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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 
 
 Agricultural Experiment Station, 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, MAY, 1891. 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 16. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS IN PICTFEEDING. 
 
 This article gives results of experiments in feeding pigs in 1888, 
 1889, and 1890. These experiments are reported in full or in part: 
 
 No. 60. Feeding Value for Pigs of Corn, Corn and Grass, and Grass. 
 
 No. 87. Comparative value of Soaked and Dry Corn. 
 
 No. 27. Value in Feeding Pigs of Droppings from Cattle. 
 
 No. 1 13. 'Apple Pomace, Methods of Preserving, and Feeding Value 
 for Pigs. 
 
 Corn is the great- fattening food for pigs in a large part of the United 
 States. In eight trials in which corn only was fed, aside from salt and 
 coal slack, pigs varying in average weight from 65 to 290 Ib. and kept 
 in pens or small lots without grass, gained at the rate of from 10.46 Ib. to 
 14.73 Ib- P er bushel, 56 Ib. shelled corn, the average gain being 12.36 Ib. 
 The rate of gain for food eaten, and the food eaten in proportion to 
 weight decreased after four or six weeks feeding with corn only. The 
 corn eaten per day varied from 3.41 Ib. eaten by pigs averaging 65.58 Ib. 
 to 10.71 Ib. eaten by pigs weighing 311 Ib. The corn eaten per day per 
 100 Ib. live weight varied from 1.95 Ib. eaten by pigs fed 84 days and aver- 
 aging 207 in weight, to 5.19 Ib. eaten by pigs averaging 65.58 Ib. In one 
 case in the fourth week of pen feeding two pigs gained 3.21 Ib. each per 
 day at the rate of 16.81 Ib. per bushel of corn. This was the greatest 
 gain per day and was also the best rate of gain in any trial. There 
 seemed to be no constant relation between the weight of the pigs or the 
 season of the year and the food eaten or the gains made. 
 
 In four trials, pigs fed all they would eat of shelled corn with blue 
 grass pasture ate 4,216.5 Ib. of corn and gained 905 Ib., which was at the 
 
498 BULLETIN NO. 1 6. 
 
 rate of 12.04 Ib. gain per bushel of corn. Pigs under like conditions, 
 except that they were fed but half as much corn, ate 2,190 Ib. of corn and 
 gained 505 Ib , which was at the rate of 12.93 Ib. per bushel. Pigs in dry 
 lots fed shelled corn ate 4,207 Ib of corn and gained 790.5 Ib., which was 
 at the rate of 10.52 Ib. per bushel. 
 
 After periods varying from six to nine weeks, the pigs which had 
 been fed a half ration of corn on pasture, were given a full feed of corn, 
 the others being fed as before. In three trials lasting four or five weeks 
 each, the pigs which had had a full feed of corn throughout ate 1,796 Ib. 
 of corn and gained 329 Ib., which was at the rate of 10.11 Ib. per bushel. 
 Those which had been fed a half feed of corn in the first part of the 
 trials ate 2,075.5 Ib. of corn in the second part and gained 462.5 Ib., 
 which was at the rate of 12.5 Ib. per bushel. Those fed corn only ate 
 1,624.5 Ib. of corn and gained 224 Ib., which was at the rate of 7.44 Ib. 
 per bushel. 
 
 In two trials pigs fed soaked corn ate more and gained more than 
 those fed dry corn. In one trial they gained more and in one less in pro- 
 portion to food eaten than those fed dry corn. The differences were not 
 great in either case. 
 
 Two pigs in a two-acre pasture in which three yearling steers were 
 fed corn gained in 24 weeks 195 Ib. In a second trial two pigs with like 
 conditions gained 231 Ib. in 31 weeks. In neither case was the gain large. 
 In each case the pigs at the close of the trial were in good condition for 
 full feeding and made largj gains when so fed. 
 
 A trial of apple pomace as food for pigs resulted unsatisfactorily. 
 The pomace kept well; chemical analysis of it showed an apparently good 
 composition for feeding purposes; but the pigs ate very* little of the 
 pomace. 
 
 Experiment No. 60. Feeding Value of Corn, of Corn and Grass, and of 
 
 Grass for Pigs. 
 
 Four trials were made during 1888, 1889, and 1890 to compare the 
 results in pig feeding of giving corn only, and a full or partial ration of 
 corn with grass. In one trial a set of pigs had no other food than grass. 
 In all cases coal slack and salt were supplied. In the first trial the pigs 
 were kept in pens one rod square, these being moved as necessary. In 
 the later trials the pigs with grass were kept in lots containing one-quarter 
 acre each of blue grass sod of ten years' standing. The pigs fed corn only 
 were kept in lots as nearly as possible free from vegetation. The pigs 
 were Poland-Chinas nearly alike in age and weight in each trial; but the 
 lots selected for the several trials differed considerably, as shown by the 
 average weights at the commencement of each trial, which were 45, 178, 
 128, and 6 1 Ib., respectively. 
 
 The summer of 1888 was characterized by unusual drought. Grass 
 grew little and was in poor condition in the latter part of the season. 
 Under these conditions three pigs, lot G, with no other food than grass, 
 
1891.] EXPERIMENTS IN PIG FEEDING. 499 
 
 lost 27.5 lb. from July 2oth to Sept. loth, losing nearly all of this during 
 the first 10 days. With full feed of corn these pigs gained 54.5 lb. in 
 four weeks, which was less than the gain of either of the other lots in 
 the experiment. Probably older pigs would have done better, but it 
 seemed so evident that it is unprofitable to confine pigs to a grass diet 
 solely, that further trials were not made. 
 
 During the same season, for the six weeks from July 3oth to Sept. 
 loth, the three pigs, lot H, with a full feed of corn with grass ate 412.5 
 lb. of shelled corn and gained 114 lb., which was a gain of one pound for 
 3.61 pounds of corn eaten. The three in lot I, which received a half 
 feed of corn with grass, ate 223 lb. corn and gained 59.5 lb. one pound 
 of gain for 3.74 lb. corn eaten. Three in lot K, which received a full feed 
 of corn, but without grass, ate 430.5 lb. of corn and gained 97.5 lb one 
 pound gain for 4.41 lb. corn eaten. By cutting the grass from a square 
 rod of land adjoining the pens each time they were moved, 376 lb. fresh 
 grass, containing 200 lb. dry matter were obtained. This shows approx- 
 imately the quantity of grass to which the pigs in each of the lots, H and 
 I, had access. 
 
 For the four weeks from Sept. loth to Oct. 8th all the pigs were given 
 all they would eat of new corn. Lot G gained 54.5 lb.; lot H, 64.5 lb.; lot 
 I, 77.5 lb.; lot K, 66.5 lb. The quantity of corn eaten was not deter- 
 mined. 
 
 In 1889 the three pigs of lot B with a full feed of corn and grass, in 
 eight weeks from June i7th to August i2th, ate 788 lb. of corn and gained 
 136 lb., which was one pound of gain for 5.79 lb. of corn. The three of 
 lot C with a half feed of corn on grass ate 391 lb. of corn and gained 36 lb., 
 which was one pound gain for 10.86 lb. corn. The three of lot A with a full 
 feed of corn, but without other food, ate 668 lb. of corn and gained 90.5 
 lb., which was one pound gain for 7.38 lb. corn. For the four weeks from 
 Aug. 1 2th to Sept. gth this experiment was continued, with a full, instead 
 of a half feed of corn to pigs of lot C. During this period lot B ate 412 
 lb. of corn and gained 81 lb., which was one pound gain for 5.08 lb. corn. 
 Lot C ate 401 lb. corn and gained 91 lb., which was one pound, gain for 
 4.4 lb. corn. Lot A, ate 354 lb. of corn and gained 60.5 lb., which 
 was one of grain for 5.85 lb. corn. These results are quite notice- 
 able, in that each lot made better gains,, actual and relative, than in the 
 earlier period. The pigs which had had a half feed of corn with grass 
 during the previous eight weeks made the best gain. The pigs without 
 grass ate less than those with corn and grass, but made a fair gain. 
 
 In 1890, in eight weeks, from May 5th to June 3oth, five pigs, lot B, 
 with full feed of corn and pasture ate 1,665 lb. f corn and gained 363.5 
 lb., which was one pound gain for 4.58 lb. corn. The five, lot C, with 
 half feed of corn and pasture ate 842 lb. corn and gained 202 lb., which 
 was one pound gain for 4.16 lb. corn. The five, lot A, with a full feed of 
 corn without grass ate 1,795.5 lb. corn and gained 389.5 lb., which was 
 one pound gain for 4.61 lb. corn. 
 
500 BULLETIN NO. 1 6. [May, 
 
 For the four weeks from June 3oth to July 28th, during which lot C 
 had a full feed of corn, the same as lots A and B, lot A ate 772 Ib. of corn and 
 gained 119.5 Ib., which was one pound gain for 6.46 Ib. corn. Lot B ate 
 747 Ib. corn and gained 130.5 Ib., which was one pound of gain for 5.72 
 Ib. corn. Lot C ate 764 Ib. of corn and gained 165 Ib., which was one 
 pound of gain for 4.63 Ib. corn. 
 
 The results in this trial were noticeable in that during the first period 
 of eight weeks the pigs without grass made larger gain than those with a 
 full feed of corn and grass and with almost exactly the same rate of gain 
 for corn eaten. 
 
 The fourth trial was commenced Sept. i, 1890, and continued 14 
 weeks, until Dec. 8th. For the first nine weeks the four pigs in lot B, 
 with a full feed of corn and pasture, ate 1,351 Ib. of corn and gained 291.5 
 Ib., which was one pound gain for 4.64 Ib. corn. The four in lot C, with 
 a half feed of corn and pasture, ate 734 Ib. of corn and gained 207.5 Ib., 
 which was one pound of gain for 3.53 Ib. corn. The four in lot A, with 
 a full feed of corn without other food, ate 1,313 Ib. of corn and gained 213 
 Ib., which was one pound gain for 6.16 Ib. corn. 
 
 From Nov. 3d all the pigs had a full feed of corn. Nov. loth one of 
 the pigs in lot B was injured in weighing and was removed. In the five 
 weeks to Dec. 8th this lot ate 637 Ib. of corn and gained 115.5 Ib., which 
 was one pound gain for 5.51 Ib. corn. The four pigs in lot C ate 910.5 
 Ib. of corn and gained 206.5 Ib., which was one Ib gain for 4.4 Ib. corn. 
 The four pigs in lot A ate 498.5 Ib. of corn and gained 44.5 Ib., which 
 was one pound gain for 11.2 pound corn. 
 
 In this trial the pigs with a half feed of corn did better than in any other 
 of the trials. Those fed corn only showed the bad effects of long con- 
 tinued feeding of this kind more decidedly than those under like feeding 
 in either of the other trials. The weather was mild and the blue grass 
 continued to furnish a fair quantity of food until the close of the trial. 
 
 A summary of these trials is given in the table opposite. 
 
 GAIN FROM DRY CORN ONLY. 
 
 A summary of the results from feeding u different lots of pigs in 
 different years and at different seasons with shelled corn, without other 
 food except coal slack and salt, is given in the second table opposite. 
 
 These pigs were fed as check lots, or means of comparison in exper- 
 iments designed to test comparative value of other foods. The results 
 with lots Nos. i, 2, and n are given for different periods. 
 
 Among pig feeders in the central western states a gain of 10 Ib. per 
 bushel, 56 Ib. of shelled corn, is commonly considered satisfactory. It 
 will be noticed that in n of the 16 trials reported this gain was exceeded. 
 Only four of the 1 1 lots fell below this gain at any period of the trials 
 reported. The largest gain was 16.81 Ib. per bushel by two pigs averag- 
 ing 311 Ib. in the fourth week of pen feeding. These two pigs had been 
 on grass with access to the droppings from two corn-fed heifers. When 
 
EXPERIMENTS IN PIG FEEDING. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING IN POUNDS THE TOTAL GAIN, THE CORN FED, AND THE POUNDS OF 
 CORN FED FOR EACH POUND GAINED DURING BOTH PERIODS OF EACH OF THE FOUR 
 TRIALS. 
 
 First Period. 
 
 No. of 
 Trial. 
 
 Lots given full feed of 
 corn with grass. 
 
 Lots given half feed of 
 corn with grass. 
 
 Lots given corn only. 
 
 Gain. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 Gain. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 Gain. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 114 
 
 136 
 363-5 
 29I-5 
 
 412.5 
 788 
 1665 
 1351 
 
 3-6i 
 5-79 
 4-58 
 4.64 
 
 59-5 
 36 
 
 202 
 207.5 
 
 223 
 
 391 
 842 
 
 734. 
 
 3-74 
 10.86 
 4.16 
 3-53 
 
 97.5 
 
 389-5 
 213 
 
 430-5 
 668 
 
 1795-5 
 1313 
 
 4.41 
 
 7-38 
 4.6 
 6.16 
 
 Total 
 
 95 
 
 4216.5 
 
 4-65 
 
 505 
 
 2100 
 
 4-33 
 
 790-5 
 
 4207 
 
 5-32 
 
 Second Period. 
 
 No. of 
 trial. 
 
 Same as above. 
 
 Lots given full feed of 
 corn with grass. 
 
 Same as above. 
 
 Gain. 
 
 . Corn. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 Gain. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 Gain. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Rate. 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 *64-5 
 81 
 
 130.5 
 "5-5 
 
 
 
 *77-5 
 91 
 165 
 206.5 
 
 
 
 *66.5 
 60.5 
 119 
 44-5 
 
 
 
 412 
 747 
 637 
 
 5-o8 
 5-72 
 
 5-49 
 
 401 
 
 764 
 910.5 
 
 4-4 
 4-63 
 4-4 
 
 354 
 772 
 498.5 
 
 5-85 
 6.46 
 
 II. 2 
 
 Total 
 
 327 
 
 1796 
 
 462.5 
 
 2075-5 
 
 4.48 
 
 224 
 
 1624.5 
 
 7-25 
 
 *Not included in totals. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING RESULTS OF FEEDING CORN ONLY TO PIGS. 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 cT 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 \ 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 II 
 
 Time of feeding. 
 
 2 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 C- 
 
 p 
 
 v; 
 
 y> 
 
 2 
 
 p 
 
 2, 
 -o 
 
 
 M 
 
 Average weight of 
 pigs. 
 
 O 
 8. 
 
 5' 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 *! 
 
 Oi 
 
 p 
 
 X 
 
 *Tj 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 cL 
 
 V 
 (I 
 "1 
 
 Pi 
 
 p 
 VJ 
 
 % 
 
 
 O a 
 
 *> g. 
 
 C w 
 
 1* 
 
 * 
 
 re 
 S.P. 
 
 D 
 
 ' S 1 
 
 1-t 
 
 i* 
 
 P 3 
 
 cu 
 
 O en 
 
 iTs. 
 
 o 
 
 3? 
 8*5' 
 ^ 
 
 n> 
 1-1 
 
 "O <T3 
 
 If 
 
 H B 
 
 CU 
 O vi 
 
 ^2, 
 o 
 "-* o 
 
 33 
 
 2.3 
 
 s* 
 
 CL. 
 
 Nov. 24 to -Dec. 29 
 
 35 
 28 
 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 28 
 42 
 42 
 84 
 
 56 
 
 28 
 42 
 
 ?5 
 
 42 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 290.37 
 284-37 
 3" 
 153-3 
 192.25 
 223.65 
 209.37 
 211.62 
 65-58 
 207.16 
 108.9 
 105.62 
 209.5 
 191.87 
 120.25 
 I37-58 
 
 2.56 
 2.7 
 3-21 
 i-39 
 1.38 
 
 -85 
 1.4 
 
 9 
 
 77 
 .6 
 
 51 
 1.05 
 
 i-3 
 1.29 
 
 74 
 55 
 
 10.48 
 
 10.34 
 10.71 
 6.07 
 
 6-73 
 5-51 
 
 5-34 
 4.81 
 
 3-4 
 4-05 
 4-13 
 4.88 
 
 6-55 
 5-95 
 4-49 
 3-43 
 
 4.18 
 
 3.82 
 
 3-33 
 4-37 
 4-84 
 6.46 
 3-8 
 
 5-35 
 4.41 
 6 76 
 8.08 
 4-65 
 
 |.6 
 
 6.05 
 
 6.2 
 
 13-39 
 14.66 
 
 16.81 
 
 12. 8l 
 
 "57 
 8.66 
 
 14-73 
 10.46 
 12.69 
 8.28 
 
 6-93 
 12.04 
 
 II. 2 
 12.17 
 
 9- 25 
 8.94 
 
 3-69 
 3-63 
 
 3-44 
 3-96 
 3-5 
 2.46 
 
 2-55 
 2.27 
 
 5-9 
 
 i-95 
 3-79 
 4.62 
 3.12 
 3-i 
 3 73 
 2.49 
 
 Nov. 24 to Dec. 22 
 
 Dec 15 to Dec. 22 . . 
 
 May 5 to June 2 
 
 |une 2 to June 30 
 
 June 30 to July 28 
 
 April 29 to May 27 
 
 June 10 to July 22 
 
 July 30 to Sept. 10 
 
 June 17 to Sept. 9 
 
 Dec. 30 to Feb. 4 
 
 Jan. 24 to Feb. 21 
 
 Nov. 22 to Jan. 4 
 
 Jan. 17 to Feb. 21 
 
 Nov. 3 to Dec. 15 
 
 Dec. 15 to Dec. 22 
 
 put in the pen, Nov. 24th, they were in fair flesh. Contrary to usual ex- 
 perience they made the best gain in the fourth week after being put in 
 pen, gaining 3.21 Ib. per day and at the rate of 16.81 Ib. per bushel. For 
 
502 BULLETIN NO. 1 6. 
 
 four weeks their gain was at the rate of 14.66 Ib. per bushel. In only one 
 other case was this equaled in a period of four weeks. Two pigs, averag- 
 ing 209.27 Ib., fed from April 2gth to May 27th, gained at the rate of 14.73 
 Ib. per bushel. In no case did pigs make satisfactory gains after six or 
 eight weeks feeding on corn alone. This is illustrated in the case of lot 
 2, which during the first period of four weeks gained at the rate of 12.81 
 Ib. per bushel; during the third period at rate 8.66 Ib. per bushel. The 
 four lots, the gain of which is reported for first four weeks of pen feeding, 
 averaged in gain 13.56 Ib. per bushel, which was one pound gain for 4.12 
 Ib. corn eaten. 
 
 The food eaten per day per 100 Ib. weight varied remarkably from 
 1.95 Ib. to 5.19 Ib. The latter was by the youngest and lightest pigs used 
 in any of the trials; averaging 65.58 Ib. weight. The four lots eating 
 least in proportion to weight varied in average weight from 137 Ib. to 223 Ib. 
 In two of these cases the pigs had been fed several weeks, the pigs 
 eating less, although having greater weight than in the^ first part of the 
 trial. 
 
 The food required to make one pound of increase in weight in these 
 trials depended less on the weight and age of the pigs than on other con- 
 ditions. For periods of four to six weeks the greatest gain in proportion 
 to weight was made by pigs averaging 311 Ib.; the next greatest by a lot 
 averaging 209 Ib.; the next by a lot averaging 153 Ib.; the next by a lot 
 averaging only 65 Ib. The least gain for periods of six weeks was by a 
 lot averaging 223 Ib'.; the next smallest was by a lot averaging 120 Ib. 
 
 Experiment No. 87. Comparative Value of Soaked and Dry Corn in Pig 
 
 feeding. 
 
 Two trials have been made to compare the value of soaked and dry 
 shelled corn for pig feeding. In each case four pigs were used, two being 
 fed soaked, and two dry corn. The pigs were kept in pens and had 
 no other food. The first trial extended from April 29 to May 27, 
 1889; the second from June 10 to July 22, 1889. In the second 
 trial the pigs were well fattened when the experiment commenced. 
 In soaking the corn about 8 gallons of water were used for each bushel 
 of shelled corn. Sixty pounds of corn were put in the water at a time 
 and left until all was fed. 
 
 In the first trial pigs fed soaked corn ate 315 Ib. during 28 days and 
 made gains of 35 and 51 Ib. each, or 86 Ib. for the pair. This was one 
 Ib. gain for each 3.66 Ib. corn eaten, or 15.30 Ib. gain for each bushel of 
 corn eaten. The pigs fed dry corn ate 299 Ib. and made gains of 29 and 
 49.5 Ib. each, or 78.5 Ib. for the pair. This was one pound gain for each 
 3.84 Ib. of corn eaten, or 14.58 Ib. gain for each bushel of corn eaten. 
 
 In the second trial the pigs fed soaked corn ate 505 Ib. of corn dur- 
 ing 42 days and made gains of 47 and 41 Ib. each or 88 Ib. for the pair. 
 This was one pound of gain for each 5.73 Ib. corn eaten, or 9.77 Ib. 
 
1891.] EXPERIMENTS IN PIG FEEDING. 503 
 
 gain for each bushel of corn eaten. The pigs fed dry corn ate 404 Ib. 
 and made gains of 39.5 and 36 Ib. each, or 75.5 Ib. for the pair. This 
 was one pound gain for each 5.35 Ib. corn eaten, or 10.46 Ib. gain for each 
 bushel of corn eaten. 
 
 In each experiment the pigs fed soaked corn ate more and gained 
 more than those fed dry corn. In the first trial they made better gains 
 for the food eaten; in the second trial not quite so good. In the first 
 trial the gains made by each lot were very satisfactory; in the second 
 trial less so, probably because the pigs were fairly fat at the commence- 
 ment of the trial. 
 
 Experiment No. 27. Value of Droppings from Corn-fed Cattle for Pigs. 
 
 In 1889, and 1890, tests have been made of the value of the drop- 
 pings from corn-fed cattle on pasture as food for pigs. 
 
 June 10, 1889, two Poland-China pigs, one weighing 150.5 Ib., the 
 other 135 Ib., were placed in a two-acre pasture in which three yearling 
 steers were grazed and liberally fed with shelled corn. In 24 weeks, up 
 to Nov. 25th, these pigs had gained 195 Ib. 
 
 April 28, 1890, two pigs, one weighing 125 and the other 137 Ib., 
 were placed in the same pasture in which three heifers were grazed and 
 fed corn. In 31 weeks, to Nov. 24th, these pigs gained 231 Ib., one gain- 
 ing 147 Ib., the other 84 Ib. 
 
 In 1889, three pigs with a full feed of corn on a pasture adjacent to the 
 one used in these trials gained 217 Ib., the average weight increasing 
 from 180 Ib. to 253 Ib. in 12 weeks, from June i7th to Sept. gth. In the 
 same number of weeks the two pigs following the corn-fed cattle gained 
 117 Ib. This is an average of 58.5 Ib. gain for each as compared with an 
 average gain of 72.3 Ib. made by the full fed pigs. 
 
 In 1890, five pigs with a full feed of corn on grass, in 12 weeks, from 
 May 5th to July 28th, gained 494 Ib., an average of nearly 99 Ib. each. 
 In the same time the two pigs following the cattle gained 118 Ib., an av- 
 erage of 59 Ib. each. 
 
 The two pigs used in the test of 1890, when put in a pen and fed corn 
 alone from Nov. 28th to Dec. 29th, made more rapid gain than we have 
 secured in any other trial with pigs. During the fourth week of this 
 period the two gained 45 Ib., or 3.21 Ib. each per day, with consumption of 
 3.33 Ib. corn for one pound gain, or 16.81 Ib. gain for one bushel, 56 Ib. 
 corn. 
 
 During 28 days in May, 1891, two pigs following two grass-fed year- 
 ling steers gained 44 Ib. 
 
 Experiment No. 113. Apple Pomace, Methods of Preserving, and 
 
 Feeding Value. 
 
 In October, 1890, fresh apple pomace was obtained from the cider 
 press of H. M. Dunlap, Savoy, and placed in a large box made of matched 
 lumber, with tight fitting lid. The box was filled, the lid was closed and 
 
504 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 1 6. 
 
 the box left in the barn until Feb. 21, 1891, when it was opened. For 
 about four inches the pomace was rotten. Below this it was in good con- 
 dition. For six weeks it was fed to two lots of three pigs each, in pens, 
 they having shelled corn in addition. The pigs cared little for the pom- 
 ace. They did not eat much of it at first and less as the time advanced. 
 The first week 145 Ib. was given the six pigs; the sixth week only 24. In 
 each case the larger part was not eaten. The pigs had been fed corn 
 only for several weeks before the feeding of the pomace was begun. A 
 more favorable result was anticipated. Mr. Dunlap has found pigs eating 
 freely of pomace for years past, apparently with satisfactory results, but no 
 careful tests have been made. In his experience the pomace when thrown 
 out in large piles in the open air kept for months in, apparently, good 
 condition. 
 
 A sample of the pomace was analyzed by Mr. Farrington with the 
 following results: 
 
 Fresh. Water-free. 
 Water .......... .......................... 44-36 ...... 
 
 Ash ................... ................... 2.09 3.75 
 
 Protein ................................... 4.75 8.16 
 
 Crude fiber ................................ 12.72 22.85 
 
 Nitrogen-free extract ..................... . . 28.75 5 2 -7 
 
 Ether-extract .............................. 7.33 13.17 
 
 Total .......................... . , ..... 100 100 
 
 The pomace was evidently quite acid. The large percentage of 
 "ether-extract" also indicates this. This acidity probably explains the 
 unpalatability of the food. Its composition would indicate a good feed- 
 ing value. Evidently the pomace can be preserved for months in a fairly 
 air tight box without much change aside from a probable increase in 
 acidity. 
 
 GEORGE E. MORROW, A.M., Agriculturist. 
 
 COMPOSITE MILK SAMPLES TESTED FOR BUTTER FAT. 
 
 Experiment No. 122. 
 
 This article includes a record of observations made at a creamery 
 where the patrons are paid on the test plan. 
 
 As farmers and dairymen become familiar with the fact that cream- 
 eries can pay them for milk on its merits, they are anxious to patronize 
 those creameries that adopt the test plan. They are also learning that 
 they can improve the quality of the milk and increase the returns for 
 their work by testing their cows and weeding out the unprofitable ones. 
 
 By keeping records of each cow it is soon evident that if one cow is 
 paying her expenses, another one is paying ten, twenty, thirty, or more, 
 
1891.] COMPOSITE MILK SAMPLES. 505 
 
 per cent, profit. A very simple account with each cow will pay well for 
 the time required to keep the record. First of all, each cow should be 
 given a number or a name. The record may include the cow's weight, 
 age, and feed; and still more important as a beginning would be blaak 
 sheets containing for each cow, columns with the following heads: Date 
 when expected to calve; date of calving; when dried up; number of days 
 in milk; weight of milk given at each milking. Also an occasional test 
 of the milk should be made and recorded during the period of lactation. 
 Supplied with such important information and evidence as this the 
 owner can decide, not as a matter of opinion simply, but as something 
 clearly demonstrated, which cows should go to the butcher and which he 
 should use for continuing his dairy. 
 
 The increased attention given by the dairymen to their cows has nec- 
 essarily increased the number of creameries which pay for their milk on 
 the basis of the number of pounds of butter fat instead of the number 
 of pounds of milk. There seems to be a growing demand among pa- 
 trons that creameries shall pay them on the "test plan." 
 
 It has already been proposed that a test of what is called a "com- 
 posite" sample of the milk is sufficiently accurate and requires much less 
 work and expense than a test of the milk brought by each patron daily. 
 
 This composite sample can be obtained by putting into a quart glass 
 fruit jar, which is a convenient receptacle for this purpose, a small quantity 
 of the milk brought by the patron each day. At the end of the week the 
 jar contains a mixture of the milk brought during the seven days, and a 
 test of this mixture (composite sample) is to take the place of the daily 
 test. From the record of the pounds of milk brought by each patron 
 during the week and the test of his composite sample for the week a sim- 
 ple calculation shows the pounds of butter fat supplied to the creamery by 
 each patron, and for that he is paid. 
 
 The accuracy of one test by the composite sample, as a substitute for 
 seven or more separate tests of the samples, depends, when made as de- 
 tailed in the following pages, on the uniformity in quantity and quality 
 of the milk from which the composite sample is made up; but, as will 
 be seen, the method is sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes at a 
 creamery. 
 
 In testing milk for the amount of butter fat it contains it is neces- 
 sary to have the milk thoroughly mixed and homogeneous, and not sep- 
 arated as when sour, or when the cream has risen. The milk of the com- 
 posite sample when kept seven days will naturally sour, and the cream 
 will separate to a certain extent. 
 
 To make some observations on the practicability of the test of com- 
 posite samples of milk, the following investigation was undertaken at the 
 creamery of Gurler Bros., De Kalb, 111. 
 
 Twenty patrons of the creamery were selected, and among them 
 were included those who brought milk that varied most from day to day 
 in quantity and quality. 
 
506 BULLETIN NO. 16. [May, 
 
 First. The milk brought by each of these patrons was tested each 
 day, the per cent, of butter fat, "test," and the pounds of milk recorded. 
 
 Second. A quantity of the well-mixed milk was taken daily from the 
 large weighing can and used to make up a composite sample in three dif- 
 ferent ways, series A, B, C. Quart glass fruit jars were used for holding the 
 composite samples,each jar being labeled with the patron's name or number. 
 
 To the jars of series A the same quantity of milk, one-tenth of a 
 quart, was added each day. 
 
 To the jars of series B the quantity of milk added each day was gov- 
 erned by the number of pounds of milk of which it was a part; the same 
 fraction of the milk brought by each patron was saved every day, but the 
 fraction varied for different patrons. For instance,- to jar B, patron No. 
 i, one-thousandth of the quantity of milk he brought was added every 
 day; to jar B, patron No. 2, one-five-hundredth of the quantity of milk; 
 and so on, taking in each case such a fraction of the pounds of milk 
 brought that the sum of the seven fractions for the week would make 
 about a pint of milk. 
 
 The purpose in doing this was to find out whether any error would 
 be introduced by using one dipper in making up the composite sample 
 from rich or poor milk in large or small quantities. 
 
 To the jars of series A and B were added 15 to 20 grains of a pre- 
 servative that would keep the milk from souring. The preservative used 
 was a mixture made at a drug store by the following formula: 
 
 Corrosive sublimate 2 oz. 
 
 Fine salt [Na. CL] 2 oz. 
 
 Powdered borax 8 oz. 
 
 Aniline red 1% dr. 
 
 This preservative is a deadly poison, and the aniline is put into the 
 mixture for the purpose of highly coloring the milk and thus showing 
 that something has been added to it, and so guarding against tasting it. 
 
 The cost of the quantity of this preservative used in each jar was 
 a little more than one-tenth of a cent. 
 
 Into the jars of series C the milk was put in the same quantity as into 
 jars of series A, but no preservative whatever was added. After putting the 
 milk into the jars in series A, B, and C, it was thoroughly mixed each day, 
 by holding the jar right side up and giving it a motion that caused the 
 milk to revolve in it as if on an axis which extended through the center 
 of the jar from top to bottom. This sort of a motion cleans the cream 
 from the sides of the jar artd mixes it again with the milk in a very satis- 
 factory way. Unless some such precaution is used to clean the cream 
 from the sides of the jar, a portion of it sticks to the jar very tenaciously 
 and vitiates the results of the test. After the jars have received the milk 
 for the day and it has been mixed, they are covered to prevent any evap- 
 oration. The temperature of the room in which the composite samples 
 were kept ranged during the week between 50 and 80 F. 
 
 Table i shows the pounds of milk brought by each patron during 
 seven days and the test or per cent, of butter fat in the milk each day. 
 
1891.] COMPOSITE MILK SAMPLES. 507 
 
 TABLE i. POUNDS OF MILK BROUGHT TO CREAMERY DAILY, FOR SEVEN DAYS^BY 
 EACH OF TWENTY PATRONS, AND TOTAL. PERCENT. OF BUTTER FAT, "TEST," 
 FOUND BY TEST MADE OF EACH LOT OF MlLK WHEN BROUGHT, AND AVERAGE 
 OF THE SEVEN TESTS. TOTAL POUNDS OF BUTTER FAT CALCULATED FROM THIS 
 AVERAGE PER CENT. AND FROM THE PER CENT. FOUND EACH DAY. 
 
 || Patron. 
 
 
 Day in April, 1891, when 
 milk was received. 
 
 Total 
 milk, 
 Ib. 
 
 Av'ge 
 Per Cent 
 fat, 7 
 tests. 
 
 Total butter 
 fat, Ib., cal- 
 culated from. 
 
 Av'ge 
 
 Per Cent 
 "test' 
 
 Daily 
 Per Cent, 
 "test" 
 
 9 
 
 I5 t 
 3-6 
 
 127 
 
 3-2 
 
 10 
 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 \2 
 
 14 
 
 172 
 3-6 
 
 15 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 151 
 
 3.6 
 
 165 
 3.-8 
 
 172 
 
 3-5 
 
 167 
 3-6 
 
 193 
 
 3-7 
 
 I.I79 
 
 3.62 
 
 42.68 
 
 42.64 
 
 Percent, fat, "lest" 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 101 
 
 4 
 
 112 
 
 4 
 
 116 
 3-6 
 
 117 
 3-6 
 
 121 
 
 3-8 
 
 in 
 
 3-8 
 
 805 
 
 3-71 
 
 29.86 
 
 29.7 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 130 
 
 3-7 
 
 118 
 4 
 
 126 
 
 3-7 
 
 137 
 3-7 
 
 136 
 3-6 
 
 135 
 3-6 
 
 122 
 
 4 
 
 904 
 
 3-75 
 
 33-9 
 
 34-08 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 179 
 3-4 
 
 168 
 3-8 
 
 163 
 3-6 
 
 170 
 3-8 
 
 272 
 3-6 
 
 267 
 
 3-5 
 
 3 ? S 
 
 1.389 
 
 3-63 
 
 50.42 
 
 50-25 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 5 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 70 
 3-5 
 
 61 
 4.2 
 
 56 
 4 
 
 So 
 4 
 
 108 
 4 
 
 56 
 
 3-5 
 
 50 
 
 4-4 
 
 451 
 
 3-95 
 
 17.81 
 
 17-73 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" . ... 
 
 
 6 
 
 Milk Ib 
 
 142 
 
 3-4 
 
 116 
 
 3-7 
 
 126 
 3-7 
 
 "5 
 
 3-8 
 
 128 
 3-5 
 
 128 
 3-5 
 
 139 
 3-9 
 
 894 
 
 3-64 
 
 32-54 
 
 32.52 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 248 
 3-6 
 
 226 
 3-8 
 
 225 
 3-8 
 
 223 
 3-8 
 
 "96 
 4.2 
 
 587 
 4-6 
 
 225 
 3-9 
 
 244 
 3-9 
 
 236 
 4 
 
 1,627 
 
 3-82 
 
 62.15 
 
 62.16 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 "5 
 4-3 
 
 72 
 4-7 
 
 "5 
 4.1 
 
 137 
 4 
 
 592 
 4-5 
 
 105 
 3-6 
 
 595 
 
 4-2 
 
 64 
 3-9 
 
 704 
 
 4.10 
 
 28.86 
 
 28.81 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 658 
 4 
 
 59 
 4 
 
 586 
 4-4 
 
 580 
 4-4 
 
 4,188 
 
 4-30 
 
 180.08 
 
 179.85 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 
 10 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 475 
 3-9 
 
 465 
 4-3 
 
 453 
 
 4-2 
 
 457 
 4-3 
 
 480 
 
 4-2 
 
 475 
 4 
 
 436 
 4.2 
 
 3,241 
 
 4. 16 
 
 134-82 
 
 134.65 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 
 ii 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 141 
 
 4 
 
 M3 
 
 4 
 
 146 
 4-i 
 
 146 
 3-8 
 
 177 
 4-1 
 
 'Si 
 3-8 
 
 152 
 
 3-9 
 
 1,056 
 
 3-96 
 
 41.82 
 
 41.78 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 
 12 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 183 
 
 4-4 
 
 178 
 4-6 
 
 179 
 4-5 
 
 180 
 4-5 
 
 182 
 4-6 
 
 190 
 4-4 
 
 74 
 4-7 
 
 1,266 
 
 4.52 
 
 57.22 
 
 57.28 
 
 Percent, fat, "test" 
 
 13 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 128 
 4-1 
 
 130 
 
 4-2 
 
 126 
 
 4-2 
 
 130 
 
 4-4 
 
 211 
 
 4-i 
 
 184 
 
 4-2 
 
 125 
 
 4-4 
 
 1,034 
 
 4.22 
 
 43-63 
 
 43.58 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 14 
 
 Milk, Ib . . . . 
 
 I5 2 
 
 3-6 
 
 153 
 
 3-7 
 
 134 
 4-i 
 
 152 
 3-7 
 
 148 
 3-8 
 
 155 
 3-6 
 
 127 
 3-9 
 
 1,028 
 
 3-77 
 
 38.75 
 
 38.76 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 I2<S 
 
 3-5 
 
 in 
 
 4 
 
 102 
 
 4-i 
 
 in 
 
 3-9 
 
 no 
 
 4 
 
 (12 
 
 3-6 
 
 97 
 3-7 
 
 771 
 
 3.82 
 
 29-45 
 
 29 43 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 212 
 
 3-6 
 
 217 
 3-7 
 
 2IO 
 
 3-7 
 
 191 
 4 
 
 213 
 
 4 
 
 266 
 34 
 
 190 
 4-1 
 
 1,499 
 
 3-77 
 
 56 51 
 
 56-41 
 
 Percent, fat, "test" 
 
 
 7 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 197 
 
 3-2 
 
 202 
 3-6 
 
 206 
 3-7 
 
 211 
 
 3-6 
 
 2IO 
 
 3-8 
 
 208 
 3-8 
 
 206 
 3-7 
 
 1,440 
 
 3.63 
 
 52-27 
 
 52.28 
 
 Percent, fat, "test" 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 1 08 
 3-4 
 
 98 
 3-7 
 
 106 
 3-7 
 
 3*8 
 
 141 
 
 3-9 
 
 98 
 3-7 
 
 105 
 
 38 
 
 656 
 
 3 7i 
 
 24-33 
 
 24-33 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 
 Milk, Ib 
 
 1 06 
 3-7 
 
 256 
 
 107 
 4-i 
 
 105 
 4-3 
 
 93 
 4-3 
 
 
 105 
 3-7 
 
 74 
 4-6 
 
 59 
 
 4.11 
 
 24.11 
 
 24.24 
 
 Per cent, fat, "test" 
 
 20 
 
 Milk, Ib... 
 r>~_ r_. in 
 
 237 
 
 250 
 
 224 
 
 408 
 
 255 
 
 203 
 
 i. 811 
 
 Las 
 
 71. 4Q 
 
 72.07 
 
508 BULLETIN NO. 1 6. \_May, 
 
 ONE TEST EACH WEEK NOT SUFFICIENT. 
 
 The table also shows the variation from day to day in the pounds of 
 milk brought by each patron and in the per cent, of butter fat in the 
 same. 
 
 Although the quantity of milk and the test is about the same every 
 day for one patron, these figures show that a test of the milk only once in a 
 week may not be sufficiently accurate to warrant the adoption of a weekly 
 test of the milk as the percentage of butter fat to be used in paying the 
 patron for the milk he brings. 
 
 For instance, the table shows that the total milk brought by patron 
 No. 2 for the week was 805 pounds. If he were paid for his milk by the 
 test made on April pth (3.2 per cent), the account would show that he 
 had brought to the creamery during the week 8o5x-32 = 25.76 lb. of but- 
 ter fat. If, however, the weekly test made on April loth (4 per cent.) 
 were taken, his account would show 8o5x-o4=32.2o lb. of butter fat as 
 his weekly contribution to the creamery. That is, there would be a differ- 
 ence of 6.44 lb. in the total butter fat he should be paid for, depending on 
 which of the two days in the week the test was made. 
 
 Another illustration of this is shown in the case of patron No. 9, 
 who brought during the week 4,188 lb. of milk. If the weekly test had 
 been made April gih (4 per cent.), the weekly account would show 
 4,i88x-04= 167.52 lb. butter fat. If the test had been made April i2th 
 (4.6 per cent.) his account would show4,i88x-046 = i92.65 lb. butter fat 
 a difference of 25.13 lb. butter fat in the amount shown by the two days' 
 tests. This is shown in the following table: 
 
 Patrons. Pounds milk for the week. Per cent. Fat. Pounds fat. 
 
 No. 2. 805 X -04, "test" on April loth, = 32.20 
 
 805 X -032, "test" on April gth, = 25.76 
 
 Difference 6.44 
 
 No. 9. 4188 X -046, "test" on April I2th, = 192.65 
 
 4188 X -4> "test" on April gth, = 167.52 
 
 Difference 2 S- I 3 
 
 Table r, p. 507, shows the total pounds of milk brought by each patron 
 for the week, an average of the seven daily tests,* and the pounds of butter 
 fat found by multiplying the milk for the week by this average test, also 
 the pounds of butter fat found by adding together the amounts found by 
 testing the milk each day. 
 
 To obtain the results in the last column requires seven times as much 
 work as to get those in column next to the last, for it necessitates making 
 a test of the milk brought by each patron each day. The small dfffer- 
 ence in the pounds of fat given in these two columns is due to the mathe- 
 matical error from averaging percentages. If the test of the composite 
 samples corresponds to the average of the seven daily tests, paying for the 
 milk by using the composite test is practically as accurate and takes but 
 
 * The average has been found by dividing by seven the sum of the seven per cents. 
 
COMPOSITE MILK SAMPLES. 
 
 59 
 
 about one-seventh as much work as calculating from a daily test the 
 pounds of butter fat supplied by each patron. 
 
 TEST OF THE " COMPOSITE " SAMPLES. 
 
 At the end of the week the jars in series A, B, and C contained a 
 portion of the milk brought by each of the 20 patrons each day of the 
 week. 
 
 These composite samples were each tested and the results are given 
 in table 2. 
 
 TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF THE PER CENT. OF BUTTER FAT, OR "TESTS," OF THE 
 "COMPOSITE" MILK SAMPLES COLLECTED /FOR ONE WEEK IN THREE DIFFERENT 
 WAYS, WITH THE AVERAGE OF SEVEN DAILY TESTS OF THE MILK USED IN MAKING 
 THE COMPOSITE SAMPLES. 
 
 
 
 Per cent of butter fat or test of "composite" sample. 
 
 
 Average of 
 
 Series A, B, and C. 
 
 Patron. 
 
 the seven 
 
 Same measure of 
 
 Constant proportion 
 
 Same measure of 
 
 
 daily tests. 
 
 milk each day. 
 
 of pounds of milk. 
 
 milk each day. 
 
 
 
 Series A, poisoned. 
 
 Series B, poisoned. 
 
 Series C,0/pois'n'd 
 
 I 
 
 3.62 
 
 3 'f 
 
 3-6 
 
 3-6 
 
 2 
 
 3-71 
 
 3-8 
 
 3-7 
 
 3-7 
 
 3 
 
 3-75 
 
 3-7 
 
 3-7 
 
 3-7 
 
 4 
 
 3-63 
 
 3-8 
 
 3-6 
 
 3-7 
 
 5 
 
 3-95 
 
 4- 
 
 . 4-1 
 
 4.1 
 
 6 
 
 3-64 
 
 3-7 
 
 3-6 
 
 3-7 
 
 7 
 
 3-82 
 
 3-9 
 
 3-8 
 
 3-8 
 
 8 
 
 4.10 
 
 4.1 
 
 4- 
 
 4.1 
 
 9 
 
 4-30 
 
 4-3 
 
 4-4 
 
 4-3 
 
 10 
 
 4.16 
 
 4.2 
 
 4-2 
 
 4-3 
 
 ii 
 
 3-96 
 
 4- 
 
 3-9 
 
 3-9 
 
 12 
 
 4-52 
 
 4.6 
 
 4-6 
 
 4.6 
 
 13 
 
 4.22 
 
 4.4 
 
 4-4 
 
 4.4 
 
 14 
 
 3-77 
 
 3-9 
 
 3-9 
 
 3-9 
 
 IS 
 
 3-82 
 
 3-8 
 
 3-9 
 
 3' 
 
 16 
 
 3-77 
 
 3-8 
 
 3-8 
 
 3-8 
 
 17 
 
 3-63 
 
 3-7 
 
 3-6 
 
 3-7 
 
 18 
 
 3-7i 
 
 3-8 
 
 3-7 
 
 3-7 
 
 1 9 
 
 4.11 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 4.1 
 
 20 
 
 3-9 
 
 4- 
 
 4- 
 
 3-9 
 
 The milk had not soured in jars A and B, to which the preservative 
 had been added. The cream had separated to some extent but was easily 
 mixed with the milk by first giving the jar a circular motion that causes 
 the milk to revolve in the jar and clean off any cream that sticks to the 
 glass; and then by pouring a few times from one jar to another this milk 
 that was seven days old was as thin and as easily tested as new milk. 
 
 In the jars of series C, to which no preservative had been added, 
 the milk of the composite samples was sour and curdled; the whey and 
 curd had separated. The butter fat of the milk was of course not de- 
 stroyed; but a pipette filled with sour, curdled milk will not contain a fair 
 proportion of all the constituents of the milk, and consequently such 
 milk cannot be tested until it is thoroughly mixed and contains no lumps 
 of cream or curd. 
 
BULLETIN NO. l6. 
 
 {.May, 
 
 After some investigation I found that the sour, curdled milk could be 
 safely made for this purpose as thin and homogeneous as new milk by adding 
 to the sour milk about one-half a teaspoonful of "powdered lye" (98 per 
 cent, caustic soda). This lye is sold by grocers in small cans for making 
 soap by dissolving and mixing with grease. By the action of this con- 
 centrated alkali the acid of the sour milk is neutralized and the curd dis- 
 solved so that by pouring the milk from one jar to another it soon be- 
 comes completely mixed and can be successfully tested. The action of 
 the lye on sour milk is hastened by adding it to the milk in small quan- 
 tities so that the lye is dissolved. If one-half a teaspoonful of the lye is 
 thrown into the milk at once, it collects together in a hard lump which is 
 dissolved with difficulty. The whole process of thinning the thick, sour 
 milk with lye is aided by warming the milk at a temperature of 100 to 
 140 F., and by letting it stand for an hour or more. The time and heat 
 both help the solvent action. Pouring from one jar to another is also an 
 important factor in getting the milk thoroughly mixed. 
 
 METHODS OF SAMPLING MILK FOR TESTING. 
 
 Table 3 gives the tests of the same milk from which samples were 
 taken in two or three different ways, by a dipper, by the milk "thief," a 
 small tube, and by a tube in the conductor spout (described in Bulletin 
 No. 14, of this Station, p. 4.62}. The last is perhaps the most nearly 
 automatic, but in some places may be inconvenient. 
 
 TABLE 3. TEST OF MILK SAMPLES TAKEN FROM LARGE WEIGHING CAN AT A CREAM- 
 ERY BY DIPPER, MILK "THIEF," TUBE IN CONDUCTOR SPOUT. 
 
 Patron. 
 
 Dipper. 
 
 Milk 
 "thief." 
 
 Tube in con- 
 ductor spout. 
 
 Patron. 
 
 Dipper. 
 
 Milk 
 "thief." 
 
 Tube in con- 
 ductor spout. 
 
 I 
 
 3.6 
 
 $.< 
 
 
 II 
 
 A. e 
 
 4.. e 
 
 
 2 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 4.2 
 
 4.2 
 
 
 3 
 
 4.4 
 
 4.2 
 
 
 17 
 
 4.4 
 
 4.. c 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 7.Q 
 
 
 14 
 
 3.8 
 
 7.8 
 
 3 8 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4.4 
 
 
 1C 
 
 
 3-8 
 
 7 Q 
 
 6 
 
 3.5 
 
 ^5 
 
 
 16 
 
 4.4 
 
 4.* 
 
 4 4 
 
 7 
 
 4-4 
 
 4.4 
 
 
 17 
 
 3.8 
 
 7.6 
 
 3.6 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 3-Q 
 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 ^.Q 
 
 "VQ 
 
 Q 
 
 4.1 
 
 4 
 
 
 IQ 
 
 4 
 
 2.Q 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 4-5 
 
 4.6 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 4-3 
 
 4.2 
 
 4.1 
 
 The results of this trial indicate that there is practically no differ- 
 ence in the methods of taking a sample of milk for testing, if proper 
 care is used. 
 
 All the results given in this bulletin were obtained by the use of 
 the Babcock "milk tester." 
 
 APPLICATION OF THE COMPOSITE TEST TO THE DAIRY. 
 
 This plan of testing composite samples of milk brought to a creamery 
 by its patrons has the same practical value to the dairyman, who may 
 use it in testing each of his cows. 
 
COMPOSITE MILK SAMPLES. 
 
 5 11 
 
 Recording the weight of milk produced by each cow at each milk- ' 
 ing, saving a little of the milk in a fruit jar (labeled with the name or 
 number of the cow), and testing this composite sample at the end of a 
 week will furnish data from which to calculate the amount of butter fat 
 produced by each cow. 
 
 The following record of observations made with five cows shows that 
 the test of each cow made once for the week on a composite sample was 
 practically as accurate as a daily test. 
 
 TABLE GIVING DESCRIPTION OF Cows USED, APRIL 24, 1891. 
 
 No. 
 
 
 Weight, 
 ap'r'xim'te 
 
 ^Age, 
 years, 
 
 Calved. 
 
 Expected to calve. 
 
 i 
 
 A young Jersey 
 
 650 
 
 z 
 
 Over I year ago. 
 
 September 15. 
 
 2 
 
 Belle, Jersey 
 
 800 
 
 n 
 
 April, 1891. 
 
 
 7 
 
 Med, Holstein 
 
 IOOO 
 
 10 
 
 Over I year ago. 
 
 October 31. 
 
 
 Jock, Holstein 
 
 I2OO . 
 
 IO 
 
 February 15, 1891. 
 
 November 31. 
 
 5 
 
 Med 3d, Holstein . . . 
 
 800 
 
 2 
 
 March, 1891. 
 
 
 Good pasture was the only feed the cows had. 
 
 The milk of each cow was weighed at each milking, and these 
 weights of milk are given in the following table. After weighing the milk 
 from a cow it was thoroughly mixed with a long-handled tin soup ladle 
 and a small quantity, about 1-20 of a quart, poured into a bottle; at the 
 next milking this was repeated, so that the bottle contained equal quan- 
 tities of the a. m. and p. m. milk from the cow. One exception was made 
 to this rule. In the case of cow No. 2, the a. m. milk was not mixed 
 with the p. m. milk; but each collected in a separate bottle, in order to 
 observe the difference, if any, in the test of the morning and the night 
 milk. For each cow there was a different bottle labeled with the name 
 or number of the cow, cow No. 2 having two bottles. 
 
 In this trial the milk in each bottle was tested every day and a por- 
 tion of it was also poured into a quart glass fruit jar labeled with the name 
 or number of the cow. The table on the next page shows the daily tests 
 of the mixture of a. m. and p. m. milk for four of the cows and the separate 
 tests of the a. m. and p. m. milk of cow No. 2. 
 
 At the end of the week the jars contained a portion of the milk given 
 by the cows every day of the week. This milk was sour and curdled, 
 but it was completely mixed by the use of the lye as before described in 
 this article. These composite samples of milk were tested at the end of 
 the week and the results are given herewith, compared with the average 
 of the seven daily "tests" of the milk from which was made up the compo- 
 site sample. 
 
 These figures show that in this trial the test of these cows was prac- 
 tically as accurate when the milk was tested once a week by a composite 
 sample as when a test of the milk was made every day. 
 
BULLETIN NO. 1 6. 
 
 [May, 
 
 'TABLE SHOWING WEIGHT AND PER CENT. OF BUTTER FAT, "TEST," OF MILK GIVEN 
 
 BY FIVE COWS FOR ONE WEEK. 
 
 Date, 
 1891. 
 
 
 Jersey 
 No. i. 
 
 Belle, No. 2 
 
 Med, 
 No. 3. 
 
 Jock, 
 No. 4. 
 
 Med 
 3rd, 
 No. 5. 
 
 a.m. 
 
 p.m. 
 
 April 27. 
 
 Daily "weights of milk and 
 -.,, ,. ( Night . 
 
 p 'l 
 
 1.8 
 
 cents 
 
 */ 
 II 
 
 butter 
 5 
 
 3.8 
 
 fat. 
 
 21 
 19 
 
 2.6 
 
 i3# 
 9 
 2.8 
 
 Lilk ID. -J Morning 
 
 II 
 4.4 
 
 "Test" of mixed milk 
 
 4 
 
 
 April 28. 
 
 i-n IL ( Night . . 
 
 6^ 
 
 SK 
 
 4.4 
 
 
 io# 
 
 6 
 3.4 
 
 2I# 
 
 18% 
 2.8 
 
 H/2 
 
 9'A 
 2.7 
 
 Mllklb " | Morning 
 
 & 
 
 "Test" of mixed milk 
 
 3.8 
 
 
 April 29. 
 
 i i. ( Nipht 
 
 6% 
 4.8 
 
 
 ii 
 
 6 
 
 5/2 
 
 3.3 
 
 23 
 19 
 2.6 
 
 10 
 9 
 3 
 
 Mllk lb -JMo g rning .. 
 
 ii 
 44 
 
 "Test" of mixed milk 
 
 4 
 
 
 April 30. 
 
 ...... .. 1 Night . 
 
 S% 
 
 & 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 1 A 
 3.4 
 
 21 
 21 
 
 2.9 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 Mllk lb -lMorning 
 
 10 
 
 4.8 
 
 "Test" mixed milk 
 
 4.4 
 
 
 May I . . 
 May 2 . . 
 
 . .... ' ( Night. . 
 
 5/2 
 
 & 
 
 
 10 
 
 5/2 
 
 3.2 
 
 20^ 
 J 9 
 
 26 
 
 io# 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 Mllk lb '] Morning 
 
 9 
 4.4 
 
 "Test" of mixed milk 
 
 4 
 
 
 ( Niffht. . . 
 
 P 
 
 4.6 
 
 
 9 
 
 \K 
 
 3.3 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 2.6 
 
 9/2 
 IO 
 
 3.2 
 
 Mllk lb " | Morning . .. 
 
 12 
 
 4.4 
 
 "Test" of mixed milk 
 
 4 
 
 
 May 3 . . 
 
 .ii 11 ( Night. . . 
 
 6 
 
 & 
 
 
 9 
 
 S</2 
 S'/2 
 
 3.3 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 2.6 
 
 9/2 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 Mllk M Morning ... .... 
 
 ioK 
 
 4.8 
 
 "Test" of mixed milk 
 
 3.6 
 
 
 
 
 Total -weight of milk for 
 f Night 
 
 the 
 
 vX 
 
 &A 
 
 week. 
 
 70/2 
 
 38 
 36 
 
 148 
 
 138 
 
 74 1 A 
 66y 2 
 
 ! Morninp. . 
 
 73% 
 
 Milk lb. \ 
 1 Total 
 
 
 79^ 
 
 H3# 
 
 75 
 
 286 
 
 141 
 
 Average 
 Composit 
 
 Per cent, of butter fat. 
 Df the seven daily "tests" 
 
 4.7 
 4.8 
 
 4.5 
 4.6 
 
 3.97 
 3,95 
 
 3.4 
 35 
 
 2.67 
 2.70 
 
 2.9 
 3 
 
 e sample "test" 
 
 
 Pounds of butter fat, calculated 
 From daily weight of milk and daily test .... 
 
 From total weight of milk and average test. . 
 From total weight of milk and composite test. 
 
 3-73 
 3-73 
 3.81 
 
 3-3 
 
 2.80 
 
 2-53 
 
 7-65 
 
 4.10 
 
 6.10 
 3.29 | 2.80 
 
 2-55 
 2.62 
 
 7.6S 
 
 7.72 
 
 4.09 
 
 4-23 
 
 6.09 
 3-3|2.78 
 
 6.16 
 
 The table opposite shows the pounds of butter fat produced by each 
 cow during the trial, as ascertained by using the daily weights of the milk 
 and both the daily and weekly "test." 
 
COMPOSITE MILK SAMPLES. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING POUNDS OF BUTTER FAT IN MILK PRODUCED BY EACH Cow EACH DAY 
 AND DURING THE WEEK CALCULATED FROM DAILY TESTS AND WEIGHTS OF MlLK. 
 ALSO POUNDS FOR THE WEEK CALCULATED FROM WEEKLY TEST AND DAILY 
 WEIGHTS OF MILK. 
 
 Date, 1891. 
 
 Jersey, 
 No. i. 
 Pounds 
 
 Belle, No. 2. 
 
 Med, 
 
 No. 3. 
 Pounds. 
 
 Jock, 
 Na. 4. 
 Pounds. 
 
 Med 3d. 
 No. 5. 
 Pounds. 
 
 a.m. 
 Pounds 
 
 p.m. 
 Pounds. 
 
 Calculated 
 April 27 
 
 from 
 0.528 
 0.528 
 
 o 54 
 0.528 
 
 0-539 
 0.529 
 
 0-54 
 
 daily 
 0.484 
 0.420 
 0.484 
 0.48 
 
 0.396 
 0.528 
 0.504 
 
 tests. 
 0.44 
 
 0-39 
 0.44 
 0.44 
 0.4 
 0.36 
 o 32 
 
 0.38 
 0-374 
 0-379 
 0-357 
 0.336 
 0.346 
 0.363 
 
 2 53 
 
 .04 
 .127 
 .092 
 .218 
 .027 
 1.118 
 1 .04 
 
 0.63 
 0.567 
 0.57 
 0.54 
 
 0.585 
 0.624 
 
 0-585 
 
 28 
 
 ' 2Q. . 
 
 ' V> . . , 
 
 
 2 
 
 ' 3-. 
 
 Total 
 
 3-3 
 
 2.8 
 
 3-73 
 
 6.10 
 
 7 65 
 
 4-1 
 
 
 Calculated 
 Total 
 
 from 
 3-81 
 
 the 
 3-38 
 
 composite 
 2.78 
 
 sample 
 2.62 
 
 test. 
 
 7.72 
 
 4-23 
 
 6.16 
 
 Further Trials of the "Composite" Test. The milk from these cows 
 has been weighed every day and tested daily for butter fat; a " com- 
 posite " sample of the milk from each cow has also been saved during the 
 same time and tested every week. Up to date [June 22d~\ seven com- 
 parisons have been made with each of these five cows of a seven-days- 
 old composite test with the average daily tests for each of the seven 
 weeks. The temperature of the room in which the composite samples of 
 milk have stood, has ranged from 64 to 91 F. 
 
 Space will not permit giving the tabulated results of these compari- 
 sons; they have, however, been as favorable as the one already given; in 
 only one case did the test of the composite sample differ more than two- 
 tenths of one per cent, from the average of the seven daily tests for the 
 same time; and the average variation was 0.05 of one per cent. 
 
 By the daily test for butter fat of the milk of each cow, very striking 
 variations are noticed from day to day in the same cow. The composite 
 sample test, as here described, gives an average figure which is demon- 
 strated to be an accurate one, and thus furnishes a method that can be 
 used with great advantage to save time in testing cows, either in compari- 
 son with each other or for the influence of feed on the amount of butter 
 production. 
 
 COMPOSITE MILK SAMPLES TESTED FOR CASEIN. 
 
 An investigation has also just been made to determine the casein in 
 the composite samples of milk; and to compare this result with the aver- 
 age seven determinations of casein in the portions of milk which make 
 up the composite sample. The results for one week were as follows: 
 
BULLETIN NO. 1 6. 
 
 TABLE SHOWING PER CENTS. OF CASEIN IN MILK.; COMPARISON OF AVERAGE OF DAILY 
 TESTS FOR ONE WEEK WITH TEST OF COMPOSITE SAMPLE. 
 
 
 Jers'v. 
 
 Belle, 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Med, 
 
 Jock, 
 
 Med 
 
 ?d, 
 
 
 No. i. 
 
 a. m. 
 
 p. m. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Per cent, of Casein in 
 Average of the seven daily "tests" 
 
 4.02 
 
 1 6 
 
 \ -; 
 
 i.cn 
 
 \ 07 
 
 2.Q2 
 
 Composite sample "test" 
 
 3.83 
 
 3-Si 
 
 3 21 
 
 4.04 
 
 3 -19 
 
 2.92 
 
 In all of this work on composite milk samples no preservative was 
 added. The milk soured and separated; but when the test was made, a 
 small quantity of "powdered lye" was used to put the soured milk into a 
 proper condition for testing. 
 
 AUTOMATIC PIPETTE. 
 
 The automatic pipette (see opposite), for measuring the acid into 
 each test bottle was used with good satisfaction. Illustrations of two of 
 these pipettes were given in Bulletin No. 14, of this Station, pp. 466-467. 
 
 After extended practical use of the two, we find that the one given here- 
 with is the best to recommend. By connecting the pipette with a bottle or 
 carboy of the acid, measuring the acid into each test bottle is very much 
 more convenient than by the use of a graduated cylinder; and the pipette 
 seems to wear well. The inside diameter of the tube connecting the bot- 
 tle of acid with the pipette should be 3-16 in.; the holes through the glass 
 cock yi in.; and the delivering tube from the pipette to the test bottle 
 should have an inside diameter of ^ in., and an outside diameter of 7-32 
 inches. 
 
 It has been suggested by Dr. S. H. Peabody that a lead tube be sub- 
 stituted for the glass tube connecting the bottle of acid with the pipette. 
 For making connections between the lead tube and the pipette, a rubber 
 tube or hose with walls at least 3-16 in. thick should be used and tightly 
 wound with copper wire. 
 
 STAND FOR HOLDING COMPOSITE-SAMPLE JARS. 
 
 Support two or more circular shelves, upon a central upright stand- 
 ard so that they will revolve. Make the whole movable. It will facilitate 
 handling the apparatus to set the base of the standard on heavy casters. 
 Put the jars for the composite samples on the outer edge of the shelves so 
 that the labels for the patrons' names are in sight. When milk is to be 
 sampled, move the stand with its jars near the weighing can, and the 
 weighman can easily revolve the shelves until the jar he wants is within 
 reach. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 The results in tables i, 2, and 3 show: 
 
 First. That; t in this trial testing the "composite" sample once each 
 week was practically as accurate as testing the milk every day. 
 
COMPOSITE MILK SAMPLES. 
 
 5'5 
 
 Second. That one dish can be used for 
 dipping out all the samples of milk that 
 make up the composite sample. 
 
 Third. That it is not necessary to use a 
 poison for preserving the milk; but that 
 satisfactory results can be obtained by al- 
 lowing the composite sample to sour, and 
 thinning the sour milk by use of "pow- 
 dered lye" when a test is to be made. 
 
 Any dairyman wishing to ascertain the 
 value of any cow for butter-making can, 
 with practical accuracy, make use of the 
 composite test in this way: 
 
 Get a pint or quart glass fruit jar, with 
 cover, for each cow to be tested; mark it 
 with name or number of the cow; into each 
 jar put about y^ teaspoonful of powdered 
 concentrated lye, or use the lye in the way 
 already described on p. 509 for thinning 
 the milk after the composite sample has 
 been collected. Record the weight of the 
 milk given by each cow at each milking; 
 after weighing the milk, mix it thoroughly 
 and dip out a small quantity, say about 1-20 
 qt., and pour this into the jar containing 
 the lye. Repeat this weighing and saving 
 of the sample as many days as desired; 
 every seventh or tenth day carefully mix the 
 milk collected in the jar and test the milk 
 for the per cent, of butter fat it contains. 
 This "test" together with the weight of the 
 milk given by each cow during the time 
 this composite sample was accumulating 
 will furnish very accurate data for calcu- 
 lating the amount of butter fat produced 
 by each cow during the time covered by 
 the test. 
 
 It seems hardly necessary to say that 
 the longer such testing as this is carried 
 on, the more intimately acquainted the 
 owner becomes with his cows. 
 
 73. 
 
 n.s 
 c.c 
 
 \ 
 
 Fie. 2. 
 
 E. H. FARRINGTON, M.S., Chemist 
 
BULLETIN NO. 1 6. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Acetic acid in ensilage 190 
 
 Acids, in ensilage 190 
 
 Measured for milk tests 466, 467, 514 
 
 Agricultural Experiment Station, Univer- 
 sity of Illinois 2 
 
 Acts of Congress under which estab- 
 lished 4, 7 
 
 Bulletins of, how distributed 13 
 
 Communications for, how addressed. . 13 
 Governing boards and staff. . ..2, 7, 9, 
 
 I39 X 76, 288, 328, 388, 452, 524 
 
 Information given 13 
 
 Limits of 13 
 
 Joint resolution of legislature concern- 
 ing 6 
 
 Objects of the Station 4, 7 
 
 Place of organization 7 
 
 Relations to the State Board of Agri- 
 culture 7 
 
 To the State Dairymen's Association 7 
 To the State Horticultural Society . 7 
 
 To the University 3, 5,7 
 
 Work for season of 1888 IO 
 
 Agrostis Vulgaris, see "Red top." 
 
 " Air-dry " as applied to corn 44 
 
 Alfalfa, compared with grasses and clo- 
 vers 484 
 
 Vitality of seed of 30 
 
 Alofecurus pratensis, see "Meadow fox- 
 tail." 
 Alsike clover, compared with grasses 
 
 and other clovers 485 
 
 Mixed with grasses 485 
 
 Vitality of seed of 30 
 
 Ammonical copper carbonate, formula 
 
 for .-495 
 
 Used in spraying 490, 492, 493 
 
 Analyses, chemical 
 
 Apple pomace 504 
 
 Butter 291 
 
 Buttermilk 301 
 
 Cream 299 
 
 Clovers 148, 149, 164 
 
 Corn. .. .68, 69, 92, 237, 315, 398, 413, 448 
 
 Corn fodder. . . 315, 448 
 
 Ensilage 20, 190, 315 
 
 Corn 92 
 
 Fertilizers 120, 429 
 
 " Germ meal " 467 
 
 Grasses 144, 145, 147, 148, 149 
 
 Hays 150 
 
 Milk. .289, 294, 332, 334, 370, 457, 460, 462 
 
 " Oat dust feed" 467 
 
 Analyses, mechanical, fertilizers 429 
 
 Annual reports 4 
 
 Anthoxanthum odoratum, see "Sweet 
 vernal grass." 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 For measuring acids for milk tests. 466, 
 
 467, SH 
 
 For taking samples of milk 462, 510 
 
 Apple pomace 497, 503 
 
 Chemical composition of 497, 504 
 
 Methods of preserving 497, 503 
 
 Used in pig feeding 497, 504 
 
 Apple, "'scab " on 489 
 
 Sprayed with fungicides 489 
 
 Apple trees, injured by fruit bark beetle 
 
 470, 472,473 
 
 Apricot, injured by fruit bark beetle .... 473 
 
 Armsby H. P 303, 316, 413 
 
 Arrhenatherum avenaceum, see " Tall 
 
 meadow oat grass." 
 Ash, mountain, injured by fruit bark 
 
 beetle 473 
 
 Atkinson, G. F 472 
 
 Atwater, W. 144, 145, 148, 152, 153 
 
 Avenafiorescens, see "Yellow oat grass." 
 
 Babcock " milk test" 462, 510 
 
 Babcock, S. M 292 
 
 Bacillus amylobacter, , 188 
 
 Bacillus butyricus 188, 189 
 
 Bacillus subtilis 188, 189 
 
 Bacteria, general description 166 
 
 Of corn disease 172 
 
 Of fermentation 180 
 
 In ensilage 22 
 
 Bacterial disease of corn 165 
 
 Appearance in the field 167 
 
 History of investigation 169 
 
 The bacteria 172 
 
 Treatment 1 74 
 
 Bacterium aceti 22 
 
 Bacterium lactis 22 
 
 Barium butyrate in ensilage 192 
 
 Barium caproate in ensilage 192 
 
 Barium propionate in ensilage 191 
 
 Beimling "milk test" 453, 463 
 
 Billings, F. S 170, 171 
 
 Biology of ensilage 22, 177 
 
 Opportunity for study and methods. . 180 
 
 Results 182 
 
 Chemical analyses 190 
 
 Summary 193 
 
 Board of Direction. 2, 7, 9, 139, 524 
 
 Powers and duties 7 
 
 Bone meal, analyzed I2O 
 
 Used on corn 119, 269 
 
 Bordeaux mixture, formula for 495 
 
 Used upon the apple 489 
 
 The potato 492 
 
 The grape 492 
 
 Buildings, rooms, etc 5,9 
 
 Bulletins, printing and distribution. .4, 8, 13 
 
INDEX. 
 
 517 
 
 Burrill, Thomas J 138, 175, 194, 287, 
 
 37 447r 49 6 
 
 Butter, American prize, composition. .. 290 
 
 Creamery, from Conn 293 
 
 From sweet cream 293 
 
 Made at this Station 293 
 
 Butter fat, see "Milk, Tests of, for but- 
 ter fat." 
 
 Buttermilk, tested for butter fat 335, 463 
 
 Calories in corn-fodder and ensilage.. . . 318 
 
 Canada thistles 379 
 
 Extermination of 2j^ acre patch 383 
 
 Of small patch in blue grass sod. . . 386 
 
 Natural enemies of 383 
 
 Seed, how produced 382 
 
 Not produced in Illinois 381 
 
 Spread by roots 382 
 
 Casein in milk, by " composite " test. . . 513 
 
 Cattle tankage, analyzed 120, 429 
 
 Used on corn 119, 269, 428 
 
 Kentucky blue grass pasture 487 
 
 Wheat 339, 340 
 
 Cherry trees, injured by fruit bark 
 
 beetle 471, 472, 473 
 
 Clostridium butyricum 188 
 
 Clover seed, germination of 30 
 
 Clover seeds, in a gram 33 
 
 A pound 33 
 
 Sown on an acre 33 
 
 A square foot 33 
 
 Cochran "Milk Test" 333 
 
 Co- efficient of digestion, defined 142 
 
 Communications for Station, how ad- 
 dressed 13 
 
 "Composite" milk test 
 
 For butter fat 504 
 
 For casein 513 
 
 Cooke, W. W 463 
 
 Copper carbonate, formulas for. .. .491, 495 
 
 Used in spraying 491, 492, 493 
 
 Corn, corn and grass, and grass, value 
 
 of in pig feeding 497, 498 
 
 Corn, dry, value of in pig feeding. .497, 500 
 Corn, field 
 
 " Air dry," water in 44 
 
 Bacterial disease of 165 
 
 Cultivation. . . .37, 107, 126, 254, 260, 
 
 273,274,416, 419 
 
 Digestible substance per acre 413 
 
 Effect of different depths of seed bed 
 
 without cultivation 420 
 
 Experiments with. . .37, 214, 389, 448 
 
 Depth of cultivation no, 260, 419 
 
 Depth of planting 96, 249, 407 
 
 Effect of Fertilizers (Large Plats) 
 
 116, 267 
 
 Effect of Fertilizers (Small Plats) 
 
 119, 269, 428 
 
 Effect of root pruning in, 261, 420 
 
 Frequency of cultivation. . 107, 254, 416 
 
 Planting in hills or drills 106, 415 
 
 Rate of growth 448 
 
 Root growth 113, 263, 423 
 
 Rotation, University experiments 
 
 continued 266, 431 
 
 Thickness of planting 98, 250, 407 
 
 Time of planting 93, 247, 405 
 
 Testing varieties 38, 214, 389 
 
 Testing varieties for ensilage 88 
 
 Germination tests 43, 236, 398 
 
 Harvesting 126, 448 
 
 In rotation experiments. 266, 431 
 
 Planting 96, 125, 247, 249, 407 
 
 Plat experimentation 38, 215, 393 
 
 Pounds ear corn for a bushel, 1889. . . 273 
 
 1890 450 
 
 Soil prepared for 124 
 
 Fertilization of 124 
 
 See "Fertilizers. Used on corn." 
 Summary of results of experiments, 
 
 1889 272 
 
 Variety tests 38, 214, 273, 389 
 
 Classification of varieties 47, 220, 394 
 
 Description of varieties 48, 220 
 
 Arleus 228 
 
 Blakeway 223 
 
 Bloody butcher 60, 64 
 
 Bonus Prairie yellow 48 
 
 Brazilian flour corn 221 
 
 Burr's white 58, 229 
 
 Calico 60, 230, 231 
 
 Calico, old variety 64 
 
 Carle's prolific 56 
 
 Champaign 57 22 ^ 
 
 Champion of the north 51, 225 
 
 Champion white pearl 58 
 
 Chester county mammoth 66, 234 
 
 Clark's Iroquois 57, 226 
 
 Clark's loo-day 54 
 
 Clark's orange yellow 57 
 
 Clark's premium no-day 64, 233 
 
 Cloud's early 232 
 
 Common early white 59, 230 
 
 Common red 60 
 
 Chester county early dent 232 
 
 Cranberry 231 
 
 Dakota go-day 50 
 
 Dakota red 53 
 
 Dammell's 48 
 
 Dresback 58 
 
 Early Wisconsin white cap 52 
 
 Eclipse 229 
 
 Edmonds 50, 223 
 
 Ensilage 236 
 
 Farmers' favorite 49, 234 
 
 Feeders' favorite 61, 232 
 
 Fisk 55, 227 
 
 Giant Normandy 58 
 
 Goddard's favorite 48 
 
 Golddust 65 
 
 Golden beauty 56, 65, 234 
 
 Golden rod . . .49, 222 
 
 Gould Hill prolific 66 
 
 Gourd-seed 59, 230 
 
 Grange favorite 223 
 
 Helms improved 233 
 
 Hickory king 63, 229 
 
 Hill's improved go-day 51 
 
 Hiwasse mammoth 235 
 
 Hogue's yellow dent 57, 228 
 
 Hominy 67 
 
 Howard's improved yellow 60, 232 
 
 Hugh's choice 58 
 
 Illinois premium yellow dent 66 
 
 Imperial 65 
 
 Improved Blountz prolific 63 
 
 Improved orange pride 231 
 
 Iowa king 51, 54 
 
BULLETIN NO. 1 6. 
 
 {May, 
 
 Kane county pride 50, 223 
 
 King of the earliest 50, 224 
 
 Kirby 56 
 
 Lape's mixed dent 59, 231 
 
 Learning 54, 226 
 
 Legal tender 53, 225 
 
 Log cabin 58, 229 
 
 Long John 66 
 
 Madison county mammoth 66 
 
 Mammoth club 66 
 
 Mammoth white surprise 235 
 
 Menhall 62 
 
 Minnesota king 223 
 
 Missouri mammoth 65 
 
 Murdock 48, 222 
 
 go-day white 51 
 
 90 day yellow 56 
 
 Northern queen 58 
 
 North star 49, 56, 222 
 
 Ohio white cap 52 
 
 Ohio white dent 64, 233 
 
 Old cabin home .... 235 
 
 Orange pride yellow 61 
 
 Parrish 236 
 
 Paulin dent 228 
 
 Piasa king 66, 235 
 
 Piasa pet 67 
 
 Piasa pride 64 
 
 Piasa queen 234 
 
 Prairie queen 48, 56, 222 
 
 Pride of Missouri 65 
 
 Pride of the north 224 
 
 Princeton 52, 224 
 
 Queen of the prairie 48, 222 
 
 Queen's golden 65 
 
 Ridott pride 227 
 
 Riley 's favorite 55, 228 
 
 Ripley I2o-day 58 
 
 Rural heavy dent 62 
 
 St. Charles 66 
 
 St. Charles improved 66 
 
 St. Clair 66 
 
 Seeknofurther 55, 227 
 
 Shoe peg 67 
 
 Sibley's pride of the north 49 
 
 Smedley 227 
 
 Smith's favorite 58 
 
 Smith's mixed dent 52, 225 
 
 Smith's surprise 56 
 
 Smith's white dent 52 
 
 Southern Queen 56 
 
 Steward's improved yellow. 62, 233 
 
 Strawberry 64 
 
 Swengel corn 6l, 232 
 
 True Learning 226 
 
 Turkey 50 
 
 Victor Blanchard 62 
 
 White cap 52, 224 
 
 White dent 63 
 
 White gourd seed 233 
 
 White Hunt 63 
 
 White pearl 230 
 
 White queen 58 
 
 White Wabash 52 
 
 Will's go-day 48 
 
 Wisconsin .white dent 225 
 
 Wisconsin yellow dent 222 
 
 Woodworth 80 day . 52 
 
 Woodworth yellow dent 223 
 
 PACK. 
 
 Yellow Blanchard 54 
 
 Yellow Clauge, go-day 49 
 
 Yellow king 62 
 
 Zeigler's 90 day 50, 58 
 
 Water in, how determined 399 
 
 Weather effects upon 45, 46, 219, 393 
 
 Corn-fodder 
 
 Compared with ensilage, in composi- 
 tion 20 
 
 In feeding heifers 302 
 
 Corn, pop, variety test 443 
 
 Classification of varieties 444 
 
 Description of varieties 444 
 
 Blush 444 
 
 California 445 
 
 Common white 446 
 
 Dwarf golden 447 
 
 Egyptian 445 
 
 Golden Tom Thumb 447 
 
 Maple Dale prolific 446 
 
 Monarch rice 444 
 
 Nonpareil 446 
 
 Page's striped rice 445 
 
 Pearl 446 
 
 Queen's golden 447 
 
 Silver lace 445, 447 
 
 Snowball 445 
 
 White rice 445 
 
 Wisconsin prolific 445 
 
 Corn, soaked and dry, comparative 
 
 value of in pig feeding 497, 502 
 
 Corn, sweet, variety tests 128, 274, 432 
 
 Classification 128, 274, 432, 435 
 
 Description of varieties 128, 275, 434 
 
 Adams 437 
 
 Adams early. 130 
 
 Albany 439 
 
 Albany sugar 131, 439 
 
 Amber cream 136, 443 
 
 Amber cream sweet 136 
 
 Asylum 440 
 
 Asylum sugar 133 
 
 Ballard's extra early 130, 438 
 
 Black Mexican 133, 440 
 
 Black Mexican sugar 133, 440 
 
 Black Mexican sweet 133, 440 
 
 Black sugar 280, 440 
 
 Boston market 439 
 
 Breck's premier 131, 434 
 
 Burbank's 434 
 
 Burbank's early . . .275, 434 
 
 Burbank's early Maine 437 
 
 Burlington hybrid 436 
 
 Chicago market 130, 438 
 
 Concord 439 
 
 Cory 130, 438 
 
 Cory early sugar 130, 438 
 
 Creedmoor 279, 441 
 
 Crosby 437 
 
 Crosby's early 129, 437 
 
 Crosby's early sugar 129, 437 
 
 Darling 131, 436 
 
 Darling's sugar 134, 441 
 
 Dolly Dutton 434 
 
 Dolly Dutton Sugar. 129 
 
 Dreer's 437 
 
 Dreer's first of all 437 
 
 Durkee 277, 436 
 
 Earliest Rockford market 438 
 
INDEX. 
 
 519 
 
 Early Adams . . 133, 278, 437 
 
 Early bonanza 278, 439 
 
 Early Boston market 276, 436 
 
 Early Boynton . 276, 434 
 
 Early Concord sugar 131, 439 
 
 Early conqueror 439 
 
 Early Cory 130, 438 
 
 Early Des Moines 277, 437 
 
 Early 8 rowed 134, 441 
 
 Early La Crosse 277 
 
 Early Landreth market 129, 437 
 
 Early large red cob Perry's 440 
 
 Early mammoth 280, 441 
 
 Early mammoth sugar 134, 441 
 
 Early Minnesota 129, 434 
 
 Early orange 434, 438 
 
 Early orange sugar 128 
 
 Early orange sweet 133, 438 
 
 Early red cob 440 
 
 Early red Narragansett . ...... 130, 438 
 
 Early Rockford market 277 
 
 Early southern 437 
 
 Early southern sugar 278 
 
 Early sugar 134 
 
 Early sweet or sugar 129, 436 
 
 Egyptian 136, 443 
 
 Egyptian sugar 136, 443 
 
 8 rowed 441 
 
 Eruda 136 
 
 Evergreen sweet 134, 443 
 
 Excelsior 442 
 
 Excelsior sugar 135, 442 
 
 Extra early Adams 130, 437 
 
 Extra early Cory 438 
 
 Extra early Crosby's sugar 129 
 
 Extra early dwarf 276, 434 
 
 Extra early Marblehead 130, 438 
 
 Extra early Minnesota sugar. . . 129, 434 
 
 Extra early Narragansett 130 
 
 Extra early Narragansett sugar. . . . 438 
 Extra early Tom Thumb. . 129, 278, 434 
 
 Ford's 436 
 
 Ford's early 276, 436 
 
 Gold coin 279, 440 
 
 Golden sugar 128, 131, 434, 438 
 
 Hawaii sugar 276, 434 
 
 Henderson 279, 442 
 
 Hickox 441 
 
 Hickox improved 134, 441 
 
 Hickox improved sugar 134, 441 
 
 Honey 279, 442 
 
 Improved evergreen 135, 443 
 
 La Crosse 438 
 
 Landreth market 437 
 
 Landreth sugar 133, 442 
 
 Large early 8-rowed sweet 134, 441 
 
 Large 8 rowed 134, 441 
 
 Large excelsior 442 
 
 Late mammoth 136, 441 
 
 Leet's 436 
 
 Leet's early 277, 436 
 
 Little gem 443 
 
 Livingston's evergreen. 133, 440 
 
 Mammoth 280, 441 
 
 Mammoth early 278, 441 
 
 Mammoth sugar 136, 280, 441 
 
 Marblehead 438 
 
 Marblehead early 130, 438 
 
 Marblehead mammoth 278, 441 
 
 Marblehead sugar 130, 438 
 
 Maule's mammoth 441 
 
 Maule's XX sugar 439 
 
 Minnesota 434 
 
 Moore's early Concord 131, 439 
 
 Narragansett 438 
 
 Ne plus ultra 443 
 
 New Cory ... 130, 438 
 
 New England 8 rowed 279, 441 
 
 New England orange .... 277 
 
 Northern pedigree 136, 275, 434 
 
 No. 48 277, 438 
 
 Old Colony 135, 442 
 
 Original Crosby 276, 436 
 
 Pee and kay 132, 439 
 
 Perry's 439 
 
 Perry's hybrid 131, 134, 439 
 
 Potter's excelsior 135, 442 
 
 Pratt's early 275, 434 
 
 Red cob 440 
 
 Red cob sugar 133, 440 
 
 Rochester 8 rowed 279, 441 
 
 Roslyn 442 
 
 Roslyn hybrid 135, 278, 442 
 
 Roslyn hybrid sweet 135 
 
 Ruby 279, 442 
 
 Russell's prolific 440 
 
 Shakers' 439 
 
 Shakers' early sweet 132, 439 
 
 Shoe peg 443 
 
 Simpsonia 442 
 
 Sonyea intermediate 278, 442 
 
 Squantum 439 
 
 Squantum sugar 132, 439 
 
 Stabler's early 132, 440 
 
 Stabler's early sugar 132, 440 
 
 Stabler's extra early sugar 132 
 
 Stabler's extra early sweet 132 
 
 Stabler's extra early sweet or sugar 440 
 
 Stabler's nonpareil 443 
 
 Stabler's pedigree 443 
 
 StowelPs evergreen 134, 443 
 
 Sweet fodder 132, 278 
 
 Tom Thumb 434 
 
 Triumph 135, 441 
 
 Triumph sugar 135, 441 
 
 Triumph sweet 135, 441 
 
 Western queen 277, 439 
 
 135 
 
 Vitality of seed 281, 287 
 
 Yield 137, 280, 283 
 
 Cows, value of, for butter making. .289, 
 
 329. 453. 454. 5Q4 
 
 Cream, acidity of, as affecting yield of 
 
 butter 298 
 
 Crimson trefoil, compared with other 
 
 clovers 485 
 
 Vitality of seed of 30 
 
 Crude ash, defined. 142 
 
 Crude fat, defined 142 
 
 Crude fiber, defined 142 
 
 Crude protein, defined 142 
 
 Dactylis glomerata, see "Orchard grass." 
 
 Dairy cows, records of 504 
 
 Disease germs 166 
 
 Dissolved bone-black, analyzed 120 
 
 Used on corn 
 
 116, 119, 266, 267, 269, 428, 431 
 
520 
 
 BULLETIN NO. l6. 
 
 [May, 
 
 Droppings from corn-fed cattle, value of, 
 
 Kg for pigs 497, 503 
 
 Duplicate plats, in corn experiments. . . . 
 
 38, 215, 393 
 
 In oat experiments 361 
 
 Eau Celeste, formulas for 495 
 
 Used on the apple 489 
 
 The grape 492 
 
 The potato 492 
 
 Elm, injured by fruit bark beetle 473 
 
 Endicott, Geo. W 470 
 
 Eureka sprayer, 495 
 
 Failyer & Willard "Milk Test" 333 
 
 Farrington, E. H.^ig, 336, 377, 468, 515 
 
 Fermentation 177 
 
 In ensilage 23 
 
 Fertilizers, analyses of, chemical.. . .120, 429 
 
 Mechanical 429 
 
 Used on corn.ll6, 119, 124, 267, 269, 
 
 -274, 428, 431 
 
 Kentucky blue grass pasture ..... 487 
 
 Wheat 337, 338 
 
 Festuca duriuscula, see "Hard fescue." 
 Festuca ovlna, see " Sheep's fescue." 
 Festuca prattnsis,see "Meadow fescue." 
 
 Forbes, S. A 165, 169, 171, 379, 478 
 
 Formula for fungicides 495 
 
 Frear, William 152 
 
 Fresh substance, defined 142 
 
 Fruit bark beetle 469 
 
 Accounts of, in Europe 473 
 
 Description of 476 
 
 History of, in Illinois 470 
 
 In United States at large 472 
 
 Illustrations Facing 476 
 
 Injuries by, to vegetation 473 
 
 Life history and remedies.. . . .472, 473, 477 
 
 Parasites upon 473, 478 
 
 Fry, G 182 
 
 Funds for maintenance of Station 5 
 
 Held by University Treasurer 5, 8 
 
 Fungi 180 
 
 In ensilage 189 
 
 Fungicides, use of, on the apple 489 
 
 On the grape 492 
 
 On the potato 492 
 
 Fnsicladium dendriticum, on the apple . 489 
 
 Gases in the silo 193 
 
 Geneva germination apparatus 30 
 
 Germination tests, of field corn. 43, 236, 398 
 
 Of grasses and clovers 30, 278 
 
 Of sweet corn 281, 287 
 
 Goessman, O. A 147, 152 
 
 Goodrich, Theodore 469 
 
 Grain with hay for young cattle 324 
 
 Grain with pasture for young cattle. .319, 323 
 
 Grape, black rot on 492 
 
 Sprayed with fungicides for 492 
 
 Grass, and grass with corn, value of, in 
 
 pig feeding 497, 498 
 
 Grass for young cattle, see " Pasture, 
 
 Value of. " 
 
 Grasses and clovers, effect of ripeness on 
 
 yield and composition 141 
 
 Water in green substance 149, 164 
 
 Lost in curing 149, 164 
 
 Grass seeds, in a gram 33 
 
 A pound 33 
 
 Germinating on a square foot 33 
 
 S own on an acre 33 
 
 On a square foot 33 
 
 Vitality of 30, 478 
 
 Gypsum, used on Kentucky blue grass 
 
 pasture 487 
 
 Hagen, H. A 472 
 
 Hamilton, John 472 
 
 Hard fescue.compared with other grasses 483 
 
 Vitality of seed of 30 
 
 " Hatch Act." 4 
 
 Hay and grain, in feeding young cattle. 324 
 
 Hays, comparison of. ] 50 
 
 Hawthorn, injured by fruit bark beetle. 473 
 Heifers, Shorthorns, fed ensilage. . . .19, 302 
 Heifers, yearlings, fed ensilage and corn- 
 fodder 302 
 
 Food given and eaten 304 
 
 Analyses of 315 
 
 How grown and harvested 304 
 
 Method of feeding 305 
 
 Pounds of food to make pound of live 
 
 increase 314 
 
 Water consumed 310 
 
 Weights 310 
 
 Henry, W. A 18 
 
 Hessian Fly 377 
 
 Illustrations 380 
 
 Life history 377 
 
 Preventive and remedial measures. . . . 379 
 Hickory trees.injured by fruit bark beetle 472 
 
 Hog tankage, analyzed 120, 429 
 
 Used on corn 1 16, 119, 267, 428 
 
 Hogs following cattle fed grass and 
 
 grain 319, 322 
 
 Hunt, Thomas, F 15, 35, 127, 
 
 164, 213, 272, 314, 352, 370, 432, 489 
 Italian rye grass, compared with other 
 
 grasses 483 
 
 Vitality of seed of 30 
 
 Jenkins, E. H ^...151, 152, 292, 293 
 
 Jordan, W. H..I44, 145, 147, 148, 152, 153 
 Kentucky blue grass 
 
 Cut at different dates 145 
 
 Composition, proximate 145, 155 
 
 Digestible organic substance. . . 146, 161 
 
 Yield 146, 158 
 
 Hay, compared with other hays 
 
 150, 163, 164 
 
 Pastures, effect of fertilizers on 487 
 
 Used in feeding experiment 319 
 
 Seed, vitality of 30, 479 
 
 Kuhn, Julius 153 
 
 Lactic acid in ensilage 190 
 
 Lactoscope 294 
 
 Ladd, E. F 144, 147, 152, 153 
 
 Lands 9 
 
 Lolium perenne, see "Perennial rye 
 
 grass." 
 
 Lolium Italicum, see " Italian rye grass." 
 Lye, concentrated, used in "composite" 
 
 tests of milk 510, 514, 515 
 
 McCluer, George W 138, 287, 447, 496 
 
 Mammoth red clover 
 
 Compared with other clovers and 
 
 grasses 484 
 
 Cut at different dates 148 
 
 Composition, proximate 148, 157 
 
 Digestible organic substance. . . 149, 160 
 Yield 149, 162 
 
1891.] 
 
 library, Nev 
 
 v 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 College 
 
 521 
 
 Hay, compared with other hays 
 
 150, 163, 164 
 
 In rotation experiments . . .266, 431 
 
 Mixed with other grasses 485 
 
 Seed, vitality of 30 
 
 Water in fresh substance 164 
 
 Lost in curing 164 
 
 Mannite in ensilage 192 
 
 Manns, Albert G 193, 302 
 
 Marten, John 383, 470 
 
 Meadow fescue 
 
 Compared with other grasses and 
 
 clovers 483 
 
 Cut at different dates 147 
 
 Composition, proximate 147, 156 
 
 Digestible organic substance 162 
 
 Yield 147, 159 
 
 Hay, compared with other hays. . 150, 163 
 Meadow foxtail, compared with other 
 
 grasses 484 
 
 Seed, vitality of 30 
 
 Medicago sativa, see "Alfalfa." 
 Medium red clover 
 
 Compared with other clovers and 
 
 grasses 484, 485 
 
 Cut at different dates 147 
 
 Composition, proximate 148, 156 
 
 Digestible organic substance. . . 148, 163 
 
 Yield 1.48, 162 
 
 Hay, compared with other hays 
 
 150, 163, 164 
 
 In rotation experiments 266, 43 1 
 
 Mixed with grasses 485 
 
 Seed, vitality of 30 
 
 Water in fresh substance 164 
 
 Lost in curing 164 
 
 Miles, Manly 22, 182 
 
 Milk 
 
 " Composite " tests of 504 
 
 At the creamery 505 
 
 At the dairy 510 
 
 Compared with daily .504, 508 
 
 Methods of making 505, 510 
 
 Paying for by the pound. . . .293, 329, 460 
 
 .By the pounds of butter fat 
 
 293, 296, 461, 504, 506 
 
 Samples for testing, methods of tak- 
 ing 461, 59. 
 
 Apparatus for 462, 510 
 
 "Composite." 504 
 
 Preservative for 506 
 
 Tests of, for butter fat 289, 293 
 
 From cows of different breeds . . 290, 370 
 
 From cows in herds 
 
 296, 331, 453.460, 511 
 
 From single cows 
 
 290, 329, 370, 376, 457. 513 
 
 One test a week not enough 508 
 
 Value of, for the creamery .329, 453, 504 
 
 For the dairyman 329, 454, 505 
 
 "Milk tests," investigation of. .293, 329, 453 
 
 Babcock 462 
 
 Beimling 462 
 
 Cochran 333 
 
 Failyer & Willard 333 
 
 Lactoscope "... 294 
 
 Parsons 333 
 
 Patrick (Iowa) 333, 462 
 
 Short 289, 294, 296, 332 
 
 Methods of using 334, 461 
 
 Mixtures of grasses and clovers tested. . . 485 
 
 Morrow, Geo. E 35, 127, 274, 293, 
 
 325,. 370, 375. 377. 432, 450. 45'. 489, 54 
 
 Mucor, in ensilage 189 
 
 Muriate of potash, analyzed 120, 429 
 
 Used on corn 
 
 116, 119, 266, 267, 269, 428, 431 
 
 Kentucky blue grass pasture 487 
 
 Wheat 338, 339, 340 
 
 Mycoderma vini, Pasteur 183 
 
 Myers, John A 301 
 
 Nitrate of soda, analyzed 120, 429 
 
 Used on corn 1 19, 269, 428 
 
 Grass lands 487 
 
 ' Wheat. 338, 339, 340 
 
 Nitrogen-free extract, denned 142 
 
 Nutrative ratio, denned 143, 319 
 
 "Oat dust feed," analysis of 467 
 
 Oats- 
 Duplicate plats of 361 
 
 Field experiments with 
 Compact or loose seed-bed. 26, 195, 355 
 
 Depth of sowing 27, 196, 357 
 
 Effect of sowing spring wheat with. 358 
 
 In 1888 25 
 
 Summary 29 
 
 In 1889 194 
 
 Summary 212 
 
 In 1899 353 
 
 Quantity of seed per acre . .25, 194, 354 
 
 Tests of varieties 197, 360 
 
 Time of sowing 26, 195, 356 
 
 Germination in field, 1888 28 
 
 In rotation experiments 266, 431 
 
 Purity of seed 201, 363 
 
 Stooling 28 
 
 Varieties, classified as to time of ripen- 
 ing 198 
 
 Described . 198 
 
 American banner 199 
 
 American triumph 200 
 
 Badger queen 198 
 
 Black prolific 199 
 
 Black Russian 199 
 
 Black Tartarian 200 
 
 Canadian black 200 
 
 Centennial 199 
 
 Clydesdale 199 
 
 Common mixed 200 
 
 Early Dakota 199 
 
 Egyptian 199 
 
 Giant yellow French 200 
 
 Hargett's white 190 
 
 Hopetown 198 
 
 Improved American 199 
 
 Japan 199 
 
 New Dakota gray 200 
 
 New red rust proof 198 
 
 Pringle's progress 199 
 
 Prize cluster 198 
 
 Probsteir 199 
 
 Texas rust proof 198 
 
 Virginia winter 200 
 
 Welcome 198 
 
 White Belgian 198 
 
 White bonanza 198 
 
 White Russian 200 
 
 White wonder. . . . 108 
 
522 
 
 BULLETIN NO. 1 6. 
 
 {.May, 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Wide awake 199 
 
 Notes on quality ... 207, 3 
 
 Yield 202, 363 
 
 Synopsis of. 200, 364 
 
 Tests of 1 97, 360 
 
 See also table's . .204, 208, 365, 366, 369 
 
 Vitality of seed 2OI, 362 
 
 Oat straw mulch on wheat 339 
 
 Orchard grass 
 Compared with other grasses and 
 
 clovers 482, 485 
 
 Cut at different dates 146 
 
 Composition, proximate 147, 155 
 
 Digestible organic substance. . . 147, 162 
 
 Yield 159 
 
 Hay, compared with other hays 
 
 150, 163, 164 
 
 Mixed with clovers 485 
 
 Seed, vitality of 30 
 
 Water in fresh substance 164 
 
 Lost in curing 164 
 
 Osborn, Herbert 472 
 
 Palmetic acid, in ensilage 191 
 
 Parasites on the fruit bark beetle. .473, 478 
 
 Parson's " milk test " 333 
 
 Pasteur, L 178 
 
 Pasture, Kentucky blue grass, fertilizers 
 
 on 487 
 
 Pasture with grain ration, for young 
 
 cattle .319, 323 
 
 Pasture, value of, for young cattle. 319, 322 
 
 Patrick (Iowa) " milk test " 333, 462 
 
 Peabody, Selim H 13 
 
 Peach trees, injured by fruit bark beetle 
 
 471.472, 473 
 
 Pencilium, in ensilage 189 
 
 Perennial rye grass, vitality of the seed. 30 
 Phleum pratense, see "Timothy." 
 Physalospora Bidwelli, on the grape. . . . 492 
 
 Spraying with fungicides 492 
 
 Pickles, T 471 
 
 Pigs, feeding experiments with 
 
 Apple pomace, feeding value of, and 
 
 methods of preserving 497, 503 
 
 Comparative value of soaked and dry 
 
 corn in feeding 497, 502 
 
 Comparison between corn, grass, and 
 
 corn and grass in feeding 497> 498 
 
 Value of droppings from corn- fed cat- 
 tle for 497, 503 
 
 Plat experimentation discussed 
 
 Corn 38, 215, 393 
 
 Oats 361 
 
 Plum trees, injured by fruit bark beetle.. 
 
 470, 472, 473 
 
 Poa nemora/is, see " Wood meadow 
 
 grass." 
 
 Poapratensis,sze "Kentucky blue grass." 
 Poa trivialis, see " Rough stalked 
 
 meadow grass." 
 Pounds of ear corn per bushel of 
 
 shelled corn, 1890 450 
 
 Potassium sulphide, used in spraying 
 
 apple trees for "scab " 490 
 
 " Preservative " for milk samples 506 
 
 Potato, sprayed with fungicides 492 
 
 Puccinia suaveolens, on Canada thistles 383 
 Quince trees, injured by fruit bark beetle. 473 
 Red- top, compared with other grasses. . 482 
 
 Vitality of seed 30, 478 
 
 Richardson, Clifford. . 144, 146, 147, 148, 152 
 
 Riley, C. V 472 
 
 Rotation experiment 266, 431 
 
 Rough-stalked meadow grass, compared 
 
 with other grasses 483 
 
 Vitality of seed of 30 
 
 Russell, H. L 182 
 
 Saccharomyces mycoderma, Rees 183 
 
 Saccharomyces Pastorianus 22 
 
 " Scab," on the apple 489 
 
 Use of fungicides for 489 
 
 Schmidberger, J 473 
 
 Schwarz, E. A 472 
 
 Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz 469 
 
 Illustrations Facing 476 
 
 Scovell, M. A 145,146, 152, 292 
 
 Sheep's fescue, compared with other 
 
 grasses 483 
 
 Vitality of seed of 30 
 
 Short " milk test " 289, 294, 296, 332 
 
 Silage, biology of 22, 1 77 
 
 Silage, experiment of 1887-8 15 
 
 Biology of 22 
 
 Chemical composition of, and of corn 
 
 fodder 20 
 
 Condition when silo was opened .... 17 
 Better next boards than next stone or 
 
 brick walls 17 
 
 Fed to cattle, mixed lot 18 
 
 To Shorthorn heifers 19 
 
 The silo 15 
 
 Capacity 15 
 
 Filling 15 
 
 Silage 
 
 Fermentation 23, 183 
 
 Skim milk, tested for butter fat 333, 463 
 
 "Smut" 166 
 
 Sodium acetate, in ensilage 191 
 
 Soil of experiment farm 389 
 
 Stable manure, used on corn 
 
 1 16, 119, 269, 272, 274, 428 
 
 Kentucky blue grass pasture 487 
 
 Wheat 337, 339, 340 
 
 Staff of the Experiment Station 
 
 2, 8, 139, 176, 288, 388, 452, 524 
 
 State Board of Agriculture nominates a 
 
 member Board of Direction 7 
 
 State Dairymen's Association nominates 
 
 a member Board of Direction 7 
 
 State Horticultural Society nominates a 
 
 member Board of Direction 7 
 
 Stooling of oats, 1888 28 
 
 Sturtevant, E. L , 303 
 
 Sulphate of ammonia, analyzed. . . .120, 429 
 
 Used on corn 
 
 116, 119, 266, 267, 269, 428, 431 
 
 Superphosphate (Dissolved bone, Glue 
 factory superphosphate) analyzed. . 
 
 120, 429 
 
 Used on corn 119, 267, 269, 428 
 
 Kentucky blue grass pasture 487 
 
 Wheat 339, 34<> 
 
 Sweet silage 182, 184, 187 
 
 Sweet Vernal grass, compared with other 
 
 grasses 484 
 
 Vitality of seed of. 30 
 
 Tall meadow oat grass, compared with 
 
 other grasses 483 
 
INDEX. 
 
 523 
 
 Vitality of seed of 30 
 
 Taschenberg, E. L 473 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Compared with other grasses and 
 
 clovers 482, 485 
 
 Cut at different dates 143 
 
 Composition, proximate 144, 154 
 
 Digestible organic substance. . . 145, 161 
 
 Yield 144, 158 
 
 Hay, compared with other hays 
 
 150, 163, 164 
 
 Composition of 467 
 
 Mixed with clovers 485 
 
 Seed, vitality of 30, 478 
 
 Water, in fresh substance 164 
 
 Lost in curing 164 
 
 Trifolium hybridum, see " Alsike 
 
 clover." 
 Trifolium incarnatum, see " Crimson 
 
 trefoil." 
 Trifolium medium, see " Mammoth red 
 
 clover." 
 Trifolium pratense, see " Medium red 
 
 clover." 
 Trifolium repent, see "White clover." 
 
 True protein, defined 142 
 
 Trypetaflorescentia, on Canada thistles 383 
 
 Valeric acid, in ensilage 192 
 
 Variety tests 
 
 Corn, field 37, 214, 389 
 
 Pop 443 
 
 Sweet 128, 274, 432 
 
 Grasses and clovers 141, 478 
 
 Oats 197, 360 
 
 Vitality tests of seeds-- 
 Corn, field 68, 236, 398 
 
 Sweet 281, 287 
 
 Grasses and clovers 30, 478 
 
 Oats 28, 201, 362 
 
 Voelcker, A 148, 153, 182 
 
 Water-free substance, defined 142 
 
 Water in shelled corn, method of de- 
 termining 399 
 
 Weather, effects of, on field corn 
 
 .- 45,46,219, 393 
 
 Weiske, H 303 
 
 Wheat, experiments with 337 
 
 Effect of fertilizers on (1887-8) 338 
 
 Effect of fertilizers on (at Station).. 339 
 Effect of fertilizers on (in southern 
 
 Illinois) 340 
 
 Effect of time and manner of harvest- 
 ing on yield of 349 
 
 Method of soil preparation 345 
 
 Quantity of seed per acre 347 
 
 Time of sowing 348 
 
 White clover, vitality of seed of 30 
 
 Wiley, H. W 292 
 
 Wolf, E... 413 
 
 Woll, F. W 303 
 
 Wood meadow grass, compared with 
 
 other grasses 483 
 
 Vitality of seed of 30 
 
 Xyleborus pyri 470 
 
 Yeast .< 180 
 
 In ensilage 183 
 
 Yellow oat grass, vitality of seed of. ... 30 
 
 All communications intended for the Station should be addressed, 
 not to any person, but to the 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS. 
 The bulletins of the Experiment Station will be sent free of all 
 charges to persons engaged in farming who may request that they be sent* 
 This bulletin closes a volume, and a title page and index are sent 
 herewith, so that those who wish may preserve the bulletins by having 
 them bound. The same plan will be pursued in the future. 
 
 SELIM H. PEABODY, 
 
 President Board of Direction. 
 
524 BULLETIN NO. l6. \_May ^ 
 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 
 SAMUEL A. BULLARD, Springfield, President. 
 
 JOSEPH W. FIFER, Governor of Illinois. 
 LAFAYETTE FUNK, Shirley, President State Board of Agriculture. 
 
 HENRY RAAB, Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 EMORY COBB, Kankakee. GEORGE R. SHAWHAN, Urbana. 
 
 W. W. CLEMENS, Marion. FRANCIS M. McKAY, Chicago. 
 
 JOHN II. BRYANT, Princeton. RICHARD P. MORGAN, Dwight. 
 
 NELSON W. GRAHAM, Carbondale. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTION OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION, 
 
 SELIM H. PEABODY, LL.D., Champaign, Regent of the University, President. 
 
 E. E. CHESTER, Champaign, of State Board of Agriculture. 
 
 HENRY M. DUNLAP, Savoy, of State Horticultural Society. 
 
 H. B. CURLER, DeKalb, of State Dairymen's Association. 
 
 EMORY COBB, Kankakee, Trustee of the University. 
 
 LAFAYETTE FUNK, Trustee of the University. 
 
 GEORGE E. MORROW, A. M., Champaign, Professor of Agriculture. 
 THOMAS J. BURRILL, Ph.D., Urbana, Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 
 . EDWARD H. FARRINGTON, M.S., Chemist of Station. 
 
 THE STATION STAFF. 
 
 SELIM H. PEABODY, Ph.D., LL.D., President of Board of Direction. 
 WILLIAM L. PILLSBURY, A.M., Champaign, Secretary. 
 
 GEORGE E. MORROW, A.M., Agriculturist. 
 THOMAS J. BURRILL, Ph.D., Horticulturist and Botanist. 
 
 EDWARD H. FARRINGTON, M.S., Chemist. 
 
 STEPHEN A. FORBES, Ph.D., Consulting Entomologist. 
 
 DONALD McINTOSH, V.S., Consulting Veterinarian. 
 
 GEORGE W. McCLUER, B.S., Assistant Horticulturist. 
 
 GEORGE P. CLINTON, B.S., Assistant Botanist. 
 
 E. K. NELSON, Assistant Chemist. 
 FRANK D. GARDNER, B.S., Assistant Agriculturist. 
 
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