628,53 
 S0843X 
 COP, 2 
 
 SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO TSP NON-ATTAINMENT 
 
 IN EAST MOLINE AND MILAN, ILLINOIS 
 
 DOCUMENT NO. 82/03 
 
 inois Department of 
 Energy and Natural Resources 
 
 Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois 
 
UNIVERSITY OF 
 ILLINOIS LIBRARY 
 AT URBANA C AIGN 
 
 BOOKS T AC 
 
DOC. NO. 82/03 
 January, 1982 
 
 SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO TSP NON-ATTAINMENT 
 IN EAST MOLINE AND MILAN, ILLINOIS 
 
 by 
 
 I IT Research Institute 
 
 10 West 35th Street 
 
 Chicago, Illinois 60616 
 
 Project No. 10.084 
 
 Michael B. Witte, Director 
 
 State of Illinois 
 
 Department of Energy and Natural Resources 
 
 Division of Environmental Management 
 
 309 West Washington Street 
 
 Chicago, IL 60606 
 
NOTE 
 
 This report has been reviewed by the Illinois Department 
 of Energy and Natural Resources and approved for publica- 
 tion. Views expressed are those of the contractor and 
 do not necessarily reflect the position of the ENR. 
 
 Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois 
 
 Date Printed: January, 1982 
 Quantity Printed: 250 
 
 Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources 
 309 West Washington Street 
 Chicago, IL 60606 
 (312) 793-3870 
 
 n 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 This is a final report on the identification of sources contributing 
 to total suspended particulates non-attainment at selected sites in East 
 Moline and Milan, Illinois. This report is submitted in partial fulfill- 
 ment of ENR Project No. 10.084. Mr. William J. Murphy of ENR served as 
 Project Director. This project was conducted by members of the Fine 
 Particles and Analytical Research Sections of IITRI. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 I IT RESEARCH INSTITUTE 
 
 Elaine Segers 
 Principal Investigator 
 
 Approved by 
 
 \j John Stockham 
 Manager 
 Fine Particles Research 
 
 ES:br 
 
 i^^AjJi/ /J' £Ja+ 
 
 onald G. Draftz 
 Project Manager 
 
 11 1 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
 
 Mr. William J. Murphy of the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural 
 Resources, who served as Project Officer for this study, and Mr. John Schrock 
 of the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, performed an extensive 
 review of this report in its draft form. Their many suggestions added 
 substantially to the form and content of this report which the authors greatly 
 appreciate. 
 
 IV 
 
So S+3 < 
 
 6f ^ TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Foreword iii 
 
 Acknowledgement i v 
 
 List of Figures and Tables v1 
 
 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 
 
 2. INTRODUCTION 9 
 
 3. FILTER ANALYSES METHODS 12 
 
 3.1 Sample Sectioning 12 
 
 3.2 Low Temperature Ashing 12 
 
 3.3 Chemical Analysis for Sulfate and Nitrate 13 
 
 3.4 Microscopical Analysis 13 
 
 3.4.1 Sample Preparation 13 
 
 3.4.2 Particle Identification 14 
 
 4. ANALYSIS RESULTS 20 
 
 5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 78 
 
 5.1 East Moline Site Samples 78 
 
 5.2 Milan Site Samples 79 
 
 5.3 Comparison of Common TSP Components 82 
 
 Appendix A. Microinventory for East Moline Particulate 
 Monitoring Site 
 
 A-l. Point Source Summary A-10 
 
 A-2. Area Source Summary . A-l 2 
 
 A-3. Traffic Source Summary A-16 
 
 Appendix B. Microinventory for Milan Particulate Monitoring Site 
 
 B-l. Point Source Summary B- 9 
 
 B-2. Area Source Summary B-ll 
 
 B-3. Traffic Source Summary B-l 5 
 
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 
 
 Figure Page 
 
 1.1 Summary of Source Contributions to TSP Levels in 
 
 East Moline and Milan 5 
 
 3.1 Individual Sample Analysis Report Form 15 
 
 Table 
 
 1.1 Comparison of Sulfate and Nitrate Concentrations at 
 
 Milan and East Moline for Common Sampling Days 3 
 
 1.2 Source Contributions for Samples Exceeding 75 u.g/m 3 3 
 
 1.3 Source Contributions for Samples Below 75 u.g/m 3 4 
 
 2.1 Samples Submitted for Analysis 10 
 
 2.2 Summary of Meteorological Data 10 
 
 2.3 Additional Particulate Emission Sources in the 
 
 East Moline-Milan Area 11 
 
 4.1 Summary of Chemical and Physical Analyses for 
 
 East Moline Samples 21 
 
 4.2 Summary of Chemical and Physical Analyses for 
 
 Milan Samples 21 
 
 5.1 Summary of Source Contributions to TSP at East Moline Site. . 78 
 
 5.2 Summary of Source Contributions to TSP at Milan Site 80 
 
 5.3 Summary of Source Contributions (as u.g/m 3 ) to TSP in 
 
 East Moline-Milan Samples 83 
 
 VI 
 
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
 
 Provisions of the Clean Air Act of 1977 require States to revise their 
 State Implementation Plans (SIP's) for all areas that have not attained 
 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The Illinois SIP for 
 Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) was conditionally approved by USEPA 
 with certain minor deficiencies. One of the reasons for the conditional 
 approval of the Illinois TSP SIP was insufficient documentation of the 
 impacts and effects of various controls on non-traditional fugitive sources 
 of TSP. Examples of these sources include reentrained road dust, wind 
 erosion from agricultural lands, and unpaved road emissions. This and 
 similar studies have been designed to correct those deficiences and will 
 be submitted to USEPA as part of the SIP for that purpose. The results 
 of these studies will be used by IEPA to further define the estimated 
 impacts of non-traditional fugitive dust sources on TSP non-attainment 
 areas throughout the State. They will also be used to refine the control 
 strategies which may need to be applied to various non-traditional fugitive 
 dust sources. 
 
 This project was funded by the Division of Environmental Management of the 
 Department of Energy and Natural Resources. The project was undertaken as one 
 component of the State Implementation Plan which was submitted by the 
 Illinois Environmental Protection Agency as required by the Clean Air Act 
 of 1977. 
 
 A set of ten hi vol filters from a TSP non-attainment site in Milan, 
 Illinois and eleven filters from an East Moline, Illinois site were 
 selected by the Illinois EPA and submitted to I IT Research Institute for 
 microscopical and chemical analysis to determine the sources contributing 
 to the TSP non-attainment status at each site. The samples were collected 
 in 1979 at the primary non-attainment site in each city. 
 
Six of the samples from Milan and five from East Moline exceeded the 
 NAAQS secondary standard of 150 yg/m 3 . Minerals were responsible for more 
 than 50% of the TSP concentration among these samples. Four other samples 
 with TSP concentrations of 103, 104, 110, and 144 yg/m 3 had mineral concen- 
 trations of 41%, 50%, 76%, and 77%, respectively. Traffic suspended dusts 
 from paved, gravel, and soil covered surfaces local to each sampling site were 
 deduced as the primary source of the mineral components for many of the 
 samples. Six samples were collected on days when the wind direction could 
 have carried minerals to the sampling sites from local rock quarrying 
 operations, possibly including such operations as loading for transport by 
 rail or barge. The mineral contribution from these industrial operations 
 could not be distinguished precisely from traffic generated minerals because 
 their composition is the same. However, these six samples had lower concen- 
 trations of rubber tire fragments, ususally associated with traffic 
 suspended minerals, than on those days when the quarries were downwind of 
 the sampl ing sites. 
 
 Sulfates and nitrates from combustion sources contributed an average 
 of 13% of the TSP at the Milan site and 15% of the TSP at the East Moline 
 site for days when the TSP exceeded 75 yg/m 3 . The sulfates and nitrates 
 were predominantly ammonium salts. Sulfate concentrations differed by 
 2 yg/m 3 or less, between the Milan and East Moline sites on the same 
 sampling days, Table 1.1. The same was true for nitrate concentrations. 
 This observation coupled with particle morphology suggests that these 
 sulfates and nitrates are principally transported to the sites from sources 
 outside Milan and East Moline. 
 
TABLE 1.1. COMPARISON OF SULFATE AND NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS AT 
 MILAN AND EAST MOLINE FOR COMMON SAMPLING DAYS 
 
 
 Dates 
 
 Sulfate 
 
 Concentrations, 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 Ni trate 
 
 Concentrations, 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 (1979) 
 
 Milan 
 
 East Mol 
 
 ine 
 
 Difference 
 
 Mi 1 an 
 
 East Mol ine 
 
 Difference 
 
 1/21 
 
 13.2 
 
 13.3 
 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 7.9 
 
 9.5 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 3/4 
 
 9.6 
 
 8.1 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.4 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 3/16 
 
 9.1 
 
 9.3 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 7.9 
 
 9.9 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 3/22 
 
 15.5 
 
 17.2 
 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 12.5 
 
 14.0 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 9/18 
 
 9.6 
 
 8.2 
 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 The combined concentrations of minerals, and the sulfates and nitrates 
 accounted for an average 87% of the TSP concentration at the Milan site for 
 samples exceeding 75 yg/m 3 , Table 1.2. The combined average at the East 
 Mol ine site was 84%. Samples with TSP concentrations below 75 yg/m 3 had 
 
 TABLE 1.2. SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS FOR SAMPLES EXCEEDING 75 yg/m 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 Secondary Combustion 
 
 Dates 
 
 TSP, 
 
 Traffic and 
 
 Products 
 
 (1979) 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 Bulk Mineral Sources 
 
 (sulfates and nitrates) 
 
 Milan 
 
 
 
 
 3/16 
 
 248 
 
 82 
 
 9 
 
 7/20 
 
 196 
 
 62 
 
 21 
 
 3/22 
 
 195 
 
 70 
 
 19 
 
 5/9 
 
 183 
 
 76 
 
 10 
 
 2/26 
 
 177 
 
 78 
 
 11 
 
 9/18 
 
 167 
 
 78 
 
 9 
 
 6/2 
 
 110 
 
 76 
 
 8 
 
 8/1 
 
 97 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 Averages 
 
 172 
 
 74 
 
 13 
 
 Eai>£ Ho tine. 
 
 
 
 8/25 
 
 310 
 
 83 
 
 5 
 
 9/6 
 
 174 
 
 80 
 
 7 
 
 9/18 
 
 157 
 
 72 
 
 9 
 
 3/22 
 
 153 
 
 59 
 
 27 
 
 3/16 
 
 151 
 
 73 
 
 17 
 
 3/10 
 
 144 
 
 77 
 
 7 
 
 6/14 
 
 104 
 
 59 
 
 27 
 
 7/8 
 
 103 
 
 50 
 
 22 
 
 Averages 
 
 162 
 
 69 
 
 15 
 
similar combined averages though the percentage of minerals was reduced by 
 a factor of two compared to samples with TSP concentrations greater than 
 75 ug/m 3 , Table 1.3. 
 
 A summary of all source contributions by category is presented in Figure 1, 
 
 TABLE 1.3. SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS FOR SAMPLES BELOW 75 ug/m 3 
 
 Percent 
 Dates TSP, Traffic and 
 (1979) ug/m 3 Bulk Mineral Sources 
 
 Percent 
 Secondary Combustion 
 
 Products 
 (sulfates and nitrates) 
 
 Milan 
 
 3/4 
 1/21 
 
 45 
 37 
 
 Averages 
 
 41 
 
 East Ho tine. 
 
 1/9 
 3/4 
 1/21 
 
 37 
 37 
 36 
 
 Averages 
 
 37 
 
 52 
 
 14 
 
 33 
 
 31 
 48 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 38 
 77 
 
 58 
 
 40 
 42 
 85 
 
 56 
 
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2. INTRODUCTION 
 
 The current U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for atmospheric 
 aerosols are based on mass concentrations per unit volume of air without 
 regard to particle size or composition. While reduction in concentrations of 
 atmospheric particles of all types and sizes, to and below the current 
 standard levels, is desirable from health and economic aspects, it is becoming 
 increasingly evident that the current standards may not adequately address 
 the health effect aspects of airborne particles since a significant mass 
 fraction of the TSP is outside of (larger than) the particle size ranges 
 which are inhalable and respirable. Therefore, revised national air 
 particulate standards are being considered which will more specifically 
 address the health impact of inhalable and respirable particles. Formulation 
 of these revised air particulate standards requires data on the particle 
 sizes and particle types currently comprising the TSP so that practical control 
 strategies can be developed and implemented by each state. 
 
 The Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (ENR) in conjunction 
 with the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency '(IEPA) has formulated and 
 sponsored a number of research studies which address the current TSP problem. 
 The goal of this research study was to determine the sources which contribute 
 to the TSP problem in Milan and East Moline, Illinois. Data gathered from 
 this study will be used to evaluate current control strategies in these 
 cities and will also serve as a basis for reviewing possible changes in 
 control strategies necessitated by revised Federal standards. 
 
 A total of 21 high volume (hi vol) filter samples were selected by the 
 IEPA and submitted to IITRI for analysis, Table 2.1. Microscopical and 
 chemical analyses were performed to determine aerosol composition and 
 concentrations. These analyses were coupled with meteorological data, Table 
 2.2, and with microinventory surveys to identify the most probable sources 
 contributing to the TSP problem. 
 
 Detailed microinventories conducted by ETA Engineering, Incorporated for 
 the East Moline and Milan hi vol monitoring sites appear, respectively, in 
 Appendices A and B. These microinventories identify and quantify particulate 
 emissions resulting from nearby fugitive and point sources, and vehicular 
 
TABLE 2.1. SAMPLES SUBMITTED FOR ANALYSIS 
 
 Fi 1 ter 
 No. 
 
 Date 
 
 Site 
 
 TSP, 
 pg/m 3 
 
 8353652 
 
 1/09/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 37 
 
 8353664 
 
 1/21/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 36 
 
 8353665 
 
 ii 
 
 Mi 1 an 
 
 37 
 
 8359247 
 
 2/26/79 
 
 Milan 
 
 177 
 
 9282679 
 
 3/04/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 37 
 
 9282681 
 
 M 
 
 Mi 1 an 
 
 45 
 
 9282684 
 
 3/10/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 144 
 
 9282687 
 
 3/16/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 151 
 
 9282699 
 
 n 
 
 Mi 1 an 
 
 248 
 
 9282710 
 
 3/22/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 153 
 
 9282704 
 
 ii 
 
 Mi 1 an 
 
 195 
 
 9167445 
 
 5/09/79 
 
 Milan 
 
 183 
 
 9168424 
 
 6/02/79 
 
 Mi 1 an 
 
 110 
 
 9168437 
 
 6/14/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 104 
 
 9169530 
 
 7/08/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 103 
 
 9169569 
 
 7/20/79 
 
 Milan 
 
 196 
 
 9169570 
 
 8/01/79 
 
 Milan 
 
 97 
 
 9170521 
 
 8/25/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 310 
 
 9171444 
 
 9/06/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 174 
 
 9171468 
 
 9/18/79 
 
 East Moline 
 
 157 
 
 9171485 
 
 n 
 
 Mi 1 an 
 
 167 
 
 TABLE 2.2. SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA 
 
 Wind 
 
 
 
 
 Avg. 
 
 
 
 24-hr 
 
 Prep. , 
 
 Snow 
 
 
 Direction, ° 
 Range Avg. 
 
 Speed, 
 mph 
 
 Percent 
 Persist. 
 
 Percent 
 Calm 
 
 in 
 
 . 
 
 Depth, 
 
 Date 
 
 Rain 
 
 Snow 
 
 in. 
 
 1/09/79 
 
 230-310 
 
 278 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1/21/79 
 
 260-340 
 
 307 
 
 15 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 T 
 
 26 
 
 2/26/79 
 
 290-020 
 
 354 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 3/04/79 
 
 220-260 
 
 240 
 
 16 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 0.01 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3/10/79 
 
 270-320 
 
 289 
 
 20 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 0.01 
 
 0.1 
 
 4 
 
 3/16/79 
 
 100-220 
 
 171 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3/22/79 
 
 080-130 
 
 100 
 
 12 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 5/09/79 
 
 140-200 
 
 180 
 
 15 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6/02/79 
 
 190-280 
 
 238 
 
 10 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6/14/79 
 
 110-200 
 
 170 
 
 12 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7/08/79 
 
 080-190 
 
 116 
 
 6 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7/20/79 
 
 060-150 
 
 108 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8/01/79 
 
 010-130 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 56 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8/25/79 
 
 070-350 
 
 188 
 
 6 
 
 33 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9/06/79 
 
 260-360 
 
 308 
 
 10 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9/13/79 
 
 200-040 
 
 306 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
traffic on public thoroughfares. Local land use and historical air quality 
 data were also included. A previous study conducted, in part, to determine 
 sources of TSP in the Milan-East Moline area (IITRI Project No. C8418) 
 indicated the presence of additional particulate emission sources in this 
 area; these sources are listed in Table 2.3. 
 
 TABLE 2.3. ADDITIONAL PARTICULATE EMISSION SOURCES IN THE EAST MOLINE-MILAN AREA 
 
 Source 
 
 Direction and Distance (km) from Site 
 East Moline Milan 
 
 Milan Foundry 
 843 West 11th Street 
 Milan, Illinois 
 (aluminum) 
 
 Colli son Stone Company 
 3115 23rd Avenue 
 Moline, Illinois 
 (limestone) 
 
 Quad City Die Casting Company 
 3800 River Drive 
 Moline, Illinois 
 (aluminum, zinc) 
 
 Robbins Foundry Company 
 352 8th Street 
 Moline, Illinois 
 
 (brass, bronze, aluminum) 
 
 Moline Aluminum Foundry 
 1650 1st Street 
 Moline, Illinois 
 
 Rock Island Ready-Mixed 
 
 Concrete Company 
 5000 11th Street 
 Rock Island, Illinois 
 
 SW, >10 
 
 SW, M.5 
 
 SW, ^5 
 
 W, ^3.7 
 
 WSW, %7.2 
 
 WSW, >10 
 
 SW, >10 
 
 NE, %7.6 
 
 NE, %9.7 
 
 NNE, %6.9 
 
 NNW, %5.3 
 
 , vL.6 
 
 11 
 
3. FILTER ANALYSES METHODS 
 
 The primary method of determining aerosol composition and concentration 
 was through polarized light microscopy. Water soluble sulfates and nitrates 
 were analyzed by ion chromatography. Low temperature (<200°C) plasma ashing 
 was used as a method to determine the mass fraction of inorganic and organic 
 aerosols. 
 
 3.1 SAMPLE SECTIONING 
 
 After macroscopic examination of the filters to detect any abnormalities 
 such as particle migration, water droplet staining, etc., a template speci- 
 fically designed for hi vol filter sample sectioning was used to cut the strips 
 of filter required for the various analyses. All filter sectioning with the 
 template was performed on filters after they had been folded in half, dirty 
 side to dirty side. At no time was the TSP laden collection surface of the 
 filter placed directly in contact with the faces of the template. A 2.5" x 
 1.5" (6.4 cm x 3.8 cm) section was cut for the low temperature ashing. The 
 filter section used for preparation of the PLM sample was cut from the dupli- 
 cate 2.5" x 1.5" section that is cut because the filter is folded. The strip 
 cut for the chemical analyses was 1" x 8" (2.5 cm x 20.3 cm) in total 
 dimensions. 
 
 3.2 LOW TEMPERATURE ASHING (LTA) 
 
 The precisely measured sections of each filter cut for ashing were 
 desiciated for 48 hours, weighed, then ashed for 2 hours in a low temperature 
 oxygen plasma asher. Upon removal from the as her, the samples were cooled to 
 room temperature in a desiccator and reweighed to determine mass lost in 
 ashing. The percent mass loss in ashing is calculated from: 
 
 °i t ta l n* <; = measured mass loss 
 
 h lim loss - total mass Qf particles on the LTA section 
 
 where the total mass of particles on the LTA section (LTA section mass) is 
 calculated from: 
 
 , XA .. / area of section ashed \ 
 
 LTA section mass ^ tota1 nivo1 f 11t er collection area/ 
 
 x mass of particles on total filter 
 
 12 
 
Unfortunately, all but four of the 21 samples submitted for analysis were 
 collected on a type of hi vol filter which contains a binder of polyvinyl 
 acetate; this organic binder renders ashing analyses for combustible materials 
 invalid. Ashing analyses of sections cut from various places within several 
 blank filters of this type have determined the uneven distribution of the 
 organic binder on the filters; concentrations of the binder on these filter 
 sections ranged from 74 ug/m 3 to 145 ug/m 3 . Therefore, stripping off the 
 unexposed borders of the filters submitted for analysis to provide pieces of 
 clean filter for ashing as blanks proved useless, except to verify the absence 
 of this binder on four of the filter samples. Combustibles concentrations on 
 the remaining seventeen samples were determined microscopically. 
 
 3.3 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR SULFATE (S0.T) AND NITRATE (N0 3 ") 
 
 The sections cut for sulfate and nitrate analysis were extracted in 
 distilled, deionized water to dissolve the water soluble TSP components present. 
 The extract was filtered through a 0.8 urn membrane filter. The collected 
 extract was diluted to 100 ml in a volumetric flask with deionized water. 
 
 The anion concentrations in the extracts were determined by ion chroma- 
 tographic analysis of precisely measured aliquots. The ion concentration 
 determined was ug anion per ml of extract which, when multiplied by 100 ml, 
 yielded the total mass of the anion on the entire 8 in. 2 (51.6 cm 2 ) section 
 analyzed. The mass percent concentrations of each anion in the TSP was 
 calculated in the same way that the percent LTA loss was calculated--i.e. , 
 after calculating the mass of particles present on the section analyzed from 
 the total mass present on the entire hi vol filter. 
 
 3.4 MICROSCOPICAL ANALYSIS 
 3.4.1 Sample Preparation 
 
 Triangular sections measuring approximately 2 cm on each side were cut 
 from the ashed and unashed filters. The cut sections were mounted on 
 individual glass slides in pools (approximately 0.5 ml) of standard immersion 
 oil (refractive index = 1.515). After the mounting oil soaked through the 
 filter section, a coverslip was placed on top to complete the mount. These 
 slides for polarized light microscopy analysis were prepared at least one 
 week prior to the analysis to allow escape of most of the air bubbles entrapped 
 in trie filter matrix. 
 
 13 
 
3.4.2 Particle Identification 
 
 The samples were analyzed with a Zeiss optical microscope equipped for 
 polarized light microscopy. Magnification ranging from 83X through 520X were 
 routinely used in each sample analysis. Particle optical and physical pro- 
 perties were observed in each sample in order to identify the particle types. 
 Magnetic properties of particles were observed by holding and moving a small 
 horseshoe magnet near the microscope slide. 
 
 The ashed and unashed sections of each filter mounted for PLM analysis 
 were systematically scanned. Measurements of the largest (linear dimension) 
 particle for each identified particle type were recorded on an individual 
 sample report form during this systematic scan. Figure 3.1 is the individual 
 sample analysis data report format. The top four lines of this form contain 
 the sample identification information. The next line lists the results of the 
 ashing and chemical analyses. The bottom three- fourths of the form are where 
 the microscopical analysis data are recorded. 
 
 The identified particle types are grouped into five basic generic cate- 
 gories that also very roughly separate the TSP components acccording to sources 
 IITRI's experience in analysis of over 4500 TSP samples has led to the develop- 
 ment of this data reporting format. The TSP composition has been observed to 
 be wery similar from city to city and thus the first four particle type 
 categories contain the particle types that are emitted by sources common to all 
 populated areas: traffic and wind suspended soil and pavement; vehicle emitted 
 particles; fossil fuel combustion products; and biological particles. The 
 fifth particle type category contains those particle types emitted by sources 
 specific to an area. The following paragrahs define the particle type classi- 
 fications and their source implications as they were applied to the Milan- 
 East Moline samples. 
 
 The mineral category groups particle types mainly by their generic 
 mineral class or family rather than as a specific mineral species. The 
 minerals had numerous potential sources that included soil, paved and unpaved 
 road surfaces, and bulk mineral handling and transport activities. If 
 associated particle types or certain morphological features allowed identifi- 
 cation of a mineral particle type as a specified industrial emission, then 
 the mineral particle was classified under the MUcManejouA particle category. 
 
 14 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C8564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 TILTER NO._ 
 TSP, )ig/m 1 _ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 % SO. 
 
 NO 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, ym 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 
 
 
 carbonates 
 
 
 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 
 
 
 other 
 
 
 
 
 pavement 
 
 
 
 
 cement 
 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 
 
 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 
 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 
 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 
 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 
 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 
 
 
 recrystal 1 i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 
 
 
 Figure 3.1. Individual sample analysis report form. 
 
 15 
 
QixaAtz is a specific silicate mineral species composed of silicon dioxide 
 while &eZdt>paA is a silicate mineral group name. The feldspar group consists 
 of more than one hundred different silicate minerals that are related by their 
 similar crystal structures. Since quartz and feldspar are both members of 
 the same silicate mineral subclass and occur together in the same rock or 
 mineral formation, they are classified together in TSP analyses. Quartz and 
 feldspars in the TSP were contributed primarily by traffic on gravel, soil 
 and/or soil covered road surfaces. Construction-related activities were also 
 possible sources of these minerals. 
 
 CaJibonateA found in the TSP were primarily calcite (calcium carbonate). 
 Carbonates do not exist for any length of time in soils that are heavily 
 vegetated (and thus contain considerable humus) because the acidic nature 
 of decaying vegetation attacks these highly basic particles. Carbonates in the 
 Milan-East Moline TSP had numerous sources. In addition to the gravel and 
 paved road surfaces near the sites, handling and transport of bulk limestone 
 rock were indicated as possible sources of carbonates to the TSP. 
 
 Clay, as a strict, mineralogical term, is a mineral group name whose 
 members are minerals that are predominantly hydrous aluminum silicates having 
 discrete particle sizes less than 4 urn. In soil science, clay is used as a 
 particle size term to describe the smallest particles; the maximum size applied 
 to clay particles varies from 2 urn to 4 urn, depending upon which classification 
 scale is used. In TSP analyses, the term clay is used in the particle size 
 sense to describe the very fine minerals that are the primary binders of soil 
 and gravel. Thus, clays occurred in the TSP samples as discrete agglomerates 
 of finer particles as well as coatings on large mineral fragments derived from 
 soil or gravel. The maximum particle size listed on the individual sample 
 analysis report forms obviously referred to the agglomerates observed. 
 
 HumuA is the decaying vegetation in soil that gives many topsoils their 
 black color. Because humus also serves as a binder in soil, this material 
 was included with the clays in classifying TSP components observed. 
 
 OtheA minerals included small quantities of silicate and non-silicate 
 minerals indigenous to the soil of Milan and East Moline or were components of 
 gravel and pavement aggregates. The most frequently observed other mineral 
 types were micas, hornblende, fluorite and iron oxides. 
 
 16 
 
Pavement refers to the actual binder material (asphalt) used in street 
 pavements. 
 
 Cmejvt particles not coated or associated with materials typically found 
 in pavements were minor components of the samples. 
 
 \kobJULd SounaeA 
 
 Particle types directly emitted by mobile vehicles were listed in this 
 particle class. 
 
 TcUZpipz exhaust is composed of both gaseous and particulate materials. 
 The particulate portion of exhaust is composed primarily of submicrometer 
 elemental carbon particles that are formed into chain-like agglomerates and 
 aggregates. Individual exhaust particles were not observed microscopically 
 but, rather, the agglomerates were most frequently detected. 
 
 Rubbe/i Vjkl {,nagm<iyvti> are abraded from vehicle tires by paved and unpaved 
 ground surfaces. These particles are elongated, generally cylindrical and 
 black in color. Observation of the types of minerals embedded in the rubber 
 tire fragments provided some clues as to the type of road surface vehicles 
 were traversing near the sampler. 
 
 Combu&tion Soa/mz Emi&AijonA 
 
 Stationary combustion sources such as fossil-fuel -burning power plants 
 and small scale heating units, and cellulosic (wood, paper) fuel combustion 
 operations produce some distinctive particle types. 
 
 Gl<U6y filyaAk was the term used to describe the fus'ed silica based par- 
 ticles that were stack (or vent) released into the atmosphere from high tempera- 
 ture processes. Glassy flyash forms during fuel combustion from melting and 
 fusion of the mineral contaminants in the fuel being burned. Of course, glassy 
 flyash also forms in industrial processes in which glass forming materials 
 are being subjected to temperatures high enough to melt them. Color and 
 refractive index of glassy flyash are dependent upon the elemental composition 
 of the glassy material, while particle morphologies are dependent upon the 
 type of burner and fuel being burned. Therefore, PLM observation of optical 
 and physical properties allowed determination of several different sources 
 of the glassy flyash found in the Milan-East Moline TSP. These sources 
 included coal-fired power plants and small scale burning operations (e.g., 
 home heating units) . 
 
 17 
 
The coal and panAJjjJUly combuAtzd {nxaqmont categories included chunks of 
 unburned coal and fragments of partially burned carbon based fuels (coal, 
 paper, plant tissue). Again, a combination of observed optical, morphological 
 and surface texture properties allowed identification of the various combustion- 
 related carbonaceous particle types in the TSP. 
 
 Bene axAboncLczouA matoAAjoUL is defined as discrete carbon particles less 
 than 1 urn in size. Sources included resuspended (and therefore deagglomerated) 
 tailpipe exhaust and fine fractured carbonaceous combustion products. When 
 multiple sources were indicated to impact the TSP sampling site by larger, 
 more distinctive particles, it was impossible to delineate the proportion of 
 fine carbonaceous material contributed by each source type. 
 
 Re.cAyA£aZLizz.d auJL&cUiia and vuXnujtu, can be emitted directly into the 
 atmosphere by various combustion processes but usually are secondary aerosols 
 formed from reaction of gases emitted by fuel combustion operations. Mobile 
 as well as stationary source gaseous emissions convert to secondary aerosols. 
 The prefix re serves to indicate these materials were present in aqueous 
 solutions on the hi vol filter at one point in time but were dried solids at 
 the time of analysis. Source assignment for these TSP components was impossible 
 because numerous potential contributors were indicated to be present in the 
 Milan-East Moline area. In addition, it is well recognized that secondary 
 aerosols can be transported via weather systems several hundred kilometers. 
 
 ZloZjQQi.cjodU 
 
 The particles in this source class were emitted by the natural vegetation 
 of the East Moline-Milan area as well as by anthropogenic biological sources. 
 
 Mi&celZanex)u& 
 
 No n- magnetic iAon oicLdeA were irregular, angular to rounded hydrous and 
 non-hydrous iron oxides. Absence of a clay coating or attachment to obviously 
 soil derived minerals was the most frequently applied criterion used to 
 distinguish natural soil iron oxides (listed in the othoA. minerals category) 
 from those iron oxides attributable mostly to industrial emissions. Flyash 
 varieties of iron oxides indicated combustion operations such as power plants, 
 industrial powerhouses, and incinerators emitted iron oxides from combustion 
 of fuels containing iron-rich contaminants and from rust in combustion exhaust 
 
lines. Some iron oxide types were not especially distinctive and thus could 
 have been normal metal corrosion and erosion products typically found in 
 street debris. 
 
 McLQviztLc. fisiagrmntb were elongated bits of metal that responded to the 
 movement of a magnet held close to the microscope slide. Mobile vehicles--i .e. , 
 erosion products of automobiles and trucks, railway wear fragments, etc. --are 
 the most likely sources of these particles. 
 
 Particle types classified as ^oimdJiy 6and and bind<WA were broken frag- 
 metns and whole rounded grains of used molding and core sands as well as 
 flakes of unattached sand binder. 
 
 Vcuuvt was detected on some samples. Spherical morphologies indicated 
 emission from spray painting operations. White and yellow paint present as 
 coatings on mineral particles were probably suspended from pavement lane 
 markings. 
 
 Ihjovi humoA were fine, rounded iron oxide particles which were indicative 
 of emission from a specific iron melting operation. This component was present 
 in only the East Moline site samples. 
 
 Slag particles form by high temperature fusion of minerals composed 
 primarily of aluminum, silicon, calcium and iron. Complete fusion results 
 in the formation of a glassy (amorphous) particle type. Slag is formed in 
 metal melting industries from minerals specifically added to the melting 
 vessel charge. The generic term slag can also be applied to the bottom ash 
 or aLvidvu> formed in coal burners from the mineral contaminants in the coal 
 being burned. Both metal industry and coal burner slag is recovered and 
 sold for use such as railroad track ballast, pavement aggregate and aggregate 
 for concrete blocks. Slag/cinder fragments were found in only the East Moline 
 TSP also. 
 
 19 
 
4. ANALYSIS RESULTS 
 
 The results of the chemical and low temperature ashing (physical) 
 analyses of the East Moline and Milan samples are summarized in Tables 4.1 
 and 4.2, respectively. The individual sample analyses data sheets and 
 photomicrographs of typical aerosols follow these tables. 
 
 20 
 
TABLE 4.1. SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ANALYSES FOR EAST MOLINE SAMPLES 
 
 Filter 
 
 Date 
 
 TSP, 
 yg/m 3 
 
 yg/i 
 
 m 3 
 
 Percent 
 
 No. 
 
 N0 3 
 
 S0 4 
 
 Combustibles 
 
 8353652 
 
 1/09/79 
 
 37 
 
 4.4 
 
 6.7 
 
 63 
 
 8353664 
 
 1/21/79 
 
 36 
 
 9.5 
 
 13.3 
 
 75 
 
 9282679 
 
 3/04/79 
 
 37 
 
 3.4 
 
 8.1 
 
 34* 
 
 9282684 
 
 3/10/79 
 
 144 
 
 1.2 
 
 5.7 
 
 18* 
 
 9282687 
 
 3/16/79 
 
 151 
 
 9.9 
 
 9.3 
 
 17* 
 
 9282710 
 
 3/22/79 
 
 153 
 
 14.0 
 
 17.2 
 
 30* 
 
 9168437 
 
 6/14/79 
 
 104 
 
 4.8 
 
 12.3 
 
 35* 
 
 9169530 
 
 7/08/79 
 
 103 
 
 8.3 
 
 23.5 
 
 25* 
 
 9170521 
 
 8/25/79 
 
 310 
 
 2.4 
 
 8.9 
 
 g* 
 
 9171444 
 
 9/06/79 
 
 174 
 
 1.1 
 
 7.4 
 
 15* 
 
 9171468 
 
 9/18/79 
 
 157 
 
 1.9 
 
 8.2 
 
 22* 
 
 TABLE 4.2. SUMMARY 
 
 OF CHEMICAL AND 
 
 PHYSICAL 
 
 ANALYSES FOR MILAN SAMPLES 
 
 
 Fi 1 ter 
 
 Date 
 
 TSP, 
 yg/m 3 
 
 yg/ 
 
 r m 3 
 
 Percent 
 
 No. 
 
 N0 3 
 
 SO, 
 
 Combustibles 
 
 8353665 
 
 1/21/79 
 
 37 
 
 7.9 
 
 13.2 
 
 37 
 
 8359247 
 
 2/26/79 
 
 177 
 
 4.8 
 
 9.6 
 
 20 
 
 9282681 
 
 3/04/79 
 
 45 
 
 3.0 
 
 9.6 
 
 18* 
 
 9282699 
 
 3/16/79 
 
 248 
 
 7.9 
 
 9.1 
 
 14* 
 
 9282704 
 
 3/22/79 
 
 195 
 
 12.5 
 
 15.5 
 
 22* 
 
 9167445 
 
 5/09/79 
 
 183 
 
 3.2 
 
 10.5 
 
 16* 
 
 9168424 
 
 6/02/79 
 
 110 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.9 
 
 19* 
 
 9169569 
 
 7/20/79 
 
 196 
 
 10.3 
 
 20.1 
 
 32* 
 
 9169570 
 
 8/01/79 
 
 97 
 
 5.0 
 
 9.6 
 
 25* 
 
 9171485 
 
 9/18/79 
 
 167 
 
 1.7 
 
 9.6 
 
 17* 
 
 
 * Values estimated microscopically because filters were impregnated 
 with organic binder which was also combusted during low temperature 
 ashing. Binder nonuniformity prevented the determination of binder 
 content in blank filters. 
 
 21 
 
INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE ANALYSIS REPORTS 
 
 WITH NARRATIVE DESCRIPTIONS AND PHOTOMICROGRAPHS (263X) 
 
 FOR EAST MOLINE SAMPLES 
 
 22 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C8564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, pg/m 3 _ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 8353652 
 
 37 
 
 East Moline 
 
 1/9/79, TUE 
 
 63 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 18% SO, 
 
 12% MO- 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, um 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 carbonates 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 other 
 
 pavement 
 
 5 
 8 
 1 
 1 
 <0.5 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 0.2-70 
 0.2-52 
 
 1-55 
 1-30 
 
 cement 
 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 13 
 3 
 
 0.2 
 
 16 
 
 0.2-3 
 1-80 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 glassy flyash 
 coal fragments 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 13 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 7 
 5 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-85 
 
 1-285 
 0.2-1 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 plant parts 
 
 insect parts 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 starch 
 
 3 
 
 <1 
 <0.5 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 magnetic fragments 
 foundry sand and binders 
 paint 
 
 iron fumes 
 slag/cinders 
 
 2 
 <0.5 
 
 1 
 <1 
 <1 
 <1 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 0.5-40 
 
 23 
 
8353652 
 
 Coal combustion operations were the primary sources of particles that 
 impacted the site. Coal combustion at a fairly local power pi ant- type 
 operation contributed most of the glassy flyash spheres present, but the 
 majority of the partially combusted material was indicative of emission from 
 a less efficient coal burning operation % significant guantities of poorly 
 fused glassy flyash suggested this other coal combustion souce was a stoker- 
 type coal burner. Flyash sizes indicated the stoker- type coal burning source 
 was closer to the site than the pulverized coal burning source. A more distant 
 combustion source was also indicated to have impacted the site by the presence 
 of fine glassy flyash spheres; this source probably also contributed some 
 portion of the secondary aerosol sulfates and nitrates. 
 
 Minerals present were pavement, gravel and soil derived. Traffic was 
 indicated as the major method of mineral suspension. 
 
 Grain handling and agricultural crop processing operations had major 
 impacts on the sample; plant tissue fragments, starch grains and fungal 
 material were abundant. 
 
 The presence of fume-type iron oxides indicated emission from a specific 
 iron melting source (e.g., a foundry). Significant quantities of foundry sand 
 and binder fragments in the sample suggested impact from foundry emissions on 
 this date, although the possibility that foundry sand had become a component 
 of ground surfaces in the area should be considered. Whether the larger, less 
 rounded iron oxide particles were contributed by the iron melting source or 
 the combustion sources that impacted the site could not be determined with 
 certainty. 
 
 Numerous red, white, and yellow paint pigment agglomerates, often 
 present as spheres, were noted; spray painting or paint manufacturing operations 
 are possible sources of this component. 
 
 Large, angular fragments of glassy material formed by high temperature 
 fusion of minerals in the sample were classified as slaq/aindevs. Slag is 
 formed in metal melting industries from minerals specifically added to the 
 melting vessel charge. This particle type is also found as the bottom ash 
 or cinders formed in coal burners from the mineral contaminants in the coal 
 
 24 
 
being burned— thus the slag/cinder classification. Whether these particles 
 were fugitive emissions from waste piles or dumping operations associated 
 with metal melting industries or coal burners, or were contributed by sources 
 using the slag (i.e., railroad track ballast, cinder-based lots), could not 
 be determined. 
 
 25 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C8564 
 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 MICROS COP 1ST 
 
 IINR 
 EBS' 
 
 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 
 75 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 FILTER NO. 
 TSP, nrj/u,' 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE HATE; 
 
 37 "'> SO„ = 
 
 8353664 
 
 3 6 " 
 
 East Mo line 
 
 1/ 21/79, SUN 
 
 26.4?; MO 3 ' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, urn 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 0.2-60 
 
 carbonates 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 0.2-35 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 <1 
 
 16 
 
 0.5-90 
 
 other 
 
 <1 
 
 17 
 
 1-38 
 
 pavement 
 
 <0.5 
 
 12 
 
 1-50 
 
 cement 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 tailpipe exhaust 
 
 7 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 25 
 
 1-65 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 0.2-25 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 
 0.5-35 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1-130 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 paint 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 i ron fumes 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 slag/cinders 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 26 
 
8353664 
 
 This sample was similar to the 1/9 sample collected at this site in that 
 combustion source emissions were the dominant sample components. Combustion 
 products on this sample, however, were present in significantly different 
 concentrations compared to the 1/9 sample; secondary aerosols were considerably 
 increased in concentration while primary combustion products were greatly 
 reduced on this date. The lower concentration of primary combustion products 
 was mainly attributable to the minimal impact received from the local stoker- 
 type coal burning source that strongly impacted the 1/9 sample although local 
 pulverized coal combustion source emissions were also reduced in concentration 
 compared to the 1/9 sample; this tends to indicate that the local combustion 
 operations were not directly responsible for the higher secondary aerosol 
 concentration on this date. The presence of fine glassy flyash spheres on this 
 sample suggests a portion of the sulfate and nitrate concentration was 
 pollutant transported into the sampling area from more distant coal com- 
 bustion sources. 
 
 Mineral particles were only minor components of the sample. Traffic 
 was indicated as the primary method of mineral suspension. The precipitation 
 (<0.01 in) and snow cover (26 in) on this date, and the Sunday sampling day 
 probably combined to suppress traffic suspension of minerals. 
 
 Biological materials emitted by anthropogenic sources (grain handling/ 
 crop processing) were minor sample components. 
 
 Most of the cement present was hydrated; whether concrete mixing opera- 
 tions, or transport or handling of cement, wetted by the precipitation on this 
 date, was the source of this material could not be determined. 
 
 Traces of foundry sand, iron fumes, paint spheres and slag/cinders were 
 noted. 
 
 27 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C3564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO. 
 
 9282679 
 
 TSP, |ig/m ' 
 
 37 
 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 
 East Moline 
 
 SAMPLE DATE 
 
 3/4/79, SUN 
 
 34 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 22 % SOt 
 
 9.1 % MO 3 ' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, urn 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 0.2-85 
 
 carbonates 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 0.2-65 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 other 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 1-50 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 1-25 
 
 cement 
 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 tailpipe exhaust 
 
 4 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 1-160 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0.2-40 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 12 
 
 0.5-30 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 1-60 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <0.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 magnetic fragments 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 0.5-30 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 paint 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 slag/cinders 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 5-55 
 
 28 
 
9282679 
 
 Traffic was a primary source of particles on this sample. In addition 
 to the particle types directly emitted by vehicles, traffic on paved and 
 gravel road surfaces was indicated as the primary method of mineral suspension 
 based on association of minerals with rubber tire fragments. 
 
 Combustion source emissions were also primary sample components. Local 
 pulverized and stoker- type coal combustion operations contributed most of 
 the primary combustion products present. Trace amounts of fine glassy flyash 
 spheres suggested some portion of the secondary aerosol sulfates and nitrates 
 may be attributable to more distant combustion operations. 
 
 Grain handling and agricultural crop processing operations had minor 
 impacts on the sample. Some of the plant tissue present was embedded with 
 mineral particles suggesting it had been resuspended from previous deposits 
 on road surfaces. 
 
 Cement, foundry- related materials and paint spheres were detected in 
 small quantities. 
 
 The slag-type material noted in previous samples analyzed from this site 
 was a minor sample component. 
 
 29 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C3564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, ug/m^ 
 SAMPLE SITE' 
 SAMPLE DATE 
 
 9282684 
 TO 
 
 East Moline 
 
 3/10/79, SAT 
 
 18 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 4 % SO, 
 
 0.9 % N0 3 " 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, urn 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 0.2-140 
 
 carbonates 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 0.2-55 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 0.5-30 
 
 other 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 1-85 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 12 
 
 
 cement 
 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 ta il pipe exhaust- 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 1-95 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 0.2-40 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 
 0.5-25 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1-155 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystal 1 i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 9 
 
 
 0.5-35 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 magnetic fragments 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 35 
 
 
 paint 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 slag/cinders 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 5-70 
 
 30 
 
9282684 
 
 Carbonate minerals were the primary component of this sample and main 
 cause of the elevated TSP level recorded on this date. Based on concentrations 
 and sizes of minerals and rubber tire fragments and the embedment of carbonate 
 as well as non-carbonate minerals in the tire particles, traffic was indicated 
 as the method of suspension of the majority or possibly even all of the 
 mineral matter present. However, wind suspended fugitive minerals may have 
 also contributed to the mineral population on this date; the abundance of 
 small particle sized carbonate minerals in conjunction with the strong, 
 persistent winds (gusts approached 33 mph) on this date suggested this likelihood, 
 
 A local stoker- type coal burning source contributed the majority of the 
 primary combustion products present. Local and long range pulverized coal 
 combustion operations also had minor impacts on the sample. 
 
 Agricultural crop processing or handling operations contributed a minor 
 portion of the TSP. Plant tissue fragments, many of which were degraded and 
 embedded with mineral particles, and conidia were the dominant biological 
 particle types present. 
 
 Slag/cinder type particles were present in detectable quantities. Their 
 source is uncertain. 
 
 31 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C3564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO. 
 TSP, ug/m^ 
 SAMPLE SITE" 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 9282687 
 
 151 
 
 East Moline 
 
 3/16/79, FRI 
 
 17 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 6.2 % SO. 
 
 6.5:", NO; 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, um 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 carbonates 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 other 
 
 pavement 
 
 11 
 
 49 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 <1 
 
 14 
 7 
 
 14 
 15 
 15 
 
 0.2-115 
 
 0.2-80 
 
 0.5-65 
 
 1-57 
 
 1-60 
 
 cement 
 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 4 
 
 0.2 
 20 
 
 0.2-3 
 1-105 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 glassy flyash 
 coal fragments 
 
 1 
 <1 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 0.2-60 
 0.5-60 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 3 
 <1 
 
 5 
 0.2 
 
 1-55 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 0.5-35 
 
 Daint 
 slag/cinders 
 
 <0.5 
 2 
 
 
 5-145 
 
 32 
 
9282687 
 
 This sample was similar to the 3/10 sample collected at this site in 
 that carbonate minerals dominated the TSP. Although carbonates were lower 
 in number concentration on this date compared to 3/10, the somewhat larger 
 carbonate particle size on this date accounted for the nearly equal carbonate 
 mineral concentration of the two samples. Numerous, large clay-coated carbon- 
 ates suggested gravel was a major source of these minerals. Quantities and 
 especially sizes of rubber tire fragments indicated traffic was a major 
 method of mineral suspension. The proximity of the sampling site to other 
 carbonate mineral sources (i.e., train and barge transport of crushed limestone), 
 however, makes it impossible to state with certainty that traffic was the 
 sole method of carbonate mineral suspension. The quartz, clay, and other 
 mineral types present were also indicated to be predominantly traffic sus- 
 pended; these particle types were found embedded along with carbonate particles 
 in the rubber tire fragments. 
 
 Combustion source emissions were major sample components. Local and 
 long range pulverized coal burning operations were the dominant sources of 
 primary combustion products present. Minor impact from a stoker-type coal 
 burner was also noted. The high concentration of secondary aerosols on this 
 sample appears to have been area-wide on this date; concentrations of sulfates 
 and nitrates were similar to those collected at the Milan site on this date. 
 
 Biological particle types represented a significant portion of the TSP. 
 Most of the plant tissue present was degraded and so heavily embedded with 
 minerals that it was probably resuspended from previous deposits on road 
 surfaces. 
 
 Glassy slag-like particles were again noted. The presence of clay 
 coatings on some of these fragments suggested traffic or some other activity 
 on a cinder-covered lot may have been the source of this material. Wind 
 speeds were rather low on this date to have suspended the large slag/cinder 
 particles present. 
 
 33 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C3564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, ug/m 3 _ 
 SAMPLE SITE' 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 9282710 
 
 153 
 
 East Mol ine 
 
 3/22/79, THU 
 
 30 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 11.1 % SO, 
 
 9.2", NO 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, gm 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 0.2-115 
 
 carbonates 
 
 36 
 
 9 
 
 0.2-100 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 0.5-125 
 
 other 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 1-75 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 15 
 
 1-70 
 
 cement 
 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 tailpipe exhaust 
 
 2 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 1-148 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0.2-65 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 
 0.5-40 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1-265 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 <1 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 0.5-40 
 
 paint 
 slag/cinders 
 
 <0.5 
 1 
 
 
 5-85 
 
 34 
 
9282710 
 
 Traffic was indicated as the primary source of particles on this sample; 
 concentrations of minerals and vehicle-emitted particles, particle sizes of 
 these components, and the embedment of pavement as well as non-pavement 
 derived minerals in the rubber tire fragments suggested this conclusion. The 
 abundance of large, clay-coated carbonate minerals indicated traffic on 
 gravel road surfaces was a major source of minerals in the sample. 
 
 Primary and especially secondary combustion source emissions impacted the 
 site quite strongly on this date. Types and sizes of flyash present indicated 
 local and non-local pulverized coal burning operations contributed less than 
 50% of the primary combustion products present; greater impact was noted from 
 a more local stoker-type coal combustion source. The similarly high concentra- 
 tions of secondary aerosol sulfates and nitrates on this sample and the Milan 
 site sample collected on this date suggested these secondary aerosols were 
 area-wide pollutants on this date. 
 
 Biological particle types contributed a significant portion of the TSP. 
 Mineral -embedded plant tissue fragments were the dominant biological particle 
 type. 
 
 Iron oxides in the sample were probably contributed by the combustion 
 sources, including mobile vehicles, that impacted the site. 
 
 35 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C3564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO. 
 
 9168437 
 
 TSP, uq/m' 
 
 104 
 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 
 East Moline 
 
 SAMPLE DATE 
 
 6/14/79, THU 
 
 35 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 11.8 % SO, 
 
 4.6 % NO ,' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, urn 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 0.2-80 
 
 carbonates 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 0.2-85 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 0.5-55 
 
 other 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 1-78 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 15 
 
 1-130 
 
 cement 
 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 tailpipe exhaust 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 1-150 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 0.2-23 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 1-72 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <0.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 5 
 
 400 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 0.5-35 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 35 
 
 10-70 
 
 slag/cinders 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 5-35 
 
 36 
 
9168437 
 
 Traffic was the primary source of particles collected on this sample; 
 mineral and rubber tire particle concentrations and sizes suggested this 
 conclusion. The predominance of clay coatings on carbonate as well as quartz 
 fragments indicated traffic on gravel road surfaces was a major source of the 
 mineral population. 
 
 Primary and secondary combustion source emissions were major sample 
 components. Both pulverized and stoker- type coal burning sources contributed 
 the primary combustion products present. 
 
 Biological source emissions had strong impacts on the sample. The abun- 
 dance of pollens, fungal spores and conidia, and trichomes (plant hairs) 
 present was not unusual considering the time of year. 
 
 Iron oxides present were not especially distinctive and thus could have 
 been normal metal corrosion and erosion products typically found in street 
 debris. 
 
 37 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C3564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO. 
 TSP, ug/m v _ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 .2162530: 
 103 
 
 East Moline 
 
 7/8/79, SUN 
 
 25 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 22.8^ SOl 
 
 8,0 % NO 3 ' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, ym 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 0.2-105 
 
 carbonates 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 0.2-60 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 0.5-58 
 
 other 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 1-60 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 1-50 
 
 cement 
 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 tail pipe exhaust 
 
 2 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 1-185 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 0.2-20 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1-120 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystal 1 i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 0.2-95 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 25 
 
 10-105 
 
 slag/cinders 
 
 <1 
 
 25 
 
 5-85 
 
 38 
 
9169530 
 
 Combustion source emissions were the primary components of this sample. 
 While glassy flyash in the sample indicated a fairly local high efficiency 
 (i.e., pulverized) coal burning operation was the main combustion source that 
 impacted the site, the relatively high concentration of carbonaceous flyash, 
 some of which appeared to have been emitted in clumps, suggested improper 
 burning conditions (e.g., the fuel was burning unevenly, a soft coal was 
 being used) existed at this source on this date. Secondary aerosols, 
 especially sulfates, were quite high in concentration. Whether the source 
 that contributed the primary combustion products to the TSP was also the main 
 source of the sulfates and nitrates present could not be determined. However, 
 some correlation was noted between high secondary aerosol concentrations and 
 east-southeasterly wind direction on samples collected at both this site and 
 the Milan site. 
 
 Traffic was a major source of particles in the TSP. Quantities of 
 rubber tire fragments and minerals present indicated traffic on both paved and 
 un paved road surfaces contributed the majority of the mineral population. 
 
 Biological particles, primarily fungal spores and conidia, were major 
 sample components. 
 
 39 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C8564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 9 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 PILTER NO._ 
 TSP, ug/m''_ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE; 
 
 2.9% S0u = 
 
 9170521 
 
 HQ_ 
 
 East Mol ine 
 
 8/25/79, SAT 
 
 0.8 % NO 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT n >. 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, urn 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 43 
 
 17 
 
 0.2-133 
 
 carbonates 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 0.2-120 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 0.5-100 
 
 other 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 1-108 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 15 
 
 1-40 
 
 cement 
 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 tailpipe exhaust 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 1-125 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 0.2-35 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 11 
 
 0.5-90 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1-115 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <0.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 0.5-30 
 
 magnetic fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 15 
 
 10-35 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 10-120 
 
 40 
 
9170521 
 
 Minerals were the primary sample components. The large particle size of 
 the minerals present, especially the quartz fragments, was a major factor in 
 the elevated TSP level recorded on this date. The predominance of clay 
 coatings on the quartz as well as carbonate mineral particles and the embed- 
 ment of these mineral types in the rubber tire fragments present indicated 
 traffic on gravel and/or soil -covered road surfaces was a major source of 
 minerals in the sample. However, concentrations of minerals compared to 
 rubber tire fragments made it impossible to state with certainty that traffic 
 was the sole source of the mineral matter, especially the abundant quartz 
 fragments in this sample. 
 
 Combustion source emissions had a major impact on the sample, mostly 
 due to the secondary aerosol concentration. Local and distant pulverized 
 coal burning sources contributed the primary combustion products as well as 
 probably some portion of the secondary aerosols present. 
 
 Foundry operations contributed a significant portion of the TSP on this 
 date. In addition to the foundry sand and binder fragments, some portion of 
 the iron oxides present may have also been contributed by this source. 
 
 41 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C8564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, ug/m^ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 9171444 
 
 174 
 
 East Moline 
 
 9/6/79, THU 
 
 15 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 4.3 % SO, 
 
 0.6 
 
 MO 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, urn 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 0.2-118 
 
 carbonates 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 0.2-65 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 0.5-45 
 
 other 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 1-50 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 12 
 
 1-85 
 
 cement 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 tailpipe exhaust 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 1-85 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 0.2-27 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 
 0.5-45 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1-70 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <0.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 0.5-55 
 
 magnetic fragments 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 paint 
 
 <1 
 
 15 
 
 
 iron fumes 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 slag/cinders 
 
 <1 
 
 
 10-90 
 
 42 
 
9171444 
 
 Minerals derived from pavement and bulk rock sources dominated the TSP. 
 Clay coatings on quartz as well as carbonate minerals indicated gravel was a 
 major source of the mineral mass. Quantities of rubber tire fragments present 
 and their association with mineral types indicated traffic was a major method 
 of mineral suspension. The abundance of small particle sized carbonate minerals 
 in the sample as well as wind direction on this date suggested the site may 
 have been impacted by bulk limestone rock handling or transport activities 
 (i.e., train or barge transport of crushed limestone, concrete mixing 
 operations) to the northwest of the site. 
 
 Combustion sources that impacted the site were long range and local 
 pulverized coal burning operations. 
 
 Biological source particles, predominantly pollens and fungal material, 
 were major sample components. 
 
 Minor impact from a foundry was noted. In addition to the foundry sand 
 fragments, the fine iron oxide fumes were probably also contributed by this 
 source. 
 
 Red paint pigments, mostly present as spherical agglomerates, were 
 detected. 
 
 Hydrated cement particles were a minor component of the sample. 
 Considering wind direction on this date, the concrete manufacturing plant 
 located to the east of the site was considered as possible source of this 
 material . 
 
 43 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C8564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO. 9171463 
 TSP, ug/m^ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 157 
 
 East Moline 
 
 9/18/79, TUE 
 
 %22 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 5.2 % SO. 
 
 1.2 % NO 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, um 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 0.2-78 
 
 carbonates 
 
 37 
 
 5 
 
 0.2-70 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 0.5-55 
 
 other 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 1-70 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 12 
 
 1-40 
 
 cement 
 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 tailpipe exhaust 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 1-80 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0.2-25 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1-50 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <0.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 0.5-50 
 
 maqnetic fraqments 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 25 
 
 
 paint 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 slaa/cinders 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 44 
 
9171468 
 
 This sample was similar to the 9/6 sample collected at this site in that 
 both samples were impacted to similar extents by the same sources; similar 
 meteorological conditions on 9/6 and 9/18, especially wind direction 
 appeared to be the most probable reason for this occurrence. 
 
 Traffic on pavement and gravel was again indicated as a major sourcp nf 
 minerals in the TSP. As on the previous sample, carbonate minerals in small 
 particle sizes were quite numerous, suggesting impact from bulk limestone rock 
 handling and transport activities to the northwest of the site. 
 
 Combustion source emissions were slightly higher in concentration on this 
 date compared to the 9/6 sample. Pulverized coal burning operations again 
 contributed the primary combustion products present. 
 
 Biological particles were also higher in concentration compared to the 
 previous sample analyzed. Fungal spores and conidia dominated the biological 
 source emissions. 
 
 45 
 

 
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 % 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 # 
 
 * 
 
 »• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 •' 
 
 
 
 » - < 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 • 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 
 > -«w 
 
 
 . & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 %* 
 
 
 * -*r> 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 • # 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 4f 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 - • 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 / 
 
 • 
 
 
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 .. *« 
 
 r, 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 9 
 
 +0. 
 
 5* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^HH 
 
 _ .'§ 
 
 
 
 
 IHHHBH1 
 
 
 Filter No. 8353652, 1/9/79, TSP--37 ug/m 3 ; fine, black particles strung in 
 chains are tailpipe exhaust; larger black particles are mostly coal 
 combustion products. 
 
 Filter No. 8353664, 1/21/79, TSP--36 yg/m 3 ; coal combustion products 
 dominate the TSP on this sample. 
 
 46 
 
Filter No. 9282679, 3/4/79, TSP--37 yg/m 3 ; arrows point to rubber tire 
 fragments heavily embedded with carbonate mineral particles. 
 
 Filter No. 9282684, 3/10/79, TSP--144 yg/m 3 ; carbonate mineral (white) 
 particles are abundant; black particles are rubber tire (rounded) and 
 partially combusted coal (angular) fragments; larger, fibrous structure at 
 right is degraded plant tissue. 
 
 47 
 
Filter No. 9282687, 3/16/79, TSP--151 ug/m 3 ; shown are some of the larger 
 carbonate minerals collected; arrows point to a paper fiber and carbonate 
 mineral particles coated with clays. 
 
 Filter No. 9282710, 3/22/79, TSP--153 yg/m 3 ; minerals present are mostly 
 carbonates and (gray, grainy) clays; coal combustion products are 
 numerous; arrow points to particle of poorly fused flyash. 
 
 48 
 
Filter No. 9168437, 6/14/79, TSP--104 pg/m 3 ; biological materials are 
 abundant— shown are plant hairs (left), an insect scale (right) and fungal 
 spores and conidia (arrows). 
 
 Filter No. 9169530, 7/8/79, TSP--103 yg/m 3 ; black particles are mostly coal 
 combustion products; arrow points to foundry sand fragment. 
 
 49 
 

 
 \ *y 
 
 «*. 
 
 
 Filter No. 9170521, 8/25/79, TSP--310 yg/m 3 ; the abundance of larger 
 
 sized mineral particles on this sample resulted in the high TSP level recorded; 
 
 large particle at right is clay-coated quartz fragment (^135 ym in length). 
 
 Filter No. 9171444, 9/16/79, TSP--174 yg/m 3 ; carbonates and clays dominate 
 the minerals present; black particles are mostly coal combustion products. 
 
 50 
 
Filter No. 9171468, 9/18/79, TSP--157 uq/m ; minerals present are mostly 
 carbonates; pollens (arrows), spores, and conidia are numerous. 
 
 51 
 
INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE ANALYSIS REPORTS 
 WITH NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION AND PHOTOMICROGRAPHS (263X) 
 
 FOR MILAN SAMPLES 
 
 52 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C8564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, ug/m 3 _ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 8353665 
 
 37 
 
 Milan 
 
 1/21/79. SUN 
 
 37 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 35.6 % SOu 
 
 21.4" N0 3 ' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, urn 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 0.2-70 
 
 carbonates 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 0.2-55 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 0.5-65 
 
 other 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 1-55 
 
 pavement -asphalt 
 
 <0.5 
 
 11 
 
 1-42 
 
 cement -concrete 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 4-30 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 tail pipe exhaust 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 1-93 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 0.5-105 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 < 1 
 
 10 
 
 1-43 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1-130 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 50 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 0.5 
 
 12 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0.5-35 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 53 
 
8353665 
 
 Primary and secondary combustion source emissions were the predominant 
 particle types found on this sample. Glassy flyash particle types (predom- 
 inantly well-fused spheres) and sizes indicated farily local (within 5 km) 
 pulverized coal burning operations contributed the majority of the primary 
 combustion products present; impact was also noted from more distant combustion 
 sources of this type, indicated by the presence of fine glassy flyash spheres. 
 A very local, less efficient (i.e., stoker- type) coal combustion source was 
 also indicated to have impacted the site; large sized (10-105 urn), poorly 
 fused particles of glassy flyash were present in trace amounts. Secondary 
 aerosol sulfates and nitrates as well as iron oxide particles in the sample 
 were probably contributed in part by the combustion sources, including mobile 
 vehicles, that imnacted the site. 
 
 Traffic was the only other significant source of particles on this sample. 
 In addition to the particle types directly emitted by vehicles, traffic on 
 paved and unpaved road surfaces suspended the majority of the mineral population 
 Both sampling day (Sunday, when typically fewer cars are on city streets) and 
 precipitation (which wetted road surfaces, suppressing particle suspension) 
 probably contributed to the low impact from traffic-related emissions on this 
 date. 
 
 Some impact was noted from grain handling and agricultural crop processing 
 operations; starch grains and plant tissue fraaments were noted in significant 
 quantities. 
 
 Cement was a minor sample component. The hydrated nature of these rela- 
 tively large-sized particles as well as wind direction (northwest) on this date 
 suggested several emission sources: 1) the concrete manufacturing company 
 located to the northwest of the site, 2) concrete mixing operations at the 
 nearby construction site, or 3) traffic resuspension of cement deposited on 
 road surfaces, the precipitation accounting for their hydrated state. 
 
 Several flakes of foundry sand binder were noted on the sample. 
 
 54 
 
PROJECT 
 
 AGENCYj 
 MICROSCOPIS'f 
 REPORT DATE " 
 
 C0564 
 
 HNR_ 
 EBS 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, uq/nr 1 
 SAMPLE SITE" 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 8359247 
 
 177 
 
 Milan 
 
 2/26/79, MON 
 
 20 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 5.4 % SO. 
 
 2.7 % N0 3 ' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, ym 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 0.2-60 
 
 carbonates 
 
 48 
 
 6 
 
 0.2-70 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 0.5-70 
 
 other 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 1-75 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 13 
 
 1-45 
 
 cement 
 
 < 1 
 
 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 
 3 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 1-150 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 0.5-70 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 0.5-45 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 1-150 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <0.5 
 
 12 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 0.5-48 
 
 magnetic fragments 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 < 1 
 
 
 
 paint 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 55 
 
8359247 
 
 Mineral particles were the primary components of the TSP on this sample; 
 carbonates were the predominant mineral type. The relatively high concentrations 
 of both vehicle exhaust and rubber tire dust and tne heavy embedment of car- 
 bonate minerals in the rubber tire fragments indicated traffic on paved and 
 gravel road surfaces was a major method of carbonate mineral suspension. How- 
 ever, the possibility that a bulk limestone rock source contributed to the car- 
 bonate mineral concentration should not be ruled out, considering the abundance 
 of small particle sized carbonate minerals in the sample. In view of the north- 
 erly winds on this day, limestone crushing operations within a kilometer north 
 of the sampling site as well as probable train and barge transport of crushed 
 limestone within half a kilometer west and north of the site must be considered 
 as possible contributors to the carbonate mineral population. Traffic was also 
 indicated as the source of the majority or possibly even all of the soil-derived 
 minerals present. Whether construction activities near the site contributed a 
 proportion of the soil could not be determined with certainty. 
 
 Coal combustion source emissions were major components of this sample. 
 The local stoker-type coal burning source that impacted the 1/21 sample col- 
 lected at this site also impacted this 2/26 sample, but the majority of the 
 carbonaceous and glassy flyash present was contributed by a less local pulver- 
 ized coal burning source. Combustion operations burning cellulosic material 
 (e.g., plant tissue, wood, paper) contributed a trace portion of the TSP. 
 
 Agricultural crop processing or handling operations again contributed 
 to the TSP. However, on this sample most of the plant tissue present was em- 
 bedded and coated with minerals, indicating it had probably been resuspended 
 from previous deposits on road surfaces. 
 
 Approximately one-third of the iron oxides present were probably con- 
 tributed by the combustion sources that impacted the site; this was suggested 
 by the presence of flyash varieties of iron oxides. Particle sizes of these 
 spheres suggested emission from local combustion operations; most likely iron 
 was a contaminant in the fuels being burned. Most of the remaining iron oxide 
 particles were more typical of metal corrosion products found in street debris. 
 
 Raw cement and foundry sand fragments were again minor sample components. 
 
 56 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C8564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO. 
 TSP, |ig/m r " 
 SAMPLE" SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 9282681 
 
 3EZ1" 
 
 Milan 
 
 3/4/79, SUN 
 
 18 % COMBUST I CLE 
 
 21.3 % SO., 
 
 6.6 n/ > N0 3 ' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, urn 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 0.2-105 
 
 carbonates 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 0.2-50 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 other 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 1-78 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 13 
 
 
 cement /concrete 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 3-30 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 1-88 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 0.5-50 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 < 1 
 
 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1-120 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <0.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystal 1 i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 < 0.5 
 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 0.5 
 
 15 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 0.5-40 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 57 
 
9282681 
 
 This sample was similar to the 1/21 sample collected at this site in that 
 a reduced impact from traffic was the main reason for the low TSP level re- 
 corded. As with the 1/21 sample, the Sunday sampling day and precipitation 
 were probably major factors in the low traffic impact. 
 
 Quantities of rubber tire fragments and their embedment with mineral 
 particles indicated traffic was the primary source of minerals in the sample. 
 The low soil content of the sample was typical of a day on which precipitation 
 occurred. Traffic was also suspected as the source of the cement (some of 
 which was hydrated) on this sample. The persistent southeast winds on this 
 date greatly reduced the likelihood that the concrete manufacturing plant was 
 the cement source; therefore, unless construction activities were occurring to 
 the west of the site on this date, traffic resuspension from previous deposits 
 on road surfaces appeared to be the most probable source of this component. 
 
 Combustion sources that impacted the site were mostly local and long 
 range pulverized coal burning operations. Minor impact was also noted from 
 a stoker-type coal combustion source. 
 
 Grain handling and crop processing emissions were minor sample components. 
 As noted on the previous sample analyzed, much of the plant tissue appeared to 
 have been resuspended from road surfaces. 
 
 58 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C8564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO. 
 
 9282699 
 
 TSP, ug/m 3 
 
 248 
 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 
 Milan 
 
 SAMPLE DATE 
 
 3/16/79, FRI 
 
 14 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 3.7 
 
 SOi 
 
 3.2 % N0 3 ' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, urn 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 0.2-85 
 
 carbonates 
 
 38 
 
 7 
 
 0.2-70 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 0.5-95 
 
 other 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 1-100 
 
 pavement 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 1-30 
 
 cement 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 4-45 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 1-138 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 0.2-40 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 0.5-60 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1-85 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 macinetic fraqments 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 59 
 
9282699 
 
 Mineral particles were the primary components of this sample. The 
 larqe particle size of much of the mineral population, primarily clay-coated 
 quartz and carbonate fraqments, was a major factor in the elevated TSP level 
 recorded on this date. Traffic on nearby paved, qravel and/or soil -covered 
 road surfaces was indicated as a major method of mineral suspension. However, 
 concentrations of minerals versus rubber tire fraqments suqqested traffic may 
 not have been the only source of minerals in the sample. The increased con- 
 centration of cement in the sample indicated construction-related activities 
 may have contributed minerals to the TSP, while the relatively hiqh concen- 
 tration of small carbonate minerals suaqested impact (favored by wind direction) 
 from the quarry located to the southeast of the site may have occured. 
 
 Combustion source primary and secondary emissions were major sample 
 components. Flyash types and sizes indicated areatest impact from fairly 
 local pulverized coal burninq operations, with lesser impacts from local 
 stoker-type coal boilers and a source burnino cellulosic material. 
 
 Minor amounts of aqricultural crop processinq or handlinq emissions were 
 observed. Much of the plant tissue was embedded with mineral particles. 
 
 Foundry sand and binders were present in sliqhtly qreater concentration 
 than noted on previously analyzed samples from this site. The possibility that 
 this material had become a component of road surfaces near the site should be 
 considered. 
 
 60 
 
PROJECT 
 AGENCY " 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 REPORT DATE " 
 
 C8564 
 
 IINR 
 
 EBS 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, ug/m 3 _ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 22 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 7.9% SO, 
 
 9282704 
 
 w 
 
 Milan 
 
 3/22/79, THLT 
 
 6.4 
 
 NO 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, um 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 0.2-70 
 
 carbonates 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 0.2-80 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 
 other 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 1-120 
 
 pavement 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 1-30 
 
 cement 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 3-30 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 
 3 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 1-83 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 0.2-25 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1-60 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <0.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 BI0L0G1CALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 <1 
 
 25 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 maanetic fraaments 
 
 < 0.5 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 61 
 
9282704 
 
 Minerals derived from pavement, oravel and soil were the primary sample 
 components. Concentrations of both vehicle exhaust and rubber tire dust as 
 well as the heavy embedment of these mineral types in the rubber tire franments 
 indicated traffic was the primary method of mineral suspension. Although im- 
 pact from mineral sources other than traffic on this date did not seem as 
 likely as on the previous sample analyzed, this possibility should not be 
 ruled out; wind direction on this date was again favorable for impact from 
 the quarry operations southeast of the site. The presence of raw cement in the 
 sample, with unfavorable winds for impact from the concrete plant, suggested 
 construction related activities may have also contributed to the mineral mass. 
 However, the possibility that cement had become a component of road surfaces 
 in the area should be considered. 
 
 Combustion sources that impacted the site on this date were indicated 
 to be both long range and fairly local pulverized coal burning operations. 
 Emissions from the stoker-type coal burninq source that were present on pre- 
 vious samples analyzed were only trace components of this sample. 
 
 Biological materials were minor sample components. Sources were indicated 
 to be both natural (trees) and anthroDogenic (croo processing or handling) in 
 nature. 
 
 62 
 
PROJECT 
 AGENCY " 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 C8564 
 
 IINR 
 
 EBS 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 16 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 5.7 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, pg/m 3 _ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE; 
 
 % SO/ 
 
 9167445 
 
 183 
 
 Milan 
 
 5/9/79. WED 
 
 1.7 % N0 3 ' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, um 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 0.2-90 
 
 carbonates 
 
 35 
 
 7 
 
 0.2-100 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 0.5-55 
 
 other 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 1-65 
 
 pavement 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 1-40 
 
 cement 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 3-35 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 
 1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 1-95 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 0.2-65 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1-75 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <0.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 maanetic fraoments 
 
 < 1 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 Daint 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 63 
 
9167445 
 
 Mineral particles were the primary components of this sample. 
 Traffic on paved and qravel road surfaces was indicated as the primary 
 source of carbonate minerals although probable train transport of bulk 
 limestone rock may also have contributed to the carbonate mineral concentra- 
 tion as wind direction was favorable for impact from this source. The 
 presence of soil derived minerals embedded in rubber tire fragments, though 
 not to as great an extent as the carbonate minerals, indicated traffic on 
 dirt roads or traffic resuspension of soil deposited on paved road surfaces 
 contributed a significant portion or possibly even all of the soil mineral 
 population. However, construction-related activities could not be ruled out 
 as a source of minerals due to the presence of cement in the sample. 
 
 Combustion source emissions were major sample comonents. Fairly local 
 pulverized coal burning operations were indicated to have contributed the 
 majority of the primary combustion products and probably also some portion of 
 the sulfates and nitrates in the sample. The local stoker-type coal burning 
 source noted to have impacted previous samples collected at this site had 
 only a yery minor impact on this date. 
 
 Natural biological sources contributed a substantial portion of the TSP 
 on this sample; pollens and plant hairs (trichomes) were numerous. Significant 
 impact was also noted from agricultural crop processing or handling operations. 
 
 Trace quantities of white and yellow paint pigments were found in the 
 sample. Their presence as coatings on carbonate and quartz fragments indi- 
 cated they were probably lane markings on paved road surfaces. 
 
 64 
 
PROJECT 
 AGENCY " 
 
 C8564 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST EBS 
 REPORT DATE " 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, pg/m 3 _ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 9168424 
 
 110 
 
 Milan 
 
 6/2/79, SAT 
 
 19 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 3.5 % SO, 
 
 2.2 % N0 3 ' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, pm 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 carbonates 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 other 
 
 pavement 
 
 cement 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 8 
 13 
 13 
 10 
 15 
 
 0.2-55 
 
 0.2-58 
 
 0.5-55 
 
 1-80 
 
 1-25 
 
 3-38 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 0.2 
 20 
 
 0.2-3 
 1-175 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 glassy flyash 
 coal fragments 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 recrystall i zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 1 
 <1 
 
 3 
 <0.5 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 3 
 
 0.2-27 
 0.5-65 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 plant parts 
 
 insect parts 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 starch 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 <0.5 
 <1 
 < 1 
 
 8 • 
 
 50 
 10 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 magnetic fragments 
 foundry sand and binders 
 paint 
 
 <0.5 
 
 2 
 <0.5 
 
 22 
 
 
 65 
 
9168424 
 
 Carbonates, quartz, clays and other soil -derived minerals were the 
 primary sample components. Quantities and sizes of rubber tire particles 
 indicated traffic on pavement, qravel and soil was the major source of minerals 
 present. Whether construction-related activities and/or bulk rock sources 
 (i.e., train or barge transport or handling of crushed limestone or quartz) 
 also contributed minerals to the TSP could not be determined with certainty; 
 impact from these sources was favored by wind direction on this date but the 
 predominantly large mineral sizes suagested traffic was the dominant mineral 
 source. Yellow and white paint was again found in trace amounts as coatings 
 on mineral particles. 
 
 Combustion source emissions were major sample components. Local pul- 
 verized and, to a lesser extent, stoker-type coal burnino operations contri- 
 buted the primary combustion products present and probably some portion of the 
 secondary aerosols as well. 
 
 Natural biological sources had a major impact on the sample; pollens, 
 spores and conidia were abundant. Minor impact was noted from agricultural 
 crop processing operations. 
 
 Foundry sand and binders were present in somewhat areater concentration 
 than on previous samples analyzed. Wind direction suggested the foundry located 
 to the southwest of the site may have contributed this material to the TSP. 
 
 66 
 
PROJECT 
 
 C8564 
 
 AGENCY 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 EBS 
 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, ug/m 3 _ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 32 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 10.3% SO, 
 
 9169569 
 1M 
 
 Milan 
 7/20/79, 
 
 TRT 
 
 5.2 % NO- 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, urn 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 0.2-130 
 
 carbonates 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 0.2-75 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 0.5-115 
 
 other 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 1-105 
 
 pavement 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 1-70 
 
 cement 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 3-30 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 tail pipe exhaust 
 
 4 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 1-155 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 0.2-40 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 0.5-57 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1-92 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystalli zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 < 1 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 
 starch 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 magnetic fraqments 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 
 paint 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 67 
 
9169569 
 
 Minerals were the dominant components of this sample; traffic was 
 indicated as the primary method of mineral suspension. Althouoh favorable 
 conditions aqain existed for impact from both the southeast quarry (east- 
 southeast wind direction) and construction activities (proximity of the con- 
 struction site to the sampler) on this date, the abundance of vehicle exhaust 
 and larae, mineral -embedded rubber tire fragments indicated traffic was the 
 primary source of minerals on the sample. 
 
 Combustion source emission were primary sample components. Lono range 
 and local pulverized coal burninq operations were in the predominant contributors 
 of primary combustion products present. Minor impact was also noted from a 
 local stoker-type coal burninq source. Secondary. aerosol sulfates and 
 nitrates were quite hiah in concentration on this date. The similar concen- 
 trations of primary and especially secondary combustion source emissions on 
 this sample and the 3/22 sample as well as equally similar wind directions on 
 the two dates indicated the major coal combustion sources impacting this area 
 are located to the east-southeast of the site. 
 
 Natural bioloqical materials were minor sample components; fungal soores 
 and conidia were abundant. 
 
 Minor impacts were also noted from sources contributing plant tissue and 
 foundry-related material . 
 
 Paint pinment aaalomerates in a variety of colors were noted in small 
 quantities. Their presence as spheres suqgested emission from a spray painting 
 operation. 
 
 68 
 
PROJECT 
 AGENCY ' 
 
 C8564 
 
 IINR 
 
 MICROSCOPIST EBS 
 REPORT DATE " 2/5/81 
 
 FILTER NO. 
 TSP, ug/m 3 _ 
 SAMPLE SITE Milan 
 
 9169570 
 97 
 
 SAMPLE DATE 8/1/79, WED 
 
 25 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 9.9 % SO, 
 
 5.2 % NO' 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, ym 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 0.2-60 
 
 carbonates 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 0.2-60 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 0.5-60 
 
 other 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 1-70 
 
 pavement 
 
 <1 
 
 10 
 
 1-35 
 
 cement 
 
 < 1 
 
 16 
 
 3-50 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 
 3 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 1-135 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 0.2-35 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 < 1 
 
 11 
 
 0.5-45 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1-65 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystallized sulfates, nitrates 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 < 1 
 
 12 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 
 magnetic fragments 
 
 <0.5 
 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 69 
 
9169570 
 
 A reduced impact from mineral sources was the main reason for the lower 
 TSP level recorded for this sample compared to previous samples analyzed. 
 Traffic on paved and qravel road surfaces was indicated as the primary 
 mineral source based on the relatively hinh concentration of mobile source 
 emissions in the sample. The proximity of construction activities to the 
 monitoring site as well as the presence of larqe cement particles in the sam- 
 ple makes it impossible to rule out construction as a contributor of minerals 
 to the TSP. However, the possibility that cement had become a component of 
 road surfaces near the sampler should also be considered. Wind direction 
 was favorable for impact from the quarry for only a small portion of the sam- 
 pling period, reducina the likelihood that this source was a significant con- 
 tributor of minerals in the sample. 
 
 Non-local pulverized and local stoker-type coal burnina operations 
 contributed the primary combustion products present as well as probably some 
 portion of the secondary aerosol sulfates and nitrates. 
 
 Natural vegetation impacted the site quite stronoly on this date. As on 
 the previous sample, conidia and sDores were the predominant biolooical particle 
 types . 
 
 Grain handlina and aqricultural crop processinq operations contributed 
 a significant portion of the TSP. Much of the plant tissue appeared to have 
 been resuspended from road surfaces. 
 
 70 
 
PROJECT 
 AGENCY " 
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 REPORT DATE 
 
 C8564 
 
 IINR 
 
 EBS 
 
 2/5/81 
 
 17 % COMBUSTIBLE 
 
 FILTER NO._ 
 TSP, Vig/m 3 _ 
 SAMPLE SITE 
 SAMPLE DATE" 
 
 5-7 % SO. 
 
 9171485 
 
 l&L 
 
 Mi l a n 
 
 9/18/79 , TU E 
 
 1.0 % N0 3 
 
 COMPONENTS 
 
 CONCENTRATION 
 WEIGHT % 
 
 GEOMETRIC SIZE, ym 
 
 MEAN 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 
 
 
 quartz, feldspars 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 0.2-78 
 
 carbonates 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 0.2-56 
 
 clay, humus 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 0.5-55 
 
 other 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 1-97 
 
 pavement 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 1-38 
 
 cement 
 
 <1 
 
 14 
 
 3-35 
 
 MOBILE SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 ta il pipe exhaust 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-3 
 
 rubber tire fragments 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 1-100 
 
 COMBUSTION SOURCES 
 
 
 
 
 glassy flyash 
 
 < 1 
 
 3 
 
 0.2-30 
 
 coal fragments 
 
 < 1 
 
 
 0.5-75 
 
 partially combusted fragments 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1-165 
 
 fine carbonaceous material 
 
 <1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2-1 
 
 recrystalli zed sulfates, nitrates 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 BIOLOGICALS 
 
 
 
 
 pollens, spores, conidia 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 
 plant parts 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 insect parts 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 plant tissue 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 starch 
 
 < 1 
 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 
 
 
 non-magnetic iron oxides 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 maqnetic franments 
 
 <1 
 
 8 
 
 
 foundry sand and binders 
 
 < 1 
 
 20 
 
 
 paint 
 
 <1 
 
 
 
 71 
 
9171485 
 
 Carbonate minerals derived from qravel , pavement and probably another 
 bulk limestone rock source (e.q., crushina, transport or handling of limestone 
 rock, concrete mixing operations, construction) were the primary sample com- 
 ponent and main cause of the elevated TSP level recorded on this date. Traffic 
 was indicated as a major method of carbonate as well as soil mineral suspen- 
 sion; however, quantities of rubber tire fraqments compared to minerals present 
 indicated mineral sources other than traffic probably impacted the site as well. 
 The abundance of small -sized carbonate minerals in conjunction with wind 
 direction and speed (with gusts approachinq 25 mph) on this date suqoested 
 impact from one or more of the followinq sources: the northern quarry opera- 
 tion, the northwest concrete manufacturing plant, train or barne transport of 
 crushed limestone, or construction activities. 
 
 Combustion sources that impacted the site on this date were mostly local 
 pulverized coal burninq operations. Local stoker-type coal combustion opera- 
 tions also impacted the site to a minor extent. 
 
 Natural biological sources contributed an abundance of conidia, SDores.and 
 pollen particles to the TSP. 
 
 Agricultural crop processing or handlinq operations again impacted the 
 site to a minor extent. Some of the plant tissue present was embedded with 
 mineral particles, suogesting resuspension from road surfaces. 
 
 A small scale spray paintina operation impacted the site; trace amounts of 
 red and white paint SDheres were noted. 
 
 Foundry sand binder fragments were again significant sample components. 
 Their source cannot be determined with certainty. 
 
 72 
 
Filter No. 8353665, 1/21/79, TSP— 37 yg/m 3 ; large black particles are rubber 
 tire fragments; arrows point to hydrated cement particles. 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 n « 
 
 4 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 *i 
 
 •/ 
 
 .<» 
 
 
 *f ■ 
 
 Filter No. 8359247, 2/26/79, TSP— 177 yg/m 3 ; carbonate mineral particles 
 predominate here; arrows point to clay agglomerates and, at far right, a 
 rubber tire particle heavily embedded with carbonate minerals; note the 
 presence of tailpipe exhaust (fine, black chained particles) at right of 
 photo. 
 
Filter No. 9282681, 3/04/79, TSP--45 yg/m 3 ; minerals present are mostly 
 carbonates; small black particles are coal combustion products. 
 
 Filter No. 9282699, 3/16/79, TSP--248 yg/m 3 ; arrows point to quartz 
 fragments — remaining minerals are carbonates and clays; rubber tire 
 particles are numerous. 
 
>\ w 
 
 fc 
 
 m-l 
 
 
 
 * c 
 
 V 
 
 SP 
 
 0* 
 
 Filter No. 9282704, 3/22/79, TSP--195 yg/m 3 ; agglomerates of carbonate, 
 clay and quartz minerals (arrows) were numerous on this sample; note the 
 abundance of tailpipe exhaust. 
 
 i 
 
 • -, 
 
 Filter No. 9167445, 5/09/79, TSP--183 yg/m 3 ; minerals present are mostly 
 carbonates and clays; arrows point to pollen grains. 
 
9 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 9 ". 
 
 
 *w 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 & 9 
 
 « 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 ** # « v 
 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 
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 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 # 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 *> ■ 
 
 
 HHfll IHI^HHHilHi HHl^HJ^H 
 
 * 
 
 ■^^■^^■i 
 
 .j£ J 
 
 Filter No. 9168424, 6/02/79, TSP--110 yg/m 3 ; carbonates, quartz, and clay 
 minerals are present; arrows point to clav-coated carbonate particles. 
 
 Filter No. 9169569, 7/20/79, TSP--196 yg/m 3 ; rubber tire and tailpipe 
 exhaust particles are abundant here; quartz (arrows) as well as carbonate 
 minerals are present. 
 
 76 
 

 
 < ; * 
 
 *7 
 
 
 
 
 Filter No. 9169570, 8/01/79, TSP--97 yg/m 3 ; carbonate minerals predominate 
 here; fungal conidia (arrows) are numerous. 
 
 Filter No. 9171485, 9/18/79, TSP--167 yg/m 3 ; carbonates are again abundant, 
 as are fungal conidia and (arrows) snores. 
 
 77 
 
5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 
 
 5.1 EAST MOLINE SITE SAMPLES 
 
 Of the eight samples submitted from this site which demonstrated 
 elevated (>100 yg/m 3 ) TSP levels, five were submitted from days on which 
 excursions of the federal secondary 24-hour standard (150 yg/m 3 ) occurred. 
 Table 5.1 summarizes the contributions made to TSP levels in East Moline 
 by the various identified source classes. 
 
 TABLE 5.1. SUMMARY OF SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO TSP AT EAST MOLINE SITE 
 
 
 
 
 
 Traffic, 
 
 Pri 
 
 ma ry 
 
 (Ammonium) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bulk 
 
 Combustion 
 
 Sulfates 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 ineral 
 
 So 
 
 urce 
 
 
 and 
 
 Oth( 
 
 
 
 Fi 1 ter 
 
 
 TSP, 
 
 Sources 
 
 Emissions 
 
 Nitrates 
 
 Sou 
 
 rces 
 
 Biol 
 
 ogicals 
 
 No. 
 
 Date 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 % 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 % 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 % 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 % 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 % 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 8353652 
 
 1/09/79 
 
 37 
 
 31 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8353664 
 
 1/21/79 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 30 
 
 <3 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 <1 
 
 9282679 
 
 3/04/79 
 
 37 
 
 48 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 42 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 <2 
 
 <1 
 
 9282684 
 
 3/10/79 
 
 144 
 
 77 
 
 111 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 9282687 
 
 3/16/79 
 
 151 
 
 73 
 
 110 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 9282710 
 
 3/22/79 
 
 153 
 
 59 
 
 90 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 27 
 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 9168437 
 
 6/14/79 
 
 104 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 9169530 
 
 7/08/79 
 
 103 
 
 41 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9170521 
 
 8/25/79 
 
 310 
 
 83 
 
 257 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 9171444 
 
 9/06/79 
 
 174 
 
 80 
 
 139 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 9171468 
 
 9/18/79 
 
 157 
 
 72 
 
 113 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 
 Minerals derived from gravel, pavement, and other bulk rock sources were 
 the dominant components of the East Moline site samples and main cause of the 
 TSP standard excusions as well as general elevated TSP levels recorded; carbon- 
 ates were the dominant mineral type present in these minerals. Traffic on 
 nearby gravel and paved road surfaces was indicated as a major and often 
 primary source of minerals in the East Moline TSP. On at least three sampling 
 dates (3/10, 9/6, 9/18), however, non- traffic related bulk limestone rock 
 sources may have contributed to the carbonate mineral population. This conclu- 
 sion is based on the abundance of small sized carbonate particles and the 
 relative concentrations of minerals and rubber tire fragments in these samples, 
 as well as winds favorable for impact from train and barge transport of crushed 
 limestone rock. Another bulk mineral source may have also contributed to the 
 East Moline TSP (310 yg/m 3 ) on 8/25/79. Although the high concentration 
 
 78 
 
of large, clay-coated quartz fragments (149 p.g/m 3 ) on the 8/25 sample may have 
 been suspended by traffic on a nearby gravel road surface, relative concentra- 
 tions of minerals and rubber tire fragments made it impossible to state with 
 certainty that traffic was the primary source of these minerals. 
 
 Combustion source emissions were major components of the East Moline 
 samples, primarily due to secondary aerosol sulfates and nitrates. Combus- 
 tion sources that impacted the site were primarily local and distant pulverized 
 coal burning operations; however, no direct correlation between impact from 
 this source type and wind direction was evident. Stoker-type coal burning 
 operations also impacted the site on several dates. The large particle sizes 
 of the glassy and carbonaceous ash emitted from this source type indicated it 
 was wery local to the site. The impact from this combustion operation, however, 
 was not especially wind direction dependent. It appears likely that more than 
 one combustion operation of each type (i.e., stoker andp pulverized) are present 
 in this area. 
 
 Grain handling and agricultural crop processing operations were minor 
 contributors of TSP in the samples. However, the majority of the biological 
 material collected was contributed by natural sources and consisted of pollens, 
 fungal spores and conidia, and occasionally plant hairs (trichomes). 
 
 Foundry-related emissions, primarily foundry sand and binder fragments, 
 were consistent, minor components of the East Moline samples. Lack of correla- 
 tion between wind direction data and foundry sand concentration suggested 
 some portion of this material may have been resuspended from previous 
 deposits on road surfaces. 
 
 The slag/cinder particles that were almost consistently present in the 
 samples were probably suspended by traffic or other activities at a usage 
 point of this material. 
 
 Trace quantities of paint pigment agglomerates were occasionally noted in 
 some samples. The spherical nature of these agglomerates was indicative of 
 emission from a spray painting operation. 
 
 5.2 MILAN SITE SAMPLES 
 
 Of the seven samples submitted from this monitoring site which demon- 
 strated elevated TSP levels, six were submitted from days on which excursions 
 
 79 
 
of the federal secondary 24-hour TSP standard occurred. Table 5.2 summarizes 
 the contributions made to TSP levels by the various identified source classes 
 
 TABLE 5.2. SUMMARY OF SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO TSP AT MILAN SITE 
 
 
 
 
 
 Traffic, 
 
 Pri 
 
 ma ry 
 
 (Ammonium) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bi 
 
 Ik 
 
 Comb 
 
 ustion 
 
 Su 
 
 1 fates 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mineral 
 
 So 
 
 urce 
 
 
 and 
 
 Other 
 
 
 
 Filter 
 
 
 TSP, 
 
 Sou 
 
 rces 
 
 Emission 
 
 Ni 
 
 trates 
 
 Sou 
 
 rces 
 
 Bio 
 
 logicals 
 
 No. 
 
 Date 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 % 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 % 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 % 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 % 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 % 
 
 yg/m 3 
 
 8353665 
 
 1/21/79 
 
 37 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 77 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 <1 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 8359247 
 
 2/26/79 
 
 177 
 
 78 
 
 138 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 <1 
 
 <2 
 
 9282681 
 
 3/04/79 
 
 45 
 
 52 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 9282699 
 
 3/16/79 
 
 248 
 
 82 
 
 203 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 9282704 
 
 3/22/79 
 
 195 
 
 70 
 
 137 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 9167445 
 
 5/09/79 
 
 183 
 
 76 
 
 139 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 9168424 
 
 6/02/79 
 
 110 
 
 76 
 
 84 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9169569 
 
 7/20/79 
 
 196 
 
 62 
 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 41 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 9169570 
 
 8/01/79 
 
 97 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 9171485 
 
 9/18/79 
 
 167 
 
 78 
 
 131 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 
 Minerals suspended from traffic and bulk mineral sources were the primary 
 sample components and main cause of the six TSP standard excursions as well as 
 elevated TSP levels recorded at this site; as in the East Moline samples, 
 carbonates dominated the mineral population. While traffic on nearby paved 
 and gravel road surfaces was indicated as a major source of carbonates in the 
 samples analyzed from this site, fugitive minerals from bulk limestone rock 
 sources are suspected of having contributed significantly to carbonate mineral 
 concentrations on three sampling dates (2/26, 3/16, 9/18). Proportions of 
 minerals and rubber tire fragments and especially the abundance of small particle 
 sized carbonates present in the three samples suggested impact from more 
 distant, non-traffic related limestone rock sources. Wind direction data corre- 
 lated well with impact on these dates from sources of this type (i.e., quarry 
 operations located to the north and southeast of the site, train and barge 
 transport of crushed limestone to the north and west, concrete manufacturing 
 operations to the northwest). Although wind data also favored impact from 
 this source type to the 5/9 sample, traffic was indicated as the predominant 
 source of the mineral matter present, based mainly on the much larger particle 
 sizes of the carbonate minerals. 
 
 80 
 
 
Non-carbonate minerals collected at the Milan site, primarily clay-coated 
 quartz fragments, were indicated to have been traffic suspended for the most 
 part. Clay coatings on the majority of the quartz particles suggested gravel 
 and/or soil-covered road surfaces were the dominant sources of non-carbonate 
 minerals in the Milan TSP. The proximity of the samples to a construction site, 
 however, suggested some portion of these minerals may have been contributed by 
 construction-related activities . 
 
 Emissions from local and non-local stationary coal combustion sources 
 were major contributors to TSP levels in Milan. Pulverized coal burning 
 operations in power plants or industrial powerhouses both distant and fairly 
 local to Milan were indicated to have contributed the majority of the primary 
 combustion source emissions in the samples; greatest impact from this source 
 type was noted on days with east-southeasterly winds. A more local, less 
 efficient type of coal combustion operation (i.e., a stoker-type coal burner) 
 also impacted the site on several dates. Lack of correlation between impact 
 from this source type and wind direction data suggested more than one 
 stoker-type coal burner existed in this area, or, in view of the large particle 
 sized flyash present, this source may have been local enough to result in 
 the fairly consistent, minor impact, regardless of wind direction, of the site. 
 
 Biological source emissions were occasional contributors of TSP at this 
 site. Although grain handling and agricultural crop processing operations 
 impacted some samples, the majority of the biological material collected was 
 contributed by natural sources, such as tree and grass pollens and fungal spores 
 and conidia. 
 
 Raw cement particles were a minor component of the Milan site samples. 
 The consistent appearance of this component, regardless of wind direction, 
 as well as the large cement particle sizes, reduced the likelihood that the 
 local concrete manufacturing plant was the source of this material. In 
 addition, precipitation, rather than concrete mixing operations at either 
 the concrete plant or the nearby construction site, appeared to be the most 
 probable explanation for the hydrated nature of cement present on some dates; 
 cement fragments were hydrated on days only when precipitation occurred. 
 Whether cement handling activities or traffic resuspension of cement previously 
 deposited on road surfaces contributed this component could not be determined 
 with certainty. 
 
 81 
 
Foundry sand and binder fragments were also consistent though trace to 
 minor components (<0. 5-3.9 p.g/m 3 ) of the samples. No correlation could be 
 drawn between foundry sand concentration and wind direction data. The pos- 
 sibility that the foundry sand was resuspended from reservoirs of this 
 material deposited on streets, rooftops, etc. should be considered. 
 
 5.3 COMPARISON OF COMMON TSP COMPONENTS 
 
 Table 5.3 lists the TSP component concentrations according to general 
 source types as ug/m 3 for all the samples analyzed in the East Moline and Milan 
 sample sites. The data are grouped according to sampling date so that the TSP 
 composition on any sampling dates with samples from multiple sites can be 
 compared. 
 
 The most significant conclusion that can be drawn from this data is that 
 concentrations of secondary aerosol sulfates and nitrates were, to some extent, 
 area-wide pollutants not directly relatable to primary emissions from combus- 
 tion sources local to a sampling site. This conclusion was suggested by (a) 
 the fact that secondary aerosol concentrations did not increase concurrently 
 with primary combustion product concentrations and (b) the nearly equal 
 concentrations of sulfate and nitrate aerosols present in samples collected 
 on the five sampling dates common to both the Milan and East Moline sampling 
 sites. It is suspected that combined emissions from several sources accumu- 
 lated in the atmosphere and probably also transported into this area with 
 polluted air masses resulted in the similar concentrations of these aerosols 
 collected on samples from multiple sites. It should also be noted that the 
 highest concentrations of sulfate and nitrate aerosols were collected at both 
 sites on days with predominantly easterly winds. 
 
 82 
 
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 83 
 
APPENDIX A 
 MICROINVENTORY FOR EAST MOLINE PARTICULATE MONITORING SITE* 
 
 *Taken from a report to the EPA Region V; Microinventovy of 
 Particulate Monitoring Site Located at East Moline City Hall, 
 by D.P. Kuhaneck, J. A. Dewey, J. A. Schramuk, D.O. Getty, 
 ETA Engineering, Inc., Westmont, IL, EPA Contract No. 68-02-2888. 
 
Contract No. 68-02-2888 
 Work Assignment No. 4 
 Preparation of Microinventories for 
 ISP Monitoring Sites in Region V 
 
 Microinventory for Particulate 
 
 Monitoring Site Located At 
 
 East Moline City Hall 
 
 915 16th Avenue 
 
 East Moline, Illinois 
 
 SAROAD Site Code 14-2080-001 
 
 QCAPC Site Number 081025-01 
 
 ETA Engineering, Inc. 
 
 415 E. Plaza Drive 
 
 Westmont, Illinois 60559 
 
 By: 
 
 David P. Kuhaneck 
 James A. Dewey 
 Jeffrey A. Schramuk 
 Darryl 0. Getty 
 
 Prepared for: 
 
 The Environmental Protection Agency 
 Region V 
 230 S. Dearborn Street 
 Chicago, Illinois 60604 
 
 A-l 
 
RESULTS 
 Site Description 
 
 The hi-vol particulate sampler is situated atop the East Moline City Hall 
 roof, 915 16th Street. Its elevation is 15 feet above ground level on a loose 
 gravel roof covering. The monitor site is described by the data in Table A -l. 
 
 The area surrounding the monitor is classified as center city-industrial. 
 Figure A~l is a map of the area near the monitor. The land use surrounding 
 the monitor is shown in Table A -2. Table A-3 summarizes recent particulate 
 air quality monitoring data for the site. 
 
 Point Sources 
 
 Point source emission inventory data were obtained from the Illinois Environ- 
 mental Protection Agency (IEPA) Total Air System (TAS) source file. All point 
 sources found in the TAS file had non-confidential permit status. Much 
 industry is located to the north of the City Hall with John Deere and Inter- 
 national Harvester plants being significant particulate point sources along 
 the Mississippi River. In addition, the railroad yards of the Chicago, Rock 
 Island and Pacific Railroad are located in nearby Silvis and contribute 
 sizeable particulate emissions. Facilities with annual point source emissions 
 greater than 25 tons, which are located within 10 kilometers of the monitor, 
 are tabulated by sector in Appendix A.-l 
 
 Fugitive Emission Area Sources 
 
 Major area sources of particulates within 1 kilometer of the monitor are not 
 numerous. They consist of small gravel parking lots behind businesses and off 
 alleyways. Only the large gravel parking lots for the previously mentioned 
 John Deere and International Harvester Companies can be considered significant 
 area sources. Area sources within 1 kilometer of the monitor site are 
 tabulated by sector in Appendix A-2. 
 
 A- 2 
 
Table A-l 
 Monitor Site Description 
 
 SAROAD Site Code 
 QCAPC Site Number 
 
 14-2080-001 
 081025-01 
 
 Site Location 
 Site Address 
 
 East Moline City Hall 
 
 915 16th Avenue 
 
 East Moline, Illinois 
 
 UTM Coordinates 
 Northing 
 Easting 
 
 4598.94 kilometers 
 713.54 kilometers 
 
 Monitor Height Above Ground 
 Monitor Base 
 
 15 feet 
 
 City Hall Roof 
 
 Source: USEPA and field observations 
 
 A- 3 
 
0.1 
 I L 
 
 0.5 km 
 
 FIGURE A -I ONE KILOMETER RADIUS AROUND 
 
 SAMPLING SITE 
 
 A-4 
 
Table A-2 
 Land Use By Sector 
 
 Distance From 
 Monitor (km) 
 
 Sector 
 
 Number 
 
 Predominant 
 Land Use 
 
 0.0-0.1 
 
 la 
 lb 
 lc 
 Id 
 
 Central Commercial 
 
 Central Commercial 
 
 Central Commercial 
 
 Central Commercial 
 
 0.1-0.5 
 
 50% Central Commercial, 50% General Industry 
 
 30% Central Commercial, 70% Light Residential 
 
 50% Central Commercial, 50% Light Residential 
 
 30% Central Commercial, 70% Light Residential 
 
 0.5-1.0 
 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 
 General Industry 
 
 Light Residential 
 
 80% Light Residential, 20% Central Commercial 
 
 General Industry 
 
 1.0-5.0 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 
 General Industry, Light Residential 
 Light Industry, Light Residential 
 Light Residential, Undeveloped 
 Light Residential 
 
 5.0-10.0 
 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Light Residential, Undeveloped 
 
 Light Residential, Undeveloped, Agriculture 
 
 Light Residential, Light Industry, 
 
 Central Commercial 
 Light Residential, Light Industry, 
 
 Central Commercial 
 
 Source: U.S.G.S. topographic map and field observations 
 
 A-5 
 
Table A- 3 
 
 Air Quality Data 
 for 
 SAROAD Site 14-2080-001 
 
 Parameter 
 
 Number of Observations 
 
 Annual Geometric Mean (ug/m 3 ) 
 
 Annual Geometric Standard Deviation (ug/m 3 ) 
 
 Highest 24-hour Concentration (ug/m 3 ) 
 
 Second Highest 24-hour Concentration (ug/m 3 ) 
 
 Number of Primary NAAQS Excursions 
 
 Number of Secondary NAAQS Excursions 
 
 Year 
 
 1977 
 
 1978 
 
 59 
 
 54 
 
 79 
 
 81 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 249 
 
 224 
 
 178 
 
 188 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Source: USEPA 
 
 A-6 
 
Traffic-generated Fugitive Emission Sources 
 
 The network of streets around the monitor serve to connect the commercial 
 business district of East Moline near the City Hall. 15th and 16th Avenues 
 serve as major arteries for passenger/commercial vehicles in the area, in 
 addition to 7th Street. These roadways near the monitor are curbed, paved, 
 and free of significant debris. The secondary streets serve as connectors (as 
 do the alleyways in the region) to the major routes such as 15th and 16th 
 Avenues. 
 
 Traffic data for the areas immediately surrounding the hi-vol monitors were 
 obtained from the Illinois Department of Transportation. All traffic counts 
 were 1975 values. Major public roadways, within 1 kilometer of the monitor 
 site, that are traffic-generated fugitive emission sources are tabulated by 
 sector in Appendix A-3. 
 
 Emission Summary 
 
 Table A- 4 summarizes emission data by microinventory sector, compass direc- 
 tion, and radial distance from the monitor for the point and fugitive emission 
 sources considered in the inventory effort. 5 
 
 A-7 
 
Table A-4 
 Emission Summary 
 
 Sector 
 Number 
 
 Distance 
 from 
 
 Monitor 
 (km) 
 
 Direction 
 
 from 
 
 Monitor 
 
 (deg) 
 
 TSP Emissions (tons/year) 
 
 Point* 5 
 Sources 
 
 Area 
 Sources 
 
 Traffic' 
 Sources 
 
 Total 
 
 By Sector 
 
 la 
 
 0.0-0.1 
 
 0- 90 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.9 
 
 lb 
 
 
 90-180 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 lc 
 
 
 180-270 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 Id 
 
 
 270-360 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.9 
 
 1.2 
 
 2 
 
 0.1-0.5 
 
 0- 90 
 
 0.0 
 
 6.2 
 
 7.3 
 
 13.5 
 
 3 
 
 
 90-180 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 6.9 
 
 6.9 
 
 4 
 
 
 180-270 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 20.2 
 
 20.2 
 
 5 
 
 
 270-360 
 
 0.0 
 
 14.9 
 
 8.3 
 
 23.2 
 
 6 
 
 0.5-1.0 
 
 0- 90 
 
 0.0 
 
 40.5 
 
 28.4 
 
 68.9 
 
 7 
 
 
 90-180 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 8 
 
 
 180-270 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 18.7 
 
 18.7 
 
 9 
 
 
 270-360 
 
 0.0 
 
 21.2 
 
 6.5 
 
 27.7 
 
 10 
 
 1-5 
 
 0- 90 
 
 207.6 
 
 6.0 
 
 - 
 
 213.6 
 
 11 
 
 
 90-180 
 
 303.6 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 303.6 
 
 12 
 
 
 180-270 
 
 112.3 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 112.3 
 
 13 
 
 
 270-360 
 
 0.0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 0.0 
 
 14 
 
 5-10 
 
 0-90 
 
 0.0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 0.0 
 
 15 
 
 
 90-180 
 
 0.0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 0.0 
 
 16 
 
 
 180-270 
 
 491.0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 491.0 
 
 17 
 
 
 270-360 
 
 0.0 
 
 " 
 
 
 0.0 
 
 ^Includes facilities with emissions of 25 tons per year or greater. 
 
 Generally not inventoried beyond 1 kilometer from monitor. 
 c Not inventoried beyond 1 kilometer from monitor. 
 
 A-8 
 
Table A-4 (Continued) 
 Emission Summary 
 
 Sector 
 
 Number 
 
 Distance 
 from 
 
 Monitor 
 (km) 
 
 Direction 
 
 from 
 
 Monitor 
 
 (deg) 
 
 TSP Emissions (tons/year) 
 
 Point 
 Sources 
 
 Area 
 Sources 
 
 Traffic 
 Sources 
 
 Total 
 
 By Direction from Monitor 
 
 0-10 
 
 0- 90 
 
 90-180 
 
 180-270 
 
 270-360 
 
 207.6 
 
 303.6 
 
 603.3 
 
 0.0 
 
 1114.5 
 
 52.8 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 
 36.4 
 
 36.5 
 11.8 
 40.3 
 15.7 
 
 89.7 
 
 104.3 
 
 296.9 
 
 315.5 
 
 644.0 
 
 52.1 
 
 1308. 5 
 
 1 
 
 2-5 
 
 6-9 
 
 10-13 
 
 14-17 
 
 0.0-0.1 
 0.4-0.5 
 0.5-1 
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 5-10 
 
 By Distance from Monitor 
 
 0-360 
 
 1 0.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 4.5 
 
 5.4 
 
 0.0 
 
 21.1 
 
 42.7 
 
 63.8 
 
 0.0 
 
 61.7 
 
 57.1 
 
 118.8 
 
 623.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 - 
 
 629.5 
 
 491.0 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 491.0 
 
 1114.5 
 
 89.7 
 
 104.3 
 
 1308.5 
 
 .Included facilities with emissions of 25 tons per year or greater, 
 Generally not inventoried beyond 1 kilometer from monitor. 
 Not inventoried beyond 1 kilometer from monitor. 
 
 A-9 
 
APPENDIX A-l 
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 A-19 
 
APPENDIX B 
 MICROINVENTORY FOR MILAN PARTICULATE MONITORING SITE* 
 
 
 *Taken from a report to the EPA Region V; Microinventory 
 for Particulate Monitoring Site Located at Elementary 
 School^ by D.P. Kuhaneck, J. A. Dewey, J. A. Schramuk, 
 D.O. Getty, ETA Engineering, Inc., Westmont, IL, 
 EPA Contract No. 68-02-2888. 
 
RESULTS 
 
 Site Description 
 
 The hi-vol particulate sampler is situated atop the roof of an elementary 
 school at 125 W 2nd Avenue in Milan. Its elevation is 25 feet above ground 
 level on a medium loose gravel roof covering. The monitor site is described 
 by the data in Table B-l. 
 
 The area surrounding the monitor is classified as surburban-commercial. 
 Little industry is located near the monitor site except to the north, where a 
 quarry operation is within 1 kilometer of the hi-vol. Figure B-l is a map 
 °f the area near the monitor. The land use surrounding the monitor is shown 
 in Table B-2. Table B-3 summarizes recent particulate air quality monitoring 
 data for the site. 
 
 Point Source 
 
 Point source emission inventory data were obtained from the Illinois Environ- 
 mental Protection Agency (IEPA) Total Air System (TAS) source file. All point 
 sources found in the TAS file had non-confidential permit status. Significant 
 particulate emissions from point sources can be found in Rock Island to the 
 north between six and eight kilometers from the monitor site. Some examples 
 are International Harvester and John Deere Company. Facilities with annual 
 point source emissions greater than 25 tons, which are located within 10 
 kilometers of the monitor, are tabulated by sector in Appendix B-l. 
 
 Fugitive Emission Area Sources 
 
 Significant area sources for fugitive particulate emissions are quite small so 
 as to be nearly negligible. They are primarily gravel driveways for private 
 residences and businesses along with the latter' s gravel parking areas. Area 
 sources within 1 kilometer of the monitor site are tabulated by sector in 
 Appendix B-2. 
 
Table B-l 
 Monitor Site Description 
 
 SAROAD Site Code 
 QCAPC Site Number 
 
 14-5100-001 
 081040-01 
 
 Site Location 
 Site Address 
 
 Elementary School 
 125 West 2nd Avenue 
 Milan, Illinois 
 
 UTM Coordinates 
 Northing 
 Easting 
 
 4591.60 kilometers 
 703.24 kilometers 
 
 Monitor Height Above Ground 
 Monitor Base 
 
 25 feet 
 School Roof 
 
 Source: USEPA and field observations 
 
 1-2 
 
0.1 
 I L 
 
 0.5 km 
 
 FIGURE B-l ONE KILOMETER RADIUS AROUND 
 
 SAMPLING SITE 
 
 B-3 
 
Table B-2 
 Land Use By Sector 
 
 Distance From 
 Monitor (km) 
 
 Sector 
 Number 
 
 Predominant 
 Land Use 
 
 0.0-0.1 
 
 la 
 lb 
 lc 
 Id 
 
 70% Light Residential, 30% Suburban Commercial 
 
 Light Residential 
 
 Light Residential 
 
 70% Light Residential, 30% Suburban Commercial 
 
 0.1-0.5 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 40% Suburban Commercial, 60% Undeveloped 
 50% Light Residential, 50% Suburban Commercial 
 50% Light Residential, 50% Light Industry 
 50% Light Residential, 50% Light Industry 
 
 0.5-1.0 
 
 Mining Activity 
 
 Light Residential, Suburban Commercial 
 Light Residential, Suburban Commercial 
 Mining Activity, Light Industry 
 
 1.0-5.0 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 
 Light Residential 
 
 Light Residential, Undeveloped, Agriculture 
 
 Light Residential, Agriculture, Undeveloped 
 
 Light Residential, Light Industry 
 
 5.0-10.0 
 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 Central Commercial, Light and Dense Residential 
 Light Residential, Agriculture, Undeveloped 
 Light Residential, Agriculture, Undeveloped 
 Light and Dense Residential, General Industry, 
 Central Commercial 
 
 Source: U.S.G.S. topographic map and field observations 
 
 B-4 
 
Table B-3 
 
 Air Quality Data 
 for 
 SAROAD Site 14-5100-001 
 
 Parameter 
 
 Number of Observations 
 
 Annual Geometric Mean (pg/m 3 ) 
 
 Annual Geometric Standard Deviation (pg/m 3 ) 
 
 Highest 24-hour Concentration (pg/m 3 ) 
 
 Second Highest 24-hour Concentration (pg/m 3 ) 
 
 Number of Primary NAAQS Excursions 
 
 Number of Secondary NAAQS Excursions 
 
 Year 
 
 1977 
 
 1978 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 64 
 
 58 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.7 
 
 330 
 
 160 
 
 191 
 
 149 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Source: USEPA 
 
 1-5 
 
Traffic-generated Fugitive Emission Sources 
 
 The network of streets around the monitor out to approximately \ of a kilo- 
 meter radius are primarily low volume (300 ADT) residential roadways. They 
 are in good repair with curbs and little, if any, surface debris. To the 
 north and east are Routes 67 and 92, which carry appreciable passenger and 
 commercial traffic. These roadways constitute the major arteries for traffic 
 through Milan. Traffic data for the areas immediately surrounding the hi-vol 
 monitors were obtained from the Illinois Department of Transportation. All 
 traffic counts were 1975 values. Major public roadways, within 1 kilometer of 
 the monitor site, that are traffic-generated fugitive emission sources are 
 tabulated by sector in Appendix B-3. 
 
 Emission Summary 
 
 Table B-4 summarizes emission data by microinventory sector, compass direc- 
 tion, and radial distance from the monitor for the point and fugitive emission 
 sources considered in the inventory effort. 
 
 B-6 
 
Sector 
 
 Number 
 
 
 
 Table B-4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Emission Summary 
 
 
 
 Distance 
 
 Direction 
 
 from 
 
 Monitor 
 
 (deg) 
 
 TSP Emissions 
 
 (tons/year) 
 
 
 from 
 Monitor 
 (km) 
 
 Point Area 
 Sources Sources 
 
 Traffic 
 Sources 
 
 Total 
 
 By Sector 
 
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 0.0-0.1 
 
 0- 90 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.9 
 
 lb 
 
 
 90-180 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.1 
 
 lc 
 
 
 180-270 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 Id 
 
 
 270-360 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 2 
 
 0.1-0.5 
 
 0- 90 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 10.9 
 
 10.9 
 
 3 
 
 
 90-180 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 8.5 
 
 8.5 
 
 4 
 
 
 180-270 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.3 
 
 6.8 
 
 7.1 
 
 5 
 
 
 270-360 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 12.1 
 
 13.0 
 
 6 
 
 0.5-1.0 
 
 0- 90 
 
 0.0 
 
 0.0 
 
 12.0 
 
 12.0 
 
 7 
 
 
 90-180 
 
 0.0 
 
 5.4 
 
 50.1 
 
 55.5 
 
 8 
 
 
 180-270 
 
 0.0 
 
 9.9 
 
 37.5 
 
 47.4 
 
 9 
 
 
 270-360 
 
 159.4 
 
 490.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 652.3 
 
 10 
 
 1-5 
 
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 - 
 
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 11 
 
 
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 119.7 
 
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 - 
 
 119.7 
 
 12 
 
 
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 41.2 
 
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 - 
 
 41.2 
 
 13 
 
 
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 - 
 
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 14 
 
 5-10 
 
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 - 
 
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 15 
 
 
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 - 
 
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 16 
 
 
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 17 
 
 
 270-360 
 
 235.2 
 
 "■ 
 
 ™" 
 
 235.2 
 
 Includes facilities with emissions of 25 tons per year or greater. 
 ^Generally not inventoried beyond 1 kilometer from monitor. 
 'Not inventoried beyond 1 kilometer from monitor. 
 
 B-7 
 

 
 Table B-4 (Continued) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Emission Summary 
 
 
 
 
 
 Distance 
 from 
 
 Monitor 
 (km) 
 
 Direction 
 
 from 
 
 Monitor 
 
 (deq) 
 
 TSP Emissions 
 
 (tons/year) 
 
 
 
 Sector 
 
 Number 
 
 Point Area 
 Sources Sources 
 
 Traffic 
 Sources 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 B*. 
 
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 491.0 0.4 
 
 24.4 
 
 515. 
 
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 119.7 5.5 
 
 58.6 
 
 183. 
 
 .8 
 
 
 
 180-270 
 
 41.2 10.4 
 
 44.3 
 
 95. 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 270-360 
 
 394.6 490.9 
 
 16.5 
 
 902, 
 
 
 
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 By Distance from Monitor 
 
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 5-10 
 
 
 
 726.2 
 
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 726.2 
 
 1046.5 507.2 143.8 1697.5 
 
 .Includes facilities with emissions of 25 tons per year or greater, 
 generally not inventoried beyond 1 kilometer from monitor. 
 Not inventoried beyond 1 kilometer from monitor. 
 
 B-8 
 
APPENDIX B-1 
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