THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
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tfeffel 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/automobilecatechOOswin 
 
AUTOMOBILE CATECHISM 
 
 AND 
 
 REPAIR MANUAL 
 
 A Series of Questions and Answers Covering the 
 Construction, Care, and Operation 
 of Automobiles 
 
 ALSO 
 
 Complete Instructions for Locating Troubles and Making 
 Adjustments and Repairs of All Kinds 
 
 PREPARED EXPRESSLY FOR 
 
 Owners, Chauffeurs, Garage Men and Automobile 
 Machinists 
 
 BY 
 
 CALVIN F. SWINGLE, M. E., 
 
 Author of "Swingle’s Twentieth Century Hand Book for Steam Engi- 
 neers and Electricians,** "The Steam Turbine,** 
 
 "Steam Boilers,** Etc., Etc., 
 
 AND 
 
 H. A. TARANTOUS 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 FREDERICK J. DRAKE & CO. 
 Publishers 
 
Copyright, 1914 
 by 
 
 Frederick J. Drake 4b Co. 
 Chicago 
 
w €“ 
 
 S>vo (o Ow 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 x 
 
 PART I 
 
 AUTOMOBILE CATECHISM. 
 
 Page 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 Questions and Answers 11- 86 
 
 Reference Tables 87-101 
 
 Charts : 
 
 Transmission Gear (opposite) 92 
 
 Elevation of Chassis (opposite) 96 
 
 Plan of Chassis (opposite) 100 
 
 PART n 
 
 */> 
 
 fi) 
 
 a" 
 
 ilT 
 
 REPAIR MANUAL. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 I. Motor Knocks 
 
 Ignition Knock 
 
 Carbon Knock 
 
 Fuel Knock 
 
 Loose Part Knock 
 
 Timing Gear Knock 
 
 Slaps 
 
 Push Rod Knock 
 
 s 
 
 103 
 
 105 
 
 105 
 
 106 
 106 
 106 
 107 
 107 
 107 
 
6 
 
 Contents 
 
 Page 
 
 Causes 107 
 
 Determining the Knock 110 
 
 Curing the Knocks 116 
 
 II. Carburetion 124 
 
 III. Ignition 134 
 
 IY. Yalve Troubles 141 
 
 Y. Fitting Piston Rings 145 
 
 YI. Tires : Their ailments, care and repair. 149 
 
 Index — Part 1 155-162 
 
 Index — Part II 163-164 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 T HE phenomenal development of the automo- 
 bile within the past few years has resulted 
 in the creation of new branches of skilled labor 
 of the highest grade, not only in the design and 
 construction of this useful and valuable machine, 
 but also in its care and operation. The safe and 
 successful management of the swiftly moving 
 auto, as it threads its way through the crowded 
 street, or rapidly covers distance upon the high- 
 way, calls for skill, intelligence, and a thorough 
 knowledge of the machine in all its details. With 
 a view of supplying this information in a con- 
 densed, and at the same time clear and accurate 
 form, the authors have prepared this little book 
 in which the autoist can find without delay just 
 the instructions needed for guidance in the re- 
 pair, adjustment and operation of his machine. 
 
 For convenience the w^ork is divided into two 
 parts. Part I comprises over four hundred ques- 
 tions and answers, covering all parts of the auto- 
 mobile with respect to construction, care and 
 operation, and reference tables with charts, illus- 
 trating all parts in minute detail. The questions 
 and answers are arranged alphabetically so that 
 the desired information may be easily obtained. 
 
 Part II is devoted entirely to repairs. It is one 
 thing to know how to make repairs and adjust- 
 ments, another to know what the trouble is. This 
 book takes nothing for granted, but proceeds in a 
 
 7 
 
8 
 
 Introduction 
 
 systematic manner to show how to locate a cause 
 of trouble. Once the offending part is determined, 
 the best method of repairing it is graphically de- 
 scribed and illustrated. The methods of adjust- 
 ment and repair of all the widely used types are 
 explained. The last chapter will be found par- 
 ticularly valuable to the man who wishes to keep 
 his tire bills low, showing the various tire ail- 
 ments, their cause and their cure. 
 
PART I 
 
 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 

 
 
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 
 
 A. 
 
 Ques. 1. Mention some of the inconveniences 
 connected with the use of the Acetylene light? 
 
 Ans. It contains impurities which endanger 
 health when burned in a closed room. Carbon 
 dust gets into the burners and clogs them ; some- 
 times causing explosions. 
 
 Ques. 2. What should be done with an Acety- 
 lene lamp system in order to get satisfactory 
 service from it? 
 
 Ans. Strict cleanliness should be maintained 
 at all times, and the various parts should be 
 examined and replaced from time to time as 
 necessary. 
 
 Ques. 3. How is the electrolyte for storage 
 battery cells made? 
 
 Ans. By pouring sulphuric acid into distilled 
 water until the specific gravity is 1.12; then 
 allow the solution to cool until its temperature 
 is about 60 degrees. 
 
 Ques. 4. What is an electrical accumulator? 
 
 Ans. The storage battery is an accumulator 
 of electrical energy, and is used for driving the 
 electrically propelled car. 
 
 Ques. 5. Define the word Acceleration. 
 
 Ans. The increase of motion ; the time period 
 of mutation in velocity. 
 
 11 
 
12 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 6. What is an aeetometer? 
 
 Ans. A graduated hydrometer used to as- 
 certain the strength of acetic acid. 
 
 Ques. 7. What is an active coil, or con- 
 ductor? 
 
 Ans. One that is conveying an electric cur- 
 rent. 
 
 Ques. 8. What are the leading features of 
 the Adams motor car? 
 
 Ans. The crank shaft is mounted vertically, 
 and is stationary, the five cylinders revolving 
 around it. The drive from the revolving cylin- 
 ders to the gear set is through a bevel gear at- 
 tached to the base of the revolving crank case, 
 and which meshes with a bevel gear on one of 
 the transverse shafts of the transmission. 
 
 Ques. 9. What rule should govern the diam- 
 eter of admission pipes for explosive motors ? 
 
 Ans. The internal diameter of the admission 
 should not exceed one-fourth the diameter of the 
 motor cylinder. 
 
 Ques. 10. How may the diameter of admis- 
 sion valve opening be determined? 
 
 Ans. Multiply the bore of cylinder in inches 
 by the stroke in inches, and by the number of 
 revolutions per minute and divide the product 
 by 15,000. 
 
 Ques. 11. What should be the lift of a flat 
 seated valve, relative to its diameter? 
 
 Ans. The lift should be one-fourth the diam- 
 eter of the valve. 
 
Catechism 
 
 13 
 
 Ques. 12. Does the rule given in answer to 
 Ques. 10 for valve diameter apply to all types 
 of valves? 
 
 Ans. No, only to those which are mechanic- 
 ally operated. For atmospherically operated 
 valves, substitute 12,750 instead of 15,000 for 
 the divisor. 
 
 Ques. 13. Give the composition of air. 
 
 Ans. By weight, oxygen 77 parts, nitrogen 
 23 parts. By volume, oxygen 21 parts, nitrogen 
 79 parts. 
 
 Ques. 14. How many, and what are the 
 methods in use for cooling the cylinders of ex- 
 plosive motor engines? 
 
 Ans. Two; the air system, and the water 
 system. 
 
 Ques. 15. Describe the air cooling system. 
 
 Ans. A rotary fan driven by the engine di- 
 rects a constant current of fresh unheated air 
 upon the outside surface of the cylinders. 
 
 Ques. 16. What proportion of air to gaso- 
 line is required for the best explosive mixture? 
 
 Ans. 8,000 volumes of air to 1 volume of 
 liquid gasoline. 
 
 Ques. 17. Define gasoline considered as a 
 mechanical mixture. 
 
 Ans. It consists of several hydrocarbon dis- 
 tillates, in which the compound hexane is sup- 
 posed to be the major portion. 
 
 Ques. 18. Give the formula for hexane. 
 
 Ans. C 8 H 14 . 
 
14 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 19. What, then, would be a final ex- 
 pression of complete combustion of hexane ? 
 
 Ans. 2 C 6 H 14 X 19 0 2 = 12 C0 2 + 14 H 2 0 
 In which C = Carbon 
 
 H = Hydrogen 
 O = Oxygen 
 
 Ques. 20. If V = the velocity of the car in 
 feet per second, and A = projected area of the 
 front of the car in square feet, how may the 
 horse power required to overcome the air re- 
 sistance be found? 
 
 Ans. By use of the following formula : 
 
 V 3 X A 
 
 HP = 
 
 240,000 
 
 Ques. 21. How many kinds of alcohol are 
 there ? 
 
 Ans. Two ; methyl, or wood alcohol C H 4 O, 
 and ethyl, or grain alcohol, C 2 H 6 O. 
 
 Ques. 22. Is wood alcohol practicable as a 
 fuel for internal combustion engines? 
 
 Ans. It is not, owing to corrosive action on 
 the cylinders. 
 
 Ques. 23. What is denatured alcohol? 
 
 Ans. Pure grain alcohol, diluted as follows : 
 To 100 volumes of alcohol are added 10 volumes 
 of methyl, and one-half of one volume of ben- 
 zine; or two volumes of methyl, and one-half 
 volume of pyridine bases. 
 
 Ques. 24. As compared with gasoline, is al- 
 cohol a desirable fuel for internal combustion 
 motors? 
 
Catechism 
 
 15 
 
 Ans. In some respects it is ; as, for instance, 
 the combustion is complete, the exhaust is prac- 
 tically odorless, and there is far less noise. On 
 the other hand, a much larger quantity of al- 
 cohol is required in proportion to horse power 
 developed than with gasoline, and a much 
 greater degree of compression is required with 
 alcohol as fuel. 
 
 Ques. 25. What is the ratio of air to alcohol 
 vapor required for complete combustion? 
 
 Ans. From 10 to 25 volumes of air to 1 of 
 alcohol. 
 
 Ques. 26. What is aluminum? 
 
 Ans. A soft, ductile, malleable metal, of a 
 bluish white color, non-corrosive, T. S. about 
 one-third that of iron ; the lightest of all useful 
 metals, except magnesium. 
 
 Ques. 27. What is aluminoid? 
 
 Ans. Alloy composed of, by weight, 60 parts 
 aluminum, 30 parts tin, and 10 parts zinc. T. S’. 
 18,000 lbs., suitable for crank chambers, gear 
 cases, etc., being light, extremely ductile, and 
 readily machined. 
 
 Ques. 28. What is the function of an am- 
 meter? 
 
 Ans. To measure the volume of the electric 
 current flowing in a circuit. 
 
 Ques. 29. What is an ampere? 
 
 Ans. The unit of electric current flow. 
 
 Ques. 30. What is the meaning of an am- 
 pere-hour ? 
 
 Ans. In connection with a storage battery 
 
16 
 
 Automobile 
 
 an ampere hour denotes the capacity of the bat- 
 tery for current, as for instance a battery that 
 will keep a 2 ampere lamp burning for 8 hours 
 is said to have a 16 ampere hour capacity. 
 
 Ques. 31. What is an armature ? 
 
 Ans. The rotating part of a dynamo, or elec- 
 tric motor. Two types are in general use with 
 automobiles, viz., the shuttle type, and the slot- 
 ted type of armature. 
 
 Ques. 32. What is autogenous welding? 
 
 Ans. The welding, or rather melting together 
 of metals by means of the oxyacetylene flame, 
 the temperature of which is 6,300 degrees F. 
 
 Ques. 33. What is an auto-meter? 
 
 Ans. An instrument for recording the speed 
 of an automobile or other vehicle in miles per 
 hour. 
 
 Ques. 34. Name the various types of auto- 
 mobiles. 
 
 Ans. Gasoline cars — Runabout, Touring Car, 
 Light Car with detachable Tonneau, Stanhope, 
 Roadster. Electric — Runabout, Parktrap, Phae- 
 ton, Brougham, Depot Bus, Light Delivery 
 Wagon. 
 
 Ques. 35. Which one of the axles of an auto- 
 mobile is ordinarily used for driving the ma- 
 chine? 
 
 Ans. The rear axle. 
 
 Ques. 36. What is a dead axle? 
 
 Ans. An axle which carries weight only. 
 
 Ques. 37. What is a live axle? 
 
Catechism 
 
 17 
 
 Ans. An axle containing parts that turn the 
 wheels, in addition to carrying weight. 
 
 Ques. 38. What is a floating axle ? 
 
 Ans. A special type of live axle in which the 
 shaft that turns the wheels is independent of 
 the axle proper. 
 
 B. 
 
 Ques. 39. What is meant by the term back- 
 firing ? 
 
 Ans. An explosion or impulse which forces 
 the fly wheel of a motor suddenly backwards, 
 that is in the opposite direction to its proper 
 rotation. 
 
 Ques. 40. What causes back firing? 
 
 Ans. Back firing may be caused by (1) the 
 explosion of an accumulation of unburned gases 
 in the exhaust muffler, (2) a weak mixture, (3) 
 an overheated combustion chamber, (4) advanc- 
 ing the ignition point too far ahead when the 
 motor is running slow under heavy load, (5) de- 
 posits of carbon (soot) in combustion chamber, 
 which may become incandescent, causing pre- 
 mature ignition. 
 
 Ques. 41. How many types of ball bearings 
 are in use on automobiles ? 
 
 Ans. Three — thrust, cone, and annular. 
 
 Ques. 42. Why are thrust bearings so 
 called? 
 
 Ans. Because they are intended to sustain 
 end thrust. For this reason they require to be 
 correctly machined. 
 
18 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 43. Is the adjustable cone bearing a 
 good bearing for automobiles? 
 
 Ans. It usually gives excellent results, ex- 
 cept under heavy loads. 
 
 Ques. 44. Which type of ball bearing is prob- 
 ably the best for all kinds of auto service ? 
 
 Ans. The annular, consisting of three ele- 
 ments, two races, and the balls. 
 
 Ques. 45. What percentage of the balls are 
 under load at any one time, in the annular type ? 
 
 Ans. Only 30 per cent. 
 
 Ques. 46. Should ball bearings be lubri- 
 cated ? 
 
 Ans. They should. 
 
 Ques. 47. How is a dry battery usually 
 made up? 
 
 Ans. A zinc cell forms the negative element, 
 and the electrolyte is generally a jelly-like com- 
 pound containing sal-ammoniac, chloride of 
 zinc, etc. The positive element, or carbon, is 
 enclosed in a sack containing dioxide of man- 
 ganese and crushed coke, which are the depolar- 
 izing agents of the battery. 
 
 Ques. 48. What is a primary battery? 
 
 Ans. Any battery, either dry or wet, which 
 generates electric current within itself. 
 
 Ques. 49. What type of primary battery 
 may be used for charging a small storage bat- 
 tery in the absence of direct current ? 
 
 Ans. One of the closed circuit type, using 
 zinc and carbon electrodes in a 20 per cent so- 
 
Catechism 
 
 19 
 
 lution of sulphuric acid and water, with nitrate 
 of soda as the depolarizing agent. 
 
 Ques. 50. What is the voltage usually re- 
 quired in an ignition system ? 
 
 Ans. Usually 6 volts. 
 
 Ques. 51. How are the batteries connected? 
 
 Ans. Either in series, or multiple. 
 
 Ques. 52. Describe the series-multiple con- 
 nection. 
 
 Ans. When two or more sets of batteries con- 
 nected in series are, as sets joined in multiple, 
 the whole is in series-multiple. 
 
 Ques. 53. Describe in general terms the con- 
 struction of the storage battery as used in igni- 
 tion service. 
 
 Ans. It is usually of the lead, lead type, the 
 electrolyte being sulphuric acid and water, hav- 
 ing a specific gravity of 1,200. The positive and 
 negative plates or elements are grids made of 
 lead alloy, stiffened with antimony. 
 
 Ques. 54. Mention some of the troubles that 
 attend storage batteries in service. 
 
 Ans. Hardening of negative elements, local 
 action, buckling of plates, sulphation, reversal 
 of negative elements, disintegration of grids, 
 broken jars, loss of capacity, short circuits. 
 
 Ques. 55. How is loss of the electrolyte by 
 evaporation compensated for? 
 
 Ans. By adding distilled water to the cells 
 from time to time. 
 
 Ques. 56. How is the proper quantity of wa- 
 ter to be added to the cell determined ? 
 
20 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ans. By means of an instrument called a 
 hydrometer. 
 
 Ques. 57. Aside from ball bearings, how are 
 the other bearings of an automobile classified? 
 
 Ans. In two general classes — hard and soft. 
 
 Ques. 58. Of what metals are hard bearings 
 composed? 
 
 Ans. Either brass or bronze. 
 
 Ques. 59. Give the composition of soft bear- 
 ings. 
 
 Ans. They contain a large proportion of tin, 
 or lead, and a small percentage of copper. Bab- 
 bitt metal, anti-friction metal and white metal 
 constitute such alloys. 
 
 Ques. 60. How may the brakes on auto- 
 mobiles be classified? 
 
 Ans. Into three classes, as follows: Hub or 
 rear wheel brakes, transmission and differential 
 gear brakes. They are either single or double 
 acting, foot or hand operated, and of the band, 
 block, or expanding ring types. 
 
 Ques. 61. Mention some of the advantages 
 of the expanding brake. 
 
 Ans. (1) It is less liable to drag upon the 
 drum, (2) it is easily made double acting, (3) 
 it has more braking power for a given pressure, 
 (4) the friction surfaces are better protected 
 from mud and grit. 
 
 Ques. 62. Describe the action of the differ- 
 ential brake. 
 
 Ans. It usually consists of two drums, one 
 of which is fastened to each of the large gears 
 
Catechism 
 
 21 
 
 of the differentials. The straps and bands en- 
 circling these drums are tightened by pedal, or 
 lever, in the usual manner. 
 
 Ques. 63. What is the function of an equal- 
 izer in connection with an automobile brake ? 
 
 Ans. It causes the same pressure to be ap- 
 plied to both brakes. 
 
 Ques. 64. What would be the result if this 
 pressure were not equally applied to the brakes? 
 
 Ans. Side slip, or “ skidding / 9 
 
 Ques. 65. Describe the sprag brake and its 
 use. 
 
 Ans. A sprag is a strong steel bar connected 
 at its forward end to some point of the under 
 part of the frame, while its rear end is pointed 
 and hangs suspended by a chain, by means of 
 which it may be dropped to the ground in case 
 of emergency, thus preventing the car from 
 running backwards down hills. 
 
 Ques. 66. Are there any other forms of 
 sprag brakes? 
 
 Ans. Yes ; a ratchet wheel and pawl may be 
 arranged, either on the rear axle, on the differ- 
 ential, or within the change-speed gear box, thus 
 rendering backward motion of the car impos- 
 sible when the brake is in action. 
 
 Ques. 67. How should the sprag brake be 
 used when ascending dangerous hills? 
 
 Ans. It should be set so as to act immedi- 
 ately in case the car stops. 
 
 Ques. 68. Among the various parts of an 
 
22 
 
 Automobile 
 
 automobile how should the brakes be consid- 
 ered? 
 
 Ans. The brakes come next to the motive 
 power in importance, and freedom from disaster 
 depends upon the brakes being kept in good 
 condition and properly adjusted. 
 
 Ques. 69. How may it be known whether 
 they are in good condition or not? 
 
 Ans. By frequently testing them while the 
 car is in motion, by applying them until the car 
 slows down or stops. 
 
 Ques. 70. How should the brakes be applied 
 in ordinary service? 
 
 Ans. Except in case of emergency, the appli- 
 cation should be gradual, reducing the speed of 
 the car without locking the wheels. 
 
 Ques. 71. In case the wheels become locked 
 while descending a hill what is to be done ? 
 
 Ans. Release the brakes until the wheels 
 again revolve, then reapply gradually. 
 
 Ques. 72. What care should the brakes re- 
 ceive ? 
 
 Ans. They should be examined at regular 
 intervals. If the lining is worn it should be re- 
 placed with new lining. Toggle joints and ad- 
 justing nuts should be inspected, and any loose- 
 ness taken up. The shoes of internal expanding 
 brakes should be renewed when worn. 
 
 Ques. 73. In case a chain should break how 
 may the car be driven? 
 
 Ans. By the other chain, provided the idle 
 sprocket is secured from revolving. 
 
Catechism 
 
 23 
 
 Ques. 74. How may leakage of the water 
 circulating pump be repaired? 
 
 Ans. If at the ground joint, insert a stiff 
 paper gasket dipped in lubricating oil. If the 
 leak is around the pump spindle use asbestos 
 cord, or a strand of hemp rope soaked in vase- 
 line and graphite or tallow. 
 
 Ques. 75. Describe the proper method of 
 cranking an explosive motor to start it. 
 
 Ans. Adjust the crank to start against the 
 compression, then give a quick pull upward. 
 Do not attempt to turn the crank all the way 
 around. 
 
 Ques. 76. If, at any time, oil or grease can- 
 not be obtained for filling the differential cas- 
 ing, what is to be done? 
 
 Ans. Beeswax may be used as a substitute. 
 
 Ques. 77. Should the gasoline pipe get 
 broken how may it be temporarily repaired? 
 
 Ans. By forcing a short piece of rubber tub- 
 ing over the broken ends. If the hole is only 
 small, squeeze a piece of soap into it, and secure 
 it by tying a piece of soaped rag around it with 
 a piece of twine. 
 
 Ques. 78. Should one of the cylinders miss 
 some of its explosions at intervals, how may it 
 be located? 
 
 Ans. Stop the machine and then touch each 
 one of the cylinders with the business end of 
 a match ; those cylinders that have been doing 
 the work will be hot enough to ignite the match, 
 while the missing cylinder will not. 
 
24 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 79. How may refractory nuts be 
 loosened? 
 
 Ans. Hold a piece of red hot iron near them 
 for a few minutes. This will expand the nuts. 
 
 Ques. 80. If a motor refuses to start readily 
 what may be done to assist it ? 
 
 Ans. Tie a small bunch of waste with a wire 
 close to the air intake, and saturate it with gaso- 
 line. 
 
 Ques. 81. How may a broken rod, or link in 
 the steering gear be temporarily repaired? 
 
 Ans. Fasten a rod or a piece of gas pipe 
 against the link, winding the wire the entire 
 length of the rod. 
 
 Ques. 82. How may broken trembler blades 
 be temporarily repaired? 
 
 Ans. By cutting corset steels to the proper 
 length, and rivet them with the platinum but- 
 ton from the broken blade through the hole 
 which is punched near the end of the steel. A 
 piece of the main spring of a clock also makes a 
 good blade. 
 
 Ques. 83. Enumerate some of the various 
 causes of break-downs. 
 
 Ans. Soot or grease on the spark plug; de- 
 fective insulation of the spark plug; points of 
 the spark plug too far apart; contacts badly 
 corroded ; broken wires ; loose battery terminals ; 
 leaky valves ; seized piston, or bearing ; broken 
 valve stem, or valve spring ; batteries exhausted ; 
 defective packing. 
 
Catechi&m 
 
 25 
 
 C. 
 
 Ques. 84. Mention some of the symptoms of 
 carbon deposit. 
 
 Ans. Back-firing, and knocking in cylin- 
 ders, motor showing plenty of power at high 
 speeds, but deficient in hill climbing. 
 
 Ques. 85. What should be done when these 
 symptoms appear ? 
 
 Ans. Take off the cylinder heads and scrape 
 off the carbon deposit from top of pistons and 
 inside of cylinders. 
 
 Ques. 86. What is the function of the car- 
 bureter on an explosive motor? 
 
 Ans. To correctly prepare the mixture of 
 air and gasoline before its admission to the 
 cylinder. 
 
 Ques. 87. How many types of carbureters 
 are there in use ? 
 
 Ans. Four, as follows: (1) The mechanical; 
 (2) mechanical, with a gasoline puddle in the 
 air passage; (3) the automatic; (4) automatic 
 with a gasoline puddle in the air passage. 
 
 Ques. 88. Describe in brief the action of* 
 each. 
 
 Ans. In type (1) the passages are opened 
 and closed by mechanism, the passages remain- 
 ing the same until changed by the operator. 
 In type (2) a basin filled with gasoline is lo- 
 cated in the air pipe, which serves to add a cer- 
 tain quantity of gasoline at all suctions, but 
 neither of these two types are entirely satisfac- 
 
26 
 
 Automobile 
 
 tory under the varying conditions of high speed, 
 slow speed, climbing hills, or diminished suc- 
 tion. Type (3) takes a portion of its air 
 through a fixed opening, and a portion through 
 an auxiliary opening which is controlled by a 
 valve and coiled spring. This type gives better 
 service. In type (4) the action of the gasoline 
 puddle is similar to that of type (2) having the 
 same objectionable features. 
 
 Ques. 89. In what other ways are carbu- 
 reters classified? 
 
 Ans. According to the principles of their 
 action; as for instance, the surface carbureter, 
 in which the air is either passed over the sur- 
 face of the volatile liquid, or circulated around 
 a gauze wicking or metallic surface saturated 
 with such liquid. Second, the filtering carbu- 
 reter, in which air is forced under suction 
 through a body of the liquid from bottom to top, 
 thus absorbing particles of its substance. Third, 
 the float feed carbureter, in which the liquid 
 hydrocarbon is sprayed or atomized through a 
 minute nozzle and mixed with a passing column 
 of air. 
 
 Ques. 90. What are some of the character- 
 istics of the surface carbureter? 
 
 Ans. While it is the most economical form 
 still it is very irregular, and erratic in its action, 
 requring constant attention. 
 
 Ques. 91. Describe in brief the construction 
 and action of the float feed carbureter. 
 
 Ans. A small gasoline receptacle contains a 
 
Catechism 
 
 27 
 
 hollow metal, or a 'cork float arranged to con- 
 trol the gasoline supply from the tank, or res- 
 ervoir, and a tube in which is located a nozzle in 
 communication with the gasoline receptacle. 
 This is the mixing chamber. The gasoline level 
 is maintained about one-sixteenth of an inch 
 below the nozzle opening in the mixing cham- 
 ber. The gasoline is drawn from the jet in the 
 mixing chamber by the vacuum created by the 
 intake stroke of the motor piston, and mixes 
 with the air supply to be drawn into the cylin- 
 der in the form of an explosive mixture. 
 
 Ques. 92. How should carbureters be in- 
 spected? 
 
 Ans. The float valve should be inspected for 
 leaks as follows: First, close the main gasoline 
 valve, then unscrew the washout plug below the 
 needle valve and remove any dirt or bits of 
 waste that may have passed the strainer. An- 
 other method is to open the top of the float 
 chamber and take out the float and needle valve, 
 then wash out with gasoline. If a light is nec- 
 essary in making this inspection, use an incan- 
 descent electric, as there is danger in using any 
 other. 
 
 Ques. 93. Describe the double chain drive. 
 
 Ans. The driving axle is solid and station- 
 ary. To the inside of the spokes of each driv- 
 ing wheel is bolted a large sprocket wheel, while 
 a counter shaft divided at its central portion 
 is carried by the chassis a short distance ahead 
 of the driving axle. The two inner ends of this 
 
28 
 
 Automobile 
 
 counter shaft connect with the differential gear, 
 while the two outer ends carry each a small 
 sprocket wheel over which the chains travel. 
 
 Ques. 94. Describe the single chain drive. 
 
 Ans. The rear or driving axle revolves, and 
 upon it the large sprocket is secured. The small 
 sprocket is carried by the engine shaft which 
 also carries the change speed gear, while the 
 differential gear is located on the rear axle. 
 
 Ques. 95. How often should the chains be 
 cleaned ? 
 
 Ans. At least once a month. 
 
 Ques. 96. How may this be done effectually? 
 
 Ans. Remove the chains and throw them into 
 a vessel containing kerosene, leaving them there 
 for 10 or 12 hours, after which wash with gaso- 
 line. After the chains are dry, soak, or boil 
 them in a mixture of beef tallow and graphite. 
 
 Ques. 97. What is the function of the 
 change speed gear? 
 
 Ans. To enable the chauffeur to increase the 
 speed of the engine without increasing the speed 
 of the driven shaft, or car axle. 
 
 Ques. 98. How is this accomplished ? 
 
 Ans. In some cases by belt, and friction 
 drives. In other cases by sliding gears, indi- 
 vidual clutch gears, and planetary gears. 
 
 Ques. 99. What is the principle of the plan- 
 etary gear? 
 
 Ans. It consists of a high speed connection 
 for the direct drive, and an arrangement of 
 gears that reduces, or reverses the motion when 
 
Catechism 
 
 29 
 
 one or another drum on which these gears are 
 mounted is held stationary. 
 
 Ques. 100. What are the basic principles of 
 friction, and belt and pulley change speed 
 drives ? 
 
 Ans. The ratio of the driver and the driven 
 is changed by bringing into contact friction 
 discs, or pulleys of varying diameters. 
 
 Ques. 101. What is the meaning of the word 
 chassis ? 
 
 Ans. Applied to automobiles it means the 
 frame, springs, wheels, transmission, in fact all 
 mechanism except the automobile body. 
 
 Ques. 101A. What is a circuit breaker? 
 
 Ans. A device which acts automatically to 
 break an electric circuit. 
 
 Ques. 102. What is the function of a circu- 
 lating water pump? 
 
 Ans. It is supposed to regulate the tempera- 
 ture of the jacket water, but it fails to do this 
 perfectly, for the reason that being driven di- 
 rect from the motor, it operates with a speed 
 which varies with the speed of the motor, re- 
 gardless of the speed of the car. In other words 
 the car may be climbing a hill at slow speed 
 while the motor is working at full charge, but 
 getting very little cooling effect from wind 
 pressure, or, on the other hand the car may be 
 running at high speed, with the motor working 
 on a light charge, while the cooling effect of the 
 wind is very great, and the pump is also run- 
 ning at high speed. 
 
30 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 103. What type of pump is ordinarily 
 used on automobiles? 
 
 Ans. The rotary. 
 
 Ques. 104. How are clutches usually classi- 
 fied? 
 
 Ans. Cone, disc, and band. 
 
 Ques. 105. What is the prime object of a 
 clutch ? 
 
 Ans. To enable the operator to start, and 
 stop the car without having to stop the motor. 
 
 Ques. 105A. What is the combustion cham- 
 ber? 
 
 Ans. That portion of the motor in which 
 the gases are compressed, and ignited. 
 
 Ques. 106. What are the requirements of a 
 combustion chamber? 
 
 Ans. The interior should be as smooth as 
 possible, and kept free from soot or carbon de- 
 posits. 
 
 Ques. 107. What are the functions of the 
 commutator of the ignition system of a multi- 
 cylinder gasoline motor? 
 
 Ans. (1) To switch the battery current in 
 and out of the electrical circuit at the proper 
 time; (2) to transfer the battery current suc- 
 cessively from one coil to another; (3) to vary 
 the point, or time of ignition. 
 
 Ques. 108. What care should be given the 
 commutator? 
 
 Ans. The platinum contacts should be 
 cleaned at least once a week with fine sandpaper. 
 If of the rotary wiping form, the brass or copper 
 
Catechism 
 
 31 
 
 segments should also be cleaned in the same way. 
 All lock nuts, and adjusting screws should be 
 carefully gone over at the same time. 
 
 Ques. 109. What is the function of a com- 
 pensating or flexible joint? 
 
 Ans. To allow for the distortion of the run- 
 ning gear, due to rough roads. 
 
 Ques. 110. With gasoline motors what is the 
 allowable compression in lbs. per sq. in. ? 
 
 Ans. About 85 lbs. 
 
 Ques. 111. How high may the compression 
 be raised with the heavier fuels, such as kero- 
 sene? 
 
 Ans. 250 lbs. per sq. in. 
 
 Ques. 112. How may the compression in at- 
 mospheres of a motor be calculated? 
 
 Ans. Divide the volume of the piston dis- 
 placement in cubic inches by the volume of the 
 combustion chamber, also in cubic inches, and 
 add one to the result. 
 
 Ques. 113. What is the function of a cur- 
 rent condenser on an automobile? 
 
 Ans. To absorb the static charge of elec- 
 tricity caused by self-induction in the primary 
 coils. 
 
 Ques. 114. What is the function of the con- 
 tact breaker? 
 
 Ans. To open the electric circuit at the 
 proper time for the passage of the spark at the 
 points of the spark plug. 
 
 Ques. 115. Why is cooling of the cylinders 
 of explosive motors necessary? 
 
32 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ans. In order to permit of proper lubrica- 
 tion, and also to prevent pre-ignition. 
 
 Ques. 116. How many cooling systems are in 
 use? 
 
 Ans. Two — viz. — air cooling, and liquid cool- 
 ing. 
 
 Ques. 117. What should be the temperature 
 of the cylinders, for efficient work? 
 
 Ans. As near 350 degrees F. as possible. 
 
 Ques. 118. What liquids may be used for 
 cooling ? 
 
 Ans. Alcohol; a light, thin mineral oil; or 
 water. 
 
 Ques. 119. What portion of the cylinder 
 wears fastest? 
 
 Ans. The side against which the piston is 
 forced by the angularity of the connecting rod. 
 
 O 
 
 Ques. 120. What are Dalton’s laws relative 
 to vapor tension, and quantity? 
 
 Ans. (1) The pressure and quantity of vapor 
 that will saturate a given space are the same 
 for the same temperature, whether the space 
 contains a gas, or is a vacuum; (2) the pres- 
 sure of the mixture of a gas and a vapor equals 
 the sum of the pressures that each would exert 
 if it occupied the same space alone. 
 
 Ques. 121. If the cooling water contains 
 lime or alkali, how will it affect the cooling 
 spaces? 
 
Catechism 
 
 33 
 
 Ans. Scale, and solid substances will be de- 
 posited inside and prevent proper circulation. 
 
 Ques. 122. How may this scale be dissolved? 
 
 Ans. Dilute one part of muriatic acid with 
 nineteen parts water, then drain the jacket com- 
 pletely, and pour in enough of the solution to 
 fill the entire cooling space. Allow the solu- 
 tion to remain in the jacket from 8 to 12 hours, 
 then wash out by allowing clear water to run 
 through it. 
 
 Ques. 123. How often should this method be 
 applied ? 
 
 Ans. Once every two weeks, with hard 
 water. 
 
 Ques. 124. What is the function of the dif- 
 ferential gear? 
 
 Ans. To allow one of the driving wheels to 
 turn at a different speed from the other, when 
 necessary, as for instance, in rounding a sharp 
 curve, the outer wheel must travel a much 
 farther distance in the same length of time than 
 does the inner wheel, and if the two wheels 
 were turning the same number of revolutions, 
 one, or both of them would be forced to slip 
 were it not for the differential gear which at 
 such times allows the inner wheel to turn 
 slower. 
 
 Ques. 125. What advantage is gained by the 
 use of a distributer with the ignition system? 
 
 Ans. By its use any number of cylinders may 
 be sparked from a single coil. 
 
34 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 126. What precautions should be ob- 
 served in the operation of gasoline motors ? 
 
 Ans. Never use a match or small torch while 
 inspecting the carbureter. Do not smoke while 
 filling the gasoline tank. Always carry an ex- 
 tra spark plug on the car. Do not allow the 
 motor to race or run fast when out of gear, but 
 retard the ignition, and throttle the charge 
 when the car is to be stopped for a few min- 
 utes. Do not fill the gasoline tank entirely full, 
 but leave a small air space at the top. If the 
 car while running, makes an unusual noise, stop 
 immediately and ascertain the cause. Do not 
 start or stop too suddenly. 
 
 Ques. 127. What is a good rule to follow 
 when on the road ? 
 
 Ans. Drive with moderate speed on the level, 
 slow speed down hill, and Wide open throttle 
 for hill climbing, or getting up speed only. 
 
 Ques. 128. Why are not large driving wheels 
 more used? 
 
 Ans. Because (1) the car is less stable in 
 turning comers ; (2) large wheels are much more 
 expensive, also more liable to injury than are 
 wheels of smaller diameter. 
 
 Ques. 129. What is a Dynamometer ? 
 
 Ans. A form of equalizing gear which is at- 
 tached between a source of power and a piece 
 of machinery, when it is desired to ascertain the 
 power necessary to operate said machinery with 
 a given rate of speed. 
 
Catechism 
 
 35 
 
 E. 
 
 Ques. 130. What is meant by the efficiency 
 of an explosive motor? 
 
 Ans. The relation between the number of 
 heat units consumed by the motor, and the num- 
 ber of foot pounds of work or energy given out 
 by the motor. 
 
 Ques. 131. What proportion of the heat units 
 consumed by an explosive motor are utilized, or 
 given up in actual work? 
 
 Ans. About one-fifth. 
 
 Ques. 132. How is fuel efficiency of explosive 
 motors considered, relative to that of weight ? 
 
 Ans. At the present time it is of secondary 
 importance. 
 
 Ques. 133. What then, is considered to be 
 of primary importance in the performance of an 
 explosive motor on an automobile? 
 
 Ans. To obtain the maximum amount of 
 power from a motor of minimum weight. 
 
 Ques. 134. How may the fuel efficiency of a 
 motor be increased? 
 
 Ans. By a proper manipulation of the ma- 
 chine, and by a correct adjustment of the valve 
 mechanism. 
 
 Ques. 135. What conditions affect motor 
 efficiency ? 
 
 Ans. The power for weight efficiency in- 
 creases almost in proportion to increase of speed 
 with high speed explosive motors, but the fuel 
 efficiency decreases with an increase of speed 
 beyond certain limitations. 
 
36 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 136. How may electricity be gener- 
 ated? 
 
 Ans. In several ways, as for instance, me- 
 chanically, chemically, and statically or by fric- 
 tion. 
 
 Ques. 137. What can be said of the current 
 from a storage battery, and that from a dry 
 battery ? 
 
 Ans. Current from a storage battery will 
 flow continuously until the battery is exhausted, 
 while current from a dry battery can only be 
 used intermittently, that is, it must have slight 
 periods of rest. 
 
 Ques. 138. What is the nature of the cur- 
 rent generated by the dynamo, or magneto? 
 
 Ans. It is alternating; reversing its direc- 
 tion of flow rapidly. 
 
 Ques. 139. How is it changed into a direct 
 current? 
 
 Ans. By means of a commutator. 
 
 Ques. 140. May any of the forms of electric 
 current enumerated in the answer to question 
 136 be used in the ignition system of an explo- 
 sive motor? 
 
 Ans. They may, but the static or frictional 
 form is not used on account of its erratic nature. 
 
 Ques. 141. What care should be given the 
 electric plant of an automobile? 
 
 Ans. Look it over frequently; replace worn 
 wires with new ones; clean out the timer with 
 gasoline, and lubricate with light oil. Examine 
 the storage battery and if brown deposits are 
 
Catechism 
 
 37 
 
 seen at bottom of cells, pour out the electrolyte 
 into a glass bottle, and wash the cells out with 
 clear water. Clean the terminals of any corro- 
 sion, and see that air vents are not clogged. 
 Watch the accumulator and do not allow elec- 
 trolyte to get below the proper level. If the 
 storage battery is of the type in which the 
 electrolyte is a jelly-like emulsion, see that it 
 is kept moist on top by adding a little water to 
 replace that lost by evaporation. 
 
 Ques. 142. How much electrical energy is 
 required per candle power to operate an electric 
 lamp? 
 
 Ans. A trifle over 4 volts; one 16 candle 
 power lamp requires about one-twelfth of a 
 horse power. 
 
 Ques. 143. What are the requirements of an 
 electric motor for use in connection with a 
 storage battery, for automobile propulsion? 
 
 Ans. It should be capable of withstanding 
 an overload of over 100 per cent for at least 
 thirty minutes at a time, without unduly heat- 
 ing. 
 
 Ques. 144. How many types of electric mo- 
 tors are in general use? 
 
 Ans. Three, viz., shunt-wound, series-wound, 
 and compound wound. 
 
 Ques. 145. Which type of motor is usually 
 in use on electric automobiles? 
 
 Ans. The series-wound, as it gives the most 
 satisfactory results. 
 
38 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 146. Describe in brief the winding of 
 a series motor. 
 
 Ans. The field magnets are wound with a 
 few turns of very large wire. One end of this 
 is connected to one of the commutator brushes, 
 while the other end of the wire, and the other 
 brush terminal connect with the battery, or 
 other source of current. 
 
 Ques. 147. Describe the winding of a shunt 
 motor? 
 
 Ans. The field magnets are wound with a 
 great many turns of very small wire, the ends 
 of which connect directly with the terminals of 
 the commutator brushes. 
 
 Ques. 148. How are compound motors 
 wound ? 
 
 Ans. They are double wound; that is, with 
 both shunt and series windings. 
 
 Ques. 149. Describe briefly the construction 
 of the armature of an electric motor. 
 
 Ans. It is built up of a number of disks of 
 sheet iron, separated by thin sheets of paper, or 
 by the use of varnish between them to prevent 
 eddy currents. 
 
 Ques. 150. What work does the commutator 
 of an electric motor perform ? 
 
 Ans. It receives the current from the bat- 
 tery, or other source, through the brushes, and 
 transmits it to the armature coils. 
 
 Ques. 151. What are the essential features 
 of an electric motor? 
 
 Ans. The brushes, the commutator, the arma- 
 
Catechism 
 
 39 
 
 ture, the field magnets, and pole pieces, the lat- 
 ter being an extension of the magnet core ; and 
 the magnet frame, usually of cast steel. 
 
 Ques. 152. What are some of the troubles 
 connected with the operation of electric motors ? 
 
 Ans. Open circuits, improper connections, 
 and short circuits. 
 
 Ques. 153. Where may open circuits be 
 looked for? 
 
 Ans. (1) At the battery terminals, which 
 may be corroded, or loose ; (2) in the controller, a 
 connection may be loose, contact fingers not 
 making good contact, or the removable plug may 
 be out; (3) at the brushes, one may have fallen 
 out, or springs too weak to insure good con- 
 tact; (4) the reversing switch may be half way 
 over, leaving batteries and motor on open cir- 
 cuit. 
 
 Ques. 154. If the ammeter indicates a large 
 current, but motor refuses to start, what is 
 the trouble? 
 
 Ans. Short circuit. 
 
 Ques. 155. How may it generally be located ? 
 
 Ans. Lift one of the brushes, and if amper- 
 age drops, or disappears altogether, the short 
 circuit is in one of the field coils; or a broken 
 wire may be touching some portion of the metal 
 of the car, or an exposed part of another wire. 
 
 Ques. 156. Mention three principal ways in 
 which the speed of electric motors may be 
 varied? 
 
 Ans. (1) By introducing variable resistances 
 
40 
 
 Automobile 
 
 in the motor and battery circuit; (2) by vary- 
 ing the voltage of the battery, using different 
 combinations of the trays; (3) by connecting 
 the field coils either all in series, in series par- 
 allel, or all in parallel. 
 
 Ques. 157. What constitutes one electrical 
 horse power? 
 
 Ans. The current (C) in amperes multiplied 
 by the electro-motive force (E) in volts, di- 
 vided by 746; expressed as follows: 
 
 EXC 
 
 E. H. P. = 
 
 746 
 
 Ques. 158. How many watts are neecssary 
 to deliver one mechanical, or brake horse power 
 in practice? 
 
 Ans. 1,000 watts, expressed as one kilowatt. 
 
 Ques. 159. If the brake horse power of an 
 electric motor be known, how may the efficiency 
 be calculated? 
 
 Ans. By the following formula: 
 
 B. H. P. X 746 
 
 e = 
 
 EXC 
 
 in which 
 
 e = Efficiency 
 
 B. H. P. = Brake horse power 
 E — Volts 
 C — Amperes, 
 
Catechism 
 
 41 
 
 Ques. 160. Define the term, Electro-Motive 
 Force (E. M. F.). 
 
 Ans. It is the manifestation of energy in an 
 electric current ; as for instance, a current un- 
 der a pressure of one volt will force one ampere 
 through one ohm of resistance. 
 
 Ques. 161. What two causes are responsible 
 for a smoky exhaust on an explosive motor? 
 
 Ans. (1) Over-lubrication; (2) too rich a 
 mixture. 
 
 Ques. 162. What is the function of an ex- 
 haust muffler? 
 
 Ans. To deaden the noise of the escaping 
 gases. 
 
 Ques. 163. What is liable to occur to an 
 exhaust muffler if it is not cleaned regularly? 
 
 Ans. Carbon deposits on the interior, which 
 will tend to increase the back pressure. 
 
 Ques. 164. What will be the result if the 
 exhaust valve is allowed to close too early ? 
 
 Ans. An excess of burned gas will remain in 
 the cylinder, while if kept open too long some 
 of the burned gas will re-enter the cylinder 
 during the suction stroke. 
 
 Ques. 165. Upon what six conditions does 
 the efficiency of the expansion in the cylinder 
 of an explosive motor depend? 
 
 Ans. (1) Initial volume of the charge; (2) 
 condition of the mixture; (3) compression pres- 
 sure; (4) point of ignition; (5) piston speed; 
 (6) losses due to radiation, 
 
42 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 166. How many, and what types of 
 explosive motors are in general use? 
 
 Ans. Two, viz., two cycle and four cycle. 
 
 Ques. 167. "What is meant by the term cycle ? 
 
 Ans. The four stages through which the 
 conditions in the cylinder must pass in order to 
 develop one power stroke of the piston. 
 
 Ques. 168. Relative to the revolutions of the 
 crank, how often does an explosive, or power 
 stroke occur in a two cycle engine ? A four cycle 
 engine ? 
 
 Ans. At every revolution, or every second 
 stroke, in a two cycle engine, and every alter- 
 nate revolution, or every fourth stroke of the 
 piston, in a four cycle engine. 
 
 Ques. 169. How many compression chambers 
 are required in a two cycle engine? 
 
 Ans. Two, for the reason that two cylinders, 
 either side by side or tandem are required, and 
 while the charge is being received in one, the 
 previous charge in the other cylinder is being 
 compressed preparatory to explosion. 
 
 Ques. 170. Define the stages of a single cyl- 
 inder, or four cycle engine? 
 
 Ans. (1) Induction; during an out stroke of 
 the piston the explosive mixture is drawn into 
 the cylinder in proper proportions; (2) com- 
 pression; on the return or in stroke the piston 
 compresses this mixture into the clearance 
 space; (3) explosion; the compressed mixture 
 is ignited, causing a rapid rise in pressure, and 
 subsequent expansion of products, causing an- 
 
Catechism 
 
 43 
 
 other out stroke of piston; (4) expulsion; the 
 expanded gases are expelled by the returning 
 piston. 
 
 Ques. 171. Define the stages of a double 
 cylinder, or two cycle engine. 
 
 Ans. (1) Cylinder No. 1, charge compressed; 
 piston ready to start on out stroke ; cylinder No. 
 2, charged with mixture, piston ready to start 
 on in stroke; (2) cylinder No. 1, charge ex- 
 ploded, piston completes power stroke ; cylinder 
 No. 2, piston completes return, or compression 
 stroke. 
 
 Ques. 172. What is vulcanized fibre? 
 
 Ans. Paper pulp treated with sulphuric 
 acid, washed and afterwards compressed into 
 sheet, or rod form. 
 
 Ques. 173. Define the word friction. 
 
 Ans. Resistance to motion of two bodies in 
 contact. 
 
 Ques. 174. What are some of the laws gov- 
 erning friction? 
 
 Ans. (1) Friction varies in proportion to 
 pressure on surfaces; (2) it increases with 
 roughness of surfaces; (3) friction of rest is 
 greater than friction of motion; (4) the amount 
 of friction is independent of the area of surfaces 
 in contact when pressure and speed remain con- 
 stant; (5) friction is greater between soft bod- 
 ies, than between hard bodies. 
 
 Ques. 175. What are the conditions attend- 
 
44 
 
 Automobile 
 
 ing perfect lubrication of bearings and journals? 
 
 Ans. There is a continuous film of lubricant 
 running around with the journal, and sliding 
 over a similar film adhering to the bearing. 
 The metallic surfaces do not touch each other. 
 
 Ques. 176. Under what conditions does the 
 friction drive for power transmission show a 
 high efficiency? 
 
 Ans. Conditions where the load is constant 
 and uniform. 
 
 Ques. 177. Do these conditions exist with 
 automobiles ? 
 
 Ans. Not as a rule ; but rather the contrary. 
 
 Ques. 178. Give the names, and average 
 composition of the various fuels at present 
 available for automobile use. 
 
 Ans. C = Carbon, O = Oxygen, H = Hy- 
 drogen. 
 
 Gasoline, average composition, C = 84, H = 
 16. 
 
 Benzine, average composition, C = 92, H = 8. 
 
 Alcohol, average composition, C = 32, H = 8, 
 0 = 35. 
 
 Tar Benzol, average composition, C = 92, H 
 
 = 8 . 
 
 Kerosene, average composition, C == 85, H = 
 15. 
 
 Motor spirit, consisting of Naphtha, Benzo- 
 line, Benzine, average composition, C = 85, H = 
 15. 
 
 Methyl Alcohol, consisting of Wbod spirit, 
 
fJatechism 
 
 45 
 
 Naphtha, average composition, C = 38, H = 12, 
 0 = 50. 
 
 Acetylene, Ethene, average composition, C = 
 92, II = 8. 
 
 Calorific value 25,000 B. t. u. 
 
 Ques. 179. Which type of explosive motor 
 uses the larger quantity of fuel per H. P. devel- 
 oped? 
 
 Ans. The two-cycle engine. 
 
 Ques. 180. Give two principal reasons why 
 the fuel consumption of the two-cycle engine is 
 greatest. 
 
 Ans. First: Retention of a portion of the 
 exhaust charge. Second : More or less loss of a 
 portion of the fresh charge. 
 
 G 
 
 Ques. 181. What law governs the expan- 
 sion of gases, with relation to temperature ? 
 
 Ans. All gases expand equally l/490th part 
 of their volume for each degree Fahr. of their 
 temperature. 
 
 Ques. 182. What is the main cause of the 
 carbon deposits on the interior walls of the 
 cylinders of gasoline motors? 
 
 Ans. Gasoline, which does not vaporize until 
 it comes in contact with the hot cylinder walls. 
 
 Ques. 183. How may the vaporization of the 
 gasoline be greatly accelerated before it reaches 
 the interior of the cylinder? 
 
 Ans. By pre-heating the mixture on its way 
 to the combustion chamber. 
 
 Ques. 184. Is it possible to manufacture a 
 
46 
 
 Automobile 
 
 homogeneous gas for use in a gasoline engine 
 driving a motor car ? 
 
 Ans. It may be accomplished by means of a 
 gas producer carried on the car. 
 
 Ques. 185. Describe in brief the construc- 
 tion, and principles governing the action of a 
 gas producer for automobiles. 
 
 Ans. It consists essentially of a copper tank, 
 or container located in any convenient place, as 
 under the driver’s seat ; which tank is filled with 
 sheets of wood pulp superimposed. Each sheet 
 is 14 -inch thick, and drilled full of holes 14 - 
 inch in diameter. These sheets are separated 
 from each other a slight distance. A space in 
 the tank is occupied by a coil of pipe, around 
 which the exhaust gases from the engine cir- 
 culate, thus serving to heat the air which 
 passes through the coil before coming in con- 
 tact with the gasoline-saturated wood-pulp 
 sheets. 
 
 Ques. 186. How is this mixture of homoge- 
 neous gas conveyed to the combustion cham- 
 ber? 
 
 Ans. By means of a valve designed for the 
 purpose, by which it may be diluted to meet the 
 requirements of the engine according to road 
 condition, atmospheric influences, etc. 
 
 Ques. 187. Is there any danger of an explo- 
 sion of the gas within the tank? 
 
 Ans. There is not, for the reason that the 
 gas is not sufficiently diluted with air to render 
 it explosive. 
 
Catechism 
 
 47 
 
 Ques. 188. How are Gasoline, Benzine and 
 other explosive fuels obtained? 
 
 Ans. They are distilled products of crude 
 petroleum, the process of distillation being 
 similar to that of generating steam from water. 
 
 Ques. 189. How many different kinds of 
 gasoline explosions are there? 
 
 Ans. Two; first, the real explosion occur- 
 ring in the cylinder of a gasoline motor when 
 heat and pressure are suddenly produced by 
 the combustion of the gasoline vapor ; and, sec- 
 ond, by placing an enclosed tank of gasoline over 
 a fire, the heat will increase the pressure in the 
 tank until it explodes, thus allowing the gaso- 
 line to instantly vaporize and mix with the air, 
 and be ignited by the flame. 
 
 Ques. 190. Is water a good extinguisher of 
 a gasoline fire? 
 
 Ans. It is not. On the contrary, it is worse 
 than useless at such times. 
 
 Ques. 191. What, then, is the best method 
 of extinguishing a gasoline fire? 
 
 Ans. Smother the fire with fine earth, sand 
 or flour, thrown on top of the burning liquid. 
 A dry powder which is very good for this pur- 
 pose can be made of common salt 15 parts, sal- 
 ammoniac 15 parts, bi-carbonate of soda 20 
 parts. Mix thoroughly and pass through a 
 fine sieve. 
 
 Ques. 192. What should be done in case the 
 gasoline takes fire at a small outlet, or leak in 
 a gasoline tank? 
 
48 
 
 Automobile 
 
 An s. Either blow, or pat the flame out. 
 
 Ques. 193. What is the first point to be con- 
 sidered in the design of a gasoline motor? 
 
 Ans. The proper number of cylinders. 
 
 Ques. 194. What single advantage attaches 
 to the single cylinder motor? 
 
 Ans. Simplicity and fewness of parts. 
 
 Ques. 195. What advantages pertain to mul- 
 ti-cylinder explosive motors? 
 
 Ans. They develop more power with less 
 weight, and they reduce vibrations and strains. 
 
 Ques. 196. What form of motor will give 
 correct mechanical balance, and at the same 
 time reduce vibration to a considerable extent? 
 
 Ans. The two-cylinder type, with cranks 
 opposed, and cylinders in axial alignment. 
 
 Ques. 197. What is the next best construc- 
 tion so far as regular impulses, and uniform 
 strain on the parts are concerned? 
 
 Ans. Three cylinders, parallel and having 
 the cranks at an angle of 120 degrees to each 
 other. 
 
 Ques. 198. What types of explosive motor 
 combine the advantages of mechanical balance, 
 and the reduction of vibration to a minimum? 
 
 Ans. The four or six-cylinder types. 
 
 Ques. 199. Mention a few other points to 
 be considered in the selection of an explosive 
 motor. 
 
 Ans. Arrangement of working parts so as to 
 be readily accessible; automatic lubrication; 
 the best and most simple method of operating 
 
Catechism 
 
 49 
 
 the valves ; a reliable system of ignition ; proper 
 diameter, and weight of flywheel; the carbu- 
 reter should be one requiring the least atten- 
 tion; reduction of weight and simplicity of 
 construction in all parts. 
 
 Ques. 200. What is the best design for cyl- 
 inders ? 
 
 Ans. The cylinder with its combustion and 
 valve chambers should be integral, having no 
 joints to be closed by gaskets. 
 
 Ques. 201. What is a good average fuel con- 
 sumption per horse power hour for a gasoline 
 motor? 
 
 Ans. About one and two-tenths pints of 
 gasoline. 
 
 Ques. 202. What will be the effect on fuel 
 consumption if the cylinders are kept too cold? 
 
 Ans. The expansive force of the gases is re- 
 duced, and less power is developed by the 
 motor. 
 
 Ques. 203. What is the object of cooling the 
 cylinders ? 
 
 Ans. To prevent the lubricating oil from 
 burning up. 
 
 Ques. 204. What is a good rule for guid- 
 ance in the matter of cooling motor cylinders? 
 
 Ans. The hotter the cylinder with effective 
 lubrication, the more power will the motor 
 develop. 
 
 Ques. 205. What rule should be observed 
 when changing gear on the road? 
 
 Ans. The motor and the car should be mov 
 
50 
 
 Automobile 
 
 in g at nearly corresponding rates of speed be- 
 fore engaging the clutch. 
 
 Ques. 206. What rule should govern in 
 climbing a hill? 
 
 Ans. The hill should be ascended as far as 
 possible on high gear, and the change to lower 
 gear be made as soon as the motor begins to 
 labor hard. 
 
 Ques. 207. What method should be pursued 
 in caring for the gear case and rear live axle 
 casing? 
 
 Ans. They should be periodically emptied of 
 oil, and accumulated metal grit, then thoroughly 
 washed out with kerosene, and filled with fresh 
 oil. 
 
 Ques. 208. What is implied in the term gen- 
 erator as used in connection with automobiles? 
 
 Ans. Any form of chemical, or mechanical 
 device which is used to produce a current of 
 electricity. The term also applies to the ap- 
 paratus for generating acetylene gas for use 
 in the lamps. 
 
 Ques. 209. Name the two forms of mechan- 
 isms used for ignition purposes? 
 
 Ans. First: the dynamo, which is self-excit- 
 ing by means of coils of wire wound upon mag- 
 net limbs. Second: the magneto, having per- 
 manent magnets instead of coils, to induce the 
 current in the armature. 
 
 Ques. 210. Which type is most generally 
 used on automobiles? 
 
Catechism 
 
 51 
 
 Ans. The magneto, owing to simplicity of 
 construction and low first cost. 
 
 Ques. 211. Describe the principles of the 
 magneto. 
 
 Ans. It consists of two or more horseshoe 
 magnets, the ends of which embrace the pole 
 pieces between which rotates a shuttle arma- 
 ture wound with small insulated copper wire. 
 Rotation of this armature disturbs the lines of 
 magnetic force, which in turn sets up induced 
 currents in the armature. 
 
 Ques. 212. What kind of electric current is 
 thus produced? 
 
 Ans. Alternating; but it is converted into 
 direct current by means of the commutator on 
 the armature shaft. 
 
 Ques. 213. What is the function of the gov- 
 ernor, as applied to explosive motors? 
 
 Ans. To control the speed, which may be 
 done in three ways, as follows: throttling the 
 supply of mixture ; retarding ignition ; prevent- 
 ing the exhaust valve from opening. 
 
 Ques. 214. May graphite be used as a lubri- 
 cant for cylinders of explosive motors? 
 
 Ans. Only to a limited extent. 
 
 H 
 
 Ques. 215. What is meant by the term heat 
 value of fuels? 
 
 Ans. The quantity of heat generated, or that 
 may be generated by the complete combustion 
 of the fuel. 
 
52 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 216. In what three ways may loss of 
 heat result? 
 
 Ans. By convection; by conduction and by 
 radiation. 
 
 Ques. 217. Which one of these three is the 
 principal factor in heat loss in explosive mo- 
 tors? 
 
 Ans. Convection; owing to the violent mo- 
 tion of the ignited gas. 
 
 Ques. 218. Give the formula for ascertain- 
 ing the horse power of an explosive motor. 
 
 Ans. First ascertain the number of power 
 strokes per minute, then 
 
 PLAN 
 
 H. P. = in which 
 
 33000 
 
 H. P. = Horse power. 
 
 P = Mean effective pressure. 
 
 L = Length of stroke in feet. 
 
 A = Area of piston in sq. in. 
 
 N = Number of power strokes per minute. 
 
 Ques. 219. v What is the best construction for 
 hubs, and wheels of automobiles? 
 
 Ans. Ball and roller bearings, the hubs to 
 be accurately machined from steel castings or 
 die forgings. 
 
 I 
 
 Ques. 220. What two objects must be at- 
 tained in order to gain the highest efficiency in 
 operating an explosive motor? 
 
Catechism 
 
 53 
 
 Ans. First, a correct mixture of gasoline and 
 air; and second, ignition of this mixture at the 
 proper time. 
 
 Ques. 221. What form of ignition is the 
 most practical for automobile service? 
 
 Ans. Electric, either by the primary method 
 or the secondary method. 
 
 Ques. 222. How are these methods otherwise 
 designated ? 
 
 Ans. Low tension, and high tension. 
 
 Ques. 223. In common parlance what addi- 
 tional names are given to these two systems ? 
 
 Ans. Low tension is termed, the make and 
 break system, while high tension is called the 
 jump spark system of ignition. 
 
 Ques. 224. What is the basic principle of in- 
 duction in electrical action? 
 
 Ans. If a certain body has electrical or mag- 
 netic properties, it will call forth or produce 
 similar properties in a neighboring body with- 
 out direct contact. 
 
 Ques. 225. What is the nature of an elec- 
 trical current that is produced by an induction 
 coil? 
 
 Ans. It has a high electro motive force or 
 voltage. 
 
 Ques. 226. When should the ignition always 
 be retarded? 
 
 Ans. Just before the car is started. 
 
 Ques. 227. When should the ignition be ad- 
 vanced ? 
 
54 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ans. After the motor has attained a fair 
 rate of speed. 
 
 Ques. 228. What is a good rule to remem- 
 ber regarding the handling of the ignition? 
 
 Ans. Greater motor speed requires an early 
 ignition, but greater power calls for late, or re- 
 tarded ignition. 
 
 Ques. 229. Describe some of the main 
 troubles that occur with ignition systems? 
 
 Ans. Loose contact screws ; vibrator im- 
 properly adjusted ; faulty insulation of wiring ; 
 corroded battery terminals. 
 
 Ques. 230. What is the function of an In- 
 dicator ? 
 
 Ans. By means of the indicator it is possible 
 to obtain a card or diagram showing the action 
 of the exploded gas upon the piston within the 
 cylinder. 
 
 Ques. 231. Of what use are such diagrams? 
 
 Ans. They show whether the ignition occurs 
 at the proper moment ; also if release or exhaust 
 is properly timed. The horse power developed 
 by the motor may also be computed from an in- 
 dicator diagram. 
 
 Ques. 231a. Define the meaning of inertia? 
 
 Ans. That property of a body by which it 
 tends to continue in the state of rest, or mo- 
 tion in which it may be placed, until acted upon 
 by some other force. 
 
 Ques. 231b. What are some of the prelimi- 
 naries to be observed before starting a car? 
 
 Ans. Retard the spark as far as possible. 
 
Catechism 
 
 55 
 
 Open main gasoline valve at tank. Set throttle 
 about one quarter open. Close switch and in- 
 sert safety plug. Turn on oil feed in lubricating 
 system. Open compression relief cocks if there 
 are any. Prime carbureter by depressing the 
 float or otherwise. Engage starting crank, 
 and pull upwards smartly against the com- 
 pression. The motor should then start; but if 
 it does not, turn the crank until the next com- 
 pression stroke, and again pull up smartly. 
 
 J 
 
 Ques. 232. What disadvantage attends 
 water-jackets that are cast integral with the 
 cylinders ? 
 
 Ans. They are hard to clean when scale de- 
 posits accumulate in them. 
 
 Ques. 233. What other form of water-jacket 
 is in use on small engines ? 
 
 Ans. Jackets made of heavy sheet copper, 
 which may be removed when they need clean- 
 ing. 
 
 Ques. 234. What should be the ratio of the 
 water-jacket space around the cylinder, to the 
 bore of the cylinder? 
 
 Ans. Not less that one eighth of the bore, 
 and the space surrounding the head combustion 
 chamber should be not less than one sixth of 
 the cylinder bore. 
 
 Ques. 235. At what temperature should the 
 jacket water be kept in order to attain the 
 greatest degree of fuel economy? 
 
56 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ans. Slightly below the boiling point (212° ) . 
 
 Ques. 236. What is the function of a uni- 
 versal joint? 
 
 Ans. A universal joint is used on some types 
 of automobiles in order to allow the rear wheels, 
 and axle to accommodate themselves to the in- 
 equalities of the road surface. 
 
 K 
 
 Ques. 237. Is kerosene available as a fuel 
 for explosive motors? 
 
 Ans. It is to some extent. 
 
 Ques. 238. What is the specific gravity of 
 kerosene ? 
 
 Ans. It varies from 0.78 to 0.82, and it has 
 a vapor flashing point at 120° to 125° F. 
 
 Ques. 239. What is the ignition point of 
 kerosene ? 
 
 Ans. 135° F; and it boils at 400° F. 
 
 Ques. 240. What volume of air is required 
 for the combustion of one cubic foot of the 
 vapor of kerosene? 
 
 Ans. 76 cubic feet of air to 1 cu. ft. of vapor. 
 
 Ques. 241. What is the heat value of one 
 pound of kerosene? 
 
 Ans. 22,000 heat units. 
 
 Ques. 242. To what other uses may kerosene 
 be put in connection with automobile operation ? 
 
 Ans. It is a good cleansing agent. If in- 
 jected into the motor cylinders and allowed to 
 remain over night it will remove all deposits 
 from the piston heads and cylinder walls. 
 
Catechism 
 
 57 
 
 Ques. 243. If a knocking or pounding is 
 heard in the motor while running what does it 
 indicate ? 
 
 Ans. It is an indication that something is 
 wrong with the machine. 
 
 Ques. 244. What kind of a sound is pro- 
 duced by premature ignition ? 
 
 Ans. A deep, heavy pound. 
 
 Ques. 245. Mention some other causes of 
 knocking and pounding ? 
 
 Ans. Badly worn, or broken piston rings. 
 Improper valve seating. A badly worn piston. 
 Piston striking a projecting point in the com- 
 bustion chamber. A loose wrist pin. A loose 
 journal box cap, or lock nut. A broken spoke, 
 or web in the fly-wheel. Fly-wheel loose on its 
 shaft. Explosions during the exhaust, or the 
 admission stroke, due to mis-fire. Ignition un- 
 duly advanced. Crank pin may not be at right 
 angles to the connecting rod. The chain may 
 be loose, and jump one of the sprocket teeth. 
 Bearings at either end of connecting rod may 
 be too loose. 
 
 Ques. 246. Where are knuckle joints used? 
 
 Ans. For connections in Steering Mechan- 
 ism. 
 
 L 
 
 Ques. 247. What care should be given the 
 acetylene lamps of an automobile? 
 
 Ans. Wires should be passed through the 
 gas, and air aperatures at intervals in order to 
 
58 
 
 Automobile 
 
 keep them clear. The burners should be un- 
 screwed occasionally and blown through, and 
 the interior of the burner body be scraped 
 clean of deposit. The lenses also should be kept 
 brightly polished. 
 
 Ques. 248. What is a good solution for clean- 
 ing the lens Mirrors ? 
 
 Ans. Equal parts of alcohol and water. De- 
 natured alcohol is good for the purpose also. 
 
 Ques. 249. What should be done with the 
 condenser when used in connection with the 
 lighting system? 
 
 Ans. It should be located close to the lamps 
 where it will catch all the condensation from 
 the gas passing to the burners. It should be 
 emptied at intervals, and all mud and other 
 sediment cleaned out. 
 
 Ques. 250. Mention two defects that are 
 liable to cause serious leakage of current ? 
 
 Ans. Moisture in the mica insulation of the 
 electrode ; second, a bridge of carbon. Remedy : 
 dry out insulation thoroughly, and clean lower 
 end with a brush, and a little gasoline. 
 
 Ques. 251. What is a common cause of leak- 
 age of gasoline? 
 
 Ans. A very small hole in the float of the 
 carbureter will cause it to flood. 
 
 Ques. 252. How may it be found? 
 
 Ans. By putting the float into boiling water, 
 and watching for bubbles. 
 
 Ques. 253. How may leaky joints in gaso- 
 line, or water pipes be made tight temporarily? 
 
Catechism 
 
 59 
 
 Ans. By means of coarse linen, or canvas 
 covered with a paste of litharge and glycerine, 
 which in turn should be covered with adhesive 
 tape. 
 
 Ques. 254. Mention a few peculiar places in 
 which loose connections are liable to occur in the 
 ignition system? 
 
 Ans. A platinum tip may get free from its 
 carrying screw; a lead lug may break inside a 
 storage battery cell; a copper wire may break 
 inside its unbroken cover. 
 
 Ques. 255. What is absolutely essential to 
 ensure easy running, and the reduction of fric- 
 tion to a minimum? 
 
 Ans. To see that all rubbing surfaces are 
 supplied with a sufficient quantity of the kind 
 of lubricating oil adapted to the conditions. 
 
 Ques. 256. What qualities should the oil 
 used in motor cylinders possess ? 
 
 Ans. It should have a flashing point of not 
 less than 500° F, and a fire test of at least 600° 
 F, together with a specific gravity of 25.8. 
 
 Ques. 257. Is graphite a good lubricant to 
 use on automobiles? 
 
 Ans. It is mainly useful for plain bearings, 
 and chains. It may also be used to advantage in 
 the cylinders, if fed in small quantities, and uni- 
 formly. 
 
 Ques. 258. What is the chief danger occur- 
 ring from the use of graphite in the cylinders ? 
 
 Ans. Clogging the valves. 
 
60 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 259. Describe the operation of the 
 splash system of lubrication ? 
 
 Ans. The oil flows by gravity from a tank 
 into the crank case which is air tight. From 
 there it is splashed over the piston, and bear- 
 ings. 
 
 Ques. 260. How often should this oil be re- 
 newed ? 
 
 Ans. Every 100 miles run on small motors, 
 and every 75 miles on large ones. 
 
 Ques. 261. Describe the force feed system of 
 lubrication ? 
 
 Ans. The oil is forced by a power driven oil 
 pump through adjustable conduits to the vari- 
 ous bearings, in such quantities as are needed. 
 
 Ques. 262. How does the weather affect the 
 lubrication of a motor? 
 
 Ans. In cold weather the oil will thicken up, 
 thus requiring a different adjustment of lubri- 
 cators from that found suitable in warm 
 weather. 
 
 Ques. 263. What precautions should be ob- 
 served regarding oil pipes and conduits? 
 
 Ans. They should be kept thoroughly clear 
 and free from deposits, in order that the oil may 
 have an unobstructed passage. 
 
 Ques. 264. How are the differential, and 
 change speed gears lubricated? 
 
 Ans. Gear boxes should be kept a little less 
 than half full of oil, which should be changed 
 at periodic intervals, and the gears cleaned. 
 
Catechism 
 
 61 
 
 Ques. 265. What attention should be given 
 the wheels, in the way of lubrication ? 
 
 Ans. They should be cleaned, and packed 
 with grease once or twice a season. 
 
 Ques. 266. How are the latest designs lubri- 
 cated ? 
 
 Ans. Through the shaft or axle from the 
 gear box. 
 
 Ques. 267. On shaft driven cars when the 
 shaft runs through a sleeve, what is required ? 
 
 Ans. The shaft requires to be daily lubri- 
 cated. 
 
 M 
 
 Ques. 268. When it becomes necessary to re- 
 move a Magneto for repairs, what should be 
 done? 
 
 Ans. See that all separable parts are prop- 
 erly marked, in order to facilitate re-assem- 
 bling. 
 
 Ques. 269. What two important elements 
 are to be considered in tlie design of a mani- 
 fold? 
 
 Ans. First, length, which in a single cyl- 
 inder motor should be four times the stroke; 
 Second, Area, which should equal one-quarter 
 the area of the piston. 
 
 Ques. 270. What other important point is 
 to be considered in designing a manifold for a 
 Multi-cylinder Motor? 
 
 Ans. The delivery of an equal weight of the 
 mixture to each of the cylinders. 
 
62 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 271. Describe the action of a two port 
 motor ? 
 
 Ans. The first stroke of the piston produces 
 a vacuum in the crank case, and the mixture 
 rushes in through the check valve in motor 
 case. The second stroke compresses the mix- 
 ture, and when the inlet port is uncovered the 
 mixture surges into the cylinder. The third 
 stroke compresses the mixture entrapped in the 
 cylinder, as both ports are then covered by the 
 piston, and at the proper moment the mixture is 
 ignited. 
 
 N 
 
 Ques. 272. Describe the construction of a 
 needle valve ? 
 
 Ans. It has a cone point, and a very fine 
 thread on the stem. 
 
 Ques. 273. Describe the composition of a 
 non-freezing solution for use in cooling radi- 
 ators in cold weather? 
 
 Ans. To 15 lbs. chloride of calcium add 1 
 gallon of water. After the solution has be- 
 come saturated add 2 to 3 gals, more of water; 
 and a little lime to neutralize acidity. This 
 solution freezes at 15° below zero, F. 
 
 Ques. 274. What will be the result if the 
 water freezes in the water-jackets? 
 
 Ans. The jackets will burst unless they are 
 made of copper. 
 
 Ques. 275. If the car is to be kept in a cold 
 building when not in use, what should be done? 
 
Catechism 
 
 63 
 
 Ans. The water should be completely drawn 
 off from the jackets. 
 
 Ques. 276. When the car is to left standing 
 outside for an hour or so in cold weather, what 
 should be done? 
 
 Ans. The motor and radiator may be covered 
 with cloths or laprobes, thus retaining a por- 
 tion of the heat. 
 
 Ques 277. How is gasoline affected by cold? 
 
 Ans. It does not vaporize so readily, and it 
 is necessary to supply extra heat to the carbu- 
 reter. 
 
 Ques. 278. Should fire ever be used directly 
 for warming the carbureter, or other parts of 
 the motor? 
 
 Ans. It should not. Hot water may be used 
 provided none is allowed to get into the gaso- 
 line tank. Another method is to wring cloths 
 out of hot water and apply them. 
 
 0 
 
 Ques. 279. Can oil be used as a cooling 
 medium for explosive motors? 
 
 Ans. It can be used most effectively in the 
 summer time, as it is then more easily cir- 
 culated through the radiator. 
 
 Ques. 280. What kind of oil is used for this 
 purpose ? 
 
 Ans. Any common grade of machine oil. 
 
 Ques. 281. What is meant by an offset crank 
 shaft ? 
 
 Ans. A crank shaft, whose center is not ex- 
 
64 
 
 Automobile 
 
 actly in line with the centers of the cylinders, 
 but is set slightly to one side. 
 
 Ques. 282. What is the object sought in this 
 type of construction? 
 
 Ans. To have the connecting rod in the exact 
 vertical position when maximum compression, 
 ignition, and pressure occur. 
 
 Ques. 283. What advantage is gained 
 thereby ? 
 
 Ans. It is claimed that the force of the ex- 
 plosion will then come on the connecting rod 
 endwise, and the piston will not be unduly 
 pressed against the cylinder walls. 
 
 Ques. 284. In timing the valves of an off- 
 set crank shaft engine what additional factor 
 must be taken into account? 
 
 Ans. The inclination of the axis of the con- 
 necting rod. 
 
 Ques. 285. Describe the action of the two 
 cylinder opposed motor when in operation? 
 
 Ans. During one-half revolution of the 
 crank shaft, one cylinder is compressing while 
 the other is exhausting. During the next half 
 revolution, the first cylinder will be firing, and 
 the second will be drawing in its charge. Dur- 
 ing the next half turn, the first cylinder will 
 be exhausting, and the second compressing, and 
 during the next half turn, the first cylinder will 
 draw its charge, while the second is firing, thus 
 giving a power impulse in every revolution of 
 the crank shaft. 
 
Catechism 
 
 65 
 
 Ques. 286. What is the main cause of over- 
 heating of cylinders of explosive motors? 
 
 Ans. Too much gasoline ; too rich a mixture. 
 
 Ques. 287. Mention some other causes of 
 overheating ? 
 
 Ans. Insufficient cylinder lubrication. Wear 
 of cams, tappets and valve stems. Deposit of 
 a thin film of scale inside the circulating pipe, 
 and radiator. 
 
 Ques. 288. What is the immediate effect of 
 overheating ? 
 
 Ans. To burn up the oil in the cylinders and 
 crank case. The motor will begin to pound, and 
 the cooling water to steam. 
 
 Ques. 289. What other serious result usually 
 follows overheatings? 
 
 Ans. The motor will gradually slow down 
 and finally stop, with the lubricating oil burnt 
 up, and the pistons expanded and gripping the 
 cylinders. 
 
 Ques. 290. What should be done when 
 symptoms of overheating manifest themselves? 
 
 Ans. The motor should be stopped at once, 
 and kerosene freely injected into the cylinders, 
 while the engine is turned by hand to free the 
 piston rings. Then allow the parts to cool. 
 
 Ques. 291. Should cold water be poured over 
 the outside of the cylinder jackets to cool them? 
 
 Ans. No, because there is danger of crack- 
 ing them by so doing. 
 
 Ques. 292. Give a simple method of testing 
 for an overheated motor? 
 
66 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ans. Let a few drops of water fall on the 
 head of the cylinder. If it sizzles for a few 
 moments the overheating' is not bad, but if 
 the water at once turns into steam the case is 
 serious. 
 
 Ques. 293. What else may be done to cool 
 the motor? 
 
 Ans. Detach the spark plugs, and turn the 
 starting crank slowly. This will draw cold 
 air into the cylinders and thus cool them in- 
 side. 
 
 P 
 
 Ques. 294. Describe in brief the various 
 kinds of packing used on explosive motors ? 
 
 Ans. Asbestos, made in the form of sheets, 
 also in the form of woven cloth, and as string 
 or rope. Rubber, in sheets either plain, or with 
 alternate layers of canvas and rubber. Rub- 
 berbestos, and vulcabestos, made of rubber im- 
 pregnated with rubber and afterwards vul- 
 canized. 
 
 Ques. 295. Is paper a safe material to use 
 for shims, of any sort ? 
 
 Ans. It is not, as it is not reliable where 
 pressures are high, and intermittent. If used 
 at all it should be saturated with shellac, and 
 squeezed in place before the shellac dries. 
 
 Ques. 296. Give a list of extra parts that 
 should be carried on a car? 
 
 Ans. Bolts and nuts; chain links; dry bat- 
 tery cells; extra valves; inner tube; insulated 
 
Catechism 
 
 67 
 
 wire; packing; spark plugs; split pins; sticky 
 tape; valve springs; washers. 
 
 Ques. 297. Is there any advantage gained 
 by mixing picric acid with gasoline for use in 
 explosive motors? 
 
 Ans. An increase of 20 per cent in motor 
 efficiency is claimed for the picric-gasoline mix- 
 ture. 
 
 Ques. 298. Describe the construction of 
 a piston used in a gasoline engine ? 
 
 Ans. It is of the single acting, or trunk 
 type, made of cast iron, and turned to a good 
 working fit in the cylinder. Near the upper 
 end three or four grooves are cut entirely 
 around its outer circumference; and in these 
 grooves the packing rings are sprung. 
 
 Ques. 299. What is meant by piston dis- 
 placement ? 
 
 Ans. The volume swept out by the piston. 
 It equals area of piston multiplied by length 
 of stroke. 
 
 Ques. 300. What rule should govern the 
 length of a piston when designing one? 
 
 Ans. For vertical cylinder, piston length 
 should not be less than its diameter; for hori- 
 zontal cylinder, piston length should be never 
 less than one and one-third diameters. 
 
 Ques. 301. What law governs the velocity 
 or speed of the piston in an explosive motor ? 
 
 Ans. The velocity of the piston must be con- 
 siderably less than the rate of combustion of 
 
68 
 
 Automobile 
 
 the explosive mixture, in order that the motor 
 may develop power. 
 
 Ques. 302. What is the estimated maximum 
 speed limit, or piston velocity? 
 
 Ans. Between 14 and 16 feet per second. 
 
 Ques. 303. What is the best material for 
 the contact points of the vibrator of an induc- 
 tion coil? 
 
 Ans. Platinum. 
 
 Ques. 304. How may the polarity of elec- 
 tric terminals be ascertained? 
 
 Ans. Place the ends of the wires on opposite 
 ends of a piece of moistened litmus paper. The 
 negative pole will turn the paper red. 
 
 Ques. 305. Is porcelain a good material for 
 insulation purposes? 
 
 Ans. It has higher insulative properties than 
 lava, or mica, but it is more liable to break 
 from too sudden change of temperature. 
 
 Ques. 306. What is the most obvious cause 
 of pounding in an explosive motor ? 
 
 Ans. The spark, or ignition too far ad- 
 vanced. 
 
 Ques. 307. Name some of the principal 
 causes of preignition ? 
 
 Ans. High compression; carbon or dirt on 
 the piston head; sharp corners, and projections 
 on inside of combustion chamber for soot or 
 carbon to accumulate on. 
 
 Ques. 308. What is the best lubricant for a 
 pump? 
 
 Ans, Grease. and it should be stiff enough to 
 
Catechism 
 
 69 
 
 prevent its being washed away by the water, 
 and carried into the radiator. 
 
 Ques. 309. What law governs the action of 
 a centrifugal pump? 
 
 Ans. The height of the lift depends upon 
 the tangential force. 
 
 Ques. 310. What should be the minimum 
 peripheral velocity of the pump wheel? 
 
 Ans. 500 feet per minute. 
 
 Ques. 311. What is a good indication that 
 the pump is not properly working? 
 
 Ans. Steam issuing from the relief or out- 
 let of the water circulating system. 
 
 Ques. 312. How may the pump be tested be- 
 fore starting? 
 
 Ans. Run the motor for a few. minutes. If 
 the temperature of the pipes is uniform, the 
 circulation is all right. 
 
 R 
 
 Ques. 313. What rule should govern in the 
 design of a radiator? 
 
 Ans. That the maximum surface should be 
 exposed to the air, and the greatest freedom 
 afforded for circulation of the cooling medium. 
 
 Ques. 314. What advantages attach to the 
 circular tube for a radiator ? 
 
 Ans. Minimum resistance offered to flow of 
 liquid. Greatest strength for given weight. 
 Minimum weight of tube for given cubic con- 
 tent of liquid. 
 
70 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 315. What is the disadvantage of the 
 circular tube radiator ? 
 
 Ans. Minimum radiating surface presented. 
 
 Ques. 316. What can be said in favor of the 
 cellular type of radiators ? 
 
 Ans. They are more easily cleaned of mud 
 than any other type. 
 
 Ques. 317. What disadvantage attaches to 
 the honey-comb radiator? 
 
 Ans. The large number ot joints is likely 
 to be a cause of leakage. They are also more 
 difficult to repair on the road, than the tubular 
 type with radiating pins, or discs. 
 
 Ques. 318. How many square feet of radiat- 
 ing surface per horse power is required in the 
 thermo-siphon, or natural water circulation 
 system of cooling? 
 
 Ans. About 5 sq. ft. per horse power de- 
 veloped. 
 
 Ques. 319. What is the most common cause 
 of a radiator cap sticking ? 
 
 Ans. Expansion of the threaded ring on 
 which it screws. This is caused by extreme 
 heat, and the cap will unscrew easily when 
 cold. 
 
 Ques. 320. When, therefore, is the best time 
 to fill a radiator? 
 
 Ans. Before beginning the run. 
 
 Ques. 321. In case it becomes necessary to 
 unscrew a radiator cap when hot what should 
 be done? 
 
Catechism 
 
 71 
 
 Ans. Cool the base of the ring under the cap 
 but do not cool the cap itself. 
 
 Ques. 322. In regard to reversing of a car, 
 what should the driver always remember ? 
 
 Ans. The reverse gear of a sliding change 
 gear should never be engaged until the car has 
 been brought to a full stop. 
 
 Ques. 323. What is a rheostat ? 
 
 Ans. A device for regulating the flow of cur- 
 rent in a closed electrical circuit. 
 
 Ques. 324. How is this accomplished with a 
 rheostat ? 
 
 Ans. By introducing a series of graduated 
 resistances into the circuit. 
 
 Ques. 325. What precautions should be ob- 
 served regarding all rubber supplies? 
 
 Ans. They should be kept from contact with 
 oil, kerosene, gasoline or grease. 
 
 Ques. 326. What is the maximum temper- 
 ature to which vulcanized rubber should be ex- 
 posed? 
 
 Ans. 130 degrees F. 
 
 Ques. 327. How may a good rubber cement 
 be made. Give formula? 
 
 Ans. 1 lb. caoutchouc ; 1 gal. coal tar 
 naphtha ; 20 lbs. shellac. Heat gently, and 
 pour on metal plates to solidify. When needed 
 melt. 
 
 Ques. 328. Give a formula for gutta-percha 
 cement? 
 
 Ans. Two parts gutta-percha to one part 
 
72 
 
 Automobile 
 
 common pitch. Melt together, and stir well 
 while melting, after which pour into cold water. 
 
 Ques. 329. What is included in the complete 
 running gear of an automobile? 
 
 Ans. The frame, springs, wheels, motor, 
 speed change gear, axles and all machinery ex- 
 cept the body. 
 
 Ques. 000. What is the running gear usually 
 called ? 
 
 Ans. The chassis, a French word pronounced 
 chassee. 
 
 S 
 
 Ques. 330. How may a scratched cylinder 
 be temporarily repaired ? 
 
 Ans. By filling the scratches with silver 
 solder, and scraping flush with the bore. If 
 the scratches are not too deep the cylinder can 
 be rebored, and a new set of piston rings put 
 in. 
 
 Ques. 331. What is the limit to increase of 
 bore for a cylinder ? 
 
 Ans. About one-sixteenth of an inch. 
 
 Ques. 332. What is one of the most useful 
 tools to be carried on a car? 
 
 Ans. A good screw-driver. 
 
 Ques. 333. Define the secondary current of 
 an ignition system? 
 
 Ans. The current that is induced in the fine 
 wire of the induction coil by the sudden reversal 
 of the magnetism of the core, which latter is 
 
Catechism 
 
 73 
 
 caused by the sudden interruption of the pri- 
 mary current. 
 
 Ques. 334. What are some of the causes of 
 self-firing of an explosive motor? 
 
 Ans. An insufficient supply of lubricating 
 oil, thereby causing the cylinders to overheat; 
 the presence of soot in combustion chamber; 
 water circulation working badly, causing the 
 motor to overheat. Self-firing implies that the 
 motor continues to run after the ignition cur- 
 rent is switched off. 
 
 Ques. 335. What are the principal advan- 
 tages connected with the shaft drive? 
 
 Ans. Absence of noise ; the ease with which 
 all parts may be housed in oil ; protection from 
 dust. 
 
 Ques. 336. Mention some of the disadvan- 
 tages attached to the shaft drive ? 
 
 Ans. It is difficult to repair; it is compli- 
 cated ; it has considerable end thrust. 
 
 Ques. 337. How may aluminum be cleaned? 
 
 Ans. By washing the dirty surface with 
 hyposulphate of soda; then rinse with water, 
 and dry. 
 
 Ques. 338. What is the best lubricant for 
 the cupped leather washer of the tire pump 
 piston ? 
 
 Ans. Vaseline, as it clings to the leather. 
 
 Ques. 339. Upon what does the effieciency 
 of the motor, to a large extent depend ? 
 
 Ans. Proper regulation of the sparking de- 
 vice. 
 
74 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 340. What will result if the spark 
 plugs are allowed to become dirty? 
 
 Ans. Mis-firing. 
 
 Ques. 341. What is the proper method of 
 cleaning a spark plug? 
 
 Ans. Wash the points of the plug with a 50 
 per cent solution of muriatic acid applied with 
 a tooth brush. 
 
 Ques. 342. What is the function of the 
 speedometer ? 
 
 Ans. To register the speed of the car, and 
 the distance traveled. 
 
 Ques. 343. How is the speedometer driven? 
 
 Ans. By means of a large gear attached to 
 the hub of the wheel, which meshes into a small 
 gear at the end of a flexible revolving cable 
 which in turn drives the instrument. 
 
 Ques. 344. Are short springs desirable in an 
 automobile ? 
 
 Ans. They are not, for the reason that they 
 are more liable to break, than longer springs 
 are. 
 
 Ques. 345. What important factor must be 
 considered in the design of springs? 
 
 Ans. The elastic limit with regard to the 
 dead, and maximum load to be carried by the 
 car. 
 
 Ques. 346. What care can be given to 
 springs tending to prolong their life? 
 
 Ans. The surfaces of the leaves may be 
 lubricated at intervals, also the toggles and 
 links. 
 
Catechism 
 
 75 
 
 Ques. 347. What should be done with the 
 steering gear at frequent intervals? 
 
 Ans. It should be cleaned, and well oiled. 
 
 Ques. 348. What advantages are possessed 
 by steam motors as compared with explosive 
 motors ? 
 
 Ans. Speed variations are obtained with- 
 out the shifting of gears; they will start with- 
 out cranking; they are noiseless, and are better 
 for climbing hills. 
 
 Ques. 349. Name the principal parts of a 
 steam motor for driving an automobile ? 
 
 Ans. The boiler, the steam engine, the con- 
 denser, the water pump, gasoline pump and the 
 pilot lamp. 
 
 Ques. 350. What type of boiler is available 
 for automobile service? 
 
 Ans. The water tube type, only, and it 
 should be of light construction and yet able to 
 withstand very high pressures. 
 
 Ques. 351. What kind of fuel is generally 
 used under the boiler? 
 
 Ans. Gasoline, which is passed under pres- 
 sure through a vaporizer, and thence to the 
 burner where it mixes with the air, and burns. 
 
 Ques. 352. How is the boiler supplied with 
 water ? 
 
 Ans. From a small tank or reservoir the 
 water flows to the feed pump, which forces it, 
 first through the feed water heater located in 
 the exhaust pipe leading to the condenser, 
 
76 
 
 Automobile 
 
 where it absorbs considerable heat from the 
 exhaust steam. From there into the boiler. 
 
 Ques. 353. What is the function of the pilot 
 light in connection with a steam motor? 
 
 Ans. It is twofold; first for heating the 
 vaporizer, and second for lighting the burner, 
 as the fuel is generally supplied only intermit- 
 tently to the burner, depending upon the steam 
 pressure, which automatically regulates it. 
 
 Ques. 354. Wherein does the steam engine 
 differ from the gasoline, or explosive engine 
 used on automobiles ? 
 
 Ans. A steam engine exerts power at each 
 stroke of the piston. With the explosive en- 
 gine, power is exerted only at every fourth 
 stroke, or at best every alternate stroke. 
 
 Ques. 355. What type of steam engines are 
 in use on automobiles? 
 
 Ans. Two cylinders, with cranks set at 90 
 degrees to each other. The engines have re- 
 versing valve gear, and may be either simple or 
 compound. 
 
 Ques. 356. Explain what is meant by a 
 simple engine? 
 
 Ans. A simple engine is one in which the 
 steam having done its work in the cylinder is 
 permitted to pass into the exhaust pipe, either 
 to the atmosphere, or to a condenser. 
 
 Ques. 357. Explain the principles of the 
 compound engine? 
 
 Ans. A compound engine consists of never 
 less than two cylinders, and in many cases 
 
Catechism 
 
 77 
 
 more. In the two cylinder compound, such as 
 are used on steam automobiles, one of the cyl- 
 inders is called the high pressure, and the other 
 the low pressure cylinder. Steam passes from 
 the boiler first to the high pressure cylinder in 
 which it does work, and from thence it passes 
 to the low pressure cylinder which is always of 
 larger bore than the high pressure. The steam 
 now acts against the low pressure piston, doing 
 work, and is then allowed to exhaust either into 
 the atmosphere, or into a condenser. 
 
 Ques. 358. What types of valve gear are in 
 general use on steam automobiles? 
 
 Ans. There are two — the Stephenson link 
 motion, and the Joy valve gear. 
 
 Ques. 359. What are the duties of the 
 chauffeur after the day’s run is finished, and 
 the car is run into the garage? 
 
 Ans. First, shut the battery switch, and re- 
 move the plug; close all oil cups and lubri- 
 cators ; shut off the gasoline if there is no float 
 in the carbureter; if in winter and the car is 
 to stand in a cold place, drain off the water 
 from circulating system; wipe off motor, and 
 see that it is ready for the next run; when 
 cleaning the motor examine all bolts and nuts, 
 and all other points needing adjustment; note 
 the condition of journals, and bearings, and 
 if any are unduly hot, ascertain the cause of the 
 heating. 
 
 Ques. 360. Give a list of supplies that will 
 be found very useful to carry on a long trip? 
 
78 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Aiis. Asbestos, bolts and nuts, copper wire, 
 emery cloth, emery powder, funnel, extra can 
 of gasoline, gaskets, iron wire, machine screws, 
 rope (small, strong), rubber pail, adhesive tape, 
 washers. 
 
 Ques. 361. What is the advantage of a three 
 point suspension for automobile frames? 
 
 Ans. Freedom of the power plant from 
 stress, all parts remaining in perfect alignment. 
 
 T 
 
 Ques. 362. What is a tachometer? 
 
 Ans. An instrument for indicating the num- 
 ber of revolutions made by a shaft in a unit of 
 time — usually one minute. 
 
 Ques. 363. How is the capacity in gallons of 
 a cylindrical tank ascertained? 
 
 Ans. Multiply the area of the cross section 
 in square inches by length of tank in inches, 
 and divide by 231. 
 
 Ques. 364. What precautions should be ob- 
 served regarding gasoline tanks? 
 
 Ans. Never put water into the tank. Al- 
 ways use a wire gauze-lined funnel. If the 
 screwed cap for the inlet gets lost, get a new 
 one ; don ’t use a cork ; small bits of the cork are 
 liable to get into the carbureter. 
 
 Ques. 365. How should ignition batteries be 
 tested ? 
 
 Ans. Get a 4 or 6 volt one-ampere incan- 
 descent lamp, and after cutting the battery out 
 of the charging circuit, put the lamp in the bat- 
 
Catechism 
 
 79 
 
 ter y circuit for a few seconds only. If the bat- 
 tery is fully charged the lamp will give out a 
 brilliant light. 
 
 Ques. 366. What is the difference between a 
 single tube, and a double tube tire ? 
 
 Ans. In a single tube tire the inner, or air 
 tube is vulcanized to the outer tube. In a 
 double tube they are separately attached to the 
 rim of the wheel, and are not in contact, except 
 when the inner tube is inflated. 
 
 Ques. 367. What advantage has the single, 
 over the double tube tire in the matter of re- 
 pairs ? 
 
 Ans. A puncture through the tread of a 
 single tube tire may be repaired by using rivet 
 shaped rubber patches. With a double tube 
 tire it is necessary to remove the casing from 
 the rim of the wheel, in order to cement suitable 
 patches upon the inner tube. 
 
 Ques. 368. What is implied in the term 
 tonneau used in connection with automobiles? 
 
 Ans. The rear seats of a car. 
 
 Ques. 369. Describe in a general way a 
 touring car? 
 
 Ans. The rear seats are non-removable; it 
 has a carrying capacity of 5 to 6 persons; the 
 motor ranging from 16 to 24 horse power ; and 
 the running radius is from 50 to 75 miles on 
 one charge of gasoline and water. 
 
 Ques. 370. Mention a list of touring sup- 
 plies to be carried in addition to those already 
 enumerated ? 
 
80 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ans. Acetylene (carbide of calcium), cyl- 
 inder oil, goggles, lap robe, lamp oil, lubricating 
 oil, storm apron, tire bandage, waste, whiskey 
 (for medical use only). 
 
 Ques. 371. What is .the function of the tor- 
 sion rod? 
 
 Ans. To prevent the twisting strain imposed 
 by the shaft from reaching to, and affecting the 
 frame at the rear end. 
 
 Ques. 372. What is meant by the traction of 
 the driving wheels? 
 
 Ans. The push in pounds exerted by the 
 rims of the wheels against the ground, multi- 
 plied by speed of car in miles per hour. 
 
 Ques. 373. What is the estimated efficiency 
 of the various forms of power transmission? 
 
 Ans. Single chain with direct drive, 85 per 
 cent; two chain drive from motor to speed 
 change gear, thence to rear axle, 75 per cent; 
 double chain with right angle drive, 70 per 
 cent; longitudinal shaft drive, universal joints, 
 and bevel differential, 65 per cent. 
 
 Ques. 374. Should a motor be slowed down 
 by throttling the charge? 
 
 Ans. Not until the ignition has been retarded 
 as far as possible. 
 
 Ques. 375. Is copper tubing serviceable for 
 piping the gas to the lamp burners ? 
 
 Ans. It is used to a large extent, but it is 
 liable to erosion by the gas. Standard % in. 
 gas pipe is better, and lasts longer. 
 
Catechism 
 
 81 
 
 U 
 
 Ques. 376. "What is meant by the expression 
 unit of heat? 
 
 Ans. A heat unit (B. t. u.) is the quantity 
 of heat required to raise the temperature of one 
 pound of water one degree, or from 39° to 40° 
 F. The heat unit is used for calculating the 
 quantity of heat contained in any form, and 
 known weight of matter. 
 
 Ques. 377. How may the number of heat 
 units in a given number of pounds of gasoline be 
 ascertained ? 
 
 Ans. By the amount of energy, or work 
 (expressed in horse power) developed by the 
 complete combustion, explosion, and expansion 
 of the given weight of gasoline, assuming that 
 none is lost. 
 
 Ques. 378. What is the mechanical equiva- 
 lent of heat, or rather of one heat unit ? 
 
 Ans. 778 foot pounds. 
 
 Ques. 379. What is a foot pound? 
 
 Ans. One pound weight raised one foot 
 high. 
 
 Ques. 380. How is horse power calculated 
 from the above mentioned data? 
 
 Ans. One H. P. equals 33,090 lbs. raised one 
 foot high in one minute of time. One heat unit 
 equals 778 foot lbs., or 778-^-33000 = about 
 1/43 of a horse power. 
 
82 
 
 Automobile 
 
 V 
 
 Ques. 381 What care should be given the 
 valves of an explosive motor? 
 
 Ans. They should be ground in at frequent 
 intervals, using fine emery and oil, then finish 
 with tripoli and water. Badly pitted valves 
 should be replaced by new ones. 
 
 Ques. 382. What is liable to result from 
 an exhaust valve sticking? 
 
 Ans. The motor may suddenly stop. 
 
 Ques. 383. What should be done in such a 
 case? 
 
 Ans. The valve should be removed, and the 
 stem be cleaned and scraped, and if it is warped 
 it should be straightened. If the valve still 
 leaks it should be ground to its seat. 
 
 Ques. 384. What is the function of the aux- 
 iliary air valve with the float feed carbureter? 
 
 Ans. To provide a larger air inlet for low 
 speeds, than for high speeds. 
 
 Ques 385. How should the exhaust valve be 
 timed? 
 
 Ans. So as to open slightly before the be- 
 ginning of the inward stroke, and close at the 
 end of the same stroke. The next inward stroke 
 is the compression stroke when both valves 
 should be closed. 
 
 Ques. 386. Where is the butterfly valve 
 used? 
 
 Ans. In the admission pipe between the car- 
 
Catechism 
 
 83 
 
 bureter and the admission valve of the motor. 
 
 Ques. 387. What is its function? 
 
 Ans. To regulate, or throttle the supply of 
 explosive mixture to the motor. 
 
 Ques. 388. What is the function of the 
 swing-check valve ? 
 
 Ans. It is attached to the air inlet opening 
 of the carbureter to prevent leakage of the mix- 
 ture, when suction operated admission valves 
 are used. 
 
 Ques. 389. Where is the globe valve gen- 
 erally used ? 
 
 Ans. In the pipe leading from gasoline tank 
 to carbureter. By it the supply of gasoline may 
 be entirely shut off. 
 
 Ques. 390. What objections are there to an 
 excessive clearance between the valve lifters 
 and valves? 
 
 Ans. (1) Vertical hammering, causing un> 
 necessary noise; (2) sidewise pressure im- 
 posed on the valve lifters by the cams. 
 
 Ques. 391. About what clearance should be 
 allowed for expansion of valve stems ? 
 
 Ans. The thickness of a business card. 
 
 Ques. 392. What is meant by “lead” of 
 valves ? 
 
 Ans. Adjustment of the timing so that the 
 valves open slightly before the completion of 
 the particular part of the cycle they are in- 
 tended to perform. 
 
 Ques. 393. What general rule governs the 
 giving of “lead” to valves? 
 
84 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ans. The higher the speed of the motor, the 
 greater the necessity for lead. 
 
 Ques. 394. What objections attend the use 
 of vaporizers in connection with carbureters? 
 
 Ans. They are wasteful of gasoline, and re- 
 quire frequent adjustment. They permit an ex- 
 cessive flow when the tank is full, and restrict 
 it when the tank is nearly empty. 
 
 Ques. 395. Upon what does the saturation 
 point for any given vapor depend ? 
 
 Ans. Upon the temperature. 
 
 Ques. 396. What is meant by vapor tension ? 
 
 Ans. The pressure exerted by the vapor in its 
 saturated state. 
 
 W 
 
 Ques. 397. How many systems of water cir- 
 culation are in use on automobiles for cooling 
 the motor cylinders? 
 
 Ans. Two ; the natural, or thermo-siphon 
 system, and the forced water circulation. 
 
 Ques. 398. Explain the operation of the 
 thermo-siphon system? 
 
 Ans . Cold water being heavier than hot 
 water, the circulation is obtained by having a 
 head of water in a tank located above the level 
 of the cylinder water-jacket, and as the water 
 in the jacket is heated, the cooler water from 
 the tank flows in, forcing the heated water to 
 take its place in the tank, an automatic circula- 
 tion being thus kept up. 
 
Catechism 
 
 85 
 
 Ques. 399. How is forced circulation of the 
 cooling element maintained? 
 
 Ans. By means of a rotary pump ; the water 
 passing from pump to jackets, thence to the 
 radiators, on to the tank, and back through the 
 pump again. 
 
 Ques. 400. What is the meaning of a watt- 
 hour? 
 
 Ans. The voltage of the current multiplied 
 by the rate of flow in amperes per hour gives 
 the rate of energy expended in watt-hours. 
 
 Ques. 401. Describe the wipe-spark ignition 
 system ? 
 
 Ans. A form of primary sparking device 
 used on some gasoline motor cars, but used prin- 
 cipally on marine and stationary gasoline 
 motors. The make and break is between a 
 rocker arm on the side of the combustion cham- 
 ber, and a spring plunger above the end of the 
 arm, and in the center of the cylinder head. 
 
 Ques. 402. What will be the effect of the 
 breakage of a wire in the ignition system of 
 a single cylinder motor? 
 
 Ans. The instant stoppage of the motor. 
 
 Ques. 403. How would such an accident af- 
 fect a multi-cylinder car, provided it was not 
 the main circuit? 
 
 Ans. It would probably slow the car, with 
 the result of explosions in the muffler. 
 
 Ques. 404. What causes wire-drawing of the 
 mixture in carbureters? 
 
 Ans. A restricted intake. 
 
86 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Ques. 405. What are some of the bad effects 
 of such wire drawing? 
 
 Ans. Excessive noises; reduction of power 
 and waste of gasoline. 
 
 Ques. 406. Can wood-alcohol be used to any 
 advantage in the cooling system of an explosive 
 motor ? 
 
 Ans. There is no particular advantage in 
 using it, except to dispense with the use of 
 water. The liability to freeze in cold weather 
 is lessened however. 
 
 X 
 
 Ques. 407. Upon what principle is the ac- 
 tion of the Xardell muffler based ? 
 
 Ans. A vacuum is employed to create a suc- 
 tion upon the exhaust gases coming from the 
 motor. 
 
 Z 
 
 Ques. 408. What is absolute zero? 
 
 Ans. A condition in which there is absolutely 
 no vibration of the molecules, and consequently 
 no heat. It has been calculated from experi- 
 ments and observations to be a temperature of 
 461° below zero Fahr. 
 
Reference tables 
 
 501 Front axle with yokes and spring supports. 
 
 502 Right steering knuckle. 
 
 503 Left steering knuckle. 
 
 504 Front springs. 
 
 505 Front spring clips with cross pieces. 
 
 506 King bolts and nuts. 
 
 507 Inside annular front bearing. 
 
 508 Outside annular front bearing. 
 
 509 Nuts for spindle of knuckle. 
 
 510 Lock washers for nuts on spindle. 
 
 511 Steel dust washers. 
 
 512 Felt dust washers. 
 
 513 Front connecting rod complete with adjusting 
 
 ends. 
 
 514 Adjusting end right hand thread front. 
 
 515 Adjusting end left hand thread front. 
 
 516 Cone screws, nuts and brass cones for front 
 
 adjusting ends. 
 
 517 Rear connecting rod complete, adjusting end 
 
 and ball rod adjuster. 
 
 518 Adjusting end rear connecting rod. 
 
 519 Cone screws, nuts and brass cones for rear con- 
 
 necting rod. 
 
 520 Ball rod adjuster with bolts. 
 
 521 Ball rod with adjusting ring. 
 
 522 Right hand front connecting rod lock nut. 
 
 523 Left hand front connecting rod lock nut. 
 
 525 Bolts for holding spokes in hubs. 
 
 526 Spring clip holders. 
 
 527 Hardened washer for knuckles. 
 
 528 Ball rod brasses. 
 
 529 Rear connecting rod lock nut. 
 
 530 Front wheels with rims without tires and with- 
 out bearings. 
 
 Tires front and rear. 
 
 87 
 
 \ 
 
 531 
 
88 
 
 532 
 
 533 
 
 534 
 
 535 
 
 536 
 
 537 
 
 538 
 
 539 
 
 540 
 
 541 
 
 542 
 
 544 
 
 545 
 
 546 
 
 547 
 
 548 
 
 549 
 
 550 
 
 551 
 
 552 
 
 553 
 
 554 
 
 555 
 
 556 
 
 557 
 
 558 
 
 559 
 
 560 
 
 561 
 
 562 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Washer inside front dust cap for holding in 
 outside bearing. 
 
 Front dust caps. 
 
 Rear dust caps. 
 
 Rear wheels with rims without tires and with- 
 out bearings'. 
 
 Outside rear annular bearing. 
 
 Inside rear annular bearing. 
 
 Sleeve on spindle rear axle. 
 
 Locknuts for rear wheels. 
 
 Lock nut washers for rear wheels. 
 
 Dog clutches. 
 
 Inner axles, right and left, same length. 
 
 Rear outside axle including top bearing of driv- 
 ing shaft, hub brake supports, rear Springs, 
 supports, screw cover for gear case, auxiliary 
 bearing caps and truss rod. 
 
 Differential gear complete. 
 
 Large bevel gears. 
 
 Bevel pinion. 
 
 Annular bearings on differential. 
 
 Large nuts on differential for adjusting bear- 
 ings. 
 
 Lock washers between adjusting nuts on dif- 
 ferential. 
 
 Ball thrust bearing. 
 
 Nut back of ball thrust on differential. 
 
 Spur gear inside of differential. 
 
 Spur pinions inside of differential. 
 
 Bolts holding spur pinions in differential. 
 Holders for rear spring bumpers. 
 
 Rubber for bumpers. 
 
 Lock springs for dust caps. 
 
 Auxiliary bearing caps inside of gear case. 
 Spring hooks for large and small brake bands. 
 Large brake bands. 
 
 Small brake bands. 
 
1=3 
 
 ea 
 
680 
 
 Elevation of Chassis 
 
563 
 
 564 
 
 565 
 
 566 
 
 567 
 
 568 
 
 580 
 
 581 
 
 582 
 
 583 
 
 584 
 
 585 
 
 586 
 
 587 
 
 588 
 
 589 
 
 590 
 
 591 
 
 592 
 
 593 
 
 594 
 
 595 
 
 596 
 
 597 
 
 598 
 
 599 
 
 600 
 
 601 
 
 602 
 
 603 
 
 604 
 
 Catechism 89 
 
 Hardened steel wearing plates for large and 
 small brake bands. 
 
 Cam shaft for large brake oand. 
 
 Cam shaft for small brake bands. 
 
 Spiral springs for large and small brake bands. 
 Levers on cam shafts. 
 
 Supporting pins for large and small brake bands. 
 Truss rod under rear axle with two nuts. 
 
 Cam shaft washer for large and small brakes. 
 Right hand front fender with irons. 
 
 Left hand front fender with irons. 
 
 Rear fender with irons. 
 
 Driving shaft with nut for pinion and cross pin. 
 Annular bearing on driving shaft back of 
 pinion. 
 
 Annular bearing at front end of driving shaft. 
 Adjusting nuts on driving shaft. 
 
 Lock washer for adjusting nuts on driving 
 shaft. 
 
 Swivel hub front bearing support for driving 
 shaft without bearing. 
 
 Sheet steel dust washer over bearing and screws 
 for same. 
 
 Felt dust washer over bearing. 
 
 Swivel yoke. 
 
 Swivel yoke bracket. 
 
 Hinged tee for swivel yoke. 
 
 Steel bar through swivel yoke bracket. 
 
 Special cap screw holding swivel yoke to top 
 driving shaft bearing. 
 
 Three-eighths cap screw holding top bearing of 
 driving shaft to tubular casing. 
 
 Universal joint, main hardened steel portion. 
 Squares in universal joint. 
 
 15-16 i^h cross pin through driving shaft. 
 Sleeve for universal joint. 
 
 Rawhide cover for universal joint. 
 
 Cap screws in universal joint sleeve. 
 
90 
 
 605 
 
 606 
 
 607 
 
 608 
 
 609 
 
 610 
 
 611 
 
 612 
 
 613 
 
 614 
 
 615 
 
 616 
 
 617 
 
 618 
 
 619 
 
 620 
 
 621 
 
 622 
 
 623 
 
 624 
 
 625 
 
 626 
 
 627 
 
 628 
 
 629 
 
 630 
 
 631 
 
 632 
 
 633 
 
 634 
 
 635 
 
 636 
 
 637 
 
 638 
 
 639 
 
 640 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Nuts on universal joint. 
 
 Washer between nuts on universal joint. 
 Fender brackets riveted to frame. 
 
 Fender studs for runningboard. 
 
 Pressed steel frame with parts riveted on in* 
 eluding front and rear spring loops. 
 
 Front spring loop, right. 
 
 Front spring loop, left. 
 
 Bear spring loop, right. 
 
 Bear spring loop, left. 
 
 Front spring brackets. 
 
 Bear spring brackets. 
 
 Brake and clutch shaft brackets. 
 
 Bear springs. 
 
 Bear spring links. 
 
 Front spring links. 
 
 Bolts and nuts for front and rear spring links. 
 Bolts and nuts for attaching front spring to 
 loop and rear spring to bracket. 
 
 B. H. front runningboard supporting iron. 
 
 L. H. front runningboard supporting iron. 
 
 Bear supporting irons for runningboard. 
 
 Bight hand runningboard with brass edge strip. 
 Left hand runningboard with brass edge strip. 
 Brass edge strip around runningboard. 
 
 Bubber mats on runningboard. 
 
 Tonneau steps. 
 
 Tonneau step brackets. 
 
 Bubber mat for tool box. 
 
 Battery box. 
 
 Tool box. 
 
 Dash brackets. 
 
 Bear locker box. 
 
 Tail lamp bracket, brass plated. 
 
 Front lamp brackets, brass plated. 
 
 Bight hand side lamp bracket, brass plated. 
 Left hand side lamp bracket, brass plated. 
 
 Wood dash. 
 
Catechism 
 
 91 
 
 641 
 
 642 
 
 643 
 
 644 
 
 645 
 
 646 
 
 647 
 
 648 
 
 649 
 
 650 
 
 651 
 
 652 
 
 653 
 
 654 
 
 655 
 
 656 
 
 657 
 
 658 
 
 659 
 
 660 
 661 
 662 
 
 663 
 
 664 
 
 665 
 
 666 
 
 667 
 
 668 
 
 669 
 
 670 
 
 671 
 
 672 
 
 Aluminum dash shield. 
 
 Foot pedal bracket. 
 
 Shaft through foot pedals. 
 
 Brake foot pedal. 
 
 Clutch foot pedal. 
 
 Throttle pedal. 
 
 Tapered washers between clutch, brake and 
 throttle pedal. 
 
 Square tube under dash. 
 
 Aluminum clutch with leather and springs under 
 leather. 
 
 Leather on clutch. 
 
 Springs under clutch. 
 
 Clutch hub. 
 
 Clutch hub sleeve. 
 
 Ball thrust bearing back of slide. 
 
 Clutch slide. 
 
 Clutch yoke. 
 
 Special cap screws for clutch yoke. 
 
 Clutch shaft. 
 
 Clutch coupling. 
 
 Clutch coupling sliding squares. 
 
 Clutch coupling bolt (long). 
 
 Clutch coupling bolt (short). 
 
 Large spiral spring in clutch hub'. 
 
 Large hexagon head cap screw holding spiral 
 spring in clutch hub. (Clutch stud.) 
 
 Tapered pin and nut inside of clutch stud. 
 
 Thrust ball bearing and two washers on clutch 
 screw. 
 
 Clutch buffer complete with leather covered 
 button. 
 
 Clutch buffer brace. 
 
 Clutch buffer button. 
 
 Hexagon nut holding steering wheel on stem. 
 Steering chuck. 
 
 Steering stem with throttle and spark rods and 
 
 worms. 
 
92 
 
 Automobile 
 
 673 Steering post with Knurled nut at top. 
 
 674 Spark collar. 
 
 675 Throttle collar. 
 
 676 Steering wheel with ratchet. 
 
 677 Ratchet and screws for steering wheel. 
 
 678 Spark lever on wheel. 
 
 679 Throttle lever on wheel. 
 
 680 Nut holding spark lever to rod. 
 
 681 Dust tube on steering chuck. 
 
 682 Dust tube packing nut. 
 
 683 Spark bell crank lever. 
 
 684 Bracket for spark bell crank lever. 
 
 685 Timer rod. 
 
 686 Throttle shaft with levers and throttle cam. 
 
 687 Throttle shaft brackets. 
 
 688 Rod and adjuster to throttle pedal. 
 
 689 Carbureter rod and adjuster. 
 
 690 Carbureter. 
 
 691 Carbureter intake pipe with flange. 
 
 692 Pipe nipple for carbureter. 
 
 693 Carbureter air pipe. 
 
 694 Auxiliary air inlet for carbureter. 
 
 695 Brake hand lever. 
 
 696 Brake hand lever slide. 
 
 697 Special screws in brake hand lever slide. 
 
 698 Controller hand lever. 
 
 699 Controller hand lever catch. 
 
 700 Grips for controller and brake hand lever. 
 
 701 Tension rods and ends for controller and hand 
 
 brake levers. 
 
 702 Brake lever shaft with intermediate brake lever. 
 
 703 Controller lever shaft. 
 
 704 Short gear shifting lever. 
 
 705 Spiral .springs for hand brake and controller 
 
 lever rods. 
 
 706 Bell crank clutch lever. 
 
 707 Brass hexagon nut for controller shaft. 
 
Transmission Gear 
 
708 
 
 709 
 
 710 
 
 711 
 
 712 
 
 713 
 
 717 
 
 718 
 
 719 
 
 720 
 
 721 
 
 722 
 
 723 
 
 724 
 
 725 
 
 726 
 
 727 
 
 728 
 
 729 
 
 731 
 
 732 
 
 733 
 
 734 
 
 735 
 
 736 
 
 737 
 
 738 
 
 739 
 
 740 
 
 742 
 
 743 
 
 Catechism 
 
 93 
 
 Collar for controller shaft. 
 
 Brake and clutch slotted clevises with adjust- 
 ing ends. 
 
 Adjusting ends for all brake rods and for brake 
 and clutch slotted clevises. 
 
 Slotted clevises. 
 
 Clutch tension rod. 
 
 Long tension rod for hub brakes. 
 
 Left outside brake tubing, with levers and 
 offset levers and bracket and muffler support. 
 Bight outside brake tubing, with levers and 
 offset levers and bracket. 
 
 Inside shaft with lever and offset levers. 
 Equalizing levers on outside shaft for large 
 brake. 
 
 Cross bar on equalizing links. 
 
 Springs for equalizing levers. 
 
 Chain for equalizing levers. 
 
 Equalizing link rods. 
 
 Tension rods for large brake. 
 
 Tension rods for small brake. 
 
 Offset levers for large brake. 
 
 Offset levers for small brake. 
 
 Levers on inside shaft for small brake. 
 Interlocking sector. 
 
 Interlocking sector, roller and adjuster. 
 
 Long clutch lever. 
 
 Hub brake cable with clevis. 
 
 Turnbuckle for brake cable. 
 
 Double clamp for foot brake cable. 
 
 Clamp and leather for foot brake cable. 
 Position holder for foot brake. 
 
 Ratchet bracket. 
 
 Inside bracket for controller shaft. 
 
 Dust pan under transmission. 
 
 Bight side dust pan on side of engine, rear 
 section. 
 
94 
 
 744 
 
 745 
 
 746 
 
 747 
 
 748 
 
 749 
 
 750 
 
 751 
 
 752 
 
 753 
 
 754 
 
 755 
 
 756 
 
 758 
 
 759 
 
 760 
 
 761 
 
 762 
 
 763 
 
 764 
 
 765 
 
 766 
 
 767 
 
 768 
 
 769 
 
 770 
 
 771 
 
 772 
 
 773 
 
 774 
 
 775 
 
 776 
 
 777 
 
 778 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Eight side dust pan on side of engine, front 
 section. 
 
 Left side dust pan on side of engine. 
 
 Front dust pan. 
 
 Starting crank. 
 
 Starting shaft. 
 
 Starting shaft bracket. 
 
 Starting shaft spring. 
 
 Eatchet collar for starting shaft. 
 
 Brass plated nut for starting shaft. 
 
 Steering chuck brace. 
 
 Steering post bushing. 
 
 Worm and shaft for spark lever inside steering 
 post. 
 
 Worm and tubing for throttle lever inside steer- 
 ing post. 
 
 Timer complete. 
 
 Timer and top of governor case. 
 
 Timer plunger spring. 
 
 Timer plunger holder. 
 
 Timer case. 
 
 Timer case and top of governor cm*. 
 
 Timer contact segments. 
 
 Timer screw cap. 
 
 Timer glass. 
 
 Fiber ring in timer. 
 
 Ball cup in timer. 
 
 Cone in timer. 
 
 Nuts on shaft through timer. 
 
 Governor case. 
 
 Governor upper spider and screws. 
 
 Governor lower spider and studs. 
 
 Governor weight pivot. 
 
 Governor shaft. 
 
 Governor arms and pins. 
 
 Governor weights. 
 
 Governor springs. 
 
Catechism 
 
 95 
 
 779 Bronze bushing in timer. 
 
 780 Long spiral Spring holding timer. 
 
 781 Insulated bushings for timer case. 
 
 784 Muffler. 
 
 785 Muffler pipe. 
 
 786 Union nut for muffler pipe. 
 
 787 Muffler cutout valve. 
 
 788 Rear end of muffler complete. 
 
 789 Muffler spiral springs. 
 
 790 Muffler eutout lever. 
 
 791 Muffler cable. 
 
 792 Muffler push rod. 
 
 793 Muffler bell crank. 
 
 794 Muffler plunger. 
 
 795 Muffler bell crank stud. 
 
 796 Rubber button on muffler rod plunger. 
 
 797 Gasoline tank under front seat. 
 
 798 Gasoline tank straps. 
 
 799 Gasoline tank supports. 
 
 800 Gasoline tank cap. 
 
 802 Fiber block on dash for wiring. 
 
 803 Fiber block (4 hole) on engine for wiring, with 
 
 support. 
 
 804 Fiber block (2 hole) on engine for wiring, with 
 
 support. 
 
 805 Fiber block (6 hole) on engine for wiring, with 
 
 support. 
 
 806 Fiber tubing for wiring. 
 
 807 Chains and rubber tubing for wiring. 
 
 808 Spark plug gaps. 
 
 809 Spark coils. 
 
 810 Vibrators for spark coils. 
 
 811 Adjusting screws for vibrator for spark coils. 
 
 812 Plug for spark coil. 
 
 813 Dry cells. 
 
 814 Terminal nuts for dry cells. 
 
 815 Wire connectors for dry cells. 
 
96 
 
 Automobile 
 
 816 Storage batteries. 
 
 817 Snap switch for dynamo. 
 
 818 Automatic cutout. 
 
 819 Snap switch for lights. 
 
 820 Electric light globes for side and tail lamps. 
 
 821 Dynamo. 
 
 822 Brush holders for dynamo. 
 
 823 Carbon brushes. 
 
 824 Coil nuts for coil connectors. 
 
 \ 825 Sockets for side and tail lamps. 
 
 826 Dynamo governor with spring. 
 
 827 Dynamo rawhide pulley. 
 
 828 Bronze bearing bushing, lower end. 
 
 829 Wiring shield on front of dash. 
 
 830 Clevis pins, long. 
 
 831 Clevis pins, short. 
 
 832 Clevis pins for spark and throttle. 
 
 833 Compression relief rod. 
 
 835 Oil tank. 
 
 836 Oil tank strap. 
 
 837 Oil tank cap. 
 
 838 Pet cock on oil tank. 
 
 839 Oiler with case complete. 
 
 840 Oil pump pulley on oiler. 
 
 841 Flexible tube to oiler. 
 
 842 Stop cock to oiler. 
 
 843 Caps for adjusting stems on oiler. 
 
 844 Sight feeds on dash. 
 
 845 Glasses for sight feeds. 
 
 846 Plungers for sight feeds. 
 
 847 Plunger springs for sight feeds. 
 
 848 Pipes from oiler to sight feeds. 
 
 849 Pipe to engine crank case, long. 
 
 850 Pipe to engine crank case, short. 
 
 851 Pipe to engine main bearing. 
 
 852 Pipe to clutch slide. 
 
 853 Pipe to transmission. 
 
Plan of Chassis 
 
854 
 
 855 
 
 856 
 
 857 
 
 858 
 
 859 
 
 860 
 
 861 
 
 862 
 
 863 
 
 864 
 
 865 
 
 866 
 
 867 
 
 868 
 
 869 
 
 870 
 
 871 
 
 872 
 
 873 
 
 874 
 
 875 
 
 876 
 
 877 
 
 878 
 
 879 
 
 880 
 
 881 
 
 882 
 
 883 
 
 884 
 
 885 
 
 886 
 
 887 
 
 888 
 
 889 
 
 890 
 
 Catechism 
 
 97 
 
 Pipe to rear system. 
 
 Unions for ends of oil pipes. 
 
 Oil packing nut at pulley. 
 
 Pipe to center of cylinder crank case. 
 
 Bracket for oiler. 
 
 Belt for oiler one-fourth inch diameter. 
 
 Belt hooks for oil belt. 
 
 Badiator. 
 
 Badiator filling cap. 
 
 Top hose for radiator. 
 
 Bottom hose for radiator. 
 
 Clamps on hose. 
 
 Hose nipple. 
 
 Badiator fan. 
 
 Badiator fan braces. 
 
 Badiator fan bearings with shaft. 
 
 Tee in bottom of pump. 
 
 Plug in tee in bottom of pump. 
 
 Drain cock in bottom of radiator. 
 
 Fan belt. 
 
 Fan pulley attached to fan. 
 
 Hood. 
 
 Hood fasteners with springs. 
 
 Badiator brace, right* 
 
 Badiator brace, left. 
 
 Fan pulley on crank shaft. 
 
 Auxiliary gasoline tank. 
 
 Front bracket for auxiliary gasoline tank. 
 
 Bear bracket for auxiliary gasoline tank. 
 
 Pipe from main to auxiliary gasoline tank. 
 
 Pipe from auxiliary tank to carbureter. 
 
 Pet cock on bottom of gasoline tank. 
 
 Stop cock on bottom of gasoline tank. 
 
 Air pipe from auxiliary gasoline tank. 
 
 Cap on air pipe on dash. 
 
 Oiler pulley on crank shaft. 
 
 Transmission complete with universal joint and 
 coupling. 
 
98 Automobile 
 
 891 Transmission case complete with cap for reverse 
 
 bearing. 
 
 892 Rear main bearing sleeve complete with univer- 
 
 sal joint, stationary tooth clutch, gear aoid 
 annular bearings with adjuster. 
 
 893 Rear main bearing sleeve. 
 
 894 Lid for top of case. 
 
 895 Winged nut for lid. 
 
 896 S tionary tooth clutch. 
 
 897 Bushing for stationary tooth clutch. 
 
 898 End adjuster ring for rear main bearing. 
 
 899 Locking keys for end adjusters for main bear- 
 
 ing and counter shaft. 
 
 900 Fillister head screws for locking keys. 
 
 901 Stud holding annular bearing on stationary tooth 
 
 clutch. 
 
 902 Felt washer in long bearing end. 
 
 903 Large felt washer for short bearing end. 
 
 904 Small felt washer for short bearing end. 
 
 905 Main shaft. 
 
 906 Collar on main shaft between annular and clutch 
 
 coupling yoke. 
 
 907 Counter shaft complete with gears. 
 
 908 Counter shaft bearing sleeve. 
 
 909 Adjuster for counter shaft. 
 
 910 Collar between 18 and 28 tooth gears on counter 
 
 shaft. 
 
 911 Collar between 28 and 34 tooth gears on counter 
 
 shaft. 
 
 912 Collar between 18 tooth gear and annular bear- 
 
 ing on counter shaft. 
 
 913 Collar between 34 tooth gear and annular bear- 
 
 ing on counter shaft. 
 
 914 Counter shaft. 
 
 915 Reverse shaft. 
 
 916 Reverse shaft spring. 
 
 917 Reverse bearing bushing. 
 
 918 Reverse bearing plug for front end* 
 
919 
 
 920 
 
 921 
 
 922 
 
 923 
 
 924 
 
 925 
 
 926 
 
 927 
 
 928 
 
 929 
 
 930 
 
 931 
 
 932 
 
 933 
 
 934 
 
 935 
 
 936 
 
 937 
 
 938 
 
 939 
 
 940 
 
 941 
 
 950 
 
 951 
 
 952 
 
 953 
 
 954 
 
 955 
 
 956 
 
 959 
 
 960 
 
 962 
 
 963 
 
 964 
 
 965 
 
 Catechism 
 
 99 
 
 Beverse bearing cap. 
 
 Guard for sliding reverse pinion. 
 
 Five-sixteenths inch dowel pin. 
 
 Plug in bottom of case. 
 
 Large rear annular bearing on universal joint 
 in long bearing sleeve. 
 
 Small annular bearing in long bearing sleeve. 
 Annular bearing on main shaft, in front of case. 
 Annular bearings on counter shaft. 
 
 33- tooth gear on stationary tooth clutch. 
 
 Sliding pinion and clutch on main shaft with 23 
 
 and 17-tooth gears. 
 
 18- tooth gear on counter shaft. 
 
 34- tooth gear on counter shaft. 
 
 28-tooth gear on counter shaft. 
 
 14-tooth gear on reverse shaft. 
 
 19- tooth gear on reverse shaft. 
 
 Tubing for shifter rod. 
 
 Stuffing box for shifter rod. 
 
 Shifter rod. 
 
 Sliding pinion yoke. 
 
 Pinion shifter connecting rod. 
 
 Pinion shifter connecting rod end adjuster. 
 One-half-inch studs for main bearing. 
 
 Clutch coupling yoke. 
 
 Upper crank case of engine. 
 
 Lower crank case of engine. 
 
 Crank bronze bushing flywheel end. 
 
 Crank bronze bushing gear end (short). 
 
 Crank bronze bushing gear end (long). 
 
 Long bearing cap flywheel end. 
 
 Short bearing cap gear end. 
 
 Crank bronze bushing under hangers. 
 
 Hanger bearing caps. 
 
 Crank shaft. 
 
 Crank shaft gear. 
 
 Cylinders. 
 
 Loose gear cover for pump and cam gears. 
 
100 A Automobile 
 
 966 Hanger bearing studs. 
 
 967 Timer bracket on cylinder* 
 
 968 Copper liners for connecting rods. 
 
 969 Pistons. 
 
 970 Piston rings. 
 
 971 Piston pin set screws. 
 
 972 Piston pins. 
 
 973 Connecting rods. 
 
 974 Connecting rod bushing, upper end. 
 
 975 Connecting rod bushing, lower end. 
 
 976 Connecting rod studs, lower end. 
 
 977 Connecting rod stud nuts, lower end* 
 
 978 Connecting rod stud, upper end. 
 
 979 Connecting rod stud nuts, upper end* 
 
 980 Cam shaft. 
 
 981 Cams. 
 
 982 Cam shaft gear. 
 
 983 Cam shaft bushings. 
 
 984 Cam shaft bushing cap. 
 
 985 Valves, both intake and exhaust* 
 
 986 Valve caps. 
 
 987 Valve lifter cages. 
 
 988 Valve lifters assembled. 
 
 989 Valve spring washers. 
 
 990 Valve springs. 
 
 991 Valve spring washer keys. 
 
 992 Spiral gears % in. bore. 
 
 993 Spiral gears % in. bore. 
 
 994 Inlet flange connection to carbureter. 
 
 995 Loose inlet flange. 
 
 996 Double tapered nipples for inlet and exhaust 
 
 pipes. 
 
 997 Water pipe, horizontal outlet to radiator* 
 
 998 Water pipes, horizontal inlet. 
 
 999 Vertical water pipe. 
 
 1000 Waterpipe gaskets. 
 
 1001 Water pipe studs and nuts. 
 
 1002 Exhaust pipe, cast iron. 
 
1003 
 
 1004 
 
 1005 
 
 1006 
 
 1007 
 
 1008 
 
 1009 
 
 1010 
 
 1011 
 
 1012 
 
 1013 
 
 1014 
 
 1015 
 
 1016 
 
 1017 
 
 1018 
 
 1019 
 
 1020 
 
 1021 
 
 1022 
 
 1023 
 
 1024 
 
 1025 
 
 1026 
 
 1027 
 
 1028 
 
 1029 
 
 Catechism 101 
 
 Exhaust pipe, front section; exhaust pipe, rear 
 section. 
 
 Clamping bars for exhaust and inlet pipes. 
 Inlet pipe cast iron. 
 
 Inspection plates. 
 
 Inspection plate screws. 
 
 Flywheel. 
 
 Flywheel countersunk bolts for attaching fly- 
 wheel to crank flange. 
 
 Flywheel hexagon bolts for attaching flywheel 
 to crank flange. 
 
 Flywheel bolt nuts. 
 
 Gear pump complete. 
 
 Pump case. 
 
 Pump case cover. 
 
 Pump gears. 
 
 Pump gear shaft, long. 
 
 Pump gear shaft, short. 
 
 Pump packing nut. 
 
 Pump packing gland. 
 
 Relief cocks, *4 in. 
 
 Drain cocks, % in. 
 
 Priming cups. 
 
 Spark plugs. 
 
 Spiral gear shaft collar on upper end. 
 
 Spiral gear cover. 
 
 Spiral gear timer shaft. 
 
 Spiral gear shaft, lower bushing. 
 
 Spiral gear shaft, upper bushing. 
 
 Crank case vent. 
 

 
PART II 
 
 REPAIR MANUAL 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Along with the tremendous increase in the num- 
 ber of cars on American streets and roads there 
 has come a similar increase in the number of own- 
 ers who prefer to take care of their own cars. Not 
 only is there a monetary consideration which leads 
 owners to be their own garagemen and repairmen 
 for the sake of economy, but the truly ardent motor- 
 ists take as much pride and pleasure in caring for 
 their inanimate mounts as does the horseman his 
 four-footed companion. 
 
 The great advance in the reliability of motor 
 cars as a whole and the effort that is made by de- 
 signers to produce cars that need little beyond the 
 occasional adjustment and ordinary care to keep 
 them in good condition has made it possible for 
 the owner to be free almost entirely from the pro- 
 fessional repairman. Owners in general are de- 
 sirous of knowing their cars and repairing them 
 when necessary and diagnosing their ailments be- 
 fore they become serious, just as a mother does her 
 child. 
 
 Experience has shown that it is in the minor ad- 
 justments of the different parts of the car with 
 which the owner-repairman has the most difficulty. 
 When the causes of improper working of the vehicle 
 103 
 
104 
 
 Automobile 
 
 are ascertained, usually it is a simple matter to 
 remedy them with the simple tools at hand in any 
 owner’s garage. 
 
 In the following pages it is intended to outline 
 the more common troubles of the gasoline motor 
 car, showing their causes, how the symptoms may 
 be recognized and how they can be remedied in 
 the easiest way with the common tools in the mo- 
 torist’s repair kit. Among the commonest causes 
 of trouble are misadjustments of such parts as the 
 carbureter, magneto and so on. The methods of 
 adjustment and repair of the more widely used 
 types are explained and illustrated. 
 
 Likewise, the more ordinary difficulties which 
 obtain in the motor itself are dealt with. The 
 methods of determining valve trouble, valve adjust- 
 ment and the operation of valve grinding are taken 
 up. The last chapter will be found particularly 
 valuable to the man who wishes to keep his tire 
 bills low, showing the various tire ailments, their 
 causes and their cure. 
 
I 
 
 MOTOR KNOCKS. 
 
 No piece of machinery with moving parts is ab- 
 solutely free from noise, but the following treats 
 the common and unnecessary noises or knocks. 
 These may be classed as follows: 
 
 1. Early Ignition Knocks : 
 
 a. Due to spark being advanced too far. 
 
 b. Due to carbon being present on the 
 
 cylinder head. 
 
 c. Due to an excess of fuel fed to the cyl- 
 
 inder. 
 
 2. Loose Part Knocks: 
 
 a. Loose connecting rod. 
 
 b. Loose wrist pin. 
 
 c. Loose piston. 
 
 d. Loose flywheel. 
 
 e. Worn cylinder. 
 
 3. Play or backlash between timing gears be- 
 
 ing too great. 
 
 4. Slaps. 
 
 a. Piston ring slap. 
 
 b. Valve slap. 
 
 5. Push rod knocks. 
 
 The Ignition Knock . — This knock when present 
 in a motor gives a sharp metallic sound similar to 
 that heard when two hammer heads are lightly 
 hit together. It would be best for the reader to 
 hear this sound for himself by advancing the spark 
 105 
 
106 
 
 Automobile 
 
 as far as possible when the motor is pulling up a 
 
 grade. 
 
 The Carbon Knock . — Since a carbon knock is 
 due to the presence of carbon on the cylinder head 
 and piston top and since the knock is identical with 
 the spark knock, in sound, it will be best to tell the 
 characteristics of this knock by the characteristics 
 of carbon being present. These are as follows : 
 
 First. The motor will not pull as well as it 
 should, that is, it will labor on grades. This is best 
 expressed by saying that a loss of power is evident. 
 
 Second. The motor will overheat after running 
 perhaps only an hour. The cylinder underneath 
 the water jacket will be intensely hot. In the 
 summer, of course, the motor becomes hot more 
 quickly. 
 
 Third. The motor will misfire. 
 
 Fourth. After the switch has been turned off the 
 motor will continue to run, perhaps a dozen revo- 
 lutions. 
 
 Fifth. A knock due to carbon is only heard 
 while explosions are taking place in a cylinder. 
 
 The Fuel Knock . — This class of early ignition 
 knock sounds just like a spark knock, but is ac- 
 companied by misfiring, backfiring or choking, as it 
 is called. 
 
 The Loose Part Knock . — Knocking due to a 
 loose part will sound much louder than any of 
 the above mentioned knocks and is not as sharp 
 or metallic. Should a piece of gas pipe be hit back 
 and forth against two spokes of a wooden wheel, 
 the sound heard will be almost the same as that 
 given by a loose part. 
 
 There will be noticeably more vibration of the 
 
Be pair Manual 
 
 107 
 
 car when some part of the motor is loose and crank- 
 ing is not as difficult. A loose flywheel makes 
 clutch releasing difficult. 
 
 Timing Gear Knock . — When the timing gears 
 have too much play or backlash between them a 
 rattling sound is heard, very much like the rattle 
 of the chains of a big motor truck. When the 
 motor stops the gears are heard to gently hit each 
 other, or slam. It is often referred to as a gear 
 “slam.” Noisy timing gears may usually be heard 
 above any other motor noises. 
 
 Slaps . — The ring slap gives a sound characteris- 
 tic of itself and can very easily be distinguished 
 from other motor noises. A piece of ordinary 
 uninsulated telephone wire being hit against the 
 channel of the car frame sounds very much like it. 
 Although the slap may be heard slightly when no 
 explosions are taking place in a cylinder, still the 
 slapping is very much louder when the cylinder is 
 firing. 
 
 A reproduction of the sound of a valve slap may 
 be had by tapping the face of a twenty-five cent 
 piece on a solid, flat piece of metal. 
 
 Push Rod Knock . — This clicking sound is not 
 much different except in volume from that heard 
 when the rod hits the valve stem due to an excess 
 of play between the tappet and stem. 
 
 CAUSES. 
 
 The Spark Knock. — Should the motor be run- 
 ning slowly up a grade or under a heavy load and 
 the spark advanced too far (occurring too early), 
 the tendency on the part of the expanding gases to 
 
108 
 
 Automobile 
 
 push the piston downward and the desire for the 
 piston to go up due to momentum will force the 
 piston against the cylinder wall. This rocking 
 against the wall continues until the piston has 
 reached the bottom of its stroke. Although the 
 space between the cylinder wall and piston is ex- 
 ceedingly small (possibly .004 inch), nevertheless 
 this rocking will occur. 
 
 The Carbon Knock. — This, of course, is due to 
 an excess of carbon on the cylinder head and piston. 
 The carbon deposit is not smooth but particles 
 protrude here and there. These particles become 
 incandescent or red hot and cause the incoming gas 
 to explode before it should. This early ignition 
 of the gas causes the piston to rock in the cylinder 
 as in the advanced spark knock. 
 
 Since carbon is a better retainer of heat than the 
 metal of the cylinders, it is evident that the car- 
 bon will store up a lot of heat that would ordi- 
 narily be transmitted to the jacket water. 
 
 An improperly seating valve due to carbon on 
 the seat will cause apparent misfiring. However, 
 the valve not seating properly, allows part of the 
 gas to escape in the compression stroke with the 
 result that the explosion is very weak, giving the 
 impression of misfiring, but when the cylinders 
 are tested it will be found they are firing regular- 
 ly. There are so many things that may cause mis- 
 firing that it is not safe to say that it is caused 
 by carbon alone. 
 
 Overheating may be attributed to a number of 
 things other than carbon. This will be discussed 
 later. 
 
 Fuel Knock . — Too much gas being fed suddenly 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 109 
 
 to the cylinders causes this condition. The excess 
 of gas not being able to get out on the exhaust 
 stroke remains behind in a burning condition. This 
 causes the early ignition and hence the knock. 
 Gas merely burning does not expand as does the 
 exploded gas and hence lingers in the cylinders 
 with the exhaust valve open. When the motor is 
 pulling slowly, open the throttle as wide as possible 
 and very quickly. The knocking will immediately 
 be heard. 
 
 A Loose Part Knock . — Earely is this caused by 
 the parts being poorly fitted at the factory, but 
 nevertheless this may happen. Usually, however, 
 insufficient oiling is looked to for the cause of a 
 loose part. Eunning the motor with too little water 
 will cause the parts to become hot, wear rapidly 
 and then, of course, knock. 
 
 If the oil in the reservoir is allowed to remain 
 there for too long a time without change it may 
 become saturated with particles of carbon and these 
 make their way to all the rubbing surfaces and 
 scratch them, with the result that that part be- 
 comes loose. This is true especially of composition 
 metal bearings. Clutch thrust will sometimes 
 cause a loose flywheel. 
 
 Timing Gear Knocks . — This is more often due 
 to insufficient oiling than to poor case hardening 
 or to being poorly fitted. All factories allow a 
 certain amount of backlash between all gears, but 
 that means that the gears must be oiled well when 
 running. 
 
 A defective gear tooth will break off and nat- 
 urally cause a knock. 
 
 Sometimes, while the oil in the gear case is being 
 
110 
 
 Automobile 
 
 brought to level a little piece of dirt may drop into 
 the case. This will also cause the gears to become 
 noisy later. 
 
 Slaps . — Although the valves should fit the seat 
 perfectly at all angles still this is not always the 
 case. 
 
 The ring slap may be caused in either of two 
 ways, as follows: Should there be any play what- 
 ever (up or down play) between the ring and its 
 groove, the latter will slap against the groove walls. 
 Second, should the rings* ends touch each other 
 the ring will be forced against the cylinder wall, 
 emitting the same sound. 
 
 Push Rod Knock . — This is largely due to the 
 rod being poorly fitted to the guide, but insuffi- 
 cient oiling will increase the looseness rapidly. The 
 loose rod being thrown against its guide by the cam 
 causes the knocking to be heard. 
 
 DETERMINING THE KNOCK. 
 
 It is not customary in all cases to depend en- 
 tirely upon sound to determine just what is caus- 
 ing the motor to knock, and now since the char- 
 acteristics and causes of motor knocks have been 
 enumerated, it will not be difficult to locate the 
 knock, by a process of elimination as follows : 
 
 Let us say that the motor is pulling and a knock 
 is heard that cannot be distinguished by its sound. 
 The spark should be retarded fully and should the 
 knocking cease it naturally follows that the spark 
 was advanced too far. The spark connections 
 should be examined and all play taken up. Should 
 the knocking continue with the spark lever re- 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 111 
 
 tarded, carbon symptoms should be looked for. The 
 car should be run up a grade with the spark fully 
 retarded, and if the motor labors greatly it may 
 be that carbon is in the cylinders. Note if the 
 motor is overheated, that is, if the water is steam- 
 ing and the cylinders are too hot to be touched. 
 However, these are not to be taken as final, unless 
 it is seen that the cylinders are receiving the 
 proper amount of oil and that the water in the 
 radiator has not run too low, for these conditions 
 also cause overheating. Look for water or oil leaks. 
 
 Since a carbon knock will not be heard unless 
 explosions are taking place in a cylinder, it fol- 
 lows that the motor should be run on one cylinder 
 at a time and the knock listened for in each cyl- 
 inder. In the case of a motor with knife switches 
 this is an easy matter. Simply open three switches 
 at a time. If the knocking is heard while the 
 cylinder is running idle it is not due to carbon. 
 All the cylinders should be tested in this way. 
 
 When the motor has no knife switches each cyl- 
 inder should be short-circuited with a hammer by 
 placing the head of it against the top of the spark 
 plug and touching the cylinder. In this case each 
 cylinder is run idle, and hence, if the knocking dis- 
 appears, there may be carbon present. If the 
 knocking continues with the cylinder running idle, 
 the knocking is not due to carbon, but to some 
 loose part. 
 
 A look at the intake valves (seen by removing 
 the cylinder plugs), will tell the extent of any 
 carbonization. These valves are kept clean by the 
 incoming gasoline vapor and should they be heavily 
 carbonized (not merely sooty), it is certain that 
 
112 
 
 Automobile 
 
 more carbon exists on the cylinder head and piston. 
 The fan should be operating properly. The fan 
 belt should not slip on the pulley. 
 
 Of course, misfiring may be the result of a 
 number of things. For example, a rich mixture, a 
 weak mixture, a sooty spark plug, a poor adjust- 
 ment of the make and break points of the magneto 
 (or battery coil), or a loose wire. So it follows 
 that these various things should be looked aftei 
 before it is said that the carbon is causing the 
 misfiring. 
 
 We draw from the above then, that should the 
 oiling system, water system and ignition system 
 all be in proper working order and the motor shows 
 a loss of power, overheats and perhaps misfires and 
 above all, knocks, there is surely a carbon deposit 
 on the cylinder head. The motor running after 
 the spark switch has been turned off is added 
 proof. 
 
 Of course the fuel or gas knock is usually the 
 result of poor handling of the motor, but neverthe- 
 less all the throttle lever connections should be 
 carefully inspected, for play. Sometimes when 
 the throttle lever is closed the butterfly is open. 
 Then when the operator is giving what he thinks a 
 little gas, in reality he is feeding too much. 
 
 Those motors operating with air pressure feed 
 often have the gasoline under too great pressure. 
 If such is the case, bring the pressure back to its 
 usual gauge pressure. 
 
 A loose part will always knock whether explo- 
 sions are tafcing place in a cylinder or not. How* 
 ever, for perhaps twenty minutes after very heavy 
 oil has been put into the reservoir the sound may 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 113 
 
 not be heard. The oil takes up some of the play, 
 until it becomes thinned by the heat. 
 
 It is almost impossible to distinguish between 
 a loose rod and a loose piston or a worn cylinder 
 and loose wrist pin simply by the knock, for it 
 depends entirely upon how worn these different 
 parts may be. For example, a worn cylinder and a 
 loose piston produce the same sound. But a rod 
 worn but two thousandths of an inch may sound 
 like a wrist pin that is worn perhaps five thou- 
 sandths. 
 
 Since determining exactly what part is loose 
 requires the removal of the cylinders (except in 
 the case of a loose flywheel, noisy push rod, or 
 valve and connecting rod lower end bearing), it is 
 only necessary to find out whether any internal 
 part is loose. In doing this, the throttle should be 
 opened wide for a few seconds and then suddenly 
 closed. The knock is more distinctly heard when 
 the motor is slowing down. Since a loose part 
 knocking is aggravated by the explosions, it is well 
 to listen to each cylinder separately or cut out a 
 cylinder as the case may be (that is, with or with- 
 out knife switches). Speed up the motor and then 
 suddenly close the throttle while listening to the 
 separate cylinders. In listening put the ear as 
 close as possible to the cylinder, and should there 
 be a loose part it will be very distinctly heard as 
 soon as the speed of the motor is increased. 
 
 Since it does not take very much time to inspect 
 the lower connecting rod bearings, this should be 
 done immediately after it is ascertained that a 
 loose part knock is present. To do this proceed as 
 follows : 
 
114 
 
 Automobile 
 
 Drain the oil from the reservoir and then remove 
 the crankcase cover, or hand-hole covers. One 
 man should get underneath the car while the other 
 operates the crank. The one underneath should 
 place his forefinger and thumb on the sides of the 
 bearing and feel for play in any direction, while 
 the other turns the crank handle slowly. Should 
 any rise and fall of the bearing from the crank- 
 shaft or side play be felt the bearing may be con- 
 sidered loose and will cause a knock. 
 
 In determining whether a knock is caused by a 
 loose flywheel, the frame should be straddled and a 
 firm grip taken on the flywheel. The latter should 
 be pulled up and pushed down, and if any play 
 whatever is felt, the knock surely will be heard. 
 The flywheel should be pushed back and forth side- 
 ways (an iron bar used, if necessary), and the con- 
 nections to the crankshaft inspected. Bolts and 
 nuts usually hold the flywheel to the shaft and 
 these should be very tightly drawn. 
 
 If the lower end of the rods are tight and the 
 flywheel bearing is not worn, then the internal 
 knock is due to a loose piston, worn cylinder or 
 loose wrist pin, and to determine which it is, and 
 the extent of the looseness, the cylinder must be 
 removed. 
 
 After this is done the wrist pin should be in- 
 spected and should there be any up or down play 
 whatever the pin is considered loose and will cause 
 a knock. 
 
 Then the piston should be taken off and fitted 
 into the cylinder. One should not be able to get 
 a single thickness of newspaper between the piston 
 and cylinder. This space should be so small that 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 115 
 
 the piston cannot be rocked even a trifle in the 
 cylinder. Of course, it cannot be determined 
 whether the piston is loose or the cylinder worn 
 until both are measured and compared with the 
 true dimensions. 
 
 Although noisy timing gears may be distin- 
 guished by their sound alone, should this not prove 
 satisfactory the radiator and gear case cover must 
 be removed in order to inspect the timing gears. 
 The play or backlash between the gears is meas- 
 ured by spreading two gears that mesh with a 
 screwdriver and the play measured. This play 
 should not exceed .008 inch, or the thickness of a 
 sheet of newspaper, doubled. 
 
 The valve slap is determined only by its sound, 
 but one can tell which valve is slapping by com- 
 pressing the spring while the motor is running, 
 thus preventing the valve from moving. If the 
 slap disappears while this is being done, you have 
 the noisy valve. 
 
 The ring slap is best heard in a cylinder when 
 that cylinder is running alone. The throttle should 
 be opened wide and then suddenly closed, the slap 
 being heard more distinctly in this way. When 
 the motor has no knife switches, a hammer should 
 short circuit the cylinder. Here the slap is loud- 
 est when the hammer is suddenly taken away. 
 
 It is not best to rely upon the sound entirely 
 in determining a push rod knock, since the rod 
 is removed easily. Should one be able to place 
 the corner of a visiting card between the push 
 rod and its guide the play is said to be in excess 
 and will cause knocking. 
 
116 
 
 Automobile 
 
 If there is uncertainty as to which rod is knock- 
 ing, remove all for inspection. 
 
 CUEING THE KNOCKS. 
 
 The Spark Knock . — All the spark connections 
 being tightened, it remains to follow this rule to 
 avoid spark knocking: Advance the spark only 
 
 with an increase in motor speed and retard with 
 a decrease in speed. 
 
 The Carbon Knock . — In order to cure a carbon 
 knock it is necessary to remove the troublesome 
 carbon from the cylinders. This should first be 
 tried without removing the cylinders. 
 
 When the car is in the garage for the night, pour 
 about one-third tumberful of kerosene into the 
 cylinders through the pet cocks or through the 
 openings intended for the spark plugs. Allow 
 this kerosene to remain in the cylinders all night. 
 Do not put too much kerosene into the cylinders 
 as any excess may run into the oil reservoir and 
 make matters worse later, because kerosene is very 
 rich in carbon and gives it up when burning. Fur- 
 thermore kerosene has a cutting effect between 
 piston and cylinder. Crank the motor twice after 
 injecting kerosene. 
 
 When the kerosene is allowed to remain in the 
 cylinders over night it tends to loosen the carbon. 
 In the morning the motor should be run with throt- 
 tle three-fourths open for about five minutes, thus 
 permitting any loosened carbon to blow out. The 
 cut out, if any, should be opened while the motor 
 is speeding. Black smoke appears at the cut-out. 
 
 Should the kerosene not cure the knocking ii 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 117 
 
 remains to scrape the carbon, and this, too, should 
 be first tried without removing the cylinders. 
 
 For this operation, three varieties of scrapers 
 are to be used : One for the top of the piston, one 
 for the cavities around the valves, and another for 
 the cylinder head. The degree of curvature of one 
 of these should be as near as possible to the curva- 
 ture of the cylinder head. 
 
 All the cylinder plugs should be removed, and as 
 in the case of a Knox or any motor with detachable 
 cylinder heads, these heads should be removed. 
 
 Too much scraping should not be done. That is, 
 after the carbon has been scraped from a given 
 space, do not keep scraping the metal. This is 
 injurious. One can tell when the scraper is touch- 
 ing the metal, for that grinding which is felt when 
 scraping carbon, disappears. 
 
 After the carbon has been scraped, blow out 
 the cylinders with compressed air. If this is not 
 at hand use a tire pump to generate a draught. 
 The cylinder plugs should be replaced, first noting 
 whether the plug gasket is in good condition. A 
 little common stove blacking on the plug threads 
 will prevent any compression leak and is much 
 better than red lead. When the latter is used it is 
 difficult to remove the plug when again necessary. 
 
 Should this method not prove successful in re- 
 moving all the carbon, it will be necessary to re- 
 move the cylinders. This is the most efficient way 
 of ridding the cylinders of carbon and therefore the 
 knock. As the carbon deposit may be seen by look- 
 ing into the cylinder and on the piston top, it is a 
 simple matter to scrape only the carbon and not 
 the metal surfaces too. 
 
118 
 
 Automobile 
 
 The three scrapers previously mentioned should 
 be used, but should the carbon deposit be thick 
 and very hard, a flat end cold chisel may be used, 
 but very carefully. For chiseling the cylinder 
 head a curved chisel should be used. When the 
 greater part of the carbon has been removed with 
 the chisel the remaining portion should be scraped. 
 
 The end of one scraper should be used for re- 
 moving the carbon in the ring slots and on the 
 rings. 
 
 In removing the rings a simple method is as 
 follows: Take two pieces (each about four inches 
 long), of an old saw blade. Force the ring ends 
 out as far as you can and by slight bending place 
 one of the pieces of blade under the ring. Slide 
 this piece around until half way around the piston. 
 The other piece of blade is easily slipped behind 
 the ring right next to the first piece. The blades 
 are then moved around until the ring is resting 
 on the blades only and the ring is then slid off 
 the piston, the blades being used as tracks. 
 
 It is customary, after the carbon has been scraped 
 to grind the valves. But this operation will be 
 taken up in another article. 
 
 The Fuel Enoch . — All the carbureter connec- 
 tions should be carefully looked after for any play, 
 and this play taken up. The float should not leak. 
 It should be seen that when the throttle on the 
 steering post is moved, the connections to 
 the carbureter move proportionately. Since this, 
 like the spark knock is usually due to the poor 
 operation of the motor it would be proper to say 
 that the gas should be fed slowly. That is, do not 
 open the throttle suddenly and as wide as possible 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 119 
 
 when the motor is running slowly. The speed 
 should be increased gradually. 
 
 Loose Parts Knocks — The Connecting Rod . — 
 Should the one inspecting the rod bearings from 
 underneath (that is, the lower rod bearings), find 
 any play whatever, in any direction, this play 
 must be taken up. However, this can only be 
 done by removing the connecting rod. Of course, 
 the cylinder and piston must first be removed and 
 by taking off one, two, three or four (as the case 
 may be) nuts and bolts that hold the two parts of 
 the rod together, the rod is slipped through the hole 
 over which the cylinder rests. Any end play may 
 be taken up in a makeshift way by slightly tap- 
 ping the flange at the ends of the bearing, thereby 
 spreading it, that is, by making it longer. Do 
 not spread the bearing too much. Spread a little 
 and then see if it fits the crankshaft without play. 
 If not, spread a little more, and so on. 
 
 In order to remove any up and down play it is 
 necessary to thin the shim that rests between the 
 bearing halves. This shim usually is in two parts. 
 The shim parts should be filed at the same time. 
 Good filing is necessary as the shim should be per- 
 fectly level. The filing should be done with a flai 
 mill file. The usual precaution must be noted and 
 that is, do not file too much. File just a little 
 and see if the bearing fits the crank-shaft without 
 play. Of course, the bearing should first be placed 
 on the rod. 
 
 There should be no play in any direction and 
 still the rod must move freely. After the bearing 
 is made to fit it should be oiled well. 
 
 The upper connecting rod bearing or the one 
 
120 
 
 Automobile 
 
 upon which the wrist pin rests usually is not ad- 
 justable; and should there be any wear, the bear- 
 ing should be replaced with a new one. How- 
 ever, in the case of excess end play the bearing 
 may be spread as with the lower bearing. The 
 bearing should be well cleaned before being re- 
 placed. 
 
 In placing the rod back in position the nuts at 
 the lower end should be properly tightened. This 
 will insure perfect fitting between both halves of 
 the rod. The nuts should not be drawn too tightly 
 for this may spring the bolt; that is, stretch the 
 bolt. When there is more than one of the nuts 
 they should be tightened in harmony. That is, first 
 tighten one a little and then tighten the opposite 
 one just as much. 
 
 The Wrist Pin . — Should the wrist pin have 
 caused the piston to wear, or better still, should 
 there be any play other than side play between pin 
 and piston the only way it can be remedied is to 
 replace either pin or piston. The former is the 
 easiest and cheapest, and necessitates the boring 
 of the pin bearing to fit the new pin or the truing 
 of the pin to fit the bearing. The latter is the 
 simplest. 
 
 Loose Piston and Worn Cylinder . — These may be 
 spoken of together, for in either event the piston 
 will be loose. This necessitates the replacement of 
 one part or the other. Replacing the piston is the 
 cheapest and easiest, of course. This should be 
 done by the factory for the piston must be “ jacked 
 in”; that is, ground to fit the cylinder perfectly. 
 
 Loose Flywheel . — A flywheel that has up anc 
 down play due to a worn bearing can be repaired 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 121 
 
 by rescraping or replacing the bearing. Should, 
 however, the play exist between the flywheel and 
 its flange, the nuts and bolts holding the wheel 
 should be replaced or the old ones shimmed under. 
 These bolts are usually sprung when the flywheel 
 becomes loose, and require replacing. However, a 
 shim between the flange and wheel may be satis- 
 factory also. In any event the wheel must be re- 
 moved. 
 
 Timing Gear Backlash . — There is no efficient 
 method of decreasing the play between timing 
 gears without replacing the worn gears. 
 
 Slaps . — A valve slap is usually remedied by 
 turning the valve around while the motor is run- 
 ning. A certain position may be found that will 
 seat the valve properly and eliminate the slap. 
 However, if this is not successful the valve should 
 be ground in. The push rod should then be prop- 
 erly adjusted. 
 
 The ring slap requires a little more pains, for 
 the cylinder must be removed and a careful exam- 
 ination made of the piston rings, for those that 
 display up and down play. If such a ring is found 
 make a note of it for this may be remedied as 
 will be shown later. Say, ring number so and so 
 (counting from the bottom) has up and down play. 
 The rings are then removed from the piston each 
 one being marked with chalk telling from which 
 slot it was removed, and from which piston. 
 
 Inspect the ends of the rings carefully and note 
 if any metallic lustre appears. This is evidence 
 that the ends have been rubbing against each othei 
 causing the troublesome slap. In any event the 
 diameter of the ring should be measured with in- 
 
122 
 
 Automobile 
 
 side calipers. Place the ring on a flat surface, 
 then measure the diameter of the slot from which 
 it was taken and stretch or contract the ring until 
 it measures this diameter. While in this position 
 measure the distance between the ring ends with 
 a thickness gauge and should this be less than the 
 factory allows (usually .055 in.) file the ends un- 
 til they show this distance. Find out what dis- 
 tance the factory allows between the ring ends, 
 for filing too much may be harmful. To file 
 properly the ring should be placed in a vise so 
 that one end is free. A very fine file should be 
 placed between the ends and the free end then 
 brought in contact with the file. Then begin to file. 
 This method facilitates getting the ends parallel. 
 Do not file too much, but do a little and then re- 
 measure the distance, continuing this alternate 
 operation until the required distance has been filed. 
 
 Now any ring that may have developed up and 
 down play may be thought about. Since the rings 
 have been marked, showing their proper positions, 
 it will not confuse one to interchange the rings. 
 This should be done trying to fit all the rings in 
 the slots perfectly. After trying many combina- 
 tions and there still remains a loose ring it re- 
 mains to get a new one. A new ring must be 
 “lapped in,” that is, ground to fit the slot snugly. 
 To do this the ring is placed on an absolutely level 
 metal surface that has been sprinkled with emery 
 dust and water, making a paste. A block of wood 
 is then placed on top of the ring to carry the ring 
 back and forth on the lapping table. In this way 
 the ring is ground. 
 
 Should the rings all be fitted, the cylinder wall 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 123 
 
 and piston should be carefully cleaned and oiled, 
 before being replaced. The cylinder nuts should 
 be tightened in the same way that the connecting 
 rod nuts should be. This has been discussed in a 
 preceding paragraph. 
 
 Push Rod Knocks . — If the faulty push rod is 
 located, it of course, does not require the removal 
 of all, but even so it will be well to remove all 
 rod guides for examination. 
 
 A little play is always found between the rod 
 proper and its guide, but .003 is about the limit 
 allowed. A makeshift way to take up this play is 
 to spring the guide by squeezing the ends lightly 
 together, in a vise, just the least bit. This will 
 make the guide loose in the crankcase, but this can 
 be overcome by placing a piece of very thin metal 
 around the guide at the top. The guide should fit 
 tightty, but must be loose enough to be put in posi- 
 tion by slight tapping with a hammer handle. Do 
 not pound it in place. Other than this method, 
 only the replacement of either guide or rod will 
 cure the knocking. 
 
 Conclusion . — Should any knock whatever be 
 heard coming from a motor, even though slight, 
 the matter should be looked into immediately. Since 
 a knock is caused by two parts hitting together, 
 and since two things coming together cause rapid 
 wear, it follows that the sooner the knocking is 
 cured the less the parts will wear. 
 
II. 
 
 CARBURETION. 
 
 Since the carbureter is a means of properly sup- 
 plying and mixing gasoline or other fuel and air, 
 it is evident that any carbureter trouble is due to 
 too much or too little air or fuel being fed to the 
 cylinders. In order to do its work properly the 
 carbureter must permit the pistons to suck into 
 the cylinders an explosive mixture, that is a mix- 
 ture that contains the proper amount of sprayed 
 gasoline and air. A mixture containing too much 
 or too little gasoline acts similar to one contain- 
 ing too much or too little air. Such mixtures burn 
 slowly and the flame sticks to the side of the cyl- 
 inder. Now, as soon as the intake valve opens, the 
 flame ignites the incoming gas with the result that 
 there is pre-ignition. A good mixture explodes or 
 burns very rapidly. 
 
 It remains then to cure curbureter trouble by 
 properly proportioning the gasoline and air. As 
 has been stated in the preceding pages, most cur- 
 bureters have two air intake passages and one or 
 more gasoline nozzles. One of the air passages is 
 fixed, that is, the opening is constant and remains 
 so while the engine is running. The other air pas- 
 sage, called the auxiliary or supplementary air 
 and offers variable openings. 
 
 Let us take a motor which is missing fire and 
 the cause determined as the curbureter being out 
 of adjustment. There are two systems to follow: 
 124 
 
125 
 
 Repair Manual 
 
 one, to confine the attention to the air at first, 
 and the other to look to the spray nozzle. Either 
 is satisfactory. We will take up the method ol 
 testing the air. The first thing to do is to open 
 the throttle about one-quarter, and then lightly 
 press the auxiliary valve downward or inward as 
 the case may be. Should the motor stop, then it is 
 evident that too much air was being fed for the 
 instant. Start the motor again and this time close 
 the auxiliary air valve slightly. Not too much, but 
 just the least fraction of an inch. The motor in 
 this case may go faster. Should it do this, it is a 
 clear case of the carbureter feeding too much air 
 previously. If it does not, but instead slows down 
 or stops then the nozzle should be looked to, the 
 method to be described later. 
 
 Granting that the carbureter has been feeding 
 too much air, the next step is to remove the aux- 
 iliary air valve. This valve is held in place usually 
 by screws. With it removed, it should be examined 
 to see just how far the valve is permitted to open. 
 Press the spring downward as far as possible and 
 measure the opening. Let the spring back and 
 touch it lightly. Notice if it sticks. The object 
 one should remember is to feed less air. To do 
 this take the auxiliary air valve apart and stretch 
 the spring slightly. Usually there is an inner 
 spring which determines the extent of the valve 
 opening. Stretch this a little also. Clean all the 
 parts thoroughly. Fit the valve proper back into 
 its place alone and notice if it moves freely. It 
 should not stick at any point. 
 
 With the parts thoroughly clean replace them 
 and then the entire air valve. Start the motor 
 again and if it misses fire, ascertain by opening or 
 
126 
 
 Automobile 
 
 closing the valve whether it is getting too much 
 or too little air. If too much then the springs 
 were not stretched enough. If too little then take 
 the valve out and compress the springs slightly. 
 
 However, if no air adjustment will help, look 
 to the needle valve. No one knows just which 
 way to turn the valve in order to prevent missing. 
 However, black smoke at the exhaust is taken as 
 an indication of too rich a mixture. 
 
 Close the valve just a little. If the motor 
 speeds up, close it some more, in fact keep closing 
 the valve, just a little at a time until the motor 
 just begins to slow down. Then turn the valve 
 back a little. The object is to get the motor run- 
 ning as fast as possible, idle, with a given throttle 
 setting. If after closing the needle valve slightly 
 the motor slowed down a little it is evidence that 
 the needle should have been turned the other way, 
 that is, open, so as to give the motor more gaso- 
 line. In turning the valve open, it should be done 
 a little at a time until the motor is running as fast 
 as it possibly can with the throttle unmoved. 
 
 Thus far only adjustments with the motor oper- 
 ating idle have been discussed. Often a motor will 
 run perfectly when idle, but will misfire when 
 pulling a load. The method then consists in stop- 
 ping the car and either closing or opening the 
 .needle valve slightly. Try closing the valve, first. 
 Close it slightly and then start the car. If the 
 trouble is aggravated, stop the car and open the 
 valve slightly. The writer cannot impress too 
 strongly that it is almost impossible to tell from 
 the seat just which way to turn the needle valve. 
 One must try both ways and see which gives the 
 best results. 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 127 
 
 In the Bayfield carbureter shown in Fig. 1 
 there are two fuel adjustments, one called the low 
 and the other the high-speed jet or nozzle. The 
 object of the low-speed jet is to give the proper 
 mixture at low motor speeds and the other jet feeds 
 the correct mixture for high speeds. The double 
 jet is in use on a number of other makes of car- 
 bureters also. 
 
 Beferring to Fig. 1, which shows the Bayfield 
 carbureter and its various adjusting places, there 
 
 Figure 1 — Adjustments of the Rayfield double-jet car- 
 bureter. The low speed jet is shown at M and the 
 high speed jet at S. 
 
 is a dash adjustment and this is placed in neutral 
 position. This is determined by observing that the 
 cam is out of contact with the low-speed screw 
 M. The screw is next loosened until the arm A 
 begins to leave the cam C. At this point the screw 
 should be turned to the right one and one-half 
 turns. The next step is to adjust the auxiliary 
 air valve, by unscrewing its exterior adjustable 
 seat about y 8 inch. The motor is started and 
 
128 
 
 Automobile 
 
 throttled as low as possible. The low-speed adjust- 
 ment M is then turned until the motor will operate 
 as fast as possible and smoothly with the throttle 
 closed, in which position it was set previously. If 
 the throttle does not close enough to permit the 
 motor to run smoothly and slow, the throttle stop 
 on the reverse side of the carbureter should be 
 loosened a little. The throttle is now opened wide 
 
 Figure 2 — The Mayer, a distinctive type of modern 
 carbureter using a dashpot air adjustment. P is 
 the dashpot and N the adjusting nut. 
 
 so as to make the motor speed up and close sud- 
 denly. If the motor acts sluggish, give the high- 
 speed screw S a turn to the right and keep turning 
 to the right until the motor picks up quickly and 
 easily. The car is then taken on the road and it 
 the carbureter pops or “spits,” as it is called, give 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 129 
 
 the high-speed adjustment S a turn to the left or 
 right. First try one way and then the other. 
 
 There is one type of carbureter in the market 
 which is unlike many of the rest. It is the Mayer 
 and is illustrated in Fig. 2. The air valve on 
 this type is called a dash pot and its adjustment, 
 although giving the same result is different from 
 that described above. To adjust the Mayer the 
 following method is employed: To give the car- 
 
 bureter more air the nut N is loosened and the 
 
 Figure 3 — A carbureter of simple adjustment is the 
 Marvel shown above. 
 
 dash pot P turned to the left very slowly until 
 the point is reached where the motor will operate 
 its fastest. In getting the maximum speed with a 
 given throttle opening by giving less air, turn the 
 dash pot P to the right slowly. The needle valve 
 adjustment on the Mayer is shown at M. When 
 this is turned to the right less fuel is fed and 
 when to the left more fuel. 
 
 If after adjusting the dash pot both right and 
 
130 
 
 Automobile 
 
 left without good results try adjusting the needle 
 valve. In making any of these adjustments do not 
 turn too much or too quickly. 
 
 Another make of carbureter which is in common 
 use is the Marvel shown in Pig. 3. This is in use 
 on a great number of small cars and the method ol 
 adjustment quite simple. The needle valve Y 
 should be turned to the right as far as possible 
 and after that turned to the left two turns. This 
 gives the carbureter its initial needle valve setting. 
 
 Figure 4 — The Schebler carbureter, Model O, showing its 
 various adjustments. 
 
 The air adjusting screw M should be backed out or 
 turned to the left until it just stops and then 
 turned back or to the right three turns. This is 
 the initial air valve setting. With these adjust- 
 ments the motor should be started and the throttle 
 opened about one-fourth. Then close the throttle 
 slowly and get the motor operating as slow as pos- 
 sible. Turn the needle valve M to the left until 
 the motor runs at its maximum speed with the 
 throttle closed. If the motor stops when the valve 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 131 
 
 is turned, start the motor again and turn in the 
 opposite direction. The object, as previously stated, 
 is to get a state of affairs where the motor will 
 run as fast as it possibly can with the throttle 
 very nearly closed. With such a setting the maxi- 
 mum power is obtained from the fuel and the con- 
 sumption of gasoline as small as possible. 
 
 The Schebler carbureter model 0, is shown in 
 Fig. 4, and its method of adjustment follows: 
 First be sure that the auxiliary air valve is seating 
 lightly. This can be ascertained by pressing on 
 the valve with a pencil. Then close the needle 
 valve B and the nut C all the way, but do not try 
 to turn too much. When resistance is felt, stop 
 turning. Then turn the needle valve B to the left 
 three turns, open the throttle and start the motor. 
 Then turn the needle valve to the right until the 
 motor operates smoothly with the throttle nearly 
 closed. Open the throttle about one-fourth and if 
 the motor pops, screw down on the screw A until 
 the popping stops. 
 
 The nut C is designed to operate the high-speed 
 jet which does not come into action until the car 
 is traveling at about 25 miles an hour. With the 
 low-speed adjustments made the next step is to 
 open the high-speed jet about two turns and start 
 the car. If at high car speed popping is heard, 
 open the high-speed jet a little more and so on 
 until the motor runs smoothly and on all cylinders, 
 at high speeds. 
 
 The Stromberg, type C, carbureter is another 
 of the double-jet type and is illustrated in Fig. 5. 
 The low speed adjusting screw L should be turned 
 up or down until the spring which this controls, 
 
132 
 
 Automobile 
 
 makes the valve seat lightly. After this has been 
 done the screw should he given three more turns 
 upward. The valve controlled by the screw should 
 begin to open when the motor is running at about 
 500 revolutions per minute and not before. The 
 adjusting screw L is known as the low speed ad- 
 justment. The high speed adjustment is shown 
 at H. The nut H should be about 1-16 inch above 
 the small lever shown. Should the motor misfire 
 
 Figure 5 — Visible float Stromberg carbureter showing 
 the low speed adjustment L and the high speed 
 adjustment H. 
 
 at high speeds, turn the nut up or down until the 
 misfiring stops. It hardly is necessary in this make 
 of carbureter to adjust the needle valve N, but 
 should the other adjustments not cause the motor 
 to run properly, the needle valve N should be 
 raised or lowered, until the proper mixture is 
 obtained. By turning this nut downward the mix- 
 ture is made leaner, and by turning it upward 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 133 
 
 a richer mixture is obtained. In this and all other 
 carbureters make the adjustments slowly and 
 permit the motor to operate a few minutes each 
 time an adustment is made. 
 
 The methods of adjusting the distinctive types 
 of carbureters have just been described, but very 
 often it is not always poor adjustment which causes 
 a carbureter to act poorly. A very common com- 
 plaint is water or dirt in the fuel. Dirt is more 
 harmful than water for the former will make its 
 way to the needle valve and clog it up, thus pre- 
 venting the fuel to flow freely to the mixing cham- 
 ber. It is good policy co remove the gasoline 
 line once each year and clean it out thoroughly 
 by passing a current of air through it. Get the 
 air from the tire pump. The gasoline should al- 
 ways be strained through chamois preferably and 
 then there will be little chance of any dirt or water 
 entering the tank. 
 
 Quite often air leaks about the intake manifold 
 and cylinder plugs will cause the motor to misfire 
 and the carbureter is blamed. The gaskets between 
 the intake header and cylinders should be in good 
 condition always and especially when the header 
 is being replaced should this gasket be examined. 
 It is best to use a new gasket every time the header 
 is put back on the motor. 
 
 In a number of instances cork floats which are 
 used in carbureters become gas-logged, as it is 
 called, that is, they become so saturated with fuel 
 for such a long time that they no longer float, with 
 the result that the motor may not operate at all. 
 
III. 
 
 IGNITION. 
 
 Whenever a motor starts misfiring the owner of 
 the car usually places the blame on the magneto. 
 These instruments give such little trouble nowa- 
 days with so little care that one wonders how they 
 do their work so efficiently. In making such in- 
 
 Figure 6 — View of Bosch magneto, showing the breaker 
 points B and means of adjusting N. 
 
 struments the manufacturers have endeavored to 
 make them “foolproof.” 
 
 The most common magneto ailment is due to the 
 interrupter or breaker points being poorly ad- 
 justed. These points are designed to make and 
 break the primary circuit and if improperly ad- 
 184 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 135 
 
 justed may cause the magneto to fail. In Fig. 6 
 is shown the location of the breaker points B on a 
 Bosch magneto. These points continually make 
 and break and in order to do their work properly 
 they must be perfectly flat and smooth and when 
 fully open should be about 15 thousandths of an 
 inch apart. To determine this turn the motor over 
 slowly until the points are fully separated and 
 then insert between the points cardboard, or better 
 still, a thickness gauge to determine the exact dis- 
 tance between the points. Should they be too far 
 apart or too close together there is an adjusting 
 nut provided for moving the points. By moving 
 
 Figure 7 — Simms magneto with distributor cover and 
 breaker box cover removed. Dirt on the segments 
 C often causes misfiring. 
 
 the jut N in Fig. 6, the points may be brought 
 together or made to separate farther. After the 
 adjustment has been made, place a few drops oi 
 kerosene upon the points. This should be done al 
 least once each month to keep the points free 
 from gummy substances for these tends to short 
 circuit the points and thus prevent the breaking 
 of the primary circuit. The method of removing 
 and resetting this and other magnetos will be taken 
 up later. 
 
136 
 
 Automobile 
 
 In Fig. 7 is illustrated the Simms magneto, 
 type SU4, with the object of showing the location 
 of the troublesome parts of the magneto. The 
 distributer arm M revolves and as it does so it 
 makes contact with the segments C on the distribu- 
 ter cover. Should this arm or the segments be 
 dirty the result may be that the current will not 
 flow and hence the cylinder will not fire. It is a 
 wise step to examine the distributer arm and the 
 segments a few times each year to see that they 
 
 are perfectly clean. They should be wiped with a 
 clean cloth and then oiled. A few drops of oil is 
 sufficient. The cover K of the breaker box removed 
 shows the breaker mechanism and the breaker 
 points B. As before stated these points must be 
 adjusted properly and clean, before the magneto 
 will do its work well. 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 137 
 
 The breaker mechanism of the Eemy magneto is 
 shown in Pig. 8. When the cam is in the posi- 
 tion shown the flat spring S should be separated 
 at the place indicated, by 1/32 inch from the 
 arm M. The platinum points C should be clean 
 and when separated there should be a space 
 about 15 thousandths of an inch between them. The 
 points are adjusted by pressing down on the bronze 
 spring B and then turning the hard rubber screw 
 D either to the left or right as the case requires. 
 Should the motor misfire with the spark retarded 
 and while running at slow speed the screw D should 
 
 Figure 9 — Filing the platinum points of the Connecti- 
 cut magneto. The breaker box is fitted with a small 
 hole for the introduction of a file. 
 
 be turned to the left a quarter turn. If the motor 
 misses with the spark advanced and the motor run- 
 ning at high speed the screw should be turned to 
 the right a quarter turn. 
 
 Should the breaker points of the magneto be 
 uneven they should be filed flat with a very fine 
 magneto file. A fine nail file will do just as well. 
 In the Connecticut magneto the filing is made easy 
 
138 
 
 Automobile 
 
 by the introduction of a filing hole in the breaker 
 box as shown in Fig. 9. 
 
 Much ignition trouble is due to improperly ad- 
 justed or dirty spark plugs. If the electrodes 
 of the plug are too far apart or too close together 
 misfiring may result. In the former case the volt- 
 age of the magneto current is not great enough to 
 jump the gap and in the latter the gap is so small 
 that the spark produced is of insufficient density 
 to ignite the gas. Some owners look to the plugs 
 as soon as the motor starts to misfire and this pro- 
 cedure is not at all wrong, for plugs, are liable 
 to fail in more instances than the modern magneto. 
 The usual gap at the spark plug terminals is 1/32 
 inch, but this figure may vary according to the 
 type of magneto used and its condition. 
 
 Sooty plugs, that is plugs whose terminals are 
 covered or partially covered with carbon, may cause 
 misfiring. The electrical resistance of carbon in- 
 creases as the temperature increases. When a plug 
 is sooty and hot the carbon offers great resistance 
 to the flow of current and hence there is a prob- 
 ability of the spark never jumping the gap and 
 thus causing that cylinder to misfire. Again, the 
 soot on the plug may become incandescent and re- 
 main so for a while, and as soon as the intake 
 valve opens it will ignite the incoming gas and 
 cause a premature explosion. Sometimes plugs 
 become so sooted as to short circuit the terminals. 
 That is, the soot covers up the gap in the plug 
 and in this case no spark will occur. 
 
 In four unit coil ignition such as the Ford 
 uses the improper adjustment of the coils on the 
 dash will cause missing. On top of each coil is a 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 139 
 
 platinum vibrator and should this vibrator become 
 out of adjustment the cylinder with which the coil 
 communicates will misfire. This adjustment should 
 be such that the cylinder will properly fire and yet 
 not cause arcing at the points. Continual arcing 
 may result in the burning of the points. All con- 
 nections from the coil boxes should be tight and 
 clean. 
 
 Many car owners are afraid to remove the mag- 
 neto for cleaning or inspection believing that it is a 
 difficult matter to replace it properly, but a few 
 simple instructions will enable one to do this work 
 without confusion. The first thing to do before 
 removing the magneto is to note in which direction 
 the breaker box is set when the spark lever is in 
 retard position. This is needed later. Let us 
 suppose that the magneto has been removed and 
 placed on the bench. Remove the distributer and 
 breaker box covers. Turn the armature shaft 
 around until the distributer arm is on segment 
 No. 1 and at the same time have the breaker points 
 just separating with the box in retard position. 
 Get the points separated and then turn the arma- 
 ture shaft back so that the points touch. The 
 magneto is now ready to send a spark to cylinder 
 No. 1. The next step is to get cylinder No. 1 
 ready to receive the spark. Turn the motor over 
 until No. 4 exhaust valve is fully open, and both 
 intake and exhaust of No. 1 closed. The flywheel 
 at this point should be on or very near dead cen- 
 ter. No. 1 cylinder is now ready to receive the 
 spark and the magneto may be slipped into posi- 
 tion. 
 
 Not long ago a man entered a repair shop with 
 
140 
 
 Automobile 
 
 his car and complained that there was wax running 
 all over the wiring and that the wax appeared to be 
 coming from the coil behind the dash. He claimed 
 that the motor misfired. His trouble was easily 
 ascertained. The switch was left on battery side 
 and the heat generated by the current caused the 
 condenser wax to melt and run out through the 
 bottom of the box. 
 
IV. 
 
 VALVE TROUBLES. 
 
 When valves become pitted, or when they are 
 poorly adjusted trouble is bound to ensue. Valves, 
 to do their work properly, must open and close at 
 certain periods and when they do close they must 
 seat fully. Should the valve be pitted, the effect 
 will be that there will be a leak when the valve 
 is closed. A particle of carbon imbedded in the 
 valve face causes the valve to seat improperly, with 
 the result that when supposedly in the closed posi- 
 tion, the mixture from the carbureter, in the case 
 of the intake valve, will flow into the cylinder. 
 Thus a premature explosion may take place. 
 
 The usual method of determining whether the 
 valves are not seating properly is to ascertain if 
 the compression is good. This is done by turning 
 over the motor until resistance is felt. This 
 should be done with each cylinder and should the 
 resistance of one cylinder be less than that of an- 
 other it is a sign, usually, of an improperly seat- 
 ing valve in the cylinder with the poor compres- 
 sion. But it should not be taken that only an im- 
 properly seating valve causes poor compression. 
 Cylinder plug leaks, insufficient clearance between 
 the valve and valve tappet also will cause this con- 
 dition, so it remains to see that these are corrected. 
 The first thing to do in regrinding valves is to get 
 the proper material and tools together. Ordinary 
 grinding compounds bought in the supply store 
 
 141 
 
142 
 
 Automobile 
 
 consist of emery dust in various grades mixed 
 with oil. Ground glass and oil is very good, but 
 only when the valves do not require much grinding. 
 It is good for finishing which will be described 
 later. The other necessary equipment is a valve 
 grinder, or if not at hand an ordinary screwdriver 
 will do, and a small light spring such as used on 
 the air valves of carbureters. A little cotton waste 
 completes the equipment. 
 
 The valve springs are removed, together with 
 the cylinder plugs above the valves and then the 
 
 Figure 10 — Method of valve grinding: using a screw- 
 driver. Note the cotton waste which protects the 
 cylinder from the entrance of dirt. 
 
 valve itself. One cylinder should be worked upon 
 at a time. The entrance to the combustion cham- 
 ber should be plugged with cotton waste or cloth 
 to prevent any of the grinding compound or dirt 
 making its way to the cylinder wall. 
 
 Turn the motor over until the valve tappet is 
 in the closed position, for otherwise the valve will 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 143 
 
 not seat when grinding is being done. Every time 
 a valve is ground, the motor should be turned over 
 until the tappet is in closed position. 
 
 The next step is to place a little of the coarse 
 grinding compound on the face of the valve. This 
 is done with a knife. Then place the light spring 
 over the valve stem and put the valve in its usual 
 position in the motor. If a screwdriver is used 
 as shown in Fig. 10 it should be placed between 
 the palms of the hands as shown and the hands 
 rubbed back and forth so that the valve turns only 
 half way around each time. Slight pressure should 
 be exerted on the spring so that the valve fece 
 touches the seat. Each turn of the valve the pres- 
 sure should be released for a second. This opera- 
 tion should continue for about two minutes and 
 then the valve removed and cleaned thoroughly in 
 gasoline. If the face appears an even gray color 
 throughout then no more grinding is necessary, but 
 if there are little black spots on the face, grinding 
 should continue. This time use the fine grade of 
 emery or the ground glass previously mentioned. 
 Keep grinding with this substance until the face 
 of the valve is of the same gray color throughout. 
 
 The operation of grinding should be done to all 
 valves, both intake and exhaust, and it will be 
 found that compression will be better and the motoi 
 gives much more power. 
 
 Weak valve springs often give much trouble. 
 When a valve spring is weak, the valve will not seat 
 properly and one may think that the cause is due 
 to a pitted face. The spring should be taken out 
 and stretched slightly and then replaced. Some- 
 times a spring may be stretched a number of times 
 
144 
 
 Automobile 
 
 but still the valve will not close. This is due to 
 the spring temper being poor. Excessive heat 
 around the valve spring usually causes this. Such 
 springs may be retempered by heating them to a 
 cherry red heat and while in this condition plung- 
 ing them in fish oil. 
 
 Poor tappet adjustment is another ailment which 
 should be watched. When the tappets are poorly 
 adjusted the valves open either too soon or too 
 late, as the case may be. In adjusting the tappets 
 a clearance should be just enough to permit an 
 ordinary business card to be slipped between the 
 tappet and valve stem. The exhaust valves should 
 be given a little more play as they become hotter 
 and expansion at the tappet is greater. 
 
ar. 
 
 FITTING PISTON EINGS. 
 
 So much is dependent upon piston rings that 
 care should be taken in fitting them to the piston. 
 
 If poorly fitted, either too loose or too tight, the 
 results when the piston is in the cylinder may be 
 harmful. Loose rings cause a loss of compression 
 and permit oil to get above the piston and thus 
 hasten spark splug fouling and carbon deposits. «r 
 
 Figure 11 — -Giving a piston ring its initial fitting. The 
 ring is turned in the direction of the arrow. 
 
 In fitting rings, the first procedure is to get 
 grooves in the piston perfectly clean. With the 
 grooves clean, the next step is to give the rings 
 their initial fitting. The method of doing this is 
 shown in Fig. 11. If the ring will not go into one 
 groove try another groove. In giving the initial 
 145 
 
146 
 
 Automobile 
 
 fitting always fit the back of the ring first as the 
 illustration shows and then move the ring around 
 in the direction of the arrow until the entire ring 
 has touched the groove. If there is no ring that 
 will fit any groove then the ring must be lapped-in, 
 the method to be described later. After the initial 
 fitting the ring should be inserted into the cylinder 
 to determine whether the ends of the ring are the 
 proper distance apart. They should not touch when 
 in the cylinder, but the space should be about .015 
 inch. This figure varies with the different makes 
 
 Figure 12 — Filing the ends of a piston ring to prevent a 
 ring slap. 
 
 of motors. If the ends touch they should be filled, 
 as shown in Pig. 12. 
 
 The next step is to make the ring fit the groove 
 perfectly. This is done by lapping-in the ring. 
 For this operation a perfectly flat surface must be 
 used. A surface plate is used at the factories. 
 Upon the plate is sprinkled some fine emery and 
 enough water added to give it a pasty consistency. 
 The ring is then placed on the plate and over the 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 147 
 
 ring is placed a block of wood. Grasping the 
 wooden block with both hands the ring is drawn 
 back and forth over the plate. If the ring will not 
 stay under the wood, cut a little groove in the block 
 so that the ring may take hold. After lapping, as 
 this operation is called, for a few minutes remove 
 the ring and clean it thoroughly in gasoline and 
 then fit it into a groove. Try the groove which it 
 nearly fitted before. If the ring fits the groove 
 by the method shown in Fig. 11 then it should be 
 placed to one side and marked showing the groove 
 and piston to which it was fitted. 
 
 Figure 13 — Slipping- piston ring over the top of the pis- 
 ton. The ring should not be spread more than 
 necessary. 
 
 When all the rings have been lapped-in and 
 numbered showing the position they will occupy, 
 the next step is to place them on the piston. The 
 bottom ring should be fitted first. Fig 13 shows 
 how the ring should be placed in its groove. When 
 it is in position, grasp it with all the fingers of one 
 hand and turn it around. It should move freely 
 and yet there should not be any play up or down. 
 If there is, too much lapping has been done. If it 
 
148 
 
 Automobile 
 
 is tight and cannot be turned around it should be 
 removed and lapped a little more. If it is a good 
 fit, the ring on top should be placed in position and 
 the same test made. 
 
 The method of removing a ring is shown in Fig. 
 
 Figure 14 — Removing rings by the use of pieces of old 
 blade as tracks. 
 
 14. Two or three pieces of old saw blade are forced 
 under the ring at its ends and then the pieces 
 pushed around as shown. The ring is then slid ofl 
 on the blades, acting as tracks. 
 
VI. 
 
 TIRES. 
 
 THEIR AILMENTS, CARE AND REPAIR. 
 
 Aside from gasoline the greatest expense in the 
 upkeep of a motor car are the tires, and much 
 of the present excessive tire wear may be reduced 
 by the owner if a reasonable amount of precaution 
 and care are given. There are ten common tire 
 diseases, which are due to wheel out of alignment, 
 under-inflation, use of anti-skid chains, skidding, 
 running wheels in car tracks, neglect of casing re- 
 pairs, tread cuts, running in ruts, stone bruises, use 
 of inside protectors on new tires. These will be 
 taken up in order. 
 
 When a tire is on a wheel which is out of align- 
 ment, the result is that the tire is scraped across 
 the surface of the road and the resulting friction 
 causes the tire tread to wear rapidly. The action 
 of the tire on the road is crosswise at the same 
 time that the tire revolves with the wheel. Thus 
 the tire receives its usual wear plus the wear due 
 to the scraping. The tread of a tire which has been 
 run on a wheel out of alignment presents a rough 
 appearance, that which would be given it were the 
 tire held against an emery wheel for a while. Some- 
 times the fabric shows in places and this is espe- 
 cially true of wheels which are wobbly. It is evi- 
 dent that since an out of alignment wheel causes 
 excessive tire wear, that the wheel should be looked 
 after. It is advised by most engineers to line up 
 
 149 
 
150 
 
 Automobile 
 
 the wheels of a motor car about every three 
 months, and if one is found which does not run 
 true, the condition should be corrected immedi- 
 ately. 
 
 Perhaps as much harm is done by running a 
 tire under-inflated as by anything else. Under- 
 inflation, as the name implies, means that the tire 
 is running with insufficient air pressure. Such a 
 tire appears usually with a series of hilly blisters 
 running around the tread. The blisters are caused 
 by the separation of the fabric from the tread 
 due to the excessive heat generated in an under- 
 inflated tire. With insufficient air the flexing ol 
 the walls of the tire causes heat to be generated and 
 this heat acts on the cement between the tread 
 and fabric and in a short time the two separate 
 causing a blister to appear. Even in the summer 
 a tire should not be run under-inflated as many 
 owners imagine. The common version is, that if 
 the ordinary pressure is 80 pounds, a reduction of 
 possibly ten pounds is made for summer weather. 
 The belief is that the heat of the atmosphere will 
 soon raise the temperature of the air in the tire 
 and thus cause the pressure to increase to the 
 proper point. This practice is not advisable, as 
 there is undue wear on the tire while the pressure 
 is being increased by the rise in temperature and 
 also because the pressure will drop as soon as the 
 tire cools. The cure for under-inflation need 
 hardly be stated. Keep the tires inflated to the 
 pressure specified by the maker, which is usually 
 20 pounds per inch of cross-section. Thus a 4-inch 
 tire should carry 80 pounds’ pressure. It mat- 
 ters not if the pressure is a little more, but it does 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 151 
 
 if the pressure is less than that for which the tire 
 is designed. A tire gauge, such as is sold for one 
 dollar, should be one of the important instruments 
 in the motorist’s tool kit. 
 
 When anti-skid chains are applied to the tire 
 too loosely or too tightly, the result sometimes is 
 a cut tread. These chains should be placed on 
 the tire so that they fit snugly and then no mate- 
 rial tire wear will result. 
 
 Running a wheel in car tracks may soon cause 
 the sides of the tire to become chafed, and in some 
 instances the wear is so much that the tread loos- 
 ens at the sides and begins flopping around. The 
 same appearance may result if the car is driven 
 very close to the curb and the side of the tire made 
 to scrape the stone. 
 
 Little cuts in the casing often result in the cas- 
 ing being unfit for use in a short time. When a 
 small cut appears and the tire is operated, dirt 
 and water is permitted to get underneath the tread. 
 This dirt works its way around the tire under 
 the tread with the result that the tread is soon 
 loose. Water, as everyone knows, is detrimental 
 to rubber and more so to the fabric. Fabric be- 
 gins to rot in the presence of water. The small 
 cuts may be plugged with mastic. 
 
 Often a cut appears in the tread and an inspec- 
 tion finds that the fabric is injured also. In such 
 an instance the blowout patch is the first resort. 
 The patch, if wrongly applied, sometimes becomes 
 wedged in the fabric cut and in this way hastens 
 a blow out. The best way to treat a tire with a 
 reasonably large tread cut is to have the cut vul- 
 canized immediately. In fact, even when small 
 
152 
 
 Automobile 
 
 cuts appear these should be vulcanized at the first 
 opportunity. The owner may say that the cost 
 of having the tire vulcanized every time it is cut 
 is expensive. It may seem expensive at first, but 
 the saving in tire wear and repair later overbal- 
 ances the comparatively small cost of vulcanization. 
 
 In the fall especially country roads present a 
 mass of hardened ruts which play havoc with mo- 
 tor car tires. These hard indentations house the 
 tire for a while and then the driver will go over 
 the rut. The driving in and out of these ruts 
 creates a condition which puts a tire in the rut- 
 worn class. The sides of the tread begin to show 
 rapid wear and sometimes the wear is great enough 
 to cause a weak spot in the tread with the result 
 that the tire blows out. 
 
 Stone bruises are said to cause a great percent- 
 age of tire failure. When a tire runs over a stone, 
 one as big as an ordinary man’s fist, there is a 
 possibility of the fabric becoming broken. A 
 broken fabric soon causes a blow out, so it remains 
 for the driver to prevent as far as possible run- 
 ning over such stones. The smaller stones some- 
 times present sharp edges which cut the tread and 
 thus make an entrance for dirt and water. Stone 
 bruises are hardly visible from the outside, as the 
 condition is one of a fabric break as mentioned 
 above. The result of a stone bruise may be seen 
 by examining the inside of the casing, which will 
 6how clearly that the fabric is injured. 
 
 Some makers state that the use of inside pro- 
 tectors on new tires is not advisable, as these ap- 
 pliances create an undue amount of heat in the 
 tire and thus hasten wear. For old tires the inside 
 
Repair Manual 
 
 153 
 
 protector is perhaps the best accessory marketed 
 for lenghtening tire life. Some owners have ob- 
 tained as much mileage with old tires and inside 
 protectors as they have from new tires operated 
 without protectors. 
 
INDEX— PART I 
 
 A Page 
 
 Acceleration 11 
 
 Acetylene 11, 45 
 
 Acetometer 12 
 
 Active coil 12 
 
 Adams motor car 12 
 
 Admission pipes for explosive motors 12 
 
 Admission valves 12, 13 
 
 Air — composition of 13 
 
 Air cooling for explosive motors 13 
 
 Air — proportion of, in explosive mixture 13, 15 
 
 Air — resistance of, in horse power 14 
 
 Alcohol — denatured 14 
 
 Alcohol — wood 14, 86 
 
 Alcohol, as a fuel 14, 15 
 
 Aluminum 15 
 
 Aluminoid 15 
 
 Ammeter 15 
 
 Ampere 15 
 
 Ampere hour — meaning of 15, 16 
 
 Armature . 16 
 
 Autogenous welding 16 
 
 Auto meter 16 
 
 Automobile — types of 16 
 
 Axles for automobiles 16, 17 
 
 B 
 
 Back-firing 17 
 
 Ball-bearings 17, 18 
 
 Battery — Dry 18 
 
 Battery — Primary 18 
 
 Battery — Storage 19, 20 
 
 Batteries — How connected 19 
 
 Bearings — Hard and soft.... 20 
 
 Brake — Differential 20, 21 
 
 155 
 
156 
 
 Index — Part 1 
 
 Page 
 
 Brake — Expanding 20 
 
 Brake — Sprag 21 
 
 Brakes — Classification of 20 
 
 Brakes — Equalizer for 21 
 
 Brakes — How to apply 22 
 
 Break-downs — What to do 22-24 
 
 Chain broken 22 
 
 Circulating pump stopped 23 
 
 Gasoline pipe broken 23 
 
 Miss-firing cylinder 23 
 
 Refractory nut 24 
 
 Steering gear disabled 24 
 
 Trembler blades broken 24 
 
 C 
 
 Carbon Deposit — Symptoms of 25 
 
 Carbureter — Classification of 25-27 
 
 Action of various types 25, 26 
 
 Function of 25 
 
 Float Feed 26, 27 
 
 Inspection of 27 
 
 Chain drive — Double 27, 28 
 
 Chain drive — Single 28 
 
 Change Speed Gear 28, 29 
 
 Belt and Pulley type 29 
 
 Planetary type 28 
 
 Chassis — Meaning of 29 
 
 Circuit Breaker 29 
 
 Circulating Pump 29, 30 
 
 Clutches — Classification of 30 
 
 Combustion Chamber 30 
 
 Commutator 30, 31 
 
 Compensating Joint 31 
 
 Compression in Explosive Motors 31 
 
 Current Condenser * 31 
 
 Contact Breaker 31 
 
 Cooling of Cylinders 31, 32 
 
 Cylinders — Wear of 32 
 
157 
 
 Index — Part f 
 
 D Page 
 
 Dalton's Laws — Vapor tension . . 32 
 
 Deposits in cooling space 32, 33 
 
 Differential Gear — Function of 33 
 
 Distributer — With ignition system 33 
 
 Driving — Rules for 34 
 
 Driving wheels 34 
 
 Dynamometer 34 
 
 E 
 
 Efficiency of an explosive motor 35, 52, 53 
 
 Electric current — How generated 36, 37 
 
 Electric Energy per lamp candle power 37 
 
 Electric Motor 37-40 
 
 Compound wound 38 
 
 Essential features of 38, 39 
 
 Horse Power of 40 
 
 Series wound 38 
 
 Shunt wound 38 
 
 Speed control 39, 40 
 
 Troubles in operation.... 39 
 
 Types of 37 
 
 Electromotive Force 41 
 
 Exhaust of explosive motors 41 
 
 Exhaust Mufflers 41 
 
 Expansion of exploded gases 41 
 
 Explosive Motors — Types of 42 
 
 Cycle of 42 
 
 Double cylinder 43 
 
 Single cylinder 42 
 
 F 
 
 Fibre — Vulcanized 43 
 
 Friction — Definition of 43 
 
 Laws of 43 
 
 Prevention of in bearings 44 
 
 Fuels for Automobile Use 44, 45 
 
 Fuel Consumption 45, 49 
 
158 
 
 Index — Part I 
 
 G Page 
 
 Gas Producer for Automobile Use 46 
 
 Gases — Law of expanding 45 
 
 Gasoline — Average composition of 44 
 
 As a mechanical mixture. 13 
 
 Carbon deposits from 45 
 
 Explosions of 47 
 
 Fires from — How to extinguish 47, 48 
 
 How affected by cold 63 
 
 Whence obtained 47 
 
 Gasoline Motor ..48-50 
 
 Advantages of different types 48 
 
 Designing of 48, 49 
 
 Selection of — Pointers on 48, 49 
 
 Gear — How to change while moving 49, 50 
 
 Gear case 50 
 
 Generator — Meaning of term 50 
 
 Forms of for ignition purposes 50, 51 
 
 Governor — For explosive motor 51 
 
 Graphite — Use of 51, 59 
 
 H 
 
 Heat value of fuels 51 
 
 Heat loss in explosive motors 51, 52 
 
 Horse Power — Calculation of 52 
 
 Hub construction 52 
 
 I 
 
 Ignition — Methods of 53 
 
 Correct rule for handling 54 
 
 Troubles connected with 54 
 
 When to advance 53, 54 
 
 When to retard 53 
 
 Indicator 54 
 
 Induction — Basic principle of 54 
 
 Inertia — Meaning of 54 
 
 j 
 
 Jackets for explosive piotors 55, 62 
 
Index — Part I 
 
 159 
 
 Page 
 
 Jacket, Water — Temperature of 55, 56 
 
 Joint — Universal 56 
 
 K 
 
 Kerosene— -Composition of 44 
 
 As a fuel for explosive motors 56 
 
 Heat vaue of .* 56 
 
 Ignition point of 56 
 
 Uses of in automobiling 56 
 
 Knocking — Causes of in motors 57 
 
 Knuckle Joints 57 
 
 L 
 
 Lamps — Acetylene 57, 58 
 
 Leakage of current 58 
 
 Leaky pipes 58 
 
 Loose connections — Ignition system 59 
 
 Lubrication 59-61 
 
 Lubricating oils 59, 60 
 
 M 
 
 Magneto 61 
 
 Manifold — Correct design for 61 
 
 Motor — Two part 62 
 
 N 
 
 Needle valve 62 
 
 Non-freezing solution for radiators 62 
 
 O 
 
 Oil — As a cooling medium 62 
 
 Offset crankshaft 63, 64 
 
 Advantage of 64 
 
 Object of 64 
 
 Timing of valves with 64 
 
 Overheating of cylinders 65 
 
 Causes of 65, 66 
 
 Effect of 65 
 
 Remedies for 66 
 
160 
 
 Index — Part I 
 
 ^ Page 
 
 Packing for explosive motors 66 
 
 Paper Shims 66 
 
 Parts — Extra to be carried 66, 67 
 
 Picric Acid — Use of 67 
 
 Piston for gasoline engine 67 
 
 Piston displacement 67 
 
 Piston speed 67, 68 
 
 Platinum 68 
 
 Polarity of electric terminals . . . . 68 
 
 Porcelain as an insulator 68 
 
 Pounding in an exposive motor 68 
 
 Pre-ignition — Causes of * 68 
 
 Pump 68, 69 
 
 Centrifugal 69 
 
 Peripheral velocity 69 
 
 Testing 69 
 
 R 
 
 Radiator 69-71 
 
 Advantages of circular tube 69 
 
 Cellular type 70 
 
 Honeycomb type 70 
 
 Square feet per horse power 70 
 
 When to fill 70, 71 
 
 Reversing a car 71 
 
 Rheostat — Function of 71 
 
 Rubber Cement — Formula for 71 
 
 Rubber Supplies — Care of 71 
 
 Running Gear 72 
 
 S 
 
 Scratched Cylinder — Repairing 72 
 
 Screwdriver 72 
 
 Secondary current 73 
 
 Self-firing of explosive motor 73 
 
 Shaft drive 73 
 
 Sparking device ..73, 74 
 
Index — Part I 
 
 161 
 
 Page 
 
 Cleaning and care of 74 
 
 Speedometer 74 
 
 Springs — Care of 74, 75 
 
 Design of 74 
 
 Steering gear 75 
 
 Steam Motors 75-78 
 
 Advantages of 75 
 
 Boiler — Type of 75 
 
 Engines — Types of 76 
 
 Fuel 75 
 
 Pilot light 76 
 
 Valve gear 77 
 
 Supplies to be carried 77, 78 
 
 Suspension — Three point 78 
 
 T 
 
 Tachometer 78 
 
 Tank — Capacity of in gallons 78 
 
 Tank — For gasoline 78 
 
 Testing ignition batteries 78, 79 
 
 Tire — Single tube — Double tube 79 
 
 Tonneau — Meaning of word 79 
 
 Touring Car — General description of 79 
 
 Touring supplies to be carried 79, 80 
 
 Torsion rod — Function of 80 
 
 Traction of driving wheels 80 
 
 Transmission — Efficiency of 80 
 
 Throttling the charge 80 
 
 Tubing — Copper 80 
 
 Two-cylinder opposed motor 64 
 
 U 
 
 Unit of heat 81 
 
 Mechanical equivalent of 81 
 
 Units of heat in gasoline 81 
 
 V 
 
 Valves of an explosive motor 82, 83 
 
 Auxiliary air valve 82 
 
162 Index — Part I 
 
 Page 
 
 Butterfly valve 82, 83 
 
 Exhaust valve 82 
 
 Globe valve 83 
 
 Lead of 83 
 
 Swing check 83 
 
 Vapor — Saturation point of 84 
 
 Vapor tension 84 
 
 Vaporizers for carbureters 84 
 
 W 
 
 Water circulating systems 84 
 
 Water freezing in jackets 62, 63 
 
 Watt hour — Meaning of 85 
 
 Wipe spark ignition system 85 
 
 Wire — Result of breaking 85 
 
 Wire drawing of mixture 85, 86 
 
 Wood alcohol 14, 86 
 
 X 
 
 Xardell muffler 86 
 
 Z 
 
 Zero — Absolute 86 
 
INDEX— PART II 
 
 A Page 
 
 Anti-skid chains 151 
 
 B 
 
 Backlash between timing gears 105 
 
 Bosch magneto 134 
 
 C 
 
 Carbon knock 106 
 
 Carberuter trouble 124 
 
 Carbureter valves 125 
 
 Carburetion 124 
 
 Connecting rod 119 
 
 Curing the knocks 116 
 
 Cuts in tire cases 151 
 
 F 
 
 Filing points of Connecticut magneto 137 
 
 Fitting piston rings 145 
 
 Flywheel — Loose 120 
 
 Fuel knock 106 
 
 I 
 
 Ignition 134 
 
 Ignition knocks 105 
 
 Ignition trouble 138 
 
 Inside protectors for tires 152 
 
 K 
 
 Knock — Determining the 110 
 
 Knocks — Motor 105 
 
 Knocks — Curing the 116 
 
 L 
 
 Loose connecting rod 105 
 
 163 
 
164 Index — Part II 
 
 Page 
 
 Loose flywheel 105 
 
 Loose part knocks 105 
 
 Loose piston 105 
 
 Loose wrist pin 105 
 
 M 
 
 Magneto adjustment 139 
 
 Marvel carbureter 130 
 
 Mayer carbureter 129 
 
 Misfiring 126 
 
 Motor knocks 105 
 
 P 
 
 Piston rings — How to remove 148 
 
 Piston ring slap 105 
 
 Play between timing gears 105 
 
 Push rod knock 107 
 
 R 
 
 Rayfield carbureter * 127 
 
 Rayfield carbureter adjustment 127 
 
 Remy magneto 137 
 
 Ring — Lapping in 122 
 
 Ring slap 121 
 
 Ring slap — Determining the 115 
 
 S 
 
 Schebler carbureter, Model O 131 
 
 Simms magneto 135 
 
 Slaps 105 
 
 Sooty plugs 138 
 
 Spark knock — Causes of 107 
 
 Stone bruises 152 
 
 Stromberg Type C carbureter 131 
 
 T 
 
 Tappet adjustment 144 
 
 Timing gear backlash 121 
 
Index — Part II 
 
 165 
 
 Page 
 
 Timing gear knock 107 
 
 Tires — Ailments, care and repair 149 
 
 U 
 
 Under-inflation of tires 150 
 
 V 
 
 Valve grinding 142 
 
 Valve slap 105 
 
 Valve slap — Determining the 115 
 
 Valve springs 142 
 
 Valve springs — Weak 143 
 
 Valve troubles .. . 141 
 
 Valve troubles — Determining 141 
 
 W 
 
 Worn cylinder 
 
 105 
 
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 and the various systems of transmitting the power from the motor to the 
 driving axle are analyzed and compared. 
 
 The perusal of this work for a few minutes when troubles occur, will 
 often not only save time, money, and worry, but give greater confidence 
 in the car, with regard to its going qualities on the road, when properly 
 and intelligently cared for. 
 
 A WORD TO THE WISE 
 
 The time is at hand when any person caring for and operating any 
 kind of self-propelling vehicle in a public or private capacity, will have to 
 undergo a rigid examination before a state board of examiners and secure 
 a license before they can collect their salary or get employment. 
 
 Already New York State has enacted such a law and before long, with 
 a positive certainty every state in the Union will pass such an ordinance 
 for the protection of life and property. 
 
 Remember this is a brand new book from cover to cover, just from 
 the press— New Edition — and must not be confounded with any former 
 editions of this popular work. 
 
 Sent prepaid to any address upon receipt of price 
 
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 1325 Michigan Avenue, * * * CHICAGO, U. S. A. 
 
The Practical Gas & 
 
 Oil Engine HAND-BOOK 
 
 A MANUAL, of useful 2a- 
 ***• formation on the care, 
 maintenance and repair of Gas 
 and Oil Engines. 
 
 This work gives full and 
 clear instructions on all points 
 relating to the care, mainte- 
 nance and repair of Stationary. 
 Portable and Marine, Gas and 
 Oil Engines, including How to 
 Start, How to Stop, How to Ad- 
 just, How to Repair, How to 
 Test. 
 
 Pocket size, 4x614. 
 
 232 pages. With numerous 
 rules and formulas and dia- 
 grams, and over 70 illustrations 
 by L. Elliott Brookes, au- 
 thor of the “Construction of a 
 Gasoline Motor,” and the “Au- 
 tomobile Hand-Book.” 
 
 This book has been written 
 with the intention of furnishing 
 practical information regarding 
 gas, gasoline and kerosene engines, for the use of owners, operators and 
 others who may be interested in their construction, operation and man- 
 agement. 
 
 In treating the various subjects it has been the endeavor to avoid all 
 technical matter as far as possible, and to present the information given 
 
 in a clear and practical manner. 
 
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 edition de Luxe— Full Leather Limp. Price ... 1.50 
 
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STANDARD BOOKS for 
 ELECTRICAL 
 WORKERS 
 
 Wrtiten by Practical Men For 
 Practical Men 
 
 HENRY C. HORSTMANN 
 and 
 
 VICTOR H. TOUSLEY 
 
 expert electricians, have prepared 
 this entire set of Electrical Books 
 to meet the needs of the beginner 
 the practical workman, and all who 
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 Seven Wonderful 
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 MODERN ELECTRICAL CON- 
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 MODERN WIRING DIAGRAMS 
 AND DESCRIPTIONS. 
 
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 ELECTRICAL WIRING AND CONSTRUCTION 
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 leather limp, price $ 1.50 
 
 PRACTICAL ARMATURE AND MAGNET WINDING 
 252 pages, 128 illustrations, and tables, pocket size, full 
 
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 ELECTRICIANS’ OPERATING AND TESTING 
 MANUAL. 346 pages, 211 illustrations and tables, 
 
 pocket size, full leather limp, price $ 1.50 
 
 MODERN ELECTRIC ILLUMINATION-THEORY and 
 PRACTICE. 275 pages, fully illustrated, pocket size, full 
 
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&*>e 20th Century Hand Book 
 
 — — FOR 
 
 Engineers and Electricians 
 
 A COMPENDIUM 
 of useful knowl- 
 edge appertain- 
 ing to the care and 
 management of Steam 
 Engines, Boilers and 
 Dynamos. Thorough- 
 ly practical with full 
 instructions in regard 
 to making evapora- 
 tion tests on boilors. 
 The adjustment <u the 
 slide valve, corliss 
 valves, etc., fully de- 
 scribed andillustrated, 
 together with the ap- 
 plication of the in- 
 dicator and diagram 
 analysis. The subject 
 of hydraulics for en- 
 g 1 n e e r s is made 9 
 special feature, and all problems are solved in plain figures, thus ena- 
 bling the man of limited education to comprehend their meaning. 
 
 By C. F. SWINGLE, M.E. 
 
 Formerly Chief Engineer of the Pullman Car Works. Late Chief Engimjgi 
 of the Illinois Oar and Equipment Co., Chicago. 
 
 ELECTRICAL DIVISION 
 
 The electrical part of this valuable volume was written by a practical 
 engineer for engineers, and is a clear and comprehensive treatise on the 
 principles, construction and operation of Dynamos, Motors, Lamps. 
 Storage Batteries, Indicators and Measuring Instruments, as well as an 
 explanation of the principles governing the generation of alternating cur- 
 rents, and a description of alternating current instruments and machin- 
 ery. No better or more complete electrical part of a steam engineer’s 
 book was ever written for the man in the engine room of an electrk 
 lighting plant. 
 
 SWINGLE'S 20th CENTURY HAND BOOK 
 
 FOR. ENGINEERS AND ELECTRICIANS 
 
 Over 700 illustrations; handsomely bound in full leather, pocket CO 
 book style; size Z x 6% x 2 inches thick. PRICE NET 
 
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 PUBLISHERS 
 
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MODERN LOCOMOTIVE 
 
 20th Century 
 Edition 
 
 ENGINEERING 
 
 By C. F. SWINGLE, M. E. 
 
 T HE most modern and practical work published, treating upon thu 
 construction and management of modern locomotives, both simple 
 and compound. 
 
 The aim of the author in compiling this work was to furnish to loco- 
 motive engineers and firemen, in a clear and concise manner, such in- 
 formation as will thoroughly equip them for the responsibilities of theii 
 calling. The subject-matter is arranged in such a manner that the fire* 
 man just entering upon his apprenticeship may, by beginning with chapter 
 I, learn of his duties as a fireman and then, by closely following the make- 
 up of the book in the succeeding pages, will be able to gain a thorough 
 knowledge of the construction, maintenance and operation of all types of 
 engines. 
 
 Breakdown, and what to do in cases of emergency, are given a con- 
 spicuous place in the book, including engine running and all its varied 
 details. Particular attention is also paid to the air brake, including all 
 new and improved devices for the safe handling of trains. 
 
 The book contains over 800 pages and is beautifully illustrated with 
 line drawings and half-tone engravings. Plain, simple and explicit lan- 
 guage is used throughout the book, making it unquestionably the most 
 modern treatise on this subject in print, 
 
 Size 5x624. Pocket-book style. Full seal grain leather* with gold 
 stampings and gold edges. Price, $3.00 
 
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 PUBLISHERS 
 
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Modem Carpentry 
 
 VOLUME I. 
 
 FOR CARPENTERS AND WOOD WORKERS GENERALLY 
 
 Fred T. Hodgson, Architect, Editor of the National Builder, 
 Steel Square and Its Uses, etc., etc. 
 
 NEW, complete guide, containing hundreds of qulcti 
 methods for performing work in carpentry, joining and 
 general wood -work. Like all of Mr. Hodgson’s works, it is 
 written in a simple, everyday style, and 
 does not bewilder the working-man 
 with long mathematical lormulas or 
 abstract theories. The illustrations, of 
 which there are many, are explanatory, 
 
 ®o that any one who can read plain 
 English will be able to understand them 
 easily and to follow the work m hand 
 without difficulty. 
 
 The book contains methods of laying 
 roofs, rafters, stairs, floors, hoppers, 
 bevels, joining mouldings, mitering, 
 coping, plain hand-railing, circular 
 work, splayed work, and many other 
 things the carpenter wants to know to help 
 liim in his every day vocation. It is the 
 most complete and very latest work published, being thorough, 
 practical and reliable. One which no carpenter can afford to 
 be without 
 
 Prioe ... $J.OO 
 
 FREDERICK J. DRAKE CO., Publishers. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
T HIS book embraces a series of instructions written and 
 illustrated in a plain, practical manner, which will 
 enable anyone to acquire a thorough working knowledge 
 of the art of sign painting. It contains lesson sheets, re- 
 view questions, etc., which will enable anyone to system- 
 atically study the art successfully. There are no musty, 
 obsolete methods in the book, all being modern and in use 
 today by the best talent in the profession. The book con- 
 tains ninety-six designs in complete composition, with 
 color note for each, 160 pages of practical text matter, and 
 75 alphabets. It is by far the largest book on this subject 
 published and we challenge comparison. 
 
 Large quarto, 332 Pages, Cloth Binding, with special decorated 
 cover design printed in five colors ink. Price : $3.00 
 
 Sold by 'BooKitellers generally , or sent postpaid to any ad- 
 dress upon receipt of Trice by the Publishers 
 
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 PUBLISHERS CHICAGO, U. S. A. 
 
FREDERICK JT. DRAKE & CO.’S 
 PRACTICAL MECHANICAL BOOKS 
 FOR 
 
 HOME STUDY 
 
 Price. 
 
 Titles. Cloth. Lea. 
 
 Air Brake Practice, Modern — Dukesmith. 
 
 Illustrated 1.50 . . . 
 
 Air Brake, Complete Examinations, West- 
 
 inghouse and New York 2.00 
 
 Air Brake, Westinghouse System 2.00 ... 
 
 Air Brake, New York System 2.00 ... 
 
 American Homes, Low Cost — Hodgson. Il- 
 lustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Architectural Drawing, Self - Taught — 
 
 Hodgson. Illustrated 2.00 . . . 
 
 Architecture, Easy Steps to — Hodgson. Il- 
 lustrated 1.50 . . • 
 
 Architecture, Five Orders — Hodgson. Il- 
 lustrated 1.00 . . • 
 
 Armature and Magnet Winding — Horst- 
 
 mann & Tousley 1.50 
 
 Artist, The Amateur — Delamotte 1.00 ... 
 
 Automobile Hand Book — Brookes. Illus- 
 trated 2.00 
 
 Automobile, The Mechanician’s Catechism 
 
 — Swingle 1.25 
 
 Blacksmithing, Modern — Holmstrom. Il- 
 lustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Boat Building, for Amateurs — Neison. Il- 
 lustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Bricklayers’ and Masons’ Assistant, The 
 
 20th Century — Hodgson. Illustrated.. 1.50 ... 
 
 Bricklaying, Practical, Self - Taught — * 
 
 Hodgson. Illustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Bungalows and Low Priced Cottages — 
 
 Hodgson 1.00 ... 
 
 Calculation of Horse Power Made Easy — 
 
 Brookes. Illustrated 75 ... 
 
 Carpentry, Modern. Vol. I — Hodgson. Il- 
 lustrated 1.00 • . • 
 
 Carpentry, Modern. Vol. II — Hodgson. 
 
 Illustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Chemistry, Elementary, Self - Taught — 
 
 Roscoe. Illustrated 1.00 . • • 
 
 Concretes, Cements, Plasters, etc. — Hodg- 
 son. Illustrated 1.50 ... 
 
 Correct Measurements, Builders’ and Con- 
 tractors’ Guide to — Hodgson 1.50 ... 
 
 Catechism, Swingle’s Steam, Gas and 
 
 Electrical Engineering 1.50 
 
 Cabinet Maker, The Practical, and Fur- 
 niture Designer — Hodgson. Illustrated 2.00 . . • 
 
 Dynamo Tending for Engineers — Horst- 
 
 mann & Tousley. Illustrated 1.50 ... 
 
 Dynamo — Electric Machines — Swingle. Il- 
 lustrated 1.50 ... 
 
 Electric Railway Troubles and How To 
 
 Find Them — Lowe 1.50 ... 
 
 Electric Power Stations — Swingle 2.50 . . . 
 
 Electrical Construction, Modern. Illus- 
 trated 1.50 
 
 Electrical Dictionary, Handy, Weber 25 .50 
 
 Electrical Wiring and Construction Ta- 
 bles — Horstmann & Tousley 1.50 
 
 Electricity, Easy Experiments in — Dick- 
 inson. Illustrated L00 ••• 
 
Price. 
 
 Titles. Cloth. Lea. 
 
 Electricity Made Simple — Haskins. Illus- 
 trated 1.00 ... 
 
 Electric Railroading — Aylmer-Small. Il- 
 lustrated 3.50 
 
 Electro - Plating Hand Book — Weston. 
 
 Illustrated 1.00 1.50 
 
 Elementary Electricity, Up To Date — 
 
 Aylmer-Small 1.25 ... 
 
 Estimator, Modern, for Builders and 
 
 Architects — Hodgson 1.60 ... 
 
 Examination Questions and Answers for 
 Locomotive Firemen — Wallace. Illus- 
 trated 1.60 
 
 Examination Questions and Answers for 
 Marine and Stationary Engineers — 
 
 Swingle. Illustrated 1.50 
 
 Elevators, Hydraulic and Electric — Swin- 
 gle. Illustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Electrician's Operating and Testing 
 Manual — Horstmann & Tousley. Illus- 
 trated 1.60 
 
 Farm Engines and How to Run Them — 
 
 Stephenson. Illustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Furniture Making, Home — Raeth. Illus- 
 trated 60 ... 
 
 First Steps in Electricity, or Electricity 
 
 for Beginners — Harrison 1.00 . . . 
 
 Gas and Oil Engine Hand Book — 
 
 Brookes. Illustrated 1.00 1.50 
 
 Hand Book for Engineers and Electri- 
 cians — Swingle. Illustrated. Pocket 
 
 Book Style 3.00 
 
 Hardwood Finishing, Up-to-date — Hodg- 
 son. Illustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Horse Shoeing, Correct — Holmstrom. Il- 
 lustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Hot Water Heating, Steam and Gas Fit- 
 ting — Donaldson. Illustrated 1.50 . . . 
 
 Heating and Lighting Railway Passen- 
 ger Cars — Prior 1.25 ... 
 
 Locomotive Breakdowns, with Questions 
 
 and Answers — Wallace. Illustrated 1.50 
 
 Locomotive Fireman's Boiler Instructor — 
 
 Swingle 1.60 
 
 Locomotive Engineering — Swingle. Illus- 
 trated. Pocket Book Style 3.00 
 
 Machine Shop Practice — Brookes. Illus- 
 trated 2.00 ... 
 
 Mechanical Drawing and Machine Design 
 
 — Westinghouse. Illustrated 2.00 ... 
 
 Motorman, How to Become a Successful. 
 
 Aylmer-Small. Illustrated 1.50 
 
 Motorman's Practical Air Brake Instruc- 
 tor — Denehie 1.50 
 
 Modern Electric Illumination, Theory 
 and Practice — Horstmann & Tousley. 
 
 Illustrated 2.00 
 
 Millwright's Practical Hand Book — Swin- 
 gle. Illustrated 2.00 . . . 
 
 Modern American Telephony In All Its 
 
 Branches — Smith. Illustrated 2.00 
 
Price. 
 
 Titles. Cloth. Lea. 
 
 Operation of Trains and Station Work — 
 
 Prior. Illustrated 1.50 
 
 Painting, Cyclopedia of — Maire. Illus- 
 trated 1.50 . . . 
 
 Pattern Making and Foundry Practice — 
 
 Hand. Illustrated 1.50 
 
 Picture Making for Pleasure and Profit — 
 
 Baldwin. Illustrated 1.25 ... 
 
 Plumbing, Practical, Up-to-Date — Clow. 
 
 Illustrated 1.50 . . . 
 
 Railway Roadbed and Track, Construc- 
 tion and Maintenance of — Prior. Illus- 
 trated 2.00 
 
 Railway Shop Up-to-Date — Haig. Illus- 
 trated 2.00 . . . 
 
 Sheet Metal Workers’ Instructor — Rose. 
 
 Illustrated 2.00 ... 
 
 Signist’s Book of Modern Alphabets — Del- 
 
 amotte 1.50 ... 
 
 Sign Painting, The Art of — Atkinson... 3.00 ... 
 
 Stair Building and Hand Railing — Hodg- 
 son. Illustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Steam Boilers — Swingle. Illustrated 1.50 
 
 Steel Square, A Key to — Woods 1.50 ... 
 
 Steel Square, Vol. I — Hodgson. Illus- 
 trated 1.00 . . . 
 
 Steel Square, Vol. II — Hodgson. Illus- 
 trated 1.00 ... 
 
 Steel Square, A B C — Hodgson 50 ... 
 
 Steel Construction, Practical — Hodgson. 
 
 Illustrated 50 ... 
 
 Storage Batteries — Niblett 50 ... 
 
 Sho’ Cards, A Show At — Atkinson and 
 
 Atkinson 3.00 ... 
 
 Stonemasonry, Practical, Self-Taught — 
 
 Hodgson. Illustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Telegraphy Saif-Taught — Edison. Illus- 
 trated 1.00 ... 
 
 Telephone Hand-Book — Baldwin. Illus- 
 trated 1.00 ... 
 
 Timber Framing, Light and Heavy — 
 
 Hodgson 2.00 ... 
 
 Toolsmith and Steel Worker — Holford. 
 
 Illustrated 1.50 ... 
 
 Turbine, The Steam — Swingle. Illustrated 1.00 ... 
 
 Walschaert Valve Gear Breakdowns and 
 How to Adjust Them — Swingle. Illus- 
 trated 1.00 ... 
 
 Wiring Diagrams, Modern — Horstmann 
 
 & Tousley. Illustrated 1.50 
 
 Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony — 
 
 V. H. Laughter 1.00 ... 
 
 Wood Carving, Practical — Hodgson. Illus- 
 trated 1.50 . . . 
 
 THE RED BOOK SERIES OF TRADE SCHOOL 
 MANUALS 
 By F. Maire 
 
 16 mo., Cloth, Illustrated. Price, each, $0.60 
 
 Exterior Painting, Wood, Iron and Brick. 
 
 Interior Painting, Water and Oil Colors. 
 
 Colors, What They Are and What to Expect 
 
 from Them. 
 
 Graining and Marbling. 
 
 Carriage Painting. 
 
 The Wood Finisher. 
 
* 
 
 
 
 l * 
 
 . * iV ' 
 
H 
 

 mm