^^>'^^'^. ^^ m / •i»*5^><'- ^ .M ^M^Ma UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY Class Book Volume ^ i^;^-c^ Return this book on or before the fe - •. Latest Date stamped below. "^-^n 61sT Congress \ 2d Session J SENATE ^7 f Document I No. 469 THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA PRESENTED BY MR. DILLINGHAM April 1, 1910. — Referred to the Committee on Immigration and ordered to be printed WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION. Senator William P. Dillingham, man. Senator Hknry Cabot Lodge. Senator AsBURY C. Latimer. « Senator Anselm J. McLaurin.^* Senator Le Roy Percy, c Chair- Representative Benjamin F. Howell. Representative William S. Bennet. Representative John L. Burnett. Mr. Charles P. Neill. Mr. Jeremiah W. Jenks. Mr. William R. Wheeler ^Secretaries; Morton E. Crane. W. W. Husband. C. S. Atkinson. Chief Statistician: Fred C. Croxton. Extract from act of Congress of February 20, 1907, creating and defning the duties of the Immigration Cojnmission . That a commission is hereby created, consisting of three Senators, to be appointed by the President of the Senate, and three Members of the House of Representatives, to be appoinlv^d by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and three persons to be appointed by the President of the United States. Said commission shall make full inquiry, examination, and investigation, by subcommittee or otherwise, into the subject of immigration. For the purpose of said inquiry, examination, and investi- gation said commission is authorized to send for persons and papers, make all neces- sary travel, either in the United States or any foreign country, and, through the chairman of the commission, or any member thereof, to administer oaths and to examine witnesses and papers respecting all matters pertaining to the subject, and to employ necessary clerical and other assistance. Said commission shall report to Congress the conclusions reached by it, and make such recommendations as in its judgment may seem proper. Such sums of money a.s may be necessary for the said inquiry, examination, and investigation are hereby appropriated and authorized to be paid out of the " immigrant fund " on the certificate of the chairman of said com- mission, including all expenses of the commissioners, and arca-sonable compi-nsation, to be fixed by the President of the United States, for those members of the commission who are not Members of Congress; * * * oDied February 20, 1908. b Appointed to succeed Mr. Latimer, February 25, 1908. « Appointed to succeed Mr. McLaurin, March 16, 1910. Died December 22, 1909. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. The IxMmigration Commission, WasJiington, D. 0., April 1, 1910. To the Sixty-first Congress: I have the honor to transmit herewith, on behalf of the Immigra- tion Commission, a report upon the immigration situation in Cana{hi. W. P. Dillingham, Chairman. 3 o X 170874 CONTENTS. Page. Introductory 9 Chapter I. Canada's immigration policy: Immigration expenditures 13 Sources of Canada's immigration 15 Occupations of immigrants 20 Homestead entries 21 Irish immigration 23 Juvenile immigration 25 Assisted immigration 26 II. Immigration to Canada from the United States: Recent immigration 28 Homestead entries 32 Earlier immigration 33 The return movement 34 Canadian expenditures in the United States 34 III . Immigration to the United States from Canada 36 IV. The Canadian immigration law: Rejections at jjorts of entry 44 Discretionary authority granted officials 45 Deportation after landing 48 Medical officers and their duties 56 Contract labor 57 Protection of immigrants 58 V. Oriental immigration: Chinese immigration 61 Chinese in transit 64 Japanese immigration 64 Hindu immigration 70 VI. Foreign elements in the population of Canada 74 ^ Appendixes 77 _^ Index . 213 STATISTICAL TABLES. Page. Table 1. Canadian immigration expenditures, fiscal years 1898 to 1908 13 2. Canadian immigration expenditures outside of Canada, fiscal years 1898 to 1908 14 3. Immigration to Canada from the United States and United King- dom, and Canadian expenditures in such countries, fiscal years 1901 to 1908 14 4. Total immigration to Canada from July 1, 1900, to March 31, 1909, by race or nationality 16 5. Immigration to Canada from European countries where immigra- tion effort is made, by race or people 17 6. Immigration to Canada from European countries, including Syria, where no immigration effort is made, by race or jjeople 17 7. Immigration to Canada from the United States 18 8. Immigration to Canada from Asiatic countries, by race or people. . . 18 9. Total immigration to Canada, by specified countries or groups of countries 18 10. Total European immigration, including Syrian, to Canada and to the United States, 1901 to 1909 19 11. Total European immigration, including Syrian, to Canada and to the United States in years specified - - - 19 12. Occupation of immigrants to Canada, including accompanying women and children, 1907 to 1909 21 5 6 CONTENTS. Page. Table 13. Homesteads in western Canada entered for by immigrants, July 1, 1900, to March 31, 1909, by race or country of immigrant 22 14. Total immigrant and nonimmigrant homestead entries in western Canada, July 1, 1900, to March 31, 1909 23 15. Total immigration to Canada and the United States from Great Britain and Ireland in the years specified 23 16. Population of Irish birth in Canada and in the United States in census years specified 25 17. Juvenile immigration to Canada, and application by Canadians for such immigrants, 1901 to 1909 25 18. Total immigration to Canada, 1901 to 1909, by race or country 28 19. Emigration from the United States to Canada, July 1, 1906, to March 31, 1909, by States 31 20. Number of homestead'entries made in Canada by immigrants from the United States, by States and Territories, calendar year 1909.. 32, 33 21. Natives of the United States in Canada in census years 1871 to 1901, by Provinces 33 22. Canadian immigration expenditures in the United States, 1901 to 1908 35 23. Total immigration to Canada and number of immigrants on whom a bonus was paid, by countries, 1905 to 1909 35 24. Natives of Canada, including Newfoundland, in the United States, in census years 1870 to 1900 36 25. Natives of Canada, including Newfoundland, in the United States in 1890 and 1900, by race or descent 37 26. Immigration to the United States from Canada in fiscal years 1908 and 1909, by race, people, or descent 37, 38 27. Occupations of Canadian immigrants to the United States in fiscal years 1908 and 1909 39 28. Total number of immigrants to the United States from Canada in fiscal years 1908 and 1909, by sex, age, literacy, and amount of money shown 39 29. Total immigrants admitted and rejected under Canadian and United States laws, fiscal year 1908 44 30. European immigrants, including Syrian, admitted and rejected under the Canadian and the United States laws in 1908, by race or people 44 31. Immigration to Canada from European countries where immigration effort is made, and immigrants from same countries deported after admission, in years specified, by race or people 51 32. Immigration to Canada from European countries, including Syria, where no immigration effort is made, and immigrants from same countries deported after admission, in years specified, by race or people 51 33. Immigration to Canada from the United States and immigrants de- ported after admission in years specified 51 34. Asiatic immigration to Canada and Asiatic immigrants deported after admission, in years specified, by race or people 52 35. Total immigration to Canada and total immigrants deported after admission, in years specified , by race, people, or country 52 36. Deportation from Canada during the fiscal year 1909, by causes 53 37. Immigrants deported from Canada after admission, by race or nationality, and cause, fiscal years 1907 and 1908 54 38. Immigrants admitted, and alien^ deported after admission, Canada and the United States, fiscal years 1907 to 1909 55 39. Aliens detained in penal, reformatory, and charitable institutions. United States, 1908, by class and length of time in country 56 40. Chinese in transit through Canada, via Vancouver, by destination, fiscal years 1907 to 1909 64 41. Population of Canada, by general nativity, census years 1871 to 1901. 74 42. Population of Canada, l)v country of birth, census years 1871 to ^1901. : : : 74,75 43. Population of Canada, by general nativity and country of birth, census years 1871 to 1901 75 44. Population of Canada, by race or descent, census years 1871, 1881, and 1901 : 76 CONTENTS. 7 Page. Table 45. Total immigration to Canada for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1910, by race or nationality 174 46. Total immigration to Canada, by specified countries or groups of countries, fiscal years 1908 to 1910 175 47. British and United States immigration to Canada, fiscal years 1908 to 1910 175 APPENDIXES. Appendix A. The Canadian immigration law 79 B. Government bill proposing amendments to the Canadian immi- gration law 97 C. The United States immigration law 132 D. Official circular of Canadian sui:)erintendent of immigration, "in re exclusion of over-seas immigrants " 151 E. Official circular to booking agents in the United Kingdom 153 F. Aims and methods of charitable organizations promoting emigra- tion to Canada from the British Isles, report by J. Bruce Walker .■■-■-.---■. -. 1^8 G. Orders in council and immigration regulations 165 H. Immigration to Canada for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1910 174 I. The Canadian immigration law as amended May 4, 1910 177 INTRODUCTORY. Canada affords an interesting example of a country with a definite immigration policy based on local needs and conditions, and an immigration law siifficienth^ broad and flexible to permit the effective carrying out of that policy. The Canadian policy is based on the purpose of the government to promote the immigration of settlers for the newly openetl agricultural regions of the western Provinces and other parts of the Dominion and to discourage the coming to Canada of such classes of immigrants as tend to congregate in towns and cities. The United States, the United Kingdom, and certain northern and western countries of continental Europe are regarded ])y Canada as the sources most likely to furnish the class of immigrants desired, and in them the Government carries on a S3"stematic and usually" suc- cessful propaganda to promote or direct immigration to the Dominion. No effort is made to promote immigration from southern and eastern European countries, and while immigrants from such countries are not speciffcall}^ excluded by the Canadian immigration law, they are not sought by Canada nor are they desired unless it is clearly shown that they do not intend to become city dwellers. In earlier years the Dominion shared somewhat in the movement of populatioii from the United Kingdom and northern and western Europe to Xortli America; but until recently the United States was the destination of by far the greater part of such immigration, a con- dition easily accounted for bv the fact that the settlement of the agri- cultural regions of the West was made ])racticable at a much earlier date in the United States than in Canada. With the opening up of the great areas of agricultural lands in the western Provinces of the Dominion and the extension of the })ropaganda referred to, immigra- tion increased until Canada is now one of the great immigrant-receiv- ing countries of the world. During the period July 1, 1900, to March 31, 1909, a total of 1,244,597 immigrants were admitted to the Do- minion, while during a closely corres])onding period, July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1909, the total immigration to the United States was 7,753,816. Considering the population of the two countries, however, the movement to Cana(hi was relatively much greater, the number of immigrants admitted during the period referred to being equal to 26.1 per cent of the Dominion's population in 1901 , while the number enter- ing the United States during the fiscal years 1900 to 1909 equaled 10.2 per cent of the population of the latter country in 1900. The chief sources of Canadian immigration are the United States and the United Kingdom, the former having furnished 393,908, or 31.6 per cent, and the latter 502,264, or 40.4 per cent of the total number of immigrants admitted to the Dominion during the period referred to. During the same period Canada expended more money in promoting immigration from the United vStates than from the United Kingdom, the amounts being respectively .$1,662,000 and $1,445,000. From 1901 to 1909, inclusive, 71.2 per cent of the total European 9 10 INTEODUCTOEY. immigration to Canada originated in those northern and western countries where the Canadian propaganda is carried on, while in the same years only 23.8 per cent of the European immigration to the United States came from the same countries. The large immigration from the British Isles to the Dominion is chiefly responsible for this result, but even where continental European immigration alone is considered, Canada receives relatively fewer immigrants from southern and eastern Euro])e than does the United States. The movement of population from the United States to Canada and the counter movement from the Dominion to the States are treated in separate chapters. The latter movement is one of early origin, but immigration to Canada from the States is largely a develop- ment of recent j^ears, having orown from 2,412 in 1897 to 59,926 m 1909 and 103,984 in the Canadian fiscal year ending March 31, 1910. In this report the movement from the States is discussed from the Canadian standpoint, but it is the purpose of the Commission to discuss the subject more fully in a subsequent report. The Canadian immigration law is admirably adapted to carrying out the immigration polic}^ of the Dominion. Under its terms no immigrants are specifically denied admission solely because of their race or origin, or because of the purpose for which they have come to Canada, but the discretion conferred upon officials charged w^th the administration of the law does make such discrimination entirely possible. With this discretionary authority Canadian officials are able to regulate the admission of immigrants according to the demand for immigrant labor in the Dominion at the time. Moreover, the Canadian immigration department is directed by officials who are largely responsible for the development of the Canadian S3'stem for promoting and regulating immigration, and who through ability and long experience have become experts in that field. This report, which was prepared by Mr. W. W. Husband, one of the secretaries of the Commission, is intended primarily to cover the situation in Canada, since 1900, during which time immigration and immigration control have become subjects of great importance in the Dominion. Wherever practicable, comparisons have been made between the immigration laws and systems of Canada and those of the United States, and their effect upon immigration to the two countries. According to the plans of the Commission tliis report will be followed by similar discussions of immigration conditions in Aus- tralia, New Zealand, and other immigrant receiving countries. In presenting this report the Immigration Commission desires to express its appreciation of the many courtesies extended to the Com- mission by the Hon. W. L. Mackenzie King, Canadian minister of labor; Hon. F. C. F. O'Hara, deputy minister of trade and commerce and chief controller of Chinese immigration; Mr. W. D. Scott, Cana- dian superintendent of immigration; Mr. L. M. Fortier, deputy superintendent of immigration; Dr. Munro, Canadian medical in- spector and immigration agent at Vancouver; Mr. John H. Clark, United States commissioner of immigration, and ^Ir. Everett J. Wallace, assistant United States commissioner of immigration, at Montreal; Dr. Percy L. Prentis, formerly United States immigrant inspector in charge at the port of Vancouver, and now inspector in charge at Chicago; and Mr. Ralph P. Harrison, United States immi- grant inspector in charge at the port of Quebec. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Chapter I. CANADA'S IMMIGRATION POLICY. The immigration question in Canada, always vital, has in recent years assumed a place of paramount importance among the problems of the Dominion. This is clue largely to the development of western Canada and to the purpose of the government to populate that region with selected settlers. To further this end Canada has developed an immigi:ation policy which is officially expressed as follows : '^ 1. Money is expended and administration is exercised with the object of securing immigrants whose purpose in life is to occupy farm lands, either as owners, tenants, or laborei-s. 2. Money is voted and administration is exercised with the object of excluding those whose presence in Canada would tend to add to the congestion of towns and cities. In pursuance of this policy, organized effort is made to secure immigrants from countries which furnish the classes or races most desired as settlers for the agricultural regions of the Dominion now under development, but no effort is made in those countries which are considered likely to furnish immigrants of the second class referretl to. The European countries favored by Canada in this regard are Great Britain and Ireland, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland, and in such of these countries as permit the promotion of emigration to a foreign country Canada conducts a systematic propaganda to induce or direct emigration of the desired classes to the Dominion. Canada's plan of action includes the maintenance of salaried agents in London, Liverpool, Birmingham, York, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Bel- fast, Exeter, Dublin, Paris, and Antwerp, and under the direction of these agents an extensive advertising campaign is carried on. Offi- cially prepared circulars in several languages, attractively setting forth the inducements offered by Canada to agricultural immigrants, are distributed in large numbers; similar advertisements are carried in newspapers and other pubhcations which circulate among the classes most desired; permanent exhibits of Canadian products are maintained in several cities, and traveling exhibits are sent to various sections of Great Britain and Ireland and to agricultural fairs and other exhil)itions throughout the United Kingdom. Another feature of the propaganda, and one which particularly indicates Canada's desire for immigrants, is the payment of a liberal a Official circular, Superintendent of Immigration, Canada, June 4, 1909. Appen- dix D. 12 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. bonus to several thousand so-called booking agents in the favored countries. These booking agents are for the most part local steam- ship ticket agents, and theoretically the bonus is allowed for the pur- pose of inducing such agents to favor Canada by directing thereto intended emigrants who otherwise might choose a different destination. The bonus paid is £1 ($4.86) on each person 18 years of age or over, and 10s. ($2.43) on persons between 1 and 18 years." In Great Britain it is paid upon tickets to Canada sold to British subjects who have for at least one year been engaged in the occupation of a farmer, farm laborer, gardener, stableman, carter, railway surfaceman, navvy, or miner, and who signify their intention of following farming or railway construction work in Canada. Female domestic servants also are included.^ A like bonus is paid on similar classes of immigrants from France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Fin- land. During the fiscal years 1905 to 1909, inclusive, this bonus was paid on 16.5 per cent of all British immigrants, and on 11 per cent of all immigrants from continental Europe, admitted to Canada. In England the Salvation Army is utilized as an agency to promote emigration to Canada, and grants of money are made to the army for that purpose. It is stated, however, that the Dominion government has no system of free or assisted passage to Canada, and that no immigrant is ever brought to Canada at the expense of the govern- ment. For many years Canada has regarded the United States as a desir- able field for immigration effort. The propaganda is conducted under the direction of an ofhcial designated as inspector of agencies and press agent, and general agents are stationed in sixteen cities. The efforts of these salaried representatives are supplemented by sub- agents, who are paid a commission of $3 per man, $2 per woman, and $1 per child on bona fide settlers induced by them to settle in western Canada. During the fiscal years 1905 to 1909, inclusive, this com- mission was paid on 5.6 per cent of all United States immigrants enter- ing Canada. The subject of immigration to Canada from the United States is discussed at greater length elsewhere in this report. The British ])ress is relied upon as a factor in promoting emigra- tion to Canada, through news articles relative to the progress and advantages of the Dominion, and also througli the publication of let- ters from persons who have settled there. British newspaper writers and other publicity agents are encouraged to visit Canada, and it is stated that much desirable advertising has resulted. Some years ago Canada inaugurated the plan of sending delegates to Great Britain in the interest of the immigration propaganda, and this practice has been continued. The origin and purpose of this movement is referred to as follows in the official report on immigra- tion by the Deputy Minister of the Interior in 1903:'= Those delegates, 55 in all, were selected as those having had most successful careers in agricultural pursuits in the West, and who could give their personal testimony- regarding the different districts in which they reside. It was considered by the department that although strong efforts had been made to induce people from the British Isles to locate in Canada, the result had not been as satisfactory as might have been expected, and it was felt that a new method for reaching the class of people whom a Appendix E. b Circular to Steamship Booking Agents in the United Kingdom, November 15, 1906, W. D. Scott, Superintendent of Immigration. c Report of Superintendent of Immigration, Canada, 1903, p. xii. THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 13 we are desirous of securing should be adopted. No scheme ever attempted by the department to encourage immigration has attracted greater attention or has proved as successful as the visit of these farmer delegates. They left for England in the beginning of February last, and on an average were engaged for periods varying between six weeks and two months in visiting the various towns respectively assigned to them. The demand for information from the dele- gates was so great that many of them were compelled to remain for weeks at the govern- ment agencies. There is no doubt that the most effective work was done in this way, and that as a result no country in the world to-da>^ is better known than Canada is in the old country. The delegates were brought in immediate contact with the jjeople who contemplated removing to another country, and the information imparted by the delegates in these interviews has done more than any other means heretofore employed in removing the deep-rooted prejudices against settlement in Canada and in conveying a correct knowledge of the country. Their visits to the various towns created a most lively interest. They were appealed to by prospective settlers and their lectures and movements were reported by the papers throughout the country. I certainly attribute very largely the increase in the immigration from the British Isles during the past year to the visit of these delegates, and the results thus obtained have more than compensated for the comparatively small expenditure of public money which it involved. Concerning this feature of Canada's campaign to promote immigra- tion, Mr. J. Obed Smith, assistant superintendent of emigration for Canada in London, says : " The continuance of the policy of sending successful farmer delegates to tell their personal story of success has been productive of excellent results throughout the British Isles, and I am of the opinion that the policy in question should be continued next season. Strive as the department does to prepare literature absolutely correct in every detail, there is, perhaps owing to competition from other colonies, a linger- ing opinion among intending immigrants that government literature requires to be fortified by the personal opinion of some actual settler or farmer from Canada, with whom they can converse. IMMIGRATION EXPENDITURES. During the fiscal jesbrs 1S9S to 1908, inclusive, Canada's expendi- tures in promoting and regulating immigration aggregated $6,779,823. Of this amount, S2,500,432, or 36.9 per cent, was expended in Canada, and the remainder in the United States, the United Kingdom, and continental Europe. The geographical distribution of this expendi- ture by years is shown in the following table : Table 1. — Canadian immigration expenditures, fiscal years 1898 to 1908. rCompiled from Immigration Facts and Figures, issued by direction of the Hon. Franlc Oliver, Minister of the Interior, Canada, 1909.] Fiscal year — b Canada. United States. United Kingdom. Conti- nental Europe. Total. 1898 $82, 194. 90 102. 878. 88 163,562.61 147,729.63 137,841.55 210,913.74 225,788.50 354,556.69 344,0(38.23 244.200.70 480. 696. 51 $87,000 75.000 112,000 144,000 178,000 161,000 205,000 325,000 248,000 151,000 250.000 $61,000 41,000 96,000 110,000 121,000 205.000 236,000 181,000 148,000 174.000 270,000 $31,000 37,000 63,000 43,000 58.000 60, 000 78,000 111,800 102, 600 42,000 74,000 $261,194.90 1899 1900 1901 1902 255.878.88 434. 562. 61 444,729.63 494.841.55 1903 642.913.74 1904 1905 190t) 1907 (9 monthis) 744, 788. 50 972, 356. 69 842, 668. 23 611,200.70 1908 1.074,696.51 2,500,432.00 1,936,000 1,643,000 700,400 0,779,832.00 a Report of Superintendent of Immigration, Canada, 1909, p. 64. , „, . ,„„, fc The Canadian fiscal year ended June 30 in the years 1898 to 1906 inclusive, and March 31 m 1907 and succeeding years. 14 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Assuming that the amount of money expended in Canada repre- sents the cost of reguhiting immigration, and the amount expended outside of Canada the cost of promoting immigration, it will be seen that the latter was 63.1 per cent of the total cost during the period considered. The distribution by geographical divisions of expenditures outside of Canada is shown in the following table : Table 2. — Canadicm immigration expenditures outside of Canada, fiscal years 1898 to 1908, inclusive. [Compiled from Immigration Facts and Figures, Canada, 1909.] Country. Expenditures outside of Canada. Total. Per cent of total. United States United Kingdom . . . Continental Europe Total $1,936,000 1,643,000 700,400 45.2 38.4 16.4 4,279,400 100.0 During the fiscal years 1901 to 1908, inclusive, a total of 1,097,689 immigrants were admitted to Canada. The total expenditures of the Dominion on account of immigration during the same period were $5,828,195.61, or $5.31 per immigrant admitted. Of this amount $2,151,795.61, or $1.96 per immigrant, was expended in Canada, or, as previously stateil, in the regulation of immigration, while $3,676,400, or $3.35 per immigrant, was expended outside of Canada, or in the promotion of immigration. The total immigration to Canada from the United States and the United Kingdom during the period above mentioned, compared with the expenditures by Canada in each country on account of immigra- tion, is shown in the following table: Table 3. — Immigration to Canada from the United States and the United Kingdom, and Canadian immigration expenditures in such countries, fiscal years 1901 to 1908. [From Immigration Facts and Figures, Canada, 1909, and statistical table on page 16.] Country. Total immigra- tion. Total expendi- ture. Amount per capita. United States 333,983 449,363 $1,662,000 1,445,000 $4.98 United Kingdom 3.22 It will be noticed that during the period covered by the above table Canada expended a considerably greater sum in the United States in promoting immigration than was expended for the same purpose in Englantl, Irelantl, Scotland and Wales, combined, and also that the cost per immigrant was relatively much greater. The expenditure per capita on immigrants to Canada from conti- nental Europe during the eight years considered was approximately THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 15 $1.99. The wide difference between per capita expenditures in the United States and the United Kingdom and such expenditures in continental Europe may be accounted for by the fact that Canada makes no so-called immigration effort in several European countries which nevertheless furnish annually a considerable number of inuni- grants to the Dominion. Moreover, the United States and Great Britain permit the open and unrestricted solicitation of immigration on the part of Canada, while, as previously stated, some European countries regartled by Canada as sources of desirable immigration do not tolerate a propaganda of that nature. souKCES OF Canada's immigration. It is apparent that at present Canada divides the emigrating races of the transoceanic world into three general groups, as follows: First, natives of the United Kingdom and of northern and western continental Europe; second, southern and eastern Europeans; third, the races of the Orient. The government has a well-defined idea of the desirability of each group as settlers in Canada; and the Canadian immigration act, al- though excluding no one solely because of his race or nationality, seems to make possible an effective discrmiination among them. As previously explained, every effort is n:^de to induce persons of the first class to settle in Canada. Those of the second group, although admitted in rather large numbers, are not sohcited, and, as will be sliowTi later, more or less effective obstacles are placed in their way. Those of the third class are practically prohibited from coming by the Cliinese immigration act, and by barriers erected under vari- ous provisions of the immigration law, which will later be discussed in detail. How Canada has succeeded in attracting immigrants of the races or peoples desired is indicated by the following tables, which show in detail the racial or national composition of immigration to the Do- minion during the past nine years, during which period the present system of control has been developed. Canadian immigration statistics are generally recorded by race rather than country of birth, although, as will be seen, territorial rather than ethnological designations are employed to a considerable extent, and in some instances mimigrants are designated by the re- ligious sect with which they are affihated. Therefore the following table, while not entirely comparable with United States immigration statistics, nevertheless gives a clear idea of the racial distribution of recent Canadian immigration. 16 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Table 4.— Total imviigration to Canada from. July 1, 1900, to March 31, 1909, by race or nationality. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.] Race or nationality. Year ending June 30— Nine months ending March 31, 1907. Year ending March 31— Total July 1, 1900, to 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1908. 1909. Mar. 31, 1909. 98 62 3 9 128 ^65 70 112 11 3 550 59 46 113 46 16 1,759 1 58 81 58 91 1,578 16 48 78 204 107 1,123 27 4 6,926 5 3 47 29 837 981 796 1 2 19 82 322 110 1,355 226 16 5,656 324 266 154 31 208 185 94 229 169 44 1,652 347 303 146 50 563 180 102 2,145 224 10 14, 268 321 912 188 4 79 171 28 1,546 1 1 6, 044 4 149 424 1,378 1,180 Austria-Hungary: Bohemian Bukowinian 560 10,413 788 75 4,702 6,550 8,382 7,729 62,509 1,001 1,033 Slovak . . . 14 27 82 116 774 29 Austrian.n. e. s.a. Hungarian, n.e. s. 228 546 132 320 1,048 223 781 2, 074 303 510 1,091 858 2 14 1,324 739 1,106 2 71 18 474 389 18 1,648 4 22 23 2 1,745 254 7,127 387 168 7,959 1,922 502 499 650 5 179 92 297 394 10 1,314 1 1 12 1,899 1,307 1,214 1 2,529 1,884 290 1,212 8 2,671 2 7 5 1,830 595 828 4 56 1,887 160 495 2 1,830 1 74' 8 1,257 192 1,036 6 35 4,228 495 8,297 8,880 0,110 15 1 2 163 35 3 431 7 2,859 7 88 25 1 360 3,890 308 223 1 937 417 169 3 1,534 461 281 2 1,743 2,658 Dutch 3,223 48 12, 408 Germany: 8 30 6 13 1,869 193 2,066 11 8 2, 960 191 3,727 28 10 2,721 98 7,715 45 413 3, 473 354 158 41 German, n. e. s Greek 984 81 2,765 1,048 161 1,015 1,889 545 6,584 2,124 46 5,114 2,042 2,363 1,053 7,712 2,023 97 11,212 7, (101 10,842 2, 768 40, 347 5,185 912 4,710 6 260 3,828 917 3,371 396 4,445 3,244 48, 340 12, 420 5 5 '* 2 2 5 190 57 1,397 8 745 1 42 340 89 1,415 7 725 6 ios l,02i) 30 876 31 1,033 2 130 3,374 70 1,554 7 1,593 2 73 2,108 05 752 1 370 2 364 335 2 1, 746 40 274 519 23 1,2.39 5 669 7,895 336 265 1,015 1 230 10,259 100 Polish 162 5,807 13 Roumania: Moldavian Roumanian, n.e.s. Russia: 152 279 272 12 1,292 52 2,467 1 437 280 619 270 24 1,323 396 204 1,103 431 949 278 3,804 240 682 1,734 38 5,505 2 845 11 1,955 10 21 5 2, 151 128 369 29 36,694 3,128 10,552 45, 229 3 1,049 1,212 669 9,909 101 Russian, n.e.s — 1,044 23 1,887 7 35 10 1,847 150 630 30 49,617 3,998 11,744 43, 652 8 3,152 19 46 12 1,802 172 336 357 65,932 5,018 15,846 57,919 11 12 171 1,927 4 23 29 1,077 112 277 232 41,658 3,404 10, 729 34, 748 10 16 64 6, 281 48 76 61 2, 1.32 195 732 489 91,412 0,547 22,223 58, 445 43 101 134 3,547 31 53 32 1,135 129 189 236 37, 482 3, 609 11,810 59, 926 14 32 113 27, 765 144 254 14 485 30 464 37 9,401 933 1,476 18, 055 1 1,013 17 1,066 17 13,095 1,311 2, 853 26, 461 7 2,477 73 847 43 32,510 2, 236 7,046 49, 473 6 171 14,119 1,006 Syrian 4,910 Turliish 1,470 United Kingdom: English and Welsh 377,801 Irish 30,184 Scotch 94,279 United States West Indies: c 393, 908 95 161 17 52 09 020 Grand total . . . 49, 149 67,379 128,364 130, 331 146, 266 189,064 124,067 262, 469 140,908 1,244,597 a Not elsewhere specified. '' A religious sect, c Including 316 United States citizens coming to Canada via ocean ports. THE IMMIGRATl'ON SITUATION IN CANADA. 17 The following tables show the immigration to Canada in the years 1908 and 1909, and for the nine years ending March 31 , 1909, of certain races coming from countries where immigration efl'ort is made ; that from countries whose people are admitted to Canada but whose coming is not solicited ; the number of persons coming from the United States; and the number of Asiatics. Table b.—Immigralion to Canada from European countries where immigration effort is made, by race or people. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.] Race or people. United Kingdom: English and Welsh. Irish Scotch Belgian Danish Dutch Finnish French German Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Swiss Total Total United Kingdom Total others 91,412 6,547 22, 223 1,214 290 1,212 1,212 2,671 a 2, 377 97 1,554 2,132 195 133, 136 120, 182 12, 954 1909. 1901-1909. 37, 482 3.609 11,810 828 160 495 669 1,830 b 1, 340 35 752 1,135 129 60,274 52, 901 7,373 377, 801 30, 184 94, 279 6,110 2,658 3,223 9, 909 12, 468 c 17, 079 3,244 10, 259 14,119 1,000 582, 339 502, 264 80, 075 a Including 2 Alsatian, 7 Bavarian, 5 Prussian. b Including 1 Alsatian, 74 Prussian, 8 Saxon. c Including 8 Alsatian, 30 Bavarian, 158 Prussian, 41 Saxon. Table Q.— Immigration to Canada from European countries, including Syria, where no immigration effort is made, by race or people. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.] Race or people. Armenian. . . Austrian Bukowinian. Bulgarian. .. Galician Greek Hebrew Hungarian... Italian Polish Roumanian.. Russian Ruthenian... Syrian Turkish others Grand total 54, 600 1908. 563 899 145 529 268 053 712 628 212 593 949 ,281 912 732 489 635 1901-1909. 1,830 1,546 56 6,644 192 1,636 6 599 4,228 376 278 3,547 149 189 236 95 21,680 1,378 8,297 10, 413 2,859 62, 509 2, 768 40, 347 c9,881 48,340 5,807 3,804 27, 765 1,633 4,910 1,470 2,895 235,076 b Including 4 Magyar. ■ Including 1,001 Magyar. a Including 321 Magyar. Note —During the fiscal year ending March 31, 1910, a total of 208,794 immigrants were admitted to Canada Of these 103,984, or 49.8 per cent of the total, came from the United States; 70,151, or 33.6 per cent, from northern and western Europe: and 28.237, or 13.5 per cent, from southern and eastern Europe. (For discussion of immigration to Canada in the fiscal year 1910, see Appendix H.) 35365— S. Doc. 469, 61-2 2 Table 7. — Immigration to Canada from the United States. [Compiled from statistical tal>le furnished by Canadian immigration department.] Country. 1908. 1909. 1901-1909. United States 58, 445 59, 926 393,908 Table 8. — Immigration to Canada from Asiatic countries, by race or people. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.] Race or people. 1908. 1909. 1901-1909. 1,884 2,023 7,001 1,887 6 495 3,890 5, 185 12, 420 12, 108 2,388 21,495 Table 9. — Total immigration to Canada, hy specified countries or groups of countries. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department.] 1908. 1909. 1901-1909. Race, peojile, or country. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. North and west European, including Ice- 133, 130 54, 000 58, 445 12, 108 4,180 50.7 20.8 22. 3 4.6 1.0 00,274 21,080 59,920 2, 388 2,640 41.0 14.8 40.8 1.6 1.8 582, 339 235,076 393,908 21,495 11,779 40.8 18.9 31.0 1.7 Others .9 262, 409 100.0 146,908 100.0 1,244,597 100. It ap])ears from the above that (hirino; the nine j^ears mentioned 78.4 per cent of the immigration to Canada consisted of races or peoples from the north and west of Europe and from the United States, 18.9 per cent of races or peoples from the south and east of Europe, and only 1 .7 per cent was from Asiatic countries. Wliat pro- portion of the immigration of favored classes was induced by Canada's efforts, and how many persons of the classes not favored were pre- vented from coming because of the indifferent attitude of C^anada, or by the barriers erected against them, can not, of course, be determined. As previously stated, during the fiscal years 1905 to 1909, inclusive, a bonus was paid on 16.5 ])er cent of the arrivals from the United Kingdom, on 11 per cent of those coming from continental Europe, and on 5.6 per cent of United States immigrants, but it is, of course, improbable tliat the bonus paid was the determining factor in each case involved. Whether attributable to Canada's policy or to natural causes, it is noteworthy that so laige a pro])ortion of the European immigration to the Dominion during the period considered originated in countries where immigration effort is made. The result is even more striking when it is considered that the incentive to emigration, as measured by recent immigration to the United States, is much stronger in southern and eastern than in northern and western European coun- THE IMMIGKATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 19 tries. The following; table, cc)m])aiin*? recent European immigration to Canada and to tlie United States, cleaily illustrates the ])oint: Table 10. — Total European immigration, including Syrian, to Canada and to the United States, fiscal years 1901 to 1909. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department and from reports of United States Commissioner-General of Immigration.] Europe, including United Kingdom. Europe, excluding United Kingdom. Xmnber and class. Per cent of total. Number and class. Per cent of total. Country of arrival. North and west European and Icelandic. Other Euro- pean, in- cluding Syrian. North and west Euro- pean and Ice- landic. Other Euro- pean, includ- ing Syrian. North and west conti- nental Euro- pean, includ- ing Ice- landic. Other conti- nental Euro- pean, in- cluding Syrian. North and west conti- nental Euro- pean, includ- ing Ice- landic. Other conti- nental Euro- pean, includ- ing Syrian. Canada (July 1, 1900, to March 31, 1909) 582,339 1,560,219 235,070 4,994,103 71.2 2.3.8 28.8 76.2 80,075 768,214 235,076 4,994,163 25.4 13.3 74.6 United States (Julv 1, 1900, to June 30, 1909) 86.7 It will be seen that in the past nine years 71.2 per cent of European inmiigration to Canada was from the northern and western countries, while only 23.8 per cent of persons coming from Europe to the United States were from those sections. British immigration, however, was largely res])onsible for tlie preponderance of northern and west- ern Europeans in the movement to Canada, for, as indicated by the above table, 74.6 per cent of the continental immigrants to the Do- minion came from southern and eastern Europe and Syria. But even when continental Europe is considered separately it will be seen that there is a considerable racial difference in the composition of immi- gration to Canada and to the United States. There is an even more striking difference in the composition of European immigration to Canada and to the United States for the year ending March 31, 1908, during which immigration to Canada reached its highest point, and the year ending June 30, 1907, when the greatest immigration to the United States was recorded, as will be seen from the following table : Table 11. — Total European immigration, including Syrian, to Canada and to the United States in years specified. I Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian immigration department and f^om reports of United States Commissioner-General of Iiiunigration.] Country of arrival. Canada (1908) United States (1907). Number and class. North and west Euro- pean and Icelandic. 1.33, 1.36 227,851 Other Eu- ropean, including Syrian. 54,000 971, U)8 Per cent of total Euro- pean immigration. North and Other Eu- west Euro- j ropean, pean and ; including Icelandic, i Syrian. 70.9 19.0 29.1 81.0 20 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. While these results may be, and doubtless are, due m part to the difference in policy of the two nations whereby Canada encourages immigration from one section and in a measure discourages it from another, while the United States makes no distinction in that regard, it is altogether probable that the chief reason is of another nature. A large proportion of the immigrants from northern antl western Europe are primarily seekers after land, and while the United States was able to present that attraction such immigrants came in large numbers. On the other hand, immigration from the south and east of Europe is essentially industrial, probably because of the fact that since immigration from that section began the demand in the United States has been for industrial workers. In Canada the situation is exactly reversed. The demand for industrial workers is not great, but the opportunities for agricultural settlers in the newly develo])ed country to the west of Ontario are widely advertised, and northern Europeans have responded as they did when similar conditions existed in the United States. OCCUPATIONS OF IMMIGRANTS. In an official pamphlet intended for circulation in the United King- dom, farmers, farm laborers, and female domestic servants are men- tioned as the only persons the Canatlian immigration department advises to emigi'ate to Canada. All others are advised to get definite assurances of employment in Canada before leaving home, and to have money enough to support them for a time in case of disappoint- ment.'^ The pamphlet referred to gives specific advice to persons of various occupations, and is quoted here to illustrate how the Canadian government attempts to promote immigration in accord- ance with the needs of the country, and also to show the means employed to acquaint intended British emigrants with conditions of employment in the Dominion. Intending agriculturists, tenant farmers, farm laborers, market gardeners, gardeners, persons understanding the care of horses, cat- tle, and sheep, young men desiring agricultural experience, and female domestic servants, are advised to emigrate to Canada, and persons with capital are assured that unlimited openings are ail'orded. On the other hand clerks, draftsmen, telegraph operators, shop assistants, governesses, nurses, etc., are admonished not to emigrate unless procecnling to assured employment or to join friends. No encouragement is held out to professional men, especially in cases where immediate employment is desired, and schoolmasters and teachers are warned not to emigrate on the chance of obtaining a situation. The pamphlet further states that there are few openings for civil engineers and architects at the present time, but that the demand for assistant surveyors in connection with new railway sur- veys is good and likely to so continue. How successful the government has been in inducing the desired immigration, so far as the occupations of immigrants are concerned, is shown by the following table: a "Classes Wanted in Canada," issued by the authority of the Minister of the Inte- rior, Ottawa, Canada, 1909, p. 31. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 21 Table 12. — Occupation of immigrants to Canada, including accompanying women and children, 1907 to 1909. [Compiled from reports of Superintendent of Immigration, Canada.] Occupation. Northern and western Europeans, including Icelanders. Southern and eastern Europeans, including Syrians. United States. Chinese, Japanese, and Hindus. Other peoples. Total. 60,992 45, 882 83,581 8,035 23, 503 16, 987 17, 939 21,607 48,045 14, 799 1,290 2,740 3,853 4,556 120,450 14,606 8,518 2,542 4,426 329 2,248 2,747 9,652 287 86 3, .599 42 2,341 308 4,732 929 369 380 807 837 206, 104 122, 917 Mechanics 108, 114 12, 322 34,648 Female servants 22,018 27,921 Total 256,919 96,890 153,119 18,754 8,362 534,044 Of the total immigration to Canada during the years mentioned 38.6 per cent were chxssed as farmers or farm laborers, which classifi- cation, as noted, includes accompanying women and children. It will be seen that the United States was the chief source of agricul- turists arriving in Canada during the period, 58.4 per cent of the total number being from that country, while only 29.6 per cent of the whole came from northern and western European countries. As noted elsewhere, the present movement of population from the United States to Canada is largely composed of farmers and farm laborers and their families, 7^.7 per cent pf the total during the ])eriod covered by the above table being so classified. In tlie same three years only 23.7 per cent of the immigration from northern and western European countries was of the agricultural class. The widely dif- ferent character of immigration from the two sources mentioned suggests that cities furnish the greater part of northern and western European immigration to Canada and a very small proportion of the immigration from the United States. The occupations entered by immigrants after arrival in Canada would be a better index of the result of the government's efforts to secure permanent settlers for the land, but complete statistical data in this regard are not available. It is stated in a general way in reports of Canadian immigration officials that the great majority of immigrants engage in agricultural pursuits either as farmers or farm laborers, and without doubt this is the fact. While it is impossible to state accurately how largo a proportion of immigrants entering Canada engage in agricultural pursuits, some indication of this is furnished by the records of free land entries in western Canada. HOMESTEAD ENTRIES. From July 1, 1900, to March 31, 1909, 235,690 homesteads were entered for in the western provinces, and of this number 156,261, or more than 66 per cent, represent entries by immigrants, practically all of whom came from Europe and the United States. According to 22 THE IMMIGKATIOlSr SITUATION IN CANADA. the record the average number of persons for each entry was 2.5, and therefore 390,654, or more than 31 per cent of the total immigra- tion to Canada during the period specified, were involved. This does not take into account the large number of European immigrants who became farm laborers, or immigrants — particularly from the United States — who acquired railway and other land by purchase. The fact that nearly one-third of all immigrants become agriculturists through the medium of free lands alone supports the contention that Canada's efforts in this regard have resulted successfully. The following table shows the distribution of the 156,261 home- stead entries referred to among various immigrant groups: Table 13. — Homcstmds in western Canada entered for hy immigrants, July 1, 1900, to Mareh 31, 1909, hy race or country of immigrant. [Compiled from Immigration Facts and Figures, Canada, 1909, and statistical table on p. 16.] Race or country. English Irish Scotch United States Continental Eiirope *> All others Total Total number of immi- grants. 377,801 30, 1S4 94,279( 393, 908 315, 151 33,274 1,244,597 Immigrant home- stead entries. Number. 31,759 2,947 8,142 70, 182 43,231 150,261 Per cent of total immigrant entries. 20.3 1.9 5.2 44.9 100.0 Persons involved In homestead entries. .Approxi- mate number. 79, 398 7,308 20, 355 175, 455 108,078 Per cent of immi- grants of each race or country. 390,654 21.0 24.4 21. G 44.5 31.0 a Including Welsh. b Including Icelandic and Syrian. There is a striking preponderance of homesteaders among immi- grants from the United States as compared with those from other countries, nearly 45 per cent of the former being of that class. It will be noted that the English show the smallest percentage of home- steaders of any class of immigrants enumerated, while the percentage among immigrants from the British Isles, as a whole, is considerably smaller than among those designated under "Continental Europe" and "All others." The extent to which United States immigrants have contributed to the settlement of western Canada is shown by the fact that of all homestead entries made by immigrants during the period considered, nearly 45 per cent were made by settlers from the United States. The relation of immigrant entries of the various classes to the total number of entries made during the time specified is shown by the following table: THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 23 T\BLE 14. — Total i»imi(/mnf and nonimmi(/raui homrstcad entries in western Canada, July 1, 1900, to 'March SI, 1909. [Compiled from Immigration Facts and Figures, Canada, 1909.] Class of homestcadfrs. English Irish Scotch United States Continental E>iropf: All others Total immigrant Total nonimmigrant Grand total Total immigrant and nonimmi- grant homestead eulries. Number. .31,759 2,947 8, 142 70, 182 43,231 15(1,201 79, 429 Per cent of total. 13.5 1.3 3.5 29.8 18.3 00.3 33.7 IRISH IMMIGRATION. In view of the laro:e increase in the number of EngHsh and Scotch immigrants to CanatUi in recent years, it is noteworthy that Irish immigration to that coimtr^^ is comparatively small. In 1908 when the movement from Europe to Canada reached its greatest height, it included only 6,547 Irishmen to 91,412 English and Welsh and 22,223 Scotch, and in the nine years ending March 31, 1909, the total Irish immigration was only 30,184, or less than the Galician, Hebrew, or Russian immigration to Canada for the same period. It is evident that the Irish immigrant prefers the United States to Canada, for during the nine j^ears ending June 30, 1908, 337,812 persons of that race landed in the United States. This tendency is peculiar to the Irish, for as far as English and Scotch immigration is concerned, Canada is a successful competitor of the United States, as will be seen from the following table: T.\BLE 15. — Total immigration to Canada {nine years ending March 31, 1909) and to the United States {nine years ending June SO, 19()S) from Great Britain and Ireland. [Compiled from statistical table on p. 10 and reports of United States Commissioner-General of Immi- gration.] Total to Canada and United States. Numbers to— Per cent to— Race or people. Canada. United States. Canada. United States. 098,634 307,990 188,311 377,801 30, 184 94,279 320,8.33 337,812 94,032 54.1 8.2 50.1 45.9 Irish 91.8 Scotch 49.9 Total 1,254,941 502,204 752, 077 40.0 60.0 24 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. It will be noticed that the English and Welsh and the Scotch immi- gration to Canada has been somewhat larger than that to the United States during the past nine years, while more than eleven times as many Irish immigrants came to the United States as went to Canada during that time. The relatively small Irish immigration to Canada as compared with the immigration of other Britons to that country can not be attributed to Canada's lack of effort, for the same systematic cam- paign to secure settlers for the Dominion is carried on alike in Ireland, Scotland, and England. Placards displayed in the Canadian Exhibit at the Dublin Exposition in 1907 indicate that Canada feels the successful competition of the United States in this regard, and attempts to turn the title of immigration from that country to Canada. Following are some of the placards referred to: ^ One of the greatest surprises to United States farmers settling in Canada is the absence of cyclones and drought which they had to contend with in their own country. If it is your intention to go to America, remember that United States farmers are going to Canada in great numbers. Canada offers to settlers better inducements than any other country in the world. Canada will receive you with open arms instead of imposing on you an alien tax of |4 per head. It may be asked: "Why do you use the great number of United States farmers going to western Canada as one of your principal advertisements? " Because it was this movement that woke up the people of the British Isles to the great possibilities of western Canada. Moreover, Canadians themselves only commenced through that great movement of United States fanners to appreciate the value of their own country. T. P. O'Connor, esq., says in "P. T. O.", March 9, 1907: "No fewer than a quarter of a million of Americans are expected to reach Canada from these regions within the present year. And all the people who do go to western Canada are enthusiastic in their praises of the resources, the possibilities, the climate of the country. The old legend that you could find nothing there but arctic cold is exploded; you find, on the contrary, one of the most beautiful and temperate climates in the world, and j)eople are growing rich almost overnight. Such is the demand for land; such is the immense migration." A picture was displayed purporting to represent Nebraska farmers bound for Canada. In explanation of the illustration was the following legend : This picture is reproduced from a photograph taken in Nebraska showing a large number of United States farmers moving to Canada. Boy: I say, father, are we going to be Canadians when we get to Canada? Father: Well, my boy, from what I have seen of that country, its rich lands, big crops, and where the people make their own laws and live up to them, to my mind it is a mighty good country to belong to. Notwithstanding the efforts of Canada, however, the United States is still the choice of more than 90 per cent of the Irish immigrants landing in North America. It is interesting to note in this connection that the foreign-born Irish element in the population of Canada has decreased steadily and ra})idly in recent years. This is also true of the Irish-born population of the United States from 1S90 to 1900, but the downward movement began later than in Canada, and the decrease has been relatively smaller. The following table illustrates the movement of Irish-born persons in Canada and the United States at recent census periods : o Commissioner William R. Wheeler's memoranda on inveetigation in Ireland. THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 25 Table 16. — Population of Irish birth in Canada and the United States in census years specified. [Compiled from the Canada Year Book, 1908, and the United States census reports.] Canada. United States. Census year — Popula- tion of Irish birth. Increase ( + )or decrease ( — ) over preceding census. Popula- tion of Irish birth. Increase ( + )or decrea.se ( — ) over preceding census. 1870 1,855,827 1871 219,451 1880 1,854,571 — 1 1881 V ia5,526 -10. 1 1S90 1,871,.'509 + 9 1S91 149, 184 -19.0 1900 1,618,567 — 13 5 1901 101,029 — .■^1-9 It seems improbable that the marked decrease in the Irish-born popuhition of Canada from 1S71 to 1901 was entirely due to death, and, although no reliable data upon the subject are available, it may fairly be presumed that Irish emigration from Canada to the United States has been a factor in producing the result indicated. The table shows, however, that even in the United States there was a consider- able downward movement in the foreign-born Irish population between 1890 and 1900. JUVENILE IMMIGRATION. The immigration of poor and homeless British children to Canada began many years ago, and is now encouraged and supervised, but not otherwise assisted, by the Dominion government. This juvenile immigration is chiefly recruited from the orphan or industrial homes of the British Isles. The children are sent to Canada by charitable and religious organizations, and are there distributed through various philanthropic homes and agencies. The majority of such children are placetl in the families of farmers, and the demand for them far exceeds the supply. It is estimated that during the last fifty j^ears nearly 60,000 juvenile immigrants have been transported to Canada from the British Isles.'* The extent of this movement in recent years and also the extent of the demand for the immigrant children ])y Canadians are shown in the following table: Table 17. — Juvenile immigration to Canada, and application by Canadians for such immigrants, 1901 to 1909. [Compiled from report of Superintendent of Immigration, Canada, 1909.] , Fiscal j'oar — Juvenile immigrants admitted. Applica- tions ro- ceived. 1901 977 1,540 1,979 2,212 2, 814 3,258 1,455 2,375 2,424 5,783 8,587 14,219 1902 1903 1904 16, 573 1905 17 833 19(W 19,374 15,800 1907 (9 months) 1908 17,239 1909 15 417 Total 19, 034 130 S25 a Report of Superintendent of Immigration, Canada, 1909, p. 26 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. It is said that there formerly existed in Canada a deep-rooted pre- judice against such juvenile immigration, but that this has almost entirely disappeared and there is now a great demand for these children. The foregoing table seems to fully substantiate the latter statement. According to official reports, the children are especially trained in the British industrial and philanthropic homes with a view to their final emigration to Canada. They are not, however, sent there against their will. Upon landing in Canada the children are placed in receiving and distributing homes, located in different parts of the Dominion, and remain there until indentured to farmers or others. The guardian- ship of the home over the children is continued to a greater or less degree until a period of apprenticeship is* passed, and the children are taught to rely on the homes for advice and assistance. Agents of the homes visit the indentured children periodically. In turn the Canadian government exercises supervision over the receiving and distributing homes and, in a manner, looks after the welfare of the children in their foster homes. This work is carried on under the direction of an official designated as chief insjDector of British immi- grant children and receiving homes. ASSISTED IMMIGRATION. In addition to the juvenile immigration elsewhere referred to, Canada annually receives a considerable number of British, and particularly English, immigrants, who, by private charity or state aid, have been sent from the mother country. ITntil last year the Canadian government had practically no part in the selection of such immigrants abroad, and as a result many were rejected at Canadian ports or deported after landing. In 1 908 Mr. J. Bruce Walker, assistant superintendent of emigration for Canada in London, made a report upon the activities of the various philanthroj^ic and charitable societies engaged in promoting emigration to Canada. Because of the general interest of the subject, this report is printed in full elsewhere." According to the report 12,336 persons were sent to Canada in the calendar year 1907 by London charitable societies alone. As immi- gi-ation to Canada is recorded by fisTal rather than calendar years, it is impossible to exactly com})are the number of assisted immigrants with the total immigration for any stated period; but it is interesting to note that the above number is equal to nearl}^ 30 per cent of the total English immigration to Canada in the fiscal period of nine months ending March 31, 1907, or more than 13 per cent of such immigration in the fiscal year ending ]\Iarch 31, 190S. These figures do not include state-aided and rate-aided immigrants, which classes are described in Mr. Walker's report as follows: These are the products of the distress committees and of the workhouses. The distress committees are bodies in large centers of population, permitted under the terms of the unemployed workmen's act to levy a small rate as a tax upon the public for the emigration and for provision by employment, or otherwise, of the unemployed in such communities. * * * The distress committees usually operate through some recognized booking agency, providing the fares for the transportation, and leav- ing such booking agency to provide the employment on the Canadian side. There is no supei'vision of an official character exercised over these emigrants. « Appendix F. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 27 No data are available relative to the number of state-aided and rate-aided emigrants sent to Canada. The (general charaeter of emi<2;rants assisted to leave England by the various agencies above mentioned is stated in the report referred to. Mr. Walker's report resulted in prompt action by the Canadian government, for on April IS, 1908, there became effective an order m council which prohibited the landing in Canada of any person whose passage had been paid wholly or in part by any charitalde organization or out of public moneys unless the emigration to Canada of such ]ierson had been approved by the Canadian emigraticni authorities in London." Tliis action on the part of tlie governoi- in council affords another illustration of the adaptability of the Canadian immiirration act to meet emergencies. o Appendix G, No. I. Chapter II. IMMIGRATION TO CANADA FROM THE UNITED STATES. For many years Canatla has made persistent and systematic effort to promote emigration from the United States to the Dominion. That the propaganda has resulted successfully is indicated by the fact that during the period from July 1, 1901, to March 31, 1909, the United States led all other countries in the number of immigrants furnished to Canada. England and Wales combined was the nearest competitor in this regard, as will be seen from the general statistical table on page 16. RECENT IMMIGRATION. The contribution of the countries mentioned to Canadian immigra- tion during the period specified as compared with all other countries is shown b}" the following table : Table IS. — Total immigration to Canada, 1901 to 1909, hy rare or country. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by the Canadian immigration department.] Race or country. Total Im- Per cent migration, of total. English and Welsh. United States All others Total 377,801 393,908 472, 8S8 1,244,597 30.4 31.6 38.0 The importance of the United States as a field for immigration effort b}^ Canada is clearl}' understood when it is considered that in recent years nearly one-third of the total immigration into the Dominion came from the States. Moreover, the class of immigrants furnished by this country is, according to Canadian officials, just the class tie- sired to accomplish the government's purpose of developing the agricultural and other resources of western Canada. How the campaign to induce emigration from the United States is conducted is shown in the following extract from the annual report for 190S of Mr. W. J. TVliite, inspector of agencies and press agent, who directs the Canadian propaganda in this country :« There is not a State in the Union in which Canada is not advertised. The offices of the government are located in the best agricultural sections, with a view to being in easy touch with the surrounding country so as to make it possible for the agents to a Report of Superintendent of Immigration, Canada, 1908, pp. 86-88. 28 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA, 29 cover their respective districts with the least trouble. The uOices are located as follows: M. V. Mclnnes, Sixth Avenue Theater Block, Detroit, Mich. C. A. Laurier, Marquette, Mich. Jas. N. Grieve, S])okane, Wash. J. S. Crawford, 125 West Ninth street, Kansas City, Mo. T. O. Currie, U)S Third street, second ilonr, Milwaukee, Wis. J. ]\I. McLachlan, box G20, Watertown, S. Dak. E. T. Holmes, 315 Jackson street, St. Paul, Minn. W. V. P.ennett, 215 Board of Trade Biiiidinii, Omaha, Nebr Cha."^. Pillin?, Clifford Block, Grand Forks, N. Dak. H. M. Williams, 413 Gardner Buildin-^, Toledo, Ohio. C. J. Brou^hton, 412 Merchants' Loan and Trust, Chicago. Benj. Davies, room 6, Dunn Block, Great Falls, Mont. W. n. Rogers, 31G Traction-Terminal Building, Indianapolis. Thos. Iletherington, 73 Tremont street, Boston. Thos. Duncan, 30 Syracuse Bank Building, Syracuse, N. Y. Geo. A. Hall, 210 House Building, Pittsburg, Pa. The work of these agents is very much the same in character. At almost all the offices there are one or two assistants, whose duty it is to look after the correspondence, issue the certificate which entitles the applicant to the reduced rates afforded by the Canadian railroads to the actual settler, and give to the caller all available infor- mation. At the end of the week the assistant keys the letters received according to post-oflices and districts. The agent then selects the district that he should visit during the next or coming weeks and advises one or more of the correspondents that he will meet them and their friends at some given place on a set date, or if this is not possible, when necessary he visits the individual correspondent. lie carries with him samples of the grains and grasses of central Canada, has with him a supi)ly of literature, and quotes rates from their home to such a point in western Canada as they may desire to go to. He a.ssists the intending settler by securing him the lowest freight rates for his stock and effects, ad\'ises him the best way in which to get cars, and afterwards follows the course of the car to its destination. Very often the male members of the family move in advance of those dependent. When this occurs it is the duty of the agent to assist the family in every way possible in order to get a start. During the fall of the year exhibits of grain and grasses, roots, vegetables, etc., with which the agent has supplied himself, are taken from fair to fair and tastefully arranged, then the agent's time is pretty well occupied in this way for from two to three months. A chain-letter system is adopted, which is very effective^ in getting the names of those in a neighborhood who would likely be interested in Canada. To the names thus secured literature and circulars are sent, and it is surprising the amount of eft'ective work that is done in this way. It is sometimes the case that the manner in which one State may be worked will differ from another State. In each case, however, the agents keep me advised as to what they feel is the best course to pursue, and I am always prepared to accept and act upon such suggestions as may be safely adopted. In some cases it is found that the management of a fair does not care to allow our exhibits to be placed, but these cases are so rare that it is scarcely necessary to refer to them. In most cases there is no difficulty whatever in securing space, and in others managements have requested that we exhibit, offering a space free of charge. Generally, however, we rent a space in some building, and sometimes, unable to do this, ground space is rented. On this ground a temporary structure is sometimes erected, and in other cases a tent is secured in which exhibits are placed. It is often necessary, in order to interest people in a certain district, to secure the assistance of one or two or more responsible men. Various ways are adoj^ted in order to do this. One of the best methods is to secure transportation for these j^eople and send them through to our western ])rovinces to report to their friends. The agent fills up his report very carefully, and in this way gets in touch with a good class of people. Again, parties are accompanied as far as the boundary line, as there is a possibility that in passing through some of the Western States towns some of the people who may have been directed by the efforts of local agents to Canada may become interested in American lands. I referred in my last report to the inducements held out by Texas land agents. The railroad rates from St. Paul, Chicago, Des Moines, Omaha, Kansas, Indianapolis, and other points to Texas lands w' ere much lower than those to Canada. The Western Passenger Association, however, has adjusted this, so that the rates are now rnore even; therefore some of this difficulty has been overcome. There is still opposition, and considerable of it is owing to the fact that Texas lands are reasonably low in price and an army of agents are at work throughout the country setting forth the advantages in Texas from a settler's standpoint. 30 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA, Besides the inducements held out by landowners in Texas, those offered by holders in Colorado, Montana, Wyomino;, and South Dakota were sufficient to arouse a dis- tiu-bing sentiment amongst possible movers and divert the attention of land seekers. These lands do not carry the advantages that Canadian lands do, but the desire to keep within one's own country is something that is hard to overcome. There is the wish to know what it has to offer before going outside. It is true that Canada has the ''last best west," but there is sufficient of the American west (whatever the char- acter of the land may be) to keep the department and its corps of agents busy in the presentation of the superior advantages and opportunities afforded by Canada. In addition to the salaried agents mentioned above, the Canadian immigration department is represented in the United States by a large number of subagents in different parts of the country, who, as pre- viously stated, are paid a bonus of $3 per man, S2 per woman, and $1 per child on bona fide settlers induced by them to settle in western Can- ada." Extensive newspaper advertising is one of the chief features of the Canadian campaign in the United States. Concerning this Mr. White says:** The country weekly and the farm journals are the principal mediums used. It is found that they reach the class of people mostly desirable as settlers. The city daily and magazine have not been used to any extent, nut being fuund as valuable for reach- ing the farming i^ublic as the others just mentioned. Nearly 7,000 newspapers were contracted with. In recent years the Canadian authorities have encouraged tours of inspection through western Canada by United States editorial associations and newspaper writers generally, and Canadian rail- ways have cooperated in making such tours practicable. As a result articles and ecHtorials relating to Canada have appeared in many newspapers in different parts of the country. It is stated that the publicity gained by this method has materially aided Canadian agents in the campaign to induce emigration to Canada from the United States. Concerning the methods employed, and the success of Canada's immigration propaganda in tlie United States, Mr. White says:'' It has not been considered advisable to make any changes in the method of adver- tising. The plan adopted in the early stages of the work, which has brought the num- ber of settlers up from less than 1,000 to nearly (iO.OOO in the si)ace of nine years, has been considered good enough to adhere to. No other plan can be submitted that would be more effective. Mr. White's reference to the growth of immigration to Canada from the United States is practically substantiated by statistics, as appears from the following statement showing such immigration since Janu- ary 1, 1897 :<= 1897 2, 412 1898 9,119 1899 11,945 1900 (6 months ending June 30) 8, 543 1901 18,055 1902 26, 4(;i 1903 49,473 1904 45,229 1905 43, 052 1906 - 57, 919 1907 (9 months ending March 31) 34, 748 1908 58,445 1909 59,926 a Immigration Facts and Figures, Canada, 1909. b Report of Superintendent of Immigration, Canada, 1906, p. 79. c Immigration Facts and Figures, Canada, 1909, and statistical table on p. 16. THE IMMIGRATIOIS" SITUATION IN CANADA. 31 Few data are available showing the racial eompositioii of the emi- gration movement from the United States to Canada. CanaiHan official reports indicate that a considerable proportion of the emijjrants from the middle western States are Germans, Scandiiumans, Finns, and others of non-Enji;lisli si)ealving races who had pre\dously come to the United States as immigrants. Canada has made special effort to induce former Canachans, and particularly French-Canachans, to repatriate tliemselves, with some measure of success. It is, never- theless, jjrobable that the majority of those composing the movement to Canaila are native-born American farmers, who, through the Cana- dian pro})aganda, are attracted to the Dominion by the o{)})ortunity to secure free or cheap lands. Many of the emigrants thsj)ose of their land or other })roi)erty in the United States before emigrating, and Canadian officials estimate that in the fiscal year 1909 the United States immigrants brought to Canada, in stock, cash, and efl'ects, uinvards of .SGO,0()(),000." As already stated, the middle western States are the chief source of the emigration to Canada. Data covering any considerable period of time are not available, but the following table will show which States were the largest contributors to the movement in the fiscal years 1907 to 1909:' Table 19 — Emigration from the United States to Canada, Jiihj 1, 1UU6, to March. n, 19U9, by States. (Compiled from statistics furnished by Department of the Interior, Canada.] State. Nine months ending Mar. 31, 1907. Fiscal year ending- Total. Mar. 31,1908. Mar. 31, 1909. Number. Per cent. 1,543 1,909 045 1,221 5,080 744 620 6, 121 567 317 1,041 3,580 1,078 9,082 3,914 3,606 1,012 2, 257 9,763 1,247 1, 476 12, 009 639 822 1,413 4,208 2,458 12,901 2, 000 2,594 1,775 2, 009 7,349 831 3,247 10, 573 1,091 1,097 1.133 7,917 1,880 15, 704 8,123 8, 109 3,432 5,547 22, 792 2, 822 5, .343 29, 303 2,297 2,230 3,587 15, 705 5,410 38,347 5.3 5.3 2.2 3.6 14.9 1.8 New York 3.5 North Dakota . 19.1 1.5 1.5 2.3 Wasliington 10.3 3.5 Otliers 2o.0 Total 34, 748 5S, 445 59,920 153, 119 100.0 Probably no other considerable movement of population from one country to another at the present time is so largely composed of agricultural people as is the emigration from the United States to Canada. As shown by the table on page 21, 120,450, or more than 78 per cent of the total number going to Canada in 1907, 1908, and 1909, were classed as farmers or farm laborers, which includes, also, accompanying members of families, while less than 23 per cent of all other immigrants to Canada during the same period were of those classes. Of the races coming to the United States as immigrants during the fiscal 3-ears 1899 to 1908, inclusive, the percentage of farmers and farm laborers was highest among the Roumanians, it being 55.8 par cent of the total immigration of that race, while "Report of Superiiuciulcnt of Immigration, Canada, 1909, p. 80. 32 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. among all immigrants to the United States in that period the per- centage of farmers and farm laborers was 16." United States sta- tistics relative to occupations of immigrants, however, do not include accompanying women and children. It is probably true that the great majority of immigrants to the United States change occupation in coming here, the opportunity to do so being the main incentive to their immigration. The movement from the United States to Canada differs in this regard, however, for, like earlier migrations westward in the States, it is largely a movement from farm to farm, which m this instance means removal to a foreign country. While the Canadian immigration proj^aganda in the United States is by no means confmed to the agricultural classes, practically the only inducement offered to all classes is free or cheap land, and probably the majority of the general laborers, mechanics, etc., who emigrate to Canada enter agricultural pursuits. HOMESTEAD ENTRIES. Nearly 45 per cent of the immigrants from the United States to Canatia from 1900 to 1909 were homesteaders, and they made 70,182 free homestead entries, or 29.8 per cent of the total number of such entries made in the western Provinces during that period.'' In the year ending December 31, 1909, a total of 11,976 free home- stead entries were inatle in Canada by persons coming from the United States. The distribution of these entries according to the State or Territory from which the homesteaders emigrated is shown by the following table: Table 20. — Number of homestead entries made in Canada by immigrants from the United States, by States and Territories, calendar year 1909. [Compiled from statistics furnished by the Canadian Department of the Interior.] State or Territory. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1 1 2 ""'3' 1 2 1 1 7 4 1 1 3 Alaska 1 1 1 3 10 1 3 ...... 1 13 3 8 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 8 3 ""& 11 Arizona 7 California 3 1 1 1 7 1 10 3 2 5 2 18 3 95 22 Connwticut 7 Florida 2 1 4 Georgia 2 20 51 19 60 19 2 1 5 2 Idaho . i 5 3 6 5 4 3 2 16 3 11 18 7 34 14 2 9 33 35 53 19 1 18 30 9 45 8 2 26 29 14 33 17 1 1 14 38 20 49 18 6 1 4 26 40 15 44 15 3 " 'e' is 49 28 90 22 13 1 5 40 21 18 51 15 2 ii 26 6 21 5 2 195 Illinois 343 Indiana 176 Iowa 602 Kansas 160 34 Louisiana 4 1 2 4 35 138 22 15 13 3 2 6 81 243 18 23 26 1 1 29 Maryland 4 Massachusetts Michigan 1 Ifi 57 3 2 4 1 21 68 1 8 5 12 51 221 21 18 9 55 256 13 22 7 11 59 220 8 23 14 1 3 14 42 155 16 37 12 8 75 154 28 15 10 4 79 229 38 18 25 1 4 3 "26' 4 330 21 6 30 10 7 55 238 11 39 11 3 3 2 42 110 1 11 9 79 611 Minnesota.. 2,089 163 Montana 234 154 Nevada 5 New Hampshire New Jersey 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 262 21 4 14 11 3 ...... 14 3 230 21 12 18 10 1 20 5 New Mexico 1 25 3 561 22 7 17 8 1 22 ....^. 3 4 2 12 29 1 463 22 10 26 9 17 331 9 12 14 6 1 19 "647' 4 13 18 9 1 179 North Carolina 16 North Dakota Ohio 159 2 I 6 1 1 190 4 3 1 3 291 12 12 6 7 626 12 14 10 17 221 5 9 7 6 4,311 155 Oklahoma. 103 167 Pennsylvania Rhode Island 97 6 oReports of United States Commissioner-General of Immigration. & See tables, pp. 22 and 23. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 33 Table 20. — Number of homestead entries made in Canada by immigrants from the United States, by States and Territories, calendar year 1909 — Continued. State or Territory. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia WiseonsHi Wyoming ,. Total 342 I 392 813 1,396 1,015 1,401 1,344 47 68 1 4 5 3 2 981 1,308 1,463 68 31 5 1 4 2 1 1 94 25 5 1 51 26 3 594 2 621 26 28 35 10 3 629 26 554 39 It w411 be seen from the foreo^oing table that every State and Ter- ritory in tlie Union, except I)ehiware and Mssissippi, was repre- sented, but that more than one-half of the total number of entries were made l)y emigrants from North Dakota and Minnesota. During the month of January, 1910, 978 homestead entries were rnade in Canada by immigrants from the United States, as compared with 342 entries ])y such immigrants in January, 1909. It is linnecessaiT to comment on the importance of immigrants from the United States as factors in developing the agricultural re- sources of Canada. Numerically they already form a considerable part of the ))()pulation of the western Provinces, and, acconling to Canadian officials, their experience and training in agricultural pur- suits, gained in the United States, are of great value to the Dominion. EARLIER IMMIGRATION, Reliable data relative to the emigration movement from the United States to Canada j)iior to 1901 are not available. The Canadian cen- sus returns, however, shed some light upon the cjuestion as far as natives of the United States are concerned, by revealing the number of such persons in Canada in the census years 1871, 1881, 1891, and 1901, as shown by the following table: Table 21. — Xatives of United States in Canada in census years 1S71 to 1901, by Provinces. [Compiled from the Canada Year Book, 1908.] 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. Number. Increase. Number. Increase. Number. Increase. British Columbia . («) C) 4.088 2,2.39 43, 40(; C) 14,714 C) 2,295 1,654 5,108 3,004 45, .5.52 609 19,415 116 Per cent. 6,567 3,063 4,278 3,238 42,702 582 18,524 1,961 Per cent. 186.1 , 8.5.2 6 16.2 7.8 6 6.3 6 4.4 6 4.6 1,590.5 17, 164 6,922 5,477 4,394 44,175 764 28,405 13,877 6,721 Per cent. 161.4 Manitoba . . . 126.-0 New Brunswick 25.0 34.2 4.9 28.0 35.7 Ontario 3.4 Prince Edward Island 31.3 31.9 5.3.3 The territories c 607.6 Total. 64,447 11,1 Si 20.6 80, 915 4.1 127,899 58.1 a Census not taken in 1871. 6 Decrea.se. <■ Includes territory now included in the Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. d Censii.s not taken in 1S71-I891. 35305— S. Doc. 469, Gl-2^ 3 34 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. It will be noted that the Province of Ontario has led all others in the number of persons born in the United States, but that the num- ber was approximately the same at each census year. The same is essentially true of all the eastern Provinces except Quebec. In that Province the increase was insignificant until during the decade 1S91-1901. The increase in that period was, in all probability, largely due to the emigration fi'om New England of American-born children of Frencli Canadian ])arentage. The table intlicates that the emigration of natives of the United States to westei-n Canada developed to a consitkn-able extent (huing the ten years prior to 1901. The numbers, however, are small compared with emigration from the United States to Canada in recent years, and the Canadian census of 1911 may be expected to show a large increase in the native United States element in Canada's ])o])ulation. THE IlETURN MOVEMENT. It is impossible to state what proportion of the immigration to Canada from the United States is permanent. In practically all larger immigration movements of the present time, however, there is a relatively large return movement, and it is probable that a con- siderable per cent of the United States immigrants setthng in Canada eventually resume a residence in the United States. This statement is substantiated by the following extract from the latest annual repoi't of John II. Clark, United States Conmiissioner of Immigration in Canada. Mr. Clark says: « * * * there is an element in tiie travel from Canada to the United States, in which I feel our bureau will be especially interested, reference being had to citizens of our own country who, having settled in Canada, return to again take up their residence in the United States. Commencing with January 1 of the cinrent year, a record has been compiled, showing that 0,869 of such citizens were interviewed by our officers during the past six months, and as containing important information, it has been directed that a similar record be ()l)tained in the future. As the foregoing record covered that jjcriod of the year when the movement would naturally bo north- bound, I feel it perfectly safe to say that not less than 15,000 American citizens returned from Canada within the year to resume residence in the United States. CANADIAN EXPENDITURES IN THE UNITED STATES. As shown elsewhere^ the Canadian immigration department ex- pended $1,936,000 in the United States during the fiscal years 1898 to 1908, inclusive. This amount was $293,000 more than was expended by the department in promoting immigration from the United King- dom during the same period, antl only $564,432 less than the total expenditures of the department in Canada. The amount expended by the Canadian immigration department ii* the United States in the^fiscal years 1901 to 1908, incksive, com- pared with the immigration into Canada from the United States during the same period, is shown by the following table: a Annual Report United States Commissioner-General of Immigration, 1909, p. 137. b Page 13. THE IMMIGKATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 35 Table 22. — Canadian immigration expenditures in the United States, 1901 to 190S. [Compiled from Immigruliou Facts and Figures, Canada, I'JOO.] Fiscal year. 1901 1»)2 1903 1!H)4 ItKJo 190(1 1907 (9 mouths) 1908 Total.... Immigration, United States to Canada. Canadian immigration e.xpeiKlitures in United States. $144,000 178,000 101,000 20.5, (K)0 ■Sia, 000 248, (XK) 1.51,000 250,000 l,0G2,O(W Amount I)er capita. S7.98 0.73 3.25 4.53 7. 45 4. 28 4.35 4.28 4.98 As previously stated, the Canaditin government employs in the United States "a large number of subagents who are paid a small commission or bonus on b(jna fide settlers mduced by them to settle in western Canada," but the commission paid for this service is some- what smaller than the bonus allowed to booking agents in the United Kingdom and other European countries. As a rule, subagents in the United States are not contmuously employed in the work of mducing emigration to Canada, their service in this comiection being incidental to other occupations. The number and per cent of immigrants from the United States, the United Kingdom, and continental Europe, on whom a bonus was paid from 1905 to 1909, inclusive, is shown by the following table: Table 23. — Total immigration to Canada, and number of immigrants on whom a bonus was paid, by countries, 1905 to 1909. [Compiled from Immigration Facts and Figures, Canada, 1909.] United States." United Ivingdom. Continental Europe. Fiscal year. Total immi- gration. Bonus paid on— Total inuni- gration. Bonus paid on— Total immi- gration. Bonus paid on — Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 1905 43,652 57,919 34,659 58,312 59,832 3,081 3,134 2,5(Jl 2,226 2,047 8.4 5.4 7.4 3.8 4.4 65.359 86,796 5.5,791 120, 182 52,901 11,974 17,694 8,861 16, 193 8,046 18.3 20.4 15.9 13.5 15.2 37,255 44,349 34,217 83,975 34, 175 11,881 8,741 1,198 2,307 1,570 31.9 190; i 19.7 1907(9montiis).. 1908 .. 3.5 2.7 1909 4.6 Total 254,374 14, 249 5.0 381,029 C2,7C8 16.5 233,971 25,703 11.0 a Not including 316 United States citizens who arrived in Canada via ocean ports. It will be noticed that the percentage of immigrants from the United States on whom a bonus is ])aid is much smaller than in the case of the British and other Europeans, and that in every instance the percentage of immigrants on whom a bonus was paid was consider- ably smaller in 1909 than in 1905, the decrease bemg especially marked in the case of contmental Europeans. a Page 12. Chapter III. IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES FROM CANADA. No reliable data are available to show the extent of immi<2;ration to Canada from the United States for any considerable period prior to 1901. That such immigration, or at least ])ermanent immigration, was, however, relatively small is indicated by the fact that in 1901 there were only 127,899 persons of United States birth in the Dominion.'* On the other hand, Canada has for a long time contributed largely to the population of the United States. As early as 1850 there were, according to the census of that year, 147,711 natives of Canada in this country. Each succeeding census showed a large increase in this number until in 1900 there were nearly one-fourth as many native-born Canadians in the United States as in Canada. The total number of natives of Canada in that country and in the United States in corresi)onding census years was as follows : Native-born Canadians in Canada: & 1871 2,892,763 1881.. 3,715,492 1891 ■ 4,185,877 1901 4,761,815 Native-born Canadians in the United States: c 1870 493,464 1880! 717,157 1890 980,938 1900 1, 181, 255 Wliile the figures relative to Canadians in the United States do not of course represent the actual movement of i)opulation from the Dominion, they do show that Canada was an important source of immigration to the United States during the period considered. Tlic growth and geographical distribution of the Canadian-born element in tlie jiopulation of the United States in census years since 1870 are shown in the following table: , Table 24. — Natives of Canada, including Ncirfoundland, in the United States in census years, 1S70 to 1900. [Conipilcd from United States census reports.] 1870. 1880. 1890. 1900. Per cent of increase. Geographical position. 1870 to 1880. 18S0 to 1890. 1890 to 1900. North Atlantic 250,983 2,249 217, 477 3,880 18,875 343,022 3,926 324, 838 6,180 39, 191 490,229 5,412 401,660 8,153 75, 484 650,502 6,920 422,323 10, 202 80,800 36.7 74.6 49.4 59.3 107.6 42.9 37.9 23.6 31.9 92.6 32.7 27.9 North Central , South Central . . _ • 5.1 25.9 7.0 Total 493, 464 717, 157 980, 938 (2 1,181,255 45.3 36.8 20.4 a Table 42, p. 75. & The Canada Year Boole, 1908. c United States census rejx)rts. d Includes persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees, etc.) stationed abroad, not credited to any State or Territory, but excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 36 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 37 In the United States censuses of 1S90 ami 1900 Canadian-born persons were divided into two classes, French and English, tlie latter classilication behig based on language rather than race, and including of course persons of Scotch and Irish as well as of English descent. The number and geographical tlistribution of these elements in the population are show^l in the following table: Table 25. — Natives of Canada, including Newfoundland, in the United States in 1890 and 1900, by race or descent. [Compiled from United States census reports.] Nuniher. Per cent of Increase 1890 to 1900. Geographical division. 1890. 1900. English. French. English. French. English. French. North \tlantic 260,875 5,128 3.35,947 7,759 68,7.33 229, a54 284 f)5,713 394 C,751 345,342 0, 284 345,304 8,802 79,009 305, IfiO 77,019 l,4(iO 10, 791 32.4 22.5 2.8 13.4 15.0 33.1 123. 9 17.2 270.6 59.8 Total 678,442 302,496 a 785, 958 a 395, 297 15.8 30.7 o Includes persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees, etc.) stationed abroad, not credited to any state or territory, but excludes Alaska and Hawaii. The above tables, however, indicate nothing concerning the many- transoceanic immigrants to Canada who eventually settled in the United States. Although no statistical data exist to prove the asser- tion, it is a well-knoA\Ti fact that in the past a great many European immigrants to Canada have later emigrated from the Dominion to the States. This is particularly true of the English, Irish, and Scotch, but in more recent years the newer immigrant races have to a greater or less extent joined in the movement. During the past few years the United States Bureau of Immigration has collected statistics"^ relative to aliens entering the United States from Canada for the purpose of taking up a permanent residence here, and the results show that the movement continues in spite of the fact that Canada is now one of the chief immigrant receiving countries of the world. . The following table shows the extent of the emigration movement from Canada to the United States in 1908 and 1909. Table 2^.— Immigration to the United States from Canada in fiscal years 1908 and 1909, by race, people, or descent. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by United States Bureau of Immigration.] Race, people, or descent." Number. Per cent of total. 1908. 1909. 1908. 1909. 176 367 60 717 467 1 52 541 1,238 204 338 97 818 518 3 59 420 126 0.4 .8 .1 1.6 1.1 1.2 2.8 0.4 .0 .2 1.5 1.0 C) .1 Dutch .8 East Indian .2 o Includes native-born Canadians and former immigrants to Canada. b Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. 38 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Table 26. — Tmmif/ration to the United States from Canada in fisi-al years 1908 and 1909, by race, people, or descent — Continued. Race, people, or descent. English Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Irish Italian: North South Japanese Korean Lithuanian Magyar Mexican Paeiflc Islander Polish Portuguese , Roumanian Russian Ruthenian Scandinavian Scotch Slovak Spanish Spanish-American . Syrian Turkish Welsh West Indian All others Total . 1908. 1909 ,12G 457 ,251 ,871 523 ,902 ,932 778 ,823 ,104 3 130 445 3 673 69 302 2 159 43,805 10, 563 502 12, 870 3, 200 476 2,917 3,900 092 3, 790 188 1 222 659 2 1 1,828 4 336 459 406 1,950 4,943 172 36 3 263 20 279 12 53,448 Per cent of total. 1908. 1909 23.1 1.0 9.7 6.6 1.2 6.6 6.7 1.8 6.4 4.9 (a) .3 1.0 (") («) .6 4.8 9.6 .3 .), 1.5 .2 .8 (a) 19.8 .9 24.1 6.0 .9 5.5 7.3 1.3 7.1 .4 (a) .4 1.2 («) (a) (n) (o) (a) (o) 3.4 .0 .9 .9 3.0 9.2 .3 .1 .5 .5 .2 100.0 a Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. The above table includes native-l)orn Canadians as well as former immigrants to (\xnada, and although the proportion of each is known, it is not possible with the data at hand to distinguish between them as regards "race, people, or descent." The records of tlie Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization for 1908 show that, of the 4,3,805 immigrants from Canada admitted to the United States in that year, 13,052 w^ere native Canadians and 30,753 W'Cre foreign-born residents of Canada. Of the 53,448 immi- grants admitted from Canada in 1909, 24,118 were native Canadians and 29,330 were foreign-born. It should be clearly understood that those persons classified as foreign-born were former immigrants to Canada who had acquired a residence in the Dominion, and that the classification does not include persons in transit through Canada to the United States. While it is not possible with the data at liand to classify according to their nativity the elements enumerated under "race, people, or descent" in the above table, it is safe to assume that the natives of Canada previously referred to were for the most part persons of English, French, Irish, and Scotch stock. In comparing the immigration of the tw^o years considered, a large increase in the Canadian French element in 1909 is noted. This is no doubt accounted for by an increased demand for industrial workers in New England during that year. A noteworth)^ feature of the immigration to the United States from Canada in 1909 is the great relative decrease in the number of A'^iatics THE IMMIGKATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 39 admitted. It will ])e noted that in lOOS the Japanese and East Indians or Hindus formed 7.7 per cent of the total immigration from Canada, while in 1909 they formed only 0.6 per cent of such immigration. While this fact is interesting as indicating a falling off in Asiatic immi- gration, it is chiefly significant when it is considered that the decrease followetl the practical exclusion of such immigrants from Canada," thus illustrating the effect upon the United States of Canada's con- trol of immigration. The occupations of Canadian immigrants to the United States in the two years under consideration are shown in the following table. Table 27.- -Occupations of Canadian immigrants to the United States in fiscal years 1908 and 1909. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by United States Bureau of Immigration.] Fiscal year. Profes- sional. Skilled la- borers. Farm- ers. Farm la- borers. borers, i ^"*^- No oc- ciijia- tions.n Misrel- laneou.s. Total. 1908 791 875 11,300 11,408 1,270 1,609 1,875 1,854 15,002 16,355 2,238 2,943 10,132 10, 087 1,191 1,597 43,805 19(^9 53,448 Total 1,066 22,708 2,945 3,729 31,357 5.181 20,819 2,788 97,2.'j:{ ' o Including women and children. The above table is chiefly interesting as showing the relatively small proportion of farmers and farm laborers entering the United States from Canada when compared with the large percentage of that class among persons emigrating from the United States to Canada. As stated elsewhere, more than 78 per cent of the latter movement is composed of farmers and farm laborers and their families, while only 9.4 p6r cent of those entering the United vStates from Canada, excluding persons of no occupation, are so classed. The large pro- portion of skilled laborers among the Canadian immigrants to the United States is also noteworthy. In many respects the immigration from Canada is similar to that originating in Europe. There is the same preponderance of males, and, like immigration from all sources, the great majority of the im- migrants are from 14 to 45 years of age. There is a large percentage of illiterates among the immigrants from Canada, but this is chieliy accounted for by the presence of south and east Europeans. These facts are shown in detail in the following table: Table 2S. — Total number of immigrants to the United States from. Canada in fiscal years 1908 and 1909, by sex, age, literacy, and amount of money shown. [Compiled from statistical tables furnished by the United States Bureau of Immigration.] Total. Sex. Age. Literacy. Money. Fiscal year. Male. Fe- male. Under 14 years. 14 to 45. 45 and over. Can read but not write. Can neither read nor write. Number bring- ing— Total amount of money shown. S50or more. Less than S50. 1908 1909 43,805 53,448 35,048 37,532 8,757 15,916 4,782 8,606 30,031 40,584 2,392 4,258 131 138 5,435 5,991 12,534 14,850 20,736 22,513 $2,417,348 3,404,237 Total.. 97,253 72,580 24,073 13,388 77,215 6,050 209 11,420 27,384 43,249 5,881,58.5 a Chapter V. 40 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Concernino; the cause of the emigration movement from Canada to the United States, Commissioner Clark in his annual report for 1909, elsewhere quoted, says'*: Should those interested in statistics inquire for a cause for the above exodus of Cana- dians to the United States, it may be stated, as a result of careful questioning for manifest purposes, that, in many instances, the claim is made that native workmen are being replaced by those brought into Canada under the Government's immigra- tion policy, and to accept this explanation is not difficult when we recall conditions existing in the United States, where in many of the great manufacturing centers, particularly in the New England States, native help has been entirely superseded by the foreign article. « Annual report United States Commissioner-General of Immigration, 1909, p. 137, Chapter IV. THE CANADIAN IMMIGRATION LAW. Notwithstandino; the fact that Canachx makes persistent efforts to promote immigration its law relative to the exclusion of undesirable mmiigrants is hardly less rigid than that of the United States. In fact the classes excluded under the laws of both countries are nearly- identical, as will be seen fi'om the following comparison of such sec- tions of the Canadian law as relate to exclusion witli Section 2 of tlie United States law. Both tlie Canadian and United States laws are printed in full elsewhere."'' CANADIAN LAW, SECS. 26-30. 26. No immi2:rant shall be permitted to land in Canada, who is feeble-minded, an idiot, or an epileptic, or who is insane, or who has had an attack of insanity within five years; nor shall any immigrant be so landed who is deaf and dumb, or dumb, blind, or infirm unless he belongs to a fam- ily accompanying him or already in Can- ada, and which gives security, satisfac- tory to the Minister, and in conformity with the regulations in that behalf, if any, for his permanent support if admitted into Canada. 27. No immigrant shall be permitted to land in Canada who is afflicted with a loathsome disease or with a disease which is contagious or infectious and which may become dangerous to the public health or widely disseminated, whether such immigrant intends to settle in Canada or only to pass through Canada to settle in some other country: Provided, That if such disease is one which is curable within a reasonably short time, the immigrant siiffering therefrom may, subject to the regulations in that behalf, if any, be per- mitted to remain on board where hospital facilities do not exist on shore, or to leave the vessel for medical treatment, under such regulations as may be made by the Minister. 28. No person shall be permitted to land in Canada who is a pauper, or desti- tute, a professional beggar, or vagrant, or who is likely to become a public charge. * * * UNITED STATES LAW, SEC. 2. 2. That the following classes of aliens shall be excluded from admission into the United States: All idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, epileptics, insane persons and persons who have been insane within five years previous; persons who have had two or more attacks of insanity at any time previously; paupers; persons likely to become a public charge; profes- sional beggars; persons afflicted with tuberculosis or with a loathsome or dan- gerous contagious disease; persons not comprehended within any of the forego- ing excluded classes who are found to be and are certified by the examining sur- geon as being mentally or physically de- fective, such mental or physical defect being of a nature which may affect the ability of such alien to earn a living; per- sons who have been convicted of or admit having committed a felony or other crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpi- tude; polygamists, or persons who admit their belief in the practice of polygamy; anarchists, or persons who believe in or advocate the overthrow by force or vio- lence of the Government of the United States, or of all government, or of all forms of law, or the assassination of public offi- cials; prostitutes, or women or girls com- ing into the United States for the purpose of prostitution or for any other immoral purpose; persons who procure or attempt to bring in prostitutes or women or girls for the purpose of prostitution or for aiiy other immoral purpose; persons herein- a Chapter 93, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906, and the amending acts of 1907 and 1908 consolidated. Appendix A. For law as amended May 4, 1910, see Appen- dix I. f> Act of February 20, 1907. Appendix C. 41 42 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 29. No immigrant shall be permitted to land in Canada who has been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude, or who is a prostitute, or who procures or brings or attempts to bring into Canada, prostitutes or women for purposes of pros- titution. 30. The Governor in Council may, by proclamation or order, whenever he con- siders it necessary or expedient, prohibit the landing in Canada of any specified class of immigrants or of any immigrants who have come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the country of which they are natives or citizens and upon through tickets purchased in that country. after called contract laborers, who have been induced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of em- ployment or in consequence of agree- ments, oral, written or printed, express or implied, to perform labor in this coun- try of any kind, skilled or unskilled; those who have been, within one year from the date of application for admission to the United States, deported as having been induced or solicited to migrate as above described ; any person whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money of another, or who is assisted by others to come, unless it is affirmatively and satis- factorily shown that such person does not belong to one of the foregoing excluded classes, and that said ticket or passage was not paid for by any corporation, associa- tion, society, municipality, or foreign government, either directly or indirectly; all children under sixteen years of age, unaccompanied by one or both of their parents, at the discretion of the Secre- tary of Commerce and Labor or under such regulations as he may from time to time prescribe: Provided, That nothing in this Act shall exclude, if otherwise admissible, persons convicted of an offense purely political, not involving moral turpitude; Provided, further, That the provisions of this section relating to the paymentsfor tickets or passage by any corporation, association, society, municipality, or for- eign government shall not api)ly to tickets or passage of aliens in immediate and con- tinuous transit through the United States to foreign contiguous territory: And 'pro- vided further. That skilled ]a"l)or may be imported if lal)or of like kind unemployed can not bo found in this country: And provided further. That the provisions of this law ai)plicable to contract labor shall not be held to exclude professional actors, artists, lecturers, singers, ministers of any religious denomination, professors for col- leges or seminaries, persons belonging to any recognized learned profession, or per- sons employed strictly as personal or domestic servants. Althouo;h the phraseology employed differs somewhat in the exclu- sion provisions of the two laws above quoted, it is apparent that both are desio;ned to exclude practically the same classes of physical, mental, and moral defectives and delinquents. The Canadian law, however, contains no provision regarding polygamists, anarchists, or contract laborers, while such persons are specifically excluded by the United States law. Assisted numigrants also are tlebarred by the United States and not by the Canadian law, but, as stated elsewhere, persons of this class have been added to the list of immigrants recognized by Canada as undesirable, through an order of the governor-general in council." There is a radical differ- « Appendix G, No. I. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 43 enco, noted elsewhere, between the attitude of Canachi and the pro- visions of the United wStates hiw with rejj^ard to the admission of so-called contract laborers." There is now before the Canadian Parliament a bill proposino; sev- eral more or less important amendments to the ])resent immigration act. This was introduced by the lion. Frank Oliver, Minister of the Interior, on January 19, 1910, and bein<:r a government bill it i)resum- ably represents the ideas of the immii);ration authorities. Because of this fact the text of the bill is published in full in tliis report.'' No very radical changes in the law, however, are proposed by the bill. By Its terms the exclusion provisions of the present law are extended to cover imbeciles and epilej^tics, which classes are now excluded under the United States law; pimps, or persons living on the avails of pros- titution; immigrants to whom money has been given or loaned for tiie ]nn-i)ose of enabling them to qualify for landing in Canada ; immi- grants whose passage to Canada has been paid wholly or in part by any charitable organization, or out of public moneys, unless it is shown that the authority in writing of the superintendent of nnmigration, or in case of persons coming from Europe, the authority in writing of the assistant superintendent of emigration for Canada, in London, has been obtained for the landing in Canada of such persons, and that such authority has been acted upon within a period of sixty days thereafter. The provision relative to assisted immigration just quoted merely proposes to enact into law the already effective order in council to which reference has been made.'' The present Canadian immigration law provides that boards of inquiry may be convened to decide upon the case of any immigrant seek- ing admission to Canada,*^ but no such board has ever been appointed.* The immigration bill now before the Canadian Parliament provides for the appointment of a permanent board of inquiry "for the sum- mary determination of all cases of immigrants or passengers seeking to enter Canada or detained for any cause * * *."'^ At the present time the admission or rejection of immigrants to Canada at Canadian ports is determined by the immigration officials, and, as stated elsewhere, medical officers of the service exercise great author- ity in this regard.^ Although alike in most particulars, there is one important difference between the proposed Canadian law antl the United States law,'^ relative to procedure before boards of inquiry. Under the former it is proposed that immigrants shall have the right to be represented by counsel whenever any evidence or testimony is received by the board,^ while no such right is granted by the United States law. In the matter of appeals from decisions of boards of inquiry, the proposed Canadian law and, the United States law are nearly identical.-' « Page 57. ? Page 56. b Appendix P.. '^Sec. 25, Appendix C. cPage 27, and Appendix G, No. I. «Sec. 15, Appendix 15. r her destination in Canada, unless satisfactory evidence is furnished that the immi- grant is going to some definite employment or to relatives or frientls already set tied in Canada, who will take care of such immigrant, and by a further Order in Council of the 27th of March, 1908, this arrangement is continued in force; And whereas Canada is looking primarily for immigrants of an agricultural class to occu]iy vacant lands, and as immigrants from Asia belong, as a rule, to laboring classes, and their language and mode of life render them unsuited for settlement in Canada where there are no colonies of their own people to insure their maintenance in case of tlieir inability to secure employment, it is necessary that provision be made so that such immigrants may be possessed of sufficient money to make them temporarily independent of unfavorable industrial conditions when coming into Canada; Therefore His Excellency the Governor-General in Council is pleased to order that the amount of money required to be in possession of each immigrant as a condition to his being permitted to enter Canada shall be and the same is hereby increased to §200 in the case of all Asiatic immigrants other than those with whose countries the govern- ment of Canada has special arrangements or those concerning whose countries special statutory regulations exist on the part of Canada; the conditions as to tickets to destination to remain as at present. The special significance of this order lies in the fact that it erects a formidable barrier against the immigration to Canada of East Indian or Hindu laborers, as will be mentioned later; but in a broader sense it illustrates the fact that section 20 confers upon the government the powder to practically prohibit immigration to Canada, in part or as a wdiole, if deemed expedient. Canada's evident determination to make possible the absolute administrative control of immigration to the Dominion is still more clearly suggested b}^ section 30 of the immigration act, w^hich pro- vides that : ^ The Governor in Council may, by proclamation or order, whenever he considers it necessary or expedient, prohibit the landing in Canada of any specified class of immi- grants or of any immigrants who have come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the country of which they are natives or citizens and upon through tickets purchased in that country. This section w^as presumably framed wdth a view to permittmg absolute control over oriental immigration, but it would seem that its possibihties extend far beyond that. Under its provision the gov- ernor in council, on May 27, 1908, issued an order wdiicli provides that after the date mentioned — The landing in Canada shall be, and the same is hereby, prohibited of any immi- grants who have come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the coun- try of which they are natives or citizens and upon through tickets purchased in that country, c o Appendix G, No. V. & Appendix A. c Appendix G, No. III. 48 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. It is not difficult to see iii this order another barrier agamst Hindu immigration mto Canada, but if carried to a logical and entirely pos- sible conclusion it might as readily be employed to prohibit the com- ing of immigrants from any country not having direct transportation connections with Canadian ports. The order above ([uoted is clearly in conformity with the provisions of section 30 ; but the other provision of the same section, under which the governor in council may prohibit the landing in Canatla of any specified class of immigrants, has not been put into practical operation. The proposed amendments to the Canadian law, as represented in the government bill elsewhere referred to, adhere to and perhaps even extend the discretionary power conferred upon the administration by the present law. One feature of t*he above-mentioned bill, taken fi'oni tlie Australian immigration act, proposes to confer on the min- ister of the interior the right to issue a written permit to any j^crson to enter Canada without being subject to the provisions of the immi- gration act.* On the other hand, it is proposed to invest the gov- ernment with the })Ower to order undesirable immigrants to leave Canada.'' Other sections of the proposed law aim to give the gov- ernor in council authority to'^ — (a) Prohibit the landing in Canada or at any specified ])ort of entry in Canada of any immigrant who has come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the country of which he is a native or naturalized citizen, and upon a through ticket purchased in that country. (/)) Prohibit the landing in Canada of passengers brought to Canada by any trans- ])ortation company whicii refuses or neglects to comply witli the provisions of this Act. (e) Prohibit for a stated period or permanently the landing in Canada, or the land- ing at any specified port of entry in Canada, of immigrants belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada, or of immigrants of any specified class, occupation, or character. In short, it would appear from the proposed law that it is intended to confer upon the government the right to admit, exclude, or deport immigrants whenever the circumstances warrant. DEPORTATION AFTER LANDING. Although the number of immigrants rejected under the Canadian act is proportionately nuich smaller than under the United States law, Cana(la has an additional safeguanl, or second line of defense, in a provision of the immigration act which makes possible a general deportation of aliens who become public charges within two years after their landing in the Dominion. This is accomplished under section 28 of the immigration act, which section provides as follows:'^ No person shall be permitted to land in Canada who is a pauper or destitute, a pro- fessional beggar or vagrant, or who is likely to become a public charge; and any person landed in Canada who, within two years thereafter, has become a charge upon the pulilic funds, whether municipal, provincial, or federal, or an inmate of or a charge upon any charitable institution, may be deported and returned to the port or place whence he came or sailed for Canada. o Appendix B, sec. . f Ai)i)endix B, sec. 38. «» Appendix B, sec. 42. d Appendix A. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 49 The method of procedure under this section as provided in section 33 of the immigration act is as follows : " \Mienever in Canada an immigrant has, within two years of his landing in Canada, become a public charge, or an inmate of a penitentiary, gaol, pri.> 393, 908 21,495 11,779 2,472 '484 149 35 1 to 236 1 to 486 1 to 2, 644 1 to 614 1 to 1,309 1,244,597 3,149 1 to 395 As previously shown, comparatively few immigrants from the north and west of Europe are denied admission to Canada on arrival, the pro- portion rejected to those admitted in 1908 being 1 to 876, while among those from European countries where no immigration effort is made the proportion was 1 to 138. This apparent discrimination suggests that Canada generally accepts immigrants from the favored countries on probation, and that other Europeans are more carefully selected at the time of their landing. Wliatever the fact in this regard may be, it is evident that no discrimination is made in favor of any race or class in the deportation of undesirables after landing. As the above tables indicate, the proportion of deported immigrants from European countries where immigration effort is made is more than twice as great as the proportion of those from other European countries. A more conclusive proof of the nondiscriminator}^ policy of Canada in this regard is shown in the fact that the proportion of English and Welsh deported, 1 to 187, is greater than that of any other races except the Dutch, Greek, Roumanian, and Turkish, and among the last named the numbers involved are too small to be particularly signifi- cant. In striking contrast with the large proportion of English and Welsh deported is the small proportion of Italians, only 1 of this race being deported to 1,559 admitted. The Japanese, who are now practically excluded from admission to Canada, show the smallest proportion of deportations, 1 to 3,105, and immigrants from the United States are second in this regard, the proportion of deported being 1 to 2,644. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 53 In his annual report for 1908, P. H. Bryce, chief medical officer of the Canadian department of immigration, accounts for the prepon- derance of English among those deported after admission as follows: " Not only does the large number of people from English cities cohie to om- large cities, but it is especially true of that class, "ne'er-do-wells," social and moral dere- licts, 'and ineffectives in general. They are not only physically unequal to the task of farm life, but they are further usually incapable of enduring the quiet of rural life. Hence if sent to the country they too frequently drift back to town, and when winter comes and work fails they seek aid in those institutions set apart for the city poor and helpless. In striking contrast with this is the following comment by the same official:'' The notable absence of mental defectives amongst the peoples from southern coun- tries is a matter of much interest and, contrary to a too popular opinion, it appears that if compulsory education can be generally enforced we have in such races not only an industrial asset of great value, but also the assurance of a population remark- ably free from the degenerative effects seen in those classes which have been for several generations factory operatives and dwellers in the congested centres of large industrial populations. Recognizing the constant and increasing need of a popula- tion not only capable of but willing to do the rougher work of opening up new areas by building railways and canals, we may consider it a fortunate matter if such can be obtained of clean blood and much native energy, only requiring the influence of social and educational environments to transform them into good citizens and absorb them into the masses of our law-abiding and progressive communities. The wide range of causes for deportation under the Canadian law is shown by the following table: Table 36. — Deportations from Canada during the fiscal year 1909, by causes. [From Report of Superintendent of Immigration, Canada, 1909, p. 109.] I. General: Tuberculosis Alcoholism Rheumatism Syphilis Diabetes Cancer Abscess Anaemia Exophthalmia Hip disease II. Eyes: Defective sight Cataract Trachoma III. Nerves: Insane Feeble-minded Epilepsy Paralysis Nervous debility Loss of memory Paresis Acute nostalgia IV. Circulatory: Heartdisease Varicose veins and ulcer. V. Respiratory: Bronchitis Emphysma 54 27 15 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 113 35 22 4 1 1 1 1 13 7 VI. Digestion: Hernia Fistula VII. Genito-urinary: Chronic cystitis (bladder) Kidneys (Bright's) , VIII. The skin: Eczema IX. Malformation: Senility Deafness Blindness Spinal curvature Crippled .' Potts disease X. Accident: Frostbite Injured Rupture XL Ill-defined: Physical debility Physical and mental debility. . XII. other: Public charge 1,074 14 Criminal. Vagrancy Accompanying. Prostitution Bad character. . 115 56 21 o Report of Superintendent 6 Report of Superintendent 1 1 of Immigration, Canada, 190>*, p. 130. of Immigration, Canada, 1909, p. 110. 54 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. The following table shows the distribution of persons deported from Canada during the past two years by cause and race: Table 37. — Immigrants deported from Canada after admission, by race or nationality and cause, fiscal years 1907 and 1908. [Compiled from reports of Superintendent of Immigration, Canada.] Race or nationality. Tuber- culosis. Insanity. other physical and mental diseases and dis- abilities. Crimi- nals. Public charges. others. Total. United Kingdom: 49 5 5 1 121 9 14 1 140 6 10 1 2 31 3 8 172 11 17 153 7 9 666 41 63 Welsh 3 2 63 3 4 63 3 1 2 1 1 7 2 5 1 9 1 1 6 3 6 4 5 4 1 3 2 6 8 3 1 4 7 1 26 6 1 2 5 2 1 2 1 3 8 2 16 5 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 3 1 1 4 2 2 5 1 3 7 2 5 14 9 4 12 United States 5 3 29 52 others 8 Total 85 182 185 58 302 214 1,026 It will be noted that, with the exception of the Bulgarians, all of whom were deported as public charges, the various causes of deporta- tion were well distributed among the races. Particularly suggestive is the fact that the English contributed largely to each class of what Mr. Bryce terms " ineffectives in general." The Canadian law relating to the deportation of admitted aliens is radically different from the United States law upon the same subject. Under the latter but one class of aliens can be cleported for acts com- mitted or because of circumstances due to causes which arise subse- quent to their admission to the United States. The exception noted occurs in section 3 of the immigration law of February 20, 1907,« which provides that — any alien woman or girl who shall be found an inmate of a house of prostitution or practicing prostitution at any time within three years after she shall have entered the United States shall be deemed to be unlawfully within the United States and shall be deported * * *. The United States law, however, also provides : ^ That any alien who shall enter the United States in violation of law, and such as become public charges from causes existing prior to landing, shall, upon the warrant of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, be taken into custody and deported to the country whence he came at any time within three years after the date of his entry into the United States. a Appendix C. b Section 20, United States immigration act of February 20, 1907. Appendix C. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 55 A comparison of the last-mentioned provision of the United States hiw with section 28 of the Canadian act, previously quoted (p. 48), clearly indicates the radically different policy of the two countries in this regard. Under the Canadian law deportation is not restricted to those cases where the alien becomes a public charge from causes existing prior to landing, Imt he may be deported from Canada for causes arising at any time within two years after landing. Because of this difference in the law and policy of the two governments it is impos- sible to make comparison other than to merely indicate the result obtained under each. This is presented in the following table, which shows the number of immigrants admitted to each country during the last three fiscal years, and the number deported from each country after admission during the same period: Table 38. — Immigra)its admitted and aliens deported after admission, Canada and the United States, fiscal years 1907 to 1909. [Compiled from reports of Superintendent of Immigration, Canada, and reports of United States Com- missioner-General of Immigration.] Country. Immigrants admitted. Aliens deported. Proportion deported. Canada 534,044 2,820,005 2,774 5,188 1 to 193 United States 1 to 544 As previously stated, no restriction is placed upon the deportation of delmquent, defective, and otherwise undesirable aliens from Can- ada, except that such deportation must be for causes arising within two years after arrival. Under the United States law the process of deportation, except in the case of prostitutes as noted, is accompanied by the necessity of proving illegal entry into the country or, m the case of public charges, that they became such from causes existmg jjrior to landing. Moreover, under the Canadian law municipal authorities are required to cooperate with government officials in making the deportation provision effective, an arrangement wliicli does not and can not exist in the United States. On the other hand, the United States law permits deportation within three instead of two years. All things considered, the possibility of deporting undesirable aliens is much less restricted in Canada than in the United States, but the above table indicates that, in spite of severe legal restrictions and the absence of comj^ulsory assistance from state or municipal authori- ties, the comparative results obtained in the United States were decidedly favorable. The possible effect of the adoption in the United States of the depor- tation provisions in the Canadian law must of necessity be a matter of speculation. A suggestion in this regard, however, based on the cen- sus of alien inmates of penal, reformatory, insane, and charitable institutions in the United States made by the Bureau of Immigration in 1908, is interesting if not conclusive. The census referred to included all penal, reformatory, and charitable institutions, public and private, including county jails and poorhouses, institutions for feeble-mmded, hospitals, asylums, and penal institutions of all classes in the United States and in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. In the case of all aliens detained in institutions covered by this census an attempt was made to learn the length of tune they had been in the United States. 56 THE IMMIGRATION- SITUATION IN CANADA. Tliis information could not be secured from all aliens, and the percent- ages which appear hereafter are based upon answers of aliens from whom this information could be obtained.'* The data, moreover, are not entirely reliable for the purpose at hand, as the census included some ahens classed as crinnnals who, wliile detained in penal insti- tutions at the tune, had not actually been convicted of crime. The census also included persons detained for mmor ofl^enses as well as serious crimes, and it is probable that even under the sweeping pro- visions of the Canadian law not all of tliis class would have been considered deportable. The results of the census show that 60,501 aliens or unnaturahzed foreign-born persons were detained in all penal, reformatory, and charitable institutions, and the approximate number who had been in the United States two years or less was 7.769. The following table shows tliis result in detail : Table 39. — Aliens detained in penal, reformatory , and charitable institutions, United States, 1908, by class and length of time in country. [Compiled from report of United States Commissioner-General of Immigration, 1908.] Class. Total. In country two years or less. Number. Per cent. 15,323 25. 606 19, 572 3.049 19.9 845 1 3.3 3.875 19.8 Total 60,501 7,769 1 ^ The total number of inmates of all institutions enumerated was 610,477, including 60,501 aliens, 73,593 naturalized citizens, and 476,383 native born, and theoretically, under the Canadian law, 7,769, or 1 to every 79 of the whole number detained, were deportable. The bill previously referred to, proposing amendments to the present Canadian immigration law, contemplates important changes m the matter of the deportation of aliens after admission to Canada. In this bill the period during which cause for deportation may arise is fixed at three years instead of two as in the present law. The bill also proposes to invest boards of inquiry with authority to deport undesirable aliens of certain classes who have already been admitted to Canada. The classes particularly referred to in this regard are anarchists and persons who "shall by common repute belong to or be suspected of belonging to any secret society or organization which extorts money from, or in any 'way attempts to control, any resident of Canada by force or threat of bodily harm, or by blackmail ; * * *."'' MEDICAL OFFICERS AND THEIR DUTIES. The Canadian immigration laws and regulations confer great admin- istrative authority uj^on medical officers, especially ^\\i\\ reference to the admission, exclusion, and deportation of immigrants. The chief a Report of United States Commissioner-General of Immigration, 1908, p. 96. 6 Appendix B, sees. 40, 41, 42. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 57 medical officer is directly responsible to the immigration department for the proper enforcement of regulations necessary to prevent the landing of undesirable immigrants. Local medical officers at ports of landing exercise like authority in a more restricted field. The following regulation issued under the Canadian law, and applied alike to the chief and to local medical officers, illustrates the peculiar powers vested in these officials:" All agents and officials of the department must obey all directions given by the medical officer regarding the deportation or the retention of any i mm igrants with respect to whose health there has been, or is, any question. In striking contrast with this is the position of medical officers under the United States immigration law, section 17 of which provides :& That the physical and mental examination of all arriving aliens shall be made by medical officers of the United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, * * * who shall certify for the information of the immigration officers and the boards of special inquiry * * * any and all physical and mental defects or dis- eases observed by said medical officers in any such alien * * *. To complete the contrast, attention is directed to the following regulation of the United States Bureau of Immigration relative to medical officers detailed from the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service to the immigration service : *= Every officer of such service (United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service) detailed for this duty shall, subject to the instructions of the Surgeon-Gen- eral of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, be under the direction of the immigration officer in charge of the port to which he may be detailed. It will be observed that the authority of the United States medical officer does not extend beyond the mere certification of the physical and mental condition of immigrants, their admission or exclusion being entirely in the hands of the immigration officers, boards of special inquiry, and the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, except in cases where rejection is mandatory under the law. On the other hand, the Canadian medical officer exercises abso- lute authority with regard to the admission or rejection of immi- grants when the matter of health is in question and his functions as an administrative officer of the government extend even beyond this. In short, the duties of the Canadian medical officer are administra- tive as well as professional, while the United States medical officer serves merely in an advisory capacity. CONTRACT LABOR Canada's contract labor policy is exceedingly interesting in com- parison with the United States policy in that regard. An immigrant coming to Canada without having first assured himself that some definite employment awaits him is quite likely to be debarred on that account from entering;'* while an immigrant a Report Canadian Superintendent of Immigration, 1903, p. viii. b Appendix C. c United States Immigration Laws and Regulations, eighth edition, December 15, 1909, p. 33. ^Circular letter "In re exclusion of over-seas immigrants,'' Canadian Superin' tendent of Immigration. Appendix D. 58 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. who comes to the United States with such assurance, and admits it, is necessarily exchided as a contract laborer.*^ The difference in the pohcy of the two countries as far as individual cases of so-called contract labor are concerned is strikingly illus- trated at Canadian ports where immigrants destined both to Canada and the United States are examined. A single instance observed by a member of the Commission will illustrate the point. At Quebec recently a young Englishman destined to a middle western State was held for the United States board of special inquiry because he innocently admitted to an inspector that his brother, alreatly in the United States, had assured him that he could have work on a rail- road if he would come. Acting upon that assurance he left England to join the brother. When examined before the Board, he stated that he did not know the name of the railroad or the nature of the work, but simply had been assured that such a place awaited him. A rigid though sympatlietic cross-examination failed to change the young man's story, and he was excluded by the Board, a decision which could hardly have been otherwise under the provision of the United States law which excludes — " persons * * * called contract laborers, who have been induced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment or in consequence of agreements, oral, written, or printed, expressed or implied, to perform labor in this country of any kind, skilled or unskilled. While the above-mentioned case was being considered before the United States board, Canadian officials were conducting an examina- tion of Canadian-bound immigrants from the same ship in which assured employment was insistetl upon as one of the chief requisites to admission. Canada's policy in this regard is clearly illustrated by the followmg from an advertising pamplilet issued by the authority of the Minister of the Interior:'' Importayit.— Farmers, farm laborers, and female domestic servants are the only people the Canadian immigration department advises to emigrate to Canada. All others should get definite assurance of employment in Canada before leavmg home and have money enough to support them for a time in case of disappointment. PROTECTION OF IMMIGRANTS. Under the Canadian system the official interest of the government in the immigrant continues imtil he has secured empk)yment or reached his final destination in Canada. At many points in the dis- tricts to which immigrants go the immigration department maintains agencies which assist the newcomers, and so-called immigration halls for the free accommodation of newly arrived immigrants have been estabhshed at various places. The Dominion government also main- tains free information or employment bureaus in the principal centers for the benefit of employers of labor as well as persons seeking employ- ment. Through these bureaus the immigration department and its agents abroad are kept informed as to the demand for labor in various parts of the country, and so are enabled to, in part, direct immigrants to points where assured employment awaits them. In a Section 2, United States immigration act of February 20, 1907. Appendix C. b "Classes Wanted in Canada." Issued by the authority of the Minister of the Interior, Ottawa, 1909. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 59 many cases the agents abroad advise the employment bureaus of the coming of immigrants in order that arrangements for their emphiy- ment may be completed by the time they reach Canada. The Canadian' department seeks to protect newly arrived immigrants from all kinds of imposition and exploitation. Hotels and boarding houses patronized b}^ immigrants are regulated by law," and generally the newcomers are treated as wards of the government until they are finally established. An instance of Canada's care of the immigrant appears in the cooperation of the department with the various churches. The Canadian steamship manifest contains among other incjuiries a ques- tion relative to the religion of the immigrant. The immigration authorities state that officials of the department are instructed not to insist upon an answer to this question if any objection to answering it is raised by the immigrant. The information, it is stated, is gathered not because the government lays any stress upon religious belief or makes it in any sense a test of the admissibility of the immigrant, but largely in order to assist the churches in work among those newly arrived. A list of arriving immigrants, classified by their religious belief, and their destinations, is furnished to the head of any religious denomination requesting the same. Such church officials are enabled in this way to notify church authorities in dif- ferent localities of the arrival of such immigrants, and it is said that much good results, not merely in putting the new immigrants into better social surroundings, but also in the way of helping them to secure work. a Sees. 40 and 58, Canadian immigration act. Appendix A. Chapter V. ORIENTAL IMMIGRATION. Canada, in common with other colonial possessions of Great Britain and with the United States, has an oriental immigration problem, and like other countries has adopted a policy which practically excludes Asiatic laborers. As in the United States, oriental immi- gration was for a considerable period confined almost exclusively to the Chinese. Later came the Japanese, and finally the Hindus, or East Indians. These immigrants, for the most part, settled on the Pacific coast, and the Province of British Columbia led the movement for their exclusion. In 1900 the legislative assembly of this Province adopted what was known as the "British Columbia Immigration Act."" This act was framed to exclude Asiatics primarily, but by its terms all illiterates might also be denied admission to the Province. The provision under which it was sought to accomplish this end was as follows : The immigration into British Columbia of any person who, when asked to doso by the officer appointed under this Act, shall fail himself to WTite out and sign in the characters of some language of Europe, an application to the provincial secretary of the Province of British Columbia, to the effect of the form set out in Schedule B to this Act annexed, shall be unlawful. Schedule B, referred to, was as follows: Schedule B. Province of British Columbia. Sir: I claim to be exempt from the operation of the " British Columbia Immigration Act, 1900." My full name is . My place of abode for the past twelve months has been . My business or calling is . I was born at , in the year . Yours, etc., • The act further provided that — An immigrant making his way into or being found in British Columbia in con- travention of the provisions of this Act shall not be entitled to a license to carry on any trade or calling that is subject to the legislative authority of British Columbia, nor shall he be entitled to acquire and hold land, or to any of the rights or privileges of a free miner, or to a free miner's certificate, or to exercise the franchise, and any license or franchise right which may have been acquired in contravention of this Act shall be void. The "British Columbia Immigration Act" was disallowed by Earl Minto, Governor-General of Canada, in 1901.^ a Chapter 11, Revised Statutes, British Columbia, 1900. b The British Columbia Gazette, Oct. 10, 1901, p. 1677. 60 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IX CANADA. 01 Similar acts were passed by the legislative assembly of British Columbia in 1902,^^ 1903,^ 1904,^^ and 1905,'^ but all were disallowed. In each of these acts the immigrant's admission to British Columbia was conditioned upon his ability to ''write in the characters of some language of Europe." The acts of 1902 and 1903 proposed a reading test also, and the acts of 1904 and 1905 required that the immigrant A\Tite at dictation "in the characters of some language of Europe," and sign "a passage of 50 words in length in an European language." Although British Columbia was unable to legislate effectively against ^^iatic immigration the agitation for restriction continued until the Canadian government adopted measures which resulted in practically excluding Asiatic immigrants from the Dominion. CHINESE IMMIGRATION. Canada, like the United States, dealt with the Chinese situation through special legislation, but sought to prevent their coming by means of a prohibitive head tax rather than by absolute restriction. At first the tax was fixed at $50, but evidently this did not have the desired effect, for the amount was increased from time to time until at present every Chinaman, except those belonging to a limited exempt class, is required to pay $500 for the privilege of entering Canada. The Canadian law in this regard is as follows :« Every person of Chinese origin, irrespective of allegiance, shall pay into th3 Con- solidated Revenue Fund of Canada, on entering Canada, at the port or place of entry, a tax of five hundred dollai-s, except the following persons who shall be exempt from such payment, that is to say: (fl) The members of the diplomatic corps, or other government representatives, their suites and their servants, and consuls and consular agents. {b) The children born in Canada of parents of Chinese origin and who have left Canada for educational or other piuposes, on substantiating their identity to the satisfaction of the controller at the port or place where they seek to enter on their return. (c) Merchants, their wives and minor children; the wives and minor children of clerg\'men; tourists; men of science; (subject to such regulations as may from time to time be made by the Governor in Council) duly certified teachers; who shall sub- stantiate their status to the satisfaction of the controller, subject to the approval of the Minister, or who are bearers of certificates of identity, or other similar documents issued by the Government or by a recognized official or representative of the Government whose subjects they are, specifjdng their occupation and their object in coming into Canada. 2. Every such certificate or other document shall be in the English or French language, and shall be examined and endorsed (\dse) by a British consul or charge d'affaires or other accredited representative of His Majesty, at the place where it is granted, or at the port or place of departure. 3. A student of Chinese origin who upon first entering Canada has substantiated his status as such to the satisfaction of the controller, subject to the approval of the Minister, and who is the bearer of a certificate of identity, or other similar document issued by the Government or a recognized official or representative of the Government whose subject he is, and who at that time satisfies the controller that he is entering Canada for the pm-pose of securing a higher education in one of the recognized univer- sities, or in some other educational institution approved by the Governor in CouncU for the purposes of this section, and who afterwards furnishes satisfactory proof thathe has been a bona fide student in such university or educational institution for a period of one year shall be entitled to a refund of the tax paid by him upon his entry into Canada. oChap. 34, Revised Statutes, British Columbia, 1902. 6 Chap. 12, Revised Statutes, British Columbia, 1903. cChap. 26, Revised Statutes, British Columbia, 1904. dChap. 28, Revised Statutes, British Columbia, 1905. « Canadian Chinese Immigration Act, sec. 7, as amended July 20, 1908. 62 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. In 1907 Mr. W. L. Mackenzie King, now Minister of Labor, but then Deputy Minister, was appointed a commissioner to inquire into the methods by which oriental laborers had been induced to come to Canada, and from his report upon the subject is quoted the following statement relative to Chinese immigration to Canada, past and present:'^ It was in the days of gold discovery in the mines of Cassiar and Caribou in the early sixties, and of the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the early eighties, that immigration from China to Canada took place on a considerable scale, there being no restrictions of any kind imposed. The numbers became such, how- ever, that in 1884 the government of the day found it necessary to appoint a royal commission to make inquiry concerning this immigration, and. in * * * 1886 a tax of 850 per head was imposed on every Chinese immigrant. The number of Chinese who had come into Canada at that "time was estimated as between 9,000 and 10,000. The Dominion census for the year 1891 gave the total of Chinese in Canada as 9,129, of which number 8,910 were in British Columbia. From these figures it would appear that the large influx of Chinese into British Columbia during the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway was well absorbed, nearly all appa- rently remaining in this country or others coming in to take their place. During the following decade the numbers so increased that in 1900 the Dominion govern- ment increased the capitation tax from $50 to $100, the increase to take effect on January 1, 1901. It was contended by the people of British Columbia that this was inadequate and ineffective in preventing Chinese immigration to Canada, and the government in the same year appointed a second commission to investigate concern- ing Chinese and Japanese immigration into the province. The census in 1901 gave the total number of Chinese in Canada as 16,792, of which by far the greater portion were in the Province of British Columbia. The commission appointed in 1900 found that, as represented, the $100 head tax upon Chinese was ineffective and inadequate, and recommended that the amount of the tax be increased to $500. Adopting this recommendation, Parliament, in July, 1903, enacted a law placing a tax of $500 on all Chinese entering the country, but its provisions did not come into force till Jan- uary 1, 1904. The returns show that between June, 1900, and January 1, 1904, over 16,000 Chinese paid the tax of $100, as follows: Fiscal vear — June, 1900-1901 2, 518 June, 1901-2 3, 525 June. 1902-3 5, 245 June, 1903, to January 1, 1904 4,719 Total 16, 007 In other words, the total Chinese population in Canada nearly doubled during the years 1900 to 1903, inclusive. Assuming that the bulk of the Chinese who came into the country remained here, it would appear that at the time the $500 tax was imposed there were over 30,000 Chinese in Canada, most of whom were in the Province of British Columbia. What effect the new legislation had will be apparent from the following figures, which show the number of Chinese who have paid the tax in the years since the $500 limit was imposed : From Januarv 1, 1904, to June 30, 1904 From June 30, 1904, to June 30, 1905 8 From June 30, 1905, to June 30, 1906 22 From June 30, 1906, to June 30, 1907 91 From June 30, 1907, to March 31, 1908 1, 482 Paradoxical as it may be, the all but complete cessation of Chinese immigration which followed the increase of the capitation tax to $500, which cessation continued up until the beginning of 1907, and the sharp upward movement which has taken place since, are each, in large measure, the result of the increase in the amount of the tax. The explanation is simple. Prior to the imposition of any tax, Chinese came to this country in such numbers that they not only entered into serious competition with white labor, but being in such numbers, there was more or less competition among a Report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the methods by which oriental laborers have been induced to come to Canada, W. L. Mackenzie King, C. M. G., Commissioner, Ottawa, 1908, pp. 69-72, THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 63 themselves. Unfamiliar with the conditions in Canada, having come from a land where unskilled labor earns from 5 to 10 cents per day, and skilled about double, and at most treble, that amount, a wage of $20 to $10 a month to a laborer and a wage of $10 to $30 to a servant, appeared to afford the opportunity of saving, within the course of a few years, that fortune which the Chinese immigrant came to this country to seek. Labor agencies and contractors found it a ])roiitable l)usiness to bring Chinese in large numbers to the country. Yip Sang, a prominent Chinese merchant of Vancouver, stated that were there no tax at the present time, at least 8,000 would come out each year, and that he himself would bring out Chinese in large numbers. Chinese brought to this country by labor agencies and contractors, or who had come of their own voli- tion, by informing relatives and friends in China of opportunities here, set up what may be described as a natural flow in the tide of Chinese emigration; this tide the tax of $50 or $100 was too small to check. The imposition of a $500 tax administered a death blow to the work of the labor agencies and contractors. For a while it raised an almost effective barrier against the natural tide. An advance of $50 or even $100 to emigrants coming under the guarantee of service was a risk which agencies or contractors, considering first the security of their profits, hesitated to incur; when thig amount was raised to $500, such an advance could no longer be considered as a business proi^osition. Likewise, the Chinaman who was desirous of having his relatives or friends share his opportunity, discovered that through the imposition of the tax the economic inducement to immigration had been suddenly swept away. At the rate of wages then current for Chinese labor, he could extend to his friends no hope of being able to recover, even after many years of indus- trious toil, an outlay for admission so considerable. The Chinese at home looked on the new tax as constituting an all but impossible barrier. The Chinamen in the new land had not yet seen how this barrier was to be surmounted. Then the economic effect of the tax gradually became apparent. The Chinaman who had landed in this country prior to January, 1904, discovered that the state, unwittingly perhaps, had, by restricting further competition from without, created of his labor a huge monopoly; without organization, without expense, without even agitation, every Chinaman became a unit in a labor group more favored than the most exclusive and highly protected trade union. Then monopoly began to do its work. The Chinaman, dis- covering his piiotected position, sought the advance in wages which comes from an increasing demand and a diminishing supply. Within a couple of j-ears the wages doubled, and in some instances, more particularly in the case of servants of a better class, trebled, and even went beyond this point. Yip Sang testified that before the $500 tax was imposed, he paid Chinamen for packing fish from $25 to $40 a month with food, that now he was obliged to pay for the same services $60 to $70; that in other classes of employment Chinese were obtaining at the present time $2.50, where before the tax had been imposed only $1 was received. Thus, it has come about that as a result of the rise of wages consequent upon the monopoly created by the tax. Chinamen have found, speaking generally, that once in the country it is possible to accumulate within half the time the sum desired, and that thereafter the fortune from year to year is apt to be nearly or more than double what it originally was. It took about three years for the economic changes to work out and for the China- man to become fully aware of the new situation; once cognizant of it, he began to advise his relatives and friends in China. With the betterment of their economic conditions, the number of Chinamen returning for a visit to their own country began to increase. This number has grown so steadily since the tax was imposed that during the closing months of the past year the steamship companies found it next to impossible to afford the accommodation demanded by Chinamen desirous of returning for a short sojourn to their own land. Many Chinamen who have gone on a visit to their own country have brought back with them relatives or friends. Others who have remained in Canada have sent home money to assist in the bringing of others out. Some have simply furnished the information and have left it to the intending emigrant to procure in such way as he might the amount that was necessary to pay his passage and the tax imposed. The difference in the remuneration of labor in Canada and China, and the fact that the savings of a few years here constitute a life fortune in China, have consti- tuted the main incentives to emigration. The tax and its economic effects account for the numbers being what they are; the assistance given to their relatives and friends by Chinese, either here or in China, sometimes from humanitarian, some- times from commercial motives, explain the means by which they have come. In addition to this a number of those who are coming at the present time are Chinese who have resided in the United States at one time, or have friends residing here at present. They know conditions on this side of the water, and not being permitted to enter the United States, are coming to this country. 64 THE IMMIGKATION SITUATION IN CANADA. CHINESE IN TRANSIT. The persistence of the Chinese in coming to the New World, despite the inhospitable attitude of Canada and the United States, is in part shown by the number annually passing in transit through Canada, bound for the West Indies and elsewhere. The following table shows this movement through the port of Vancouver for the past three years : Table 40. — Chinese in transit through Canada, via Vancouver, by destination, fiscal years 1907 to 1909. [Compiled from statistical table funiished by Department of Trade and Commerce, Canada.] Fiscal year. United States. Eng- land. Mexico. West Indies. New- found- land. Central America. Cuba. Trinidad and South America. Total. 1907 688 1,008 1,089 61 28 37 53 117 837 1,010 1,702 1,469 120 12 75 14 5 2 7 1,951 1908 2,937 1909 3,446 Total 2,785 126 1,007 4,181 120 101 5 9 8,334 During the same years 88 Chinese destined to the United States were, according to the same authority, admitted at the port of Vic- toria. During the fiscal year 1908, 2,800 Chinese passed through the United States in transit to other countries. Of these, 1,962 reached the United States overland, and of course many of them are recorded in the Canatlian statistics c{uoted. Of this class of immigrants the United States Commissioner-General of Immigration says: "- There is no doubt that with these transits, as with the same class in the past, many enter Mexico and other near-by countries with the purpose, often accomplished, of eventually taking up a residence in the United States despite the provisions of law, * * *. JAPANESE IMMIGRATION. Until recent years no record was kept of Japanese immigrants arriving in Canada, and consequently the development of the move- ment can not be accurately traced. The Canadian census of 1901'' shows that 4,674 persons born in Japan were in the Dominion at that time, 4,515 of whom were in the Province of British Columbia. Ac- cording to the same census, '^ 27 persons born in Japan were present in the Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. A census taken in 1906*^ in these three Provinces shows an increase of only 77 in the Japanese population. In the meantime a considerable number of Japanese had come to Canada, but, as in the United States, they appear to have settled near the Pacific coast. Statistics are available relative to Japanese immigration to Canada beginning with the fiscal year 1905, and the movement since that time has been as follows :'^ 1904-5 354 1905-6 1, 922 1906-7 (9 months) 2, 042 1907-8 7, 601 1908-9 495 April 1-August 31, 1909 147 Total 12, 561 a Report of United States Commissioner-General of Immigration, 1908, p. 159. ft The Canada Year Book, 1908, pp. 2, 4. clbid., p. 163. d Statistical tables furnished by Canadian immigration department. THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 65 It was estimated that at the beginning of the year 1907 the Jap- anese population of British Columbia was about 7,500, although W. L. Mackenzie King" tliinks the number was considerably less. During the year 1907 Japanese immigration exceeded the total estimated Japanese population of the Province at the beginning of the year. This increased the already existing and determined opposition in western Canada to oriental immigration. In this connection Mr. Mackenzie King, in the report referred to, says: Assuming, however, that 7,500 was the total Japanese population at the beginning of the year, it is not a matter of surprise that with the arrival at their shores of 8,125 Japanese in the ten months following, the people of British Columbia, and more espe- cially the residents of Vancouver, should have experienced some concern, and that as vessel after vessel landed an ever-increasing number, until in fewer months than it had taken years to bring the Japanese population of British Columbia to what it was, this total was exceeded by new arrivals, that consternation should have been felt in many quarters. If anything more were needed to occasion unrest, it was to be found in the simultaneous arrival from the Orient of Hindus by the hundreds and Chinese in larger numbers than those of immediately preceding years. It was an alarm at numbers, and the cry of a white Canada was raised. Of the 8,125 Japanese immigrants above referred to, 77 were refused admission and 3,619 held passports for the United States, so that the actual number admitted to Canada was 4,429.^ According to the same authority, 2,779 of these immigrants came from Hawaii, 9 from Mexico, and 1,641 direct from Japan. Of the immigrants direct from Japan, says Mi\ Mackenzie King, 900 in round numbers were sent out by the Tokio Emigration Company at Yokohama at the instance of the Canadian Nippon Supply Company at Vancouver, in accordance with an arrangement effected between these two com- panies. The business of the latter company was to furnish Japanese laborers to contractors and other large employers and to furnish suppUes to such laborers. It appears that the influx of Japanese from Hawaii into Canada was largely due to the restriction placed upon such immigration into the United States and because of this Mr. Mackenzie King's report upon the movement is of particular interest. He says in part:'' The Japanese emigrant who reaches the Hawaiian Islands passes beyond the juris- diction of his native country and comes beneath the flag of the United States. If emploved in the sugar or rice fields, where most of his fellow-countrymen work, he will find himself the servant of an association of capitalists who control the political and financial destinies of the island. The Planters' Association of Honolulu is an organization of employers formed for the protection of their mutual interests. Its influence is limited only by the wealth it represents, while the indirect effects of that influence are of vaster sweep than its possessors know. It is reported that the wishes of this association were not forgotten when the United States Government enacted in January of last year, " that whenever the President shall be satisfied that passports issued by any foreign government to its citizens to go to any country other than the United States or to any insular possessions of the United States or the Canal Zone, are being used for the purpose of enabling the holders to come to the continental territory of the United States from such other country, or from the Canal Zone, or from such insular possessions * * *." a Report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the methods by which oriental laborers have been induced to come to Canada. W. L. Mackenzie King, C. M. G., Commissioner, Ottawa, 1908, p. 21. b Ibid., p. 22. clbid., pp. 54-63. 35365— S. Doc. 469, 61-2 5 66 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. It is believed, at least by the Japanese who reside in the islands, that the members of the Asiatic Exclusion League in San Francisco were not without contributions from the association's incidental expense fund, to assist them in an agitation which by excluding Japanese from the mainland would confine that class of labor to the islands, to the greater economic advantage of the members of the association. It was suggested by one of the Japanese witnesses who gave testimony before the Com- mission, that the influence of the Planters' Association was not altogether inoperative in British Columbia to-day. Inoperative it certainly has not been, if we recognize the fact that it was in the efforts of the Planters' Association to lower the wages of the Japanese resident in Hawaii, that we find the beginnings of that unrest which has led to Japanese coming in such large numbers from the Hawaiian Islands to British Columbia during the past year. A ship that landed over 1,000 Portuguese at Honolulu, brought by the Planters' Association from Madeira to help weaken the competition of the emigrant arrivals from Japan, carried away from that port within a fortnight later, Japanese in equal numbers, who, failing to find admission to the American continent via San Francisco, as before, came at the instance of those who engineered the expedition to Canada instead; nor was this the only expedition of the kind. There was, however, a curious irony in the whole situation; more especially, as it happened that United States citizens practicing law in Honolulu, acted as the legal representatives of the Japanese boarding-house keepers, the parties primarily respon- sible for the exodus of their fellow-countrymen from the islands, and that in their efforts to go one better, planters and boarding-house keepers alike were losers in the ventures they had planned. As has been seen, the total Japanese immigration to Canada from the Hawaiian Islands during the ten months ending October 31, 1907, was 2,779. This immigration had its beginning in arrivals in small numbers brought by Australian lines to the port of Victoria during the early months of the year. It was "in the summer months, with the arrival at the port of Vancouver of the Admiral Jaureguiberry, and especially the arrivals subsequently of the Kumeric and Indiana that the citizens of Vancouver saw landing at their wharves a foreign multitude for which accommodations within the city's precincts could not be found. It was then that many of the indifferent were alarmed and that the people at large became aroused to what the possibilities of an unlimited immigration of persons from the Orient might mean. * * * The ex- peditions of the Admiral Jaureguiberry and the Kumeric were each in the nature of two-sided speculations. Their promoters were desirous of changing the attitude of the Planters' Association toward the Japanese residents in the islands; they were hopeful also of reaping a considerable profit from the transportation supplied to the Japanese who might be persuaded or desirous of leaving for Canada. The trips of the Indiana were not dissimilar in this respect. The ground had been well prepared, unintentionally doubtless, but most effectively, by the action of the Planters' Association. When the Japanese came to the Hawaiian Islands they worked for very small wages. It is estimated that they came to the number of 50,000 or 60,000, this being in part, through the efforts of the planters to replace native labor on the plantation by Japanese coolies, a movement which started some twelve years ago. Of recent years, however, and especially since the Japanese war, the emigration of Japanese to Hawaii has been considerably restricted, and the resident Japanese have sought hard to secure an increase in their wages and improved conditions of employment. This the planters refused to grant; instead they began to arrange for the importation of Portuguese labor. The unrest thus created by the action of the planters, the boarding-house keepers sought to intensify through the agency of a local subsidized Japanese press, by means of which advantages of British Columbia as a place where labor was in demand, wages high and opportunity great, were brought before the minds of the workers in the plantations. Many were the articles appearing, some as press dispatches from Vancouver, others simply descriptive. They were met by articles of a different sort inspired from another source; but the fact that wages for common laborers on the plantations were anywhere from $18 to §35 per month, whereas on the railways of British Columbia they were from $1.35 to $1.50 per day, gave the best of the argument to those who were seeking to bring about an exodus sufficiently great to make the planters aware of the limited supply of available labor, and secure for it remuneration at an increased rate. A brief account of the several expeditions will serve to illustrate the methods employed. The Japanese boarding-house keepers of Honolulu, having learned that with the consent of the Government at Washington, some 3,000 Portuguese were to be brought under contract from the Canary Islands to work on the sugar plantations, that they were being brought by the Savaric and the Kumeric of the Andrew Weir Line, entered into negotiations with the Theodore Davis Company, of Honolulu, for the chartering of vessels to take Japanese to Canada. They succeeded in char- THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 67 tering the Admiral Jauregiiiberry, and when the Kumeric arrived at Cote in Chile on her way from Madeira to Honoluhi, the agents of the Theodore Davis Company succeeded in chartering her for the boarding-house keepers, to be in com- mission for them as soon as the Portuguese were landed. The Admiral Jaureguibemj got away without much difficulty; she carried only a small number of Japanese emi- grants, 241 in all. \\'hen she landed at Vancouver, however. Doctor Munro, the medical inspector and immigration agent, acting under the regulation of his department that "no person shall be permitted'to land who is a pauper or destitute or likely to become a public charge," assuming that the several emigrants had no employment awaiting them, demanded that before landing each should produce at least $25 to insure that he would not become a public charge, and not being supplied with this amount he was about to reject 150 of the new arrivals. Members of the Japanese Boarding-House Keepers' Union at Vancouver, on learning that a number of Japanese had arrived at the port and were about to be turned away for lack of funds, knowing that there would be little difficulty in securing for them immediate employment, and seeing the opportunity for a slight revenue in the way of commission for their services, and possibly also out of subsequent business dealings, came to the rescue of the party about to be rejected and advanced in cash the sum of over .$3,000 as a guarantee bond that the Japanese would not become public charges. This was accepted by Mr. Munro on the condition that he should be given later a statement showing that em- ployment had been secured by these men and where they were at work. The irnmi- grants were then allowed to land. The passports belonging to these men were retained by the Japanese consul pending their detention. They were later given to the Board- ing-House Keepers' Union, which, it is alleged, collected $5 apiece from each Japanese before returning his passport. ■While the Admiral Jaureguiherry was meeting with difficulties at Vancouver, the Kumeric was having her own troubles at Honolulu. Ha\ing landed 1,400 Portuguese, she began to take on board the Japanese who had purchased their transportation for Canada. The planters, greatly incensed, threatened actions against the captain and used every means to prevent the ship putting out to sea, but she got away eventually and arrived at Vancouver on the 23d of the month. When the Japanese boarding-house keepers of Honolulu decided on the chartering of the Kumeric, they retained Mr. Charles F. Chillingworth, a United States attorney, resident in Honolulu, as their solicitor and legal representative. Mr. Chillingworth had in his employ a Japanese interpreter, Mr. Kirochirb Maruyama. He, it appears, assisted materially in completing arrangements, and accompanied the emigrants on their voyage to Vancouver. * * * The charterers had learned from the experience of the emigrants on board the Admiral Jaureguiherry that it would be necessary for each of the passengers on the Kumeric to have in his possession $25, in order that he might be able to comply with the regulation of the immigration department as interpreted by its officer at Van- couver. They made arrangements, therefore, to deposit a sum of money with the Theodore Davis Company sufficient to meet the amount which would be required for all the passengers, which amount was sent by draft to the charterers' agent at Van- couver, cashed by him, and distributed among the passengers before they presented themselves for examination to Doctor Munro. The following letter was given by Theodore Davis to Captain Baird of the Kumeric, and shown by him to Doctor Munro on her arrival: "In order to comply with the immigration law of Canada, we have collected $25 from each of the passengers going to Vancouver on the Kumeric. We have done this for the sole reason that if left in their possession they might gamble it away, and on arrival there, they would not have the requisite amount of money; and, therefore, we considered it would not be safe, after collecting this money, to leave it in their hands, but that it would be better to hand the money over to you as master of the vessel, on account of the danger of carrying a large amount of ready cash. We have, therefore, sent this money to the ship's agents in Vancouver in the form of a draft, which they will cash and distribute the money among the passengers." - Doctor Munro, having seen this letter of Theodore Davis, was under the impression at the time he passed the immigrants that the whole transaction was genuine and bona fide. It appeared subsequently that the money belonging in reality to the charterers, had been put up in this way as "show" money pure and simple, and that Mr. Maru- yama, who accompanied the party, had come along to see to the getting of it back after all had been landed. When the Kumeric's 1,189 passengers had arrived, the boarding-house keepers in Vancouver were greatly concerned. They had not accommodation for more than 300, and the Japanese consul, Mr. Morikawa, was appealed to. After calling upon hia worship the mayor, and conferring with Doctor Munro, Mr. Morikawa decided that it would be best to keep the party on board till he would be able to make provision for 68 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. their shelter. He arranged with the street-car company to provide such cars as it could place at his disposal, and arranged that such numbers as could be handled in this way should be taken to Steveston, where temporary quarters were secured; others were to be taken around by boat to the same point on the Fraser. This was an expense incurred in the interest of the Japanese themselves, and Mr. Morikawa thought it proper that it should be met by them. Having been shown the letter which Captain Baird had in his possession, he secured the consent of the immigrants to hold this money in trust till all were properly provided for, and arranged to have a member of the consulate collect the money from each immigrant as he came off the ship. The consul, moreover, appears to have thought that the money had been put up by parties in Honolulu interested in having these emigrants sent to Canada, and he openly stated that it might help to prevent like occurrences in the future if the money did not find its way back there again. The sight of a number of immigrant arrivals dropping $25 apiece into a sack held by an officer of the Japanese consul was too much for some of the citizens of Vancou- ver. The local member of the Dominion Parliament and the city solicitor each inter- ested himself in having what seemed an extraordinary proceeding immediately stopped. Doctor Munro was sent for and gave orders that no further collections should be made, and that the money already collected should be returned. Each immigrant, therefore, landed with his $25. Had the money all been collected and returned in the manner which Mr. Morikawa thought expedient, it is probable that none of it would ever have gone back to Honolulu. As it was, many of the Japanese with this amount in their possession spurned the proffers of assistance made them by the Vancouver boarding-house keepers and sought of their own account the further- ance of the good fortune they had commenced to share the moment they put foot on Canadian soil. Mr. Maruyama had a difficult task. He was able by allowing a small commission to the l)oarding-house keepers to get back with their assistance some of the money which the Japanese had been allowed to retain; but Mr. Chillingworth, who happened along on the 2Gth of August to look after the interests r>i his clients, frankly admitted in an interview that the whole scheme had been a most pronounced failure, and that those for whom he was acting had been heavy losers by the venture. JUit Mr. Chillingworth was not the only lawyer who interested himself in promoting this novel kind of speculation. Mr. A. V. Geer, another American attorney resident at Honolulu, and a Japanese interpreter, Kinsaburo Makino, started a similar though separate venture. The vessel chartered in this case was the Indiona, which arrived at Vancouver during August and September, carrying in the former month 306 Japan- ese laborers and in the latter 257. * ■* * Mr. Geer and his partner, Mr. Makino, had hoped to secure 800 passengers on each trip. They were able to secure only 306 on the first trip and 257 on the sec- ond. It is believed that the venture was with them a personal speculation. * * * In any event, both expeditions were failures financially to those responsible for them, though they increased the Japanese population in this country to the extent of over half a thousand. That the numbers from the Hawaiian Islands fell off in the manner they did was doubtless due in part to the increased success which attended the efforts of the Planters' Association, but it appears to have been due also to the efforts of the Canadian Nippon Supply Company and of the Japanese consuls at Vancouver and Honolulu. The Canadian Nippon Supply Company, as has been shown, profited by the influx from Honolulu to the extent of obtaining only 139 laborers of the numbers who came in. These, Mr. Gotoh said, proved such poor laborers that he was obliged to sacrifice the contract under which he had put them to work. But the interests of the Cana- dian Nippon Supply Company, as already shown, lay \vith the emigration companies of Japan, not with the uncertain numbers coming from parts unknown. The supply company recognized in the agitation which these increases might provoke that the foundations of their own business were threatened, and their promotors endeavored in many ways to have the tide of Hawaiian emigration stemmed. The Hawaiian Shinpo of July 29 contains in Japanese the following cable dispatch, which Mr. Yoshy admits having sent: "Special cable to our office. — We received a cable message from Mr. Yoshy, director of the Canadian Nippon Supply Company, of Vancouver, 9.40 p. m., of the 27th instant: 'All emigrants completed their landing on the 26th instant. Have not any houses to stay in; can not get any work; were sent out of the city about 12 miles; white men excited about it; $25 collected for support and other expenses; the emi- grants had to do this. ' " In the letters and cables sent to Japan by Mr. Gotoh and Mr. Yoshy there are fre- quent references to the trouble which this immigration from Hawaii was giving them, and the hope was expressed that the Government in Japan might be able to do some- THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 69 thing to put a stop to it. The following, for example, is a copy of a lengthy cable sent by Mr. Gotoh to the Yokohama branch of the Canadian Nippon Supply Company. It is dated Vancouver, June 4, nearly two months before the above dispatch from Mr. Yoshy to the Hawaiian Shinpo and before either the Admiral Jaurequiberry or the Kumenc had sailed: "Vancouver, June 4, 1907. "Canadian Nippon Supply Company, " Yokohama: "Information received by cable from Honolulu says certain steamers have been chartered for the pvu-pose of importing another load of immigrants. If they are com- ing in this manner, we do not think we can provide all these emigrants coming out from Japan with work. They are taking such chances to carry emigrants out from Honolulu, because the Japanese Government has no way to interfere with these affairs. It is most undesirable to bring such a big load of emigrants to this country. Unless by some means these shipments from Honolulu are stopped I can not say whether we can take care of all emigrants coming from Japan, so try and see officers at the Foreign Office and see if there are no means to take some decided steps to stop them. "The Canadian Nippon Supply Company." The Canadian Nippon Supply Company knew only too well that any sudden influx of Japanese in large numbers was the beginning of the end with them, and they put forth what efforts they could to save their own undoing. More effective, perhaps, in their influence in lessening the numbers of emigrants from Hawaii were the repeated cables sent by Mr. Morikawa, the Japanese consul at Vancouver, to the Japanese consul at Hawaii, and the exertions of the latter. In the same number of the Hawaiian Shinpo as that in which Mr. Yoshy's dispatch appeared, was the following article containing a cable sent by Mr. Morikawa to the consul at Honolulu. It is headed "Pitiable condition of the emigrants on Kumeric," and reads: "Concerning the condition of the emigrants who left on the Kumeric, the local Jap- anese consul-general has not received any information. He sent a cable to the consul at Vancouver; received the cable this evening, as follows: Half-past 6 p. m., 27th day, by Consul Morikawa, of Vancouver, Kumeric arrived at the quarantine station on the 25th of this month. Received strict examination by immigration inspector, and yes- terday afternoon they all landed. As sent in prior cable, all immigrants have not had any houses to stay; about 800 sent to Fraser River. I understand they will not be able to secure employment, and they may suffer for want of support. White labor is excited about it, and they made active demonstration. The majority of the emigrants did not know the exact condition in here, and I hope you will try every possible way to stop any more immigrants from there." Mr. Shintaro Anno, a Vancouver Japanese contractor, who gave evidence before the.Commission, testified that he was in Honolulu at the time, and that he had read in the Japanese papers there three or four cables from Mr. Morikawa to the Japanese consul at Hawaii "trying in every possible way to prevent any more immigrants com- ing here." Doctor Munro, the Dominion medical inspector and immigration agent, when asked if he thought any of the employment agencies in Vancouver had had any- thing to do with the bringing of these men from Honolulu, replied: "No, I don't think so; but I don't know anything about it. I know the Japanese consul was very averse to seeing them come here. I think the first ship was the Monteagle, and from the time of the first arrival in April the Japanese consul was anxious, and came to see me about it, and asked me if there was no way of preventing these people coming from Hawaii, and he came to my office on a number of occasions and asked me to exercise my powers to prevent these people coming." * * * It remains to be said that with this immigration from Hawaii it is unreasonable to believe that the Japanese Government could have been in any way concerned. The following statement made by Mr. Morikawa, in an interview reported in the Vancouver Province of July 25, 1907, appears to be a true account of the situation in so far as Mr. Morikawa 's own endeavors and the attitude of the Japanese Govern- ment are concerned: "When an intimation was first received that there was to be an exodus of Japanese from Hawaii to British Columbia, strong representations were made to the Japanese Imperial Government. The home authorities were agreed with me that the move- ment was unwise, and instructed me to cooperate with the Japanese consul-general at Honolulu in adopting every measure possible to prevent any of the Japanese laborers from removing to British Columbia. Many cablegrams have been exchanged during the past month in regard to the subject between here, Honolulu, and Tokyo. In 70 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. endeavoring to stem the movement, we had the active cooperation of the Sugar Plant- ers' Association of Hawaii. In a cable I sent to Honolulu just before the Kumeric sailed, I intimated the unlikelihood of the newcomers securing employment here. My advice was transmitted to the intended immigrants, but seems to have been com- pletely disregarded. " It is true that of the immigrants from Hawaii all were provided with passports, many of them passports issued by the Foreign Office of Japan during the present year, but they were passports marked for Hawaii or Hawaii only. In going to Hawaii their holders were voluntarily allowed to pass beyond the jurisdiction of Japan; in coming to Canada it seems reasonable to assume they went beyond the wishes of the authori- ties by whose permission they had been allowed to emigrate at all. This seems the proper view to take, but it makes plain this fact, which is of the utmost significance, so far as Japanese immigration to Canada is concerned, that whatever may be the power of Japan to control the emigration from her own shores, that power may end when the territorial limit is crossed. The great decrease in Japanese immigration to Canada during the year 1908 indicates that the movement from Hawaii was short hved, and also the effectiveness of an informal agreement between Canada and Japan, whereby the issue of passports for Japanese coming to Canada is limited to 400 annually. HINDU IMMIGRATION. Hindu, or East Indian, immigrants were the latest to become a factor in Canada's oriental immigration problem, but owing to quick and vigorous action on the part of the Dominion the movement was of brief duration. The following statement of arrivals during the past five fiscal years illustrates the rise and fall, as well as the extent, of Hindu immigration to Canada: 1905 48 190G 387 1907 (9 months) 2, 124 1908 2,623 1909 6 1910 (5 months) 1 Hon. W. L. ^lacKenzie King, in his report on oriental laborers in Canada, previously referred to, says:** Mr. David E. Brown, general superintendent of the trans- Pacific service of the Canadian Pacific Railway, who lived for fourteen years in Hongkong, and had charge of the company's business in the Orient, when asked before the Commission if he could suggest what had brought the Hindus to Canada in such numbers within the past year, stated in reply that he would say that the movement had had its origin in the visit of the soldiers of the different colonies of the Empire to London, at the time of the Queen's jubilee; that the Indian troops who had returned home via Canada had been made much of, and were impressed by the country and its opportunities; that Indians were employed very largely as police in Hongkong, and that it was from among their number that the movement had started in the first instance. Asked what year that would be, Mr. Brown replied "five or six years ago; possibly three or four; it was about a year after, or two years after the Queen's jubilee." When it was pointed out that the Queen's jubilee was in 1897, Mr. Brown said: "Well, say five or six years after they would get back home. As satisfactory reports were sent back by these men on this side others would be induced to come." There are some, doubtless, who share Mr. Brown's \dew, which at least is an agree- able one, creating, as it does, the impression that immigration from India had its beginnings from a cause essentially imperial and patriotic. On the other hand, the e\adence of the Indians who testified before the commission indicates pretty clearly that the immigration from India which has been a matter of concern to the people of o Report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the methods by which oriental laborers have been induced to come to Canada. W. L. Mackenzie King, C. M. G., Commissioner, Ottawa, 1908, pp. 75, 76. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Yl British Columbia owes its origin to aims and methods which were anything but imperial or patriotic; that in fact the influx of recent years has not been spontaneous, but owes its existence in the main to (1) the activity of certain steamship companies and agents desirous of selling transportation and profiting by the commissions; (2) the distribution throughout some of the rural districts of India of literature con- cerning Canada and the opportunities of fortune-making in the province of British Columbia; and (3) the representations of a few individuals in the pro\'ince of British Columbia, among the number a Brahmin named Davichand, and certain of his rela- tives, who induced a number of the natives of India to come to Canada under actual or verbal agreements to work for hire, the purpose being that of assisting one or two industrial concerns to obtain a class of unskilled labor at a price below the current rate, and at the same time of exploiting their fellow-subjects to their own advantage. Some of the natives may have emigrated to Canada of their own accord or because of the advice or desire of relatives who had come to this country, but had the influences here mentioned not been exerted, it is certain that their numbers would not have been appreciable. Whatever may have caused the beginning and rapid growth of Hindu immigration to Canada, the reason for its decline is clear. Canada, and particularly British Columbia, did not want the Hindus as immigrants, but the fact that citizens of Canada and India were alike British subjects made the problem a delicate one. Conse- c^uently Mr. King was, in 1908, sent on a mission to England 'Ho confer with the British authorities on the subject of immigration to Canada from the Orient, and immigration from India in particular." That the desired end was attained is indicated by the fact that in the fiscal year 1909 following Air. King's conference with the British authorities only 6 Hindu immigrants were admitted to Canada, whereas the number for the previous year was 2,623. How this was accomplished is stated in Mr. King's report upon his mis- sion to England, from which is quoted the following statement i*^ The question of the migration of peoples of the Orient, and the problems to which it gives rise, whether it be in connection with immigration or emigration as between different parts of the British Empire, or between portions of the British Empire and foreign countries, is by no means a new one to the British authorities. Australasia, South Africa, and India have each forced a consideration of the subject upon the attention of British statesmen for years past. Of the outlying dominions, Canada's experience has been the most recent, though in kind the issues and possibilities involved are much the same. As between Great Britain and Canada the effect of this is not without its advantage to the Dominion. It has afforded in England a ready appreciation of Canada's position, and an understanding of the sort of considerations of which it is necessary to take account. That Canada should desire to restrict immi- gration from the Orient is regarded as natural; that Canada should remain a white man's country is believed to be not only desirable for economic and social reasons, but highly necessary on political and national grounds. * * * It was clearly recognized in regard to emigration fi'om India to Canada that the native of India is not a person suited to this country; that, accustomed as many of them are to the conditions of a tropical climate, and possessing manners and customs so unlike tho.'^e of our own people, their inability to readily adapt themselves to sur- roundings entirely different could not do other than entail an amount of privation and suffering which render a discontinuance of such immigration most desirable in the interest of the Indians themselves. It was recognized, too, that the competi- tion of this class of labor, though not likely to prove effective, if left to itself, might none the less, were the numbers to become considerable (as conceivably could happen were self-interest on the part of individuals to be allowed to override considerations of humanity and national well-being and the importation of this class of labor under contract permitted), occasion considerable unrest among workingmen whose standard of comfort is of a higher order, and who, as citizens with family and civic obligations, « Report by W. L. Mackenzie King, C. M. G., Deputy Minister of Labor on mission to England to confer with the British authorities on the subject of immigration to Canada from the Orient and immigration from India in particular, Ottawa, 1908, pp. 7-10. 72 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. have expenditures to meet and a status to maintain which the coolie immigrant is in a position wholly to ignore. My inquiry under Royal Commission into the methods by which oriental laborers have been induced to come to Canada, which was conducted in the city of Vancouver during the months of November and December of last year, though not extensively pursued so far as the immigration fi-om India is concerned, was quite sufficient to show that this immigration was not spontaneous, but owed its existence, among other influences, to — . , t t j- i (1) The distribution throughout certain of the rural districts of India of glowing accounts of the opportunities of fortune-making in the province of British Columbia, visions of fields of fortune so brightly hued that many an India peasant farmer, to raise the money for the journey, had mortgaged to the lender of the village his home- stead and all that it contained at a rate of interest varying from 15 to 20 per cent. (2) The activity of certain steamship^ agents who were desirous of selling trans- portation in the interest of the companies with which they were connected and of themselves profiting by the commissions reaped. . . ■, ^ , t_. (3) The activity of certain individuals in the province of British Columbia, among the number one or two Brahmins, who were desirous of exploiting their fellow-sub- jects and certain industrial concerns which, with the object of obtaining a class of unskilled labor at a price below the current rate, assisted in inducing a number of the natives to leave under actual or virtual agreements to work for hire. A few of the natives may have emigrated to Canada of their own accord, or because of the desire of relatives, but had the aforementioned influences not been exerted it is doubtful if their numbers would have been appreciable. How these several influences have been counteracted and an effective restriction obtained by administrative measures in such a manner as to render legislative action unnecessary will be apparent from an account of what has been accomplished, as the result, in part, of the present negotiations and, in part, of legislative enactments and regulations already in force, the application of which to this class of immigration has not been hitherto wholly apparent. . (1) The misleading effects of the distribution by interested parties of literature of the class above described has been offset by warnings which the government of India has issued, whereby the natives have become informed of the risks involved in emi- gration to Canada, "and of the actual conditions in so far as it is desirable that such should be known to persons about to sever their connection with one country for the purpose of taking up residence in another. (2) The steamship companies which have been in any way responsible for the recruiting of emigrants have been given to understand that the governments of Great Britain and Canada and the, authorities in India do not view with favor any action on their part calculated to foster further emigration from India to Canada. (3) The power of the steamship companies to ignore the washes of the governments has been rendered largely inoperative by the application to emigration from India of the regulation of the Dominion government prohibiting the landing m Canada of immigrants who come to this country otherwise than by a continuous journey from the country of which they are natives or citizens, and upon through tickets purchased in that country. ^ , . , , • i- a j- (4) The Indian emigration act (XXI, of 1883) was framed with the view of atfordmg protection to the natives of India who, at the instance of private individuals or cor- porations, might be induced to leave India to work under indenture or agreements for hire in other parts of the Empire, or in foreign lands. It was found that once away from India advantage was not infrequently taken of the necessities of this class of labor, and that individuals were sul)jected to great hardships and privation. To remedy this the act provides that emigration in the sense of the departure by sea out of British India of a native of India, under an agreement to labor for hire in some country beyond the limits of India, other than the island of Ceylon or the Straits Settlements, is not lawful except to countries specified in the schedule of the act, " and to such other countries as the governor in council from time to time by notmca- tion declares to be countries to which emigration is lawful. " Every such notification " must contain a declaration that the governor-general in council has been duly cer- tified that the government of the country to which the notification refers has made such laws and other provisions as the governor-general in council thinks sufficient for the protection of emigrants to that country during their residence therein.' It is therefore to be said that emigration (in the sense defined) to Canada from India is not lawful under the Indian emigration act, and can not be made lawful except through the action of the Canadian government in making the necessary laws, to the satisfaction of the government of India, for the protection of Indian emigrants. It will therefore be seen that of itself the Indian emigration act solves the problem, so far as it relates to the importation of contract labor from India to Canada, and this THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 73 is the one class to be feared, since without some agreement to labor it is hardly to be expected that the number of immigrants w-ill be large. To render this law wholly effective so far as Canada is concerned, it would be suflicient to prohibit the landing in Canada of immigrants who come in violation of the laws of their own country. (o) With the danger of the importation of nati\e labor under contract or agreement removed, there remains for consideration only such cla.sses as might desire to emigrate from India of their own initiative, or as having left India and gone elsewhere — to China, for example — might be induced l)y agreement or otherwise, to emigrate to this country. To the immigration of the latter class the regulation of the Canadian govern- ment reqiiiring a continuous pa^ssage from the country of which they are natives or citizens and upon through tickets, should prove an effective bar, whilst as to the former the same regulation, the warnings issued by the government of India, and the greater care which it may reasonal^ly be expected the steamship companies will exercise in the future, should prove a real deterrent. It will be apparent, moreover, that having regard for the policy of the India government in the protection of the natives as set forth in the Indian emigration act, the government of Canada is fully justified in requiring, as has been its policy, of persons coming to Canada without a knowledge of conditions and Avith manners and customs wholly different from our own, especially where such persons are ignorant of our language and are without any agreement guaran- teeing work, that they should, for their own protection, be in possession of a sum of money sufficient to insure their not being reduced to a condition of mendicancy or becoming a public charge. The regulation at present in force, requiring all immi- grants to have in their possession a sum of at least $25, constitutes a requirement which for the protection of the Indians themselves, is an obvious necessity. Should this amount prove inadequate it could be increased. a There is thus in the last analysis a dovetailing, so to speak, of Great Britain's well- known policy in the protection of the native races of India, and Canada's policy in the matter of immigration. "Whilst effective as a means of restricting a class of immigration unsuited to Canada, it will be apparent that the arrangement as herein set forth is one which finds its justification on grounds of humanity as strong as are the economic reasons by which it is also supported. The liberty of British subjects in India is safeguarded rather than curtailed, the traditional policy of Britain in respect to the native races of India has been kept in mind, and the necessity of enacting legislation either in India or in Canada which might appear to reflect on fellow British subjects in another part of the Empire has been wholly avoided. Nothing could be more unfortunate or misleading than that the impression should go forth that Canada, in seeking to regulate a matter of domestic concern, is not deeply sensible of the obligations which citizenship within the Empire entails. It is a recognition of this obligation which has caused her to adopt a course which, by removing the possibilities of injustice and friction, is best calculated to strengthen the bonds of association with the several parts and to pro- mote the greater harmony of the whole. In this, as was to be expected, Canada has had not only the sympathy and understanding, but the hearty cooperation, of the authorities in Great Britain and India as well. It will be noted that wliile Hindus are not specifically excluded, or, in fact, even mentioned in the Canadian immigration act, or orders of the governor in council relative thereto, practically insur- mountable barriers have been erected against them. The most formidable of these is the application to Hindu immigrants of section 38 of the immigration act, wdiich provides that any immigrants who have come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the country of which they are natives or citizens, and upon through tickets purchased in that country, may be excluded. The peculiar efficiency of tliis provision is due to the fact that there is no means by which a continuous journey from India to Canada can be accomplished. o- The amount of money required in the case of Hindus was increased from $25 to $200 by an order in council dated June 3, 1908. Appendix G, No. V. Chapter VI. FOREIGN ELEMENTS IN THE POPULATION OF CANADA. The native and foreign born population of Canada in census years since 1871 is shown in the following table: Table 41. — Population of Canada, by general nativity, in census years 1871 to 1901. [Compiled from the Canada Year Book, 1908.] General nativity. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. Per cent of total. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. 2,892,763 591,170 1,828 3,715,492 602,984 6,334 4,185,877 643,871 3,491 4,671,815 684,671 14,829 83.0 17.0 .1 85.9 13.9 .1 86.6 13.3 .1 87.0 12.7 .3 Total 3,485,761 4,324,810 4,833,239 5,371,315 100.0 100. 100. 100.0 The table indicates that immigration, or at least permanent immi- gration, to Canada in the thirty years preceding 1901 was relatively small compared with more recent years, for in 1901 the total foreign- born population present was only 93,501 more than in 1871. There was an increase of 54.1 per cent in the total population during the period mentioned, but to this increase the foreign-born element con- tributed only 4.9 per cent. In the absence of data regarding children born in Canada to foreign-born parents during the time under con- sideration it is impossible to determine just what effect immigration has had on the total increase. The total population of Canada by country of birth in the census years 1871, 1881, 1891, and 1901, and also the per cent that the per- sons of each nativity formed of the total population in those years, is shown in the following table : Table 42. — Population of Canada, by country of birth, in census years 1871 to 1901. [Compiled from the Canada Year Book, 1908.] Country of birth. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. Percent of total. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. Canada '. . . 2,892,763 3,715,492 4,185,877 4,671,815 83.0 s."; 9 86.6 87.0 British Islands 486,376 470,906 477,735 390, 019 14.0 10.9 9.9 7.3 England Ireland 144.999 219,451 121,074 ^"^52 169, 504 185.526 115,062 C) 814 219.688 149.184 107.594 (a) 1,269 201,285 101,629 83.631 2,518 956 4.2 6.3 3.5 (a) (») 3.9 4.3 2.7 («) 4.5 3.1 2.2 («) C) 3.7 1.9 Scotland Wales 1.6 Lesser isles Australasia 991 28,407 2,665 17,043 2,075 7,944 27, .300 6,057 ^*^ Austria-Hungary 102 C) Belgium and Holland. (^), China.. 9,129 .2 Denmark (fc) 2.899 24, 162 4,389 25,328 5,381 27,752 .1 7 .i G .1 .1 Germany .6 1 -5 Iceland .1 a Not given. 74 b Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 75 Table 42. — Population of Canada, by country of birth, in census years 1871 to 1901 — Continued. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. Per cent of total. Country of birth. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. 1,076 6,854 4,674 12, 432 10,256 1,066 31,231 1,211 1,579 127,899 339 3,553 14,829 (o) Italy 218 777 2,795 C) (O) .1 .1 .1 Newfoundland Norway and Sweden. 7,768 588 4,596 2,076 9,336 7,827 .2 .1 (o) .2 .2 .2 C) 416 6,376 9,917 («) .1 .2 .6 C) (a) United States 64, 447 430 3,764 1.828 77,753 380 10, 403 6,334 80,915 321 12,763 3,491 1.8 (a) .1 .1 1.8 .1 i.7 ^"!3 .1 2.4 Other countries Not reported .1 .3 Total . . .. 3,485,761 4,324,810 4,833,239 5,371,315 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 oLess than 0.05 of 1 per cent. The following table shows the total population of Canada in 1871, 1881, 1891, and 1901, with the foreign-born element classified accord- ing to the general classification of immigrants to Canada previously referred to: Table 43. — Population of Canada, by general nativity and country of birth, in census years 1871 to 1901. [Compiled from the Canada Year Book, 1908.] 1871. 18S1. 1891. 1901. Per cent of total. Country of birth. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1901. Canada 2,892,763 3,715,492 4,185,877 4,671,815 83.0 85.9 86.6 87.0 British Islands 486,376 470,906 477,735 390,019 14.0 10.9 9.9 7.3 144,999 219,451 121,074 ^"^852 169,504 185,526 115,002 (a) 814 219,688 149, 184 107,594 (a) 1,269 201,285 101,629 83,631 2,518 956 4.2 6.3 3.5 (o) (6) 3.9 4.3 2.7 (o) (6) 4.5 3.1 2.2 (a) 3.7 1.9 Scotland 1.6 Wales (6) Lesser isles (0) Northern and west- ern European con- tinental countries c . Southern and east- ern European 27,649 730 31,793 7,153 40,960 12,712 9,129 80,915 22, 420 3,491 57,508 69, 137 22,793 127,899 17,315 14,829 .8 .7 .2 .8 .3 2 l!7 .5 .1 1.1 1.3 .4 United States Others / 64,447 11,962 1,828 77,753 15,379 6,334 1.8 .3 .1 1.8 .4 .1 2.4 .3 .3 Total 3,485,761 4.324,810 4,833,239 5,371,315 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 o Not given. 1/ Le.ss than 0.05 of 1 per cent. ' c Includes Belgium, Holland, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. d Includes Austria-Hungary, Italy, Roumania, Russia, Turkey, and Syria. e Includes China, India, and Japan. / Includes Australasia, Newfoundland, at sea, and other. It will be noted that there was a considerable falling off in the foreign-born British element in Canada's population between 1871 and 1901, this movement being particularly pronounced in the case of natives of Ireland. The total number of persons from northern and western European continental countries more than doubled 76 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IX CANADA. during the period, but the per cent of such persons to the total popuhition was not greatly increased. There was a striking increase, however, in the number of persons from southern and eastern European countries during the thirty years under consideration. In 1871 the number of such persons was insignificant, but the increase, particularly between 1S91 and 1901, was large, and in the latter year they formed a greater per cent of the total population than did natives of northern and western continental Europe. It should be noted also that in 1901 natives of the United States were second onh' to persons born in England in the number from any single country- resident in Canada, while in the previous census 3-ears of 1871, 1881, and 1S91 they were fourth among all nationalities present. The decrease in 1901 in the number and per cent of persons born in Ireland and wScotland, however, contributed materially to this result. In the Canadian census enumerations of 1871, 1881, and 1901 the race or descent, as well as the country of birth of individuals was secured, and because of the presence of large English and French speaking elements and the introduction and growth of other racial elements in recent years, the data are particularlv valuable in a con- sideration of the Dominion population. The following table shows the composition of Canada's population in this regard in the census vears mentioned : Table 44. — Population of Canada, by race or descent, census years 1871, 1881, and 1901 . [Compiled from the Canada Year Book, 190S.] Race or descent. English. Irish Scotch.. Others.. Total British. Austro-Hungarian Chinese and Japanese. . . Dutch French German Indians and half-breeds. Italian Jewish Negro Scandinavian Russian Other races Not reported Grandtotal 3,485,761 4,324,810 1871. 706,369 816.414 549.946 7,773 881,301 957,403 699,863 9,947 2,110.502 2. MS. 514 29,662 1,082,940 302,991 23,037 1,035 125 21.4% 1,623 607 4.182 7,561 4.383 30,412 ,298,929 254.319 108.547 1,849 667 21.394 5.223 1.227 8,540 40,806 1901. 1,260.899 988, 721 800,154 13,421 3,063.195 18, 2^, 33, 1,649, 310. 127. 10. 16, 17. 31. 28. 10, 31, 5.371.315 Per cent of total. 20.3 24.3 15.8 .2 1881. 20.4 22.1 16.2 .2 60. 5 I 58. 9 23.5 18.4 14.9 .2 57.0 .9 31.1 5.8 .7 {«) («) .6 (») .2 100.0 .1 3o!o 5.9 2.5 (») («) .5 .1 {«) .2 .9 .3 .4 .6 30.7 5.8 2.4 .2 .3 .3 .6 .5 100.0 I 100.0 a Less than 0.05 of 1 per cent. It may be noted that the increase in the English element exceeded that of the French during the thirty years from 1871 to 1901. The English population during that period increased from 706,369 to 1,260.899, a gain of 78.5 per cent, while the French population in- creased from 1,082,940 to 1,649,371, or a gain of only 52.3 per cent. The increase in the British element as a whole, however, was only 45.1 per cent, which result is mainly due to the fact that the Irish element increased but little during the period. APPENDIXES. 77 ^ Appendix A. THE CANADIAN IMMIGRATION IAW.« [Chapter 93, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1900, and the Amending Acts of 1907 and 1908 consolidated.] SHORT TITLE. 1. Tliis Act may be cited as the Immigration Act. INTERPRETATION . 2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires — definition (a) "Immigrant " means and includes an}^ steerage pas- "immiVant.^'" senger or any ' ' work a way " on ?.ny vessel, whether or not entered as a member of the crew after the vessel has sailed from its first or last port of departure, any saloon, second- class passenger, or person who having been a member of the crew has ceased to be such, who upon inspection is found to come within any class liable to exclusion from Canada, and any person arriving in Canada by railway train or other mode of travel; but does not include any person who has previously resided in Canada, or who is a tourist merely passing through Canada to another country. (h) "Immigration agrent" includes the superintendent "immigration «.'..." • • i! • • i.' 1 agent.' of immigration, commissioners of immigration, and any subagents within or outside of Canada. (c) "Land" or "landing," as applied to passengers o^' .q'^ndin " '^ ' ' immigrants, means their admission into Canada, other- ^° ™^" wise than for inspection or treatment, or other teinporary purpose provided for by this Act, or by any order in coun- cil, or proclamation, or regulation made thereunder. (d) "Master " means any person in command of a vessel, "faster.' (e) "Medical officer" includes "medical superintend-^ J Medirai em- ent," "medical inspector," and "inspecting physician." "^^Ljunigter •> (/) "Minister" means the Minister of the Interior. (g) "Owner," as applied to a ship or vessel, includes the "Owner- charterer of such ship or vessel and the agent of the owner thereof. (h) "Passenger" includes any person carried upon a "Passenger." railway train or other vehicle or in a vessel, other than the master and crew, as well as all immigrants coming into Canada, but not troops or military pensioners and their families, who are carried in transports or at the expense of the Government of the United Kingdom, or of any col- ony thereof; but any person who is unlawfully on board the vessel shall not be held to be a passenger. oFor law ae amended May 4, 1910, see Appendix I. 79 80 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. "Port of entry." ({) "Port of entry" means any port, railway station, or place at which immigrants enter Canada or at which there is an immigration agent or where the medical inspection of immigrants is carried on. "Ship"; "ves- (,^-) ''Ship" or "vcssel" includes all ships, vessels, boats, ^^'■" or craft of any kind carrying passengers. "Stowaway." (k) "Stowaway" means a person who secretes himself and goes to sea in a vessel without the consent of either the owner, consignee, or master, or of a mate, or of the person in charge of the vessel, or of any person entitled to give such consent. Who shall be 3. Every person recognized by the Minister as an immi- «oragmt°'^^'''gration agent shall, with reference to any act done or to be done under this Act, and without formal appointment, be deemed to be an immigration agent for the purposes of this Act. ti^n^^fflSTshSi 4. The Governor in Council may establish and mamtam be maintained, immigration offices at such places within and outside of Canada as from time to time seems proper. APPOINTMENT POWERS AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS. Immigration 5^ 'php Govcmor iu Council may appoint a superin- C appointed™''-^' tendent of immigration, commissioners of immigration, immigration agents, medical officers, and such other officers as the governor in council determines. Subordinate of- Q Subject to Ruy regulations in that behalf, the Min- brSimTr°'"^''^ister may appoint or employ, either permanently or tem- porarily, any necessary subordinate officers not provided for in the last preceding section, or in any order in council made thereunder, including police guards, inspectors, matrons, and nurses to assist immigration agents and medical officers in carrying out the jjrovisions of this Act, and of any orders in council, proclamations or regulations made thereunder, and may confer upon them, and charge them with, such power and duties as he considers neces- sary or expedient. Appointmentof 7, Subjcct to the provisions of the regulations in that cer^s°fn°f4s°'^of behalf, immigration agents and medical officers may, in emergency. emergency, employ such temporary assistance as may be required, but no such employment shall continue for a period of more than forty-eight hours without the sanction of the Minister. .... Immigration g When, at any port of entry, there is no immigration agentsexofncio. ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^^ Customs Officer at that port shall be, ex^ officio, immigration agent. Duties of oin- 9_ Every officer appointed under this Act shall perform any and all duties prescribed for him by this Act, or by any order in council, proclamation or regulation made thereunder, and shall also perform such duties as are required of him by the Minister, either directly or through any other officer; and no action taken by any such officer under or for the purpose of this Act shall be deemed to be invalid or unauthorized, merely because it was not cers TITE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 81 taken by the officer specially appointed or detailed for the purpose. REGULATIONS. 10. The Governor in Council may, on the recommenda- Regulations tion of the Minister, make such orders and regulations, ^ternorTncoun^ not inconsistent with this Act, as are considered necessary"'' or expedient for the carrying out of this Act, according to its true intent and meaning, and for the better attain- ment of its object. PROPORTION OF PASSENGERS TO SIZE OF VESSEL. 11. No vessel from any port or place outside of Canada ^J°P°'^*'ff »' shall come within the limits of Canada ha^^ng on board, ^^'^^^^^ or having had at any time during her voyage — (a) Any greater number of passengers than one adult lo area of decks, passenger for every 15 clear superlicial feet on each deck of such vessel, appropriated to the use of such passengers and unoccupied by stores or other goods not being the personal luggage of such passengers. (b) A greater number of persons, including the master xo tonnage. and crew^, and the cabin passengers, if any, than one for every 2 tons of the tonnage of such vessel, calculated in the manner used for ascertaining the tonnage of British ships. (2) For the purposes of this section, each person of or "Adult" de- above the age of 14 years shall be deemed an adult, and^^^'^" two persons above the age of one year and under the age of 14 years shall be reckoned and taken as one adult. OBLIGATIONS OF MASTERS OF VESSELS BRINGING PASSEN- GERS. 12. The master of any vessel arriving at any port of Reports of pas- entry in Canada shall deliver a certified and correct report, ffvelld to°agen*t!" in the form prescribed by the regulations in that behalf, to the immigration agent at the port. 13. The master of any vessel sailing from a port outside Payment for of Canada who embarks passengers after the vessel hasgers^nol; Jntere'd been cleared and examined by the proper officer at the°'^'^^*- port of departure, and who does not deliver reports of such additional passengeis to the immigration agent at the port of entry, shall pay to such immigration agent for every passenger so embarked and not included in the list of passengers delivered to such proper officer at the port of departuie, or to the proper officer at the port at which such passenger was embarked, or to the proper officer at the port at which such vessel first touched after the embarkation of such passenger, the sum of S20, for each passenger so embarked as aforesaid, and not in- cluded in one of the said lists. 35365— S. Doc. 469, 61-2 6 82 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. \eI-^lfsl!ibftoIe ^^' Nothing in this Act shall prevent the master of any arrival at port ofvessel froiii permitting any passenger to leave the vessel destination. outside of Canada at the request of such passenger before the arrival of the vessel at her final port of destination; such'case^"^^ '"but ill Bvery such case, the name of the passenger so leav- ing shall be entered in the manifest on the list of passengers made out at the time of the clearing of the vessel from the port of departure, or at the port at which such passenger was embarked, and shall be certified under the signature of the passenger so leaving the vessel, be^entired Tn re°- ^^' ^^^ addition to the particulars hereinbefore required port. in the report to be delivered on each voyage by the master of any vessel arriving at any port of entry in Canada to the immigration agent at such port, the master shall report in writing to such agent the name and age of all passengers embarked on board of such vessel on such voyage who are lunatic, idiotic, epileptic, deaf and dumb, or dumb, blind or iniirni, or suffering from any disease or injury known to exist by the medical oHiccr of the ship, specifying the nature of the disease, and stating also whether or not they are accompanied bv relatives able to support them. seSs^v'hoTve 16. The report shall further state the name, age, and died. last place of residence of any person who has died during the voyage, and shall specify the cause of death and wheth- er such person was accompanied by relatives or other persons who were entitled to take charge of the moneys and cflects left by such person and the disposition made thereof. Disposal of (2) If there were no such relatives or other persons so entitled, the re])ort shall fully designate the quantity and description of the property, whether money or otherwise, left by such person ; and the master of the vessel shall pay over to the immigration agent at the port at which the vessel is entered, and fully account for, all moneys and effects belonging to any person who has died on the voyage. Immigration (3) The immigration agent shall thereupon grant to the cefpt *° ^'^^ '^^' master a receipt for all moneys or elTects so placed in his hands by the master, which receij^t shall contain a full description of the nature or amount thereof. PERMISSION TO LEAVE THE VESSEL. Passengers not 17, The master of any vessel shall not permit any pas- to land without , , , , *^ , , . , . , , ' . . -^ J permission. scngcr to Icavc tlic vesscl uiitii writtcii permission from the immigration agent to allow his passengers to land has been given to the master. Bregma ^Tave ^"^^ '^^^^ immigration agent at a port of entry, after vessel. satisfying himself that the requirements of this Act and of any order in council, proclamation, or regulation made thereunder have been carried out, shall grant permission to the master of the vessel to allow the passengers to leave • the vessel. THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA, 83 18. The master shall furnish the immigration agent, ni^^lfi'ofheaith' or the medical officer at the port of entry, with a bill of health, certified by the medical officer of the vessel, such bill of health being in the form and containing such in- formation as is required from time to time under this Act. 19. The immigration agent , whenever he deems ]) roper, inspection may request the medical officer, before any passengers i*4loffic'er? "''''" leave the vessel, to go on board and inspect such vessel, and examine and take extracts from the list of passen- gers or manifest, and from the bill of health. 20. The regulations to be niade by the Governor hi j^^^^mi grants Council may provide as a condition to permission to enter to possess pre- ^ I,!",' • iiii A spribed amount of Canada that mimigrants shall possess money to a pre-money. scribed minimum amount, which amount may vary according to the class and destination of such immigrants, and otherwise according to the circumstances. MEDICAL INSPECTION. 21. The medical inspection of passengers shall be per- ipa°?ns'pection.^'^' formed at the hours named in the regulations made by the Minister. 22. The immigration agent shall provide suitable facili- amtaaVion! °^^^' ties for the examination of immigrants at each port of entry, subject to any regulations made by the Minister. 23. The medical officer shall, after inspection, stamp .tampTafter in^ the ship ticket or railway ticket or passport of each pas- spection. senger who has passed medical inspection; and the immi- gration agent shall detain any passenger who has been inspected and not admitted, as required by this Act, or by any order in council, proclamation, or regulation made thereunder. . . 24. The innnigration agent shall be responsible for the agenVresponsVbie safe-keeping of any person so detained, except while in an {°^jjeg"^°°^ '^^' hospital or other place of detention under the charge of a medical officer. 25. The medical officer may, from time to time, with j^-^^^^/ej^J^^*/. the consent and approval of the Minister, make such ar- tained persons. rangements as he considers necessary for the care and supervision of immigrants who are detained on board a vessel where hospital facilities on shore do not exist, or, having been permitted to leave the vessel, are detained either for medical treatment or are awaiting deportation. PERSONS PROHIBITED FROM LANDING DEPORTATION. 26. No immigrant shall be permitted to land in Canada n,g°^;^"tnsine wdio is feeble-minded, an idiot, or aa epileptic, or who is and epileptic. insane, or who has had an attack of insanity within five years ; nor shall any immigrant be so lantled who is deaf and dumb, or dumb, blind, or inffi-m, unless he belongs to a family accompanying him or already in Canada, and which gives security, satisfactory to the minister, and in conformity with the regulations in that behalf, if any, for his permanent support if admitted into Canada. 84 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. soni'*''''®'^ P<""- 27. No immigrant shall be permitted to land in Canada who is afflicted with a loathsome disease or with a disease which is contagious or infectious and which may become dangerous to the public health or widely disseminated, whether such immigrant intends to settle in Canada or only to pass through Canada to settle in some other Proviso. country; provitled that if such disease is one which is curable within a reasonably short time, the immigrant suffering therefrom may, subject to the regulations in that behalf, if any, be permitted to remain on board where hospital facilities do not exist on shore, or to leave the vessel for medical treatment, under such regulations as may be made by the Minister. ^^gi^a^»persand 28. No pcrsou shall be permitted to land in Canada who is a pauper, or tlestitute, a professional beggar, or vagrant, or who is likely to become a public charge; and any person landed in Canada who, within two years there- after, has become a charge upon the public funds, whether municipal, provincial or federal, or an inmate of or a charge upon any charitable institution, may be deported and returned to the port or })lace whence he came or sailed for Canada. Criminals and 29. No immigrant shall be jjermitted to land in Canada prosti u es. ^j^^ |^^^ been convicted of a crime involving moral turj)i- tude, or who is a prostitute, or who procures, or brings, or attempts to bring into Canada, prostitutes or women for purposes of prostitution. Prohibition of 30. The Govcmor in Council may, by liroclamation or grants. Order, whenever he consideis it necessary or expedient, prohibit the landing in Canada of any s])ecified class of mimigrants or of any immigrants who have come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the country of which they are natives or citizens and upon through tickets purchased in that country, qufrT on tan": . 31. Actiug uudcr the authority of the Minister, the grants seeiving ad- immigration agcut, the medical officer, and any other adf.° 'officer or officers named by the Minister for such pur})ose, may act as a boaril of inc[uiry at any port of entry to con- sider and decide upon the case of any immigrant seeking admission into Canada. minX.' ^° *^' (2) The decision of such board touching the right of any such immigrant to land in Canada shall be subject to ap- peal to the Minister. Procedure. (3) The Governor in Council may make regulations gov- erning the procedure in connection with inquiries by such boards of inquiry and appeals from their decisions. pr!ihibited^tom°i- ^^' ^^^ railway or transportation companies or other grants. persous bringing immigrants from any country into Canada shall, on the demand of the superintendent of immigration, deport to the country whence he was brought, any immigrant prohibited by this Act, or by anj order in council or regulation made thereunder from being landed in Canada who was brought by such rail- way, transportation company, or other person into Canada THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 85 within a period of two years prior to the date of such demand. 33. Whenever in Canada an immigrant has, within two immigrant be- Pi • 1 1- • f\ 1 V 11- 1 corning public years or Ins iandmo; m Lanada, become a pubhc charge, charKe or criminal or an inmate of a penitentiary, gaol, prison, or hospital op ^^'"^'^m two years, other charitable institution, it shall be the duty of the clerk or secretary of the municipality to forthwith notify the Minister, giving full particulars. (2) On receipt of such information the Minister may, Minister may in his discretion, after investigating the facts, order theuon.'^'^ epor a- deportation of such immigrant at the cost and charges of such immigrant if lie is able to pay, and if not then at the cost of the municipality wherein he has last been regularly resident, if so ordered by the Minister, and if he is a vagrant or tramp, or there is no such municipality, then at the cost of the Department of the Interior. (3) When the immigrant is an inmate of a penitentiary, , •^r^pf of minis- 1 • ,^ Vr- • . £ T x- ,,- 'ter if immigrant gaol, or prison, the Mnnster or Justice ma}^, upon the is in prison. request of the Minister of the Interior, issue an order to the warden or governor of such penitentiary, gaol, or prison, commanding him to deliver the said immigrant to the person named in the warrant issued by the Super- intendent of Immigration as hereinafter provided, with a view to the deportation of such immigrant; and the Superintendent of Immigration shall issue his warrant to ^va^rant of su- such person as he may authorize to receive such immi- fm^mi^^aUon* °^ grant from the warden or governor of the penitentiary, gaol, or prison, as the case may be, and such order and warrant may be in the form given in schedule 2 of this act, (4) Such order of the Minister of Justice shall be suf- ficient authority to the warden or governor of the pen- itentiary, gaol, or prison, as the case may be, to deliver such immigrant to the person named in the warrant of the Superintendent of Immigration as aforesaid, and such warden or governor shall obey such order; and such war- rant of the Superintendent of Immigration shall be suf- ficient authority to the person named therein to detain such immigrant in his custody in any part of Canada until such immigrant is delivered to the authorized agent of the transpoi-tation company or companies which brought him into Canada, with a view to his deportation as herein provided. (5) Every immigrant deported under this section shall deportation by I, •I'ij^i i ± i- company which be carried, by the same transportation company or com- brought immi- panies which brought him into Canada, to the port from ^'^°'" which he came to Canada, without receiving the usual payment for such carriage. (G) In case he was brought into Canada by a railwaj'-pg^J' ""^''^y company, such company shall similaily convey him or secure his conveyance from the municipality or locality whence he is to be deported to the country whence he was brought. 86 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Punishment of /J) ^j;jy immigrant deported under this section as hav- deported iinmi- . ^ / - . o i grant returning to ing Decoiiie an inmate ot a penitentiary, gaol, or prison, Canada. .^^^|^^ retums to Canada after such deportation may be brought before any justice of the peace in Canada; and such justice of the peace shaU thereupon make out his warrant under his hand and seal for the recommittal of such immigrant to the penitentiary, gaol, or prison from which he was deported, or to any other penitentiary, goal, or prison in Canada; and such immigrant shall be so re- committed accordingly and shall untlergo a term of im- prisonment equal to the residue of iiis sentence which remained unexpired at the time of his deportation. stowaways. 333,. The master of any vessel bound for Canada, hav- ing on board thereof a stowaway, shall carry him to the port of destination of the vessel in Canada, and, if it is a port of entry where there is an immigration building with an immigration agent in charge thereof, shall hand the stowaway over to the immigration agent, who shall detain him in safe-keeping until the vessel is readv to leave the port, when the stowaway shall be placed by the immigration agent in the custody of, and shall be received by, the master of the vessel on board of it. (2) Any vessel entering Canada having on board a stowaway and destined for a port in Canada which is not a port of entry, or at which if it is a port of entry, there is no l)uilding for the reception of immigrants with an immigration agent in charge, shall carry the stoAvaway to that port, ami on arrival thereat the master of the ves- sel shall lay an information against the stowaway before a justice of the peace charging liim with being a stowaway within the meaning of this Act, and the justice shall on his summary conviction of the stowaway order him to be detained in the common gaol or other prison for the port, until the vessel is ready to leave the port, when the stow- away shall be placed by any peace officer in the custody of and shall be received, by the master of the vessel on board of it. (3) The master of a vessel shall carry to the port from which the vessel came to Canada, without charge, any stowaway who has been returned to the custody of the master and received by him on board of the vessel, as provided by this section. PROTECTION OF IMMIGRANTS. Passengers may 34, Evcrv immigrant on any vessel arriving at a port remain on board « , .i-i,i ± £ ^ 1 twenty-four of entry to which the ow^ner or master ot such vessel hours after ar- gj^gg^gg^^j ^^ convey him. If facilities for housing or inland carriage for such immigrant are not immediately avail- able, shall be entitled to remain and keep his luggage on board the vessel for twenty-four hours after such arrival, and the master of such vessel shall not, before the expiry of such twenty-four hours, remove any berths or accom- modation used bv such immigrants. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 87 35. The master of any vessel having immigrants on j^^g^s^e°|ers^a°^ board shall land his passengers and their luggage free of landed tree. expense to the said passengers at any of the usual public landing places at the port of arrival according to orders which he receives from the immigration agent at the said port, and at reasonable hours as fixed by the immigra- tion agent in accordance with the regulations in that behalf. 36. The Minister or the Superintendent of Immigration Landing piaee. may, from time to time, by instructions to the immigra- tion agent at any port of entry, appoint the place at which all passengers arriving at such port shall be landed. 37. At the place so appointed the Minister may cause shelter and m- proper shelter and accommodation to be provided for the be'provided" immigrants until they can be forwarded to their place of destination. 38. No person shall, at any port or place in Canada, for -^j^^o^pifgj e°* hire, reward, or gain, or the expectation thereof, conduct, cept by licensed solicit, or recommend, either orally or by handbill orP*^''^°"^- placard, or in any other manner, any immigrant to or on behalf of any owner of a vessel, or to or on behalf of any lodging-house keeper or tavern keeper, or any other per- son, for any purpose connected with the preparations or arrangements of such immigrant for his passage to his final place of destination in Canada, or in the United States or in other territories outside of Canada, or give or pretend to give to such immigrant any information, oral, printed, or otherwise, or assist him to his said place of destination, or in an}' way exercise tlie vocation of booking passengers, or of taking money for their inland fare, or for the trans- portation of their luggage, unless such person has first obtained a license from the Superintendent of Immigra- tion authorizing him to act in such capacity. 39. No person, whether a licensed immigrant runner, or Runners not to agent or })erson acting on behalf of any steamboat com- fore p^^sengers pany, railway company, forwarding company, or hotel or ^''^ '^'^^'"^■ boarding-house keeper or his agent, shall go on board any vessel bringing immigrants into Canada after such vessel has arrived in Canadian waters, or into an immigration building or onto anj^vv^iarf where immigrants are landed, or shall book or solicit any immigrant by such vessel, before the immigrants are landed from such vessel, unless he is unless licensed. authorized so to do by the Superintendent of Immigration or immigration agent at the port of entry where such vessel is to land its passengers. 40. Every keeper of a tavern, hotel, or boarding-house Lists of hotel in any city, town, village, or place in Canada, designated house prices to be by any order in council, who receives into his house as a ^'^p'^^'^'^' boarder or lodger any immigrant within three months after his arrival in Canada, shall cause to be kept con- spicuously posted in the public rooms and passages of his house and printed upon his business cards, a list of the prices wliicli will be charged to immigrants per day and week for board or lodging, or both, and also the prices for 88 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. separate meals, which cards shall also contain the name of the keeper of such house, together with the name of the street m which it is situate, and its number in such street. grants' gTod^ito- (-) ^o such boar(ling-house_ keeper, hotel keeper, or ited. tavern keeper shall have any lien on the effects of such immigrant for any amount claimed for such board or lodging for anv sum exceeding $5. J^'^^l'JJ^.Tu^t 41. If complaint be made to the Minister or the Super- 01 CO 111 pitlllit^ rtT • • • •! against any com- mtendent or Immigration against any railway company tionVact ^'° "^ or other incorporated company of any offence or violation of this Act, or of any law of the United Kingdom or of any other country, in any matter relating to immigrants or immigration, the Minister may cause such inquiry as he thinks proper to be made into the facts of the case, or may bring the matter before the Governor in Council in order that such inciuiry may be made under the IiKpiiries Act. Powers of min- (2) If upon sucli inquiry it appears to the satisfaction of the Minister that the company has been guilty of such violation, the Minister may require the company to make such compensation to the })erson aggrieved, or to do such other thing, as is just and reasonable; or may adopt measures for causing such proceedings to be instituted against the company as the case requires. Property of im- 42 jf both the immigrant parents, or the last surviv- migrant parents. . . f^ „ 1 -i 1 1 -i 1 1 1 ^ dying. ing immigrant parent, or any child or children brought with them in any vessel bound for Canada die on the voj^age, or at any quarantine station or elsewhere in Can- ada while still uiuler tiie care of an immigration agent or other -oflicer under this Act, the Minister, or such officer as he deputes for the purpose, may cause the effects of such parents or ])arent to be disposed of for the benefit of such child or childi'en to the best advantage in his power, or, in his discretion, to be delivered over to any institution or person assuming the care and charge of such child or children. Intercourse be- 43. ]SJo officcr, seaiiian, or other person on board of frmaie"?mm"i-any vcssel bringing immigrants to Canada shall, while fted"*^ P"""*"'*^" such vessel is in Canadian waters, entice or admit any female immigrant passenger into his apartment, or, ex- cept hj the direction or permission of the master of such vessel first made or given for such purpose, visit or fre- quent any part of such vessel assigned to female immi- grant passengei"s. Notice of fore- 44^ 'fj^g master of every vessel bringing immigrant be^osS'ip°° ° passengers to Canada, shall, at all times while the vessel is in Canadian waters, keep posted, in a conspicuous place on the forecastle and in the several parts of the said vessel assigned to immigrant passengers, a written or printed notice in the English, French, Swedish, Danish, German, Russian, and Yiddish languages, and such other languages as are ordered from time to time by the Super- intendent of Immigration, containing the provisions of this Act regarding the prevention of intercourse between THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 89 the crew and the immigrant passengers, and the penalties for the contravention thereof, and keep such notice so posted during the remainder of the voyage. (2) The immigration agent at the port of entiy shan^.i^^P^'ion ^o_f inspect eveiy such vessel upon arrival for evidence of deuce of contra- comphance with this section, and shall institute proceed- ^''^°^'''°- ings for any penalty incurred for violation thereof. OFFENCES AND PENALTIES. 45. Everv person who does in Canada anything for the False represen- n " • • J.I iT'i.' ■• talion to induce purpose of causmg or procunng the publication or circu- or deter immigra- lation, by advertisement or otherwise, in a country out-"°°- side of Canada of false representations as to the oppor- tunities for employment in Canada, or as to the state of the labor market in Canada, intended or adapted to en- courage or induce, or to deter or prevent, the immigration into Canada of persons resident in that country, or who does anything in Canada for the purpose of causing or procuring the communication to an}^ resident of such country of any such false representations, shall, if any such false representations are thereafter so pubhshed, circulated, or communicated, be guilty of an offence and liable, on summaiy conviction before two justices of the peace, to a penalty for each offence of not more than Penalty. $1,000 and not less than S50. 46. If any vessel from any port or place outside of vessels carry- Canada comes within the limits of Canada haying on above num^ber^au- board or having had on board at any time during herthorized. voyage — (a) Any greater number of passengers than 1 adult passenger for every 15 clear superficial feet on each deck of such vessel appropriated to the use of such passen- gers, and unoccupied by stores or other goods not being the personal luggage of such passengers; or (b) A greater number of persons, including the mas- ter and crew and the cabin passengers, if any, than 1 for every 2 tons of the tonnage of such vessel, calculated in the manner used for ascertaining the tonnage of Brit- ish ships, the master of such vessel shall incur a penalty not exceeding S20 and not less than $8 for each passen- penalty, ger or person constituting such excess. 47. If the master of any vessel does not, forthwith after Masters not such vessel arrives at any port of entry in Canada, and™^^'°s''^P°'''^- before any entry of such vessel is allowed, deliver to the immigration agent at the port at which such vessel is to be entered a correct report, in the form prescribed by the regulations in that behalf, of all the passengers on board such vessel at the time of her departure from the port or place whence she last cleared or sailed for Canada, and a true statement of the other particulars mentioned in the said form, he shall incur a penalty of S20 for each day dur- Penalty, ing which he neglects so to deliver such list, and S8 for each passenger whose name is omitted in such report. 90 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Masters permit- 48_ jf the master of any vessel arriving at any port paslengers' bifore of entry in Canada permits any passenger to leave the report certified, ^^gg^j before he has delivered to the immigration agent at any such port a certified and correct report in the form prescribed by the regulations in that behalf, and received permission from theimmigration agent to allow the pas- sengers to land, he shall incur a penalty not exceeding Penalty. $100 and uot Icss than $20 for every passenger so leaving the vessel. 49. Every pilot who has had charge of any vessel having i/g'to'irform passengers on board, and knows that any passenger has agent of violation j^gp^^ permitted to leave the vessel contrary to the provi- sions of this Act, and who does not immediately upon the arrival of such vessel in the port to which he engaged to pilot her, and before the immigration agent has given permission to the passengers to leave the vessel, inform the said agent that such'passenger or passengers has or have been so permitted to leave the vessel, shall incur Penalty ^ penalty not exceeding $100 for every passeno;er with regard to whom he has wilfully neglected to give such information. Master neglect- §0. If the master of any vessel arriving at any port of ing to deliver re- entry in Canada (a) omits to report in wTiting to the mi- tionagenr"'^''" migration agent at such port, in the report required by this Act to be delivered by him on each voyage, the name and age of each passenger embarked on board of such ves- sel on such voyage who is lunatic, idiotic, epileptic, deaf and dumb, or dumb, blind, or infirm, or suffering from any disease or injury known to exist by the medical officer of the ship, stating also as to each passenger whether he is accompanied by relatives, able to support him or not; or (h) makes any "false report in any of such particulars, he Penalty. shall iucur a penalty not exceeding $100 and not less than $20 for every passenger in regard to whom any such omission occurs or any such false report is made. Liability of (2) The owner of the vessel shall in such case also be owner. liable for the aforesaid penalty, and, if there are more owners than one, such owners shall be so liable jointly and severally ; but in any case under this section where a con- viction has been obtained against the master of the vessel, no further prosecution against the owner of the vessel shall be instituted. Master neglect- 61. If the master of anv vessel arriving at any port in S'ngTrfdyingCanada refuses or neglects _ and their prop- (^) Xo mention in the report, in the form set forth m ^'"*^' the schedule to this Act, the name, age, and last place of residence of any person who has died during the passage of the vessel, and to specify whether such passenger was accompanied by relatives or other persons, if any, who would be entitled to take charge of the moneys and effects left bv such person, and the disposal made thereof, or (byU there are no such relatives, or other persons en- titled to take charge of such moneys and effects, to fully designate in the said report the quantity and description THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 91 of the property, whether money or otherwise, left b}- sucli person, and to pay over and fully account therefor to the immigration a^jent for the port at which the vessel is entered, he shall incur a penalty not exceeding $1,000 and penaity. not less than S20. 52. If the master of any vessel arriving at any port of Master compei- entry in Canada where facilities for housing or inland le"ve''Tt^"e^Ve° carriage are not immediatelv available, ccunpels anvf"''?-^hou'"sfrom . ^ , , . 1 1* c I • • r 1 ■ arrival. mmugrant to leave Ins vessel berore the expn-ation or the period of twenty-four hours after the arrival of the vessel m the port or harbor to which the master or owner of such vessel engaged to convey such immigrant, he shall incur a penalty not exceeding $20 for each such immi- penalty, grant whom he so compels to leave the vessel. (2) If such master, before the expiration of the said ^enh Tt" ^^ ° ^ period, removes any berth or accommodation used by any passenger, except with the written permission of the immigration agent at the port of entry, he shall for each Penalty. such removal incur a like penalty of $20. 53. If the master of any vessel arriving at any port of ^ Master refusing entry fails or refuses to land the passengers and their gers free. '''*^^^°' luggage, free of expense to the passengers, at one of the usual public landing places at such port of arrival, and according to the orders which he received from the immi- gration agent at such port, and at reasonable hours as fixed by such agent in accordance with the regulations in that behalf, if any, he shall incur a penaltv of .$40 for each Penalty. offence. 64. If the master of an}^ vessel arri\ang at any port of Master refusing entry in Canada, and having on board such vessel anyp'^J^p^'fiy^^an^ passengers to whom this Act applies, refuses or neglects to passengers! land such passengers and their luggage, free of expense, and by steam tug or other proper tender, if necessary, at the place appointed therefor by the Alinister or the Superintendent of Immigration, under this Act, and at reasonable hours fixed as aforesaid, he shall incur a pen- Penalty. alty of $20 for each such passenger. 55. Every person who, at any port or place within soliciting, etc., Canada, for hire, reward or gain, or the expectation o"|J^r^'\'}j'an ^Jj] thereof censed persons. (a) Conducts, solicits, or recommends, either orally or by handbill, or placard, or in any other manner, any im- migrant to or on behalf of (i) any owner of a vessel, or (ii) any railway company, or (iii) any lodging-house kee})er or tavern keeper, or (iv) any other person, for any pur- pose connected with the preparations or arrangements of such immigrant for his passage to his final place of destination in Canada or in the United States, or to other territories outside of Canada; or (b) Gives or pretends to give to such immigrant any information, printed or otherwise, or assists him to his said place of destination, or in any way exercises the vocation of booking passengers, or of taking money for 92 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. their inland fare, or for the transportation of their lug- gage, shall, unless such person has first obtained a license from the Superintendent of Immigration authorizing him Penalty. to act in sucli Capacity, incur a penalty of not more than $50 for each offence. Runners board- 56. Evcry liccnscd immigrant runner or agent, or per- p'alseSs landed son actiug '^ou behalf of any owner of a vessel, railway without permit company, forwardiug company, or any hotel or boai'ding- agen . house keeper, or his agent, who goes on board any vessel bringing immigrants into Canada, or books or solicits any immigrant by such vessel, before the immigrants are landed therefrom, shall, unless he is authorized by the immigration agent at the port of entry where such vessel Penalty. is to land its passengers so to do, incur a penalty of $25 for each offence. Selling tickets 57. Evcry person licensed under this Act as an immi- exieTsh^lrttes.''^ grant runuer or agent, or person acting on behalf of any owner of a vessel, railway company, forwarding company, or hotel or boarding-house keeper, and every person in his employ who sells to any immigrant a ticket or order for the passage of such immigrant, or for the conveyance of his luggage at a higher rate than that for which it could be purcTiased directly from the company undertaking such conveyance, and every person who purchases any such ticket from an immigrant for less than its value, or gives in exchange for it one of less value, shall incur a Penalty. penalty of $20 ifor each such offence, and the license of such person shall be forfeited. Hotel keepers 58. Evcry keeper of a tavern, hotel, or boarding-house up^nst1°Kr^ces in anv citv, town, village, or other place in Canada, desig- cesftSo^f 'et'""' nated by order in council, who— (a) Neglects or refuses to post a list of prices and to keep business cards on which is printed a list of the prices which will be charged to immigrants per day or w^eek for boaixl or lodging, or both, and the prices for separate meals, and also the name of the keeper of such house, together with the name of the street m which the house is situated and its number in such street, or (b) Charges or receives, or permits or suffers to be charged or received, for board or lodging, or for meals in his house, any sum in excess of the prices so posted and printed on such business cards, or (c) Omits immediately, on any immigrant entering such house as a boarder or lodger or for the puri)ose of taking any meal therein, to deliver to such immigrant one Penalty. of such ])"rinte(l business cards, shall incur a penalty not exceeding $20 and not less than $5. feJts^ifteT'tender ^^- Evcry such boardiug-house keeper, hotel keeper, or of $5. tavern keeper who detains tlie effects of any immigrant by reason of any claim for board or lodging after he has been tendered the sum of $5 or such less sum as is actually due for the board or lodging of such immigrant, shall Penalty. Incur a penalty not exceeding $25, and not less than $5, THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 93 over and above the value of the efl'ects so detained, and he shall also be liable to restore such effects. (2) In the event of any such unlawful detention, the ^^^ec^oj_ery^of effects so detained may be searched for and recovered under search warrant as in case of stolen goods, 60. Every olhcer, seaman, or other person employed ^Jj|,'j^'"™^[se^ on board of anv vessel bringinir immifrrants to Canada female ■ be- and Immi- grants. Penalty. Permitting em- ployees on vessel Penalty. Neglecting to post up notice of who while such vessel is in Canadian waters, entices or admits any female immigrant into his apartment, or, except by the direction or permission of the master of such vessel, ffrst given, visits or frequents any part of such vessel assigned to female innnigrant passengers, not being cabin passengers, shall incur a penalty equal in amount to his wages for the voyage during which the said offence was committed. 61. Every master of any vessel who, while such vessel ^^^ is in Canadian waters, directs or permits any officer orfo ^•isit Vrtion seaman or other person employed on board of such vessel ^^^nts. ^° to visit or frequent any part of such vessel assigned to immigrants, except for the purpose of doing or perform- ing some necessary act or duty as an officer, seaman, or person employed on board of such vessel, shall incur a penalty of S25 for each occasion on which he so directs or permits the provisions of this section to be violated by any othcer, seaman, or other person employed on board of such vessel : Promded, That this section shall not apply to cabin passengers, or to any part of the vessel assigned to their use. 62. Every master of a vessel bringing immigrants to Canada who neglects to post, and keep posted, the notice provi^onT"con- required by this Act to be posted regardino; the prevention ^ants^^ immi- of intercourse between the crew and the immigrants and the penalties for contravention thereof as required by this Act, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding $100 for each Penalty. such offence. 63. If, during the voyage of any vessel carrying inimi- g.^'o'a^'^on offo^ grants from anv port outside of Canada to anv port in breach of contract Canada, the master or any of the cre\y is guilty of any ^''^ P^^engers. violation of any of the laws in force in the country in which such foreign port is situate regarding the duties of such master or crew toward the immigrants in such vessel, or if the master of any such vessel during such voyage commits any breach whatsoever of the contract for the passage made with any immigrant by such mas- ter, or by the owner of such vessel, such master or such one of the crew shall, for every such violation or breach of contract, be liable to a penalty not exceeding SI 00 Penalty, and not less than $20, independently of any remedy which such immigrants complaining may otherwise have. 64. Every person who violates any provision of this contraventions Act, or of any order in council, proclamation, or regulation vided for^ ^^^^°' in respect of w;hich violation no other penalty is provided by this Act, shall incur a penalty not exceeding $100. Penalty. 94 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Master pe™it- 65. Everj ownei" or master of a vessel who lands or immigrant' to permits to land therefrom in Canada any immigrant or loMikfon'botd other passenger the landing of whom is prohibited by this when required. j^(>j^^ or by any Order in council, proclamation, or regida- tion made thereunder, whether such immigrant or pas- senger intends to settle in Canada or only intends to pass through Canada to settle in some other country, or who refuses or neglects, when thereunto lawfully reciuired, to take on board his vessel any immigrant or passenger who has been so landed, shall incur a penalty not exceeding Penalty. $1^000 and not less than $100 for each such offence. Apprehension QQ ^j^y persoii landed in Canada from a vessel, or of prohibited per- , , . f .^ ^ , t •^ i__ j..._ sons who shall be brought iuto Canada by a railway company, in contra- o^r"™founfr'yvention of this Act, or of any order in council or procla- w hence theyj^atiou lawfully issucd thereunder, or any person landed came. ^^^ medical treatment who remains in Canada in contra- vention of such order or proclamation, may be appre- hended, without a warrant, by any immigration agent or other government officer, and may, by force if necessary, be compelled to return to or be taken on board the vessel, Penalty. ^^^^j^ -^^ ^|^^ ^.^^^^ q^- ^ i-aihvay Company, be returned to the country whence he came. Master of vessel (2) EveiT owiier Or master of a vessel and every rail- or railway com- ^ ' J , i-ij.ii '•• pany violating way Company or other person wlfo violates the provisions this section. ^£ ^j^-^ gp^j-^Qj-^^ q^. ^y\^^^ .^\^\^ q^ ^bcts any immigrant or passenger in acting in contravention of such order or proc- lamation, or who refuses or neglects to take any such immigrant or passenger on board such vessel or the cars Penalty. of such railway company, shall incur a penalty not ex- ceeding SI, 000 and not less than SlOO for each such offence. Refusal or neg- (3) Evcrv railway company which wilfully receives or lect of railway ^ ' .' 1 • ' • ' , j 1 ^ company. transports any such immigrant or other passenger, or which refuses*^ or neglects, when thereunto lawfully re- quired, to take on board its cars any such immigrant or Penalty. passciiger, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding SI .000 and not less than $100 for each such offence. Apprehension gy ^n^ pcrsoii fouiid ill Canada who has come into and deportation .^ ^ • . K . -ii, tt i.u_ of immigrants li- Canada Within a period ot two years from any other able to exclusion, country by any means or inotle of conveyance and who would be iia])le to exclusion or deportation under any of the provisions of this Act relating to irnmigrants or pas- sengers arriving by ship or railway train may be appre- hended and compelled to return to "the country whence he came. head^°o7''fLraiiv^ ^^- ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ where deportation of the father or head dependmt '*mem- of a family is ortlered, all dependent members of the family ^^'^^' may be deported at the same time. THE IMMIGRATION 6ITUATI0JS IN CANADA. 95 RECOVERY OF PENALTIES. 69. Every diit.v or penalty imposed under the f^iithority gi^^^'^^^^^jfJ'i^gP^JJ; of this Act upon the owner, charterer, or master of any vessel, vessel shall, until payment thereof, be a lien upon any vessel of the company or owner or charterer in respect whereof it has become payable, and may be enforced and collected by the seizure and sale of the vessel, her tackle, apparel, and furniture, under the warrant or process of the mairistrate or court before whom it has been sued for, and shall be preferred to all other liens or hypothecations except mariners" wages. (2) Every penalty imposed under the authority of thiSp^^g^^^^^JJ^V,^™^: Act upon a railway company shall, until payment thereof, company to be be a lien or cliaro;e upon the railway property, assets, *<^° °" p'"'*p"^> • rents, and revenues of such company. PROCEDURE, 70. Every prosecution for a penalty under this Act . where pmsecu- may be instituted at the place where the offender theiibrought™^^ is, before any justice of the peace having jurisdiction in such place, and may be recovered, upon summary con- viction, at the suit of any immigration agent, and the penalties recovered shall be paid into the hands of the Minister of Finance and shall form part of the Consoli- dated Revenue Fund of Canada. (2) The justice of the peace may award costs against costs, the offender as in ordinary cases of summary proceedings, and may, in the case of an owaier, charterer, or master of a vessel, also award imprisonment for a term not exceed- ing three months, to terminate on payment of the pen- alty incurred, and may, in his discretion, award any part of the penalty, when recovered, to the person aggrieved bv or through the act or neglect of such offender. "71. If it appears to the justice, by the admission of ^^,^;^Yhlre'^is°no such person or otherwise, that no sufficient distress can sufficient distress. be had whereon to levy the moneys so adjudged to be paid, he may, if he thinks fit, refi-ain from issuing a war- rant of distress in the case, or, if such warrant has been issued, and upon the return thereof such insufficiency as aforesaid is made to appear to the justice, then such jus- tice shall, by warrant, cause the person ordered to pay such money and costs as aforesaid to be committed to gaol, there to remain without bail for any term not exceeding three months unless such moneys and costs ordered to be paid, and such costs of distress and sale as aforesaid, are sooner paid and satisfied; but such im- prisonment of a master of any vessel shall not discharge ^^.^^ ^^^ ^.^_ the vessel from the lien or liability attached thereto by charged, the provisions of this Act. 72. No conviction or proceeding under this Act shall com^ctgns^or be quashed for want of form, nor, unless the penalty to be quashed for imposed is SI 00 or over, be removed by appeal or certio- ^^°'' °^ '°'™' rari or otherwise into any superior court. 96 THE IMMIGKATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Warrant and (2) No Warrant or commitment shall be held void by to brheuFvoid!" reason of any defect therein, if it is therein alleged that the person has been convicted and there is a good and valid conviction to sustain the same. ^|ecuntyjncase (3) jj^ ^\^q p.^ge of removal by appeal or certiorari or appea , e c. Q^j^gj-^^ise of any conviction or proceeding under this Act into any Superior Court, security shall be given to the extent of $100 for the costs of such removal proceedings to such superior court. nsJs^^nde?^a*cT "^3. All cxpcnscs incurred in carrying out the provi- pensesun er ac • ^.^^^^ ^^ this Act aud'of affording help and advice to immi- grants and aiding, visiting, ancl relieving destitute immi- grants, procuring medical assistance, and otherwise attending to the objects of immigration, shall be paid out of any moneys granted by parliament for any such purpose and under such regulations or under such orders in council, if any, as are made for the distribution and application of such moneys. Appendix B. GOVERNMENT BILL PROPOSING AMENDMENTS TO THE CANADIAN IMMIGRATION LAW.'^ [Second session eleventh Parliament, 9-10 Edward VII, 1909-10.] The House of Commons of Canada. BILL 102. — An Act respecting Immigration. His Majesty, by and \\dth the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows : SHORT TITLE. 1. This act may be cited as The Immigration Act. INTERPRETATION . Short title. . 2. In tliis Act, and in all ordei-s in council, proclama- tions and regulations made thereunder, unless the con- text otherwise requires — (a) ''Minister" means the Minister of the Interior. (b) "Officer" means any person appointed under this Act, for any of the purposes of tliis Act, and any officer of customs; and includes the Superintendent of Immigra- tion, immigration commissioners and inspectors and every person recognized by the Minister as an immigration agent or officer with reference to anything done or to be done under this Act, whether within or outside of Canada, and whether with or without formal appointment. (c) "Immigration officer in charge" or "officer inct^arge" charge" means the immigration officer, or medical officer, or other person in immediate charge or control at a port of entry for the purposes of this Act. (d) " Domicile" means the place in which a person has his present home, or in which he resides, or to which he returns as his place of present peraianent abode, and not for a mere special or teip porary purpose. Canadian domi- cile is acquired for the purposes of this Act by a person quired having his domicile tor at least three years in Canada after having been 1p irlod therein within the meaning of this Act: Provided, That the time spent hj a person in any penitentiary, gaol, reformatory, prison or asylum for the insane in Canada shall not be counted in the three- j'-ear period of residence in Canada which is necessary in Definitions. Minister.- Officer." Officer In Domicile." How Canadian domicile ac- Provlso. o By Mr. Oliver. First reading January 19, 1910. 1910; see Appendix I. 35365— S. Doc. 469, t.1-2 7 This bill became a law May 4, 97 98 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. How Canadian order to acquire Canadian domicile. Canadian domicile domicile ost. ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ purposes of tliis Act, by a person volun- tarily residing out of Canada, not for a mere special or temporary purpose, but with the present intention of making his permanent home out of Canada unless and until something which is unexpected, or the happening of which is uncertain, shall occur to induce him to return to Canada. "Allen." (g) "Alien" means a person who is not a British sub- ject. "Canadian citi- ({) "Canadian citizen" means — ^^■" {i) A person born in Canada who has not become an alien; (ii) A British subject who has Canadian domicile; or, (iii) A person naturalized under the laws of Canada who has not subsequently become, an alien or lost Cana- dian domicile: Proviso. Provided, That for the purpose of tliis Act a woman who has not been landed in Canada shall not be held to have acquired Canadian citizenship by virtue of her husband being a Canadian citizen; neither shall a child who has not Deen landed in Canada be held to have acquired Canadian citizenship through its father or mother being a Canadian citizen. "Immigrant." (^) "Immigrant" means a person who enters Canada with the intention of acquiring Canadian domicile, and for the purposes of this Act every person entering Canada shall be presumed to be an immigrant unless belonging to "Nonimmigrant Q^g q[ ^\^q following classcs of persons, hereinafter called "nonimmigrant classes: Canadian citi- (j) Canadian citizens; and persons who have Canadian Domiciled resi- domicile. "^^Dipiomatic. (ii) Diplomatic and consular officers, and all accredited representatives and officials of British or foreign govern- ments, their suites, families, and guests, coming to Canada to reside or to discharge any official duty or to pass through in transit. MHitary. (iii) Officers and men, with their wives and families, belonging to or connected with His Majesty's regular naval and military forces. Tourist. (iv) Tourists and travellers merely passing through Canada to another countiy. students. (v) Students entering Canada for the purpose of attend- ance, and while in actual attendance, at any university or college authorized by statute or charter to confer degrees; or at any high school or collegiate institute recognized as such for the purpose of this Act by the Minister. Professional. (vi) Members of dramatic, musical, artistic, athletic or spectacular organizations entering Canada temporarily for the purpose of giving public performances or exhibitions of an entertaining or instructive nature; and actors, art- ists, lecturers, musicians, priests and ministers of reh^ion, professors of colleges or other educational institutions, THE IMMIGEATIO]Sr SITUATION IN CANADA. 99 ily ■ 'Head of fam- " Passenger.- and commercial travellers, entering Canada for the tem- porary exercise of their respective callings. (vii) Holders of a permit to enter Canada, in force f or j^j^^'J^I'^y^.^ ^P^ the time being, in form A of Schedule 1 to this Act, ada. signed by the Minister or by some person duly author- . ized: Provided, That whenever in the opinion of the Min- ister or Superintendent of Immigration or Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such, any person has been improperly included in any of the nonimmigrant classes, or has ceased to belong to any of such classes, such person shall there- upon be considered an immigrant within the meaning of this Act and subject to all the provisions of this Act re- specting immigrants seeking to enter Canada. (70 ''^Family" includes father and mother, and children "Family." under eighteen years of age. (i) "Head of family" means the father, mother, son, daughter, brother, or sister upon whom the other mem- bers of the family are mainly dependent for support. (j) "Passenger" means a person lawfully on board any ship, vessel, railway train, vehicle, or other contrivance for travel, or transport, and also includes any person rid- ing, walking, or otherwise travelling across any interna- tional bridge or highway; but shall not be held to include the master or other person in control or command of such vessel, ship, railway train, vehicle, bridge, highway, or other contrivance for travel or transportation, or any member of the crew or staff thereof, or mihtaiy or naval forces and their families who are carried at the expense of the Government of the United Kingdom or the Govern- ment of any British Dominion or Colony: Provided, That am" member of the crew of a ship or of the staff of a rail- way train or other contrivance for travel or transport who deserts or is discharged in Canada from his sliip or railway train or other contrivance for travel or transport shall thereupon be considered a passenger \^athin the meaning of this Act. (k) "Stowaway" means a person who goes to sea se- "stowaway.' creted in a ship without the consent of the master or other person in charge of the ship, or of a person entitled to give such consent ; or a person who travels on any railway train or other conveyance ^^-ithout the consent of the conductor or other person authorized to give such consent. (?) "Ship" or "vessel" inchides every boat and craft of "Ship." any kind whatsoever for travel or transport other than by land. (m) "Master" means any person in command of a ship or vessel. (n) "0\\mer" as appHed to a ship or vessel includes the charterers of such ship or vessel and the agent of the o-wner or charterer thereof. (o) "Port of entiy" means any port, railway station, or place in Canada at which there is an officer and where in- spection of immigrants may be carried on. Proviso. 'Master.' 'Owner." 'Port of entry." 100 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. "Landed." (p) "Land," "landed," or "landing," as applied to pas- sengers or immigrants, means their lawful admission into Canada by an officer under this Act, otherwise than for in- spection or treatment or other temporarj^ purpose pro- vided for by this Act. "Rejected." (^) "Rejected," as applied to an immigrant or other person seeking to enter Canada, means that such immi- grant or other person has been examined by a Board of Inquiiy or officer acting as such and has been refused per- mission to land in Canada. "Deportation." (;.) " Depoi'tatiou " iiieaus the removal under authority of this Act of any rejected immigrant or other person, or of any immigrant or other person who has already been landed in Canada, or who has entered or who re- mains in Canada contrar^^ to any provision of this Act, from any place in Canada at which such immigrant or other person is rejected or detained to the place whence he came to Canada, or to the country of his birth or citizen- sliip. strtto.™'^*^*"* M^ " Inmiigrant station " means any place at which im- migrants or passengers are examined, inspected, treated, or detained by an officer for any purpose under this Act, and includes hospitals maintained for the purposes of this Act. ci)mp^T°^*^"°° ^^^ "Transportation company" means and includes an}'- corporate body or organized firm or person cariying or providing for the transit of passengers, whether by ship, railway, bridge, highway or otherwise, and any two or more such transportation companies cooperating in the business of carrying passengers. "^^*-" (w) "Immigration Act" or "Act" shall be held to in- clude all orders in council, proclamations, and regulations made hereunder. ExPLANATOUY NOTE. — This interpretation section is more comprehen- sive than that in the present Act, the object being to define every term frequently occurring in this bill which might otherwise be given vari- ous meanings by immigration otficers or by Boards of Inquiry or by the courts, e. g., ''family," "head of family," "immigrant," etc., have no strict legal meaning, but for immigration purposes it is expedient that their meaning should be defined and fixed. Paragraph ((/).— This is based upon the dictum of Vice-Chancellor Kindersley in the case of Lord v. Colvin (4 Drew, 376; 28 L. J. €h., 3C6) as follows: "I would venture to suggest that the definition of an ac- quired domicile might stand thus: 'That place is properly the domicile of a person in which he has voluntarily fixed the habitation of himself and his family, not for a mere special and temporary purpose, but with a present intention of making it his permanent home, unless and until something which is unexpected, or the happening of which is uncertain, shall occur to induce him to adopt some other permanent home.' " As to the proviso. — The two-year period of domicile required under the present Act has been changed in this bill to a three-year period. This will be in accord with the United States Immigration Act, and will also correspond with the three-year period of domicile required under our Naturalization Act; but without the present proviso an undesirable immigrant might receive a sentence of three or more years imprison- ment shortly after landing in Canada and upon his release it would not be possible to deport him. THE IMMIGRATIOX SITUATION IN CANADA. 101 Paragraph (g). — The fact of a person belonging to any of the nonimmi- grant classes does not mean that he is necessarily free to enter Canada or that he is exempt from all restrictions under this bill, but that he is ex- empt from sections and regulations applying to immigrants, such as pos- session of a required amount of cash (sec. 37), certain physical disabili- ties (sec. 3, par. c), payment of passage out of public moneys (sec. 3, par. h), prohibition from landing (sees. 37, 38, and 39) . On the other hand, a nonimmigrant is not entitled to certain privileges and protection given to immigrants by sections 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,'63, G4, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, and 72. Nonimmigrants and immigrants are equally prohibited from landing in Canada under paragraphs (a), (b), (d), (e), and (/) of sec- tion 3. Subparagraph ii. — This is subsection (b) of rule 2 of the United States Regulations promulgated by the United States Bureau of Immigration on July 1, 1907, specifying tho.'^e exempt from payment of head tax, and reading: "Diplomatic and consular officers, and other accredited offi- cials of foreign governments, their suites, families, and guests coming to the United States to reside or to pass through in transit." Subparagraph iii. — This is in effect paragraph (i) of section 3 of the Australian "Immigration Restriction Act, 1901," giving a list of those exempt from the Act, and reading: "Members of the King's regular land and sea forces." Siibparagruph v. — This is to pro\dde that students from other coun- tries shall not be debarred from the priAdlege of a Canadian education on account merely of not complying with the physical, mental, or finan- cial standard required of immigrants. There is aspecial Act governing the entrance of Chinese students into Canada. Subparagraph vii. — This feature is borrowed from the Australian Act above referred to, paragraph (h) of section 3, dealing with prohibited classes, reading, "But the following are excepted: (/;) Any person pos- sessed of a certificate of exemption in force for the time being in the form in the schedule, signed by the Minister or b)^ any officer appointed under this Act, whether within or without the Commonwealth." (See ex- planatory note to section 4.) Paragraph (k). — To the definition of "stowaway" under the present Act has been added a clause which will include tramps who pass from the United States into Canada concealed on freight-cars. PROHIBITED CLASSES. 3. No immigrant, passenger, or other person, unless he ^.j^/^^ ^^^^j^j^? is a Canadian citizen, shall be permitted to land in Canada, grants. or in case of having landed in or entered Canada shall be permitted to remain therein, who belongs to any of the following classes, hereinafter called " prohibited classes :" — (a) Idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, epileptics, tan^'^defectivT" insane persons, and persons who have been insane within five years previous. (b) Persons afflicted with any loathsome disease, or with g^ns^^^'"^ ^"' a disease which -is contagious or infectious, or which maj^ become dangerous to the pubUc health, whether such per- sons intend to settle in Canada or only to pass through Canada in transit to some other country: Provided, That if such disease is one which is curable within aTeasonably short time, such persons may, subject to the regulations in that behalf, if any, be permitted to remain on board ship if hospital facilities do not exist on shore, or to leave ship for medical treatment. (c) Immigrants who are dumb , blind, or otherwise phys- aiiy^dl'fectfv'^^^"^" ically defective, unless in the opinion of a Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such they have sufficient money, or have such profession, occupation, trade, employment, or 102 THE IMMIGKATION SITUATION IN CANADA. other legitimate mode of earning a living that they are not liable to become a public charge or unless they belong to a family accompanying them or already in Canada and which gives security satisfactory to the Minister against such immigrants becoming a public charge. Criminals. (d) Persons wlio liavc been convicted of any crime in- volving moral turpitude. Prostitutes and (<') Prostitutcs and womeii and girls coming to Canada pmps. j^^^ ^^^y immoral purpose, and pimps or persons living on the avails of prostitution. Procurers. (f) Pcrsons who procure or attempt to bring into Canada prostitutes or women or girls for the purpose of prostitution or other immoral purpose. Beggars and va- (g) Professional beggars or vagrants, or persons likely ^^^^ ^ to l)ecome a public charge. Charity immi- (Ji) Immigrants to whom money has been given or grants. loaned for the purpose of enabling them to qualify for landing in Canada under this Act, or whose passage to Canada has been paid wholly or in ])art by any charitable organization, or out of public moneys, unless it is shown that tiie authority in writing of the vSuperintendent of Immigration, or in case of persons coming from Europe, the authority in writing of the assistant Su])erintendent of Immigration for Canada, in London, has been obtained for the landing in Canada of such persons, and that such authority has been acted upon within a period of sixty days thereafter. Explanatory note. — The classes mentioned in para,a;raphs (a), (b), (c), (d), {('), and (/) are amonq; the prohibited classes under the ])resent Act, and i)arao:raph (17) includes the classes mentioned in the order in council of l'\»bruary 25, 1908, passed on a memorandum dated February 20, 1908, from the Minister of the Interior. Permit to en- 4. Thc Minister may issue a written permit authorizing any person to enter Canada without being subject to the provisions of this Act. Such permit shall be in thc form A of the schedule to this Act, and shall be expressed to be in force for a specified period only, but it may at any time be extended or cancelled by the ^linister in wTiting. Such extension or cancellation shall be in the form AA of the schedule to this Act. Explanatory note. — As already stated, this idea is taken from the Australian "Immigration Restriction Act, 1901.," It is considered expedient that there should be an ultimate power to permit any person to enter Canada, such power to be exercised through the Minister of the Interior, in order tc overcome the rigidity of the Act in certain cases. APPOINTMENT, POWERS, AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS. Officers ap- 5, The Govcmor in Council juav appoint a supcrintcnd- pointed by Gov- . c • • , • ..•'!». . i . , emor in Council, cut oi immigration, commissioncrs or immigration, and such other officers as are deemed necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Act. Immigration of- (2) The Govcmor in Council may establish and maintain *^^' immigration offices at such places within and outside of Canada as from time to time seems proper. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 103 6. Subject to any regulations in that behalf, the ^^^inis- p^^^'jj^^ Mk&I ter may appoint or employ, either permanently or tem-ter. porarily, any subordinate officers, not otherwise provided for, required in furtherance of the provisions and objects of this Act, including medical officers, inspectors, guards, matrons, and nurses at immigrant stations, and may con- fer upon them, and charge them with, such power and duties as he considers necessary or expedient. 7. Subject to any regulation in that behalf, all officers ^^^^^stance^^ to appointed or having authority under this Act may, ingency. emergency, emplo}' such temporary assistance as is required for carrying out any duty devolving upon them under this Act, but no such employment shall continue for a period of more than forty-eight hours ^vithout the sanction of the Minister. 8. Wlien at a port of entry there is no im migration ^^^^il^ll° ° officer available for duty under this Act, the chief customs officer at that port or any subordinate customs officer designated by him shall be, ex officio, an immigration officer, 9. Every officer appointed under this Act shall perform °""^ °^ °^- all duties prescribed for him b}' this Act, or by any order in council, proclamation or regulation made thereunder, and shall also perform such duties as are required of him by the Minister, either directly or through any other officer; and no action taken by any such officer under or for an}' purpose of this Act shall be deemed to be invalid or unauthorized merely because it was not taken by the officer specially appointed or detailed for the purpose. ExPLAXATORY NOTE. — ^The preceding five sections are slightly remodelled from the present Act. 10. Every officer appointed under this Act shall have Authority as .1 .1-1 1 £ -1 xi-ij. c special constable. the authority and power of a special constable to enforce any of the provisions of this Act relating to the arrest, detention, or deportation of immigrants, aliens, or other persons. Explanatory note. — It is desirable that there should be no question as to the authority of immigration officers to perform the duties of special constables in regard to arrest, detention, or deportation of persons under this Bill. 11. All constables and other peace officers ia Canada, t^^x^ute'^-dere whether appointed under Dominion, provincial, or mu- o^ ^"^i^ter. nicipal authority, shall, when so directed by the Minister or by any officer under this Act, receive and execute, according to the tenor thereof, any written order of the Minister, or of the Minister of Justice, or of a Board of Inquiry, or officer acting as such, and any warrant of the Superintendent of Immigration, for the arrest, detention, or deportation of any immigrant, alien, or other person in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Explanatory note. — It is desirable that all police throughout Canada should, without question, receive and execute any order relating to the arrest, detention, or deportation of any person under this Bill. 104 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Right of local 12. For the preservation of the peace, and in order that police to enter im- , ,t' in iv -j^jii <• migrant stations, arrests may be made ror onences against the laws or Canada, or of any province or municipahty thereof, wherein the various immigrant stations are located, the officers in charge of such immigrant stations, as occasion may require, shall admit therein any constables or other peace officers charged with the enforcement of such laws; and for the purposes of this section the authority of such officers and the jurisdiction of the local courts shall ex- tend over such immigrant stations. Explanatory note. — This section is borrowed from the United States Act, and is for the purpose of preventing any clash of authority between officers in charge of immigrant stations and the local police. APPOINTMENT, POWERS AND PROCEDURE OF BOARDS OF INQUIRY. Appointment of 13^ The Minister may aijpoint three or more officers, boards of mquiry. » i ., • • j.- in • i i ii i or whom tlie immigration olhcer m charge sliall be one, at any port of entry, to act as a permanent Board of Inquiry for tlie summary determination of all cases of immigrants or passengers socking to enter Canada or detained for any cause under this Act. Explanatory note. — Boards of Inquiry are provided for in the present Act, but none have ever been appointed, nor have regulations been made to govern their procedure. Under th(> United States Act Boards of Inquiry are established at all important ])orts of entry, and in some cases they are established at some interior place to act for sub- ordinate ports of entry along the Canadian and Mexican border. They are found most useful both in securing fair treatment and hearing to immigrants and in expediting the work of the immigration officers who inspect immigrants and passengers. Under this Bill the procedure of such Boards in deciding cases, and when appeal is made from their decisions, is provided for in the nine sections following. Practically the only differences from the United States proccdiue will be, first, A summary record instead of a complete record will be ke])t of the Board's proceedings (the United States boards are ])rovided with clerks and stenographers paid for out of their "immigrant fund" secured from the head tax on aliens); second, In cases where an ai)peal may be taken the a])pellant. must put xip a sum of money on certain conditions, and pending the result of the appeal is detained and kept at an immi- grant station or is released under bond instead of being returned to the place whence he came. j^AiUhority of 14. Such Boards of Inquiry shall have authority to determine whether an immigrant, j^assenger, or other person seeking to land in Canada or detained for any cause under this Act, shall be allowed to enter or remain in Canada, or shall be rejected and deported, b^wd^"''^'*'"^^ ^^- "^^^^ hearing of all cases brought before such Board of Inquiry shall be separate and apart from the public, but in the presence of the immigrant, passenger, or other person concerned whenever practicable, and such immigrant, passenger, or other person shall have the right to be represented by counsel whenever any evidence or testimony touching the case is received by the Board, and a summary record of proceedings and of evidence and testimony taken shall be kept by the Board. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 105 (2) The Board, and any member thereof, may, at^jg^awng of evi- discretion, administer oaths and take evidence under oath or by affirmation in an}^ form which they deem binding upon the person being examined. 16. In all such cases such Board of Inquiry may hear, ^ '^" ^•^''^i°'^® '^ , , . , . . ^ ''. , -^ 'be received. receive, and base its decision upon any evidence, con- sidered credible or trustworthy by such Board in the circumstances of each case; and in all cases where the question of the right to enter Canada under this Act is raised the burden of proof shall rest upon the immigrant, passenger, or other person claiming such right. Explanatory note. — It is considered desirable that, although counsel should be allowed to appear on behalf of any person whose case is before a Board of Inquiry, no legal question as to the nature or quality of evidence should be permitted to hamper or confuse members of the Board in arriving at a decision, they being supposed to base their decision on any evidence which by them in the circumstances of each case shall be considered credible or trustworthy. 17. The Board of Inquiry shall appoint its o\vn chair- ■^^^ff^'^'^ °[^^ man and secretary to keep the record of its proceedings, '^ opre\ai. and in all cases and questions before it the decision of a majority of the Board shall prevail. 18. There shall be no appeal from the decision of such ^ cases where no Board of Inquiry as to the rejection and deportation of from\.oard.°"^ immigrants, passengers, or other persons seeking to land in Canada, wdien such decision is based upon a certificate of the examining medical officer to the effect that such immigrants, passengers, or other persons are afflicted with any loathsome disease, or with a disease which may become dangerous to the public health, or that they come within any of the following prohibited classes, namely, idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, epileptics, and insane persons: Provided always, That Canadian citizens Proviso as to shall be permitted to land in Canada as a matter of right, ze^ns*^ "*° 19. In all cases other than provided for in the next cases where ap- preceding section an appeal may be taken to the Minister board. "^"^ against the decision of any such Board of Inquiry or officer in charge by the immigrant, passenger, or other person concerned in the case, if the appellant forthwith serves written notice of such appeal (which notice may be in form C in the schedule to this Act), upon the officer in charge, or the officer in whose custody the appellant may be, and shall at the same time deposit with such officer the sum of twenty dollars for himself and ^security for cost mainteiianee ten dollars for each child or other person dependent upon pending appeal such appellant and detained with him, such siim to be used for the purpose of defraying the cost of maintaining the appellant and those dependent upon him pending the decision of the Minister on such appeal. In case of the appeal being allowed by the Minister or by the Board of Inquiry on a rehearing, then the said sum shall be returned to the appellant; and in case of the appeal being disallowed by the Minister or by the Board of Inquiry on a rehearing, then the balance of such sum. 106 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. if any, after deduction of regular detention charges for board, shall be returned to the appellant; and the appellant shall forthwith be deported. Notice of ap- 20. Noticc of appeal and deposit of the said sum shall P^^'- . act as a stay of all proceedings until a final decision is ings.^^^^ rendered by the Minister, and within forty-eight hours after the filing of the said notice and deposit of the said sum a summary record of the case shall be forwarded by the immigration officer in charge to the Superintendent of Immigration, accompanied by his views thereon in writing. Appellant in 21. Pending the decision of the Minister, the appellant deSofSand those dependent upon lum shall be kept in custody ter- at an immigrant station, unless ordered to be released by the IMinister under bond as provided for in section 33 of this Act. When powers 22. When there is no Board of Inquiry at a port of erSVy oirue; entry, or at a neighbouring i)ortto which a person detained in charge. under tliis Act could conveniently be conveyed, or to which a case for decision could conveniently be referred, then the officer in chai-ge shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties of a Board of Inquiry and shall follow as nearly as may be the ])rocedure of such Board as regards hearing and appeal and all other matters over which it has jurisdiction. Explanatory note.— Boards of Inquiiy will probably only be estab- lished at the most important ports, but the officers in charge at other ports are to follow the procedure and exercise the powers of a Board of Inquiry as nearly as may be. Jurisdiction of 23. No court, and no judge or officer thereof, shall have Sion and 'de- jurisdiction to review, quash, reverse, restrain, or other- stricted''"" ''•'■wise interfere with any proceeding, decision, or order of the Minister or of aiiy Board of Inquiry, or officer in charge, had, made, or given under the authority and in accordance with the provisions of this Act relating to the detention or dej)ortation of any rejected immigrant, pas- senger, or other person, ui)on any ground whatsoever, unless such person is a Canadian citizen or has Canadian domicile. Explanatory note.— The basic idea of this section is that no per- son who has been rejected by the immigration officers is to be considered in Canada at all for the purpose of appealing to Canadian courts against any action of the anmigration officers authorized under this Bill. They are to be considered as if met by immigration officers and rejected by them at a foreign port. The right to land enjoyed by Canadian citizens and persons who have Canadian domicile is, however, pre- served; these have recourse to the courts if their rights are interfered with by immigration officers. As to all others the immigration officers are the l^est judges of those who are and of those who are not qualified to land in Canada, and they should be trusted to discharge their duties justly. Moreover, there always remains the right of appeal to the Minister. Further regnia- 24. The Govemor in Council may make such further boards ^"^''°'°^ regulations governing the procedure of Boards of Inquiry and appeal therefrom as are deemed necessary. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 107 I SPECIAL PROVISIOX AS TO PASSENGERS BY VESSEL. \ 25. It shall be the duty of every transportation com- Passengers to ,.. ,1 i/^„]ube landed onlv at i pany bringing passengers or other persons to Canada by places desisndted •; vessel to prevent sucli passengers or other persons leav- c^rge*!^'^'^^^'^ '° ^ ing such vessel in Canada at any time or place other than j as designated b}^ the immigration officer in charge, and j the failure of any such companj'^ to comply with such i duty shall be an offence against this Act and shall be I punished by a fine in each case of not more than one Penalty. I thousand dollars and not less than twenty dollars, and I eveiy passenger or other ])erson so landed may be arrested i and detained for examination as contemplated under | section 33 of this Act. * 26. The master shall furnish to the immigration officer Bin of health. | in charge at the port of entiy a bill of health, certified b}" j the medical officer of the vessel, such bill of health being 1 in the form and containing such information as is required j from time to time under this Act. j 27. Before ai\y passengers are permitted to leave a ^^CHficer may go j vessel in Canada the immigration officer in charge, or any ' 1 officer directed by him, may go on board and inspect such ! vessel and examine and take extracts from the manifest of passengers and from the bill of health. (2) The master shall permit any examination of pas- Master to per- , ^^ .1 iji'Ajj^i 1 I- 11* mit examination sengers required underfills Act to be made on board niSof passengers on vessel whenever so directed by the immigration officer ''°'*'''' '^^'p- ^ in charge. j 28. Medical officers appointed under this Act shall make Medical exami- ■ , ,, , ,,ii ... pii- • J. 1 nation of passen- a physical and mental examination of all immigrants andgers. i passengers seeking to land in Canada from any ship or j vessel, except in the case of Canadian citizens. Such | examination shall be made in accordance with and sub- I ject to regulations prescribed by the Superintendent of < Immigration under the direction or with the approval of • the Minister. . ; Explanatory note. — It is considered advisable that the examina- tion to be made by medical officers under this Bill shall not be rigidly prescribed in the Bill itself, but shall be made in accordance with rules and regulations to be prescribed, and which may be altered or sus- pended as deemed advisable on account of the class of immigrants, the time of the year, the prevalence of epidemics, the health conditions ^ in the port of embarkation, etc. I 29. The immigration officer in charge, after satisfving .when permis- i 1 • IP ,1 , .T • J c xi • A i. I £ sion to land pas- i himself tliat the requirements of tins Act, and or any sengers to be i order in council, proclamation, or regulation made there- granted. ' under, have been carried out, shall grant written permis- i sion to the master of the vessel to allow the passengers to leave the vessel. 108 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. SPECIAL PROVISION AS TO PASSENGERS BY LAND. Liability of 30. Everj transportation company carrying passengers companies coop- -^ Canada by land shall, for the purposes of this Act, be considered as one with any transportation company with which it cooperates or makes or affords connection, whether in Canada or not and whether under the same management or not, and shall be liable for any offence against this Act by any company with which it so cooper- ates or makes or affords connection. Obligations of 31. Regulations made by the Govcmor in Council uudcr compan^e°Tdn "- ^^^^^ ^*"^ may providc that the obHgations of transporta- ing passengers by tion Companies bringing immigrants and passengevs into Canada l)y land shall be similar to tliose imposed by this Act on masters and owners of vessels bringing immigrants and passengers to Canada, including the furnishing of names and descriptions of such immigrants and pas- sengers. Detention of (2) Such regulations may also ])rovide that ofhcers under this Act shall have the poAver to liold and detain rail- way" trains, cars, and otlier vehicles entering Canada until examination of immigrants and passengers has been made as required by this Act; and may provide penalties for noncompliance with such regulations by transporta- tion com])anies, or any official or employee thereof. Explanatory note. — Customs officers already have this power. Obligations of (3) Such regulations may also impose a duty upon transportation v ' . " . -' . , ^ . .•' t^. companies to pro- transportation companies to provide, equij), and main- buiidings!^'^™^'"'^ tain suital)le buihhngs for the examination and detention of passengers for any j)iirp()se under this Act at such ports of entry or border stations as may bo designated l)y the Minister; and may provide penalties for noncompliance by trans])ortation com})anies with such regulations: Proviso. Prmmlrd, That no transi)ortation company shall be made liable for the safe-keeping of any person who is in custody of an officer for any cause under this Act, unless such person is on a vessel, railway train, or other vehicle belonging to or operated or controlled by such company. Regulations for 32. Subject to auy regulations made under the pre- exammation of •> . 10- 1 c t • • 1 passengers from ceding section,ttie wSupei'intendent of Immigration, under united states. ^^^^ direction or with the approval of the Minister, shall j)rescribe regulations for the entry, inspection, and medi- cal examination of immigrants and passengers along the border of Canada so as not to unnecessarily delay, impede, or annoy passengers in ordinary travel. Explanatory note. — Section 32 of the United States Act is to the like effect, and almost similarly worded. LANDING OF PASSENGERS. Landing of pas- 33. Evcrv passeuger or other person seeking to land in sengers. Canada shall first appear before an immigration officer, and shall be forthwitn examined as required under this THE IMMIGKATIOX SITUATION IN CANADA. 109 Act, either on shipboard or on train or at some other place designated for that purpose. (2) Every passenger or other person seeking to land in Answers toques- Canada shall answer truly all questions put to him by any *^'°°^' officer when examined under the authority of this Act. (3) Every passenger or other person so examined shall Doubtful cases. be immediately landed unless the examining officer has reason to believe that the landing of such passenger or other person would be contrary to any provision of this Act. (4) Every passenger or other person, as to whose right to Examination in land the examining officer has any doubt, shall be °^ "" ^^''^' detained for further examination by the officer in charge, or by the Board of Inquiry, and such examination shall be forth^\^th conducted separate and apart from the public, and upon the conclusion thereof such passenger or other person shall be either immediately landed or shall be rejected and kept in custody pending his deportation. (5) An order for deportation by a Board of Inquiry or Deportation. officer in charge may be made in the form B in the schedule to this Act, and a copy of the said order shall forthwith be delivered to such passenger or other person, and a copy of the said order shall at the same time be served upon the master or owner of the ship or upon the j local agent or other official of the transportation com- j pany by which such person was brought to Canada ; and j such person shall thereupon be deported by such com- j pan}' subject to any appeal which may have been entered ] on his behalf under section 19 of this Act. ' (6) Every person who enters Canada except at a port of ^^"^y to report : entry shall forth\\ith report such entry to the nearest immigration officer and present himself for examination as provided by this section. * (7) Any person who enters Canada except at a port of ^^'^^^^''^'^g p<"^ entry may be arrested and detained by any officer for ' '. examination as provided under this section; and if found not to be a Canadian citizen, such entry shall in itself be i sufficient cause for deportation whenever so ordered by a i Board of Inquiry or officer in charge subject to any appeal which may have been entered under section 19 of this Act. (S) Any transportation compan}^ or person knowingly jP<'°^'*^j.Jo[j}f°g^j 1 and ^^^lfully landing, or assisting to land or attempting immigrant. ' to land in Canada, any prohibited immigrant or person i whose entry into Canada has been forbidden under this Act, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on | con\dction, to a ffiie of not more than five hundred dollars i and not less than fifty dollars for each proliibited imnii- I grant or other person so landed in Canada, or whose 1 landing in Canada was so attempted. \ (9) Anv transportation companv or person interfering interference j •}u • "^ • i- XE -A ' £ £1-1 -®with officer in with an immigration officer in the performance ot his duty performance of under this Act, or knowingly and wilfully assisting in the^"*^- I escape of any person detained by an officer, or at an j immigrant station, for any purpose under this Act, or ] 110 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. giving false information to an officer, wliereb}^ such officer is induced to land or permit the landing of any person in Canada who otherwise would be refused landing for any cause under tliis Actor would be detained for examination, Penalty. shall be guilty of an ofl'ence, and shall be liable to a fine of not more than five hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars for each such oflence. Penalty for tour- ^j^q) Evcry pcrsou who eiitcrs Canada as a tourist or be sTich faiifng to traveller or other nonimmigrant, but who ceases to be report. g^^j^ ^^^^t^ remains in Canada, shall forthwith re])ort such facts to the nearest immigration officer and shall present himself before an officer for examination under tliis Act, and in default of so doing he shall be liable to a fine of not more than one hundred dollars and shall also be liable to deportation by order of a Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such. Release under ( n) Pending: the final disposition of the case of anv bond or approved \ ■' 'T . s ,i •, jir i" deposit. person detamed or taken into custody tor any cause under this Act he may be released under a bond, which bond may be in the form F in the scliedule to this Act, with security approved by the officer in charge, or may be released upon deposit of money with the officer in charge in lieu of a bond, and to an amount approved by such officer; upt)n condition that such person shall appear before a Board of Inquiry or officer acting as sucli at any port of entry named by the officer in charge, and at such time as shall be named, for examination in regard to the cause or complaint on account of wliich he has been detained or taken into custody. Failure to ap- n2) If such ])ers(Hi fail to appear for examination at i,earforexamina-^^v^ time and phicc named, or shall fail to keep and observe every other condition under which he is so released, then such bond shall be enforced and collected, and the proceeds thereof, or the money deposited in lieu of a bond, as the case may have been, shall be paid into the hands of the Minister of Finance, and shall form part of the Consohdated Kevenue Fund of Canada ; and such person may be taken into custody forthwith and deported by order of a Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such. MEDICAL TREATMENT OF SICK AND DISABLED PASSENGERS. Medical treat- 34 j^ passenger or other person seeking to enter Canada or who has been rejected or is detained for any purpose under this Act, who is sufi'ering from sickness or physical or mental disability, may whenever it is so directed by the Superintendent of Immigration or officer in charge be afforded medical treatmcQt on board ship or in an immi- grant station, or may be removed to a suitable hospital for treatment, according as the officer in charge decides is required by existing circumstances and the conditiori of the person's health as reported upon by the examining medical officer. ment THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Ill j i (2) If , in the opinion of the Superintendent of Immiirra- , }yhentranspor- ,■ ^ ^ ' n .^ W- -1 Si i 4. 4.- * talion companies tion, or or the oihcer in cliarge, the transportation com- liable for cost of pany which brought such person to Canada failed to "nent!''' ^^^^^' ^ exercise proper vigilance or care in so doing, then the cost < of his hospital treatment and medical attention and main- | teiiance sliall be paid by such transportation company, ! and otherwise the cost thereof shall be collected from such person, and if that be not possible then the cost thereof j shall be paid by the Department ot the Interior. I (3) The Superintendent of Immigration, or officer in anufdeUnd^ent I charge, may, whenever it is considered necessary or advis- 1 able for the proper care of such persons, direct that a , suitable attendant, or someone upon whom such person > is dependent, or someone who is dependent upon such • person, as the case may be, shall be kept with such person \ during his medical treatment on board ship or at an immi- ' grant station or hospital, or in case of deportation from i any place within Canada shall accompany such person to j his port of embarkation from Canada; and the cost thereof i shall be paid by the said transportation coinj^any when- \ ever in the opinion of tlie Superintendent of Immigration ■ it has failed to exercise proper vigilance or care as afore- ■ said, and otherwise the cost thereof shall be collected from , such person, and if that be not possible then the cost ■ thereof shall be paid by the Department of the Interior. j 35. A passenger or other person permitted to enter j^^°spitei^j,rea^ , Canada for medical treatment under this Act shall not be stitute landing. , regarded as landed within the meaning of this Act. j 36. The Superintendent of Immigration, under the ^^^/^P^f J?°|/°^ ! direction or with the apiiroval of the Minister, shall pre- persons for treat- M 1 J.' 11-1 11* 1 ment at Canadian scribe regulations whereby sick and diseased persons may sanitariums. j enter Canada for treatment and care at any health resort, J hospital, sanitarium, asylum or other place or institution ^ | for the cure or care of such persons. j REGULATIONS AS TO MONETARY AND OTHER REQUIRE- MENTS FROM SPECIFIED CLASSES OF IMMIGRANTS. 37. Regulations made bv the Governor in Council under ^IJ^^J^J,?:!}.}^ this Act may provide as a condition to permission to land to possess pre- ' in Canada "that immigrants shall possess in their own money. ^™°'^'^° right money to a prescribed minimum amount, which amount may vary according to the race, occupation, or | destination of such immigrant, and otherwise according j to the circumstances; and may also provide that all persons coming to Canada directly or indirectly from i countries which issue passports to persons leaving such j countries shall produce such passports on demand of the i immigration officer in charge before being allowed to ] land in Canada. Explanatory note. — This is section 20 of the present Act, amended j by inserting the words "race" and "occupation" instead of "claes.'' There is at present a regulation requiring Asiatics to possess the mini- ] mum amount of two hundred dollars before entering Canada, and this regulation is not easily justified by the word "class" in section 20 of ; 112 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. the present Act. A similar cash guarantee against becoming public charges might also be required of other race-; deemed unsuitable to the climate or needs of Canada, and in order to make such regulation valid beyond question the word "race" must be used. Such regula- tions apply only to immigrants, they would not apply to nonimmigrant classes of the race named. Prohibition ^of 33 fi^g, Govemor in Council may, by proclamation or comingto Canada order whenever he deems it necessary or expedient — fourney"""''"'"'' («) Prohibit the landing in Canada or at any specified prptiiisition ^f pQj,^ Qf entry in Canada of any immigrant who has come Ss blougM ^by to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from Srto'confpTy the country of which he is a native or naturalized citizen, with provisions of a^j^(j upoH a through ticket purchased in that country. Explanatory note. — This is the order in council of May 27, 1908, amended so as to limit the restriction therein, whenever considered expedient, to any specified port of entry instead of to the whole of Canada. (6) Proliibit the landing in Canada of passengers brought to Canada by any transportation company which refuses or neglects to comply with the provisions of this Act. Explanatory note. — It has more than once happened that foreign transportation companies, with no connecting links or property in Canada, have refused to convey back rejected pas:jengers. The way to control such companies is to refuse their passengers permission to land in Canada at the ports to which such compani(;s bring them. Prohibition of (g) Prohibit for a stated period, or permanently, the Cfg^anlr ami landing in Canada, or the landing at any specified port of ned%£ 'P'"' entry in Canada, of immigrants belonging to any race deement of Immigration, and may at any time be cancelled by him under the direc- tion or with the consent of the Minister. Explanatory note. — The issuance of these licenses is contemplated under the present Act, but it contains no direct authority for issuing or formulating them, hence this section. Immigrants not gg. No persoH shall, at any port or place in Canada, for to be solicited ex- , . r _ } j i . .-^ ,i p „ i „* cept by licensed hire, rcward, or gam, or the expectation thereof, conduct, persons. solicit, or recommcnd, either orally or by handbill or plac- ard or in any other manner, any immigrant to or on behalf of any oWer of a vessel, or to or on behalf of any inn- keeper or boarding-house keeper, or any other person, for any purposes connected with the preparations or arrange- ments of such immigrant for his passage to his final place of destination m Canada, or elsewhere, or give or pretend to give to such inmiigrant any information oral, printed, or otheindse, or assist him to his said place of destination, or in any way exercise the vocation of booking passengers, or of taking money for their inland fare, or for the trans- portation of their luggage, unless such person has first THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 125 obtained a license from the Superintendent of Immigration authorizing him to act in such capacity. 69. Every person hcensetl under this Act as an immi- , seiiing tickets •^ ^ . ■ 1 1 1 p (. , to immigrants at grant runner, or person actmg on belialr or any trans- excessive rates, portation company, or forwarding or transfer company, or hotel or boardmg house, and every person in his em})loy, who sells to any immigrant a ticket or order for the pas- sage of such immigrant, or for the conveyance of his lug- gage, at a higher rate than that for which it could be pur- chased directly from the company or jierson undertaking such conveyance, and every person who purchases any such ticket from an immigrant for less than its value, or gives in exchange for it one of less value, shall be guilty of an offence against this Act, and the license of such person shall be cancelled. 70. No licensed immigrant runner, or agent or person , Persons not to .• I, 1 ic £ r J. 2.- J.1 board vessels or actmg on behalr or any transportation company, or other enter immigrant person, shall go on board any vessel after such vessel has llfthorfty)^"^""^ arrived in Canadian waters until all passengers thereon have been landed, or shall go into any immigrant station, unless he is authorized so to do by the Superintendent of Immigration or officer in charge. DUTIES OF INNKEEPERS. 71. Ever}' innkeeper or boarding-house keeper in any ^^^^i^^^^of l^ices^to city, town, village, or place in Canada designated by any teis and boarding order in council, who receives into his house as a boarder ^rwxl ^°^ ™™'" or lodger any immigrant within three months after his arrival in Canada, shall cause to be kept conspicuously posted in the public rooms and passages of his house and printed upon his busmess cards, a list of the prices which will be charged to immigrants per day and per week for board or lodging, or both, and also the prices for separate meals, which cards shall also contain the name of the keeper of such house, together with the name of the street in which it is situate, and its number in such street. (2) No such imikeeper or boarding-house keeper shall u^^j^g'^I^P"'^ ''*^° have any lien on the efi'ects of such immigrant for any amount claimed for such boarding or lodging for any sum exceeding five dollars. 72. Every such innkeeper or boarding-house keeper j.^g^^^l^y^^f'^IJ^; who detams the effects of any immigrant by reason ofi"e immigrants dpi 1 ii'£j^ii 1 ± I 1 effects after ten- aim tor board or lodgmg after he has been tendered der. the sum of five dollars or such less sum as is actually due for the board or lodgmg of such immigrant, shall incur a penalty not exceeding twenty-five dollars and not less than five dollars, over and above the value of the effects so detained, and he shall also be liable to restore such effects. (2) In the event of such unlawful detention, the effects search for ef. so detained may be searched for and recovered under ^"^^^^^ search warrant as in the case of stolen goods. 126 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. RULES, FORMS, AND NOTICES. Superintendent 73. In addition to the forms set out in the schedule to presSfbfforml'^'' this Act the Superintendent of Immigration, under direc- tion or with the consent of the Minister, shall j^rescribe, formulate, and issue such rules, notices, forms of reports and manifests, and other forms as are deemed necessary from time to time in connection with regulations made under this Act or for the use and guidance of officers under this Act, or of transportation companies and agents thereof, and masters of vessels and immigrants, UNIFORMS. Uniforms for 74. The Superintendent of Immigration shall, undcT the mimigration o '■ (|jj.g(,^JQj-^ ^y with the couseut of the Minister, prescribe and contract for suitable uniforms and insignia for the various officers on duty at ports of entry, and the same shall be supplied to such officers, and one-third of the cost thereof shall be chargeable to such officers, or in the case of offi- cers having their uniforms made to order a proportionate sum shall be paid to them on account thereof. Officers to wear 75. All officers while on duty at ports of entry, or on uniform when on ^^^^, elscwherc inspecting immigrants or ])assengers, or acting on a Board of In(iuiry, or on duty in connection with the deportation of any person under this Act, shall wear the uniform pi-escribed for him, unless otherwise directed by the Superintendent of Immigration. PROSECUTIONS AND PROCEDURE. Prosecutions. 75. Any officci may institute summary proceedings before any police magistrate, recorder, or justice of the peace against any transportation company or director, official or employee thereof charged with an ofl'ence against this Act, at the place where such offence was com- mitted, or at the place where sucli company has an office or place of business in Canada, or where such person then is. Costs. (2) Such police magistrate, recorder, or justice of the peace may, in addition to any fine or penalty imposed, award costs against any such company or person as in ordinary cases of summary proceedings, and in default Imprisonment, of payment thereof may award imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, to terminate on payment of fine or penalty and costs incurred, and may, in his dis- Award of pen- cretion, award any part of such fine or penalty, when ai*y- recovered, to the person aggrieved by or through the act or neglect of such company or person. Application of (3)" Subjcct to sucli award to a person aggrieved all fines fines and penal- ^^^j penalties recovercd under this Act shah be paid to the Minister of Finance and shall form part of the Consolidated Revenue Fund of Canada. THE IMMIGKATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 127 (4) Every duty and every fine or penalty imposed under ^^I'^^^f traJ^^J?^ authority of this Act upon a transportation company, or tation companies. upon any director, official, or employee thereof, shall until payment thereof be a lien upon any and all property of such company in Canada, and may be enforced and col- lected by the seizure and sale of all or any such property under the warrant or process of the magistrate or court before whom it has been sued for, and shall be preferred to all other liens or h} pothecations except wages. (5) Every duty imposed under authority of this Act upon recVo''rs"and*'^offl- a transportation company shall be a duty devolving upon tiais. every director, official, or employee thereof, and every duty imposed upon the master of a vessel shall be a duty sei^.'^°^'^^ °' ^'^^ devolving upon the owner thereof. (6) Imprisonment of a master or owner of any vessel, not^Ear^lof or of any official or employee of any transportation com- Hen. pany, for any offence against this Act, shall not discharge the ship or other property of such company from the lien attached thereto by this Act. 77. No conviction or proceeding under this Act shall be to^be°quMhed for quashed for want of form, nor, unless the penalty imposed want of form. is one hundred dollars or over, be removed by appeal or certiorari or otherwise into any superior court. (2) Xo warrant of commitment shah be held void by ^^^^[^ran^t s of reason of any defect therein, if it is therein alleged that the person has been convicted, and there is a good and valid conviction to sustain such warrant. (3) In case of removal by appeal or certiorari or other- of |^^ai.^ *° *^^^ wise of any conviction or proceeding under this Act into any superior court, security shall be given to the extent of one hundred dollars for the costs of such removal pro- ceedings to such superior court. 78. Every person who violates any provision of this General penalty. Act, or of any order in council, proclamation or regulation thereunder in respect of which violation no other penalty is provided by this Act, shall incur a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars. Explanatory note. — The preceding four sections are remodelled from the present Act to suit the terms of this Bill. APPLICATION TO CHINESE. 79. AH provisions of this Act not repugnant to the pro- A^^t? c'^htaese."' visions of the Chinese Immigration Act shall apply as weU to persons of Chinese origin as to other persons. EXPENSES OF ADMINISTRATION. 80. All expenses incurred in administering this Act and of^aSmiSLtering carrying out the provisions thereof, and of affording help Act. and advice to immigrants, and aiding, visiting and reliev- ing destitute immigrants, procuring medical assistance and otherwise attending to the objects of immigration, shall be paid out of any moneys granted by Parliament 128 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. for any such purpose and under such regulations or under such orders in council, if any, as are made for the distri- bution and application of such moneys. GENERAL REGULATIONS. Power to make Qi ^he Govemor in Council may, on the recommenda- uons" "^^^^^tion of the Minister, make such orders and regulations, not inconsistent with this Act, as are considered necessary or expedient for enforcing the provisions of this Act according to the true intent and meaning thereof. Explanatory note. — This is section 10 of the present Act. REPEAL. Acts repealed. 32 fhe following Acts are repealed: Chapter 93 of the Revised Statutes, 1906; chapter 19 of the Statutes of 1907; and chapter 33 of the Statutes of 1908. SCHEDULE. Form A. — Permit to enter Canada. — Canada. — The Immigration Act, section 4- To all Immigration Officers: This is to certify that (name in full), of ; — (last place of residence), (occupation or other descrip- tion), is hereby permitted to enter and remain in Canada for a period of from the date hereof free from examination or other restrictions under the Immifjration Act. Dated at Ottawa this day of , 19—. Minister of the Interior. [Seal of the Department of the Interior.] Form AA. — Cancellation {or extension) of permit. — Canada. — The Immi- gration Act, section 4. To all Immigration Officers: This is to certify that the permit to enter Canada issued to (name in full), of (last place of residence), on the day of , 19 — , is hereby cancelled (or is hereby extended for a further period of from the date hereof). Minister of the Interior. [Seal of the Department of the Interior.] Form B. — Order for deportation. — Canada. — The Immigration Act, section 33. To {transportation company) and to {person rejected), port of entry , Province of • ; This is to certify that (name in full), of (last place of residence), a person seeking to enter Canada at this port, ex (ship or train), from , which arrived at this poru THE IMMIGKATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 129 at — o'clock, has thiH day been examined by the Board of In- quiry (or officer in charge) at this port, and has been rejected for the following reasons: (here state realms in full). And the said is hereby ordered to be deported to the place from whence he came to Canada. Such conveyance shall be by the first available ship or train of the transportation company which brought the said to Canada. , Dated at this day of , 19 — . > Chairman of the Board of Inquiry (or Immigration Officer in Charge). NOTICE TO PERSON ORDERED TO BE DEPORTED. If you claim to be a Canadian citizen or to have acquired Canadian domicile, you have the right to consult counsel and appeal to the courts against deportation. In all other cases you may appeal to the Minister of the Interior against any decision of the Board of Inquiry or officer in charge whereby you are ordered to be deported unless such decision is based upon a certificate of the examining medical officer that you are affected with a loathsome disease or a disease which may become dangerous to the public health. The formal notice of appeal will be supplied to you by the immigration officer in charge upon request and upon deposit of the sum of twenty dollars for the cost of your maintenance, and the sum of ten dollars for the maintenance of each person dependent upon you, until the Minister has decided upon your case. Form C. — Notice of appeal. — Canada. — The Immigration Act, section 19. To the Minister of the Interior, Ottawa, Canada: I, (name in full), of (last place of resi- dence), hereby appeal from the decision of the Board of Inquiry (or officer in charge) at this port whereby my application to land in Canada has been rejected, and I have been ordered to be deported to And I deposit herewith the sum of twenty dollars for cost of my maintenance and ten dollars for the maintenance of each person dependent upon me pending your decision. Dated at the day of , 19 — . Appellant. Form D. — Order to leave Canada. — Canada.^The Immigration Act, section 42. To , of ; Whereas it has been shown by evidence satisfactory to His Excellency the Governor in Council that you advocated in Canada the overthrow of the Government of Canada by force or violence (or as the case may be); You are hereby ordered under and by virtue of the authority con- ferred upon His Excellency by section 43 of the Immigration Act within • days after the service of this order upon you, or after its being left for you at your last known address or place of abode, to leave and depart from Canada, and not to return. Dated at Ottawa this day of , 19 — . Clerk of the Council. [Seal of the Privy Council.] 35365— S. Doc. 469, 61-2 9 130 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Form E. — Order of the Minister oj Justice. — Canada. — The Immigration Act, section 43. To {Governor or Warden of gaol, ■prison, reformatory, or penitentiary): Whereas -, of , has within three years of landing in Canada become an inmate of , having been convicted of the crime of ; and whereas, under the provisions of the Immigration Act, I have been requested by the Minister of the Interior to issue an order to you, the said ^ (warden or governor, as the case may be), to detain the said ; after expiry of his sentence or term of imprisonment, and to deliver him to the officer named in the warrant of the Superintendent of Immigration with a view to the deportation of the said ; Now know you that I, the Minister of Justice of Canada, do hereby, under the provisions of the said Act, order you, the said (warden or governor), to detain and deliver the said ; to , the officer authorized by warrant of the Superintend- ent of Immigration to receive the said _ from you with a view to his deportation under the provisions of the said Act. For which this shall be your sufficient warrant. Dated at Ottawa this day of , 19 — . Minister of Justice. [Seal of the Department of Justice.] Form ISsE.— Warrant of the Superintendent of Immigration — Canada — The Immigration Act, section 4S. By the Superintendent of Immigration. To of . ■^Tiereas of has within three years of his landing in Canada become an inmate of (gaol, prison, re- formatory, or penitentiary); and whereas, under the provisions of the Immigration Act, the Minister of the Interior has ordered the deporta- tion of the said and has applied to the Minister of Justice for an order addressed to the (governor or warden), of the said (gaol, prison, reformatory, or penitentiary), com- manding him to detain and deliver the said into your custody after expiry of his sentence or term of imprisonment iii the gai(j (gaol, prison, reformatory, or penitentiary), with a view to his deportation under the provisions of the said Act. Now know you that I, , Superintendent of Immigration, do hereby order you to receive the said (name of pris- oner), and him safely to keep and to convey through any part of Can- ada, and him to deliver to the transportation company which brought him to Canada, with a view to his deportation to the port from which he came to Canada. For which this shall be your sufficient warrant. Dated at Ottawa this day of , 19—. ♦ Superintendent of Immigration. [Seal of the Department of the Interior.] THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 131 Form F. — Bond to appear for examination. — Canada. — The Immigration Act, section 33. Canada, Province of , in the matter of the Immigration Act and of A. B. Be it remembered that on the day of , in the year nine- teen hundred and , A. B., formerly of [state phice of domicile before coming to Canada], [occupation], a person seeking to enter or remain in Canada; and L. M. of [name of place], in the said province [occupa- tion], and N. O. of the same place [occupation], personally came before me and acknowledged themselves to owe to our Sovereign Lord the King, his heirs and successors, the several sums following, that is to say: The said A. B. the sum of dollars, and the said L. M. and N. O. the sum of dollars each, of good and lawful current money of Canada, to be made and levied of their several goods and chattels, lands and tenements, respectively, to the use of our said Sovereign Lord the King, his heirs and successors, if he, the said A. B. fails in the condi- tion hereunder written. Taken and acknowledged the day and year first above mentioned at in the province aforesaid before me [Justice of Peace, or Notary Public]. The condition of the above-written obligation is such, that whereas the said A. B. is held in custody under authority of the Immigration Act for examination touching the right of the said A. B. to enter or re- main in Canada; if, therefore, the said A. B. appears before the Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such, at the Immigrant Station at , on the day of next, at the hour of in the noon, and there surrenders himself into custody of an Immigration Offi- cer and submits to examination under the said Act, and does not attempt to escape from such custody, then this obligation shall be void, other- wise to stand in full force and effect. Appendix C. THE UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION LAW. [Act of February 20, 1907 (34 Stat., pt. 1, p. 898).] AN ACT to regulate the immigration of aliens into the United States. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, Head tax: That there shall be levied, collected, and paid a tax of four To whom paid; dollars for evcrj alien entering the United States. The said tax shall be paid to the collector of customs of the port or customs district to which said alien shall come, or, if there be no collector at such port or district, then By whom paid, to the collcctor nearest thereto, by the master, agent, owner, or consignee of the vessel, transportation line, or other conveyance or vehicle bringing such alien to the fines'"* and* ren'^^^^^^*^^ States. The moucy thus collected, together with tais!' to consti-all fincs and rentals collected under the laws regulating ^^^^~ the immigration of aliens into the United States, shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States, and shall constitute a permanent appropriation to be called the Immigrant "immigrant fund," to be used under the direction of the fund: Secretary of Commerce and Labor to defray the expense For what used, (jf regulating the immigration of aliens into the United States under said laws, including the contract labor laws, the cost of reports of clecisions of the Federal courts, and digest thereof, for the use of the Commissioner-General of Immigration, and the salaries and expenses of all officers, clerks, and employees ajipointed to enforce said Head tax: laws. TliB tax imposed by this section shall be a lien upon the vessel or other vehicle of carriage or transpor- vessei;^ ""^ "^"'^ tatiou bringing such aliens to the United States, and shall be a debt in favor of the United States against the owner How payment or owucrs of sucli vcsscI or otlicr vehicle, and the payment enforced; ^^ g^^j^ ^^^ j-^.^y j^g enforced by any legal or equitable Classes exempt- remedy. That the said tax shall not be levied upon aliens edfrompa>ment^j^^ sliall enter the United States after an uninterrupted residence of at least one year, immediately preceding such entrance, in the Dominion of Canada, Newfoundland, the Republic of Cuba, or the Republic of Mexico, nor upon otherwise admissible residents of any possession of the United States, nor upon aliens in transit through the United States, nor upon aliens who have been lawfully admitted to the United States and who later shall go in transit from one part of the United States to another 132 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 133 through foreign contiguous territory : Provided, That the "*»'* ^^^^• Commissioner-General of Immigration, under the three- ^^P^>™[^P,^^^°{J^a^- tion or with the approval of the Secretary of Commerce contiguous tem- and Labor, by agreement with transportation lines, as'*""^' provided in section thirty-two of this Act, may arrange in some other manner for the ])ayment of the tax imposed by this section upon any or all aliens seeking admission from foreign contiguous "territory: Provided further, Thiit ^.,^^^J^°\l^^^^ if in any fiscal year the amount of money collected under i'it<)j immigrant the provisions of this section shall exceed two million five hundred tliousand dollars, the excess above that amount shall not be added to the "immigrant fund:" Provided iJi'^^J'"!*.^?^ further. That the provisions of this section shall not apply R^co. and uar to aliens arriving in Guam, Porto Rico, or Hawaii; but if ''''"'■ any such alien, not having become a citizen of the United States, shall later arrive at any port or place of the United States on the North American Continent the provisions of this section shall apply: Provided further, That when- Passports. ever the Presitlent shall be satisfied that passports issued by any foreign government to its citizens to go to any country other than the United States or to any insular possession of the United States or to the Canal Zone are being used for the purpose of enabling the holders to come j^ ,j,^ijp^j ^^^ to the continental territory of the United States to the used to detriment . . ^11 1-i- ,1 • -1 T> • 1 i- labor conditions, detrmient of labor conditions therein, the rresiaent may holders to be re- refuse to permit such citizens of the country issuing such J^'^^'^'i- passports to enter the continental territory of the United States from such other country or from such insular pos- sessions or from the Canal Zone. Sec. 2. That the fohowing classes of aliens shall be ^^^e^J » » d « •» excluded from admission into the United States: All ^^'.^'^^ .^^^^^ idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, epileptics, insane etc.;'° '' '"'^"*'' persons, and persons who have been insane within five years previous; persons who have had two or more at- tacks of insanity at any time previously; paupers; per- ^^P^up^^f^ ^X- sons likely to become a public charge; professional ^eg-come^ a" public gars; persons afflicted with tuberculosis or with a loath- "^ Pleased; some or dangerous contagious disease; persons not com- prehendetl within any of the foregoing excluded cl asses pMentaii^y^.^or who are found to be and are certified by the examining tive; surgeon as being mentally or physically defective, such mental or physical defect being of a nature which may affect the ability of such alien to earn a living; persons who have been convicted of or admit having committed cnmmais; a felony or other crime or misdemeanor involving moral p^iyg^j^ists- turjutude ; polygamists, or persons who admit their belief in the practice of polygamy; anarchists, or person's who Anarchists; believe in or advocate the overthrow by force or violence of the Government of the United States, or of all govern- ment, or of all forms of law, or the assassination of public ♦ tutes officials; prostitutes, or women or girls coming into thegt,, /"^ ' '"^' United States for the purpose of prostitution or for any other immoral purpose; persons who procure or attempt 134 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. classes-^ " •^ * "^ to bring in prostitutes or women or girls for the purpose of prostitution or for any other immoral purpose ; persons Contractiaborers;jjgj.g-j^^f^gj, Called Contract laborers who have been in- duced or solicited to migrate to this country by offers or promises of employment or in consequence of agreements, oral, written, or printed, express or implied, to perform labor in this country of any kind, skilled or unskilled; those who have been, within one year from the date of application for admission to the United States, deported as having been induced or solicited to migrate as above Assisted aliens; (jegci-ibg^j. ^ny person whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money of another, or who is assisted by others to come, unless it is affirmatively and satisfactorily shown that such person does not belong to one of the foregoing excluded classes, and that said ticket or passage was not paid for by any corporation, association, society, munici- pality, or foreign government, either directly or indi- chiidren under rectly ; all children under sixteen years of age, unaccom- panied by one or both of their parents, at the discretion of tlie Secretary of Commerce antl Labor or under such regulations as he may from time to time prescribe: Pro- Exceptions- vicled, That nothing in this Act shall exclude, if otherwise Offenses poiiti- admissible, persons convicted of an offense purely polit- '®'' ical, not involving moral turpitude: Provided further, Transits; 'YXy^t the ])rovisions of this section relating to the pay- ments for tickets or passage by any corporation, associa- tion, society, municij)ality, or foreign government shall not apply to the tickets or passage of aliens in immediate and continuous transit through the United States to for- eign contiguous territory: And provided further, That siciiied labor; skilled lal)or may be imj^orted if labor of like kind unem- plo.yed can not be found in this country: And provided further, That the provisions of this law applicable to con- tract labor shall not be held to exclude professional actors, ^^Actors, artists, artists, Iccturcrs, singers, ministers of any religious denom- ination, professors for colleges or seminaries, persons belonging to any recognized learned profession, or persons employetl strictly as personal or domestic servants. Prostitutes: g^c. 3. That the importation into the United States of Importation or any alien woman or girl for the })urpose of prostitution, ized;'"^ ^^*^"'^'or for any other immoral purpose, is hereby forbidden; and whoever shall, directly or indirectly, import, or at- tempt to import, into the United States, any alien woman or girl for tiie purpose of prostitution, or for any other immoral ])urpose, or whoever shall hold or attempt to hold any alien woman or girl for any such purpose in pursuance of such illegal importation, or whoever shall keep, maintain, control, support, or harbor in any house or other place, for the purpose of prostitution, or for any other immoral purpose, any alien woman or girl, within three years after she shall have entered the United States, shall, in every such case, be deemed guilty of a felony, and on conviction thereof be imprisoned not more than five \ THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 135 years and pay a fine of not more than five thousand dol- Prostitutes: jars; and any ahen woman or girl who shall be found an Deportation of, inmate of a house of prostitution or practicing prostitu-'*^'!^'''" three tion, at any time within three jesiTs after she shall have^^'^'^''' entered the United States, shall be deemed to be unlaw- fully within the United States and shall be deported as provided by sections twenty and twenty-one of this Act. Sec. 4. That it shall be a misdemeanor for any person, contract labor, company, partnership, or corporation, in any manner *'^= whatsoever, to prepay the transportation or in any way importation of, to assist or encourage the importation or migration of any ^°'^^"^'^^"' contract laborer or contract laborers into the United States, unless such contract laborer or contract laborers are exempted under the terms of the last two provisos con- tained ill section two of this Act. Sec. 5. That for every violation of any of the provi- Penalty for im- sions of section four of this Act the person, partnership, P°'''''^e; company, or corporation violating the same, by know- ingly assisting, encouraging, or soliciting the migration or importation of any contract laborer into the United States shall forfeit and pay for every such offense the sum of one thousand dollars, which may be sued for and recovered b}^ the United States, or by any person who shall first bring his action therefor in his own name and for his own benefit, including any such alien thus prom- ised labor or service of any kind as aforesaid, as debts of like amount are now recovered in the courts of the United States; and separate suits may be brought for each alien thus promised labor or service of any kind as aforesaid. And it shall be the duty of the district attorne}^ of the u.s. attorneys proper district to prosecute every such suit when brought ^^p^'o^^^'^'^s"''^; by the United States. Sec. 6. That it shall be unlawful and be deemed a vio- Advertising for lation of section four of this Act to assist or encourage forbidden; the importation or migration of any alien by promise of employment through advertisements printed and pub- lished in any foreign country; and any alien coining to this country in consequence of such an advertisement shall be treated as coming under promise or agreement as con- templated in section two of this Act, and the penalties imposed by section five of this Act shall be applicable to such a case : Provided, That this section shall not apply to States or Territories, the District of Columbia, or places favor states 'and subject to the jurisdiction of the United States advertis- '^''"''^°"'^^" ing the inducements thej offer for immigration thereto, respectively. Sec. 7. That no transportation company or owner or soliciting: owners of vessels, or others engaged in transporting aliens p^rbidden into the United States, shall, directly or indirectly, either part transporta- by writing, printing, or oral representation, solicit, invite, tion companies; or encourage the immigration of any aliens into the United States, but this shall not be held to prevent trans- portation companies from issuing letters, circulars, or advertisements, stating the sailings of their vessels and 136 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Soliciting: terms and facilities of transportation therein; and for a violation of this provision, any such transportation com- pany, and any such owner or owners of vessels, and all others engaged in transporting aliens into the United States, and the agents by them employed, shall be sever- Penaityfor. ally Subjected to the penalties imposed by section five of this Act. ^^uniawfuiiand- g^,^ g rpj^^^ ^^^ person, including the master, agent, owner, or consignee of any vessel, who shall bring into or land in the United States, by vessel or otherwise, or who shall attempt, by himself or through another, to bring into or land in the United States, by vessel or other- wise, any alien not duly admitted by an immigrant in- spector or not lawfully entitled to enter the United States shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine not exceeding one thou- Penaity for. sand dollars, or by imprisonment for a term not exceed- ing two years, or by both such fine and imprisonment for each and every alien so landed or brought in or attempted to be landed or brought in. Fine $100: ggp 9 T^j^^ it sluill bo uulawful for any person, in- ..P"'" bringing eluding any transportation company other than railway lines entering tiie United States from foreign contiguous territory, or the owoier, master, agent, or consignee of any vessel to bring to the United States any alien subject to any_ of the following disabilities : Idiots, imbeciles, epi- leptics, or persons afflicted with tuberculosis or with a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease, and if it shall appear to the satisfaction of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor that any alien so brought to the United States was afiiicted with any of the saicl diseases or disabilities at the time of foreign embarkation and that the existence of such disease or disability might have been detected by means of a competent medical examination at such time, iecung°^ "' ''"'-such pcrsou or transportation company, or the master, agent, owner, or consignee of any such vessel shall pay to the collector of customs of the customs district in which the port of arrival is located the sum of one hundred dol- lars for each and every violation of the provisions of this section; and no vessel shall be granted clearance papers pending the determination of the question of the liability to the payment of such fine, and in the event such fine is imposed, while it remains unpaid, nor shall such fine be remitted or refunded: Provided, That clearance may be granted prior to the determination of such questions upon the deposit of a sum sufficient to cover such fine and costs, such sum to be named by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. Appeals: g^^ jq^ That the decision of the board of special in- ane ns^'iffli^ted^^^^y' hereinafter provided for, based upon the certificate with tuberculosis of the examining medical officer, shall be final as to the "agioufd^selses"' rejection of aliens affected with tuberculosis or with a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease, or with any mental or physical disability which would bring such THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 137 aliens within any of the chisses exckided from admission to the United States under section two of this Act. Sec. 11. That upon the certificate of a medical officer Guardian en of the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital ^''*^' ' Service to the effect that a rejected alien is helpless froni compaJfies to^bea" sickness, mental or physical disability, or infancy, if such expense of. alien is accompanied by another alien whose protection or guardianship is required by such rejected alien, such accompanying alien may also be excluded, and the mas- ter, agent, owner, or consignee of the vessel in which such alien and accompanying alien are brought shall be re- quired to return said alien and accompanying alien in the same manner as vessels are required to return other rejected aliens. Sec. 12. That upon the arrival of any alien by water at Manifests: any port within the United vStates, it shall be the duty incoming pas- of the master or commanding officer of the steamer, sail- ^^°^'^'^''~ ing or other vessel having said alien on board to deliver to the immigration officers at the port of arrival lists or manifests made at the time and place of embarkation of such alien on board such steamer or vessel, which shall, in answer to questions at the top of said list, state as to each alien the full name, age, and sex; whether married what to Con- or single; the caviling or occupation; whether able to read ^'"' or write; the nationality; the race; the last residence; the name and address of the nearest relative in the coun- try from which the alien came; the seaport for landing in the United States; the final destination, if any, beyond the port of landing; whether having a ticket through to such final destination; whether the alien has paid his own passage or whether it has been paid by any other per- son or by any corj^oration, society, municipality, or gov- ernment, and if so, by whom; whether in possession of fifty dollars, and if less, how much; whether going to join a relative or friend, and if so, what relative or friend, and his or her name and complete address; whether ever before in the United States, and if so, when and where; whether ever in jjrison or almshouse or an institution or hospital for the care and treatment of the insane or supported by charity; whether a polyg- amist; whether an anarchist; whether coming by reason of any offer, solicitation, promise, or agreement, express or implied, to perform labor in the United States, and what is the alien's condition of health, mental and physical, and whether deformed or crippled, and if so, for how long and from what cause; that it shall fur- outgoing pas- ther be the duty of the master or commanding officer of ^®°s*''"^- every vessel taking alien passengers out of the United States, from any port thereof, to file before departure therefrom with the collector of customs of such port a complete list of all such alien passengers taken on board. Such list shall contain the name, age, sex, nationality, what to con- residence in the United States, occupation, and the time*'"''' of last arrival of every such alien in the United States, 138 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Manifests: ^nd no master of any such vessel shall be granted clear- ance papers for his vessel until he has deposited such list or lists with the collector of customs at the port of depar- ture and made oath that they are full and complete as to the name and other information herein required concern- penaity; ing cacli alien taken on board his vessel; and an}'- neg- lect or oxnission to comply with the requirements of this section shall be punishable as provided in section fifteen With whom de- of this Act. That the collector of customs with whom any posited; g^pj^ j-gi^ j-^.^g i^ppj^ deposited in accordance with the pro- visions of this section, shall promptly notify the Com- missioner-General of Immigration that such list has been deposited with him as provided, and shall make such further disposition thereof as may be required by regu- lations to be issued by the Commissioner-General of Immigration with the approval of the Secretary of Com- merce and Labor: Promded, That in the case of vessels making regular tri])s to ports of the United States the Commissioner-General of immigration, with the approval of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, may, when ex- pedient, arrange for the delivery of such lists of outgoing Of aliens from aliciis at a later date : Provided further, That it shall G\!am^^"porTobe the duty of the master or commanding officer of any Rico, ' and Ha-^^gg^} sailing froiu ports in the Philippine Islands, Guam, ^^"' Porto Rico, or Hawaii to any ])ort of the United States on the North American Continent to deliver to the inimi- gration officers at the ])ort of arrival lists or manifests made at the time and place of embarkation, giving the names of all aliens on board said vessel. How made up; Sec. 13. That all allcns arriving by water at the ports of the United States sliall be listed in convenient groups, and no one list or manifest shall contain more than thirty names. To each alien or head of a family shall be given a ticket on which shall be written his name, a number or letter designating tlie list in which his name, and so forth, is contained, and his number on said list, for convenience To be signed of identification on arrival. Each list or manifest shall m^t^rirtlfcorlbe verified by the signature and the oath or aflarmation of rectness of con- the master or commanding officer, or the first or second **°^' below him in command, taken before an immigration officer at the port of arrival, to the effect that he has caused the surgeon of said vessel sailing therewith to make a physical and oral examination of each of said aliens, and that from the report of said surgeon and from his own investigation he believes that no one of said aliens is an idiot, or imbecile, or a feeble-minded person, or insane person, or a pauper, or is fikely to become a public charge, or is afflicted with tuberculosis or with a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease, or is a person who has been convicted of, or who admits having committed a felony or other crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, or is a polygamist or one admitting belief in the practice of polygamy, or an anarchist, or under promise or agree- ment, express or implied, to perform labor in the United THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 139 States, or a prostitute, or a woman or girl comino; to the Manifests: United States for the purpose of prostitution, or for any other immoral purpose, and that also, according to the best of his knowledge and belief, the information in said lists or manifests concerning each of said aliens named therein is correct and true in every respect. Sec, 14. That the surgeon of said vessel sailing there- To be signed with shall also sign each of said lists or manifests and surges?™ ° ^ make oath or affirmation in like manner before an immi- gration officer at the port of arrival, stating his profes- sional experience and qualifications as a physician and surgeon, and that he has made a personal examination of each of the said aliens named therein, and that the said list or manifest, according to the best of his knowledge and belief, is full, correct, and true in all particulars rela- tive to the mental and physical condition of said aliens. If no surgeon sails with any vessel bringing aliens the mental and physical examinations and the verifications of the lists or manifests shall be made by some competent surgeon employed by the owners of the said vessel. Sec. 15. That in the case of the failure of the master or^J^"^oj^ng pas- commanding officer of any vessel to deliver to the said immigration officers lists or manifests of all aliens on board thereof, as rec^uired in sections twelve, thirteen, and fourteen of this Act, he shall pay to the collector of cus- Penalty of sio; toms at the port of arrival the sum of ten dollars for each alien concerning whom the above information is not con- tained in any list as aforesaid: Provided, That m the case outgmng pas- of failure without good cause to deliver the list of passen- ^''"^'''"^ gers required by section twelve of this Act from the mas- ter or commanding officer of every vessel takmg alien passengers out of the United States, the penalty shall be Penalty of sio; paid to the collector of customs at the port of departure and shall be a &ie of ten dollars for each alien not in- cluded in said list; but in no case shall the aggregate Aggregate fines /> 1111111 not to exceed line exceed one hundred dollars. $ioo. Sec. 16. That upon the receipt by the immigration offi- inspection: cers at any port of arrival of the lists or manifests of incoming aliens provided for in sections twelve, thirteen, and fourteen of this Act, it shall be the duty of said offi- on board cers to go or to send competent assistants to the vessel to ^'^^s*^': which said lists or manifests refer, and there inspect all such aliens, or said immigration officers may order a tem- Landing for.not porary removal of such aliens for examination at a desig- ^^^'^^ landing; nated time and place, but such tem))orary removal shall not be considered a landing, nor shall it relieve the trans- portation Imes, masters, agents, owners, or consignees of the vessel upon which said aliens are brought to any port of the United States fi'om any of the obligations which, in case such aliens remain on board, would, under the pro- visions of this Act, bind the said transportation Imes, masters, agents, o^\^lers, or consignees: Provided, That • ^' ••''^''^f' nation where a suitable building is used for the detention and officers responsi- examination of aliens the immigration officials shall there ^^^- 140 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. take charge of such ahens, and the transportation com- panies, masters, agents, o^\^lers, and consignees of the vessels bringing such aliens shall be relieved of the re- sponsibility for their detention thereafter until the return of such aliens to their care. Medical exam- Sec. 17. That the physical and mental examination of nation: ^^jj arriving aliens shall be made by medical officers of To be made by the United States Public Health and Alarine-llospital ^^005^*^ *^' ^' Service, who shall have had at least two years' experience in the practice of their profession since receiving the degree of doctor of medicine and who shall certify for the information of the immigration officers and the boards of special inquiry hereinafter provided for, any and all physical and mental defects or diseases observed by said medical officers in any such alien, or, should medical offi- cers of the United States Public Ilealth and Marine- Hospital Service be not available, civil surgeons of not less than four years' professional experience may be em- ployed in such emergency for such service, upon such terms as may be prescribed by the Commissioner-General of Immigration under the direction or with the approval of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. The United p. H.andM.H. States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service shall imburseiHor sur- be reimbursed by the Immigration Service for allexpendi- geons' salaries, t^^j-gg incurred ill Carrying out the medical ins))ection of aliens under regulations of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. ^^Uniawfuuand- Sec. 18. That it shall be the duty of the owmers, officers, or agents of any vessel or transportation line, other than those railway lines which may enter into a contract as Exception un- provided in section thirty-two of this Act, bringing an ersec. u., alien to the United States to prevent the landing of such alien in the United States at any time or place other than as designated by the immigration officers, and the negli- gent failure of any such owner, officer, or agent to comply with the foregoing requirements shall be deemed a mis- Penaityfor; demeanor and be punished by a fine in each case of not less than one hundretl nor more than one thousand dollars or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding one j^ear, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and every such n?ns s^fanded*^^ '^^^^^ ^° landed shall be deemed to be unlawfully in the United States and shall be deported as provided in sec- tions twenty and twenty-one of this Act. Deportation: Sec. 19. That all aliens brought to this country in vio- lation of law shall, if practicable, be immediately sent By vessel back to tlic couutry whence they respectively came on the bringing; ycsscls bringing them. The cost of their maintenance while on land, as well as the expense of the return of such detention, ^to'^bi alicns, shall be borne by the oA\Tier or owners of the vessels ^h^eoinpanies™^^ whicli they respectively came; and if any master, person in charge, agent, o^vner, or consignee of any such Penalty for fail- vessel shall Tcfusc to reccivc back on board thereof, or on port^ormaintatn"^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ othcr vcsscl owucd or Operated by the same 'interests, such aliens, or shall fail to detain them thereon, THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 141 or shall refuse or fail to return them to the foreign port Deportation: from which they came, or to ])ay the cost of their main- tenance while on land, or shall make any charfije for the return of any such alien, or shall take any security from ji^P^J.^^^^'^'^yj^ffta'^- him for the payment of such char<:;e, such master, [)erson in charo:e, a till}" false statement in any way affecting or in officers: relation to the right of any alien to admission to the United States shall be deemed guilty of perjury and be punished as provided by section fifty-three hundred and Challenging de-ninet3^-two, United States Revised Statutes. The deci- cisionof. g-^^ ^£ ^^^^ such officer, if favorable to the admission of any alien, shall be subject to challenge by any other immi- Boards of spe- gratiou officer, and such challenge shall operate to take ciai inquiry: ^j^g alien whose right to land is so challenged before a Detaining board of Special inquiry for its investigation. Every aliens for, alien wlio may not appear to the examming immigrant inspector at the port ot arrival to be clearly and beyond a doubt entitled to land shall be detained for examina- tion in relation thereto by a board of special inquir}^. Appointing; g^^ 25, That such boards of special inquiry shall be appointed by the commissioner of immigration at the various ports of arrival as may be necessary for the prompt determination of all cases of immigrants de- tained at such ports under the provisions of law. Each board shall consist of three members, who shall be se- lected from such of the immigrant officials in the service as the Commissioner-General of Immigration, with the approval of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, shall from time to time designate as qualified to serve on such ^^other officials ]3Qai-ds: Provided, That at ports where there are fewer than three immigrant inspectors, the Secretary of Com- merce and Labor, upon the recommendation of the Com- missioner-General of Immigration, may designate other Uniteil States officials for service on such boards of spe- Authorityof; ^.j.^j inquiry. Such boards shall have authority to deter- mine whether an alien who has been duly held shall be for^^^rivate '"""showed to hiiul or shall be deported. All hearings be- fore boards shall be separate and apart from the public, but the said ' boards shall keep a complete permanent record of their proceedings ancl of all such testimony as may be produced before them; and the decision of any two members of a board shall prevail, but either the alien Appeals: ^j. ,^^^y Ji^seiiting member of the said board may appeal taking""'^'^ "Hlirougli tlic Commissioner of immigration at the port of arrival and the Commissioner-General of Immigration b^efi'sofeiy upo"n to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, and the taking original evidence; of such appeal shall operate to stay any action in regard to the final disposal of any alien whose case is so appealed until the receipt by the commissioner of immigration at the port of arrival of such decision, which shall be ren- dered solely upon the evidence adduced before the board dMiSo^of Jfiicere^^ special inquiry: Provided, That in every case where an final; alien is excluded from admission into the United States, under any law or treaty now existing or hereafter made, the decision of the appropriate immigration officers, if adverse to the admission of such alien, shall be final, unless reversed on appeal to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor; but nothing in this section shall be construed caSs*r^ectedVn° to admit of any appeal in the case of an alien rejected as der section 10. provided for in section ten of this Act. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 145 Sec. 26. That any alien liable to be excluded because Bonds: likely to become a public charge or because of physical Landing under; disability other than tuberculosis or a loathsome or dan- p^ijl^^jl^^jt. cases gerous contagious disease may, if otherwise admissible, nevertheless be admitted in the discretion of the Secre- tary of Commerce and Labor upon the giving of a suit- able and proper bond or undertaking, approved by said Secretary in such amount and containing such conditions as he may prescribe, to the people of tlie United States, holding the United States or any State, Territory, county, municipality, or district thereof harmless against such alien becoming a public charge. The admission of such alien shall be a consideration for the giving of such bond or undertaking. Suit may be brought thereon in the upon°^^ name and by the proper law officers either of the United States Government or of any State, Territory, district, county, or municipality in which such alien becomes a public charge. Sec. 27. That no suit or proceeding for a violation of suits: the provisions of this Act shall be settled, compromised, compromising, or discontinued without the consent of the court in which etc; it is pending, entered of record, with the reasons therefor. Sec. 28. That nothing contained in this Act shall be^[^°der ^^mer construed to affect any prosecution, suit, action, or pro- hereby, ceedings brought, or any act, thing, or matter, civil or criminal, done or existing at the time of the taking effect of this Act; but as to all such prosecutions, suits, actions, proceedings, acts, things, or matters the laws or parts of laws repealed or amended by this Act are hereby con- tinued in force and effect. Sec. 29. That the circuit and district courts of the ^Jjoorts^.^//.^"" United States are hereby invested with full and concur- " rent jurisdiction of all causes, civil and criminal, arising Junsdunon. under any of the provisions of this Act. Sec. 30. That all exclusive privileges of exchanging Exclusive money, transporting passengers or baggage, or keeping p"* ""'5''^= eatmg houses, and all other like privileges incomiection with any United States immigrant station, shall be dis- How granted; posed of after public competition, subject to such condi- tions and limitations as the Commissioner-General of Immigration, under the direction or with the approval of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, may prescribe: Provided, That no intoxicating liquors shall be sold in proceeds from, any such immigrant station; that all receipts accruing -^n^fgrint' fund'."* from the disposal of such exclusive privileges as herein provided shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States to the credit of the ''immigrant fund" provided for in section one of this Act. Sec. 3L That for the preservation of the peace and in Peace omceis: order that arrests may be made for crimes under the hiws Admission to of the States and Territories of the United States where ^t^^""""- the various immigrant stations are located, the officers in charge of such stations, as occasion may require, shall 35365— S. Doc. 469, 61-2 10 146 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. admit therein the proper state and municipal officers charged with the enforcement of such laws, and for the purpose of this section the jurisdiction of such officers and of the local courts shall extend over such stations. Commissioner- Sec. 32. That the Commissioner-Gencral of Immigra- Generai: tion, Under the direction or with the approval of the wSec- and°cOTtracts"forretary of Commerce and Labor, shall prescribe rules for inspection on the cutrj and inspection of aliens along the borders of land boundaries, ^^^^^^j^ and Mcxico, SO as not to unnecessarily delay, impede, or annoy passengers in ordinary travel between the United States and said countries, and shall have power to enter into contracts with transportation lines for the said purpose, states"'* * * ^ ^^^- ^^- "^^^^^ ^or the purpose of this Act the term "United States" as used in the title as well as in the va- Meaning of j-j^^jg sectious of this Act shall be construed to mean the ^^^' United States and any waters, territory, or other place subject to the jurisdiction thereof, except the Isthmian Canal Zone: Canal Zone: Provided, That if any alien shall leave the Inspection of Canal Zone and attempt to enter any other place under aliens from. ^hc jurisdiction of the United States, nothing contained in this Act shall be construed as permitting him to enter under any other conditions than those applicable to all aliens. Commissioner: Sec. 34. That the Commissioner-Gcneral of Immigra- Appointmenttion, with the approval of the Secretary of Commerce and "eans*^ ^'^^^ ^'^" Labor, may appoint a commissioner of immigration to discharge at New Orleans, Louisiana, the duties now required of other commissioners of immigration at their respective posts. Deportation: §^0. 35. That the deportation of aliens arrested within To be to trans the LTuited States after entry and found to be illegally oceanic ports; therein, provided for in this Act, shall be to the trans- Atlantic or trans-Pacific ports from which said aliens embarked for the United States ; or, if such embarkation was for foreign contiguous territory, to the foreign port at which said aliens embarked for such territory, in^uaiawfuif"' ^^^' ^^- "^^^^^ ^^^ aliens who shall enter the United wStates except at the seaports thereof, or at such place or places as the Secretary of Commerce and Labor may irom time to time designate, shall be adjudged to have entered the country unlawfully and shall be deported as provided by sections twenty and twenty-one of this Act: ^^^'^^'' Provided, That nothing contained in this section shall naTe"d ^ on^'fjid ^ffcct the powcr Conferred by section thirty-two of this borders. Act U])on the Commissioner-General of Immigration to prescribe rules for the entry and inspection of aliens along the borders of Canada and Mexico. Admission: Sec. 37. That whenever an alien shall have taken up Of diseased wife his permanent residence in this country, and shall have of aiien'^who^hl" filed his declaration of intention to become a citizen, and declared ,inten- thereafter shall send for his wife or minor children to tion to become .. . ., .„ „ -ii-ii iiii citizen. join him, II said Wile or any oi said children sliali be found to be affected with any contagious disorder, such THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CAN.ADA. 147 wife or children shall be held, under such regulations as Admission: the Secretary of Commerce and Labor shall pres('ril)e, { until it shall be determined whether the disorder will be } easily curable, or whether they can be permitted to land ', without danger to other persons; and they shall not be either admitted or deported until such facts have been ascertained ; and if it shall be determined that the dis- order is easily curable or that they can be permitted to land without danger to other persons, they shall, if other- i wise admissible, thereupon be admitted. J Sec. 38. That no person who disbelieves in or who is Anarchists: opposed to all organized government, or who is a member Not to be ad- 01 or affiliated with any organization entertaining and"""^^= teaching such disbelief in or opposition to all organized government, or who advocates or teaches the duty, neces- J sity, or propriety of the unlawful assaulting or killing of any officer or officers, either of specific individuals or of officers generally, of the Government of the United States or of any other organized government, because of his or : their official character, shall be permitted to enter the ; United States or any territory or place subject to the i jurisdiction thereof. This section shall be enforced by I the Secretary of Commerce and Labor under such rules j and regulations as he shall prescribe. That any person who knowingly aids or assists any such person to enter the United States or any territory or place subject to the sist^fg^lo^enter^ jurisdiction thereof, or who connives or conspires with any " person or persons to allow, procure, or permit any such , person to enter therein, except pursuant to such rules and .; regulations made by the Secretary of Commerce and La- j bor shall be fined not more than five thousand dollars, or j imprisoned for not more than five years, or both. \ Sec. 39. That a commission is hereby created, consist- cJnTmiss^ion!'"" j ing of three Senators, to be appointed by the President of the Senate, and three members of the House of Repre- How appointed; sentatives, to be appointed by the Speaker of the House ; of Representatives, and three persons, to be appointed by : the President of the United States. Said commission shall make full inquiry, examination, and investigation by subcommittee or otherwise into the subject of immi- (j^ti^^""*^' ^^^ \ gration. For the purpose of said inquiry, examination, i and investigation, said commission is authorized to send for persons and papers, make all necessar}^ travel, either in the United States or any foreign country, and, tlirough ; the chairman of the commission or any member thereof to administer oaths and to exariiine \\'itnesses and papers j respecting all matters pertaining to the subject, and to \ employ necessary clerical and other assistance. Said j commission shall report to the Congress the conclusions reached by it and make such recommendations as in its , judgment may seem proper. Such sums of money as may ij^^^^^PfJ^^*"® °'' be necessary for the said inquiry, examination, and inves- tigation are hereby appropriated and authorized to be • paid out of the "immigrant fund" on the certificate of 148 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. the chairman of said commission, inckiding all expenses of the commissioners and a reasonable compensation, to be fixed b}" the President of the United States, for those Co^n/erence-"""' members of the commission who are not members of Con- "presTdTnt au- g^css ; and the President of the United States is also thorized to ar- authorized, in the name of the Government of the United range for; States, to Call, in his discretion, an international confer- ence, to assemble at such point as may be agreed upon, or to send special commissioners to any foreign country, for the purpose of regulating by international agreement, Purpose of. subjcct to the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, the immigration of aliens to the United States; of pro^'iding for the mental, moral, and physical examination of such aliens by American consuls or other officers of tlie United States Government at the ports of embarkation, or elsewhere; of securing the assistance of foreign governments in their own territories to prevent the evasion of the laws of the United States governing immigration to the United States; of entering into such international agreements as may be proper to prevent the immigration of aliens who, under the laws of the United States, are or may bo excluded from entering the United States, and of regulating any matters pertaining to such immigration. Information Sec. 40. Authority is hereby given the Commissioner- division: General of Immigration to establish, under the direction Establishment and coutrol of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, a °^' division of information in the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization; and the Secretary of Commerce and Labor shall provide such clerical assistance as may be thoii/y'of!"''^ ^"'necessary. It shall be the tluty of said division to pro- mote a beneficial distribution of aliens admitted into the United States among the several States and Territories desiring immigration. Correspondence shall be had with the proper oificials of the States and Territories, and said division shall gather from all availal)le sources useful information regarding the resources, products, and phys- ical characteristics of each State and Territory, and shall publish such information in difl'erent languages and dis- tribute the publications among all admitted aliens who mav ask for such information at the immigrant stations of the L^nited States and to such other persons as may state agents: ^q^[j^q the same. When any State or Territory appoints Appointment and maintains an agent or agents to represent it at any andjtationingat^j the immigrant stations of the United States, such Courtesies to; ageiits shall. Under regulations prescribed by the Com- nnssioner-General of Immigration, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, have access to aliens who have been admitted to the United States for the purpose of presenting, either orally or in AVTiting, the special inducements oft'ered by such State or Territory to Control of. aliens to settle therem. While on duty at any immigrant station such agents shall be subject to all the regulations prescribed by the Commissioner-General of Immigration, THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 149 who, ^^^tl^ the approval of the Secretar}^ of Commerce and Labor, may, for violation of any such regulations, deny to the agent guilty of such violation any of the privileges herein granted. Sec. 41. That nothing in this Act shall be construed to cifisf'^ '*'"' apply to accredited oflicials of foreign governments nor. Exempted I I -^ . . „ ... to in from provisions to their suites, lamilies, or guests. hereof. Sec. 42. It shall not be lawful for the master of a steam- „ AlL^datorj of ship or other vessel whereon immigrant passengers, or passengers other than cabin passengers, have been taken at any port or place in a foreign country or dominion (ports and places in foreign territory contiguous to the United States excepted) to bring such vessel and pas- sengers to any port or place in the United States unless the compartments, spaces, and accommodations herein- after mentioned have been provided, allotted, maintained, and used for and by such passengers during the entire voyage; that is to say, in a steamship, the compartments or spaces, unobstructed by cargo, stores, or goods, shall be of sufhcient dimensions to allow for each and every passenger carried or brought therein eighteen clear super- ficial feet of deck allotted to his or her use, if the com- j)artment or space is located on the main deck or on the first deck next below the main deck of the vessel, and twenty clear superficial feet of deck allotted to his or her use for each passenger carried or brought therein if the compartment or space is located on the second deck below the main deck of the vessel: Provided, That if the height between the lower passenger deck and the deck immediately above it is less than seven feet, or if the ap- ertures (exclusive of the side scuttles) through which light and air are admitted together to the lower passen- ger deck are less in size than in the proportion of three square feet to every one hundred superficial feet of that deck, the ship shall not carry a greater number of passen- gers on that deck than in the proportion of one passen- ger to every thirty clear superficial feet thereof. It shall not be lawful to carry or bring passengers on any deck other than the decks above mentioned. And in sailing vessels such passengers shall be carried or brought only on the deck (not being an orlop deck) that is next below the main deck of the vessel, or in a poop or deck house constructed on the main deck; and the compartment or space, unobstructed by cargo, stores, or goods, shall be of sufficient dimensions to allow one hundred and ten cubic feet for each and every passenger brought therein. And such passenger shall not be carried or brought in any be- tween decks, nor in any compartment, space, poop, or deck house, the height of which from deck to deck is less than six feet. In computing the number of such pas- sengers carried or brought in any vessel, children under one year of age shall not be included, and two children between one and eight years of age shall be counted as one passenger; and any person brought in any such vessel 150 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA, Anientiiuory of ^l^Q gj^all liave been, during the voyage, taken from any nav ga on dc , ^^^^^^ vessel Wrecked or in distress on the high seas, or have been picked up at sea from any boat, raft, or other- wise, shall not be included in such computation. The master of a vessel coming to a port or place in the United States in violation of either of the provisions of this sec- tion shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor; and if the number of passengers other than cabin passengers carried or brought in the vessel, or in any compartment, space, poop, or deck liouse thereof, is greater than tlie number allowed to be carried or brought therein, respectively, as hereinbefore prescribed, the said master shall be fined fifty clollars for each and every passenger in excess of the proper number, and may also be imprisoned not exceed- ing six months. This section shall take effect on January first, nineteen hundred and nine. Repealing Sec. 43. That the Act of March third, nineteen hun- ciause: ^^^^^^ ^^^^ three, being an Act to regulate the immigration of aliens into the United States, except section thirty- four thereof, and the Act of March twenty-second, nine- teen hundred and four, being an Act to extend the exemp- tion from head tax to citizens of Newfoundland enter- ing the United States, and all Acts and parts of Acts Exceptions, inconsistent with this Act are hereby repealed : Provided, That this Act shall not be construed to repeal, alter, or amend existing laws relating to the immigration or ex- clusion of Chinese persons or persons of Chinese descent, nor to repeal, alter, or amend section six, chapter four hundred and fifty-three, third session Fifty-eighth Con- gress, approved "February sixth, nineteen hundred and five, or, ])rior to January first, nineteen hundred and nine, section one of the Act approved August second, eighteen hundred and eighty-two, entitled "An Act to regulate the carriage of passengers by sea." When effective. Sec. 44. That this Act shall take effect and be enforced from and after July first, nineteen hundred and seven: Provided, however, That section thirty-nine of this Act and the last proviso of section one shall take effect upon the passage of this Act and section forty-two on January first, nineteen hundreil and nine. Approved February 20, 1907. (34 Stat., pt. 1, p. 898.) Appendix D. OFFICIAL CIRCULAR OF CANADIAN SUPERINTENDENT OF IMMIGRATION. IN RE exclusion of over-seas immigrants. Department of the Interior, Canada, Ottawa, June 4, 1909. In view of the fact that the Immiojration Act at present in force has been amended several times, and that in accordance with its provisions its express terms have been supplemented by several Orders in Council, there is a possibility of misunderstanding arising between the several steamsliip and railway companies and the Immigration Department in the application of its exclusion provisions. As a help towards avoiding such misunderstanding it seems advisable that the immigration policy of the Canadian Government and the understanding of the Interior Department of the exclusion provisions of the Immigration Act should be stated as shortly and plainly although informall}^ as possible: (1) Money is expended and administration is exercised with the object of securing immigrants whose purpose in life is to occupy farm lands, either as owners, tenants, or laborers. (2) Money is voted and administration is exercised with the object of excluding those whose presence in Canada would tend to add to the congestion of our towns and cities. Immigration effort is made in those countries which are considered most likely to furnish the people coming within the first of the two classes above specified. No immigration effort is made in those countries which are con- sidered hkely to furnish the people coming within the second class. The Act is interpreted and its administration conducted throughout, to give effect to the above two distinct lines of policy. Certain of the exclusion provisions of the Immigration Act are mandatory and apply equally to the people of every class and of every country. These are the pro^dsions which exclude the physically, mentally, or morally unfit. Other provisions exclude for financial or other reasons not physical, mental, or moral. These provisions exclude: (1) Charity aided immigrants. (2) Europeans who have in possession less than S2.5 in cash besides ticket to destination, and Asiatics who have less than S200 besides 151 152 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. ticket to destination; excepting citizens of China or Japan, in regard to whom there are special arrangements. (Chinese must pay $500 liead tax; Japanese must have in possession $25 cash and a passport.) (3) Immigrants who do not come by continuous passage from, and on ticket purchased in, the country of their birth or citizenship. Provision is made for relaxing the first of these causes of exclusion in the case of persons who have been inspected and approved before sailing by the Assistant Superintendent of Emigration for Canada in England. No other relaxation will l)e made. In regard to the second, provision is made for relaxation (a) in the case of persons going to friends permanently resident in Canada, who are capable of supporting them, and (b) in the case of those going to assured emploj^ment. The relaxation in the case of persons going to friends onl}" applies to persons ordinarily dependent on such friends ; that is, wife or chil- dren going to husband or father; brother or sister going to brother, minors going to married or independent sisters, or parents going to children capable of supporting them. The provision as to relaxation of the money qualification, because going to assured employment, is dealt with as follows: (a) Immigrants from countries, other than those in which immi- f ration effort is being made by Canada, can not be assumed by the mmigration Officials to be going to assured employment, and there- fore each individual will be required to produce the amount of money the regulations call for. (6) In view of the difficulties encountered by non-English speaking immigrants in securing employment, even though coming from the countries in which immigration eifort is being made (in case of their not having the money required and ticket to destination), the agent must be satisfied by evidence which he must record that such immi- grant is going to assured employment at farm work. (The over-sea countries in which immigration effort is made are: Great Britain and Ireland, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Denmark, Ice- land, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland.) (c) In case of English-speaking immigrants, while the steamship companies must be prepared at all times for a strict enforcement of the money requirement, the agent may, in case the immigrant is otherwise desirable, accept a reasonable assurance that he wiU find employment, provided such emploj'ment is at farm work. Regarding the third cause for exclusion: All immigrants who are unable to satisfy the agent either that they have independent means of support or that they are suited to farm work and mtend to engage in it, are liable to be excluded under the indirect passage provision. The officials of the Immigration Department at ocean ports are being instructed that they will be held strictly to account for the enforce- ment of the Act in accordance with the foregoing statement of its terms. Appendix E. OFFICIAL CIRCULAR TO BOOKING AGENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. supplementary circular. Immigration Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa, Novemher 15, 1906. To Boohing Agents in the United Kingdom: It is the desire of the Immigration Department of Canada to have the most friendly rehitions with the Booking Agents of the United Kingdom. With a view to preventing misunderstanding it is deemed desirable to set forth in plain terms the purpose of the Government of Canada in pursuing an active immigration policy and the reasons governing it in the conduct of that policy. The bonus to Booking Agents of £1 on adults and 10 shillings on children between one and eighteen is given to make it worth while for the Booking Agent to use his best exertions in securing for Canada the particular classes of people upon whom the bonus is paid. In a country with a population of nearly fifty millions, such as the United Kingdom, which has no new territory for occupation, there must necessarily be a large yearly increase of population, which must either find an outlet or add to the congestion of the great cities. Every year there is a very large movement of people from the United Kingdom to North America. For a long time the larger part of this yearly movement went to the United States and a very small part to Canada. That which went to the United States was lost to the Empire; the part which went to Canada aided in building up the Empire. It is not the expectation of the Government of Canada to increase unduly the outflow of people from the United Kingdom, but it is its desire to turn to the benefit of the Empire in Canada a greater pro- portion of the natural and necessary annual outflow from the mother country. . The Canadian Government in confining the bonus to emigrants ot certain callings has selected those callings which may fairly be ex- pected to fit people for the opportunities existing in Canada. By making special exertions to secure these classes for Canada, the Book- ing Agents will be doing their best for the emigrants themselves, for Canada, and for the Empire. i • j u It is believed that, although the classes particularly desired by Canada might find a field for employment at home, the removal each year of some part of the natural increase there will leave room and 153 154 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. opportunity for others who would, under other circumstances, be crowded out of these advantages. The classes of people on whom bonus is paid by the Canadian Gov- ernment are expected, by reason of their experience at home, to find scope for their abilities in the occupation of the vacant lands of Canada, in employment upon the lands now occupied and cultivated, or in the railway development now in progress. And while it is not asserted that people of other callings or conditions of life should not come to Canada, or may not find a career open to them in this coun- try, it is desired to have it well understood that the Government of Canada assumes no responsibility with respect to any other immi- gration than that of the classes mentioned as eligible for bonus pay- ment. It is not asserted that the farmer or farm labourer is necessaril}" a more desirable citizen than any other, but it is a simple fact that the demand in Canada is for people to occupy the as yet vacant lands of the country, to aid in the cultivation of those already occupied, and also to assist in providing additional transportation facilities. This it is which justifies the Government in assuming the expense of immi- gration effort. To go beyond the attempt to meet these require- ments would be to use the money of certam classes of Canadian tax- payers for the purpose of securing competitors against them in their several callings, for which they would naturally hold the Government to account. For these reasons Booking Agents will be good enough to inider- stand that the present largo bonus is only offered to secure tlie fidlest compliance with its conditions, and they must expect the oliicialsof the Immigration Branch to look strictly into every bonus claim made, not as showing any lack of faith in the Booking Agents or as dis- criminating against any class of people, but simply as a matter of business to make sm-e that money is not being paid except on the due fulfilment of conditions that have the sanction of all classes of the Canadian people, who, in fact, are paying tlie money. In the circular of Alarch 20th last, announcing the payment of £1 bonus, it was required that the person eligible by reason of his calling should be then employed in that calling and had been so employed for at least one year. This condition is altennl in the new circular forwarded herewith so that the requirement is now that the ;person shall have been in such employment for at least one year, without special regard as to when that was, and the list of questions to be answered by the emigrant when applying for ticket has been altered accordingly. In the circular of March 20th bonus was restricted to persons of cer- tain classes therein mentioned, who signified their intention of fol- lowing farming in Canada. This provision has been amended by adding "or railway construction work," so that whether the imme- diate intention is that of following farming or securing employment in railway construction work the person is eligible for bonus. These changes enlarge the number of people upon whom bonus may properly be paid, but as they enlarge the number and to that degree are to the advantage of the Booking Agent, so the olhcials of the Department may be expected to hold more closely to the express terms of the circular issued and to the intent which its terms express. It is important that the provisions of the C^anadian immigration Act of last Session, prohibiting the landing in Canada of certain classes I THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 155 of people, should be carefully studied, (copy herewith), so that the Booking Agent will understand thoroughly that for his own credit and the advantage of his business he will not book ])e()ple of these classes. They are liable to be returned to the place from whence they came at the expense of the steamship company. This liability exists for two yeare after their landing in Canada. It will be noticed that the following classes of people are prohibited from landing and are subject to deportation within two years: — Feeble-minded, idiotic, insane, or who have been insane within five years, afflicted with any loathsome, contagious, or infectious disease; anyone who is a pauper, who is destitute, who is a professional beggar or vagrant, or who is likely to become a public charge; any prostitute or person who lives by the proceeds of prostitution; or any convicted crmiinal. Persons who are deaf and dumb, blind, or infirm may be admitted if accom- panietl by members of the family who will be responsible for their support and safekeeping. Unless so accompanied they are subject to deportation. Bonuses are only payable on passengers travelhng by lines which land at Canadian ports or at Portland, Ale., during winter, and only on persons who are British subjects. In the past it has been found necessary on occasion to discontinue business relations with booking agencies for various reasons, such as Eresentation of improper claims, booking of undesirables, the special ooking of artisans under contract, and improper advertising. It is hoped that no difiiculties of this kind will arise in future; but as the Imnngration Department is a part of the public business of Canada, it is necessary that its work and connections should be kept clear of misunderstandings of every kind. The Department would prefer not to have relations with any agency with which it might find itself at cross-purposes, and whose actions might subject its work to misrepresentation. In the past it has not been the practice of the Department to pay bonus on first-class passengers. This has not been because such pay- ment was contrary to the intent of the bonus system, if such pas- sengers were of the classes listed for bonus, but because first-class passengers are not subject to inspection on arrival in Canada, and therefore the Department had no means of checking the propriety of the payments. If, however. Booking Agents will avail themselves of the provision contained in the circular herewith, which is the same as was contained in the circular of March 20, 1906, by securing a certificate from one of the accredited Agents of the Department in the United Kingdom, as therein provided, the bonus will be paid, but not otherwise. The provision for granting certificates in the United Kingdom by emigration agents to insure payment of bonus is permissive and not compulsory. If such a certificate is grantecl in proper form the Immigration Department will not question the payment of the bonus. If such a certificate is not secured, then the payment of the bonus must depend upon the examination by the immigration olficer at the port of landing. It is because of the necessity of inspection at port of landing that it has been found necessary to restrict payment of bonuses on emigrant passengers to those landing at Canadian ports, with the exception of those landing at Portland, Me., during winter. 156 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Previous to issue of circular of Alarch 20, 1906, there was some discrimination in bonuses paid under certain circumstances, but with the coming into effect of that circuhir, the terms of which are repeated in the accompanying circuhir, all booking agencies were placed on an equal footing, the same bonus being paid under the same conditions in all cases. It is the desire of the Immigration Department to deal cjuite fairly with all booking agencies, the result aimed at being to secure desirable emigrants for t-anada up to the j^early requirements of the country. It is not in the interest of the individual emigrant that he should remove to Canada unless there is reasonable prospect of his success here. The arrival of any large number of immigrants in this country who are unfitted for the conditions here must necessarily react against the continuance of the emigration movement. In spite of the fact that his failure to succeed is due to personal causes, the unsuccessful man will blame the country, and complain to his friends at home, thereby deterring them from coming out, antl the efforts of the Immigration De})artment will be discredited with the people of Canada, who will therefore withdraw their sup})ort from those efforts. The men wanted in Canada are those who will do well here, who are recognized in the United Kingdom as being fit, but who are looking for the wuder opportunities of the new country, not to be found at home. The efforts of the Canadian Immigration Department are not directed towards those who are merely looking for a place where they may live, but towards those who, while they are able to live under present conditions in the United Kingdom, are on the lookout for an opportunity to better their position in life. It is suggested that Bookmg Agents take for future reference the home address of the emigrant upon whom bonus is to be claimed and also that of some of his relatives remaining at home. It is the desire of the Immigration Department that its work in the United Kingdom shall be carried on in cooperation with the licensed booking agencies. So far as possible, literature and samples of products will be supj)lie(l to booking agents on application, and our salaried Agents are instructed to reply promptly to all communica- tions received from Booking Agents, and to give all ])roper informa- tion, and all the assistance in their })ower to the legitimate booking of passengers of the classes upon which bonuses may be paid. In the ])ast, some booking agents have been in the habit of sending in bonus claims on persons who intended to follow mechanical pur- suits in Canada, and on others who had never engaged in any or^the specified occupations or who had less than one year's experience in such occupations. Kindly see that in future 3^ou make claims only upon British subjects, who have had at least one year's experience in one of the specified occupations, and who come to Canada to engage either in agricultural pursuits or railway construction, and on female domestic servants. By pursuing such a course the work of this office vdW be materially lessened and the just claims consequently more promptly attended to. You are also requested to see that every blank space in emigrant's application for ticket is properly filled. The Department should be notified at once in all cases where an emigrant transfers his passage from the boat on which he originally THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 157 books. The name and date of sailing of the vessel upon which he first booked should be given, as well as that of the ship to which he has been transferred. All communications with regard to the nonpayment of any claims made should be sent direct to me. In every case the name, age, and contract ticket number of the emigrant, with the name of the vessel, and date of its sailing should be carefully given. In any case where the Canadian Government finds it necessary to deport any immi- grant within twelve months of his arrival in Canada because of criminal tendency, disease, or other cause, or where the immigrant has left Canada for the United States within that period, the bonus paid upon him will be deducted from the account of the agent to whom it was paid. W. D. Scott, Superintendent of Immigration. Appendix F. AIMS AND METHODS OF CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS PRO- MOTING EMIGRATION TO CANADA FROM THE BRITISH ISLES. [Report by J. Bruce Walker."] Interior Department of the Government of Canada, Emigration Branch, London, S. W., January 10, 1908. Sir: For some time I have been devoting attention to the opera- tions of certain phihmtliropic antl charitable societies in this country, particidarly in London, as far as their connection with emigration to CanatLa is concerned. The work of these societies has always given me the gravest anxiety, and from the information I have been able to obtain, after a close study of their methods during the past few weeks, I desire to say to you frankly that in my judgment the classes which these organizations send to Canada are for the most part not desirable citizens. There is no doubt that all the philanthropic and charitable societies enf^aged in the work of emigration to Canada are able to point with satisfaction to a certain proportion of their emi- grants who have been successful in the Dominion. I am very far from seeking to convey the impression that all the material sent to Canada by these organizations is either unsuitable or undesirable; I readily recognize that many gratifying instances can be shown in which the emigrants, availing themselves of the new conditions have been able to start life afresh, and are able to look forward to a life of comparative comfort and competence as compared with the conditions in their former home. I do not think, however, that emigration to Canada is a solution of the Lontlon unemployed problem, and I do not think, speaking gen- erally, that the class of persons coming within the scope or the associa- tions to which I am referring in this report are suited to the require- ments of Canada and are likely to succeed in any great numbers in this countr\^, even under the most favorable conditions. Wliile it may be conceded that these so-called charitable and philan- thropic institutions are animated by good intentions, their interests are more concerned in the benefits that will accrue to England than to the advantages gained by Canada through the medium of the emigration of their proteges. The work of these societies may be divided into two principal parts: First, the purely philanthropic or charitable, and secondly, the state or rate-aided emigration. With regard to the first the funds are o Published by the authority of the Minister of the Interior, Ottawa, Canada, 1908. 158 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 159 procured by insistent and widespread appeals to the benevolent, and the operations of the organizations are confined to the destitute, the unfortunate, and, to a large extent, the incompetent. No pretence is made of assisting the emigration of a man, however competent, however industrious, however ambitious, so long as he is in employ- ment. In other words, the best class of labor in this comitry is dis- couraged, and that labor which finds itself most fi-equently in the market, either from incompetence, intemperance, or indifference, is the peculiar care of such organizations. When an employer of labor in London, for business reasons, is compelled to reduce his staff of employees, he does not suspend the competent and reliable workman; he weeds out for the purpose of dismissal all tliose who have made themselves known either by their incompetence, their intemperance, or their carelessness, and these latter become the mass of people from whom and among whom the philanthropic and charitable societies to which I allude, obtain their recruits for emigration to Canada. At the present time and under the prq^ent condition of the emi- gration law there is practically no supervision exercised on this side over the work of these societies. It is claimed, of course, by the offi- cers of these organizations that every care is taken anfl every anxiety shown to obtain only the most suitable for emigration to Canada. The results are shown by the material which they send to Canada, and do not warrant the belief that their efforts in these directions have been very successful. In any case, I am convinced that the societies operate amongst a very undesirable class for the purpose of emigration to Canada, and that the supervision, however well inten- tioned, is invariably defective and superficial. Whereas Canada is calling constantly for men accustomed to agricultural pursuits to emigrate to the Dominion, these so-called philanthropic bodies are engaged almost exclusively in operating amongst the dense masses of the congested parts of the City of London and other big cities, and are therefore seeking to meet our needs from a source that in all reason is very unlikely to supply such needs. With regard to the State Aided and Rate Aided, these are the prod- ucts of the distress committees and of the workhouses. The distress committees are bodies in large centres of population, permitted, under the terms of the Unemploj^ed W^orkmen's Act, to levy a small rate as a tax upon the public for the emigration, and for provision by employ- ment or otherwise of the unemployed in such communities. This tax is imposed up to a certain amount per pound, is used partly to provide food and shelter, partly to provide temporary employment, and partly to provide emigration. The distress committees usually oper- ate through some recognized booking agency, providing the fares for the transportation and leaving such booking agency to provide the employment on the Canadian side. There is no supervision of an official character exercised over these emigrants. The Emigration Branch of the Department of the Interior is neither advised of their numbers, their character, nor the date of their sailing. In the present condition of the law, if a distress committee is satisfied that a booking agency organization can satisfactorily dispose of the men, the bargain is completed between that organization and the distress committee, and that is the end of it. 160 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. With reference to the Rate-Aided emigration, that is, the emigration provided by the Poor-Law Guardians, there is a certain measure of con- trol. When, for any reason, the guardians of the district are satisfied that the inmate of a workhouse is capable of workuig his way in Can- ada or elsewhere under new conditions and with a fair start, they apply to the president of the Local Government Board for permission to appropriate from the public rates under the Poor Law a sum neces- sary for the emigration to Canada, say, of such person or persons. The Local Government Board has laid it down as an imperative instruc- tion that the consent of the Assistant Superintendent of Emigration for Canada, must, in every case, be obtained before the emigration is per- mitted of such pauper person or persons. Here the Department is able to exercise some control, and does so, I venture to say, with good effect. In the first place, rigorous independent enquiry is made b}' ourselves, in which the previous character of the family, a medical examination on a prescribed form (after^the manner of a life insurance medical ap- plication form) is filled up by a properly qualified medical man, and where it can be shown that the answers are correct, the health of the persons unquestioned, and that arrangements have been made for the proper reception and employment of the individuals, the Departmental consent is given, and the consequent consent of theljocal Government Board to such emigration. Emigration of this class is less in quantity than that of any other to which I have referred, and I think enquiry will bear me out in saying that notwithstanding its source it is per- haps a little more satisfactory than either that emigrated by the Un- employed Workmen's Actor the operations of charitable organizations. The trouble, however, of a State-Aided emigration is that it is dealing with a class of persons whose position is either due to their own intemperance or incoin])etence, and who, for the most part, lack that self-confidence and self-reliance that is necessary for success in a new country and under new conditions. I am satisfied that an extremely large proportion of the nonsuc- cesses in English emigration is due to the unreasonable proportion of that class of emigration sent to Canada. In Scotland, where the proportion of emigrants to the population is more than double what it is in England, there are no such ])hilanthropic societies and no such charitable organizations engaged in emigration work, and j^ou can not but have observed how few cases of nonsuccess there are amongst the Scottish emigrants. In my humble judgment, the time has now come when the Depart- ment shoidd devise rigorous and eft'ective measures, to first discourage, and, secondly, to supervise such charitably aided emigration. The total number of persons sent to Canada during the 3'ear 1907 by London charitable societies alone reaches the important figure of 12,336. These figures do not include all who have been sent to Canada financially assisted out of the Rates. Another 500, perhaps, might be added as covering the o})erations of the various distress committees tliroughout England, who have booked emigrants in numbers of from 1 to 50 by private booking agencies. THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. . 161 THE EAST END EMIGRATION FUND. The East End Emigration Society is a purely charitable organiza- tion, operating exclusively in the poorest and most crowded part of London — the East End. It is constantly making appeals to the generosity of the wealthy and benevolent through the medium of the public press, and by private appeals for money to emigrate deserving cases. It may be conceded at once that this organization is working at what it believes to be a good cause, but unfortunately it is working in a territory where the environment and conditions are all against their obtaining a class of persons suitable for Canada; the vastly populated and greatly congested East End of London can not be considered a favorable field for obtaining that class of emigrants which Canada needs, and that class of men who are at all likely to accommodate themselves to the conditions obtaining in Canada and tlirough their own energy and determination build up homes for themselves. The conditions under which they had lived, and in w^hich in all probability their parents for several generations have lived, do not produce the kind of men who are fit for labor which Canadian farmers have to offer, and I can not but feel that while I accord the very best intentions to this organization, it is w^orking in an area that can not possibly afford us satisfactory results. This organization books its own passengers, and in common with similar organizations has a private arrangement for a preferential rate in favor of itself as compared wath the charge for transportation exacted from the ordinary self-paying emigrant. During the year this organization, without the slightest control, either by the Government in this country or by the Emigration Branch of the Department of the Interior in this country, sent to Canada 6,096 persons, recruited from the East End of London, paying, it may be presumed, in every case the total cost of such transportation. SELF-HELP EMIGRATION SOCIETY. This organization is likewise of a charitable character, although it insists upon a proportion of the passage being paid by the people emigrated, relying upon the charity and the good-will of the wealthy classes of the Metropolis for payment of the balance. The Self-Help Emigration Society sent to Canada during the year 1907 a total of 506 persons, neither inspected nor controlled by any agency on this side. THE CHURCH ARMY. This is a reformatory and charitable organization connected wath and working under the auspices of the Established Church of Eng- land. They sent to Canada last year 1,595 persons, of whom 1,519 received assistance from the Church Army Emigration Fund. This organization is of a many-sided character, embracing the reclamation of the drunkard, the reception of the discharged prisoner, the shelter and food of the homeless, and an asylum for the unemployed. It has a number of cheap night shelters throughout this citj'- and country, and is engaged exclusively in operating amongst the lowest and most degraded classes to be found in England. In pursuance of the reform- atory work, they have a farm colony, to which men are sent on proba- tionj^ and w^here those who are destined for emigration to Canada are 35365— S. Doc. 469, 61-2 11 162 . THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. placed for observation and training in actual farming operations, but as these men were originally anything but farmers or rural citizens the probation can hardly be called satisfactory; the training is not very practical, and the person still retains his aversion to the country and his love of populous places. The Church Army also interests itself in the emigration of persons who can pay their fare; young men who are sowing their wild oats; young men who are beyond parental control; young men whose rela- tives believe that removal from old haunts and old associations to a new country would afford a renewed opportunity for starting life afresh, and rehabilitating themselves in the good opinion of their friends, and I am afraid that not a few of the latter are selected, not from any examination, but from the personal influence of those who are desirous of obtaining the emigration of such persons. THE CHURCH EMIGRATION SOCIETY. This Society was not formed with the definite object of advancing the passage money of the emigrants, but a certain number of those sent out by the Society have been assisted in this way. Their method of operation is to assist those who assist themselves; in other words, to pay a portion of their transportation, but to encourage onh' hus- bands and wives with small families. I am free to confess that this organization exercises a good deal of care in the selection of their emigrants, and insists upon the guarantee of the respectability of the family in the form of a good contribution to the cost of the transpor- tation, and also insists upon an agreement for the repayment of the proportion advanced. I.ast 3'ear they sent altogether 663 persons to Canada. This society is first and foremost a religious societ}', and exists mainly for the purpose of binding together members of the Church of England in all parts of the world. THE CENTRAL UNEMPLOYED BODY. This is a purely London organization, o])erating under the Work- men's Unemployed Act, confining its operations to the unemployed of the city of London, without regard to any particular locality in the Metropolis. I am not prepared to deny but what they take a great deal of care, and go to a great deal of trouble in sifting, selecting, and finally approving of the emigrants. The objection to their organiza- tion, however, is that they work exclusively amongst a class of people for whom there is no demand in Canada, i. e., unemployed tradesmen, artisans, mechanics, and other skilled persons, as well as general laborers. The proportion of persons with farm training coming under their care is infinitesimal, and, as I have said, it is difficult to draw the line between the unemployed and the unemployable; and yet it is amongst just such classes that the Central Unemployed Body conducts its work. During the 3'ear the (I!entral Unemployed Body emigrated to Canada 2,842 persons, booking them directly from its own offices, sharing the preferential rate, the bonus claims, and other such con- siderations as could be obtained. They have, as you know, no regu- larly constituted organization on the Canadian side, either for the reception, distribution, or absorption of such emigrants as they send. One or two agents throughout Canada can neither take care of nor place THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 163 such numbers of persons, antl consequently in the total credited in this report to the East End Emigration Funtl, it should be stated that 2,573 persons were handed to the East End Emigration Fund by the Central Unemployed Body, because the former society was supposed to have a better organization for the employment of the emigrants on arrival in Canada. Apart from this, however, the Central Unem- ployed Bodv sent 2,842 persons to Canada, the great majority of whom I am afraid are not at all likely to readily assimilate and adapt themselves to Canadian conditions. THE SALVATION ARMY. During the year 1907 the Salvation Army emigrated 406 persons whose fares were either wholly or partially advanced. These form a proportion of the 15,000, which is about the aggregate of the vSalva- tion Ai-mv's emigration during that year. Of these 406 persons, the majority of the wholly advanced fares came from emigrants provided by locaf distress committees in provincial towns. These local distress committees, being assured by the Salvation Army of their power to receive and provide employment for the emigrants of these distress committees, have placed them in the hands of the Army and provided the funds. The remaining portion represents those families of %yives and children of specially deserving cases where the Army itself advanced the transportation with the hope of subsequent repayment. With reference to the emigrants of distress committees handed to the care of the army, they are open to the same objection as such emigrants when in the care of any other society. They are, for the most part, tradesmen, townsmen, and generally very incompetent and inferior ones at that. It is worth noticing, however, that out of the total of 15,000 persons claimed by the Salvation Army as having been sent to Canada in 1907, only 406 had their fares wholly or par- tially advanced. THE CENTRAL EMIGRATION BOARD. The Central Emigration Board, an executive body not at all of a philanthropic or charitable character, was brought into existence for the purpose of providing a machine for booking and emigrating the products of tlie provincial distress committees. The latter have not taken kindly to the organization, inasmuch as ])rovincial distress committees object to overlooking the claims of local booking agents, probablv rate payers in their community, in order to deal with the CentrafEmigration Board in London, from whom they receive no return and no special consideration. Consequently, therefore, not- withstanding the inauguration of this body, with considerable press display and not a little prestige from important and influential per- sons on the directorate, it has not done a great deal of business. Dur- ing the vear it sent to Canada 228 persons, the unemployed products either of certain charitable societies or distress committees. I do not know what special provision it has for obtaining work on the other side, but I am afraid the organization, if any, must be of a very restricted character. 164 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. In inclosing you, in tabulated form,'* the totals of persons emigrated by such philanthropic societies as I have dealt with in this report, I beg to offer, in the most respectful way, the suggestion for submission to the Minister, that if this emigration is not to be discouraged in toto, some means must be devised at once for its proper supervision and control. In my opinion, it will be an unfortunate condition of affairs if such organizations are permitted, unrestricted and unrestrained, to pour upon the shores of Canada large numbers of persons, few of whom are at all fitted for our conditions and most of whom are morally and physically quite unfitted. It might be well to institute a regu- lation that the same permission should be obtained for the emigration of such persons as is obtained for the emigration of persons from workhouses, and it might also be permissible to insist that such or- ganizations in England must have a complement organization in Canada and be able to show to the satisfaction of the Department their ability to absorb and employ such emigrants as they send. As most of these organizations carry on their operations in large centres of population, they seldom reach persons of figricultural experience and, consequently, have in proportion to their numbers sent to Canada very few claims for the bonus given by the Depart- ment to persons bent upon agricultural pursuits in Canada, and I think, therefore, it would be judicious to withhold the bonus in the case of any person obtaining either a free or an assisted passage, ability to pay the necessary transportation charge being one of the most satisfactory proofs of thrift and industry. I have discussed with the leading officers of the Local Government Board the question of the supervision of the efforts of charitable and philanthropic associations, and have been given to understand by these officials that the Local Government Board would look with great favor upon any regulations formulated by the Department tending to ensure that all charitable and philanthropic societies, either using public money or working from funds provicled by public generosity, shall provide the same strict investigation into the antecedents, both moral and physical, of the persons proposed to be emigrated in like manner with the regulations adopted with reference to persons emigrated from the workhouses of England. Your obedient servant, j ^^^^^ Walker, -p, Assistant Superintendent of Emigration. Superintendent of Immigration, Ottawa. a Statement of persons sent out by certain societies during 1907: East End Emigration Fund 6, 096 (The above figures include those sent out by the East End Fund for the Central Unemployed Body.) Self-Help Emigration Society 506 (Either the whole or the greater part of the passage of these people was pro- vided by the emigrants or those interested, small grants only being made by the Society.) The Salvation Army 406 (Fares wholly or partially advanced.) The Church Army 1, 595 (Of the above 1,519 received financial assistance from the Church Army funds.) The Church Emigration Society 663 The Central Unemployed Body 2, 842 (The above figures do not include 2,573 persona sent out by the East End Emigration Fund.) The Central Emigration Board 228 Appendix G. ORDERS IN COUNCIL AND IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS. Orders in Council. I. CERTIFIED COPY OF A REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL, APPROVED BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL ON THE 25th FEBRUARY, 1908. On a memorandiun dated 20th February, 1908, from the Minister of the Interior, statino; that a very considerable number of emigrants arriving in Canada from the British Isles have either been rejected at Canadian ports or afterwards deported from Canada as undesirables, for causes named in the Immigration Act ; That during the year 1907 there were some 141 rejections and 441 deportations of British emigrants; That among the many charitable and philanthropic associations actively engaged in the British Isles in sending and financially assist- ing immigrants to Canada are some whose work is chiefly among the unemployed, destitute, and incompetent classes in the congested centres of population. Wliile the Minister does not contend that some of these immigrants may not make successful citizens of Canada, nevertheless it is true that it is not the object of these associations to encourage the emigration of the reall}^ competent, industrious, and ambitious man so long as he succeeds in supporting himself, and that their operations are con- fined almost exclusively to the class from which it is very unlikely that the needs of Canada can be properly supplied. The class referred to includes not only the unemployed, but a large proportion of those who are a drug in the labour market from misfor- tune, incompetence, or indifi'erence. In the case of these it is no alle- viation of their condition to transfer them here, because our experi- ence is that they simply continue in the same condition, and are a detriment to Canada. Wliile the associations engaged in this work often claim, and per- haps endeavour to use, discrimination in the matter of selection, in efi^ect it is found that emigrants are sent here who are entirely un- suited to the conditions prevailing in this country, and who are unlikely to succeed even under the most favourable circumstances. The work of these associations does not come under the supervision of the Canadian Immigration Department in the British Isles, and it is very advisable that more effective measures should be adopted, supervisory and restrictive, in regard to the undesirable classes. 165 166 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. It might be mentioned that the Department of the Interior exercises a degree of supervision over a certain very Hmited class of immigrants who are sent out by the Poor Law Guardians. If the guardians of a district are satisfied that a person who has been a charge on them is really capable of working his way in Canada, or elsewhere, under new conditions and with a fair start, they secure an appropriation from public moneys for the purpose of the emigration of such person. When an emigrant is sent out in this way, it is imperative that the consent of the Assistant Superintendent of Emigration for Canada be obtained. In this way the Department exercises some control. Independent inquiry is made, a medical certificate is obtained, and other precautions are taken to make sure of the suitability of the emigrant. The Minister is of the opinion that a similar system of inspection should be extended to all charitable and philanthropic societies or organizations operating in England, whether using public money or funds provided by public generosity, so that persons whom they pro- pose sending to Canada may be subject to inspection by the officer representing the Canadian Government Emigration Department in London as to their antecedents, both morally and physically, and as to their general suitability for settlement in Canada; such persons to be allowed entry into Canada only upon presentation of a proper certificate from the Assistant Superintendent of Emigration; and to be subject to exclusion and deportation in the usual way should they succeed in gaining admittance to Canada in contravention of the regu- lations. The Immigration Act (sec. 10) provides that: The Governor in Council may, on the recommendation of the Minister, make such orders and regulations, not inconsistent with this Act, as are considered necessary or expedient for tlie carrying out of this Act according to its true intent and meaning and for the better attainment of its objects. The Minister therefore recommends that an Order in Council be passed ])rohibiting, from and after the 15tli day of April, 1908, the landing in Canada of any person whose passage has been paid wholly or in part by any charitable organization or out of public moneys, unless it is shown that the authority in writing of the Assistant Super- intendent of Emigration for Canada in London has been obtained for the emigration of such person, and that such authority has been acted upon within a period of sixty days. The Committee submit the same for approval. RODOLPHE BOUDREAU, Clerk of the Privy Council. II. Privy Council, Canada, At the Government House at Ottawa, Friday, 27th day of March, 1908. Present : His Excellency the Administrator in Council. The Administrator in Council is pleased to order, and it is hereby ordered, that the Order in Council of the 8th of January, 1908, which provides that in accordance with section 20 of the Immigration Act, Chapter 93, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906, the immigration agent THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 167 at any port shall require every immigrant, male or female, 18 years of age or over, arriving before February 15, 1908, to have in his or her possession money to the minimum amount of $50, or if arriving after February 15 and before April 1 , a minimum amount of $25, in addition to a ticket to his or her destination in Canada, unless satisfactory evi- dence is furnished that the immigrant is going to some definite employ- ment or to relatives or friends already settled in Canada who will take care of such immigrant, do continue in force until the 31st day of December, 1908, in so far as the provision for a minimum amount of $25 is concerned. RODOLPHE BOUDREAU, Clerk of the Privy Council. III. Privy Council, Canada, At the Government House at Ottawa, Wednesday, the 27th day of May, 1908. Present: His Excellency in Council. Whereas during the present session of Parliament an Act has been passed repealing subsection 1 of section 30 of the Immigration Act, Chapter 93 of the Revised Statutes, 1906, and substituting the follow- ing provision therefor: 30. The Governor in Council may, by proclamation or order, whenever he considers it necessary or expedient, prohibit the landing in Canada of any specified class of immi- grants or of any immigrants who have come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the country of which they are natives or citizens and upon through tickets purchased in that country. And whereas it is considered expedient forthwith to prohibit the landing in Canada of immigrants who have come to Canada otherwise than as set forth in the said provision. Therefore, His Excellency in Council is pleased to order that from and after the date hereof the landing in Canada shall be, and the same is hereby, prohibited of any immigrants who have come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the country of which they are natives or citizens, and upon through tickets purchased in that country. RoDOLPHE BoUDREAU, Clerk of the Privy Council. IV. Privy Council, Canada, At the Government House at Ottawa, Wednesday, the 27th day of May, 1908. Present: His Excellency the Governor-General in Council. Whereas a considerable number of European immigrants arrive in Canada by way of United States Atlantic and Pacific seaports, coming in by rail from port of landing in the United States, many of whom are of the classes prohibited by the Immigration Act from landing in Canada, and are for this reason or for causes arising within a period of two years of their arrival in Canada deportable under the Act; 168 THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. And whereas upon the Superintendent of Immigration seeking to deport such persons, the railroad companies responsible for carrying them across the border have pleaded inability to take them back on the Superintendent's order, for the reason that the persons sought to be deported were not legally admissible into the United States, and would not be admitted into that country, except for transit to port of landing and immediate delivery into the custody of the steamship company responsible for taking them back to the port or place from which they were brought; And whereas the steamship companies have been communicated with in this matter and each company has been asked to enter into an agreement according to the draft attached hereto; And whereas the steamship companies have had this agreement and the request of the Department of the Interior with respect thereto before them since about the 23d of February, 1908, but the only company that has tlius far executed the agreement is the Allan Line Steamship Company (Limited) of Glasgow, running ships to Boston, Mass., and Portland, Me.; And whereas on account of the neglect of the other companies to attend to this matter the Department of the Interior is, at the present time, in the position of having some fifty-five deportable immigrants on its hands and being unable to deport them; Therefore His Excellency the Governor-General in Council in these circumstances, and seeing that undesirable immigrants are constantly coming into Canada, as above described, and that the Superintendent of Immigration is unable to put the law in force with respect to such immigrants, is pleased to order, as a necessary measure of protection for Canada, under the authority of section 10 of the Immigration Act, Chapter 93, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906, that all such immi- grants as seek to come into Canada by rail, who have come from any country on any ship landing at a United States port belonging to any steamship company or owner who has not entered into the agreement hereto annexed, shall be and they are hereby prohibited from landing in or coming into Canada. RODOLPHE BOUDREAU, Clerk of Privy Council. V. Privy Council, Canada, At the Government House at Ottawa, Wednesday, the 3d day of June, 1908. Present : His Excellency the Governor-General in Council. Whereas by the Order in Council of the 18th January, 1908, it is pro- vided that in accordance with section 20 of the Immigration Act, the Immigration Agent at any port shall require every immigrant, male or female, 18 years of age or over, to have in his or her possession money to a minimum amount of S25, in addition to a ticket to his or her desti- nation in Canada, unless satisfactory evidence is furnished that the im- migrant is going to some definite employment or to relatives or friends already settled in Canada, who will take care of such immigrant, and by a further Order in Council of the 27th March, 1908, this arrange- ment is continued in force; THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 169 And whereas Canada is looking primarily for immigrants of an agri- cultural class to occupy vacant lands, and as immigrants from Asia belong as a rule to labouring classes, and their language and mode of life render them unsuited for settlement in Canada wliere there are no colonies of their own people to ensure their maintenance in case of their inability to secure employment, it is necessary that provision be made so that such immigrants may be possessed of sufficient money to make them temporarily independent ol unfavourable industrial con- ditions when coming into Canada; Therefore His Excellency the Governor-General in Council is pleased to order that the amount of money required to be in possession of each immigrant as a condition to his being permitted to enter Canada shall be and the same is hereby increased to $200 in the case of all Asiatic immigrants other than those with whose countries the Government of Canada has special arrangements or those concerning whose countries special statutory regulations exist on the part of Canada; the condi- tions as to tickets to destination to remain as at present. RODOLPHE BOUDREAU, Clerk of the Privy Council. VI. Privy Council, Canada, At the Government House at Ottawa, Tuesday, the 23d day of June, 1908. Present : His Excellency the Governor-General in Council. Whereas by sections 40 and 58 of the Immigration Act, Chapter 93 of the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906, it is provided as follows: 40. Every keeper of a tavern, hotel, or boarding house in any city, town, village, or place in Canada, designated by any Order in Council, who receives into his house as a boarder or lodger any immigrant within three months from his arrival in Canada, shall cause to be kept conspicuously posted in the public rooms and passages of his house and printed upon his business cards, a list of the prices which will be charged to immi- grants per day and week for board or lodging, or both, and also the prices for separate meals, which cards shall also contain the name of the keeper of such house, together with the name of the street in which it is situate, and its number in such street. 2. No such boarding-house keeper, hotel keeper, or tavern keeper shall have any lien on the effects of such immigrant for any amount claimed for such board or lodg- ing for any sum exceeding $5. 58. Every keeper of a tavern, hotel, or boarding house in any city, town, village, or other place in Canada, designated by Order in Council, who — (a) Neglects or refuses to post a list of prices and to keep business cards on which is printed a list of the prices which will be charged to immigrants per day or week for board or lodging, or both, and the prices for separate meals, and also the name of the keeper of such house, together with the name of the street in which the house is situated and its number in such street, or — (6) Charges or receives, or permits or suffers to be charged or received, for boarding or lodging or for meals in his house, any sum in excess of the prices so posted and printed on such business cards, or — (c) Omits immediately on any immigrant entering such house as a boarder or lodger, or for the purpose of taking any meal therein, to deliver to such immigrant one of such printed business cards, shall incur a penalty not exceeding $20 and not less than $5. And whereas it is considered expedient to bring these sections into force in certain places; Therefore His Excellency the Governor-General in Council is pleased to designate, and doth hereby designate, for the purpose of sections 170 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 40 and 58 of the Immigration Act, the cities of Ottawa and Toronto, in the Province of Ontario; the cities of Quebec and Montreal, in the Province of Quebec; the city of Halifax, in the Province of Nova Scotia; the city of St. John, in the Province of New Brunswick; the city of Winnipeg, in the Province of Manitoba; and the cities of Vancouver and Victoria, in the Province of British Columbia, as cities within which every keeper of a tavern, hotel, or boardino; house therein who receives into his house as a boarder or lodger any immi- grant within three months of his arrival in Canada shall be subject to the requirements and the provisions of the said section 40 and to the penalties provided by the said section 58 in case of contravention thereof. RODOLPHE BOUDREAU, Clerh of the Privy Council. VII. Privy Council, Canada, At the Government House at Ottawa Frklaij, the 11th day of September, 1908. Present: His Excellency the Governor-General in Council. His Excellency the Governor-General in Council, in virtue of the provisions of Section 20 of the Immigration Act, Chapter 93, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906, is pleased, in view of the labour conditions and of the probable su})pl,y and demand for labourers in Canada during the coming winter to order and it is hereby ordered that in the case of immigrants arriving at Canadian Ports between the 1st day of January and 15th day of February, 1909, the Immigration Agent at any port shall reciuire every immigrant, male or female, 18 years of age or over, to liaA^e in his or her possession money to the minimum amount of $50 in addition to a ticket to his or her destination in Canada unless satisfactory evidence is furnished that the immigrant is going to some definite employment, or to relatives, or friends already settled in Canada who would take care of such immigrant and that on the last mentioned date tiie money ciualification above ])rescribed be reduced to the minimum amount of S25 for each immigrant, and so remain until further ordered. RODOLPHE BoUDREAU, Cleric of the Privy Council. Immigration Regulations and Forms. memorandum for the guidance of immigration inspectors. Inspectors appointed to enforce the provisions of the Immigration Act and the regulations made thereunder in respect to immigrants ar- riving in Canada by railway, or other means, are expected to use fair discretion in carrying out their duties, bearing in mind that the pol- icy of the Department is not one of exclusion of immigrants, except- THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 171 ing in cases where their admission is directly provided against in the Act, or regulations, or is likelj" to be an injury to the community. The term "immigrant" means and includes any person arrivino- in Canada by railway train or other mode of travel, provided such per- son has not previously been domiciled in Canada. In any doubtful case where previous domicile in Canada is alleged as a reason for coming in the Inspector is required to closely question the party as to such domicile, ascertaining the address, length of residence, and how emploj^ed, as well as name and age of passenger, and these par- ticulars are immediately to be reported to the Superintendent of Im- migration, with date of arrival and particulars as to train, and form and number of ticket, together with Inspector's remarks as to reasons for objecting to passenger. Special attention is to be given to the classes designated as "unde- sirable" and the Inspector must see that none such are admitted. (1) Feeble minded, idiots, epileptics, insane, or those who have had an attack of insanity within five years. (2) The immigrant who may be afflicted with a loathsome disease, or with a disease that may become dangerous to the public health or widely disseminated, whether the immigrant intends to settle in Canada or only to pass through Canada to settle in some other country. (3) One who is a pauper, a destitute, a professional beggar, or vagrant, or who is likely to become a public charge, or one who has been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude. A prostitute, or one who procures, or brings, or attempts to bring into Canada, prostitutes or women for purposes of prostitution. The above are absolutely prohibited from admission into Canada, and if any such are found on the train which the Inspector is examin- ing, he will notify the official or officials in charge of the train that such person or persons can not be admitted into Canada but must be returned immediatel}^ The Inspector will require no other war- rant or authority for this than that reposed in him by virtue of his appointment, and having taken the action thus indicated his respon- sibility in the matter will cease until such time as he may find that his instructions are not being carried out. Then he will immediately advise the Superintendent of Immigration, Ottawa, by wire, following the telegram by a letter giving a complete history of the action, with particulars as to train, date, name of debarred immigrant, etc. (4) The law requires that an immigrant who is deaf and dumb, or dumb, blind, or infirm, rnust not be permitted to come into Canada unless he belongs to a family accompanying him, or already in Canada, and which family gives security satisfactory to the Minister for his permanent support if admitted into Canada. In this relation if the Inspector is satisfied that there are no other reasons to refuse admission, he will allow party to go forward with faniily, if they are on train, or to family, if they do not accompany, taking careful note of name, destination, permanent address, and form and number of ticket, so that the case may be followed up sub- sequently, if necessary. (5) It is provided by the regulations issued under the Act that immigrants may be prohibited from coming into Canada, unless they come from the country of their birth, or citizenship, by a continuous journey, and on through tickets purchased before leaving the country of their birth, or citizenship. With respect to the above it may be remarked that authority is thereby given to exclude certain classes of persons, when the labour conditions prevailing in Canada render such action desirable. When the labour conditions are not such as to render necessary the general 172 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. application of this regulation, Inspectors are enabled, by it, to exclude individuals whom they may have reason to suspect are undesirable, for any of the reasons for exclusion set forth in the Immigration Act. Particular discretion mil have to be exercised in cases coming under this clause. (6) Immigrants arriving between the 1st of December and 15th of February may be required to have in their possession $50 per adult passenger besides a ticket to des- tination, and at other times $25 per adult passenger and ticket to destination. While the Inspector will be very careful in his examination to see that this clause is complied with, he will not enforce it in cases where satisfactory evidence is furnished that the immigrant is going to some definite employment, or to relatives or friends already settled in Can- ada who will take care of such immigrant. For the complete checking up of trains, it may be necessary for the Inspector to meet the Canada-bound trains at a stiition on the Ameri- can side of the boundai-y line, and accompany train to the first point at, or within, the Canadian boundary. Inspectors are required to familiarize themselves thoroughly with the Immigration Act and Amendments, and with anyOrders in Council, proclamations or regulations, made thereunder, and they are further required at the end of eacii month, and from time to time as they may be instructed, to repoit in writing to the Superintendent of Immigra- tion, Ottawa, upon blanks to be prescribed by him, the number of im- migrants passing through their respective ports of entry and such other particulars as may be ordered. Cases of doubt may, to save time, be referred to the Superintendent of Immigration at Ottawa, by telegraph. Schedule 2. ORDER OF THE MINISTER OF JUSTICE UNDER THE IMMIGRATION ACT. To the (Governor or Warden) of the {gaol, prison, or penitentiary): Whereas , an immigrant to Canada has within two years of his landing in Canada become an inmate of [having been convicted (or being charged with) the crime of ]; And whereas under the provisions of the Immigration Act, as amended by -, I have been requested bv the Minister of the Interior to issue an order to you, the said (warden or governor, as the case maybe), for the delivery of the said — to the person named in the warrant of the Superintendent of Immigration, with a view to the deportation of the said (immigrant) : Now know you that I, the Minister of Justice of Canada, do hereby, under the pro- visions of the said Act, order you, the said (warden or governor) to deliver the said to • , who has been authorized by warrant of the Superintendent of Immigration, to receive said from you with a view to his deportation under the provisions of the said Act. For which this shall be your sufficient warrant. Given at Ottawa this day of , in the year of our Lord 19—, under my hand and seal of office. r^ g 1 Minister of Justice. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 173 WARRANT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF IMMIGRATION UNDER THE IMMIGRATION ACT. To of : Whereas -_ — , an immigrant to Canada, has within two years of his landing in Canada become an inmate of ; And whereas under the provisions of the Immigration Act, as amended by • the Minister of the Interior has ordered the deportation of the said immigrant under the provisions thereof, and has applied to the Minister of Justice for an order addressed to the (governor or warden) of the (gaol, prison, or penitentiary), commanding him to deliver the said (immigrant) into your custody with a view to his deportation under the provisions of the said act; Now know you that , Superintendent of Immigration, do hereby order and authorize you the said to receive the said (immigrant) from the said (gov- ernor or warden) and him the said (immigrant) safely to keep and to convey through any part of Canada and him to deliver to the transportation company or railway com- pany which brought him to Canada, with a view to his deportation to the port from which he came to Canada. For which this shall be your sufficient warrant. Given at Ottawa this day of , in the year of our Lord 19 — , under my hand and seal. [l. s.] Superintendent of Immigration. The following form (67 Imm.) shows the evidence that is required to bring about the deportation of an undesirable immigrant. Copies of this form may be obtained by writing to the Superintendent of Immigration, Ottawa. Letters so addressed are carried post free. The recommendation to deport should be signed by a Mayor, Reeve, or other public officer having cognizance of the facts. The space for doctor's certificate may be left blank in cases other than those in which the cause of deportation is disease, or mental or physical disability. FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF IMMIGRATION, OTTAWA. , 19-. Statement in re (undesirable immigrant). Age, — ; nationality, ; arrived at port of ■ by steamship ; date of landing, ; traveled inland on Railway; present whereabouts, ; why deportation is suggested, ; history in Canada, ; whether able to pay the whole or any part of the cost of transportation, ; name and address of friends in the Old Country, ; relationship, ; doctor's certificate, M. D. (address), . Deportation recommended by (Address), . Form 67 Imm.] Note. — Four copies of above are required, and if the undesirable is thought to be an American citizen, by birth or naturalization. Form 67 A "Supplementary Informa- tion in Case of Undesirable Immigrants from the United States" should also be com- pleted in quadruplicate. Appendix H. IMMIGRATION TO CANADA FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING MARCH 31, 1910. The Commission's report upon the Immip:ration Situation in Canada is based on data covermg a period endinoj with March 31, 1909. After the main part of the report had been prepared certain data became available relative to immigration to the Dominion during the fiscal year ending March 31, 1910. These data consist merely of figures showing the number and race or nationality of im- migrants to Canada during that year, which were made available for the use of the Commission through the kindness of Mr. W. D. Scott, Canadian Superintendent of Immigration. The followmg table shows the character of immigration to Canada for the year mentioned so far as race or nationality of the immigrants is concerned: Table 45.— Total immigration to Canada for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1910, by race or nationality. [Compiled from statistical table furnished by Canadian iinniisration department.] Race or nationality. Arabian Armenian Australian Austria-Hungary: Bohemian Bukowinian Croatian Dalmatian Galician Magyar Ruthenian Slovak Austrian, n. e. s.a. Hungarian, n. e. s. Belgian Bulgarian Chinese Danish Dutch Egyptian French Germany: Bavarian Prussian Saxon German, n. e. s... Greek Hebrew Hindu Icelandic Italian Number. 203 64 724 74 , n ,368 55 568 77 ,195 621 910 557 ,156 300 741 2 ,727 2 12 3 ,516 452 1,182 10 95 ',118 Race or nationality. o Not elsewhere specified. . b Including 186 United States citizens coming to Canada via ocean ports. Number. Japanese Negro Newfoundland New Zealand Norwegian Persian Polish Portuguese Roumanian Russia: Finnish Russian, n. e. s Servian South African Spanish Swedish Swiss Svrian Turkish United Kingdom: English Irish Scotch Welsh United States West Indies: Bermudian Jamaican West Indian, n. e. s Grand total 271 7 3,372 82 1,370 5 1,407 2 293 1,457 4,5()4 76 97 42 2,017 211 1S5 517 40,416 3,940 14,706 728 103,984 14 43 146 208,794 174 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 175 By comparison with the statistical table on page 16 of this report it will be noted that 61,886 more immigrants were admittea to Canada during the last fiscal year than during the preceding fiscal year ending March 31, 1909. The number admitted during the fiscal year 1910, however, is 53,675 less than during the fiscal year ending March 31, 1908, which was the year of highest immigration to the Dominion. Immigration to Canada from the United States is chiefly respon- sible for the increase in the total numbers between the fiscal years ending March 31, 1909, and March 31, 1910, the figures for these years being, respectively, 59,926 and 103,984, or an increase of 44,058 in the latter year. The movement to Canada during the fiscal year ending March 31, 1910, by geographical divisions, in comparison with immigration from the same countries in 1908 and 1909, is shown by the following table: Table 46. — Total immigration to Canada, hy specified countries or groups of countries, fiscal years 1908 to 1910. [Compiled from statistical tables furnished by Canadian immigration department.] Race, people, or country. Number. Per cent of total. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1908. 1909. 1910. North and west European, including Icelandic. . 133,136 54,600 58,445 12, 108 4,180 60,274 21,680 59,926 2.388 2; 640 70, 151 28,237 103,984 2.437 3,985 50.7 20.8 22.3 4.6 1.6 41.0 14.8 40.8 1.6 1.8 33.6 13.5 49.8 1.2 Others 1.9 262, 409 146,908 208,794 100.0 100.0 100.0 The most significant fact shown by the above table is the relative decrease of the European elements and the increase of the United States element in the immigration movement to Canada since 1908. It will be noted that in 1908 northern and western European coun- tries furnished 50.7 per cent of the total immigration, while the United States furnished 22.3 per cent. In 1910, however, 49.8 per cent of the total number of immigrants admitted to Canada came from the United States and 33.6 per cent from northern and western Europe. Immi- gration from southern and eastern Europe to Canada was relatively much less in 1910 than in 1908, the decrease being from 20.8 per cent of the total immigration in 1908 to 13.5 per cent of the total in 1910. A comparison between British and United States immigration to Canada during the years under discussion is shown by the following table: T.\BLE 47. — British and United States immigration to Canada, fiscal years 1908 to 1910. Country. United Kingdom. United States .59, 790 103,984 176 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. As previously stated, 1908 was the year of greatest immigration to Canada. In 1909 there was a sharp decline in the total num})er admitted, immigration from the United Kingdom being particularly affected. There was, however, a slight increase in the immigration from the United States in the latter year. The decline in immigra- tion to Canada between 1908 and 1909 was due to unfavorable con- ditions in the Dominion; but it is worthy of note that while immi- gration from Great Britain in the latter year fell off, considerably more than one-half the movement from the United States was not checked. Improved conditions in the Dominion in 1910 resulted in an increase in the immigration movement from practically all sources; but it is a striking fact that immigration from the United States increased 73.5 per cent, wliile the increase from the United Kingdom was only 13 per cent. Data are not available to show what each State and Territory con- tributed to the immigration movement to Canada from the United States in 1910. Neither is information relative to the occupation of these immigrants available. The statistics furnished to the Com- mission by the Canadian immigration department, however, show that included in the 103,984 persons admitted to Canada were 63,539 males, 20,725 females, and 19,720 children whose sex is not given. These last figures indicate that a large proportion of the movement from the United States to Canada was composed of families, which substantiates similar statements in this report relative to the immi- gration to Canada in other years. Appendix I. THE CANADIAN IMMIGRATION LAW OF MAY 4, 1910. After the presentation to Congress of ^ffi^Commission's report on the Immigration Situation in Canada and while it was still in the hands of the printer, the Government immigration bill presented as Appendix B of this report was, with some amendments of minor importance, enacted into law. The new law became effective on May 4, 1910, and, with the various orders-in-council promulgated under it, was published on May IQ.^ While the new law makes no very radical changes in the Canadian system of promoting and controlling immigration, such changes as have been made are, as elsewhere stated, the result of long experience on the part of expert officials, and as such are entitled to considera- tion not only by students of the Canadian system, but by everyone interested in immigration and immigration law. Because of this the law is published in full as a part of this report. AN ACT Respecting Immigration. [Assented to 4th May, 1910.] His Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows : — SHORT TITLE. 1. This Act mav be cited as The Immio;ration Act. Short title. Definitions. 'Minister.' 'Officer." INTERPRETATION. 2. In this Act, and in all orders in council, proclama- tions and regulations made thereunder, unless the context otherwise recjuires, — {a) "Minister" means the Mmister of the Interior; (h) ''officer" means any person appointed under this Act, for any of the purposes of this Act, and any officer of customs; and includes the Superintendent of Immigra- tion, immigration commissioners and inspectors and every person recognized by the Minister as an immigration agent or officer with reference to anything done or to be done under this Act, whether within or outside of Canada, and whether with or without formal appointment ; « The Law and Regulations of Canada respecting Immigration and Immigrants. Issued by the Superintendent of Immigration, Ottawa, May 16, 1910. 35365— S. Doc. 469, 61-2 12 177 178 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. "Officer in ((.) ''immigration officer in charge" or "officer in charge. charge" means the immigration officer, or medical officer, or other person in immediate charge or control at a port of entry for the purposes of this Act; "Domicile." ((^) "domicile" means the place in which a person has his present home, or in which he resides, or to which he returns as his place of present permanent abode, and not Ho^v Canadian fQp q^ mere special or temporary purpose. Canadian qui™d.*" ^ ^''domicile is acquired for the purposes of this Act by a per- son having his domicile for at least three years in Canada after having been landed therein within the meaning of Proviso. this Act: Provided that the time spent by a person in any penitentiary, gaol, reformatory, prison or asylum for the msane in Canada shall not be counted in the three- year period of residence in Canada which is necessary in How^ Canadian Q J. jp J. ^q acquire Canadian domicile. Canadian domicile omiu e OS . ,^ j^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ piu-poses of this Act, by a person voluntarily residing out of Canada, not for a mere special or tempo- rary purpose, but with the present intention of making his permanent home out of Canada unless and until some- thing which is unexpected, or the happening of which is uncertain, shall occur to induce him to return to Canada. "Alien." ((,) < ' alien ' ' means a person who is not a British subject ; "Canadianciti- (jT) "(^lnadian citizcu " mcaus — '^°' i, a })erson born in Canada who has not become an alien; ii. a British subject who has Canadian domicile; or, iii. a person naturalized under the laws of Canada who has not subsequently become an alien or lost Canadian domicile. Proviso. Provided that for the purpose of this Act a woman who has not been landed in Canada shall not be held to have acquired Canadian citizenship by virtue of her husband being a Canadian citizen; neither shall a child who has not been lancled in Canada be held to have acquired Canadian citizenship through its father or mother being a Canadian citizen; "Immigrant." (^y) "immigrant" means a person who enters Canada with the intention of acquiring Canadian domicile, and for the purposes of this act every person entering Canada shall be presumed to be an immigrant unless belonging to one of the following classes of persons, hereinafter called grant*dassS ™ ' ' " noii-immigraiit classes " : — ^anadian^' citi- i. Canadian citizens; and persons who have Canadian Domiciled resi- domicile. ^Diplomatic. ii. Diplomatic and consular officers, and all accredited representatives and officials of British or foreign govern- ments, their suites, families and guests, coming to Canada to reside or to discharge any official duty or to pass through in transit. Military. [[[ Officers and men, with their wives and families, belonging to or connected with His Majesty's regular naval and military forces. Tourist. iy^ Tourists and travellers merely passing through Canada to another country. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA, 179 Professional. Holders of per- mit to enter Can- V. Students entering Canada for the purpose of attend- students. ance, and while in actual attendance, at any university or college authorized by statute or charter to confer degrees; or at any high school or collegiate institute rec- ognized as such for the purpose of this Act by the Minister. vi. Members of dramatic, musical, artistic, athletic or spectacular organizations entering Canada temporarily for the purpose of giving public performances or exhibi- tions of an entertaining or mstructive nature; and actors, artists, lecturers, musicians, priests and ministers of religion, professors of colleges or other educational insti- tutions, and commercial travellers, entering Canada for the temporary exercise of their respective callings. vii. Holders of a permit to enter Canada, in force.for the time being, in form A of schedule one to this Act, signed ada by the Minister or by some person duly authorized: Pro- Proviso. vided that whenever in the opinion of the Minister or Superintendent of Immigration or Board of Inquiry or othcer acting as such, any person has been improperly included in any of the non-immigrant classes, or has ceased to belong to any of such classes, such person shall thereupon be considered an immigrant within the meaning of this Act and subject to all the provisions of this Act respecting immigrants seeking to enter Canada. Qi) "family" mcludes father and mother, and children imider eighteen years of age; (i) "head of family" means the father, mother, son, j,y daughter, brother or sister upon wdiom the other mem- bers of the family are mainly dependent for support; . (j) "passenger" means a person lawfully on board any ship, vessel, railway train, vehicle or other contrivance for travel, or transport, and also includes any person rid- ing, walking or otherwise travelling across any interna- tional bridge or highway; but shall not be held to include the master or other person in control or command of such vessel, ship, railway train, vehicle, bridge, highway or other contrivance for travel or transport, or any member of the crew or staff thereof; or military or naval forces and their families who are carried at the expense of the Government of the United Kingdom, or the Government of any British Dominion or Colony: Provided that any member of the crew of a ship or of the staff of a railway train or other contrivance ror travel or transport who deserts or is discharged in Canada fi'om his ship or railway train or other contrivance for travel or transport shall thereupon be considered a passenger ^vi thin the meaning of this Act; (k) "stowaway" means a person w^ho goes to sea secreted in a ship without the consent of the master or other person in charge of the ship, or of a person entitled to give such consent; or a person who travels on any rail- way train or other vehicle without the consent of the con- ductor or other person authorized to give such consent; Family." Head of faui- " Passenger.' Proviso. Stowaway. 180 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 'Master." 'Port of en- try 'Landed.' "Rejected." "Ship." (I) ''ship" or ''vessel" includes every boat and craft of any kind whatsoever for travel or transport other than by land; (m) "master" means any person in command of a ship or vessel ; (n) "owner" as applied to a ship or vessel includes the charterers of such ship or vessel and the agent of the owner or charterer thereof; (o) "port of entry" means aii}^ port, railway station or place in Canada at which there is an ofTicer and where inspection of immigrants may be carried on; (p) "land," "landed" or "landing," as applied to pas- sengers or immigrants, means their lawful admission into Canada by an ofhcer under this Act, otherwise than for inspection or treatment or other temporary purpose provided for by this Act; iq) "rejected," as applied to an immigrant or other person seeking to enter Canada, means that such immi- grant or other person has been examined by a Board of Inquiry or ofiicer acting as such and has been refused per- mission to land in Canada; « (r) "deportation" means the removal under authority of this Act of any rejected immigrant or other person, or of any immigrant or other person who has already been landed in Canada, or who has entered or who remains in Canada contrary to any provision of this Act, from any place in Canada at which such immigrant or other person IS rejected or detained to the place wlience he came to Canada, or to the country of his birth or citizenship ; (s) "immigrant station" means any i)lace at which inmiigrants or passengers are examineil, inspected, treated or detained by an ofiicer for any ])urp()se under this Act, and includes hospitals maintained for the pur- poses of this Act; "Transpor- (t) "transportation company" means and includes any ^^"''°''°"'P^°^'" corporate body or organized firm or person carrying or ])roviding for the transit of passengers, whether by ship, railway, bridge, highway or otherwise, and any two or more such transportation companies co-operating in the business of carrying passengers; (u) "Immigration Act" or "Act" shall be held to include all orders in council, proclamations, and regula- tions made hereunder. tion D e p o r t a- "I m til i grant station." 'Act. Prohibited classes of immi- grants. Persons me: tally defective. PROHIBITED CLASSES. 3. No immigrant, passenger, or other person, unless he is a Canadian citizen, or has Canadian domicile, shall be permitted to land in Canada, or in case of having landed in or entered Canada shall be permitted to remain therein, who belongs to any of the following classes, hereinafter called "prohibited classes": — (a) Idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, epileptics, insane persons, and persons who have been insane within five years previous. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 181 I (b) Persons afflicted with any loathsome disease, or Diseased per- J with a disease which is contagious or infectious, or which ^°°^' may become dangerous to the pubhc health, whether such ' persons intend to settle in Canada or only to pass through > Canada in transit to some other country: Provided that if < such disease is one which is curable within a reasonably | short time, such persons may, subject to the regulations ' in that behalf, if any, be permitted to remain on board | ship if hospital facilities do not exist on shore, or to leave ' ship for medical treatment. j (c) Immigrants who are dumb, blind, or otherwise phvs- Persons phys- i ically defective, unless in the opinion of a Board of In- '<^^">' defective. ., quiry or officer acting as such they have sufficient money, ] or have such profession, occupation, trade, employment '< or other legitimate mode of earning a living that they are I not liable to become a public charge or unless they belong I to a family accompanying them or already in Canada and i which gives security satisfactory to the Minister against J such immigrants becoming a public charge. j (d) Persons who have been convicted of any crime in- criminals. 1 volving moral turpitude. ' (e) Prostitutes and women and girls coming to Canada prostitutes for any immoral purpose and pimps or persons living on ^"'^ p'"*?^- the avails of prostitution. (/) Persons who procure or attempt to bring into procurers. Canada prostitutes or women or girls for the purpose of j prostitution or other immoral purpose. ; ig) Professional beggars or vagrants, or persons likely Beggars and j to become a public charge. ^agran s. ^ (Ii) Immigrants to whom money has been given or charity immi- | loaned by any charitable organization for the purpose of ^'■^'^'^^- "j enabling them to qualify for landing in Canada under this Act, or whose passage to Canada has been paid j wholly or in part by any charitable organization, or out i of public moneys, unless it is shown that the authority in i writing of the Superintendent of Immigration, or in case of persons coming from Europe, the authority in writing of the assistant Superintendent of Immigration for Can- | ada, in London, has been obtained for the landing in Can- j ada of such persons, and that such authority has been acted upon within a period of sixty days thereafter. , (i) Persons who do not fulfil, meet or comply with the ^ Persons not | conditions and requirements of any regulations which f or re^hiUo^ns. ^' ] the time being are in force and applicable to such persons i under sections 37 or 38 of this Act. : 4. The Minister may issue a written permit authorizing Permit to enter , any person to enter Canada without being subject to the ^°^ *" j provisions of this Act. Such permit shall be in the form j A of the schedule to this Act, and shall be expressed to 1 be in force for a specified period only, but it may at any time be extended or cancelled by the Minister in writing. Such extension or cancellation shall be in the form AA of the schedule to this Act. 182 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. APPOINTMENT, POWERS AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS. piBcers ap- 6. The Govemor in Council may appoint a superin- eraoJ^^n c^o.ndi' tendent of immigration, commissioners of immigration, and such other officers as are deemed necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Act. J m migration 2. The Govemor in Council may establish and main- tain immigration offices at such places within and outside of Canada as from time to time seems proper. offices. Officers ap- 6. Subject to any regulations in that behalf, the Min- fster^^*^ ^^ '"'ister may appoint or employ, either permanently or tem- porarily, any subordinate officers, not otherwise provided for, required in furtherance of the provisions and objects of this Act, including medical officers, inspectors, guards, matrons and nurses at immigrant stations, and may con- fer upon them, and charge them with, such power and duties as he considers necessary or expedient. Assistance in 7. Subject to any regulation in that behalf, all offiicers gency/^ """"appointed or having authority under this Act may, in emergency, employ such temporary assistance as is re- quired for carrying out any duty devolving upon them under this Act, but no such employment shall continue for a period of more than forty-eight hours without the sanction of the Minister. Immigration 8. Whcu at a port of cutry there is no immigration offi- agent ex-offic.o. ^^^. available for duty undt^ this Act, tlie chief customs officer at that port or any sul)ordinate customs olPicer des- ignated by him shall be, ex-oflicio, an immigration ofhcer. cers Duties of offi- 9. Every officer appointed under this Act shall perform all duties prescribed for him by this Act, or by any order in council, proclamation or regulation made thereunder, and shall also perform such duties as are required of him by the Minister, either (Urectly or through any other offi- cer; and no action taken by any such ollicer under or for any purpose of this Act shall be deemed to be invalid or unauthorized merely because it was not taken by the offi- cer specially appointed or detailed for the purpose. Autiiority as 10. Every officer appointed under this Act shall have special constable. ^^^^ authority and power of a special constable to enforce any of the provisions of this Act relating to the arrest, de- tention or deportation of immigrants, aliens or other persons. Duties of police n. All constablcs and other peace officers in Canada, o^-Min^^ter*"^ "^whether appointed under Dominion, provincial, or mu- nicipal authority, shall, when so directed by the Minister or by an}' officer under this Act, receive and execute ac- cording to tlie tenor thereof any written order of the Min- THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 183 ister, or of the Minister of Justice, or of a Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such, and any warrant of the Superin- tendent of Immigration, for the arrest, detention or de- portation of any immigrant, aHen or other person in ac- cordance with the provisions of this Act. 12. For the preservation of the peace, and in order that ^ight of locai 1^ 1 P jx 'jjii /• police to enter arrests may be made ror oiiences against tlie laws or immigrant sta- Canada, or of any province or municipahty thereof, where- '^'°°^' in the various immigrant stations are located, the officers in charge of such immigrant stations, as occasion may re- quire, shall admit therein any constables or other peace officers charged with the enforcement of such laws; and for the purposes' of this section the authority of such offi- cers and the jurisdiction of the local courts shall extend over such immigrant stations. APPOINTMENT, POWERS AND PROCEDURE OF BOARDS OF INQUIRY. 13. The Minister may appoint three or more officers, of ^j-^p p.^^°*^^j°^ whom the immigration officer in charge shall be one, atquin-- any port of entry, to act as a permanent Board of Inquiry for the summary determination of all cases of immigrants or passengers seeking to enter Canada or detained for any cause under this Act. 14. Such Boards of Inquiry shall have authority to de- . A.utiiority of termine whether an immigrant, passenger or other per- son seeking to enter Canada or detained for any cause under this Act, shall be allowed to enter or remain in Canada, or shall be rejected and deported. 15. The hearing of all cases brought before such Board ^j^^g^^^'j^^^s^ °^ of Inquiry shall be separate and apart from the public, but in the presence of the immigrant, passenger or other ^ person concerned whenever practicable, and such immi- grant, passenger or other person shall have the right to be represented by counsel whenever any evidence or testi- mony touching the case is received by the Board, and a summary record of proceedings and of evidence and testi- mony taken shall be kept by the Board. 2. The Board, and any member thereof, may, at discre- Taking of evi- tion, administer oaths and take evidence under oath or by affirmation in any form which they deem binding upon the person being examined. 16. In all such cases, such Board of Inquiry may at the be ^cei^ved"'^^ *° hearing, receive and base its decision upon any evidence, considered credible or trustworthy by such Board in the circumstances of each case; and in all cases where the question of the right to enter Canada under this Act is raised the burden of proof shall rest upon the immigrant, passenger or other person claiming such right. 184 THE IMMIGRATIOX SITUATION IN CANADA. jorUy'^to°prev^L" ^'^ • ^he Board of Inquiry shall appoint its own chair- man and secretary to keep the record of its proceedings, and in all cases and questions before it the decision, which decision shall be in writing, of a majorit}' of the Board shall prevail. appelf ''aHowed ^^- There sliall be no appeal from the decision of such from board. Board of Inquiry as to the rejection and deportation of immigrants, passengers or other persons seeking to ladn in Canada, when such decision is based upon a certificate of the examining medical officer to the effect that such immigrants, passengers or other persons are afflicted with any loathsome disease, or with a disease which may be- come dangerous to the public health, or that they come within any of the following prohibited classes, nameh^, idiots, imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, epileptics and Canadian %iti° i^saue pcrsous : Provided always that Canadian citizens zens. and persons who have Canadian domicile shall be per- mitted to land in Canada as a matter of right. Cases where 19. In all cascs otlicr than provided for in the next from\)oard^^'^ preceding section an appeal may be taken to the Minister against the decision of any such Board of Inquiry or officer in charge by the immigrant, passenger or other person concerned in the case, if the appellant forthwith serves written notice of such appeal, (which notice may be in form C in the schedule to this Act), upon the officer in charge, or the officer in whose custody the appellant may be, and shall at the same time deposit with such officer the sum of twenty dollars for himself and ten dollars for each child or other person dependent upon such appellant and detained with him, such sum to be used for the purpose of defraying the cost of maintaining the appellant and those dependent upon him, pending the decision of the Minister on such appeal. In case of the appeal being allowed by the Minister or by the Board of Inquiry on a re-hearing, then the said sum Security forshall be returned to the appellant; and in case of the nance" pending appeal being disallowcd by the ^linister or by the Board appeal. ^f Inquiry on a re-hearing, then tlie balance of such sum, if any, after deduction of regular detention charges for board, shall be returned to the appellant; and the appel- lant shall forthwith be deported. Notice of ap- 20. NoticB of appeal and deposit of the said sum shall act as a stay of all proceedings until a final decision is rendered by the Minister, and within forty-eight hours after the filing of the said notice and deposit of the said sum a summary record of the case shall be forwarded by the immigration officer in charge to the Superintendent stay of pro- of Immigration, accompanied by his views thereon in eeedings. •.• ° ^ "^ ^ writmg. THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 185 21. Pending the decision of the ^linister, the appellant ^^Appeiiam^^.i^n and those dependent upon liini shall be kept in custody decision of Min- at an immigrant station, unless released under bond as'^^"^' provided for in section 33 of this Act. 22. When there is no Board of Inquiry at a port of ^j^^;,^^^;] ^^^,7^^;;! entry, or at a neighbouring port to which a person de- erased^ by omcer tained under this Act could conveniently be conveyed,'"' '"^^^' or to which a case for decision could conveniently be referred, then the officer in charo;e shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties ot a Board of Inquiry and shall follow as nearly as may be the procedure of such Board as regards hearing and appeal and all other matters over which it has jurisdiction. 23. No court, and no judge or officer thereof, shall have eourttfnf^es of iurisdiction to review, quash, reverse, restrain or other- rejection and de- J . . ,. . , 1 ' ^ 1 • 1 • • 1 (• p o r t a 1 1 o n re- wise mterlere with any proceedmg, decision or order ot striated. the Minister or of any Board of Inquiry, or officer in charge, had, made or given under the authority and in accordance with the provisions of this Act relating to the detention or deportation of any rejected immigrant, passenger or other person, upon any ground whatsoever, unless such person is a Canadian citizen or has Canadian domicile. 24. The Governor in Council may make such further jJ^^J^the^^^^regu^ regulations governing the procedure of Boards of Inquiry boards. and appeal therefrom as are deemed necessary. SPECIAL PROVISION AS TO PASSENGERS BY VESSEL. ' 25. It shall be the duty of every transportation com- ^jp^^^^^°|^J^,^.*^° nanv bringinof passengers or other persons to Canada bv places designdted 1 ■ , » & I p r . ,j ^, ofticer in vessel to prevent such passengers or other persons leav- charge. ing such vessel in Canada at any time or place other than as designated by the immigration officer in charge, and the failure of any such company to comply with such duty shall be an^ offence against this Act and shall be Penalty. punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars, in respect of each such passenger or person and every passenger or other person so landed may be arrested and detained for examination as contemplated under section 33 of this Act. 26. The master shall furnish to the immigration officer Biii of health. in charge at the port of entry a bill of health, certified by the medical officer of the vessel, such bill of health being in the form and containing such information as is required from time to time under this Act. 27. Before any passengers are permitted to leave a ^^^0®^^^ ™f J eo vessel in Canada the immigration officer in charge, or any officer directed by him, may go on board and inspect such vessel, and examine and take extracts from the manifest of passengers, and from the bill of health. 186 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Master to per- o. The master shall permit any examination of pas- of ' passengers on sengers required under this Act to be made on board his board ship. yessel whenever so directed by the immigration officer in charge. Medical exami- 28. Mcdical officers appointed under this Act shall gers°° ° P^®^*^"" n^ai^e a physical and mental examination of all immi- grants and passengers seeking to land in Canada from any ship or vessel, except in the case of Canadian citizens and persons who have Canadian domicile. Such exami- nation shall be made in accordance with and subject to regulations prescribed by the Superintendent of Immi- gration under the direction or with the approval of the Minister. When perniis- 29. The immigration officer in charge, after satisfying sen"gers ^"o ^bt himself that the requirements of this Act, and of any granted. order in council, proclamation or regulation made there- under, have been carried out, shall grant written permis- sion to the master of the vessel to allow the passengers to leave the vessel. SPECIAL PROVISION AS TO PASSENGERS BY LAND. Liability o f QQ Evcrv trans{)ortation company carrying passengers erating""^^ °" in Canada by land shall, for the purposes of this Act, be considered as one with any transportation company with which it co-operates or makes or affords connection whether in Canada or not and whether under the same management or not, and shall be liable for any offence against this Act by any comj)any with which it so co-oper- ates or makes or affords connection. Obligations of 31, Regulations made by the Governor in Council conipan'ie°s'^bring- uudcr tliis Act mav })rovi(le that the obligations of trans- iald^'^^^^°^^'^^''^portation companies bringing immigrants and passengers mto Canada by land shall be similar to those imj^osed hy this Act on masters and owners of vessels bringing immi- grants and passengers to Canada, including the furnishing of names and descrii)tions of such immigrants and passengers. Detention of o. Such regulations may also provide that officers under this Act shall have the power to hold and detain railway trains, cars and other vehicles entering Canada until examination of immigrants and passengers has been made as required by this Act; and may provide penalties for non-compliance with such regulations by transporta- tion companies, or any official or employee thereof. Obligations of 3 g^ch regulations may also impose a duty upon transportation . >^ . ^ . , f^ . -^ ^. companies to pro- transportation companies to provide, equip and main- bu1wingi^^^°^'°° tain suitable buildings for the examination and deten- tion of passengers for any purpose under this Act at such Eorts or entry or border stations as may be designated y the Minister; and may provide penalties for non- compliance by transportation companies with such THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 187 J regulations: Provided that no transportation company Proviso. \ shall be made liable for the safe-keeping of any person who is in custody of an officer for any cause under this Act, unless such person is on a vessel, railway train or i other vehicle belonging to or operated or controlled by \ such company. j 32. Subject to any regulations made under the preced- g^^^fj'^>^\t/^°°s f^^ ing section, the Superintendent of Immigration, under passengers along , the direction or with the approval of the Minister, shall ^'^'^*'°'^^^'^' ' prescribe regulations for the entry, inspection and medical i examination of immigrants and passengers along the j border of Canada so as not to unnecessarily dela}^, impede ! or annoy passengers in ordinary travel. ' LANDING OF PASSENGERS. \ 33. Every passenger or other person seeking to landsg^gg^g'^^^^P^^' 1 in Canada shall first appear before an immigration officer, | and shall be forthwith examined as required under this j Act, either on shipboard or on train or at some other place designated for that purpose. \ 2. Every passenger or other person seeking to land in -^^^^^^^""^ *° " Canada shall answer truly all questions put to him by any ^^^^ '°°^' j officer when examined under the authority of this Act. j 3. Every passenger or other person so examined shall Doubtful cases. i be immediately landed unless the examining officer has i reason to believe that the landing of such passenger or | other person would be contrarv to any provision of this i Act. ^ ^ . \ 4. Every passeng-er or other person, as to whose right. Examination ; , 1.1^ • • m 1 1 u i. 1 1 1 u in doubtful cases. to land the exammmg officer has any doubt, shall be ! detained for further examination by the officer in charge, ■ or by the Board of Inquiry, and such examination shall ! be fo^th^\^th conducted separate and apart from the j public, and upon the conclusion thereof such passenger or other person shall be either immediately landed or shall j be rejected and kept in custody pending his deportation. i 5. An order for deportation by a Board of Inquiry or Deportation. j officer in charge may be made in the form B in the sched- ule to this Act, and a copy of the said order shall forth- j with, be delivered to such passenger or other person, and j a copy of the said order shall at the same time be served , upon the master or owner of the ship or upon the local ' agent or other official of the transportation company by which such person was brought to Canada; and such per- son shall thereupon be deported by such company sub- ject to any appeal which may have been entered on his behalf under section 19 of this Act. 6. Every person who enters Canada except at a port oi ^^^^^ ^'^ ''^p°''* entry shall forthwith report such entry to the nearest immigration officer and present himself for examination as provided by this section. 188 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Avoiding port 7 ^jjy persoii who enters Canada except at a port of ° ™ '^^' entry, or who at a port of entry eludes examination by an officer or Board of Inquiry, or who enters Canada by force or misrepresentation or stealth or other^\dse con- trary to any provision of this Act, or who escapes fi'om the custody of an officer or from an immiOTant station when detained for any cause under this Act, shall be guilty of an offence under this Act, and liable on convic- tion to a fine of not more than one hundred dollars, and may be arrested and detained without a warrant by any officer for examination as provided under this section; and if found not to be a Canadian citizen, or not to have Canadian domicile, such entry shall in itself be sufficient cause for deportation whenever so ordered by a Board of Inquiry or officer in charge subject to any appeal which may have been entered under section 19 of this Act. Penalty for g. Any transportation company or person kno-vvingly id°immi|rant. ""and wilfully landing, or assisting to land or attempting to land in Canada, any prohibited immigrant or person whose entry into Canada has been forbidden under this Act, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on con- viction, to a fine of not more than five hundred dollars and not less than fifty dollars for each prohibited immi- o;rant or other person so landed in Canada, or whose land- mg in Canada was so attempted. Interference 9, Aoy transportation company or person interfering perfonnaiice^ of witli or resisting an immigration officer in the performance ^"'y- of his duty under this Act, or knowingly and wilfully assisting in the escape of any person detained by an officer, or at an immigrant station, for any purpose under this Act, or giving false information to an officer, whereby such officer is induced to land or permit the landing of any person in Canada who otherwise would be refused landing for any cause under this Act or would be detained for examination, shall be guilty of an offence, and shall be liable to a fine of not more than five hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars for each such offence. Penalty for iQ, Evcry pcrson wlio enters Canada as a tourist or ° " "^ to beluch traveller or other non-immigrant, but who ceases to be ceases failing to report, g^^j^ ^^^ j remains in Canada, shall forthwith report such facts to the nearest immigration officer and shall present himself before an oflicer for examination under this Act, and in default of so doing he shall be liable to a fine of not more than one hundred dollars and shall also be liable to deportation by order of a Board of Inquiry or officer act- ing as such. Release under n. Pending the final disposition of the case of any per- deposit^''^^™''^ son detained or taken into custody for any cause imder this Act he may be released under a bond, which bond may be in the form F in the schedule to this Act, \vith security approved by the officer in charge, or may be released upon deposit of money mth the officer in charge in lieu of a bond, and to an amount approved by such officer; upon condition that such person shall appear before a Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such at any THE IMMIGEATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 189 port of entry named by the officer in charge, and at such time as shall be named, for examination in regard to the cause or complaint on account of which he has been de- tained or taken into custody. 12. If such person fail to appear for examination ^^ nZr'ioTlxsimh^- such time and place named, or shall fail to keep andtion. observe every other condition under which he is so released, then such bond shall be enforced and collected, and the proceeds thereof, or the money deposited in lieu of a bond, as the case may have been, shall be paid into the hands of the Minister of Finance, and shall form part of the Con- solidated Revenue Fund of Canada; and such person may be taken into custody forthwith and deported by order of a Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such. MEDICAL TREATMENT OF SICK AND DISABLED PASSENGERS. 34. A passenger or other person seeking to enter j^^'t^'''^^ *'^^*' Canada or who has been rejected or is detained for any purpose under this Act, who is suffering from sickness or physical or mental disability, may whenever it is so directed by the Superintendent of Immigration or officer in charge be afforded medical treatment on board ship or in an immigrant station, or may be removed to a suitable hospital for treatment, according as the officer in charge decides is required by existing circumstances and the con- dition of the person's health as reported upon by the exam- ining medical officer. 2. If, in the opinion of the Superintendent of Immi-portauon*''''com- gration, or of the officer in charge, the transportation panies^^iiabie^_for company which brought such person to Canada failed treatment. to exercise proper vigilance or care in so doing, then the cost of his hospital treatment and medical attention and maintenance shall be paid by such transportation com- pany, and otherwise the cost thereof shall be collected from such person, and if that be not possible then the cost thereof shall be paid by the Department of the Interior. 3. The Superintendent of Immigration, or officer in cost of attend- , i , ... • 1 1 1 • ant or dependent. charge, may, whenever it is considered necessary or advis- able for the proper care of such persons, direct that a suitable attendant, or someone upon whom such person is dependent, or someone who is dependent upon such person, as the case may be, shall be kept with such person during his medical treatment on board ship or at an immigrant station or hospital, or in case of deporta- tion from any place within Canada shall accompany such person to his port of embarkation from Canada; and the cost thereof shall be paid by the said transportation com- pany whenever in the opinion of the Superintendent of Immigration it has failed to exercise proper vigilance or care as aforesaid, and otherwise the cost thereof shall be collected from such person, and if that be not possible then the cost thereof shall be paid by the Department of the Interior. 190 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. mm?nof'tocra- ^^* ^ passeiigep or other, person permitted to enter stitute landing. Canada for medical treatment under this Act shall not be regarded as landed within the meaning of this Act. Regulations for 36. The Superintendent of Immigration, under the persons for'^t^at- tUrcction or With tlic approval of the Minister, shall pre- s^n?tariums.^^'''° scribe regulations whereby sick and diseased persons may enter Canada for treatment and care at any health resort, hospital, sanitarium, asylum or other place or institution for the cure or care of such persons. REGULATIONS AS TO MONETARY AND OTHER REQUIRE- MENTS FROM SPECIFIED CLASSES OF IMMIGRANTS. Immigrants 37. ReiTulations made by the Governor in C^ouncil may be required 1 , 1 • » , • i 1 • i • • • • to possess pre- uudcr this Act may provide as a condition to permission o7money.^™°"°' to land in Canada that immigrants and tourists shall possess in their own right money to a prescribed minimum amount, which amount may vary according to the race, occupation or destination of such immigrant or tourist, and otherwise according to the circumstances; and may also provide that all persons coming to Canada directly or indirectly from countries which issue passports or penal certificates to persons leaving such countries shall produce such passports or penal certificates on demand of the immigration officer in charge before being allowed to land in Canada. 38. The Governor in Council may, by proclamation or order whenever he deems it necessary or expedient, — imm??mnis''" 'lot ("^ prohibit the landing in Canathi or at any specihed coming to (';nia(i;ipoi-t, of ciitiT ill Canada of any immigrant who has come b V continuous \ t^ 1 i ^ • ji 1 i- ' e journey. to C auada othcrwisc tlian by continuous lourney trom the country of which he is a native or naturalized citizen, and upon a through ticket purchased in that country, or prepaid in Canada; lardTngo'Ssen- (») prohibit the landing in Canada of passengers pers brought by brought to Canada by any transportation company which companies neg- » ^ 1 i j 1 ^^i /^i • * c j.i ' lecting to comply rcfuscs or ncglccts to comply with the provisions ot tins with provisions of A ,,f . this Act .ixCL, Prohibition of (g) prohibit for a stated period, or permanently, the specified classes, ^ ,. ^ . ,, , ^, ^ ^ ^' . "^ 'xz i i. of immigrants, lanthng 111 Canada, or the landing at any specihed port spMifled por^is. °' of entry in Canada, of immigrants belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada, or of immigrants of any specified class, occupa- tion or character. panie7to°'re-co™- 39. When any immigrant or other person is rejected or vey rejected im- ordered to bc dcDortcd from Canada, and such person has migrants to coun- /-, *^ 1 1 ,• • ^r ^i try of birth or not comc to Canada by continuous journey rrom the citizenship. couutry of wlucli he is a native or naturalized citizen, but has come indirectly through another country, which refuses to allow such person to return or be returned to it, then the transportation company bringing such person THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 191 | to such other countiy shall deport such person from i Canada to the country of which he is a native or natu- ; ralized citizen whenever so directed by the Minister or Superintendent of Immigration and at the cost of such ] transportation company, and in case of neglect or refusal : so to do, such transportation company shall be guilty of I an offence against this Act, and shall be liable to a fine Penalty. j of not more than five hundred dollars and not less than j twenty dollars for each such offence. ; DEPORTATION OF PROHIBITED AND UNDESIRABLE CLASSES. \ 40. Whenever any person, other than a Canadian citi- Duty of officer i . , , . , , ^ r ' • ri 11 to send complaint ] zen, \nthm three years after landmg m Canada lias to Minister re- j been convicted of a criminal offence in Canada, or has If/^'^^'f/^i^g^g^'^^ become a prostitute or an inmate of a house of ill-fame, ; or by common repute has become a procurer or pimp or j person living on the avails of prostitution, or has become \ a professional beggar or a public charge, or an inmate of a | penitentiary, gaol, reformatory^, prison, hospital, insane -i asylum or pubhc charitable institution, or enters or I remains in Canada contraiy to any provision of this Act, : it shah be the duty of any officer cognizant thereof, and \ the duty of the clerk, secretary or other official of any j municipality in Canada wherein such person may be, to \ forthwith send a written complaint thereof to the Minister \ or Superintendent of Immigration, giving full particulars. 1 41. Whenever any person other than a Canadian citizen Duty of officers j advocates in Canada the overthrow by force or violence of to^Min^stTr^ con- | the government of Great Britain or Canada, or other Brit- ^emin^ ^^^^. \ ish dominion, colony, possession or dependency, or tlie bie classes. overthrow by force or violence of constituted law and au- thority, or the assassination of any official of the Govern- ment of Great Britain or Canada or other British domin- ion, colony, possession or dependency, or of any foreign government, or shall by word or act create or attempt to create riot or public disorder in Canada, or shall by com- i mon repute belong to or be suspected of belonging to any secret society or organization which extorts money from, ! or in any way attempts to control, any resident of Canada by force or threat of bodily harm, or by blackmail; such person for the purposes of tliis Act shall be considered and j classed as an undesirable immigrant, and it shall be the I duty of any officer becoming cognizant thereof, and the i duty of the clerk, secretary or other official of any munici- i pality in Canada wherein such person may be, to forth- \ with send a written complaint thereof to the Minister or j Superintendent of Immigration, giving full particulars. 42. Upon receiving a complaint from any officer, or investigation of \ from any clerk or secretary or other official of a munici- cemmgundesira- pality, whether directly or through the Superintendent of ^^^le classes. Immigration, against any person alleged to belong to any 192 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. prohibited or undesirable class, the Minister may order such person to be taken into custody and detained at an immigrant station for examination and an investigation of the facts alleged in the said complaint to be made by a Board of Inquiry or by an officer acting as such. Such Board of Inquiry or officer shall have the same powers and privileges, and shall follow the same procedure, as if the person against whom complaint is made were being ex am- med before landing as provided in section 33 of this Act ; and similarly the person against whom complaint is made shall have the same rights and privileges as he would have if seeking to land in Canada. Deportation in 2. If upou investigation of the facts such Board of In- quiry or examining officer is satisfied that such person belongs to any of the prohibited or undesirable classes mentioned in sections 40 and 41 of this Act, such person shall be deported forthwith, as provided for in section 33 of this Act, subject, however, to such right of appeal as he may have to the Minister. Order to leave 3. The Govcmor in Council may, at any time, order any Canada. ^^^-^^ persou fouud by a Board of Inquiry or examing offi- cer to belong to any of the undesirable classes referred to in section 41 of this Act to leave Canada within a specified period. Such order may be in the form D in the schedule to this Act, and shall be in force as soon as it is served upon such person, or is left for him by any oflicer at the last known ])lace of abode or address of such person. Penalty for re- 4 \j^y person rciected or deported under this Act who iecled or deported "' .."" , j/-i ^ e^ 1 ' ^ person remaining eutcrs or rciuams HI or rctums to C anada alter sucn rejec- canadaf"'°'"'°^tion or deportation without a permit under this Act or other lawful excuse, or who refuses or neglects to leave Canada when ordered so to do by the Governor in Council as provided for in this section, shall be guilty of an off'ence against this Act, and may forthwith be arrested by any officer and be deported on an order from the Minister or the Superintendent of Immigration, or may be prosecuted for sucli offence, and shall be liable, on conviction, to two years imprisonment, and immediately after expiry of any sentence imposed for such offence, may be again deported or ordered to leave Canada under this section. Deportation of 5^ jn any case where deportation of the head of a family hea o amiy. .^ ^i-^^iercd, all dependent members of the family may be deported at the same time. And in any case where de- portation of a dependent member of a family is ordered on account of having become a pubhc charge, and in the opinion of the Minister such circumstance is due to wilful neglect or non-support by the head or other members of Deportation of the family mxorally bound to support such dependent biroHamii™'™" members, then all members of the family may be cleported at the same time. Such deportation shall be at the cost of the persons so deported; and if that be not possible then the cost of such deportation shall be paid by the Department of the Interior. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 193 43. When any person has, within three years of hmding certain°prfspne?s in Canada, become an inniate of a penitentiary, gaol, re- for deportation, formatory or prison, the ^linister of Justice may, upon the request of the Minister of the Interior, issue an order to the warden or governor of such penitentiary, gaol, reforma- tory or prison, which order may be in the form E in the schedule to this Act, commanding him after the sentence or term of imprisonment of such person has expired to de- tain such person for, and dehver him to, the officer named in the warrant issued by the Superintendent of Immigra- tion, which warrant may be in tlie form EE in the sched- ule to this Act, with a view to the deportation of such per- 2' Such order of the Minister of Justice shall be suffi- -.^^^/.'^^i °^^,fj^ cient authority to the warden or governor of the peniten- and^^ war^nt^^ of tiary, gaol, reformatory or prison, as the case may be, to immigration. detain and deliver such person to the officer named in the warrant of the Superintendent of Immigration as afore- said, and such warden or governor shall obey such order, and such warrant of the Superintendent of Immigration shall be sufficient authority to the officer named therem to detain such person in his custody, or in custody at any immigrant station, until such person is dehvered to the authorized agent of the transportation company which brought sucji person into Canada, with a view to deporta- tion as herein provided. OBLIGATIONS OF TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES IN CASES OF REJECTION AND DEPORTATION. 44. Every immigrant, passenger, stowaway or other person brought to Canada by a transportation company j^^e^f'°i^^i/f: and rejected by the Board of Inquiry or officer in charge, grants. shall, if practicable, be sent back to the place whence he came, on the vessel, railway train or other vehicle by which he was brought to Canada. The cost of his mainte- nance, while being detained at any immigrant station after having been rejected, as well as the cost of his return, shall be paid by such transportation company. 2. If any such transportation company — (a) refuses to receive any such person back on board of such vessel, railway train or other vehicle or on board of ^g^^f^'^^^^^^^d!^ any other vessel, railway train or other vehicle owned or operated by the same transportation company, when so directed by the officer in charge; or, (b) fails to detain any such person thereon; or, (c) refuses or fails to return hun to the place whence ^^.^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ he came to Canada; or, ^ _ tura""""® ^° '^ (d) refuses or fails to pay the cost of his maintenance "™' while on land awaitmg deportation; or, co^sf Tna^ntl^ (e) makes any charge against any such person for his nance. maintenance while on land, or for his return to the port of p^^^^^^J^^^^^ ^e^ embarkation, or takes any security from any such person maintenance. for the payment of such charge; 35365— S. Doc. 469, 61-2 13 194 THE IMMIGRATIOX SITUATION IN CANADA. Penalty. sucli jiiaster, agent, owner or transportation company concerned shall be guilty of an offence against this Act, and shall be liable to a fine of not more than five hundred dollars and not less than fifty dollars for each offence ; and no such vessel shall have clearance from any port of Canada until such fine is paid. Deportation by 45. Every person ordered to be deported under this wh^'havr been Act wlio has been brought to Canada by ship, shall be landed in Canada. j.g^Qj^^^g^.g(^j^ £pgg ^f charge, by the raihva}^ company or companies which brought him to the place in Canada where he is being detained for deportation, to the ocean port where he was landed, or the nearest available winter ocean port, as may be directed by the Board of Inc^uiry, and thence he shall be conveyed free of charge by the transportation company which brought him to Canada to the place in the country whence he was brought or to the country of his birth or citizenship, and in such manner as to passage accommodation as may be directed by the officer in charge; and similarly every such person brought Deportation by 1^0 Canada by a railway train or other vehicle shall, sub- '^'°' ject to the regulations under sections 31 and 32 of this Act, be reconveyed free of charge by the transportation company which carried him to the place in Canada where he is rejected or where he is being detained for deportation to the place in the country whence he was brought or to the country of his birth or citizenship. Penalty on 43 E^'crv transportation company, which refuses or transportation , ^ 1*^ • 1 ,1 '1 c ^i -\f • ±_ company refus- ncglccts to comply With the ordcr or tlie Minister or lolo^rdered'to^be' Superintendent of Immigration or Board of Inquiry or deported. officer acting as such to take on board, guard safely, and return to the country whence he came, or to the country of his birth or citizenship, any passenger or other person brought to Canada by such transportation company and ordered to be deported under the provisions of this Act shall be liable to a fine of not more than five hundred dol- lars and not less than fifty dollars in each case. prop^treatoent ^'^ ' ^hc Superintendent of Immigration, under the of persons de- direction or with the consent of the Minister, shall pre- ported. scribe regulations for the proper detention and treatment on board ship or railway train or other vehicle of all per- sons who have been ordered to be deported under this Act, both while awaiting and during deportation. tr^n^^ o^Vion ^^' EvBry transportation company which, through the company permit- conuivaucc or ncgligeiice of any of its officials or em- son^^rde?ed°to^be ployccs, permits tfic escape of any person delivered into deported. the custody of such transportation company by any officer for deportation under this Act shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars and not less than fifty doUars for each offence. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 195 2. In the event of such person escaping from the cus- . ^'^'i' J? J°°ii{y todv of a transportation company, it shall be the dutv oicer when such the"^ master of the vessel, conductor of the train, dock-P'"'^^"^^^^"^- master, special constable or other official or employee of the transportation company in whose custody such person then was, to immediately report such escape to the nearest available immigration officer; and it shall also be the duty of the said company forthwith to report such escape to the Superintendent of Immigration, and such report shall state when, and from whom, such person was received, and the time and mode of escape. Failure on the part of such master, conductor, or other official to so report to the nearest available immigration officer shall render him liable to a penalty of not more than twenty dollars and not less than ten dollars for each offence, and failure on the gart of the transportation company to so report to the uperintendent of Immigration shall render such com- pany liable to a fine of not more than one hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars for each offence. OBLIGATIONS OF MASTERS OF VESSELS AND PILOTS. 49. The master of every vessel arriving at any port- ^g^^^^^^ffh ,^n^^ of entry in Canada shall forthwith after such arrival, andter to imbigra- before any entry of such vessel is allowed, deliver to the'^'°°°^'''®'"- immigration officer in charge a manifest in the form pre- scribed by the Superintendent of Immigration, of all the passengers and stowaways on board such vessel at the time of her departure from the port or place whence she last cleared or sailed for Canada, or who were on board such vessel at the time of her arrival in Canada, or at any time during her voyage; and such manifest shall also state the name and apparent age of all passengers on board of such vessel on such voyage who are insane, idiotic, epileptic, dumb, blind or infirm, or suffering from any disease or injury or physical defect wdiich may be cause for rejection under this Act, and whether or not they are accompanied b}' relatives able to support them. 2. Such manifest shall further state if an}' birth has ^'^*g5'^^^*'\P^e taken place during the vo^'age, and shall state the name, tfeenTorno" have age and last place of residence of any person who has died ^g|^ dunng voy- during the voyage, and shall specify the cause of death and whether such person was accompanied by relatives or other persons who are entitled to take charge of the moneys and effects left by such person and the disposition made thereof. 3. If there were no such relatives or other persons so ro'^r'^'of de^ entitled the manifest shall fully designate the quantity ceSed^ passen- and description of the property, whether money or other- ^^'^^^ wise, left by such person; and the master of the vessel shall pay over to the immigration officer in charge at the port at which the vessel is entered, and fully account for, all moneys and effects belonging to any person who has 196 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Receipt foFfiied on the voyage. The officer in charge shall there- mTg?ation^officS' upon givc to the master a receipt for all moneys or effects so placed in his hands by the master, which receipt shall contain a full description of the nature or amount thereof. 4. If the master of such vessel fails — Failure to de- (q,) to deliver such manifest required bv this section; or, parTiaroHS (&) wilfully or negligently fails to state therein all the particulars of information required by this section; or, (c) wilfully or negligenth' makes any false statement in such manifest ; he shall be guilty of an offence against this Act and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars for every person with regard to whom any such omission occurs or any such false statement is made. manifest. Penalty. Entrv in mani- 50. Tlic mastcr of au}' vesscl sailing from a port out- Ssengers""°"'''side of Canada who embarks passengers after the vessel has been cleared and examined by the proper officer at the port of departure, and who does not report such addi- tional passengers in the manifest required to be delivered under this Act to the immigration officer in charge at the port of entry, shall be liable to a fine of not more than Penalty. one hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars for each passenger so embarked as aforesaid and not included in one of the said manifests. Manifest of out- bound passen- gers. Penalty. Proviso. 51. The master of every vessel embarking outbound passengers from any seaport of Canada shall, on the return voyage of such vessel to Canada, deliver to the immigra- tion officer in charge a manifest in form prescribecl by the regulations in that behalf giving the names of all such passengers on board such vessel, or booked to sail by such vessel, and stating in ever^ case whether they are British subjects or aliens, and their sex, nationality, and port of dcstmation. 2. If the master of any vessel refuses or omits to deliver such manifest of outbound passengers he shall incur a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars for every passenger with regard to whom he has refused or wilfully neglected to give the required information, and clearance of such vessel may be refused until such manifest has been delivered to the immigration officer in charge: Provided, however, that the master of any vessel plymg between seaports of Can- ada and adjacent or neighbouring seaports m Newfound- land or the United States may, by written permission of the Minister or Superintendent of Immigration given to such master or to the transportation company of which he is an employee, be exempted from the requirements of this section. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 197 52. If the master of anv vessel arriving at any port of ,. faster permit- • /-, 1 •- - ^ ^'l /i ^ 1 t"iK passengers entry in C anada permits anv passenger to leave the vessel to land before de- before he has delivered to the immigration officer in "^•^""g "^^^'f^^t. charge a correct manifest in the form prescribed by the regulations in that behalf, and received permission from the officer in charge to allow the passengers to land, he shall be liable to a fine of not more than one hundred dol- Penalty. lars and not less than twenty dollars for every passenger so leaving the vessel. 2. If the master of any vessel arriving at any port of Master failing entry in Canada fails to produce or satisfactorily account p'Lse^ngere" for every passenger whose name aj^pears on the manifest, when required so to do b}' the immigration officer in charge of the port of entry to which such passenger is manifested, such master shall be liable to a fine of not Penalty. more than one hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars in the case of each such passenger. 3. If the master of any vessel arriving at any port of Master permit- entry in Canada permits any stowaway to leave the vessel lind withoufier" \\-ithout permission of the immigration officer in charge, J^'cha^ge"^ °^'^^^ or through negligence permits such stowaway to escape from the vessel before the immigration officer in charge has given permission for such stowaway to be landed, or after such stowaway has been ordered to be deported, or in the event of such escape fails to report it forthwith to the immigration officer in charge, he shall be liable to a Penalty, fine of not more than one hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars for every stowaway so leaving or escaping from the vessel. 4. If the master of any vessel arriving at any port of ^Master dis- entry in Canada shall pay off or discharge any member without^ ex'amu of the crew of such vessel without such member having °^"°'^- first been examined by an immigration officer, as required under section 33 of this act, he shall be liable to a fine of not more than one hundred dollars and not less than Penalty, twenty dollars for every member of the crew so paid off or discharged. 5. If the master of any vessel arriving at any port of Master failing entry in Canada fails to report to the immigration officer d'esertion.'''^^'' ° in charge every case of desertion from the crew of such vessel occurring at such port so soon as such desertion is discovered, or shall refuse or neglect to describe the deserter for purposes of identification whenever required by such officer he shall be liable to a fine of not more than Penalty. one hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars in the case of each such deserter. 53. Nothing in this Act shall prevent the master of any ,gj^.^^®^?g|gg,™ifg^ vessel fi'om permitting any passenger to leave the vessel fore arrival at outside of Canada at the request of such passenger before ^^J^ °^ destina- the arrival of the vessel at her final port of destination; but in every such case the name of the passenger so leav- ing shall be entered in the manifest of passengers made out at the time of the clearing of the vessel from the port 188 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Avoiding port 7^ Any peisoii who enters Canada except at a port of of entry. entry, or who at a port of entry eludes examination by an officer or Board of Inquiry, or who enters Canada by force or misrepresentation or stealth or othermse con- trary to any provision of this Act, or who escapes from the custody of an officer or from an immigrant station when detained for any cause under this Act, shall he guilty of an offence imder this Act, and liable on convic- tion to a &ie of not more than one hundred dollars, and may be arrested and detained ^\dthout a warrant by any officer for exammation as provided under this section; and if found not to be a Canadian citizen, or not to have Canadian domicile, such entry shall in itself be sufficient cause for deportation whenever so ordered by a Board of Inquiry or officer in charge subject to any appeal which may have been entered under section 19 of this Act. Penalty for g. Any transportation comj)any or person knowingly lTtamigra°nt.''''' and ^dlfully landing, or assisting to land or attempting to land in Canada, any prohibited immigrant or person whose entry into Canada has been forbidden under this Act, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on con- viction, to a fine of not more than five hundred dollars and not less than fifty dollars for each prohibited immi- grant or other person so landed in Canada, or whose land- ing in Canada was so attempted. Interference 9. A»y transportation company or person interfering Sn^S of with or resisting an immigration officer in the performance duty. Qjf yg f[^iy under this Act, or kno^\dngly and ^vilfully assisting in the escape of any person detained by an officer, or at an immigrant station, for any purpose under this Act, or giving false information to an officer, whereby such officer is induced to land or permit the landing of a,ny person in Canada who otherwise would be refused landing for any cause under this Act or would be detained for examination, shall be guilty of an offence, and shall be liable to a fine of not more than five hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars for each such offence. Penalty for iQ. Evcry person who enters Canada as a tourist or ce^as^es to be'Iu^ch traveller or other non-immigrant, but who ceases to be failing to report, g^^j-^ ^^^ J remains in Canada, shall forthwith report such facts to the nearest immigration officer and shall present himself before an officer for examination under this Act, and in default of so doing he shall be liable to a fine of not more than one hundred dollars and shall also be liable to deportation by order of a Board of Inquiry or officer act- ing as such. Release under 1 1 . Pending the final disposition of the case of any per- deposi't''.''^^'°'^"^son detained or taken into custody for any cause under this Act he may be released under a bond, which bond may be in the form F in the schedule to this Act, with security approved by the officer in charge, or may be released upon deposit of money with the officer in charge in lieu of a bond, and to an amount approved by such officer; upon condition that such person shall appear before a Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such at any THE IMMIGKATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 189 port of entry named by the ofiicer in charge, and at such time as shall be named, for examination in regard to the cause or complaint on accoimt of which he has been de- tained or taken into custody. 12. If such person fail to appear for examination at ^^}^/^ ^ .^p- such time and place named, or sliall fail to keep and H^. ""^ ^^'"'°^' observe every other condition under which he is so released, then such bond shall be enforced and collected, and the proceeds thereof, or the money deposited in lieu of a bond, as the case may have been, shall be paid into the hands of the Minister of Finance, and shall form part of the Con- solidated Revenue Fund of Canada; and such person may be taken into custody forthwith and deported by order of a Board of Inquir}^ or officer acting as such. MEDICAL TREATMENT OF SICK AND DISABLED PASSENGERS. 34. A passenger or other person seeking to enter m^^t^'^^' *'"^^*' Canada or who has been rejected or is detained for any purpose imder this Act, who is suffering from sickness or physical or mental disability, may whenever it is so directed bv the Superintendent of Immigration or officer in charge Be afforded medical treatment on board ship or in an immigrant station, or may be removed to a suitable hospital for treatment, according as the officer in charge decides is required by existing circumstances and the con- dition of the person's health as reported upon by the exam- ining medical officer. 2. If, in the opinion of the Superintendent of Immi-portatlon^'^'^com- gration, or of the officer m charge, the transportationpanies liable for o / ^ .— Order to leave Canada.— Canada.— The Immigration Act, section 42. ^^'hereas it has been shown bv evidence satisfactory to His Excellency the Governor in Council that you advocated "in Canada the overthrow of the Government of Canada by force or violence (or as the case may be). j tt- You are hereby ordered under and by virtue of the authority conferred upon His Excellency by section 42 of the Immigration Act within days after the service of this order upon you, or after its being left for you at your last known address or place of abode, to leave and depart from Canada, and not to return. Dated at Ottawa this day of 19 — . Clerk of the Council. [Seal of the Privy Council.] THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 207 Form E.— Order of the Minister of Justice.— Canada.— The Immigration Act, section 43. To (Governor or Warden of gaol, prison, reformatory or penitentiary): \\'hereas of has within three years of landing in Canada become an inmate of , having been convicted of the crime of . And whereas, under the provisions of The Immigration Act, Ihave been requested by the Minister of the Interior to issue an order to you, the said (warden or governor, as the case may be) to detain the said after expiry of his sen- tence, or term of imprisonment, and to deliver him to the officer named in the warrant of the'Superintendent of Immigration with a view to the deportation of the said Now know you that I, the Minister of Justice of Canada, do hereby, under the pro- visions of the said Act, order you, the said (warden or governor), to detain and deliver the said to the officer authorized by warrant of the Superintendent of Immigration, to receive the said -— from you with a view to his deportation under the provisions of the said Act. For which this shall be your sufficient warrant. Dated at Ottawa this day of 19—. Minister of Justice. [Seal of the Department of Justice.] Form EE.— Warrant of the Superintendent of Immigration.— Canada.— The Immigra- tion Act, section 4-3. By the Superintendent of Immigration. To ,of : . . Whereas , of , has within three years of his landing in Canada become an inmate of (gaol, prison, reformatory or penitentiary) . And whereas, under the provisions of the Immigration Act, the Minister ot the Interior has ordered the deportation of the said and has applied to the Minister of Justice for an order addressed to the (governor or warden) of the said (gaol, prison, reformatory or penitentiary) commanding him to detain and deliver the said into your custody after expiry of his sentence or term of imprisonment in the said (gaol, prison, reforma- tory or penitentiary) with a view to his deportation under the provisions of the said Act. ^ ^ . . j i u Now know you that I, , Superintendent of Immigration, do hereby order you to receive the said (name of prisoner) and him safely to keep and to convey through any part of Canada, and him to deliver to the transportation company which brought him to Canada, with a view to his deportation to the port from which he came to Canada. For which this shall be your sufficient warrant. Dated at Ottawa this day of 19 — . Superintendent of Immigration. [Seal of the Department of the Interior.] Form F.— Bone? to appear for examination.— Canada.— The Immigration Act, sectionSS. Canada, Province of , in the matter of The Immigration Act and of A. B. Be it remembered that on the day of , in the year nineteen hundred and , A. B., formerly of [state place of domicile before coming to Canada], [occupation^ a person seeking to enter or remain in Canada; and L. M. of [name of place], in the said province [occupation], and N. O. of the same place [occupation], personally came before me and acknowledged themselves to owe to our Sovereign Lord the King, his heirs and successors, the several sums following, that is to say: The said A. B. the sum of dollars, and the said L. M. and N. O. the sum of dollars each, of good and lawful current money of Canada, to be made and levied of their several goods and chattels, lands and tenements respectively, to the use of our said Sovereign Lord the King, his heirs and successors, if he, the said A. B. fails in the condition hereunder written. 208 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. Taken and acknowledged the day and year first above mentioned at in the province aforesaid before me ^ [Justice of Peace, or. Notary Public]. The condition of the above written obligation is such, that whereas the said A. B. is held in custody under authority of The Immigration Act for examination touching the right of the said A. B. to enter or remain in Canada; if, therefore, the said A. B. appears before the Board of Inquiry or officer acting as such at the Immigrant Station at on the day of next at the hour of in the noon, and there surrenders himself into custody of an Immigration Officer and submits to examination under the said Act, and does not attempt to escape from such custody, then this obligation shall be void, otherwise to stand in full force and effect. REGULATION. The following Regulation was promulgated by the Superintendent of Immigration, May 6, 1910 — No immio;rant shall be treated for any of the diseases specified or referred to m subsection (6) of Section Three of the Immigration Act unless it appears to the satisfaction of the Canadian Immigration Medical Inspector conducting the medical examination that such immigrant was free from disease when leaving his or her home to commence the journey to Canada, and that any disease which the immigrant has at time of arrival in Canada has been contracted or developed during the journey, and that it can be completely and permanently cured within a reasonably short space of time; and fur- ther, that no cost shall be incurred by the Department for such treatment. ORDERS-IN-COUNCIL, The following orders-in-council have been promulgated under the Canadian immigration act of May 4, 1910: P. C. 924. At the Government House at Ottawa, Monday, the 9th day of May, 1910. Present: His Excellency in Council. His Excellency in Council is pleased, in virtue of the provisions of Section 37 of the Immigration Act of 9 and 10 Edward VII, to make and doth hereby make the following Regulations: — 1. No immigrant, male or female, other than a member of a family provided for under the following regulations shall be permitted to enter Canada between the first da}^ of March and the thirty-first day of October both days inclusive, unless he or she have in actual and personal possession at the time of arrival, money, belonging abso- lutely to such immigrant, to the amount of at least S25.00 in addition to a ticket or such sum of money as will purchase a ticket or transport for such immigrant to his or her destination in Canada. 2. If an immigrant so intending to enter Canada is the head of a famil}^ and is accompanied by his or her family or any members thereof, the foregoing regulations shall not apply to such family or the members thereof but the said immigrant head of family shall have in his or her possession, in addition to the said sum of money and means of transport hereinbefore required, a further sum of money, belonging absolutely to such immigrant, equivalent to $25.00 for each member of the said family of the age of eighteen years or THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 209 upwards, and $12.50 for each member of said family of the age of five years or upwards and under the age of eighteen years, and in addition tickets or a sum of money equivalent to the cost of transport for all the said members of the family to their place of destination in Canada. 3. Every such immigrant, seeking to enter Canada, between the first day of November and the last day of February both inclusive, shall be subject to the foregoing regulations, with the substitution of $50.00 for $25.00 and $25.00 for $12.50, wherever the said sums of $25.00 and $12.50 are mentioned in the said regulations. 4. It shall be the duty of the immigration officers at the various places or ports of entry or landing in Canada to see that the foregoing regulations are complied with. Provided, however, that the immi- gration agent may, notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained, exempt any immigrant from the operation of the foregoing regula- tions if it is shown to his satisfaction that : (a) The immigrant, if a male, is going to assured employment at farm work, and has the means of reaching the place of such employ- ment; or (h) That the immigrant, if a female, is going to assured employ- ment at domestic service, and has the means of reaching the place of such employment; or (c) That the immigrant, whether male or female, is of one of the following descriptions, and is going to reside with a relative of one of the following descriptions, who is able and willing to support such immigrant and has the means of reaching the place of residence of such relative : (1) Wife going to husband. (2) Child going to parent. (3) Brother or sister going to brother. (4) Minor going to married or independent sister. (5) Parent going to son or daughter. These regulations shall not apply to immigrants belonging to any Asiatic race. (Sgd.) RODOLPHE BOUDREAU, Cleric of the Privy Council. P. C. 918. At the Government House at Ottawa, Monday, the 9th day of May, 1910. Present: His Excellency in Council. His Excellency, in virtue of the provisions of section 37 of the Immigration Act, Statutes of Canada, 9 and 10 Edward VII, and by and with the advice of the King's Privy Council for Canada, is pleased to make and doth hereby make the following regulation: — No immi^ant shall be permitted to enter Canada if he or she, being a subject or citizen of any country which issues a passport or penal certificate or both to persons emigrating therefrom, fails to produce such passport or penal certificate or both upon demand by the immigration officer in charge, and whether coming to Canada directly or indirectly from any such country. (Sgd.) Rodolphe Boudreau, Cleric of the Privy Council, 35365— S. Doc. 469, 61-2 14 210 THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. P. C. 926. At the Government House at Ottawa, Monday, the 9th day of May, 1910. Present: His Excellenc}^ in Council. His Excellency in Council is pleased, under the authority of section 37 of the Immiijration Act of 9 and 10 Edward A' II, to make and doth hereby make the following regulation: — No immigrant of Asiatic origin shall be permitted to enter Canada unless in actual and personal possession in his or her own right of two hundred dollars, unless such person is a native or subject of an Asiatic country in regard to which special statutory regulations are in force or with which the Government of Canada has made a special treaty, agreement or convention. (Sgd.) RoDOLPHE Boudreau, Clerk of the Privy Council. P. C. 920. At the Government House at Ottawa, Monday, the 9t'h day of May, 1910. Present : His Excellency in Council. His Excellency in Council is pleased, under the authority of sub- section 1 of section 38 of the Immigration Act of 9 and 10 Edward VII, to make and doth hereby make the following regulation: — From and after the date hereof the landing in Canada shall be and the same is hereby ])rohibited of any immigrants who have come to Canada otherwise than by continuous journey from the country of which they are natives or citizens, and upon through tickets pur- chased in that country or purchased or prepaid in Canada. (Sgd.) RoDOLPHE Boudreau, Cleric of the Privy Council. P. C. 919. At THE Government House at Ottawa, Monday, the 9th day of May, 1910. Present: His Excellency in Council. Whereas by section 71 of the Immigration Act, 9 and 10 Edward VII, it is provided as follows: — 71. Every inn-keeper or boarding house keeper in any city, town, village or place in Canada designated by any Order in Council, who receives into his house as a boarder or lodger any immigrant within three months after his arrival in Canada, shall cause to be kept con- spicuously posted in the public rooms and passages of his house, and printed upon his business cards, a list of the prices which will be charged to immigrants per day and per week for board and lodging, or both, and also the prices for separate meals, which cards shall also contain the name of the keeper of such house, together with the name of the street in which it is situate, and its number in such street. THE IMMIGRATION SITUATION IN CANADA. 211 2. No such inn-keeper or boarding house keeper shall have any lien on the effects of such immigrant for any amount claimed for such boarding or lodging for any sum exceeding five dollars. . And whereas it is considered expedient to bring this section into force in certain places, Therefore His Excellency in Council is pleased to designate and doth hereby designate, for the purpose of the said section 71, the cities of Ottawa and Toronto, in the province of Onta- rio; the cities of Quebec and Montreal, in the province of Quebec; the city of Halifax, in the province of Nova Scotia; the city of St. John, in the province of New Brunswick; the city of Winnipeg in the provmce of Manitoba; and the cities of Vancouver, Victoria and Prince Rupert, in the province of British Columbia, as cities in which every keeper of a tavern, hotel or boarding house therein who receives into his house as a boarder or lodger any immigrant within three months after his arrival in Canada, shall be subject to the require- ments and the provisions of the said section. (Sgd.) RODOLPHE BOUDREAU, Clerk of the Privy Council. The following form C' 67 Imm.") shows the evidence that is required to bring about the deportation of an undesirable immigrant. Copies of this form may be obtained by writing to the Superintendent of Immigration, Ottawa. Letters so addressed are carried post free. The recommendation to deport should be signed by a Mayor, Reeve or other public officer having cognizance of the facts. The space for Doctor's certificate may be left blank in cases other than those in which the cause of deportation is disease, or mental or physical disability. FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF IMMIGRATION, OTTAWA. , , 19—. Statement in re — \ (undesirable immigrant) — Age Nationality Arrived at the Port of by S. S. Date of landing , Travelled inland on Railway Present whereabouts Why Deportation is sug- gested (The grounds should be stated as nearly as possible in the terms of the Immigration Act) History in Canada Whether able to pay the whole or any part of the cost of transportation Name and address of friends in the Old Country Relationship Doctor's Certificate M. D. (address) Deportation recommended by (address) Form 67, Imm. Note. — Four copies of above are required, and if the undesirable is thought to be an American Citizen, by birth or naturalization, form "67 A" is ^Iso required to be completed in quadruplicate. INDEX. Aberdeen, agency in, 11. , , • tt • j cix ^ Advertising, 11-13; placards at Dublin Exposition, 24; methods m United btates, 28-30'. African immigrants to Canada, 16, 37, 174. Age of United States immigrants from Canada, 39. Ao'ents: Booking, 12. 26, 35, 153; immigration, 11, 12, 58; m charge of juveniles, 26; " Canadian, in United States, 29, 30, 35. Agriculture. (See Farming.) Alabama, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Alaska, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Alberta, Japanese in, 64; natives of United States in, 33. Aliens. (See Immigrants.) Alsatian immigrants to Canada, 16. Anarchists, barred from Canada, 56, 129,191; barred from United States, 42, 133, 147. Anno, S., evidence before Canadian commission, 69. Antwerp, agency in, 11. Arabian immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. Arizona, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Arkansas, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Armenians: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 37: deported, 51. Asiatic Exclusion League, cooperated with sugar planters of Hawaii, 66. Asiatics: Number of immigrants to Canada, 18, 52, 175; to United States from Canada, 38, 39; deported, 52; exclusion of, 60, 61; money requirement, 47, 169, 210; number in Canada, 75. (See also separate races.) Australasia, natives of, in Canada, 74, 75. Australian immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; deported, 50. Austria-Hungary: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; natives of, in Canada, 74-76. Austrian immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; deported, 50, 51. Bavarian immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. Belfast, agency in, 11. Belgians: Immigration favored, 11, 12; number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; deported, 50, 51; number in Canada, 74, 75. Bermudian immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. Birmingham, agency in, 11. ;. /~i Boards of inquiry, special and permanent, 43, 57, 58, 144; authority of, 56, 144; Can- adian laws in re, 104-106, 183; United States laws in re, 144. Boarding houses, regulated, 59, 124, 169, 202; keepers of Japanese, 66, 67. Bohemians: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; to United States from Canada, 37; deported, 50. . , o oc Bonus paid to agents, amount of, 12, 30, 35, 153; immigrants on whom paid, 12, 18, 35, 153. Brazilian immigrants to Canada, 16. British. (See English, Irish, etc.) British Columbia: Natives of United States in, 33; Chinese in, 62; Japanese m, 64-66; Hindus in, 71; immigration act, 60, 61. British Islands, natives of, in Canada, 74, 75. Brown, David E., evidence before Canadian commission, 70. Bryce, P. H., on deportation of defectives, 53, 54. Bukowinians: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; deported, 50, 51, 54. Bulgarians: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 37; deported, 50, 51, 54. 213 214 INDEX. Calif oruia, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Central America, Chinese bound for, 64. Central Emigration Board, emigration promoted by, 163, 164. Central Unemployed Body, emigration promoted by, 162, 164. Charity: British organizations, 25,. 158-165; juvenile immigration, 25, 26; assisted immigration, 26, 27, 134, 181; public charges, 48, 49, 55, 56, 133, 191. Children. (See Juvenile.) Chillingworth, Charles F., assisted Japanese immigration to Vancouver, 67, 68. Chinese: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 18, 52, 60-65, 174; occupations of, 21; wages, 63; deported, 50, 52; in transit, 64; head-tax on, 61, 62; number in Canada, 74-76. Church Army, emigration promoted by, 161, 164. Church Emigration Society, emigration promoted by, 162, 164. Churches, cooperation with, 59. Cities, emigrants from, 21, 53; immigration to, discouraged, 9. Clark, John H., author's acknowledgment to, 10; on Canadian emigration to United States, 34; on return emigration to United States, 40. Clerks, immigrants to Canada, 21. Colorado, lands, 30; homesteaders to Canada, 32. Connecticut, homestead crs to Canada, 32. Contract labor, not excluded by Canada, 42, 57, 58; United States laws in re, 42, 58, 134, 135, 143; excluded from United States in 1908, 44; emigration of Hindu, prohibited, 72. Cost. (See Expenditures.) Criminals: Canadianlawsinre, 42, 84-86, 102,171, 181; Canadian orders of deportation, 130, 172, 173; United States laws in re, 41, 133; United States census of alien, 55, 56. Croatians: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; to United States from Canada, 37. Cuba, Chinese bound for, 64. Cubans, immigrants to United States from Canada, 37. Dalmatian.'^: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; to United States from Canada, 37. Danish: Immigration favored, 11, 12; number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; deported, 50, 51, 54; number in Canada, 74, 75. Davichaud, assisted Hindu contract labor, 71. Defectives and di-lincpients, 53-55. Delegates, farmers abroad, 12, 13. Deportation, 48-56; Canadian laws in re, 48, 49, 54-56, 83-86, 112-117, 187, 191; Canadian order in council, 45, 46, 167, 168, 212; orders of deportation, 128- 130, 172, 173, 205-20S; number of j)erpons dejjorted from Canada, 50-52, 55; causes of, 53, 54; United States laws in re, 54, 55, 135, 140-142, 146; number of persons deported from United States, 55. Discretionary authority of Canadian officials, 10, 45-48. Diseased immigrants: Canadian laws in re, 83, 84, 101, 107, 110, 155, 171, 181, 208; deported from Canada 1907-1909,53,54; medical inspection, 44,83, 107; treat- ment of, 110, 111, 141, 189; United States laws in re, 133, 136, 141, 146. Domestic servants, immigration favored, 12, 20, 58; immigrants to Canada, 21, 39. Doukhobors, immigrants to Canada, 16. Dublin, agencv in, 11; Ex])osition, 24. Dutch: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 37; deported, 50-54; number in Canada, 74-76. East End Emigration Society, emigration promoted by, 161, 164. Eaist Indians. {See Hindus.) Egyptian immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. Emigration: Return, 34; repatriation of Canadians, 31; United States to Canada, 28-35; Canada to United States, 36-40. Emplovment: assured, 20, 46, 57-59,209; bureaus, 58. EngHsh: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 24, 28, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50, 52, 54; homesteaders to Canada, 22, 23; natives of Canada, 37; number in Canada, 74-76; Canadian expenditures, 14. European: Number of immigrants to Canada, 14-20, 44, 51, 52, 174-176; to United States, 19, 44; homesteaders to Canada, 22, 23; Canadian expenditures, 13-15. Exclusion, Canadian laws in re, 41^5, 60, 151; United States laws in re, 41, 42, 44, 133, 134; classes excluded, 41-43; Hindu, 73. Exeter, agency in, 11. Exhibits, immigration, 11, 24, 29. Expenditures, Canadian, for immigration, 9, 12-15; in United States, 34, 35. INDEX. 215 Farminf: Lands, 9, 20-22; settlers desired in Canada, 9, 11-13, 20, 58; settlers entering Canada, 21-22, 31, 32; immigrants to United States from Canada, 39; from elsewhere, 31, 32. Finnish: Immigration favored, 11, 12; number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50, 51, 54; emigrants from United States, 31. Fiscal year, defined, 13. Florida, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Fortier, L. M., author's acknowledgment to, 10. French: Immigration favored, 11, 12; number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50, 51, 54; number in Canada, 74-76; natives of Canada, 37. French-Canadians: Return to Canada, 31, 34; immigrants to United States, 38; natives, 37. Galician immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 23, 51, 174; deported, 50, 51, 54. Geer, A. V., assisted Japanese immigration to Vancouver, 68. Georgia, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Germans: Immigration favored, 11; number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50, 51, 54; number in Canada, 74-76; emigrants from United States, 31. Glasgow, agency in, 11. Gotoh, Mr., experiment with Japanese contract labor, 68, 69. Great Britain. (See English, Irish, etc.) Greeks: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Can- ada, 38; deported, 50, 51, 52. Harrison, Ralph P., author's acknowledgment to, 10. Hawaii, Japanese from, 65-70. \ Head tax. {See Tax.) Hebrews: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 23, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50, 51, 54; number in Canada, 76. Hindus: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 18, 52, 60, 65, 70-73, 174; to United States from Canada, 37, 39; deported, 50, 52, 54; occupations of, 21; legislation against, 47, 48; number in Canada, 75, 76. Holland: Immigration favored, 11, 12; natives of, in Canada, 74-76. Homestead entries into Canada, 21-23, 32, 33. Hotels, regulated, 59, 125, 169, 202. Hungarian immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; deported, 50, 51, 54. Husband, W. W., author of the report, 10. Icelandic: Immigration favored, 11; number of immigrants to Canada, 16-19, 44, 51, 52, 174, 175; to United States, 19, 44; deported, 50, 51, 52; rejected, 44; occupa- tions of, 21; homesteaders, 22; number in Canada, 74, 75. Idaho, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Illinois, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 32. Illiterates, from Canada, 39; legislated against in British Columbia, 60. Immigrants: To Canada, desired, 9, 11, 15, 20, 46, 58; not desired, 11, 15, 46, 171; number of, 9, 14-19, 28, 30, 35, 44, 51, 52, 174-176; excluded, 41, 42; rejected, 44, 45; property of, 31; occupations of, 21; bonus paid on, 11, 12, 18, 30, 35; right to counsel, 43. To United States, number of, 9, 19 44, 55; rejected, 44, 45; deported, 55; occupa- tions of, 39; laws in re, 132-150; farmers, 31; Canadian, 36-40; Irish, 23-25. Immigration, Canadian: Selection, 9, 11, 15, 18, 41; efforts in United States, 28-30; expenditures, 13, 14, 35; inspection, 43^5, 56, 57, 83, 107, 186; prohibition, 15, 45-48, 73, 83, 101, 167, 180, 190; exclusion, 41^5, 60, 73, 151; rejection, 44, 45, 48, 65, 83, 116; deportation, 45, 46, 48-56, 83, 113, 128, 167, 187, 191; protection, 58, 59, 86, 121, 198; assisted, 26, 27, 43, 181; juvenile, 25, 26; recent, 28-32, 74, 174-176; earlier, 33; laws in re, 41-59, 79-131, 165-173, 177-212; orders in council, 27, 42, 43, 45-47, 165-173, 209-212; policy of Canada, U, 45; racial composition, 15, 19, 31, 74-76; sources of, 9, 15-20, 31, 33, 35; from United States, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 28-35, 51, 52, 174-176; from United Kingdom, 9, 14, 16-19, 174-176; from Europe, 14-20, 44, 51, 52, 174-176; Irish, 23-25; Chinese, 61-64; Japanese, 64-70; oriental, 60-73; Hindu, 70-73; to United States, 36^0; via United States, 46. (iSee a/so separate races.) Immigration, United States Bureau of, 37, 57. Indian emigration act, 72. {See also Hindus.) Indiana, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Industrial immigrants: No demand for, 20; to New England, 38. Inspection of immigrants, 44, 83, 107, 186. Iowa, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 32. 216 iNDE5t. Irish: Immigration favored, 11; number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 23-25, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 37, 38; deported, 50, 51, 54; homesteaders, 22, 23; Canadian expenditures, 14; number in Canada, 74-76. Italians: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50-52, 54; number in Canada, 75, 76. Jamaican immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. Japanese: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 18, 52, 60, 64-70, 174; to United States from Canada, 38, 39; deported, 50, 52; occupations of, 21; wages, 66; number in Canada, 75. Jewish (See Hebrews.) Juvenile immigration, 25, 26. Kansas, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Kentucky, homesteaders to Canada, 32. King, W. L. Mackenzie, author's acknowledgment to, 10; report on Chinese immigra- tion, 62, 63; on Japanese immigration, 65-70; on Hindu immigration, 70-73. Korean immigrants to United States from Canada, 38. Labor, immigrants to Canada, 21, 32, 39; contract, 42-i4, 57, 58, 72; farm, 21, 39, 58; native superseded by foreign, 40; Chinese, 62, 63; Japanese, 65-70; Hindu, 71, 72; employment bureaus, 58. Lands: Agricultural, 9, 11, 20, 31; railway, 22; public, 20-22, 31, 32. Laws: Canadian, immigration law, 41-59, 73, 76-131, 165-173, 177-212; flexibility of, 27, 45-48; medical inspection, 57; deportation, 48, 49,54-57, 187, 191; money qualification, 46, 190, 209; Chinese, 61, 127, 204; British Columbia immigration act, 60, 61; Indian emigration act, 72. United States, immigration law, 132-150; medical inspection, 57; exclusion, 41^3, 58; deportation, 54-56; assisted immigration, 134. Literacy, of United States immigrants from Canada, 39; British Columbia legislation regarding, 60, 61. Lithuanian immigrants to United States from Canada, 38. Liverpool, agency in, 11. London, agency in, 11. Louisiana, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Magyars: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 174; to United States from Canada, 38. Maine, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Makino, K., assisted Japanese immigration to Vancouver, 68. Malay immigrants to Canada, 16. Maltese immigrants to Canada, 16. Manitoba, natives of United States in, 33; Japanese in, 64. Maruyama, K., assisted Japanese immigration to Vancouver, 67. Maryland, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Massachusetta, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 32. Mechanics, immigrants to Canada, 21, 32. Medical inspection, Canadian, 44, 45, 56, 57, 83, 107, 186; United States, 44, 45, 57, 140. Mennonites, immigrants to Canada, 16. . Mexico, Chinese bound for, 64; Japanese from, 65; Mexican immigrants to United States from Canada, 38. Michigan, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 32. Miners, immigrants to Canada, 21. Minnesota, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 32, 33. Minto, Earl, disallowed British Columbia immigration act, 60. Missouri, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Moldavian immigrants to Canada, 16. Money: . . , .„ Requirement, Canadian law in re, 83, 111, 168, 190, 209; varies with season, 46, 167, 170, 172; of Asiatics, 47, 169, 210; of Japanese, 67; of Hindus, 73. Amount brought to United States by Canadian immigrants, 39. Montana, lands, 30; homesteaders to Canada, 32. Morikawa, Mr., discouraged Japanese immigration to Vancouver, 67-69. Munro, Doctor, author's acknowledgment to, 10; inspection of Japanese at Van- couver, 67-69. Nebraska, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 32. Negro immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; number in Canada, 76. Nevada, homesteaders to Canada, 32. New Brunswick, natives of United States in, 33. New Hampshire, homesteaders to Canada, 32. INDEX. 217 New Jersey, homesteaders to Canada, 32. New Mexico, homesteadera to Canada, 32. New York, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 32. New Zealand: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. Newfoundland: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; natives of, in Canada, 75; natives of, in United States, 36, 37; Chinese bound for, 64. North Carolina, homesteaders to Canada, 32. North Dakota, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 32, 33. Norwegians: Immigration favored, 11, 12; number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; deported, 50, 51, 54; number in Canada, 75. Nova Scotia, natives of United States in, 33. Occupations, favored, 12; of immigrants, 20, 21, 39. O'Connor, T. P., quotation from paper, 24. O'Hara, F. C. F., author's acknowledgment to, 10. Ohio, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Oklahoma, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Oliver, Frank, Canadian Minister of the Interior, 13; introduced bill amending Canadian immigration act, 43. Ontario, lands west of, 20; natives of United States in, 33, 34. Orders in council, Canadian, in re assisted immigration, 27, 42, 43, 166; immigration through United States ports, 45, 46, 168; money requirement, 46, 47, 167, 169, 170, 209,211; hotel regulation, 170, 211; continuous journey on through ticket, 47, 167,190. Oregon, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 32. Orientals: Immigrants to Canada, 60-73; Canadian legislation regarding, 47; oriental commission, 62, 63, 71. Pacific Islands, immigrant to United States from Canada, 38. Paris, agency in, 11. Passports, Japanese, 70; to United States, 133. Penal institutions, immigrants in United States, 55, 56. Pennsylvania, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 32. Persian immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. Polish: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50, 51. Polygamists, barred from United States, 42, 133. Population: Of Canada, foreign elements, 74-76; native-born, 36; Irish, 25; United States, 36; Japanese, 64, 65. Of United States, Irish, 25; Canadian, 36, 37. Portuguese: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; in Hawaii, 66. Prentis, Percy L., author's acknowledgment to, 10. Press, advertising through, 11, 12. Prince Edward Island, natives of United States in, 33. Probation of immigrants, 49, 52. Prohibition of certain classes, Canadian, 83, 84, 101, 102, 171, 180, 190; United States, 133-135. {See also Exclusion, Deportation, etc.) Propaganda, Canada's immigration, 9, 11; in United States, 28-30; not tolerated in some countries, 15. Prostitutes, Canadian laws in re, 42, 43, 53, 84, 102, 113, 171, 181, 191; United States laws in re, 41, 54, 55, 133-135. Protection of immigrants, after landing, 58, 59, 201; laws in re, 86-89, 121-124, 198. Prussian immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. Public charges. {See Charity.) Quebec, natives of United States in, 33, 34. Regulations, Canadian immigration, 41, 57, 59, 165-173, 205, 208. {See also Laws.) Rejection of immigrants, 44, 45, 48, 65, 83, 116. Rhode Island, homesteaders to Canada, 32. Roumanians: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50, 51, 52; number in Canada, 75; farm laborers, 31. Russians: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 23, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50, 51, 54; number in Canada, 75, 76. Ruthenians: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 51. Salvation Army, cooperation with, 12; assisted immigration to Canada, 163. Saskatchewan, natives of United States in, 33; Japanese in, 64. Saxon immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. Scandinavians: Number in Canada, 76; immigrants to United States from Canada, 38; emigrants from United States to Canada, 31. 218 INDEX. Scotch: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 24, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 37, 38; deported, 50, 51, 54; number in Canada, 75, 76; homesteaders, 22, 23; Canadian expenditures, 14. Scott, W. D., author's acknowledgment to, 10, 174; circular to booking agents, 153-157. Self-Help Emigration Society, emigration promoted by, 161, 104. Servants, bonus paid on, 12; wanted in Canada, 12, 20, 58; number entering Canada, 21; immigrants to United States from Canada, 39. Servian immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. Sex, of United States immigrants from Canada, 39; of Canadian immigrants from United States. 176. ^ , o Slovaks: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; to United States from Canada, 38. Smith, J. Obed, on farmer delegates from Canada, 13. Sources of i mmigration . {Seel mmigration . ) South African immigrants to Canada, 16, 174. South America, Chinese bound for, 64. South Carolina, homesteaders to Canada, 33. South Dakota, lands, 30; emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 33. Spanish: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; to United States from Canada, 38. Spanish-American immigrants to United States from Canada, 38. Stvrian immigrants to Canada, 16. Sugar Planters' Association, Hawaiian, 65-70. Swedish: Immigration favored, 11, 12; number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; deported, 50, 51, 54; number in Canada, 75. Swiss: Immigration favored, 11; number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; deported, 50, 51; number in Canada, 75. Syrians: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16-19, 44, 51, 52, 174, 175; to United States, 19, 38, 44; deported, 50, 51, 52; rejected, 44; occupations of, 21; num- ber in Canada, 75. Tax, head: Canadian, on Chinese, 61, 62; United States, on all aliens, 132, 133. Tennessee, homesteaders to Canada, 33. Texas, lands, 29, 30; homesteaders to Canada, 33. Transit: Via United States, 45, 46; Chinese in, 64. Trinidad, Chinese bound for, 64. . , r, ^ Turkish: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50-52; number in Canada, 75. United Kingdom: Number of immigrants to Canada, 9, 16, 17, 19, 174-176; to United States, 19; entries and deportations, 51; Canadian expenditures in, 13-15, 34. {See also English, Irish, etc.) United States: Immigration favored, 12; number of immigrants to Canada, 9, 16, 18, 28-35, 51, 52, 174-176; homesteaders, 21-23; natives of, in Canada, 33, 75, 76; Canadian expenditures in, 13-15, 34, 35; immigration laws, 132-150; immi- gration to, 19, 23, 31, 36-40, 44, 55; rejections, 44; deportations, 50-52, 54, 55; effect of Canadian laws on, 39; Chinese bound for, 64; Chinese in transit, 64; Irish immigration to, 23-25; census of public charges, 55, 56. Utah, homesteaders to Canada, 33. Vancouver, Chinese in transit, 64; orientals to, 65, 66. Vermont, homesteaders to Canada, 33. Victoria, Chinese in transit, 64; orientals to, 66. Virginia, homesteaders to Canada, 33. Wages, Chinese, 63; Japanese, 66. • il. t> • Walker, J. Bruce, report on charitable organizations promoting emigration from Brit- ish Isles, 26, 158-164. Wallace, E. J., author's acknowledgment to, 10. Washington, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 33. Welsh: ^Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 17, 23, 24, 28, 51, 174; to United States from Canada, 38; deported, 50-52, 54; number in Canada, 75; Canadian expen- ditures, 14; homesteaders, 22. West Indies: Number of immigrants to Canada, 16, 174; to United States from Can- ada, 38; deported, 50; Chinese bound for, 64. West Virginia, homesteaders to Canada, 33. Wheeler, Wm. R., memoranda on investigation in Ireland, 24. "WTiite, W. J., on Canadian propaganda in United States, 28-30. Wisconsin, emigrants to Canada, 31; homesteaders to Canada, 33. Wyoming, lands, 30; homesteaders to Canada, 33. York, agency in, 11. Yoshy, Mr., experiment with Japanese contract labor, 68, 69. o .r^ /^ ^_:..^-^^mf; '-'^'i 5(^ / ^^^.•* P^^^^^^^^^NS'*^ -^f!''^;^) UNIVERSITY OP ILLINOIS-URBANA 3 0112 084206108