PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING CO. PITTSBURGH, PA. GRAVITY FILTERS PRESSURE FILTERS WATER SOFTENING PLANTS Pure Soft Water for Boilers Railroad Water Stations Laundries and all Purposes PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY GENERAL OFFICE PirrSBURGH, PA. Entered according to act of Congress, August, 1905, by the Pittsburgh Filter Manufacturing Co., in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. ATER SOFTENING is not, as many seem to suppose, a result of recent experimentation, but has been known and practiced as an exact science for over sixty years. In 1841 Dr. Clark, of Aberdeen, Scotland, first discovered that the in¬ troduction of caustic lime in a water containing bi-carbonate of lime would combine with the extra part of carbonic acid contained in the bi-carbonate and thus release ^ it from solution, resulting in a precipitation of the lime as a true carbo- p—nate, incidentally the added lime also precipitating, thus freeing the water from a portion of the impurities, giving it “hardness.” Some c-years later Prof. Porter found that, by the addition of carbonate of soda to waters containing sulphate of lime, the sulphate could be decomposed and precipitated. Thus, by a combination of the two treatments, a water rendered perfedlly soft and suitable for any purpose desired. Strange to say, however, these discoveries were not utilized pra( 51 ;ic- ally until many years later in Europe, and only within the last ten years were even thought of in this country. About that time, however, some isolated plants for the purification of water for boiler purposes were established, using the Porter-Clark process. The vast possibilities of it commercially were at once apparent to those few who were in a position to note the results, and soon several companies were in the field manufacturing softening plants, one of the first being the Pittsburgh Filter Manufacturing Company. JMTTSliURGH I'lLTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Deleterious Properties Found in Water A I.L natural waters contain more or less foreign matter, either in suspension or solution, and the relative degree of purity is dependent on the locality in wldcli they originate. On account of its great solvent qualities nearly all water contains more or less scale-forming matter, which it takes up from the earth through which it passes. This quality of dissolving and holding in solution various solids is due to the carhonic acid gas which is contained in almost all water. The amount of scale-forming matter in any water from a stream varies also from season to season and from day to day. In a wet season or after a rain, river water will be found to he comparatively pure, the scale-forming matter having been diluted with the pure rain w^ater. In a diw^ season the water will become more highly charged with scale-forming matter as its volume decreases. Water coming from coal mines or sulphur deposits will he found to contain amounts of sulphuric acid sufficient to quickly corrode a boiler. Water highly charged with carhonic acid gas, as some natural waters are, will also corrode boilers. Water containing calcium and magnesium chlorides cause corrosion in boilers by the hydrochloric acid wdiich is set free by heat. Another common trouble wdth water of the Western United States is the alkaline compounds which are frec|uently found in them. These cause foaming in the boilers, especially when mud or vegetable matter is found in the water. Waters taken from rivers contain not only soluble impurities, but carry in sus- ]K'nsion to a greater or less degree mud and grit, which wear out pumps, valves, etc., and often quantities of vegetable matter, wdiich cause foaming in boilers. Send us an analysis of your waiter and w’e will tell you your trouble and how to cure it. 4 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY How the Impurities Are Divided The impurities may, therefore, be divided into three classes : First—Corrosive Impurities Consisting of Sulphuric Acid.HsSO* Carbonic Acid.H 2 CO 3 Sulphate of Iron.FeSO^ Calcium Chloride.CaCF Magnesium Coloride.MgCF Second—Scale-Forming Impurities Calcium Carbonate.Ca (HCO3) 2 ^Magnesium Carbonate.]\Ig (HCO3) 2 Calcium Sulphate.CaSO* Iron Carbonate.Fe (HCO3) 2 Magnesium Sulphate.MgSOi Third—Alkaline Impurities Sodium and Potassium Carbonate.Na2C03&K2C03 Sodium and Potassium Sulphate.Na2S04&k2S04 Sodium and Potassium Chloride.NaCl&KCL In its broadest sense, the purification of water refers to any process through which the quality may be improved and the water better adapted for the purpose of its intended use. Water softening consists in the removal of the deleterious properties held in solution in the water and their retention outside the boilers. These results may be accomplished by either an intermittent or continuous type of plant. 5 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Chemicals Used and Their Reactions I ^OR almost all waters caustic lime and soda ash are the only chemicals which " we use. Caustic lime acts upon the carbonates of lime and magnesium, which are in solution in the form of bi-carhonates. These substances react with the soluble bi-carbonate to form insoluble carbonate of lime and hydrate of magnesia. Mud or other solid matter will also be carried down with these precipitates; and carbon¬ ate of iron, if present, will be precipitated as hydrate of iron. Soda ash reacts upon the sulphates of lime and magnesium and their allied compounds, decomposing them and forming insoluble carbonates, which are precipi¬ tated. Soda ash also neutralizes any acids present in the water, destroying their corrosive power. Chlorides and nitrates of lime and magnesium act like the sul¬ phates. The reactions which takes place between the chemicals and the substances in solution in the water are as follows: Lime Process Calcium Bi-Carbonate Ca(UC03)i;+Lime Solution Ca(OH 2 = Calcium Carbonate^, CaCOs + Water 2 H 2 O Magnesium Bi-Carbonate i\Ig(HC03)2 + Lime Solution 2Ca(OH)2 = Magnesium H 3 Tlrate Mg (OH) 2 -f Calcium Carbonate 2CaC03 + Water 2H2O Carbonic Acid H 2 CO 3 + Lime Solution Ca(OH )2 = Calcium Carbonate CaC03 + Water 2H2O Sulphuric Acid in water H 2 SO 4 + Lime Solution Ca(OH )2 = Calcium Sulphate CaSQi + Water 2HaO Bi-Carbonate of Iron Fe (HCO»)2 + Lime Solution 2Ca(OH)2 = Calcium Carbon¬ ate 2CaC03 + Iron Hydrate Fe (OH)2 + Water 2H2O Soda Ash Lime Sulphate CaSO^ + Soda Ash NasCOs = Calcium Carbonate CaC03 + Sodium Sulphate NaaSO^ Magnesium Sulphate MgSO^ + Soda Ash NaaCOs + Lime Ca(OH )2 = Magnesium Hydrate Mg(OH )2 + Sodium Sulphate NaaSO* + Calcium Carbonate CaCOa Chloride of Lime CaCL + Soda Ash NaaCOa = Calcium Carbonate CaCOa + Sodium Chloride 2 NaCl Chloride of Magnesium MgCla + Soda Ash NaaCOa + Lime Ca(OH )2 = Magnesium Hydrate Mg( 011)2 + Sodium Chloride 2NaCl + Calcium Carbonate CaCOa Nitrate of Lime Ca(N03)2 + Soda Ash NaaCOa—Calcium Carbonate CaCOa + So¬ dium Nitrate 2NaN03 The art of water softening and purification, in competent hands, has reached almost the final stage of perfection and cheapness. Fresh lime and sodium carbon¬ ate are the most efficient chemicals for the purpose, and are also the cheapest. 6 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Scale S CALE or Incrustation in boilers is caused by the deposit of the salts of lime and magnesia contained to a greater or less ex¬ tent in all natural waters, in solution, not being volatile, they are precipitated as the water is turned into steam. The small particles as they come in contact with the tubes or shell attach themselves to it and as they gradually increase in num¬ ber completely cover the metal separating the water from the metal which is therefore continually raised to a higher temperature as the accumulations increase, thus baking hard the deposit and causing a continually increasing consumption of fuel in order to maintain the process of steam making. There is no more perplexing problem to the engineer than the one of how best to prevent the formation of scale in his boilers, and many and varied are the means that have been tried in the effort to overcome thus dangerous and expensive incrustation. Scale in the boiler means not only a large waste in fuel, but ex¬ tensive and frequent repairs, often a complete stoppage of the plant for days; it means also ample reserve capacity of boilers to provide time for cleaning and extra labor for cleaning boilers, in many plants the wages of several men contiually. The greater temperature required in the metal to produce steam also rapidly deteriorates the plates and tubes, reducing the life of the boiler in many cases to one-half what it would be with pure water. There is but one true way to do and that is purify your water before it enters your boilers. We tell you how. 7 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Corrosion C ORROSION is one of the most destructive agents to which boilers are sub¬ jected. It arises from the presence of acids in the w^ater, which gradually concentrate as evaporation goes on, and combine with the material of which the boiler is constructed, causing “pitting” and honeycombing of the most suscepti¬ ble parts. Under the head of corroding solids there are three very dangerous acids which frequently contaminate water found more or less throughout this country. Of these three the most dangerous is sulphuric. This destructive element owes its presence to drainage from coal or ore mines, paper mills, galvanizing works and oil refineries, and may be noted by the dark green tinge of the water. In an incon¬ ceivably short space of time its presence is noticeable in the boiler by the red dis¬ coloration of the water. This is brought about b}'’ the action of the sulphuric acid upon the iron of which the boiler is constructed, producing iron sulphate, which is separated from the water as ebullition goes on, and as it is non-volatile a new supply of iron is constantly taken up by the acid until the plates in (time will be actually destroyed. The same conditions exist where hydrochloric, nitric, tannic, acetic or carbonic acids are present, except that in these instances the action is of a milder form, but water impregnated with either of these acids should never be used for steam purposes except having first been purified. Iron sulphate in its natural state, and alumina sulphate, are also corrosive agents, and should receive proper consideration while reviewing this class. While not so destructive when the water is at its normal temperature, when heated a separation takes place, leaving a concentrated free acid which acts injuriously upon the plates and tubes of a boiler. When scale is permitted to form in a boiler fed with an acid water the danger is increased and the further weakening of the structure thus caused is naturally concealed. Priming W ATER which contains alkali or organic matter permits the formation of a scum on the surface of the heated water and prevents the steam, from rising until the accumulated pressure is sufficient. This results in great quantities of heated water being thrown up and mixed with the steam, or it may be due to not blowing off the boilers frequently. Alkali waters are the sources of supply for many localities, especially in the Western States, and cause much trouble to users of steam. A great portion of the efficiency of locomotives is lost through the use of these waters. Natural waters containing large quantities of sodium or potassium, either in the form of chlorides or carbonates, are difficult to treat. In fact, neither sodium nor potassium salts can be removed from a water except by distillation, but a water containing these salts may be greatly improved, and rendered fit for boiler use, by the removal of the other salts which the water contains. 8 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Early Methods I N the early days of the steam boiler the scaling of boilers was one of the engineer’s greatest bugbears and many were the ex¬ periments tried in a desperate efifort to overcome it. Almost everything that came to hand was at one time or another thrown into a boiler as an antidote for this evil, chips of wood, bark, sacks of potatoes or anything that happened to suggest itself to the mind of the sorely tried engineer. From these miscellaneous experiments it was discovered that cer¬ tain chemical changes were effected that in some manner reduced the formation of hard scale, and certain mixtures of chemicals were com¬ pounded which greatly relieved the difficulties. This resulted in a regular business of supplying these mixtures being developed, and for years boiler compounds were accepted as the extent of relief that could be expected. However, many waters would not be materially affected; and even when this hard scale was in a manner arrested, there remained the sludge which with the added chemicals was largely increased and remained still in the boiler, doing- in some cases as much damage as the scale. This lead to the use of devices for the mechanical removal of the precipitated matter, such as surface blow-off, circulating extractors and finally the live steam purifier. This was the most satisfactory of any, provided a place for the precipitation to take place previous to the water entering the boiler, but, connected to it so that it was subject to the same temperature as the boiler. About ten years ago, the present method of softening- water was first advocated and is now recognized as the only scientific process of purifying boiler waters. 9 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 10 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Modern Methods T he method now recognized as the only scientific one of puri¬ fying hard water to remove the scale-forming matter, is the Porter-Clark process, but only in recent years has the value of it been appreciated. By its use many waters are now satisfactorily used in boilers that were formerly unavailable, and in many localities it was necessary to purchase water from cities at considerable cost, while having a plenti¬ ful supply immediately at hand from well or spring that can now be softened at an expense of one or two cents per thousand gallons. The process now used is a method of precipitating the carbonates and sulphates of lime and magnesia found in water by the introduc¬ tion of lime and soda ash in the required quantities and in an appa¬ ratus designed so as to provide for the proper application of solutions of these substances and providing storage capacity for the chemical reactions followed by precipitation to take place; after which the water is filtered and ready for use. These apparatus are built in many designs, some extremely com¬ plicated and with a mass of small easily deranged parts requiring con¬ stant care and attention to insure proper working. The ideal apparatus is one in which is combined all the essential features necessary for the correct mixing of the reagent solutions; their application to the water to be treated in accurate proportions, ample time for reaction and precipitation to take place together with simplicity in operation and freedom from complicated working parts. Our long and varied experience has enabled us to design ap})a- ratus fulfilling all these conditions, and we feel convinced that an in¬ vestigation of our apparatus will result in the complete demonstration of the truth of this assertion. 11 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY View of Precipitating Tanks, Cleveland Furnace Company, Cleveland, Ohio 300,000 Gallon Intermittent Water Softening Plant 12 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Economy of Water Softening T he use of soft, pure water is desirable for any use to which water may be put and for most uses is necessary if the best results are to be obtained in the boiler room, in the laundry, in the drying, bleaching and woolen mills, paper mills, ice factories, breweries, railroad water stations and for all domestic purposes, even drinking and cooking. Well waters, in their natural condition, unfit for use, can at a small cost be rendered soft and pure and suitable for any purpose, saving large water bills, repair bills, fuel and labor in many localities amounting to thousands of dollars annually. Advise us of your condition, send us analysis of your water and we will tell you how to save money for dividends. 13 PITTSBURGH FILTER jM ANUFAC PURI HG COMPANY 14 View of Filters Cleveland Furnace Company, Cleveland, Ohio 300,000 Gallon Intermittent Water Softening Plant , ■ r* . "A * •' ■ • , '<7 ’ f -V’v., , ' % . u ^ mi • *r S < »*'• <• ■''••v-?^»-■. cI3 --•m \ SU*: , ■ ■ '• ■•^;iir', --F?. ' , t K . ■ i; '^1 n * *• . ' ■ ;- V'J’ ‘ ‘ ’ .v.^« , , , V --' ''i '‘i- • K-itL'y ' hA :»ifefe4".!lFifcv ■ ■'• : ^ j ‘» V- ■ . .•»•' *; ■ . • « • V •.' .. -t i c ■ ":;, • M » -rf ■..^^- b 1 .''S' ■ 1 . - V. i t */. >«^;iV-' ' "• ‘/.'.'i-.- ^ ',■■'< ■■*■■'•= V '' ■■>'■ *■ -'•■ .'■■I • .yv //* .•»« _^_ .-.If f-r^ .*. V •■..• ■*4 r'. .? , . V , . •>• - •< _ maBSaJCK' . t ' /.*3SjC‘' .. v*. * .yaK *•.’• /■ 'r'. " • » .. .V 'i ' -» "4roJ tjr.’ ^ PyuHD# .,v^^.,j;4/:-.y '■ V-^>'vj . - '-'i^~■‘'^■:^*^^M0■■^:''^■^;: .®“ii „ T*v »'.. V ■:■• • '* * - i. ^ ■ “ ' vi* .",' i ' ■ V.'v4V.'.- V .'v^'. .' ■ / . • ■’ • ■, VV -’ V« »•• - ^V' .-, ' JC 4 , . , -- -’, .::-/-.^pVr Notice to Readers In issuing this pamphlet to the public we desire to call attention to the fadt that there is being circulated by a certain Filter Company organized by a former employee, a catalogue which is practically a duplicate of an obsolete issue of ours, but which contains many cuts of plants constructed and erected by this Company and illustrated in these pages. We feel that such misrepresentation, when brought to the knowledge of fair-minded persons, will be sufficient punishment to its perpetrators, and simply I desire to advise you that you may, when comparing circular matter received, readily decide whether or not such methods meet your approval. PITTSBURGH FILTER MFG. COMPANY. PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Steam Plant Economy T he benefit of a pure soft water in boiler plants is but slightly comprehended by the average manufacturer, keen as he is in the general economy which goes to swell the dividend account. Many thousands are spent in the installation of economical de¬ vices in the steam plant, expensive water tube boilers, economizers, heaters, condensers and compound engines, all designed to extract the very highest amount of power from each pound of coal burned; then the very object for which all these expensive apparatus were installed is often defeated by the use of a hard scale producing water in the boilers. How should you expect economy with your sheets and tubes covered with from one-eighth to one-fonrth of an inch of non¬ conducting material, which prevents the absorption of heat by the ^ water and sends it up the chimney? Let ns take for instance an average hard water containing 14 grains of incrnsting matter per U. S. Gallons, a 1,000 horse power boiler plant will evaporate 100,000 gallons of water each 24 hours, each gallon containing 14 grains of incrnsting matter, there would remain in the boiler at the end of the day 200 lbs. of scale; in two weeks (12 working days) this would be 2,400 lbs. or i 1/5 tons. In 300 working days 30 tons of solid matter. 15 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY The average coal consumption per horse power is about 4 lbs. per horse power per hour, or for 1,000 horse power, 48 tons per day. This at $1.50 per ton, equals $72.00. Five (5) per cent, of this would be a small saving but would equal $3.60 per day, or 300 working days. Cost of boiler cleaning on this w^ater at least $12.00 per week, or. Average yearly cost of repairs for tubes, etc. For boiler compounds, average per year based on practice . . For coal m raising steam after cleaning 104 tons, $1.56 . . Depreciation of boiler plant based on average life of boilers in waters of this character, 10 ^ on cost of $15,000.00 . . With softening plant: 10 ^ interest and depreciation on softening plant at cost of $3,500.00.$ 350.00 5^ depreciation on boiler ])lant. 750.00 Cost of softening at ic 1,000 gal. 300.00 Cost of coal for steam after washing t6 tons . . 24.00 Saving. Nearly 75 per cent, of cost of plant or enough to pay (lend on $40,200.00—Won’t this pay? $1,080.00 650.00 200.00 250.00 156.00 1,500.00 $3,836-00 1,424.00 $2,412.00 , 6 ^ divi- 16 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Ice Factories, Breweries and Distilleries W HERE pure live steam is used in process of manufacturing, as an ice making, brewing and distilling, water softening plants should be of particular interest. Here the con¬ tamination that may be imparted to the steam by the use of nostrous chemicals called boiler compounds may ruin thousands of dollars worth of product and do untold damage to a business reputation. Neither, however, can the water be used in its raw state in the boilers without great loss in fuel and repairs. The materials used in precipitating the impurities are neither valuable nor injurious, therefore, cannot affect the steam, while on the other hand the process of softening will not only take out the mineral matter in solution, but, incidentally, any matter in suspension, as well as organic matter Avhich the natural water may contain, rendering it not only soft but pure also. There are many places in the ice factories and breweries outside of the boiler plant where soft water is a very great advantage. Eor fermenting, making beer, the preparation of malt, process of ice-mak¬ ing, and for cooling purposes, in many plants the accumulation of deposit on condenser coils being so great as to require the pumping of many times the amount of water that should be required for the purpose. Whatever may be your water trouble, come to us with it. That’s our business. 17 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY The Colorado Fuel & Iron Company Have installed at their iMinneqna Works a Continuous Water Softening Plant, capable of supplying water for 10,000 Horse Power of boilers. The water supply is taken from the “Bessemer Ditch” and contains the following impurities: Raw Water Grains per Gallon Sodium Chloride. 1.39 Calcium Sulphate.27.76 ^Magnesium Sulphate. 1.88 ^lagnesium Carbonate. 5.49 Total Solids.36.52 Purified Water Grains per Gallon Sodium Chloride. 1.26 Calcium Sulphate. i.oi Magnesium Sulphate. 2.18 Total Hardness. 4.45 18 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 19 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Laundry Plants I N addition to the saving elYected by the use of soft water in boilers, it is an im¬ portant item of economy in many industries. Laundries, for example, can effect a material saving by using soft water. Each grain of lime in one gallon of water produces what is called one degree of hardness. Each degree of hardness destroys 1.7 pounds of the best hard soap before a lather is produced in 1,000 gallons of water, and leaves an insoluble curd, which becomes entangled in the fabrics washed, and cannot be removed by rinsing. The heat of the iron decomposes these curds and leaves brownish soap spots on the goods. The following table shows the comparative amounts of soap required to pro¬ duce a permanent lather in waters of different degrees of hardness and the saving effected by the use of soft water: Degrees of Hardxess 5 10 15 20 25 Pounds Soap Destroyed PER 1,000 Gallons 8.5 17.0 25-5 34-0 42.5 Cost of Soap at 5 Cents PER Pound $0.41 0.82 1.23 1.64 2.05 Goods washed in softened water are cleansed with a minimum amount of soap, are much finer and whiter in appearance and softer in texture, while no dark color appears. The saving in soap will amount in many cases to 50 and 60%. Analysis of Water Used The ]\Iorey-La Rue Steam Laundry, Elizabeth, N. J. Before Purification Sodium Chloride. . . . . 546 grains per U. S. gal. Sodium Sulphate. . . . . 2.67 H (( a 66 Calcium Sulphate. . . .19.72 u 6i 66 66 Magnesium Sulphate. . 4-49 a ii 6 6 66 IMagnesium Carbonate. ... . 34 a i k 66 66 Aluminum Oxide. . . .23 6i a 66 66 Silica . . 1-51 a iC 66 66 Organic and Volatile Matter .13 a ** 66 66 Total Solids. . . . After Purification Lime . . 1.69 grains per u. s. gal. IMagnesia . . 2.60 iC 6C 66 Total Hardness. . . 4.29 20 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 21 100,000 Gallon Intermittent Water Softening Plant Morey-La Rue Laundry, Elizabeth, N. J. PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Description of the Largest Water Softening Plant in the World -at the- Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railway Co., Ensley, Alabama cut on the following page shows the largest water softening plant in the- I world. This apparatus purifies the water from Village Creek, a stream consisting of pollution only, for 35,ckdo horse power of boilers. The site selected for this plant was topographically perfect, inasmuch as the purified water flows by gravity to the various industries in and around Ensley and Pratt City. The entire apparatus is of steel construction. There are four precipitating tanks, 30 ft. in diameter and 30 ft. high (exclusive of the sludge bottom). They are mounted on pipe columns 8 feet above the foundation piers, which allow ample room for removing the precipitated deposits. The stairs and platform are located' between the tanks and afford access to all of them; but as the operation of tlie entire plant is accomplished from the ground, it is not necessary to go up on top of the plant for its manipulation. Each tank is filled through a 16-inch line from the- Company’s pumping plant on Village Creek, and is emptied through a floating outlet spout located in each tank, which draws the clear water from the top without dis¬ turbing the precipitate. The devices employed for introducing the reagents into the raw water consists- of four solution tanks 5 feet in diameter and 5 feet high, equipped with slaking and. agitating apparatus. There are two Weinman pumps which introduce the lime and soda solution into the raw water, proportional to the flow. The plant being in duplicate admits of one batch of solution being prepared while the other is being used. The chemicals are mixed with the raw water by compressed air. This method is used exclusively by us and involves the most positive and uniform admixture. The air is furnished by a Rand Compressor, which maintains a pressure of 20 to 25, pounds in the receiver. 22 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 23 Largest Water Softening Plant in the World Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railway Co., Ensley, Ala. PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY There are two filters 20 feet inside diameter and 7 feet 6 inches high, equipped with agitators. They have false bottoms, to which the strainers are attached. The' strainer system is the Compan}-^ usual bronze strainer, and each filter contains 1,256 gallons. On top of these strainers is placed 6 inches of gravel and 36 inches- of Birmingham Filter Sand. An Ajax Center Crank Engine operates the stirring devices in the filters, which require washing once each week. A clear water basin, holding 18,000 gallons of water, is built under the filters,, inside the building, and contains filtered water for washing the filters. A wash-out pump, with a capacity of 2,000 gallons per minute, is used for sup¬ plying wash water to the filters. Gauges and Electric Annunciators warn the operator when the precipitating^ tanks are full of water and give him ample time to close the valves before the tanks overflow. All the pipe and fittings used are cast-iron, flanged with bolt and gaskets, and all overhanging pipes are supported on steel trusses. There are two operators at this plant, each having a 12-honr turn. These two men test the ^\ater and treat each tank as it requires. The very frequent changes in the qualit}' of the water make these tests an absolute necessity. Cost per Thousand Gallons An official report places the average cost of the chemicals, covering a period of six months, at 2 cents per thousand gallons. Results In the annual report of President Bacon, of the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railway- Company, published in the Iron I'rade Review, we find the following; “A water purifying plant has been placed in service at the Ensley Furnaces and has reduced the fuel consumption, increased the efficiency of the boilers and decreased the repairs heretofore necessary.” 24 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 25 170,000 Gallons of Water Agitated wnth Compresced Air T. C., 1. & Ry. Co., Ensley, Ala, PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 26 250,000 Gallon Water Softening Plant PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Railway Economy T he Committee on Water Service of the American Railway, Engineering & Maintenance of Way Association, in report¬ ing on the question of Water Softening, summarizes as follows : I. Hard scale and corrosion avoided. 2. Less fuel consumed. 3. Decreased boiler repairs. 4. More time in service. 5. More satisfactory service. 6. Eewer boilers in service. 7. Longer life of boilers. To this may be added several other items : Large decrease in investment of locomotive equipment. Less round-house and repair shop room required. Large increase in ton mileage per locomotive. On one section of a certain western railroad it is claimed that about fifty per cent, of the locomotive equipment is in the shop con¬ tinually on account of bad water. The money invested in two or three of these engines would pay the cost of equipping the division with water softening plants and release for service the full equipment. One Superintendent of Motive Power reports that by the use of softening plants he has decreased boiler repairs to one-half of what they were before. Another official says that by the use of soft water he has been able to maintain prompt and rapid movement of trains. Another report covering a period of time on a division of road equip¬ ped with softening plants shows the number of engines in service was nine per cent, less, mileage eleven per cent, more, and the coal con¬ sumed five per cent, less than during the same period before being supplied with softening plants. The American Railway Master ^Mechanic Association reports that the use of hard water costs $750.00 per annum for every locomotive in the Middle and Western states, in fuel, boiler repairs, etc. Why continue this enormous waste of money? Invest a small portion in water softening plants and pay out the balance in dividends. Wt build the most efficient in results and simple in operation. 27 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 28 A Model Water Softening Plant Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R., Bath, PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 29 Intermittent Water Softening Plants on D., L. & W. Ry. Groveland and East Bethany, PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 30 Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway Co. Punxsutawney Pa 300,000 Gallon Water Softening Plant PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Types of Plant W E build several different types and designs of plants, each having their peculiar points of advantage for certain con¬ ditions. Our long and varied experience enables us to design plants to meet any peculiar local conditions, embracing such features as will give the most satisfactory results at the least cost for installation and operation, W^e build both the Intermittent and Continuous Process plants, for either hot or cold water, of steel, wood, or concrete construction, of any capacity required from a few thousand gallons daily capacity to millions of gallons. Our plants are designed with a view of combining the very high¬ est efficiency with the greatest simplicity in care and operation. Our capacities are generous, providing ample elasticity and the construc¬ tion of the best type of material and workmanship of their respective kinds. If you desire a plant for Railroad Water Station use, industrial or municipal purposes, do not fail to consult us. We will make anal¬ ysis of your water and recommend the type of plant best suited to your needs. We build but one kind —The best. 31 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PROPORTIONAL WATER MOTOR For the introduction of a coagulant or precipitant proportional to the flow of raw water— the most perfect device in the world for the purpose (Patent applied for) 32 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Description of the Pittsburgh Filter Manufac¬ turing Company’s Intermittent Water Softening Plant A SAMPLE of raw water is tested to determine the amount of chemicals re¬ quired per thousand gallons, and by referring to the table of standards fur¬ nished by us the amount of material for each tank of water is found. The chemicals are weighed out carefully for each tank and dissolved in the lime and soda tanks. The raw water to be purified passes into either of the settling tanks, “AA,” through inlet pipe “BB.” While a tank is being filled with water the solution pump, “C,” delivers lime solution from the solution tank, “D,” through the line, “E,” into this tank of water. When the water is within two feet of the top, the soda ash is in¬ troduced in the same manner from solution tank, “F.” When the chemicals have been added the water is thoroughly agitated with air from the air receiver, “G,” where a pressure of lo to 15 pounds of air is maintained with the compressor, “H.” Uniform agitation of the water in the tank is accomplished through the agitator rings, “I,” for fifteen (15) minutes, or longer, and the water is allowed to settle for one hour, or more, depending on the quality of same. It then passes out through the floating outlet spout, “J,” through the filters, “L-L,” into the clear water well or other point of delivery. When one tank is being emptied of the purified water the other one is being prepared for use. Each tank of water is tested after it has been treated and the amount of impurities determined. If it is not right a sufficient amount of material is added to make the correction, and no water is allowed to enter your boilers, road-side tubs or other point of delivery until it has been found to be absolutely right, and a uniform supply is always maintained by this system, no matter if the water changes every da}^ This plant is operated from the ground, and it is not necessary to go up on the tanks at any time during the process of treatment. The building which houses the filter plant and treating apparatus is of suf¬ ficient size to carry thirty (30) days’ supply of chemicals for treatment. 33 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 34 General Plan Intermittent Water Softening Plant PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY The Pittsburgh Continuous Water Softening Plant T he Pittsburgh S^'stem consists of automatically treating varying quantities of water with varying quantities of materials in an automatic apparatus, pro¬ portional to the flow of water. The apparatus is continuous in its action, automa-tically starting and stopping with the beginning and ceasing of the flow of water into the apparatus. The water is pumped but once into the machine, and is delivered at the bottom with the machinery always in sight. The water, as it flows into the Softener, furnishes all the power the apparatus requires for mixing the chemicals properly with the water to be purified, as well as for operating automatically all the mechan¬ ism of the plant. After the impurities in the water to be treated have been precipitated from the water by the chemical reagents, they are removed from the water as it passes through the apparatus, and the purified water overflows from the top of Softener by gravity into the storage tank, without the necessity of re-pumping. In this style of plant all of the operating parts are located upon the ground level. There are no small and delicate mechanism, piping, floats, etc., up in the air, where they cannot be observed, and subject to derangement by weather condi¬ tions, freezing, etc., no slippery steps or ladders to climb or barrels of reagent to hoist. The chemicals are mixed and applied below by positive automatic apparatus' which cannot get out of gear or be put out of service by freezing. As long as the water is supplied the machine works in all its parts. We build this machine in two styles. Type “A,” elevated upon a substructure, with the operating parts placed below and enclosed in the same diameter as the apparatus; this forms a complete self-contained plant, very handsome in appearance. Type “B,” having the operating parts set to on e side of the main apparatus. This machine is somewhat less expensive in cost, b ut takes up a little more room in installation. 35 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Continuous Water Softener on Substructive Type A Steel Construction PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY TYPE A CONTINUOUS SOFTENER 37 PLAIN SECTIONS TYPE A CONTINUOUS SOFTENERS PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 38 Section operating room beneath apparatus Section top showing mixing and baffle chambers PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 39 p- Continuous Water Softener, Steel or Wood Construction PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 40 Plan Type B Continuous Softener Showing Arrangement of Operating Parts PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Pittsburgh Hot Water Softener T his type of plant is designed where space is considerably of an object and where hot water is available for purifying. It is simple in construction, efficient in results and inexpensive in cost and cannot be used successfully on anything but very hot water. By the use of hot water chemical reactions are very considerably hastened and this enables the design of a plant to go in a minimum of space. We have many of these plants in use giving most excellent re¬ sults, where the conditions are such as allow of these installations. Hot or cold we can supply your requirements. Write for further information. 4 ! PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY z -o c o U to o w CQ a; o 42 1,000 H. P. Water Softening Plant for Hot Water Use PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Water Softened for Municipalities N the last few years the softening of hard waters for industrial purposes has grown to a business of large proportions until now there are in use hundreds of plants for this purpose, many running into millions of gallons daily capacity. The saving in the softening of these waters amounts to thousands of dollars annually to manufacturers. If we add to the saving made in all in the use of softening plants, that which accrue in all domestic uses, such as soap, linen, range repairs, etc., in cities using hard water supplies, the ultimate saving would be astonishing; no better returns can be secured from the same investment in any industry; no better inducement can be offered tO' factories seeking new locations than soft water. We believe municipalities having this problem to contend with will soon begin to appreciate the benefits, and those early taking steps to install softening plants will secure the greatest increase in manu¬ facturing interests. Already the City of Oberlin, Ohio, has such a plant in operation and soon others will follow. Wq are pioneers in the installation of water softening plants and are prepared to construct plants of any required capacity. If you have a hard water it will pay you to communicate with us. 43 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Our Facilities W E are prepared to make complete chemical analyses of water and reports on the most suitable methods of treat¬ ment in each individual case by one of our staff of chemists, giving you the benefit of the most expert advice. Our engineering department will prepare plans and estimates to meet your most difficult requirements, for the construction of plants as economical in cost as consistent with the best engineering practice. are prepared to build complete or equip plants of any desired capacity in the shortest time, and lowest cost consistent with good workmanship and material. Our facilities for manufacturing equip¬ ment are unexcelled and our plant for construction work embraces everything necessary for convenience and dispatch in prosecuting work of this character. We are ready to assume the entire responsibility and deliver to you a completed plant of whatever size you may require, ready for daily operation, producing the purest of water obtainable. Write for any information desired. 44 PITTSBURGH’ FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Design of Plant W ATER softening and filtration plants, to secure efficient and economical results, must be correctly designed in every detail, and in order to do this a full knowledge, not only of all conditions for each particular locality is required, but of every vital principle of design and construction of the work in general, in order to intelligently apply these principles to local conditions. This knowledge is only gained as a result of long experience and years of careful study devoted exclusively to this particular branch of engineering. The apparent simplicity of constructing a purification plant has, in the past, proven so delusive that municipalities and in¬ dividuals are becoming weary of employing inexperienced manufac¬ turers in the installation of a work of such recognized importance as the purification of water. We have spent many yearsAh/i^ and large sums of money in gain¬ ing this knowledge and experience and are prepared with a corps of the most competent engineers to design or construct purification works of any capacity, embracing every feature necessary for the highest efficiency and economy known to modern practice for either municipal or industrial purposes. If you are considering the installa¬ tion of a plant, you should not fail to communicate with us. 45 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Description of Pittsburgh Gravity Filters T hese filters are built in sizes from five to twenty feet in di¬ ameter, and while usually built of cypress wood, may be con¬ structed of steel or concrete. They are most suitable for small cities, hospitals, public institutions, paper mills or other in¬ dustrial purposes. They are equipped with our standard manifold screen system and screens, the design of these screens and system of placing them is the result of exhaustive experiments on many designs to determine the most thorough and economical use of water for washing purposes and to secure the nearest perfect draft on all parts of the bed in filtering. The troughs for carrying off the wash-water are of ample capacity to insure the weir effect necessary to wash bed in the shortest time and at least expense of wash-water. We use in our filters the best grade of filter sand obtainable, es¬ pecially mined, and graded for this purpose. They are equipped with the best type of gate valves, controlling the inlet, outlet, and wash-water supply. The inlet is supplied with a controlling float valve to regulate the supply to filter. We build these filters equipped with the standard rake agitator operated by gears and belts or with our system of air agitation, as may be most convenient or desirable. With our system of air-wash, the air may be used at the same time as the wash-water or independ- entlv, as desired. We build this filter in the belief that it is the most perfect in design and construction, simplest in operation, most efficient in re¬ sults of any of its type on the market. Prices on application. Send for special filter catalogue. 46 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY PITTSBURGH GRAVITY FILTER WITH MECHANICAL AGITATION Furnished F. O. B. Cars at Pittsburgh, or Erected in Place at Destination BUILT OF STEEL OR WOOD 47 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Standard Pressure Filters F or smaller quantities of water, such as required by hotels, laundries, boiler plants, ice factories, mills, hospitals, etc., our standard vertical type of pressure filters are most desirable, rendering the most turbid waters clear and sparkling. These are built in capacities of from 6,000 to 150,000 gallons per day, as illus¬ trated on opposite page. They are built of the best boiler plate steel, of ample strength to withstand any pressure desired, are neat and compact in appear¬ ance and of the best workmanship and material. The strainers are of our standard patented designs, bronze screen, the controlling valve our improved patented design; latest design alum feed cup is furnished for supply pipe and the best grade of filter¬ ing sand (or quartz) supplied. AA e build this type of filter either with or without agitator as may be desired, but recomend the agitator where water to be filtered carries a great amount of suspended matter. These filters are all arranged with a weir wash, thus insuring the most economical amount of wash-water in cleansing. AA e generally carry this type of filter in stock and can supply on short notice, at a reasonable price. AA e also build horizontal pressure filters. Come to us with your troubles. 48 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY The Pittsburgh Filter with Horizontal Geared Agitator from 30" Diam. Upwards 49 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY 50 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Partial List of Water Softening Plants Steel and Iron Works Gallons. I Tennessee Coal, Iron & Ry. Co.. Birmingham, Ala. ..2,500,000 I American Steel & Wire Co.. . . Cleveland, Ohio. . 1,500,000 H Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. Pueblo, Colo. .. 500,000 I Cleveland Furnace Co. Cleveland, Ohio. . 300,000 C Longmead Iron Co. . Conshohocken, Pa.. . , .. 100,000 I Georges C. Coal & Iron Co.. . . Farmington, W. Va.. 60,000 I National Mall. Casting Co. Chicago, Ill. 60,000 H Inland Steel Co. Chicago, Ill. 75,000 H H. B. Camp Co. Akron, Ohio. Miscellaneous Gallons. I U. S. Zinc Co. Pueblo, Colo. 30,000 H Wickwire Bros.. .Cortland, N. Y. . 100,000 H Wickwire Bros.. 100,000 H Ind. Nat. & Ill. Gas Co. Indianapolis, Ind. .. 150,000 H Man. Nat. Gas Co. .. 150,000 H Nat. Sugar Mfg. Co. Sugar City, Colo. . 200,000 H Arcade File Works. Anderson, Ind. 60,000 H Castalia Portland Cement Co.. . Castalia, Ohio.. .. 125,000 H American Plate Glass Co. Alexandria, Ind.. .. 250,000 H Ind. Water Company. Indianapolis, Ind. .. 200,000 H Hidalgo Mining Co. . Pittsburgh, Pa. t—1 b 0 0 H Laflin & Rand Powder Co. Pompton Lakes, N. J. 80,000 H Purington Paving Brick Co.. . . Galesburg, Ill.. 50,000 H • • • 80,000 Note: I Designates intermittent plant. H Designates hot water plant. C Designates continnons plant. 51 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Railroads Gallons. D. L, & W. R. R. Co.Groveland, N. Y.100,000 '' .East Bethany, N. Y.100,000 .Bath, N. Y.350,000 Ashland & Wooster R. R.Ashland, Ohio. 15,000 B. R. & P. R. R.Rochester, N. Y.350,000 Cincinnati Northern R. R.Van Wert, Ohio. 60,000 L. V. R. R. Co.Batavia, N. Y.100,000 .Rochester Junction, X. Y.. . .300,000 .Maxwells, N. Y.200,000 .Stafford, N. Y.350,000 52 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY Partial List of Municipal Filtration Plants Installed by Us Gallons. Columbia, Pa.2,000,000 Sharon, Pa.2,000,000 Washington, Pa. 4,000,000 Waynesburg, Pa. 1,000,000 Siinbury, Pa. 4,000,000 New Brighton, Pa. 3,000,000 Harrisburg, Pa.12,000,000 Monessen, Pa. 1,500,000 Conneaut, Ohio. 500,000 Upper Sandusky, Ohio. 500,000 Oberlin, Ohio. 300,000 Vermillion, Ohio. 300,000 Sidney, N. Y. 300,000 Trenton, Mo. 500,000 Elberton, Ga. 500,000 Greenville, N. C. 300,000 Morgantown, W. Va. 1,000,000 Gloucester, N. J. 2,000,000 Danville, Va. 2,000,000 Louisburg, N. C. 300,000 53 PITTSBURGH FILTER MANUFACTURING COMPANY TO SAVE TIME WHEN WRITING FOR ESTIMATES, KINDLY GIVE US THE FOLLOWING INFOR¬ MATION IF POSSIBLE 1. What is the source of supply, lake, river or well?. 2 . Is the water turbid (contain mud or clay)?. 3. Is the water colored (from swamp or vegetable matter) ?. 4. Is the water hard or soft?. 5. If you have an analysis send copy. 6. For what is the purified water to be used?. 7. Does the water contain sewer drainage?. 8. What type of filter plant do you desire. Gravity or Pressure?. . . , 9. What type softening plant do you desire. Continuous or Inter¬ mittent?. 10. What water pressure do you have?. 11. Do you pump direct, or to stand pipe or reservoir?. 12. What is the maximum amount of water used per hour, also average per day? . 13. At what elevation must water be delivered from plant above ground ?. 14. Give ground elevation, elevation of water level in river or well.. . 15. 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