratories of other departments. The practice laboratory of the forester is the forest. Durham is well located with reference to the study of wood lot forestry. All types of native second growth forests are found near by. The college forest of between sixty and seventy acres consisting of old growth and second growth pine, hemlock and hard woods is under the direction of the forestry department and offers excep- tional opportunities for studying forest conditions and for practical operations- This forest is being transformed into an arboretum and demonstration area by various methods of cutting and planting so that many different forest types and a large number of tree species may be studied within a small area near at hand. Students will have an opportunity to take part in and see the effect of different kinds of cutting and planting. A tract of eight acres in an adjoining town, and| known as Davis Park has recently been donated to the College for forest planting purposes. Portable saw mills, wood using indus- tries and lumber yards in nearby towns are visited by the classes in connection with the different courses. A nursery for growing forest trees is located near the college buildings. Seedlings of commercial species are raised in seed beds and afterwards transplanted to nursery rows and to permanent sites where reforestation is to take place. All the operations incident to the growing of forest trees for artificial reforestation purposes are studied by the classes. Experimental work as a part of the work of the State Experiment Station both in the nursery and in the woods make it possible to collect new data along forestry lines. Students at Work in Forest Nursery 8 NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE. [Bulletin 3 Curriculum of the Regular Forestry Course: The forestry course is in- tended for those who wish to make forestry their profession. Thorough train- ing and familiarity with the various subjects can only be secured by conscien- tious labor outside as well as in the class room. The work of the freshmen and sophomore years is the same for all courses in the agricultural division. Any agricultural student may elect the forestry course at the beginning of the junior year. It is advisable, however, for the student to consider which course he will take as soon as possible in the freshman or sophomore year in order that he may lay particular emphasis upon the subjects that will be of the greatest service to him. Specialization in forestry begins with the junior year and consists of dendrology, silviculture and forest mensuration, three subjects which are fundamental in forestry. Students are urged to spend as much time as possible in outside reading and observations upon these subjects. The time available in the class room does not begin to be sufficient to take them up in great detail. In addition to these forestry subjects others are given which are common to agricultural courses and are necessary to a broad general training. These include plant pathology and systematic botany, chemistry of plant nutrition, landscape gardening, economic entomology, soil physics, geology, and political economy. In the senior year the forestry student specializes in forest protection, practice of forestry and forest management. With these he takes such other subjects as the history of agriculture, histology and plant physiology , meteorology, agri- cultural economics, history and English. Allowance is made for electives and in the last semester for thesis work. Electives should be chosen along forestry lines and with reference to the character of work the student hopes to pursue after graduation. The following is a description of the forestry subjects for juniors and seniors in the forestry course. These subjects will be rearranged and enlarged from time to time according to need. 2 . Dendrology: A study of the habits, distribution and characteristics of the native trees and important introduced trees of the Northeastern States, in both summer and winter conditions, and with particular reference to the prom- inent and constant features which lead to ready identification; and a general study of the important timber trees of the United States, including the struc- ture of their woods. For Forestry Juniors. Elective for other students. Three exercises per week. 1st S. 3 . Silviculture: Study of the life history of trees; the relation of the dif- ferent specjes to light, mositure, soil, temperature and to each other in the forest; reproduction of trees; form and character of stands; the origin and deter- mination of forest types; relation of forests to streamflow; forest descriptions; the improvement of the forest through use and proper treatment; the various systems of cutting and reproducing forests by natural means as practiced in Europe and the United States. This course is supplemented by frequent woods practice and demonstrations. For Forestry Juniors. Elective for other students. Four exercises per week. 1st S. May, 1912.] FORESTRY AND OTHER COURSES. 9 4. Silviculture: The establishment of forests through artificial regener- ation; value of different species; seed collecting; testing and storage; nursery work; direct seeding; planting; care of plantations; cost of establishing plan- tations. This course is supplemented by actual nursery and planting work. For Forestry Juniors. Elective for other students. Three exercises per week. 2d S. 5. Forest Mensuration: Methods of determining the contents and growth of individua trees and of whole forests by different units; use of log rules and the measurement of logs and felled trees; the measurement of standing trees; methods of timber estimating; study of growth in diameter; height, and volume, construction and use of volume and yield tables. This course calls for the use of forest instruments and actual practice in measuring trees and whole stands. For Forestry Juniors. Elective for other students. Three exercises per week. 2d S. 6. Forest Protection: Consideration of practical measures for the pro- tection of forests from fire, insects, fungous diseases, grazing, trespass, and destructive lumbering; and an examination of the federal and state laws relat- ing to fores interests. For Forestry Seniors. Elective for other students. Two exercises per week. 1st S. 7. Practice of Forestry: Development and present status of forestry in different countries; the work of the federal government and its management of the national forests; state forest policies; the lumber industry in the United States; the application of forestry to different regions. For Forestry Seniors. Elective for other Students. Three exercises per week. 1st S. 8. Forest Management: The economic principles underlying the manage- ment of forests; the calculation of present and future values of forest property based on productive power; financial considerations of forest management; taxation of forest land; preparation of working plans in Europe, India and the United States. Includes collateral reading, writing on forestry subjects and discussions. For Forestry Seniors. Four exercises per week. 2d S. FORESTRY IN OTHER FOUR- YEAR AGRICULTURAL COURSES. One course in forestry is required for graduation in all other agricultural courses. This is given in the junior year and covers the subject of forestry in a general way. The following is a description of the course : 1. Principles of Forestry: This course is intended to. give the student a general knowledge of forestry; relation of forests to soil, moisture, light and climatic conditions; the important systems of treating woodlands 'practiced in Europe and the United States, the habits of important economic timber trees, and the character and uses of these woods; the preparation of forest maps and working plans, including rough estimates of standing timber and the rate of growth of different stands; the artificial regeneration of forests by seeding and planting; forest fires; the forest regions of the United States; the practice of forestry by the Government and States. Three exercises per week. 1st S. 10 NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE Bulletin 3 The Agricultural Club COLLEGE CALENDAR. in- stated meeting of trustees . College closes at 4 p.m. College opens at 8 a. mu Graduation of two-year class Senior examinations com- pleted at 4 p.m. Final examinations Baccalaureate sermon at 10.45 a.m Prize drill, in the armory at 8 p.m Class day. Stated meeting of trustees Commencement day . *Entrance examinations, be- ginning at 8.30 a.m. Wednesday , April 8. Tuesday , April 21. Tuesday , April 28. Wednesday, May 13. Tuesday, June 2. Wednesday, June 3, through Monday, June 8. Sunday, June 7. Monday, June 8. Tuesday, June 9. Wednesday, June 10. Tuesday, June 23. ♦Candidates taking the June entrance examinations have an opportunity by so doing to compete for the Valentine Smith scholarship. See page io. May, 1912. [ FORESTRY AND OTHER COURSES. 11 CURRICULA OF FORESTRY COURSE. JUNIOR YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER. Botany 3 Plant Pathology 3 Chemistry 26 Chemistry of Plant Nutrition. ...... 2 Drill 5 Military Drill 1 Forestry 2 Dendrology 3 Forestry 3 Silviculture .. 4 Horticulture 5 Landscape Gardening 2 * Military Science 5 Field Engineering and Intrenching ... 1 Zoology 3 Economic Entomology 3 JUNIOR YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER. Agronomy 2 Soil Physics 3 Botany 9 Systematic Botany 3 Drill 6 Military Drill 1 Forestry 4 Silviculture 3 Forestry 5 Forest Mensuration 3 Geology 4 Elementary Geology 3 * Military Science 6 Military Maps and Sketching 1 Political Science 1 Political Economy 3 SENIOR YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER. Agronomy 5 Seminar and History of Agricul- ture 2 Botany 6 Histology 3 Forestry 6 Forest Protection 2 Forestry 7 Practice of Forestry 3 History 5 American History 3 Meteorology 1 Elementary Meteorology 2 Political Science 9 Agricultural Economics 3 SENIOR YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER. Botany 5 Plant Physiology 3 English 6 Argumentation 3 Forestry 8 Forest Management 4 History 6 American History 3 Thesis 2 Elective 3 * Elective. 12 NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE. [Bulletin 3 FORESTRY IN THE TWO-YEAR COURSE IN AGRICULTURE. The first year students in the two-year course are required to take a course in farm forestry, as a part of their curriculum. Forestry 2 and 5 may be elected in the second year. The following is a description of the required course. 31 . Farm Forestry: A study of the general principles of forestry, with particular reference to the care and management of wood lots; the various methods of cutting and reproducing forests; artificial reforestation; nursery practice; seeding and planting; estimating standing timber; log scales; protec- tion of forests: markets. Two exercises per week. 2d S . THE TWO-YEAR COURSE. This course was established by the state Legislature in 1895, and provides an opportunity to secure a training for their life work for those students who do not have the time, money or preparation to take a four-year college course. The course is especially arranged, and suited for the young, bright boys of the farm, who expect to make a business of some line of agricultural or horticultural work. Although it is open to students who have had no previous training on the farm, the entrance of such is not encouraged because of their lack of practical experience. By independent work and close application, however, inexperienced students sometimes pass the course with credit. The year’s work closes the middle of May, so as to enable the students to get home for the spring work on the farm or to accept other positions for the summer. This short school year also permits four months’ time for those students who are dependent upon their own resources to earn money for the following year. The courses of study and the classes of the two-year course are, for the most part, separate and distinct from those of the four-year courses. The work of the first year is largely preparatory, being a study of the sciences un- derlying agriculture, together with some elementary agricultural and horti- cultural work. The second year contains optional studies so that it is possible for students to specialize in animal husbandry, dairying, horticulture or forestry. Ten hours per week on the average are spent in practical work on the farm, in the barn, greenhouses, shops or forest. ADMISSION. The course is open to those who can pass a fair and reasonable examination in reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, geography and history of the United States. Applicants, unless over eighteen years of age, who do not bring high school or other satisfactory certificates to show their proficiency in these subjects, will be given an entrance examination on Tues- day afternoon and Wednesday morning of the opening week of college. Appli- cants who are over eighteen years of age will be admitted without examination. SCHOLARSHIPS. Senatorial Scholarships: There are twenty-four senatorial scholarships,— one for each senatorial district. Each scholarship is to pay tuition, $60. Senatorial scholarships not filled may be assigned to students from other locali- ties at the discretion of the faculty. They are open to students in all courses. May, 1912.] FORESTRY AND OTHER COURSES. 13 Grange Scholarships: Each subordinate and Pomona Grange in New Hampshire has the privilege of appointing one student annually to a free scholarship in any of the four-year or two-year courses in the college. Each scholarship is to pay the tuition of $60. The method of appointment is entirely at the option of the Grange; it may be by election, competitive examination, or otherwise. Holders of these scholarships need not be members of the Grange. EXPENSES. The expenses of the course will vary with the tastes and frugality of the students and the kind of accommodations which they secure. The total average expense for the year, if the student holds a scholarship, is not far from $250. Many students by working for their board or room rent, or by doing various kinds of work about the college or village, are able to go through the year with a cash outlay not exceeding $150. OPENING. The course for the year will open Wednesday, September 11, 1912, and close Wednesday, May 14, 1913. A Christmas vacation of 12 days, a winter vacation of one week, and a spring vacation of six days will be given. CERTIFICATES. No degree is given at the end of the course, but a certificate of graduation is issued upon the completion of it or its equivalent. Students in Landscape Gardening Class 14 NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE. [Bulletin 3 ADVANTAGES OF THE COURSE. There is no longer any question concerning the value of scientific training for those who are engaged in farming. The rapid development of agriculture and the keen competition in all lines of production have made an education a necessity for the young man on the farm. This course is designed to give such men an opportunity to study the results of the latest investigations in agriculture and to learn how to make a practical application of them to the work on the farm. By taking the two-year course the earning capacity of the young man is in- creased, his knowledge of his business is broadened, he learns to take a new interest in the work of the farm, and above all he receives a training which will make him a better, bigger and more useful citizen in his community. The two-year course is only one of the avenues in which the college is proving its usefulness to the farmers of the state, and no stronger recommendation can be given for it than the testimony of the young men who have been here and received its advantages. The two-year students think that their course is one of the best which the college offers, and the largely increased attendance of the past two years would indicate its popularity. The two-year students now have their own fraternity and their own athletic teams; they take an active part in the Agricultural Club, the College Club, the Athletic Association, the College orchestra and the Y. M. C. A. The total number of graduates of this course since it was established in 1895 is now one hundred and five. The total number registered in the course last year was seventy-six, of which twenty-two were graduated. Most of these graduates return to their home farms, some accept salaried positions and some return to college to take up work in the four-year course. Students graduating from the two-year course in 1914 and thereafter, must present satisfactory evidence of having had practical experience in farm work, either through having lived on a farm for at least two years subsequent to the age of 12 or through having worked on a farm for at least four months subse- quent to the age of 15. Students who expect to enter the two-year course should fill out a blank ertificate which may be obtained by writing to THE REGISTRAR, NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE, Durham, New Hampshire. COURSE IN DAIRY FARMING. This course is designed to meet the needs of the dairy farmer, the milk producer and the butter maker. The new dairy building now completed and equipped affords excellent facilities for the best and latest methods of instruc- tion in dairying. The course will open Thursday, January 12, 1913, and will continue for ten weeks. May, 1912.] FORESTRY AND OTHER COURSES. 15 FARMERS’ ONE-WEEK COURSE. This course has been offered for the past four years with an increased in- terest, popularity and attendance each year. The enrollment in it last Feb- ruary was 273. It lasts but one week and has been planned to meet the needs of every-day, practical farmers who cannot leave home for a longer time, but who wish to get in touch with the latest and most approved ideas and methods of farming. The course is open to everyone, women as well as men, who are interested in agriculture. The next session will be held in February, 1913, for which special circulars will be issued. OTHER COURSES OF STUDY. Offered by New Hampshire College. Four-year course in Mechanical Engineering. Four-year course in Electrical Engineering. Four-year course in Chemical Engineering. Four-year Arts and Science course. Four-year Normal Manual Training course. POST-GRADUATE COURSES. The college offers post-graduate courses in agriculture, horticulture, botany, zoology and chemistry. These courses, when fully and satisfactorily com- pleted, lead to the master’s degree. For the college catalogue, for circulars, or for information concerning any of the above courses, write to THE REGISTRAR, NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE, Durham, New Hampshire. Students Making Farm Maps