<*7 ! ' . .' . _ . ■ ■* ' -, /■- ' s f *»' ^?^^^^ \ / !||, l|l j |||t 1 c X ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00000 0376 STATE OF ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FRANK W. DEWOLF. Director BULLETIN No. 30 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 x\ND 1914 ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT AND ECONOMIC AND GEOLOGICAL PAPERS Certain papers in cooperation with U. S. Geological Survey PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA 1917 review! PR-ESSj ^S7 STATE GEOLOGICAL COMMISSION Frank O. Lowden, Chairman Governor of Illinois Thomas C. Chamberlin, V ice-Chairman Edmund J. James, Secretary President of the University of Illinois Frank W. DeWolf, Director Fred H. Kay, Asst. State Geologist Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/biennialreportfo30illi LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL State Geological Survey University of Illinois, March 10, 1917. Governor Frank O. Lowden, Chairman, and Members of the Geological Commission. Gentlemen : I submit herewith my administrative report for the bien- nium ended June 30, 1915, and recommend that with the accompanying papers it be published as Bulletin No. 30. The financial statements have previously been submitted to the Com- mission for approval, but are offered now as a public record. Parts of the accompanying papers have previously been printed as extracts, but for the most part have been held until now on account of congestion in printing. Several of the papers have been prepared by geologists of the U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the State of Illinois, and the advan- tages of this arrangement are pointed out under the administrative report. Very respectfully, Frank W. DeWolf, Director. GONTENTS PAGE Administrative report, by F. W. DeWolf 11 Mineral resources of Illinois in 1913 and 1914, by Helen J. Skewes 23 Coal in Gillespie and Mount Olive quadrangles, by Wallace Lee 51 Pennsylvanian fire clays of Illinois, by Edwin H. Lines 61 Geology and economic resources of Colchester and Macomb quadrangles, by Henry Hinds 75 Loess in the Canton quadrangle, by T. E. Savage 109 Dictionary of altitudes 115 ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT FROM JULY 1, 1913 TO JUNE 30, 1915 Bv F. W. DeWolf, Director OUTLINE PAGE Introduction 11 General statement 11 Organization and personnel 12 Geological section 13 General stratigraphy 13 Coal investigations 14 Oil and gas investigations 14 Clay resources 14 Overflowed lands 15 Bureau of Information 15 Topographic section 16 July 1, 1913, to June 30. 1914 16 July 1, 1914, to June 30, 1915 16 Publications 17 Reports 17 Maps 20 Expenditures 21 PLATE I. Map showing progress of topographic surveys 16 TABLES 1. Progress of field work by topographic sections, July 1, 1913, to June 30, 1915 18 2. Total expenditures July 1, 1913, to June 30, 1915 21 Introduction general statement During the period from July 1, 1913, to June 30, 1915, the work of the Geological Survey followed much the same channels as in previous years. 1 besides the regular topographic mapping, a large amount of field work was completed on general stratigraphy, coal, oil, and clay resources, and in the mapping of overflowed lands. Plans included a special investigation of aggregate materials and a survey of the economic resources of the upper Illinois Valley, but funds were not adequate to carry on these investigations. (11) 12 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL The Survey maintained the same general organization as before. Cooperation was continued with the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the U. S. Geological Survey. F. W. DeWolf, Director, and F. H. Kay, Assistant Director, continued in charge of the geologic section. The topographic sec- tion was administered by R. B. Marshall, Chief Geographer, U. S. Geological Survey, and W. H. Herron, Geographer in charge Central Division. Professors Salisbury, Grant, and Barrows remained as consulting geolo- gists, and Professors Parr and Bartow as consulting chemists. A. V. Blein- inger, Ceramist, was in general charge of clay studies. R. S. Blatchley was granted leave of absence for one year to undertake oil investigations in Turkey. After his return he resigned to enter private consulting practice. K. D. White resigned also to accept a position in the commercial field. Fred H. Kay has taken charge of the oil investigations and will conclude his work on Illinois coal resources. G. H. Cady has arranged to give full- time services to the Survey instead of part time as heretofore. Miss Blanche Fowler resigned as stenographer August 1, 1914, and Miss Faith Neighbour was appointed to fill the vacancy. The organization of the Survey, including a large number of part-time men, was as follows : COMMISSIONERS Governor E. F. Dunne, Chairman Professor T. C. Chamberlin, Vice-Chairman President E. J. James, Secretary ADMINISTRATIVE WORK F. W. DeWolf, Director Fred H. Kay, Assistant State Geologist C. H. Thory, Chief Clerk GEOLOGICAL SECTION F. W. DeWolf, Geologist R. D. Salisbury, Consulting Geologist U. S. Grant, Consulting Geologist Harlan H. Barrows, Consulting Geologist S. W. Parr, Consulting Chemist Edward Bartow, Consulting Chemist F. H. Whittum, Chemist H. J. Weiland, Assistant Chemist Stuart Weller, Geologist T. E. Savage, Geologist Fred H. Kay, Geologist G. H. Cady, Geologist J. A. Udden, Geologist L. E. Young, Mining Engineer ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 13 R. S. Blatchley, Assistant Geologist C. B. Anderson, Assistant Geologist J. L. Rich, Assistant Geologist W. C. Morse, Assistant Geologist F. M. Van Tuyl, Assistant Geologist Helen Skewes, Assistant Geologist Wallace Lee, Assistant Geologist* H. M. DuBois, Assistant Geologist Bertha Thornburg, Assistant Geologist L. E. Kennedy, Assistant Geologist A. V. Bleininger, Ceramist R. T. Stull, Ceramist J. M. Lindgren, Chemist D. F. McFarland, Chemist W. S. Nelson, Engineering Draftsman M. L. Nebel, Draftsman L. S. Baldwin, Draftsman Blanche Fowler, Clerk Faith Neighbour, Clerk H. P. Ousley, Field Assistant C. W. Clark, Field Assistant L. W. Swett, Field Assistant R. W. Brown, Field Assistant Paul Morse, Field Assistant J. H. Bell, Field Assistant H. R. Moore, Field Assistant E. H. Pool, Field Assistant D. E. Day, Levelman J. P. Pepper, Levelman J. D. Mattison, Levelman Harry Almond, Field Cook O. F. Brooks, Office Assistant S. T. Wallage, Office Assistant E. F. Rehnquist, Office Assistant G. C. Vanden Boom, Office Assistant W. C. Vander Mark, Office Assistant Geological Section general stratigraphy Field work and reports were completed by Stuart Weller covering the general geology of the Illinois area of the following quadrangles : Bald- win, Kimmswick, Chester, Crystal City, and Renault. The Mahomet, Urbana, and Avon surveys were completed by T. E. Savage. J. A. Udden completed the Milan quadrangle. The Coulterville quadrangle was prac- tically finished by Air. Cady, who has prepared a report for combination with a similar report on the area immediately west. *Assigned by U. S. Geological Survey to work in cooperation. 14 BIENNIAL REPORT EOR 1913 AND 1914 CO A L I NVEST1 CATION S The investigation in cooperation with the University and the U. S. Bureau of Mines was carried on according to agreement. Unfortunately the funds did not permit all of the work that could have been done to advan- tage. The collection of diamond-drill records and the determination of their levels was continued ; the results are now being incorporated into maps which w T ill be issued later. Eighty-five samples of promising clay materials, occur- ring in connection with coal, were collected by the Survey and submitted to the Ceramics Department of the University for laboratory tests, according to an agreement. Reports on the various coal fields by Mr. Kay are in progress. Professor Parr is preparing a report on the coal analyses com- pleted in 1912 and another one on the status of the coke industry as affecting Illinois coal. The preliminary publication of the analyses has been issued as an extract from Bulletin 3. Reports on the coal resources of the Belle- ville and of the Danville districts were submitted in 1914. A preliminary investigation of surface subsidence due to mining was completed by Mr. Young. The report will be extended to a study of foreign experience and practices, under direction of the Alining Department of the University. OIL AND GAS INVESTIGATIONS Studies in the oil fields were deferred until 1914 on account of the need of finishing up reports already in press and in preparation. Bulletin 22, on the oil fields of Crawford and Lawrence counties, was issued in 1914. A report on oil and gas in Bond, Montgomery, and Macoupin counties was issued during the summer of 1914. Geological field work for the purpose of locating favorable oil struc- ture in advance of topographic mapping was completed for the area directly south of the new Plymouth oil field by Messrs. Morse and Rich and a corps of levelmen and rodmen. A report on the Allendale field was prepared by Mr. Rich for publication in Bulletin 31. During the biennium the Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, was successful in locating the Colmar oil field, McDonough County; the Staunton gas field, Macoupin County; and the Spanish Needle Creek field, Macoupin County. CLAY RESOURCES In connection with the Mining Investigations, 85 samples of promising clay materials were collected in coal mines throughout the State and sub- mitted to the Department of Ceramic Engineering, University of Illinois, for laboratory tests. This is a new line of investigation for the State, and it will probably produce valuable results. The report on this work will be sent to press as soon as the laboratory tests are made by the Ceramics Department. ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 15 OVERFLOWED LANDS Careful investigations of areas possibly deserving reclamation surveys were made by the Director, a drainage engineer on behalf of the State, and a representative of the U. S. Geological Survey. The examination included Saline River, in Saline and Gallatin counties ; Crooked Creek, in Schuyler and McDonough counties ; and AlcGees Creek, in Adams, Brown, and Pike counties. There is much land to be reclaimed along each of these streams, but in the absence of strong local sentiment favoring reclamation projects, it seemed unlikely that investigational work would be utilized for many years. It was agreed unanimously that surveys were hardly war- ranted at this time. An informal conference was held with the chairman and the engineer of the Rivers and Lakes Commission to consider whether that Commission would prepare an engineering report based on our maps of the Spoon River Valley, and also complete a report for the Big Muddy Valley, according to our agreement with the previous Rivers and Lakes Commission. Informally the Commission has agreed to go on with the reclamation studies as rapidly as funds will permit. Unfortunately it was found later that the Rivers and Lakes Commission could not carry on this work, and the Geological Com- mission engaged at its own expense Melluish and Broyhill of Bloomington to make an engineering report on the Spoon River Valley reclamation. The work was later turned over to the Harman Engineering Company, who completed the report for publication as Bulletin 32. The Survey published an edition of all topographic maps previously made of lands subject to overflow. BUREAU OF INFORMATION The Survey maintains a bureau of information for the convenience of inquirers about mineral resources of Illinois. Requests are received in great numbers both from inside and outside the State. When possible, a bulletin containing the desired information is mailed. Frequently, how- ever, it is necessary to make special study and to reply by letter at some length. Many requests for the identification of minerals are received and answered promptly ; others for chemical analysis of specimens are, for the most part, necessarily refused. It has been found that the collection of a representative sample of a material and the investigation of its favorable occurrence for development are quite as essential and require expert advice, just as does chemical analysis. As a rule, therefore, unless a representative of the Survey investigates and samples a mineral deposit, an analysis at public expense is not justified, particularly because otherwise Survey funds would be seriously depleted by work which frequently is of no permanent value. Preliminary examinations and opinions as to probable value of minerals are always cheerfully given. 16 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 TOPOGRAPHIC SECTION JULY 1, 1913, TO JUNE 30, 1914 The Commission allotted $10,000 for the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys in Illinois, and an additional $1,500 from a fund advanced by private persons for the mapping of the Gallatin County por- tions of the Equality and Shawneetown quadrangles, and the United States Geological Survey allotted $11,500 to meet these amounts. The survey of the Mount Olive and Avon quadrangles and the Illinois portion of the Edgington quadrangle, in Macoupin, Montgomery, Fulton, Knox, McDonough, Warren, Mercer, and Rock Island counties, was com- pleted, and that of the Sparta quadrangle, in Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, and Washington counties, was commenced by Frank Tweedy, W. L. Miller, Fred Graff, jr., Gilbert Young, L. L. Lee, and W. S. Gehres, the area mapped being 794 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 :62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. The survey of the Iowa portion of the Edgington quadrangle, in Muscatine and Scott counties, was completed by Frank Tweedy, the area mapped being 52 square miles, for publication on the same scale as the Illinois portion, all expenses being borne by the Fed- eral Survey. The mapping of the Equality quadrangle and of the Illinois portion of the Shawneetown quadrangle was continued by O. H. Nelson, E. L. Hain, J. A. Duck, and F. B. Barrett, the area mapped being 90 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 :62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. The resurvey of the Marseilles quadrangle, in Grundy, Kendall, and La Salle counties, was completed, and that of the Morris quadrangle, in Grundy and Kendall counties, was commenced by L. L. Lee, the area mapped being 232 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 :62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of these areas and of the Brownfield quadrangle, in Johnson, Massac, and Pope counties, W. S. Gehres, C. R. French, G. W. Lucas, R. G. Clinite, and S. R. Archer ran 413 miles of primary levels and established 111 permanent bench marks, 21 miles of levels and 5 bench marks being in Iowa. For the control of the Birds, Equality, Brownfield, Marion, Stonefort, Vienna, Merom, Oaktown, and Vincennes (Ill.-Ind.) quadrangles and the Illinois portion of the Golconda and Paducah quad- rangles, in Crawford, Lawrence, Gallatin, Pope, Hardin, Saline, Johnson, Massac, Williamson, Pulaski, and Clark counties, 111., and Knox and Sulli- van counties, Ind., C. B. Kendall ran 217 miles of primary traverse and set 15 permanent marks, 33 miles and 2 marks being in Indiana. JULY 1, 1914, TO JUNE 30, 1915 The Commission allotted $9,000 for the continuation of cooperative topographic surveys in Illinois and the United States Geological Survey allotted an equal amount. U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH DIRECTOR 16 TITTTMAtta- -- |.Q RT FQR 1Q11 AMn ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 17 The survey of the Coulterville and Equality quadrangles and of the Illinois portions of the Shawneetown, Birds, Fords Ferry, and Golconda quadrangles in Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Washington, Gallatin, Hardin, Pope, Saline, Crawford, and Lawrence counties was completed, and that of the Brownfield quadrangle, in Johnson, Massac, and Pope counties, was begun by C. W. Goodlove, Fred Graff, jr., Gilbert Young, J. A. Duck, R. G. Clinite, R. M. Herrington, and W. S. Gehres, the total area mapped being 539 square miles, for publication on the scale of 1 :62,500, with a contour interval of 20 feet. For the control of the Brownfield, Morris, Birds, Good Flope, Paducah, Woodhull, Quincy, Orion, Alexis, Augusta, Monmouth, Meredosia, La Harpe, Mount Sterling, Camp Point, Griggsville, Pittsfield, and Barry quadrangles, in Johnson, Massac, Pope, Grundy, Kendall, Crawford, Law- rence, McDonough, Warren, Henry, Knox, Mercer, Adams, Pike, Rock Island, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Cass, Fulton, Henderson, Morgan, Scott, and Greene counties, S. R. Archer, E. C. Bibbee, G. W. Lucas, and R. G. Clinite ran 461 miles of primary levels and established 135 permanent bench marks. For the control of the Augusta, Beardstown, Good Hope, Lomax, Oquaka, Monmouth, Meredosia, La Harpe, Rushville, Kirkland, Wilming- ton, Sycamore, Shabbona, Quincy, Mount Sterling, Morris, Liberty, Earl- ville, Dwight, Camp Point, and Yorkville quadrangles, in Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Cass, Fulton, McDonough, Warren, Henderson, Pike, Scott, Morgan, Ogle, Dekalb, Boone, Winnebago, Will, Kankakee, Kane, Lee, Grundy, Kendall, La Salle, and Livingston counties, E. L. McNair ran 373 miles of primary traverse and set 31 permanent marks. Publications reports Owing to the congestion of printing under State contract many manu- scripts accumulated in the Geological Survey office. In the winter of 1914, however, a special appropriation for printing was made to the State Geol- ogical Survey, with the expectation that during the coming biennium all reports will be printed up to date. During the present biennium the follow- ing bulletins were issued : Bulletin 21 : Lead and zinc deposits of northwestern Illinois, by G. H. Cox. Bulletin 22 : Oil in Crawford and Lawrence counties, by R. S. Blatchley. Extract from Bulletin 23 : The Alexandrian series, by T. E. Savage. Bulletin 24 : Deep borings in Illinois, by J. A. Udden. Bulletin 25 : Report and plans for reclamation of land subject to overflow in the Embarrass River valley, by Harman Engineering Company. Bulletin 28: Gas and oil in Bond, Macoupin, and Montgomery counties, by R. S. Blatchley. Bulletin 29 : Purchase and sale of Illinois coal under specifications, by S. W. Parr. BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 f > TO u H o t | g-* £ S >> TO ,g > 1-1 t/3 TO g Area mapped Publi- cation scale Counties C J DO a 3 Sq. Mi. Miles Miles Miles 1:62,500 232 .___ _!__ ____ .___ 948 1:62,500 217 64 1 13 ____ ____ 551 1:62,500 172 43 12 j ___. __._ 342 1:62,500 14 27 6 IS 1:62,500 76 30 7 1:62,500 224 71 21 ____ .__. 469 1:62,500 17:i 78 24 ____ 897 1:62,500 8 ____ .___ ____ .___ 42 63 IS 57 3 __._ 15 5 29 3 -— — . — _ 23 3 ___. „__ _-. 22 1 11 1 ____ .___ — _ S 1 1116 391 106 184 13 3249 1:62,500 62 ____ _— .— 244 1:62,500 17 _— 130 1:62,500 113 — - — . _— — - 267 1:62,500 185 38 11 i 1:62,500 ! 22 — _. -— .— 115 1:62,500 77 __._ ' — _ — - 397 1:62,500 63 47 12 ___'_ 172 68 20 34 2 12 3 Macoupin, Bond, Montgomery Fulton, Knox, Warren, McDonough Mercer, Rock Island Gallatin, Pope, Hardin, Saline Gallatin, Hardin Grundy, Kendall, La Salle Perry, Washington, St. Clair, Randolph- Grundy, Kendall Johnson, Massac, Pope Crawford, Lawrence Pope, Llardin Johnson, Williamson Johnson, Pope, Saline Johnson, Massac, Pulaski Clark, Crawford Massac, Pope Lawrence, Wabash Totals Perry, Washington, St. Clair, Randolph. Gallatin, Hardin Hardin, Gallatin, Pope, Saline Crawford, Lawrence Hardin Hardin, Pope Johnson, Massac, Pope Grundy, Kendall Greene, Pike, Scott 1913 Mt. Olive Avon Edgington Equality Shawneetown Marseilles Sparta (Coulterville) Morris Brownfield Birds Golconda Marion Stonefort Vienna . Merom Paducah Vincennes . 1914 Coulterville Shawneetown Equality _ -_._.__ Birds Fords Ferry Golconda Brownfield _ ... Morris Griggsville ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 19 CM i-l (M i-l M (M H (N I I I CO CO t— I I ° -2 C J? c 5 o § .M 3 s o> o n H c/2 o re ^ "" ^ ^ ^S O , o S PQ « Ph J h-I ££ b u $ re re c pq C > re c3 p p re = M M S re W e E y-» v ■ v-j • > -a y S3 en •_ o C o .■a « ►? '5 -c Ph PQ ^ a o § I § |l g 5 . 1 -o 7, M re O C S3 c Pn>> — +■> " ~ .= 2 £ re -^ J ^ .M c.^j »1SS o « ^ jo b fe B £ 3 •- .^ >> j £ .„ re ? re o 20 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 The following Illinois Coal Mining Investigations were published: Extract from Bulletin 3 : Chemical study of Illinois coals, by S. W. Parr. Bulletin 10 : Coal resources of District I, by G. H. Cady. Bulletin 11 : Coal resources of District VII, by F. H. Kay. Bulletin 14: Coal resources of District VIII, by F. H. Kay and K. D. White. The distribution of these reports so as to prevent waste, and yet make them most widely available, has been in itself a considerable ta§k. It is thought that the interests of all concerned would be best met if 500 copies of each report were reserved for sale at the cost of printing, the receipts from the sales being turned into the State treasury. This makes it possible for libraries to complete their sets and for persons having real need for any of the volumes to obtain the earlier ones at small cost. The remainder of the edition is distributed by the Survey and the Secretary of State to insti- tutions and individuals making application for them, or is exchanged with other Surveys or publishing organizations. Any of the published reports will be sent upon receipt of the amount noted. Money orders, drafts, and checks should be made payable to F. W. DeWolf, Director. ' MAPS A special edition of 1,000 topographic maps of the Kaskaskia, Em- barrass, Big Muddy, and Spoon River valleys was published. A new edition of the Illinois base map, which was first published in 1912, was issued in 1914. Information regarding railroads, elevations, etc., was brought up to date so far as possible. For a number of years the possibility of publishing topographic maps on the county-unit basis had been contemplated, but until 1914 appropria- tions would not permit such publication. The map of St. Clair County was issued and proved extremely popular. Other maps on the county basis will follow during the coming biennium. A special edition of the topographic map of Starved Rock Park was issued. It will later be used as a base for geological and other reports on this area of special interest. The accompanying illustration (Plate I) shows the areas for which topographic maps have been prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Geol- ogical Survey. Those maps published may be obtained from this office by remitting 10 cents for each copy. As the maps do not conform to county lines except as noted above, those desired should be ordered by quad- rangle names. The topographic maps are distributed also from Washington. They may be purchased at the rate of 10 cents each, but when they are ordered in lots of 50 or more copies, the price is 6 cents each. Drafts or money ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 21 orders should be sent to the Director, U. S. Geological Survey, Washing- ton, D. C. He is not allowed to receive postage stamps or personal checks in payment. Expenditures Table 2.— Total expenditures July 1, 1913, to June 30, 1915 General appropriation — Balance on hand July 1, 1913 Appropriation July 1, 1913... Appropriation July 1, 1914.., Total available Expenditures July 1, 1913 to June 30, 1915 — Salary and expenses of administration Clerical help and general office expenses Postage for distribution of bulletins Oil investigations Coal investigations (exclusive of mining study) Cooperative geological surveys (quadrangles) General stratigraphic studies .... Water resources investigations Clay resources investigations (exclusive of mining study) Geological surveys (quadrangles) Educational series Statistics Special field equipment Topographic surveys Balance available July 1, 1915 Special appropriation for coal mining study- Balance on hand July 1, 1913 Appropriation July 1, 1913 Appropriation July 1, 1914 Total available Expenditures July 1, 1913 to June 30, 1915 — Coal resources Chemical work on coals Office supplies Special held equipment Collection of drill records Clays available at coal mines Surface subsidence due to mining Administration, clerical help, and drafting Telephone, telegraph, express, and freight Postage Balance available July 1, 1915, $ 736.74 25,000.00 25,000.00 9,112.69 6,696,37 1,190.78 4,003.33 457.34 4,633.05 896.01 2,158.18 42.44 601.53 1,356.81 574.14 585.90 18,304.72 42.22 4,500.00 4.500.00 4,424,75 330.45 2.90 177.63 1,404.06 557.51 792.44 840.52 33.32 200.00 $50,736.74 50,613.29 $ 123.45 9,042.22 8,763.58 $ 278.64 22 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Expenditures — Concluded Special appropriation for survey and study of overflowed lands — Balance on hand July 1, 1913 $ 496.48 Appropriation July 1, 1913 7,500.00 Total available 7,996.48 Expenditures July 1, 1913 to June 30, 1915 4,281.87 Balance available July 1, 1915 $ 3,714.61 Preparation of Illustrations and printing — Balance on hand July 1, 1913 $ 3.83 Appropriation July 1, 1913 5,000.00 Appropriation July 1, 1914 5,000.00 Total available 10,003.83 Expenditures July 1, 1913 to June 30, 1915 9,883.79 Balance available July 1, 1915 $ 120.04 MINERAL RESOURCES OF ILLINOIS IN 1913 AND 1914 By Helen J. Skewes OUTLINE PAGE Introduction 24 Acknowledgments 24 General review 24 Coal 26 Coke 30 Pig iron 30 Petroleum 31 Natural gas 35 Gasoline 36 Asphalt 36 Clay-working industries 36 Clay 36 Clay products 37 Stone 40 Sandstone 40 Limestone 40 Lime 41 Cement 43 Sand and gravel 43 Fluorspar 46 Mineral water 46 Tripoli or silica 47 Pyrite and sulphuric acid 47 Lead, zinc, and silver 48 Mineral paints 48 ILLUSTRATION FIGURE 1. Relative values of leading Illinois products in 1914 26 TABLES 3. Output and value of mineral products in Illinois, 1910-1914 25 4. Production of coal in Illinois by counties, in short tons, 1910-1914 27 5. Production of coal in Illinois, by counties, in short tons, 1913 and 1914. ... 28 6. Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Illinois, 1910-1914 30 7. Production in long tons and value of pig iron in Illinois, 1911-1914 30 8. Marketed production in barrels and value of petroleum in Illinois, 1889- 1914 31 (23) 24 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 TABLES— ( concluded ) PAGE 9. Marketed production of petroleum in Illinois, by months, in barrels, 1910- 1914 31 10. Average daily output of petroleum in Illinois, by months and years, in barrels, 1910-1914 32 11. Fluctuation in prices per barrel of Illinois petroleum, 1912-1914 32 12. Number of oil wells completed in Illinois, by months, 1913 and 1914 34 13. County record of wells drilled in Illinois, 1913 and 1914 34 14. Record of natural-gas industry in Illinois, 1906-1914 35 15. Depth and rock pressure of wells in Illinois, 1910-1914 35 16. Production of gasoline from natural gas in Illinois, 1913 and 1914 36 17. Production in short tons and value of clay mined and marketed in Illinois, 1910-1914 37 18. Clay products in Illinois, 1910-1914 38 19. Production and value of brick and draintile in Illinois, by counties, 1913 and 1914 39 20. Value of production of sandstone and limestone in Illinois, 1910-1914.... 41 21. Portland cement industry in Illinois, 1910-1914 43 22. Production in short tons and values of different kinds of sand and gravel in Illinois, 1910-1914 42 23. Production in short tons and value of sand and gravel in Illinois by coun- ties, 1913 and 1914 44 24. Production in short tons and value of fluorspar in Illinois, 1902-1914 46 25. Production in gallons and value of mineral waters in Illinois, 1910-1914 46 26. Production in short tons and value of tripoli mined in Illinois, 1909-1914 47 27. Production in long tons and value of pyrite mined in Illinois, 1909-1914 47 28. Tenor of lead and zinc ore and concentrates in Illinois, 1913 and 1914. ... 49 29. Production and value of lead, zinc, and silver in Illinois, 1910-1914 49 INTRODUCTION Acknowledgments The mineral statistics in 1913 and 1914 were collected by the U. S. Geological Survey and Illinois State Geological Survey in cooperation. The figures used in this paper are compilations by the U. S. Geological Survey from reports made by individual operators. General Review Illinois ranked third in total value of mineral production in 1913 and 1914, the preceding positions having been held by Pennsylvania and West Virginia. This prominence is due chiefly to its larger output of coal and petroleum, and to the development of the clay industries. As a manufac- turer of pig iron and coke Illinois stands high, but since the material is imported, the value of this product can not be included in the total. As a producer of fluorspar Illinois enjoys an international reputation as its de- posits in Pope and Hardin counties are the largest in the world. Portland cement is also a leading product and is growing rapidly. MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1913 AND 1914 25 a r-i 00 s £ r- IT — OS g§ 00 co — (M in SO LC 1 - 1- 1- 1- £{§ oc L-- oa Lt C- .-> co cm \o ^ - C " X - 35 OS O CM l * u 00 00 «*« TT CO ■"* "* CO ■0 1-1 --*< r- CO o X - cm , i-l 1 K§ 1— 1 &s OS T. r- r— I 1-4 c 1 CO CO ■* Ifl H LO CO CM i— I r- © oo i- (o ra m OO » IO „ "" m" co" co" 2 ©' co -g; as ■ i— oi w a oo h m ia - m i> in" O Oo" S m" 1-1 t- ■"=> "* rt o ■* oc" -*" i-T i-T d n d m x o co" W N t M t« t O N W lO in os o i— co ^ cm t- a s ■* w in o w t- m^ _ cc cm^ os oc" os" 3 "s" <-^~ i-i in oo os R 7-) •^ i—( i-H CO 1 Dt -M -. 0C l i-l CM S h cs IS s ?. CO O 77 o -. rr 7? oo -T" / ifl 77 OS CO , u . » ~ %% 3 S CO S s 77 7 1 s CI CO OS 7" 1 in os eo 6» in c a 7-1 eq 00 C- ^ s ^ iH so 1 -* / e i ep 00 1 - S ! •«*< CO 77 -•- -2 2 •J £ to ^ * 1-1 00 ~ 77 O t- n I- — •- ■"* J o - in OC 71 O 77 H fc — 8 o 1—1 cc CO 77 7 1 r- CO t- -t- CO oa I . 3 « in r- OS o o ,_■ . . co — ~ 77 e OS in » -" 77 — . 1-1 00 1-t -3 IX 1 i-H "# o V OS l ^ rH BM ^ X o OS OS j o Tf CO © X CM 1 / -* 1 1 w c© SO CO o CO ■7*1 1— 1 ~ CO 1 •* io cq co co co in oo h m q in t-" f" M M* t- i-l CM O CM OS 3 ,-H CO CO t-H t- i-H O OO CM OS O O co in o s% CO i-H CM i—l 00 O co -*t« o o m in in q CO od co cm" -* 00 r-H in tn en c c o o oooooooC o o "o5 "oo P H P o -S ^ b eo < K S ra rt ^ i- b ^ - « •- u- _. ™ O 7> _! _3 § *5 ^; pi. Ch >,Sr3ii 3 u .a a o — " « £ X « cs to > > 26 BIENNIAL REPORT EOR 1913 AND 1914 A record in total value of mineral production was made for Illinois in 1913 (Table 3) due largely to the remarkable advance in prices of petroleum. In 1914 the values for both coal and petroleum fell decidedly and the total value of mineral output declined about 8 per cent. COAL In both 1913 and 1914 Illinois ranked third in total quantity and in total value of coal mined, having produced in these years respectively 10.8 per cent and 11.2 per cent of the total output for the United States. Penn- sylvania and West Virginia held the first and second ranks among coal- producing states. The year 1913 was a record breaker for quantity of output of coal in Illinois (Table 4). This was occasioned partly by the increased demand from states to the west, due to a diminished supply of gas and to strikes RELATIVE VALUE OF ILLINOIS PRODUCTS 1914 20 40 60 MIL. $ COAL OIL CLAY PROD. CEMENT SAND GRAV & STONE — Fig. 1. — Relative values of leading products in Illinois in 1914. in the more western fields, as in Colorado. In spite of this demand and increased wages of mine workers, the value per ton at the mines decreased from an average of $1.17 in 1912 to $1.14 in 1913. In 1914 the quantity of coal mined declined 6.5 per cent and the value 8 per cent as compared with 1913 (Table 4). This decrease was due largely to the biennial shut-down that varied in duration in different districts from 30 to 60 days. A drought in southern Illinois and Indiana affected business seriously and increased costs, as water had to be shipped into many districts in tank cars to keep the mines operating. The average value per ton declined to $1.12. Of the 48 coal-producing counties during these two years, 16 reported over one million tons (Table 5). In 1913 the decreasing ranks of the first 7 counties were Williamson, Franklin, Sangamon, Macoupin, St. Clair, Saline, and Madison; in 1914 Franklin County outranked Williamson, and these were followed by Sangamon, Macoupin, Madison, and St. Clair. MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1913 AND 1914 27 Table 4. — Production of coal in Illinois, by counties, in short tons, 1910-1914 County 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 Bond _-- 139,398 Bureau 973,346 Calhoun Christian 1,223,295 Clinton 950,243 Franklin 1,778,768 Fulton 1,721,527 Gallatin 70,091 Greene ' 9,082 Grundy 600,281 Hancock 640 Henry 124,243 Jackson 584,240 Jefferson 10,000 Knox 28,295 La Salle 1,178,885 Livingston - 162,898 Logan 409,244 McDonough - 26,338 McLean 83,982 Macon 235,361 Macoupin 3,854,229 Madison 4,102,773 Marion 812,873 Marshall 267,447 Menard 332,557 Mercer 229,024 Montgomery 1,799,720 Morgan 1,300 Peoria 810,595 Perry 1,367,771 Putnam 364,882 Randolph 1,025,557 Rock Island 66,207 St. Clair 5,788,567 Saline 2,459.650 Sangamon 4,449,634 Schuyler 2,427 Scott 2,400 Shelby 135,672 Stark , 32,582 Tazewell 155,659 Vermilion 2,515,250 Warren 10,275 Washington 22,500 White 23,722 Will 124,652 Williamson 4,620,372 Woodford 125,823 Small mines , 85,969 Total 45,900,246 Total value ' $52,405,897 °Includes production of Johnson County. b Includes production of Moultrie County. 119,250 232,571 223,786 123,730 1,628,688 1,677,317 1,639,208 1,284,311 1,400 1,156 1,222,259 1,467,846 1,504,716 1,486,053 921,225 1,040,479 1,049,575 1,090,787 3,555,586 4,442,284 6,072,102 7,311,209 2,133,029 2,453,424 2,388,775 2,052,170 63,008 64,244 46,105 81,735 6,207 7,841 5,009 6,665 776,800 540,787 401,527 388,368 320 1,678 90,722 58,613 43,383 47,010 687,753 703,190 723,863 601,697 9,500 21,032 35,000 9,051 30,136 22,293 18,280 14,150 1,610,470 1,537,591 1,564,459 1,279,593 89,423 65,774 63,877 64,461 334,860 466,528 351,666 352,181 8,027 14,446 12,603 5,251 96,517 89,781 88,777 78,008 236,203 291,590 206,140 217,217 4,688,212 4,986,574 5,097,619 4.555,834 3,152,705 4,025,878 3,732,153 3,546,256 1,224,326 1,311,024 988,964 906,837 423,984 449,660 426,490 383,331 190,477 177,578 120,174 76,603 297,552 393,018 408,875 372,528 2,395,814 2,182,823 2,689,702 2,597,677 1,268 1,000 1,222 a 906 1,037,362 1,225,574 1,163,073 1,055,323 1,272,292 1,444,114 2,013,128 2,236,480 772,976 720,048 724,170 605,863 777,746 798,163 763,472 956,582 65,983 66,817 35,672 36,022 3,931,479 4,734,840 4,383,459 3,246,322 3,820,410 4,417,874 4,189,003 3,746,656 5,137,835 5,714,742 5,875,853 5,679,595 6,138 4,573 1,855 2,781 464 460 600 1,000 81,615 185,501 193,632 196,339 37,293 34,176 14,610 12,703 220,783 171,321 341,626 335,566 3,385,200 3,424,923 3,501,880 2,394,081 9,044 5,021 3,383 1,510 25,000 244,879 319,370 497,000 35,681 27,052 22,304 32,111 178,397 130,806 149,926 136,758 6,614,029 7,354,507 7,644,397 7,066,029 164,001 185,499 "302,184 315,840 109,759 157,994 71,097 98,340 53,679,118 59,885,226 61,618,744 57,589,197 $59,519,478 $70,294,338 $70,313,605 $64,693,529 28 BIENNIAL REPORT EOR 1913 AND 1914 The increased use of mining machinery has increased the efficiency in the labor employed. In 1911 the output per man was 3.7 tons for each working day ; in 1914 it was 4.2 tons. Table 5. — Production of coal in Illinois, by counties, in short tons, 1913 and 1914 1913 Sold to Aver- Aver- Loaded local Used at Aver- age age at mines trade mines for Total Total age num- num- County for ship- and used steam quantity value value ber of ber of ment by em- ployees and heat per ton days active em- ployees Bureau Christian Clinton Franklin Fulton Gallatin Grundy Henry Jackson Knox La Salle Livingston Logan McDonough Macoupin Madison Marion Marshall Menard Mercer Montgomery Peoria Perry Randolph Rock Island St. Clair Saline Sangamon Shelby Stark Tazewell Vermilion Will Williamson Other counties" and small mines. 1,514,958 1,353,559 1,001,903 5,872,038 2,282,585 41,214 361,221 320 641,946 1,125,740 1,524 268,696 1,682 4,908,004 3,534,531 945,572 340,639 77,673 374,846 2,603,826 1,048,737 1,918,763 711,894 2,062 4,105,508 4,065,766 5,457,986 165,489 3,775 268,412 3,268,325 130,668 7,379,489 1,549,728 55,964 79,286 11,601 42,254 45,776 3,884 23,598 41,388 27,912 17,672 364,790 61,154 55,273 10,921 71,020 105,390 18,356 62,174 35,577 18,305 37,975 91,910 30,146 28,316 29,810 187,707 33,728 255,273 18.678 10,315 67,015 174,752 14,358 67,203 369,486 68,286 71,871 36,071 157,810 60,424 1,007 16,708 1,675 54,005 608 73,929 1,199 27,697 118,595 92,232 25,036 23,677 6,924 15,724 47,901 22,426 64,219 23,262 3,800 90,244 89,509 162,594 9,465 520 6,199 58,803 4,900 197,705 85,683 Total 57,329,079 2,568,957 1,720,708 61,618,744 70,313,605 $1.14 1,639,208 1,504,716 1,049,575 6,072,102 2,388,775 46,105 401,527 43,383 723,863 18,280 1,564,459 63,877 351,666 12,603 5,097,619 3,732,153 988,964 426,490 120,174 408,875 2,689,702 1,163,073 2,013,128 763,472 35,672 4,383,459 4,189,003 5,875,853 193,632 14,610 341,626 3,501,880 149,926 7,644,397 2,004,897 $2,614,561 $1.60 207 1,672,004 1.11 156 1,021,262 .97 157 7,007,904 1.15 220 3,055,825 1.28 191 50,835 1.10 113 663,649 1.65 153 79,015 1.82 180 1,028,754 1.42 174 34,318 1.88 189 2,738,704 1.75 237 104,901 1.64 248 435,250 1.24 193 27,656 2.19 161 5,057,710 .99 193 3,824,161 1.02 157 998,143 1.01 175 776,171 1.82 217 151,633 1.26 148 580,790 1.42 198 2,797,777 1.04 187 1,432,687 1.23 206 2,055,441 1.02 190 772,579 1.01 149 54,677 1.53 132 4,192,122 .96 175 4,739,217 1.13 200 6,277,960 1.07 164 259,053 1.34 167 26,060 1.78 141 417,709 1.22 246 4,007,167 1.14 214 285,640 1.91 187 8,263,104 1.08 180 2,809,166 1.40 214 70,313,605 $1.14 189 3,790 2,294 1,377 5,662 3,569 148 1,148 113 974 51 2,893 100 597 35 5,472 4,393 1,438 1,078 281 581 3,086 1,519 2,267 1,003 75 4,785 4,911 7,775 406 46 433 4,058 387 9,472 3,312 79,529 Q Bond, Greene, Jefferson, McLean, Macon, Morgan, Moultrie, Putnam, Schuyler, Scott, Warren, Washington, White, and Woodford. MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1913 AND 1914 29 Table 5. — Production of coal in Illinois, by counties, in short tons, 1913 and 1914 — Concluded 1914 Sold to Aver- Aver- Aver- Loaded local ! Used at age age County at mines trade mines for Total Total age value num- num- for ship- and used steam quantity value ber of ber of ment by em- and heat per ton days em- ployees active ployees Bureau Christian Clinton Franklin Fulton Gallatin Greene Grundy Henry Jackson Knox La Salle Livingston Logan McDonough Macoupin Madison Marion Marshall Menard Mercer Montgomery Peoria Perry Randolph Rock Island St. Clair Saline Sangamon Shelby Stark Tazewell Vermilion Will Williamson Other counties" and small mines. Total 1,211,076 1,365,081 1,040,902 7,023,068 1,960,370 79,540 352,299 545,992 849,159 12,863 250,031 4,387,704 3,369,242 871,319 301,152 40,409 342,329 2,526,076 950,300 2,148,936 3,017,040 3,640,096 5,284,214 168,105 200 276,552 2,194,218 117,347 6,832,513 1,529,262 53,583,390 37,035 75,474 13,956 79,782 49,534 1,575 6,590 23,657 45,232 19,101 13,650 371,963 47,770 73,215 5,251 80,537 93,198 12,243 60,231 33,780 16,141 29,134 86,474 40,688 31,466 35,308 160,330 28,451 258,576 19,489 12,353 54,217 156,228 13,551 53,316 377,007 36,200 45,498 35,929 208,359 42,266 620 75 12,412 1,778 36,604 500 58,470 3,828 28,935 87,593 83,816 23,275 21,948 2,414 14,058 42,467 18,549 46,856 29,121 714 68,952 78,109 i 136,805 8,745 150 4,797 43,635 5,860 180,200 79,766 1,284,311 1,486,053 1,090,787 7,311,209 2,052,170 81,735 6,665 388,368 47,010 601,697 14,150 1,279,592 64,461 352,181 5,251 4,555,834 3,546,256 906,837 383,331 76,603 372,528 2,597,677 1,055,323 2,236,480 956,582 36,022 3,246,322 3,746,656 5,679,595 196,339 12,703 335,566 2,394,081 136,758 7,066,029 1,986,035 2,516,503 1,489,304 57,589,197 64,693,529 $2,138,716 1,677,143 1,110,044 8,533,516 2,588,881 84,135 13,330 686,992 75,791 855,951 27,230 2,242,493 106,380 460,647 10,695 4,363,318 3,509,461 904,590 708,250 103,206 538,637 2,636,581 1,267,777 2,173,488 937,564 62,703 2,951,890 4,034,121 5,955,278 248,641 25,181 412,466 2,716,631 240,192 7,500,210 2,791,400 "Bond, Hancock, Jefferson, Johnson, McLean, Scott, Warren, Washington, White, and Woodford. Macon, Morgan, Moultrie, Putnam, Schuyler, 30 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 COKE All Illinois coke in 1913 and 1914 was made in retort ovens at South Chicago, Joliet, and Waukegan. These establishments draw most of their coal from Pennsylvania and West Virginia. In 1913 the statistics showed an increase of 5.4 per cent in quantity and 6.5 per cent in value of coke produced, as compared with the previous year. In 1914 there was a decided decrease in this industry amounting to 24.5 per cent in quantity and 32.2 per cent in value. Table 6 presents the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Illinois during the past 5 years. Table 6. — Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Illinois, 1910-1914 Year Ovens Establish- Y ield , Coke Total value of Value of coke at ments Built Building Coal used in coke ovens ovens per ton 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 ■ 1 5 508 4 506 48 6 594 40 4 568 58 4 "586 "40 Short tons 1 ,972,955 2,087,870 2,316,307 2,481,198 1,932,132 Short Per cent tons 76.8 l.f.l 4,504 77.1 ' 1,610,212 76.2 1 .764,944 74.9 1,859,553 73.8 1,425,168 $6,712,550 6,390,251 8,069,903 8,593,581 5,858,700 $4.43 3.97 4.57 4.62 4.11 "Includes 253 Semet-Solvay, 315 Koppers, and 18 Wilputte ovens. b Semet-Solvay ovens. PIG IRON In both 1913 and 1914 Illinois ranked third in output of pig iron, having been preceded by Pennsylvania and Ohio. A record was made in 1913, but in accordance with the condition of the iron industry throughout the country in 1914, Illinois showed a decrease in the production of pig iron amounting to 38.0 per cent, and in value amounting to 46.8 per cent, as compared with the figures for the preceding year. The rank of third among the states was maintained, having been preceded by Pennsylvania and Ohio. The manu- facture of this product in Illinois is from ore shipped into Chicago and vicinity from Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The statistics for pig iron in Illinois from 1911 to 1914 are given in Table 7. Table 7. — Production in long tons and value of pig iron in Illinois, 1911-1914 Year Quantity 1910 1911 1912 1913 L914 2,675,646 2,036,0S1 2,806,378 2,892,263 1,793,714 Average Value price per ton $42,917,362 $15.91 31,152,927 15.30 42,828,816 15.26 45,796,966 15.83 24,382,458 13.57 MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1913 AND 1914 31 PETROLEUM In 1913 and 1914 Illinois held third rank among the oil-producing states, having been preceded by California and Oklahoma. In 1913 this State produced 9.62 per cent of the total quantity for the United States, and in 1914 it was 8.25 per cent. Because of the high quality of the oil, the value of the Illinois output in 1913 was 13.06 per cent of the total value for the country, and in 1914 it was 11.87 per cent. A sharp decline of 16.5 per cent in total quantity of oil produced was felt in 1913, and the decrease continued in 1914 when it amounted to 8.3 per cent. Because of marked advances in prices in 1913 the total value of the output was 27.3 per cent over the previous year; but in 1914 a loss of 17.9 per cent was felt. Tables 8 to 11 give the history of oil production and the fluctuation in prices for the last three years. Table 8. — Marketed production in barrels and value of petroleum in Illinois, 1889-1914 Year Marketed production 1889-1904 6,576 1905 -_ -. _ - 181,084 1906 4,397,050 1907 24,281,973 1908 - _ 33,686,238 1909 30,898,339 1910 33,143,362 1911 .- — 31,317,038 1912 28,601,308 1913 __ __ _- _. _._ 23,893,899 1914 21,919,749 Percentage of U. S. production Value 0.14 3.47 14.62 18.76 16.87 15.82 14.21 12.88 9.62 8.25 $ 116,561 3,274,818 16,432,947 22,649,561 19,788,864 19,669,383 19,734,339 24,332,605 30,971,910 25,426,179 Yearly- average price per barrel \ .644 .745 .677 .672 .640 .593 .630 .851 1.296 1.160 Table 9. — Marketed production of petroleum in Illinois, by months, in barrels, 1910-1914 Month 1910 January 2,640,303 February 2,353,684 March ' 2,865,055 April 2,776,800 May 2,860,760 June 2,746,620 July 3,029,787 August 3,007,151 September 2,850,119 October 2,768,750 November 2,629,132 December 2,615,201 Total 33,143,362 1911 1912 1913 1914 2,578,579 2,241,867 2,149,264 1,935,492 2,373,229 2,262,440 1,859,412 1,570,790 2,790,515 2,369,428 2,008,245 1,969,915 2,560,963 2,351,693 2,015,058 1,833,099 2,731,965 2,535,039 2,117,425 1,970,688 2,634,521 2,503,038 2,003,278 1,932,303 2,740,654 2,698,582 2,075,444 1,907,521 2,770,946 2,519,651 2,001,228 1,844,983 2,615,120 2,366,712 1,942,052 1,817,437 2,638,927 2,424,472 1,982,002 1,813,364 2,400,670 2,174,856 1,819,116 1,678,783 2,480,949 2,153,530 1,921,375 1,645,374 31,317,038 28,601,308 23,893,899 21,919,749 32 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Table 10. — Average daily output of petroleum in Illinois, by months and years, in barrels, 1910-1914 Month 1910 1911 January 85,171 February 84,060 March 92,421 April 92,560 May 92,283 June 91,554 July 97,735 August 97,005 September 95,004 October 89,315 November 87,638 December 84,361 Average 90,804 85,800 83,180 84,758 90,017 85,365 88,128 87,817 88,408 89,385 87,171 85,127 80,022 80,031 1912 72,318 78,015 76,433 78,390 81,775 83,435 87,051 81,279 78,890 78,209 72,495 69,469 78,146 1913 69,331 66,407 64,782 67,169 68,304 66,776 66,950 64,556 64,735 63,936 60,637 61,980 65,463 1914 62,435 56,100 63,546 61,103 63,570 64,410 61,533 59,516 60,581 58,496 55,959 53,076 60,054 Table 11. — Fluctuation in prices, per barrel, of Illinois petroleum, 1912-1914 Date 1912 Jan. 1 __. Jan. 2 ... Jan. 6 ... Jan. 24 .. Feb. 1 ... Mar. 4 _. Apr. 24 _. May 24 .. June 13 . June 27 . July 25 .. Sept. 12 . Oct. 28 _. Nov. 9 _. Nov. 15 . Nov. 25 . Dec. 2 ... Dec. 9 ... Dec. 16 .. Dec. 20 .. Dec. 23 _. Above 30° B Below 30° B $0.67 .70 .72 .75 .78 .81 .83 .87 .90 .92 .94 .96 .99 1.02 1.05 U $0.57 .60 .62 .65 .68 .71 .73 .75 .77 .79 .82 .84 .87 .89 .91 .93 .96 .99 1.02 1.05 1.05 Date Above 30° B 1913 Jan. 1 $1.08 Jan. 3 1.08 Jan. 27 1.11 Feb. 2 1.14 Feb. 5 ! 1.17 Feb. 6 1.20 Feb. 20 1.25 Apr. 16 | 1.30 Nov. 5 1.35 Nov. 19 1.40 Nov. 22 1.45 Below 30° B $1.05 Date 1914 Jan. 1 ... Apr. 18 .. Apr. 25 .. Apr. 28 _. May 1 ._. May 5 _.. May 12 _. June 17 .. Aug. 1 — Aug. 7 — Sept. 14 . Sept. 23 . Oct. 26 _. All grades $1.45 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.07 1.02 .97 .92 Lawrence County is the richest oil-producing area in Illinois where the accumulation is governed by a strong double-plunging anticline. Seven sands ranging in depths from 450 to 1,985 feet contain large quantities of high-grade oil. In 1913 several isolated pools were opened in Lawrence- ville, but general drilling was handicapped by the drought. In 1914 consid- erable impetus was given to the development of this territory by a 3,100- barrel gusher from the McClosky sand in sec. 5, Dennison Township, on MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1913 AND 1914 33 the 6th of April. A substantial eastern and southeastern addition to the productive area followed and kept the total output for the county in 1914 practically equal to that of the previous year. Crawford County stands second among the oil-producing counties of the State. Most of the new wells were put down within the fields already defined, and very little new territory was opened up. Near the end of 1913 oil was found on a town lot in the north part of Robinson, and this was rapidly developed and exhausted early in 1914 owing to the small extent of the pool. The Allendale field of Wabash County discovered in 1912 continued to yield a small production. In south-central Illinois the Carlyle pool continued to decline. The Sandoval pool in Marion County showed a steady yield with a slight decline. In Macoupin County the Carlinville field was composed of 6 gas and 8 oil wells in 1913, the yield having been about 200 barrels daily; but in 1914 the production fell below 100 barrels daily from 3 wells. The latest development of oil territory in Illinois is the western field in McDonough County. In April, 1914, a 75-barrel well at a depth of 417 feet on the J. Hoing farm in the SW. }i NW. J A sec. 16, T. 4 N., R. 4 W. ( La- moine), aroused considerable excitement. Before the end of the year of the 174 wells that had been drilled in this Colmar field 36 were barren, and 138 yield a total initial daily production of 3,919 barrels. This discovery of oil is of especial interest as it followed recommendations by the State Geo- logical Survey 1 in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey on the folio work for the Colchester and Macomb quadrangles. During 1913 and 1914 unsuccessful tests were made near Equality, Harrisburg, Duquoin, Murphysboro, Hoffman, Hoyleton, Edwardsville, Millstadt, Pinkstaff, Kinsman, Lexington, Dundas, Anna, Olive Branch, Villa Grove, Mahomet, Sorento, Ava, Staunton, Collinsville, Ohlman, No- komis, Cottage Grove, Birmingham, Brooklyn, Camden, Mode, Shelby, and Allerton. The total number of wells drilled in Illinois up to January 1, 1915, has been estimated to be 24,566, of which number 4,120 or 16.7 per cent were dry. The record of drilling in Illinois in 1913 and 1914 is given in Tables 12 and 13. 1 Hinds, Henry, Oil and gas in the Colchester and Macomb quadrangles: 111. State Geol. Sur- vey Extract Bull. 23, pp. 11-13, 1914. 34 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Table 12. — Number of oil wells completed in Illinois, by months, 1913 and 1914 Month 1913 Gas Dry Total 1914 Oil Gas Dry Total January - February March ... April May June July ____. August _ — September October _. November December Total 106 83 71 92 137 112 139 116 145 151 115 96 1,363 23 22 12 13 21 35 28 38 16 31 24 15 278 131 107 89 105 159 153 170 156 163 181 143 164 1,721 126 103 116 148 116 123 98 98 111 69 48 35 1,191 15 28 18 41 35 52 37 39 28 27 14 22 356 148 135 136 191 154 180 138 140 139 98 63 57 1,579 Table 13. — County record of wells drilled in Illinois, 1913 and 1914 1913 County Oil Total initial daily production Average initial daily production Gas Dry Total Clark Clinton Coles Crawford Cumberland . Hancock Jasper Lawrence McDonough Macoupin Marion Wabash Miscellaneous Total .__ Clark Clinton Coles Crawford Cumberland Hancock Jasper Lawrence McDonough Macoupin Marion Wabash Miscellaneous Total 169 14 3 540 49 2 538 3 21 24 1,363 Bbls. 2,610 134 75 9,990 595 30 32,316 165 492 47,405 Bbls. 15.4 9.6 25.0 18.5 12.1 15.0 60.1 55.0 23.4 34.i 56 35 5 3 110 11 278 208 19 6 669 61 2 6 9 1 22 24 48 14 14 1,721 1914 157 1,590 10.1 2 20 10.0 16 172 10.7 542 8,613 15.9 22 127 15.8 1 45 45.0 3 28 9.3 294 24,324 82.7 138 3,919 28.4 3 15 5.0 6 70 11.6 7 345 49.3 1,191 39,268 33.0 28 32 62 2 5 136 2 19 36 2 1 5 15 356 221 4 21 706 24 20 5 365 174 5 7 12 15 1,579 MINERAL RESOURCES TN 1913 AND 1914 35 NATURAL GAS The estimated quantity of natural gas produced in Illinois in 1913 was 4,767,128,000 cubic feet, valued at $574,015; in 1914 it was 3,547,841,000 cubic feet, valued at $437,275. By far the largest amount of the gas is used for domestic purposes ; of that used industrially five times as much is used for power as for manufacturing. Most of that consumed for power was used for engines and boilers for operating in the oil fields. Some of the gas is so rich in gasoline that a few plants have been installed for the extraction of this product. Table 14. — Record of natural-gas industry in Illinois, 1906-1914 Gas produced Gas consumed Wells Year Num- ber of I value pro- ducers ' Number of con- sumers Domestic Indus- trial Value Drilled Gas Dry Produc- tive Dec. 31 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 128 185 194 207 225 223 231 235 $87,211 143,577 446,077 644,401 613,642 687,726 616,467 574,015 437,275 1,429 2,126 "7,377 "8,458 "10,109 "10,078 "10,691 "10,423 "8,952 2 61 "204 "518 "261 "293 "212 "279 "153 $87,211 143,577 "446,077 "644,401 "613,642 "687,726 "616,467 "574,015 "437,275 _._. ___. 94 41 121 42 56 11 ■64 31 69 78 56 147 60 119 38 114 200 283 400 423 458 458 453 455 417 "Includes number of consumers and value of gas consumed in Vincennes, Ind. Table 15. — Depth and rock pressure of wells in Illinois, 1910-1914, by counties County- Depth, in feet 1910 Pressure, in pounds 1911 1912 1913 1914 Bond | 925—1,100 Lawrence 700—1,900 Bureau 1 98— 357 Champaign 80 — 140 Clark 250— 610 Crawford ' 400—1,550 Cumberland 500—1,000 Dewitt 85— 127 Edgar 230- 600 Lee 126— 280 Logan 84— 90 McHenry ] McLean L 160— 372 Macoupin - Montgomery 55 — 67 Morgan 226— 400 Pike 89— 350 200—750 0- 23 15— 32 35— 45 20—225 25— 50 75—127 18— 28 Hi 100—350 0- 42 15— 30 10— 60 10-150 20- 50 50— 90 19— 28 10- 22 0—100 1— 20 40—410 0— 80 0— 20 15—105 20—200 0— 50 75—130 12— 28 0—100 0— 10 35-355 0— 42 0— 30 0— 30 20—350 0- - 25 50- -135 12- - 28 1— 0— 0— 40—350 0— 35 0— 30 25—450 65 0— 20 80-135 15— 28 0— 20 0— 53 36 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 The principal areas of commercial gas production are coextensive with the oil fields. The larger part of the gas comes from Cumberland, Clark, Crawford, and Lawrence counties, where the Pennsylvania!! series and Chester group of the Mississippian series are productive. Greenville, Bond County, is supplied by four wells from sands a depths of 925 and 1,055 feet in the Chester group. Hey worth, McLean County, obtains its supply from the glacial drift. Throughout Bureau, Champaign, Dewitt, Edgar, Lee, Morgan, Montgomery, and Pike counties many wells in the drift supply one or two families each. GASOLINE The casing-head gasoline industry in Illinois is very recent. It reached an important development in 1913, and in 1914 the output was increased 100 per cent, though the market depression brought down the prices so greatly that the increase in total value was only about 50 per cent. The gasoline industry is confined to the fields of Crawford and Lawrence counties where the content of gas ranges from 2 to 5.5 gallons per thousand cubic feet, the number in 1914 having been 2.52 gallons. Table 16 shows the development of the industry in 1913 and 1914. Table 16. — Production of gasoline from natural gas in Illinois, 1913 and 1914 1914 Number of plants Quantity gals. Value Price per gallon cents Gas used cu. ft. Average yield of gas per M cubic feet gals. 14 1,164,178 $100,331 8.62 462,321,000 2.52 ASPHALT In 1913 and 1914 oil asphalt was manufactured from crude petroleum. The figures for 1913 must be concealed, but in 1914 four refineries produced 41,553 short tons valued at $340,862. This was marketed entirely for road oil and for flux. CLAY-WORKING INDUSTRIES Clay The clay-mining industry in Illinois made considerable progress in 1913, but declined somewhat in 1914. In both years Illinois ranked fourth in quantity and fifth in value of clay mined. Fire clay is by far the most important clay mined, and Table 17 shows that a steady progress is being made in its output. The figures for both MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1913 AND 1914 37 Table 17.— Production in short tons and value of clay mined and marketed in Illinois, 1910-1914 Fire clay- Other clays Total Year Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value 1910 1911 ._.______ 82,878 71,479 92,963 106,216 125,071 $111,078 91,623 110,204 125,477 138,876 105,925 111,357 83,595 88,721 36,013 $78,818 92,203 82,459 78,560 29,478 188,803 182,836 176,558 194,937 161,084 $190,896 183,826 1912 1913 _-_ -- .. 192,663 204,037 1914 168,354 1913 and 1914 give Illinois fifth rank in total quantity and value of this prod- uct, the preceding states having been Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, and Missouri. The average price for fire clay in Illinois in 1913 was $1.18; in 1914 it was $1.11. La Salle County, where the clay below coal No. 2 has been found to be very refractory, led in the production of fire clay, with about 40 per cent of the total. Other counties reporting this kind of clay were McDonough, Scott, Union, Green, Grundy, and Livingston. Stoneware clay, brick clay, and other kinds were mined in Brown. Calhoun, Fulton, and Ogle counties. Clay Products In total value of clay products Illinois ranked fourth in 1913 and 1914, as it has for a great many years, the preceding positions having been held by Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. The 1913 value of production showed a slight decline, and in 1914 the decrease was 12.35 per cent (Table 18). Every variety of clay products except china was manufactured in Illi- nois. In 1913 this State ranked first in quantity and value of common brick; second in value of architectural terra cotta and in the value of vitrified paving brick ; third in quantity of vitrified paving brick and in value of enam- eled brick; fourth in value of draintile ; fifth in value of sewerpipe and fire- proofing ; sixth in quantity of front brick and fire brick ; and seventh in value of front brick and fire brick. For 1914 in the value and quantity of common brick and in the value of architectural terra cotta, this State ranked first, although the number of common brick was the lowest since 1901 ; in the value and quantity of vitri- fied paving brick, second ; in the value of front brick, and in the value of draintile, fourth ; and in the value of sewer pipe and fireproofing, fifth. Of the 102 counties in Illinois, 80 reported a production of clay prod- ucts. The Cook County value of output was approximately 30 per cent of the total State value, this being the largest brick-making county in the country. Almost one-third of the total State value was in common brick, of 38 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Table 18.— Clay products of Illinois, 1910-1914 Product Brick: Common — Quantity Value Average per M Vitrified — Quantity Value Average per M Front — Quantity Value Average per M Fancy or ornamental value__ Enameled do Fire do Stove lining do Draintile do Sewer pipe do Architectural terra cotta do Fireproofing do Tile, not drain do Pottery: Red earthenware do Stoneware and yellow and Rock- ingham ware value White ware, including C. C. ware white granite, semi-porcelain ware, and semi-vitreous porce- lain ware, value Sanitary ware value__ Porcelain electrical supplies, val- ue Miscellaneous value- _ Total value Number of active firms reporting. Rank of State.-. 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1,196,526,000 1,074,486,000 ■ 1,210,499,000 1,155,480,000 941,343,000 $6,896,836 $6,126,911 $6,437,331 $6,445,821 $4,898,698 $5.76 $5.70 $5.32 $5.58 $5.20 115,903,000 124,623,000 136,708,000 133,938,00(1 157,176,000 $1,415,355 $1,627,683 $1,839,721 $1,883,199 $2,086,344 $12.21 $13.06 $13.46 $14.06 $13.27 22,138,000 19,786,000 21,894,000 29,566,000 46,995,000 $274,699 $240,135 $268,433 $363,010 $506,984 $12.41 $12.14 $12.26 $12.28 $10.79 $10,875 $10,281 $8,785 $2,295 (a) $368,730 $1,613,698 $286,039 $1,372,049 $319,619 $1,189,910 $351,324 $274,106 (a) $1,225,190 $1,041,927 $538,633 $507,694 $500,844 $787,896 $743,986 $1,680,438 $1,879,275 $2,485,012 $1,908,399 $1 ,652,945 $552,905 $552,994 $507,222 $592,337 $567,266 («) (.a) (a) $82,168 Ui) $25,658 $41,875 $35,827 $46,175 $37,452 $708,958 $832,813 $675,244 $624,194 $483,407 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) («) (a) (o) $1,089,376 $855,262 $943,042 $15,176,161 $14,333,011 $15,210,990 $15,195,874 346 : 330 301 281 4 4 4 4 $1,025,838 $13,318,953 263 4 "Included in "Miscellaneous. which Cook County manufactured approximately two-thirds. Architec- tural terra cotta ranked second in value in 1913 and third in 1914 and was mostly from Cook County. Third in importance in 1913 and second in 1914 was vitrified paving brick most of which was from Knox and Living- ston counties. Table 19 gives by counties the production of the common brick and draintile for Illinois in 1913 and 1914. In manufacture of pottery Illinois held seventh place in 1913 and 1914. Stoneware was the pottery product of greatest value, constituting about 60 per cent of the total. It was made in Brown, Green, La Salle, McDonough, Tazewell, and Warren counties. In 1913 sales were reported by 23 opera- tors; in 1914 by 22. MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1913 AND 1914 39 Table 19. — Production and value of brick and draintile in Illinois, by counties, 1913 and 1914 1913 1914 County Common brick Draintile Value Common brick Draintile Thousands Value Thousands Value Value Adams Bureau Christian Clark Cook Edgar Edwards Fulton Gallatin Grundy Hancock Henry Iroquois Kane Kankakee La Salle Livingston Logan McDonough _. McLean Macon Madison Marion Montgomery _. Menard Morgan Peoria Rock Island _- St. Clair Saline Sangamon Tazewell Vermilion White Will Other counties 1 Total 5,399 4,484 1,965 510 117,682 3,713 7,292 521 <«) 1,259 995 234 2,225 84,717 2,516 15,094 1,026 2,375 5,079 2,850 15,918 585 4,162 3,021 1,763 4,192 4,950 38,173 4,300 7,421 20,100 (a) 971 1,200 788,788 1,155,480 $39,575 27,001 12,135 3,300 3,675,534 23,705 44,512 3,700 (a) 9,125 7,013 1,638 13,905 398,307 16,178 107,284 6,090 16,950 30,480 20,725 92,592 3,705 29,014 18,103 12,650 26,552 34,650 264,750 28,900 45,507 101,934 6,553 6,800 1,316,954 $6,445,821 $59,961 16,459 (o) (a) 28,000 7,794 4,900 57,972 13,179 6,184 61,038 (a) 105,174 226,378 43,494 (a) 20,991 8,285 (a) («) (a) 17,327 (a) <«> (a) (a) 47,873 22,000 (a) 13,110 (n) 465,071 $1,225,190 4,553 2,677 993 (a) 597,694 2,254 8,420 461 (a) 1,466 720 284 (a) 45,487 2,061 12,377 858 2,450 (a) 6,100 10,416 485 2,552 («) 1,469 («) 4,330 28,064 (a) 9,014 17,607 177,371 941,343 $32,211 15,863 7,418 (a) 2,661,476 14,403 45,690 3,310 (a) 10,605 5,700 1,542 (a) 152,281 12,555 86,569 5,703 18,000 (a) 38,700 65,637 2,813 16,243 10,807 (a) 35.608 180,070 («) 80,124 88,089 (a) 7,995 (o) 1,299,286 $4,898,698 $51,314 5.791 12,700 3,322 (a) 3,450 63,964 1,444 3,176 5,403 185,758 36,677 (a) 27,486 (a) (a) - © » O) M p to m* o* en co' ~ in t- h a e» O t- O0 O) (M H s rt - ,4 ,4 M " ,4 | CO t~ Cg * t-T ^ _m in a co" eg* •*** oo" co" eg ■**< co co os CO CO CO 00 t- I" (D IB t- O <~ eg cn oo t- o co m eg rH +• n w t- t- t» t> " o* o* *# b: o co ^ o "5 ■>* eg m tp in as -& eg oo eg rH eg eg eg a ^ tr <"- °\ i-< in o co Ji in co os rf eg i^ c a 4,801,626 3,774,048 3,481,638 4,457,264 4,955,219 "3 130,756 L64,292 75,391 77,252 20,635 a £ h zd as i- eg 5 w oo m h m £5 -ht-t a 00 O rH rH th co O eg co co eg rH eg t- t- H 00 05 S §8 3 2§ 8 co* co en os" co" o rH eg co h* en en en en en co rH eg co -hh os as os os as MINERAL RESOURCES IN 1913 AND 1914 43 about 30 per cent. Illinois ranked twelfth among the lime-producing states. For several years the lime industry here has changed very little. Both high-calcium and high-magnesium lime were manufactured in Illinois, as both kinds of limestone were quarried. Adams, Carroll, Madison, and Will counties reported high-calcium, and Cook, Kankakee, Rock Island, Whiteside, and Winnebago counties high-magnesium lime. CEMENT In 1913 and 1914 the five companies operating Portland cement plants in Illinois were located at South Chicago, La Salle (2), Oglesby, and Dixon. Because of a decline of nearly 18 per cent in the production of California in 1914, New York and Illinois each advanced in ranks to third and fourth places respectively, Pennsylvania and Indiana having held first and second ranks. Table 21 shows the figures for the production of Portland cement in Illinois from 1910 to 1914. The Utica Cement Company is producing natural cement from the Lower Magnesian limestone and operates one of the 12 natural cement plants of the country. Table 21. — Portland cement industry in Illinois, 1910-1914 (Figures opposite P relate to production; those opposite S to shipments) Year Number of plants Quantity Value Average price per barrel 1910 P 1911 P 1912 / g 1913 { P 1914 f P I s Barrels 4,459,450 4,582,341 4,299,357 4,602,617 5,083,799 4,734,540 5,401,605 5,284,022 $4,119,012 3,583,301 3,212,819 3,444,085 5,109,218 4,784,696 5,007,288 4,848,522 $0.80 .79 .75 1.01 .92 SAND AND GRAVEL In 1914 the quantity of production of sand and gravel in Illinois rele- gated New York to second rank and gave this State first place, although the difference was small. In value of output Illinois held fourth place in both 1913 and 1914, having been preceded by Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. In 1913 the total value of output was the highest ever reached, but 1914 showed a drop of 3.6 per cent in quantity and 10.2 per cent in value (Table 22). The St. Peter sandstone which is very pure and friable is being worked at the outcrops at Utica, Ottawa, Wedron, Millington, and Oregon, and makes excellent glass sand. All the rest of the production in Illinois is from alluvial deposits and pockets in the drift. Of the 35 counties reporting a production of this material, La Salle led with over 25 per cent of the State total. Other counties of prominence were 44 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Table 23. — Production in s hort tons and value o 1913 County 2 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Fig. 4. — Map showing approximate outcrop of the Cheltenham clay in Illinois. PENNSYLVANIAN FIRE CLAYS OF ILLINOIS 63 mately also on the map (fig. 4) accompanying this paper. South of Madi- son County the basal portion of the "Coal Measures" is greatly thickened by beds of coal, shale, and sandstone that are not present to the north, and the clays are not refractory. In a previous publication of the Survey 2 David White has presented paleobotanical evidence to show that although the coal itself is not present in most of the area in which the clays are being exploited, the stratigraphic position of the fire clays is immediately below the horizon of coal No. 1 of Rock Island County. In the summer of 1909 the writer in connection with the collection of representative samples of this fire clay studied the strati- graphic environment of these clays with the object of establishing the corre- lation on a lithologic basis. The studies were begun in the southern portion of the field and carried northward. From Madison to Brown counties, in- clusive, the sections presented marked uniformity, but north of this area the sections were modified to such an extent that in some places correlations that are not verified by fossil evidence are doubtful. A general section for the region is somewhat as follows : General section showing fire-clay horizon Thickness Description of strata Feet 8. Shale 30 7. Coal No. 2 2]/ 2 6. Clay ' 5 5. Limestone (south of Colchester) 4 4. Shale and sandstone (north of Colchester) 25 3. Coal No. 1 (Rock Island County and locally) 2 2. Fire clay 8 1. Coarse sandstone 10 Mississippian limestone, St. Peter sandstone, or Platteville ? limestone The sections in figure 5, most of which are at points where the clay is exploited, illustrate the prominent features of the stratigraphy from Madi- son to Rock Island counties. For comparison two sections from the Chel- tenham district, St. Louis, are also shown. In the region of greatest exploitation, or sduth of Macomb, coal No. 2 is at most places from 2 to 2y 2 feet thick. Below it is a plastic, 5-foot clay that is nearly everywhere of no value for ceramic purposes. Below this clay is a limestone that occurs at Colchester, Ray (?), Ripley, Exeter, Alsey, North and East Alton, Golden Eagle, and Cantine, and also in St. Louis. In the vicinity of Alton the limestone has a dense, gray matrix containing darker gray subcrystalline inclusions, varying in size from minute fragments 2 White, David, Report on field work done in 1907: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 8, pp. 268- 272, 1907. 64 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 I!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!'; m |iimi;;mi iJSIIilli / I 5 ■nTTTIilili! lilililiiil LL OT • . ri 1 1 1 1 ■ * i ■ < ■ 1 1 1 .'■ II I I < I > I II Mill ■ 111111111111111 d 3 O U .d bfl fflffifflffllSlMllilMM \ s *c> hir iii i iiii i S S3 2 rt / / / / H l!li;ill!!l!ffWi!!l)i;!ll!l :=:ililllilililil!;!;ii!il>llllli:-:-:-:HH d \ I I ! // C& |JJ|jfW!!!!l!!i!!!!!!!!i!! 1 1 1 ■ ■ ■ . ■ . 1 1 ii ■ i ■ i ■ i ■ i » WB^i!i!ilg;;5:Mll!ilili!i;i;i!ll[!iiili:ass ; ::s;a ! I / / / i \ l KKMffl CD I ' I I I I I I I II I I II I I IM"IIII i ; , a !lll!l!i!llilllill!lli!l!Ml» si ; «l I 1 col , \ ^ ^li l ililii l iiil il i iiEiE i > ' i / i i/ I L I [ I I I I I I 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 » MNiiiWiliWHJIliiliiiB ■■■■ = i^im. m i \ « MliiJiBiJiiiiiM iM Bi H^inri i / / \ I ; / v iiimiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiai C o ^ d ^ d >> County Donough C Colchester, onough Cou arren Count d o U >> ■M a o U d l-l pq ^ .13 O ^ u r, Schuyl Chester, g clay p comb, M nmouth, u d" fcFl ■& 0?^ .5 <* o p^ C4 U W S S 'C O 00 O Oh M t^Tj- O O c/i . o 175 J w C/3 o < .d o 6* ^ pq $ s a E d • O ^ .S cn .« «; § »h d as T) OH £ d ffi < o w ffi c/2 »T? -C 1/5 UM M 3-TVOS -IVOU.VSA H (\JtO t PENNSVLVANIAN FIRE CLAYS OF ILLINOIS 65 to pieces several inches in diameter. A fresh fracture shows no difference in structure between matrix and inclusions, but the inclusions are most re- sistant to weathering, so that in outcropping rocks these inclusions stand out in relief. The limestone in this vicinity occurs as a bed about 3 feet thick. This limestone at Exeter, Alsey, and probably at Ripley, is of the same char- acter as that at Alton. At Golden Eagle, however, the limestone below the coal occurs in lenses or boulders, is light gray in color, and possesses a gran- ular to pisolitic concretionary structure. Both the lenses and boulders pre- sent a pisolitic surface and imbedded in some of the boulders are numerous crystals of pyrite. The position of these lenses suggests deposition contem- poraneous with the brecciated limestone at Alton and elsewhere, but the differences in the character of the limestone indicate that the conditions at least of deposition were different. The writer did not succeed in finding any of the boulders "in place", but at Cantine they were reported to occur in the clay above the limestone bed. These boulders have a high iron content and in some of them the iron content predominates to such an extent that they approximate the composition of "kidney" iron ore. The iron boulders also present the same pisolitic surfaces possessed by the limestone boulders. An occasional ore boulder, but none of the limestone boulders, was found in the Cheltenham district of St. Louis. However, some limestone boulders were found thrown out of a test pit at the St. Louis Portland Cement Com- pany north of the city. Conditions here appear to be similar to those at Golden Eagle. The limestone in the section at Ray is similar to that south, except that the matrix is light brownish gray instead of nearly as dark as the inclusions. The coal here corresponds to Worthen's coal No. 3 of Schuyler County, but it is probably No. 2. In the vicinity of Colchester the limestone below coal No. 2 appears as lenses or boulders. The limestone here presents a brecciated appearance produced apparently by calcite-filled fractures in an originally homogeneous rock. The boulders also contain numerous cavities wholly or partly filled with calcite crystals. The limestone is separated from the underclay of coal No. 2 by a few feet of shale. At Golden Eagle, North and East Alton, Can- tine, and Ripley, the fire clay lies immediately below the limestone, but here 20 feet of clay, sandstone, and shale with a local development of coal No. 1 intervenes. Coal No. 1 where present lies immediately above the fire clay and reaches a maximum thickness of 2 feet. In the vicinity of White Hall and Drake, no limestone is present. Much of coal No. 2 has been eroded from this region, but where present, as in part of the pit of the White Hall Stoneware and Sewer Pipe Company, there is no underlying limestone. At Macomb both coal and limestone are absent. The fire clay in the Macomb Illinois Clay Products Company's pit occurs below two feet of highly carbonaceous clay which possibly marks the hori- zon of coal No. 1. Above the carbonaceous clay is three feet of massive 66 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 gray sandstone. At Monmouth in the mine of the Monmouth Mining and Manufacturing Company, the fire clay lies 30 feet below coal No. 2, and a local development of coal No. 1 (?) occurs in the midst of the clay. At Carbon Cliff the fire clay lies immediately below coal No. 1 and black limestone above. Coal No. 1 capped by a similar black limestone also overlies the clay south of Utica. The clay here lies unconformably upon patches of Platteville (?) limestone or the irregular surfaces of St. Peter sandstone. At Ottawa, the clay is overlain by coal No. 2 ( ?) and 10 feet of gray shale, and underlain by St. Peter sandstone. The fire clay where exploited ranges from 5 to 20 feet in thickness with an average of 8 feet. It ranges in color from black to light gray where the overlying rocks have not been disturbed, but near White Hall and Drake, where the coal has been eroded, it is nearly white. The whitish clay is in most places mottled to some extent with blotches of Indian red. In a local deposit at Drake this color permeates the whole mass and causes the clay to burn red. It seems probable that the red portions are reworked from a bed of shale of this same color which shows in outcrop below the clay pits at Drake. At all localities the clay contains considerable quantities of iron as small crystals of pyrite scattered through the bed. It is segregated to a con- siderable extent, however, usually in bands near the top. Gypsum crystals also are usually to be observed on exposed surfaces. The clay in most places rests upon the irregular surface of the coarse gray sandstone that forms the basal member of the Pennsylvania formation but may be separated from it by a foot or two of shale. At one or two points there is a local development of coal between the fire clay and the sandstones. COUNTY REPORTS Madison County The outcrop of the fire clay in Madison County extends from a point on the county line north of Godfrey southerly and easterly to East Alton. South of East Alton it is cut off by the alluvium of the Mississippi River bottom. Fire clay is found, however, two miles east of Collinsville at Can- tine at a depth of 270 feet, and it seems probable in view of the extensive development of fire clay from this horizon in the St. Louis district, that the clay extends entirely across the county. At Cantine the clay, including both that above and below the limestone, is from 10 to 14 feet thick. The clay above the limestone is used for buff brick, and that below for gray brick. At East Alton, at the sewer-pipe plant, the clay below the limestone is 7 feet thick, and in a test pit and boring in the yard of the Alton Paving Brick and Fire Brick Company, at North Alton, the clay below the limestone was more than 20 feet thick. This thickness is exceptional and probably extends over only a limited area. pennsylvanian fire clays of illljnois 67 Jersey County In Jersey County the fire-clay horizon outcrops in the eastern half of the county, but the beds in this region appear shaly or sandy. No outcrops were found that looked sufficiently favorable to warrant sampling. Calhoun County At the southern end of Calhoun County, at Golden Eagle, the clay is used in the manufacture of fire brick. Coal No. 2, which lies immediately above the clay, is mined with it. The clay is reported to be 10 feet or more in thickness, but only 5 or 6 feet is mined, all of which lies above the lime- stone. This is the only place where the clay over the limestone is used in preference to that below. At every point north of here the clay between coal No. 2 and the limestone is too poor in quality to be used. The area underlain by this clay in the southern end of Calhoun County is probably about one square mile, but prospecting has not revealed its quality elsewhere than at Golden Eagle. Greene County Prospecting north and south of Carrollton in Greene Countv failed to reveal any promising outcrops of fire clay, although one sample of doubtful quality was taken from an exposure about 4 miles east of Carrollton. In the vicinity of White Hall and Drake, however, are extensive deposits. In this region no limestone is present either in or over the clay, and over much of the area the coal also is absent. The limestone is not present probably because it was not deposited, but the coal is absent because it has been eroded. In the pit of the White Hall Stoneware and Sewer Pipe Company, this is clearly illustrated by the sudden replacement of the coal and shale above the fire clay by yellow basal clay. The location of the pits from which the White Hall plants now obtain their clay is about two miles east of the town. It is reported, however, that good deposits extending another mile east are available when the present plants are worked out. The dip of the rocks here is easterly, and nothing is known of the clay after it gets below drainage, but it is possible that shafts would reach the clay over a larger area. The clay in the pits is from 10 to 20 feet thick. Where it is under cover of the coal it is dark gray,, but where it is covered only by drift, it is nearly white, except for patches of Indian red in the lower portion and the yellow iron stain in the upper more weathered portion. The yellow clay and the clay below the coal is used in the manu- facture of sewer pipe, and the whitest clay is used for stoneware. One of the pits at Drake is a quarter of a mile southeast of the station and the other about an eighth of a mile south. No coal is present above the clay at either point. At the former about 15 feet of gray clay is exposed, the lower half of which is streaked with white apparently along bedding 68 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 planes. A shale structure, however, is not developed. In the pit nearer the station the clay rests upon an irregular sandy floor and has also an uneven upper surface, so that the thickness of the clay is constantly changing, the range being between 5 and 20 feet. The clay in this bed resembles in ap- pearance the light-colored clay of White Hall. In a nearby abandoned pit, the Indian red color that appears locally elsewhere, permeates the whole mass. This clay burns red and has been used in terra cotta manufacture. For a mile in either direction from Drake along the railroad, the fire clay may be found outcropping in the ravines. No clay has been reported be- tween Drake and the pits west of White Hall, but it may be that this is due to its covering rather than that it is absent. The outcrops should extend from two miles east of White Hall in a northward course through Rood- house, thence westward to Drake. On Birch Creek, which is about 3 miles east of Roodhouse, the horizon of the fire clay is approximately at drainage level for several miles. The fire clay from Drake probably has been more widely distributed than that from any other point in the State. Besides being shipped to various points in Illinois, it has found markets in Missouri, Kansas, and Kentucky. Scott County In Scott County the outcrop of the fire clay extends approximately through Alsey, Winchester, and Exeter. At Alsey the clay is mined from a shaft at a depth of 80 feet. The clay here is reported to be 15 feet thick, but only 6 or 7 feet are removed at present. It is used in the manufacture of building brick. The bricks are buff mottled with black. The mottling is produced by the melting of pyrite crystals which appear abundantly in the upper portion of the clay. The nearest point at which the clay outcrops is on a branch of Little Sandy Creek about 2 miles northeast of Alsey. Just below the limestone at this outcrop, which reveals only about 4 feet of clay, numerous gypsum crystals appear on the surface. One mile east of Winchester the fire clay outcrops on Big Sandy Creek. No clay is taken from here now, but formerly it was dug for use in the stoneware pottery at Winchester. Only the upper, more weathered por- tions of the clay were used, as the bottom is below drainage. One-half mile west of Exeter the clay outcrops in the bluffs of Mauvais Terre Creek. At one point in the bluff, clay was at one time dug and used at a pottery in Merritt, but not all the clay in this vicinity could be used for that purpose, but at an outcrop a few hundred yards east of the place where clay was formerly dug, the clay is extremely sandy. Morgan County The horizon of the fire clay in Morgan County lies in the bluffs of Illi- nois River, but the bluffs are so covered with loess that there are few or no exposures of clay. None was observed. pennsylvanian fire clays of illinois 69 Pike County In Pike County, Pennsylvanian rocks underlie only township 4 north, range 4 west, and parts of the surrounding townships. Coal and clay occur a short distance above the Mississippian rocks, but it is uncertain from the lithologic evidence whether or not they are the No. 2 coal and underlying fire clay. No limestone appears in this section, whereas sections in Scott and Brown counties indicate that to the north and east limestone occurs per- sistently between the coal and clay. A composite bluff and roadside section about two miles northwest of M aysville reveals the following : Section tzvo miles northwest of M aysville Thickness Feet 11. Clay shale 1 + 10. Fissile shale, black 6 9. Coal 1 8. Clay, much weathered 5 7. Clay and shale, light gray, partly concealed 15 6. Sandstone, yellowish gray 1 5. Fissile shale, blue gray 6 4. Clay shale, drab 5 3. Sandstone, soft, light gray 5 2. Clay shale, soft, light gray 1 1. Whitish chert (Mississippian) 1 + So far as known to the writer, no fire clay has been exploited in Pike County, excepting possibly a small local outlying deposit about two miles south of Pittsfield which is reported to have furnished clay for a pottery formerly operated at Pittsfield. Brown County In Brown County the valleys of McKees and Crooked creeks cut below the horizon of the fire clay causing the outcrop to run parallel to these streams. No refractory clay is known to outcrop on McKees Creek, but on Crooked Creek in the vicinity of Ripley, clay has been used for many years and formerly quite extensively for stoneware. Since Ripley is ten miles from the nearest railroad station the trade is local. Adams County In Adams County, Pennsylvanian rocks underlie most of the townships in the two eastern tiers, but the conditions here are similar to those in Pike County, and no exploitation of fire clay has been undertaken. At one point on Bear Creek, about five miles northwest of Camp Point, a sample of clay for testing was taken from an exposure that is referred doubtfully to the fire clav horizon. 70 biennial report eor 1913 and 1914 Schuyler County Pennsylvanian-Mississippian contact parallels Crooked Creek in Schuy- ler County, but so far as known to the writer no fire clay has been exploited here. On Sugar Creek there is an outcrop that appears from the character of the section and the altitude of the coal to be in the fire-clay horizon, and although the clay is used only for the manufacture of draintile, the lower portion of the bed is classed in the preliminary tests as fire clay. It does not appear to be in the stoneware grade, but might make sewer pipe. Hancock County Pennsylvanian rocks occupy the extreme southeast corner of Hancock County south of a line between Stillwell and Plymouth. No prospecting has been done for fire clay outcrops, but the following section measured by Jon Udden of the Survey indicates the succession of rocks at one of the ex- posures. Section on Williams Creek in SW. V A sec. 26, T. 3 N., R. 5 W. Thickness Feet 7. Sandstone, medium-grained, whitish, micaceous, containing concretions of iron carbonate 10 6. Fissile shale, hard, black, sandy in places V/z 5. Limestone, nodular, argillaceous, contains numerous calcite fillings 1 4. Shale, fine grained, containing plant and animal remains 24 3. Coal No. 1 (?) iy 2 2. Clay, gray, weathering white 5 1. Argillaceous limestone or in places sandstone 2 This section would look more promising for fire clay if the argillaceous limestone (No. 1 in the section) were absent. Otherwise the section resem- bles some of those from the vicinity of Colchester. McDonough County The line of outcrop of the clay in McDonough County extends along the bluffs and ravines of the east fork of Crooked Creek from Bardolph to the county line on the north side and Tennessee on the south side, whence it extends southeast toward Schuyler County. The extent of known deposits of fire clay of good quality in this county is equalled only by Greene County. The clay is now being dug extensively in the vicinity of Colchester and in a pit about 4 miles northeast of Macomb. At the latter place the clay is about 8 feet thick and is used in the manufacture of sewer pipe at Macomb. Clay has been dug more or less extensively on the north side of Crooked Creek from opposite Macomb nearly to Bardolph, but no clay has been found on the south side. Although the clay taken up to the present time has been from open pits, the cover is heavy so that stripping is expensive. PENNSYLVANIAN FIRE CLAYS OF ILLINOIS 71 At Colchester the clay is mined from drifts and shipped to Monmouth and Macomb for stoneware. Not all the mines in this vicinity are operated continuously, but there are usually four or five in operation within two miles of Colchester. The clay here is from 7 to 10 feet thick. About one mile north of Tennessee, in the south bluff of Crooked Creek, clay was sampled from a mine that was not in operation when visited. A mile farther north clay sampled from an outcrop on the Lee McClure farm showed the presence of clay on the north side of the creek also. Fulton County In Fulton County the Colchester or No. 2 coal is thin or absent, whereas the No. 1 coal is developed to workable thickness. The No. 1 coal outcrops on Spoon River at Seville and Ellisville, but where the writer had opportun- ity to make examinations sandy and shaly rocks take the place of fire clay. Just north of Avon, however, on Swan Creek, a sample of clay was taken below what was called coal No. 1. Warren County Under most of Warren County the fire clay horizon lies below drain- age. The line of contact between the Pennsylvanian and Missisippian rocks passes a little west of Smithshire, Monmouth, and Gerlaw. The area north and west of this line is occupied by Mississippian rocks. Exploitation of fire clay in this county is confined to the vicinity of Monmouth. The clay is mined just east of Monmouth where it is used in the manufacture of sewer pipe. The 10-foot bed is not homogeneous, the clay representing three or four grades of clay. A mile north of town, clay from probably the same horizon but inferior in quality is dug from an open pit and used in the manufacture of fireproofing. A limited amount of prospecting did not reveal any further deposits. The indications do not suggest valuable deposits in this county since the best that is exploited at present is inferior to that used in McDonough County and south. Mercer County Coal No. 1 is below drainage under much of Mercer County, so that the clay under it is seldom seen. Where the clay is exposed by mining the coal, it is usually too sandy to be of value for ceramic purposes. Near Griffin, however, an outcrop of clay at this horizon gave promising results in the preliminary test. Unfortunately lack of time prevented another visit on the second sampling trip. A fire clay deposit two miles northeast of Aledo was sampled also, but this is a thin bed probably not at the same horizon. BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Rock Island County In the southern part of Rock Island County conditions are similar to those in Mercer County, but just north of Rock River clay is dug at Carbon Cliff and at Sears. At Carbon Cliff the clays and shales appear to lie immediately below coal No. 1 and total 25 feet in thickness. The hre clay is used in the manufacture of dry-press and soft-mud fire brick and the clay in the manufacture of draintile. At Sears the clay and shale is 20 feet thick and is used in the manufacture of fire brick. Here the clay underlies 5 feet of white sandstone. The outcrop of coal No. 1 could not be seen at the time of the writer's visit, but the indications were that the coal lies a short distance above the sandstone. At Illinois City also fire clay has been taken from immediately below a similar sandstone ledge, at probably the same horizon. The clay has been taken to Muscatine. Iowa, for sewer-pipe manufacture. This clay outcrops on a number of farms in this vicinity, and although the Survey has not had an opportunity to sample this clay, the fact that intermittently for a number of years it has been hauled about 8 miles by wagon to Muscatine, Iowa, indicates that the clay is of good quality. La Salle County The only places along the outcrop line of the Pennsylvanian rocks east of Rock Island County at which fire clay is exploited are in La Salle County. Coal No. 1 outcrops from the bluffs of Illinois River between the Big and Little Vermilion rivers, and Fox River, and for several miles up the latter streams. The clay below this coal is now being used five miles south of Utica, near Lowell and just east of Ottawa. There are two pits open at present south of Utica. In one the clay is about 10 feet thick and overlain by coal No. 1, and in the other the clay is covered only by a foot or two of soil. The former furnishes a hard gray clay used in making fire brick, and the latter a whiter, more plastic, less refractory clay. These pits are above the Illinois River bluffs on the crest of the La Salle anticline. Although only the clay that has been dug into is visible, the topography of the land and the structure of the rocks indicate that in sections 21 and 22 of Deer Park Township, there should be an area one-half mile wide and at least one mile long over which this fire clay should lie under light cover. At Lowell an outcrop of fire clay on the bluffs of the Big Vermilion River is used in the manufacture of stoneware in a local plant. The deposits east of Ottawa are used in connection with Missouri flint clay in the manu- facture of fire brick. The clay here averages 6 feet in thickness and lies immediately below coal No. 2 ( ?). The coal is 2 feet thick and overlain by 2 feet of shale. The clay here, as south of Utica, underlies a broad flat which in this case is at the base of the bluffs instead of the summit, and PENNSYLVANIAN FIRE CLAYS OF ILLINOIS 73 extends several miles east from the pits. The fire-clay horizon extends above drainage up Fox River as far as the ravines 2 miles north of Dayton and also several miles west of Ottawa in the bluffs of Illinois River. In mines in both La Salle and Grundy counties clay below coal No. 2, known commercially as the "Third Vein," possesses refractory qualities. Clay from this horizon is taken up by the Illinois Zinc Company from their Deer Park mine for their own use as a refractory. Grundy County In Grundy County the clay below coal No. 2, or "Third Vein", coal is shipped from the mines of the Big Four Wilmington Coal Company as a ground fire clay, and from the Wilmington Star Mining Company for cupola clay. GEOLOGY AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES OF COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES By Henry Hinds (U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Illinois State Geological Survey) OUTLINE Introduction 76 Location and importance of area 76 Acknowledgments 77 Surface relief and drainage 78 General geology 79 Stratigraphy 79 General statement 79 Surface deposits 79 Hard rocks 80 Mississippian series 80 Pennsylvanian series 81 Pottsville formation 81 Carbondale formation 82 Structure 83 Economic geology 84 Coal 84 Minor coals 84 Coal No. 2 84 Chemical characteristics 89 Production, mines, and mining methods 89 Clay and shale 91 Importance 91 Loess and drift clays 93 Shale in Carbondale formation 94 Clay and shale in Pottsville formation 94 Importance of Pottsville materials 94 Clay pits 94 Areal distribution 99 Mechanical and burning tests 100 New samples 100 Old samples 103 Summary 104 Stone 105 Sandstone 105 Limestone 105 Sand and gravel 106 Glass sand 106 Lime 106 (75) 76 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 OUTLINE— (concluded) PAGE Cement 107 I ron, zinc, and other metals 107 Oil and gas 108 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 6. Brecciated St. Louis limestone 81 7. Pit of Colchester Brick and Tile Company 96 PLATE 11. Economic and structure map of the Colchester and Macomb quadrangles. 82 TABLES 30. Drill holes in which coal No. 2 is absent 86 31. Proximate analyses of coal No. 2 near Colchester and from the south half of Macomb quadrangle 88 32. Ultimate analyses of coal No. 2 from south half of Macomb quadrangle. . 89 33. List of working or workable coal mines in 1912 90 34. Test of raw clay and shale in the Colchester and Macomb quadrangles. .. 100 35. Burning tests on clays and shales in the Colchester and Macomb quad- rangles 102 36. Mechanical analyses of clays from Warren and McDonough counties.... 103 37. Chemical analyses of clays from Warren and McDonough counties 104 INTRODUCTION Location and Importance of the Area The Colchester and Macomb quadrangles lie in west-central Illinois between latitudes 90° 30' W. and 91° W. and longitudes 40° 15' N. and 40° 30' N., an area of approximately 455 square miles. In this territory are included nearly all southern McDonough County, a strip 5 miles wide on the east edge of Hancock County, and a strip 2 miles wide on the north edge of Schuyler County. This region was surveyed topographically in 1911 and 1912 and geologically in 1912 by the State and Federal surveys acting in cooperation. The two quadrangles embrace a large acreage of very fertile farm land and to this factor may be ascribed by far the greater part of the very evident prosperity of the inhabitants. The Chicago and Kansas City Branch of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad traverses the region from northeast to southwest and the St. Louis and Rock Island Branch of the same system is only a short distance east of the Macomb quadrangle. The northwestern corner of the Colchester quadrangle and the southern half of the Macomb are not so well supplied with transportation facilities as are most parts of the State, but the resumption of operations on the recently constructed Macomb and Western Illinois Railroad from Macomb through Industry to Littleton will remedy this condition to a large extent. The prin- cipal town in the region is Macomb, with a population of 5,774 in 1910. COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 11 It is the county seat of McDonough County and an important educational and industrial center. Colchester with 1,445 inhabitants, Plymouth with 829 and Industry with 580 rank next in importance. Bardolph, Tennessee, and Fountain Green contain between 150 and 400 people, and Colmar. Fandon, Birmingham, St. Marys. Pennington Point, and Joetta less than 150. Augusta, a town nearly as large as Colchester, is less than a mile south of the Colchester quadrangle, while Adair lies just beyond the eastern limit and Littleton just beyond the southern limit of the Macomb quadrangle. Soon after the completion of the railroad in 1855, commercial coal mining was actively prosecuted at and near Colchester, coal being shipped to Quincy and other points in western Illinois. Xot long after the close of the Civil War the Colchester output reached half a million tons or more per annum. During the last 30 years the competition of fields containing thicker coal beds has caused the production to decline until that of all McDonough County was only 23,999 tons in the year ending June 30, 1911. The increase in clay mining and the manufacture of clay products at Col- chester and Macomb has, however, compensated the decrease in coal mining, so that today the region is best known as one of the principal clay centers of the State. ACKXOWLEDGMEXTS A brief description of the geology and economic resources of Han- cock County was published by A. H. Worthen in 1866, of Schuyler County in 1870, and of McDonough County in 1873. x A general report on the glacial deposits and topographic features of this part of Illinois was made by Leverett 2 . Earlier geologists did not visit all parts of the quadrangles, however, and no detailed work with adequate maps was attempted. The present geologic work has been under the immediate supervision of David White, whose paleobotanic investigations, briefly summarized in the year- books of this Survey, have made possible the definite correlation of the coal and clay beds mined near Colchester with contemporaneous deposits in other parts of the State and country. G. S. Rogers assisted in the Macomb quadrangle for three weeks. Stuart Weller and E. W. Shaw visited parts of the region with the writer, the former assisting in correlating Mississip- pian exposures and the latter in Pleistocene problems. Farmers, miners and well drillers were uniformly courteous and freely extended all the informa- tion in their possession. 'Illinois Geol. Survey, vols. 1, 4, and 5, respectively. 'Leverett, Frank, Illinois glacial lobe: U. S. Geol. Survey Monograph 38, 1899. 78 BIENNIAL REPORT EOR 1913 AND 1914 SURFACE RELIEF AND DRAINAGE The lowest point in the region is where Crooked Creek crosses the south line of the Colchester quadrangle and is about 470 feet above sea level. The highest point is on the prairie 5 miles north of Colchester and has an altitude of about 730 feet, making the maximum vertical range of surface relief 260 feet. The greater part of the Macomb quadrangle is an almost flat prairie having an average altitude of 660 to 680 feet, although there are a few narrow valleys 130 feet or less in depth. Low swells or ridges that would be inconspicuous in a less level region rise a few feet above the 700-foot contour. The northwest, southwest, and southeast corners contain a net- work of valleys with narrow divides, making a more rugged topography than in surrounding regions. Any part of this quadrangle can be easily reached by spurs from railroads already constructed. The Colchester quadrangle exhibits a greater range of altitudes than the Macomb and is broken by a greater number of valleys. The upland prairie on the north side of the area averages nearly 700 feet above sea level, that near Colchester and Tennessee about 680 feet, near Fandon 660, and near Plymouth 640. The gently rolling country west of St. Marys has an altitude of less than 625 feet and, in general, the upland prairies become gradually lower as they near Crooked Creek. All of the main creeks have very narrow alluvial flood plains, but that of Crooked Creek is nearly a mile wide. Much of the northern part of the quadrangle is separated from the railroad by the deep, narrow valley of the East Fork of Crooked Creek, and could not be easily reached by short spurs of existing railways. Most of the region is well drained, though tiling is necessary on many of the high prairies, especially those of the eastern part of the Macomb quadrangle. Nearly all the drainage is tributary to Crooked Creek, which traverses the Colchester quadrangle from northwest to southeast and joins Illinois River below Beardstown. This meandering stream falls a distance of 50 feet within the limits of the quadrangle. The gradient of the flood plain is 2.4 feet per mile, but the actual gradient of the stream, measured so as to include its many windings, is only 1.7 feet. During the dry summer season the water flows very sluggishly and is practically stagnant in many places. Its principal tributaries from the east are East Fork, Troublesome Creek, Camp and Grindstone creeks, and Willow Creek. From the west it receives Brunces and Flower creeks. The drainage of the southeastern corner of the Macomb quadrangle is tributary to Sugar Creek, a stream that joins the Illinois River about 5 miles above Beardstown. The altitude of all points on the surface and the exact location of all railroads, public roads, and houses will be shown on the topographic maps of the two quadrangles, now being prepared for publication. COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 79 GENERAL GEOLOGY Stratigraphy general statement The thick cover of loose surface materials conceals in many parts of the region the regularly bedded, indurated rocks beneath them. Scattered outcrops of the older deposits are fairly numerous, however, in the north- western, southwestern and south-central districts of the Macomb quadrangle and in most of the deeper valleys in all parts of the Colchester quadrangle except near Troublesome and Spring creeks. Exposures are particularly good on nearly all of East Fork drainage, on Grindstone Creek below In- dustry, on Willow Creek, on the upper parts of the West Branch of Sugar Creek, and near Plymouth. SURFACE DEPOSITS The unconsolidated surface deposits are of four types: (1) glacial till consisting of yellow and blue clay bearing many pebbles and small bould- ers and containing pockets of sand, (2) loess, a fine-grained yellow, buff or gray deposit of sandy clay lying as a mantle on the valley sides and cover- ing the uplands to a depth of 5 to 20 feet, (3) orange to white sand lying at or near the base of the till and 100 feet and less thick, and (4) alluvial clays that have accumulated to form the flood plains of the main creeks. So far as the greater part of the economic resources are concerned the differentiation of these types is of less significance than the depth to which they extend. Before the advent of glacial ice caps thousands of years ago this region contained divides and valleys much like those of the present day, but the valleys were deeper, the divides narrower, and there were few level plains like the present prairies. The valleys of that time, however, did not correspond in position with those of today and in many cases traversed areas that are now almost unbroken upland prairies. Most of these valleys and the adjacent areas were topographically so low that all or most of the coal and stoneware clay had been removed by erosion, just as they have been washed away by the main streams now existing. When the ice crept over the region from the north, it brought with it great quantities of ground rock flour, pebbles and boulders. When the ice melted and withdrew, it left so much of these materials that they completely filled and obliterated the old valleys and spread over the divides, forming a new surface that was nearly level and on which new drainage lines were gradually developed. In the districts where coal No. 2 (Murphysboro coal) still remains the thickness of the surface deposits averages only about 40 feet. Where there were pre-glacial channels, however, it is much greater. Thus Spring Creek has failed to cut through to the consolidated strata except near its mouth, and Troublesome Creek, even where it lies more than 100 feet below neigh- 80 BIENNIAL RErORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 boring divides, has exposures of older rocks only at a few points about 3 miles above its mouth. Near Fandon it is 70 to 150 feet to the solid rock, west of St. Marys 40 to 95 feet, near Fountain Green 150 feet and less, southeast and northeast of Industry 40 to 170 feet and southwest of Macomb about 100 feet. In the northeastern quarter of the Macomb quadrangle few wells reach the consolidated strata, though a number are more than 100 feet deep. HARD ROCKS Below the unconsolidated surface deposits there are older, regularly stratified strata exposed in many of the valleys which are reached by the deep wells at Macomb and near Birmingham. These deep drillings confirm the well-established geological principle that there are no commercial coal beds in strata lying below the Pennsylvanian series. In this discussion only beds outcropping at the surface will be mentioned, the oldest and lowest being taken up first. All these strata are included in two major divisions, the Mississippian series at the base and the Pennsylvanian at the top. MISSISSIPPIAN SERIES Mississippian rocks outcrop in all the valleys of the Colchester quad- rangle in which the hard or indurated rocks are exposed and along Camp and Grindstone creeks near the western boundary of the Macomb quad- rangle. In much of the region, however, they are not the first indurated rocks encountered in sinking wells on the upland, for the basal Pennsylvanian beds overlie them in the greater part of the region. The oldest Mississippian rocks exposed belong to the Keokuk lime- stone and consist chiefly of light to bluish-gray crystalline limestone in thin regularly stratified beds. This limestone contains great numbers of fossil shells and irregularly distributed seams and lenses of chert or flint. There is 100 feet of this limestone exposed two or three miles northeast of Ply- mouth, though only the upper part can be seen along Brunce's Creek and at intervals along Crooked Creek and the lower parts of many tributaries as far south as Birmingham. Above this crystalline limestone is about 50 feet of blue to drab shales intercalated with thin beds of impure limestone. The lower third consists of blue shale, in places so calcareous as to be a homogeneous earthy lime- stone, containing many geodes from the size of a marble to that of a foot- ball. Many of the geodes are hollow, and the interior is lined with beautiful crystals of quartz, calcite, and other minerals. Since geodes do not occur in the Pennsylvanian, they serve to differentiate the shales in which they lie from very similar beds in the higher series. These abundantly geodi- ferous beds compose the upper member of the Keokuk limestone. Above the Keokuk limestone are shales, two or three thin, brownish drab, impure limestones, and in places, one bed of more crystalline limestone containing COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES SI many lace-like bryozoans and other fossils. At the top of the 50-foot interval mentioned there is a persistent bed of limestone, 1 to 25 feet thick, that is so sandy in places as to resemble strongly a sandstone near the base of the Pennsylvanian. The uppermost formation of the Mississippian is the St. Louis lime- stone, a stratum that has certain peculiarities by which it may be easily identified. As it marks, where present, the lower limit of coal and stone- ware clay, its detection by the driller and prospector is of considerable economic importance. The St. Louis is light blue to brown, dense, very fine grained and possesses a more or less conchoidal fracture. In this region it is 25 feet or less thick and, except for a layer one or two feet thick at the base, is brecciated throughout. This brecciation is a striking characteristic, giving to the formation the appearance of having been Fig. 6. — Brecciated St. Louis limestone. broken into angular and subangular blocks and afterward very firmly cemented. The St. Louis may be seen beneath the clays mined at Colchester and at many other places in the Colchester quadrangle. PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES Pottsville formation. — The strata from the base of coal No. 2, mined at Colchester and elsewhere, to the top of the Mississippian are included in the Pottsville formation. The first and lowest deposit laid down was a coarse-grained sandstone composed of almost pure translucent quartz grains in a slightly ferruginous cement and known locally as a "glass sand". Since the bed occupies the depressions in the old Mississippian land surface, its thickness is variable. It is the only Pennsylvanian bed exposed in most of the west half and southeast quarter of the Colchester quadrangle. Potts- ville strata are somewhat variable in character, though sufficiently persistent 82 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 to be recognized and differentiated by careful study in any part of the field. The following section measured near Colchester is typical. Typical section of the Pottsville formation Distance below Murphysboro Thickness coal Feet Feet Pottsville formation — Clay, drab to white 4 4 Shale, including layers of red sandstone in places 8 12 Limestone, dark blue to bluish gray, nodular, weathers to a knobby surface, in some places a ledge, but in others only scattered boulders 2 14 Clay and shale 6 20 Sandstone, yellow, thicker in places 2 22 Shale, variegated 7 29 Clay, variegated, very sandy in part, carbonaceous streaks near bottom, horizon of stoneware clay 8 37 Sandstone, weathers buff or with black coatings, thin bedded to massive, quartzose, thickness variable 7 44 Shale, bluish black, with small lenses of clay ironstone, absent in places 4 48 St. Louis limestone, brecciated (top of Mississippian) The Pottsville is slightly less than its average thickness in the above sec- tion. Although no coal is shown here, the formation contains one or more thin coal beds in most parts of the quadrangles. All Pottsville coal beds are usually termed "coal No. 1", although they do not commonly occupy exactly the same stratigraphic horizon in all parts of the region. Most commonly "No. 1" lies either just above or just below the stoneware-clay horizon. Carbondale format ion. — The Carbondale formation includes the strata from the highest indurated rocks of the region to the base of coal No. 2 (Murphysboro coal). At Colchester there is a maximum of about 45 feet of this formation, the lower part being a blue to drab shale that is argil- laceous at the base and more sandy at the top, and the upper part being a thin-bedded to massive brownish sandstone with - hale partings. The dis- tance from the coal to the sandstone varies from 40 feet in a few places near Colchester to one foot or less in the southern part of the Macomb quad- rangle. In the south-central part of the Macomb quadrangle the maximum thickness of the Carbondale for this region is exposed. There are here as much as 90 feet of sandy and argillaceous shale and sandstone. In many places there 'is massive sandstone on or near the Murphysboro coal, with alternating shale and sandstone beds above it. No trace was found of coal "No. 3", reported by Worthen to lie 30 to 50 feet above coal No. 2 in Schuyler and Fulton counties, and the only representatives of its limestone cap rock are small, thin, calcareous lenses in only three outcrops. tONOMIC GEOLOGY OF ? 3nd MA COMB QUADRANGLES BY HENRY HINDS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN COOPERATION WITH E GEOLOGICAL SURVEY /'oTTTi " PV ^ Tivr i Aro \ colchester and macomb quadrangles 83 Structure On the accompanying map (PL II) the elevation of the coal No. 2 (Murphysboro coal) above sea level is shown by means of structure con- tours. Along any given contour the coal is 20 feet higher or lower, as the case may be, than along the next contour, rising more or less uniformly from one to the other. These contours are based upon hundreds of outcrop observations and on shafts and well records. In much of the region the coal was eroded away either before or after the glacial drift was deposited, a fact that is indicated by an appropriate contour symbol. In these areas the former altitude of the coal is calculated on the assumption that the vertical distance from the base of the St. Louis limestone to the Murphys- boro coal bed is 75 feet and from the top of the crystalline limestone beds of the Keokuk to the coal is 125 feet. In the northeastern quarter of the Macomb quadrangle, in the territory between East Fork and Camp Creek drainages on the same map, and on the prairies near Fandon, Colmar, St. Marys, Fountain Green and northeast of Industry there are no outcrops or well records that reveal the exact position of the coal, but it is not believed that the altitudes indicated are more than 20 or 30 feet in error. These doubtful areas are also indicated by an appropriate symbol. On the final maps the structure contours will be accompanied by sur- face contours, so that the depth to the coal horizon may be readily calculated for any tract of land. To facilitate the practical use of the maps accom- panying this report, surface altitudes are shown at cross roads and other places. The horizon of the stoneware clay lies 30 to 40 feet below that of the Murphysboro coal, so that its depth may also be determined from the structure maps. The structure of the region is simple. There is a general easterly dip of a few feet per mile, but this is much modified in two anticlinal areas where the strata have been arched or bowed up to relatively high levels. On one of these, northeast of Plymouth, the horizon of the coal is 720 feet above sea level ; in the other, at Macomb, it is 670 feet. In the central part of the Colchester quadrangle the altitude of the coal varies little from 660 feet, and in the southern half of the Macomb quadrangle it is 570 to 600 feet. The level of the coal varies 10 or 15 feet within short distances in certain mines, but rarely dips regularly in a definite direction. There is some rather exceptional structure near Industry, where the coal in old workings close to the Ellis shaft ( SW. % NE. M sec. 16, T. 4 N., R. 2 W.) dips 17 feet to the north or northwest in a distance of only 100 yards. Faults are rare, and none of more than 2 feet vertical displacement was seen or reported. 84 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Coal minor coals The only coal bed of known economic importance is coal No. 2 (Colchester coal) at the base of the Carbondale formation. There are two or more thin coal beds ("coal No. 1") in the Pottsville formation, but these have in general proved too thin or too impure to be mined at a profit. A little coal has been taken from these Pottsville beds a short dis- tance southwest of Colchester, where they vary irregularly from mere streaks to a maximum of 3 feet in thickness, and from northwest of Macomb (NW. yi sec. 25), where the thickness is reported as locally 2 feet. Short drifts have been driven in "No. 1" in the southeastern corner of the Macomb quadrangle (SE. %. sec. 4, T. 3 N., R. 1 W.), where the coal was reported 30 inches thick, but on the outcrop shows less than one foot of coal inter- bedded with carbonaceous shale. "No. 1" is reported 16 to 18 inches thick on East Fork west of Bardolph (NW. % NW. Y A sec. 22, T. 6 N., R. 2 W.). A coal lying 37 feet below coal No. 2 is said to be 4 feet thick in a well \y 2 miles southeast of Industry (NE. y A NE. y A sec. 23, T. 4 N., R. 2 W.), but thick sandstone immediately above and below it indicates that it may be only a small basin. While there are undoubtedly a few restricted areas in which "No. 1" is workable, Pottsville coals can not be considered an important resource. No trace of coal beds higher than coal No. 2 was found in outcrops, and it is evident that the bed termed "No. 3" by Worthen and considered by him to lie about 30 to 60 feet above No. 2 in Schuyler and Fulton counties is not present in by far the greater part of this region. It is possible that a 2-foot bed reported 30 feet below the surface in a well one mile southwest of Adair is "No. 3" and that this bed underlies very small areas along the eastern edge of the Macomb quadrangle. COAL NO. 2 Coal No. 2 (Murphysboro coal) underlies two main areas and several smaller ones. The best known area surrounds Colchester, the coal under- lying the town and being cut off within about one mile east, south, and west by glacial drift. The coal has been removed from the valley of the East Fork of Crooked Creek but outcrops on the north side of the stream. As well as can be judged from the few wells that are sufficiently deep to reach the horizon of coal No. 2, the coal area stretches northwest and north to the boundaries of the quadrangle. In the area mapped as coal land are doubtless some tracts from which the coal has been removed by pre-glacial erosion, but outside the area there may be small patches of coal isolated and surrounded by deep deposits of glacial drift. Numerous wells on the COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 85 prairies and cuts made by streams have shown, however, that there can be very little additional coal land in the Colchester quadrangle. The second main coal area includes the southwestern and south- central parts of the Macomb quadrangle, the coal being exposed along Grindstone and Willow creeks, Horney Branch, and the upper part of the West Branch of Sugar Creek. This constitutes an important coal reserve that has scarcely been touched. In the part of the Macomb quadrangle lying north of this area only small patches of coal have been found. One of these lies one mile northwest of Industry, where there are small mines. There are also several patches along Camp Creek drainage, although the cover of indurated rock above the coal is very thin at all of the outcrops and the coal is, consequently, of doubtful value. These outcrops were found in the SW. y A SW. y sec/ 10, N. y 2 SE. y sec. 11, N. y 2 SE. y and NW. corner sec. 15, T. 4 N., R. 3 W. Coal that extends some distance beyond the limits of the quadrangle outcrops in its extreme southeastern corner. In the SE. % sec. 4 and E. y 2 sec. 7, T. 3 N., R. 1 W., west line NW. y A sec. 34, T. 4 N., R. 1 W., SW. y A and NE. % sec. 6, T. 4 N., R. 2 W., and the NW. M SW. % and NW. % NE. y A sec. 1, NE. y A sec. 14, and S. y 2 SE. % and E. y NE. y sec. 15, T. 4 N., R. 3 W., the beds only a few feet below the coal horizon outcrop, but no coal was seen. There still remains some coal, but with little or no solid cover, in the SW. y A NE. y A sec. 8, T. 3 N., R. 1 W., and the S. y> sec. 23 and N. y> sec. 26, T. 6 N., R. 3 W. The old Eddington shaft mine in the SW. y SW. y sec. 32, T. 5 N., R. 2 W. probably worked a small area of coal No. 2, though it may be a bed 20 feet lower. Although it is possible to ascertain definitely whether or not the coal is present near the streams that have cut below the level of its horizon, it is more difficult to determine the conditions beneath the prairies and near the shallower valleys of the Macomb quadrangle. The evidence derived from the records of several hundred farm wells in this area shows that there is no coal in at least the greater part of it. Three wells reported coal: (1) 24 inches at 90 feet in the NE. y NW. y sec. 21, T. 4 N., R. 1 W., (2) 21 inches at 40 feet in the NE. y NE. y sec. 23, T. 4 N., R. 2 W., (3) 24 inches at 30 feet in the NE. y SE. y sec. 21, T. 5 N., R. 1 W. Many wells are too shallow to have reached the horizon of coal Xo. 2. Those in which glacial drift extends below the estimated altitude of the coal, showing that the latter has probably been removed by pre- glacial erosion, are shown in the accompanying table. 86 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Table 30. — Drill holes in which coal No. 2 is absent because of erosion before the glacial drift was deposited Location T. 3 N., R. 2 W.— NE. y 4 NE. 54 sec. 3.., T. 4 N., R. 1 W.— SE. 14 SE. 54 sec. 16... NW. 54 NE. 54 sec. 17.. NE. y 4 SE. 34 sec. 18... SE. % NW. 54 sec. 21... SE. y 4 NE. 54 sec. 21... SE. y 4 SE. 54 sec. 21... SW. i/i NE. y 4 sec. 32.. T. 4 N., R. 2 W.— SW. y 4 SW. 54 sec. 2... NW. y 4 SW. ^4 sec. 4.. SW. 54 NW. 54 sec. 5., SE. y 4 SE. y 4 sec. 10... NW. 54 NW. y 4 sec. 11. SW. y 4 SW. ^ sec. 12.. SW. 54 SE. 54 sec. 13 . . T. 5 N, R. 1 W.— SE. 54 NW. 54 sec. 4... NE. 54 SE. 54 sec. 6.... SE. 54 SE. 54 sec. 6 SW. 54 NE. y 4 sec. 9... NW. 54 SW. 54 sec. 16. SW. 54 NE. 54 sec. 19.. SE. 54 NE. 54 sec. 20... NW. 54 SW. 54 sec. 21. SW. 54 NE. 54 sec. 21.. NE. 54 NE. 54 sec. 28.. SE. 54 NE. 54 sec. 28... SW. 54 NW. 54 sec. 32. NE. 54 NW. 54 sec. 33.. NW. 54 NE. 54 sec. 33. T. 5 N., R. 2 W.— NW. 54 NW. 54 sec. 7 .. NE. 54 SE. 54 sec. 1 .... NW. 54 NW. 54 sec. 8.. NW. 54 SW. 54 sec. 8.. SW. 54 NE. 54 sec. 9... NW. 54 SW. y 4 sec. 10. SW. 54 NW. 54 sec. 19. NW. 54 SE. y 4 sec. 19.. SW. 54 SW. 54 sec. 23.. SE. 54 SW. 54 sec. 23.. SW. 54 NE. 54 sec. 26.. SW. y 4 SW. 54 sec. 27.. Depth in drift Feet 90 96 102 76 100 182 172 74 65 90 70 100 50 137 96 60 58 185 42 65 65 100 90 105 100 75 80 80 130 85 140 176 65 35 55 123 175 150 60 40 110 Altitude Total depth at bottom of well Feet 156 96 102 76 101 182 172 74 65 90 77 117 50 137 96 60 58 185 42 65 65 100 90 105 100 75 80 80 230 85 140 177 65 35 55 123 175 150 60 40 110 Feet 502 573 568 590 565 484 480 576 565 550 556 503 575 510 570 595 600 471 590 360 575 530 550 530 540 570 580 560 420 610 555 530 625 610 573 542 495 500 585 595 520 COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 87 Location Depth in drift Total depth Altitude at bottom of well NE. Y A NE. % sec. 28. SE. Y A NE. y A sec. 34.., NW. V A SW. y sec. 35 T. 5 N., R. 3 W.— SE. y SE. J4 sec. 10.., NE. J4 SE. i/4 sec. 14.. NE. J4 NE. y A sec. 15.. NE. 14 NE. y sec. 23.. SW. y NE. y sec. 33., SW. >4 SE. y sec. 36., T. 6 N., R. 1 W.— SE. y SW. J4 sec. 19.. SE. y NE. 54 sec. 21 . . , SE. y SW. y sec. 28.. NE. # SE. y sec. 29.. NE. y SW. K sec. 29., NE. y NE. 54 sec. 29., SW. y SE. 34 sec. 30... NE. y NE. y sec. 31.. NW. ^ NE. ^ sec. 33.. T. 6 N., R. 2 W.— NE. y NE. 54 sec. 34... SE. y SE. 54 sec. 34... Feet 550 528 562 594 560 570 575 488 584 572 550 549 575 565 542 587 552 560 597 602' Coal Xo. 2 contains no persistent partings of incombustible matter, but bears locally a few short lenses and small nodules of iron pyrites ("sulphur"), films of mother coal, calcite and gypsum, and streaks of bone one inch and less thick. The coal is jet black with a few alternating bands of duller luster. The fracture is hackley, and no well-developed vertical or horizontal cleavages are noticeable. As only a comparatively small num- ber of horsebacks, clay slips, and rolls and potholes in the roof are present, the bed presents quite uniform mining conditions. Near Colchester coal No. 2 varies only a few inches from an average thickness of 28 inches. North of East Fork and near Tennessee it is somewhat thinner in places. The roof is a fairly strong, light-drab clay shale ( ^soapstone"). The underclay is soft and 3 to 4 feet thick, but a firmer sandy clay lies about 18 inches below the coal on the north side of the fork. West of Colchester a thin layer of "slate," a black carbonaceous clay with coal streaks, appears at the base of the coal and thickens to 10 inches northeast of Tennessee. In the coal area in the southern part of the Macomb quadrangle, includ- ing the Gin Ridge district on the west and the Littleton district farther east, the coal also averages about 28 inches thick. In many places a massively BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 ON ^O^ f^ VO (N) r-l ^O N lo ^ oo -3- oo CO "*■ i— i O On o\ d oo cnj °o CO rf CM 3 CO LO co 00 00 CO CM ,— i o o CO -t- rt m fO o & 00 Tf 00 CM VO CM l^ •■o \Cj o X 00 oo CM ^U ~t- CO Tt- CM 1 — 1 o CN -T m on On t*s -r o> On LO CM N IN, r> ,— ( co «t CM OO ^ rH n Tf 0O 10 (N) Q\ Q\ rH (N) Tf O 00 ON CO °- LO co co OO On CM i— I NO NO LO i-H i— I N fO -h N (N) °1 r-l CO Tf O ON CO NO «-H O i— ' T r-H CM N O 00 ts 0\ 5 ^ <*l LO Tf NO Tf O NO co no "3- co r^ t— i On tJ-' CM 00 CM ^ y-< co rf i-i "5 ^ 3 £ *o .2 *5 *f . S > fe < m ffl • O On Tf N NO • CM t^ K 00 lO '. r< cm" CO o^. . Tf LO 00 rf ^ • N On NO co co <^> • 00 CM On NO ^h CM °- ^ s ; no cm' § . Tf- LO 00 Tt l— ( CM . r-t co lO to K • N i—i CM i-i O <50 ' t< co Tt" -1 ^ C3S Tf LO 00 Tf Q ^ <5j e • co CM tO N On N ^ ON ON • 00 O ^> '. co' On* 1^ co' ^^ •»» : ^ ^t- t^ CO &) s Q ^ "O • t^ On to N 00 't Q • C>> Tf CO K m t S ! CM 00 NO cni <"l rt , £ o u H-, o ON LO a O g >i H Vh o T) > I Uh i— ( lo t^ 00 co On Tt 00 i— i r-i 00 co i— i On co CM K NO co ^ °\ tJ- Tf K CNJ 3 NO N i-i no no On co no 1-h NO i-H O ro t-h NO NO CM "I °° M" tJ- t^ CM to t^ r^ no O NO ON Tf NO_ LO Tj- OO i— I NO Tf" CM LO 00 co ^ rm l tj- no co o oo no r^ oo k cn! rH a K lO Tf NO no i-T 00 00 t^ co i—i CM CM 00 On 00 lo Tf no to CM NO r-^ LO CM ^ "** i-i co Tl- NO i-i Tf cm r^ no t^ i— i oo NO NO ON lo co CM ^h rj" 00 CM K CO ^ °\ ^h co M" NO i— i .^ J* flj < in u PQ ,-; t-t < u z COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 80 bedded sandstone rests directly on the coal, in others a few inches to 15 feet or more of clayey or sandy shale intervenes. In the mines near Industry the roof is either shale or sandstone and the coal 27 to 32 inches thick, though where it is thickest the lower 2 or 3 inches are likely to be dirty. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS The following analyses show that the coal mined in this region compares very favorably with that from other fields in Illinois and neighboring states. Samples for analysis were obtained according to the standard regulations adopted by this and other surveys and by the Bureau of Mines. A freshly mined face of coal was carefully cleaned and a channel of uniform width and depth cut from top to bottom so as to obtain equal proportions of coal from all parts of the bed. Pyrite lenses more than one-half inch thick were excluded, since they are usually discarded by the miners. The coal fragments were caught on a waterproof blanket and crushed until all would pass through a sieve of ^2 -inch mesh. The sample was then thoroughly mixed and quartered several times, alternate quarters being thrown away, until only sufficient coal to fill an air-tight can was left. The can was hermetically sealed in the mine. The Colchester mines were sampled by F. H. Kay, the others by the writer. Table 32. — Ultimate analysis of coal No. 2 (Murphysboro coal) from south half of Macomb quadrangle (composite of 2 samples) As received Air dry Moisture Moisture and free ash free Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Sulphur 5.97 63.07 1.17 20.87 3.16 5.76 6,325 11,385 5.35 70.71 1.31 12.63 3.54 6.46 5.10 73.77 1.37 9.32 3.70 6.74 5.47 79.10 1.47 9.99 3.97 Ash Calories (calc'd.) B. t. u. (calc'd.) PRODUCTION, MINES, AND MINING METHODS The former comparatively large production from Colchester and the present stagnation of the industry have already been sketched. Worthen states that the shipments from Colchester alone for the years 1866 and 1867 were about 500,000 tons per annum. The Federal Census for 1880 gives the production of McDonough County, by far the greater part of which then, as now, came from Colchester and the district south of Macomb, as 82,304 tons. The largest recorded output since that time was 189,350 tons in 1883. According to the Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics the production for Mc- Donough County was 109,723 tons in the fiscal year 1885, 83,401 tons in 90 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 1890, 49,709 tons in 1895, 64,822 tons in 1900, 43,944 tons in 1905, and 23,999 tons in 1911. Almost as much coal is mined within the limits of the quadrangles in the northern part of Schuyler County as is mined outside them in McDonough County. Most of the best coal near Colchester has been mined out, and the prairie near the town is dotted with many dump heaps from old mines, each of which worked out about 20 acres. The aggregate value of the product in 1911 was $44,647, or an average of $1.86 per ton for all grades. All the mines now in operation are local affairs in the Murphy sboro bed and supply neighboring towns and farming country. The Colchester Coal Co. has the only mine provided with railroad facilities and ships one or two cars a week to Macomb. Most of the mines reach the coal by drift- ing in from its outcrop. The Colchester Coal Co., Chas. Atkinson, and Wm. Robinson hoist by steam power, but at the other shaft mines the product is hoisted by horse whims. Underground haulage is by hand or, in a few places, by powerful dogs, as it is not practicable to make the roadways of sufficient height to permit the entrance of mules. The room-and-pillar plan of mining is followed exclusively. It is claimed that the longwall plan is not satisfactory because of the heaving of the underclay, the breaking through of the roof where the drift lies near the coal, and the brittleness of the roof in a few localities. It is probable, however, that longwall could be made profitable if the working faces were advanced rapidly. Compara- tively few timbers are used. The general practise is to undercut the coal a short distance and then wedge it down. Very little powder is used, as it shatters the coal and roof too badly. Following is the list of the mines that were being worked or were in condition to be worked during the autumn of 1912. Many new mines are started each winter and old ones abandoned, as it is easier to make a fresh opening than to clean out workings that have lain idle during the spring and summer. Table 33. — List of working or workable coal mines in 1912 Mine Uriah Sloan D. H. Payne Edward Morell— . Charles Yapp W. F. Bly I. M. Felhammar.. A. C. Redding W. H. Hendricks. Pruett estate Hugh Swearingen.. Location Kind of opening Fraction of section drift drift drift drift drift drift drift drift drift drift NW. SW. SE. SW. NW. SW. NE. NW. NW. NE. SW. NE. SE. NE. NW. NW. NE. NW. NE. NE. CB O 2* Coal (No. 2) Alt. top of coal J* en beet 1 590 2 563 3 587 4 580 5 581 6 590 7 590 8 607 ! 9 600 10 575 In. 33 29 30 28 28 COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 91 Table 33. — List of working or workable coal mines in 1912 — Concluded Location Fraction (No. 2) Mine Kind of opening F -action fc * - 6 of section . rt ^ Tt - '*iM Mi .-•- i'.i •jlk^wli 1 #v j, % »-•■ > xt^ "> (Hft'-v 1^ oSfor *8 f? u**s € &gm *fV>/>- ."Wfc -: - L^**^ "ft /#. |r ** ' ■ ■ ■r> *> '&£'■ ' «•' **! V Si ■ $<%*& '" ■ # ' 9 t ' vflp **^ i _#^" V Kg: ^ MMX&HitikZ&MSt&, . ' f V* - fy 2 ' *? E», L ^jr , l«Wr ■*> > ** . : ^H Fig. 7. — Pit of Colchester Brick and Tile Company showing coal No. 2 near top and stoneware clay at base. made from this clay and successfully withstand a very high temperature. This drift mine has worked out about 60 acres of clay on the room-and- pillar plan of mining. The average thickness of the clay is about 8 feet, but the upper 2 feet are commonly left up in order that a thin streak of sandstone near the base may serve as a mine roof. In a few places the clay mined is as much as 12 feet thick. It has a dark-gray color with black carbonaceous streaks near the bottom, the fracture is subconchoidal, and it is nearly free from iron. A layer a foot thick and 2 feet from the bottom is so sandy and firmly cemented that it is usually thrown in the gob. Few timbers are used except in the entries and much care is necessary in the rooms. Pit cars are hauled by mules from the interior of the mine along COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 97 a tramway up the ravine to a tipple on the railroad, more than one-half mile distant. A few rods down the ravine and on its west side is a short drift, and a small strip-pit from which is obtained material from the base of the stone- ware clay to within 12 feet of the Murphysboro coal bed. A description of these strata may be found on a following page where a typical section is given for the Pottsville formation. The shale and clay from the strip-pit are shipped to Monmouth and made into sewer pipe. The B. F. Myers drift is only a short distance southwest of the Baird mine, on the opposite side of a narrow divide (SW. ^4 SW. ^4 sec. 12, map number 57). The clay in this mine is in every way similar to that at the Baird drift. It is 8 feet thick on the south and 6 feet and of better quality on the north. The product is hauled one-half mile over a tram- way to the railroad and shipped to Macomb, where it is used for all kinds of stoneware pottery by the Buckeye Pottery Co. The Northwestern Terra Cotta Co. of Chicago prospected and pur- chased a tract of land one mile northwest of Colchester with the intention of utilizing Pottsville sediments for terra cotta and other clay products, but has not yet begun active operations. At their pit (SE. % SE. J4 sec. 11) there is exposed 39 feet of clay and shale, including about 3 feet of sand- stone. The top of the pit is close to the horizon of coal No. 2 and the bottom less than 15 feet above the St. Louis limestone. The section exposed appears to be similar to that at the Colchester Brick and Tile Company's pit. The farm of Charles Johnson, 2 miles southwest of Colchester (E. yi sec. 23) has long been known as a producer of clay and shale from the Pottsville formation. Work had been temporarily suspended when the local- ity was visited in the fall of 1912, but has been carried on in the past by shafting, drifting, and stripping. Connection with the railroad is obtained by means of a short spur and the product is shipped to Monmouth, Macomb, and elsewhere. Sewer pipe is made from the shale above coal "No. 1" mixed with the clay below it. Some of the clay below coal "No. 1" can be used for stoneware, but parts of the bed must be mixed with other clays for that purpose. This clay is said to be the most refractory and plastic in the district ; an exposed section is described as follows : Section of exposed beds in the clay pit in NE. % SE. % sec. 23, T. 5 A r ., R. 4 W. (map number 58) Thickness Description of strata Feet Sandstone, bluish white to brown and deep buff, in places thin bedded and with shale partings, in others massive (top 20 feet below Murphysboro coal) 8 Shale, drab, sandy at top, clayey below 10 Coal ("No. 1"), thickness variable, average V/ 2 <>N BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Clay, white, sandy, indurated 3 Clay, dark gray to blue, slightly sandy 6 Clay, white, sandy, indurated (St. Louis limestone less than 5 feet lower) .... 4 A number of years ago Abraham Newland operated a brick and pottery- plant at Tennessee, and used Pottsville deposits from north of Tennessee and from a now abandoned shaft sunk beside the railroad halfway between Tennessee and Colchester (SE. ]/ A SW. Y A sec. 14, T. 5 N., R. 4 W.). Log of abandoned Newland shaft between Tennessee and Colchester Description of strata Thickness Depth Surface deposits — Soil and yellow clay Gravel Carbondale formation — Shale Coal No. 2 (Murphysboro coal) Shale, black, carbonaceous ("slate") Pottsville formation — Clay, reported to make nearly white fire brick of good quality Clay, reported to make good terra cotta, etc Clay, dark blue, containing limestone boulders.... Sandstone, clayey, firmly cemented Clay, reported fine quality for stoneware Shale, black, slaty, very carbonaceous Shale, blue Sandstone, dark gray, very firmly cemented Coal ("No. 1", but lower than "No. 1" on John- son farm) Ft. in. Ft. 11 11 4 15 16 31 2 3 33 9 34 6 40 5 45 9 54 2 6 56 10 66 3 69 5 74 4 78 1 79 Mr. Newland states that practically all the shale and clay in this section was used at one time and another. After coal No. 2 was mined out and the pillars pulled, the overlying- shale was used for brick and red draintile. The underclay of the coal produced good fire brick, although tests of this bed at several other places near Colchester have been unsuccessful. The lower clays appear to have been very similar to those now mined northwest of Colchester. A well recently dug and bored on the land of F. W. Whalin, 2 miles west of Colchester (NE. *4 NE. %. sec. 15) penetrated strata nearly identical with those in the Newland shaft. Clay from the stoneware horizon has been taken from this land for use in the Tennessee and other plants. Much clay was formerly dug by shafting, drifting, and stripping on the farm of J. C. McClure V/2 miles north of Tennessee (SW. }i sec. 10). It was hauled in wagons to Tennessee, where much of it was burned and some shipped to other points. The pits are now poorly exposed, but there is reported to be 8 to 12 feet of stoneware clay. The clay is underlain with COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 99 white sandstone that lies on the St. Louis limestone. There appears to be a large quantity of clay that could be easily stripped with a steam shovel. Lee McClure operates a small clay plant 2^> miles north of Tennessee (SE. %. NE. *4 sec. 3, map number 59), making a faintly red draintile from a mixture of loess and clay from the stoneware clay horizon of the Pottsville. The clay is obtained in the hollow southeast of the plant (SW. Y\ sec. 2) and a section of the strata exposed is printed in the report on clay tests. AREAL DISTRIBUTION The location of the high-grade clays and shales of the Pottsville forma- tion deserves special notice. There are two districts in which commercial development has proved to be of considerable value. One of these includes most of a strip about one mile wide on the north side of the East Fork of Crooked Creek from the west line of sec. 26, T. 6 N., R. 3 W., northeast to the north boundary of the quadrangle. The area from a quarter of a mile to two miles west of Rardolph, on the south side of the creek, is virtually part of the same district. The second district includes strips of both sides of East Fork from north of Colchester to north of Tennessee. It also in- cludes the divide between Colchester and Tennessee and the deposits on the Johnson farm, southwest of Colchester. These two districts contain suffi- cient high-grade clays and shales to supply demands for many years to come. In addition to the two production districts, the clay and shale horizons of the Pottsville underlie all the territory mapped as containing coal No. 2 and a marginal area beyond the limits of that bed. Practically all this ter- ritory probably contains the raw materials for many clay products, but as outcrops of the Pottsville are poor or absent in most of it, only systematic prospecting can demonstrate the position of the best deposits. Outcrops from the stoneware clay horizon to 33 feet above coal No. 2 in the extreme southeastern corner of the Macomb quadrangle indicate the absence of pottery material, though there is in the Pottsville an abundance of shale for commoner clay products. In the southwestern quarter of the Macomb quadrangle the Pottsville is exposed in a number of places. In general the strata above the stoneware clay horizon contain more sandstone than those near Colchester and Macomb, a factor that might be detrimental in extensive stripping opera- tions. The stoneware-clay bed is well exposed in several bluffs on Camp and Grindstone creeks in sees. 11, 15, 23, and 24 ( ?), and in ravines in the N. y 2 sec. 26 and SW. J4 sec. 28, all in T. 4 N., R. 3 E. It is likely that careful prospecting would reveal on and near these streams and also on Willow Branch easily accessible deposits that equal in quality and thickness those now being developed on East Fork drainage. The greater the pro- portion of shale and clay in the section, the fewer are the natural expos- 100 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 ures, so that the outcrops now visible are hardly fair indices to the real value of the Pottsville in this area. The following outcrop, however, con- tains material that appears to be especially promising. Section of bluff on Camp Creek, NW. Ya, SW . 4 sec. 15, T. 4 N., R. 3 W. Thickness Ft. Description of strata Coal No. 2 (Murphysboro coal) Concealed, chiefly shale and clay Clay, white and yellow, sandy, sandstone layer near middle Shale, drab, clayey, plastic Shale, bluish black, carbonaceous Coal ("No. 1") Clay, drab Shale, bluish gray, micaceous, very sandy, with iron concretions in places and sandstone lenses near base Clay and shale, very carbonaceous near middle Clay, yellow and light blue, very sandy to water in Camp Creek The clay at the base of this section lies at the stoneware-clay horizon. Probably its full thickness is shown, as sandstone appears at the creek level a short distance below. MECHANICAL AND BURNING TESTS NEW SAMPLES In 1908 E. F. Lines of this Survey examined and sampled all the clay and shale pits and mines and the most important outcrops near Macomb, Colchester, and Tennessee. Tests were made in the ceramic laboratories of the University of Illinois, with the results shown in the two following tables. Table 34. — Tests of raw clay and shale in the Colchester and Macomb quadrangles Sample number Tempering water Working quality Color Drying shrinkage Porosity Per cent Per cent Gray 5 26 Gray 6 27 Gray 7 30 Drab Light gray 5 26 Light gray 5 27 Gray 5 28 Light drab 5 28 Light gray 5 Light gray 6 30 Light gray 8 28 Light lavender 6 28 Light gray 5 26 Light gray 6 25 Gray 6 26 Light gray 6 29 L32 L33 L34 L35 L38 L39 L40 L41 L42 L44 L72 L73 L75 L76 L45 L43 Per cent 21 21 24 20 20 20 18 21 18 21 25 21 20 25 Fat Fat Lean Fat Stiff Stiff Fat Fat Fat Fat Fat COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 101 The locations of samples collected for the tests are as follows : L 32. — Dry-pan sample from the mill of the Macomb Sewer Pipe Company at Macomb. L 33 and 34. — Samples from pit of Macomb Clay Products Company, 3 miles northeast of Macomb, NE. y sec. 20, T. 6 N., R. 2 W., (map number 54). Section from pit of Macomb Clay Products Company Thickness Description of strata Feet Stripping 4. Sandstone 3 3. Light-gray clay (L 33) 3]/ 2 2. Dark-gray clay having reddish and pinkish stains (L 34) A T / 2 1. Black clay containing iron concretions L 35. — Sample from 10-foot outcrop on S. Russel farm, 1 mile north of Macomb, NE. % sec. 25, T. 6 N., R. 3 W. L 38. — Sample from 7 l / 2 -ioot face on mine on B. F. Myers farm SW. y sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 4 W. (map number 57). L 39-42. — Samples from pit at brick yard of Colchester Brick and Tile Company, y 2 mile north of Colchester, NE. Y A sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 4 W. (map number 55). Section from pit of Colchester Brick and Tile Company Thickness Description of strata Feet 10. Gray shale 10 9. Coal No. 2 (Murphysboro coal) 2 8. Clay 5 7. Gray sandy shale containing large concretions or lenses of ferruginous limestone in upper part 10 6. Black clay stained purple on fracture surfaces and containing lime-iron concretions 4 5. Gray sandy clay \y 2 4. Gray sandy clay stained purple in upper foot (L 39) A l / 2 3. Gray clay shale (L 40) 5 2. Sandy layer 1 1. Gray sandy clay (L 41 upper half and L 42 lower half) 10 L 44. — Sample from 10-foot face in mine on John Farenkoff farm, 1 mile west of Colchester, SE. % sec. 11, T. 5 N., R. 4 W. L 72. — Sample from north mine on Valentine farm, y 2 mile northwest of Col- chester, SW. y sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 4 W. (map number 56). Section from Valentine farm mine Thickness Description of strata Feet 6. Shale roof 5. Gray clay (L 72) 2 4. Gray sandstone 1 3. Gray clay (L 72) 4 2. Gray sandstone 1 1. Grav clav 2 102 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 SSBJ3 cn CM P3 h m co jq pq n « cc CO CO CM CO A;isojoj ifl h»n co o i>- t>; co •* cm oo i-j oq to C^ CO i-A *+ t(5 CO N 6 •* T)I Tjl oi CD CO CO t-l > o rt 5»5 U »-. c3 ^ ^ a3 rt 03 aj -d .2 *« feb •£ -5 *S C3J o o U Q £.,£>>.2>.>.£ >>£>>.£>>.£ JH £ V 2 bJD 2'a52£2S bc 2 bc 2 IM MM "t3 5 O^a^OOfqO^O^OJ JJ S X^isoaOjj ** to rj< t- <* N WIS H CM 00 od io eg d d io co d od r-5 o r-l CM .-1 >-l ,-1 t-1 r-l ,-1 H N Cj aSB^uuqs CO tJ< C- lOCDt-»'*(O»inwrti^(0 V Suiuang "X3 S C. o c <3 a £ * * c <5j jo 'o U = -2 2 £ £ > £ * ^ 13 - 2 oSo^ * K -8-° 1 'si's U 3 2 .S 13 2 13 S « 13 .SP 3 .SP .SP .SP « KfqUPH^Q> 00 IM* d ONTfriNMNt^M iuuqs M M W MCOCO'<)'(NlO*MHMeq t3 cm Suuung 53 o «c c ?»> o £ £ £ £ £ Q o o ^ ,2 > & > J2 13 U U U o J3 o " <>*^pqJhlU^ SB 03 3 1X1 3 NM^lflOOKOHN'tiNMlflCOlflM CO CO h- h- JJJh I-) 1-1 1- h. Hi J J t-l ^ COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 103 L 73. — Sample from 7-foot face in the south mine on the Valentine farm. Loca- tion same as L 72. L 75-76. — Sample L 75 from outcrop and L 76 from mine on Johnson farm, 2 miles southwest of Colchester, NE. ^ sec. 23, T. 5 N., R. 4 W. (map number 58). L 45. — Sample from 9-foot face in mine of J. C. McClure farm, \]/ 2 miles north of Tennessee, SW. V A sec. 10, T. 5 N, R. 4 W. L 43. — Sample from outcrop on Lee McClure farm, 2y> miles north of Tennesee, SW. y 4 sec. 2, T. 5 N., R. 4 W. Section from outcrop on the McClure farm Thickness Description of strata Feet 6. Yellow surface clay 3 5. Gray clay (L 43) 5# 4. Concealed 7 3. Impure coal \y 2 2. Concealed 1 1. St. Louis limestone 6+ OLD SAMPLES Samples collected in 1904 were also subjected to various tests, among them the determination of the vitrification and fusion points. 3 Samples H 41, H 42, and H 43, were obtained at the works of the Western Stoneware Company at Monmouth. H 41 and H 43 were reported to come from Col- chester and H 42 from Tennessee. These clays are mixed for the produc- tion of stoneware. Samples H 44, H 45, and H 46 are from the Russell farm, one mile north of Macomb, and were sent in by Dr. Russell. H 44 and H 45 are from the upper part of the clay horizon shown in the section on a previous page, while H 46 is from the lower part. Table 36. — Mechanical analyses of clays from Warren and McDonough counties Volatile Residue left on screens | J o Total >> Sample Mois " ture 20 60 100 150 1 200 mesh i mesh mesh mesh mesh 8 per § g S 1 cent , -s Ph~ G i pu H 41_ H 42_ H 43. H 44_ H 45. H 46. 1.82 6.60 0.24 0.38 2.03 6.99 1.94 6.74 6.27 0.76 0.70 3.12 2.16 7.94 14.25 16.86 5.06 4.50 0.82 4.00 0.161 3.04 16.56 28.84 0.66 2.96 6.265 4.24 2.60 6.11 1.24 3.94 0.101 0.56 3.41 21.02 I 2.36 2.32 1.48 6.14 7.26 3.64 77.88 98.30 75.94 98.18 43.93 96.18 24.88 82.64 37.65 67.75 65.82 99.73 3 Purdy, R. C, and DeWolf, F. W., Preliminary investigations of Illinois fire clays: 111. State Geol. Survey, Bull. 4, pp. 162-165, 1907. 104 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Table 37. — Chemical analyses of clays from Warren and McDonough counties Sample Moisture Volatile Si 0, Fe 2 3 Al 2 3 TiO„ Total per cent H 41 1.25 7.05 66.50 1.56 21.50 1.28 99.14 H 42 1.62 7.37 65.14 1.59 21.53 1.60 98.85 H 43 1.41 8.25 55.96 1.57 29.47 1.60 98.26 H 44 0.33 4.31 78.46 1.29 13.97 1.02 99.38 H 45 0.49 3.03 83.34 0.80 8.42 0.80 96.88 H 46 0.81 4.32 77.88 1.05 14.42 0.93 99.41 Results of the pyrometric tests were as follows : H 41. — This clay started to bend at cone 28 and was fused flat at cone 30. In the preliminary burn this clay was vitrified at cone 20. H 42. — This sample was bending and bloating at cone 29. In preliminary burn it was vitrified at cone 20. H 43. — The final test on this clay was very unsatisfactory. When cone 29 was down, two of the cones made from this clay were beginning to bend, while the third one was erect. When cone 31 was touching the plaque, one of the clay cones that was started at cone 29 was flat and fused, while the other one, like the third clay cone, was vitrified and blistered, but not down. In the preliminary burn this clay was vitrified at cone 20. H 44. — This clay started to bend at 27 and was just touching the plaque at cone 31. In the preliminary burn it was standing at cone 20. H 45. — The cones made from the clay began to bend at cone 27 and were flat at cone 29. In the preliminary burn this clay was vitrified at cone 20. H 46. — All cones were flat and fused at cone 29. No record was obtained as to when they began to, fuse. In the preliminary burn this clay resembled H 45 in every respect. In testing the characteristics during the burning process these clays were made up into briquets by the stiff-mud process and burned at 1120° C. Each burned fine light buff and was quite porous. SUMMARY Sample II 41 has a fair texture and fineness of grain, but H 42 and H 43 are quite coarse. None of these three samples show much plasticity. They are all comparatively low in iron content, and their relative fusibility cor- responds or is roughly proportioned to their content of fluxing ingredients other than iron. Such factors as content of Si0 2 and fineness of grain affect also to a considerable extent, their relative fusibility. These clays belong to the group of the so-called No. 2 refractories, and offer possibilities of being satisfactory unless the low point of vitrification is objectionable. They seem also to be adapted to the manufacture of stoneware and terra cotta, besides the manufacture of No. 2 fire brick. The fusibility periods of samples H 44, H 45, and H 46 place them in the No. 2 refractory class. All seem to be of possible use for second grade fire brick. H 44 burns too coarse for use in pottery, but H 45 and H 46 seem of possible value for stoneware, terra cotta and No. 2 fire brick. COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 105 Stone sandstone The sandstone at or near the base of the Pennsylvanian affords a fairly good building stone in places, though in many localities it is too massive or too irregularly bedded to be easily quarried. Considerable sandstone was taken from quarries only a few feet above East Fork, 2 miles northwest of Macomb, a number of years ago. Part of this was massive, grayish buff to white, and 7 to 12 feet thick. The upper part was more thinly bedded and was often pried up in slabs 1 to 3 feet thick. The stone was durable and was used for foundation walls, well curbing, nagging, and similar purposes. At one time a factory was in operation for the manufacture of grindstones and a number were shipped to various parts of the country. Some stone has also been taken from a small quarry in the southeastern corner of the Macomb quadrangle (SE. % sec. 4, T. 3 N., R. 1 W.), where there are 20 feet of drab, thick-bedded sandstone. Small quantities of sandstone have also been derived from outcrops near Colchester and elsewhere. LIMESTONE The only quarries that have furnished much stone in recent years are in Mississippian beds. The upper part of the crystalline limestone beds of the Keokuk yield a fine quality of building stone, the chief objection to them being a slight tendency to split after long exposure to atmospheric agencies. There is little demand for building stone except for foundations and curbing, so that most of the rock used is crushed for concrete material and road metal. The best stone lies in the interval about 20 feet thick lying about 10 feet below the top of the limestone, the material above that being cherty and thinly and irregularly bedded and that below containing a very large proportion of chert. Most of the ledges are less than 2 feet thick and can be easily separated along thin clay partings. These beds have been quarried in several places, but in only two recently : ( 1 ) at the end of the bridge over Brunce's Creek, 2 miles northwest of Plymouth (NE. % NW. ^4 sec. 26, map number 60) and (2) l l / 2 miles north of Plymouth (NE. *4 NW. J4 sec. 25, map number 61). At the latter place there is a small crusher and the following section is exposed : Section in a quarry, NE. y A NW. Y A sec. 25, T. 3 N., R. 5 W. Thickness Description of strata Ft. in. 6. Limestone, bluish gray, crystalline, small lenses of chert, in beds of 8 inches or less with shale partings of 5 inches or less. Several good quarry layers, though thin 13 5. Limestone, in one bed, a little chert . . 12-16 4. Limestone, one bed, a very little chert 2 1 3. Limestone, thin-bedded, with shale partings .. 10 2. Limestone, one bed, no chert 1 11 1. Limestone, one bed, no chert 1 3 106 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Crushed rock can also be obtained from the St. Louis limestone, but with difficulty. Several of the impure limestone beds that lie 30 feet and less below the St. Louis contain a durable stone for building- purposes. Con- siderable rock has been taken from one of these beds 3 miles northwest of St. Marys (SW. Ya SE. Y a sec. 33, T. 5 N, R. 5 W., map number 62), where there are 15 feet of bluish-buff, argillaceous, thick-bedded limestone that weathers yellowish. Sand and Gravel Sand and some gravel can be obtained from the beds of many creeks and their tributaries, the former having been derived from the sandy depos- its at or near the base of the glacial deposits, and the latter from pebbles in the main body of the till. It would also be possible to obtain remarkably pure sand on a large scale by stripping. On Spring Creek, 4 miles north- west of Macomb (SW. T x i NE. J Y sec. 28), there are exposed in a road cut 31 feet of orange and white sand that is composed almost entirely of equi- dimensional quartz grains. There are probably 17 feet more of this sand between the base of the cut and the level of the creek, a total of 48 feet of excellent material. Other notable sand deposits may be found in the north- western corners of the Macomb and Colchester quadrangles and on and near Troublesome Creek. Near the head of a small draw, 2 miles north- east of Fountain Green (SW. X / A NE. y A sec. 26, T. 6 N., R. 5 W.), there are at least 25 feet of pure, white and yellow, quartz sand bearing a few quartz and flint pebbles. This deposit could be removed very cheaply. Glass Sand Considerable attention has been drawn to the possibility of the basal sandstone of the Pennsylvanian being available as a glass sand, and privately conducted tests are said to have been satisfactory. This member is 20 feet or more thick in a number of places and consists of translucent, angular, quartz grains of medium and uniform size, with flakes of muscovite and a few small crystals of zircon, apatite, and other minerals. When fresh it is commonly nearly white, but has a thin reddish to dark-colored coating on exposed surfaces, apparently because of oxidized iron. This rock is suitable for the manufacture of green bottle glass, and limestone (the St. Louis) that could be used with it in the batch is also available. It is doubtful, how- ever, whether these deposits could compete with the St. Peter sandstone now extensively used in north-central Illinois and east-central Missouri, as the expense of quarrying and grinding would be greater and the glass pro- duced probably restricted to only a few varieties. Lime The brecciated St. Louis limestone, 25 feet and less thick, is a superior stone for the manufacture of lime, as it contains a very high percentage of COLCHESTER AND MACOMB QUADRANGLES 107 calcium carbonate. The Keokuk limestone can also be used, though its percentage of impurities is slightly higher and more variable. Cement The properties of limestone and clay essential for the successful pro- duction of Portland cement have been fully described in Bulletin No 17 of this Survey and in other reports and need not be mentioned here. There are in Bulletin 17 a number of analyses of St. Louis, Spergen ("Salem"), and Keokuk limestones that show that they are in greater part suitable for cement. There are only a few suitable clay or shale deposits outcropping near Keokuk limestone exposures, but the St. Louis limestone and clay and shale from the Pottsville formation could be obtained from adjacent pits near Colchester and Tennessee. The shale in the upper part of the Potts- ville and that above coal No. 2 could be used where not too sandy. The clays at the stoneware-clay horizon are low in fluxes and might require too high a temperature for practical working purposes. Chemical analyses of these clays, already given in the section devoted to refractory clay tests, show that those from north of Macomb (H 44, H 45, and H 46) have a ratio of silica to alumina of more than 5 and are too high in silica, that one from Colchester (H43) has a ratio of only 1.9 and is too low in silica, and that one from Colchester and one from Tennessee (H 41 and H 42) have ratios of about 3 and hence contain the two substances in proper proportion. The proportion of silica to alumina may, however, be modified by the composi- tion of the limestone. For instance if used with a siliceous limestone the clay may have a lower silica-to-alumina ratio than if used with a pure limestone. Iron, Zinc, and Other Metals Ferruginous nodules are common in the Pennsylvania!! shales, and layers of iron carbonate appear at several horizons in the Pottsville formation. Worthen states that some of these layers in Schuyler County yielded 52 per cent protoxide of iron. None of them is more than 6 inches thick, however, and there is little probability that workable deposits exist. Persistent rumors of the presence of zinc and lead ore have caused considerable comment in this region, but no valuable deposits were found by the writer. Attention has been drawn chiefly to outcrops in a tributary of Grindstone Creek near the west boundary of the Macomb quadrangle (SW. y 4 sec. 28, T. 4 N., R. 3 W.), where small quantities of both lead and zinc ore minerals are reported to have been found. On this land blue- black shale about 10 feet thick lies 30 to 40 feet below the horizon of coal No. 2 and is separated from the St. Louis limestone by a few feet of sand- stone. This shale bears one or two thin concretionary layers of dark-blue clay ironstone covered with a bright-red coating on weathered surfaces. 108 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 The interiors of many concretions are filled with crystals of sphalerite (zinc blend or "black jack"), apparently deposited in shrinkage fissures. At this same horizon, which is approximately that of the stoneware clays of the Pottsville, there are similar occurrences of sphalerite in several localities, but none that is sufficiently extensive to be of economic importance. Native copper and even gold and other valuable minerals are frequently found associated with the pebbles and boulders of the glacial till and among the stream gravels. As the ledges from which these rocks were derived lie far to the north, beyond the State boundaries, the discoveries have no eco- nomic significance beyond the intrinsic value of the individual specimen. The geodes contain a great variety of minerals lining the hollow interiors. These minerals include quartz, calcite, sphalerite, iron pyrites, and others, but have no value except for museum or cabinet specimens. Oil and Gas Pockets of gas in sandy portions of the surface deposits are quite com- mon in Illinois, and several have been found in this region. These accumu- lations are derived probably from the decomposition of vegetal matter in the surface deposits themselves and do not have any necessary connection with deep-seated oil or gas. They can be used to heat and light a few houses, but the yield is too small for commercial purposes. G. E. Flint bored two wells at opposite corners of his house, 5 miles south of Colches- ter (SE. y A NE. y A sec. 6, T. 4 N., R. 3.W.), each 87 feet in glacial clay and with sand at the bottom. Gas came from the sand under considerable pressure and was used for cooking and lighting in Mr. Flint's house for more than two years, until the wells became choked with sand. A well at the Price and Gunning clay plant at Industry is reported to have struck gas at a depth of 90 feet that was under sufficient pressure to throw mud 20 feet into the air. A few other wells in the region have encountered small quantities of gas at shallow depths, presumably in surface deposits. Complete and detailed reports on the deep drilling for oil and gas in the Colchester and Macomb quadrangles may be found in Bulletins 23 4 and 31 5 of the Illinois State Geological Survey. 4 Hinds, Henry, Oil and gas in the Colchester and Macomb quadrangles : 111. State Geol. Sur- vey Bull. 23, 1917. 5 Morse, W. C, and Kay, F. H., The Colmar oil field: 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 31, 1915. RELATIONS OF LOESS AND DRIFT IN CANTON QUADRANGLE By T. E. Savage OUTLINE PAGE Introduction 109 Relations of loess and drift 109 Pre-loessial surface 109 Loess on valley slopes Ill Significance of relations 112 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE III. Map of Canton quadrangle showing the slope of the Illinoian drift sur- face when the loess was laid down upon it 112 FIGURE 8. Bluff of loess along Mississippi River in Calhoun County, Illinois 110 INTRODUCTION A knowledge of the relations of the loess to the drift sheet over which it lies in any region is a matter of great importance to the proper under- standing of the age of the loess and of the conditions under which it was laid down. In connection with the field study of the geology of the Canton quadrangle, an effort was made to determine the relations which the loess sustains to the surface of the Illinoian drift upon which it rests in this area, and to learn whether certain low-lying deposits of loess are original or secondary. Figure 8A shows a typical loess bluff along the Mississippi. The altitude of the upper surface of the drift, and thus of the lower surface of the loess, w r as obtained at a large number of places to determine whether the surface of the drift sheet was a nearly level plain, or whether it had considerable relief, at the time the loess mantle was spread upon it. Possible sources of the low-lying loess were then considered. RELATIONS OF LOESS AND DRIFT Pre-loessial Surface The altitudes of the top or highest level at which the drift was found at different points are shown on the accompanying map (PI. III). They were mostly obtained from leveling up from the outcrop of the loess-drift contact to bench marks, or other points the elevations of which could be (109) 110 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 definitely determined from the topographic map. A few were obtained from aneroid readings, the aneroid being checked with nearby bench marks. A few others were obtained from the records of water wells in which the depth to the top of the drift was definitely known. In general the figures Fig. 8. — Bluff of loess along Mississippi River in Calhoun County, Illinois. indicate the highest elevation at which the drift was found in those places. In order that no exposure should be considered in which the loess was of doubtful character, no outcrops were included in this study in which the LOESS IN CANTON QUADRANGLE 111 thickness of the fine-grained pebbleless material above the drift did not exceed two feet. It may be seen from the figures on the map (PL III) showing the elevation above sea level of the top of the drift beneath the loess in different places in the quadrangle, that the pre-loessial relief of the area was more than 150 feet. The general slope of the top of the drift, beneath the loess, in this region corresponds quite closely to the present slope of the surface. The main divide of the region in pre-loessial time, as at present, extended eastward from near the middle of the west side of the quadrangle, past the town of Fairview, and thence a little north of east between Farmington and Norris. From this highland the surface declined southward along Copperas Creek as much as 100 feet in a distance of 6 miles. Along the course of Big Creek, from its sources in the vicinity of Norris to the town of St. David, the total difference in the elevation of the drift surface beneath the loess exceeds 125 feet. From the headwaters of Put Creek, to the place where it leaves the quadrangle near the southwest corner, the drift surface beneath the loess declines more than 100 feet. A like difference in the altitude of the upper surface of the drift is shown between the headwaters of Turkey and Coal creeks and the places where they leave the west border of the quadrangle. From the sources of Littler's Creek to its junction with Spoon River, the pre-loessial drift surface declined as much as 150 feet. Loess and Drift on Valley Slopes It may also be seen from the map (PI. Ill), at places designated by blue figures, that the altitude of the upper limit of the drift, or the lower limit of the loess, on the opposite sides of the same stream at different places is not the same, but shows variations in the following ways: (1) the base of the loess on opposite sides of the stream channel may be at about the same altitude, and the loess does not continue down the slope below the uppermost exposed level of the drift on either side; (2) the base of the loess on one side of the valley may be several feet lower than it is on the opposite side, but on neither side extends below the uppermost exposed limit of the drift; (3) the loess may continue down the slope on one side of the valley several feet lower than the upper limit of the drift exposed near the top of the hill, extending almost or entirely to the level of the flood plain. Good exposures illustrating condition No. 1 may be seen in the follow- ing places : 1. Where the wagon road crosses Copperas Creek a short distance east of Brereton. 2. Where the wagon road crosses Put Creek, near the middle of sec. 4, T. 6 N., R. 3 E. 3. Where the wagon road crosses Coal Creek, SE. ^ sec. 16, T. 8 N., R. 3 E. 112 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Outcrops illustrating condition No. 2 may be seen : 4. Where the wagon road crosses the creek one-half mile south of Rapatee. 5. Where the wagon road crosses Littler' s Creek along the east side of sec. 36, T. 9 N., R. 3 E. 6. Where the wagon road crosses Put Creek in the SE. ^ sec. 6, and along the NE. side of sec. 7, T. 6 N., R. 3 E. In all the above-mentioned localities the loess breaks off abruptly at the top of the hill and does not extend down the slope below the level of the highest exposure of the drift. In such places the banks are usually rather steep, and have been undercut by the streams in the process of valley widening since the main body of the loess in this region was deposited. Conditions described under No. 3 are exposed in many places, of which the following are representative : 7. On the east side of Big Creek, near the middle of the N. J / 2 sec. 9, T. 6 N., R. 4 E. 8. On the east side of Put Creek, in the SE. }i sec. 5, T. 6 N., R. 3 E. 9. On the south side of Coal Creek, near the middle of sec. 19, T. 8 N., R. 3 E. In the above-mentioned places the loess continues down the hill nearly or entirely to the level of the flood plain, covering the drift over the slope to a varying thickness of from 3 to 5 or 6 feet. It is usually thickest on the crest of the hill; the thickness gradually decreasing from the top toward the bottom. Over areas of considerable size as in the vicinity of Spoon River in sees. 19 and 20, T. 9 N., R. 3 E., and in sec. 24, T. 9 N., R. 2 E., loess and sand cover the slopes. The places where the loess continues down the hills some distance below the uppermost level of the drift are always on the east or south banks of the larger streams. In such places the slopes are also rather gentle and the adjacent flood-plain areas have considerable width. Significance of Relations In the places where the loess breaks off abruptly near the top of the hill and does not extend down the slope below the level of the top of the drift, it is thought that the streams have undercut their banks and thus widened their valleys since the time of major deposition of the loess. In this process the loess that was deposited on the earlier slopes was removed as the work of valley widening by side cutting of the streams was accom- plished. At these localities the undercutting has taken place so recently that the banks are still steep, and no appreciable amount of loess has since been deposited upon them. In most places where the loess continues down the hills for a consider- able distance below the top of the drift, the slopes are long and gentle, a condition that indicates that undercutting has not been in progress there for a long time. II BULLETIN NO. 30, PLATE HI T.6 N. 90' 00 46" 30' A Outcrop * Drill hole 6 TS Elevation of loess- drift contact it. LOESS IN CANTON QUADRANGLE 113 There are two possible ways in which the presence of the loess over the slopes below the top of the drift may be explained: (1) The loess may be assumed to have been brought down from higher levels by slumping and sheet wash; and (2) it may be assumed to have been carried up by the winds from adjacent flood-plain areas and deposited on the slopes where it is. now found. By the first assumption practically all the loess on such slopes would be of secondary origin ; whereas by the second, the loess would be largely in its original position. The first hypothesis is thought to be inadequate, although slumpings or landslides are very common along the steeper slopes in this region, especially in places where the drift rests upon Pennsylvanian shale. Such slides or slumps were doubtless important factors in the development of gentle slopes after the undercutting of the streams was discontinued. Almost everywhere that the slides have occurred in recent time, both the loess and the underlying drift are involved, the slips extending down several feet below the base of the loess. These landslides result in a series of step-like offsets along the slopes from 5 or 6 feet to as much as 16 or 18 feet high. In the development of a rather uniform incline from such a terraced series of slipped masses, typical loess-covered slopes are not now being produced, for as the materials are washed down from the steep walls away from which the slipped masses have moved and lodge on the flat tops of the slumped bodies, there is a rather intimate mixing of loess with drift. Thus the material in the upper portion of these slopes comes to consist of fine and coarse particles and occa- sional pebbles derived from the loess and from the drift. It certainly should not be classed as normal loess. If it is assumed that the loess over the slopes was brought down from the hill tops after the gradual slopes had been developed by sheet wash and by slips, which did not extend so deep as the drift, there is encountered the difficulty of finding the place from which the loess was removed. The thickness of the loess at the tops of the hills is just as great in the places where it continues down the slope to the floodplain, as it is in the places where it does not extend below the highest level of the drift. An immense quantity of material would be required to cover a slope one-eighth to one- half mile in length, to a depth from 3 to 6 feet; yet there is no trace of diminution in the thickness or amount of loess at the tops of the hills in such localities. Supporting the view that the loess occurring on the slopes below the highest level of the drift is largely an original deposit, is the position of such slopes related to the flood-plains of streams and to the prevailing winds. Such loess deposits in the quadrangle are found only on the east and south or southeast banks of the larger streams. Thus the westerly or northwest- erly winds would blow for some distance over a river flat of considerable width before they encounter the opposing bank where such deposits are 114 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 found. In the vicinity of Spoon River near the northwest corner of the quadrangle, the pebbleless material that covers the drift consists of sand as well as loess. The only adequate source of sand that can be seen in this region is the adjacent flood-plain of Spoon River to the westward, and this sandy alluvium would yield an abundant supply both of sand and finer loess material. There seems no doubt that the sand and loess occurring above the drift over the slopes and on the tops of the hills to the east and south of the valley of Spoon River were gathered by winds from the flood- plain of this river and deposited over the slopes where they now occur. The general conditions in the vicinity of loess-covered slopes in other portions of the quadrangle are very similar to those that obtain in the vicinity of Spoon River. The similarity extends to the gentle character of the slopes ; to the position of the slopes on the east or south banks of the larger streams ; to areas of flood-plain favorable for the supply of the loess mate- rial ; and to the relations of the loess to the underlying drift. These facts together with the lack of any trace of removal or diminution in the quan- tity of the loess material at the tops of the hills in such places, make it practically certain that the loess occurring on the slopes below the upper- most level of the drift has been mostly deposited by winds since the present gentle gradient of the slopes was developed, and that it is largely in its original position. DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS (Compiled in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey) The purpose of the following list is primarily to describe the elevations above sea level shown on the base map of Illinois published by the Illinois State Geological Survey, the latest edition being that of 1914. As several quadrangles have been carefully surveyed since that date, this list substi- tutes the more exact elevations established at the towns in these areas and contains all corrections and new data available up to January 1, 1917. By far the larger number of the elevations given in the following list are derived from the careful study of railroad profiles, and their adjust- ment to lines of levels run by surveys. In this adjustment the intersections of the railroads with one another have been used to the fullest possible ex- tent. Nearly every railroad in the State is represented, and most of them by a very complete list of heights. Unless otherwise specified the altitude of a town determined from a railroad profile is that of the track opposite the passenger station. The exact elevations in this list are those determined by the U. S. Geological Survey and Illinois State Geological Survey in cooperation (U. S. G. S.), the Coast and Geodetic Survey (C. and G. S.), the U. S. Engineer Corps, (Engineer Corps), the Mississippi River Commission (Miss. River Com.), and the U. S. Lake Survey (U. S. L. S.) Most of the U. S. Geological Survey elevations used here and on the base map are the regular bench marks that consist of bronze or aluminum tablets on buildings or iron posts driven deeply into the ground. These are absolutely permanent, and by law can not be destroyed or disturbed. In certain towns along the lines of levels run by the Survey no bench marks have been established, but exact elevations of the top of the rail in front of the stations have been accurately determined. In each of such cases this rail elevation has been chosen for the altitudes for use in those towns, but it must be understood that this figure is subject to slight error, as this is not a permanently estab- lished mark. Three-place figures arc only approximate. Abbreviations of names of railroads A. T. & S. F. Ry Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway B. & O. R. R Baltimore and Ohio Railroad C. I. & S. R. R Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad C. B. & Q. Ry Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway C. C. & L. R. R Chicago, Cincinnati and Louisville Railroad C. I. & L. Ry Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway C. G. W. Ry Chicago Great Western Railway (115) 116 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Abbreviations of names of railroads — Concluded C. M. & St. P. Ry Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway C. H. & D. Ry Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway C. & E. I. R. R Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad C. S. Ry Chicago Southern Railway C. & I. M. Ry Chicago and Illinois Midland Railway C. I. & S. R. R Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad C. & W. I. R. R Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad C. P. & St. L. Ry Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis Railway C. P. & W. Ry Chicago, Peoria and Western Railway C. R. I. & P. Ry Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway C. & N. W. Ry Chicago and North Western Railway C. & A. Ry Chicago and Alton Railway C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. .. Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway D. R. I. & N. W. Ry. . Davenport, Rock Island and Northwestern Railway E. J. & E. Ry Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway G. T. Ry Grand Trunk Railway la. C. Ry Towa Central Railway I. S. Ry Illinois Southern Railway I. C. R. R. L. E. & W L. S. & M L. & N. L. & M. M. C. R M. & O. N. Y. C. Pa. Co. Illinois Central Railroad Lake Erie and Western Railroad S. Ry Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Nashville Railroad Madison Railway Michigan Central Railroad R. R Mobile and Ohio Railroad & St. L. R. R..New York, Chicago and St. Pennsylvania Company R. R.. S. Ry. R. R Louisville and Ry Litchfield and R Louis Railroad P. C. C. & St. L. Ry. ... Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway P. & P. U. Ry Peoria and Pekin Union Railway Q. O. & K. C. R. R Quincy, Omaha and Kansas City Railroad So. Ry Southern Railway St. L. I. M. & S. Ry....St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway St. L. S. W. Ry St. Louis Southwestern Railway T. St. L. & W. R. R.... Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad T. P. & W. Ry Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway Van. R. R Vandalia Railroad W. R. R Wabash Railroad W. C. & W. R. R Wabash, Chester and Western Railroad W. C. Ry Wisconsin Central Railway Altitudes of towns in Illinois Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Abingdon C. B. & Q. Ry. Adair C. B. & Q. Ry. Addieville L. & N. R. R. Addison I. C. R. R. Adeline, copper bolt in foundation of elevator. C. and G. S. Feet 728 647 467 689 750.933 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IX ILLINOIS 117 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or citv Authoritv Elevation above sea level Feet Adrian C. B. & Q. Rv. 705 Advance C. H. & D. Rv. 581 Albany, copper bolt in foundation of Harper and Son's building C. and G. S. 595.968 Albers, tablet on Louis Fovtman's house C. and G. S. 444.477 Albion So. Ry. I. C. R. R. 447 Alderson 481 Aldridge I. C. R. R. 360 Aledo C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. 739 Alexis, top of rail in front of station 695.13 Alhambra I. C. R. R. 566 Allendale C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. Van. R. R. 456 Allentown 681 I. C. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. 654 Allerton, Vermilion County 698 C. M. & St. P. Rv. 838 Alpha, iron post 600 feet north of station U. S. G. S. 806.038 Alpine W. R. R. 697 Alsev C. B. & Q. Rv. 637 Alta C. R. I. & P. Ry. Van. R. R. 751 Altamont 623 Alton, copper bolt in doorstep of German Catholic Church C. and G. S. 486.740 C. B. & Q. Ry. 759 Alto Pass M. & 0. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. 748 663 Alworth 896 752 America C. C. C. & St. L. Rv. 350 I. C. R. R. A. T. & S. F. Rv. 776 Ancona 630 Andalusia, tablet on step of Baptist Church.. U. S. G. S. 567.586 Anderson C. & A. Rv. 645 C. P. & St. L. Rv U. S. G. S. 583.9 of Otrich's drug store C. and G. S. 629.421 C. R. I. & P. Rv. 626 Antioch, Lake Countv W. C. R. R. 770 Apple River, tablet on concrete walk, at NE. corner Railroad and Main streets U. S. G. S. 995.536 Appleton A T & S F Rv 606 Areola Van. R. R. C. B. & Q. Rv. 681 487 Argenta I. C. R. R. 690 Are^o C M & St P Rv 644 Arlington C. B. & Q. Ry. 762 118 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Arlington Heights, tablet on old high school . . Armstrong Aroma Arpee Arrowsmith Arthur Ashgrove, geodetic station Ashkum Ashland Ashley, capstone of southeast wall of I. C. R. R. culvert No. 212 near alley Ashmore Ashton Assumption Astoria Athens, tablet on city hall Atkinson Atlanta Atterberry, tablet on Koppleen's elevator Attila, iron post at two-story church Atwater Atwood Auburn Augusta Ava, iron post in station grounds Avon, iron post and street intersection at SW. cor. NW. V 4 SE. y 4 sec. 19, T. 8 N., R. 1 E. Ayers Bader Baileyville Baker Baldwin Barclay Barco Bardolph Barnes Barnett Barnhill Barrington Barrow Barry Barstow Bartelso, iron post near H. F. Johnson's saloon Bartlett, copper bolt in east foundation of Congregational Church (U. S. E. C. B. M. 89) U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. L. E. & W. R. R. Van. R. R. U. S. L. S. I. C. R. R. C. & A. Ry. C. and G. S. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. H. & D. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. M. & O. R. R. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. B. & O. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. W. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. and G. S. Feet 703.820 711 619 579 878 666 666 670 638 558.765 693 817 644 662 605. 78 J 647 720 601.764 557.930 635 667 628 672 604.835 640.925 586 609 923 679 455 560 420 668 865 656 386 824 659 680 587 449.572 804.055 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 119 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Basco C. B. & Q. Ry. Batavia C. B. & Q. Ry. Bates W. R. R. Bath, pipe in Public Square Engineer Corps Baxter C. & E. I. R. R. Bayle City T. St. L. & W. R. R. Baylis W. R. R. Beardstown, copper bolt in door-sill at en- trance to Odd Fellows building C. and G. S. Bearsdale I. C. R. R. Beaucoup L. & N. R. R. Beecher C. & E. I. R. R. Beecher City B. & O. R. R. Belknap, iron post 120 feet west of station... U. S. G. S. Bellair, iron post at road forks northwest of village U. S. G. S. Belle Rive L. & N. R. R. Bellmont, tablet on town hall U. S. G. S. Belvidere C. & N. W. Ry. Bement W. R. R. Bennett C. & E. I. R. R. Bensenville, copper bolt in foundation of C. A. Franz's store C. and G. S. Benson A. T. & S. F. Ry. Bentley W. R. R. Benton, Franklin County, tablet on Court House U. S. G. S. Berdan C. & A. Ry. Berlin, tablet on schoolhouse U. S. G. S. Bernice P. C. C. & St. L. Ry. Berry B. & O. R. R. Berwick la. C. Ry. Bethalto C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. Bethany I. C. R. R. Biggs I. C. R. R. Biggsville C. B. & Q. Ry. Big Rock C. B. & Q. Ry. Billet, iron post 75 feet northwest of station.. U. S. G. S. Bingham T. St. L. & W. R. R. Binney, crossing C. C. C. & St. L. Ry I. C. R. R. Birds U. S. G. S. Birds Bridge C. R. I. & P. Ry. Birkbek I. C. R. R. Birkner L. & N. R. R. Bishop C P. & St. L. R. R. Bishop Hill C. R. I. & P. Ry. Bismark C. & E. I. R. R. Elevation above sea level Feet 650 719 643 462 610 617 878 444.351 687 538 723 595 347.021 549.641 475 431.246 783 689 656 681.157 765 671 475.814 512 640.158 600 585 715 521 655 501 642 710 424.203 600 620 439 546 748 568 500 786 666 120 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Bissell Blacks Blackstone Blanding, iron post opposite general store.... Blandinsville, iron post 700 feet east of station Block Blodgett : Bloomfield, iron post 150 feet west of post- office Bloomingdale, tablet on Kolbusch and Hause- minn's store Bloomington, tablet on Court House Blue Island Blue Mound Blue Point Blue Ridge Bluffs Bluff Springs Bluford Boaz Bolivia Bolton Bondville, top of north rail in front of sta- tion I. C. R. R Bongard Bonnie Boody Boos, top of rail in front of station I. C. R. R. Borton, top of rail at station and crossing of Vandalia and C. H. & D. Rys Bosky Dell Boulder Bourbon Bowen Bowes Bowman Boyleston Braceville Bradbury Bradford Bradfordtown Braidwoocl Breckenridge Breeds Breese, tablet on St. Dominic school Brewer Brewster I. C. R. R. W. R. R. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. & E. I. R. R A. T. & S. F Ry. U. S. G. S. Feet 576 728 738 631 732.734 715 524 430.771 U. S. G. S. 771 U. S. G. S. 829.800 C. R. I. & P. Ry. 605 W. R. R. 620 W. R. R. 637 W. R. R. 788 W. R. R. 467 B. & O. R. R. 457 So. Ry. 514 C. & E. I. R. R. 352 C. H. & D. Ry. 604 C. G. W. Ry. 817 U. S. G. S. 716.2 C. & E. I. R. R. 678 C. & E. I. R. R. 425 C. H. & D. Ry. 668 U. S. G. S. 517.4 U. S. G. S. 664.9 I. C. R. R. 412 C. B. & Q. Ry. 462 C. & E. I. R. R. 664 W. R. R. 693 I. C. R. R. 850 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 675 So. Ry. 427 C. & A. Rv. 583 I. C. R. R. 610 C. B. & Q. Ry. 800 B. & O. R. R. 565 C. & A. Ry. 581 B. & O. R. R. 584 T. P. & W. R. R. 488 U. S. G. S. 458.120 C. & E. I. R. R. 650 C. B. & Q. Ry. 448 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 121 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Briar Bluff Bridgeport, tablet on F. W. Cox's yellow brick building Brighton Brimfield Brisbane Bristol % Broadlands Broadwell Brocton, top of rail at junction T. St. L. & W. and C. H. & D. Rys Brokaw Brookport Brothers Broughton, iron post at L. & N. R. R. Station. . Brownfield Browning Browns, tablet on Methodist Episcopal Church Brownsburg Brownstown Brownsville, iron post at railroad station Brubaker Bruce Brush Junction Bryant Bryce Buckingham Buckley Buda Budd Buena Vista Buffalo Buffalo Hart Buncombe, iron post 100 feet north of small reservoir at northeast edge of town Bunker Hill, tablet on monument Bureau Junction Burlington Burnside Burrowsville Burton View Bush Bushnell, iron post in southeast cor. of West End Park Bushton, top of rail in front of station T. St. L. & W. R. R Butler C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. & A. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. E. J. & E. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. L. E. & W. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. Van. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. W. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. I. & S. R. R. Co. I. C. R. R. W. R. R. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. R. I. & P. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. H. & D. Ry. I. C. R. R. St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry Feet 588 448.591 667 729 685 646 680 592 662.7 857 338 654 378.546 344 450 402.128 399 589 416.528 582 644 390 624 680 655 702 767 705 781 602 622 507.9 668.582 480 924 665 674 572 402 655.991 672.6 626 3 22 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Byrneville Byron, copper bolt in north wall of Commer- cial Hotel Caberry Cable Cadwell Cahokia Ferry Cairo, copper bolt in northeast wall of custom house Caledonia Calhoun Calvin, tablet on Union Church Camargo Cambria Cambridge Cameron Campbell Hill Camp Point, top of rail in front of station Campus Canton, tablet on high school Cantrall, tablet on Cooperative Coal Company's store Carbon Cliff Carbondale, B. M. on sill of east window of Jacob Baird's store Carlinville Carlock Carlton Carlyle, iron post in Court House yard Carman Carmi, tablet on step of First Presbyterian Church Carpenter Carriers Mills Carrollton Carthage Cary Casey Caseyville, station B. & O. R. R Casner Cass Castleton Catlin, iron post 195 feet north of station Caton Catonfarm Cayuga Cazenovia A. T. & S. F. Ry. C. and G. S. I. C. R. R. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. M. & O. R. R. C. and G. S. C. & N. W. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. H. & D. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. R. I. & P. Ry. A. T. & S. F. Ry. M. & O. R. R. U. S. G. S. W. R. R. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. and G. S. C. & A. Ry. L. E. & W. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. Van. R. R. C. and G. S. C. H. & D. Ry. B. & O. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. A. T. & S. F. Ry. E. J. & E. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. & A. Ry. Feet 610 729.482 700 672 670 407 317.987 928 530 448.458 650 429 812 785 545 738.05 653 654.906 596.181 570 415.625 627 773 887 460.787 537 398.777 540 392 625 678 811 648 442 709 554 794 657.396 720 624 696 774 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 123 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city- Authority Elevation above sea level Centerville Centralia, B. M. on south windowsill of J. J. Pf aff & Co.'s drug store Cerro Gordo Chadwick Chalfin Bridge, iron post at cross roads Champaign Chana Chandlerville, top of iron post in back yard of Mrs. S. L. B. Chandler's property Channahon, bolt in coping of lock No. 7 Chapin Chapman Charleston, tablet on Court House Charlotte Charter Grove Chatham Chatsworth Chatton Chauncey, iron post at northeast corner of crossroads Chebansee Cheneyville Chenoa Cherry Point Cherry Valley Chicago, copper bolt in doorsill of water tower chert's block Chestervale Chesterville Chestnut Chicago, copper bolt in doorsill of water power Chicago Heights Chillicothe, pipe near northwest corner of pub- lic square Chipps Chrisman Christopher, tablet on Christopher National Bank Cisco Cisne Cissna Junction Cissna Park Civer Claremont, station crossing, top of south rail. . Clarence Clarke City Feet E. J. & E. Ry. 572 C. and G. S. 494.600 W. R. R. 745 C. B. & Q. Ry. 782 U. S. G. S. 411.545 I. C. R. R. 740 C. B. & Q. Ry. 782 Engineer Corps 463.755 Engineer Corps 522.144 C. B. & Q. Ry. 631 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 639 U. S. G. S. 686.536 I. C. R. R. 668 I. C. R. R. 875 C. & A. Ry. 603 T. P. & W. Ry. 736 W. R. R. 715 U. S. G. S. 488.708 I. C. R. R. 674 L. E. & W. R. R. 722 C. & A. Ry. 722 C. H. & D. Ry. 656 C. & N. W. Ry. 737 C. and G. S. 380.583 I. C. R. R. 613 Van. R. R. 657 I. C. R. R. 620 C. and G. S. 598.479 E. J. & E. Ry. 694 Engineer Corps 489.873 C. & E. I. R. R. 664 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 643 U. S. G. S. 443.855 I. C. R. R. 692 B. & O. R. R. 465 C. & E. I. R. R. 690 C. & E. I. R. R. 684 T. P. & W. R. R. 675 U. S. G. S. 509.8 L. E. & W. R. R. 762 T. C. R. R. 592 124 BIENNIAL REPORT EOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level R, Clarksburg Clarksdale Clay City, B. M. on east abutment of R bridge over Little Wabash River Clayton, iron post in school yard Claytonville Clements Clifton Clinton, tablet on Court House step Cloverdale Clores Coal City Coal Valley, iron post 300 feet east of station. . Coatsburg, iron post 500 feet east of station and 100 feet north of track Coffeen Colchester, point in cement walk at bank, one block north of C. B. & Q. Ry. station Coles Colfax Collinsville, iron post opposite Schmacker ( Bros', saloon Collison j Colmar, iron post 100 feet west of town hall I at foot of telephone post Colona Columbia Colusa Colvin Park Comer Compton Conant Concord Congerville Conlogue Cooksville Cooper Cordes Cordova, copper bolt in north wall of W. G. Marshall's elevator Cornell Cornland Cortland Coster Coulterville Council Hill, tablet on Methodist Episcopal Church Covel C. & E. I. R. R. W. R. R. C. and G. S. U. S. G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. C. & A. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. W. C. & W. R. R. E. J. & E. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. T. St. L. & W. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. M. & O. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. & A. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. W. C. & W. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. L. E. & W. R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. I. C. R. R. A. T. & S. F. Ry. I. S. Ry. C. and G. S. W. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. E. J. & E. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. & A. Ry. Feet 618 623 428.660 721.474 665 703 672 745.923 763 391 562 629.932 761 . 148 634 698.369 657 750 472.974 687 555.672 598 490 653 855 616 970 480 609 742 722 774 816 507 595.356 629 584 897 578 545 925.374 709 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 125 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Cowden Cowling, iron post at R. R. station Coynes Cramer Crampton Crandall Cravat Creal Springs Crescent City Creston Crete Croft Cropsey Crossville Cruger Crumbaugh Cuba Cullom Culton Curran Curtis Cushman Custer Park Cutler Cypress Daggetts Dahinda Dahlgren Dakota Dallas City Dalton City Dana Danforth Danvers, tablet on concrete platform of rail- road station Danville, tablet on Court House Darmstadt Daum Davis, Stephenson County Dawson Decatur, B. M. at crossing N. Main St. & Wa- bash Ry Decorra Deer Creek Deerfield Deer Grove Deer Park T. St. L. & W. R. R. U. S. G. S. E. J. & E. Ry. la. C. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. A. T. & S. F. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. T. P. & W. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. C. & A. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. A. T. & S. F. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. W. R. R. C. & A. Ry. W. R. R. W. R. R. W. C. & W. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. A. T. & S. F. Ry. L. & N. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Ry. A. T. & S. F. Ry. I. C. R. R. A. T. & S. F. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G S. U. S. G S. M. & O. R. R. C. & A. Ry. C. M. & St. P. Ry. W. R. R. U. S. G S. A. T. & S. F. Ry. L. E. & W. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. Feet 601 397.212 634 765 739 750 555 504 637 903 724 604 803 414 757 785 679 689 697 620 582 668 566 503 372 744 599 508 929 536 672 691 658 809.268 601.499 655 627 902 597 682.429 688 755 685 653 470 126 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Deers, iron post 70 feet north of post office. . . Dekalb Delafield Deland Delavan Delhi Dell Abbey Delong Delrey Dennison Denny Denrock Denver Depue Desoto, B. M. on south abutment of R. R. bridge over Big Muddy Creek Desplaines, tablet on town hall Dewey Dewitt Dexter Diamond Lake Dickerson Dieterich Dillsburg Dimmick Disco, iron post at north end of town at road and railroad crossing, 10 feet west of fence corner Divernon Divine Dixon Dollville Dolton Dongola Donnellson Donovan Dora Doran Dorchester Dorsey Douglas Downers Grove Downs, iron post 360 feet east of R. R. station Drake Dresser Drivers Dudlev U. S. G. S. C. & N. W. Ry. L. & N. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. & A. Ry. C. & A. Ry. E. J. & E. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. Van. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. W. R. R. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. and G. S. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. Van. R. R. E. J. & E. Ry. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. I. C. R. E. J. & I. C. R C. & E. C. & E. I. C. R. T. St. L C. C. C. Van. R. I. C. R. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. B. & C. B. & U. S. G. C. & A. T. St. L L. & N. C. C. C. Rv. S. R. E. R. I. R. R. I. R. R. R. . & W. R. R. & St. L. Ry. R. R. & St. L & St. L Q. Ry- Q. Ry- S. Ry. . & W. R. R R. R. & St. L. Rv Rv. Ry. Feet 691.954 886 427 707 605 603 549 679 669 574 417 609 680 472 385.672 642.881 736 745 600 760 757 595 750 664 672.669 614 525 696 683 606 396 621 670 684 683 649 584 650 717 794.255 546 603 443 715 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 127 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Duncan Duncanville Dundas, tablet on Dundas Rolling Mill Dunkel Dunlap Dunn Dunning Dupo Duquoin, tablet on east wall of Exchange Bank Durand Duval Dwight Earlville East Cape Girardeau East Carondelet East Dubuque, circle cut on west abutment of bridge of I. C. R. R. over C. B. & Q. Ry. . East Lynn East Peoria East St. Louis, plate on eastern pier of great bridge Edelstein Eden Edgar Edgewood Edinburg Edwards Edwardsville Effingham Egan Elburn Elco Eldena Eldorado, iron post near Grand Hotel Eleanor Eleroy , Elgin, bolt in north wall of Borden's condensed milk factory Elizabeth Elkhart, iron post at R. R. station Elkville, iron post at R. R. station Ellery Elliott Ellis, Vermilion County Ellisville, aluminum tablet on bridge over Spoon River C. B. & Q. Ry. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. R. I. & P. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Ry. St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. M. & St. P. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. C. & A. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. and G. S. L. E. & W. R. R. T. P. & W. Ry. C. and G. S. A. T. & S. F. Ry. Ta. C. Ry. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. B. & O. R. R. B. & O. R. R. ' | C. B. & Q. Ry. T. St. L. & W. R. R. Van. R. R. C. G. W. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. M. & O. R. R. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. la. C. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. G. W. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. So. Ry. L. E. & W. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. U. S. G. S. Feet 663 515 481.292 663 724 658 643 422 468.427 774 • 675 641 700 345 415 615.349 697 478 413.973 781 737 645 570 594 519 554 591 819 848 373 805 387.858 685 907 717.485 790 592.492 400.509 418 778 753 517.480 128 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Ellisville Station, iron post 30 feet north of tank at station Ellsworth Elmhurst Elmwood El Paso Elvaston, top of rail at station of T. P. & W. Ry Elwin Elwood Emden Emery, tablet on concrete post near R. R. sta- tion Emington Empire, iron post 130 feet west of R. R. sta- tion Enfield Enos Eola Epperson Equality, iron post at L. & N. R. R. station Erie, iron post in park .. Ernst Esmond Essex Etherton Etna Eureka Evanston, tablet on entrance to city hall Evansville, tablet on concrete post near R. R. station Evarts Everett, top of rail in front of station C. M. & St. P. Ry Ewbanks Eylar Fairbanks Fairbury Fairdale Fairfield Fairgrange, top of rail in front of station T. St. L. & W. R. R Fairland Fairman Fairmount, geodetic station Fairmount Junction, iron post near R. R. sta- tion U. S. G. S. L. E. & W. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. & A. R. R. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. W. R. R. U. S. G. S. B. & O. R. R. C. & A. Ry. E. J. & E. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. G. W. Ry. W. R. R. M. & O. R. R. I. C. R. R. T. P. & W. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. Van. R. R. T. P. & W. Ry. C. M. & St. P. Ry. B. & O. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. I. C. R. R. U. S. L. S. U. S. G. S. 101 Feet 524. 864 681 626 749 674.74 718 646 590 688.832 701 755.58 435 619 741 656 362.219 588.435 567 820 588 391 658 738 602.153 414.375 840 680.7 733 698 684 686 787 451 683.1 655 522 704 654.522 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 129 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Feet Fairview, iron post at cross roads 60 feet northeast of road intersection near station.. U. S. G. S. 733.173 Fall Creek C. B. & Q. Ry. 451 Falmouth I. C. R. R. 548 Fancher T. St. L. & W. R C. & A. Ry. R. 612 Fancv Prairie 620 Farina I. C. R. R. 578 Farmdale Van. R. R. 537 Farmer City, iron post 375 feet east of junc- tion of C. C. C. & St. L. Rv. and I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. 732.510 Farmersville I. C. R. R. B. & O. R. R. 638 Farmingdale 561 Farmington, tablet on new ward school U. S. G. S. 741.533 Fayette C. & A. Ry. 565 Fayville C. & E. I. R. R. 337 Fenton, iron post near R. R. station U. S. G. S. 602.458 Ferrell, top of rail in front of station Van- dalia R. R U. S. G. S. 604.8 Ferris T. P. & W. Ry. 685 Fiatt C. B. & Q. Ry. 678 Ficklin C. H. & D. Ry. 665 T. St. L. & W. R Van. R. R. C. & E I R. R. R. 630 Filson 649 Findlay 676 Fisher I. C. R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. I. C. R. R. Ry. 732 Fithian 665 Flag Center 830 Flagg 782 Flanagan 676 Flat Rock C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. and G. S. 478 Flora, B. M. on windowsill of school house.. 489.827 Floraville, iron post at southeast corner of school house at southeast edge of town U. S. G. S. 527.640 C. M. & St. P. Ry. W. R. R. T. P. & W. Ry. 848 Foosland 734 688 Forsyth, tablet on concrete post at R. R. station U. S. G. S. 678.736 Fort Gage St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. 384 Fountain, iron post 200 feet west of R. R U. S. G. S. 405.975 Fountain Bluff I. C. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. 369 677 Fountain Green, chiseled square in concrete walk, northeast corner of street crossing. opposite Woodman's Hall U. S. G. S. 682.10 Fowler, iron post 1,000 feet east of station and 200 feet north of track U. S. G. S. 725.294 130 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Fox Fox Lake Frankfort : Franklin Franklin Grove Franklin Park Frederick Freeburg Freeport French Village Friendsville, tablet on Dr. C. S. Couch's house Frontenac Fruit Fulton, copper bolt in south foundation of Northern Illinois College Funkhouser Funks Grove Galatia, tablet on rolling mill Gale Galena, iron post in station grounds of C. B. & Q. Ry Galena Junction, tablet on south pier of C. B & Q. Ry. bridge over Galena River Galesburg Galesville . Galton Galva Garber Garden Plain Garden Prairie Gardner Gards Point, iron post at Lick Prairie Church Garfield — Garrett Gays Geneseo Geneva Genoa, copper bolt in doorsill of building on Main and Emmett streets Georgetown Gerald Gerlaw, top of rail in front of station Germantown, tablet on Boniface School German Valley Gibson — GifTord Gilberts C. B. & Q. Ry. C. M. & St. P. Ry. E. J. & E. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. C. M. & St. P. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Ry. L. & N. R. R. U. S. G. S. E. J. & E. Ry. T. St. L. & W. R. R. C. and G. S. Van. R. R. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. A. T. & S. F. Ry. W. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. W. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. & A. Ry. C. H. & D. Ry. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C..R. I. & P. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. and G. S. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. G. W. Ry. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. Feet 663 745 764 682 810 646 443 515 760 440 481.972 709 536 597.584 584 694 398.149 343 603.191 606.212 758 722 655 849 811 707 781 590 433.728 669 675 756 639 720 838.695 676 734 735.95 432.236 811 753 810 898 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 131 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Gilbirds, iron post 350 feet north of school- house Gilchrist Gillespie, square on concrete doorstep of Gil- lespie National Bank Bldg Gillum, iron post 75 feet west of R. R. station Gilman Gilmer Gilson Girard Gladstone Glasford Glenarm Glen Avon Glen Carbon Glencoe Glenellyn, tablet on high school building Glenview Glenwood Godfrey Golden Golconda Goodenow Goodfield Goodhope, iron post 100 feet east and 100 feet south of station Goodrich Goodwine Gordon Goreville Gorham Gossett Grafton, copper bolt in step at entrance to Allen Bldg Grand Chain, iron post 180 feet north of sta- tion Grand Ridge Grand Tower Granger Granite City, southwest corner of foundation of signal tower opposite Union Station (city B. M.) Grant Park Grantsburg Granville, iron post at cross-roads and cross- ing of C. M. & St. P. Ry., near elevator. . . . Grape Creek U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. E. J. & E. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. T. P. & W. Ry. I. C. R. R. I, C. R. R. T. St. L. & W. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. M. & St. P. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. C. & A. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. L. E. & W. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. I. & S. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. and G. S. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. 425.888 C. & E. I. R. R. 697 I. C. R. R. 357 U. S. G. S. 688.060 C. & E. I. R. R. 534 Feet 662.068 782 660.35 820.416 654 810 687 674 543 615 602 788 470 673 766.058 635 628 611 717 347 740 744 714.516 636 660 489 715 370 416 446.097 404.523 652 370 785 132 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Town or city Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Authority Grassland, iron post 100 feet east of P. O. Graymont Grays Lake Greendale, station B. & O. S. W Greenfield Green Oak Green River Greenup, top of rail at crossing I. C. and Vandalia railroads Green Valley Greenview Greenville Greenwich Gridley Griffith Griggsville Grinnell, iron post in school yard Grove Groveland, tablet on Baptist Church Grubbs Gurnee Gurney Guthrie Hadley Hagaman, crossing C. & A. Ry Hagarstown Hagener Haldane Half Day, tablet on school house Hallidayboro, top of rail at crossing just south of station I. C. R. R Hamilton Hammond Hampshire, copper bolt in west wall of P. O. Hampton, copper 'bolt in southeast corner of school house Hanna Hanover, iron post at Hanover Hotel Hanover Station Hanson Hardinville, iron post just north of Christian Church Harlem Harmon Harness Harper Harrisburg U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Ry. C. and G. S. C. & A. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. & A. Ry. C. & A. Ry. Van. R. R. C. I. & S. R. R. T. P. & W. Ry. Van. R. R. W. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Ry. B. & O. R. R. I. C. R. R. W. R. R. C. P. & St. L. Ry. Van. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. T. P. & W. Ry. C. H. & D. Ry. C. and G. S. C. and G. S. la. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. M. & St. P. Ry. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. Elevation above sea level Feet 434.306 657 799 520 584 725 578 553.9 541 537 563 630 752 571 695 366.669 459 778.768 392 677 597 815 761 517 530 481 904 667.628 407.4 515 677 900.349 580.601 732 632.215 611 648 510.903 617 674 563 939 366 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IX ILLINOIS 133 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Harrisonville, iron post .5 miles north of cross- ing of main roads, 400 feet north of cross- roads Harristown Hartsburg Harvel Harvey Hastings Havana, bolt in east pier of steel highway bridge over Illinois River (U. S. E. C. B. M.) Hayes Hazel Dell Hazelhurst Healey Heman Henderson Hendrix Henkel Hennepin, iron post in Court House grounds. . Henning Henry Henton Herald, iron post at schoolhouse Herbert Herborn Hermon Herrick Herrin Hersher Hersman, iron post 120 feet south of station.. Hervey City Heyworth Hickman Hickory Grove, Carroll County Hidalgo, top of rail in front of station I. C. R. R Highland, tablet on First National Bank Highland Park Highwood Hildreth, top of rail in front of station C. H. & D. Ry Hillery Hillsdale, iron post at C. B. & Q. Ry. station. . Hillview Hinckley Hindsboro Feet Miss. River Com. 398.594 W. R. R. 693 I. C. R. R. 598 W. R. R. 639 G. T. Ry. 608 C. & E. I. R. R. 686 U. S. G. S. 451.360 C. & N. W. Ry. 609 C. H. & D. Ry. 612 C. B. & Q. Ry. 846 I. C. R. R. 718 I. C. R. R. 614 C. B. & Q. Ry. 817 I. C. R. R. 795 I. C. R. R. 856 U. S. G. S. 505.407 C. & E. I. R. R. 690 C. R. I. & P. Ry. 491 C. & E. I. Ry. 623 U. S. G. S. 429.940 C. & N. W. Ry. 868 W. R. R. 638 la. C. Ry. 654 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 604 C. B. & Q. Ry. 405 I. C. R. R. 661 U. S. G. S. 694.628 Van. R. R. 697 I. C. R. R. 747 C. & E. I. R. R. 677 C. M. & St. P. Ry. 701 U. S. G. S. 583.1 U. S. G. S. 544.680 C. & X. W. Ry. 691 C. & N. W. Ry. 684 U. S. G. S. 714.3 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 651 U. S. G. S. 578.246 C. & A. Ry. 446 C. B. & Q. Ry. 740 Van. R. R. 652 134 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Hites Hoffman, iron post 200 feet west of railroad station Holcomb Holder Holland Holliday Homberg Homewood Honey Bend Honey Creek Hoodville Hookdale Hoopeston Hopedale Horace Hornsby Horton Houston, top of rail at road crossing by I. C. R. R Howardton Hoyleton Hubbard Hudgens Hudson Huey, iron post at crossing of railroad and road near railroad station Hughes Hulls Humboldt Hume Hum rick Hunt City Huntley Hutsonville, center of chiseled square on step of public school building Illinoi Illiopolis , Ina Indianola Tola Iowa Junction, Henderson County Irene Iron, iron post at northeast corner of junction, 5 feet west of southwest corner of ware- house Irving Elevation Authority above sea level Feet C. H. & D. Ry. 704 U. S. G. S. 456.185 C. G. W. Ry. 827 L. E. & W. R. R. 836 C. & E. I. R. R. 616 B. & O. R. R. 596 I. C. R. R. 364 I. C. R. R. 659 W. R. R. 762 C. B. & Q. Ry. 690 L. & N. R. R. 437 C. B. & Q. Ry. 512 C. & E. I. R. R. 717 C. & A. Rv. 646 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 650 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 666 C. B. & Q. Ry. 450 U. S. G. S. 439.0 St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. 365 I. S. Ry. 523 B. & O. R. R. 490 C. & E. I. R. R. 494 I. C. R. R. 768 U. S. G. S. 453.861 C. H. & D. Ry. 658 C. B. & Q. Ry. 448 I. C. R. R. 664 C. H. & D. Ry. 651 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 651 C. H. & D. Ry. 529 C. & N. W. Ry. 888 C. and G. S. 451.489 C. I. & S. R. R. 631 W. R. R. 607 C. & E. I. R. R. 432 C. & E. I. R. R. 672 B. & O. R. R. 514 C. B. & Q. Ry. 552 I. C. R. R. 821 U. S. G. S. 462.896 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 652 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 135 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Irwin Itasca Iuka, station B. & O. R. R Ivesdale Jacksonville Jamaica, iron post 145 feet northwest of rail- road station Jamesburg Janesville Jerseyville Jewett Johnston City Joliet, bolt in south wall of Court House Jonesboro Joppa Joppa Junction Joslyn, iron post in W. H. Whiteside's yard.. Joy Kane Kangley Kankakee Kansas Kappa Karnak, iron post in grove 115 feet south of depot Kasbeer Kaskaskia Kau f man Keene Keensburg, tablet on Methodist Episcopal Church Keithsburg, copper bolt in step at entrance to furniture store, Main and 2d streets Kell Keller Kemp Kemper , Kempton Kenner, station B. & O. R. R Kenney Kent Kernan Kerrick Kewanee Kilbourne, tablet on McFadden's elevator. Kinderhook Kingman I. C. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Ry. C. and G. S. W. R. R. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. & A. Ry. Van. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. Engineer Corps M. & O. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. B. & O. Ry. L. & N. R. R. T. St. L. & W. R. R. So. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. and G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. C. R. I. & P. Ry. Van. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. and G. S. I. C. R. R. C. G. W. Ry. A. T. & S. F. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. W. R. R. T. St. L. & W. R. R. Elevation above sea level Feet 665 694 518 683 607 677.913 685 693 654 587 423 545.184 523 335 342 582.343 682 566 638 631 713 739 339.881 746 409 543 444 430.072 539.899 610 801 ' 645 556 733 505 652 897 671 853 853 495.565 471 632 136 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Kings, Ogle County Kings, Perry County Kingston Kingston Mines, copper bolt in water table of J. Chapman's store Kinmundy Kirkland, copper bolt in foundation of Dean & Rowen's bank Kirksville Kirkwood Kishwaukee Kittredge Knox Knoxville Koster Kumler Laclede Lacrosse Ladd Lafayette La Fox Lagrange LaHarpe, iron post 0.1 mile west of station on north side of railroad at intersection of street and railroad property line La Hogue Lake Bluff Lake City Lake Forest, iron post at southeast corner City Hall grounds Lake Fork Lake Villa Lakewood Lake Zurich Lamoille Lancaster, tablet on Lutheran Church Lane Lanesville Lansing Laplace La Prairie Larchland, iron post 450 feet north of station La Rose Larue La Salle, square on top of south wall of Lock No. 15 Latham C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Ry. C. and G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. C. and G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. W. B. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Ry. A. T. & S. F. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. T. P. & W. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. T. P. & W. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. Van. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. W. C. Ry. B. & O. R. R. E. J. & E. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. W. R. R. P. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. H. & D. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. A. T. & S. F. Ry. St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. Engineer Corps I. C. R. R. Elevation above sea level Feet 890 536 793 804.981 595 774.820 676 742 730 855 680 777 634 737 569 645 653 797 803 645 691.414 664 683 691 912.913 607 796 621 873 803 494.784 726 598 618 712 707 734.421 643 364 448.400 616 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 137 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Latham Park Laura Laurette Lawndale, iron post near railroad station Lawrenceville, iron post in Court House yard Leaf River, copper bolt in foundation of D. Sprecher's elevator Leaman Lebanon, B. M. on basement windowsill of school house Ledford Lee Leeds Leithton Leland Lemont, bolt in water table on northwest side of Dutton's store Lena Leonore Leo Rock Lerna, iron post at I. C. R. R. station Leroy, iron post 300 feet east of station Leverett Levings Lewistown, tablet on Court House Lexington Lily Lake Lincoln, tablet on concrete post at southwest entrance to Court House Lindenwood Lintner Little York Livingston Lockport, cross on west wall of Lock No. 1 . . . . Loda Lodemia Lodge Lomax Lombardville London Mills, bolt in corner of C. B. & Q. Ry. station Long Creek Long Point Longview Loogootee Loon Lake Loraine Feet C. M. & St. P. Ry. 725 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 732 I. C. R. R. 766 U. S. G. S. 596.489 U. S. G. S. 472.217 C. and G. S. 709.146 T. P. & W. Ry. 508 C. and G. S. 457.491 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 403 C. B. & Q. Ry. 939 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 677 E. J. & E. Ry. 723 C. B. & Q. Ry. 705 Engineer Corps 605.425 I. C. R. R. 964 C. B. & Q. Ry. 681 I. C. R. R. 369 U. S. G. S. 754.316 U. S. G. S. 779.903 I. C. R. R. 732 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 454 U. S. G. S. 596.145 C. & A. Ry. 746 C. G. W. Ry. 922 U. S. G. S. 590.856 C. G. W. Ry. 769 C. H. & D. Ry. 688 la. C. Ry. 601 C. & E. I. R. R. 586 Engineer Corps 581.562 I. C. R. R. 780 W. R. R. 658 I. C. R. R. 700 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 552 C. B. & Q. Ry. 755 U. S. G. S. 534.70 C. H. & D. Ry. 677 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 641 C. & E. I. R. R. 674 C. & E. I. R. R. 604 W. C. Ry. 783 C. B. & Q. Ry. 644 138 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Lorenzo Lostant Lotus Lovington Lowder Low Point Loxa Ludlow Lyndon Lynn, top of rail in front of station McCall McClure McConnell McDowell McKeen Mackinaw, tablet on C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. water tank McKinley, iron post near railroad station McLean McLeansboro McNabb McNulta Macomb Macon Macoupin, iron post 200 feet southwest of sta- tion Madison Magnet Mahomet, iron post 230 feet west of railroad station Makanda, B. M. on capstone of south abut- ment of Drury Creek bridge one mile north of town Maiden Malta Manchester Manhattan Mansfield, top of rail in front of station C. C. C. & St. L. Ry Manteno Manville Maple Park Mapleton Maquon Marblehead Marengo Marietta A. T. & S. F. Ry. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. Van. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. T. P. & W. Rv. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. W. R. R. Van. R. R. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. & A. Ry. L. & N. R. R. C. I. & S. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. U. S. G S. Elevation above sea level Feet 536 702 753 683 695 717 672 773 623 733.24 699 347 773 652 585 646.239 554.640 708 500 680 755 702 721 532.686 418 748 712.117 C. and G. S. 431.393 C. B. & Q. Ry. 705 C. & N. W. Ry. 915 C. & A. Ry. 691 W. R. R. 681 U. S. G. S. 729.7 I. C. R. R. 694 W. R. R. 617 C. & N. W. Ry. 863 T. P. & W. Ry. 467 C. B. & Q. Ry. 630 C. B. & Q. Ry. 458 C. & N. W. Ry. 819 T. P. & W. Ry. 546 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 139 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Marigold, iron post in school yard Marine Marinton Marion Marissa, iron post in school yard Markham Marley, Will County Maroa Marseilles, circle on south wall of Lock No. 9 Marshall Martinsville Maryland Mascoutah Mason City Matthews Mattoon, tablet on concrete post at crossing of I. C. R. R. and Twenty-first Street Maunie, tablet on Methodist Church Maxwell Mays, top of rail in front of station Vandalia R. R Maysville Mayview, top of rail in front of station C. C. C. & St. L. Ry Maywood Mazon Mazonia Meacham Meadows Media Medora Melwood Menard Mendon Meredosia, top of rail in front of station Meriden Merna Merriam Merritt Metcalf Metropolis Middle Grove, top of rail at road crossing west of station Middlesworth Middletown Midland City Milan R. R. U. S. G. S I. C. R. R. C. &. E. I. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. W. R. R. W. R. R. Van. R. R. Engineer Corps Van. R. R. Van. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. L. & N. R. R. C. & A. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. 725.03 U. S. G. S. 375.171 la. C. Ry. 694 U. S. G. S. 689.6 W. R. R. 744 U. S. G. S. 686.0 C.&N.W.; C.G.W. Rys 628 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 592 C. & A. Ry. 580 C. M. & St. P. Ry. 739 T. P. & W. Ry. 758 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 715 C. B. & Q. Ry. 622 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 669 I. S. Ry. 377 C. B. & Q. Ry. 654 U. S. G. S. 448.09 C. B. & Q. Ry. 733 I. C. R. R. 812 So. Ry. 406 C. B. & Q. Ry. 608 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 664 I. C. R. R. 339 U. S. G. S. 726.1 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 699 C. & A. Ry. 586 Van. R. R. 654 C. R. I. & P. Ry. 570 Elevation above sea level Feet 564.681; 526 627 435 448.378 593 666 720 505.553 618 562 881 425 581' 392 140 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Miles Milford Milla Millbrig Millbrook Mill Creek Milledgeville Millersville Millington Millsdale Mill Shoals Millstadt, iron post on southeast corner of school house in northwest part of town. . . . Milmine Milroy Mineral Minier, crossing C. & A. Ry Minonk Minonk Junction Minooka Missal Mitchell .*-. Moccasin Mode Mokena Moline Momence Monee Monmouth, iron post at corner of 3d St. and E. 2d Ave Monroe Center, center of copper bolt in wall of elevator building 79 feet west of station. . Mont Montgomery, Kane County Monticello Montrose Moore, Union County Moro, Madison County Morris, B. M. on east wing wall of north abutment of highway bridge over Illinois River Morrison Morrisonville Mortimer Morton Grove Mound City Mounds C. & A. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. C. I. & S. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. M. & O. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. B. & O. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & A. Ry. B. & O. R. R. U. S. G. S. W. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. Van. R. R. A. T. & S. F. Ry. I. C. R. R. E. J. & E. Ry. C. I. & S. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. Feet 673 666 670 625 620 376 759 640 565 525 384 614.544 713 558 636 637 751 740 632 668 430 612 623 719 575 632 803 762.731 C. and G. S. 842.986 I. C. R. R. 570 C. B. & Q. Ry. 645 I. C. R. R. 659 Van. R. R. 601 I. C. R. R. 453 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 529 Engineer Corps 504.063 C. & N. W. Ry. 670 W. R. R. 635 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 703 C. M. & St. P. Ry. 628 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 321 I. C. R. R. 323 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Mountain Glen Mount Auburn Mount Carmel, tablet on Court House Mount Carroll, copper bolt in foundation of barn connected with elevator Mount Morris Mount Olive, iron post in southeast corner of school yard Mount Prospect Mount Pulaski Mount Sterling, iron post in northeast corner of highway and railway crossing 0.5 miles west of station Mount Vernon Mount Zion Moweaqua Mulberry Grove Mulkeytown, tablet on Hall of Modern Wood- men of America Muncie Munster Murdock Murphysboro, iron post in Court House lot. . . . Murrayville Myrtle Nachusa Nameoki Naperville, tablet on Nicholas Library Naples Narita Nashville Natrona Nebo Neeleys Nekoma Nelson Nemo Neoga Neponset Nevada Nevins New Athens, iron post in school yard New Baden, tablet on bank New Boston, copper bolt in north wall of Un- ion Hotel New Burnside New Canton M. & O. R. R. C. H. & D. Ry. U. S. G. S. Feet 449 605 465.241 C. and G. S. 817.159 C. B. & Q. Ry. 898 U. S. G. S. 681.044 C. & N. W. Ry. 672 I. C. R. R. 637 U. S. G. S. 710.849 C. & E. I. R. R. 463 Van. R. R. 684 I. C. R. R. 629 Van. R. R. 559 U. S. G. S. 449.017 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 658 C. & A. Ry. 644 C. H. & D. Ry. 647 U. S. G. S. 419.542' C. & A. Ry. 686 C. G. W. Ry. 766 C. & N. W. Ry. 790 C. & E. I. R. R. 425 U. S. G. S. 693.310 W. R. R. 448 I. C. R. R. 614 I. S. Ry. 505 C. & A. Rv. 576 C. & A. Rv. 490 W. R. R. 665 C. B. & Q. Ry. 817 C. & N. W. Ry. 656 la. C. Rv. 777 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 659 C. B. & Q. Ry. 829 C. & A. Rv. 680 Van. R. R. 687 U. S. G. S. 429.865 U. S. G. S. 462.069 C. and G. S. 570.700 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 560 C. B. & Q. Ry. 449 142 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level New Design, iron post at southwest corner of T road west at south edge of town New Douglas Newell New Hanover New Haven, tablet on Scudmore and Mathia Bank New Holland New Lebanon New Lenox Newman New Milford New Philadelphia New Salem Newton, iron post 180 feet northwest of rail- road station New Windsor Niantic Nilwood Noble, station B. & O. R. R Nokomis Nolting Normal Normantown Norris, Fulton County Norris „City, tablet on Cumberland Presbyter- ian Church North Aurora North Chicago North Henderson, iron post 500 feet west of station Novak Oakdale, Washington County, top of rail in front of station I. C. R. R Oakford, tablet on H. Luke and Son's store building Oakland, tablet on J. T. Simm's grain elevator Oaklawn Oakley Oak Park Oakwood Oblong, geodetic station Oconee Odell Odin, iron post 125 feet south of I. C. R. R. and B. & O. R. R U. S. G. S. T. St. L. & W. R. R. W. R. R. M. & O. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. & A. Ry. C. M. & St. P. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. H. & D. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. T. P. & W. Ry. W. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. W. R. R. C. & A. Ry. C. and G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. I. S. Ry. C. & A. Ry. E. J. & E. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. & N. W. Ry. E. J. & E. Ry. U. S. G. S. A. T. & S. U. S. G. S. F. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. W. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. U. S. L. S. I. C. R. R. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. Feet 661.361 610 671 588 370.271 545 848 630 651 720 671 788 512.989 808 603 670 477 668 462 790 670 732 443.676 651 673 775.35 604 523.2 495.159 658.718 640 691 630 648 500 679 721 526.785 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 143 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level O'Fallon, iron post at southwest corner of brick platform at B. & O. R. R. station Ogden Ogle Oglesby Ohio Ohlman Oilfield Olive Branch Oliver Olmstead Olney, tablet at entrance to Court House Omaha, iron post 90 feet south of railroad station Oneida Ontarioville Opdyke Ophiem, iron post 300 feet south and 300 feet east of station Oquawka, copper bolt in northwest corner of building on Third and Schuyler streets Orangeville Oraville, iron post near railroad station Oreana Oregon Orion, top of rail in front of station Orland Orleans Ormonde Osbernville Osborn Osco Oswego Ottawa, tablet on La Salle County Court House Otto | Owaneco j Ozark j Padua I Palatine Palermo, geodetic station Palestine Palmer Paloma, top of rail in front of station Pana Panama Panola U. S. G. S. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. C. H. & D. Ry. C. & E. I, R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. M. & St. P. Ry. L. & N. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. and G. S. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. W. R. R. W. R. R. A. T. & S. F. Ry. C. H. & D. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. B. & O. R. R. I. C. R. R. L. E. & W. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. U. S. L. S. I. C. R. R. W. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. T. St. L. & W. R. R. I. C. R. R. Feet 550.520 675 575 465 917 683 662 340 633 355 483.645 366.921 814 815 509 699.105 548.132 797 395.944 694 700 749.68 698 658 778 603 588 779 615 485.730 632 627 668 837 751 742 454 625 739.17 696 526 735 144 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Papineau Paris, tablet on Vandalia freight station Parker Parkersburg, geodetic station Park Ridge Parnell Parrish, iron post at Brown and Moore's store Patoka Patterson Patton, iron post at J. W. Elliott's house Pawnee Junction Pawpaw Paxton Payne Pearl Pearl City Pecatonica Pekin, iron bolt in water table of County Clerk's office (City B. M.) Penfield Peoria, tablet on Bradley Polytechnic Institute Peotone Percy Perdueville Perks Perry Springs, top of rail in front of station. . Perryville Peru, bolt in pier at north end of draw span of highway bridge over Illinois River at foot of Marion Street Pesotum Peters Petersburg, tablet on Court House Petra Phelps Philadelphia Philo, tablet on Philo Exchange Bank Piasa Pierron Pike Pinckneyville Pingree Grove, copper bolt in foundation of J. B. Schedden's building Pinkstaff Piper City Pisgah Pittwood C. & E. I. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. U. S. L. S. C. & N. W. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. A. T. & S. F. Ry. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. H. & D. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. G. W. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. M. & O. R. R. L. E. & W. R. R C. & E. I. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. Engineer Corps I. C. R. R. T. St. L. & W. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. R. I. & P. Ry. la. C. Ry. B. & O. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. Van. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. and G. S. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. T. P. & W. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. Feet 630 739.271 500 568 658 740 439.476 507 515 416.893 612 928 794 674 451 823 754 479.092 725 607.599 722 467 764 343 441.43 767 458.954 720 449 523.706 672 776 594 736.833 614 524 436 446 917.833 433 673 671 643 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 145 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Elevation Town or city Authority above sea level Feet Plainfield E. J. & E. Ry. C. & A. Rv. 612 Plainview 625 Piano C. B. & Q. Ry. 649 Plato Center I. C. R. R. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. 914 Pleasant Hill 463 Pleasant Plains, tablet on State Bank 615.350 Plymouth, iron post northeast corner Central Park U. S. G. S. 655.776 Pocahontas Van. R. R. 500 Poland W. C. & W. R. R. 394 Polo C. B. & Q. Ry. 836 Pomona M. & 0. R. R. 403 Pontiac C. & A. Rv. 647 Poplar City I. C. R. R. 509 Port Byron, copper bolt in west foundation of C. and G. S. 581.859 Potomac I. C. R. R. 684 C. B. & Q. Ry 486 Prairie City, iron post SW. cor NW. J /4 sec. U. S. G. S. 667.757 Prairie du Rocher, iron post in apple orchard U. S. G. S. Van. R. R. W. C. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. 395 . 764 Prairie Hall 707 Prairie View 694 Preemption 814 Prentice 630 Princeton, iron post in Court House yard 718.767 A. T. & S. F. Ry. | C. I. & S. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & A. Ry. I. C. R. R. 745 Priscilla 655 627 Prouty 662 340 Putnam, pipe in southeast corner of yard of Engineer Corps 526.786 Quincy, aluminum tablet in base of rectangular County Court House U. S. G. S. 601.514 C. & A. Ry. St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. 463 Raddle 373 Radford ■ 629 Radley 745 Radom, B. M. on north abutment of bridge over Little Muddy Creek C. and G. S. 499.811 Ramsey T. St. L. & W. R. R. 612 Randolph I. C. R. R. 781 L. E. & W. R. R. A. T. & S. F. Ry. 718 Ransom 705 146 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Rantoul Rapatee Rapids City, copper bolt in foundation of H. M. Gilchrist's building Rardin, top of rail in front of station T. St. L. & W. R. R Raven Ravinia Ray Raymond Rayville Reader Redbud, iron post at railroad crossing near station Reddick Redmon, tablet on Redmon Bank Red Oak Reevesville, iron post in southeast corner of yard of M. E. Church Reilly Renault, iron post in northwest corner of pub- lic square Renault Station Reno Reynolds Reynoldsville Richards Richardson Richland, tablet on gasoline storage house of the Farmers' Elevator Co Richton Richview, cut on capstone at east end of rail road culvert, 1 mile north of Richview.... Ridenhower Ridge Farm Ridgely Ridgeville Ridgway, tablet on Catholic Church Ridott Riggston Rileyville, top of rail in front of station I. C. R. R Rinard Rio, 400 feet north of P. O Riola Risk Ritchie Feet I. C. R. R. 758 la. C. Ry. 685 C. and G. S. 576.741 U. S. G. S. 664.9 C. H. & D. Ry. 628 C. & N. W. Ry. 677 C. B. & Q. Ry. 517 W. R. R. 643 I. C. R. R. 695 C. & A. Ry. 586 U. S. G. S. 444.241 C. I. & S. R. R. 610 U. S. G. S. 690.322 I. C. R. R. 773 U. S. G. S. 351.021 C. & E. I. R. R. 747 U. S. G. S. 684.448 C. St. L. M. & S. R. R. 392 C. B. & Q. Ry. 578 C. R. I. & P. Ry. 813 I. C. R. R. 349 C. B. & Q. Ry. 645 C. G. W. Ry. 882 U. S. G. S. 611.752 I. C. R. R. 731 C. and G. S. 544.196 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 359 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 694 C. & A. Ry. 597 I. C. R. R. 676 U. S. G. S. 376.920 C. & N. W. Ry. 750 C. B. & Q. Ry. 606 U. S. G. S. 398.9 B. & 0. R. R. 461 C. B. & Q. Ry. 784 C. & E. I. R. R. 685 I. C. R. R. 747 W. R. R. 563 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 147 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above I sea level Riverton, tablet on doorsill at entrance to op- era house Riverview Roaches Roanoke Roberts Robinson, tablet on wall on south side of Court House Rochelle Rochester Rockbridge Rock City Rockford Rock Island, tablet on First Baptist Church. . . Rock Island Junction Rockport Rockton Rockwood Rodden Roland Rollo Rondout Roodhouse Roots Rosamond Roscoe Rosehill, Jasper County, top of rail in front of station I. C. R. R Roselle, copper bolt in foundation of Mathew Seeker's brick business building (U. S. E. C. P. B. M. 90) Roseville, iron post 750 feet north of station Rossville Rossville Junction Round Grove Round Knob Rowe Rowell Royal Ruma, iron post at southeast corner of cross- roads Rush, iron post at crossroads Rushville Russell Rutland Ryder Sacramento Feet U. S. G. S. 552.796 W. C, Ry. 643 L. & N. R. R. 498 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 722 I. C. R..R. 786 U. S. G. S. 534.529 C. B. & Q. Ry. 793 B. & O. R. R. 578 C. B. & Q. Ry. 556 C. M. & St. P. Ry. 900 CM. & St. P. Ry. 714 U. S. G. S. 566.413 B. & 0. R. R. 589 C. B. &Q. Ry. 452 C. M. & St. P. Ry. 748 St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. 376 C. G. W. Rv. 690 B. & 0. R. R. 430 C. & N. W. Ry. 754 C. M. & St. P. Ry. 678 C. & A. Ry. 650 • I. S. Ry. 387 C. & E. I. R. R. 711 C. M. & St. P. Ry. 740 U. S. G. S. 567.4 C. and G. S. 772.155 U. S. G. S. 732.365 C. & E. I. R. R. 700 C. & E. I. R. R. 668 C. & N. W. Ry. 686 I. C. R. R. 356 W. R. R. 642 Van. R. R. 765 C. & E. I. R. R. 682 U. S. G. S. 442.899 U. S. G. S. 995.731 C. B. & Q. Ry. 683 C. M. & St. P. Ry. 677 I. C. R. R. 710 W. C. & W. R. R. 427 B, & 0. R. R. 413 148 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Sadorus Saint Anne Saint Augustine Saint Charles, tablet on school house in Home for Boys Saint Elmo Saint Francisville, iron post 2,000 feet south of station near intersection of railroad and road west from city Saint Jacob Saint James Saint Johns Saint Joseph Sainte Marie, iron post in yard of F. L. Brit- ton, 300 feet south of station Saint Peter Saint Rose, tablet on Catholic Church Salem, B. M. southeast of Court House Salisbury, tablet on school house Saluda Sandoval Sand Prairie Sand Ridge, Grundy County Sand Ridge, Jackson County Sandwich Sangamon San Jose Saunemin Savanna, copper bolt in doorsill of engine room, C. M. & St. P. Ry. elevator Savoy Saxony Scales Mound, iron post in school yard Schapville, tablet on Zion Presbyterian Church Scheller Sciota, top of rail in front of station Scotland Scottsburg, top of rail in front of station Scovel Sears Seaton Secor Seigert Seneca Sepo Serena, top of west rail in front of station. . . . Sesser W. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. Van. R. R. Feet 692 657 650 801.819 618 U. S. G. S. 440.446 Van. R. R. 508 C. & E. I. R. R. 600 I. C. R. R. 466 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 673 U. S. G. S. 482.344 C. & E. I. R. R. 595 U. S. G. S. 503.977 C. and G. S. 544.327 U. S. G. S. 591.575 C. B. & Q. Ry. 769 B. & O. R. R. 509 I. C. R. R. 495 C. R. I. & P. Rv. 545 I. C. R. R. 372 C. B. & Q. Ry. 667 W. R. R. 691 C. & A. Rv. 598 W. R. R. 686 C. and G. S. 592.312 I. C. R. R. 740 I. C. R. R. 699 U. S. G. S. 955.640 U. S. G. S. 859.030 W. C. & W. R. R. 518 U. S. G. S. 757.2 C. H. & D. Ry. 635 U. S. G. S. 670.9 I. C. R. R. 694 C. R. I. & P. Ry. 581 la. C. Ry. 615 T. P. & W. 739 I. C. R. R. 438 C. R. I. & P. Ry. 521 C. B. & Q. Ry. 457 U. S. G. S. 632.8 C. B. & Q. Ry. 475 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 149 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Seville ' Seward Seymour, iron post 100 feet west of railroad station Shabbona Shabbona Grove Shannon Sharon, iron post at Wm. Ornett's stock farm Sharps Shattuc, iron post 600 feet west of station Shawneetown, iron post at L. & N. R. R. sta- tion Shaws Sheffield Shelbyville, tablet on Court House Sheldon Shepherd Sheridan Sheridan Junction Sherman Sherrard Shinn Shipman Shirland Shirley Shobonier Shumway Sibley Sidell, tablet on High School building Sidney, tablet on High School building Sigel Sinclair Skelton, iron post at crossing of road and I. C. R. R Smithboro Smithdale Smithfield, iron post 50 feet west of railroad station Smithshire Sollitt Solon Mills Somonauk Sorento South Elgin, curb in front of hotel South Wilmington Sparland Sparta T. P. & W. Ry. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & N. W. Ry. C. M. & St. P. Ry. U. S. G. S. B. & O. R. R. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. W. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. M. & St. P. Ry. C. & A. Ry. I. C. R. R. W. R. R. W. R. R. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. Van. R. R. C. & A. Ry. U. S. G. S. A. T. & S. F. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Rv. C. B. & Q. Ry. T. St. L. & W. R. U. S. G. S. E. J. & E. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. M. & O. R. R. Feet 496 764 697.650 900 816 919 628.228 592 463.234 349.534 804 671 650.23 688 470 590 640 582 812 448 636 735 762 519 657 808 685.184 672.575 630 625 611.482 551 624 650.304 741 710 792 690 587 710.3 590 464 534 150 BIENNIAL REPORT EOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or citv Elevation Authority above sea level Feet C. M. & St. P. Ry. 772 C. & E. I. R. R. 514 I. C. R. R. 736 B. & O. R. R. 385 U. S. G. S. 598.319 C. M. & St. P. Ry. 781 Engineer Corps 464.943 M. & 0. R. R. 399 U. S. G. S. 740.6 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 424 C. & A. Rv. 679 C. R. I. & P. Ry. 664 U. S. G. S. 621.964 W. C. & W. R. R. 438 C. & N. W. Ry. 645 C. B. & Q. Ry. 825 T. St. L. & W. R. R. 647 C. and G. S. 706.892 C. B. & Q. Ry. 669 C. R. I. & P. Ry. 522 C. & E. I. R. R. 695 C. G. W. Rv. 1000 U. S. G. S. 414.623 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 410 W. R. R. 613 I. C. R. R. 471 W. R. R. 641 C. B. & Q. Ry. 816 C. & A. Ry. 651 W. R. R. 768 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 625 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 675 Van. R. R. 527 I. C. R. R. 920 Van. R. R. 654 U. S. G. S. 458.466 C. B. & Q. Ry. 729 C. & E. I. R. R. 686 U. S. G. S. 478.074 U. S. G. S. 462.148 C. I. & S. R. R. 660 I. C. R. R. 469 Spaukling, Cook County Spillertown Spires Springer Springfield, copper bolt in stone post at south- west entrance of Court House grounds (City B. M.) Spring Grove Spring Valley, B. M. on coping of C. R. I. & P. Ivy. bridge over Spring Creek Springville Staley, top of rail in front of station I. C. R. R. Stallings Stan ford Stark Staunton, iron post at southeast corner of park Steeleville Sterling Steward Stewardson Stillman Valley, copper bolt in foundation of White's elevator Stillwell Stockdale Stockland Stockton Stokes, iron post in yard of J. Pyle's store. . . . Stonef ort Stonington Stoy Strasburg Stratford Straut Strawn Streator Stronghurst Stubblefield Sublette Suffern Sugar Creek, iron post at Peter Schroot's store Sugar Grove Sullivan Summerfield, tablet on school house Sumner, tablet on Hart Wagner's brick build- ing Sunbury Sunfield DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 151 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Surrey Sutton Swan Creek Swift Swygert Sycamore Symerton Table Grove Tabor Tallula Tamalco Tamaroa Tamms Tampico Taylor Ridge Taylorville Tazewell Teheran Tennessee Teutopolis Texas City Texico Thackeray Thawville Thayer Thebes Thomasboro Thomasville Thompsonville, top of rail in front of station I. C. R. R Thomson, copper bolt in foundation of Christ- ian Church Thornton Tice, tablet on schoolhouse Tilden Timbuctoo Timewell, top of rail in front of station Tipton Tiskilwa Toledo, top of rail in front of station I. C. R. R Tolono, Wabash and I. C. crossing Toluca Tomlinson Tonica Tonti Toronto A. T. & S. F. Ry. E. J. & E. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. G. W. Ry. W. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. Van. R. R. C. & A. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. R. I. & P. Ry. B. & O. R. R. Van. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. Van. R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. L. & N. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. & A. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. and G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. M. & St. P. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. & E. I. R. R. C. R. I. & P. Ry. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. A. T. & S. F. Ry. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. Feet 766 832 766 727 737 840 638 694 668 625 480 510 340 647 793 609 660 541 687 603 370 506 505 696 648 335 736 657 449.9 606.355 620 610.511 521 612 755.49 673 519 601.1 736 702 733 664 570 592 152 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Toulon Towanda Tower Hill Tracy Tremont, iron post at railroad station Trenton, tablet on City Hall Trilla Trimble Triumph, tablet in concrete walk at northwest corner of First National Bank Trivoli Trowbridge Troy, iron post 100 feet north of railroad sta- tion Troy Junction, top of rail in front of station. . Tucker Tunnell Hill Tuscola Twin Grove, top of rail in front of station C. C. C. & St. L. Ry Ulah Ullin, B. M. on abutment of bridge No. 15.. Ullrich Union, McHenry County Union Hill Upper Alton Urbana, iron post near southeast corner of Engineering Hall, University of Illinois.... Ursa Valier Valley City Valmeyer Vandalia Van Orin Varna Velma Venedy, iron post 50 feet south of railroad sta- tion Venice Vera Vergennes Vermilion Vermilion Grove Vermont Versailles, iron post 150 feet west of station. . Vevay Park Vienna, iron post in Court House yard C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. & A. Ry. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. T. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. T. St. L. & W. R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. U. S. G. S. Ta. C. Ry. T. St. L. & W. R. R. U. S. G. S. U. S. G. S. T. C. R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. T. C. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. R. I. & P. Ry. C. and G. S. Van. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. C. I & S. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. W. R. R. St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. Van. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & A. Ry. B. & O. R. R. U. S. G. S. C. & A. Ry. I. C. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. C. B. & Q. Ry. U. S. G. S. Van. R. R. U. S. G. S. Feet 752 787 655 580 643.425 497.606 658 490 670.601 748 646 548.626 570.1 698 631 653 817.3 732 337.545 675 836 620 457 721.103 588 440 449 406 504 807 729 610 410.508 423 557 . 393 674 672 675 587.464 616 404.9 DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IN ILLINOIS 153 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or city Villa Grove Villa Ridge, bolt in chimney of Stoddard House Viola Virden Virgil Virginia Voorhies Wadham Wadsworth Waggoner Walker, Macon County Walker, Will County Walnut Walnut Grove, top of rail in front of station Walnut Prairie Walsh Walshville Walton Waltonville Wapella Ware Warnock Warner Warren Warrenhurst, tablet on Daw Brothers house. . Warrensburg Warrenton Warsaw Wasco Washburn Washington Wataga Waterloo, iron post at east side of Court House building Waterman Watertown, center of hole in copper bolt 164 feet southeast of C. M. & St. P. Ry. station on brick basement of H. Smith's residence. . Watseka Watson Waukegan. tablet on Court House Waverly Wayne, Dupage County Wayne City Waynesville Wedron, iron post near station platform Elevation Authority above sea level Feet C. & E. I. R. R. 650 C. and G. S. 385.905 C. B. & Q. Ry. 797 C. B. & Q. Ry. 674 C. G. W. Ry. 871 B. & 0. R. R. 593 W. R. R. 683 I. C. R. R. 1022 C. M. & St. P. Ry. 673 I. C. R. R. 646 I. C. R. R. 652 E. J. & E. Ry. 613 C. B. & Q. Ry. 714 U. S. G. S. 717.6 C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 487 I. S. Rv. 482 C. & E. I. R. R. 592 C. B. & Q. Ry. 725 W. C. & W. R. R. 468 T. C. R. R. 747 I. C. R. R. 353 St. L. I. M. & S. Ry. 412 C. B. & Q. Ry. 657 I. C. R. R. 1005 U. S. G. S. 732.328 I. C. R. R. 703 C. M. & St. P. Rv. 710 T. P. & W. Rv. 490 C. G. W. Ry. 826 C. & A. Ry. 695 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 766 C. B. & Q. Ry. 834 U. S. G. S. 717.223 C. B. & Q. Ry. 820 C. and G. S. 575.382 C. & E. I. R. R. 634 I. C. R. R. 557 U. S. G. S. 668.387 C. B. & Q. Ry. 674 E. J. & E. R. R. 763 So. Ry. 429 Van. R. R. 713 U. S. G. S. 521.679 BIENNIAL REPORT FOR 1913 AND 1914 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Continued Town or citv Elevation Authority above sea level Feet I. C. R. R. 725 I. C. R. R. 717 W. C. & W. R. R. 411 C. & E. I. R. R. 698 C. & A. Ry. 696 Engineer Corps 451.116 C. B. & Q. Ry. 948 U. S. G. S. 784.078 U. S. G. S. 430.477 C. & E. I. R. R. 646 C. H. & D. Rv. 747 U. S. G. S. 407.949 U. S. G. S. 484.0 C. & E. I. R. R. 688 T. P. & W. Ry. 704 C. B. & Q. Ry. 667 U. S. G. S. 437.339 C. & E. I. R. R. 686 I. C. R. R. 506 U. S. G. S. 398.812 C. C. C. & St. L. Rv. 467 I. C. R. R. 356 U. S. G. S. 752.878 I. C. R. R. 581 W. C. Ry. 650 C. & A. Ry. 578 I. C. R. R. 703 C. & E. I. R. R. 441 C. & E. I. R. R. 637 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 521 I. C. R. R. 503 U. S. G. S. 460.216 W. R. R. 632 M. & O. R. R. 495 Van. R. R. 694 A. T. & S. F. Ry. 713 U. S. G. S. 605.649 C. & N. W. Rv. 614 C. & A. Rv. 549 C. B. & Q. Ry. 655 C. T. & S. R. R. 615 C. B. & Q. Ry. 543 Weedman Weldon Welga Wellington Wenona Wesley, top of iron post in Mrs. Elizabeth Walmsley's door yard West Brooklyn West Chicago, tablet on city hall West End, tablet on rolling mill Westervelt Westfield West Frankfort, iron post near railroad station West Liberty, top of rail in front of station I. C. R. R West Newell Weston West Point Westport, tablet on bridge over Embarrass River West Ridge West Salem West Vienna, iron post 220 feet west of sta- tion West York Wetaug Wheaton, Dupage County, tablet on Court House Wheeler Wheeling Whitehall White Heath Whittington Wichert Wilbern Wilderman Willeford, iron post 200 feet west of church. . Willeys Willisville Williamsburg Williamsfield Williamsville, tablet on Prater's Bank Wilmette Wilmington Wilsman Wilson Winchester DICTIONARY OF ALTITUDES IX ILLINOIS 155 Altitudes of towns in Illinois — Concluded Town or city Authority Elevation above sea level Winfield, tablet on culvert 150 feet east of rail- road station Wing Winkel Winkle Winnebago Winnetka, iron post near old town hall Winslow Witt Wolf Lake Womac Woodbine Woodbury Wooddale Woodhull Woodland Woodlawn Woodruff, iron post in front of N. C. Osman's house Woods Woodson Woodville Woosung Wordon Worth Wrights Wyanet Wyckles Wyoming Xenia Yale Yeomans Yorkville Youngsdale Youngstown, 100 feet north of station Zearing Zeigler U. S. G. S. W. R.'R. C. & A. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. & N. W. Ry. U. S. G. S. I. C. R. R. C. & E. I. R. R. I. C. R. R. C. & A. Ry. C. G. W. Ry. Van. R. R. C. M. & St. P. R] C. B. & Q. Ry. C. & E. I. R. R. C. B. & Q. Ry. u. s G. S c. B. & Q. Ry. c. & A. Ry c. B. &Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. c. & E. I. R. R w . R . R. c. B. & Q. Ry. c. B. & Q. Ry. w . R . R. c. B. &Q. Ry. B. & 0. R R. c. H & D Rv. c. & A. R> c. B. &Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. u. S. G. S. c. B. & Q. Ry. I. C. R. R. Feet 726.667 658 525 572 861 651.300 775 665 357 643 870 587 695 824 640 495 840.198 482 685 664 816 586 608 587 656 668 711 540 559 698 584 799 751.578 761 427 INDEX A PAGE Adams County, fire clay in 69 lime from 41, 43 Aledo, fire clay near 71 Alexander County, sandstone from 40 tripoli from 47 Allendale oil field, report on 14, 33 Alsey, fire clay near 63, 65, 68 Altitudes, dictionary of 115-155 Alton, fire clay near 63, 65 limestone near 41 Analyses of coal No. 2 88, 89 Appropriations for topographic surveys 16 Asphalt, production of 36 Avon quadrangle, survey of 13, 16 B Baldwin quadrangle, field work in 13 Bardolph, clay pits near 94 fire clay near 70 Barrows, H. H., work of 12 Bartow, Edward, work of 12 Belleville, limestone at 41 Belvidere, limestone at 40 Big Muddy Valley, maps of 20 Birds quadrangle, survey of 17 Blatchley, R. S., resignation of . 12 Bond County, production of nat- ural gas in 36 Brown County, fire clay in 69 Brownfield quadrangle, survey of 17 Bulletins issued 17 Bureau of Information 15 Bureau of Mines, cooperation with 14 Burlington limestone, stone from 40 Butler, absence of coal No. 6 near 57 C Calhoun County, fire clay in ... . 67 loess in 110 Camp Creek, clays near 100 Cantine, fire clay near 63, 65, 66 page Canton quadrangle, loess and drift in 109-114 Carbon Cliff, fire clays near 66,72 Carbondale formation in Western Illinois 82 shale in 94 Carlinville field, oil production of 33 Carlyle pool, oil production of.. 33 Carroll County, lime kilns in ... . 43 Carrollton, fire clay near 67 Casey, limestone at 41 Cement materials in Colchester and Macomb quadrangles. . . . 107 production of 43 Ceramics Department, coopera- tion with 14 Chester group, gas from 36 Chester quadrangle, field work in 13 Cheltenham clay in Illinois 62 see Fire clay Clark County, production of gas from 36 Clay, fire clays 61-73 production of 36-39 stoneware 83 Clay resources, investigations of. 14 Clay and shale in Colchester and Macomb quadrangles 91-104 Coal in Gillespie and Mount Olive quadrangles 51-59 in Colchester and Macomb quadrangles 83, 84-91 Coal, production of 26-30, 90-91 Coke, production of 30 Colchester, clay mines and plants near 91,92,93,95-98 coal No. 2 near 87 fire clays near 65, 70, 71 Colchester and Macomb quad- rangles, geology and mineral resources of 75 Collinsville, mineral paints from. 48 Colmar oil field 14,33 Cook County, clay products of.. 38 lime and limestone in 40,41,43 sand production of 46 (157) 158 INDEX- Continued page PAGE Cooperation with : G Ceramics Department 14 U. S. Bureau of Mines 14 Galena district 48 U. S. Geological Survey. 14, 24, 51, 75 Galena-Trenton formations, lime- University of Illinois 14 stone from 411 Coulterville quadrangle, survey of 13, 17 sandstone from 411 County maps, topographic 20 Gas, see Oil and gas Crawford County, natural gas Gasoline, production of 36 production of 36 Gillespie and Mount Olive quad- oil production of 33 rangles, coal in si Crooked Creek, overflowed lands Gin Ridge district, coal No. 2 in 87 of 15 Crystal City quadrangle, field Glacial drift, sand and gravel from 4S natural gas from 3b Cumberland County, natural gas relation to loess 109- -114 production of 36 Glass sand in Colchester and Ma- comb quadrangles 106 Golconda quadrangle, survey of.. 17 D Golden Eagle, fire clay near. .63, 65-67 Dayton, fire clays near 73 Grant, U. S., work of 1? Deer Park Township, fire clays in 72 Gravel, see Sand and gravel Devonian formations, products of 40,47 Gravel Spring, mineral water from .... 46 Dixon, cement plant at 43 limestone at 40 Greene County, fire clay in 6/ Drake, fire clays near 66,67,68 Greenville, natural gas near 36 Griffin, fire clay near /I E Grundy County, fire clays in .... 73 East Alton, fire clay near 66 H East St. Louis, limestone near.. 41 Hamilton, limestone at 41 Elevations of towns in Illinois 115-155 Hancock County, fire clay in .... 70 Equality quadrangle, survey of. . .16, 17 see Colchester and Macomb Exeter, fire clay near 63, 65, 68 quadrangles Hardin County, fluorspar in 46 limestone quarry sites in 40 F Harman Engineering Company, work of 15 Fairmount, limestone at 41 Henry County, sandstone from.. 40 Fire clays, in Colchester and Ma- Herron, W. H., work of 12 comb quadrangles 104 Heyworth, natural gas wells at.. Hillsboro, coal No. 6 near 36 Pennsylvania!! 61-73 56 stratigraphy of 63, 69-70 Hoing well 33 Fluorspar, production of 46 Honey Point Township, coal Fords Ferry quadrangle, survey of 17 No 6 in . S8 Fountain Green, sand and gravel I near 106 Freeport, limestone at 40 Illinois, mineral production of... 24, 26 Fulton County, fire clay in 71 Illinois base map, new edition of. 20 sec Canton quadrangle Illinois City, fire clay near 72 I X DEX — Co n tin ucd 159 PAGE Illinois Coal Mining Investiga- tions bulletins 20 Industry, clay industry at 92 Iron in Colchester and Macomb quadrangles 107 pig, production of 30 J Jacksonville, production of miner- al water near 46 Jersey County, fire clay in 67 Jo Daviess County, lead, zinc, and silver in 48 Joliet, coke ovens at 30 Jonesboro, limestone at 41 K Kane County, production of sand from 46 Kankakee County, lime in 41, 43 limestone from 40 Kaskaskia Valley, maps of 20 Keokuk limestone in Colchester and Macomb quadrangles. . . .80-81 lime from 107 stone from 41, 105 Kimmswick quadrangle, field work in 13 Knox County, pyrite from 47 see Canton quadrangle L La Salle, cement plants at 43 La Salle County, clay production of 37 fire clay in 72-73 sand production of 43 Lawrence County, natural-gas production of 36 oil production of 32-33 Lead, zinc, and silver, production of 48,49 Lee County, sandstone from .... 40 Leverett, Frank, acknowledg- ments to 77 Lime, in Colchester and Macomb quadrangles 106-107 production of 41, 43 PAGE Limestone, in Colchester and Ma- comb quadrangles 105-106 production of 40-41 Litchfield, coal at or near 53,54,55 log of drill hole near 51-53 Littleton yj Littleton district, coal Xo. 2 in. . . 87 Loess in the Canton quadrangle 109-114 Lowell, fire clay near 72 Lower Magnesian limestone, nat- ural cement from 43 M Macomb 75 clay industry at 91, 92, 94-95 coal production near 89 fire clay south of 63, 70, 71 Macomb quadrangle, see Colches- ter and Macomb quadrangles Macoupin County, oil in 33 see Gillespie and Mount 01 he quadrangles Madison County, fire clay in 66 lime in 41, 43 pyrite from 47 Magnesian limestones 41 Mahomet quadrangle, survey of . . 13 Maps, topographic, index of 20 Marblehead, limestone near 41 Marion County, oil production of 33 Marseilles quadrangle, resurvey of 16 Marshall, limestone near 41 Marshall, R. B., work of 12 Maysville, section of fire clay near 69 McClosky sand 32 M'cDonough County, coal produc- tion of 89-90 fire clay in 70-71 oil production of 33 see Colchester and Macomb quadrangles McGees Creek, overflowed lands of 15 McHenry County, production of sand in 46 McLean County, natural gas in . . 36 McLeansboro formation, lime- stone from 41 160 INDEX— Continued PAGE PAGE Menard, limestone near 41 Pennsylvanian series, fire clays Mercer County, fire clay in 71 of 61-73 Milan quadrangle, survey of ... . 13 in Colchester and Macomb Millington, glass sand at 43 quadrangles 81-82 Millstadt, limestone near 41 natural gas from 36 Mineral paints, production of ... . 48 Petroleum, see Oil and gas Mineral water, production of 46 Pig iron, production of 30 Mississippian series in western Illinois Pike County, fire clay in 69 80-81 Plymouth 77 limestone near 105 sandstone from 40 limestone from 41 Plymouth oil field, investigations in 14 Moline, limestone near 40 Monmouth, fire clays near 66,71 Pope County, limestone in 40 Montgomery County, see Gillespie Port Byron, limestone near 40 and Mount Olive quadrangles Pottsville formation, clay and Morgan County, fire clay in mineral water from 68 shale in 94,99 46 in Colchester and Macomb Mount Olive quadrangle, see Gil- quadrangles 81-82 lespie and Mount Olive quad- Prairie du Rocher, limestone near 41 rangles Pyrite, production of 47-48 survey of 16 Q Quarry Creek formation, lime- N Natural gas from glacial drift... 36,68 35-36 stone from 41 production of Quincy, limestone near 41 Niagaran series, limestone in ... . 40 Niota, limestone at 41 North Alton, fire clay near 66 R Randolph County, sandstone from 40 O Renault quadrangle, field work in 13 Ripley, fire clay near 63, 65, 69 Oglesby, cement plant at 43 Rivers and Lakes Commission, Oil and gas in Colchester and conference with 15 Macomb quadrangles 108 Rock Island County, fire clay in 72 Oil fields, location of, by Survey 14 lime kilns in 41,43 Oil tests, unsuccessful 33 Rockford, limestone near 40 Ordovician system, magnesian Rogers, G. S., acknowledgments 41 to 77 Oregon, glass sand at 43 Roodhouse, fire clay near 68 limestone near 40 Ottawa, fire clay near 66, 72-73 S glass sand at 43 Overflowed lands, investigations St. Clair County, limestone from 40 of 15 topographic map of 20 sand from 43 P St. Louis limestone in Colchester quadrangle 80-81 Panama, coal No. 6 near Parr, S. W., work of 58 lime from 105 12,14 limestone from 41, 106 INDEX- Continued 161 Ste. Genevieve formation, lime- stone from PAGE 41 41 15 106 3-46 33 105 40 12 12 40 70 68 72 77 17 47 41 30 43 14 16 -114 20 20 14 105 0-41 7-48 8,99 6-20 47 12 40 47 PAGE U. S. Bureau of Mines, coopera- tion with ... i/i Salem formation, limestone from Saline River, overflowed lands of Sand and gravel in Colchester U. S. Geological Survey, coopera- tion with 14^ 24, 51 University of Illinois, coopera- tion with ,75 14 and Macomb quadrangles .... production of 42, 4 Urbana quadrangle, survey of... 13 Utica, fire clays near . . 66 7? Sandoval pool, oil production of. Sandstone in Colchester and Ma- comb quadrangles glass sand and cement plant at V Vermilion County, limestone from 43 production of Salisbury, R. D., work of Savage, T. E., work of 40 47 Savanna, limestone near Schuyler County, fire clay in Sears, fire clay near pyrite production from W Wabash County, oil production of Walshville, coal No. 2 at Warren County, fire clay in Warsaw, limestone near Waukegan, coke ovens at Wedron, glass sand at . Shaw, E. W., acknowledgments to Shawneetown quadrangle, survey of Silica, production of Silurian limestones .... 33 54 71 41 30 Silver, see Lead South Chicago, coke ovens at. . . . Portland cement plant at Spanish Needle Creek oil field . . Weller, Stuart, acknowledgments to 77 Sparta quadrangle, survey of.... work of Spoon River, loess deposits near 113 White, David, acknowledgments to 77 ,68 ,43 ,43 40 Spoon River Valley, overflowed lands in Starved Rock Park, topographic map of Whitehall, fire clays near 66, 67 Whiteside County, lime kilns in.. 41 Will County, lime from 41 limestone from Staunton gas field, location of... sand from . 46 Stone in Colchester and Macomb Winchester, fire clay at 68 quadrangles production of 4 Winnebago County, lime kilns in. 41 sand from . . . ,43 46 41 14 Sulphuric acid, production of.... 4 T Tennessee, clay industry at and near 92,9 Y Yankeetown formation, limestone from Topographic surveys, progress of 1 Tripoli, production of U Udden, J. A., work of Young, L. E., work of Z Zinc in Colchester and Macomb quadrangles 107- Zinc, see Lead Union County, sandstone in .... tripoli in 108