THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY ~ C G NON CHEC JLATI Living Expenditures of a Selected Group of Illinois Farm and Small-Town Families (1929-30) By RUTH CRAWFORD FREEMAN and M. ATTIE SOITDER UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 372 LOCATION OF FAMILIES THAT COOPERATED IN THIS STUDY The home-account records on which this study is based covered twelve-month periods during 1929-30. They were kept by 70 farm families and 18 families living in small towns. The families ranged in size from 2 to 7 members each. The average for the group was ,3.7 members per family; the modal, or the most usual, number was 4. Urbana, Illinois September, 1931 Publications in the Bulletin series report the results of investigations made or sponsored by the Experiment Station Living Expenditures of a Selected Group of Illinois Farm and Small-Town Families By RUTH CRAWFORD FREEMAN and M. ATTIE SouDER 1 THE SPENDING of the family income is today largely in the hands of the homemaker. Manufacturing, advertising, and sell- ing agencies have profited by directing their appeals to women, yet women themselves have been slow to realize the importance of the part they play as consumers. A reduced income resulting from the agricultural depression and the consequent need for greater care in spending have been focusing the farm homemaker's attention on the money problems of the home and her part in them, forcing her to con- sider every available means of maintaining a plane of living that she feels necessary for the development and well-being of her family. The keeping of a home account book has often been thought of by the individual account-keeper as a bookkeeping process rather than as a means of studying money problems. It is evident, however, that analysis and interpretation of records of household expenditures must be made if such records are to become a guide to better future spend- ing. With a growing realization of the need for more definite stand- ards for apportioning family expenditures to different purposes, a research project was initiated under the federal Purnell funds. The results of an analysis of one year's records kept by 70 Illinois farm homemakers and 18 small-town homemakers during 1929-30 are re- ported in this bulletin. While there are numerous financial problems of the farm home that are not covered in a study such as this, it is hoped that the infor- mation contained herein may be suggestive to many women in indicat- ing the need for more intelligent use of money and energy; and in bringing a better idea of the value of the food and shelter furnished by the farm, the total cash living expenditures of the family, and the desirability of making a more satisfying apportionment of the total, or "realized," income. There are many problems in which the farm business and the farm home are so closely related as to prevent a satisfactory analysis of J RuTH CRAWFORD FREEMAN, Specialist in Home Accounts, and M. ATTIE SOUDER, for- merly Associate in Home Management Extension. The studies reported in this bulletin are based on home accounts originating under the supervision of Miss Souder. 331 332 BULLETIN No. 372 [September, them independently. In this study the "realized income" 1 of the family consists of (1) net cash from all sources after farm business expenses are subtracted; (2) the retail market value of commodities produced on the farm and used in the home, consisting mainly of food and to a lesser extent fuel; (3) the rental value of the house occupied by the family. Source of Data Geographically the farm families included in this study rep- resented a cross-section of the central part of the state. A list of the counties with the number of account books received from each gives an idea of the distribution of the sample: Fulton 17, Taze- well 11, McLean 10, Champaign 9, Hancock 8, Mercer 7, Marshall- Putnam 7, Kankakee 5, Saline 3, Coles 2, Ford 2, LaSalle 1, Kane 1, Adams 1, Henry 1, Vermilion 1, Williamson 1, Peoria 1 (see map on inside front cover). Account schools were conducted in 9 of these 18 counties and individual help was given to homemakers in the other scattered counties. The University representative visited the counties in which the account-keepers lived, four times during the year. Three of these visits were with groups and one for conference with each account- keeper in her home. At the first meeting the importance of and need for a complete picture of the family expenditures was discussed, and the women were assisted in starting their accounts. At the second meeting, about a month later, the records were checked and questions which had arisen during the month of account-keeping were answered. This was always a valuable meeting, for many of the questions were of common interest to all present. Five or six months later the University representative had an individual conference with each account-keeper in her home and discussed many personal problems, not brought out in the group meetings, which had complicated her account- keeping. At this time a survey was made of factors that affect the plane of living on the farm. This survey supplemented the home- account record in giving a more complete picture of the standard of living enjoyed by the family. There were two main reasons for the group meeting held at the end of the year: one was the closing of the year's record preparatory to sending it to the University for analysis ; the other, the planning of the next year's budget. When received at the University, the books were checked for reasonableness and completeness. In cases where the information was 'The term "realized income" is credited to W. I. King. 1931} 333 not entirely complete a letter was sent to the homemaker requesting more detailed or additional data. Characteristics of the Farm- Family Group 1 Since this was a selected group and not a random sample, it was necessary to study some of the factors that might indicate the plane of living of these families; namely, (1) nationality, (2) ownership or tenancy, (3) number of acres farmed, (4) size of family, (5) age of members of family, (6) education, (7) living conveniences in home. The fact that these homemakers were eager to study their money prob- lems by keeping accounts is suggestive of their intellectual plane. Nationality. All members of the families included in this study except one were American-born, and in most cases their ancestors had been in this country for many generations. TABLE 1.- -NUMBER OF ACRES OPERATED BY OWNERS AND TENANTS: 69 ILLINOIS FARM FAMILIES, 1929-30 Acres Number of farms Full owners Part owners Tenants Total Renting from relatives Renting from nonrelatives 80 or less 6 4 9 19 28 '3 7 3 13 19 1 2 13 16 23 12 7 2 21 30 7 21 36 5 691 100 81 to 160.. . 161 to 320 321 to 480 All farms Perct. of total . . In one case the husband was not operating the land. Ownership or Tenancy. Twenty-eight percent of the farm families lived on their own farms and owned all the land they operated; 19 percent owned at least half the land they operated and lived in a house on the part of the land which they owned (Table 1). Thus 47 percent, or nearly half the families, lived on farms which they owned wholly or in part. About a fourth, 23 percent, were tenants renting from relatives, and 30 percent were tenants renting from nonrelatives. This last classification was made to ascertain whether or not the plane of living was influenced by renting from relatives. Number of Acres Farmed. The largest farm consisted of 480 acres; the smallest, 80 acres. More than half the families (56 percent) were in the group farming 161 to 320 acres. Tenant farms were in general larger than the farms operated by owners. Size of Family. The average number of persons in the families studied was 3.7; the modal, or the most frequent, number per family was four. 1 Since a much larger group of farm families than of small-town families was included in this study, the detailed information is given only for the farm families. BULLETIN Xo. 372 [September, Nineteen percent of the families had no children, about a fourth (23 per- cent) had one child, nearly half (43 percent) had two children, 9 percent had three children, and 6 percent had four or five children. In three cases a relative living in the home was included with the members of the family, for all persons actually dependent on the family pocketbook were con- sidered members of the family. The other members of the household were considered only in relation to food costs. Age of Members of Family. The most common ages of both husbands and wives were 28 to 32 years. The children's ages ranged from 1 to 21 years, with an average age of 10.5 years. TABLE 2. COMPARATIVE AMOUNTS OF FORMAL EDUCATION POSSESSED BY HUSBANDS AND WIVES IN 70 ILLINOIS FARM FAMILIES/ 1929-30 Education of husband and wife combined Percentage of owners Percentage of tenants renting from relatives Percentage of tenants renting from nonrelatives Percentage of all Both 8th grade or less 17 29 15 One 8th grade or less, other 9th to 12th 28 18 19 Both 9th to 12th grades . . . 7 25 14 14 One 9th to 12th grade, other one year or more in college One 9th to 12th grade, other college graduate 31 7 13 14 7 19 8 Both one year or more in college. . . One, one year or more in college, other college graduate 3 13 13 5 3 5 Both college graduates 7 18 31 17 'Eleven not reporting on education. Education. The education of the husbands and wives in the 70 farm families is high. In 66 percent of the homes both husband and wife had attended high school; in 52 percent at least one of them had attended college; in 17 percent both husband and wife were college graduates. It is interesting to find that the formal education of the tenants was higher than that of the owners (Table 2). This observation may be explained in part by the fact that more than half the tenants were living on land be- longing to relatives who in many cases were their parents. Seventy-five percent of the children were of preschool or grade-school age. In addition to formal education the continued interest of the members of this group in education is shown by the fact that all wives were members of the home bureau in their respective counties and the majority of the husbands were members of the farm bureau. Four of the women have been selected "Master Farm Homemakers" and one man a "Master Farmer." An average of eight farm and home papers and magazines per family were received yearly in this group. The radio must not be omitted from the sources of adult education. Eighty-one percent of the owners, 64 percent of tenants renting from relatives, and 77 percent of tenants renting from nonrelatives had radios in their homes. No record was made, however, of the radio hours used for recreational and those used for instructive programs. Living Conveniences in Home. An analysis of the 70 farm records, as to relation between tenancy and size of house and the inclusion of 1931] LIVING EXPENDITURES OF A GROUP OF ILLINOIS FAMILIES 335 modern conveniences may be made from Table 3. The larger and more modernly equipped homes were occupied by families renting from relatives. In comparison with these families, those owning their homes had, on an average, one room less per house and a smaller percentage had lighting systems, furnaces, and running-water equipment. The tenants who rented from nonrelatives had, on art average, 7 rooms per house; 30 percent had lighting systems, 46 percent had furnaces, and 20 percent had running- water equipment. 1 The telephone seems to be a universally recognized need of all farm families. One was found in every home but one in this group; the people in this home had access to a relative's telephone nearby. TABLE 3. AVERAGE SIZE OF FARM HOUSES AND PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES HAVING MODERN LIVING CONVENIENCES AMONG GROUP OF 70 ILLINOIS FARM FAMILIES, 1929-30 Group Number of families in group Average number of rooms Percentage of group having Lighting system Fur- nace Running water in kitchen Running water in bath- room Tele- phone In house Bed- rooms Owners 32 16 22 8 9 7 4 4 3 48 69 30 64 75 46 35 44 20 42 50 20 96 100 100 Tenants renting from relatives Tenants renting from nonrelatives With an average of 3.7 persons per family, the number of bedrooms was more than adequate. In the groups of owners and tenants renting from relatives there was an average of four bedrooms per house, making it possible for each person to have an individual bedroom. In the group of tenants renting from nonrelatives, there were 3 bedrooms for 3.7 persons. Sources of Income in Farm Families The cash spent by the 70 farm families included in this study did not necessarily represent the income from the farms on which they lived, for in many cases it included income from other sources, such as investments, part-time work, borrowed money, and capital. For this reason a comparison between incomes of families of tenants and of families owning their farms could not be made. In many cases total cash living expenditures, including savings, were taken to equal the net cash income. No information was obtained regarding changes 'Note the following Illinois law relating to the right of tenant to remove fixtures. "Subject to the right of the landlord to distrain for rent a tenant shall have the right to remove from the demised premises all removable fixtures erected thereon by him during the term of his lease, or of any renewal thereof, or of any successive leasing of the premises while he remains in possession in his character as tenant." Whether the possible difficulties believed to stand in the way of removing fixtures from rented farms have been influential in pre- venting tenants from equipping with modern conveniences has not been deter- mined. 336 BULLETIN No. 372 [September, TABLE 4. CASH EXPENDITURES, VALUE OF RAISED PRODUCTS USED, AND YEAR'S RENTAL VALUE OF HOUSES FOR 70 ILLINOIS FARM FAMILIES IN DIFFERENT RANGES OF REALIZED INCOME, 1 1929-30 Income-range Families in group Realized income per family Cash expendi- tures 5 Value of raised products used Year's rental value of house 3 Food Gifts Fuel $1000-$1999 41 20 9 $1782 2894 4810 $2489 $1030 1962 3838 $1657 $374 465 384 $402 $14 17 16 $15 $3 5 $3 $361 445 572 $412 $2000-$2999 $3000 and more Average of all families 'The "realized income" is the sum of cash expenditures, value of raised products used, and year's rental value of house (see page 332). 'Including savings and investments. 3 Ten percent of the estimated total value of the house is figured as a year's rental value. of inventory values of the farm or home business which would influ- ence the family's financial status. The total money value of the living enjoyed by these 70 farm fam- ilies ranged from $1143 to $7342 for one year, with the average of the whole group $2489. Of this amount $1657 represented the average cash income per family, $420 the average value of raised products used in the home or given away (figured at local retail prices), and $412 the average yearly rental value of the house (Table 4). How 70 Farm Families Spent Their Incomes How families of three ranges of income differed in their spending is shown in Tables 5 and 6. As might be expected, savings and invest- ments, including life insurance, were large in amount and in percentage in families of incomes of $3000 and more. Food expenditures increased in amount up to the $3000 income- range, but did not increase in percentage. The following considerations entered into the food account. The cost of the food for the hired man living in the home the greater part of the year, and the cost of the meals served to extra farm laborers were estimated and subtracted from the total food costs and charged to the farm business. The cost of meals served to hired help used in the home was added to "service." Children away at school were counted as members of the family but were counted in food costs only during the vacation periods when they were at home. The homemakers kept a memorandum of all guest meals served, and the cost of these meals was deducted from the total in figuring the cost of the family food. Operating expenditures (fuel, light, power, telephone, ice, laundry, paid service, and small supplies) were larger in the higher income- ranges than in the lower, the same as shelter and clothing. General expenditures (including auto, health, recreation and entertainment, 1931} LIVING EXPENDITURES OF A GROUP OF ILLINOIS FAMILIES 337 a General expendi- tures w>t-.f^'O x 3 i- -** cs' !2 o .Sg - F c f; SSS z < K EALIZED I Clothing -^~ _ i_ ^* . ;/- X rt ! -S S ** z 9 a ^ u ? oooot^x B fa .. ; " Or* <* cH a ANGES o K 3328 ,;o 3 S"""^" 1s S J O o < ' - c " s |-2'| - ".- ~ ^ H Z "O a t;~<2 * W = a H ^--- ; .SJ 2 !.s?= I H C 5 z r. - u I - 3^ J W -i 5j r^ f~l O ir, 10 &, (M W C* J '5 rW 2 & t *^ " '^ J 5 a 1 S'* 3 O _, u ho ; . 4 g CO y o ** *^ i y tn O M fa ** 3 ji So 1 |S82SJ CO - ~ * ^ i J t, lit O fi ^Ot^CSCN O* ^1>W Savings and investment |-2SS NDITURES O Total expenditures per family -^ B'UC co p* c^i-X'*^' S-S o QQ g bc> < Total expenditures per family 00 O 1 *^ OC ^ I.S'Se X 1 Z c e 3 a M .-3 o a 3 S" W 5S^ : : : ^S ogS 0. o 1 " r: .x s a 1-2 g " 38-: H D --aw "O :::::: g. a 00 I-H X '7. J2 c S-OhB !< 2 -.5 H 9 cs illji li -s^ i TABLE 5.- Income-r I ' E '. '. '"'"2,2 lill l|| #>*>S^J*C *w fl! Income-rai <** rt m < i 338 BULLETIN No. 372 [September, education, church, gifts, and personal expenses) became much higher both in amount and in percentage in the higher income-ranges. The $1000-$1999 income-range included 41 families, or approxi- mately 58 percent of the whole group; the $2000-$2999 income-range represented 29 percent of the whole; and the $3000-and-more range represented 13 percent of the whole. INCOME RANGE 1 REPAIRS . FURNISHINGS. AND HOUSE FURNISHED BY FARM JIOO 200 300 400 500 600 700 600 90O IOOO 1100 1200 1300 MOO DOLLARS FIG. 1. DISTRIBUTION OF A YEAR'S EXPENDITURES BY 70 ILLINOIS FARM FAMILIES IN DIFFERENT RANGES OF REALIZED INCOME, 1929-30 A sharp rise in the percentage of the income set aside for savings and investments as the income increases is evident in Table 6. This suggests the creation of an income-building fund. How 18 Small-Town Families Spent Their Incomes The 18 small-town families included in this study spent for their living for the year an average of $3662, which was much higher than the average for the farm group ($2489). The difference may have been due partly to the fact that only one town family had an income in the $1000-$1999 income-range (Table 7), while there were 41 farm families in this range. The savings of the town families were higher, as were also their operating expenditures, but food expenditures were lower, due prob- ably in part to the fact that the farm homemakers had more abundant supplies of produce available, which they used, and partly to the longer hours of active work by farm families and the consequent larger con- sumption of food. 1931] LIVING EXPENDITURES OF A GROUP OF ILLINOIS FAMILIES 339 ^s S8a g = c5g- " i NOOCOOO tO CS . O a ^" 1 1|{ *O 00 "* "O O - -~ C* -T *i 03 M H en Q 1 p. i 'g.S o OCO> - ->T & Ed H c ill 1 I'll c >> to. 6) Sslg-5 Mill i General expendi- tures **O*scnr*.^t* 2 i o-^^-oo^^ m u LIZED INCOME Shelter and furnishings 4 ^ M C 2 SSSSS3S M 1 - 1 i IQIQ1O >O9-^8 tn z J 2 SB u 5 !NIO Ooxo wo * *"" Church 55333* Education ^^ t^ ^" ^ ^* *H Recreation gaasg- I *"*> o s P S -I 5 m ib 3 asg- ill! 8M3SS it ~ o O MI~ tM c 2 3 4 5 Average of all families Percentage distribution. . . . I I \ 1 a * a - r S 5 3 'OTOQ*Ct*>9> XI-* Xl/5CNr^ w> Church ^*Oir-t^ *f o O ^* ^ o 4O Education IO * >O O >O O ts m-*x-* ^.o cs 6 Recreation O."*OO>t~O -<>O>O'*'^'* * d 1 S M N * ^J" W tM W5 ' \O 10 * * t^ O -" ^^ f*3 *N * | < OiOOvO>SO i" 10 ts "-l^ Personal expenditures for all voomoooot^t^ -. c - Total general expenditures per family t^>e HO- cs Number in family all families distribution : : : : :oS : : : : :j5 ts tS ^ in r v> JQ U Kgsag- Education 00 fl 'C i/i t^ l^. t^ r~ oo CN Recreation f-r Health vC O * * -H * ** o 3 |Kig* I 3g^|- ills -'-. s% 11 "- :: Number in family 4 5 5 7 Average of all families. . . Percentage distribution . . a .'- - J J o "" u 3 r<> 10 O ^ JQ > tn *^ U ?+ n w _o _ S ^OOOO s ** S < (X. H o uS 3 cs WIJ^OC en O i t * J W -H o ^ z a C s. ^^ ^^ c *^ cs O Q a ** ** en W |3 is H Jj - - . ^ ^ 2 E i2!SPS Z fa o * u o 3 W o ^ 0>t-lON 1 H ^ > |l 32-3 SooSS H S > * b y oa V H ^ 3 CO M 'S Q |l| -*-^ f-^ C u j IM & CQ S || 00 l.s M ll C 2 G S u BJ 1 Sl' rsfo 5 **< , 1931} LIVING EXPENDITURES OF A GROUP OF ILLINOIS FAMILIES 347 . 5 ^ 3 * Z en a Church l,_ 3 S C* c _o 5 OS b 1 ^22S^ en O Z 1 J 1 B ^I>.100 O iS t^ !| J= || 1 K *" a- a _o; 2 f_j 05 1 K 2!S N?O > (K o ^ < s OS CO ** w FS z u _ <* 1^ l 00 "^ 00 g ("~ * Z H o LH W -1 SQ 1 ^^ Ssi H f^ 1> ^ ^ en bo ft *^ *^ Q I u k> Oc it oc 5S^ a Z.S 0, oo H & S I* ov^-a ic JJJJ 2 iS 5 O^^-O 3 a "^ | 4* 1 * 00 **. u z en c 0' Z o 1 t>> r^ t^ *-* 10 u s t**^^** 2; n u 1 j rt t~o|2 ~* s S fc M Z M fl OO 00 N do K **" ** ;g N w 5 o Ofe 3 C* ." - _ X r*> tn O 3 W en PQ frl "^ B (> s < "g- OMNa zw g u r-* oo O oo ** S3 z 6*" wg < ta o 32.2 =" H I cs *O f*5 O OO C h B o z o"o-2 o H ||j -IW5 tSCS H ^H O"fl S H en Q o\ I! 00!> a . 5 :.8 3 < *3j2 H 1 2 V rt m il'a o> o-'o'o *P I rt g,-g ^ ***< OH 348 BULLETIN No. 372 [September, come, the higher income-ranges showing much higher expenditures. The children of the families in the higher income-groups were older, how- ever ; which fact meant heavier expenditures for education. Except for automobile costs, the general expenditures of these 70 farm families showed a marked increase with increases in income. The cost of automobile transportation was just as high in the $2000-$2999 income-group as it was in the $3000-and-more income-group. A comparison of the general expenditures of the farm families (Table 17) with those of small-town families (Table 19) brings out the fact that the farm and town families included in this study spent nearly the same proportion of their total income for personal expenses, health, education, church, and gifts. The automobile expenditures were greater for the farm families (38 percent) than for the town families (31 percent). This may be explained by the fact that in the accounts of the farm homemakers 50 percent of the automobile ex- pense was arbitrarily charged to the home. It may be that in many cases a lower share of these expenses should be charged to the farm rather than the home. Also, the farm family usually has to go many miles to reach a shopping center or to join in the usual social activities. One family estimated that it cost them 50 cents for gasoline and oil every time they went to town. Amounts spent for recreation show more difference between the farm and the small-town groups than do the other expenditures in this general group, 6 percent of the general expenditures of the farm family going for recreation, while the small-town family spent 15 percent for this purpose. Does this mean that the farm families did not get their share of pleasure, or that they enjoyed many things which did not have a money cost? Summary Eighty-eight American-born families were included in this study 70 farm families and 18 small-town families. Accounts were kept for various twelve-month periods during 1929-30. Nearly half the 70 farm families owned the land on which their homes were located, and more than half owned between 161 and 320 acres. The average number of persons in the farm and town families was 3.7 ; the modal, or the most usual, size of family was 4. The husbands and wives were comparatively young; the most usual ages being be- tween 28 and 32 years, with children averaging 10j/ years. The formal education of the parents in the 70 farm families was 1931] LIVING EXPENDITURES OF A GROUP OF ILLINOIS FAMILIES 349 high. In half of them at least one of the parents had attended college. The education of the tenant families was considerably higher than that of the owners. Tenants renting from relatives occupied houses with a greater number of modern living conveniences than the owners or than the tenants renting from nonrelatives. The average money value of the living of the 70 farm families for the year covered by the study was $2489. Of this amount $932 was furnished by the farm. Twelve percent of the total was spent for life insurance and investments. The average expenditure of the 18 town families for the year was $3662, of which 28 percent was spent for life insurance and investments. In the $1000-$1999 income-group of the farm families it was evi- dent that few choices could be made as to the way in which the income would be spent. The size of the family made little difference in the way in which the expenditures were distributed among the different divisions of the accounts. In the 20 farm families in the $2000-$2999 income-group expendi- tures in all divisions increased directly with the increase in size of family, except savings, which showed a decided decline. In the 9 farm families having incomes of $3000 or more a greater variation occurred in the amounts devoted to different purposes, indi- cating that families on this income-level had opportunity for more choices. The average daily food cost for the 70 farm families was 49 cents per adult unit, with a range from 36 to 57 cents. The families with the largest incomes spent the least per person for food, their daily adult-unit cost being 40 cents. However, these families used less raised food than the families in the lower income-groups. Approximately two-thirds (66 percent) of the total food consumed' by the families in the $1000-$1999 group was furnished by the farm; in the families having $3000 or more, about one-half (54 percent) was so furnished. In the two lower income-groups the automobile took the largest share of the amounts spent for general purposes. In the highest income-group education took the largest share. The most noticeable difference in the general expenditures of farm and town families was the larger amount spent by the town families for recreation. On pages 350-51 are shown both sides of the form used in this study in summarizing the individual family records from the Home Account Book. 350 BULLETIN No. 372 [September, I < i > &5 S 2.2 -? r2 I 1 IS o < > S eg 1 HO IH > Z 58* JS 8 8 s 8 9 a* 8 s s S SAVINGS fls 8 S S K B Sit S 8 8 i 8 O S S 8* 5 B K 8 8 8 2 i 8 S 8 g 8 8 "* O M * B 8 M H a g 1 1 i?5 " a 8 g g 8 8 C- g s HI = * * * n 8 H J 1 B H 8 8 8 s 8 i 8 ! 2 sr O f* s K i-t 9 S 9 8 9 9 S S g a " 8* * * *> * 8 S * * ^ 11 = 8 s S 3 c- B to > 9 8 5 s S o 3 " ClJ "~ 1 o-o'i- 3 c 3 OPERATINC ,1|S B I i 3 -?t! a gj 8 g 8 8 g g 8 8 8 8 s . 1 H s J 3 IS C*- 8 " a 1 s s a S f S 8 g s 8 8 s * S * 6 5 8 a if: to r 8 ^ 1 2 S Id ^ 1 R c g S i 8 M IT. O 8 8 S S c 5 g d - eOi W S S 8 Si 8 O fi 8 IS 8 i i i 1 9 J e 8 j a g j C 8 9 ^ 8 2 s 1 s * * i K * f c 8 8 8 a I S s 3 '> s 8 S & 8 K o N 0) t- c- 8 g o ti H S e\ I c 2 i o i o S 3 1 1 ^ g a i C S i 8 s 8 O I g o p. S c 8 s I C. j Si s 9 ? 8 J c 8 * f f i c 8 c<- R f K 8 8 ; g 8 R s " = 10 : a I c 1 i S *- s S a 1 V* I i J 2 4 J| a i t I 1 s j j H * AdiuilmV jl * 1931] LIVING EXPENDITURES OF A GROUP OF ILLINOIS FAMILIES 351 1 "*< ~ a 5 S , ^> g e- j , J P S S 8 i 31 s a i 5 5 t a S - g ; 1 5 8 g 8 ..52 JS .... 2 5T g 8 S S g g g S n a a f _ 1 1 . S * ! 1 9 1 If II pis 1 i 1 s 8 S a 8 S I g g 8 I I i 3 |lfS 4D S * OK 0* I "* *~ 5 1 ; S 1 H \ !zS - 9 S t 4 I s g s - S i S 1. 11 a a Z a i 2 2 S S j 1 s s 1 8 j CD s JJ n H 0> g a . t a , , , 1 a 1 lit s * 2 s c- P* 3 s a if s c 1 1 r a S 8 s 8 , c s o S s I ,2 3 8 d H 8 ' s s 5 n i fa 3 9 d S S 9 i i a 8 I S 4 |oS ' *" t 8 S s 8 IT fl 8 s In S 8 J s i 3 s i5 S N J H i s N - S C EXPEND 1 s 5 8 8 S a C 8 J s ' 1 fl ' * ^ S | 1 <"=!? g S 8 s 8 8 8 a K s a z S- S 8 O 10 * o 9 : a 01 i * i il| |S 8 8 8 H S 3 8 8 K 1 ! C 8 3 8 H " 8 8 ^ G 3 * 8 a c I i CD S 3 d a H 8 ^> s ' r C- 8 ? i O 8 8 g s 8 K . 8 o IB o j | H 9 9 3 S * 3 .< -; Ml 2 . < si -i ^ 4 * z d * .* 3T t * 1 Ill Pi H J t/5 C/) n UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA Q.630.7IL6B C002 BULLETIN. URBANA 364-3761931-32 30112019529202