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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 ■'•■■ SURVEY 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/polesinamericathOOchic 
 
^i// 
 
Poles in America 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO 
 A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 A COMMEMORATIVE SOUVENIR BOOK 
 
 COMPILED AND PUBLISHED 
 ON THE OCCASION OF THE 
 
 Polish Week of Hospitality 
 
 JULY 17 TO 23 
 
 A Century of Progress 
 international exposition 
 
 1933 
 
 POLISH DAY ASSOCIATION 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
Foreword 
 
 In CONNECTION with the celebration of the Polish Week of 
 Hospitality in Chicago during July 17th to 23rd, this souvenir 
 book is published to serve as a lasting memorial to the many 
 fyiends and supporters of this momentous demonstration. 
 
 J THE millions of non-Poles in America, both in Chicago and 
 elseivhere, — it is hoped that this book will serve to, indicate the 
 contributions of the Americans of Polish descent to the progress 
 of this country. By recounting a bit of the history of Poland, 
 the history of the Poles in America, and, more particularly, the 
 phenomenal growth of the Polish contingent in Chicago, it is 
 hoped that the Poles shall have gained many new friends among 
 those who have never fully appreciated the place of the Pole in 
 America. 
 
 J THE Poles of America, and the countless numbers of them, 
 who came to Chicago to take part in this manifestation of Hos- 
 pitality, — this book is designed to renew in their hearts the 
 pride which is distinctively theirs, that they are of Polish descent, 
 and that they compose that racial category in the melting pot of 
 America which has so largely, though perhaps not so conspi- 
 cuously, contributed to instilling in American institutions the 
 ideals of patriotism, sheer hard work, and love of God, home and, 
 country, which characterize the native Pole. 
 
 1 HERE can be no doubt that the visitors to Chicago during this 
 week are deeply impressed with the scope and grandeur of the 
 spectacle of this Polish Week of Hospitality, planned, arranged, 
 and produced by the Poles of Chicago. But it shall have been in 
 vain if these visitors will have nothing more to take back with 
 them but memories. To the end, then, that those memories may 
 be easily recalled for years to come, this book is specially planned. 
 
 l' IN ALLY, to the four hundred thousand Poles of Chicago, who 
 have so generously contributed to the growth of Chicago, and 
 who have been so zealously interested in helping to make a suc- 
 cess of A Century of Progress Exposition in general, and the 
 Polish Week of Hospitality in particular, this book is respect- 
 fully dedicated. 
 
 ANTHONY C. TOMCZAK, Editor 
 
 [2] 
 
f 151 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Crreetings 
 
 ♦ 
 
 N ITS efforts to knit more closely the bonds of fel- 
 lowship between Americans of Polish descent and 
 Americans of other descents, the Polish Day Asso- 
 ciation of Chicago has sponsored this Polish Week 
 of Hospitality in conjunction with A Century of 
 Progress Exposition. This is by all means appro- 
 priate, for 1933 marks a century of progress not 
 only for Chicago, but also for the history of the Poles 
 in this country. It is our hope that the importance of Polish 
 contribution to the development and progress of this country be 
 recognized by our fellow- Americans. To that end is directed the 
 Polish Week of Hospitality. 
 
 To visitors, and especially to visitors of other than Polish 
 descent, we want this week to be truly all that its name implies. 
 We want you to feel welcome with us; we want you to sense a 
 bit of the cordiality and hospitality that is inherent in Polish 
 countrymen. 
 
 We have tried to make the Polish section of this Exposition 
 memorable for its exhaustive display of Polish culture, science, 
 industry, commerce, and the fine arts. We sincerely hope that 
 we shall have successfully conveyed to you our message of 
 good will. 
 
 To those who have so generously given of their time and 
 energy in making this Week a success, we cannot adequately 
 express the full depth of our gratitude. But perhaps its very 
 success is sufficient reward. 
 
 LEON C. NYKA, President, 
 
 Polish Dav Association. 
 
 [3] 
 
Greetings 
 
 ■ ■''■''■- .'■ AtJx*iiJtó 
 
 HENRY HORNER, Governor of the State of Illinois: 
 
 "/ am glad to learn that the Polish Day Association, in connection 
 with the Polish Week of Hospitality, is publishing a souvenir book in 
 which will be recounted some of the great contributions of the Poles in 
 America to the Century of Progress. 
 
 "In all fields, whether historical, political, cultural or industrial, the 
 Poles have played an important part in the progress of our city, state 
 and nation. It is, therefore, only fitting and proper that you celebrate 
 your contributions to A Century of Progress and commemorate the 100th 
 Anniversary of Poles migrating to this country in large groups for per- 
 manent residence. 
 
 "Please accept my congratulations and my sincere and good wishes 
 for the success of your Polish Week of Hospitality. 
 
 "Yours very truly, 
 
 "HENRY HORNER, 
 
 "Governor of the State of Illinois." 
 
 EDWARD J. KELLY, Mayor of the City of Chicago: 
 
 "Fellow Citizens of Polish Extraction: 
 
 "It is with real pleasure that I extend to you my official greetings 
 and my congratulations on your Week of Polish Hospitality. 
 
 "The contributions of your people to A Century of Progress have 
 been many. In every field of endeavor, the Polish people have distinguished 
 themselves by their energy, courage, intelligence and enterprise. 
 
 "Your willingness to cooperate with all in the progress of our city 
 and our nation has been outstanding . It is therefore, a fitting tribute to 
 your nationality that you observe this week as Polish Week of Hospitality. 
 I congratulate your organizations on staging this huge and laudable 
 project. 
 
 "In the name of Chicago, I extend my hearty greetings to your 
 people from other cities and bid them welcome to our midst. 
 
 "With my very best wishes for bountiful success in your under- 
 taking, I am 
 
 "Earnestly yours, 
 
 "EDWARD J. KELLY, 
 
 "Mayor, City of Chicago," 
 
 GIFFORD PINCHOT, Governor of the State of Pennsylvania: 
 
 "/ am delighted to give my heartiest greetings to all Americans of 
 Polish extraction who are attending the World's Fair, during the 'Polish 
 Week of Hospitality.' America will never forget the contributions which 
 the Polish people have made to her history. 
 
 "I hope that the Polish Day Association will have real success in 
 its program. 
 
 "With all good wishes and much appreciation, 
 
 "Sincerely yours, 
 
 "GIFFORD PINCHOT, 
 "Governor." 
 
 [4] 
 
Greetings 
 
 RUFUS C. DAWES, President, A Century of Progress: 
 
 "We have learned with pleasure that the Polish Day Association 
 will publish a commemorative souvenir book entitled "Poles in America, 
 Their Contribution to A Century of Progress", and that this book xviii be 
 issued in connection with the Polish Week of Hospitality from July 17th 
 to July 23rd. 
 
 "We feel greatly interested in this book inasmuch as it xviii under- 
 take to record the contributions of Poles to the development of the United 
 States, and particularly tvill treat of the great service rendered by the 
 large population of Polish descent who have taken such an important part 
 in the building of Chicago. 
 
 "We congratulate you upon undertaking a work so important 
 and so timely. 
 
 "Yours very truly, 
 
 "RUFUS C. DAWES, 
 "President, A Century of Progress." 
 
 TYTUS ZBYSZEWSKI, Consul General of Poland: 
 
 "The 'Polish Week of Hospitality' as a name, reflects the character- 
 istic qualities of the Polish Nation, which find perfect expression in the 
 old proverb 'Gość iv domu, Bóg w domu,' ('A guest at home means the 
 Lord at home'). A Pole lives in brotherly spirit with all people of good 
 will. 
 
 "The symbol of this idea tvill not only reflect Polish traditions in this 
 country, but will also testify as to the contribution of Poles to American 
 life. 
 
 "On this happy occasion of "A Century of Progress," the Poles, 
 welcoming guests from near and far, step on the threshold of their new 
 home with the traditional Polish sentiment of hospitality in their hearts, 
 and give clear testimony that the Polish population in the United States 
 is vitally interested in the common welfare and brings to American 
 culture the contribution of old Polish traditions. 
 
 "In accepting the invitation to be honorary Chairman of the Executive 
 Committee, I ivas positive that the collaboration with the POLISH DAY 
 ASSOCIATION would be, as heretofore, a great pleasure for me. It was 
 indeed! Following closely the activity of the Executive Committee, and 
 the various committees, I have had the opportunity to admire once more 
 the splendid organization of this Association, and the devoted and untiring 
 work of all its members. 
 
 "I sincerely believe, therefore, that this activity will result in a 
 brilliant success, and I desire to express to the Executive Committee, and 
 to all members of the POLISH DAY ASSOCIATION, my congratulations 
 and best wishes. May this great enterprise constitute a further step in 
 the development of the Polish- American people, and may it contribute 
 still more towards the strenghtening of the ties of friendship and mutual 
 understanding between this great country and Poland. 
 
 "All guests and friends at the 'Polish Week of Hospitality' are heartily 
 welcome! 
 
 "TYTUS ZBYSZEWSKI, 
 
 "Consul General of Poland." 
 
 [5] 
 

 
 
 
 
 Pat 
 
 Dr. Joseph J. Adamkiewicz a 
 
 rons 
 
 . Dr. and Mrs. Leon Grotowski 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stan. Adamkiewicz 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Ewart Harris 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Steve Adamowski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Royal W. Irwin 
 
 
 
 Mr. W. J. Andrzejewski 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. C. P. Janicki 
 
 
 
 Hon. Mr. and Mrs. Fr. Bobrytzke 
 
 Hon. and Mrs. Edmund K. Jarecki 
 
 
 
 Mr. Steve J. Barrett 
 
 Mr. Theodore Jaszkowski, Jr. 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph J. Barc 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John F. Jayko 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Louis J. Behan 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Albert Kaiser 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph P. Bonk 
 
 Dr. E. J. Kapustka 
 
 
 
 Hon. Joseph Burke 
 
 Judge and Mrs. Michael G. Kasper 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stephen R. Carynski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph N. Kaszeski 
 
 
 
 Mr. John A. Cervenka 
 
 Hon. James J. Kelly 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. M. Cichoszewski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank J. Kempa 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. P. W. Chmielowski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Theophile A. Kempa 
 
 
 
 Chicago Industrial Finance Corp. 
 
 Hon. Otto Kerner 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. William J. Corrigan 
 
 Judge and Mrs. S. H. Klarkowski 
 
 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. Leo M. Czaja 
 
 Mr. Sylvester Kłosowski 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Czapiga 
 
 Congressman Leo Kocialkowski 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Czerwiński 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. Edmund A. Kokot 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Albert J. Danisch 
 
 Mr. Stephen Kolaski 
 
 
 
 Mr. Jack Diamond 
 
 Ald. Frank E. Konkowski 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John Dolazinski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John S. Konopa 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stan. Dolazinski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Leopold Koscinski 
 
 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. Edw. F. Dombrowski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Koskiewicz 
 
 
 
 Mr. Max A. Drezmal 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. August J. Kowalski 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Paul Drymalski 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. Leon P. Kozakiewicz 
 
 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. Francis A. Dulak 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frą.nk G. Krause 
 
 
 
 Edward's Flower Shop 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Kucharski 
 
 
 
 Judge and Mrs. E. I. Frankhauser 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Marion G. Kudlick 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. F. Phil Garbark 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stan. J. Kuflewski 
 
 
 
 Dr. B. T. Gobczynski 
 
 Mr. Walter Kuzba 
 
 
 
 Mr. Felix Gontarek 
 
 Judge and Mrs. Walter La Buy 
 
 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Thomas S. Gordon 
 
 Ald. and Mrs. John J. Łagodny 
 
 
 
 Hon. Geo C. Gorman 
 
 Miss Adele Lagodzinski 
 
 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. Stephen S. Gorny 
 
 Hon. and Mrs. John Lesinski 
 
 
 
 Mr. Martin Górski 
 
 Mr. Ernest Lilien 
 
 
 
 Mr. Richey V. Graham * 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Lisack 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [6] 
 
Patrons 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Love 
 
 Mr. John H. Lyk 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Bernard L. Majewski 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. A. J. Marcin 
 
 Mr. William D. Meyering 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Casimir E. Midowicz 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Roman L. Modra 
 
 Dr. T. A. Modzikowski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Norman R. New 
 
 Hon. Denis J. Normoyle 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Novak 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell M. Nowak 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Leon C. Nyka 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Edmund J. Odalski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. Olejniczak 
 
 Dr. Edward J. Oleksy 
 
 Dr. Joseph C. Orłowski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Louis Pachynski 
 
 Mrs. Clara M. Pałczyński 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Clemens Piontek 
 
 Mrs. N. L. Piotrowski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Henry A. Revell 
 
 Mr. Marion H. Ritter 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. C. J. Rogalski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John J. Roman 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John Romaszkiewicz 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. C. J. Ross 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John S. Rybicki 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Sambor 
 
 Dr. A. Sampolinski & Sampolinski Jr. 
 
 Hon. Kickham Scanlan 
 
 Hon. Edward S. Scheffler 
 
 Hon. and Mrs. Peter H. Schwaba 
 
 Mr. John A. Slupikowski 
 
 Dr. J. L. Smialek 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Julius F. Śmietanka 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Albert F. Soska 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. P. C. Srutwa 
 
 Hon. John J. Sullivan 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. A. E. Szczytkowski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Theo. J. Szmergalski 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. N. F. Szubczynski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Jos. T. Szuflitowski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. M. S. Szymczak 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. Francis J. Tenczar 
 
 Dr. John F. Tenczar 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. G. J. Tilley 
 
 Captain and Mrs. Peter Tomchek 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. V. F. Torczynski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Trzebiatowski 
 
 Mrs. Harriet Turalski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. S. S. Tyrakowski 
 
 Unique Social Club 
 
 Rev. Peter P. Walkowiak 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Walkowiak 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Waynne 
 
 Mr. Emil Wiedeman 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Leo J. Winiecki 
 
 Miss Wanda Wojcieszak, N. Y. 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. J. P. Wojtalewicz 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Wróbel 
 
 Mr. Geo A. Zabriskie 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John S. Zaleski, 
 
 Hon. T. Zbyszewski, Con. G .R. P. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. A. Zdrojewski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Sig. Zielezinski 
 
 Hon. and Mrs. Frank V. Zintak 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. L. F. Zygmunt 
 
 [7! 
 
Donors 
 
 Dr. Julia L. Bauman, Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 Dr. F. G. Biedka 
 
 Mr. Tadeusz Cichocki Toudor 
 
 Mr. J. W. Doncer 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Leon Dyniewicz 
 
 Mr. Walter A. Dziuk 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. C. A. Frankiewicz 
 
 A Friend 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. T. A. Gąsior 
 
 Mr. Geo. A. Gillmeister 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Roman Gillmeister 
 
 Grupa 223 Z. P. w A., Torrington, Conn. 
 
 GR. 2711 Z. N. P., JOHNSONBURG, PA. 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. J. Hodur 
 
 Holy Family Academy Alumnae 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. B. Jabłoński 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John Jackowski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joz. Janiga 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. M. S. Jarmoc 
 
 Prof, and Mrs. Alex. Karczynski 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. L. P. Kopczyński 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Kozioł 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. S. A. Lasota 
 
 Dr. C. S. Lisowski 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. M. W. Majchrowicz 
 
 Mr. Ladislaus J. Marchinski 
 
 K Dr. S. J. Mintek 
 New City Packing & Provision Co. 
 Rev. A. S. Olszewski 
 St. Peter and Paul Society, Gr. 28 S. J. U. 
 Dr. and Mrs. B. Placek 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. Romaszkiewicz 
 Dr. and Mrs. W. T. Ruskowski 
 Dr. Thaddeus P. Sakowski 
 Mr. and Mrs. John Schweda 
 Dr. V. E. Siedlinski 
 Messrs. Leonard & Francis Siemiński 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Siemiński 
 Dr. Thaddeus Stokfisz 
 Dr. and Mrs. W. Stroszewski 
 Hon. Robert M. Sweitzer 
 Mr. and Mrs. Louis Tops 
 Tow. Kr. Jadwigi, Gr. 213 Z. P. w A. 
 Tow. Jedność Polek, Gr. 119 Z. P. w A. 
 Tow. Los Angeles, Gr. 541 
 Tow. Matki Boskiej, Gr. 181 Z. P. w A. 
 Tow. H. Modrzejewskiej, Gr. 124 Z.P.A. 
 Miss Sophia Warszewski 
 Mr. Frank D. Winski, Conn. 
 Mr. and Mrs. G. M. Zakrzewski 
 Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Zurat 
 Mr. and Mrs. Paul Zwiepka 
 
 [8] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 ACTIVE COMMITTEES 
 
 of the Polish Week of Hospitality 
 
 EXECUTIVE 
 
 HON. TITUS ZBYSZEWSKI, Con. 
 
 Gen. of Poland, Honorary Pres. 
 LEON C. NYKA, President 
 '•AUL DRZYMALSKI. 
 M. S. SZYMCZAK, 
 F. X. ŚWIETLIK. Censor P. N. A. 
 J. ROMASZKIEWICZ. Pres. P.N. A. 
 .1. J. OLEJNICZAK. Pres. P.R.C.U. 
 MISS A. EMILY NAPIERALSKA, 
 
 Pres. Polish Women's Alliance, 
 A. SOSKA, Pres. Pol. Alma Mater 
 A. GALL, Censor, P. U. of U. S., 
 
 Vice-Presidents 
 JOHN J. ROMAN, Secretary 
 AUGUST J. KOWALSKI, Treas. 
 
 FINANCE 
 
 n. L. MAJEWSKI. Chairman 
 F. BOBRYTZKE. Co-Chairman 
 I,. H. PRYBYLSKI 
 HENRY A. REVELL 
 
 INVITATION 
 
 MARION G. KUDLICK. Chairman 
 DR. J. P. KOBRZYŃSKI. Co-Chair. 
 MISS A. H. WLEKLINSKI. Sec. 
 STAN. KOSIŃSKI. Classification 
 MRS. W. DULAK, Ladies' Reception 
 HON. EDMUND K. JARECKI, 
 
 Men's Reception 
 MRS. HELEN CZACHORSKI, 
 
 Organizations and Clubs 
 HON. LEONARD W. SCHUETZ. 
 
 Out of Town 
 JOHN S. KONOPA. Parishes 
 MRS. JULIUS F. ŚMIETANKA. 
 
 Patrons and Patronesses 
 DR. STEPHEN S. GORNY, 
 
 Professional and Business Men 
 DR. EDWARD DOMBROWSKI. 
 
 Public Officials 
 MISS REGINA GRAJEWSKA, 
 
 School Teachers 
 W. PARADZINSKI, Student Org. 
 
 TICKET, HEADQUARTERS 
 
 AND ORGANIZATION 
 F. PHIL GARBARK. Chairman 
 NORMAN R. NEW. Co-Chairman 
 ANTHONY ZGLENICKI, 
 
 Buttons and Tickets 
 M. C. ZACHARIAS. Concessions 
 ED. ZGLENICKI. Headquarters 
 L. H. RAMMEL, System and Budget 
 
 WAYS, MEANS AND 
 PLANNING 
 
 MAXWELL M. NOWAK. Chairman 
 
 J. F. ŚMIETANKA. Co-Chairman 
 
 W. J. ANDRZEJEWSKI 
 
 LUCIAN BOREJSZO 
 
 STANLEY W. BOYDA 
 
 PETER W. CHMIELOWSKI 
 
 JOSEPH L. CYZE 
 
 DR. JOHN A. CZACHORSKI 
 
 DR. LEON CZAJA 
 
 THOMAS C. GORDON 
 
 J. P. GRZEMSKI 
 
 FRANK H. JANISZESKI 
 
 STANLEY KUSINSKI 
 
 FRANK A. KWASIGROCH 
 
 DR. STEPHEN R. PIETROWICZ 
 
 JOHN SCHWABA 
 
 ANTHONY C. SHEPANEK 
 
 S. TYRAKOWSKI 
 
 LEON WALKOWICZ 
 
 LEO WINIECKI 
 
 ALFONS A. ZDROJEWSKI 
 
 A. ZYGMUNTOWICZ 
 
 CAPT. PAUL ZWIEFKA 
 
 PAGEANT AND 
 SPECTACLE 
 
 E. J. ODALSKI, Chairman 
 MISS JANE PAŁCZYŃSKI, 
 
 Co-Chairman 
 MISS LAURETTA BORIS, 
 
 Co-Chairman — Dancing 
 W. BARANOWSKI. Carpentry 
 CLEM PIONTEK, Costumes 
 
 F. SYNORACKI. Drum Corps 
 M. G. JAHNS. Electrical Effects 
 F. P. DUFFIELD, Fireworks 
 
 A. A. HINKELMAN, Floats 
 ANTON R. ZINTAK. Parades 
 SIGMUND ZELINSKI, Properties 
 WALTER MAZESKI, Scenery 
 
 SOUVENIR BOOK 
 
 ANTHONY C. TOMCZAK. Editor 
 Z. J. ODALSKI, Advertising Mgr. 
 MISS ZELLA WOLSAN 
 J. S. SKIBIŃSKI 
 THAD. LUBERA 
 
 LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 JOHN RYBICKI, Chairman 
 MISS VERA FELIŃSKI 
 MRS. IRENE FRANKIEWICZ. 
 JOHN NERING. Co-Chairmen 
 JOHN A. TROIKE. Secretary 
 DR. C. J. ROSS, Treasurer 
 
 TRANSPORTATION 
 
 HON. F. V. ZINTAK, Chairman 
 S. W. DUBINSKI. Co-Chairman 
 WALTER IMBIORSKI, Autos 
 FRANK J. TOMCZAK, Bus Lines 
 FRANK G. KRAUSE, Guides 
 CAPT. PETER TOMCHEK, Police 
 JOHN SLUPIKOWSKI. Railroads 
 JOHN S. ZALESKI. Steamship 
 WALTER PANKA, Tours 
 
 ATHLETIC AND SPORTS 
 
 T. J. SZMERGALSKI. Chairman 
 
 STEPHEN LOVE. Co-Chairman 
 
 A. S. WENGIERSKI 
 
 MICHAEL J. LAKOFKA 
 
 HENRYK ARCHACKI 
 
 FRANK KEMPA 
 
 PAUL PALLASCH 
 
 S. OBRZUT 
 
 DR. B. SADOWSKI 
 
 GEO. GILLMEISTER 
 
 JOHN I. CZECH 
 
 DR. M. W. MAJCHROWICZ 
 
 EDWARD PISZATOWSKI 
 
 CONTEST 
 
 Z. G. JAWOROWSKI. Chairman 
 
 MRS. EDWARD A. KLAFTA 
 
 MICHAEL RUDNIK 
 
 WALTER KRAWIEC 
 
 MRS. ANTHONY J. WŁODARSKI 
 
 HOUSING, PARKING AND 
 DECORATING 
 
 L. F. ZYGMUNT, Chairman 
 JOHN KRYPEL. Co-Chairman 
 EDW. KIRSTEN, Chrch Services 
 J. ROSTENKOWSKI, Decorations 
 DR. J. J. LISS, Eleemosynary Inst. 
 STEPHEN RAJEWSKI, Hotels 
 CARL HEJNA, Parking 
 JOHN PELKA, Public Information 
 MARIE MROZ 
 
 MUSIC AND CHOIRS 
 
 S. KŁOSOWSKI, Chairman 
 MISS ADELE LAGODZINSKI, 
 
 Co-Chairman 
 ALEX KARCZYNSKI. Choirs 
 THEO. GULIK, Concerts 
 MISS I. ZELINSKI, Music Contests 
 
 PERMANENT EXHIBITS 
 
 PAUL DRZYMALSKI. Chairman 
 MAX DREZMAL, Co-Chairman 
 MRS. HELEN CHRZANOWSKI, 
 MRS. ELEONORA DEKA 
 CHESTER HIBNER. 
 MRS. CLARA PAŁCZYŃSKI, 
 MRS. HELEN SAMBOR. 
 
 Co-Chairmen of Epic of America 
 DR. STANISLAUS CHYLIŃSKI, 
 
 Historical Data 
 JOHN E. NIKLIBORC, 
 
 Dramatics and Dancing 
 
 PROGRAM AND 
 ENTERTAINMENT 
 
 STEVE ADAMOWSKI, Chairman 
 J. F. KOSKIEWICZ, Co-Chairman 
 LOUIS TOPS. Amusements 
 PHIL F. GINSKI. Audit System 
 EDWARD BIELKY, Commissary 
 LEO ZGLENICKI, Contests 
 G. ALLEN, Daily Program— Adults 
 MRS. MARY PACHYNSKI, 
 
 Daily Program — Juvenile 
 FRANK NOWAK, 
 
 "Farewell Riverview Party" 
 DR. M. SKRENTNY, Golf 
 DR. ED. CZESLAWSKI. 
 
 Medical Service 
 C. MIDOWICZ, Social Functions 
 
 PUBLICITY 
 
 HON. P. H. SCHWABA, Chairman 
 W. F. WALKOWIAK, Co-Chairman 
 
 Editors 
 
 FRANK BARC 
 MRS. MARIE KRYSZAK 
 KAROL PIATKIEWICZ 
 JOSEPH PRZYDATEK 
 ADAM URBANEK 
 
 W. ORZELSKI. Polish Papers 
 A. L. BALASSA, 
 
 Posters, Stamps. Buttons 
 DR. FRANCIS DULAK, Radio 
 JOHN GORDON, Theatre 
 
 SECTIONS 
 
 S. ADAMKIEWICZ, Chairman 
 JOHN NERING. Co-Chairman 
 A. URBAŃSKI, Halls and Speakers 
 JOHN KOZICZYNSKI, 
 
 Parades and Contests 
 PETER KOWACZEK, Avondale 
 JOSEPH RUSCH. Brighton Park 
 MARTIN GÓRSKI. Bridgeport 
 STANLEY POTEREK, 
 
 Cragin and Hanson Park 
 JOS. L. LISACK, Downstate 
 WM. LINK, Far North West 
 A. M. SAMBOR, Indiana Towns 
 A. KUCHARSKI, Near North West 
 L. PACHYNSKI, South Chicago 
 HON. JOHN J. JARANOWSKI, 
 
 Suburban Towns 
 R. KOWALEWSKI. Town of Lake 
 JOHN A. KORNAK. West Side 
 
 [9] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2|5 
 
 The Polish Day Association— 
 
 A Force for Good in the Community 
 
 By Leon C. Nyka 
 
 IN the "Polish Day Annual" of July 21, 
 1929, I wrote that charity, in its 
 widest sense, is the relief of the poor and 
 suffering. It should not attempt to relieve 
 destitution, for that is the work of the 
 state ; nor should it provide the necessaries 
 of life, for that is the work of the in- 
 dividual. It should confine itself to pro- 
 viding the material and moral conditions 
 for the growth and revival of self-respect 
 and independence. It should aim at pre- 
 vention and at the removing of causes 
 rather than at the remedying of affects. 
 
 The Polish Day Association has set for 
 itself the following objects: (1) to ar- 
 range, organize, and conduct an annual 
 festival to be known as the "Polish Day", 
 and thereby to obtain funds for charitable 
 and educational purposes; (2) to initiate, 
 organize, and promote any other legiti- 
 mate means to obtain funds for charitable 
 and educational purposes; (3) to receive 
 by gift or donation any money or property 
 for charitable or educational purposes. 
 
 The Association votes money only to 
 organizations or institutions which have 
 for their object charity or education, and 
 which extend aid to persons of Polish ex- 
 traction; are located and operate in the 
 City of Chicago, and County of Cook; are 
 not self-supporting or have not the means 
 to raise sufficient funds for their own op- 
 eration ; will at least once a year render to 
 the Association a report of the expendi- 
 ture of money, requested by this Associa- 
 tion ; and support the Association in its ef- 
 forts by rendering some active service. 
 
 Since its inception in 1926, The Polish 
 Day Association has donated over $55,000 
 for various charitable and educational 
 purposes. This is a very modest sum, but 
 
 it must not be forgotten that the influence 
 of the Association has been a great moral 
 force for good in the community. 
 
 The Polish Day Association has been the 
 first to reduce the problem of social better- 
 ment to a practical one of dollars and 
 cents, and to exhort other organizations 
 not to waste time in numerous meetings 
 and conferences, but to do actual work in 
 helping the needy in an efficient, practical 
 manner. Our motto is that deeds speak 
 louder than words. Accordingly, our Asso- 
 ciation has inspired a host of experienced 
 social workers to devote themselves to the 
 social, political, and economical ameliora- 
 tion of the Polish immigrant and his chil- 
 dren, exclusively. 
 
 It was the "Chicago" Society of the Pol- 
 ish National Alliance that conceived the 
 idea of celebrating a "Polish Day". Their 
 idea has grown to such proportions and 
 has captured the minds of the Polish com- 
 munity to such an extent that it became 
 a separate corporation, including among 
 its members the leading officers of the 
 Largest Polish organizations, such as the 
 Polish National Alliance, Polish Roman 
 Catholic Union, Polish Women's Alliance, 
 as well as the members of the "Chicago So- 
 ciety" of the Polish National Alliance, the 
 Polish Professional Clubs, etc. 
 
 Since 1926 the Polish Day has been ce- 
 lebrated in Riverview Park. Mr. Paul 
 Drymalski was chairman of the Polish 
 Day in 1926; Mr. Edward J. Prebis, in 
 1927, and 1928; Mr. M. C. Zacharias in 
 1929; Mr. August Kowalski, in 1930; 
 there was no Polish Day in 1931 ; Mr. Leon 
 C. Nyka in 1932. 
 
 In November, 1932, the Polish Day As- 
 sociation arranged a Polish Carnival in 
 
 [10] 
 
& 
 
 the Chicago Civic Opera House, which was 
 the second complete sell-out in the history 
 of the Opera House. 
 
 In December 1932, Major Felix 
 Streyckmann, chairman of the Foreign 
 Language Division of "A Century of 
 Progress" called on the Polish Day Associa- 
 tion, to make arrangements for a Polish 
 Day at the World's Fair grounds. In Jan- 
 uary, 1933, Leon C. Nyka was elected 
 chairman and the Polish Day was voted 
 unanimously to become a "Polish Week of 
 Hospitality," July 17th to 23rd, at A Cen- 
 tury of Progress International Exposition, 
 under the auspices of the Polish Day As- 
 sociation of Chicago. 
 
 Hon. Titus Zbyszewski, Consul General 
 of Poland, was chosen honorary president, 
 while the executive committee consists of 
 Leon C. Nyka, president; Paul Drymalski, 
 M. S. Szymczak, Frank X. Świetlik, John 
 Romaszkiewicz, Miss A. Emily Napieral- 
 ski, John J. Olejniczak, Albert Soska, and 
 Andrew Gall, vice-presidents; John J. 
 Roman, secretary; and August J. Kowal- 
 ski, treasurer. 
 
 The chairmen of the various committees 
 are : Stanley Adamkiewicz, sections ; Steve 
 Adamowski, program and entertainment; 
 Paul Drymalski, permanent exhibits; F. 
 Phil Garbark, tickets, headquarters and 
 organization; Z. George Jaworoski, con- 
 tests; Sylvester Klossowski, music and 
 choirs; Marion G. Kudlick, invitation; B. 
 L. Majewski, finance; Maxwell M. Nowak, 
 ways, means and planning; Edmund J. 
 Odalski, pageant and spectacle; John S. 
 Rybicki, local organization; Hon. Peter H. 
 Schwaba, publicity; Theodore Szmergal- 
 ski, athletic and sports; Hon. Frank V. 
 Zintak, transportation; Lawrence F. Zyg- 
 munt, housing, parking and decoration. 
 
 Commemorating the landing of the first 
 Polish Pilgrims in this country (reads the 
 preamble to the constitution of The Polish 
 Day Association) , and as a fitting means 
 of expressing our loyalty, thanksgiving 
 
 THE POLISH DAY ASSOCIATION 
 
 2fS 
 
 and devotion to the country, whose citizen- 
 ship we enjoy, we annually designate a 
 Polish Day. 
 
 Upon that day Americans of Polish ex- 
 traction, as citizens vitally interested in 
 their community welfare, individually and 
 through their organization, assemble at a 
 designated place and voice their apprecia- 
 tion of the rights and privileges of Amer- 
 ican citizenship, their pride in the history 
 and achievements of this nation, and 
 pledge themselves to foster the ideals of 
 freedom and liberty which Kościuszko and 
 Pulaski helped to establish in this country, 
 and to perpetuate all that is best in Polish 
 life and culture as a contribution to an 
 ideal American citizenship. To these ideals 
 the Polish Day is dedicated. 
 
 To my mind there can be no finer ideals ; 
 and what is more important, the Polish 
 Day Association has ever tried to live up 
 to them. At every opportunity, we have 
 emphasized the necessity of charity and 
 education in order to adjust our people to 
 their social environment. 
 
 Due to the prevailing depression, the 
 needs for charity and education are 
 greater than ever. Many of our people are 
 impoverished; they are unemployed; they 
 have lost their modest fortunes; they are 
 now dependent on public charity. 
 
 As I have said, the question of unem- 
 ployment, of relieving this wide spread 
 destitution, is the work of the state. We, 
 in our modest way, can only call on our 
 people to keep the faith, to carry on, as ill 
 fortune cannot clog our steps forever. 
 
 But our people have the faith ; the hope 
 that springs eternal in the Polish breast 
 resulted in a free and independent Poland. 
 That same undying hope in the breast of 
 the Polish immigrant and his children will 
 result in better days to come, and we re- 
 gard this great undertaking, this Century 
 of Progress Exposition, as a bold move to 
 usher in a new era for all the citizens of 
 this great Republic. 
 
 [11] 
 
[12] 
 
The Polish Week of Viospitality 
 
 At A Century of Progress International Exposition 
 
 DURING the week of July 17 to 23, 1933, 
 the Poles of Chicago are sponsoring a 
 Polish Week of Hospitality under the direction 
 of the Polish Day Ass'n, as representative of the 
 Committee on Nationalities in A Century of 
 Progress. During this week the Poles will 
 manifest their strength as a national group and 
 at the same time will recall the inestimable 
 contribution the Poles have made to A Century 
 of Progress, as expressed in culture, science, 
 industry, music, the arts, and American insti- 
 tutions in general. Although activity on the 
 Fair grounds proper will be limited to Satur- 
 day, July 22, there will be events constituting 
 the official program of the Polish Week of 
 Hospitality each day beginning Sunday, July 16. 
 
 The official program is as follows: 
 
 Sunday, July 16: The Polish Roman Catholic 
 Union will celebrate its sixtieth anniversary 
 by a Solemn Mass at St. Adalbert's B. and M. 
 Church, where its first society was organized. 
 Banquet in the evening at the Hotel Morrison 
 for its officers, directors, members and friends. 
 
 Monday, July 17, morning: Registration of 
 guests at headquarters in the Congress Hotel, 
 downtown district, Chicago, and in the north- 
 west side Polish Day Headquarters, 1200 N. 
 Ashland Avenue. The Polish Medical, Dental 
 and Legal Societies of America will commence 
 their conventions, which will continue through 
 Tuesday, and partly Wednesday, culminating 
 with a dinner-dance at the Congress Hotel on 
 Wednesday evening. The Congress of Polish 
 Women from all over the world will also meet 
 on Monday and Tuesday as will various other 
 associations coming into Chicago. 
 
 Monday afternoon, at 4:30: the Consul Gen- 
 eral of the Republic of Poland at Chicago will 
 give a reception and tea at the Drake Hotel. 
 
 Monday evening: Concert by the Chicago 
 Philharmonic Orchestra, Richard Czerwonky, 
 conductor, under Cukor management. Profes- 
 sor George Bojanowski will be guest conductor, 
 in a special all-Polish program; Mr. Michael 
 Wiłkomirski, violin soloist; choir of one thou- 
 sand mixed voices: Auditorium Theater. 
 
 Monday evening: Junior League of the Po- 
 lish Welfare Association will conduct an eve- 
 ning of hospitality with a reception, entertain- 
 ment, and dancing, at the Knickerbocker Hotel, 
 for all members, friends, and visitors. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Tuesday, July 18, evening: Polish Arts Club 
 reception and program at the Fauntleroy So- 
 ciety Club, 2024 Pierce Avenue. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Wednesday, July 19: Golf Tournament, 
 Luncheon, Card Party and Dinner Dance at 
 the Lincolnshire Country Club, Crete, Illinois. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Thursday, July 20: Reception, program, and 
 tea by the Polish Women's Alliance of America, 
 tendered to guests at their home-office, 1309 
 N. Ashland Avenue. Also on Wednesday and 
 
 ^^^1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 BpS^*** - * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 ■i 
 
 i-, 
 
 — — 
 
 Hall of Science at night 
 
 [13] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Thursday, the parishes and various organiza- 
 tions will have their individual parish parties, 
 and will entertain their visitors by sight-seeing 
 trips of the boulevards, parks, universities, edu- 
 cational institutions, industrial plants, churches, 
 Polish centers, newspapers, fraternal home- 
 offices, and neighboring towns. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Friday, July 21: Excursion lake trip to Mi- 
 chigan City, Indiana, where a reception will be 
 given by the Poles of that city. 
 
 Friday has also been designated by the citi- 
 zens of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as "Polish 
 Day", the mayor of that city having appointed 
 an official committee. Visitors to Chicago are 
 invited to spend the day in Milwaukee, where 
 a reception will be given. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Saturday, July 22: The official Polish Day 
 at A Century of Progress Exposition grounds, 
 commencing with a parade in the morning. 
 Various organizations and church groups will 
 meet north of the Chicago River, and east of 
 Michigan Avenue, at 11 :00 A. M., and arrange 
 their floats and groups for the parade. At 
 12:00 o'clock the parade will start, and it is 
 expected that by 2:00 P. M. all of the groups 
 will be in the World's Fair grounds participat- 
 ing in the musical and dancing festivals, po- 
 pularity and beauty contest, the various attrac- 
 tions of the Exposition itself, and those ar- 
 ranged by the Polish Week of Hospitality 
 Committee. 
 
 At 8:00 P. M. the gigantic Pageant and Spec- 
 tacle at Soldier's Field will begin, with an 
 opening scene of a village in Poland. This cla- 
 mactic event will portray and commemorate the 
 100th anniversary of Poles migrating to this 
 country in large groups for permanent re- 
 sidence; the 150th anniversary of Great Bri- 
 tain's treaty and acknowledgment of the United 
 States of America as an independent nation, 
 and of the promotion of the hero of two hemi- 
 spheres, Tadeusz Kościuszko, to the rank of 
 Brigadier-General of the Continental Army; 
 
 the heroism and sacrifice of General Casimir 
 Pulaski in the Revolutionary War; and the 
 250th anniversary of the defeat of the Moslems 
 by King John Sobieski of Poland at the gates 
 of Vienna, saving Western culture, civilization, 
 and Christianity. 
 
 As the opening scene of this huge spectacle 
 unfolds, you will behold a village in Poland . . . 
 a country road, flanked by quaint cottages, 
 rustics in their native costumes of picturesque 
 "zukmanas" and "zupans" and gay be-ribboned 
 dresses. There will be revealed the folk-life of 
 Poland. A chorus of one thousand will sing 
 folk-songs, accompanied by a band of one 
 hundred. More than three hundred persons 
 will participate in the whirlwind dances of the 
 "Krakowiak" and the "Mazur". 
 
 As the field is being cleared of the village 
 scenery, a parade of organizations will take 
 place, in which will participate fifty floats de- 
 picting the contribution of the Poles to the 
 progress of the world. During the parade of 
 organizations, two thousand Polish National 
 Alliance Boy Scouts will render a Polish and 
 American flag drill, followed by a demonstra- 
 tion of Infantry, Artillery, Navy and Marine 
 Maneuvres. 
 
 Then comes the collosal feature, "A Nation 
 Glorified". This part of the program has 
 taken months to prepare and rehearse. It will 
 be the greatest event of its nature ever attempt- 
 ed by Poles in America, and comparable to the 
 grandest spectacles ever attempted by any 
 group. Since a special program has been pre- 
 pared to supplement this feature of the spec- 
 tacle, no attempt will be made here to depict 
 in words the grandeur and beauty thereof. 
 
 Sunday, July 23: Special participation in 
 church services in the morning at all Polish 
 Parishes. A Grand Finale and get-together at 
 Riverview Amusement Park, Western and Ros- 
 coe, in the annual event sponsored by the Polish 
 Day Association. 
 
 The Electrical Group viewed from Lagoon 
 
 Hall of Science viewed from Lagoon 
 
 [14] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2|5 
 
 Today, commemorating a Century of Prog- 
 ress, the Poles of Chicago, are sponsoring a 
 program consisting of an entire Polish Week 
 of Hospitality. The Poles are ready to show 
 to the world, and to America in particular, that 
 they are a live and industrious group, com- 
 manding attention and respect. 
 
 Forty years ago, at the Columbian Exposi- 
 tion in Chicago, in 1893, the first "Polish Day" 
 
 — S|S 
 
 was inaugurated. More than that, it proved to 
 be the first real demonstration of Polish 
 strength in the city of progress. Through the 
 kindness of Mr. John Schweda, who has in 
 his possession an original copy of the program 
 of that first "Polish Day", that program is 
 here reprinted, for comparison with the pro- 
 gram of the Polish Week of Hospitality, forty 
 years later: 
 
 -»J«-»-*Jf-»-«J»-»-*Jc -•-♦^♦♦-»*< 
 
 fj 
 
 Gktebrattmt nf '*$ nltatj lay' 
 
 FESTIVAL HALL 
 WORLD'S FAIR GROUNDS, CHICAGO, ILLS. 
 
 Qa/midty, 0o&&* Z/A, SS0Ą 
 
 s 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Polonaise of May 3rd Kurpiński 
 
 Prof. Czapek's Orchestra. 
 Kosciuszko's War Signals Wroński 
 
 Prof. Czapek's Orchestra. 
 Opening- Address by the President of "Central Committee" 
 and Introduction of the Presiding Officer. 
 
 Cantata Żeleński 
 
 United Polish Singers of America with Orchestra, under 
 the Leadership of Prof. A. Mallek. 
 
 Introductory Address by the Presiding Officer 
 
 Hail Columbia 
 
 Popular Songs Urbanek 
 
 St. Stanislaus Children's Choir with Orchestra under the 
 Leadership of Prof. A. Kwasigroch. 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Address Hon. C. H. Harrison 
 
 Overture "Halka" Moniuszko 
 
 Prof. Czapek's Orchestra. 
 
 Oration Dr. C. Midowicz 
 
 Polish Hearts 
 
 St. Stanislaus Choir with Orchestra under the Leadership 
 of Prof. A. Kwasigroch. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 E) 
 
 Oration 
 
 The Spirit of the Palatine Grossman 
 
 Choir IX. Wanda and Chopin's Choir with Orchestra, 
 under the Leadership of Prof. A. Mallek. 
 
 The Awakening of the Lion Kontski 
 
 Prof. Czapek's Orchestra. 
 
 In Volynia Dembiński 
 
 United Polish Singers of America and St. Stanislaus 
 Choir with Orchestra under the Leadership of 
 Prof. A. Mallek. 
 
 God Save Poland 
 
 The PuWic with Orchestra. 
 
 n t. . » . * . * . » . » . < t > » » . * » * « « . » * * « » « > t < » >t- » * » * » 't' • >t< 
 
 "Zgoda," 574 Noble St., Chicago, 111. 
 
 [15] 
 
 . : ..»«♦- 
 
POLKS IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Golf Tournament 
 
 Wednesday, July 19 
 
 ON WEDNESDAY of the Polish Week of Hospitality a golf tourna- 
 ment, combined with a cards and dancing party, will be held at the 
 beautiful Lincolnshire Country Club, Crete, Illinois, south of Chicago. 
 The prizes for golf will be so distributed as to give players of all ranks 
 an opportunity to win. There will be door and table prizes for cards. 
 After golf and cards, there will be a dinner and dancing on the club's 
 beautiful outdoor dance pavillion overlooking Deer Lake. 
 
 Donors of prizes, to whom we extend our thanks, are as follows : 
 
 ALDONA PHARMACY 
 
 AMERICAN MAIZE PRODUCTS CO. 
 
 AMERICAN TOWEL & SUPPLY CO. 
 
 CONRAD BADZMIEROWSKI 
 
 DR. M. J. BADZMIEROWSKI 
 
 JOHN HANDYNIA 
 
 S. BARTECKI PHARMACY 
 
 ZYGMUNT BASIŃSKI 
 
 CONGRESSMAN HARRY BEAN 
 
 S. T. BRADEL 
 
 JOHN J. BREHM & SONS 
 
 MICHAEL F. BRISKI 
 
 JOSEPH BUTTNY 
 
 JOSEPH CEGIELSKI 
 
 STEPHEN CIESIELSKI 
 
 CONGRESS HOTEL 
 
 CONTINENTAL SHOE CO. 
 
 JAMES P. CROWLEY 
 
 ANTHONY CZERWIŃSKI 
 
 DR. FRANK DULAK 
 
 FERNALD MFG. CO. 
 
 ANTHONY FORTUNA & SON 
 
 JAMES FRANTA 
 
 S. J. GORCKI PHARMACY 
 
 HON. SHELDON W. GOVIER 
 
 ALD. BRYAN HARTNETT 
 
 FRED HAWKINS, INC. 
 
 HERMAN & MANDIS 
 
 S. HOJNACKI PHARMACY 
 
 HOJNACKI PRINTING CO. 
 
 DR. STANLEY F. JAGMIN 
 
 CASIMIR JANICKI 
 
 HON. JOHN JARANOWSKI 
 
 HON. EDMUND K. JARECKI 
 
 JOSEPH KACZOWSKI 
 
 HON. MICHAEL G. KASPER 
 
 EDWARD KIRSTEN 
 
 REP. JOHN KLUCZYNSKI 
 
 CONGRESSMAN LEO KOCIALKOWSKI 
 
 ALD. FRANK KONKOWSKI 
 
 ROMAN KOSIŃSKI 
 
 MAX KOSZUTA 
 
 BOLESŁAW KOZŁOWSKI 
 
 JOSEPH KUSH 
 
 HON. WALTER J. LA BUY 
 
 LENARD RESTAURANT 
 
 LEWICKI PHARMACY 
 
 LINCOLNSHIRE COUNTRY CLUB 
 
 JOSEPH MAKARSKI & SON 
 
 MIDLAND DAIRY 
 
 EMIL R. MOTZNY 
 
 MAXWELL M. NOWAK 
 
 FRANK C. PATKA 
 
 PEACOCK HAT SHOP 
 
 REP. EDWARD J. PETLAK 
 
 S. PIETRZYKOWSKI PHARMACY 
 
 W. M. PROGL SUPPLY CO. 
 
 ROMAN FURNITURE CO. 
 
 RUSCH BOTTLING WORKS 
 
 JOSEPH SPIKER 
 
 STERLING BEVERAGE CO. 
 
 STRAND DRUG STORE 
 
 FRANK J. SZYKOWNY 
 
 CAPT. PETER TOMCHEK 
 
 JOHN WARCZAK 
 
 WICKER PARK MEDICAL CENTER 
 
 W. WIECZOREK DRUG CO. 
 
 DR. S. F. WIETRZYNSKI 
 
 WOLF FURNITURE CO. 
 
 VIKING ELECTRIC CO. 
 
 REV. JOHN ZIELEZINSKI 
 
 B. J. ZINTAK 
 
 HON. FRANK V. ZINTAK 
 
 M. J. ŻURAWSKI PHARMACY 
 
 Committee in Charge: 
 DR. MATTHEW J. SKRENTNY, Chairman JOSEPH KOSTANSKI, Vice-Chairman 
 
 JOSEPH WOJDYGO, Secretary 
 EDWARD GLOMSKI JOHN JACOBS 
 
 Lincolnshire Country Club 
 
 Outdoor Dance Pavillion 
 
 [16] 
 
i?/rx#£ '<»£''«£-■ 
 
 ^4 S/zo/tf History of the Settlement and Rise 
 of the Poles in the United States 
 
 [Editor's note: The facts here collected are for the most part a sum- 
 mary translation of M. Haiman's "Polacy w Ameryce" (The Poles in 
 America) — Chicago, 1930, a most exhaustive study. For convenience the 
 material is not footnoted, and general reference for authority is hereby 
 made to the other works by Mr. Haiman, viz., (English titles) "From the 
 Past of the Poles in America"; "A History of the Participation of the 
 Poles in the American Civil War"; and "Poles Among the Pioneers of 
 America"; and to Rev. Wacław Kruszka' 's comprehensive history of the 
 Poles in America. Credit is due for work on this article, to Mr. J. S. Ski- 
 biński, and Miss Zella Wolsan.J 
 
 THE year 1933 indeed marks a cent- 
 ury of progress for the Poles in 
 America. Although, as will be pointed out 
 here, the history of the Poles in America 
 goes back much further than the begin- 
 ning of the last century, it was in the 
 , years 1833 and 1834 that the Poles really 
 began to immigrate to this country in 
 "what might be considered large numbers. 
 It is true, the largest groups came in the 
 latter part of the century. But from 1833 
 on, after the Insurrection of 1831 in Po- 
 land, the century of progress actually 
 began. Soon associations were formed, 
 individuals became leaders in America, 
 and in general it gradually became a fact, 
 the subject of recognition and apprecia- 
 tion, that the Poles in America were de- 
 stined to play a most important part, as a 
 national group, in the development and 
 progress of their adopted country. 
 
 The history of the Poles in the United 
 States is a long and glorious one, dat- 
 ing back, as it does, to the times before 
 Columbus, and numbering among its 
 leaders countless great Americans. As far 
 back as 1475 a Polish mariner, Jan of Kol- 
 no, sailed the Atlantic for the King of Den- 
 mark and is said to have reached Labrador 
 and to have explored the Atlantic sea- 
 board as far south as the present coast of 
 Delaware. 
 
 The Poles with John Smith at James- 
 town in 1607 distinguished themselves as 
 skilled and industrious craftsmen and, 
 when occasion arose, as intrepid warriors 
 against the Indians. Moreover, it was 
 these same Poles who waged the first war 
 for democracy in the New World, although 
 it was a war involving no violence or blood- 
 shed. The occasion arose in 1619, when 
 the House of Burgesses met in Jamestown 
 for the first time, and all those who were 
 not Englishmen were refused the right to 
 vote. The Poles thereupon declared a strike 
 until such time as they were accorded the 
 same freedom to which they had grown ac- 
 customed in Poland. Concerning this strike 
 The Court Book of the Virginia Company 
 of London writes as follows (July 31, 
 1619): 
 
 "Upon some dispute of the Polonians res- 
 ident in Virginia it was now agreed that 
 they shall be enfranchised and made as free 
 as any inhabitant there whatsoever. And 
 because their skill in making pitch and tar 
 and soap-ashes shall not die with them, it 
 is agreed that some young men shall be put 
 unto them to learn their skill and knowledge 
 therein — for the benefit of the country 
 hereafter." 
 
 In New Amsterdam the Poles were 
 counted a distinct asset to colonial life 
 from the very first. Peter Stuyvesant 
 made every effort to induce them to settle 
 in New Holland so that they might not 
 
 17 
 
POLKS IX AMERICA 
 
 Ms — 
 
 only assist in the cultivation of the soil, 
 but that they might also give aid in de- 
 fending the colony against the British. 
 Furthermore, in 1659, the Dutch brought 
 from Poland the learned professor, Dr. 
 Alexander Charles Kurcyusz (Curtius), 
 who founded an academy for their chil- 
 dren in New Amsterdam, the first insti- 
 tution of higher learning in what is now 
 the city of New York. 
 
 In 1662 a Polish nobleman, Olbracht 
 Zaborowski by name, settled in New Am- 
 sterdam and later acquired large areas of 
 land on the Passaic river, in the northern 
 part of New Jersey. Having learned the 
 Indian tongue, he often acted as an inter- 
 preter, and by his kindness won over the 
 sympathy of the Indians. According to the 
 family traditions of the Zabriskies (angli- 
 cized from the Polish Zaboroivski) , James, 
 the eldest of the five sons of Olbracht, is 
 said at the age of seven to have been seized 
 by an Indian chief. Because of their 
 friendship for the father, the Indians en- 
 treated him to let the boy stay in their 
 camp until he had learned the Indian 
 tongue, in order to continue the friendly 
 relations between the whites and the red- 
 skins. Olbracht later became one of the 
 first judges in New Jersey. He died in 
 1711, at Hackensack, New Jersey, leaving 
 a line of descendants now found in various 
 parts of the country. The Zabriskies are 
 to this day one of the most eminent fam- 
 ilies in the United States. 
 
 We find several Polish names among 
 those who had left the Colonies in order 
 to trade with the Indians farther west. 
 One of these, John Anthony Sadowski, in 
 1735 had reached the western frontier of 
 Ohio and established the present site of 
 Sandusky, Ohio, as a trading post, having 
 thus preceded the white settlement of Ohio 
 by a hundred years. Sadowski was killed 
 by the Indians in Virginia, where he had 
 settled with his family after his numer- 
 ous trips to the west. 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2§S 
 
 His two sons, James and Joseph, dis- 
 tinguished themselves in the history of 
 the State of Kentucky as companions of 
 Daniel Boone. They were among the first 
 to enter that unknown region. James Sa- 
 dowski helped in surveying land in Ken- 
 tucky in 1773. In 1774, both brothers with 
 about forty men sailed the Monongahela 
 and Ohio Rivers and camped at the spot 
 where Cincinnati, Ohio, now stands. From 
 there they crossed to Kentucky and found- 
 ed Harrodstown, now known as Harrods- 
 burg, the oldest town in Kentucky. The 
 settlers had constructed their homes and 
 planted grain when, warned by Daniel 
 Boone of a threatened raid, they were com- 
 pelled to return to Virginia. 
 
 James Sadowski refused to accompany 
 the others. He built a boat and boldly left 
 for the south. He sailed the Cumberland, 
 Ohio, and Mississippi rivers and reached 
 New Orleans, whence he returned to Bal- 
 timore. Thus, he was the first white man 
 from the English colonies and the first pio- 
 neer after the French and Spanish to trav- 
 erse these rivers. James and Joseph then 
 settled permanently in Kentucky. James 
 wrote a history of his unusual adventures, 
 but this work was lost. 
 
 In short, Polish settlers were found in 
 each of the thirteen Colonies. In Delaware, 
 then New Sweden, there were Poles as 
 early as 1650. There were Poles in Penn- 
 sylvania during the times of William 
 Penn. Paul Mostowski of Warsaw even 
 strove to found a New 7 Poland in the south- 
 ern states about 1776, but his plans came 
 to naught. 
 
 Among these early Polish settlers were 
 men of science. Charles Blaszkowicz, for 
 instance, a surveyor in the English serv- 
 ice, drew a map (of the coast line of New 
 England) which is admired even to this 
 day. 
 
 The history of Poland itself is bound up 
 economically and politically with that of 
 the United States. Virginia and Mary- 
 
 [18] 
 
2§£ 
 
 land, in the latter half of the seventeenth 
 century, enjoyed a measure of prosperity 
 thanks to exports of tobacco to Poland, as 
 well as to other European countries. In 
 this connection, it is interesting to note 
 that when the war between Poland, and 
 Sweden and Russia, put an end to this 
 commerce about 1700, Virginia and Mary- 
 land experienced a period of depression. 
 During her independent history Poland 
 was known as the "granary of Europe;" 
 but when she fell as a result of the perfidy 
 and greed of her powerful neighbors, 
 America became the successor of Poland 
 in respect to the grain trade supremacy. 
 
 Politically Poland continued to be of aid 
 to the Colonies, directly or indirectly; for 
 example, her bloody war with the Swedish 
 king, Charles X, enabled the English to 
 seize New Sweden with ease. 
 
 The last king of Poland, Stanisław Aug- 
 ust, was always friendly to the Colonies 
 and condemned the English system of "tax- 
 ation without representation." In his let- 
 ters he praised the work of George Wash- 
 ington. In turn, Washington sympathized 
 with Poland, and when the latter adopted 
 the famous Constitution of the Third of 
 May, he praised it very highly. He said: 
 "I wished always to Poland well, and that 
 with all my heart." 
 
 Early American poets, among them Joel 
 Barlow and David Humphreys, penned 
 poems in honor of King Stanisław August 
 and the Polish Constitution. Humphreys, 
 friend of Thaddeus Kościuszko, thus lam- 
 ented the fall of Poland in one of his poems, 
 in 1804: 
 
 "...We to Heaven our unavailing vows 
 For Poland raised — besought Heaven's 
 
 righteous Lord, 
 To rend the wreath from Austria's, 
 
 Prussia's brows, 
 And break of baneful leagues the threefold 
 
 cord..." 
 
 Concerning Kościuszko there is little 
 need to write at great length. Who is there 
 who does not know of his brilliant accom- 
 
 HISTORY OF THE POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 plishments at Saratoga which resulted in 
 the surrender of Burgoyne? Of his forti- 
 fication of West Point? Of his humanity 
 and kindness even to the prisoners of war? 
 Of his work with General Greene in the 
 army of the south where his mastery of 
 engineering and his knowledge of strategy 
 stood him in good stead? Of the recogni- 
 tion of his accomplishments by Congress 
 and of his immense popularity with the 
 people of this country as well as with the 
 citizens of his "first fatherland," Poland? 
 And finally, of his unceasing efforts to 
 bring freedom to all people of all classes, 
 in connection with which Thomas Jeffer- 
 son once said: "He is as pure a son of 
 liberty as I have ever known, and of that 
 liberty which is to go to all, and not to the 
 few and rich alone." 
 
 Upon Kosciuszko's death, General Wil- 
 liam H. Harrison spoke of him in Congress 
 as follows: "His fame will last as long as 
 liberty remains upon the earth . . . And if, 
 by the common consent of the world, a 
 temple shall be erected to those who have 
 rendered most service to mankind, if the 
 statue of our great countryman, Washing- 
 ton, shall occupy the place of the 'Most 
 Worthy,' that of Kościuszko will be found 
 by his side, and the wreath of laurel will 
 be entwined with the palm of virtue to 
 adorn his brow." 
 
 Hardly less familiar is the story of Cas- 
 imir Pulaski and how he came from Tur- 
 key where he was living in exile after par- 
 ticipating, like Kościuszko, in uprisings 
 against the Russians; how he came to 
 Washington recommended by Benjamin 
 Franklin as "an officer famous through- 
 out Europe for his bravery and conduct in 
 defense of the liberties of his country"; 
 and how he saved the American troops 
 from complete rout at Brandywine and 
 Warren Tavern. 
 
 Pulaski reorganized the American cav- 
 alry and later organized his private legion 
 which he equipped and fed with the assist- 
 
 19 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 2§S 
 
 ance of his private fortune. With this le- 
 gion he prevented the siege of Charleston, 
 and later led it, together with the Amer- 
 ican and French cavalry, against the Brit- 
 ish at Savannah, Georgia, where he was 
 fatally wounded on October 9, 1779. 
 
 On the occasion of the sesqui-centennial 
 of his death, President Hoover said of him : 
 
 "The memory of that young Polish noble- 
 man who joined the forces of the American 
 colonists and who fought valiantly from the 
 time he joined the staff of General Wash- 
 ington until he was wounded in the siege of 
 Savannah, will always remain dear to the 
 hearts of American citizens, and their sin- 
 cere recognition of his service in the war 
 for American independence will never die". 
 
 Besides Kościuszko and Pulaski, there 
 were other Poles who took part in the war 
 for American independence. The most fa- 
 mous of these was Maurice Beniowski, who 
 as an associate of Pulaski fought the Rus- 
 sians in Poland. Exiled to Siberia, he es- 
 caped to France and proposed to King 
 Louis XV the establishment of a colony in 
 Madagascar. The king gave his consent 
 and Beniowski became governor of the col- 
 ony ; he so won over the populace that they 
 made him their king. In 1776 he left for 
 America to aid the Colonists but was seized 
 by the English at sea and committed to 
 long imprisonment in England. In 1779 
 he succeeded in being freed, and coming 
 to America, he joined the Pulaski Legion 
 a few days before the siege of Savannah. 
 
 Beniowski attempted to create a sepa- 
 rate legion on the Pulaski plan, but the 
 war soon ended, and he returned to Mada- 
 gascar where he was murdered in 1786. 
 
 John Zieliński, a relative of Pulaski, 
 who came with him to America, served 
 with him and distinguished himself as a 
 lieutenant and captain; he perished Sep- 
 tember 25, 1779, in an engagement at the 
 siege of Savannah. 
 
 Among other Polish officers who fought 
 at Pulaski's side, were Matthew Rogowski, 
 who later wrote memoirs of the War for 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Independence; Charles Litomski, who later 
 fought under Kościuszko in Poland, and 
 Michael Kowacz, killed at the battle of 
 Charleston, South Carolina, May 11, 1779. 
 The Poles fought not for money or any 
 material considerations, for the Colonies 
 were poor, but because of their love of 
 freedom. Of them John A. Joyce, an Amer- 
 ican poet, wrote: 
 
 "Polish heroes in their might 
 Fought in freedom's holy fight, 
 BrilLant as the stars of night, 
 To maintain the pure and right!" 
 
 Nor did the Poles begrudge financial 
 aid to the new American republic. Among 
 the financiers to help America was Peter 
 Stadnicki, a descendant of Polish immi- 
 grants to Holland, a rich and influential 
 banker of Amsterdam. He was the first 
 to show faith in the stability of America 
 by buying up the bonds issued by the Colo- 
 nies during the war. He sold the issues in 
 Europe in influential circles and thus won 
 confidence for the United States in the 
 powerful countries of Europe. Stadnicki 
 for some time was the leading banker of 
 the United States in Europe. He was re- 
 spected for his sterling honesty and bus- 
 iness acumen. 
 
 He also helped colonize the western parts 
 of New York and Pennsylvania. Together 
 with several Dutch bankers under the 
 name "The Holland Land Company," he 
 purchased 5,000,000 acres of land, which 
 they subdivided and sold to colonists. Thus 
 Stadnicki had the honor of populating por- 
 tions that now belong to the richest in the 
 Union. 
 
 With the partition of Poland, many 
 political exiles flocked to America. Kaje- 
 tan Wengierski, a Polish poet, was eager 
 to visit the new country and meet Wash- 
 ington. He toured the whole of the then 
 known United States and left an interest- 
 ing description of his travels. 
 
 Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz came to the 
 States in 1797 with Kościuszko, whose ad- 
 
 20 
 
& 
 
 jutant he was. Niemcewicz is one of Po- 
 land's famous poets. Like Wengierski, 
 Niemcewicz visited the various parts of 
 the new country and was the first Pole 
 to reach and describe Niagara Falls. He 
 undertook this trip on horseback, clearing 
 his path through the forests with an axe. 
 He also visited George Washington at 
 Mount Vernon, where he was hospitably 
 entertained for two weeks. This visit he 
 beautifully described in verse in his letter 
 to his friend, Karol Kniaziewicz, in which 
 he mentioned Washington as shedding a 
 tear over the unfortunate lot of Poland. 
 
 Niemcewicz settled in Elizabeth, New 
 Jersey, where he devoted himself to farm- 
 ing. Through his wife, Susan Kean, he 
 was related to the most prominent Amer- 
 ican families of the day. He wrote the first 
 Polish biography of George Washington. 
 
 Poles also participated in the second 
 American war with England in 1812. The 
 aged Kościuszko gave his aid in this war 
 also. He wrote a text-book on artillery for 
 the benefit of the Americans, who, grate- 
 ful for his valuable advice, called him "the 
 father of the American artillery." 
 
 The Polish Revolution of 1830 brought 
 to the United States a considerable and 
 abiding contingent of Poles, mostly soldiers 
 and members of the lower nobility. Part 
 of Napoleon's Polish Legion had been dis- 
 patched to San Domingo, whence such as 
 did not perish miserably or return to 
 Europe came to the United States. A con- 
 siderable number of Poles were in the 
 American armies, fighting the Seminole 
 Indians in the South. Among Americans 
 of that time enthusiasm in Poland's cause 
 ran high, and the tourist who visits the 
 Polish National Museum at Rappersvil, 
 Switzerland, can see many tokens of sym- 
 pathy sent to the struggling Poles by their 
 American admirers. In 1835 there existed 
 a "Polish National Committee in the 
 United States," whose members were 
 prominent Americans, and whose presi- 
 
 HISTORY OF THE POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 & 
 
 dent, as we learn from a pamphlet printed 
 in Philadelphia, September 30, 1835, was 
 M. Carey. The number of Poles in the 
 United States must have run up to thou- 
 sands, if we may judge from the frequent 
 allusions to the various groups in the 
 American Press of the time. American 
 sympathy took concrete form when Con- 
 gress made the Poles a grant of thirty-six 
 sections of land, and surveyed two town- 
 ships for them near Rock River, Illinois. 
 A number of veterans of the Revolution 
 of 1830 organized the "Stowarzyszenie 
 Polaków w Ameryce" (Association of Poles 
 in America) in New York. An appeal 
 dated New York, March 20, 1842, calls 
 upon all Poles in America to affiliate with 
 an organization recently effected at the 
 home of the Rev. Louis Jezykowicz, 235 
 Division Street, New York. "To die for 
 Poland" was the watchword of the organ- 
 ization, which, according to a brochure 
 printed in Paris, elaborately commemor- 
 ated the Revolution of 1830, at the Stuy- 
 vesant Institute, New York. Poles from 
 Boston, Baltimore, Utica, Philadelphia, 
 and Niagara, were present at the celebra- 
 tion, and many distinguished Americans 
 and foreigners, as well as various Scan- 
 dinavian, French, and German societies 
 participated. In 1852 probably the second 
 Polish organization in the United States J 
 was founded, "Towarzystwo Demokraty- J 
 czne Wygnańców Polskich w Ameryce" 1 
 (Democratic Society of Poles in America),! 
 an ardent anti-slavery organization. In" 
 1854 it numbered over two hundred mem- 
 bers, but there are no records of its act- 
 ivities later than 1858. The Poles coming 
 throughout this period of political immi- 
 gration were persons of culture, and were 
 freely admitted into American Society, 
 which looked upon them as martyrs for 
 liberty. 
 
 These exiles in many instances played 
 an important role in the cultural develop- 
 ment of their communities. Thus, Adam 
 
 21] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 Kurek, a well known composer, was the 
 first to organize musical bands composed 
 of wind instruments. Julian Fontana, 
 friend of Frederick Chopin, also disting- 
 uished himself as a musician. Henry Dmo- 
 chowski-Sanders was the famous sculptor 
 of the Pulaski bust in the Capitol of the 
 United States. Alexander Sengteller and 
 Alexander Raszewski were prominent en- 
 gravers. Joseph Podbielski translated 
 many Polish masterpieces into English. 
 Paul Soboleski, a poet and journalist, be- 
 came the brilliant translator of "The Poets 
 and Poetry of Poland." Adam Gurowski 
 wrote many books on science. Among the 
 prominent physicians were Louis Szpaczek 
 and R. Thomain of New York and Henry 
 Kallusowski of Washington, D. C. Colonel 
 Casimir Gzowski was the famous engineer 
 of Canada who built the first bridge across 
 the Niagara. Joseph Truskolaski was a 
 land surveyor in Louisiana and Utah. Cap- 
 tain Charles Radzimiński helped stake out 
 the American-Mexican boundary. Leopold 
 Boeck founded the first polytechnic school 
 of America. Joseph Karge, Arthur Gra- 
 bowski, Joseph d'Alfons and many others 
 distinguished themselves as professors. 
 Major Henry Głowacki, of Batavia, N. Y., 
 became a well-known attorney. Dr. Felix 
 Wierzbicki acquired fame with his work 
 on California, the first published book in 
 San Francisco, now very rare and eagerly 
 sought by enthusiastic bibliophiles. A. Ja- 
 kubowski, having mastered the English 
 language in six months, wrote beautiful 
 poetry, but due to his despair over the 
 tragic plight of Poland, did not live long 
 enough to acquire lasting fame. Many of 
 these Poles became federal workers and 
 officials in Washington; others disting- 
 uished themselves in various other fields, 
 and all aided in the development of the cul- 
 tural background of young America. 
 
 The Poles were also active politically. 
 They helped in the annexation of Texas to 
 the United States. In the Texan revolt 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 — 2§S 
 
 against Mexico in 1835 a number of Polish 
 soldiers took active part. Several Poles 
 were killed in the famous massacre of Col- 
 onel Fannin's company at Goliad, Texas, 
 and one of them, the gallant Piotrowicz, 
 was in command of the artillery. In the 
 war with Mexico, 1846-1848, among the 
 Poles who distinguished themselves were 
 Capt. Charles Radzimiński, Capt. Napo- 
 leon Koscialkowski, Sergt. lgnące Szumow- 
 ski, and many others. 
 
 The political exiles from Poland did 
 their best to spread the truth about Poland 
 among the Americans. In 1842 they be- 
 gan to publish in New York Poland — His- 
 torical, Literary, Monumental and Pic- 
 turesque, the first periodical published by 
 Poles in America. Casper Tochman espe- 
 cially rendered great service in acquaint- 
 ing America with Polish history and liter- 
 ature; in 1840-1844, he delivered through- 
 out the United States over a hundred lec- 
 tures on Poland. Through his efforts sev- 
 eral state legislatures adopted resolutions 
 laudatory of Poland. For instance, the 
 legislature of the State of Connecticut 
 adopted the following on May 12, 1842: 
 
 "Resolved, that in all conflicts between 
 the tyrant and the oppressed, our best 
 wishes are due to the latter, and are espe- 
 cially extended to the Polish nation, whose 
 history is bright with examples of heroism, 
 and whose noblest warriors have fought by 
 the side of our Fathers, in the great cause 
 of American freedom. 
 
 "Resolved, that in this manifesting our 
 emotions of pity and indignation for the 
 cruel wrongs which have been suffered by 
 Poland from the armed robbers of the 
 north, we but echo the feelings of the whole 
 American people". 
 
 The exiles began to organize into asso- 
 ciations of self-help and mutual aid, espe- 
 cially in the city of New York. The most 
 famous of these was the Democratic So- 
 ciety of Polish Exiles in America. The 
 most eminent Polish leader of those days 
 was Dr. Henry Kalussowski, who devoted 
 all his energy to organize the Poles scat- 
 
 22 
 
4s 
 
 tered throughout the United States, in or- 
 der that they might aid their unfortunate 
 native land. 
 
 Among the clergymen of that early per- 
 iod we find Father Norbert Kossak, Jesuit, 
 who came here about 1800; the saintly 
 Father Boniface Krukowski, 1820; Father 
 Francis Dzierozynski, superior over the 
 Jesuit missions of America, 1820-1848. 
 Father Gaspar Matoga, who came to the 
 United States in 1848, and completed his 
 studies at Fordham, was the first Polish 
 priest to be ordained in the United States. 
 The Polish exiles were too widely scattered 
 to form a Polish settlement and parish in 
 these early days. 
 
 Following the nationalistic movement of 
 1846-1848, many more Poles came to 
 America to escape political persecution. 
 The most famous of these was John Tys- 
 sowski, dictator of the Cracow rebellion of 
 1846, and later a prominent official of 
 Washington. In 1848, the attempts to at- 
 tain liberty by force again engaged the 
 sympathy of the American people who ar- 
 ranged huge demonstrations for Poland. 
 Among the new Polish settlements made 
 in that year was the one in New Orleans, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Following the unsuccessful uprising of 
 1863, more Poles came to the land of the 
 free, bringing with them their love of free- 
 dom, and their profound cultural back- 
 ground. 
 
 During the Civil War more than 4,000 
 Poles served in the Union Army, and more 
 than 1,000 in the Confederate Army; that 
 is one-sixth of the total estimated Polish 
 population. 
 
 A week after Lincoln's proclamation 
 calling for 75,000 volunteers, Gen. W. 
 Krzyżanowski organized one of the first 
 companies in Washington, D. C. Major A. 
 Raszewski assembled two Polish companies 
 of the 31st regiment of the state militia of 
 New York. At first they wore Polish uni- 
 forms and were called the Polish Legion, 
 
 HISTORY OF THE POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 2§S 
 
 although that name was officially borne 
 by the 58th regiment of the state infantry 
 of New York. 
 
 When in the beginning of the war the 
 State of Missouri was inclined to favor 
 the Confederacy, Polish volunteers from 
 St. Louis helped to keep it under the Stars 
 and Stripes. The Poles of Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 under Maj. Maurice Wesołowski, organ- 
 ized their own company in the 28th regi- 
 ment of the state infantry. The greatest 
 number of Poles serving in the Union 
 ranks came from New York, Missouri, 
 Ohio, Illinois and Wisconsin. 
 
 By singular coincidence, among the first 
 victims of the war on either side were 
 Poles. Thaddeus Strawiński, an 18-year 
 old student and son of a Polish exile, per- 
 ished during the Confederate attack on 
 Fort Sumpter which started the war; he 
 is the first recorded victim of the struggle. 
 The first Union officer to fall on the field 
 of battle was Captain Constantine Błędow- 
 ski on May 10, 1861, at St. Louis. He was 
 one of those deserving patriots who had 
 saved Missouri for the Union. 
 
 There were about 165 Polish officers in 
 the Union army and several score in the 
 Confederate troops. Over 500 Poles died 
 fighting to preserve the Union and about 
 100 perished for the Confederate cause. 
 
 The Confederacy had many friends in 
 Europe; France and England were espe- 
 cially sympathetic to the Southern states 
 and clandestinely aided their cause. At 
 that time the Poles abroad were groaning 
 under the oppressive heel of Russia and 
 their insurrection of 1863 was an attempt 
 to throw off the foreign yoke. France and 
 England, the very powers hostile to the 
 United States, were most sympathetic to 
 the Polish cause. Napoleon III, the French 
 emperor, appealed to all the civilized pow- 
 ers to defend oppressed Poland. Prussia 
 and the United States declined to intervene 
 — Prussia out of hostility to the Poles, the 
 United States out of respect for the Mon- 
 
 23] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 roe Doctrine. This aloofness, however, 
 caused great rejoicing in Russia, where 
 a belief was professed that the Polish 
 cause could not be just inasmuch as the 
 most democratic country in the world re- 
 fused to render aid. In order to deter Eng- 
 land and France from active support of 
 the Poles, the Russian czar sent a large 
 fleet to the United States where it was 
 welcomed with great enthusiasm. The 
 threat was effective, and the European 
 powers agreed to preserve neutrality in 
 the Polish insurrection as well as where 
 the Confederacy was concerned. 
 
 General Vladimir Krzyżanowski was 
 the most famous Pole in the Civil War. 
 From a private he rose to the rank of a 
 general and distinguished himself by his 
 valor and able leadership. Born in Po- 
 land, in 1824, he worked while a student 
 for the Polish cause. Compelled to leave 
 his home because of his political activities, 
 he came to America and by dint of hard 
 labor and study became an engineer. At 
 first employed by the railroads, he later 
 settled in Washington, D. C, and became 
 a merchant. 
 
 In 1861 he organized a company of mili- 
 tia in Washington, soon became captain, 
 major, and finally, colonel of the 58th in- 
 fantry of the New York militia. This regi- 
 ment included many Poles and for that 
 reason was called the Polish Legion. 
 
 Gen. Krzyżanowski distinguished him- 
 self in many battles. After the battle at 
 Cross Keys, June 8, 1862, he was given 
 the rank of brigadier; and for his gallant 
 part in the battle of Bull Run, August, 
 1862, President Lincoln appointed him 
 general. The Senate, however, failed to 
 ratify the appointment. 
 
 In the bloody battle of Chancellorsville 
 (May, 1863), when the Confederate gen- 
 eral, "Stonewall" Jackson, executed a sur- 
 prise attack which threw the Union ranks 
 into confusion, Krzyżanowski alone main- 
 tained his brigade intact and by his valor 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 — M 
 
 aided in holding Jackson. At Gettysburg 
 (July, 1863) he again distinguished him- 
 self, and thereafter despatched to Tennes- 
 see, he took part in many engagements and 
 executed several difficult marches. 
 
 Krzyżanowski was beloved by his men 
 because he shared the common lot of a sol- 
 dier, never grumbled, was always kindly, 
 humane, and sympathetic; they followed 
 his orders blindly. Upon the termination 
 of the war the officers and soldiers of his 
 brigade presented him with a beautiful 
 saber inscribed: "Officers and soldiers of 
 the 2nd brigade, 3rd division, 2nd corps, 
 to their beloved commander, this token of 
 respect." He was showered with many 
 other presents for his valor and knightly 
 virtues. 
 
 Moreover, he was also known for his 
 humanity in the treatment of the enemy. 
 In 1864, he was in supreme command of 
 Bridgeport, Tennessee, on Confederate ter- 
 ritory, master of the life and property of 
 the inhabitants, yet when he was leaving 
 for another assignment, the Southerners 
 sincerely regretted his departure. 
 
 With the end of the war Krzyżanowski 
 was honored by Congress, for his most dis- 
 tinguished service, with the brevet of brig- 
 adier-general. When in 1867 the United 
 States purchased Alaska from Russia, 
 Krzyżanowski was appointed its first gov- 
 ernor. There he laid the foundation for 
 the American administration. Later he 
 was a federal official in Panama and New 
 York. He died in New York on January 
 31, 1887. General Carl Schurz, United 
 States senator and secretary of the treas- 
 ury, pronounced a beautiful eulogy at his 
 funeral : "A son of a distant land, dearer 
 to me than everything else, mindful of her 
 misfortunes." Krzyżanowski wrote of him- 
 self in his "Memoirs of My Stay in Amer- 
 ica," "I have always fought for an idea, 
 for freedom and independence." 
 
 One of the best cavalry officers in the 
 Union army during the Civil war was a 
 
 24 
 
2§5- 
 
 HISTORY OF THE POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 & 
 
 at Princeton University. The "National 
 Cyclopaedia of American Biography" says 
 of him that "by reason of his fine scholar- 
 ship, his amiable qualities, and his rare 
 gifts as a teacher, he became one of the 
 best known educators of his time." He 
 died suddenly December 27, 1892, when 
 sailing from New Jersey to New York, 
 sincerely mourned by both American and 
 Pole. 
 
 Besides Krzyżanowski and Karge, there 
 were other Poles who aided in maintaining 
 the Union whole and inviolate. Among 
 these was Captain Alexander Bielaski, ad- 
 jutant to General McClellan, who at Bel- 
 mont, Missouri, November 7, 1861, dis- 
 mounting from his injured horse, seized 
 the Union flag and with a cry led his sol- 
 diers to the attack. He was killed instant- 
 ly. "A braver man never fell on a field 
 of battle," wrote General Logan, while 
 General McClellan reported: "His brave- 
 ry was only equalled by his fidelity as a 
 soldier and patriot. He died making the 
 Stars and Stripes his winding sheet. Hon- 
 ored be his memory". 
 
 Poles were also pioneers in the signal 
 corps, the eyes and tongue of the army. 
 Here we find Lieut. Julius S. Krzywo- 
 szynski and Capt. Joseph Gloskowski, who 
 rendered many a service to the Union 
 army. In 1864, Gloskowski participated 
 in the bold expedition to Richmond, Vir- 
 ginia, the capital of the Confederacy, to 
 rescue Union prisoners. Many war re- 
 ports name him for "meritorious service 
 and gallant conduct." 
 
 As army engineers, several Poles re- 
 ceived honorable mention. Lieut. Ladis- 
 law A. Wrotnowski, engineer on General 
 Weitzel's staff, died a heroic death at Port 
 Hudson, Louisiana, May 27, 1863. Capt. 
 W. Kossak distinguished himself on Gen- 
 eral Grant's staff. General Sherman 
 praised him for his plan of the battle of 
 Shiloh, calling the plan "the best I have 
 ever seen," and his fortification at the 
 
 Pole, General Joseph Karge, like Krzyża- 
 nowski, native of that part of Poland un- 
 der German domination. He fought in the 
 insurrection of 1848, and, eager to escape 
 the Prussian persecution, he left with his 
 brother for America in 1851. Once he had 
 mastered the language, he established a 
 school that became famous in New York. 
 He volunteered for service in the Union 
 army and became lieutenant-colonel in the 
 first cavalry regiment of the State of New 
 Jersey. He trained this regiment and took 
 part in many engagements. At Barnett's 
 Ford, August 7, 1862, he helped save the 
 Army of Virginia from annihilation by 
 Jackson and aided in the defense of Wash- 
 ington from Confederate attack. He was 
 wounded at Brandy Station, August 20, 
 1862. Again he distinguished himself at 
 Aldie, October 21, 1862. Hampered by his 
 wound, he was compelled to retire, but in 
 the beginning of 1863 he again became 
 active and organized the second regiment 
 of New Jersey, of which he became colonel. 
 When General Lee threatened to invade 
 New Jersey and the Northern states, the 
 governor appointed Karge supreme com- 
 mander of the cavalry within the state. 
 Lee, however, defeated at Gettysburg, was 
 compelled to return south. 
 
 Karge was sent to the south-west to 
 fight the many small Confederate contin- 
 gents that carried on a guerilla warfare. 
 There he took part in many engagements, 
 traversing on horseback the States of Miss- 
 issippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky, and 
 parts of Arkansas and Louisiana ; he sailed 
 the Mississippi from St. Louis to New Or- 
 leans ; he marched thousands of miles, cap- 
 turing soldiers and horses and ammunition 
 on the way. He was universally praised 
 for his work, and a grateful Congress, for 
 his valorous and distinguished service, 
 commissioned him brigadier-general. 
 
 With peace declared, Karge returned to 
 his profession and for 20 years was pro- 
 fessor of foreign languages and literatures 
 
 [25 
 
»!*- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2§S 
 
 called him "an officer of the highest grade 
 of merit." Sulakowski planned a Polish 
 army of 30,000 to be composed of the exiles 
 of the Polish insurrection of 1863, but 
 the Confederacy had no means to trans- 
 port that number from Europe, and his 
 plan came to naught. Lieutenant Colonel 
 Hipolit Oladowski was an inseparable as- 
 sistant and adviser to the famous Con- 
 federate general Braxton Bragg. Capt. 
 Peter K. Stankiewicz was a brilliant of- 
 ficer of the artillery, in command of a bat- 
 tery from Tennessee. Leon Jastremski, 
 later mayor of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 
 rose to a captaincy from the ranks. 
 
 Even the Polish women played an im- 
 portant part in the Civil war. Sister Ve- 
 ronica, of the Sisters of Mercy, (nee Klim- 
 kiewicz and related to Kościuszko), work- 
 ed for some time in the military hospitals. 
 At the battle of Gettysburg she recognized 
 her own brother in a seriously wounded 
 confederate soldier to whom she was giv- 
 ing water. Klimkiewicz regained his 
 health. Sister Veronica celebrated the 
 diamond jubilee of the taking of her mo- 
 nastic vows in 1930, in Baltimore, Md. 
 She died the same year. Her sister, also 
 a Sister of Mercy, worked as a nurse dur- 
 ing the Civil war. Similar work was done 
 in the South by Mrs. Sosnowski, of Co- 
 lumbia, South Carolina, widow of a Polish 
 officer who took part in the insurrection 
 of 1831 in Poland. 
 
 Following the Civil war there followed 
 a huge emigration from Poland, for econ- 
 omic reasons. Before the war the immi- 
 grants were political exiles, who had left 
 Poland because of the persecutions of Rus- 
 sia and Prussia. Now the immigrant 
 came to the land of opportunity to better 
 himself economically, to work hard and 
 save for a home of his own. 
 
 True, there were some Poles who were 
 attracted by the gold rush in California 
 and came here in 1850. But the main 
 stream of immigration started when the 
 
 siege of Corinth, Mississippi, "very excel- 
 lent." 
 
 Capt. Louis Zychliński was a gallant of- 
 ficer, who in his account of the Civil war 
 wrote: "I have lived solely for the future 
 of my native land, and I fought for Amer- 
 ica, tens of times looking death boldly in 
 the face as became a Pole." Ladislaw 
 Leski was adjutant to General McDowell, 
 commander of the Western army. George 
 Sokalski and Theophilus Michałowski 
 were well known officers of artillery. 
 Capt. Edmund Zalinski, as a youngster of 
 16, joined the Union army and became 
 adjutant to General N. A. Miles. For his 
 bravery he rose from a private to the rank 
 of an officer. After the war he was pro- 
 fessor in the Massachusetts Institute of 
 Technology and acquired fame as an in- 
 ventor of war machinery. 
 
 Peter Kiolbassa, first Polish teacher in 
 Texas, and later city treasurer in Chicago, 
 like Zalinski, rose from the ranks and be- 
 came captain in the Union army. 
 
 Others to be mentioned for their distin- 
 guished service were: Joseph Smoliński, 
 of New York; Lieut. Charles Borowski, of 
 Buffalo, killed at Plain Store, Louisiana, 
 in 1863; Capt. Maurice Kraszynski of 
 Connecticut; Capt. Edmund T. Hulanicki, 
 and his brother, Capt. Thaddeus C. Hula- 
 nicki, of Illinois; Capt. Edward Antoniew- 
 ski, of New York, killed at Gettysburg; 
 Capt. Gusta ve Radecki of Massachusetts; 
 Col. Emil Schoening, of New York, and 
 many others. 
 
 Among those who sided with the Con- 
 federacy were Gen. Casper Tochman, fa- 
 mous for his numerous lectures on Poland, 
 who organized a Polish Brigade at New 
 Orleans, Louisiana. A number of Poles 
 from the South joined this contingent, but 
 Tochman soon after resigned. One of the 
 officers of the Brigade was Col. Vincent 
 Sulakowski, a famous engineer, who plan- 
 ned the fortification of the coasts of Texas 
 and Louisiana. Gen. J. B. Magruder 
 
 26 
 
2§S 
 
 small tradesman, the laborer, the farmer 
 of Poland, decided to leave for the land of 
 the free. The peasantry, unable to make 
 any headway in the old country, and un- 
 able to own their own land, resolved to 
 leave for America in order to acquire 
 economic independence, and better op- 
 portunities for themselves and their child- 
 ren. 
 
 The immigrants brought with them 
 their clergymen, and thus the church be- 
 came the nucleus of the many settlements 
 in this country. Since the immigrants 
 were ever religious, never forgetting 
 church or God, the parish linked them in 
 one group which enabled them to survive 
 more easily. 
 
 The oldest Polish parish in America is 
 that of Panna Maria, Texas, begun by the 
 Rev. Leopold Moczygemba in 1851. In 
 1854 he invited some hundred families 
 from Upper Silesia (German Poland), 
 who made their way through the difficul- 
 ties of the Texas prairie and wilderness, 
 exposed to wild animals and venomous 
 snakes, to fever and elemental storms, and 
 to the ill-will of the natives. Nothing 
 daunted, they constructed a little church 
 for their priest and their little huts on the 
 prairie and became successful pioneers in 
 a new country. 
 
 By 1855 we find in the north the first 
 Polish farming community at Polonia, 
 Wisconsin, and soon after one at Paris- 
 ville, Michigan, and then many others. 
 The many thriving farming communities 
 attracted other farmers from Poland, so 
 much that today 10 percent of the Polish 
 population in America, or about 400,000, 
 live on the farms, especially in New Eng- 
 land, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Il- 
 linois, Indiana, Missouri, Pennsylvania, 
 the Dakotas, Iowa, Arkansas and Nebras- 
 ka. As farmers they proved themselves 
 efficient; for instance, in New England 
 they supplanted the Yankee farmer who 
 
 HISTORY OF THE POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 was unable to eke out a living on the 
 scanty soil. 
 
 But the laboring class as well was at- 
 tracted to the land of Washington, and 
 the bulk of the Polish immigration, num- 
 bering some 3,500,000, settled in towns 
 and cities, in the many industrial centers 
 of the United States. In Chicago, there 
 are some 60 Polish parishes, with about 
 400,000 citizens of Polish extraction. 
 Other large Polish settlements are found 
 in Milwaukee, Detroit, Cleveland, Buf- 
 falo, Pittsburgh, and New York. 
 
 The Poles of the German partition were 
 the first to start this mass immigration 
 to America. They had been compelled to 
 fight the French in the Franco-German 
 war of 1870, and as a reward were being 
 subjected to a ruthless form of Prussian- 
 ization. To escape this repression of the 
 Polish tongue and to better themselves 
 economically, they began to flock in great 
 numbers to America. They were followed 
 by the Poles of the Russian partition and 
 finally by Austrian Poles. The huge im- 
 migration was stopped only by the war in 
 1914. 
 
 The following statistics prove the rapid 
 growth of the Polish invasion of America : 
 
 In 1860, there were in the United States 
 some 30,000 Poles and about 10 Polish set- 
 tlements; in 1870 the number was 50,000, 
 with 20 settlements in Texas, Michigan, 
 Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri and 
 Pennsylvania (in Chicago alone there were 
 some 10,000 Poles with 25 clergymen) ; 
 in 1875 they numbered about 200,000, 
 with 50 parishes, and 300 settlements; in 
 1890 there were 1,000,000 immigrants, 
 150 parishes, 125 Polish parochial schools, 
 150 priests; in 1900 we find 2,000,000 
 Poles, with 800 settlements and over 400 
 parishes; in 1910 they numbered 3,000,- 
 000, 530 parishes, 330 schools, and over 
 700 Polish clergymen ; at present you find 
 about 4,000,000 Poles, over 800 Polish 
 parishes, 530 schools and 1100 clergymen. 
 
 27 
 
&• 
 
 POLKS IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 souri. Now there are over 100 Polish 
 periodicals, among them 15 dailies, all per- 
 forming effective educational work among 
 the Poles in the United States. 
 
 The loyalty and patriotic spirit of the 
 Pole has never been questioned; in fact, 
 Polish patriotism has been pointed out as 
 a model by American writers for other 
 immigrants to follow. The Pole partici- 
 pated in the Spanish-American war in 
 great numbers. And when the World war 
 broke out, the United States government, 
 with President Woodrow Wilson at its 
 head, knew that it could depend on the 
 Pole to do more than his share. Governor 
 W. Kohler of Wisconsin once spoke as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 "I was astonished to read recently that 
 out of the first 100,000 volunteers who res- 
 ponded to the call of the President for ser- 
 vice in the world war, 40,000 were of Polish 
 descent, and that the Polish people consis- 
 tently supplied volunteer enlistments far 
 out of proportion to the number of Poles 
 living in th.s country". (Stevens Point, 
 Wis., at the unveiling of a monument to 
 Pulaski, October, 11, 1929). 
 
 "Among the good qualities which charac- 
 terize the Poles, are several which are so 
 outstanding that they cannot but make a 
 strong impression. Among these I would 
 mention a strong and sincere religious 
 faith; an intense love of home; a tending 
 on coming to this country to acquire citi- 
 zenship as soon as possible ; a noticeably 
 keen interest in performing the duties of 
 citizenship, and despite their peace-loving 
 character, a remarkable readiness to res- 
 pond to the national call in time of war." 
 
 The first American soldier to fall in 
 France was of Polish descent. Poles of 
 Chicago, Milwaukee, and other points 
 were among the first victims of the war. 
 Two Polish boys, one of Milwaukee, the 
 other of Chicago, were the first to capture 
 a German prisoner. 
 
 lgnące Jan Paderewski, in his Detroit 
 speech of August 26, 1918, in the most 
 critical period of the World War, uttered 
 the following memorable words: 
 
 Thus the colonization of America was 
 furthered by the Polish farmer, the pio- 
 neer, the laborer, and the miner, who 
 found here their long-sought freedom, and 
 in return gave their hard labor, their un- 
 stinted devotion and loyalty to the Stars 
 and Stripes. As the immortal Paderewski 
 said in one of his speeches : 
 
 "The Poles in America are hard-working 
 people, contributing by their efficient and 
 conscientious labor to the development of 
 natural resources and to the progress of in- 
 dustry and growth of American prosperity. 
 They are not rich, they are just making 
 their honest living. Out of four millions of 
 them not one is a millionaire, and yet they 
 are fulfilling their duty imposed upon them 
 by circumstances with loyalty, determina- 
 tion and enthusiasm." 
 
 Polish immigrants are bound together, 
 first of all, as we have seen, by their 
 churches, their parochial schools; then by 
 their associations and their press. Among 
 their associations are such country-wide 
 fraternal organizations, as the Polish Na- 
 tional Alliance, the Polish Roman Catholic 
 Union, the Polish Women's Alliance, the 
 Polish Falcons' Alliance, jointly number- 
 ing some 750,000 members. Besides these 
 there is a host of dramatic, literary, sing- 
 ing, social and athletic societies all over 
 the country. 
 
 The Pole is taking care of his own, 
 with his numerous orphanages, old people's 
 homes, hospitals, and charitable organiza- 
 tions. The Polish Welfare Association of 
 Chicago is doing notable work for delin- 
 quents, cooperating effectively with the 
 courts and other social agencies of the 
 state. 
 
 The Polish press has done great work 
 in adapting the immigrant to the political 
 institutions of the United States, in crys- 
 tallizing public opinion in favor of good, 
 efficient government. The first Polish 
 paper published in America was the 
 "Echo Polskie" (Polish Echo) started in 
 1963; the "Orzeł Polski" (Polish Eagle) 
 appeared in 1870 at Washington, Mis- 
 
 28 
 
&- 
 
 HISTORY OF THE POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 Paderewski succeeded in uniting all 
 Polish organizations with a view to plac- 
 ing the Polish Question before the Amer- 
 ican and world forum. He inspired the 
 formation of the Polish relief for the war- 
 stricken in Poland and of the Polish Natio- 
 nal Department to further effective as- 
 sistance to America and to the Polish 
 Cause through the spoken and written 
 word, through contributions, and through 
 the organization of a Polish army which 
 fought by the side of the Allies on the 
 western front in France. The Polish Fal- 
 cons' Alliance furnished most of the vo- 
 lunteers to that Polish army, whose 
 "presence on the Western Front," as the 
 then Secretary of War Newton D. Baker 
 expressed it, "was a stimulating and in- 
 spiring sight." The Poles distinguished 
 themselves in many battles in France and, 
 later, in Poland. 
 
 It can readily be seen there, that the 
 Poles are an asset in every community in 
 which they settle. They are loyal, hard- 
 working ; they find all forms of racketeer- 
 ing and exploitation distasteful. Even 
 amid the prevailing depression when so 
 many of these have lost all they possessed, 
 they refuse to lend a favorable ear to the 
 so-called radicals, communists, with their 
 vapid attacks on established government. 
 
 America found the Pole the first to heed 
 her call in times of war; in this depres- 
 sion, which is another kind of war, she 
 finds the Pole the main stabilizing in- 
 fluence of the country. The Poles say that 
 "America is not the land we live on, or 
 the land we live from, but the land we live 
 in." They are here to stay and contribute 
 for more than their share to the continuity 
 of America as the greatest Republic of all 
 ages. 
 
 "No other nationality here in the United 
 States has taken so active a part in the Red 
 Cross campaigns as the Poles. In propor- 
 tion to their number they have been the lar- 
 gest contributors to this worthy cause. In 
 one American city of 300,000 population 
 $3,750,000 has been collected for American 
 Red Cross, which represents $12.50 per 
 capita, which included a number of Amer- 
 ican millionaires. The Polish population of 
 the same city, 7,000 people, almost exclu- 
 sively belonging to the laboring class, con- 
 tributed to the fund $160,000, which makes 
 $23.00 a head. 
 
 "From reliable sources it appears that in 
 one mining district in Pennsylvania alone 
 the poor Polish miners have subscribed 
 $11,000,000 to the Third Liberty Loan. One 
 single Polish bank in Chicago received over 
 15,000 Polish subscriptions exceeding 
 $1,500,000. In every large city in America 
 with Polish population the number of Pol- 
 ish subscribers has been very large, not- 
 withstanding the fact that the number of 
 Polish subscribers working with large 
 American concerns could not be taken into 
 account. 
 
 "Of all the groups of people of foreign 
 birth living in th's great country, our Polish 
 boys were the first and most numerous to 
 respond when the call to arms was shouted. 
 Their willingness to enlist and fight under 
 the American flag has won repeated praise 
 of the highest military authorities in the 
 country. There is not one of those mourn- 
 ful casualty lists that does not contain some 
 names of American soldiers of Polish birth 
 fallen on the glorious battle-fields of France. 
 The average number killed exceeds 12 per 
 cent. And as there are not quite 4 percent 
 Polish people among the population of the 
 United States, this fact indicates that the 
 Poles in this war are doing more than three 
 times their duty, that they are not 100, but 
 300 per cent American. 
 
 "The proud descendants of those illus- 
 trious pioneers who laid the foundation of 
 Jamestown, and who arrived on the May- 
 flower could have shown no finer record. 
 
 "Conscious of their value, valor, supreme- 
 ly loyal and grateful, the Poles will continue 
 to perform all duties toward America. They 
 will perform them in time of war, in time 
 of peace, and always without fear or with- 
 out reproach." 
 
 29 J 
 
THADDEUS KOŚCIUSZKO 
 
 1746—1817 
 
 30 
 

 Y^osciuszko in the \Jnited States 
 
 ON February 12, 1746, in the Palatin- 
 ate of Brzesc — at present called the 
 Palatinate of Polesie, Poland — in that 
 part of the Polish Commonwealth, known 
 at that time as the Grand Duchy of Lithu- 
 ania, was born Thaddeus Kościuszko, the 
 son of a notary known and respected for 
 his honorable and ancient family and for 
 the virtue of his private character. The 
 environment of the boy was one of probity 
 and domestic virtue. Freely and intim- 
 ately he went among his father's serfs, 
 learning thus that strong love for the peas- 
 antry which later inspired the laws he 
 urged upon his country. His early steps 
 in learning were guided by his mother, a 
 woman of great force of character and 
 practical capacity. This home schooling 
 ended with his father's death during the 
 child's thirteenth year. He was then sent 
 to the Jesuit College at Brzesc, where he 
 proved diligent and revealed a marked 
 talent for drawing. 
 
 In 1765, a youth of nineteen years, he 
 was entered in the Corps of Cadets, other- 
 wise called the Royal School, at Warsaw. 
 In reality this was not a military academy, 
 but military training played an important 
 role in the curriculum. It was, above all, 
 a school for patriotism. As a cadet Koś- 
 ciuszko was marked not only by ability but 
 by a fine perseverance and fidelity to duty. 
 And in Prince Adam Casimir Czartoryski, 
 commander of the school and a cousin of 
 the king, he found a friend and a protector. 
 At this time Kosciuszko's mother died, and 
 with her death began the financial dif- 
 ficulties which pursued him without res- 
 pite throughout his life. 
 
 In 1769, having left the school with the 
 rank of captain, and having received the 
 
 King's Stipend, he left Poland to pursue 
 his studies abroad. Once in France he at- 
 tended the school of engineering and ar- 
 tillery at Mezieres — and possibly the Ecole 
 Militaire in Paris. The French theory of 
 fortification engaged his closest attention 
 and when, in 1774, he returned home, he 
 had acquired great skill in military en- 
 gineering. But under the conditions pre- 
 vailing in Poland shortly after the First 
 Partition, 1772, there was little opportun- 
 ity for his talents; a commission in the 
 reduced army was to be had only by 
 purchase, and Kościuszko was without 
 funds. 
 
 Observing no chance to serve his country, 
 Kościuszko again left Poland, pledging his 
 share of the parental estate, as security 
 for the loan which enabled him to journey 
 to Paris. Here the newly arrived intel- 
 ligence of the outbreak of hostilities in 
 America kindled his imagination, and he 
 determined to go to the aid of America — 
 a Polish knight in the cause of liberty. 
 
 In the summer of 1776, Kościuszko ar- 
 rived in America at his own initiative and 
 at his own expense. Pending the decision 
 of the Board of War upon his application, 
 he found employment at Philadelphia, in 
 the construction of fortifications against 
 the expected attack by the Delaware. This 
 gained him his commission from Congress, 
 October 18, 1776, as an engineer in the 
 Continental service with pay of sixty dol- 
 lars a month, and the rank of colonel. In 
 the spring of 1777, he joined the North- 
 ern Army, where his ability as an engineer 
 was of invaluable use in the campaign a- 
 gainst Burgoyne. His fortification at Van 
 Schaick and elsewhere, his able judgment 
 in the choice of battlegrounds, contributed 
 
 31 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 III 
 
 much to the skillful retreats and the firm 
 stands of the Continental Army before 
 Burgoyne's rash advance. He was or- 
 dered by General Gates to erect the forti- 
 fication in the defense of Saratoga, and 
 his task was accomplished with great bril- 
 liancy and speed. 
 
 With justified pride Poles regard the 
 role played by their national hero in the 
 victory at Saratoga, a victory which won 
 for America not only a campaign but 
 France's recognition of her independence. 
 
 For long the question of the defense of 
 the Hudson had been of paramount import- 
 ance ; the brief respite gained by the defeat 
 of Burgoyne rendered this a favorable mo- 
 ment to render it impregnable. West Point 
 was chosen for its commanding position, 
 and its fortification was finally confer- 
 red, over the head of the French engineer, 
 Radiere, upon the Pole. "Mr. Kościusz- 
 ko," wrote McDougall now in command 
 of the Northern Army, to Washington, 
 "is esteemed to have more practice than 
 Colonel Radiere, and his manner of treat- 
 ing the people is more acceptable than that 
 of the latter." Little is now left of the 
 fortifications, but the monument erected 
 to his memory by American Youth will re- 
 main a grateful tribute forever. That 
 America today can regard West Point 
 with pride is, in large measure, due to Koś- 
 ciuszko who first suggested for a national 
 military school the spot where it now 
 stands. 
 
 In the summer of 1780, General Gates 
 requested Washington to transfer Koś- 
 ciuszko to the South, where the army was 
 now under his command. But before the 
 Pole was able to reach him, his old friend 
 had been defeated at Camden — deprived 
 of his command, and General Nathanael 
 Greene — after Washington the finest gen- 
 eral in the Continental service — had been 
 appointed his successor. While awaiting 
 Greene's arrival, Kościuszko spent some 
 time in Virginia among the planters. He 
 saw there the negroes at close quarters and 
 
 — M 
 
 was brought face to face with the Negroes 
 in slavery. It was then that, with his keen 
 suspectibility to every form of human suf- 
 fering, he acquired that profound sym- 
 pathy for the American negro, which 
 seventeen years later, was to dictate his 
 parting testament to the New World. 
 
 Kościuszko was present through the 
 whole campaign of the Carolinas and was 
 regarded with strong affection and admi- 
 ration by General Greene. True to his 
 ideals, at the battle of Eutaw Springs, he 
 restrained a carnage which outraged his 
 feelings, and he is said personally to have 
 saved the lives of fifty Englishmen. When 
 the campaign changed to one of guerilla 
 warfare, he fought as a soldier, not as an 
 engineer. At length Charleston fell. And 
 on December 14th, 1872, the American 
 army entered the town in a triumphal pro- 
 cession, in which Kościuszko rode with his 
 fellow-officers, greeted by the populace 
 with flowers and cries of "Welcome". 
 
 Peace soon followed. 
 
 Kościuszko had fought for six years in 
 the American army. Nathanael Greene 
 best sums up what the Pole had done for 
 America and what he had been to his 
 brother-soldiers. "Colonel Kościuszko be- 
 longed" — wrote Greene — "to the number 
 of my most useful and dearest comrades in 
 arms. I can liken to nothing his zeal in 
 the public service, and in the solution of 
 important problems, nothing could have 
 been more helpful than his judgment, vig- 
 ilance and diligence. He was fearless of 
 every danger. He never manifested de- 
 sires or claims to himself, and never let 
 opportunity pass of calling attention to 
 and recommending the merits of others." 
 Congress, in 1783, belatedly conferred up- 
 on Kościuszko the rank of Brigadier-Gene- 
 ral with an acknowledgment of its "high 
 sense of his long, faithful, and meritorious 
 service." 
 
 In the fall of 1784 Kościuszko reached 
 his native country. A great wave of ef- 
 fort — a nation's magnificent effort to save 
 
 32 
 
& 
 
 herself by internal reform, which culmi- 
 nated in the Constitution of the 3rd of 
 May, 1791 — was sweeping at that time 
 over Poland. 
 
 For the next twelve years he remained 
 in Europe — through the infamous parti- 
 tions of Poland and the many battles 
 fought in connection therewith. It was in 
 1794 that Kościuszko was seriously 
 wounded in the battle of Maciejowice and 
 was taken prisoner by Russia, not to be 
 released until two years later. 
 
 On the 19th of December, 1796, Koś- 
 ciuszko left St. Petersburg with his friend 
 and fellow-prisoner Julian Ursyn Niem- 
 cewicz and a young officer, Libiszewski, 
 who eagerly offered to serve the maimed 
 Kościuszko till he again reached America. 
 He carried Kościuszko from carriage to 
 church, distracting his sadness by his ad- 
 mirable playing of the horn and by his 
 sweet singing. In good time the party ar- 
 rived in Stockholm, where Kościuszko 
 was greeted with enthusiasm. From there 
 he passed on to Gothenburg to await a ship 
 for England. On May 16, 1797, the Poles 
 embarked and after a three weeks' passage 
 landed at Gravesent and thence to London, 
 staying at the Sablonniere Hotel, Leicester 
 Square. 
 
 The Gentleman's Magazine announced: 
 "Kościuszko, the hero of freedom is here.'' 
 The whole of London made haste to visit 
 him : Politicians, men of letters, the beau- 
 ties of the day and the rulers of fashion, 
 all alike thronged to his rooms. To Walter 
 Savage Landor, then a mere youth, the 
 sight of Kościuszko awakened a sympathy 
 for Poland that he never lost, and to which 
 English literature owes one of his Imagin- 
 ary Conversations. More than half a cen- 
 tury later he looked back to the moment 
 in which he spoke to Kościuszko as the 
 happiest of his life. The Whig Club pres- 
 ented Kościuszko with a sword of honour; 
 the Duchess of Devonshire pressed upon 
 him a costly ring, which went the way of 
 most of the gifts that Kościuszko received 
 
 KOŚCIUSZKO IN THE UXITED STATES 
 
 2§g 
 
 — he passed them on to his friends ; tokens 
 of admiration and counted for nought in 
 Kosciuszko's life; now they were the mer- 
 est baubles to him who had seen his 
 country fall. In the portrait that without 
 his knowledge Cosway painted, said by 
 Niemcewicz to resemble him as none other, 
 we see him lie with bandaged head in an 
 attitude of deep and sorrowful musing. 
 
 Bristol was at that time the English 
 port of sailing for America and it was 
 there that, after a fortnight's stay in Lon- 
 don, Kościuszko betook himself, passing a 
 night in Bath on the way. He found in 
 Bristol old friends of American days, and 
 now was the guest of one of them, at that 
 time United States Consul. A guard of 
 honor received him, processions of the 
 townsfolk flocked to catch a glimpse of the 
 hero, a military band played every evening 
 before the Consulate, and he received as 
 the gift of the City a handsome silver serv- 
 ice. One who visited him here records his 
 impression of a soul unbroken by misfor- 
 tune, by wounds, poverty and exile; of an 
 eagle glance, of talk full of wit and wis- 
 dom. 
 
 The journey down the Avon to where 
 Kosciuszko's ship lay at anchor was a 
 triumphal progress. He was accompanied 
 by Engish officers in full dress, by the 
 American Consul and hosts of well-wish- 
 ers. All heads were bared as he was car- 
 ried on board. The whole length of the 
 river handkerchiefs were waved from the 
 banks. Farewell resounded from every 
 rock and promontory, where spectators had 
 crowded to see the last of the Polish hero. 
 Boats shot out from the private dwellings 
 on the waterside, laden with flowers and 
 fruits for the departing guest. Not a few 
 men and women boarded the ship and ac- 
 companied Kościuszko for some distance 
 before they could bring themselves to part 
 with him. 
 
 The ship had sailed on June 18, 1797. 
 For two months Kościuszko and his Polish 
 companions tossed on the Atlantic, on one 
 
 33 
 
POLKS IN AMERICA 
 
 occasion near shipwreck. Philadelphia 
 their destination, they reached on August 
 18, 1797. Claypole's Advertiser, for Au- 
 gust 19, 1797, reported: 
 
 "In the ship Adriana, Captain Lee, arrived 
 here last evening, from Bristol, came passenger, 
 that illustrious Defender of the Rights of Man- 
 kind, the brave but unfortunate Kościuszko, the 
 Polish General, accompanied by two Polish 
 Gentlemen. On the arrival of the vessel at the 
 Fort, the Commander of the Garrison, being in- 
 formed that the veteran General was on board, 
 welcomed him by a Federal Salute; and when 
 the vessel came to anchor in our harbor, the 
 Sailing Master of the Frigate had its Barge 
 manned with eight Masters of Vessel, and 
 waited upon the General to take him on shore. 
 On his landing, he was received with three 
 cheers. And, as a further mark of popular re- 
 spect for this great character, the citizens in- 
 sisted upon drawing him to his lodgings. The 
 General appears to be in good spirits, but has 
 suffered very materially from his wounds and 
 inhuman imprisonment. We trust, however, he 
 will long live to enjoy in these peaceful shores, 
 that Liberty and Happiness, which he assisted 
 in fighting for, but which he fought in vain to 
 obtain for his native land. We understand the 
 General is personally known to most of the 
 characters in our Revolution." 
 
 On August 23, 1797, Kościuszko wrote 
 to General Washington at Mount Vernon : 
 "By sending packet delivered to me by 
 Lord St. Clair for you, I have the honor 
 to pay my respects not only to my Chief 
 commander, but to a great man whose emi- 
 nent virtues to his country rendered him 
 dear to every feeling breast." And eight 
 days later Washington from Mount Ver- 
 non replied, congratulating Kościuszko on 
 his safe arrival and welcoming him to the 
 land "whose liberties you had been instru- 
 mental in establishing." "No one," he 
 continues, "has a higher respect and vene- 
 ration for your character than I have and 
 no one more sincerely wished, during your 
 arduous struggle in the cause of Liberty 
 and your country, that it might be crowned 
 with success. But the ways of Providence 
 are inscrutable and mortals must submit. 
 I pray you to believe that at all times, and 
 under all circumstances, it would make me 
 happy to see you at my last retreat, from 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP" PROGRESS 
 
 — w* 
 
 which I never expect to be more than twen- 
 ty miles again." Kościuszko was however 
 never able to visit his commander at Mount 
 Vernon. 
 
 Yellow fever prevailed at Philadelphia 
 at this time, so Kościuszko with his poet- 
 friend Niemcewicz, journeyed on to New 
 Brunswick, the home of General Anthony 
 Walton White. Later he proceeded to New 
 York, where he was the guest of General 
 Gates at Rose Hill, where he remained un- 
 til September 29, 1797. Before leaving 
 New York, he received from Congress a 
 grant of five hundred acres in recognition 
 of his military services. This property 
 was located on the extreme western border 
 of the United States military lands, on 
 the east side of the Scioto River, in Perry 
 Township, Franklin County, Ohio, the site 
 of the present City of Columbus. After a 
 short visit in Elizabethtown, he returned 
 tc the home of General White in New 
 Brunswick where he remained until No- 
 vember 28. Kościuszko, whose convales- 
 cense was slow, spent nearly all his time 
 reclining on a sofa, sketching and paint- 
 ing in water color and India ink. From 
 General White's home Kościuszko repaired 
 to Philadelphia and took residence on 
 2nd Street. Bevies of visitors and admir- 
 ers again surrounded him, and Kościuszko 
 drew into great intimacy with Thomas Jef- 
 ferson, at this time Secretary of State. Jef- 
 ferson wrote to Gates: "I see Kościuszko 
 often. He is the purest son of liberty a- 
 mong you all that I have ever known, the 
 kind of liberty which extends to all, not 
 only to the rich." On January 23, 1798, 
 Congress authorized the Secretary of the 
 Treasury to issue to Kościuszko a certifi- 
 cate of indebtedness of $12,260.54 with 
 interest at six per cent., from January 7, 
 1793, to December 31, 1797. The final 
 settlement of the account was made by a 
 payment amounting to $15,227.87. 
 
 Some time in March, 1798, a packet of 
 letters from Europe was handed to Koś- 
 ciuszko. His emotion on reading the con- 
 
 34 1 
 
2fS 
 
 tents was so strong that, despite his crip- 
 pled condition, he sprang from his couch 
 and stepped without a helping hand to the 
 middle of the room. "I must return at 
 once to Europe," he said with no explana- 
 tion. Jefferson procured his passport to 
 France under the name of Thomas Kan- 
 berg and, with only Jefferson's knowledge, 
 with no word either to Niemcewicz or to 
 his servant, Stanislaus, for both of whom 
 he left a roll of money in his cupboard, he 
 sailed for France. Before embarking at 
 Baltimore he gave Jefferson his power of 
 attorney and wrote out the will in which, 
 more than half a century before the Civil 
 War, the Polish patriot advanced the 
 cause of emancipation: 
 
 "I, Thaddeus Kościuszko, being just in my de- 
 parture from America, do hereby declare and 
 direct that should I make no other testamentary 
 disposition of my property in the United States 
 thereby authorize my friend Thomas Jefferson 
 to employ the whole thereof in purchasing ne- 
 groes from among his own as any others and 
 giving them liberty in my name in giving them 
 an education in trades and otherwise, and in hav- 
 ing them instructed for their new condition in 
 the duties of morality which may make them 
 good neighbors, good fathers or mothers, hus- 
 bands or wives and in their duties as citizens, 
 teaching them to be defenders of their liberty 
 and country and of the good order of society and 
 in whatsoever may make them happy and use- 
 ful, and I make the said Thomas Jefferson my 
 executor of this. 
 
 "T. Kościuszko, 
 "5th day of May, 1798." 
 
 There was difficulty in putting this 
 testament into effect as Jefferson was of 
 advanced age at the time of Kosciuszko's 
 death. It was never carried out; but in 
 1826 the legacy went to found the Colored 
 School at Newark, the first educational 
 institute for negroes in the United States, 
 and which bore Kosciuszko's name. 
 
 By the end of June or early in July, 
 1798, Kościuszko reached Paris. His ar- 
 rival centered upon him the gaze of the 
 whole world. Sympathy with himself and 
 the Polish cause he heard expressed upon 
 all sides. At the news of his return the 
 
 KOŚCIUSZKO IN THE UNITED STATES 
 
 2§S 
 
 Polish Legions awakened to renewed life. 
 He negotiated at length with the Govern- 
 ment of France for France's help in the 
 restoration of Polish independence. This 
 was promised him many times, but his 
 cautious request for guarantees was never 
 complied with. When Napoleon was pro- 
 claimed First Consul, Kościuszko, mis- 
 trusting him, commenced to withdraw 
 from relations with him or his officials. 
 After the disastrous expedition of the 
 Polish Legions to San Domingo, Kościusz- 
 ko severed all relations with him. 
 
 But Kosciuszko's intercourse with his 
 American friends did not slacken. In 1800, 
 at Paris, at the request of General William 
 R. Davie, then envoy from the United 
 States to France, Kościuszko prepared in 
 French his Manoeuvres of Horse Artillery 
 and published. This was done in the same 
 1808, General Davie requested the United 
 States Military Philosophical Society of 
 West Point to have the Manual translated 
 and published. This was done i n the same 
 year and Colonel Williams, the translator, 
 presented President Jefferson with a copy 
 of this work, the first upon its subject to 
 be published in America. 
 
 At this period, Kościuszko became 
 acquainted with a Swiss family by the 
 name of Zeltner and moved to their home 
 at Berville near Fontainebleau. The name 
 Zeltner will ever arouse gratitude in the 
 Polish heart; beneath the roof of these 
 friends Kościuszko found the hospitality 
 and domestic charm which gladdened his 
 declining years and only death ended. 
 
 Napoleon, in 1806, from Berlin, now 
 summoned Kościuszko to assume the lead- 
 ership of the revolting Poles. But the 
 former Polish Commander-in-Chief had 
 little faith in the fortune of the Emporor 
 and none in his promises. He declined to 
 obey the call, and remained in Paris. 
 
 In May, 1815, Russia, Austria and 
 Prussia signed an agreement for a new 
 partition of Poland. An autonomous King- 
 
 [35 
 
2§s- 
 
 POLKS IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 to gladden his heart, Kościuszko died. 
 Even in his loneliness he was faithful to 
 Poland — her purest soul and the greatest 
 of Poles. And his greatness was greatest in 
 that it was not his own personal greatness 
 merely ; it was the greatness of Poland. 
 
 Kosciuszko's body now rests in the Wa- 
 wel Cathedral in Cracow, where lie Po- 
 land's kings and her most honored dead; 
 but his heart is in the Polish conquerors. 
 To his memory, three years after his 
 death, the nation raised a monument per- 
 haps unique of its kind. Outside of Cracow 
 towers the Kościuszko Hill, fashioned by 
 the hands of Polish men, women and chil- 
 dren, bringing earth in the battlefields 
 where Kościuszko had fought. The act is 
 typical. To this day the name of Thaddeus 
 Kościuszko lives in the hearts of the Polish 
 people, not only as the object of their pro- 
 found and passionate love, but as the sym- 
 bol of their dearest national aspirations. 
 His pictures, his relics, are venerated as 
 with the devotion paid to a patron saint. 
 Legend and music have gathered about his 
 name. 
 
 dom of Poland was, it is true, to be formed, 
 with the Tsar as King, but it would be but 
 a small part of the true Poland. Provinces 
 that remained under Russian rule were 
 severed from the kingdom and incor- 
 porated wholly with Russia. Kościuszko 
 heard these things. In dismay he wrote to 
 the Tsar. In vain he waited for an answer. 
 Then, openly, as to the Tsar he could no 
 longer write, he appealed to Czartoryski, 
 in denunciation of the Tsar's betrayal, but 
 in vain. Kościuszko refused all offers of 
 office and honor in the newly partitioned 
 Poland. He felt that his very presence, 
 even, would lend sanction to the New 
 Partition. He chose therefore a voluntary 
 exile. Not desiring to live in a Bourbon 
 France, he settled in Switzerland with the 
 devoted Zeltners in Soleure. 
 
 Here, in serene communion with nature, 
 among eternal mountains, in unceasing 
 meditation upon the future of Poland, he 
 spent the two last years of his life. And 
 here, on the sad autumn evening of Octo- 
 ber 15, 1817, far from his Fatherland, 
 though close in spirit, among strangers, 
 with not a Polish face nor a Polish word 
 
 ♦♦ 
 
 86 
 
-■-^-■^mm 
 
 Pulaski, Wero of Two Continents 
 
 By Anthony F. Zaleski 
 
 THE celebrated Count 
 Casimir Pulaski, 
 better known to us in 
 America as Brigadier 
 General Casimir Pulaski 
 of revolutionary fame, 
 was born in Winiary, Po- 
 land, on March 4th, 
 1748. He was the eldest 
 son of Count Joseph Pu- 
 laski, a venerable old 
 man, who belonged to the 
 Polisn nobility. The fa- 
 ther was the chief magis- 
 trate of Warech and was 
 noted for his knowledge 
 of jurisprudence. 
 
 General Casimir Pu- 
 laski was educated for 
 the bar also, and received his early mili- 
 tary training as a youth in the guard of 
 Charles, Duke of Courland. He was in the 
 castle of Mittau when it was besieged by 
 15,000 Russian soldiers. 
 
 In order better to appreciate the spirit 
 which animated General Pulaski, the ac- 
 tivity and zeal in the defense of justice 
 and human liberty which prompted him 
 to come to a strange land, where he was 
 unknown, and whose customs and lan- 
 guage he did not understand, to fight for 
 these cherished principles, it is fitting for 
 us to refer to his part in the struggle for 
 liberty in his native country. 
 
 One of the foulest deeds ever recorded 
 in history was the violent dismemberment 
 of Poland by her three treacherous neigh- 
 bors between 1772 to 1795. A nation then 
 one-fifth larger than France in area, and 
 containing a population of 20,000,000 
 
 CASIMIR PULASKI 
 
 people, was ruthlessly 
 torn asunder, its people 
 subjugated and politi- 
 cally annihilated under 
 a sham pretext of preser- 
 ving law and order in 
 that country. This cata- 
 strophe did not come 
 about all at once, but 
 gradually through inter- 
 nal dissensions fomented 
 by Poland's enemies and 
 their intermeddling in 
 the internal affairs of 
 the Polish government, 
 which was then a pre- 
 cocious democracy sur- 
 rounded by an insidious 
 autocracy. Poland's sys- 
 tem of electing kings and her famous con- 
 stitution of May 3, 1791, of which Edmund 
 Burke said, "It was the most pure . . . 
 public good which has ever been conferred 
 on mankind," were indications of her 
 liberal and constructive government in 
 that period. 
 
 When Stanislaus Poniatowski, the pup- 
 pet of Catherine of Russia, was elected by 
 the Polish deputies under the impending 
 threat of the Russian army who surround- 
 ed the Polish Diet at the time of the elec- 
 tion, and he became a mere tool in her 
 hands for the execution of her will in Po- 
 land, such patriotic and gallant Poles as 
 Count Joseph Pulaski realized that it 
 was time to arouse the spirit of their 
 countrymen and to do the only honorable 
 thing that a self-respecting person could 
 do under the circumstances — resort to 
 force to resist the calamity and humila- 
 
 37 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2fS 
 
 tion at any cost. He was then about sixty 
 years old, and he divulged to his three 
 sons a plan conceived by himself and other 
 nobles of the nation to forestall the ene- 
 mies of his country and form an organiza- 
 tion to effect its rescue from the inevitable 
 fate that it was headed for. Such an or- 
 ganization was created in the town of 
 Bara in Podolia, about twenty miles from 
 the Turkish border, and was known as the 
 famous Confederation of the Bar. 
 
 Suffice it to say here that for four years, 
 under the most trying conditions and the 
 greatest adversity, this patriotic organi- 
 zation fought against overwhelming odds 
 to oust the enemies of Poland, chiefly the 
 Russians, from their country. But all 
 their efforts proved fruitless. The aged 
 Pulaski died in prison ; one of General Pu- 
 laski's brothers was killed before his eyes, 
 as he himself says, by the enemy; the 
 youngest brother was taken into captiv- 
 ity; and many of his countrymen were 
 doomed to misery. 
 
 General Casimir Pulaski, with whom 
 we are concerned, was the leading spirit 
 of his countrymen in this unequal struggle 
 to preserve his nation intact. He fought 
 bravely, tenaciously, with the unremitting 
 zeal of a young man then but twenty-five 
 years old. Heedless of his own safety, 
 always leading his men into sallies against 
 the enemy, which was much more power- 
 ful than his poorly equipped army, and 
 much larger in size, he made repeated 
 stands against the Russians, especially at 
 the famous monastery of Częstochowa, 
 saved it on several occasions from pro- 
 longed sieges, and would probaly have suc- 
 ceeded the last time had it not been for 
 the assistance given the Russians by Fred- 
 erick the Great of Prussia. 
 
 "Never was there a warrior," says the 
 historian Ruhlieri, "who possessed great- 
 er dexterity in every kind of service. En- 
 dowed by a peculiar gift of nature, 
 strenghtened by exercise, he was always 
 
 — & 
 
 the first to charge in person, with an in- 
 trepidity which inspired his followers to 
 imitate his example." Benjamin Frank- 
 lin, in introducing him to Washington, 
 writes: "Count Pulaski, who was a Gen- 
 eral of the Confederates in Poland, and 
 who is to join you, is esteemed one of the 
 greatest officers in Europe." 
 
 Casimir Pulaski not only lost his father 
 and brothers in this glorious attempt to 
 save Poland from the first of her ignoble 
 partitions, but his estates were confis- 
 cated and he was proscribed by King Sta- 
 nislaus and had to flee to Turkey. Soon 
 thereafter Russia, Prussia and Austria, 
 in their zeal for the ostensible good of Po- 
 land, agreed to help themselves to large 
 portions of her territory, and had the 
 effrontery to convene the Polish Diet and 
 under duress compel it to sanction the 
 beginning of what Henry Wharton called 
 "the most flagrant violation of national 
 justice and international law which has 
 occurred since Europe emerged from bar- 
 barism." 
 
 Soon thereafter, in 1772, Count Casi- 
 mir Pulaski issued his memorable mani- 
 festo, in which he said in part : 
 
 "I am not astonished that the enemies 
 of my country, resolved on her ruin, 
 should direct their shafts against those 
 who most firmly resist their impetuosity, 
 and that they should regard as such the 
 brave Poles, whom they have sacrificed 
 and who are still repelling their most cru- 
 el attacks. . . . My destiny was clear when, 
 at the age of twenty-one, far from yield- 
 ing to the amusements of youth, I regard- 
 ed every moment as lost which was not 
 employed in repelling the enemies of my 
 country. ... I have endeavored to mark 
 my course by an invincible fortitude. Nei- 
 ther the blood of one of my brothers, which 
 was shed by the enemy before my eyes, 
 nor the cruel servitude of another, nor the 
 sad fate of so many of my relations and 
 compatriots, has shaken my patriotism. . . 
 
 38 
 
1% 
 
 I believe I have proved, by four years' 
 service, that I have not been influenced 
 by interest or a false point of honor. . . . 
 I declare before God, before the republic 
 of Poland, and before all the powers of 
 Europe, that my heart is an utter stranger 
 to crime. It has never entered my imagi- 
 nation to attempt the life of any person 
 to whom has been assigned, in any man- 
 ner whatsoever, the government of the 
 nation, or to avenge the wrongs of my 
 country in any other way than that of 
 open war." 
 
 Perhaps no better insight into the stur- 
 dy character of the illustrious Pulaski, 
 known and revered both in Europe and 
 America, could be given than the above 
 excerpt from his manifesto. We are not 
 surprised to hear a man of his lofty type 
 later on, in August of 1779, state to the 
 Continental Congress: "I could not sub- 
 mit to stoop before the sovereigns of Eu- 
 rope, so I came to hazard all for the free- 
 dom of America, and am desirous of pass- 
 ing the rest of my life in a country truly 
 free and of settling as a citizen to fight 
 for liberty." 
 
 From Turkey Pulaski wended his way 
 to Paris. ''Across the Atlantic," says 
 Henry Williams, Esq., on the laying of 
 the cornerstone of the monument to his 
 memory at Savannah, on Oct. 11, 1853, 
 "came to him the tidings that the people 
 of another hemisphere had bid defiance to 
 oppression and were arming for the 
 struggle. The sound stirred the heart of 
 Pulaski like the voice of a battle trumpet. 
 It was a struggle for liberty. It was his 
 cause, whoever the people and whereever 
 the scene of conflict. Fate forbade him 
 to achieve the independence of his own 
 country, and true to the noble impulses of 
 his soul, he came to aid in establishing 
 that in America." 
 
 "He saw," says Jared Sparks, in his 
 American Biography, "a new field opened 
 for vindicating with his sword the same 
 
 PULASKI, HERO OF TWO CONTINENTS 
 
 2§£ 
 
 principles, the same rights of mankind, 
 the same unchangeable laws of justice, as 
 those for which he had wielded it with so 
 much courage and singleness of purpose 
 in his own country." 
 
 Benjamin Franklin writing from Paris 
 to General Washington on May 29, 1777, 
 says: "Count Pulaski, of Poland, an of- 
 ficer famous throughout Europe for his 
 bravery and conduct in defense of the 
 liberties of his country against the three 
 great invading powers of Russia, Austria, 
 and Prussia, will have the honor of deliver- 
 ing this into your Excellency's hands." 
 
 We can readily s.ee and understand why 
 men like General Pulaski and his famous 
 countryman, General Kościuszko, who al- 
 so covered himself with undying glory in 
 the Revolutionary War, were not soldiers 
 of fortune, nor waifs thrown to the sur- 
 face of troubled waters by the love of 
 adventure and quest of money or emolu- 
 ment, no matter what the cause might be 
 that they were fighting for. These men 
 fought long and hard to establish the prin- 
 ciples of liberty and justice on their own 
 soil, they were imbued with this spirit in 
 their own cause, for their own country, 
 and it was only natural that when they had 
 given their best for these sacred ideals 
 without success against tyrants and intri- 
 guing despoilers of humanity, they should 
 hear the shot fired at Lexington that was 
 "heard round the world" with an eager 
 ear, and should be willing to come to a 
 foreign strand, although they neither un- 
 derstood the language nor were familiar 
 with the customs of this strange people 
 on another continent. The principles of hu- 
 man liberty and justice are essentially 
 the same in every clime and they were 
 eager to resist a mighty empire that was 
 trying to wrest them from a struggling 
 people, a people whose slogan was "Give 
 me Liberty or give me Death." 
 
 Like his famous compatriot, General 
 Kościuszko, who when he appeared before 
 
 [39] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 layed the progress of the British and thus 
 enabled the army of Washington to retreat 
 in an orderly way and to save their bag- 
 gage. 
 
 In describing Pulaski's activities at this 
 battle Jared Sparks states: 
 
 "At Brandywine Pulaski, as well as La- 
 fayette, was destined to strike his first 
 blow in the defense of American Liberty. 
 Being a volunteer and without command, 
 he was stationed near General Washing- 
 ton till towards the close of the action, 
 when he asked the command of the Gen- 
 eral's body guard, about thirty horse, and 
 advanced rapidly within pistol shot of the 
 enemy, and, after reconnoitering their 
 movements, returned and reported that 
 they were endeavoring to cut off the line 
 of retreat and particularly the train of 
 baggage. He was then authorized to col- 
 lect as many of the scattered troops as 
 came in his way, and employ them accord- 
 ing to his discretion, which he did in a 
 manner so prompt and bold as to effect 
 an important service in the retreat of the 
 army, fully sustaining by his conduct and 
 courage the reputation for which the world 
 had given him credit. Four days after 
 this event he was appointed by Congress 
 to the command of the cavalry, with the 
 rank of Brigadier General." 
 
 The historian Ramsay says: 
 
 "At Brandywine Pulaski was a thun- 
 derbolt of war, and always sought the post 
 of danger as the post of honor." 
 
 When Congress on Sept. 15, 1777, elect- 
 ed Pulaski "Commander of the Horse 
 with the rank of Brigadier," he became 
 the highest ranking officer of the cavalry, 
 and had under his command four regi- 
 ments of cavalry, under the immediate 
 commands of Colonels Bland, Baylor, Moy- 
 land and Sheldon. It must be said that 
 during the early part of the Revolution- 
 ary War the cavalry did not take much 
 of a part in the warfare, that the Colonists 
 did not seem to realize the importance of 
 
 Washington, and was asked by him what 
 he could do, answered in a quiet way, "Try 
 me and see", Pulaski did not wait for any 
 appointment from Congress, but on hear- 
 ing that the enemy was attacking Wash- 
 ington's forces, hastened to join them as 
 a volunteer. 
 
 On August 25, 1777, Pulaski addressed 
 a communication to John Hancock, Pres- 
 ident of Congress, which is his first letter 
 in English. In it he states: 
 
 "I have Dought it not my Duty to stay 
 here any longer, in as much as I have 
 hear: that his Exy Genl. Washinkton is 
 gon to meet the Enemy; wherefore I will 
 go to the Army, it is I can not do much, 
 but Hover I will shew my good will." 
 
 General Pulaski landed in America a- 
 bout the middle of July, 1777, and after 
 presenting his letters to Washington and 
 Congress, waited for Congress to take ac- 
 tion. But restless and eager to aid our 
 cause as he was, he did not wait for offi- 
 cial cognizance. Captain Bentalou, an 
 able officer who fought under Pulaski un- 
 til he died and was wounded along with 
 Pulaski at Savannah, Ga., writes: 
 
 "The inherent ardor of his warlike spir- 
 it, his habits of activity, and the desire 
 of efficiency serving the cause which he 
 had so warmly embraced did not permit 
 him to wait for the decision of Congress 
 on his application — but he immediately 
 joined the army." 
 
 It so happened that General Pulaski 
 and his friend, the Marquis de Lafayette, 
 another distinguished officer, struck their 
 first blows for American Independence at 
 the battle of Brandywine on Sept. 11, 
 1777. Washington was bent at this time 
 on opposing the advance of General 
 Howe's army northward towards Phila- 
 delphia. At Brandywine Washington's 
 Army was repulsed, and a large part of 
 it might have been captured had it not 
 been for the masterly aid given by Pulaski 
 at the head of a cavalry squad, who de- 
 
 40 
 
& 
 
 this unit, said to be the "eye of the army," 
 and did not know much about opposing 
 cavalry attacks successfully. Until the ad- 
 vent of Pulaski the highest rank the caval- 
 ry division had was that of colonel, and 
 such regiments as did exist were not able 
 to do much, for the reason that they were 
 often scattered on detail and reconnoiter- 
 ing work for the generals and the army; 
 and besides, there was not so much open 
 warfare being conducted. 
 
 Pulaski was a great horseman; he be- 
 lieved in a strong cavalry, and was ex- 
 perienced in cavalry fighting from his 
 warfare carried on in Poland. Dissatis- 
 fied with what he considered the deplor- 
 able condition of the American cavalry, 
 which prevented him from doing effective 
 work on a large scale, he continually urged 
 Washington and Congress to strengthen 
 this branch of the army. He drew up 
 and presented to Washington several plans 
 for its reorganization, made various es- 
 timates and regulations, and was strong 
 for disciplining his men and horses. Al- 
 ways restless and active, he wanted to be 
 in the thick of the battle and produce re- 
 sults. 
 
 In his memorial to Washington of Dec. 
 19, 1777, Pulaski advances a cogent argu- 
 ment for the building up of the cavalry, 
 which must appeal to every thinking per- 
 son: 
 
 "The advantages that would arise from 
 a Superiority in Cavalry are too obvious 
 to be unnoticed. It may be further ob- 
 served that during this War the Country 
 will daily become more open and clear of 
 woods and fences, consequently better a- 
 dopted to the maneuvres and service of 
 the Cavalry. While we are Superior in 
 Cavalry, the enemy will not dare to ex- 
 tend their force, and, notwithstanding we 
 are on the defensive, we shall have many 
 Opportunity of attacking and destroying 
 the enemy by degrees, whereas if they 
 have in their power to augment their Ca- 
 
 PULASKI, HERO OF TWO CONTINENTS 
 
 valry, and we suffer ours to diminish and 
 dwindle away, It may hapen that the loss 
 of a Battle will terminate in our total de- 
 feat. Our army once dispersed and pur- 
 sued by their horse will never be able to 
 rally ; thus our retreat may only be cut off, 
 our baggage lost, and principal officers 
 taken, and many other events occur not 
 less fatal. 
 
 "Your excellency may be assured that 
 the good of the service is my constant 
 study, but the Weak State of the Corps I 
 Command renders it impossible to per- 
 form every service required. Nay my re- 
 putation is exposed, as being an entire 
 stranger in the country the least accident 
 would suffice to injure me, but notwith- 
 standing, I cannot avoid hazarding every- 
 thing that is valuable in life." 
 
 After the battle of Brandywine General 
 Pulaski saved the army of Washington 
 from a sudden surprise that might have 
 proven fatal at Warren Tavern on Sept. 
 16, 1777. At the head of his cavalry, 
 while reconnoitering he came upon a whole 
 army of the British near Warren Tavern. 
 He harrassed the enemy, thus impeding 
 their progress, and hastily gave the infor- 
 mation to Washington, who then prepared 
 to meet the enemy. He also was in the 
 battle of Germantown, and spent the win- 
 ter at Trenton. 
 
 Washington spent the winter with the 
 army at Valley Forge. There was a great 
 scarcity of food for the men and forage 
 for the horses, and Washington ordered 
 General Anthony Wayne and Pulaski to 
 go to Haddonfield, near Camden, to look 
 for supplies in that part of the country. 
 The British upon learning of this fact sent 
 a force of 1,200 men to capture either 
 Wayne or Pulaski. 
 
 The opposing forces met at Haddon- 
 field. Pulaski at the head of his little 
 troop of cavalry was everywhere alert, 
 charging the enemy with spirit and effect. 
 His own horse was shot from under him, 
 
 41 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 2fS 
 
 and he personally took seven prisoners. 
 General Wayne in making his report of 
 the battle praised Pulaski very highly, 
 saying that he ''behaved with his usual 
 bravery." 
 
 However, still dissatisfied with the con- 
 dition of the cavalry of which he was in 
 command, and with the fact that his pleas 
 for the reorganization and strengthening 
 of the same were apparently unnoticed, 
 and feeling the lack of cooperation from 
 his officers, who did not like to be sub- 
 jected to the authority of a foreigner, Pu- 
 laski resigned his command in the early 
 part of March, 1778, and asked Wash- 
 ington and Congress to give him leave to 
 organize an independent corps, known la- 
 ter as the famous "Pulaski Legion." Con- 
 gress, upon the recommendation of Wash- 
 ington, resolved on March 19th that an in- 
 dependent corps be established by Count 
 Pulaski, consisting of 68 horse with lances 
 and 200 light infantry, and that he retain 
 the rank of of Brigadier General. By Oc- 
 tober of that year he had recruited 330 
 men for his legion. "The scheme of in- 
 dependent legions," says Sparks, "seems 
 to have been first suggested by Pulaski; 
 and it proved of the greatest importance 
 in the subsequent operations of the war, 
 and above all in the southern campaigns. 
 Lee's and Armand's legions were formed 
 upon a similar plan." 
 
 While on a visit to Bethlehem, Pa., in 
 April of 1778 Pulaski asked the Moravian 
 nuns, whose convent was located there, to 
 make a special banner for his legion. This 
 was done, and the banner delivered about 
 May, when he again was there. Long- 
 fellow has immortalized the making and 
 the presentation of the banner in his 
 "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns at the Con- 
 secration of Pulaski's Banner," but ac- 
 cording to information received from the 
 Pennsylvania Archives, (Pa. in Rev. II) 
 and other sources, the transaction was 
 simply a business affair, and the flag was 
 
 -sis 
 
 paid for by Pulaski. Subsequently it was 
 presented to the Maryland Historical So- 
 ciety. 
 
 The contention that it was purchased 
 and paid for by Pulaski is supported by 
 the information that he spent his own 
 money to help equip his legion. In his ad- 
 dress to Congress on Sept. 17, 1778, he 
 states: "... I have expended sixteen thou- 
 sand dollars at least of my own." And 
 again in his memorable letter of August 
 19, 1779, to Congress, reproaching Con- 
 gress for its lack of appreciation for his 
 services and efforts, he says : "... you 
 must be sensible also, that I did not Come 
 to America destitute of Resources, to be 
 a burthen on you ; That I have a Letter of 
 Credit on Mr. Moris; and that I was 
 known by almost Every foreigner of Char- 
 acter." It is estimated that Pulaski ad- 
 vanced $50,000 of his own money in form- 
 ing and equipping his legion. 
 
 The Pulaski legion saw action at Egg 
 Harbor, N. J., on Oct. 15, 1778, where it 
 repulsed a surprise attack on the infantry 
 under the command of De Bosen, who was. 
 betrayed by a traitor of the name of 
 Juliet, and also at Osborn's Island, where 
 the legion drove back the enemy in con- 
 fusion, but was checked after a bridge had 
 been destroyed by the retreating foe. 
 
 The Pulaski Legion spent the winter 
 around Minisink in New Jersey, where 
 the hostile attitude of the Tories and In- 
 dians required their presence for the pro- 
 tection of the frontiers, and on Feb. 2, 
 1779, Congress resolved that Count Pu- 
 laski march with his Legion to South Ca- 
 rolina to join General Lincoln, then in 
 command of the southern campaign. Con- 
 gress also made provision for enlarging 
 the corps. 
 
 In pursuance to the resolution of Con- 
 gress that he march south, Pulaski with 
 part of his force reached Charleston on 
 May 8th. Three days later the remainder 
 of the legion arrived. On his way to Char- 
 
 [42] 
 
& 
 
 leston Pulaski heard that General Provost 
 of the British forces was coming up from 
 Georgia. On the 11th the latter crossed 
 the Ashley River at the head of 900 men, 
 and scarcely had he landed when Pulaski 
 made an assault upon the advance lines. 
 He kept up a sharp skirmish, but was 
 finally forced to retreat on account of the 
 superior numbers of the enemy. He then 
 planned on drawing the enemy into an 
 ambuscade, but his infantry, eager to get 
 into action, gave his strategy away. 
 Sparks says: "His coolness, courage, and 
 disregard of personal danger were conspi- 
 cous throughout the encounter, and the 
 example of his prompt and bold attack had 
 great influence in raising the spirits of 
 the people and inspiring the confidence 
 of the inexperienced troops then assem- 
 bled in the city." 
 
 Pulaski by appearing before the Gov- 
 ernor and Council of Charleston, who 
 were ready to capitulate and surrender 
 the city to the British, by his plea and ad- 
 vice, ably assisted by General Moultrie 
 and Colonel Laurens, persuaded them to 
 reject any offer of submission, and the 
 same night General Provost, who had 
 heard that General Lincoln was marching 
 to Charleston with 4,000 men, retreated 
 across the river. 
 
 Savannah, Ga., was a stronghold of the 
 British, and it was the intention of Gen- 
 eral Lincoln to besiege the city and drive 
 the enemy away. On the 3rd of Septem- 
 ber, he received information that Count 
 d'Estaing was off the coast with a large 
 fleet and that he wold join General Lin- 
 coln in an attack upon the city. The lat- 
 ter left Charleston with his army for Sa- 
 vannah, and Count Pulaski and General 
 Mcintosh were sent ahead of the main 
 army to attack and harass the British out- 
 posts. Pulaski dispersed a detachment of 
 British at Ebenezer with his dragoons, 
 and likewise was sent by General Lincoln 
 to attack a party of the British that had 
 
 PULASKI, HERO OF TWO CONTINENTS 
 
 & 
 
 come up the Ogechee River and landed be- 
 low the ferry. He suddenly fell upon the 
 enemy, forcing them to retreat and taking 
 a number of prisoners. 
 
 The armies of the French under d'Es- 
 taing and the American forces came to- 
 gether at Savannah about the 16th of Sep- 
 tember. A siege was begun, but the ene- 
 my was strongly entrenched and refused 
 to give ground. Finally, becoming weary 
 of the prolonged siege and fearing for the 
 safety of his vessels, Count d'Estaing re- 
 quested that the city be attacked by storm. 
 General Lincoln consented to this plan 
 with some hesitation, believing that if the 
 siege were kept up the enemy would be 
 forced to surrender or to evacuate the city. 
 
 On October 9th the order was given out 
 that the ramparts of the British were to 
 be taken by storm. The plan of the as- 
 sault had been carefully gone over, and 
 orders were issued as to the manner of at- 
 tack and the points to be assailed. The 
 cavalry of the French and American was 
 under the command of Pulaski, and he 
 was to charge the embattlements, follow- 
 ing up the infantry, who were to storm 
 the right of the British lines. 
 
 The attack was made as planned as to 
 time and the center of attack, but a soldier 
 who deserted the American forces after 
 the scheme and order were given out in- 
 formed the enemy, who massed their 
 troops at the points of expected attack, 
 and by a deadly, galling fire, repulsed the 
 assailants. Count d'Estaing, instead of 
 taking a circuitious road to get to his point 
 of attack, endeavored to cross directly 
 over a swamp. He was caught between a 
 deadly cross fire, and havoc was wrought 
 among his men. 
 
 Pulaski, seeing the apparent confusion 
 and realizing that all was not well, drove 
 up at the head of his cavalry to where the 
 French were, to reinforce and encourage 
 them, thinking that he might be able to get 
 to the rear of the enemy through some 
 
 [ 43 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 opening. Dashing madly ahead into a 
 withering flame of shot and shell, he him- 
 self was struck in the groin by a swivel 
 shot and fell from his horse mortally 
 wounded, to be picked up later and carried 
 away. Count d'Estaing was also wounded. 
 
 Major Rogowski, one of Pulaski's of- 
 ficers and also a Pole, who was in the 
 heroic charge, states in his description of 
 the battle : 
 
 "For half an hour the guns roared and 
 blood flowed abundantly. . . . Imploring 
 the help of the Almighty, Pulaski shouted 
 to his men forward, and we, two hundred 
 strong, rode at full speed after him — the 
 earth resounding under the hoofs of our 
 chargers. For the first two moments all 
 went well. We sped like knights into the 
 peril. Just, however, as we passed the 
 gap between the two batteries, a cross fire, 
 like a pouring shower, confused our ranks. 
 I looked around. Oh ! sad moment, ever to 
 be remembered, Pulaski lies prostrate on 
 the ground." 
 
 Pulaski was carried away by his sol- 
 diers and placed on the American brig 
 Wasp, and put under the care of skilled 
 French surgeons, who vainly endeavored 
 to remove the bullet and save him. Gan- 
 grene had set in, and as the ship pulled 
 out of the harbor for Charleston, Pulaski 
 expired, and the stench from his wounds 
 was so bad that he was deposited in a 
 watery grave on the 11th day of October, 
 1779, at the age of 31 years. 
 
 When the Wasp pulled into the harbor 
 of Charleston with her flag flying at half 
 mast and it became known that the gal- 
 lant Pulaski was dead, the city took on an 
 aspect of general mourning. The Gover- 
 nor, the Council of the State and the citi- 
 zens united to pay tribute to their youth- 
 ful defender, who shortly before by his 
 bravery and advice had saved them from 
 an ignominous surrender. Resolutions 
 were passed, public ceremonies were held, 
 and a day was designated for the holding 
 
 — 2f£ 
 
 of his funeral obsequies. Three French 
 and three American officers carried his 
 bier, followed by the horse that Pulaski 
 rode, with all the trappings, armor and 
 dress that he wore. The procession was 
 large and imposing, and a chaplain of the 
 army delivered a fervid eulogy over the 
 departed officer. Congress, on being ap- 
 prised of Pulaski's death, resolved "that 
 a monument be erected to the memory of 
 Brigadier Count Pulaski." 
 
 Thus ended the brilliant career of the 
 illustrious and gallant officer, a heroic 
 figure on two continents, who had written 
 to Col. R. H. Lee on August 13, 1778: 
 "Honor and true desire of distinguishing 
 myself in defense of Liberty was the only 
 motive which fired my breast for the 
 cause of the United States," and who had 
 written to Congress on September 17, 
 1778 "I am a Republican whom the love 
 of glory and the honor of supporting the 
 Liberty of the Union drew hither." 
 
 The citizens of Savannah, Ga., erected a 
 monument to the memory of Pulaski in 
 Monterey Square, which was completed in 
 1854. The resolution of the Continental 
 Congress providing that a monument be 
 erected to his memory was not carried out 
 until 1910, when the 57th Congress of the 
 United States provided for the erection of 
 a bronze equestrian statue in Washington 
 at a cost of $50,000. This monument, to- 
 gether with one erected by the Polish Na- 
 tional Allance of America in memory of 
 Thaddeus Kościuszko, was unveiled dur- 
 ing the month of May, 1910. 
 
 The Honorable A. L. Brick, who ap- 
 peared before the Committee in Congress 
 urging the erection of the monument in 
 Washington, said: 
 
 "Pulaski died as he had lived, a noble 
 and undaunted warrior, fighting the bat- 
 tles of Liberty and of the Republic. . . . 
 He sacrificed himself, all the years of his 
 young life, his fortune, his ancestral dig- 
 nity, his lofty spirit, his splendid gen- 
 
 44 
 
Ms 
 
 ius, and all his earthly hopes, for Liberty, 
 Justice and Humanity. For these things 
 he gave all he had — his martyred life." 
 
 In the American Military Biography 
 containing the lives and characters of the 
 officers of the Revolution who distin- 
 guished themselves in achieving our na- 
 tional independence, the author says: 
 "Perhaps a braver man than Pulaski never 
 drew a sword," and in describing his 
 death at Savannah, "Thus fell, in a most 
 bold and daring achievement, the distin- 
 guished Polish patriot and hero, in the 
 cause of American Liberty; his memory 
 is entitled to our veneration, as his life 
 forms an item in the price of our Inde- 
 pendence." 
 
 It is only proper and just that America 
 and grateful people enjoying the blessings 
 
 PULASKI, HERO OF TWO CONTINENTS 
 
 2§g 
 
 of liberty, peace and prosperity should re- 
 call the life of this great man and pay tri- 
 bute to his valor and chivalry. He left 
 the Old World and came to this continent 
 to help establish, as the immortal Lincoln 
 said, "a new nation, dedicated to the propo- 
 sition that all men are created equal." He 
 gave his last full measure of devotion to 
 that cause, and four millions of his coun- 
 trymen residing in the United States re- 
 joice with the American nation, of which 
 they are a part, that Pulaski and that 
 other illustrious Polish patriot, Thaddeus 
 Kościuszko, and other distinguished men 
 of Polish blood stood by the cradle 
 of American Independence and helped to 
 lay the foundation for a new government 
 in the New World, dedicated to the prin- 
 ciples of human liberty and justice. 
 
 ♦:♦♦:♦ 
 
 45 
 
vohn*lho tiunL 
 
 JOHN III SOBIESKI 
 KING OF POLAND 
 
 1674 1696 
 
 46 
 
■ 'C' 
 
 &-ii&*)& ;j§3B§)E§§§D&t;&« 
 
 ..■■,.. ' ,.v '^"V'v- ',-...•,,;• w,;- v.-/,,^] '.■■■,.•; ;,..•,,,■ '....',.. ...•„■.;■■ \.,v,-; ^„i; ','.,.7..' '&£,,■!"; '...■■„;■ ,'^.y; 
 
 A Hi^ory of Poland, Old and New 
 
 (Editor's Note: It is hoped in this article to present some general in- 
 formation concerning the historical background of Poland as a nation in 
 order that the contributions of the nation to civilization may be more 
 properly appreciated. Some attempt is also made to point out the remark- 
 able progress made by the New Poland since its re-birth, so to speak, 
 fifteen years ago. The material has been gathered from several sources, 
 including, particularly, "Poland — History, Culture, Civilization", 
 published by the Polish School Children's Committee in Warsaw, 1932. 
 Opinions and evaluations of historical facts are for the most part those 
 of the editor, while credit for assistance in compilation and editing is 
 due to Mr. J. S. Skibiński and Mr. Thaddeus Lubera.) 
 
 IT is indeed significant to note that the 
 year 1933 marks not only a century of 
 progress for the Poles in America, and 
 the sesqui-centennial of the elevation of 
 Kościuszko to the rank of Brigadier- 
 General in the American Revolutionary 
 Army, but also marks two hundred and 
 fifty years since the happening of one of 
 the greatest events in European history. 
 It was in 1683 that King John Sobieski 
 of Poland defeated the Turks at Vienna 
 and saved Europe from invasion, which, 
 if tolerated unchecked, would eventually 
 have overrun all of Western civilization. 
 Perhaps it would suffice to analyze com- 
 pletely that event to show the contribu- 
 tion of Poland to the civilized world in 
 general. But to do merely that would be 
 to overlook the full story of the nation 
 which, starting from humble beginnings, 
 expanded, by union and conciliation — not 
 by violence and oppression — to become one 
 of the leading nations of Europe, but in 
 time, fell at the hands of oppressors — 
 only to rise again, after almost one hun- 
 dred and fifty years of oppression, to be- 
 come again one of the foremost nations 
 of the world. 
 
 It is indeed difficult to include in the 
 short space of an article such as this, all 
 the factors and elements that tell the com- 
 plete picture of Poland. Those who know 
 
 the facts about the past of Poland, as com- 
 pared with the present remarkable prog- 
 ress made by the re-born Poland that we 
 know today, can do nothing short of mar- 
 vel at the dramatic story recounted. 
 
 A nation with leaders such as the vener- 
 able Copernicus, the memorable Chopin 
 and Mickiewicz, the indomitable Piłsud- 
 ski, and the world-famous Paderewski, 
 shall, in the memory of civilized man, ne- 
 ver perish. Rather, it shall continue to 
 exist and contribute to the progress of 
 man in every field of human endeavor as 
 it has done in the past. 
 
 Geographically, Poland occupies the 
 central position of Europe. It lies mid- 
 way between the most northerly and most 
 southerly points of Europe, the North 
 Cape and Crete, and nearly midway be- 
 tween the westerly point of Ireland and 
 the most easterly point of the Ural Moun- 
 tains. Thus settled on the gangway be- 
 tween the west and east of Europe, the 
 Poles became geographically selected as 
 the middlemen of civilization. Geogra- 
 phical conditions imposed on them the 
 task of receiving the civilization of the 
 West and transmitting it to the East. 
 Western and Eastern culture met and 
 combined. Poland became the admixture 
 of distinctly different characteristics. The 
 result of this admixture, by the reciprocal 
 
 [47] 
 
POLKS IN AMKKK'A 
 
 action of these influences, was that a dis- 
 tinctive color and zest was given to life in 
 that country. 
 
 Rightly then, the Polish geographer, W. 
 Nałkowski, calls Poland the genius loci, 
 for its transitional character. 
 
 As might thus be expected, Poland has 
 been the melting-pot of Europe, forming, 
 in 1569, the first voluntary confederation 
 of independent powers in Europe, that 
 between Poland, Lithuania and Ruthenia. 
 There was neither coercion or conquest. 
 Germans, Jews, Lithuanians, Armenians, 
 even Italians, all found ready refuge in 
 Poland. 
 
 But let us turn back the pages of his- 
 tory and see the beginning of this nation, 
 so great, and yet so dramatically humbled. 
 
 As early as the fourth or fifth century 
 B. C, the Slavic tribes, of whom the Poles 
 are direct descendants, seem to have ap- 
 peared for the first time in Europe. With- 
 in a millenium they had settled the im- 
 mense stretches of land between the Black 
 Sea and the Baltic and from the Volga to 
 the Elbe rivers. There are, however, no 
 certain historical data relating to Poland 
 till the end of the tenth century. 
 
 It was in 966 that Prince Mieczyslaw's 
 conversion to Christianity was hastened 
 through his marriage to Princess Dom- 
 browka, the daughter of Bolesław, prince 
 of Bohemia, where the Gospel had already 
 a century before been taught by Cyrillus 
 and Methodius, Greek monks from Thes- 
 salonica. 
 
 During the eleventh century Poland 
 grew in size and power. At the beginning 
 of the twelfth century, the Slavonic tribe 
 of Pomeranians was converted to Chris- 
 tianity, and their land, stretching from 
 where Stettin now stands, to Danzig, was 
 united to Poland, which established her- 
 self firmly on the Baltic coast. 
 
 Prince Mieczyslaw's son, Bolesław, the 
 first prince to call himself king, stands in 
 the foremost rank of Polish conquerors 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2§S 
 
 and rulers. He truly earned the title of 
 Chrobry (mighty) since his reign was one 
 continuous warfare, a fact which evinces 
 his prodigious energy and activity. He 
 was not less eminent, however, for his wis- 
 dom than for his vigor; and his ceaseless 
 struggles and endeavors resulted in the 
 formation of a vast kingdom extending 
 from the Baltic to the Carpathians, from 
 the Elbe to the Bug. 
 
 In 1138 the dying king, Bolesław, made 
 the fatal mistake of dividing Poland a- 
 mong his sons. As a result the powerful 
 kingdom was split into several principali- 
 ties. Neighboring pagan tribes repeatedly 
 invaded Poland. To stop these invasions, 
 Conrad, duke of Mazovia, the province 
 where Warsaw is now, in 1226 invited the 
 Teutonic Knights of the Cross, an order 
 established in Palastine during the Cru- 
 sades, to come to Poland to convert the 
 pagan Prussians to Christianity. The 
 knights arrived. Conrad settled them in 
 Pomerania as his vassals. The knights 
 exterminated the Prussians and brought 
 colonists from Germany whom they set- 
 tled in Prussia. Thus was founded the 
 present Eastern Prussia as a fief of Po- 
 land. 
 
 Meanwhile strange and dreadful news 
 overawed Europe; rumors of murders 
 and atrocities committed by hosts of small, 
 yellow, noseless, slant-eyed, bowlegged 
 horsemen, advancing like an avalanche 
 and leaving only sky and earth behind 
 them, caused the deepest horror. People 
 called the Tartars, creatures from hell. 
 They were in fact Mongolian barbarians 
 led by Ghengis Khan. They conquerred 
 Russia and overran Central Europe. 
 
 Christianity shuddered and the Poles 
 proclaimed a Crusade, but owing to the 
 lack of unity the Western Powers did no- 
 thing to repulse the onslaught of the bar- 
 barians. It was left to the youngest son 
 of the West to fight alone the attack of 
 the East. Henry the Pious, Duke of Si- 
 
 48 
 
2§£ 
 
 lesia, a descendant of Piast, met the Tar- 
 tars at Lignica in 1241. Henry and all 
 of his knights died like heroes on the 
 battlefield, but saved the Western world, 
 for the driving power of the Tartars was 
 spent and they retreated to the depths of 
 Mongolia, retaining, however, their rule 
 over Russia for two centuries. The battle 
 of Lignica was one of the most decisive in 
 the world's history and the Polish knights 
 saved Europe from the barbarians for the 
 first time. Well Poland deserved the title 
 "Bulwark of Christendom." 
 
 During the thirteenth century great cul- 
 tural and economic development was made 
 in Poland. Agriculture was improved, 
 towns, monasteries and churches were 
 founded and the largest salt mine in the 
 world, at Wieliczka near Kraków, was dis- 
 covered by Kinga, a Polish queen. 
 
 Meanwhile the Teutonic Knights, pro- 
 fiting by the weakness of Poland, now di- 
 vided into principalities and increased 
 their dominion. From Eastern Prussia 
 they invaded the left bank of the Vistula, 
 and captured Danzig in 1308, massacring 
 many of its inhabitants, then exclusively 
 Polish. These Knights made constant 
 raids on Lithuania, plundering and killing 
 the natives, with the result that pagan 
 Lithuania began to hate the very sight of 
 the Cross. 
 
 In 1333 King Casimir ascended the 
 throne and with him the star of Poland 
 rose to unprecedented heights. Casimir 
 was the first lawgiver, scholar and archi- 
 tect. He founded the University in Kra- 
 kow in 1364. At that time only one uni- 
 versity existed in Central Europe — that of 
 Prague. There were no universities yet in 
 Germany and Austria. He also promul- 
 gated the Statute Laws of 1347. In his 
 humanity and benevolence, Casimir gave 
 in Poland refuge to the Jews, persecuted 
 and driven out at that time from most 
 European countries. The Jewish quarter 
 in Krakow is still called "Casimir." He 
 
 A HISTORY OF POLAND, OLD AND NEW 
 
 Ms 
 
 was the only king to whom the instinct of 
 the Polish people gave the name of 
 "Great." It was given not to a conqueror 
 but to him who gave the country the first 
 legal code, the first university, who loved 
 the poor and was surnamed "king of the 
 peasants." 
 
 He died in 1370, at the age of sixty. 
 With him ended the Piast dynasty which 
 united all the Polish tribes, gave them 
 Christianity, and Western culture, and 
 created a national consciousness and cul- 
 ture. Dying without a direct heir, Casi- 
 mir bequeathed the throne to his nephew, 
 Louis, King of Hungary, whose successor 
 was Jadwiga, one of the most remarkable 
 women in the history of Europe. So great 
 was her devotion to duty, that she sacri- 
 ficed for it the inclination of her heart. 
 Bethroted to the young and handsome Wil- 
 liam of Austria, she consented to marry 
 the semi-savage duke of Lithuania, Ja- 
 giełło, who was much older than herself, 
 for the sake of converting pagan Lithu- 
 ania to Christianity and uniting it to Po- 
 land. The Lithuanians hitherto hating 
 Christianity, personified to them so far 
 by the rapacious Teutonic Knights, who 
 killed more than baptized, now volun- 
 tarily received baptism from the hand of 
 the good, beautiful Jadwiga. The baptism 
 of Lithuania and her union with Poland 
 took place in 1386. That union continued 
 voluntarily between the Poles and Lithu- 
 anians until 1795, when the partitions of 
 Poland were effected. 
 
 The Teutonic Knights lost all pretext 
 for their expeditions against Lithuania 
 after that country became Christian. The 
 Knights could no longer pass for defenders 
 of the Cross and draw subsidies in cash 
 for conversion of pagans, since there were 
 no pagans left for them to convert. The 
 Teutonic Knights therefore did everything 
 in their power to break the union of Po- 
 land and Lithuania. Seeing that their 
 efforts were futile, they declared war on 
 
 49 ] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 Poland. It was the mere instinct of self- 
 preservation that had, at last, brought 
 the Poles and Lithuanians together a- 
 gainst their common enemy. Crafty in 
 diplomacy, valiant in warfare, the Knights 
 were one of the strongest military organi- 
 zations of Europe and proved a most 
 formidable foe of the united Poles and 
 Lithuanians. 
 
 One of the greatest battles in history 
 was fought at Grunwald on July 15, 1410, 
 the Knights suffering a crushing defeat, 
 their power broken forever. In 1466 they 
 had to abandon all their possessions on 
 the Baltic coast except Eastern Prussia, 
 held by them under the suzerainty of the 
 Polish crown. In 1525 the last Great 
 Master secularized the Order and pro- 
 claimed himself hereditary duke of Prus- 
 sia, a vassal of Poland. 
 
 Under the reign of the descendants of 
 Jagiełło (1386-1572) Poland grew larger 
 and larger by free unions of peoples, and 
 at the end of the sixteenth century she had 
 become the largest State in Europe, and 
 in manner other than by force of con- 
 quests. Moral force, prestige of her laws, 
 and her liberties, drew to Poland these 
 foreign territories, Lithuania, Livonia, 
 and Ruthenia. While throughout the six- 
 teenth century religious wars were tor- 
 menting Europe, in Poland there was at 
 no time religious persecution or inquisi- 
 tion, and neither absolutism nor despo- 
 tism of rulers. The Polish citizen res- 
 pected the king as a moral authority but 
 he had no fear of the king, for he never 
 thought that his sovereign would harm 
 him in any way. There never was in Po- 
 land a shadow of that byzantism and 
 servility in intercourse with the monarch, 
 that existed in similar relations in Europe. 
 
 Meanwhile another scourge from the 
 East threatened Europe, by the invasion 
 of the Ottoman Turks. After the fall of 
 the Byzantine Empire in 1453, Poland was 
 predestined to be always the first to re- 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2§g 
 
 ceive the shock of Turkish invasions in 
 Europe. During the fifteenth, sixteenth, 
 and seventeenth centuries Poland con- 
 stantly shed blood in repulsing' the on- 
 slaughts of the Turks, in those clays the 
 greatest military power in the world. At 
 last King John Sobieski dealt a decisive 
 and crushing blow upon the power of the 
 Turkish Empire. Turks were beseiging 
 Vienna in 1683 and all Christendom im- 
 plored the Polish king to rescue the men- 
 aced world. On the twelfth of August of 
 that year the combined armies of the 
 Christians, with Sobieski at their head, 
 smashed the Turks under the walls of 
 Vienna and saved Europe from the bar- 
 barians for the second time. The two 
 hundred and fiftieth anniversary of this 
 singular victory is being celebrated this 
 year. 
 
 In the sixteenth century, Poland gave 
 to the world the founder of modern astro- 
 nomy, Nicholas Copernicus, a scholar of 
 the University of Krakow. Up to his time 
 scientists believed that the earth was mo- 
 tionless. The treatise of Copernicus on 
 "Rotation of Heavenly Bodies" appeared 
 in 1543, the year of Copernicus' death. The 
 Polish astronomer had no telescope, and 
 worked with nothing but his clear eyes and 
 astute mind, coupled with the courage of 
 maintaining a belief which, in those days, 
 was considered not only revolutionary in 
 science, but actually heretical. 
 
 John Sobieski was the last of Poland's 
 great warriors and conquerors, the last of 
 Europe's knights in the true sense of the 
 word. After his death the Republic's power 
 steadily declined through ceaseless dissen- 
 sions among the nobility and through in- 
 terference of Russia and Prussia. Through 
 the reigns of the two Saxon electors that 
 followed him, Augustus II and III (1696 
 1763) Russian influence became very 
 marked, and eventually, under Stanisław 
 Poniatowski (1764-1795), the last king of 
 Poland, and through the crafty policy of 
 
 [50 
 
ais 
 
 Czarina Catherine, completely guided the 
 destinies of Poland. 
 
 During the two centuries that preceded 
 the Partitions in the late 1700's, Poland 
 fought constantly to repulse the invasions 
 of the Turks, Swedes, and Russians. Those 
 wars weakened the country considerably. 
 Yet the internal condition of the nation 
 was relatively happy, for Poland had no 
 era of that somber link between the Middle 
 Ages and the modern constitutional state 
 called "enlightened absolutism." The 
 transition from the medieval organization 
 into the modern parliamentary state was 
 brought about with astonishing rapidity 
 in Poland. The principle expressed by 
 Thiers in 1831 that "the king reigns but 
 does not govern" had already been applied 
 in Poland in 1607. 
 
 Although owing to her unsatisfactory 
 geographical position, with open, exposed 
 frontiers, the Poles had to lead many wars 
 — and good fighters they were too, as the 
 exploits of the Polish cavalry prove, the 
 "Winged Hussars" famous in history — 
 yet the Poles abhorred war. When in the 
 seventeenth century, Europe was going 
 through a military reorganization, form- 
 ing regular armies, improving weapons, 
 reviving strategy, Poland did not let her- 
 self be drawn into that current and con- 
 tinued her policy of not maintaining a 
 large army in times of peace. War could 
 be declared only by parliament and not by 
 the king alone. So it was in Poland at a 
 time when the absolute European monar- 
 chies had armies that were forced to go to 
 war by a single word from the sovereign. 
 Absolutism never existed in Poland and 
 never could a Polish ruler proclaim the 
 omnipotence of the iron fist. 
 
 Poland appeared a model of constitu- 
 tional freedom to the rest of Europe. At 
 that time there were but two great na- 
 tions — England and Poland — which en- 
 joyed parliamentary government. 
 
 A HISTORY OF POLAND, OLD AND NEW 
 
 -2§5 
 
 By the middle of the eighteenth century, 
 all the neighboring Powers were throwing 
 themselves successively on Poland, which, 
 exhausted economically by many wars, 
 was now entering upon the darkest and 
 unhappiest era of her history. Without a 
 capable ruler, the country now gradually 
 began to fall apart. Yet the people of the 
 nation, as a whole, understood the need of 
 improving the internal condition of the 
 Polish Commonwealth in that strange 
 eighteenth century full of such contrasts 
 as the awakening of instincts of liberty 
 and of the most rigid despotism. The cor- 
 ruption of the Court and magnates was 
 not greater than that which disgraced all 
 the European courts throughout the eight- 
 eenth century ; the private life of the great 
 lords was neither better nor worse than 
 in the West; the morals of the Polish no- 
 bility were not below the average of 
 Europe. On the other hand, the peasant 
 of Poland, exempt from heavy taxes and 
 from compulsory military service, was 
 better off than in France, and much bet- 
 ter off than in Russia or Prussia, as can 
 be inferred from the constant immigration 
 of Russian and Prussian peasants into 
 Poland. 
 
 With capable and efficient leadership, 
 the Polish nation was undoubtedly able to 
 rise again, by its own strength, to its pre- 
 vious greatness with its high democratic 
 ideals. In fact, this appears to be precisely 
 the reason why the other Powers united 
 in their efforts to prevent it. They were 
 afraid of that spirit of freedom, ever alive 
 in the Polish nation. Russia and Prussia 
 resolved to maintain the state of weakness 
 and chaos in Poland, because they coveted 
 her land: Frederick II of Prussia wanted 
 to annex Eastern Prussia and Danzig, 
 while the Russian Czarina Catherine II 
 strove to bring nothing less than the whole 
 of Poland under her dominion. 
 
 51 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 In 1764 Catherine succeeded in putting 
 her canditate, Stanisław Poniatowski, on 
 the throne of Poland. Stanisław, though 
 weak and without much dignity, was 
 nevertheless animated with a zeal for re- 
 form. He was a great protector of science 
 and art, and beautified Warsaw with many 
 delightful buildings, of which the palace 
 of Łazienki still remains the most charm- 
 ing spot of the Polish capital. 
 
 Outwardly Poland was still a strong 
 country, extending in 1770 from the Baltic 
 coast almost to the Black sea, an area of 
 280,000 square miles, the third in the list 
 of European countries as regards size. 
 
 Meanwhile the Russian ambassador in 
 Warsaw grew so powerful and bold that 
 he dared to arrest in the capital itself, 
 those Polish deputies who opposed the de- 
 sires of the Russian czarina. Poland did 
 not endure all this tyranny in a passive 
 mood. Supported by France, the Confed- 
 eration of Bar, a military league, was 
 formed to evict the Russian troops who had 
 installed themselves in Poland in times of 
 peace. That Confederation was headed by 
 Casimir Pulaski, the future hero of the 
 American War of Independence. The Con- 
 federation failed, and Pulaski went to 
 America where he met a glorious death 
 in the battle of Savannah in 1779. 
 
 Russian and Prussian troops invaded 
 Poland and in 1772, the first partition of 
 that country took place. Frederic II took 
 Pomerania and Poznania, leaving Danzig. 
 Russia took the eastern provinces of Po- 
 land, Austria the southern ones. Every- 
 thing augured that this partition was not 
 going to be the last. 
 
 Most nations, in such an hour of su- 
 preme agony would have lost both head 
 and heart. But not so Poland, who at once 
 began stupendous internal reforms: the 
 first ministry of public education in the 
 world was established in 1773, the treas- 
 ury and army were organized, and litera- 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2§S 
 
 ture, science and art received a powerful 
 stimulus. 
 
 For the purpose of guarding against fur- 
 ther attacks, the "Perpetual Council" was 
 formed. While the attention of Russia was 
 temporarily drawn elsewhere, the Council 
 received into its fold men who were unsel- 
 fishly concerned about the welfare of Po- 
 land. The Council discharged its functions 
 wisely. Commerce and the various indus- 
 tries were beginning to develop. Progress 
 was evident in all fields of endeavor. 
 
 Poland was gradually extricating her- 
 self from the arms of the Russian despot, 
 and national enthusiasm ran high, when 
 the memorable Constitution of the Third 
 of May was proclaimed to the nation in 
 1791. That day has since been the Polish 
 National Holiday, just as the 4th of July 
 is in America. There is nothing more glo- 
 rious nor more tragic in history, than the 
 promulgation of this Constitution by a free 
 people on the eve of doom. 
 
 The leaders in this novel and exceed- 
 ingly progressive movement were Stani- 
 sław Małachowski, Hugo Kollontay and 
 Ignatius Potocki, men of sterling worth 
 and capacity. The Constitution of the 
 Third of May established absolute religious 
 toleration and made every citizen equal 
 before the law. It established a hereditary 
 limited monarchy. It mitigated the system 
 of serfdom which in time was to be abol- 
 ished entirely. It did away with all class 
 distinctions and extended franchise to the 
 towns. The "liberum veto", a policy by 
 which one member could disrupt the pro- 
 ceedings of the Diet, was forever abolished. 
 
 Russia well feared the growing import- 
 ance of regenerated Poland. What with 
 founding an hereditary dynasty and car- 
 rying out the articles of the Constitution, 
 designated by Russia as "a dangerous nov- 
 elty", Poland, it was feared, might once 
 more become a considerable power. Rus- 
 sia, however, had not long to wait for an 
 
 [52] 
 
& 
 
 opportunity to interfere with the progress 
 of Poland. 
 
 The answering blow from the autocra- 
 cies came with the second partition of Po- 
 land in 1793. The Czarina Catherine at 
 once restored serfdom in the provinces she 
 took from Poland. Frederic William of 
 Prussia annexed Danzig and a vast tract 
 of western Poland. 
 
 The Constitution, a most progressive bit 
 of legislation, drew the attention of the 
 liberal thought of the world. The Consti- 
 tution, says Sir James MacKintosh in his 
 "Account of the Partition of Poland", con- 
 firmed the rights of the established church, 
 together with religious liberty, as dictated 
 by the charity which religion inculcates 
 and inspires. 
 
 It established an hereditary monarchy 
 in the electoral house of Saxony, reserving 
 to the nation the right of choosing a new 
 race of kings in case of the extinction of 
 that family. The executive power was 
 vested in the king, whose ministers were 
 responsible for its exercise. The legisla- 
 ture was divided into two houses, the Sen- 
 ate and the House of Deputies, with re- 
 spect to whom the ancient constitutional 
 language and forms were preserved. The 
 necessity of unanimity was taken away, 
 and with it those dangerous remedies of 
 confederation and confederate diets which 
 it had rendered necessary. 
 
 Each considerable town received new 
 rights, with a restoration of all their an- 
 cient privileges. The burgesses recovered 
 the right of electing their own magistrates. 
 All their property within their towns was 
 declared to be inheritable and inviolable. 
 All of the offices of the state, the law, the 
 church, and the army, were thrown open 
 to them. 
 
 The ancient privilege of the Polish no- 
 bility, that they should not be arrested till 
 after conviction, was extended to the bur- 
 gesses. The only mode of raising the lower 
 
 A HISTORY OF POLAND, OLD AND NEW 
 
 -2t5 
 
 class was to bestow on them a share in the 
 honor and estimation immemorially held 
 by the higher. Such institutions must have 
 gradually blended these hitherto discord- 
 ant orders into one mass. The barriers 
 which separated the different classes of 
 society would have been broken down. The 
 wisdom and liberality of the Polish gentry, 
 if they had not been defeated by atrocious 
 and flagitious enemies, would, by a single 
 act of legislation, have accomplished that 
 fusion of the various orders of society, 
 which it required the most propitious cir- 
 cumstances, in a long course of ages, to 
 effect, in the freest and happiest of the 
 European nations. 
 
 Having thus communicated political 
 privilege to hitherto disregarded freemen, 
 the Diet of Poland did not neglect to pave 
 the way for the final communication of 
 personal liberty to serfs. The Constitution 
 extended to all serfs the full protection of 
 law, which before was enjoyed by those of 
 the royal demesnes; and it facilitated and 
 encouraged voluntary manumission, by 
 ratifying all contracts relating to it — the 
 first step in every country towards the 
 accomplishment of the abolition of slavery 
 — the highest of all the objects of human 
 legislation, but, perhaps, also that to which 
 the road is steepest and most difficult. 
 
 The effect of this glorious revolution was 
 not dishonored by popular tumult, by san- 
 guinary excesses, by political executions. 
 So far did the excellent Diet carry their 
 wise regard to the sacredness of property 
 that, though they were in urgent need of 
 financial resources, they postponed till 
 after the death of present incumbents the 
 application to the relief of the State of the 
 income of those ecclesiastical offices which 
 were no longer deemed necessary for the 
 purposes of religion. History is doing 
 justice to that illustrious body, and holds 
 out to posterity, as the perfect model of 
 a most arduous reformation, that revolu- 
 
 [53] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 tion which fell to the ground from no want 
 of wisdom on their part, but from the ir- 
 restible power and detestable wickedness 
 of their enemies. 
 
 There is nothing more glorious or more 
 tragic than the promulgation of this Con- 
 stitution by a free people on the eve of 
 doom. 
 
 After the second partition in 1793, a 
 wave of patriotic ardor swept over Poland. 
 General Thaddeus Kościuszko, the hero of 
 the American War for Independence, 
 hastened to Krakow and summoned the 
 people to arms. Hosts of peasants armed 
 with scythes answered Kosciuszko's call. 
 Ill disciplined and poorly equipped, the 
 peasants took by assault batteries of Rus- 
 sian field guns and routed the enemy at 
 Racławice, on April 24, 1794. Catherine 
 of Russia sent a large army to fight Ko- 
 ściuszko and at Maciejowice the two forces 
 met on the tenth of October, 1794. Kościu- 
 szko dashed into the thickest of the fight. 
 Three horses were killed from under him, 
 and bleeding from many wounds, he was 
 taken prisoner. With him fell the inde- 
 pendance of Poland, and as the poet Camp- 
 bell says, "freedom shrieked when Kościu- 
 szko fell." Kościuszko was cast into a dun- 
 geon in St. Petersburg. 
 
 It was not until two years later, in 1796, 
 after Catherine's death, that her son, Paul 
 I, entered Kosciuszko's cell uttering these 
 words: "I have come to restore your lib- 
 erty." Seating himself by Kosciuszko's 
 side, there then ensued the remarkable col- 
 loquy between a Czar and a hero of Polish 
 freedom : 
 
 "I have always pitied your fate," said 
 the Czar, "but during my mother's rule 
 I could do nothing to help you . . . You are 
 now free." 
 
 Kościuszko replied, "Sire, I have never 
 grieved for my own fate, but I shall never 
 cease to grieve for that of my country." 
 
 Kosciuszko's request for the release of 
 all prisoners of the Rising, now scattered 
 in Russia and Siberia, was granted by 
 Paul, who in turn required of him and the 
 leading Poles an oath of allegiance to him- 
 self. Kościuszko reluctantly took this step 
 for on it hinged the opening of prison gates 
 to twelve thousand fellow-Poles. 
 
 Kościuszko soon left for America, and 
 then to Switzerland, where he died in 1817, 
 without ever seeing his beloved Poland 
 again. 
 
 In 1795, while Kościuszko languished in 
 a Russian prison, the third partition was 
 carried out by Russia, Austria, and Prus- 
 sia. Poland had ceased to exist as an inde- 
 pendent state. 
 
 "The Partition of Poland," said Lord 
 Eversley, "although remote and indirect, 
 was the essential cause of the Great War. 
 The partition overthrew European equili- 
 brium, introduced the victory of violence 
 and the principle, 'Might is right.' : 
 
 Talleyrand, a great diplomat of the nine- 
 teenth century, said : "The partition of Po- 
 land was worse than a crime — it was a 
 folly." 
 
 Napoleon wished to re-establish Poland. 
 The Poles believed in his promises. Not so 
 the aged Kościuszko, who distrusted the 
 French Caesar. Napoleon himself said 
 later at St. Helena: "My greatest error 
 was in not having revived Poland." After 
 Napoleon's fall, the Congress of Vienna 
 made the Czar of Russia constitutional 
 king of Poland, united to the Russian Em- 
 pire. But the arrangement did not work, 
 and in 1830 the Poles rose to make them- 
 selves independent of Russia, only to be de- 
 feated in the attempt. The second revolu- 
 tion occurred in 1863. With great effort 
 the Czar suppressed it again, and bloody 
 reprisals followed, tens of thousands of 
 Poles being shot and exiled to Siberia. 
 From then up to the Great War, Poland 
 was treated like a conquered country, no 
 
 54 
 
2§S 
 
 efforts being spared to extirpate the Po- 
 lish tongue and spirit. 
 
 But the Polish Spirit carried on. Their 
 country was dismembered, but the Poles 
 never gave up hope. They clung to na- 
 tional life by singing their hymn, "Poland 
 is not yet lost", the first stanza of which 
 reads : 
 
 While we live she is existing, 
 Poland is not fallen; 
 We will win with swords resisting, 
 What the foe has stolen. 
 
 And they not only sang their patriotic 
 airs, but they also prayed. In fact, the 
 Polish national hymn was a prayer for 
 Polish independence. National hymns are 
 indicative of a people's ambitions and as- 
 pirations. The English hymn, "Rule, Brit- 
 tania," at once expresses Britain's desire 
 to dominate the seas. The German hymn, 
 Deutschland Ueber Alles, strikes an 
 aggressive chord in every verse. But the 
 Polish hymn does not breathe the desire 
 to rule the seas or to hold the four corners 
 of the earth in subjugation; it contains a 
 supplication to the Lord to restore Poland : 
 
 O Lord, Thou hast to Poland lent Thy might 
 And with a Father's strong, protecting hand 
 Hast given fame and all its glory bright, 
 And through long ages saved our Fatherland. 
 We chant at Thy altars our humble strain, 
 O Lord, make the land of our love free again ! 
 
 And then came the Great War. Poland 
 became the battlefield of Eastern Europe. 
 Over 600,000 Poles were conscripted in the 
 German army, an equal number in the 
 Austrian, and 1,300,000 in the Russian 
 military machine. The Frenchman, the 
 Englishman, the Belgian, and the Russian, 
 had each the consolation that he was de- 
 fending his respective country. But the 
 Pole, fighting in the Austrian, Prussian, 
 or Russian army, was fighting in the in- 
 terest of his oppressors. 
 
 The Grand Duke Nicholas, the com- 
 mander-in-chief of the Russian army, is- 
 sued a proclamation to the Poles in which, 
 
 A HISTORY OF POLAND, OLD AND NEW 
 
 -2§5 
 
 as a return for their loyal support of Rus- 
 sia, he promised a re-creation, under Rus- 
 sian sovereignty, of the kingdom of Po- 
 land, with practically the boundaries it 
 had had before the Prussian-Austrian- 
 Russian partition, "free in her religion 
 and her language" and "autonomous." 
 
 Later Warsaw, the capital of Poland, 
 fell into the hands of the Germans, who 
 likewise made a bid for Polish sympathy 
 by creating a Polish "kingdom." But the 
 Poles were not jubilant as they felt that 
 the Polish capital had simply passed from 
 the hands of one enemy into those of an- 
 other. 
 
 "The fall of Warsaw," the Poles stated 
 to the press of the world on August 16, 
 1915, "is another link in the endless chain 
 of misery, persecution, and national cala- 
 mity engulfing the innocent Polish people 
 for the last 150 years. 
 
 "When those who dismembered Poland, 
 robbed her of her heritage, and used every 
 means to exterminate her people, shall have 
 made restitution, when wrongs shall have 
 been righted, when Warsaw becomes the 
 capital of a free and independent Poland, 
 when the last footprint of the invaders 
 shall have disappeared, then will come the 
 time for the Poles to rejoice all over the 
 world." 
 
 The Poles, then, pursued a policy of 
 watchful waiting, for they distrusted both 
 the Prussian and Russian oppressor. 
 Through Henryk Sienkiewicz, the famous 
 author of Quo Vadis and many historical 
 novels, they rather turned to America, 
 "the conscience of the world," to the en- 
 lightened opinion of the whole world to 
 make right, upon the termination of the 
 Great War, an historical wrong. 
 
 They began to busy themselves with or- 
 ganizing relief for the Polish war-stricken. 
 Through the Polish Armageddon, the Rus- 
 sian, Austrian and German armies were 
 sweeping like a huge avalanche, destroy- 
 
 55 ] 
 
MARSHAL JOSEPH PIŁSUDSKI 
 
 56 
 
57] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 aSs — 
 
 ing everything in their wake. The Polish 
 children were deprived of food, clothing 
 and shelter. The Poles could not escape, 
 hemmed in as they were in the terrible 
 maelstrom of w T ar. Starvation and pest- 
 ilence faced them, caught as they were in 
 the throes of war. Their homes and farms 
 were afire, everything of value to them 
 was destroyed by the ruthlessly efficient 
 machinery of warfare. The tragedy of Bel- 
 gium was as nothing compared with the 
 terrible plight of Poland. 
 
 But in this predicament Poland had a 
 most wonderful mouthpiece in one of her 
 most illustrious sons, a citizen of the world 
 and yet an ardent patriot, a musical genius 
 
 — lgnące Paderewski. Paderewski, the 
 wizard of the pianoforte, could not play 
 because he heard the cries of his wounded 
 countrymen constantly in his ears. It was 
 an impressive illustration of the nearness 
 of musical art to genuine depth of feeling 
 
 — an art which can never be given its 
 proper interpretation unless it comes from 
 the heart. He typified the tortured soul of 
 the Polish nation in a most eloquent 
 manner. 
 
 Paderewski stilled the piano, but he was 
 most indefatigable in organizing relief for 
 the war-stricken, in crystallizing public 
 opinion in favor of Poland's right to na- 
 tionhood. A diplomat of the first rank, a 
 wonderful orator in several languages, he 
 swayed men powerful in the councils of 
 the Allies. 
 
 In America, President Wooclrow Wilson 
 set aside the first day of January, 1916, 
 as a day for relief work on behalf of Po- 
 land, and pointed out that Poland "asked 
 nothing for herself but what she had a 
 right to ask for humanity itself." Later, 
 this great American humanitarian and 
 statesman proclaimed a "free and inde- 
 pendent Poland, with access to the sea" 
 as one of the conditions of peace. 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2§g 
 
 Paderewski did more than speak and 
 beg for Poland; he backed up his brilliant 
 work with a military deed, for in America 
 and Western Europe he was instrumental 
 in organizing an army which under Gen- 
 eral Haller fought side by side with the 
 Allies against Germany. 
 
 In Poland proper, however, the Poles 
 from the very start had a nucleus of their 
 own national army. That achievement of 
 historical significance was due to Joseph 
 Piłsudski, heir of the traditions of Kościu- 
 szko and Pulaski. He had suffered im- 
 prisonment and exile under the Czar for 
 his patriotic activities and organized the 
 Polish Legion for the hour of national 
 liberation. On August 4th, 1914, the Po- 
 lish Legion headed by General Piłsudski, 
 left Krakow with the Polish flag aloft to 
 fight the Czar. General Piłsudski taught 
 his countrymen self-reliance, to help them- 
 selves to the land that was rightfully 
 theirs. 
 
 At last the dreams of many generations 
 became fulfilled. On November 11, 1918, 
 the independence of Poland was proclaimed 
 in Warsaw. Marshal Joseph Piłsudski was 
 made Chief of State, and lgnące Paderew- 
 ski became prime minister of Poland. 
 
 There now began the difficult process 
 of rebuilding the country, shattered and 
 exhausted by four years of war. Poland 
 had hardly set her house in order when 
 in 1920 the menace from the East, Bol- 
 shevized Russia, began an insidious war 
 against Western civilization. Again Po- 
 land appeared in her traditional role of 
 the bulwark, the champion of Christian 
 Europe, of Western civilization. 
 
 The Bolsheviki invaded Poland. At the 
 walls of Warsaw a terrific battle ensued, 
 one of the decisive battles in the history 
 of the world. Indeed had the Bolsheviki 
 won, the whole of Europe might have been 
 engaged in class warfare, and amid the 
 general unrest and chaotic conditions con- 
 
 58 
 
ais 
 
 sequent upon the late war, the Soviets had 
 a wonderful chance to foist their Godless 
 system upon the rest of Europe. 
 
 But gallant little Poland stood in the 
 way of this threatening Sovietization, just 
 as in the past she had stood in the way of 
 the Mohammedan conquest of Europe. 
 The "Miracle of the Vistula" occurred on 
 August 15, 1920, when the Poles, led by 
 Piłsudski, routed the Bolsheviki and saved 
 Western civilization and democracy for 
 the third time. Several heroic American 
 aviators, of whom three were killed, served 
 as volunteers in the Polish Air Force. They 
 are buried in Lwow, with a beautiful 
 monument erected in their memory. 
 
 The Poles then devoted their energies to 
 rebuilding and rehabilitating their coun- 
 try. Once more America came to their aid 
 and the American Relief Committee, un- 
 der Herbert Hoover, rendered invaluable 
 help by feeding and clothing the poor vic- 
 tims of the war. 
 
 And now, when New Poland has not 
 fully reached her fifteenth year of age, 
 how does she look and compare with her 
 
 A HISTORY OF POLAND, OLD AND NEW 
 
 mature sisters, the other countries of the 
 world? 
 
 Occupying an area of almost 150,000 
 square miles, the sixth largest state in 
 Europe, after Russia, France, Spain, Ger- 
 many, and Sweden, Poland has a popula- 
 tion of over thirty two million inhabitants, 
 of which 72 per cent live by agriculture, 
 10 per cent by industrial occupations, 3 
 per cent by commerce, and the rest in the 
 various professions. 
 
 All is not play in Poland. It never was. 
 In hard work, enterprise and practical in- 
 itiative Poland has always outshone many 
 other countries. Mining began in Poland 
 in the eleventh century, a unified monetary 
 system came into being in the fourteenth 
 century, postal service in 1583 (before 
 France and England), and cooperative so- 
 cieties, the boast of modern times, existed 
 in Poland already in 1715. 
 
 The natural resources of Poland com- 
 prise coal, oil, iron, lignite, salt, potassium, 
 zinc and lead, and the mining of those 
 minerals goes on now at full speed. The 
 Polish zinc mines are the second largest in 
 
 Statue of Woodrow Wilson in Poznań, in Wilson Park, donated by PadereN/vski 
 Group is excursion party from America in 1932. 
 
 59 
 
BIRD'S EYE 
 VIEW OF 
 COAST 
 
 GDYNIA 
 
 RAILWAY 
 DEPOT 
 
 60 
 
A HISTORY OF POLAND, OLD AND NEW 
 
 2fS 
 
 Europe. As a coal mining country, Poland 
 ranks fifth in the world. Poland supplies 
 20 per cent of the world's crop of potatoes, 
 and is, after Russia, the second producer 
 of hemp in the world, and a leader in the 
 production of beet sugar. The president 
 of the Republic, lgnące Mościcki, a dis- 
 tinguished engineer himself, created in 
 1930 one of the largest factories of nitrates 
 and fertilizers in the world, that at Mosci- 
 ce, near Krakow. 
 
 The Polish Railway system, entirely 
 ruined during the war, is now one of the 
 best in Europe, with locomotives and cars 
 of Polish make, models of design and com- 
 fort. Air traffic comprises sixteen prin- 
 cipal lines, connecting all parts of Poland. 
 
 Gdynia, the chief port of Poland on the 
 Baltic, is a modern miracle. As late as 
 1924 a fisherman's village with 500 in- 
 habitants, Gdynia is now a modern town 
 of 50,000 inhabitants, with several excel- 
 lent hotels, a yacht club, boulevards and 
 a remarkably attractive railway station. 
 It hums with activity. It is a city of the 
 future. In the whole world it has no equal. 
 It is a living embodiment of the spirit and 
 vitality of the New Poland, happy that 
 she has now a strip of seacoast. 
 
 The progress in education has been no 
 less remarkable, 16.5 per cent of the na- 
 tional budget being spent on public edu- 
 cation. There are now more than 30,000 
 primary schools, 800 high schools, ten 
 higher academies, and six universities — 
 established for the most part since the 
 w T ar, which destroyed many thousands of 
 the school buildings in Poland. 
 
 Warsaw, Krakow, Vilno, Lwow, and 
 Poznań, are the other large cities deserv- 
 ing mention. But the real life of the people 
 in Poland is not urban. The peasant is 
 the typical Polish character, embodying 
 today as much of the traditional back- 
 ground and custom as his forefathers did 
 for centuries back. It is hard to describe 
 
 -2§5 
 
 these features in general terms. A most 
 remarkable book, however, has been writ- 
 ten to convey the actual story of the life 
 of Polish peasants. "The Peasants," trans- 
 lated in several languages, written by Lad- 
 islaus Reymont, the Nobel laureate, de- 
 scribes specifically the province of Łowicz, 
 west of Warsaw, and gives a picture of 
 peasant life that is exceptionally beautiful 
 and real. 
 
 The Polish peasant is one of the most 
 commonsense, practical men in the world. 
 He is strong, both physically and morally, 
 and is always cheerful. He is essentially 
 a tiller of the soil. There is an inborn 
 courtesy in these children of nature. When 
 you meet a peasant he always removes his 
 hat and says, "Blessed be the Lord Jesus 
 Christ." The reply is, "For ages and ages." 
 
 Peasant weddings are elaborate affairs, 
 especially in the district of Krakow. Young 
 men, comparable to the American "best 
 man" and the ushers, mounted on spirited 
 chargers, dressed in costumes of black and 
 red, with hats adorned with peacock 
 plumes, arrive at the house of the bride. 
 Then follows the ancient custom of bear- 
 ing away the bride. She is seized and 
 bundled into a carriage, and hastened 
 away to the church, where the ceremony 
 takes place. After that there is a dance, 
 and unusual gayety and happiness. 
 
 Christmas Eve is the greatest occasion 
 of the year. Before the cloth is laid the 
 table is covered with a layer of hay, to 
 symbolize Christ's lowly birth. Christmas 
 carols, called "Kolendy" are sung. The 
 children wait the observance of one custom 
 with impatience — the "Jasełka," or the 
 story of the manger, observed during the 
 week between Christmas and the New 
 Year. 
 
 At Easter, with the customary "swien- 
 conka," the peasants celebrate the Resur- 
 rection in a style which is not only reli- 
 
 61 
 
62 
 
2§£ 
 
 giously appropriate, but also delicately 
 beautiful. 
 
 But it is by no means to be inferred 
 that the Polish peasant is as simple a char- 
 acter as these facts would lead one to be- 
 lieve. Rather, the inexhaustible vigor and 
 the dormant strength of the Polish peasant 
 masses, stifled during the century of for- 
 eign oppresion, have been awakened when 
 Poland became free. Indeed the New Po- 
 lish peasant, while preserving his colorful 
 tradition, now becomes enlightened, prog- 
 ressive, intensely patriotic and nationally 
 conscious. It might even be said that in 
 him lies the future of Poland. 
 
 Of the famous people of Poland, whose 
 renown embraces the world, no European 
 novelist has been more read in America 
 than Henry Sienkiewicz, the author of 
 "Quo Vadis," or Joseph Conrad, who, born 
 and bred in Poland, became one of the 
 greatest English writers. No actress has 
 had greater fame than Helena Modjeska. 
 No musician is better known than Pade- 
 rewski. Only one woman was ever made 
 a professor at Sorbonne, that university 
 in France which for seven hundred years 
 has exerted great influence over Europe. 
 That woman is Marie Sklodowska-Curie, 
 born in Warsaw, the discoveress of radium. 
 
 But the most famous of contemporary 
 Poles is Marshal Joseph Piłsudski. He 
 will symbolize forever the New Poland, 
 just as George Washington is the incar- 
 nation of American Independence. Pił- 
 sudski is the man of destiny, the leader 
 and teacher, the guardian and guide of 
 Poland. A military genius, he saved Po- 
 land and Europe from Bolshevism, re- 
 pulsing the Soviet hordes in 1920. A great 
 statesman, he rescued Poland from chaos 
 and inspired his people with courage and 
 confidence in the great future of their 
 native land. 
 
 This survey of the history of Poland, 
 modest as it is in scope and size, makes 
 no claim to bear comparison with numer- 
 
 A HISTORY OF POLAND, OLD AND NEW 
 
 2§S 
 
 ous and excellent works written about Po- 
 land by many distinguished authors. It 
 will have achieved its purpose, however, 
 if some of its readers should become suf- 
 ficiently interested in the history, culture, 
 and civilization of Poland, to read the 
 eminent works which appeared on Poland 
 in the English language, and the treasures 
 of Polish literature translated into Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 Of the books on Poland written in Eng- 
 lish, the following among others, can be 
 suggested : 
 
 Humphrey, G., "Poland the Unexplored"; 
 
 Gardner, M., "Poland, a Study in National 
 Idealism", and "Adam Mickiewicz, the Na- 
 tional Poet of Poland"; 
 
 Norman, V., "Poland, the Knight Among 
 Nations"; 
 
 Kellogg, C, "Jadwiga, Queen of Poland"; 
 
 Kelly, E. P., "The Trumpeter of Krakow", 
 "The Blacksmith of Vilno", and "Mazurka of 
 Dombrowski" ; 
 
 Lord D Abernon, "The Eighteenth Decisive 
 Battle of the World" ; 
 
 Lord Eversley, "The Partitions of Poland"; 
 
 Augur, "Eagles Black and White", and "A 
 Bulwark of Democracy"; 
 
 Dyboski, Roman, "Outlines of Polish His- 
 tory", "The Peasant in Polish Literature", 
 and "Modern Polish Literature"; and 
 
 Zieliński, T., "The Peasant in Polish Liter- 
 ature". 
 
 As regards the masterpieces of Polish 
 literature, the excellent English transla- 
 tions of the following books give an insight 
 into the soul of Poland, making delightful 
 reading besides: 
 
 Sienkiewicz's immortal Trilogy, "With Fire 
 and Sword", "The Deluge", and "Pan Mi- 
 chael", which takes us back into the seven- 
 teenth century ; 
 
 Reymont's "Peasants", a story of tillers of 
 the soil ; 
 
 Mickiewicz's "Pan Tadeusz", an epic un- 
 surpassed by any in the world's literature; 
 
 The "Ashes" of Żeromski, which describes 
 the epoch of Napoleon in glowing colors; 
 
 "The Un-Divine Comedy" of Krasiński, a 
 prophetic vision of Bolshevism given almost 
 a hundred years before its advent; and 
 
 The "Memoirs of a Polish Revolutionary 
 Soldier" by Marshal Joseph Piłsudski, which 
 reveal the ideal of a patriot who devoted all 
 
 [63] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 Ms — 
 
 his life to the re-conquest of his country's 
 freedom. 
 
 Those interested in international politics 
 
 would profit by reading the following: 
 
 Count Skrzyński, "Poland and Peace" ; 
 Askenazy, S., "Danzig and Poland; and 
 Weinstein, J., "Upper Silesia, a Country of 
 Contrasts". 
 
 Those fond of fairy tales would enjoy: 
 
 Konopnicka, Marie, "The Brownie Scouts"; 
 and 
 
 Szczuczka, Kossak, "The Troubles of a 
 Gnome". 
 
 Every year several books of Polish 
 authors are added to the list of those 
 translated into English. It is through its 
 literature that the soul of a nation is 
 studied best. Such reading might more- 
 over dispel not a few errors and miscon- 
 ceptions. As Poland has been wiped off 
 the map of Europe for over a century, 
 such misconceptions are particularly 
 abundant about Poland. Some of the con- 
 ventional views of Poland need revision. 
 So far Poland is not on the tourist's trail 
 and she is not much of a self-advertiser. 
 She is not known to foreigners as well as 
 are some of the other European countries. 
 
 Yet Poland deserves to be known to 
 every cultured person, for she has given 
 her full share to the cultural treasure of 
 the world ! While cherishing their glorious 
 traditions, the Poles look ahead and not 
 backward, and sincerely wish that the his- 
 tory of their past be recalled only to com- 
 pare it with the illustrious development 
 which is their hope of the future. Having 
 regained what was theirs, they ardently 
 desire that peace should reign forever in 
 their land, and that they may henceforth 
 devote all their energy and efforts to prog- 
 ress, and to the service of their country 
 and of mankind. 
 
 Before concluding this survey of Po- 
 land, it would not be amiss to point out 
 certain elements of similarity between the 
 history of Poland and that of the United 
 States. 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — M* 
 
 Poland, in her prime, never suffered un- 
 der the weight of despotism. It is true she 
 had her kings, but their power was as lim- 
 ited by the Diet as that of the King of 
 England is today limited by the Parlia- 
 ment. Poland was a republic (though one 
 of landed aristocracy) at a time when the 
 rest of Europe, with the exception of Eng- 
 land, was groaning under an autocratic 
 form of government. Poland was never an 
 invader. Such neighbors as Lithuania and 
 Ruthenia, as we have seen, of their own 
 accord joined their lot to that of Poland. 
 The Poles resorted to force and weapons 
 in defense of their rights only when all 
 else failed. 
 
 It is almost needless to reiterate the 
 parallel attitudes of the builders of the 
 United States, so strikingly are they sim- 
 ilar. Just as this country now champions 
 the cause of freedom and justice whenever 
 necessary, and even engaged in a war to 
 make a world safe for democracy, Poland 
 fought the Moslem invasion, defending 
 Europe against the barbarism of the East. 
 
 The Constitution of the Third of May 
 in 1791 completed the democratization of 
 Poland. An event of this kind in other 
 parts of Europe would undoubtedly have 
 been attended by a series of outbreaks and 
 revolutions; in Poland this new political 
 renaissance was occasioned by demonstra- 
 tions of a most peaceful character, at least 
 on the part of the Poles. Similarly, the 
 United States brings about political 
 changes by way of the ballot rather than 
 the bullet. 
 
 Poland and America, we repeat, are 
 kindred spirits. Neither are militaristic; 
 both are religiously tolerant; both love 
 freedom and respect the rights of neigh- 
 bors ; both frown upon attempts to foment 
 class warfare. Let us hope that their joint 
 ideals will yet make the world truly safe 
 for democracy. Then we shall know that 
 the Great War, with its innumerable sac- 
 rifices, was not fought in vain. 
 
 64 
 
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 ??■* 
 
 The Poles in Chicago 
 
 By Anthony C. Tomczak 
 
 THE rise of the Poles in Chicago has 
 been as steady as it has been phenom- 
 enal. When in June, 1859, Anthony Sma- 
 rzewski (Schermann) visited that city to 
 consider settling there, little did he think 
 that the people of his nation, in the course 
 of but three or four generations, would so 
 rapidly immigrate and expand as to head 
 the list of foreign populations in what is 
 proving to be the third largest city in the 
 world. He could not foresee then that his 
 mother country not only would regain her 
 independence, but would look with pride 
 on the progress made by her sons in Am- 
 erica. It was surely beyond his imagina- 
 tion to think that by the time of his death 
 in 1900 the Poles in Chicago would have 
 become so numerous as to necessitate the 
 erection of some twenty churches wherein 
 they might find outlet for their religious 
 fervor. Such thoughts may have been fan- 
 tastic dreams of his, but hardly serious 
 concepts of probability. 
 
 The eighty years that followed his first 
 visit to Chicago are so packed with details 
 of the phenomenal expansion of the Poles 
 that it is hardly possible to delve any 
 deeper into the facts than to give their bare 
 outline. Moreover, there are so many 
 phases of the story of the Poles in Chicago 
 that to try to discuss thoroughly even one 
 would require more space than the limita- 
 tions of this article permit. 
 
 Spasmodically during the first few 
 years, and steadily after 1890 or so, the 
 immigration of Poles to Chicago was like 
 a prelude to a story of progress. It was 
 some time, however, before other Chicago- 
 ans began to realize the increasing impor- 
 
 tance of that group in their city. Even to- 
 day, it is hard for the average Chicagoan 
 to appreciate the magnitude of the Polish 
 population there. 
 
 Nothing very definite is known of what 
 happened between Anthony Schermann's 
 first visit in 1850 and more than ten years 
 later, when small groups of soldiers fight- 
 ing in the Insurrection of 1863 set out for 
 America and found their way to Chicago. 
 About this time, too, came Poles from ear- 
 lier settlements in Texas, among others 
 being Peter Kiolbasa, destined to be the 
 chief figure in the organization and de- 
 velopment of the Poles in Chicago, and 
 Father Leopold Moczygemba, the first 
 Polish priest in Chicago. More settlers 
 came after the inauguration of Bismarck's 
 anti-Polish policy during the 70's, which 
 drove out some 30,000 Poles from Prussian 
 Poland. After that, the numbers that came 
 in gradually increased until there were 
 52,000 foreign-born Poles in 1890, and 
 250,000 in July, 1903! This latter figure 
 includes, in addition to foreign-born Poles, 
 children of the second generation. The 1930 
 census places the figure well over 400,000. 
 
 When one studies these figures and con- 
 siders the fact that the bulk of this popula- 
 tion has been accumulated within not much 
 more than sixty years, it is not hard to un- 
 derstand why the Poles in Chicago should 
 feel proud of their standing there and why 
 the descendants of pioneer settlers still 
 living there should revere their ancestors 
 not merely as pioneers, but as the fathers 
 of a city of Poles. Surely 400,000 may be 
 called a veritable city. Nor is it necessary 
 to search long and far for people who have 
 
 65 
 
POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 2§S 
 
 been eye-witnesses to early Polish settle- 
 ment there, or for sons and daughters of 
 the very men who planted the seed of Po- 
 lish life and thought there. Almost every 
 Pole has heard of Peter Kiolbasa, who from 
 the time he first came to Chicago in 1864 
 until he died in 1905 gave unceasing co- 
 operation to the development of almost 
 every major Polish enterprise, leaving be- 
 hind him the record of a career such as 
 would give credit to the noblest of Amer- 
 icans. He was even more than a Pole, for 
 he served as captain in the Union Army 
 during the Civil War, was a sergeant in 
 the Police Force of Chicago from 1867 to 
 1869, was elected City Treasurer in 1891, 
 and held other civic offices, including that 
 of Alderman, Building Commissioner, 
 Commissioner of Public Works, and Cus- 
 toms Officer. 
 
 Kiolbasa, together with Schermann, 
 John Arkuszewski, John Niemczewski, and 
 Paul Kurr, in 1864 organized the St. Sta- 
 nislaus Kostka Society, through the efforts 
 of which, five years later, the first Polish 
 parish was organized under the name St. 
 Stanislaus Kostka. In 1874 there came to 
 Chicago Rev. Wincenty Barzynski, who 
 was pastor of the church until his death in 
 1899. He, like Kiolbasa, took a most active 
 part in the expansion of the Polish colony 
 and in the development of numerous or- 
 ganizations which exist until this day. His 
 brother, John Barzynski, was also active 
 in such work, having in 1875 founded a 
 weekly the Gazeta Polska Katolicka. He 
 was the father of Mrs. Julius Śmietanka, 
 the wife of one of Chicago's most eminent 
 Polish lawyers today. 
 
 The Gazeta was taken over by Władys- 
 ław Smulski, whose son, John F. Smulski, 
 elicited so much admiration for his noble 
 work in Chicago as a banker and active 
 citizen that his death in March, 1928, was 
 a distinct shock to the thousands of friends 
 he had made. After having founded in 1906 
 the North-Western Trust and Savings 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Bank, he was elected in succession Alder- 
 man, City Attorney, President of the West 
 Park Commissioners, and State Treasurer. 
 But his chief glory lies not in banking or 
 in politics, but in the sincere hard work he 
 performed during and after the Great 
 War. With untiring energy he made sev- 
 eral trips to Poland, and with Paderewski 
 and Woodrow Wilson, accomplished in 
 large measure the liberation of Poland. He 
 founded and was president of the Polish 
 National Council (Polski Wydział Naro- 
 doivy), and personally financed the pur- 
 chase of thousands of Polish Bonds. He is 
 the only person to whom Chicago has ever 
 paid the supreme honor of dedicating a 
 memorial program in his name. Paderew- 
 ski himself came to Chicago to pay his 
 respects. 
 
 As Kiolbasa fostered the early major 
 civic endeavors, and as Father Barzynski 
 guided the religious activities, so Paul So- 
 bolewski cared for the intellectual and cul- 
 tural development of the Poles in Chicago. 
 The author of "Poets and Poetry of Po- 
 land," he was devoted to the cause of edu- 
 cation among the Poles, going so far as to 
 travel from house to house in order to keep 
 the people in touch with the news of the 
 day. He was a school teacher, writer, news- 
 paper editor, phrenologist, dramatist, and 
 veteran of the insurrection of 1830. He 
 died in 1882. 
 
 The name of Dyniewicz, still well known 
 in Chicago, was at one time on the lips of 
 every newspaper-reading Pole. Gazeta Pol- 
 ska, the first Polish newspaper in Chicago, 
 founded in October, 1873, by Władysław 
 Dyniewicz soon became so full of the per- 
 sonality of the editor that the sobriquet 
 Gazeta Dynieivicza soon grew to be the 
 commonly accepted name of the paper. 
 August J. Kowalski, the first Polish Alder- 
 man (1888), Stanley Kunz, together with 
 John F. Smulski, were prominent civic 
 leaders; while the names of Śmietanka, 
 Wirkuszewski, Haremski, Nowaczewski, 
 
 66 
 
AUGUST J. KOWALSKI, SR. 
 Civic Leader 
 
 WŁADYSŁAW DYNIEWICZ 
 Editor and Publisher 
 
 JOSEPH SCHIKORA 
 
 Civic Leader 
 
 VICTOR BARDONSKI 
 Druggist 
 
 67 
 
POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 Czaja, Kaczemski, Zaremba, Zarowski, 
 Doszynski, Mikitynski, Warszewski, Bar- 
 donski, Ratkowski, Wieczorowski, La Buy, 
 Majewski, Tomaszkiewicz, and Krzybi- 
 niewski should be recalled as generous con- 
 tributors to the pioneer cause in Chicago. 
 The list is by no means complete. Un- 
 doubtedly there are countless others, prob- 
 ably many far more active than some of 
 those mentioned. 
 
 It is evident that it would be almost im- 
 possible to trace even generally the phe- 
 nomenal growth and expansion of the Po- 
 lish colony. Within a few years after the 
 first parish has been opened, another was 
 necessary and still others, because as Chi- 
 cago grew, so expanded ever more broadly 
 the extent of the Polonia. They moved 
 south, northwest, west, farther and far- 
 ther south, even north, until by the time 
 the century had closed there were thriv- 
 ing Polish settlements in almost all sec- 
 tions of the city. A continual influx of 
 immigration, coupled with the Pole's na- 
 tural desire to own his own home, are pos- 
 sible explanations of this rapid expansion. 
 The Pole's sincere patriotism and devotion 
 to God and to country is no less zealous 
 than is his love of home and family. This 
 is an important consideration when study- 
 ing this expansion, for upon observation, 
 it becomes evident that the Poles ac- 
 complished this not with the help of other 
 nationalities in the city, but rather in spite 
 of them. It must be remembered that 
 many Polish people even in several of the 
 earlier censuses, were not considered as 
 Poles at all, but rather as Russians, Ger- 
 mans, or Austrians, depending on which 
 part of Poland they had left. It was not 
 until the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 
 that they made the other nationalities rec- 
 ognize their strength and magnitude, when 
 in a huge parade of 10,000 they celebrated 
 in grand fashion the first so-called "Polish 
 Day" that Chicago had ever seen. It was 
 the forerunner of the present annual Pol- 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2§S 
 
 ish Day, an event which each year grows 
 more elaborate and imposing. Unfortu- 
 ately, occassional instigations and racial 
 prejudices of foes of the nation would 
 bring the Poles into disrepute, only to be 
 quelled at other times by the religious zeal 
 and earnest patriotism which they so con- 
 sistently expressed. Soon they became very 
 active in civic matters and in organiza- 
 tions of their own, and within a few years 
 Chicago was faced with the fact that not 
 only was there a group known as Poles, 
 but that group was actually the largest 
 in the list of foreign populations. When 
 the Great War broke out, the Chicago 
 Poles contributed thousands of loyal men 
 who gradually but surely were becoming 
 true and patriotic Americans. When Po- 
 land regained her independence in 1919 
 there were more than 300,000 people in 
 Chicago whose ancestors' dream had come 
 true, and whose inborn love of their moth- 
 er country had not yet died. 
 
 Nor have these large numbers been 
 wanting in progress and the initiation of 
 well-known institutions. Probably the 
 foremost in such list of their successes was 
 the North - Western Trust and Savings 
 Bank, organized in 1906 by John F. Smul- 
 ski and John F. Przybysz (Prebis), until 
 recently the largest bank outside of the 
 downtown district of Chicago, and prob- 
 ably the largest distinctly Polish bank in 
 the country. There are many flourish- 
 ing business institutions established and 
 directed by Polish managements. St. Ma- 
 ry's Hospital, St. Hedwig's Orphanage, 
 and St. Joseph's Home for the Aged are 
 Polish. St. Stanislaus College, Holy Fam- 
 ily Academy, Holy Trinity High School, 
 Resurrection High School, and Good Coun- 
 sel High School are a few of the institu- 
 tions of secondary education. Seventeen 
 banks in Chicago were until recently di- 
 rected by Polish officers. There are sixty- 
 seven Polish Roman Catholic churches. 
 There are nearly two hundred practicing 
 
 68 
 
-_ij 
 
 JOHN F. SMULSKI 
 Banker and Civic Leader 
 
 STANISŁAW SZWAJKART 
 Editor 
 
 JOHN SCHERMANN 
 Son of First Settler 
 
 MICHAEL WOJTECKI 
 Jeweler 
 
 69 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 2§S 
 
 Polish lawyers, 160 physicians and 120 
 dentists. Dziennik Chicagoski, Dziennik 
 Związkowy and Dziennik Zjednoczenia 
 are the three Polish daily newspapers. 
 Scores of weekly and monthly publica- 
 tions are also prominent. 
 
 It must not be supposed, after an ex- 
 amination of such a list of business suc- 
 cesses, that the Poles had let the commer- 
 cial element of life blot out the aesthetic 
 one. On the contrary, the numerous har- 
 mony groups and dramatic and literary 
 societies organized in the early days of 
 settlement show that even then, when 
 countless pioneer problems had to be dealt 
 with, the Poles still found time and place 
 for the expression of their aesthetic na- 
 tures. Moreover, today the activities of 
 the Polish Arts Club, and of numerous 
 parish dramatic societies, and the encour- 
 agement of scholarship among the youth, 
 all point to the Poles' keen appreciation of 
 the finer things in life. Very early in the 
 seventies and eighties they had already 
 organized choirs and little theaters. Ever 
 since October, 1891, when the St. Stanis- 
 laus Parish Dramatic Circle was organ- 
 ized, progress and expansion has been ev- 
 ident in theatrical lines, and recently the 
 dramatic circles of all the parishes in the 
 city combined their best talent to stage 
 a stupendous presentation of Slowacki's 
 "Balladyna". The untiring efforts of such 
 men as Karol Wachtel, Antoni Zdzieblow- 
 ski, and S. Zahajkiewicz to promote the 
 cause of the Polish Theater can always be 
 recalled by the dramatists of the early 
 days. Today there are amateur dramatic 
 and musical groups budding everywhere. 
 Individuals, too, have gained reknown. No 
 one can ever forget the beloved song-bird, 
 Agnes Nering, who died but a few years 
 ago. The quality of Ina Bourskaya's sing- 
 ing may be judged by her present success 
 with the Chicago Civic Opera Company, 
 while Andre Skalski's Orchestra is arous- 
 ing the attention of all the music critics. 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 3§S 
 
 In literary lines, tco, have the Poles been 
 active, the scores of publications being 
 representative examples of their achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 But it is an infinite task to trace all the 
 achievements of the Poles in Chicago; it 
 is hard even to decide where to begin. The 
 consolation in the task rests only in the 
 fact that the same conclusions are de- 
 duced from whatever facts are considered. 
 Like Poles everywhere, the Poles in Chi- 
 cago are instinctively clannish. It is this 
 nature that is in large measure respon- 
 sible for the numerous organizations 
 founded at various times in their history 
 in Chicago. Though religious, civic and 
 national motives may have provided the 
 immediate causes for most of the groups 
 formed, it is interesting to study the Polak 
 za Polakiem (A Pole for a Pole) attitude 
 so evident even in their relations tod^y. 
 The Gmina Polska, organized in 1866, t|he 
 Polish Roman Catholic Union in America, 
 in 1874, the Polish National Alliance in 
 1880, the Sokols in 1893, the Polish Alria 
 Mater in 1897, the Polish Women's Al- 
 liance in 1905, and other organizations 
 like nature and scope, all are represents 
 ative of the social nature of the Pole ii^ 
 Chicago. From the very beginning the 
 Poles grouped together and acted in bodies. 
 
 A queer paradox is observed in this re- 
 spect. For clannish though they may be, 
 they are still divided among themselves. 
 While distinctions and policies are not very 
 sharply drawn, there is nevertheless an 
 intense rivalry and competition between 
 organizations and between commercial 
 houses. True, several successful attempts 
 have been made in the way of conciliation 
 and consolidation; yet try as they may, 
 the Poles have not yet fully appreciated 
 the value of perfect organization and 
 union. Politically they are in large num- 
 ber Democratic, though representative Re- 
 publican leaders are well known. The high- 
 est elective office held is that of County 
 
RT. REV. PAUL RHODE 
 First Polish Bishop in America 
 
 REV. WINCENTY BARZYNSKI, C. R. 
 Pastor and Civic Leader 
 
 ADAM SZWAJKART 
 Physician and Surgeon 
 
 71 
 
POLKS IX AMERICA 
 
 2§S 
 
 Judge, ably filled during the past eight 
 years by Edmund K. Jarecki, who, ex- 
 officio, is the head of the election machine- 
 ry of the city. M. S. Szymczak, as City 
 Comptroller, is a member of the Mayor's 
 Cabinet. There are two Polish Congress- 
 men from the Chicago area, two members 
 of the State Senate, two members of the 
 State Legislature, and seven judges in the 
 City courts. Five out of fifty aldermen are 
 Polish, and several other more or less im- 
 portant city elective positions are held. In 
 general it must be said that the ratio of 
 the political representation of the Poles in 
 Chicago is considerably lower than that of 
 a few other nationalities. Whether the 
 cause of this lies in their inability to fill 
 the offices or in their lack of skill in ma- 
 nipulating the intricate workings of pol- 
 itics is a question that cannot be answered 
 too readily or hastily. It is a problem that 
 has confronted Polish Chicagoans for the 
 past two decades. The importance of the 
 Poles is gradually becoming recognized, 
 however, and from present indications 
 their political future is bright. 
 
 Another characteristic of the Poles that 
 is easily deduced from a study of their 
 progress and expansion in Chicago is their 
 homeloving nature and their desire to save 
 and to settle. The value of Polish-owned 
 property runs well into millions, while the 
 large number of building and loan associa- 
 tions (60) prove with figures and statis- 
 tics that the Pole respects the value of 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 money. It was his instinctive urge to 
 "own his own home" that made the early 
 settler move into newer and farther sec- 
 tions of the city, and is probably the prim- 
 ary cause of the Poles' extensive disper- 
 sion throughout the great midwestern 
 metropolis today. 
 
 Thus the Poles in Chicago have multi- 
 plied from a few to 400,000. Thus they 
 have become the leaders of the foreign 
 population here, and the center of the Po- 
 lish population in the Middle West. Their 
 contribution to the life and interests of the 
 city is gradually becoming recognized. 
 Their importance in civic and social affairs 
 is appreciated and considered as a serious 
 factor by other nationalities. Polish-Chi- 
 cago society has become a milieu of prog- 
 ress. It has had a good start, but its prob- 
 lems of the future still remain great. It 
 must define more clearly the various prob- 
 lems implied in its relations to Chicago, 
 invent new methods of developing and con- 
 centrating its social and economic powers, 
 find new ways of raising its prestige and 
 of increasing its influence on Chicago life. 
 It is not too optimistic a statement to pre- 
 dict that the Poles can easily fulfill this 
 task. For them the days of pioneering are 
 over. They are ready now to profit by the 
 experience of their fathers and grand- 
 fathers who settled here, and are anxious 
 to participate in the American common- 
 wealth. Chicago is watching the progress 
 of its 400,000 Poles. 
 
 72 
 
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 T/z£ Polish Contribution To America 
 
 By Thaddeus Hoinko 
 
 IT IS not right but it is entirely natural 
 that those people in America whose 
 families have been here long enough to 
 have forgotten their coming should be in- 
 clined to look upon newcomers of these la- 
 ter days as people who have come empty- 
 handed for what they can get here. Espe- 
 cially is this the case when as often hap- 
 pens, the strangers are themselves ignor- 
 ant of the heritage of their fatherland and 
 of what they do bring as their share in the 
 upbuilding of their new home. 
 
 Polish immigrants to the United States 
 have been largely of the peasant or labor- 
 ing classes, ignorant, through no fault of 
 theirs, of Polish history and tradition and 
 of the rich culture of their native land. 
 During their years in America they have 
 been working quietly, faithfully at their 
 simple tasks, not realizing what their work 
 has meant to this country, what a real part 
 they have been playing in the material 
 development of this new land, nor how they 
 might further contribute spiritually by 
 transplanting to this new soil the seeds of 
 their old culture. 
 
 The time has come, however, when 
 through education they are awakening to 
 a realization of their own worth and might 
 as participants in the work of building this 
 great American edifice. To contribute to 
 the process of this self-realization, the 
 author has summed up in this article what 
 to him are the important achievements to 
 the Poles in America. 
 
 It is of interest to learn that the first 
 known Polish settlers reached the colony 
 of Virginia in September, 1608, or twelve 
 years before the Mayflower. These "Po- 
 landers" were not adventurers looking for 
 
 a good time, but steady, capable workers 
 who were especially brought over by the 
 Virginia Company in order to develop the 
 industries of the new country. To quote 
 from the record of the Virginia Company 
 of July 31, 1619: " . . . and because their 
 (the Poles) skill in making pitch and tar 
 and sope ashes shall not die with them it 
 is agreed that some young men shall be 
 put unto them to learn their skill and 
 knowledge therein for the benefit of the 
 country hereafter." 
 
 Captain John Smith, the leader of the 
 Virginia Colony, thus characterizes the 
 settlers: "They never did know what a 
 day's work was, except the Dutchmen and 
 the Poles and some dozen others." In these 
 days of opulence and migth it is well to 
 record that Polish carpenters and artisans 
 were among the first to lay the material 
 as well as the moral foundations for the 
 future American Commonwealth. 
 
 The next contribution, more widely 
 known and more important, of Polish blood 
 and genius to the cause of independence 
 took place about one hundred and fifty 
 years later. Several Polish officers, among 
 whom Thaddeus Kościuszko and Casimir 
 Pulaski were the outstanding ones, came 
 to this country "not for the pleasure" to 
 quote Paderewski, "of fighting the Eng- 
 lish, but for the noble joy of contributing 
 to the glorious conquest of human liberty." 
 If it had not been for Casimir Pulaski's 
 heroic charge during the Battle of Brandy- 
 wine the outcome of that encounter would 
 probably have been disastrous to the Amer- 
 ican army. Similarly, Kosciuszko's genius 
 had a great deal to do with the victory of 
 Saratoga, which played such a decisive 
 
 73 
 
POLKS IN AMERICA 
 
 part in the American campaign. Only 
 these two Polish names have been regis- 
 tered on the popular roster of fame, though 
 many more shed their blood both in the 
 Revolutionary War and in the Civil War. 
 Among the latter are Victor Kochanowski, 
 the Polish officer who raised two regi- 
 ments in New York and took part in thirty- 
 two battles, and General Krzyżanowski, 
 whose valor and service in the Battle of 
 Gettysburg are especially mentioned in 
 official dispatches. According to data com- 
 piled by Mr. M. Haiman, approximately 
 5,000 Poles served in the Union Army, of 
 whom one hundred and sixty were officers. 
 
 In listing these items on the balance 
 sheet of the Polish contribution, the finan- 
 cial aid of Haym Solomon to the cause of 
 independence should not be overlooked. Re- 
 cent researches show that he, a wealthy 
 Polish Jew and a friend of Kościuszko and 
 Pulaski, who spent many an hour at his 
 home, was financially back of the Amer- 
 ican Revolution. Thus Polish genius, blood, 
 and money helped to establish the inde- 
 pendence of this country. 
 
 This is the item thought of mostly when 
 the Polish contribution is considered. Un- 
 doubtedly it is of great importance. Yet, 
 however paradoxical it may seem, there 
 is an item of the Polish contribution 
 usually entirely overlooked, which in the 
 opinion of the writer is of still greater in- 
 trinsic value. This is the cumulative con- 
 tribution of the four million Poles in this 
 country. This human item is the greatest 
 gift that Poland has given America. Some- 
 one may remark that the American Poles, 
 as a class, have been mostly laborers and 
 farmers. True enough. But they arrived 
 in this country, like the Polish carpenters 
 and pitch makers of Virginia and the Po- 
 lish soldiers of the Revolutionary time, at 
 the crucial moment in the development of 
 the American Commonwealth — at the 
 time of laying the foundations of the new 
 industrial empire. 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2§S 
 
 Governor Ritchie of Maryland in his 
 address of December 29, 1927, before the 
 American Historical Association rightly 
 attributed the phenomenal growth of this 
 country in wealth and influence to the 
 "new immigration," of which the Poles 
 constitute a large percentage. Governor 
 Ritchie said in part: "We have been re- 
 ceiving full-grown or at least nearly adult 
 workers, and so have escaped in consider- 
 able measure the heavy cost of raising, edu- 
 cating, and feeding them through infancy 
 and childhood, and the economic loss of in- 
 fant mortality . . . The United States could 
 not have grown as it has from establish- 
 ment of its sovereign independence to our 
 own time had not the adult man-power of 
 Europe — Continental Europe as well as 
 the insular Europe — crossed the Atlan- 
 tic, become animated with patriotism for 
 its new-found home, and loyalty to our 
 flag, and helped develop the resources of 
 this continent." 
 
 You find Polish workmen in the textile 
 mills of Manchester, in the coal mines of 
 Pittsburgh, in the steel works of Gary, in 
 the great factories of Ford, in the lumber 
 camps on the Pacific coast ; you find them 
 in Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Michi- 
 gan. It is they who are reclaiming the 
 abandoned and bankrupt farms of New 
 England, whose native sons have sought 
 the easy money and bright lights of the 
 cities. They are the spiritual descendants 
 of the pioneer fathers who first cleared 
 the stony soil of New England. They are 
 intelligent, persevering, honest, and 
 thrifty. According to Professor Niles Car- 
 penter of the University of Buffalo, the 
 Poles as a group among the skilled work- 
 ers, with the probability rating of .37, are 
 in the lead of every other group, including 
 the native whites of native parentage. 
 Henry Ford, discussing "machines and 
 men" makes a special reference to the 
 Poles. "The suggestions (as to improve- 
 ments) come from everywhere," he says. 
 
 74 
 
2§S 
 
 "The Polish workmen seem to be the clever- 
 est of all the foreigners in making them." 
 
 This great army of labor, in which the 
 Poles play an important role, has won for 
 this nation the first place in the industrial 
 life of the world. Only by means of their 
 humble but indispensable qualities, be- 
 cause of their sweat and Titanic work, 
 could this country achieve such an unpre- 
 cedented level of prosperity and might. 
 And not only because of that — this great 
 army of peaceful fighters has actually 
 paid with its own blood for the comfort 
 and higher standard of living in this coun- 
 try. In 1925, 10,537 men died as a result 
 of industrial accidents, whereas the total 
 number of deaths in the American Army 
 during the Great War was only 77,000. 
 The number of men killed in the mines 
 alone during the period 1906-1925 was 
 over 49,000. Much of this was Polish 
 blood. These vital facts should be kept in 
 mind when the contribution to American 
 life is under discussion. 
 
 The Pole is not only a great asset econ- 
 omically, but also socially is splendid ma- 
 terial for good citizenship. These are not 
 empty words. Some of his characteristics 
 have been shown before. Let us list a few 
 more. He is religious, though tolerant of 
 other people's beliefs. He is sanely conser- 
 vative, and, as the Department of Justice 
 knows well, Bolshevik teachings find very 
 poor response from him here as they do in 
 Poland, in spite of the proximaty of the 
 contagious spot. Today he is a laborer tied 
 by the force of circumstances to factories 
 and mines; with a secret desire, however, 
 to buy someday a piece of land and culti- 
 vate it lovingly, as his ancestors have done 
 since time immemorial. Tomorrow he will 
 undoubtedly rise to a much higher level in 
 the social scale of the nation. Ample evi- 
 dences of this evolution are plainly dis- 
 cernible today. 
 
 Due to the similarity of the historical 
 development of Poland and that of Ame- 
 rica the Poles resemble closely the Ameri- 
 
 THE POLISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA 
 
 )k 
 
 can type, in spite of the differences of race 
 and language. Major Charles Phillips, 
 member of the Red Cross Commission in 
 Poland, has this to say of these national 
 parallels: "This same Poland had from 
 the earliest times a great enthusiasm for 
 freedom in almost every branch of life ; the 
 principle of sovereignty of the nation, call- 
 ing the citizens to participate in the res- 
 ponsibilities of government, the conception 
 of the state as not a thing existing for it- 
 self but as an instrument serving the well- 
 being of society; aversion to absolute mo- 
 narchy, standing armies and militarism; 
 disinclination to make aggressive wars, 
 but a remarkable tendency to make volun- 
 tary unions with neighboring peoples ; and 
 finally, hers was the first experiment on a 
 large scale with a federal republic, down 
 to the time of the United States. When we 
 realize such facts as these concerning Po- 
 land, we know nothing can ever blot from 
 them that glow of democratic idealism 
 which makes the Pole what he is, a true 
 brother of the American. In the love and 
 championship of human liberty the Pole 
 and the American are one. . . . Perhaps 
 that is the reason that Poles have always 
 made good American citizens." 
 
 When the trying days of the Great War 
 arrived, the Poles were among the first to 
 make their offering. They took a live, act- 
 ive part in all national campaigns, whether 
 for the various Liberty Loans, for the Red 
 Cross, or for other patriotic and charitable 
 objects. "In one city of 300,000 inhabitants, 
 among whom were several millionaires, 
 the contributions to the Red Cross were 
 $3,750,000, or $12.50 per capita, while 
 the Polish population of 7,000, almost ex- 
 clusively laborers, gave $160,000, or $23 
 per capita. Of the various groups of people 
 of foreign birth or extraction living in this 
 country, the Polish boys were the first and 
 the most numerous to respond to the call 
 to arms. There was not a casualty list in 
 the War that did not contain the names of 
 American soldiers of Polish birth. Indeed, 
 
 75 
 
POLKS IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 M — 
 
 while the Poles constitute only 4% of the 
 population of the United States, 12% of 
 those who died in the War were Poles. Ac- 
 cording to official statistics there were al- 
 most 300,000 men of Polish extraction in 
 the American Army, irrespective of those 
 who formed the large Polish army which 
 fought in France and was recruited there." 
 
 The American Pole has successfully 
 overcome great obstacles in a strange land. 
 He has contributed greatly to the upbuild- 
 ing of his new nation. His children, born 
 on this soil, feel not less American than 
 those who ''preceded them by the briefest 
 interval as the lives of nations go." This 
 new rising class of Americans of Polish 
 descent is beginning to produce in increas- 
 ing numbers business and professional men 
 of whom the country may be proud. One 
 of the most prominent bankers in Chicago 
 was the late John Smulski, the president 
 cf the largest Polish bank; and Clarence 
 Dillon, of Dillon, Read & Co., and Ben- 
 jamin Winter of New York are of Polish 
 descent. They are also beginning to show 
 live interest in American politics, having 
 to their credit such clean and efficient rep- 
 resentatives of the Law as Judge Jarecki 
 of Chicago and Chief Justice Robert von 
 Moschzisker of Pennsylvania. Like all true 
 Americans they love sports, and have given 
 birth to a number of stars, for Niemiec, 
 Lomski and Poliski are of Polish blood. 
 However, the Poles do not limit their love 
 of sports to grand stand applause, but as 
 the 30,000 members of "The Falcons", a 
 Polish athletic association, testify, take a 
 general active part in athletics. 
 
 If the above seems not to prove that the 
 Polish contribution has been of "cultural" 
 character, bear in mind that the man who 
 works with his hands indirectly contributes 
 to culture, first in increasing the material 
 prosperity of the country, and secondly in 
 leaving others free from drudgery to de- 
 velop in other ways. However, the Poles 
 have furnished America with several out- 
 standing, even world-famous, names in the 
 
 — Hi 
 
 purely "cultural" field. The great Mod- 
 jeska, beloved of all America, was a Pole. 
 In the opera we have Jean de Reszke, 
 Adam Didur and Ina Burskaya; on the 
 stage and screen, Pola Negri, Gilda Gray, 
 Florentine Gosnova and Nydia D'Arnell; 
 the orchestra leaders Leopold Stokowski 
 and Arthur Rodziński of the Philadelphia 
 Symphony and Thaddeus Wroński of De- 
 troit; the pianists Joseph Hofmann, Jo- 
 seph Rubinstein, Mieczysław Muentz, Sig- 
 ismund Stojowski and T. Jarecki ; and Bro- 
 nisław Huberman and Paul Kochański, 
 world-famous violinists; as well as Mar- 
 cella Sembrich. Likewise, among Polish 
 painters are W. T. Benda, G. Gwozdecki. 
 Leon Makielski, Mrs. K. Kosicka, Krawiec, 
 Kaczmarski, Tade Styka, and Joseph Si- 
 gall; the sculptors Olstowski, Szukalski 
 and A. Dombrowski are also Poles. There 
 are so many, especially in the field of art, 
 who are of Polish birth or descent that it 
 is practically impossible to mention more 
 than a few of their number. 
 
 A pioneer in aeronautical education in 
 America is Professor F. Pawłowski of the 
 University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. 
 
 Then there is Ralph Modjeski, son of the 
 great actress, who has been well known as 
 an engineer for many years. His later 
 achievements, which include the bridge 
 across the St. Lawrence at Montreal and 
 the Delaware Bridge at Philadelphia, have 
 placed him at the head of the bridge build- 
 ers of the world. 
 
 Of one of the greatest living Poles, Pa- 
 derewski, there is no need to remind you, 
 and of what he has meant to America in the 
 forty years since he first played here. Al- 
 though he is not particularly identified 
 with America, yet, as President MacCrec- 
 ken of Vassar says, "the music of Pade- 
 rewski, the literature of Reymont and 
 Sienkiewicz, and the science of Madame 
 Sklodowska-Curie" (all Poles) are in real- 
 ity "contributions to the world mind," and 
 as such have played their part in develop- 
 ing American culture. 
 
 76 
 
2§5- 
 
 THE POLISH CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICA 
 
 -ats 
 
 With such a record as this American 
 Poles are justified in feeling proud of their 
 contribution to American civilization. 
 From inarticulate immigrants they are be- 
 coming conscious citizens of this country; 
 they are losing their inferiority complex 
 and beginning to realize that they are co- 
 
 builders and consequently co-owners of 
 this great American Commonwealth. They 
 are becoming truly American, because, as 
 Theodore Roosevelt said, it is not religion, 
 not origin, not race, that makes an Ameri- 
 can, but character and achievement. 
 (Reprinted from "Poland" Magazine) 
 
 ♦ ♦ 
 
 77 
 
w 
 
 HERE are two kinds of people on earth today, 
 
 Just two kinds of people, no more, I say. 
 
 Not the saint and the sinner, for 'tis well understood 
 
 The good are half bad and the bad are half good; 
 
 Not the rich and the poor, for to count a man's wealth 
 
 You must first know the state of his conscience and health ; 
 
 Not the humble and proud, for in life's little span 
 
 Who puts on vain airs is not counted a man. 
 
 Not the happy and sad, for the swift flying years 
 
 Bring each man his laughter, and each man his tears. 
 
 No! the two kinds of people on earth that I mean 
 
 Are the people who lift and the people ivho lean. 
 
 Wheree'er you go you will find the world's masses 
 
 Are always divided in just these two classes; 
 
 And oddly enough, you will find, too, I ween, 
 
 There is only one lifter to twenty who lean. 
 
 In what class are you? Are you easing the load 
 
 Of over-taxed lifters who toil down the road? 
 
 Or are you a leaner, who lets others bear 
 
 Your portion of labor and worry and care? 
 
 — Ella Wheeler Wilcox. 
 
 %%%$fi 
 
 78 
 
." "''. . . .' '■''. :■■ ■ .■'"'■'■. 'v ".";",- v'v""'^" y^?~V ■ . . . . .■''•••"•, ,'.'", 
 
 
 T^he Pole in America 
 
 By ANTHONY C. TOMCZAK 
 
 THE average American citizen con- 
 siders the Pole in America as merely 
 another foreign immigrant, who either 
 dissatisfied with conditions in his native 
 country, or else in search of land, where 
 success and good fortune pour forth as 
 from a cornucopia, comes here and adds 
 to the ever-growing category known in 
 America as "foreign population". 
 Charges against the Pole, especially those 
 preferred by such as profess knowledge 
 of Polish history, are not numerous, 
 but still are serious and frequent. 
 A common misconception is that Polish 
 people in general are normally opposed 
 to culture and to the finer things in 
 life. Others charge an alleged indifference 
 to things political in this country. It is said 
 also that the Poles are unable to self- 
 govern, that they are by nature indepen- 
 dent and self-seeking, and that their 
 achievements in science and the arts are 
 merely accidental and not representative 
 of the people as a whole. 
 
 The origin of these charges is based 
 neither on reason, observation, nor concen- 
 trated study of fact. Enemies of the nation 
 managed to circulate such illusory ideas 
 abroad in attempts to foster their own 
 cause and to discourage outside support in 
 Poland's long struggle for independence. 
 Before going into the refutation of these 
 charges, it would be well to generalize for 
 a moment on the topic of immigration and 
 immigrants in the United States. Patriotic 
 and well-meaning American citizens who 
 would have immigration laws made more 
 strict and the "scum and offal" of Eur- 
 ope's population kept out of this country, 
 
 so that their theory of "America for Am- 
 ericans" may be carried out more effica- 
 ciously, fail to realize that the entire po- 
 pulation here consists of foreigners, and 
 that it is only a question of at how recent 
 a date the immigrant or his forefathers 
 came to this country. Everyone living in 
 these United States, with the one exception 
 of the native Indian, is, by definition, a 
 "foreigner". Whether Americans care to 
 admit it or not, the fact remains that 
 foreign populations founded this country, 
 nursed it in its infancy, helped it grow, 
 developed it, and still continue developing 
 it. The parcelling out of credit for pro- 
 gress, and of course responsibility for re- 
 trogression in this country, unlike any 
 other country in the world, involves merely 
 a consideration of which of the several 
 foreign nations whose emigrants settled 
 here did most along these lines. 
 
 Once this fact is realized, that every 
 American can be regarded as a "foreigner" 
 — even descendants of the Mayflower par- 
 ty, that would-be cradle of true American- 
 ism — the road to clearer understanding, 
 to cooperation, and to harmony between 
 and among the various nationalities will 
 soon be approached and finally appreci- 
 ated as the immediate aid in the formation 
 of a world government, where all men are 
 brothers and racial and nationalistic pre- 
 judices are unknown. 
 
 The test of the true American citizen is 
 the answer to the question : What does he 
 add to the general welfare of the country 
 by his presence here? If it can be shown 
 that a particular foreign group adds no- 
 thing, it is logical to assert that members 
 
 79 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 of that group do not make good American 
 citizens. On the other hand, if a nation can 
 be proved to have contributed renowned 
 men and women whose superior intel- 
 lectualities have aided the world in her 
 eternal march of progress; if a nation can 
 be demonstrated as possessing ideals of 
 government, of religion, of patriotism, and 
 of fidelity, charity, and love; if a nation 
 can be spoken of as the native country of 
 men and women whose contributions to 
 music, literature, and the other arts have 
 revolutionized whole nations and con- 
 tinents; if the people of a certain foreign 
 group actually do add to the general wel- 
 fare of the country they have adopted as 
 their own, it is not to much to say that men 
 and women of such a nation are capable of 
 making good and true American citizens. 
 And if any foreigner in America is worthy 
 to pass the test it is the Pole. 
 
 Those who hold the belief that Poles are 
 normally adverse to culture and the finer 
 things in life either have a wrong idea of 
 what culture and these finer things really 
 are, or else for their conclusions on obser- 
 vations gleaned hurriedly and without due 
 consideration of the fact that the process 
 of inductive reasoning has its faults. If 
 "culture" is to be understood as pedantic 
 ostentation in society — as pretentious 
 though false like of social extravagance — 
 as haugthy disdain of those lower on the 
 social ladder; and if the "finer" things in 
 life are to be understood as leisure, exor- 
 bitant gambling, and the eternal gluttony 
 for more and more of that god that makes 
 possible these "finer" things — money, the 
 charge that Poles are opposed to "culture" 
 and "finer" things in life must be admit- 
 ted. It may appear that the writer is a 
 cynic and contends that there is no culture 
 in the world. On the contrary, in this mod- 
 ern age of intellectual development there 
 truly is a real culture — not the one that is 
 flaunted in the tabloids and brings a mis- 
 nomer to the age in which we live, but one 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 that lives forever in the halls of science, 
 art, music, and literature, and in the 
 hearts of men who really know what makes 
 up true hospitality. It is exactly this latter 
 culture that is as inborn in the Pole as is 
 his love for country and for God. To hold 
 that Poles are opposed to the social aspect 
 of culture is untrue. Perhaps they do not 
 stage grand affairs (where the hospitality 
 is forced and artificial) as often or as pre- 
 tentiously as others do, yet one thing is 
 true — friend and stranger alike is always 
 welcome and cordially greeted at the Pol- 
 ish home, humble though it may be. 
 
 The alleged indifference to things poli- 
 tical is not really an indifference at all, but 
 rather a curious lack of success in the 
 attainment of public offices. Of course, 
 many high offices in the country, state, and 
 city are held by Poles. But the proportion 
 to the population is considerably below nor- 
 mal. The cause is a certain failing of the 
 people to realize the intricate technique of 
 modern political machinery. Once a can- 
 didate of theirs is proposed they will do 
 all they can to back him even to the extent 
 of overlooking, or at least being indifferent 
 to, the rest of the offices to be filled. The 
 result is inevitable: other nationalities, 
 anticipating lack of support by the Poles, 
 will in return offer none for the Polish can- 
 didate. It is sad that such a lack of under- 
 standing and of cooperation exists, for the 
 Pole's nationality consciousness eventually 
 brings on his own defeat. It is wrong to 
 conclude therefore from the number of of- 
 fices they hold that Poles are not interested 
 in politics. Rather, they are almost too in- 
 terested. 
 
 The charge, extremely prevalent in the 
 past, that Polish people do not know how 
 to govern themselves, is gradually growing 
 obsolete, due to the splendid showing the 
 men of that nation have made as an in- 
 dependent country since the end of the 
 Great War. At the close of fourteen years 
 of a most successful era of their history 
 
 80 
 
& 
 
 they have demonstrated to the world what 
 they really can do in the way of bringing 
 harmony and peace out of a maelstrom of 
 discontent caused by more that a hundred 
 and fifty years of oppression, tyranny, and 
 despotism. Those who labor under the con- 
 viction that the Poles are unable to govern 
 themselves would do well to study the pro- 
 gress these people have made since the re- 
 establishment of their existence as an in- 
 dependent nation. 
 
 The Polish immigrant has been the ob- 
 ject of considerable accusation on the part 
 of certain Americans who assert that the 
 Pole, once he settles here, immediately 
 takes on an air of independence and self- 
 sufficiency, and is almost immediately af- 
 fected with the desire for making more 
 money. His independence and self-suffi- 
 ciency, strange though they may seem, are 
 only natural, for he realizes the average 
 American's dislike of the foreign immi- 
 grant and justifiably tries to get along, not 
 necessarily in spite of the American, but 
 without his aid. And if the immigrant ris- 
 ing into affluence, turn out to be less anx- 
 ious to improve his mind than to make more 
 and more money, that is a failing which — 
 it is rumored — is not quite uncommon 
 among the population of purely American 
 descent. 
 
 Morever, those who would assail the 
 Polish immigrant in America apparently 
 overlook the genuine contribution he makes 
 to American civilization, among others 
 being (as summarized by Dr. Roman Dy- 
 boski in a recent address) a great variety 
 of national temperament, character and 
 mentality, the peasant's habit of sheer 
 hard work and discipline, and his religion. 
 
 Finally, the charge that the Pole's 
 achievements in science, music, art, litera- 
 ture, etc., are merely accidental and not 
 representative of the people as a whole is 
 no different than the charge that might be 
 prof erred against men of any other nation- 
 ality. If a nation produces a certain num- 
 
 THE POLE IN AMERICA 
 
 ber of exceptionally brilliant men and the 
 vast majority of others she endows with 
 but mediocre intellectualities, it is hardly 
 justifiable to conclude that the achieve- 
 ments of those more brilliant men do not 
 mirror the whole nation. Perhaps one ex- 
 planation of the origin of the charge lies 
 in the fact that those who make it either do 
 not appreciate the greatness of hundreds 
 of others of that nation, of whom they have 
 heard little or nothing, or else a natural 
 patriotism on their own part causes them 
 to boast of their own heroes and to blind 
 themselves to some extent to the achieve- 
 ments of men of other nations. Most people 
 have heard of Pulaski, Kościuszko, Sobie- 
 ski and Paderewski, and are led to believe 
 that four or five is about the number of 
 great men Poland has produced. Those who 
 share the illusion of this idea would find it 
 interesting and intellectually uplifting to 
 study the lives and deeds of such men as 
 Mickiewicz, Słowacki, Sniadecki, Lelewel, 
 Jagiełło, Batory, Bolesław Wielki, Mieczy- 
 sław, Skarga, Czartoryski, Krasiński, Ko- 
 chanowski, Krasicki, Lenartowicz, Rey, 
 Modjeska, Nering, Pol, Sienkiewicz, Rey- 
 mont, Conrad, Prus, Twardowski, Zaleski, 
 Curie-Sklodowska, Copernicus, Piłsudski, 
 Styka, Dyboski, and countless others. 
 
 Perhaps to the average American reader 
 this list of names means nothing more than 
 so many unpronounceables, and an appre- 
 ciation of each individual's greatness is 
 clouded by z's and s's. To go into detail 
 showing just what each contributed to 
 Poland and to the world of culture in 
 general would tax both the patience of the 
 reader and the confines of this volume. 
 
 Happily, clearer understanding and ap- 
 preciation of the Pole's position in Am- 
 erica is on the increase. The men and wo- 
 men of that foreign group are gradually 
 clearing and removing the mistaken no- 
 tions that other people were wont to enter- 
 tain about them. The charges, so surrepti- 
 tiously planned by people eager to gain 
 
 81 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2fS 
 
 their own ends, are slowly falling away and 
 leaving clear the road to mutual friend- 
 ship and peace between the Polish im- 
 migrant in America and Americans them- 
 selves. 
 
 Poles are everywhere rising into prom- 
 inence in politics, science and the profes- 
 sions, and America seems to have begun 
 to take them seriously, for recognition of 
 their merits is no longer a hope and happy 
 dream, but a realization. With the nation 
 re-born in Europe, Poles in America have 
 taken on a new confidence and hope that 
 some day, soon, it will be as great a mark 
 
 — >U 
 
 of distinction for a person to say that he 
 is a Pole as it is to say that he is an Amer- 
 ican. 
 
 Americans are a grateful people, and 
 the Americans of Polish descent are no 
 exception. The Poles have given America 
 contributions characteristic of no other 
 nation. America, in turn, has learned to 
 appreciate the advantageous features of 
 being a nation composed of various racial 
 elements, and has at last turned its in- 
 terest to a study of the factors that are 
 important in this supremely important 
 phenomenon of race and culture blending. 
 
 ♦:♦♦:♦ 
 
 82 
 
Poland's Contribution in Art 
 
 By Samuel Putnam 
 
 [The folloiving is a lecture delivered before the Polish Arts Club of 
 Chicago. It is reprinted, by permission, not only for its factual material, 
 on the subject, but also for its very enlightened approach to the subject 
 of the contribution of foreign nations to the melting pot of America. It 
 appeared originally in the Chicago Society News. — Ed.] 
 
 IT IS not, I assure you, merely with the 
 intention of paying you the public 
 speaker's usual pretty opening compliment 
 that I begin by telling you I am very sin- 
 cerely glad to be here this afternoon. I am, 
 and have always been — ever since I can 
 remember — intensely interested in the 
 life, particularly the intellectual, cultural, 
 spiritual — and artistic life, of other na- 
 tions and other races than my own. The 
 possession of such an interest has always 
 appeared to me to be a badge of mental 
 and moral vitality, if we may employ the 
 word, "moral", in its larger, etymologic 
 sense, as implying that expansion and 
 growth of the spirit which comes from a 
 knowledge of the mores, or the manners 
 and customs, of other peoples in life, 
 thought, and art. 
 
 The French have a word which precisely 
 describes this interest. They call it "curio- 
 site". It is our word, "curiosity", only our 
 word does not have quite all the meaning 
 packed into it that the French have suc- 
 ceeded in putting into theirs. The posses- 
 sion of this curiosite is, I have found, a 
 very common trait among Europeans. In- 
 deed, it is, perhaps, their distinguished 
 trait. And the lack of such a curiosity, in 
 a very great degree, on the part of my 
 own fellow-countrymen, for example, is, 
 as I sense the matter, a grave reproach. 
 
 In an older nation, such a condition 
 would indicate a lack of vitality, a grow- 
 ing in upon one's self and a deliberate 
 
 walling-out of external influences such as 
 characterized the Chinese and, for hun- 
 dreds of years, the Japanese, even though 
 these races had a culture of their own 
 which they had brought to a very high 
 degree of perfection. 
 
 The American is too often inclined to 
 lack this interest in the life, especially the 
 higher life, of other nations. In his case, 
 it is due, I believe, not to decadence — for 
 that is out of the question ; we are not yet 
 200 years old — but, rather, to immatur- 
 ity, to a certain childish self-centeredness, 
 self-sufficiency and self-complacency. In 
 this respect, I am not, I fear, and have 
 never been, exactly, a good American — 
 a "one hundred percent American", if you 
 choose, with a manifestation of the very 
 quality I have been condemning, to call 
 it that. 
 
 We see this attitude carried to extremes 
 in such infantile exhibitions as the Ku 
 Klux Klan. The Klan and a number of 
 other similar "one-hundred-percenters" 
 are even endeavoring to enforce allegiance 
 to "one language", as they say, meaning, 
 of course, the English language. They are 
 opposed, they loudly tell us, to the teach- 
 ing of "foreign lingos" in our free and 
 American public schools. 
 
 That, needless to say, is reducing the 
 thing to an absurdity. If any such "ideal" 
 could be carried out — and, understand 
 me, I put quotation marks around the word 
 "ideal", when I use it in any such connec- 
 
 83 
 
JOHN MATEJKO 
 Painted by the artist himself 
 
 84 
 
& 
 
 tion as this — it would mean, not the pro- 
 duction of a hundred percent American 
 nation, but the ultimate reduction of that 
 or any other nation which should be so 
 foolish as to try the experiment in this, 
 the twentieth century, to a less than half 
 of one percent efficiency. It would mean 
 the final extinction of the nation or race 
 that adopted any such policy. 
 
 Fortunately, the ideal of our Ku Klux 
 brethren is quite as impracticable as are 
 all the other shibboleths of these grown- 
 up children who love to amuse themselves 
 by parading around in white nightgowns 
 to the light of bonfires. It simply cannot 
 be done ; the time for any dream like that 
 is past; we are living now in the day of 
 the League of Nations or, at least, of a 
 World Court — but we mustn't get into 
 politics! 
 
 For myself, as I started out to say, I have 
 never been a good American, if this is what 
 being a "good American" means. Person- 
 ally, I do not believe that is what it means. 
 Perhaps, I have my own definition of a 
 good American. As a matter of fact, 
 I have ; and I am going to try to give you 
 that definition this afternoon, striving at 
 the same time to show you what being 
 a good American means, what it may be 
 made to mean, to the foreign-comer to our 
 shores, whether he belong to the immediate 
 first, the second, or even the third genera- 
 tion. 
 
 For my own part, I agree on the cultural 
 side with the Emperor Charles V, who, 
 I believe it was, once remarked that "As 
 many languages as a man knows, so many 
 times is he a man." Every time I learn 
 a new language, I always feel a very deep 
 enrichment of my personal life; I feel as 
 if I had discovered a new world or, at any 
 rate, an entire new continent. And I like 
 to know not merely the superficial aspect 
 of this new country which I have just dis- 
 covered. I like to settle down in it, live in 
 it for a while and really come to know it, 
 below the surface. I like to learn what its 
 
 POLAND'S CONTRIBUTION IN ART 
 
 2§S 
 
 people are thinking and, above all, how 
 they feel — for feeling is, after all, so 
 vastly more important than thought in 
 this world. I like to know what they are 
 doing in literature, music, painting, sculp- 
 ture, architecture, drama — all the seven 
 arts, whatever those seven may be. 
 
 My own interest has come to center very 
 largely in the graphic and plastic arts — 
 the plastic arts, if you choose to employ 
 one term which will serve to distinguish 
 them from the other arts — painting and 
 sculpture, in particular. I hope, however, 
 that my interest is not limited to any one 
 field. As to the plastic arts, I have only 
 recently become interested in those of Po- 
 land, the country which most of you here 
 this afternoon claim as your own, at least 
 by inheritance. I had known, of course, 
 Poland's music, and I have become more 
 and more familiar, of recent years, with 
 that great literature which has sprung, 
 and is still springing up in Poland — with 
 the work of Ladislaus Reymont and other 
 writers, including a number of the younger 
 men. But my acquaintance with Polish 
 painting is, as I have said, of compara- 
 tively recent birth. I have made, during 
 the past few weeks, an intensive study of 
 Polish painting in the nineteenth century, 
 and I have become more and more inter- 
 ested of late, in that great art movement 
 which, based upon the peasant theme, is 
 springing up with such spontaneity and 
 force in the great art schools of Warsaw, 
 Cracow, and elsewhere. 
 
 Before taking up, specifically, the ques- 
 tion of Polish painting, I should like, if 
 you will permit me, to go back and take 
 up the line of thought with which we 
 started — namely, the value of an intel- 
 lectual, spiritual, and aesthetic under- 
 standing between nations, an understand- 
 ing in which, as I see it, the arts play so 
 tremendous a role. I have given you, 
 I hope, even though briefly, some idea of 
 
 85 ] 
 
POLKS IN AMERICA 
 
 2§S 
 
 my idea of what being a good American 
 means, from the native-born American's 
 point of view. I should like now to discuss 
 the same question from the point of view 
 of the American of foreign birth or foreign 
 descent. 
 
 What can you, whom we Americans call, 
 a trifle too glibly, the "foreign element " 
 of what we term our "melting pot" — 
 what can you bring to this same melting 
 pot? For we must assume that you wish 
 to bring, as well as to receive. That, it 
 seems to me, is one of the great prevalent 
 misconceptions on the part of both native 
 and foreign-born, for which the native- 
 born are to blame. We instill into the 
 foreign-born citizen's mind the idea that 
 it is America who brings all the gifts, that 
 he is merely to receive. We teach him to 
 forget, as speedily as possible, his native 
 country, his native background, his native 
 language, literature and arts. Even the 
 use of his native tongue is discouraged. 
 Learn English? Certainly. I believe that 
 any one owes it to himself to learn the 
 language of the land in which he proposes 
 to spend the balance of his days. But does 
 that mean that he must, of necessity, for- 
 get and forego that other language which 
 he learned from the cradle up? Person- 
 ally, I do not believe so. I, for one, do not 
 believe that is what being a good Amer- 
 ican means. What, then, does it mean? 
 
 To me, being a good American means 
 bringing to this melting pot of ours the 
 very best and finest national and racial 
 gifts that you possess, tossing them into 
 the pot, so to speak, but, at the same time, 
 preserving them, being proud of them, 
 saying: "See, America, these are the gifts 
 we bring you." And America, if she is 
 wise, will take those gifts; she will cherish 
 them and be proud of them ; and the result 
 will be a bigger, a more vital, a finer 
 America, one to which both native-born 
 and foreign-born will be proud to belong. 
 It ought to mean, in time, truly the great- 
 est nation in the world — and this from 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2§S 
 
 no narrow jingoistic point of view — if 
 only those marvelous ingredients which 
 are cast into the melting pot are not melted 
 down but are, rather, mixed and stirred 
 in. This is the dream that I see. This is 
 what being a good one hundred percent 
 American means to me. 
 
 But too frequently — only too frequently 
 
 — this is not what happens. There is, 
 I firmly believe, such a thing as becoming 
 too good an American, if you know what 
 I mean — or, rather, perhaps we should 
 say, becoming a good American too quickly. 
 That is the thing we want to avoid. The 
 second generation, especially, is all too 
 likely to be ashamed of its heritage; and 
 so, we find the younger ones resorting to 
 a species of camouflage, in an effort to 
 disguise or to conceal the fact that its par- 
 ents were foreign-born. 
 
 Take the Italians, for example, simply 
 for the reason that I happen to be more 
 familiar with them. The Italians have a 
 great past. In literature, they have Dante. 
 Boccaccio, Tasso, Ariosto, Petrarch. In 
 painting and sculpture, they have Michal- 
 angelo, Raphael, Titian, Leonardo da Vinci 
 
 — and how many others! We have much 
 to learn, they have much to teach us from 
 that past. Not only that, the Italians are 
 an older race, with, in many respects, a 
 far mellower and wiser civilization than 
 ours. Why, even the hunky on the rail- 
 road, who we so contemptuously refer to 
 as the "dago" or the "wop" — even the 
 hunky has a simple, homely proverb which 
 is, in itself, a superb piece of social criti- 
 cism. "America," he says, "donne senza 
 colore, frutti senze sapore" — (America, 
 women without color, fruits without fla- 
 vor). Take that succulent proverb, you 
 hundred-percenters, translate its spiritual 
 implications into terms of citizenship, and 
 you have a contribution. 
 
 But what does the second generation 
 give us? Do they give us anything of their 
 
 86 
 
2§S 
 
 literature or their art? Do they give us 
 any of that deep social and spiritual criti- 
 cism which would be so valuable? They 
 do not. 
 
 The boy and the girl, the young man 
 and the young woman, are too keenly in- 
 terested in becoming, as soon as possible, 
 the typically American flapper and shiek. 
 They are only too likely to become ashamed 
 of the old folks. They do not want to know 
 anything of their ancestral language, lit- 
 erature, or art. They pride themselves on 
 being "American." That, again, is what 
 I mean by "camouflage." 
 
 My acquaintance with Polish Americans 
 is more limited, but I have been told the 
 same condition prevails with them. Not 
 long ago, I was admiring Polish handi- 
 craft, that wonderful work which the Po- 
 lish peasants produce, and I was told by 
 a Polish-American gentleman that in many 
 homes, these objects which are really 
 works of art — such, for example, as your 
 wonderful kilim — are shoved out as soon 
 as possible to make way for bright and 
 shiny new "American" furniture, in most 
 cases flimsily made and utterly inartistic. 
 That, it seems to me, is little less than a 
 tragedy. 
 
 It is with such considerations as these 
 in view that I look upon your organization, 
 the one represented here today, as a move 
 in the right direction — in the direction 
 of conserving the best of what the Polish 
 race has to bring to America. It is a move 
 toward that internationalism, that cultural 
 cosmopolitanism which is' or should be the 
 educated man's birthright, and which, at 
 the same time, is by no means incompatible 
 with a true, intelligent patriotism — for 
 there is, I think, such a thing as an intel- 
 ligent patriotism. Baudelaire, probably 
 the greatest art critic, if not the greatest 
 critic of the 19th century, in one of his 
 essays speaks of "that divine grace of cos- 
 mopolitanism." "I demand of every man," 
 
 POLAND'S CONTRIBUTION IN ART 
 
 2§S 
 
 he says, "that he shall have thought a little 
 and traveled a little." 
 
 For, if the words are rightfully under- 
 stood, thought is travel, and travel is 
 thought. I have often wished that we 
 might have here in Chicago a cosmopolitan 
 club of some sort, not for any purpose of 
 uplift or anything of the sort, but simply 
 as a meeting place where the intelligent 
 members of all races might gather, for 
 the mutual intellectual and cultural ben- 
 efits which they would gain. It may be 
 a peculiar fact, but I always feel more at 
 home with the European than I do with 
 the American, simply because he is, I have 
 found, more likely to possess that curiosity, 
 that "divine grace" of which I have spoken. 
 And so, you can see that I really mean it, 
 when I tell you that I am glad to be with 
 you this afternoon. 
 
 The only danger, if you will permit me 
 to say this, in such an organization as 
 yours appears to me to be the possibility 
 of its degenerating into a mere social af- 
 fair, an excuse for a periodic get-together 
 on the part of its members. This is too 
 often the case, and when that happens, the 
 organization may become not only futile, 
 but actively harmful. We have in Chicago 
 enough of such social organizations in the 
 name of art. There would be no point in 
 adding to the number of the stillborn. 
 
 What then, one may ask, should be the 
 object of a society such as vours? That 
 object, it seems to me, should be to do all 
 in your power to familiarize first vour- 
 selves and then your fellow non-Polish 
 descent American citizens with the gifts 
 which Poland has to offer in all the arts 
 — for I judge from the program which 
 you have already initiated that it is your 
 purpose to devote your attention not to 
 any one art but to all. 
 
 But, some one may say, art is no longer 
 national; it has become, or is fast becom- 
 ing, international. This may be, and 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 doubtless is, more or less, true. There may 
 be something of a paradox here, but that 
 paradox, like all paradoxes, can be solved. 
 Indeed, I sometimes think that the para- 
 dox is the highest form of truth, and that 
 the philosopher might take as his motto: 
 first resolve the problem into a paradox; 
 then solve the paradox. 
 
 Art today is at once national and inter- 
 national. It is international in the sense 
 that the old narrow barriers have been 
 broken down and that a national painting- 
 such as that which once flourished in Hol- 
 land, for example, with its "Dutch inter- 
 iors", in Spain or in Italy, is now prac- 
 tically impossible. It is international to 
 day in the sense that Paris is the real cap • 
 ital of the painting world, as Rome, Flor- 
 ence, and Madrid once were. If Paris is 
 the art capital, it is for the reason the 
 French art happens to be the best art at 
 the present time. And here, it is interest- 
 ing to note that France is the only country 
 todav which may be said really to possess 
 a national school, a national painting. This 
 is significant. The French national school 
 has become, in a manner, the international 
 school. 
 
 Yes, art is more international than i! 
 ever was before, but it remains, neverthe- 
 less, intensely national and racial. I re- 
 call once hearing John Alden Carpenter, 
 our Chicago composer, remark that, as he 
 saw it, the three prime requisites of every 
 work of art were: first, that it should be 
 the natural outgrowth of tradition of the 
 past; second, that it should be of its age; 
 and third, that it should be deeply rooted 
 in its native soil. 
 
 Roots, as a matter of fact, individual, 
 racial, and national, are something we 
 could not escape if we would. And it is 
 a significant fact that the world's great- 
 est artists are those who have sunk their 
 roots deepest into the soil of their birth. 
 One might mention by way of example, 
 the great English novelist, perhaps the 
 greatest living artist in words, Thomas 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — agg 
 
 Hardy. Hardy, in his art, scarcely stirs 
 outside his own little shire or county of 
 Wessex. The expatriate, the man without 
 a country, is, it is to be noted, almost in- 
 variably sterile to a degree. That was the 
 trouble with Henry James, to take the case 
 of an American writer, and with Sargeant, 
 to take an American painter. Whistler, 
 of course, was a great artist, but even 
 transplanted, he remained to a remark- 
 able degree an American, and it is inter- 
 esting to speculate as to what his develop- 
 ment would have been, had he remained 
 in America. 
 
 So, don't be afraid, then, of being na- 
 tional in your appreciations of art. And, 
 moreover, don't be ashamed if your own 
 native or near-native country has, per- 
 haps, not so much to show in the field of 
 any one particular art as have other coun- 
 tries. It is no disgrace to say that a na- 
 tion or a race has no national or racial 
 art. There is, in such a case, almost al- 
 ways a very good reason. If there was 
 for centuries no Jewish painting, it was 
 on account of the second commandment, 
 the commandment interdicting the making 
 of graven images. There was no Swedish 
 painting up to the 16th century, but today 
 there is a very distinct Scandinavian, even 
 an Icelandic school. Indeed, the criticism 
 now is that all Scandinavian painters paint 
 alike. There is, today, no Scotch painting 
 as a national manifestation. It has been 
 denied even that there is a British school. 
 British painters, some say, but no British 
 painting. Just as there were for years, 
 Polish painters and yet, no painting that 
 might be termed Polish. There was an 
 Italian painting, once, and a Spanish 
 painting, but there is no national art in 
 either of these peninsulas today. 
 
 Here we may remark, parenthetically, 
 that there is no absolute and crying need 
 for an artist to be this or that in his work. 
 The first and principal thing is that his 
 
M 
 
 work should be good, that it should be art. 
 Nevertheless, as has been said, I do not 
 believe the artist any more than any other 
 human being, can escape his roots. The 
 better, the deeper, and more sincere that 
 work is, the more his national or racial 
 background is likely to creep out. And, 
 just as in the case of contemporary French 
 art, art is always most vital, most likely 
 to become international and of the world, 
 when it is most truly national. 
 
 As to painting in Poland, it did not 
 really begin to make its appearance as a 
 national phenomenon until the end of the 
 nineteenth century, in the year 1897, to 
 be exact, with the foundation of "Sztuka", 
 or the Society of Polish Artists. Never- 
 theless there was painting in Poland many 
 hundreds of years earlier. As far back 
 as the fifteenth century, Poland produced 
 a master sculptor in Wit Stwosz, a friend 
 of the great astronomer, Copernicus. There 
 are records of a meeting between Stwosz 
 and Copernicus in the city of Cracow, the 
 ancient art capital of Poland. 
 
 Among early Polish painters, one might 
 mention : 
 
 POLAND'S CONTRIBUTION IN ART 
 
 Among the important names one should 
 mention in this period, before the forma- 
 tion of Sztuka in 1897, are those of Grott- 
 ger and Matejko. Grottger, born in 1837 
 and dying in 1867, expressed Polish sen- 
 timent at the time of the last insurrec- 
 tion, while Matejko is doubtless well known 
 to you all as the great historical painter, 
 coming after the insurrection, who de- 
 picted Poland's past and who has been re- 
 ferred to as the "Polish Michelangelo." 
 
 There was a time, about the end of the 
 eighteenth century, when it seemed that 
 Poland was developing a national art, and 
 historians of art sometimes refer to this 
 as the Stanislaus-Auguste period, or at 
 least they have thought they could dis- 
 tinguish a "Stanislaus-Auguste" style. 
 This, however, coming just before the dis- 
 memberment and partition of Poland, was 
 no more than a flicker. 
 
 Up to the end of the eighteenth century, 
 art, by the constitution of the Polish state, 
 had been definitely relegated to the com- 
 mon people, which means the peasantry. 
 It was Poland's political troubles, the sad 
 state of the country, divided as it was be- 
 tween Russia on the one hand and Ger- 
 many and Austria on the other, which re- 
 tarded the development of a Polish art. 
 Polish artists, when they did appear, had 
 to go, usually, to Germany or Austria to 
 study and exhibit. This had a bad effect 
 on their art, for the reason that it sub- 
 jected them to the influence of the Ger- 
 manic school in painting, which is not the 
 best in the world. What taste of true mod- 
 ernism they got was through the Germanic 
 filter, coming from the school headed by 
 Max Lieberman, who at the best remained 
 an impressionist and the disciple of Manet. 
 When they exhibited, too, Polish artists 
 were compelled to surrender their national 
 identity. Officially, there was no such 
 country as Poland, and so, they had to 
 appear as Russian, German or Austrian 
 artists. 
 
 Smuglewicz 
 
 1745-1807 
 
 Oleskiewicz 
 
 1777-1830 
 
 Orłowski 
 
 1777-1832 
 
 Stachowicz 
 
 1768-1835 
 
 Stattler 
 
 1800-1882 
 
 Suchodolski 
 
 1797-1875 
 
 Michałowski 
 
 1800-1855 
 
 Rodakowski 
 
 1832-1894 
 
 Kaplinski 
 
 1826-1873 
 
 Kossak 
 
 1824-1906 
 
 Luszczkiewicz 
 
 1828-1906 
 
 Gerson 
 
 1831-1901 
 
 Chlebowski 
 
 1835-1884 
 
 Among the names which we find in Po- 
 lish painting at the end of the 19th cen- 
 tury are: Siemiradzki, Brandt, Gierymski, 
 Bilińska, Pochwalski, Podkowinski, Lentz, 
 Zmurko, Stachiewicz, and Pruszkowski. 
 
 89 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 This, however, had one good effect. It 
 made the young artist, who was at the 
 same time a patriot, strive to express the 
 Polish character of his art in his painting 
 and so led to the development of a na- 
 tional painting. 
 
 Meanwhile the true flame of art was 
 being preserved by the peasants, that class 
 which is the backbone and sinew of any 
 nation. Simple and unspoiled artisans, 
 they were often very fine artists. 
 
 If Poland's political ills have prevented 
 her from conceiving and creating a style 
 — proper to herself, the genius of the race 
 has, nevertheless, had play in the only 
 place it could express itself, that is, in 
 popular art — that art where the profound 
 soul of a country lives and sings, where 
 forms are born spontaneously, for the sole 
 pleasure of the eyes far from the too-often 
 damnable theories of aesthetes. 
 
 It is, then, to those treasures to be found 
 in the peasant's mountain hut — to wood 
 carvings, ceramics, embroideries and naive 
 paintings — it is to such sources as these 
 that Poland is turning today in her effort 
 to create a national art. And Poland ought 
 to have much to offer the world. Situated 
 as she is between the East and the West, 
 she may turn to the Occident for her in- 
 tellectual point of view but it is from the 
 near Orient that she draws her taste for 
 a barbaric and decorative splendor. 
 
 Decoration has been the keynote to Po- 
 lish art in the past, and it is on this mo- 
 tive, the genuine peasant theme, that the 
 new art is being built. This new art really 
 begins with the organization of Sztuka. 
 The formation of this society marks the 
 end of the Germanic and the beginning of 
 the modern French influence. The former, 
 the Germanic influence, was a bad one, 
 for the reason that it led usually to paint- 
 ing with a thesis symbolic, historic, anec- 
 dotal painting, etc. This accounts for the 
 great popularity of these themes in Polish 
 painting of the nineteenth century. From 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Paris came a new motive — a more purely 
 artistic, certainly a more modern one. 
 
 Much of this influence came from Cheł- 
 miński, who was born in 1850 and died in 
 1914. He was a poet of the brush, a land- 
 scapist and an extremely sensitive artist. 
 He worked, by preference, in Paris, where 
 were to be found at the same time other 
 young Polish painters including Stanisław- 
 ski, Wyspiański, Mehoffer, Axentowicz, 
 and the sculptor Laszczka. These were all 
 students from the Cracow academy. From 
 Chełmiński and his associates came the 
 idea of Sztuka, though the real organizer, 
 creator and moving spirit was Stanisław- 
 ski. Other founders who should be men- 
 tioned, all of whom, by the way, are, I be- 
 lieve, still living, were Fałat, Malczewski, 
 Piotrowski, Tetmajer, and Wyczolkowski. 
 
 At this time, Cracow was the intellectual 
 and artistic capital of Poland. In 1887, 
 Falat, who was a brilliant aquarellist, be- 
 came director of the Academy of Fine Arts 
 of Cracow. His first step was to call the 
 young artists just mentioned from Paris 
 to become professors in the Cracow school. 
 
 The principal founder of Sztuka was, 
 as has been stated, Stanisławski. Sztuka 
 now [1933] is more than thirty years old. 
 During the three decades of its existence, 
 it has performed an invaluable service to 
 the cause of Polish art — more, probably, 
 than is ordinarily to be expected of any 
 organization. In this respect, it can only 
 be compared, perhaps, with the Society 
 of Independent Artists in France. Today, 
 it is true, some of the younger men are 
 denying it, but that always happens; that 
 is one of the privileges of forward-looking 
 youth. At least seven years of the life of 
 the society fell within the period of war. 
 That is one fact to be taken into consider- 
 ation. In view of that fact, it has accom- 
 plished wonderful results. 
 
 These results were shown in the recent 
 exposition of decorative and industrial arts 
 in Paris. There, the Polish exhibit made 
 the most smashing impression of any. It 
 
 90 
 
2§s 
 
 was, indeed, according to report, prac- 
 tically the only one that did stand out. 
 Marvelous progress was displayed, parti- 
 cularly, in the development of a national 
 decorative art, based on the peasant mo- 
 tive. This new art, which has sprung up 
 during the night of war and the struggle 
 for political freedom, comes out of the 
 schools of Cracow and Warsaw, the old 
 and the new, the political and the intel- 
 lectual capitals of Poland. Cracow was 
 the ancient center of artistic life, but its 
 place is now being disputed by Warsaw. 
 In these cities, remarkable courses of in- 
 struction are being given, especially in the 
 school at Cracow, under the direction of 
 Prof. Karl Homolacs. 
 
 All this may well give us a very real 
 hope that Poland at last is developing a 
 truly national art of its own. Let me urge 
 you, the members of the Polish Arts Club 
 of Chicago, not only to familiarize your- 
 selves with the history of Polish art in the 
 past, but to keep abreast as well as you 
 can with the new developments. They are 
 likely to be both interesting and import- 
 ant. Poland, after all, has no more than 
 begun to utter its word in paint. The Po- 
 lish artist today, for the first time, finds 
 a free and undismembered Polish state. 
 The barriers at last are down, and he is 
 free to express himself in his own terms 
 and to be just as Polish as he likes. How 
 Polish will he be? Suppose we wait and 
 see. 
 
 Meanwhile, there are things right here 
 in Chicago to which such an organization 
 as yours well might turn its hand. One 
 of your objectives, not to say one of your 
 duties, should be, it seems to me, the en- 
 couragement of any Polish artist whom 
 you may find close to home. You have one 
 Polish painter here in the city of whose 
 work I propose to see more within a very 
 short time. I refer to Mr. Rekucki. 
 
 POLAND'S CONTRIBUTION IN ART 
 
 Then, there is Miss Salcia Bahnc, who 
 is, many of us believe, the most important 
 artist now working in Chicago. She is, 
 I believe, the only painter of more than 
 local proportions whom we are sure of be- 
 ing able to call our own. Miss Bahnc is, 
 as I have said before, nothing if not Po- 
 lish in her art. You will also find a great 
 deal more than that. Miss Bahnc is just 
 beginning to come to the full maturity of 
 her powers. She is going to do big things 
 within the next ten years. Watch her and, 
 more, help her all you can, in any way you 
 can. As to how you might help her, I will 
 leave that to your judgment. 
 
 There is one point I would make in 
 closing, and that is one which takes us 
 back to our starting point. I have urged 
 you to be proud of your artistic heritage. 
 I would urge you also, in accepting that 
 heritage which we native-born Americans 
 have to offer you, not to surrender your 
 right — for it is a right — to criticism. 
 Don't be afraid to criticise either Amer- 
 ican life or American art. I am one of 
 those who believe that criticism, when criti- 
 cism means speaking the truth at all costs, 
 is always valuable ; and I also believe that 
 what this country, and Chicago as much 
 as any part of it, needs above all things 
 is just a little sincere honest-to-God fear- 
 less criticism of this sort. Don't be misled 
 by or become one of the Pollyanna chorus. 
 The Pollyannas, young and old, male and 
 female, those who go about interminably 
 preaching their silly, childish gospel of un- 
 diluted sweetness and light, are the worst 
 enemies Chicago and America has today. 
 
 It is all right to talk about our "wealth 
 of native talent," but if that phrase is a 
 living lie, then whoever utters the state- 
 ment is just a plain liar and nothing else. 
 The true good citizen and good American 
 is the one who, realizing the lack or poverty 
 of native talent, goes out to do what he 
 may to foster the growth of such a talent. 
 That, once more, is what I understand by 
 
 91] 
 
*!*- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 intelligent patriotism, and that, as I view 
 the matter, is one of the best services such 
 an organization as yours could possibly 
 render this or any community. 
 
 In conclusion, I want to thank you for 
 inviting me here to talk to you this after- 
 noon. It has been a very real and great 
 pleasure and will remain one of the occa- 
 
 — 2§S 
 
 sions of my life to which I shall look back 
 with pride. I have a vast respect for that 
 great little nation, the long-suffering Po- 
 land of old, and I can only hope for her 
 that her artistic history of the future will 
 be as brilliant as has been her political 
 history and her glorious fight for freedom 
 in the past. 
 
 ♦>♦:♦ 
 
 92 
 
Poles and Their Aptitude to American Politics 
 
 By M.S. SZYMCZAK 
 
 OF the various racial elements which 
 enter into the making of this nation, 
 the Polish element, with many exceptions, 
 must be considered among the latest. The 
 immigrants from Western and Northern 
 Europe preceded them. The Irish emi- 
 grated en masse during the Famines of 
 the 40's; the Germans emigrated during 
 and after the Revolution of 1838 and the 
 Scandinavians, being seafaring people, 
 probably emigrated because of their spirit 
 of adventure. Together with the Bohem- 
 ians, they were well established, economic- 
 ally, and exerted considerable influence, 
 politically, before the Poles began to ar- 
 rive in large bodies. Though a great ma- 
 jority of them were denied the right of 
 suffrage at home by the partitioning pow- 
 ers which ruled their native land, they 
 readily adapted themselves to their new 
 environment and eagerly adopted Amer- 
 ican citizenship. The interest of the first 
 Polish settlers in public affairs seemed to 
 be limited to casting their ballot for the 
 most desirable candidates for office at the 
 general elections. They did not at that 
 time seek public office. Their energies 
 appear to have been devoted to providing 
 homes for their families, organizing pa- 
 rishes and establishing schools for their 
 children. 
 
 The history of the City of Chicago, 
 which always has had the largest Polish- 
 American population in America, is typical 
 of all other cities in the United States in 
 which the Poles settled in large bodies. It 
 was not until late in the 70's that Captain 
 Peter Kiolbassa, a veteran of the Civil 
 War, was elected a member to the Legis- 
 lature of the State of Illinois. He was 
 
 the first of Polish extraction of any prom- 
 inence to be elected to public office in Chi- 
 cago. During the following decade, Stan- 
 ley Kunz was elected to the Legislature 
 and John Dahlman an alderman. In the 
 nineties we find such names as August J. 
 Kowalski, Stanley Kunz, John F. Smulski 
 and few others holding the office of Alder- 
 men of Chicago. In 1891, Captain Peter 
 Kiolbassa was elected City Treasurer. Pre- 
 vious to his election the interest on public 
 funds was the private prerequisite of the 
 holder of the office. Mr. Kiolbassa was 
 the first City Treasurer to turn over to 
 the City of Chicago all the interest earned 
 on public funds. He died a poor man. 
 Max A. Drezmal in 1894 was appointed 
 a member of the Board of Education. In 
 1903 Mr. John F. Smulski was elected 
 City Attorney of Chicago and re-elected 
 in 1905 and held this office until elected 
 in 1906 State Treasurer of Illinois. 
 He discharged the duties of these offices 
 in a manner which reflected great credit 
 upon him and won the praise of the public. 
 Following the precedent established by 
 Captain Kiolbassa, he was the first State 
 Treasurer to turn over to the State all the 
 interest on State Funds. During this de- 
 cade Stanley Kunz served one term as 
 state Senator and John Derpa and John 
 M. Nowicki were aldermen. It was not 
 until the administration of President 
 Woodrow Wilson that the American citi- 
 zens of Polish ancestry took a more con- 
 spicious part in public life. Frank W. 
 Koraleski was elected a member of the 
 Board of Assessors; Frank P. Danish, 
 Clerk of the Municipal Court; Edmund 
 K. Jarecki, Alderman and Municipal Court 
 
 93 ] 
 
& 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — $s 
 
 elected to that office and the Hon. Leo Ko- 
 cialkowski. Anthony Czarnecki, a veter- 
 an in the ranks of Republican workers is 
 the Federal Collector of Customs. 
 
 This much for Chicago and Illinois. 
 
 The Polish American voters in Milwau- 
 kee have for more than forty years played 
 an importatnt part in local politics. They 
 have filled many important positions. The 
 first congressman of Polish descent came 
 from that city. He was the Hon. J. C. 
 Kłeczka, who is now acting as a Judge of 
 a Court of Record of Milwaukee County. 
 For over two decades the office of City 
 Comptroller has been continuously filled 
 by the Hon. Louis Kotecki. There is no 
 doubt that the present highly creditable 
 condition of that city's treasury is due to 
 his careful and wise administration of that 
 office. Captain Piasecki is the postmaster 
 of the city. In addition there is John C. 
 Kłeczka, a Circuit Judge; Thaddeus J. 
 Pruss, Civil Judge; Frank A. Krawczak, 
 City Clerk; Dr. Frank J. Schultz, Coroner; 
 Peter Brzonkala, Deputy Coroner; Leon 
 M. Gurda, Building Inspector; Joseph L. 
 Bednarek, Assistant City Attorney; A. P. 
 Gawroński, Assistant District Attorney; 
 John L. Grunwald, Mayor's Secretary; 
 Alois Nowicki, Deputy County Auditor; 
 Anthony Kempa j, Deputy Registrar of 
 Probate; Mrs. A. Jackowska Peterson, 
 City Civil Service Commission; Sylvester 
 Koszewski, County Civil Service Commis- 
 sion; Walter P. Celichowski, Member 
 Board of Trustees of County Institutions ; 
 Joseph Michalski, Supervisor; Albert Ja- 
 nicki, alderman; Frank Boncel, alderman; 
 John A. Schultz, alderman ; Felix Lassa, 
 alderman ; Mrs. Mary Krysiak, Assembly- 
 woman; Martin Fronzkowiak, Assembly- 
 man; Max J. Golasinski, Assemblyman; 
 Leonard A. Fons and Walter Polakowski, 
 Senators; John Banachowicz, member Fire 
 and Police Commission; Frank Muschan- 
 ski, Member of the Library Board; Leon 
 S. Kosak, Jury Commissioner; Stanley E. 
 Piasecki, Manager of County Airport; 
 
 Judge; Joseph LaBuy, Municipal Court 
 Judge for two terms; Albert Nowak and 
 Stanley Kuflewski, County Commission- 
 ers. Among the appointees we find Frank 
 Rydzewski and Anthony Czarnecki, elec- 
 tion commissioners; N. L. Piotrowski, City 
 Attorney; John Prystalski, Assistant Cor- 
 poration Counsel and later Assistant 
 States Attorney; Julius F. Śmietanka, 
 Member of the Board of Education, and 
 later Federal Collector of Internal Reve- 
 nue. 
 
 Since that time, this element has steadi- 
 ly risen in political power and influence. 
 On the bench we have had the Hon. Ed- 
 mund K. Jarecki, elected County Judge 
 three times; the Hon. Peter Schwaba, 
 Judge of the Municipal Court and now 
 Judge of the Superior Court; Hon. John 
 Prystalski, Chief Justice of the Criminal 
 Court; Hon. Stanley Klarkowski, Judge of 
 the Circuit Court; Hon. Edward Scheffler 
 and Hon. Michael G. Kasper, Judges of 
 the Municipal Court. The office of the 
 Clerk of the Supreme Court of Illinois is 
 held by Adam Bloch, while Frank V. Zin- 
 tak is the Clerk of the Superior Court of 
 Cook County, and Walter LaBuy is serv- 
 ing as County Commissioner. Many hold 
 appointive offices — such as, Miss A. E. 
 Napieralski, County Civil Service Commis- 
 sioner; Mr. B. J. Majewski, Member of the 
 Chicago Public Library Board; Mr. Paul 
 Drzymalski, Member of the Board of Edu- 
 cation; Mr. Frank Bobrytzke, Member of 
 the Lincoln Park Board. The writer has 
 been honored by the present and late city 
 administrations with the office of City 
 Comptroller. A. M. Śmietanka is City At- 
 torney. Joseph Lisack is a member of 
 the Illinois Industrial Commission; Max 
 A. Drezmal, a member of the Illinois Board 
 of Paroles; Joseph Nowicki, State Fac- 
 tory Inspector, etc. 
 
 In the field of national politics in Chi- 
 cago there are at present two congressmen, 
 the Hon. Leonard Schuetz, who was twice 
 
 94 
 
POLES AND THEIR APTITUDE TO AMERICAN POLITICS 
 
 Arthur Czerwiński, Calendar Clerk Civil 
 Court; John Wesołowski, Captain of Po- 
 lice; Louis Mazurek, Captain of Sheriff's 
 Office; Joseph Domachowski, Chief Moth- 
 er's Pension Fund; Stanley Jewasinski, 
 Deputy Clerk Civil Court; Dr. W. Zmyś- 
 lony, County Physician; Albert J. Bana- 
 szynski, Circuit Court Clerk; B. A. L. 
 Czerwiński, Member of County Appraisal 
 Committee ; Paul Gurda, Lieutenant of Po- 
 lice; Anthony Rosołek, Park Commissio- 
 ner; Stanley Schultz, Member of School 
 Board; John Westfahl, Member of School 
 Board; B. E. Hibner, Congressman's Sec- 
 retary; as well as many others. 
 
 In Detroit, Polish American citizens 
 have made remarkable political progress. 
 They boast of three congressmen, the Hon. 
 George C. Sadowski, the Hon. John Lesin- 
 ski, and the Hon. John Dingell. Quite 
 a number of state and county positions 
 are now held by them. The city of Ham- 
 tramck, Michigan, has many public of- 
 ficials of Polish extraction. 
 
 In the state of Washington a descendant 
 of Poland, the Hon. Marion A. Zionchek 
 was elected to Congress, while the Hon. 
 Frank Piekarski of Pittsburgh was re- 
 cently appointed by Governor Pinchot of 
 
 2§S 
 
 Pennsylvania, County Judge of Allegheny 
 County. 
 
 I regret that the limited space at my dis- 
 posal will not permit me to enumerate all 
 other political successes of voters of Polish 
 descent for the good of these United States. 
 Suffice it to say that their political influ- 
 ence is steadily growing and is felt over a 
 wider and ever-increasing area, in states 
 such as New York, Pennsylvania, Connec- 
 ticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jer- 
 sey, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, 
 in fact, in almost every state of the union. 
 Their total vote is estimated at more than 
 2,000,000 in the country and about 200,000 
 in Chicago and its metropolitan area. 
 Their spirit is harmonious — their ideal is 
 Americanism — their purpose is to serve as 
 a whole for the good of all the elements 
 constituting the citizenry of the United 
 States. 
 
 One of the most encouraging signs of 
 the times is the ever-increasing interest 
 which the young people, of both sexes, of 
 Polish descent are taking in public affairs 
 and in politics. They realize the neces- 
 sity of thorough organization, proper pol- 
 itical guidance, and a clean, and efficient 
 administration. 
 
 ♦♦ 
 
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 Poland's Intellectual Contribution 
 
 By Anthony J. Zieliński 
 
 REPUBLICANISM spells political ad- 
 vancement; it denotes intellectual 
 progress; it bespeaks a higher degree of 
 civilization. A republican government has 
 ever betokened a higher intellectual plane 
 of the people possessing it. A republic be- 
 longs to the people. A republican people 
 take an active interest in the government. 
 This they cannot do without having 
 reached a certain mark in intellectual prog- 
 ress. A republic supposes civilization. "As 
 despotism," says Moltke, (in his "Account 
 of Affairs and of the Social Conditions of 
 Poland"), "is the only form of government 
 for barbarians, so republicanism is the 
 only form of government for people highly 
 civilized, for it connotes activity of the 
 people in the government and capability 
 which follows education." 
 
 Poland was a republic when other na- 
 tions were rigid monarchies. Poland had 
 a relatively perfect system of national re- 
 presentation which was in conformity with 
 her advanced political development. Po- 
 land had a Senate and a House of Repre- 
 sentatives as early as the latter part of 
 the fourteenth century. She had her minor 
 diets where representatives were chosen. 
 Already at that early period the Polish 
 government presented the closest proto- 
 type of the American government. It 
 would be inconsistent to charge Poland 
 with intellectual inability and admit her 
 institutions which suppose high civiliza- 
 tion. In the time of the Partitions Poland 
 effected a political reform which aston- 
 ished the world for its vigorous intellect- 
 uality. 
 
 Poland has not only given birth to indi- 
 viduals such as won enviable fame in every 
 department of science, and have proven 
 constructive builders of civilization, but 
 even during the time of her Partitions, in- 
 stituted the commission of education, the 
 first of its kind in Europe. These were no 
 ordinary marks by which Poland displayed 
 her intellectual strength. The intellectual 
 vitality of the Poles, however, is classically 
 brought out in their life after the Parti- 
 tions. To successfully resist such dena- 
 tionalization measures as the Poles have 
 resisted chiefly through their spiritual and 
 intellectual vigor, to create a literature 
 such as they have created after the fall of 
 their country, and when the enemy had 
 taken every measure to destroy them, to 
 give birth, in their crucial hour, to the 
 world's foremost geniuses of the age — 
 was to show their intellectual vigor and 
 their right to self-government — it was to 
 display their vitality which shall ever keep 
 tnem immune from destruction from with- 
 out. 
 
 Had Poland occupied the territory 
 France, Spain, or Southern Germany 
 occupy, she would have contributed to the 
 early civilization not less than did they. 
 Poland, however, had the misfortune to be 
 too far away from the center of civiliza- 
 tion and too near the Eastern barbarians 
 who made constant irruptions into Poland, 
 and who naturally made the Poles devote 
 their time to warfare rather than to intel- 
 lectual pursuits. Today's civilization is the 
 ancient civilization of Greece and Rome, 
 Christianized by the Church. Rome was its 
 
 97 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 center. Naturally people who were nearer 
 its center, or people over whom the Roman 
 dominion had once extended and naturally 
 left its imprint of higher civilization, re- 
 ceived it sooner than those who were far- 
 ther removed from it. Italy, Southern Ger- 
 many, France, and Spain, were the first 
 beneficiaries of that civilization which only 
 at a later period was to embrace Poland, 
 and still later, Northern Germany, Prus- 
 sia, and Lithuania. Poland was not only 
 too far from the center of the Roman, but 
 likewise the Byzantine, civilization which 
 had never reached Poland. 
 
 While other countries, then, had de- 
 veloped powerful organizations, while Ger- 
 many produced the immortal personage, 
 Charlemagne, and was the fortunate re- 
 cipient of the full benefit which resulted 
 from the civilization he gave, Poland was 
 still a country where legends were told and 
 primitive civilization obtained. 
 
 The open boundaries of Poland brought 
 many a hurt and national misfortune to 
 the Poles. Poland was left unprotected by 
 nature. Her boundaries offered no na- 
 tural barrier to hinder the enemy from in- 
 vading and ravaging the country. Poland's 
 geographical situation was extremely hurt- 
 ful to her civilization. No other country 
 was so exposed to the Huns and the Tar- 
 tars, the Turks and the Muscovites, as was 
 Poland. Self-preservation was the all-im- 
 portant question of the Poles particularly 
 from the ninth up to the sixteenth century. 
 Education and learning, which admirably 
 developed at a later period, were for a long 
 time constantly interfered with by the 
 ceaseless incursions of the Asiatic hordes. 
 It is known that Poland took no part in 
 the Crusades as she had her crusades right 
 at her Eastern door. She had to stay at 
 home to keep back the barbarous East from 
 invading the West, while Western Knight- 
 hood battled for the Holy Land. "Europe 
 forgetful, heedless," says Michalet, "no 
 
 — 2|S 
 
 more appears to know the supreme danger 
 which threatened it in the last decades of 
 the Middle Ages and from which it was 
 saved." 
 
 No justice can be done to the early in- 
 tellectual progress of Poland without re- 
 calling her territorial position, which had 
 been altogether ungenial to the cultivation 
 of letters. Poland appeared late as a na- 
 tion, and the Poles were too much taken 
 up with defensive wars to have any great 
 leisure to devote themselves to writing. 
 "When Europe," says Michalet, "chattered 
 idly, disputed over Indulgences, lost itself 
 in subtleties, these heroic guardians were 
 protecting it with lances. In order that the 
 women of France and Germany might 
 peacefully spin their distaff and their men 
 study their theology, the Poles, keeping 
 sentry, only a step from the barbarians, 
 were on the watch, saber in hand. If per- 
 chance they fell asleep, their bodies would 
 remain at the post, their heads would go 
 to the Turkish camp." 
 
 "Poland," says Marius Ary Leblong, "at 
 all times had to be maintained in arms 
 while others had plenty of leisure for de- 
 velopment; through historic necessity she 
 remained well after the Middle Ages a 
 chivalrous nation of Knight-errants who so 
 valiantly kept watch in the face of Eastern 
 anti-Christian barbarians that she could 
 in a noble presumption, command the re- 
 spect of Europe, as she guarded the indi- 
 vidualism of her heroic warriors." To 
 ward off the East from the West was Po- 
 land's principal mission, and she faithfully 
 fulfilled it at the expense of her intellectual 
 progress. 
 
 When Dr. James J. Walsh in his "Thir- 
 teenth, Greatest of Centuries," says: "Cas- 
 imir, besides giving laws to his people, al- 
 so founded a university for them and in 
 every way encouraged the development of 
 such progress as would make his subjects 
 intelligently realize their own rights and 
 
 98 
 
2§S 
 
 maintain them, apparently foreseeing that 
 thus the king would be better able to 
 strengthen himself against the enemies 
 that surrounded him in Central Europe," 
 he outlined both the early intellectual en- 
 deavors of Poland, and the adverse circum- 
 stances under which that country labored 
 from the very start. 
 
 Still, Poland did her share. While Eng- 
 land had her Oxford; while France as- 
 tounded the world with her Paris, Poland 
 already possessed her Krakow. 'The 
 Poles," says Van Norman ("Poland the 
 Knight Among the Nations"), "owe the 
 career and great achievements of many of 
 their foremost men to the venerable Jagiel- 
 lonian University. One of its graduates, 
 the most illustrious in half of a thousand 
 years, belongs to the world . . . Poland has 
 developed, cultured and civilized, long be- 
 fore the three-headed dragon appeared, 
 and she was weary of waiting for her 
 rather uncouth neighbors to catch up with 
 her intellectually, socially and in almost 
 all the other arts of civilization — the poli- 
 ter arts ... It was the University of Kra- 
 kow that meant to Central Europe what 
 Paris meant to France and Oxford to Eng- 
 land. At that time there were but a few 
 universities in Europe, and it was the Uni- 
 versity of Krakow that ever since its foun- 
 dation by Casimir the Great in 1364 proved 
 to be the main nursery of intellectual out- 
 growth and inspiration in that part of 
 Europe." 
 
 In the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fif- 
 teenth centuries, despite her geographical 
 drawbacks, Poland displays an intellectual 
 progress that is relatively conspicuous. As 
 far back as the twelfth century, Poland 
 possessed well regulated schools attached 
 to her many churches and cathedrals. 
 Many of them became famous. They were 
 generally maintained by the Church. At 
 that period Poland fostered learning by 
 establishing schools and founding the uni- 
 
 POLAND'S INTELLECTUAL CONTRIBUTION 
 
 & 
 
 versity. She gave birth, in the 13th century, 
 to men like Gallus and Martinus Polonus. 
 They were the first representatives of the 
 Polish literature, who rose to high prom- 
 inence in the then world of letters. Mar- 
 tius Polonus' chronicle of the Popes and 
 Emperors was considered a famous book, 
 and was extensively printed three hundred 
 years after it had been first published. 
 A noted literateur was Vincent Kadłubek, 
 bishop of Czarnków and archbishop of 
 Gnesen, who won fame for his political 
 writings. Others became famous for their 
 literary achievements, as Długosz, the cele- 
 brated historian and John Ostroróg, who 
 achieved remarkable success in political 
 science. Another was Zbigniew Oleśnicki. 
 He was a scholar by excellence. Versed in 
 political science, he was a leading states- 
 man. A master of literature, he raised the 
 standard of Polish learning and left his 
 influence upon the literature of Europe. 
 He brought to Poland works of ancient 
 authors, invited noted professors to the 
 University and encouraged education in 
 a thitherto unprecedented way. 
 
 The sixteenth century was a century of 
 scientific movements. It produced the 
 greatest scientists. Nearly every leading 
 nation claims one or few eminent scholars 
 in that movement. Poland did her best 
 keeping abreast with every constructive 
 movement that was set on foot in Europe. 
 While other countries laid claim to such 
 men as Galileo, Kepler, Boyle, and New- 
 ton, Poland produced her Copernicus, the 
 astronomer by excellence. 
 
 It was this noted astronomical reformer 
 who definitely placed the earth among the 
 solar planets, and who by his celebrated 
 work, De Orbium Coelestrium Revolutio- 
 nibus, revolutionized the whole science of 
 astronomy by building a new and solid 
 foundation for modern astronomical stu- 
 dies upon which they firmly rest today. 
 Copernicus was a native of Poland ; Brud- 
 
 99 
 
POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 zewski was his professor, and the Uni- 
 versity of Krakow his Alma Mater. Co- 
 pernicus was the most illustrious, but not 
 the only representative of mathematics and 
 astronomy in Poland at the epoch of the 
 Humanities. Had Poland no other scholar 
 but Copernicus, no other institution of 
 learning than the University of Krakow, 
 she would be entitled to be counted with 
 the intellectual nations in the world. Po- 
 land could well afford to discard all her 
 scholars of the sixteenth and every other 
 century but Copernicus, and present him 
 to the world as an exponent of her culture 
 and learning. 
 
 The Reformation produced in Poland, 
 as in other countries, many noted eccle- 
 siastical writers and controversialists. The 
 best known among them were Wujek, the 
 translator of the Bible into Polish; Kro- 
 mer, and Hosius, who became famous both 
 for his work "Confessions of Christian 
 Faith" and because he was chosen to pre- 
 side at the Council of Trent. At this time, 
 too, flourished the great Polish Jesuit 
 Skarga, the champion of Polish patriotism 
 and literature. 
 
 The Polish literature and civilization of 
 the sixteenth century developed under a 
 four-fold impetus: the political movement 
 of the early development of the Polish de- 
 mocracy ; the scientific movement ; the Re- 
 formation; and, particularly, Humanism, 
 of which Poland became a virile and re- 
 sourceful participant. The nation of Mic- 
 kiewicz and Sienkiewicz kept abreast with 
 other nations despite geographical disad- 
 vantages, along the line of intellectual 
 progress. The success it achieved in the 
 time of the humanistic movement bore 
 evidence of an enlightened people, no less 
 so than did similar success, achieved by 
 neighboring nations, manifest their intel- 
 lectual aptness. 
 
 The University of Krakow had already 
 for a length of time attracted students 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2|S 
 
 from foreign lands and possessed such 
 noted theologians as John Kanty, Nicholas 
 of Błonia, Boner, and such philosophers as 
 John of Glogow; lawyers, such as John 
 Edogt, Benedict Hesse, and astronomers 
 such as Adalbert of Brudzewo and Coper- 
 nicus. But it was not until the age of the 
 Humanities that it rose to an international 
 prominence. Professors from foreign 
 countries considered it an honor to occupy 
 seats at the Polish University, where they 
 found an untrammeled field for literary 
 activity. It appeared that the University 
 developed a surplus educational prosperity, 
 to which it had to give an outlet by dif- 
 fusing it in minor schools and colleges. 
 Secondary schools, each possessing a re- 
 spectable faculty, were founded in large 
 numbers. In many cases, competent pro- 
 fessors from Krakow were assigned seats 
 in the colleges and minor institutions of 
 learning. 
 
 Humanism found in Poland a fertile 
 substratum of intellectuality and produced 
 a rich literary progress. It tested the in- 
 tellectual power of the Poles and found it 
 resourceful and responsive. Budny and 
 Krowiecki, Rey, the noted prose writer, 
 and Bielski, the master of didactic poems 
 and satires are telling exponents of the 
 literary progress of the Poles at this time. 
 In political science Cornecki, perhaps, be- 
 came the most prominent. It was in the 
 age of the Humanities, too, that Poland 
 boasted of her renowned Kochanowski, 
 only surpassed by Mickiewicz, whom the 
 celebrated Goethe called the "Poet Lau- 
 reate of the World." This was the golden 
 age of Poland's intellectual reassertion. It 
 was when the intellectual renaissance held 
 sway in Europe that Poland merited her 
 intellectual franchise which stood proof 
 against the denationalization measures 
 that were enforced against her after the 
 Partitions and which today justly vindi- 
 cates the restoration of her right to self- 
 government. 
 
 100 
 
& 
 
 POLAND'S INTELLECTUAL CONTRIBUTION 
 
 2§S 
 
 world-wide interest. Statesmen, historians, 
 and essayists spent much time and energy 
 explaining the causes that led to so unique 
 an historical event as was the downfall of 
 Poland. What strikes one, however, is the 
 fact that from no source came the accusa- 
 tion that Poland's fate was the result of 
 an intellectual incompetency of the Poles 
 regarding the administration of state. 
 Those who tried to justify the Partitions 
 of Poland, would not forego quoting it in 
 support of their contention. But they could 
 not deny a fact the entire world knew. 
 They could not trace the downfall of Po- 
 land to intellectual stagnancy at a time 
 when the Four Years' Diet framed the 
 Constitution of the Third of May, 1791, 
 when Poland achieved a political reform 
 that has in relation to time and circum- 
 stances never been achieved by any nation, 
 when her constitution was awarded the full 
 endorsement of the leading statesmen of 
 the time for its high political genius and 
 practicability. Men like the Potockis, 
 Adam Czartoryski, Małachowski, and oth- 
 ers, who framed the Constitution of the 
 Third of May, were recognized statesmen. 
 They were classical exponents of Polish 
 patriotism, statesmanship and education. 
 
 Poland at the time of the Partitions was 
 a true political body. Her subjects enjoyed 
 legal and social equality. Then, no less 
 than centuries before, Poland showed every 
 evidence of an enviable culture, of strong 
 literary and political efforts and of a deep 
 conviction to patriotic duty. 
 
 The strength of a nation is best gauged 
 by the obstacles it overcomes in struggling 
 for existence. This is eminently true of 
 the Polish nation which was given the se- 
 verest test and found not wanting. Both 
 during and after the partitions Poland 
 showed a steady intellectual progress, and 
 in recent times, under the very torrent of 
 anti-Polish measures, Poland has every 
 reason to claim an intellectual standard 
 
 Russia, Prussia, and Austria, in their 
 sorry attempt to justify their crime of 
 dividing Poland, proclaimed to the world 
 that Poland fell of her own weakness. The 
 world might have been deceived by this 
 Machiavelian lie, had not the phenomenal 
 intellectual assertion of the Poles after the 
 Partitions told a different story. After the 
 dismemberment of their country, the Poles 
 have shown an intellectual vigor to sur- 
 prise the world. "In spite of the difficul- 
 ties under which the Polish literature la- 
 bors owing to a dismembered country, the 
 amount of it that appears is very large. 
 There are four active centers, — Krakow, 
 Lwow, Warsaw, and Poznań. Many edi- 
 tions of old and most forgotten Polish 
 authors are being issued under the patron- 
 age of the University of Krakow. A num- 
 ber of excellent reviews, fully up to the 
 English and German standards, are is- 
 sued." (Nevin 0. Winter, "Poland of To- 
 day and Yesterday," p. 137.) 
 
 Van Norman (op. cit.) presents the Po- 
 lish intellectual life from another view- 
 point. "In industry, in agriculture, in the 
 arts and sciences, in education, in wealth 
 and numbers, the Poles are progressing. It 
 is impossible to kill a people that has a will 
 to live. The commercial spirit has touched 
 them and they have adapted themselves to 
 it as one more weapon wherewith to pre- 
 serve their sense of national unity and im- 
 prove their condition and prospects. A 
 strong middle class is developing among 
 them. Today, the young and well-educated 
 generation of Poles have largely replaced 
 Jews and Germans. Polish merchants, 
 bankers, lawyers and engineers are now 
 in the majority. In the words of a famous 
 Polish historian: 'In 1800 we prayed to 
 be allowed to live; in 1900 we know that 
 we shall live.' " 
 
 Poland's division and apportionment 
 among her neighbors was an historical 
 event without a precedent. It aroused a 
 
 [101] 
 
3?«- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2§S 
 
 in due time it would prove an irrefutable 
 argument in favor of the restoration of 
 their freedom and their right to self-gov- 
 ernment. The intellectual reassertion of 
 the Poles after they had been reduced to 
 political slavery, was not short-lived, or 
 such as denotes a spontaneous outburst, 
 and subsides after a time. It had continued 
 in the face of the most repressive anti- 
 Polish measures, as a stigma to the usurper 
 and a protest against the unreasonableness 
 of the Polish subjection. 
 
 The Poles clearly realized the power of 
 education as an offset to national annihila- 
 tion. The commission of education did 
 laudable work. The reformation of schools, 
 starting from the Academy of Krakow 
 clown to the last elementary village school, 
 wrought a constructive influence upon the 
 literary activity of the Poles at this time. 
 The political reform produced learned vol- 
 umes of political discussion. This was an 
 ill-boding period in the political life of Po- 
 land, but an encouraging period in her 
 literature. Poland had reached a golden 
 period of intellectual progress rather than 
 stood at the brink of a political crisis. A 
 nation which is able to produce the very 
 flower of poets and writers under such 
 political conditions as were those of Po- 
 land under foreign rule, can hardly be 
 charged with intellectual deficiency. The 
 institution of the Society of Friends of 
 learning in Warsaw; the opening of the 
 new University of Warsaw, the University 
 of Lwow, the Volhynian Lyceum, and nu- 
 merous minor institutions of learning were 
 some of the sources that disseminated 
 knowledge in Poland shortly after the Par- 
 titions. Many of them became famous and 
 their influence is felt to this day. They 
 were represented by such men as Niemce- 
 wicz, a friend of Kościuszko and a sojourn- 
 er in America for many years, and known 
 for his success in imitating Scott and By- 
 ron; Morawski, who translated Byron; 
 
 that is on a par with that of any other 
 people. Under the depression of the first 
 Partitions, the Poles made the noblest at- 
 tempt at a radical reform. They soon in- 
 stituted the commission of education, 
 which had the distinction of being the first 
 of its kind in Europe. The government 
 took education into its hands. This too, was 
 an advanced measure, as it was only later 
 that other countries copied it from Poland. 
 The commission was headed by such men 
 as Poniatowski, Czartoryski, Zamojski, 
 and Potocki. Some of them became later 
 the authors of the Polish Constitution. It 
 created wholesome influence on education 
 not only in Poland, but in Europe at large. 
 It established a public school system, and 
 thanks to its untiring activity, the Univer- 
 sities of Krakow, Wilno, and others, were 
 given that educational impetus that justly 
 gained for them the merit of true centers 
 of learning. High schools sprang up in the 
 larger towns and elementary schools were 
 built in large numbers. The military 
 schools at Warsaw became renowned. The 
 Commission prepared the Polish mind for 
 the framing of the Constitution, which to 
 this day remains a monument to Polish 
 statesmanship. Even in peaceful time, the 
 commission of education would constitute 
 the finest example of the intellectual vigor 
 of the Poles. But it must be remembered 
 that they found themselves equal of its 
 establishment in the very turmoil of polit- 
 ical disquiet, and all the intriguery of the 
 Prussian and Russian aristocrats. 
 
 With the consummation of the Third 
 Partition- Poland ceased to exist as a pol- 
 itical entity. Yet it was after the Parti- 
 tions that the Polish nation produced a 
 marvelous growth of literature, asserting 
 thereby to the world that it had not ceased 
 to be a nation. It clearly demonstrated 
 that intellectual deficiency could never be 
 laid to the Poles as a cause that contributed 
 to their downfall. It rather showed that 
 
 [ 10* 
 
Ms 
 
 Kozmian; Linde; Mickiewicz, the greatest 
 Polish poet ; Lelewel, who achieved notable 
 fame as historian. 
 
 Poland became a vigorous participant 
 in the Romantic movement that appeared 
 in Europe shortly after the Partitions. 
 Mickiewicz was the chief exponent of the 
 Polish Romanticism. From his time on the 
 Polish literature struck a purely national 
 key. At this time, Poland apparently de- 
 veloped a surplus literary energy and gave 
 birth to her three great poets, Mickiewicz, 
 Słowacki, and Krasiński. They were not 
 ordinary talents, but literary geniuses 
 with international reputations. They were 
 noble and rare exponents of Polish culture. 
 Mickiewicz especially, who is not unfitly 
 called the Polish Goethe, deserves special 
 comment. His celebrated sonnets and his 
 Wallenrod, exhibit the unusual versatility 
 of mind which characterizes him, the great- 
 est Polish poet. His Pan Tadeusz, a na- 
 tional epic, is a recognized masterpiece. 
 The chair he held at the University of Paris 
 brought enviable credit to the Polish cul- 
 ture. 
 
 The Polish literature reached the height 
 of perfection even while the country suf- 
 fered the most abject slavery. Rome pro- 
 duced the flower of her literature while in 
 political prosperity. Spain and England 
 gave birth to their greatest literature while 
 their political conditions were at their best. 
 But Poland gave utterance to her great 
 Romantic song in the turmoil of political 
 adversity. The age of the Romantic move- 
 ment in Poland need not feel ashamed at 
 the age of the Humanities. The Polish lit- 
 erature and the Polish intellectual develop- 
 ment has made a tremendous headway for 
 the last century and more. What appeared 
 to be insurmountable difficulties the en- 
 emy endeavored to place in its way, have 
 failed to arrest its growth. A chance re- 
 view of the Polish philosophy, poetry, mu- 
 sic and art, in recent years, bring to mind 
 
 POLAND'S INTELLECTUAL CONTRIBUTION 
 
 1% 
 
 such names as lgnące J. Paderewski, Hen- 
 ry Sienkiewicz, Helen Modjeska, Sembrich- 
 Kochanska, Curie-Sklodowska, the first 
 woman to occupy a chair at the Sorbonne; 
 Wyspiański, Kasprowicz, Konopnicka, 
 Prus, Reymont, Lutosławski, Brueckner, 
 Fathers Pawlicki and Morawski, Askena- 
 zy, Struve, Libelt, Trentkowski, Lelewel, 
 Klaczko, Korzon, Golochowski, and Bade- 
 ni. Fr. Pawlicki's "History of Greek Lit- 
 erature" is considered a classic of an em- 
 inent type. Odyniec won a name for his 
 translations of Scott, Moore, and Byron. 
 Kasprowicz was a noted Shakespearean 
 translator. 
 
 Every literature has a note of national 
 individuality and the Polish literature of 
 the Post-Partitional period possesses a 
 character which is vainly sought in any 
 other literature. It is the note of spiritual- 
 ity, or idealism, which is peculiar especial- 
 ly to the Polish poetry of this time. After 
 the Partitions the Poles lived an ideal ex- 
 istence, which depended on her poets to a 
 
 [103 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 2§S 
 
 degree unprecedented in any history save 
 that of ancient Greece. The Polish poets 
 taught the people their history, aims and 
 ideals that could be learned in no other 
 way under the iron rule of the usurpers. 
 The Poles have never parted with the idea 
 that they have ceased to be a nation. They 
 have considered the period after the parti- 
 tion as a mere suspense in their political 
 life. They remained firm in their belief 
 that it would not be long before they re- 
 gained their freedom and independence. 
 For this kind of political philosophy the 
 Polish poets are principally to be thanked. 
 They inspired the nation with new courage 
 and perseverance. They instilled into the 
 people their sacred right of being and self- 
 explication. They endeavored to explain 
 the working of Providence. They strove to 
 prepare the nation to pass bravely their 
 Via Dolorosa. They taught that the Poles 
 had yet a mission to perform, and that 
 Providence tried them in preparation to 
 its fulfillment. 
 
 "Great as is the literature of Poland 
 from an artistic point of view, it stands 
 on another plane that of literary value 
 alone. In the first half of the nineteenth 
 century, the Polish poets rose as the na- 
 tional teachers and moral leaders. They 
 spoke to the people held in bondage by the 
 bitterest facts of life, of the hope that 
 would save them. The youths of Poland 
 were prohibited from learning their na- 
 tion's history, her spirit, her aims in the 
 ordinary channels. They were taught, 
 therefore, of the poets who taught them the 
 lessons of devotion and self-immolation for 
 a native country ; whose writings kept alive 
 the fires of patriotism, the Polish ideality 
 and moral health, in young souls beset by 
 peril. The national literature was no mere 
 art, an element disconnected with the deep 
 things of life, written for recreation or 
 relaxation. It spoke straight to a stern 
 purpose. It was a weapon, and as power- 
 ful a weapon as any that she could have 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2§g 
 
 chosen, in the cause of Poland. In this 
 light the Polish poets regarded the poetry 
 they gave their people. The literature they 
 brought forth is, said Mickiewicz, speak- 
 ing in the College of France, 'above all 
 things true.' Poland's poets were more 
 than her poets. They were her patriots." 
 (Gardner, "Poland," p. 32.) It was then, 
 to give the nation spiritual nourishment 
 which would tend to compensate for the 
 loss of their political independence that 
 this kind of poetry was created. It may 
 have been too idealistic and of little use to 
 the actual restoration of freedom to Po- 
 land. But it manifested the versatility of 
 the Polish mind, the depth of the Polish 
 soul, and the strength of the Polish hope 
 — it showed the native intellectuality of 
 the Polish race. "This period of the Polish 
 nation rent with struggle as regards her 
 political nation brought forth not only 
 Adam Mickiewicz, the greatest of Polish 
 poets, but so noble a band of singers in- 
 spired by sorrow, as to be justly reckoned 
 the Golden Age of Poland's literature . . . 
 Mesyaism inspired the Polish nation with 
 a literature which for artistic beauty, pas- 
 sionate religious feeling, and deep pathetic 
 power ranks with the finest production of 
 European letters." (Gardner, Amer. Cath. 
 Q. Rev. XXXI, 121.) 
 
 In more recent years, the Main School 
 and the "Macierz" the Poles under Russia 
 founded, shows how anxious they were to 
 seize every opportunity to acquire educa- 
 tion. The Main School did not exist long 
 as the Russian government took care to 
 suppress it very early. 
 
 In 1905, during the short spell of free- 
 dom Russia allowed the Poles, the latter 
 set on foot a sweeping educational move- 
 ment under the auspices of the "Polish 
 Macierz". It existed only two years when 
 the Russian government suppressed it. The 
 extent and the ability with which it was 
 managed are evident from the result it 
 attained in that short space of time. Ac- 
 
 104 
 
POLAND'S INTELLECTUAL CONTRIBUTION 
 
 & " 3fS 
 
 cording to Russian reports, the committees est positions in the Imperial cabinet, while 
 
 that worked in the interest of the Macierz, 
 reached the number of more than seven 
 hundred. They had a membership of 12,- 
 000. Polish schools under the Macierz 
 numbered 630,000 Polish children. But, 
 unfortunately, the Prussian influence in 
 the court of the Czars, which has been 
 brought to light during the war, prevailed 
 upon the dupish Russian government to 
 put a stop to its noble work. 
 
 What would Poland's contribution to 
 knowledge be, under normal conditions, 
 can be appreciated from the way the Po- 
 lish mind expressed itself in Poland under 
 Austria. With their schools practically 
 suppressed under Russia, and with the ban 
 the German government put on the use of 
 the Polish language in schools and assem- 
 blies, Krakow and Lemberg, under the 
 more lenient Austrian rule, became the 
 main centers of the Polish literary activity. 
 There the Polish intellectual life came com- 
 pellingly to the fore in all its phases. Popu- 
 lar education was advanced under the aus- 
 pices of the universities. Scientific re- 
 search resulted in the contribution of many 
 volumes of useful and practical knowledge, 
 while the literary and artistic life de- 
 veloped in a way to compel the favorable 
 attention of the world. Polish schools in 
 Galicia, free from the ban of the Prussian 
 and Russian type, turned out fruitful 
 sources to supply the fund of human knowl- 
 edge. Works of old masters and standard 
 reviews were edited with the best results. 
 Book-shelves in the public libraries became 
 heavy with books by Polish authors. 
 
 The Polish administration of Galicia and 
 the access Poles had to governmental posi- 
 tions in the Austrian Empire gave them 
 a chance to exercise their political skill as 
 they were not able to do in Russia and 
 Germany, where they had every official 
 position closed against them. Such men as 
 Goluchowski and Badeni rose to the high- 
 
 Dunajewski reorganized the finances of 
 the Austrian Empire. 
 
 The Poles carried, along with their 
 traditions, the intellectual aptness that 
 characterized their forefathers. Wherever 
 they would settle, their intellectual life 
 would soon create an impression. This is 
 especially true of the Poles in America, 
 both because here they settled in large 
 numbers, and because they found free 
 America an unhampered field for self- 
 expression. The Poles came to America 
 comparatively late. America was well 
 colonized by people of other nationalities 
 when the Poles, persecuted in their coun- 
 try, resolved on seeking the shores of the 
 free country. It was not long, however, 
 before they won a literary distinction, that 
 is, relatively, on a par with that of those 
 nationalities that started to colonize the 
 country. American writers of note have 
 been generous in giving endorsement to the 
 intellectual accomplishment of the Poles in 
 this country. 
 
 Poles in America are proud to mention 
 such of their countrymen as Julian Boeck, 
 a noted educator- who laid plans for the 
 first polytechnic institution in the United 
 States. He won distinction in many other 
 ways, and was honored by President Grant 
 with an educational commission. Zalinski 
 distinguished himself during the Civil War 
 and is the inventor of the pneumatic tor- 
 pedo gun. Dr. H. Kulosowski, who also 
 served in the Civil War and made an en- 
 viable name, filled many important posi- 
 tions. They possess such institutions of 
 learning as the Seminary in Detroit; St. 
 Stanislaus College, Holy Trinity High 
 School, Holy Family Academy, Good Coun- 
 sel High School, and Resurrection Aca- 
 demy, in Chicago; St. John's College in 
 Philadelphia; and colleges at Erie, and 
 Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania; Pula- 
 ski, Wisconsin ; and Kitchener, Canada. 
 
 105 
 
*!«■ 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Poland today possesses schools and uni- 
 versities that rank with any school and 
 university in the world. The University 
 of Krakow needs no comment; the Polish 
 Academy of Science in Krakow stands pre- 
 eminent in lettered Europe. It is a scienti- 
 fic body of the highest standard. The John 
 Casimir University of Lemberg forms in 
 conjunction with the University of Krakow 
 the main spring of Polish intellectual act- 
 ivity, while the remaining institutions of 
 learning in what formerly constituted the 
 Kingdom of Poland such as the Theological 
 Seminaries in Posen, the University of 
 Warsaw and the thickly dispersed colleges 
 in Galicia bid fair to become the educa- 
 tional standard of the Polish people. Po- 
 land of today has individuals to represent 
 her culture who are geniuses of interna- 
 tional repute. Modjeska is still fresh in 
 the mind of the world and especially in that 
 of America. In philosophy the Poles are 
 proud to mention Lutosławski, the greatest 
 living commentator on Platonic philosophy. 
 In science, the discoverer of radium, Mme. 
 Curie-Sklodowska ; in literature Henry 
 Sienkiewicz; in music, Paderewski. It is 
 such exponents that the Polish culture pos- 
 sesses today and they are in keeping with 
 what leading writers of the day have to 
 say of the Poles. They call them "One of 
 the most cultured and most active races 
 possessing a literature and civilization 
 superior to that of their neighbors — Prus- 
 sians, Austrians and Russians." "The Po- 
 lish race, to those who are acquainted with 
 
 it, is the subtlest and most delicate and 
 one of the noblest and most heroic races of 
 Europe." "This marvelous people (the 
 Polish) are the most intellectually gifted 
 in the world, and have produced the sweet- 
 est music, the best musicians, the finest 
 artists and writers. They are the most 
 imaginative and cultured race in Europe." 
 
 Poland, then, despite her ungenial geo- 
 graphical situation and blightful political 
 conditions she suffered since the time she 
 appeared among the family of nations, left 
 all along indelible traces of intellectual 
 progress. She left them before the Univer- 
 sity of Krakow rose to prominence. She 
 left them particularly in the fifteenth and 
 sixteenth centuries, when Poland was 
 called the most civilized country in Europe. 
 The Poles could perhaps produce no strong- 
 er proof to show that they had not ceased 
 to be a nation one and undivided, than their 
 inherent intellectual vitality, which has 
 kept, and ever shall keep them immune 
 from assimilation. 
 
 The intellectual competency of the Po- 
 lish race had always constituted a strong 
 protest against its subjection to foreign 
 rule. It admittedly proved an unsolvable 
 problem to the usurpers who swore to de- 
 nationalize their Polish subjects. Now, 
 with her regained independence, Poland 
 has entered upon a new career; she js 
 rising from her long, forced sleep. The na- 
 tions of the world are now convinced that 
 Poland is justly entitled to the restoration 
 of her freedom and independence. 
 
 ♦♦ 
 
 106 
 

 Polish Music and Opera 
 
 By Anna Cierpik 
 
 THE heroic songs of the Poles describ- 
 ing the victories over the Tartars and 
 Cossacks, and the saddened voice of the 
 people since the first partition of Poland 
 were used by the Polish composers to 
 portray the mental and emotional life of 
 the people. This inner life and emotion, so 
 distinctively different from what has been 
 expressed by other composers, is a charac- 
 teristic of the Slavonic type, and domi- 
 nates the master works of the Poles. 
 
 In Polish music are found forbidden 
 progressions of intervals, such as augment- 
 ed seconds, diminished thirds, augmented 
 fourths, diminished sevenths and minor 
 ninths. The harmony is distinguished by 
 successions of chords presenting no logical 
 contradiction, and yet at variance with 
 established usage. The melodic construc- 
 tion (from movement to rest) is exactly 
 the reverse of that practiced in other lands. 
 
 It is evident, therefore, that the tradi- 
 tional formulas of the middle ages were 
 not acceptable to the Polish composers, for 
 the temperament of the Slav does not 
 tolerate oppression nor even restraint. 
 While the attention of music students in 
 other countries was centered on the artifi- 
 cial application of the principles of har- 
 mony, Polish musicians' without disdain- 
 ing the rules of counterpoint, showed a 
 freedom of form and variety of rhythm 
 exclusively Slavonic and particularly 
 Polish. 
 
 Music that is typically Polish is the 
 polonaise, the mazurka and the krakowiak. 
 The polonaise is one of the most character- 
 istic manifestations of the art of music in 
 
 Poland. The germ of it may be recognized 
 in the motive of the old Christmas song, 
 "W zlobie lezy". In the rhythm and the 
 finale of this old dance of striking original- 
 ity is found the music which resounded 
 at the pompous feasts of the old Polish 
 lords and at the court of the kings. 
 
 The exact date of the invention of the 
 polonaise is not known. The court must 
 have been its birthplace. Karasowski tells 
 us that tradition assigns to the polonaise 
 the following origin: — "When the dynasty 
 of the Jagellonians died out, Henry of 
 Anjou, son of Catherine de Medicis, was 
 in 1573 elected King of Poland. The follow- 
 ing year he received the representatives of 
 the nation in solemn state at Cracow 
 Castle. The gentlemen with their wives 
 slowly filed before the king, keeping step 
 to an accompaniment of music. Every time 
 a foreign prince was elected to the throne, 
 this ceremony was repeated, and from it 
 was gradually developed the national 
 dance of the polonaise. It became a politic- 
 al dance." 
 
 Chopin, attracted by its striking rhyth- 
 mical capabilities and imbued with the 
 deepest national sympathy, animated the 
 dry form of the old polonaise with a new 
 and intensely living spirit and changed it 
 from a mere dance into a glowing tone- 
 picture of Poland, her departed glory, her 
 many wrongs, and her hoped for re- 
 generation. 
 
 Karasowski divides his polonaises into 
 two classes. The first group is character- 
 ized by strong and martial rhythm, and 
 may be taken to represent the feudal court 
 
 107 ] 
 
POLKS IN AMERICA 
 
 of Poland in the days of its splendor. The 
 second group is distinguished by dreamy 
 melancholy and forms a picture of Poland 
 in her adversity. 
 
 Liszt wrote thus of the polonaise: — "In 
 this form the noblest traditional feelings 
 of ancient Poland are represented." 
 
 The polonaise is the true and purest 
 representation of Polish national charac- 
 ter. The melody of the polonaise is some- 
 times simple, but its rhythm is somewhat 
 martial and of a war-like spirit. It is 
 solemn and possesses great fascination. 
 The conclusion suggests the stately man- 
 ners of the Middle Ages. Written in triple 
 time it is grave, but gaiety is not debarred. 
 
 The krakowiak is a lively dance in 2/4 
 time in which the principal rhythmic ac- 
 cent falls on the unaccented beat of the 
 second measure. 
 
 It is born of the people. Written in 
 double time its movement is quick and 
 bright. 
 
 The Polish peasants dance it in the na- 
 tional costume, which adds to the pic- 
 turesque appearance of the dance. Added 
 to this are often satirical couplets, which 
 the dancer sings to his partner. 
 
 The poems of Miaskowski (1622) prove 
 that the krakowiak originated in the 17th 
 century. 
 
 The mazurka, or mazurek, comes from 
 the palatinate of Mazovia in which War- 
 saw is situated. Some mazurkas are sung 
 only, while others serve for dancing. Like 
 the polonaise, and the krakowiak or kolo- 
 myjka, it requires room and plastic grace. 
 Aside from grace it calls for dash, heroism 
 and chivalry. The % tempo of the ma- 
 zurka is full of caprice and gaiety. The 
 rhythm which calls for quicker notes on 
 the first count is punctuated by the clink- 
 ing and clattering of spurs as heel clashes 
 with heel in mid-air. The strong accent 
 of the second beat is emphasized by the 
 loud thud of boots striking the ground. 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 — 2fS 
 
 Add to this the swift springs and sudden 
 bounds, the whirling gyrations and dizzy 
 evolutions and you have a dance which, 
 clothed in its national grace, cannot be 
 seen outside of a Polish salon. 
 
 The first mazurkas date from the lute 
 players of the fifteenth century. They 
 were of popular composition and were of 
 simple construction with two repetitions 
 and a prelude or retournelle. The music 
 was a kind of improvization of the village 
 fiddlers and the words were in praise of 
 the simple life. They are exceedingly num- 
 erous. Some treat of history, others of the 
 rustic life, dancing or love. Poets of re- 
 nown composed words for them which were 
 set to music by celebrated composers. The 
 mazurka is the true national song of Po- 
 land, the embodiment of the national char- 
 acter. Chopin made it popular in Europe 
 and Polish opera drew on it to consider- 
 able extent. He penetrated most deeply in- 
 to the national sanctuary, and his melan- 
 choly genius has made more than one ten- 
 der heart weep and vibrate. 
 
 Liszt says, "Coquetteries, fantasies, ele- 
 gies, emotions, passions, conquests, strug- 
 gles upon which the safety of favors of 
 others depend, all, all meet in this dance." 
 
 In the study of Polish opera we find that 
 Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last 
 king of Poland, had an enormous influence 
 on the development of this branch of mu- 
 sic in Poland. His reign saw the opening 
 of the modern era which is characterized 
 by the appearance of the National Polish 
 Opera. 
 
 The poetic and literary movement at the 
 end of the eighteenth century created the 
 Polish opera. During the creative period 
 of Eisner and Kurpiński, national opera 
 became the most perfect expression of the 
 musical art in Poland. 
 
 Mathew Kamienski's opera, "The 
 Wretched Made Happy", which was pre- 
 sented in 1778 as the first Polish opera, 
 
 108 
 
ais 
 
 forms an epoch in the history of Polish 
 music. He was forty-four years old when 
 this work was produced under the patron- 
 age of Stanisław August Poniatowski. It 
 was in 1776 that the king, learning that 
 a number of cadets in his corps had good 
 voices and could sing acceptably, expressed 
 a desire to hear them. To satisfy his wish, 
 a well known writer, Rev. Bohomolec, 
 wrote a one-act comedy, "The Wretched 
 Made Happy", in which some of the num- 
 bers were to be sung. For some reason 
 the comedy was not played, but appeared 
 in print and fell into the hands of Kamień- 
 ski, who after writing the music to the 
 songs, decided to have it produced. Mont- 
 burn, an operatic manager to whom the 
 work was submitted- recognized its value 
 but would not undertake to place it on the 
 stage till it was enlarged to the size of a 
 two-act operetta. This was done by Bogu- 
 sławski, while Kamieński wrote the addi- 
 tional musical numbers. Thus in May, 
 1778, the first Polish opera was produced. 
 
 Kamieński made use of many national 
 rhythms and though the spirit of the Ita- 
 lian school is strongly marked throughout 
 his works, the impression is on the whole 
 decidedly national. Other works by him 
 are "Sophy, or Country Wooing," a favor- 
 ite which was played in many cities, "Vir- 
 tuous Simplicity", "A Country Ball", "The 
 Nightingale", and "Tradition Realized". 
 
 It is to Bogusławski that the advance- 
 ment of Polish national opera should be 
 accredited. Kamieński owes his success to 
 Bogusławski who made many efforts to 
 produce his operas. 
 
 Kamieński was succeeded by Stefani, 
 who followed the German style and the 
 fashion of the French comic opera. The 
 new and original element was found in 
 the employment of popular themes. The 
 subjects were taken from peasant life. A 
 fine example of this is the opera "Krako- 
 wiaks and Mountaineers", which was pro- 
 duced in March, 1794. It was received 
 
 POLISH MUSIC AND OPERA 
 
 2§S 
 
 with immense favor, was applauded for 
 a century, and serves to this day as a model 
 for composers. Stefani made use of the 
 incisive rhythms of the krakoiviak, the 
 noble strains of the polonaise, the merry 
 swing of the mazurek, and the tender rus- 
 tic wedding-song. By imbuing his own 
 works with a thoroughly local spirit' Ste- 
 fani surpassed his predecessor. 
 
 Stefani wrote a number of other operas, 
 including "Grateful Subjects", "Enchant- 
 ed Tree", and "Old Hunter". He died in 
 1829 having lived and worked in Poland 
 for over fifty-eight years. 
 
 The ideas of Kamieński and Stefani 
 were taken up by J. Eisner, the teacher 
 of Chopin, and by C. Kurpiński, who were 
 the creators of the first historical Polish 
 operas. Eisner composed several operas 
 which met with great approval. 
 
 The libretto to the opera "Krakowiaks 
 and Mountaineers", which was originally 
 a one-act opera, was extended to cover a 
 second-act, and eventually a third. The 
 music to the second act was written by 
 Kurpiński, a composer of great creative 
 ability and a master of orchestral coloring 
 whose works, influenced somewhat by Ros- 
 sini, are of high dramatic merit. 
 
 [ 109 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 M — 
 
 In the period from 1781 to 1819 a few 
 minor composers contributed toward the 
 development of opera in Poland. Among 
 these are Joseph Deszczynski, who is 
 known as the composer of several comic 
 operas. In Francis Mirecki we see the 
 strong influence of the Italian school. He 
 left several operas, including "The Gyp- 
 sies", "The Castle of Kenilworth", and 
 "A Night in the Apennines". The opera 
 "Montbar" was the composition of Ignace 
 Dobrzyński, who waited twenty-three 
 years before the opera was finally pro- 
 duced. With Victor Kazynski came the ro- 
 mantic opera "The Wandering Jew", 
 which was first produced in Warsaw. Os- 
 car Kolberg also wrote an operetta or two. 
 
 After this period of thirty-eight years 
 a master is found in the field of Polish mu- 
 sic. It is the genius of Stanisław Moniu- 
 szko, who was born in 1819. His period 
 of creative work marks a fruitful period 
 for Poland. His opera, "Halka," which is 
 now so well known, was produced in War- 
 saw in 1846. Moniuszko loved the simple 
 strains of the people and introduced them 
 into his compositions. With a skill pecu- 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — & 
 
 liarly his own, he produced effects with 
 so light and yet so firm a hand that the 
 productions of his operas, "Halka," and 
 "Flis," became instantly great successes. 
 
 Moniuszko was only twenty-eight years 
 old when he composed "Halka," but as a 
 composer of opera he had here reached his 
 zenith. The later operas cannot compare 
 with the creativeness of "Halka." Moniu- 
 szko marks a new epoch in the development 
 of Polish opera. 
 
 From Moniuszko to the present time we 
 find a number of operatic composers. 
 Michael Wielhorski left at his death an 
 incomplete opera, "The Gypsies." Louis 
 Grossman left "The Fisherman of Paler- 
 no" and "The Wojewoda's Ghost," which 
 have met with success in the chief cities of 
 Europe. 
 
 Ladislas Żeleński is accredited for the 
 operas: "Conrad Wallenrod," "Janek," 
 "Goplana." Żeleński has had repeated suc- 
 cesses of these operas. Gustave Plater is 
 also attributed with having written an 
 opera. Henri Jarecki is best known for his 
 operas, "Wanda," "Hedwidge," and "Bar- 
 bara Radziwiłł." 
 
 The great name of Ignace Paderewski, 
 brings to us his opera "Manru" which has 
 been produced in the Metropolitan Opera 
 of New York City. Alexander Martin 
 wrote two operas, while Casimer Hofmann, 
 the father of Josef Hofmann, the noted 
 pianist, wrote the opera "Children of a 
 Siren." Hofmann also wrote the third act 
 of Stefani's opera "Krakowiaks and Moun- 
 taineers." 
 
 There have been countless other Polish 
 musicians, both in the past and present, 
 and both in Poland and America, too many, 
 in fact, to list in a short summary such 
 as this, by no means complete. It is suffi- 
 cient, however, if the reader recognize at 
 least the fact that there is a distinctive 
 Polish music, expressed by world-famous 
 Folish musicians. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^M 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 FREDERIC CHOPIN 
 
 
 I 110 
 
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 A Century of Progress International Exposition 
 
 Chicago — 1933 
 
 (In the following pages are several views of the International Exposi- 
 tion being held in Chicago in 1933, and in which the Poles are participat- 
 ing with a Polish Week of Hospitality, July 17th to 23rd.) 
 
 Airplane view of A Century of Progress showing the buildings North of 23rd Street 
 
 1111 
 
POLES IN* AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 sis & 
 
 Night view of A Century of Progress, showing the famous Sky-Ride. 
 
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 [112] 
 
A CENTURY OF PROGRESS INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION — CHICAGO, 1933 
 
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 Court of the Hall of Science 
 
 Chinese Temple 
 
 Illinois Host Building 
 
 113 
 
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 POLES IX AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
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 General Motors 
 
 [114] 
 
A CENTURY OF PROGRESS INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION — CHICAGO, 1933 
 
 "Enchanted Island" — a Wonderland for Children 
 
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 Jotins-Manville 
 
 115 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
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 Shedd Aquarium, Sears-Roebuck, Illinois Host Building, and Avenue of Flags 
 
 South View of Hall of Science 
 
 116 
 
A CENTURY CF PROGRESS INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION — CHICAGO, 1933 
 
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 Agricultural Building 
 
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 117 ] 
 
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 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP" PROGRESS 
 
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 118 
 
To The Reader: 
 
 THE publication of this book was made possible through 
 the generosity of the patrons, donors, and advertisers 
 whose names appear in this book. It is clear that by reason 
 of their support of this project, so important and so timely, 
 these persons and firms are deserving of your patronage. 
 When patronizing them, please mention this book. It will be 
 an acknowledgment of appreciation to them for their support, 
 and at the same time an encouragement for further support 
 of similar projects. 
 
 Do Czytelników: 
 
 TTTYDANIE tej kosztownej książki uskutecznionem zo- 
 V V stało jedynie dzięki łaskawemu poparciu patronów, ofia- 
 rodawców, i byznesistów, których nazwiska lub firmy znaj- 
 dują się w tej księdze. Gdy pomyślimy jak ważną rolę może 
 odegrać zaznajomienie obconarodowców z polską sprawą za 
 pośrednictwem tej książki, to zrozumimy jak wielką przysługę 
 uczynili dla tej sprawy ivszyscy wspomagający wydawnictwo 
 jakiemkolwiek płatnem zamieszczeniem. 
 
 W ogłoszeniach znajdziecie najrozmaitsze interesy, w któ- 
 rych możecie być obsłużeni, z zadowoleniem. Będziemy bardzo 
 ivdzieczni wszystkim czytelnikom gdy potrzebując jakiejś 
 usługi, porady, lub kupując artykuły codziennych potrzeb, 
 udadzą się najpierw do lekarzy, dentystów, prawników i kup- 
 ców, tych, którzy dopomogli temu wydawnictwu, zaznaczając 
 wyraźnie czemu przychodzą do nich. Gdy się przyzwyczaimy 
 popierać tych, którzy nas popierają, nie będziemy mieć trud- 
 ności w otrzymywaniu od nich dalszego poparcia w przy- 
 szłości, w postaci ofiar lub ogłoszeń. 
 
 [119 
 
& 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 WE BEGIN 
 
 OVER four years ago, in 1929, a plan was 
 conceived to unite the retail grocers of Chi- 
 cago into a cooperative organization. It 
 originated with Mr. A. A. Zdrojewski and 
 was based on his many years of experience 
 in the wholesale and retail distribution of foods. 
 
 The idea was presented to four retail grocers — Messrs. 
 A. Janik, M. Jurek, A. Nalepka, and P. Gorczyca. Their 
 own past experience and vision of the future convinced 
 them that such an organization was an absolute neces- 
 sity if the individual grocer expected to stay in business. 
 
 Like true missionaries, they went out into the retail 
 grocery field to sell the idea to other grocers. Prejudice, 
 ignorance, and a misconception of business conditions, 
 were the obstacles that had to be surmounted. However, 
 the thoroughness of the plan, the necessity for an organ- 
 ization, and the sincere interest of these men to help 
 others, strengthened their courage that carried thefm 
 through many months of the most trying work. 
 
 Their's was an idealistic dream. Its realization meant 
 not only the accomplishment of an arduous task, but also 
 the creation of an opportunity for every grocer, large 
 or small, to share in the benefits of cooperative buying 
 and unified merchandising. Competition would be met 
 and the domination of the large chain organizations in 
 the grocery field, would be checked. 
 
 It was in December, 1930, that the plan was put into 
 actual operation. A large warehouse at 24th Place and 
 South Western avenue was opened, to serve as a base 
 for supplies. At the same time, two hundred members 
 displayed the "Midwest Stores" signs above their stores. 
 
 The enthusiasm and the cooperation of the members 
 made the MIDWEST GROCERY COMPANY practic- 
 ally an instantaneous success. As each day passed, it 
 marked another step in the fulfillment of the plans of 
 the organizers. What was accomplished in the past two 
 
 120 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 '& 
 
 WITH 
 
 and one-half years has been written in bold figures into 
 the books of the Company. Today, the capital is nearly 
 three times the original sum. From weekly sales of a 
 few thousand, the business of the warehouse has grown 
 to over one and a quarter millions annually. 
 
 As volume increased, it was necessary to enlarge the 
 warehouse space. The MIDWEST GROCERY COM- 
 PANY now occupies two buildings with a floor capacity 
 almost double the first quarters. Over three hundred 
 grocers have benefitted by joining our cooperative. They 
 are its owners. For their accommodation, it has been 
 necessary to provide such facilities that as many as ten 
 freight cars of merchandise can be unloaded daily, in 
 addition to the numerous auto trucks that deliver their 
 cargoes to these warehouses. 
 
 While we, the members of the MIDWEST GROCERY 
 COMPANY and owners of "Midwest Stores" join with 
 other citizens in celebrating the Chicago "CENTURY 
 OF PROGRESS" we cannot help but feel that we too 
 have added a commendable effort to preserve an equal 
 opportunity for the individual grocer and have made it 
 more possible for him to assume and fulfill his duties 
 as a citizen of Chicago! 
 
 MIDWEST GROCERY COMPANY 
 
 A. Janik, President 
 M. Jurek, Vice-President 
 A. Nalepka, Treasurer 
 /. Skowroński, Secretary 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 /. Wasify P. Gorczyca 
 
 P. Czaczka E. Zaborsky J. Snarski 
 A. A. Zdrojewski, General Manager 
 
 121 
 
History of St Constance Parish 
 
 O 
 
 VERY FIRST CHURCH 
 
 N the extreme 
 Northwest side 
 of Chicago, in 
 the district known as 
 Jefferson Park, are 
 the bounds of St. 
 Constance Parish. It 
 was organized in 
 1916 by Rev. Alexan- 
 der S. Knitter, its 
 present pastor. For 
 some time prior to 
 the organization of 
 the Parish, the need 
 of a Polish church 
 was greatly felt. In 
 order to accomplish this, the first 90 families pledged 
 their loyal efforts to support the church in Jefferson 
 Park. This brought about the purchase of a Protestant 
 church located at Lawrence and Central Avenues. Im- 
 mediately the edifice was remodeled and decorated, — 
 altars, pews and all other necessary church parapher- 
 nelia were purchased. The church was dedicated to the 
 Greater Glory of God on August 20th, 1916, by Rev. 
 Ludwig Grudziński, together with a great number of 
 clergy, enthusiastic parishioners and their friends from 
 adjoining parishes. During the alterations Masses were 
 said at the residence of Valentine Wachowski, at Law- 
 rence and Long Aves. 
 
 The continuous Northwest trend of the Polish people 
 and the enticing surroundings of the district of Jeffer- 
 son Park, attracted such great numbers of Polish people 
 that the need of a larger church was demanded. Per- 
 mission to purchase the present site bounded by Ainslie, 
 Marmora, Strong and Menard Avenues w'as procured by 
 the pastor from His Eminence, George Cardinal Mun- 
 delein, Archbishop of Chicago. A combination church 
 and school building was erected, and after its com- 
 pletion, was dedicated hy His Eminence, Cardinal Mun- 
 delein, on October 8th 1917. First Holy 
 Mass was offered to God for his grace 
 and benevolence by the Rev. Alexander 
 S. Knitter, and an appropriate sermon 
 was delivered by Rt. Rev. Mgr. Stanis- 
 laus Nawrocki. 
 
 E'ventually, the rectory was built on 
 the corner of Strong Street and Menard 
 Avenue. The church and school building 
 was enlarged in the year of 1926, by add- 
 ing thereto additional classrooms and 
 a large assembly hall. The present rec- 
 tory was erected in 1929, the former 
 was converted into a Sisters' convent. 
 The church premises are adorned hy a 
 beautiful grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, 
 Which is considered a masterpiece at- 
 tracting many visitors. 
 
 The Sisters of Notre Dame were en- 
 trusted with the teaching of the chil- 
 dren. The first Sister Superior was 
 
 Rev. Sister M. Waltrudis. The Parish school expanded 
 to such an extent that it is now in charge of twenty 
 nun teachers, with Sister M. Thylla, as their Superior. 
 About 700 children attend the school. A commercial 
 class was founded in 1932, its first enrollment numbered 
 46 students, who were in charge of Sister M. Remigia. 
 
 Church choirs increased with the growth of the parish. 
 The pastor obtained the services of Mr. Conrad W. Pa- 
 welkiewicz, to assume the duties of organist and director 
 of the church choirs. He is serving well in this capacity 
 since 1926. 
 
 The parish in its short existence was honored by visits 
 from many prominent church dignitaries. Especially 
 during the Eucharistic Congress at Chicago, Rev. A. S. 
 Knitter, the pastor, was host to Bishops Kubina, Lukom- 
 ski and Przezdziecki, all visitors from Poland. 
 
 REV. A. KNITTER 
 
 Rev. Alexander S. Knitter was born on July 19th, 
 1884, in Chicago. He received his grammar school edu- 
 cation at the St. Stanislaus Kostka School, continuing 
 
 RECTORY 
 
 122 
 
HISTORY OF SAINT CONSTANCE PARISH 
 
 SISTERS' CONVENT 
 
 CHURCH AND SCHOOL BUILDING 
 
 his college education at St. Stanislaus Kostka College. 
 He enrolled at the St. Bonaventure Seminary, Allegheny, 
 N. Y., for his theological studies. He was ordained in 
 1909 by Archbishop James Quigley, and celebrated his 
 first Mass at St. Stanislaus Kostka Church on June 6th. 
 1909. He Was assigned to St. Joseph's Church as assist- 
 ant. Within a short time he was transferred to St. Adal- 
 bert's Parish, where he remained as assistant for six 
 years. On July 6th, 1916, he assumed the duties as pastor 
 of the St. Constance Parish. The parish grew from 90 
 families to 1,000 families under his guidance and good 
 management. 
 
 The pastor is assisted in his work by Rev. Edward 
 Schuster, who was born in Chicago, Illinois, on June 
 13th, 1892. He completed his grade school in St. Adal- 
 bert's Parish, then finished his high school course at 
 St. Ignatius College, and from there entered the St. 
 Francis Seminary, at St. Francis, Wisconsin, where he 
 received his philosophy and theology degrees and or- 
 dained a priest on June 7th, 1917, by His Eminence, Car- 
 dinal Mundelein. Rev. Edward Schuster after his ordina- 
 tion served as assistant in the Immaculate Conception 
 Parish of South Chicago; St. Mary's of Cicero, Illinois; 
 and St. Ann's of Chicago. He is a capable, hard-working 
 priest respected by his pastor and parishioners. 
 
 The parish is known for its social events, mostly spon- 
 sored by societies now existing. The following societies 
 were organized in the Parish: 
 
 Polonia Club, Felix Nowaczek, president; F. Kamiński, 
 recording secretary; 500 members. 
 
 Holy Name Society, A. Wasko, president; W. Ciecko, 
 recording secretary; 150 members. 
 
 St. Constance Choir, W. Sperka, president; W. Ciecko, 
 Kendzior, recording secretary; 50 members. 
 
 Boy Scouts, Troop No. 1827, Felix Nowaczek, com- 
 mander; S. Schultz, scoutmaster; 32 members. 
 
 Ladies Auxiliary Society, Mrs. F. Sadowska, president; 
 Mrs. A. Kamińska, recording secretary; 50 mem- 
 bers. 
 
 Ladies Rosary Sodality, Mrs. M. Szymczak, president; 
 Mrs. Smith, recording secretary; 225 members. 
 
 Young Ladies Rosary Sodality, Miss Marie Wodniak, 
 president; Miss G. Sperka, recording secretary; 
 140 members. 
 
 Third Order of St. Francis, Frank Krefta, president; 
 83 members. 
 
 St. Vincent De Paul Society, M. Sadowski, president; J. 
 Czarnik, recording secretary; 12 members. 
 
 Church Ushers, P. Matuszak, president; 14 members. 
 
 St. Lawrence Society, Z. P. R. K., S. Godzich, president; 
 M. Januchowski, recording secretary; 60 members. 
 
 St. Constance Social Club, Dr. P. Borowinski, president; 
 Miss M. Wodniak, recording secretary; 80 mem- 
 bers. 
 
 Casianir Sypniewski Society, P. N. A., P. Kolbus, presi- 
 dent; T. Krysiak, recording secretary; 65 mem- 
 bers. 
 
 St. Hedwig's C. O. of F., Mrs. H. Krawiec, president; 
 Miss Pszczolinska, recording secretary; 25 mem- 
 bers. 
 
 St. Constance Ct. No. 98, Alma Mater, Joseph Krawiec, 
 president; Joseph Kowaczek, recording secretary; 
 27 members. 
 
 The General Committee is aided by the presidents of 
 the various societies in the parish and the following 
 individual committees: 
 
 Frank A. Blaschke. Chairman; Joseph Kowaczek, Vice- 
 Chairman; Mrs. Florence Sadowski, Treasurer; Mrs. 
 Anna Marski, Felix Nowaczek, Secretary. 
 
 Program and Entertainment Committee — Rosary Sodal- 
 ity: — M. Wodniak, Pres.; V. Blaschke, Ev. Bobritzki. 
 
 Holy Name Society: — Al. Wasko, Pres.; P. Matuszak, 
 W. Balejko. 
 
 Ticket Committee — Ladies' Auxiliary: — M. Lach, Chair- 
 man; A. Kamiński, K. Bobritzki. 
 
 Invitation, Committee — Constance Social Club:- — Ch. 
 
 Czekaj, Chairman; H. Kamiński, Miss. S. Kobielski. 
 Contest Committee: — Mrs. M. Lach, Chairman, Al. 
 
 Wasko, D. Górski. 
 Housing and Decorating Committee — Polonia Club of 
 
 Jefferson Park: — W. J. Matwij, Chairman; Fr. 
 
 Kamiński, K. Szott. 
 
 Boy Scouts Committee — Throop 1827: — St. Schulz, 
 
 Scoutmaster. 
 Choir Committee — St. Constance Choir: — Con. Pawel- 
 
 kiewicz, Organist; W. Sperka, Pres. 
 
 Athletic Committee: — Al. Wasko, Pres.; C. Czekaj, 
 V. Blaschke, Ang. Lach, H. Kamiński, E. Bobritzki. 
 
 Album Committee — St. Constance Church Ushers: — P. 
 Matuszak. Pres.; J. Blaszczyk, Joseph W. Czarnik, 
 Conrad W. Pawelkiewicz. 
 
 123 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2§5 2§S 
 
 PHONES: KILDARE 3800 — PALISADE 1660 
 
 Joseph F. Kowaczek 
 
 funeral director 
 
 (LADY ASSISTANT) 
 
 BEAUT IFUL C HAPEL 
 
 Limousines 
 For All Occasions 
 
 OUR MOTTO: 
 Service and Courtesy 
 
 5776 LAWRENCE AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 CONGRATULATIONS ! 
 
 To the Polish Community of Chicago — and all 
 those people who have been such important 
 factors in the success of Polish Week and the 
 Polish Exposition at the Century of Progress 
 — our sincere congratulations! Truly the results 
 of your efforts represent the Progress that has 
 been contributed by you to Chicago. 
 
 For over Ą0 years Klee Bros. & Co. 
 have served the Polish Community of 
 Chicago with quality apparel for men 
 and boys. We invite you to visit our 
 2 conveniently located stores. They are 
 easy to reach and you will find plenty 
 of competent Polish speaking sales- 
 people to serve you. 
 
 Open Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday Nights 
 
 KLEE BROS. & CO. 
 
 Milwaukee Avenue at Irving Park Boulevard 
 and Cicero Avenue 
 
 (2 STORES) 
 
 Belmont Avenue at Lincoln Avenue 
 and Ashland Avenue 
 
 QUALITY 
 
 SERVICE 
 
 KLECZEWSKI'S BAKERY 
 
 JOHN H. KLECZEWSKI 
 
 4784 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 CHICAGO PENSACOLA 3887 
 
 PHONE: PALISADE 5270 
 
 Quality Meat 
 
 Is a Family Treat 
 
 MICHAEL'S MARKET 
 
 5603 LAWRENCE AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 PALISADE 7975 
 
 J. S. MAJEWSKI 
 
 CONFECTIONERY 
 
 Cigars and Cigarettes 
 
 5601 LAWRENCE AVENUE 
 
 124 
 
8§5- 
 
 HISTORY OF SAINT CONSTANCE PARISH 
 
 ■2§5 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 ter the War 
 
 Afti 
 
 Though Poland has contributed much to 
 the United States in the way of a cultural 
 and traditional background, the fact must 
 not be overlooked that Poland, too, has 
 been the recipient of countless favors and 
 life giving aid by the United States, espe- 
 cially in the year 1919, the first of Po- 
 land's new existence as a nation. These 
 contributions have been chiefly of two 
 types — political intervention to secure the 
 national independence itself, and financial 
 aid and actual distribution of food and 
 clothing, from the lack of which destitute 
 Poland presented the paradoxical picture 
 of a country re-born and yet starving to 
 death. 
 
 Poland was assured of its nationhood 
 when President Wilson uttered those mo- 
 mentous words: "Statesmen everywhere 
 are agreed that there should be a united, 
 autonomous and independent Poland." 
 President Wilson spoke for oppressed na- 
 tionalities because "we, Americans", as he 
 stated, "are the clearing house for the sym- 
 pathies of mankind — the debtors to man- 
 kind to see that we square policies with 
 human liberty everywhere." 
 
 With Poland on the map, the United 
 States government next proceeded with 
 another great humanitarian act: the re- 
 victualment of Poland in 1919, and finally 
 with the extension of credit and loans to 
 the renascent country. 
 
 In 1919, the Kellogg-Grove investiga- 
 tions and conferences with Polish officials 
 
 PHONE KEYSTONE 8452-3 
 
 ELSTON LAUNDRY CO. 
 
 P. KOWACZEK, President 
 L. KOTERSKI, Secretary and Manager 
 
 Quality Work & Service at Minimum Cost 
 
 4244-50 ELSTON AVENUE 
 
 TELEPHONE PENSACOLA 4503 
 
 JOS. GONIVA 
 
 HARDWARE - PAINTS - GLASS 
 
 Household Goods and Electrical Supplies 
 
 3631-33 NORTH CENTRAL AVENUE 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 STOCKER'S PHARMACY 
 
 CARL, STOCKER, R. Ph., Prop. 
 
 5772 HIGGINS AVENUE CHICAGO 
 
 Phone Pensacola 1218 and 3905 
 
 Tasty Pastries 
 Weddings — Parties Our Specialty 
 
 KRISPY ROLL BAKE SHOP 
 
 5948 LAWRENCE AVENUE 
 JOHN W. GAZINSKI, Prop. TEL. AVE. 9521 
 
 TELEPHONE KILDARE 6193 
 
 ROMAN PIGULSKI 
 
 Dealer in Best Quality of Meats 
 4252 MILWAUKEE AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 FOR 
 
 DEPEND ON 
 
 KILDARE 
 , 3440 
 
 125 ] 
 
POLKS IN AMERICA 
 
 revealed not only that vast stocks of food 
 were needed, but that no time at all could 
 be lost in delivering them. 
 
 In such a critical situation it was im- 
 possible to wait even for a settlement of 
 finances before starting food on the way, 
 and it was essential to rush all the prelim- 
 inary arrangements for transport and de- 
 livery. Fortunately food ships were soon 
 in European ports for just such emergen- 
 cies. Herbert Hoover having started sup- 
 plies from America even before the in- 
 vestigations began. The first three ships, 
 carrying cargoes of wheat flour shipped 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 from Rotterdam, reached Danzig on Feb- 
 ruary 17, 1919, and by midnight of the 
 eighteenth the first train of forty cars with 
 six hundred tons of flour had crossed the 
 German-Polish border at Illowa to reach 
 Warsaw the next day. By February 22 
 all three ships had unloaded, and during 
 February fourteen thousand tons of food 
 reached Poland. 
 
 PALISADE 2872 
 
 MONTROSE BAKERY 
 
 JOSEPH GOSZCZYŃSKI 
 4355 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 TELEPHONES: KILDARE 6036 AND 6794 
 
 JEFFERSON PARK 
 PHARMACY 
 
 P. BRYKOWSKI, R. Ph. G. 
 
 "Oldest Community Drug Store" 
 
 OPTOMETRIST 
 
 4817 MILWAUKEE AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 WEST SIDE AWNING CO., Not Inc. 
 
 Truck Covers - Canopies - Porch Curtains - Canvas Goods 
 
 1500 W. OHIO ST. TEL. HAYMARKET 5916 
 
 MIKE'S FLOWER SHOP 
 
 Flowers For All Occasions 
 
 6506 MILWAUKEE AVE. NEWSASTLE 0040 
 
 Frank Sieracki, Prop. 
 
 Bus. Ph. Kildare 9500 
 
 THE LOCKWOOD 
 MEAT MARKET 
 
 4219 N. LOCKWOOD AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 The revictualment of any country after 
 four years of war is difficult, but Poland 
 was a special case with individual prob- 
 lems which complicated the task a hundred- 
 fold. 
 
 Its frontiers were still undetermined; 
 wars were still fought on its borders. In 
 spite of its strong national impulse to in- 
 dependence, the country was divided in 
 habits of thought, in background and ex- 
 perience by its long years of separation in 
 three parts under three alien governments 
 and by the fact that, especially on its bor- 
 ders, it contained people of various races 
 and religions. In towns and cities laborers 
 were idle, depressed, and hungry. Agri- 
 cultural production was negligible, while 
 the continued battles on the frontiers fur- 
 ther prevented recuperation and increased 
 the number of homeless people- 
 Money and credit were almost non- 
 existent in the new state, and with rail- 
 roads disorganized, communications and 
 trade with adjoining countries cut off, and 
 the main port of entry, Danzig, in the 
 hands of a hostile people, supplies could 
 not be delivered and reconstruction begun 
 without the intervention of outside agen- 
 cies as mediators between Poland and her 
 neighbors. 
 
 Theoretically, the Food Mission of 1919 
 was to deliver food to the Polish govern- 
 ment which in turn was to distribute it to 
 the people, but in reality it was necessary 
 for those who were delivering food to take 
 
 [Continued on page 130] 
 
 126 
 
THE EIGHTH POLISH PARISH IN CHICAGO 
 
 ST. HEDWIG'S CHURCH 
 
 World's War the members of the parish 
 complied with the urgent request of our 
 Government by contributing generously to 
 the National cause, buying liberty bonds, and 
 furnishing a numher of volunteers to the 
 American and Polish Armies. 
 
 Septemher 1, 1920 the Rev. S. Siatka, C. 
 R., former pastor of St. John Cantius, where 
 his extraordinary sucess had been noted and 
 marked, became authorized pastor of St. 
 Hedwig's. His ease of manner, his quiet re- 
 pose, his likable qualities of heart and soul 
 won him many friends during his stay at the 
 parish. He worked most ardently to collect 
 the necessary funds for a modern school. 
 During his administration the attendance 
 figured approximately 3,000 pupils who are 
 under the watchful and competent super- 
 vision of forty teachers from the Congrega- 
 tion of the Sisters of the Holy Family of 
 Nazareth. 
 
 Since September, 1923, the parish is 
 conducted plausibly by the Rev. Francis 
 Dembiński, C. R., the former efficient ad- 
 ministrator of St. Stanislaus Kostka. During 
 his time the church belfries have been con- 
 structed with new bells in them, the in- 
 terior and the exterior of the church re- 
 modeled, and the entire parish property re- 
 paired and renewed. 
 
 THE growth of St. Hedwig's Parish under the Rev. Vincent Barzya- 
 ski's adminis. ration was strikingly effective. The task of organiza- 
 tion had been a stupendous one. Numberless difficulties arose from 
 time to time which had not been anticipated and these had toi be met 
 and solved. 
 
 St. Hedwig's Parish situated on the Northwest side of the city, was 
 founded in 1888 by a zealous and profoundly religious Polish patriot, the 
 Rev. V. Barzynski. With the never ending cooperation of St. Hedwig So- 
 ciety, the first church was erected. It was a two stories high combination 
 building, comprising the church and the school. It was named in honor of 
 the Silesian patron saint of the auxiliary society. On Dec. 4, 1888 St. Hed- 
 wig's Church was dedicated by the Rt. Rev. Patrick A. 
 Feehan Archbishop of Chicago. 
 
 From 1888 to Feb. 7, 1894 the Rev. V. Barzynski 
 performed the duties of a first pastor. He was succeeded 
 by the noble minded and a diligent administrator, Rev. 
 John Piechowski, C. R. Under his administration the 
 Catholic life and interests of the Parish have been ad- 
 vanced incredibly. In education, in works of charity, in 
 cultural developments, in social welfare and betterment, 
 Father Piechowski was unsurpassed. In 1898 he encour- 
 aged the construction of a magnificent new church, de- 
 signed in the Roman Style, having a capacity of 1500 
 seats. This crowning achievement of Rev. J. Piechowski's 
 gigantic undertaking amounted to $175,000. 
 
 In 1909 Rev. John B. Obyrtacz was appointed pastor 
 of St. Hedwig's. Under his intelligent and industrious 
 leadership, the growth of the parish went forward enor- 
 mously. The evidences of his zeal were the enlargement 
 of the school, and in 1912 the construction of an audito- 
 rium which can hold 1200 people. By necessary conse- 
 quence, in 1916 the old rectory was reconstructed so as 
 to accommodate seven priests. 
 
 During this flourishing administration, 1913, the 
 parish had celebrated its Silver Jubilee and during the 
 
 ST. HEDWIG'S PARISH SCHOOL 
 
 [127] 
 
»!*■ 
 
 POLKS IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 -& 
 
 Shop ivith Confidence Where Price, and 
 Cheerful Service is Ahvays Assured 
 
 Trade Here and Save 
 
 midwest 
 
 St 
 
 ores 
 
 Best — Quality — Always 
 SCHULTZ BROS. 
 
 PROP. 
 
 2118 North Damen Avenue 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 6846 
 We Guarantee Everything We Sell 
 
 The reverend pastor who is a modest, humble, intel- 
 lectual, and deeply pious religious, labors with unwearied 
 diligence to decrease the enormous parish debts. The large 
 measure of success is due to his sWeet and peaceful dis- 
 position. During these crucial times, he puts his person- 
 ality at the disposition of his distressed parishioners. 
 
 His assistant priests are: Rev. Stanislaus Siatka, C. 
 R., Rev. S. Swierczyk, C. R., Rev. H. Gryczman, C. R., and 
 Rev. L. Long, C. R. The lay ibrothers are: Bro. J. Sojda 
 and Bro. R. Jaszczyński. 
 
 The parish premises located near Webster and Hoyne 
 Avenues embrace one square block of 112,922 sq. feet, 
 representing a huge sum of $1,000,000.00. 
 
 The story of the progress of St. Hedwig's Parish is 
 without parallel and one that fairly staggers the imagina- 
 tion and challenges the credulity. It is a story of devotion 
 unstinted, of service that is Christlike in its patience and 
 obedience, of love and loyalty, and generosity that is truly 
 marvelous. There is no more sturdy a Polish Catholic 
 group in all the world and none among whom the faith 
 is more live or alert; none where love for Pastor is more 
 devoted and where humble submission and filial love tor 
 the Vicar of Christ is so much a part of the life and 
 times of its people. 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 7054 
 
 E. A. STRASZYŃSKI 
 
 BAKERY AND CONFECTIONERY 
 
 Wedding and Party Cakes a Specialty 
 
 2054 WEBSTER AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 \ 
 
 Telephone Armitage 4630 Licensed Embalmer 
 
 Joseph Wojciechowski 
 
 Undertaker and Funeral Director 
 
 AUTOMOBILES FURNISHED 
 FOR ALL OCCASIONS 
 
 Free Use of Chapel 
 
 2129 WEBSTER AVENUE 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 128 
 

 ?* •**» -a^ 
 
 
 
 
 iSj 4, 
 
 l 
 
 fc|5' 
 
 3SM 
 
 a sma// section of the 
 
 territory served by 
 
 POLONIA 
 
 
 I hirty-six years ago 
 POLONIA started serving 
 Chicago's Northwest Side with de- 
 pendable fuel. 
 
 Seven years ago in order to keep pace with 
 the expansion of the great Northwest Side, we 
 built our second plant and thus insured a con- 
 tinuance of that customer satisfaction for which 
 POLONIA is so well known. 
 
 Today we are serving thousands of homes— 
 a veritable city within a city. 
 
 In the future POLONIA will keep pace 
 with progress as it always has in the past. 
 
 { m 
 
 President 
 
 POLONIA COAL COMPANY 
 
 
 fh> 
 
 ■Efe 
 I 
 
 % '». 
 
 ft 
 
SIS' 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Wear Clean Clothes... 
 
 Your wearing apparel, when cared for 
 properly, lasts longest. Send your dresses, 
 spring coats, suits, hats, gloves, etc., to 
 us for the finest of naphtha cleaning and 
 expert finishing. 
 
 Phone Spaulding 8200 
 3251-53 FULLERTON AVE. 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 
 S. SZYNALSKI, Pres. 
 J. KARŁOWICZ, Secy 
 A. KNAP, Treasurer 
 L. GLENICKI, Vice Pres. 
 W. PAWYZA, Vice Pres. 
 S. J. JANECKI, Mpr. 
 
 "The Most Reputable Cleaning Plant 
 on the Northwest Side" 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 1227 
 
 A. SCHIFFMANN, Pres. 
 A. WEAR, Sec'y and Treas. 
 
 CARL SCHIFFMANN 
 LUMBER CO. 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 Lumber, Lath Shingles, Posts, 
 Mouldings, Wall Board, etc. 
 
 1638-52 MILWAUKEE AVE. 
 
 ED. WEAR, Manager CHICAGO 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 126] 
 
 upon themselves responsibilities in rela- 
 tions with other governments, in finance 
 and even in local distribution, which nor- 
 mally would not have been theirs. The 
 story of revictualment and relief is thus 
 a tale of the constant, active contacts of 
 the Food Missions, the American Relief 
 Administration, and the various Allied and 
 American technical missions with even the 
 minor details of Poland's life in 1919 and 
 the succeeding years. 
 
 Danzig (Gdansk) was clearly the best 
 inlet to Poland for food supplies, but be- 
 cause it was a city desired by Poland as 
 an outlet to the sea, the relations between 
 the Poles and the Germans were so strained 
 that the port could not be used without 
 the intervention of Allied authorities. Per- 
 mission for its use was secured in January, 
 1919, through the Permanent Committee 
 of the Supreme Council of Supply and Re- 
 lief. The next step was to investigate the 
 port for its technical facilities, the pos- 
 sibility of mines in the vicinity, and the 
 draft and number of ships that could be 
 accomodated; and to arrange with Ger- 
 man and Danzig authorities for the guar- 
 antees and assistance to be given in un- 
 loading the food and guarding and trans- 
 porting it to the Polish border. This was 
 done in January by American officers of 
 the Food Mission, who soon realized that 
 while the port was ideal in many respects, 
 the political situation was such that they 
 must use the greatest tact in availing 
 themselves of its facilities and must act 
 as mediators between the Germans and the 
 Poles in every detail of the operation. 
 
 Quite as important, however,, as the 
 machinery of transportation was the ques- 
 tion of the attitude of the inhabitants of 
 
 [Continued on page 132] 
 
 [130 
 
Ikr 
 
 THE EIGHTH POLISH PARISH IN CHICAGO 
 
 & 
 
 JEDEN Z NAJLEPSZYCH I NAJZASŁUZEŃSZYCH 
 
 PROF. EMIL WIEDEMAN. SENJOR ORGANISTÓW POLSKICH 
 
 siebie uwagę kapel, chórów i orkiestr, nad 
 któremi objął niebawem kierownictwo. Wkrót- 
 ce też, bo w roku 1886-tym, uzyskał pierwsze 
 stanowisko organisty w par. Niepokalanego 
 Poczęcia Najśw. Marji Panny w So. Chicago. 
 
 Po paru latach pobytu w So. Chicago, 
 wyjechał na krótko do Buffalo, na stanowisko 
 organisty w par. Św. Wojciecha, paczem wró- 
 cił do So. Chicago na poprzednie swoje stano- 
 wisko; następnie był przez 4 lata organistą w 
 par. św. Michała, w So. Chicago. 
 
 W roku 1896 objął stanowisko organisty 
 w par. św. Jadwigi w Chicago i od tej pory, 
 t. j. przez 37 lat bez przerwy spełnia godnie 
 swoje zadanie, ku zupełnemu zadowoleniu, 
 kolejno zmieniających się księży proboszczów 
 i parafjan. Dyryguje dwoma chórami doro- 
 słych, chórem dziatwy i orkiestrą. 
 
 My członkowie i członkinie Chórów Jad- 
 wigowskich jesteśmy dumni z swego dyry- 
 genta, posiadającego powszechną sławę naj- 
 lepszego organisty i cieszącego się ustaloną 
 opinją wielkiego muzyka, kompozytora, in- 
 struktora i kierownika. 
 
 Korzystając z okazji pragniemy złożyć 
 Mu życzenie serdeczne: długich lat życia, sił 
 do pracy i większego jeszcze uznania, na 
 które w zupełności, Drogi Nasz Dyrygent, 
 zasłużył. 
 
 CHÓR ŚW. JADWIGI NR. 1. 
 
 FELIKS BARTNICKI, Prezes 
 HELENA WIŚNIEWSKA, Wice-prezeska 
 WŁADYSŁAW KOSTECKI, Sekr. Fin. 
 PRAKSEDA JAKUBOWKA, Sekr. Prot. 
 ALEX BRZEZIŃSKI, Kasjer 
 WŁADYSŁAW POREDA. Bibliotekarz 
 WŁADYSŁAWA KASPRZAK, Bibliotekarka 
 ZENON MUCHOWICZ, Marsz. 
 STANISŁAWA GRZĘDZICKA, Marsz. 
 KAZIMIERZ BURZYŃSKI 
 
 DO najwięcej zasłużonych i szanowanych profesorów 
 organistów polskich w Ameryce, należy niewątpli- 
 wie, długoletni nasz dyrygent i profesor Emil 
 Wiedeman. 
 
 Przejęci czcią i miłością dla niego niniejszą stroni- 
 cę Pamiętnika Polskiego Wystawy światowej w Chicago, 
 za zgodą wszystkich członków poniżej wymienionych 
 chórów Jemu poświęcamy. 
 
 Najznakomitszy nasz dyrygent prof. Emil Wiedeman. 
 urodził się dnia 10-go marca 1862-go roku, w miejscowości 
 Skurcz, w Wielkopolsce. Mając lat 20 przybył do Amery- 
 ki i osiedlił się w Chicago. 
 
 Posiadając niezwykłe zdolności muzyczne, okazywane 
 jeszcze w Polsce i głos sympatyczny, odrazu zwrócił na 
 
 STEFAN MAJEWSKI 
 MAŁGORZATA SZCZEPANIAK 
 MARJA SOŁTYS 
 
 Delegaci do 
 Połączonych 
 Chórów 
 
 CHÓR ŚW. JADWIGI NR. 2. 
 WŁADYSŁAW KONCZYK, Prezes Hon. 
 EMIL WIEDEMAN, Prezes 
 BRONISŁAWA GRZELECKA, Wice-prezeska 
 TEOFILA WARZ, Sekr. Fin. 
 ZOFIA WENCEL. Sekr. Prot. 
 ROZALIA KOSIŃSKA, Kasjerka 
 WŁADYSŁAWA SIWAK, Bibliotekarka 
 JULIA PIOTROWSKA ) 
 
 EMILIA SOKULSKA [ Marszałkowie 
 
 KLARA ROZMIAREK 
 
 [131] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 III 
 
 TEL. HUMBOLDT 0809 
 
 P„ 
 
 John Xoklenkowski 
 
 UNDERTAKER 
 anrfEMBALMER 
 
 2058 WEST WEBSTER AVE. 
 
 Corner Hoyne Avenue 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 JOSEPH MAGDZIARZ, President 
 ROMAN GROCHOWINA, Secretary 
 LEON WOJCZYNSKI, Vice-Pres. & Mgr. 
 MARTIN WOJCZYNSKI, Treasurer 
 
 TELEPHONE MONROE' 1807-1808 
 
 Standard 
 
 COFFIN & CASKET MFG. CO. 
 
 Representatives 
 MARTIN WOJCZYNSKI, 
 LEO WOJCZYNSKI, JR. 
 
 Directors 
 MICHAEL WOJCZYNSKI, 
 JOHN J. STEPHANY, 
 LEON ZGLENICKI. 
 
 729-35 Milwaukee Avenue 
 
 Corner N. Carpenter Street 
 CHICAGO 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 130] 
 
 Danzig towards this delivery of large 
 quantities of food across German territory 
 to Poland. Germany was as yet receiving 
 no food from abroad, and while conditions 
 in Gdansk were far better than in Poland, 
 the Danzigers were not sufficiently well 
 fed to view with equanimity the shipment 
 of large quantities of food to their enemies 
 across the border. The Americans, in 
 choosing the base for their operations, se- 
 lected the Freihafen Basin because, among 
 other reasons, a high wire stockade sur- 
 rounded it, with its docks, tracks, ware- 
 houses and offices, and ''rendered the 
 American docks and ships easily defensible 
 in case of riots." 
 
 By the end of March the Vistula had 
 been opened to relief shipments, by barge 
 to Warsaw, and the month of April saw 
 fifty-two thousand tons of food pass 
 through Danzig for Poland. The arrival 
 of these first shipments in Poland pro- 
 duced no miracle of recovery, but its effect 
 was notable. 
 
 It was, in the first place, the first de- 
 livery of any kind of supplies to Poland 
 after the war and tangible evidence of 
 America's intention to stand by the new 
 state in its struggle for existence. Conse- 
 quently the delivery of food greatly 
 strengthened the hand of the Government 
 in preserving order at a time when dis- 
 order was born in the desperation of 
 hunger. 
 
 And because food was delivered first in 
 towns and cities where the greatest emer- 
 gency existed and workers were almost at 
 the end of their hope and patience, it gave 
 an impetus to the revival of industry, be- 
 sides saving the lives of many of an agra- 
 rian population who were facing actual 
 starvation at the beginning of 1919. 
 
 [Continued on page 134] 
 
 [132] 
 
&' 
 
 THE EIGHTH POLISH PARISH IN CHICAGO 
 
 -2§5 
 
 JOHN CZEKAŁA, President 
 JOHN GAVIN, Vice President 
 
 J. P. GRZEMSKI, Secretary 
 2304 N. Western Avenue 
 
 S. S. TYRAKOWSKI, Vice Pres. 
 C. WACHOWSKI, Treasurer 
 
 Polish-American League of the Building & Loan Assotiations 
 
 OP ILLINOIS 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 J. T. JASIŃSKI 
 
 P. JEZIERNY 
 
 T. KALISZ 
 
 J. S. KOZŁOWSKI 
 
 J. LACHCIK 
 
 A. MYSOGLAND 
 
 F. L. MAJKA 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 
 A. NIEDBALSKI 
 F. NOWAK 
 W. OKOŃ 
 T. PODRAŻA 
 S. POCHOCKI 
 I. SCIGALSKI 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 SOME OF THE PROGRESSIVE MEMBERS OF THE LEAGUE 
 
 Jefferson Park Bldg. & Loan Assn. Ncrthw'tem Sav. Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 4841 Milwaukee Avenue 
 OTTO E. GÓRSKI, President 
 ARTHUR J. KOWALSKI, Secretary 
 
 Sacramento Ave. Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 2405 South Albany Avenue 
 JOSEPH RENKIEWICZ, President 
 HENRY J. APIDA, Secretary 
 
 Kościuszko Bldg. & Loan Assn. No. 3 
 
 1624 West 18th Street 
 IGNATIUS FRASZ, President 
 STANLEY S. POCHOCKI, Secretary 
 
 Zgoda Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 1924 South Leavitt Street 
 W. ADAMCZYK, President 
 JOHN GAWIN, Secretary 
 
 Webster Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 2006 Webster Avenue 
 
 ANTHONY J. DEMBSKI, President 
 
 GREGORY A. NOWICKI, Secretary 
 
 J. I. Kraszewski Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 1811 South Ashland Avenue 
 C. F. PETTKOSKE, President 
 LEON V. DOMAN, Secretary 
 
 St. Floryans Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 3154 East 133rd Street 
 ALBERT SOWA, President 
 FRANK G1NALSKI, Secretary 
 
 Piast Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 1710 West 21st Street 
 JOSEPH MIKUŁA, President 
 KASPER ROPA, Secretary 
 
 Mickiewicz Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 8905 Commercial Avenue 
 S. J. DUDEK, President 
 JOSEPH WALCZAK, Secretary 
 
 2304 North Western Avenue 
 STANLEY GRZEGOREK, President 
 JOHN P. GRZEMSKI, Secretary 
 
 Irving Park Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 3951 North Spaulding Avenue 
 IGNATIUS ROPATA, President 
 ALBERT NIEDBALSKI, Secretary 
 
 Fifteenth Ward Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 2004 Webster Avenue 
 
 FRANK KONCZYK, President 
 
 WALTER OKON, Secretary 
 
 Legion Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 1141 North Damen Avenue 
 THOMAS S. GORDON, President 
 WALTER OKON, Secretary 
 
 Krakow Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 2702 South Kildare Avenue 
 ANTON PLOTKOWSKI, President 
 LOUIS A. KAMIŃSKI, Secretary 
 
 General Sowiński Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 2925 South 49th Avenue, Cicero, III. 
 MARTIN PIETRZAK, President 
 FRANK K. MILLER, Secretary 
 
 Public Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 8415 Marquette Avenue 
 
 BOLES GRUDZIŃSKI, President 
 
 W. M. MANISZEWSKI, Secretary 
 
 Pulaski Bldg. Loan & Invest. Assn. 
 1313 Noble Street 
 
 JOHN KENDZIORSKI, President 
 JOHN CZEKAŁA, Secretary 
 
 General Pulaski Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 13358 Brandon Avenue 
 
 CHAS. MOTKOWICZ, President 
 
 C. A. KOCHAŃSKI, Secretary 
 
 Polish Crown Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 1372 Ingraham Street 
 
 S. JANKOWSKI, President 
 
 MARTIN S. LEWANDOWSKI, Secretary 
 
 [133] 
 
2§5" 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 -ale 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 132] 
 
 In general the presence of imported 
 foodstuffs and the evidence that the sup- 
 ply would continue tended to stabilize 
 prices, bring out hoarded stocks, and dis- 
 courage profiteering. A secondary result 
 of the food delivery, but one of great im- 
 portance to the hungry, ill and poor, was 
 that by opening the way into Poland and 
 proving that transportation difficulties 
 were not insurmountable, the American 
 Relief Administration assisted other so- 
 cieties and agencies to bring relief in vari- 
 ous forms. In February and the spring 
 months, the American Red Cross, the Jew- 
 ish Joint Distribution Committee, the Brit- 
 ish and American Friends, and others, sent 
 units to Poland. The American Relief Ad- 
 ministration acted as transport agency for 
 most of them during 1919, and they estab- 
 lished a variety of relief programs, large 
 and small, which were of the greatest value 
 to Poland in the succeeding years. 
 
 Actually, there was no country in 
 Europe, not even in Austria, in which the 
 Americans found conditions more confused 
 or the need greater than in Poland. It 
 should be remembered that when the Food 
 Mission reached Warsaw on January 4, 
 Paderewski had been there only three days 
 and his conferences with Piłsudski, from 
 which the new government emerged, were 
 still going on. Very naturally this govern- 
 ment, struggling to unite a long-divided 
 people, immediately found itself in a fi- 
 nancial tangle which was even more com- 
 plicated than that of the defeated powers. 
 For all of Poland's finances had been tied 
 up with those powers, and with Russia. 
 
 In short, Poland and the other liberated 
 states of Eastern Europe and the Baltic 
 could not mobilize the resources to pur- 
 chase and deliver the food necessary to 
 
 [Continued on page 136] 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 7956 
 
 26 Years in Business 
 
 STANLEY LORENZ 
 
 QUALITY MEATS 
 
 AND HOME MADE SAUSAGES 
 
 We Deliver 
 
 2156 ARMITAGE AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Tym, co pracują dla 
 sprawy Polskiej 
 życzy powo- 
 dzenia 
 
 Dyrektorka Zjednoczenia 
 
 Polskiego Rzymsko 
 
 Katolickiego. 
 
 PHONE ARMITAGE 4683 A. KOSIBA, PROP. 
 
 NAJWIĘKSZY SKŁAD POLSKI ŻELASTWA 
 Założony od roku 1920 
 
 Logan 
 
 Hardware & Paint Store 
 
 Household Goods, Wall Paper, Paint, Glass, 
 Electrical and Gas Supplies 
 
 2408-10 PULLERTON AVENUE 
 
 TEL. HUMBOLDT 6258 
 
 MICHAEL 
 PRZYBYŁA 
 
 First Class 
 
 MEAT MARKET 
 
 Fresh, Smoked and 
 
 Salted Meats 
 Poultry in Season 
 
 2075 NORTH 
 
 WESTERN AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 [134] 
 
M' 
 
 THE EIGHTH POLISH PARISH IN CHICAGO 
 
 'ft 
 
 John P. Grzemski 
 
 ONE of the energetic social, patriotic and political workers of 
 the younger generation is Mr. John P. Grzemski, who con- 
 ducts a Real Estate and Mortgage office at 2304 N. Western 
 Ave., Chicago, Illinois. He is a member of the Polish Roman 
 Catholic Union, Polish National Alliance, Polish Alma Mater 
 and others. Director of the Polish Roman Catholic Union, Sec- 
 retary of the Polish American Building and Loan League, Sec- 
 retary of the Northwestern Saving Bldg. & Loan Ass'n., Secre- 
 tary of the Rev. Joseph Barzyński Club of St. Hedwigs Parish, 
 and officer of Circuit 54 of the P. R. C. U. 
 
 
 K : i 
 
 [135] 
 
sis 
 
 POLKS IX AMERICA - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 FIFTEENTH WARD 
 BUILDING & LOAN ASS'N 
 
 Incorporated 1898 
 
 Officers and Oirectors 
 Frank Konczyk, President 
 William Tamoj, Vice Pres. 
 Walter Okon, Secretary 
 Anthony Czerwiński, Treas. 
 John Poklenkowski, Director 
 
 Casimir S. Wiczas, Attorney 
 
 Leo Jaworowski, Director 
 Jos. Andrzejewski, Director 
 Victor Gerke, Director 
 William Serirot. Director 
 John Honk. Director 
 
 2004 WEBSTER AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 3609 
 
 POLONIA DAIRY COMPANY 
 
 SELECTED DAIRY PRODUCTS 
 903-907 NORTH WINCHESTER AVENUE 
 ANTHONY DUDA, Prop. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 OPEN ALL NIGHT 
 
 Northwestern Pharmacy inc. 
 
 HERMAN ELICH, R. Ph. 
 
 1576 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 Corner Damen Avenue (Robey Street) 
 
 HUMBOLDT 0987 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 St. Hedwig's Dramatic Circle 
 
 Bernard F. Michalak, Pres. 
 2159 NORTH WESTERN AVENUE 
 
 Bb» "^fcJB 
 
 
 F~* 'I 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 K * ■" *\ -^m 
 
 Z. H. Kadow 
 
 
 Alderman of the 
 
 m^m 
 
 33rd Ward 
 
 WkK^9 
 
 
 M 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page I'M) 
 
 check famine and maintain internal stab- 
 ility. Moreover, it soon appeared that 
 though the three Entente Powers had un- 
 dertaken responsibility for 60 per cent of 
 the provisional relief program (Great 
 Britain 25 per cent; France 25 per cent; 
 Italy 10 per cent and the United States 
 the remaining 40 per cent), they were ac- 
 tually not in a position to carry out these 
 obligations they had assumed. If the nec- 
 essary relief was to be given the United 
 States had to provide the greater part of 
 both supplies and finance. 
 
 PRIEBE PRINTERS 
 
 Jos. A. Przywarski, Prop. 
 1644 CORTLAND ST. HUMBOLDT 6195 
 
 [136] 
 
 On November 9, 1918, Hoover had writ- 
 ten to President Wilson suggesting that 
 Congress be asked to appropriate a sum 
 of money to be used as a revolving fund 
 for European relief. This request resulted 
 in a bill appropriating $100,000,000 "for 
 the relief of such populations in Europe 
 and countries contiguous thereto, outside 
 of Germany, German-Austria-Hungary, 
 Bulgaria and Turkey as may be deter- 
 mined upon by the President" ; the bill 
 passed the House and the Senate and was 
 signed by the President in Paris on Feb- 
 ruary 24, 1919. On the same day Wilson 
 issued an Executive Order, designating 
 the American Relief Administration, un- 
 der the directorship of Hoover, to admin- 
 ister the relief and authorizing the Amer- 
 ican Relief Administration to employ the 
 United States Grain Corporation as the 
 agency for the purchase and transport of 
 supplies. 
 
 The Appropriation Act solved the major 
 problem of financing relief in those states 
 in which it was applicable. It was espe- 
 cially important to Poland, for it made 
 available vital food credits which she other- 
 wise would have been unable to obtain. The 
 
 [Continued on page 138] 
 
THE EIGHTH POLISH PARISH IN CHICAGO 
 
 2§S 2f« 
 
 Choose Your Company 
 
 When buying Insurance insist on a strong reliable com- 
 pany. Your agent can furnish you with a policy of the 
 
 (feat American 
 
 Jttaitrattr? (Uomjiatuj 
 
 Nnu $łark 
 
 INCORPORATED 1872 
 
 CAPITAL $ 8,150,000.00 
 
 ASSETS $47,900,459.74 
 
 POLICYHOLDERS SURPLUS §20,161,342.41 
 
 City Office 
 TELEPHONE WABASH 2145 
 
 SUITE A 1 146, 175 WEST JACKSON BLVD. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 C. R. STREET, Vice-President 
 
 M. E. MORIARTY, Manager City Office 
 
 S. P. STEPHANY, Special Agent 
 
 For an agency appointment get in touch with 
 S. P. Stephany, special agent. 
 
 (We Write all forms of Insurance except Lije) 
 
 [137] 
 
2§5- 
 
 POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -ale 
 
 TEL. BRUNSWICK 1098 
 
 J. CZERWIŃSKI 
 
 FANCY GROCERY AND MEAT MARKET 
 Fifteen Years in This Business 
 
 2144 N. LEAVITT STREET, CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 1963-1948 
 
 DUBINSKI'S PHARMACY 
 
 A. Dubinski, R. Ph., Prop. 
 
 A Veteran of Piłsudski Legion and Polish Army 
 
 2116 N. LEAVITT ST. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 PHONE BRUNSWICK 7366 
 
 KAZ. WOJTAS 
 
 WHOLESALE— RETAIL 
 
 EUROPEJSKI WYRÓB WĘDLIN 
 HOME MADE SAUSAGE SPECIALTIES 
 
 2012 ARMITAGE AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Brunswick 6998-6999 
 
 Show Rooms at Factory 
 
 Perfect Parlor Furniture Co. inc. 
 
 WHOLESALE ONLY 
 
 Manufacturers of Quality Upholstered Furniture 
 
 1532-4-6 ELK GROVE AVENUE 
 
 Near Lincoln St. and North Ave. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 J. C. BURGRAFF 
 
 FLORAL SHOP 
 
 FLOWERS FOR WEDDINGS, FUNERALS, ETC. 
 
 2321 N. WESTERN AVE. ARMITAGE 4629 
 
 SZCZEPAN WAJDA 
 
 European Style Sausages 
 
 Wholesale and Retail 
 
 2245 N. WESTERN AVE. ARMITAGE 8725 
 
 DR. WM. LAMBRECHT 
 
 Optometrist 
 1958 MILWAUKEE AVENUE, at Western 
 
 40 Years in Same Location PHONE HUMBOLDT 6221 
 
 DR. FRED W. AHLERS 
 
 DENTIST 
 1958 MILWAUKEE AVE. BRUNSWICK 6707 
 
 AT WESTERN AVENUE 
 
 [ 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued on page 136] 
 
 American Relief Administration could 
 now accept the obligations of the Polish 
 Treasury, and the full American revictual- 
 ment program was assured. 
 
 Realizing that the assurance of conti- 
 nued American assistance on a large scale 
 would greatly strengthen the new govern- 
 ment, Hoover immediately telegraphed to 
 Paderewski that the stream of food from 
 America would continue to flow in in- 
 creasing volume. To this announcement 
 Hoover added this personal message: "It 
 is now four years since I first attempted 
 in cooperation with yourself to secure the 
 international organization of systematic 
 relief to Poland, and, late as the day is 
 and as great as the suffering of Polish 
 people has been, yet I witness this day with 
 no little personal satisfaction. It marks 
 a good omen in the road of realization of 
 Polish aspirations to which you have de- 
 voted your life." 
 
 Paderewski replied on March 15 : "Your 
 beautiful message touches me profoundly. 
 I certainly remember all your noble efforts 
 four years ago to assist my country and 
 shall never forget your generous endeavor- 
 ing, alas! frustrated by the merciless at- 
 titude of our common foe. It is a privilege 
 for any man to cooperate in your great 
 work, and I highly appreciate the honor 
 of having my name in a modest way asso- 
 ciated with yours in the present relief of 
 Poland. The activity of Colonel Grove and 
 his staff is beyond praise, goods of higher 
 quality arriving daily, and thousands of 
 people, after four and a half years of ter- 
 rible suffering, realizing at last what 
 whole nutritious bread is. In behalf of the 
 government I beg to offer you most sin- 
 cere thanks and with the deepest personal 
 
 [Continued on page 140] 
 
 138] 
 
2$S 
 
 THE EIGHTH POLISH PARISH IN CHICAGO 
 
 -& 
 
 was organized June 1919 by Stephen Grzemski, Jos. Konewko, and J. P. 
 Grzemski. 
 
 The Northwestern Saving Building and Loan Association has its offices 
 at 2304 N. Western Avenue. It is one of the strongest and best managed As- 
 sociation in the City and on February 7th 1933 was admitted to the Federal 
 Home Loan Bank System. 
 
 This Association Pays 5% dividend on all Classes of Savings. 
 
 STANLEY GRZEGOREK, President 
 KAZ. MADAY, Vice President 
 J. P. GRZEMSKI, Secretary 
 P. P. PLUCIŃSKI, Treasurer 
 A. S. GRZEMSKI, Asst. Secy. 
 M. TREMKO, Attorney 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 S. GRZEMSKI 
 J. KONEWKO 
 J. P. GRZEMSKI 
 S. GRZEGOREK 
 K. MADAY 
 
 P. PLUCIŃSKI 
 A. S. GRZEMSKI 
 J. M. WASILEWSKI 
 LEON KREMPEC 
 
 JOHN R. TONDROW 
 
 JOHN F. IGLEWSKI 
 
 WALTER OKON 
 
 John R. Tondrow 
 
 Building and Loan Auditors 
 
 TELEPHONES : 
 ARMITAGE 4002 
 KILDARE 5630 
 LAKE VIEW 4785 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 1625 GRACE STREET 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 [139] 
 
*!*■ 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 J. A. POPIELSKI 
 
 Dialer in Wholesale and Retail 
 
 FRESH, SALT AND SMOKED MEATS 
 AND GROCERIES 
 
 1856 HERVEY STREET 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 3155 
 
 EDWIN F. KEIL 
 
 MEATS 
 Hotel - Restaurant - Institution - Supplies 
 
 l!i:»l AUMITACE AVE. 
 
 BRUNSWICK 9083 
 
 ARMITAGE AUTO STATION 
 
 ESTB. IMS 
 
 Storage, Washing, Expert Service 
 
 We Use Sinclair Products Exclusively 
 
 VISITORS WELCOME 
 
 2212-14-16 ARMITAGE AVENUE 
 
 J. F. KURTZER, MGR. 
 
 Where Quality Costs Less 
 
 WALTER WINIECKI 
 FLOWER SHOP 
 
 Funeral Designs, Wedding Flowers and Bouquets 
 Our Prices Are Lower Because We Have No Branches 
 
 2141 CORTLAND STREET 
 
 NEAR LEAVITT STREET 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Dr. T. M. LARKOWSKI 
 
 Physician and Surgeon 
 
 2000 N. LEAVITT ST. 
 
 BRUNSWICK 3456 
 
 SHAFER'S DRY GOODS 
 
 2060 NORTH DAMEN AVENUE 
 
 BRUNSWICK 0649 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 The Home of the Famous Wedding Photographs 
 
 EDWARD FOX - Photographer 
 
 2003 MILWAUKEE AVE. HUMBOLDT 0890 
 This is my only studio 
 
 ANTONIK BROS. 
 
 FURRIERS 
 
 Furs Made to Order, Remodeled, Repaired and Cleaned 
 Fur Storage in Bank Vaults 
 
 2901 MILWAUKEE AVE. PH. ALBANY 2633 
 
 2ND FLOOR CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 2|S 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 138] 
 
 gratitude, I remain, devotedly yours, I. J. 
 Paderewski." 
 
 The American Relief Administration's 
 place in the revictualment has been indi- 
 cated: it was to be a cooperative effort 
 with the Poles in charge of the actual dis- 
 tribution of food, and the Americans as- 
 sisting with technical advice. For it was 
 the stated policy of the Director-General 
 of Relief that the revictualment program 
 should encourage the initiative of the peo- 
 ple concerned in the use and development 
 of all local resources. The aim of the re- 
 victualment was not simply to save as 
 many individual lives as possible, but to 
 hasten Poland's return to a normal econo- 
 mic life. 
 
 Among the first gifts to Poland in 1919 
 from American organizations was a ship- 
 ment of used clothing and shoes which had 
 been consigned for relief in Belgium. This 
 was given by the Commission for Relief 
 in Belgium ; the first shipment was of 460 
 tons, and three smaller consignments fol- 
 lowed, which were distributed in the Dą- 
 browa and Katowice mining districts un- 
 der direction of Colonel Goodyear of the 
 Allied Coal Mission. 
 
 The Jewish Joint Distribution Commit- 
 tee in January, 1919, supplied funds for 
 the purchase by the Grain Corporation of 
 half the million dollar cargo of a gift-ship 
 to Poland, the Westward-Ho. The Polish 
 National Department, of which John F. 
 Smulski was president, donated the other 
 half, and the American Relief Administra- 
 tion delivered the supplies and arranged 
 for their distribution in cooperation with 
 Dr. Boris D. Bogen of the Jewish Distri- 
 bution Committee and Dr. Smykowski of 
 the Polish Relief Committee. The ship- 
 
 [Continued on page 142] 
 
 [140] 
 
THE EIGHTH POLISH PARISH IN CHICAGO 
 
 2t5 — -ft 
 
 Ladies Club of Queen Hedwig of St. Hedwig's Parish 
 
 Located at Webster and Hoyne Ave. in Chicago, 
 was organized the 27th day of January 1921; by 
 Rev. Father Stanislaus Siatka, C. R., who was the 
 Rector of this parish at that time. This Club has 
 150 members active, not only in the parish but 
 also in political affairs of the country in general. 
 
 The administration is as follows: 
 
 REV. FATHER FRANCES DEMBIŃSKI MRS. ANNA LUDTKA, Rec. Secretary 
 
 C. R., Chaplain MRS. SALIE WIŚNIEWSKI, Fin. Sec. 
 
 MRS. MARIE SNIEGOCKI. President MRS. MARTHA ZAKRZEWSKI, Treas. 
 MRS. VERNIE WIDOWSKI, Vice Pres. 
 
 MRS. V. SPYCHAŁA MRS. ROSE BARYS MRS. H. KRYSZEWSKI 
 
 MRS. WLADYS BALIŃSKI MRS. WANDA KAMKA Committee 
 
 Conductors 
 
 The Rev. Joseph Barzynski Citizens Club 
 of St. Hedwig's Parish 
 
 was organized July 18th, 1909, by Rev. J. B. Obyrtacz. 
 
 The object of this Club is to assist the Pastor in 
 the Welfare Work of the Parish and the School. 
 
 The Club, through its members, is active in the 
 political affairs of the Community. 
 
 The present administration is: 
 
 REV. F. DEMBIŃSKI, Chaplain 
 STAN. LORENZ, President JOHN P. GRZEMSKI, Secretary 
 
 ANT. KOSIBA, Vice President JOS. WOJCIECHOWSKI, Treasurer 
 
 S. SNIEGOCKI FRANK SCIBIOR STAN. PARZYCH 
 
 STAN. FERANSKI Master of Ceremony Custodian 
 
 ANT. CZERWIŃSKI JOHN NOWOSIELSKI PIOTR GAL 
 
 Advisors Mar. I IGNACY KIEŁBASA 
 
 STANLEY ONOPA Flag Bearers 
 
 Mar. II 
 
 [141] 
 
ty- 
 
 POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 ty 
 
 PHONE ARMITAGE 9000 
 
 M. FAIKEL 
 
 HALL TO RENT FOR ALL OCCASIONS 
 2128 N. LEAVITT ST. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Cor. Custer St. 
 
 Tow. Kr. Władysława Jagiełły 
 
 GR. 2206 Z. N. P. 
 Założone 4 Kwietnia, 1932, w Chicago, 111. 
 
 A. PASTERNAK, Prez. 
 T. MRÓZ, Wice-Prez. 
 
 B. JANACZYK, Wice-Prez. 
 J. MODZEJEWSKI, Sekr. 
 
 B. Z. ŁACZYŃSKI, Sekr. F. 
 T. PIECYK, Sekr. Małolet. 
 J. KOWALSKI, Kasjer 
 W. SZERMIŃSKI, Chorąży 
 
 Telephone Brunswick 6148 
 
 NATIONAL CORDIAL CO. 
 
 Quality Cordials, Extracts and Fruit Syrups 
 
 M. F. STRUŻYŃSKI I SYN, właściciele 
 
 2129 NORTH WESTERN AVENUE 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Frank E. Kamka 
 
 UNDERTAKER AND EMBALMER 
 
 Lady Assistant 
 
 Automobiles Furnished for All Occasions 
 
 2121 WEBSTER AVE. 
 
 HUMBOLDT 0403 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 5489 
 
 STAR PAINT & HARDWARE 
 
 2151 N. ARMITAGE AVENUE 
 JOHN C. KOŁODZIEJ CHICAGO 
 
 JEDYNA POLSKA PIEKARNIA NA MARJANOWIE 
 
 CORTLAND BAKERY 
 
 JÓZEF JANKIEWICZ, właściciel 
 
 TORTY, HERBATNIKI I MAKÓW NIKI 
 
 SMACZNE PIECZYWO I CHLEB 
 
 Wypiekane Dwa Razy Dziennie 
 
 1810 CORTLAND ST. BRUNSWICK 5795 
 
 PHONE ARMITAGE 6929 
 
 Maday's Paint & Hardware 
 
 "WE MAKE KEYS" 
 2000 N. HOYNE AYE. CHICAGO 
 
 Corner Armitage Avenue 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 140] 
 
 merit was distributed without distinction 
 as to the creed of the beneficiaries. 
 
 The American Red Cross also sent sup- 
 plies and workers in February, 1919. The 
 first shipment of supplies reached Cracow 
 about the middle of the month, and was 
 distributed by Captain Nowak of the 
 American Relief Administration, as Red 
 Cross representatives had not then ar- 
 rived. Their first unit reached Warsaw 
 March 3, on a sanitary train, and by April 
 first they had a base at Kowel with 58 
 cars of supplies and 140 personnel. 
 
 It w'as agreed that while the American 
 Relief Administration cared for the im- 
 portation of all supplies and carried on 
 the government revictualment campaign, 
 the Red Cross would devote itself to medi- 
 cal and children's relief. However, food 
 was the first essential in Poland at this 
 time, and so the Red Cross opened soup 
 kitchens, as well as dispensaries and health 
 centers. Later the American Relief Ad- 
 ministration took over children's relief, 
 and the anti-typhoid campaign of 1919-20. 
 They distributed considerable used clothing 
 during this year and at one time had three 
 active units in the Eastern Districts en- 
 gaged in feeding, clothing relief, and med- 
 ical work. 
 
 "The Friends" (British and American 
 Quakers) also sent relief workers to Po- 
 land soon after the country was opened to 
 such missions. They came primarily for 
 health and typhoid relief, settled in a few 
 localities and turned their hands to what- 
 ever was needed in any particular com- 
 munity. Their first station was opened at 
 Zawieście, in southwest Poland, August 
 20, 1919, where they engaged in various 
 forms of relief, distributing American Re- 
 
 [Continued on page 144] 
 
 [142] 
 
THE EIGHTH POLISH PARISH IN CHICAGO 
 
 & 
 
 ats 
 
 COMPLIMENTS 
 
 
 Pioneer Fire Insurance Co. 
 
 
 of America 
 
 
 GENERAL INSURANCE 
 
 
 29 SO. LA SALLE ST. 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 
 CENTRAL 6390-6391 
 
 JOHN B. BRENZA, Sec'y 
 AUSTIN J. O'MALLEY, State Agent J. J. McKAY, Underwriter 
 
 
 Compliments^of 
 
 Clayton r . Omith 
 
 Recorder of Deeds 
 
 [143] 
 
$A 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -3|5 
 
 SUCCESS To Polish 
 
 33rd Ward Polis 
 
 ANTH. -I. DEMUSKI. Pres. 
 
 212H N. Damen Ave. 
 LOUIS J. WOJTYŁA 
 
 Vice President 
 FRANK WITKOWSKI 
 
 2nd Vice President 
 ALOIS YACTOR. Rec. Sec. 
 
 2048 Charleston St. 
 PAUL ARENDT. Fin. Sec. 
 ANTH. PLUCIŃSKI, Treas. 
 
 Week of Hospitality 
 
 h-American Club 
 
 SYLVESTER TOMCHEK 
 Sergeant-at-Arms 
 DIRECTORS 
 JOHN C. LASKE 
 WM. LIPKA 
 MITCHEAL SADOWSKI 
 WM. MAZUREK 
 KONSTANTY PAZIK 
 
 ADVOCATE 
 C. H. KORDOWSKI 
 
 TELEFON BRUNSWICK 2373 
 
 Ludwik W. Wojtyła 
 
 Przedsiębiorca Pogrzebowy 
 Re gist rowan y Balsamator 
 
 Wynajmuje Automobile 
 na Wszelkie Okazje 
 
 2109 WEBSTER AVENUE 
 
 (Naprzeciw kościoła Św. Jadwisii) 
 
 Bakery Goods For All Occasions 
 
 KARL KOSARY 
 
 INTERNATIONAL BAKERY 
 2227 N. WESTERN AVE. HUMBOLDT 8866 
 
 BERNARD KLARKOWSKI 
 
 First Class Delicatessen and Grocery 
 2303 N. WESTERN AVE. ARMITAGE 3962 
 
 A. GURAK 
 
 First Class Grocery and Meat Market 
 2040 LYNDALE AVE. TEL. ARMITAGE 0076 
 
 PHILLIP FIDLER 
 
 H. O MADAJ, Mgr. 
 
 Manufacturer of Caps and Hats 
 2045 MILWAUKEE AVE. HUMBOLDT 0753 
 
 DR. MICHAEL J. KUTZA 
 
 Physician ;mrf Surgeon 
 
 OFFICE 1941 NORTH WESTERN AVENUE 
 Office Hours. 11 to 1 and 6 to S l'. M. 
 
 PHONE ARMITAGE 7675 
 
 Hellmuth Prescription Pharmacy 
 
 .7. A'. Hellmuth, Mgr., Registered Pharmacist 
 
 GRADUATE IN PHARMACY 
 
 2252 N. WESTERN AVENUE, COR. COYNE ST. 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 3022 CHICAGO 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 142] 
 
 lief Administration food in the children's 
 relief campaign. 
 
 It must not be forgotten that Great Brit- 
 ain, in spite of four years of financial 
 strain and her war loans to allies, allo- 
 cated about $8,000,000 to Poland, a large 
 part of which was devoted to the payment 
 of ocean freights on American cargoes and 
 to railway material, the remainder to de- 
 liveries of food, clothing and hospital sup- 
 plies. 
 
 France contributed no food, having none 
 to spare. Her aid to Poland was military 
 — the sending of a strong military mission 
 to help Poland maintain her position on 
 several fronts, notably the Russian, and 
 the granting of credits for military sup- 
 plies in a country in which war persisted 
 long after Western Europe had settled 
 down to its troubled peace. 
 
 America with her great program of re- 
 lief has earned the undying gratitude of 
 the Poles. The revictualment campaign 
 had carried Poland over the immediate 
 post-war food crisis and was the first step 
 in the long process of economic readjust- 
 ment. It saved thousands of lives; it un- 
 doubtedly saved the Government, which 
 could not have carried on and created any 
 semblance of order with famine in its 
 cities. The revictualment program had al- 
 ready led to activity in child-feeding, cloth- 
 ing distribution, sanitary and anti-typhus 
 relief, and finally into various cooperative 
 efforts in economic reconstruction, so that 
 in the fall of 1919, though revictualment 
 
 [Continued on page 146] 
 
 FOR 
 
 DEPEND ON 
 
 KILDARE 
 , 3440 
 
 [144] 
 
*!*- 
 
 THE EIGHTH POLISH PARISH IN CHICAGO 
 
 -2|5 
 
 BOYDA DAIRY CO. — 
 
 THE CHOICE OF DISCRIMINATING CHICAGO. 
 
 Dependable, Every Day Safety. 
 Absolute Cleanliness. Rich, Wholesome Flavor. 
 
 H 
 
 MILK 
 : A I_T H ! 
 
 ZDROWE — SMACZNE, NAPOJE "BON TON" ZASPOKOIŁY PRAGNIENIE SETKOM TYSIĘCY 
 
 DLACZEGO NIE SPRÓBOWAĆ I PRZEKONAĆ SIĘ? 
 BON-TON BEVERAGE INC. telefon monroe 4987 
 
 [145] 
 
Ik- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 144] 
 
 was over, Poland was not left to struggle 
 on alone, but continued to receive friendly, 
 disinterested aid from abroad for several 
 years. 
 
 Of all the measures initiated by the Di- 
 rector-General of Relief to avert famine 
 and preserve social order in Central and 
 Eastern Europe, revictualment was widest 
 in scope and most important in its imme- 
 diate effects. But revictualment did not 
 stand alone. It depended in some degrees 
 on other activities which were supplement- 
 ary to it. These concerned economic func- 
 tions of the new states of vital importance 
 to their industrial life and essential to the 
 distribution of relief: inland transport; 
 the exchange of commodities; the produc- 
 
 [ Continued on page 150] 
 
 Young Men's Club of Saint 
 Hedwig's Parish 
 
 Al. J. Małkowski, Pres. 3331 N. HAMLIN AVE. 
 
 KTO BYŁ NA 
 
 WYSTAWIE 
 
 CHICAGO- 
 
 SKIEJ 
 
 A NIE BYŁ 
 
 TEL. HUMBOLDT 
 5614-5639 
 
 Restauracji 
 
 "L 
 
 ,enarda" 
 
 
 1160-70 
 
 
 Milwaukee Ave. 
 
 TEN NIE 
 
 
 WIDZIAŁ 
 WSZYST- 
 KIEGO 
 
 PUNKT ZBORNY 
 
 OŚCI 
 WYSTAWOWYCH 
 
 1 INTELIGENCJI 
 CHICAG OSKIEJ 
 
 
 SMACZNE OBIADY 
 KOLACJE I PIWO 
 CIASTKA, TORTY 
 I MAZURKI 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 DUŻA SALA 
 DO WYNAJĘCIA 
 
 ESTABLISHED 
 1921 
 
 PHONE 
 HUMBOLDT 3582 
 
 THE PASIER PRODUCTS CO. 
 
 Manufacturers 
 PICKLES, SAUERKRAUT, VINEGAR 
 
 Mustard, Horse Radish, Catsup, Olives, 
 Pickle Relishes, etc. 
 
 FACTORY AND GARDENS 
 
 GENOA CITY, WIS. 
 
 OFFICES AND FACTORY 
 
 1901-03 West Division Street 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 J. GAWEL, President 
 
 L. WIŚNIEWSKI, Treasurer 
 
 P. KONOPKA, Secretary 
 
 L. BRZUSZKIEWICZ 
 
 MEAT MARKET 
 2135 LYNDALE ST. TEL. ARMITAGE 2317 
 
 SANSONE BROS. 
 
 MUNICIPAL MARKET 
 2083 MILWAUKEE AVE. HUMBOLDT 0745 
 
 ARMITAGE RESTAURANT 
 
 M. WOJTAS, Prop. 
 
 Home Cooking Our Specialty 
 
 Service With a Smile 
 
 2014 ARMITAGE AVE. HUMBOLDT 8799 
 
 THE ROSE 
 DEPARTMENT STORE 
 
 20G0-62 MILWAUKEE AVE., HUMBOLDT 2151 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 CAPITOL SERVICE STATION 
 
 JOHN RESKE 
 
 4164 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 [146] 
 
& 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2§S 
 
 (Five Holy Martyrs' Parish) 
 
 Parafja Sw. Pięciu Braci Polaków 
 
 i Męczenników 
 
 1 
 
 £ffi% •< 
 
 H 
 
 ■ 
 
 'W 
 
 KOŚCIÓŁ PIĘCIU BRACI POLAKÓW I MĘCZENNIKÓW 
 
 Było to w roku 1908, dnia 3go listopada, kiedy Wiel. 
 Ks. Józef Kruszka, ówczesny proboszcz parafji Najśw. 
 Marji w Gostyniu (Downers Grove, III.), odebrał pole- 
 cenie listowne od Najprzewiel. Ks. Arcybiskupa Quig- 
 ley'a aby się zajął zorganizowaniem parafji w Brighton 
 Parku, mającej swe centrum około 41ej i Kedzie Ave., 
 pod wezwaniem ŚŚ. Pięciu Braci Polaków i Męczenni- 
 ków. Nie trwało długo a Wiel. Ks. Kruszka zaczął pierw- 
 sze nabożeństwa odprawiać w publicznej szkole Davis 
 z braku innego stosownego budynku. Rozpoczął budowę 
 kombinacyjnego gmachu szkoły i kościoła razem, w roku 
 1909 kiedy to w maju tego roku Najprzewiel. Ks. Biskup 
 Rhode przybył poświęcić kamień węgielny. Po ukończe- 
 niu budowy tak na jesień Wiel. Ks. Proboszcz rozpoczął 
 na stałe odprawiać nabożeństwa we własności para- 
 fjalnej. 
 
 Z powodu bliskości fabryki i braku miejsca stosownego 
 na rozbudowę posiadłości kościelnych na nakaz Najprze- 
 wiel. Ks. Arcybiskupa obecnego Kardynała Mundeleina, 
 Ks. Kruszka zmuszony był przeprowadzić lokację parafji 
 do obecnej siedziby między 43cią i 44tą na Francisco 
 i Richmond ulicach, gdzie w roku 1919 rozpoczęto i 
 ukończono budowę kościoła osobnego i szkoły. 
 
 Pa świętach wielkanocnych do parafji przybył na pro- 
 boszcza w roku 1921 po przeniesieniu Ks. Kruszki do 
 parafji św. Anny, Wiel. Ks. Jakób J. Strzycki z Phoenix, 
 111. Podczas gospodarowania Wiel. Ks. Strzyckiego wy- 
 budowano plebanję, dom Sióstr, nową szkołę na Fran- 
 cisco ulicy (ze salą i kręgielnią) i dodatkową małą 
 szkółkę. Obecnie w szkole paraf jalnej znajduje się 1,750 
 dzieci pod dozorem Czcigodnych Sióstr Franciszkanek. 
 
 Obecnem proboszczem parafji jest Wiel. Ks. Jakób J. 
 Strzycki, któremu w pracy duszpasterskiej dopomagają Zjednoczonych. 
 
 Wielebni i XX. Edward Plawiński,, 
 Edward Madaj i Paweł Mytys. Ko- 
 mitet parafjalny stanowią panowie 
 Marcin Kutas i Wal. Balachowski. 
 
 Komitet parafjalny "tygodnia 
 polskiej gościnności" stanowią: p. 
 Albert V. Tenczar, prezes; Jan Ci- 
 choszewski, kasjer i Mikołaj Strzy- 
 cki, sekretarz. Inne komitety są 
 jak następuje: komitet zabaw i 
 programów, Anna Kopera, Józefa 
 Borucki, Marja Pankros, Zofja 
 Chmiel i Rozalja Gulczyńska; ko- 
 mitet biletów: Władysława Meger 
 i Jan Rolla; komitet kontestów: 
 Anna Kopera; komitet muzyki: 
 Franciszek Niedźwiecki, Antoni 
 Bodnicki i Piotr Cieśla; komi- 
 tet zaproszeń: Jadwiga Rolewicz i 
 Marja Nowak; komitet rydwanu i 
 pochodu: Antoni Bodnicki, Franci- 
 szek Niedźwiecki ; komitet sposobów 
 i planów: Jadwiga Chojnacka, Jó- 
 zef Gumiński, Franciszek Socha, 
 Jan Doniek i Helena Czarnik; ko- 
 mitet reklamy: Stanisław Pankros, 
 Marja Myszkowska i Józef Dybała; 
 komitet atletyki: S. Frankowski, 
 Anna Piarowska i Władysław Bo- 
 rucki; komitet lokalów: Walenty 
 Balachowski i Wiktorja Cieśla; 
 komitet transportacji: Adam Wal- 
 czak, Franciszek Pawlak; komitet książki pamiętnikowej: 
 Stanisław Marcinkowski. Piotr Chamot, Józef Jaszczak. 
 Karol Geisler, Józef Gumiński i Karol Moczarski; komi- 
 tet kontestu: A. Kopera i Józef Gumiński. 
 
 Przy parafji skupiają się następujące towarzystwa: 
 Starszy i Młodszy Chór Św. Cecylji pod dyrekcją p. Kla- 
 rencjusza Rybowiak, Bractwo Dzieci Marji, Bractwo 
 Dziewic Różańcowych, Bractwo Niewiast Różańcowych, 
 2 oddziały skautów, Trzeci Zakon Św. Franciszka, To- 
 warzystwo Najśw. Imienia Jezus, oddział mężczyzn żo- 
 natych, oddział młodzieńców i oddział chłopców szkolnych, 
 Tow. Św. Teresy, Tow. Św. Anny, Tow. Królowej Korony 
 Polskiej, Tow. Serca Marji, Tow. Św. Doroty, Tow. Św. 
 Agnieszki, Klub Pani Skłodowskiej, Stowarzyszenie A- 
 lumnatu Szkoły Parafjalnej, Kółko Dramatyczne, Tow. 
 Św. Jakóba, Tow. Wszystkich Świętych, Tow. Jana 
 Chrzciciela Osada Zjednoczenia Nr. 60 i Klub Obywatel- 
 ski Brighton Park Civic and Improvement Association. 
 W obrębie parafji również skupiają się połączone towa- 
 rzystwa "Domu Polskiego" składające się z następują- 
 cych tow.: Tow. Wolność Św. Jana, Tow. Majowa Ju- 
 trzenka, Tow. Kazimierza Królewicza, Tow. Wolne Polki. 
 Parafja ŚŚ. Pięciu Braci Polaków i Męczenników 
 wzięła czynny udział w Polskim Tygodniu Gościnności 
 rozpoczynając tydzień ten przyjęciem gości w niedzielę, 
 dnia 16go lipca b. r., w Auditorjum parafjalnem, boga- 
 tym programem oraz zabawą taneczną na którem wy- 
 brano w konteście popularności Królową Parafji, która 
 reprezentowała paraf ję w konteście głównem w dniu 
 polskim. W pochodzie w dniu polskim parafja wystawiła 
 oryginalny rydwan przedstawiający odrodzenie i zmar- 
 twychwstanie Polski, wskutek pośrednictwa Stanów 
 
 [147] 
 
2tS- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 M 
 
 JOS. S. GUMINSKI, 
 
 President 
 B. S. PATZKOWSKI, 
 
 Vice President 
 N. STRZYCKI, 
 
 Secretary 
 F. LASSA, 
 
 Treasurer 
 W. BALACHOWSKI, 
 
 Sergeant at Arms 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 J. CICHOSZEWSKI 
 L. B. KUNKA 
 W. MARCINIAK 
 C. MOCZARSKI 
 J. BARAN 
 
 HE Brighton Park Civic and Improvement Ass'n. was organized through 
 the influential leadership and zealous work of the Rev. James J. Strzycki, 
 pastor of Five Holy Martyrs Parish, who solicited the assistance of active 
 civic minded citizens of the community for the purpose of organizing the 
 citizenry for the protection against unjust taxaton, the installation of the 
 highest ideals of American citizenship in its members, the promotion of 
 community goodfellowship and all general improvements to beautify the 
 district so as it may be a pleasant place to live in. Many improvements 
 of major importance have been realized and accomplished through the 
 efforts of this association which has been an inspiration to other citizens to interest 
 themselves in the betterment of this district. The membership consists of over 500 
 home owners and tax payers. This organization meets every first Monday of the 
 month at the Five Holy Martyrs Auditorium, located at 43rd and Richmond streets. 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 n n 
 Zl Xl 
 
 KOMITET POŁĄCZONYCH TOWARZYSTW 
 
 DOMU POLSKIEGO W BRIGHTON PARK 
 
 4607-15 SOUTH MOZART ULICA 
 
 ,OM POLSKI został wybudowany w roku 1919 w dzielnicy Brighton Pai - k przez 
 
 połączone towarzystwa i dobrze myślących obywateli tejże dzielnicy, który 
 
 służy jako siedziba miejscowych towarzystw w sprawach polskich, na obchody 
 
 narodowe, zabawy, uroczystości i wszelkie zgromadzenia w sprawach polskich ideowych. 
 
 Towarzystwa należące do "Domu Polskiego" są następujące: 
 
 Klub Obywatelski Demokratyczny "Silver City" 
 
 Tow. Św. Kazimierza Królewicza, Grwpa 1338 Z. N. P. 
 
 Tow. Majowa Jutrzenka, Grupa 193 Związku Polek w Ameryce 
 
 Tow. Wszystkich Świętych, No. 902 Z. P. R. K. 
 
 Tow. Matki Boskiej Królowej Korony Polskiej 
 
 Tow. Św. Jadwigi, No. 2Ą, Wolne Polki na Ziemi Washingtona 
 
 Tow. Św. Agnieszki, No. 110, Macierzy Polskiej 
 
 Administracja Połączonych Towarzystw na rok Światowej Wystawy 1933 składa się 
 z następujących: W. Panfil, prez.; J. Hojnacka, wice prez. ; F. Niedźwiecki, sekr. prot. ; 
 S. Bonkowska, sekr. fin.; J. Malec, kasjerka; J. Dybała, F. Jabłoński i M. Grencholc, 
 radni; M. Klaus, marszałek; A. Wiewiurkiewicz, L. Grajek i M. Tomaszewska, chorąży. 
 A. Piarowska, zarządczyni Domu. 
 
 [148] 
 
8§5- 
 
 PIVE HOLY MARTYR'S PARISH 
 
 'J§5 
 
 Towarzystwo Sw. Jana Chrzciciela 
 
 NR. 914 ZJED. POL. RZ. KAT. 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 OWARZYSTWO Św. Jana Chrzciciela, No. 913 Z. P. R. K., zostało założone 
 dnia 15go Października, r. 1915, jako stowarzyszenie patrjotyczne w celu 
 pielęgnowania ducha narodowego i obowiązku walczenia o niepodległość 
 Polski. Założycielami Towarzystwa Św. Jana Chrzciciela byli następujący 
 obywatele: Konstanty Hilicki i Aleksander Narel. Pierwsze posiedzenie 
 Tow. Św. Jana Chrzciciela odbyło się 15go Października, roku 1915, na 
 którem przewodniczył Konstanty Hilicki. W skład obecnej administracji 
 wchodzą: Józef Więzień, prezes; Antoni Myśliwiec, wice prezes; Jan Jaku- 
 bowski, sekretarz protokółowy; Piotr Cieśla, sekretarz fin.; Wojciech Klimczak, kasjer; 
 Franciszek Potempa, sekr. dla Małoletnich; Andrzej Gryga, marszałek; Jan Potyrała, 
 marszałek; Ks. Prób. Jakób Strzycki, kapelan; Walenty Bajzer, chorąży; Jan Macho- 
 wicz, chorąży; Franciszek Skilondz, Jan Myśliwiec, dyrektorzy; Jan Stachyra, odźwier- 
 ny. Towarzystwo liczy obecnie 235 członków i członkiń. W gronie swem ma Towarzy- 
 stwo 40 Kupców i Przemysłowców. 
 
 ST. CECILIA SENIOR CHOIR 
 
 of the Five Holy Martyrs Parish 
 
 HE St. Cecilia Senior Choir is a parish institution, which dates back to 
 the early days of the establishment of the Five Holy Martyrs Parish. It 
 has always stood in the forefront in allegiance to the parish's ideals and 
 best traditions. It has always fulfilled its lofty ideal of cultivating and 
 festering ecclesiastical and national music, in a most praiseworthy manner. 
 The faithful and untireing work of this youthful group of music lovers 
 has borne fruit, so that today the Choir is recognized on all sides as one 
 of the best in parish circles. Being an organization of young men and 
 women, full of youthful energy and enthusiasm, it has not followed the 
 beaten path of dull and monotonous repetitions either in its rendition of church music 
 or national music, but has blazed the trail to newer and better things. That progressive 
 spirit has led it to undertake tasks which generally are not associated with the work 
 of amateurs. The last annual concert was a proof of that, when the choir and its 
 soloists rendered the difficult "sextette" from the opera "Lucia". As a fitting inaugural 
 for the parish celebration of the "Century of Progress" the choir presented on June 
 4th a two act comic operetta by Geoffrey Morgan and Frederic Johnson called the 
 "Sunbonnet Girl". The presentation won unstinted praise from every quarter. Again 
 the choir by its work has placed itself in the front ranks of parish choirs. 
 
 As was stated, the membership of the choir is composed of young men and young 
 women recruited from the confines of the parish. Miss Helen C. Wojtecki is president, 
 Miss Rosalie Krajewski, vice president, Miss Helen Krupa recording secretary, Miss 
 Angela Abram financial secretary, Mr. Joseph Guminski, treasurer, Mr. Henry Jacko- 
 wiak, sergeant at arms, Mr. Joseph Kornecki, asst. sergeant at arms, Mr. Clarence 
 Rybowiak, director, and Rev. Edward Plawinski, chaplain. 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 J 
 
 [149] 
 
&' 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 BRACTWO NIEWIAST 
 RÓŻAŃCA ŚW. 
 
 iv Paraf ji Św. Pięciu Braci 
 Polaków i Męczenników 
 
 Założone zostało 1908 r. przez Wiel. Ks. Józefa Kruszkę 
 Organizatorkami były Marja Panek i Katarzyna Wójcik. 
 
 Przełożoną była Leokadja Promińska. 
 
 Tow. Matki Boskiej Królowej 
 Korony Polskiej 
 
 Założone zostało dnia ligo Czerwca, 1911 r. 
 
 Założycielkami były panie: J. Wagner, M. Ciesielska i ś. p. 
 J. Wójcik. Tow. liczy przeszło 460 członkiń i wzrasta dzień 
 za dniem. Zarząd obecny stanowią panie: J. Rolewicz, prez. ; 
 A. Kłus, wice prez.; M. Myszkowska, sekr. prot.; A. 
 Piarowska, sekr. fin.; M. Kucharska, kasjerka; J. 
 Hojnacka i M. Bielska, radne; L. Maćkowiak, mar- 
 szałkini; A. Korzeniowska, K. Wyza i M. Tomaszew- 
 ska, chorążynie. Posiedzenia odbywają się w 1-szy 
 poniedziałek miesiąca w Po'skim Domu Wolności, 
 4615 South Mozart street. 
 
 TOWARZYSTWO MAJOWA 
 JUTRZENKA 
 
 Grupa 193 Z. P. A. 
 Założone zostało dnia 8go Czerwca, 191Ą r. 
 
 Założycielkami były panie: K. Kwiatkowska, J. Rolewicz, S. 
 Bąkowska. M. Piątkowska i A. Fetter. Istnieje również 
 Wianek przy tej Grupie. Obecny zarząd składa się: W. Mar- 
 cinkiewicz, prez. ; M. Kucharska i A. Korzeniowska, wice 
 prz. ; K. Witkowska, sekr. fin. ; M. Myszkowska, sekr. prot. ; 
 J. Rolewicz, kasjerka; A. Hencińska i A. Łakomska, radne. 
 Siedziba Tow. jest w Domu Polskim w sali "Wolność." 
 Posiedzenia odbywają się w Domu Polskim. 
 
 TOW. "WOLNOŚĆ" 
 
 Pod Opieką Św. Jana No. 1 
 
 Założone w miesiącu Marcu, 1925 roku w sali ob. 
 W. Woźniaka, w dzielnicy Brighton Park, gdzie 
 obecnie odbywają się posiedzenia w każdą drugą 
 niedzielę miesiąca. Obecny zarząd stanowią: W. 
 Panfil, prez.; F. Hojnacki, wice prez.; J. Ig. Hoj- 
 nacki, sekr. prot.; J. Berczyński, sekr. fin.; W. 
 Woźniak, kasjer; A. Maćkowiak, marszałek; A. 
 Wiewierkiewicz i A. Madaliński, radni. 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 146] 
 
 tion and distribution of fuel. The meas- 
 ures which Hoover and his associates put 
 into effect were not conceived as cures that 
 would restore the injured economic system 
 to normal health, but as first aid treat- 
 ment which would save the system from 
 bleeding to death from its wounds. 
 
 For instance, Major T. R. Ryan left 
 Paris for Gdansk and Warsaw to become 
 transportation expert for the American 
 Relief Administration Polish Mission and 
 to serve as United States representative on 
 the Allied Railway Mission to Poland 
 which the Communications Section had de- 
 cided to establish under the chairmanship 
 of General Hammond (Great Britain). 
 Major Ryan recommended to the Supreme 
 Economic Council the immediate assign- 
 ment to Poland of 2,000 Armistice cars 
 and 100 locomotives and later provision of 
 5,000 cars and 300 engines. The Mission 
 assisted in the procurement of consider- 
 able rolling stock through the U. S. Liquid- 
 ation Board, began negotiations to secure 
 150 locomotives on credit from the Baldwin 
 Locomotive Works, and interested itself 
 with good effect in technical and operating 
 matters. In addition to their part in these 
 specialized activities, the American mem- 
 bers of the Polish and other Central Euro- 
 pean Railway Missions effected the ex- 
 change of contracts between Poland and 
 her neighbors, which could not have been 
 brought about without American interven- 
 tion. 
 
 The fuel situation was straightened out 
 by the Allied Coal Commission under the 
 
 [Continued on page 152] 
 
 S. M. LACH 
 
 Brighton Lighting Fixture Co. 
 
 Electric Light Fixtures 
 
 Electric Wiring- for Light and Power 
 
 3980-82 ARCHER AVE. LAFAYETTE 3437 
 
 [150] 
 
&- 
 
 FIVE HOLY MARTYR'S PARISH 
 
 "2§5 
 
 LAFAYETTE 5660 
 
 $M 
 
 Pafiirf 
 
 Wholesale and Retail 
 
 Pure Dairy Products 
 
 3314-18 WEST 47TH STREET 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Frank P. Bauer Marble Co. 
 
 4320-40 MELROSE STREET H 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 Interior Marble Work 
 
 A FEW OF OUR RECENT INSTALLATIONS 
 
 Little Company of Mary Hospital 
 Holy Name Rectory 
 
 Benedictine Chapel, Mundelein 
 Faculty Bldg., Mundelein 
 
 Cudahy Memorial, Loyolla University 
 
 Administration Bldg., Resurrection Cemetary 
 
 President 
 FRANK P. BAUER 
 
 Representative 
 JOSEPH F. KOSKIEWICZ 
 
 [151] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 '& 
 
 Th. Lafayette 422S 
 Day & Night Service 
 
 Joseph 
 Pacholski 
 
 Undertaker and 
 Embalmer 
 
 Autos to Let for 
 Weddings, Christen- 
 ings, Funerals and 
 all other occasions. 
 
 2620 W. 47th ST. 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 TOW. SODALICY 
 ŚW. TERESY 
 
 Przy Paraf ji Pięciu Braci Pol. i Męcz. 
 
 Zostało założone przez Ks. Prób. J. Strzyckiego 
 8go maja, 1929 roku w sali parafjalnej. Pierwszy 
 zarząd składał się jak następuje: M. Panek, prez. ; 
 J. Borucka, wice prez.; W. Rochowiak, sekr. prot. ; 
 G. Cholewińska, sekr. fin. 
 
 TOW. ŚW. KAZIMIERZA 
 KRÓLEWICZA 
 
 Grupa 1338 Z. N. P. 
 
 Założone dnia ligo Lutego. 1911 roku, przez następujących 
 członków: St. Włodarczyk, J. Kierkowski, J. Malec, F. 
 Klimkiewicz, Wł. Derdziński. Posiedzenia odbywają, 
 się w Polskim Domu "Wolność". Obecny zarząd sta- 
 nowią: S. Marcinkowski, prezes; J. Skóra, wice prez.; 
 I. Hojnacki, sekr. prot.; T. Wiertelak, sekr. fin.; S. 
 Weinert, skarbnik; W. Gruszczyński, marszałek; J. 
 Berczyński i F. Jabłoński, radni; P. Piekarski, cho- 
 rąży. 
 
 Posiedzenia odbywają się w każdy 3ci piątek miesiąca 
 
 TOW. ŚW. DOROTY 
 
 No. 508 Z. P. R. K. 
 
 Zorganizowane około 1923 roku. Panienki i młode mężatki 
 stanowią członkostwo tego Tow. Gertruda Przybylska, prez. ; 
 Helena Juchniewicz, wice prez.; Aniela żelazo, sekr. 
 prot.; Kat. Połoniec, sekr. fin.; Flor. Ligocka, kas.; 
 Ks. Edw. Pławiński, kapelan. 
 
 TOW. ŚW. JADWIGI 
 
 Grupa 2Ą Wolne Polki na Ziemi Washingtona 
 
 Tow. skupia się w Domu Wolność. Zarząd obecny: J. Role- 
 wicz, prez. ; T. Malinowska, wice prez. ; K. Witkowska, sekr. 
 prot.; M. Lassa, sekr. fin.; W. Marcinkiewicz, kasjer- 
 ka; Franciszka Nowak i Sławek, radne. 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 150] 
 
 presidency of Col. Goodyear. The Coal 
 Commission aimed to improve the produc- 
 tion and distribution of coal in the coal 
 mines of Poland, while a few months later 
 the American Technical Mission was en- 
 gaged in assisting the Poles to secure 
 proper equipment for the mines. 
 
 In plain figures, the expenditures for 
 Polish relief, as of February 25, 1919, 
 amounted to $178,729,932.16. The Con- 
 gressional Appropriation of February 25, 
 1919, included for General Relief, $63,- 
 191,316.61, and for Children's Relief, $6,- 
 025,316.61 ; U. S. Army Liquidation Bond 
 Sales, $59,365,11.97; U. S. Grain Corpo- 
 ration Sales, $24,353,590.97; European 
 Children's fund, $16,769,305.53; Amer- 
 ican Relief Administration — Warehouse, 
 Draft, and Bulk Sales, $1,315,644.79; Con- 
 tribution of Food by Polish Government, 
 $7,619,280.26; Donation of Warehouse 
 Space by Polish Government, $90,000.00. 
 
 Relief furnished to Poland under the 
 Congressional Appropriation of February 
 
 [Continued on page 154] 
 
 FELIX SADOWSKI 
 
 Prowadzący Skład Rzeźniczy i Groserji 
 w tej dzielnicy 9 lat 
 
 2451 W. 45TH ST. TEL. LAFAYETTE 1383 
 
 TOW. SERCA MARJI 
 
 Nr. 880 Z. P. R. K. w A. 
 
 Założone dnia 16go Maja, 1915 roku, w parafji Pięciu Braci 
 Pol. i Męczenników, przez panie: A. Lipińska i A. Smagacz. 
 Istnieje również przy Tow. Oddział Małoletnich. 
 Obecny zarząd stanowią: M. Pankros, prez.; J. Bo- 
 rucka, wice prez.; L. Strenk, sekr. fin.; E. Madaliń- 
 ska, sekr. prot.; M. Ciesielczyk, kasjerka; Z. Dzie- 
 wiecka, R. Panek i A. Czerniak, opiekunki kasy; A. 
 Smagacz, K. K'abacka .marszałkinie; M. Grzyb, A. 
 Olszewska i M. Botina, podchorążynie; A. Klich, 
 sekr. Wydz. Mał.; Ks. J. Strzycki, kapelan; Dr. W 
 Kutas, lekarz. 
 
 [152] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 1883 Orl 1933 
 
 The Catholic Order of Foresters 
 
 Joins With Our Polish People in Promoting 
 Their Week of Hospitality 
 
 THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS, THE RECORD, THE SPLENDID 
 FINANCIAL POSITION OF THIS ORGANIZATION, ENDORSED B^ 
 THE HIERARCHY, CLERGY AND THE STATE INSURANCE DE- 
 PARTMENTS, MERIT YOUR CONSIDERATION AND AFFILIATION. 
 
 THOS. R. HEANEY THOS. H. CANNON 
 
 High Secretary High Chief Ranger 
 
 Fifty Years of Honest, Successful Insurance Management 
 
 CATHOLIC ORDER OF FORESTERS 
 
 ORGANIZED MAY 24, 1883 
 
 ADULT AND JUVENILE DEPARTMENTS 
 EIGHT FORMS OF INSURANCE CERTIFICATES 
 $54,200,747.64 PAID IN DEATH CLAIMS, CASH 
 SETTLEMENTS AND TOTAL DISABILITY BENEFITS 
 $28,000,000.00 INVESTED IN GILT EDGE SECURITIES 
 YIELDING FIVE PER CENT INTEREST 
 $120,000,000.00 INSURANCE IN FORCE 
 
 OPERATING ON THE 
 AMERICAN EXPERIENCE FOUR PER CENT TABLE 
 
 Catholic Parish Branches in 28 States of the Union 
 
 and in all the Provinces of Canada 
 
 ADDITIONAL BRANCHES WILL BE ORGANIZED ON APPLICATION 
 
 ADDRESS— HIGH COURT OFFICE 
 
 30 NORTH LA SALLE STREET CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 [153] 
 
2§5- 
 
 POLES IX AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 JOHN RUSCH 
 
 CHIEF CLERK 
 
 OF THE ELECTION COMMISSIONERS 
 
 CITY HALL, CHICAGO 
 
 VIRGINIA 0918 
 
 NICK GASPEROWICZ 
 
 GROCERY AND MARKET 
 4600 SACRAMENTO AVENUE 
 
 TEL. LAFAYETTE 6890 
 
 J. A. CICHOSZEWSKI 
 
 HOME BUILDER AND FINANCE CO. 
 
 NOT INC. 
 
 4256 SOUTH RICHMOND STREET 
 
 Corner 43rd Street 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 ROMAN KORPUSIŃSKI 
 
 Wife's Maiden Name Helen Venta. Owners of 
 
 MEAT MARKET AND GROCERY 
 
 4600 SOUTH TALMAN AVENUE 
 
 operated by them during A Century of Progress, 
 1933, at Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 LAFAYETTE 1333 
 
 MIDWEST STORE 
 
 WALTER MARCINIAK 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 
 Arrived in 1913 — 15 Years in Business 
 
 4607 SOUTH WHIPPLE STREET 
 
 IN A RUSH CALL 
 
 RUSCH BOTTLING CO. 
 
 Jos. Rusch, prop. 
 
 3430-32-34-36 SOUTH ASHLAND AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 2 PHONES: LAFAYETTE 0992-0993 
 
 Keep Cool With Rusch Beverages 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 152] 
 
 25, 1919, amounted to 277,428.1 metric 
 tons, including the following commodities: 
 wheat flour, cereal flour, wheat grain, rye 
 grain, beans, peas, rice, pork products, 
 lard, lard substitute, condensed and evap- 
 orated milk, sugar, cocoa, miscellaneous 
 food, cotton, soap, and clothing. 
 
 Food relief furnished to Poland by the 
 European Children's Fund and the Amer- 
 ican Relief Administration Warehouse 
 Sales amounted to 64,797.7 metric tons. 
 
 Relief donated by the Polish Government 
 amounted to 51,642.6 metric tons, includ- 
 
 [Continued on page 162] 
 
 LAF. 7690 
 
 ANDREW KROZEL 
 
 Groceries and Delicatessen 
 4750 SOUTH ROCKWELL STREET 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 NEIGHBORHOOD BAKERY 
 
 WŁADYSŁAW ZBIEGIEŃ, Właś. 
 
 Interes Istnieje 12 Lat w Dzielnicy Brighton Park 
 
 4504 SOUTH SACRAMENTO AVENUE 
 TELEPHONE LAFAYETTE 4059 
 
 TELEFON LAFAYETTE 4628 
 
 FRANCISZEK SERAFIN 
 
 Hurtowny Dostawca 
 
 Cukierków i Czekoladek 
 4558 ARCHER AVENUE 
 
 Ph. Lafayette 4480 Day and Night Service 
 
 FRANK C. PATKA 
 
 UNDERTAKER 
 
 AUTOS TO HIRE FOR ALL OCCASIONS 
 
 4358 SOUTH RICHMOND STREET 
 
 CORNER 44TH STREET CHICAGO 
 
 [154] 
 
Ms- 
 
 poles IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Związek Polskich Kółek Literacko-Dramatycznych w Ameryce 
 
 ALLIANCE of POLISH LITERARY and DRAMATIC CIRCLES of AMERICA 
 
 Administration : 
 
 John E. Nikliborc, 
 
 President 
 B. J. Kozłowski, 
 
 Vice-Pres. 
 Cathryn M. Urban, 
 
 Vice-Pres. 
 Walter M. Zolla, 
 
 Sec. General 
 Edward Wójcik, 
 
 Treasurer 
 John Micek, 
 Genevieve Urban, 
 
 Sarg. at Arms 
 
 Librarian 
 B. Stachura, 
 
 Editor. 
 
 Honorary Chaplains : 
 
 Rev. J. Strzycki 
 Rev. C. Gronkowski 
 
 Directors: 
 
 Mae Labno 
 Jos. Pacyna 
 Leon Meger 
 L. Prusiewicz 
 B. Czerwiński 
 Louise Dadal 
 F. Piechowska 
 
 — An Organization of Polish-American Youth whose Aim and Purpose is to weld Polish and American Culture. — 
 
 The Polish Army Veterans' Auxiliary 
 
 The Auxiliary Corps of the Polish Army Veterans Association was organized during the 
 convention of the Polish Army Veterans Association in Detroit, in May of 1932. 
 
 The delegates to this convention discussing the 
 absolute necessity of caring for the sick, the in- 
 valids and the really needy veterans of the Polish 
 Army, realized their inability to undertake this 
 task alone, and knowing that neither the Polish 
 Organizations nor the public at large were in 
 readiness to assume such work, decided to organ- 
 ize the Auxiliary Corps in many cities of the 
 United States. 
 
 The Auxiliary has an administration independent 
 of the Polish Army Veterans Association and is 
 not subject to its executive ruling. Each Post is 
 responsible for its administrative management to 
 its own District and the Administration of the 
 Auxiliary Corps — but cooperates to the fullest ex- 
 tent with the local posts of the Polish Army Vet- 
 
 erans' Association in doing the utmost for the 
 unfortunate ones, who lost their health and in 
 many instances their morale, and were left to fate. 
 After leaving Poland, the Polish government dis- 
 charged its obligations toward these men. The 
 United States government, on the other hand did 
 not feel bound nor indebted to them, as they did 
 not fight under the American banner. 
 
 For these reasons the Auxiliary Corps takes the 
 place of Government aid, replaces family and 
 friends to those who have lost their dear ones and 
 is for many a medium, interceding their cause 
 with the Polish people, so they should not be for- 
 gotten by them who were instrumental in sending 
 them across to fight for the freedom of the land 
 of their fathers. 
 
 DISTRICT No. 1: ILLINOIS, WISCONSIN, INDIANA & MISSOURI 
 
 A. E. WISŁA, pres. H. WASILEWSKA, vice pres. I. RACZYŃSKA, seer. 
 
 H. MODRZEJEWSKA, vice pres., A. LEONARSKA, vice pres. L. ZALEWSKA, treas. 
 
 [155] 
 
a!«- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Tow. Wszystkich Świętych 
 
 No. 902 Zjednoczenia Polskiego Rzymsko-Kał . 
 Pod Opieką Boskiego Serca Jezusa 
 
 było zorganizowane dnia 20g - o lipca, 1915, przy 
 paraf j i Pięciu Braci Polaków i Męczenników 
 w Brighton Park. 
 Organizatorami tegoż towarzystwa byli : Józef 
 Jankowski i Jan Rolla. Obecni urzędnicy: Felix 
 Zienkiewicz, prezes; Józef Wronkiewicz, wice pre- 
 zes; Stanisław Przybylski, sekr. prot. ; Stanisław 
 Pankros, sekr. fin.; Jan Rolla, kasjer; Adam Wal- 
 czak, Nikodem Waszylewski, radni; Stanisław 
 Cieśla, marszałek. 
 
 OSADA NO. 60 
 
 Z. P. R. K. iv Brighton Park 
 
 Założone przez Tow. należące do Zjednoczenia Pol. 
 Rzym. Kat. dnia 16go Stycznia, 1924 roku. Do 
 Osady obecnie należy 10 towarzystw odbywając 
 swe posiedzenia w Sali Pięciu Braci Pol. i Męcz. 
 Administracja na rok 1933 składa się: Ks. J. 
 Strzycki, kapelan; F. Niedźwiecki, prezes; W. Me- 
 ger, wice prezes; L. Budzyń, sekr.; J. Rolla, ka- 
 sjer; J. Stachyra, marszałek. 
 
 ODDZIAŁ ŚW. AGNIESZKI 
 
 Nr. 110 Macierzy Polskiej w Ameryce 
 
 Oddział ten założony został dnia 2go Marca, 1919 roku, 
 w parafji Pięciu Św. Braci Polaków i Męczenników na 
 Brighton Park. Zarząd teraźniejszy jest jak następuje: 
 Jadwiga Chojnacka, prez. ; Juljanna Malec, wice prez. ; 
 Helena Czarnik, sekr. prot. : Wiktorja Cieśla, sekr. fin. ; 
 Katarzyna Wyza. kasjerka; Anna Nowak, I radna; Stani- 
 sława Bonkow.ska, II radna ; Magdalena Klaus, III radna ; 
 Julianna Włodarczyk, I marszałkini ; Anastazja Hrycyna, 
 II marszałkini ; Anna Gruszczyńska, chorążyni ; Karolina 
 Kalemba, Antonina Bucka, pod-chorążynie ; Marjanna To- 
 karska, odźwierna. 
 
 TELEFON LAFAYETTE 4840 
 
 ANDRZEJ BEDNARCZYK 
 
 PROWADZI INTERES 
 
 "DOMU GOŚCINNOŚCI" 
 2857 WEST 43RD STREET 
 
 ■jk 
 
 PHONE LAWNDALE 0778 
 
 ALOIS SALAMOWICZ 
 
 POGRZEBOWY I BALSAMATOR 
 
 Wygodna Kaplica 
 
 Automobile na Wszelkie Okazje 
 
 2806 SOUTH KOLIN AVENUE 
 
 TOW. ŚW. JAKÓBA 
 
 No. 1054 Z. P. R. K. 
 
 Zorganizowane pod dyrekcją Ks. Proboszcza Jakóba 
 
 Strzyckiego 19go kwietnia, 1927 roku 
 Grupa składa się z samej młodzieży sportowców, 
 którzy zdobyli pierwszy szampionat w ligach Zje- 
 dnoczenia w piłkę metowa i piłkę koszykową,. Za- 
 rząd składa się: Józef Drzewiecki, prez.; A. Szurnął, 
 wice prez.; Z. Dziubski, sekr. fin.; F. Chwierut; sekr. 
 prot.; W. Borucki, kasjer; J. Paschke, marsałek; Ks. 
 J. Strzycki, kapelan; P. Nowak, sekr. odziału mał<> 
 letnich; J. Chwierut, J. Stec, J. Bednowicz,' radni. 
 
 TELEPHONE SUPERIOR 5632 
 
 C. AND A. CAFETERIA, Inc. 
 
 1207 NORTH DEARBORN STREET 
 
 OPEN EVERY DAY FROM 7 A. M. TO 8 P. M. 
 SUNDAYS 8 A. M. TO 8 P. M. 
 
 KNOWN FOR DELICIOUS HOME COOKED FOOD 
 CHARLES KOSIŃSKI, Pres. 
 
 Życzenia od 
 
 TOW. MIŁOŚĆ POLEK 
 
 Grupa 500 Zw. Pol. iv Am., Thompsoyiville, Conn. 
 
 KEYSTONE HARDWARE AND PAINTS 
 
 FRANK PAWŁOWSKI, Prop. 
 5646 S. KEDZIE AVE. PH. PROSPECT 7441 
 
 Towarzystwo Najśw. Imienia Jezus 
 
 Oddział mężczyzn żonatych — Założono roku 1926 w 
 Parafji Św. Pięciu Braci Polaków i Męczenników 
 Ks. Paweł Mytys, kapelan; Franciszek Socha, prezes; 
 Józef Wlekliński, wice prezes; Jan Doniek, sekretarz 
 protokółowy; Mikołaj Strzycki, sekr. fin.; Kazimierz 
 Kramarz, kasjer; Walenty Balachowski, marszałek. 
 
 TOWARZYSTWO ŚW. ANNY 
 
 Grupa 2368 Związku Narodowego Polskiego 
 
 Założone roku 19:25. Obecny zarząd: A. Kopera, prez; J. 
 Bubacz, wice prez.; W. Gulczyńska, sekr. prot.; J. Mikołaj- 
 czyk, sekr. fin. ; G. Gulczyńska, sekr. małoletnich ; G. Modal, 
 kasjerka. 
 
 J. MACHOWICZ 
 
 Grocery and Market - Fruits and Vegetables 
 4600 S. RICHMOND ST. LAFAYETTE 7632 
 
 CZY CIERPISZ NA BOLEŚCI REUMATYZMOWE? 
 
 Enero Kapsułki są najnowszem lekarstwem 
 
 na reumatyzm. Piszcie do: 
 
 ENERO DRUG COMPANY 
 
 4460 SOUTH KEDZIE AVENUE 
 P. JUMBALA, Właś. CHICAGO, ILL 
 
 [156] 
 
St. Hyacinth 
 Parish 
 
 The history of 
 St. Hyacinth par- 
 ish dates back to 
 the year 1894 
 when a group of 
 Polish families 
 from St. Stanis- 
 laus K. Parish had 
 settled in the vicin- 
 ity of Milwaukee 
 and Central Park 
 avenues, where an- 
 other group, hostile to the faith of their ancest- 
 ors, has endeavored to undermine their faith by 
 organizing and erecting a Polish National Inde- 
 pendent Church. The threatened heresy, how- 
 ever, was nipped in its infancy by the courageous 
 and zealous Rev. V. Barzynski, C. R., who 
 succeeded in purchasing the property of the in- 
 cipient heretical church. 
 
 The forty families immediately decided to 
 build a church and a school at the corner of 
 Milwaukee and Central Park avenues, on the 
 site of the present defunct Second Northwestern 
 Bank. 
 
 The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass was celebrated 
 in the new church for the first time on Christ- 
 mas Day, 1894 by the Rev. Simon Kobrzyński, 
 C. R. 
 
 The Reverend John Piechowski, C. R., was 
 appointed the first pastor in 1895. After six 
 months, Father Piechowski, C. R., was trans- 
 ferred to St. Hedwig Parish and the Rev. J. 
 Gieburowski, C. R., took charge of the parish. 
 The Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth were 
 given charge of the school. 
 
 [ 
 
 The Church, Rectory. Sisters' Home and School of St. Hyacinth Parish 
 
 Two years later, in 1897, the Rev. E. Sedla- 
 czek, C. R., was appointed pastor, and remained 
 until 1899 when he was succeeded by the Rev. 
 A. Babski, C. R. 
 
 In 1900 the church, a wooden structure, was 
 transferred to the present site. A year later a 
 brick rectory was built for $9,352.00. 
 
 In 1902 a combination wooden structure was 
 added, which was to serve as a school and lodge 
 hall. 
 
 In 1903 it was decided to build a more spa- 
 cious edifice, a combination church and school. 
 However, the plans were not approved of by the 
 Archbishop Quigley until 1905. The estimated 
 cost of the edifice was S65,000. The foundation 
 for the new school and church was laid in the 
 spring of 1906 and the building was dedicated 
 December 16th, by Archbishop Quigley. At that 
 time the parish numbered 797 families. 
 
 In 1907 the old church was remodeled into 
 class rooms for the ever increasing number of 
 school children. In 1908 the Rev. A. Babski, C. 
 R., who was in charge of the parish for nine 
 years, was transferred to St. Hedwig Parish, 
 ■ n 1 was succeeded by the Rev. J. Szczypta, C. R. 
 
 157] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 sis 
 
 In 1912 a new rectory was built at Wolfram 
 street. The parish numbered 1,800 families, so 
 it was divided, and a new parish, St. Wenceslaus, 
 was organized. The boundary line was Belmont 
 avenue. In 1914 the old rectory at George street 
 was enlarged and remodeled into a Sisters' 
 Home. 
 
 In 1915 the Rev. J. Zdechlik, C. R., succeeded 
 Father Szczypta, C. R., who after 6i/ 2 years in 
 office was transferred to St. Hedwig Parish. 
 
 In 1917 Father Zdechlik, C. R., blessed the 
 soil upon which the present church was to be 
 erected. The corner stone was laid October 21st, 
 and blessed by the Rt. Rev. Msgr. S. Nawrocki. 
 The sermon at this occasion was delivered by the 
 Rev. L. Zapała, C. R. The new church was com- 
 pleted in 1920. In January, 1920 the Rev. J. 
 Sobieszczyk, C. R., succeeded Father Zdechlik, 
 C. R. 
 
 The first Holy Mass in the new church was 
 celebrated August 17, 1921. The church was 
 dedicated by His Emin. Card. G. Mundelein, 
 October 17, 1921. 
 
 The new school building was begun in 1926, 
 and completed in 1928. The Sisters' Home was 
 dedicated privately on Christmas Day, 1928, by 
 the Rev. S. Swierczek, C. R. In January, 1930, 
 the Rev. S. A. Kowalczyk, C. R., succeeded 
 Father Swierczek, C. R., as pastor. As assist- 
 ants to the Pastor at present the following 
 priests are stationed at St. Hyancinth : Rev. C. 
 Guziel, C. R., Rev. J. Samborski, C. R., Rev. T. 
 Kłopotowski, C. R., Rev. J. Fabianski, C. R., and 
 two brothers: Stanislaus Gliński, C. R., and John 
 Bogatko, C. R. 
 
 The parish at present numbers over 3,000 fam- 
 ilies, whose 1,800 children attending the paro- 
 chial school are taught by 36 Sisters of Nazareth. 
 Mother M. Fidelia is the present Superior. 
 
 The following societies are flourishing in the 
 parish : Sodalities or Confraternities of the Holy 
 Rosary for Men, Women, Girls and Children, 
 Apostleship of Prayer, Third Order of St. Fran- 
 cis, Holy Name Society, Sodality of St. Therese, 
 
 and besides these, two Choirs under the direction 
 of the organist, Mr. Stanislaus Czerniakowski, 
 Parish Welfare Clubs, Parochial School Alumni 
 Ass'n., Unique Social Club, Dramatic and Lit- 
 erary Circle, St. Vincent de Paul Society in co- 
 operation with the Charity Society of the La- 
 dies under the Patronage of Our Lady of Per- 
 petual Help, the C. Y. O., and a number of groups 
 of the Polish Roman Catholic Union, Polish Al- 
 ma Mater, Order of Foresters, Polish Women's 
 Alliance of America, and others. 
 
 Polish Week of Hospitality Committee 
 
 REV. S. KOWALCZYK, 
 Official President 
 
 3636 Wolfram St. 
 
 JOHN SCHWABA, 
 
 President 
 
 3600 Diversey Ave. 
 
 THEODOR JASZKOWSKI, 
 
 4101 Oakdalc Ave. 
 
 JOSEPH SCHWARTZ 
 2nd Vice-President 
 
 2853 N. Hamlin Ave. 
 
 AGNES WIŚNIEWSKA, 
 Rec. Sec'y 
 
 2740 N. Ridgevjay Ave. 
 
 CHAS. LUKA, 
 Treasurer 
 
 3601 Diversey Ave. 
 
 Tel. Spaulding 6611 
 
 Tel. Spaulding 7185 
 
 Tel. Palisade 1414 
 
 Tel. Spaulding 6554 
 
 Tel. Spaulding 0208 
 
 Tel. Spaulding 6880 
 
 Chairmen of the Committees 
 
 Decorations P. Kowaczek 
 
 Program and Entertainment J. Kamedulski 
 
 Music S. Czerniakowski-W. Wiśniewski 
 
 Publicity J. Gorzynski-S. Linkiewicz 
 
 Ticket K. Luka - L. Rogowski 
 
 Contest W. Dymarkowska 
 
 Reception J. Marcinkiewicz 
 
 Floats V. Najdowski 
 
 Financial K. Sobieska 
 
 Transportation F. Tomczak 
 
 Athletic A. Bak 
 
 Lodging F. Krzykowski 
 
 Souvenir Book Dr. Ciudaj - Wróblewski 
 
 Ways and Means.... F. Tomczak - A. Kloska - T. Piskorz 
 Automobile F. Walczyk 
 
 [ 158 j 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 *fi9 +AX 
 
 ■7JS 
 
 DROGICH NAM GOŚCI 
 
 PRZYBYWAJĄCYCH DO CHICAGO 
 
 NA POLSKI TYDZIEŃ GOŚCINNOŚCI 
 
 WITA 
 
 ZJEDNOCZENIE 
 
 Polskie Rzymsko - Katolickie w Am, 
 
 Pod Opieką Boskiego Serca Jezusa 
 
 j^CZŁONKÓW 170,000^7 
 L ZASOBÓW $13,000,000.00 S 
 
 i Zaprasza 
 
 w Progi Swych Nowych Biur w Budyniu Zjednoczenia 
 
 984-986 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 Prosimy Prosimy Prosimy 
 
 JAN J. OLEJNICZAK, Prezes 
 
 KS. B. F. CELICHOWSKI, Kapelan 
 
 JÓZEF L. KANIA, Wice Prezes 
 
 KLARA PAŁCZYŃSKA, Wice Prezeska 
 
 WŁ. J. PRZYBYLIŃSKI, Sekr. Gen. 
 
 JÓZEF J. BARĆ, Skarbnik 
 
 [159] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2§S 2§g 
 
 for modern funerals at low cost 
 
 Peter Kowaczek 
 
 / 
 
 uneral director 
 
 3630 GEORGE STREET 
 
 FREE USE OF CHAPEL 
 PHONE SPAULDING 6630 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 BELMONT 7924 
 
 MARIE SMART SHOP, Inc. 
 
 MRS. MARIE E. HESS, Prop. 
 
 Where Style Predominates in 
 
 Exclusive Children's and Infants' Wear 
 
 Ladies' Lingerie, Hosiery and Accessories 
 
 2962-64 MILWAUKEE AVE CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE SPAULDING 7665 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 FRANK KUREK 
 
 Manufacturer of the Best European 
 Sausage and Smoked Meats 
 
 3635 DIVERSEY AVENUE 
 
 [160] 
 
 NORTHWEST 
 CHICAGO'S BIGGEST 
 DEPARTMENT STORE 
 
 ...WELCOMES 
 
 You to the... 
 
 CENTURYo/ PROGRESS 
 
 ("Chicago World's Fair") 
 
 LOGAN 
 
 DEPT. STORE 
 
 Milwaukee- Diversey- Kimball 
 
M5- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 M 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 AS 
 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 
 Polski Tydzień Gościnności 
 
 TO MANIFESTACJA 
 
 UDZIAŁU POLONJI AMERYKAŃSKIEJ 
 
 W WYSTAWIE CHICAGOSKIEJ 
 
 W Manifestacji Tej Wezmą Też Udział 
 
 POLACY Z KRAJU KTÓRZY PRZYBĘDĄ 
 Z WYCIECZKAMI URZĄDZONEMI PRZEZ 
 
 LINJĘ GDYNIA-AMERICA 
 
 Jedyną Polską Transatlantycką Linję Okrętową 
 
 CIESZĄCA SIC ZASŁUŻONEM POPARCIEM CAŁEGO WYCHODZTWA 
 
 LIN JA GDYNIA AMERICA 
 
 315 SO. DEARBORN ST. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 J* 
 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 
 * 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 
 PHONE MONROE 7330 ALL DEPARTMENTS 
 
 UNITED BUTCHERS PACKING CO. 
 
 Packers, Provisioners and 
 Commission Merchants 
 
 United Brand Hams, Bacon 
 Lard and Sausage 
 
 1152-1154 FULTON STREET 
 
 CORNER RACINE AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 [161] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 '$ 
 
 American Aid to Poland 
 After the War 
 
 [Continued from page 154] 
 
 ing such commodities as flour, rice, peas 
 and beans, pork products and sugar. 
 
 Sales to the Polish Government in 1919 
 by the United States Army Liquidation 
 Board from surplus army stocks in France 
 comprised 107,126 metric tons. 
 
 Walter J. 
 
 Orlikoski 
 
 Alderman 
 35th Ward 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Private Ambulance 
 
 Free use of our Chapel Equipped with Organ 
 
 Automobiles for all Occasions 
 
 CHAS. C. LUKA 
 
 UNDERTAKER 
 AND EMBALMER 
 
 3601 DIVERSEY AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE SPAULDING 6880 
 
 PHONE SPAULDING 6694 
 
 H. R. SADOWSKI AND SON 
 
 LICENSED EMBALMERS AND 
 FUNERAL DIRECTORS 
 
 3642 GEORGE STREET 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 FRANK WEIMAN 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 2901 NORTH SPRINGFIELD AVENUE 
 
 Store Tel. Albany 6507 
 
 Res. Tel. Avenue 5665ETAO 
 
 JAN NIKLEWICZ I SYN 
 
 Europejski Wyrób Wędlin 
 2912 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 RÓG DRAKE STREET CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 JOHN S. KLECZEWSKI 
 
 BAKERY 
 
 3056 MILWAUKEE AVE. SPAULDING 7646 
 
 Poland will never forget the year 1919. 
 She had regained her political independ- 
 ence, to be sure; but her children were 
 hungry and starving, and her whole eco- 
 nomic life was not yet organized and co- 
 ordinated. 
 
 The timely action by the United States 
 Government saved millions of lives, and 
 the Poles are grateful. The Polish immi- 
 grants here in America too, know how to 
 be grateful, for they are loyal to the Stars 
 and Stripes, ready to defend this great 
 Republic against those who preach sub- 
 versive principles, against those who would 
 overthrow the very structure upon which 
 this country is founded. America and Po- 
 land, both imbued with a humanitarian 
 spirit which will be misunderstood only by 
 selfish elements, may yet bring order out 
 of the present social and economic chaos 
 in the world. They are kindred spirits, and 
 the bond of their friendship shall never be 
 severed. 
 
 [THE END] 
 
 COMPLIMENTS OF 
 
 BENJAMIN S. ADAMOWSKI 
 
 DEMOCRATIC 
 
 STATE REPRESENTATIVE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 25TH SENATORIAL DISTRICT 
 
 [162] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 M 
 
 THE FAIR, for over 57 years one of Chicago's leading 
 department stores, takes this opportunity to extend 
 best wishes to the Polish- American citizens of Chicago . . . 
 and a warm welcome to all the Polish visitors to A Century 
 of Progress. We are deeply conscious of the part that the 
 Polish people have played in the destiny of Chicago and the 
 entire nation . . . deeply conscious and deeply grateful. 
 
 E cordially invite all visitors to A Century of Progress 
 to visit and shop at The Fair 3 Stores. 
 
 W 
 
 A Great Store in a Great City 
 
 State, Adams and Dearborn Streets 
 Oak Park— Lake at Marion St. Milwaukee Ave. at Wood St. 
 
 MILWAUKEE AVE. STORE 
 
 THE ONLY 
 POLISH 
 
 ABC 
 
 DAILY 
 
 IN CHICAGO 
 
 POLISH DAILY ZGODA 
 
 DZIENNIK ZWIĄZKOWY 
 
 Published by THE POLISH NATIONAL ALLIANCE of U. S. A. 
 
 1406-08 WEST DIVISION STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Telephone All Departments — BRUNSWICK 8700 
 
 LARGEST 
 
 POLISH 
 
 CIRCULATION 
 
 IN CHICAGO 
 
 AND 
 SUBURBS 
 
 Only in a Polish Newspaper may be found Vital News of Polish Life 
 
 The Polish Daily Zgoda, in its field is not a foreign 
 language publication — but a "native language" 
 newspaper. Because it is the one readable newspaper 
 for the man and woman born to speak the Polish 
 language. 
 
 The Poles must read the news about their own 
 life — social and commercial — and the only place they 
 find this news is in their favorite Polish newspaper. 
 That is why they read it so religiously and are 
 guided largely by its editorial policies and opinions. 
 
 The English language metropolitan dailies print 
 little or no news about the life of the more than 
 half a million Polish population of Chicago. — That 
 is why — Only in a Polish newspaper may be found 
 Vital News of Polish life. 
 
 This reader interest extends to the advertising 
 matter as well. The Poles regard advertising in 
 their newspaper as a direct invitation to them to buy 
 the merchandise advertised. It makes them feel their 
 patronage is desired and appreciated, and accord- 
 ingly they respond with whole-hearted enthusiasm. 
 
 CHICAGO is the— 
 
 SECOND LARGEST POLISH CITY 
 
 in the WORLD. 
 
 A four hundred million dollar market — 
 
 The largest single racial concentration of dollars 
 
 in Chicago. 
 
 THE POLISH DAILY ZGODA is the medium of 
 
 entry to this vast market. 
 
 1933 is the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Year of the Polish Daily Zgoda 
 
 [163] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2§S 2fS 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 3660 N. KILBOURN AVENUE 
 
 (Grayland Station) 
 
 PHONES KILDARE 3206-3207 
 
 S. J. KWASIGROCH 
 J. J. WOJTALEWICZ 
 J. V. SCHEFFLER 
 F. J. MIKOŁAJCZAK 
 
 A Complete Drug Store Prompt Delivery 
 
 PRESCRIPTION SERVICE 
 
 Filled by Careful Registered Pharmacists 
 
 SCHWABA'S PHARMACY 
 
 JOHN SCHWABA, R. Ph. 
 
 3600 DIVERSEY AVE., Cor. No. Central Pk. Av. 
 PHONES: SPAULDING 71S5-71S6 
 
 TELEPHONE SPAULDING 7974 
 
 F. SZALIŃSKI 
 
 EUROPEAN HOME MADE SAUSAGES 
 2978 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 BELMONT 1195 
 
 JOHN MARCINKIEWICZ 
 
 "BUFFET" 
 
 Variety of Good Beers 
 Light Lunch 
 
 3534 DIVERSEY AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 POLSKA APTEKA 
 
 JAN C. MORACZEWSKI 
 
 REGISTROWANY FARMACEUTA 
 
 Weteran Członek S.W.A.P. 
 
 2858 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 W AVONDALE 
 STACJA POCZTOWA NA MIEJSCU 
 
 TEL. SPAULDING 9649 
 
 LOUIS MASTALARZ 
 
 OAKDALE INN 
 
 2924 NORTH CENTRAL PARK AVENUE 
 
 Avondale's Most Beautiful Buffet 
 
 MIL-MONT BAKERY 
 
 B. KUBIAK, Prop. 
 "THE BAKERY THAT SUITS EVERY TASTE" 
 
 2989 MILWAUKEE AVE. SPAULDING 0922 
 
 AVONDALE BAKERY 
 
 Wm. J. Kleczeivski, Prop. 
 2921-23 MILWAUKEE AVE. Spaulding 7065 
 
 CENTRAL PARK HALL AND BUFFET 
 J. R. WARSZINSKI, JR., Prop. 
 
 3600 WOLFRAM ST. TEL. SPAULDING 7348 
 
 Corner Central Park Avenue 
 
 FRANK WALKOWIECKI 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 2959 N. HAMLIN AVE. Tel. Spaulding 6856 
 
 JOSEPH C. BRONARS 
 
 Certified Public Accountant 
 2257 N. SAWYER AVE. TEL. CAPITOL 0971 
 
 STANLEY AUGUSTYN 
 
 Groceries, Smoked Meats and Fruits 
 
 3601 WOLFRAM ST. PH. SPAULDING 7382 
 
 VINCENT NAJDOWSKI 
 
 MEAT MARKET 
 3020 MILWAUKEE AVE. SPAULDING 7320 
 
 [164] 
 
,; . .; ;; ■?. .. ,; ,.■ ;,■ .; ,; '.; ,; .. 
 
 
 PYTEREK, 
 PASTOR 
 
 REV. F. 
 CZARNY 
 
 SAINT HELEN'S PARISH SCHOOL 
 
 Saint Helen's Parish 
 
 St. Helen's Parish, Polish is located at Oakley Blvd. 
 and Augusta Blvd. with a frontage of 362 feet on Augusta 
 Blvd. and 104 feet on Oakley Boulevard, where church is 
 to be erected. It was founded by Rev. P. H. Pyterek, with 
 the assistance of Messrs. P. Ligman, J. Rushkiewicz, 
 Anthony Kłodziński, P. Bykowski, and F. Strobot, under 
 the direction of the late Most Rev. J. E. Quigley, June 6, 
 1913. 
 
 When the parish was founded the services were held 
 at Columbus Public School, Assembly Hall, Augusta and 
 Leavitt St. from Sunday July 13 1913 to' Ash Wednesday 
 February 25 1914, when services were held in the Church 
 Hall of the new building to Easter Sunday April 12, 1914 
 when first Mass was said in the new church. The corner 
 stone of the combination building was laid November 2, 
 1913, by Rt. Rev. P. Rhode, D. D. and was dedicated by the 
 Most Rev. James E. Quigley, August 29th, 1914. Formal 
 opening of school took place September 7, 1914. Confirma- 
 tion was administered for the first time by His Eminence 
 George Cardinal Mundelin during his Grace's cannonical 
 Visit on May 22, 1918. When the property was bought 
 there were but two buildings on the premises one of 
 which is at present used as a rectory and the other to be 
 remodeled for a convent. The combination Church, School 
 and convent building with basement hall, school style lo- 
 cated at Augusta St. Near Western Avenue was designed 
 and built by Worthmann & Steinbach Architects & F. 
 Klajda, General contractor It Has a frontage of 125 Feet 
 and a depth of 120 feet. From the time the church and 
 school were built the Parish grew and very soon it be- 
 came evident that the combination church and school 
 building wasentirely inadequate to the needs of the new 
 Parish so in the year of 1924 a new and larger combina- 
 tion church and school was built to accommodate all the 
 
 new parishioners. The new Church has a seating capacity 
 of 900 persons. The old building was remodeled for school 
 purposes, and as the Sisters lived in cramped quarters 
 over the class rooms it was necessary to remodel one of 
 the buildings on the premisses for a convent. It has a 
 small chapel and accommodations for about forty Nuns. 
 
 The present pastor Rev. P. H. Pyterek was born 
 August 1-st, 1878, a short distance from the parish, was 
 educated at St. Stanislaus Parochial School St. Ignatius 
 College, St. Mary's College, Kentucky and St. Mary's 
 Seminary, Baltimore. He was ordained by Most Rev. 
 James E. Quigley, March 28, 1903. He was appointed 
 assistant at Immaculate Conception Parish and St. 
 Joseph's Polish Parish and took charge of Polish Missions 
 at Posen and Blue Island, Illinois from July 1-st, 1906 to 
 June 6, 1913. 
 
 The various assistants at the Parish were: Rev. C. 
 Marcinak, Rev. P. Sobota, Rev. T. Smyk, Rev. I. Ren- 
 klewski, Rev. E. Sonnenfeld, Rev. F. Dampts, the pres- 
 ent assistants: Rev. L. Sychowski and Rev. F. Czarny. 
 
 The Felician Sisters are in charge of the school from 
 the foundation of the parish. The school is under the care 
 of the sisters whose Superioress is the Vev. S. M. Adjuta. 
 St. Helen's has one of the best school Bands which won 
 honorary mention and prizes in compeating with other 
 parochial schools; it is under the direction of Bandmaster 
 A. E. Petrocelli. The organist Mr. John Dendor has five 
 choirs under his direction in the parish they are as 
 follows: St. Helen's Sr. Choir St. Helen's Junior Choir, 
 St. Ann's Married Ladies Choir and two School Children 
 Choir. 
 
 During the World War the members of the parish 
 complied with urgent request of our government by 
 contributing generously to the nations cause by buying 
 
 [165] 
 
M- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 ■jk 
 
 MR. E. A. 
 
 KIRSTEN 
 President of 
 
 Committees 
 
 MR. J. 
 DENDOR 
 Organist 
 
 INTERIOR OF ST. HELEN'S CHURCH 
 
 Liberty Bonds and furnishing in members of Volunteers 
 to the American and Polish Armies. 
 
 With all of these celebrations and activities this year in 
 Chicago, the Parishioners are also colebrating the Thirt- 
 ieth Anniversary of the ordination of the Pastor Rev. P. 
 H. Pyterek, and the Twentieth Anniversary of the found- 
 ation of the Parish. 
 
 The present Parish Committee are Edward A. Kir- 
 sten, and Thomas Kozioł. 
 
 Among the various organizations, societies and Build- 
 ing and Loans Associations who helped to make the Po- 
 lish Week a success at The Century of Progress Exposi- 
 tion are: 
 
 King Casimir the Great (Men's) and 
 
 Queen Wanda (Ladies) Clubs 
 
 St. Helen's Society, Gr. 762 P. R. C. U. 
 
 St. Emily's Society, Gr. 763, P. N. A. 
 
 Catholic Order of Foresters (Ladies) 
 
 St. Peter's Court, No. 927 
 
 Polish Alma Mater, St. Ann's Society 
 
 Married Ladies Sodality 
 
 St. Joseph's Society, Men's Sodality 
 
 Young Ladies Sodality 
 
 St. Vincent De Paul Society 
 
 Holy Name Society 
 
 King John Sobieski Society, Gr. 1533. P. N. A. 
 
 Queen Hedwig Society, Gr. 525, P. W. A. 
 
 Free Polish Women In The Land of Washington 
 
 Society, Gr. No. 51 
 Osada P. R. C. U. No. 119 
 St. Wyspiański Dramatic Circle, Group No. 30, A. 
 
 P. L. D. of A. 
 Cadets of St. George Society, Gr. 402 P. R. C. U. 
 St. Therese of Infant Jesus Society 
 Jastrzabki Club 
 Sons of Poland Society, Gr. 191, Polish Union, 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Polish Business Men's Club, St. Helen's Parish 
 St. Helena Bldg. & Loan Association 
 Providers Bldg. & Loan Association 
 
 The various committees of men and women of St. Helen's Parish who took an active part in the Polish Week of 
 Hospitality held in Chicago from July 17 to July 23, 1933 at the Century of Progress International Exposition: 
 
 REV. P. H. PYTEREK. Pastor 
 REV. L. SYCHOWSKI 
 REV. F. CZARNY, Treasurer 
 
 MR. E. A. KIRSTEN. President 
 
 MR. A. RUTKOWSKI, Vice President 
 
 MR. P. L. SZCZERBICKI, Secretary 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 F. Firan 
 
 Mrs. T. Tryba 
 
 Mr. 
 
 A. 
 
 Tyrcha 
 
 Mr. 
 
 J. 
 
 Dendor 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 W. Kirsten 
 
 Mrs. S. Kula 
 
 Mr. 
 
 J. 
 
 Malek 
 
 Mr. 
 
 J. 
 
 Chuchro 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 M. Miekieszewicz 
 
 Miss M. Bieschke 
 
 Mr. 
 
 J. 
 
 Labiak 
 
 Mr. 
 
 A. 
 
 Chuchro 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 S. Budzban 
 
 Miss M. Kozioł 
 
 Mr. 
 
 C. 
 
 Jasiński 
 
 Mr. 
 
 T. 
 
 Pierdos 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 M. Bomba 
 
 Miss G. Bieschke 
 
 Mr. 
 
 L. 
 
 Skurski 
 
 Mr. 
 
 F. 
 
 Kula 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 M. Groszewska 
 
 Miss S. Nowak 
 
 Mr. 
 
 A. 
 
 Bolda 
 
 Mr. 
 
 S. 
 
 Kulak 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 J. Budzban 
 
 Miss F. Klonder 
 
 Mr. 
 
 P. 
 
 Bolda 
 
 Mr. 
 
 L. 
 
 Wozny 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 A. Przybyło 
 
 Miss M. Palka 
 
 Mr. 
 
 T. 
 
 Podraża 
 
 Mr. 
 
 F. 
 
 Budzban 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 H. Szczerbicki 
 
 Mr. F. Grott 
 
 Mr. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sokol 
 
 Mr. 
 
 J. 
 
 Sadowski 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 J. Górski 
 
 Mr. Zieliński 
 
 Mr. 
 
 R. 
 
 Krawczyk 
 
 Mr. 
 
 J. 
 
 Lucarz 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 B. Raichel 
 
 Mr. J. Czaja 
 
 Mr. 
 
 J. 
 
 Ochab 
 
 Mr. 
 
 A. 
 
 Bielech 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 V. Lepianka 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mr. 
 
 J. 
 
 Rutkowski 
 
 [166] 
 
SAINT HELEN'S PARISH 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 COMPLIMENTS 
 
 
 
 3 1ST WARD 
 
 DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION 
 
 
 
 EDWARD J. KAINDL 
 Ward Committeeman 
 
 J. T. FREEDMAN N. A. WATERLOO 
 
 Sanitary District Trustee State Representative 
 
 
 
 THOMAS P. KEANE 
 Alderman 
 
 ISIDORE BROWN A. M. KAINDL 
 
 President State Representative 
 
 
 PHONE ARMITAGE 3378-3379 
 
 KIRSTEN FUNERAL 
 SERVICE 
 
 Modern Chapel 
 1006 NORTH WESTERN AVENUE 
 
 NEAR AUGUSTA BOULEVARD CHICAGO 
 
 IMPERIAL BAKING CO. 
 
 Wholesale — Retail 
 BREAD, ROLLS, CAKES and PASTRIES 
 
 1021-25 NORTH DAMEN AVENUE 
 
 -'S* ft 
 
 / o 
 
 1 Bskdlzo 
 
 nir<a 
 
 Pod Każdym Względem 
 
 Rozpocznijcie teraz używać 
 
 ucco - herboLene 
 
 Radość i szczęście zapanuje u was w domu, gdy używać będziecie żela- 
 zowe wino Ucco-Herbolene. Jest to najlepsze lekarstwo na choroby 
 krwi i żołądka. Krew utrzymuje nas przy życiu. Właśnie Ucco Herb- 
 olene wzmacnia żołądek, podnieca apetyt, przyspiesza trawienie, uspo- 
 kaja nerwy, usuwa z organizmu ludzkiego nadmiar tłuszczu, a więc 
 odtłuszcza kobiety i mężczyzn. Jedna łyżeczka Ucco Herbolene w ciągu 
 10 minut uśmierza kurcze żołądkowe. Gdy użyjecie od 2 do 3 butelek 
 Ucco Herbolene to usuniecie wyrzuty skórne, pryszcze, a skóra staje 
 się miękka, przyjemna w dotknięciu, ciepła, biało-różowa niby krew 
 i mleko. Kobiety stają się piękne, zdrowe, pełne radości i życia, a zaś 
 osłabieni mężczyźni odzyskują nanowo siłę i zdrowie i szczęście. Pa- 
 miętajcie, że już przed wiekami poeta Jan Kochanowski powiedział: 
 "Szlachetne zdrowie — Nikt się nie dowie, 
 Jako smakujesz — Aż się popsujesz." 
 
 Więc nie czekajcie aż się Wam zdrowie zepsuje zupełnie. Kupcie sobie butelkę Ucco 
 Herbolene zaraz dziś. Butelka kosztuje tylko dolara, a butelka podwójnej wielkości 
 tylko dolara i pół. Lekarstwo to zrobione jest przez doświadczonego aptekarza i che- 
 mika, podług recept najsławniejszych profesorów — i jest gwarantowane. Dostaniecie 
 je w każdej aptece. Pytajcie się o prawdziwą i oryginalną U-C-C-O-Herbolene wyra- 
 bianą przez Universal Medicine Co., 1901 Hervey Street, telefon Brunswick 3508. 
 
 CpCf |A| KIA ftpCDTA Kto przyśle sześć godeł namalowanych na wierzchu opako- 
 •rtWHLUlI \J* Cn I r\ wa nia na każdej malej lub dużej butelce "Ucco Herbolene", 
 tam którędy butelkę wyjmuje się z opakowania, ten dostanie darmo prześliczną srebrną, tackę 
 wytłaczaną w piękne wzory i widoki lub prześliczny sznur perełek na szyję. Pod tern godłem 
 napisane są słowa po angielsku: "New Package Desing adopted 1931". Przysyłajcie wprost 
 do wytwórcy. 
 
 UNIVERSAL MEDICINE COMPANY 
 
 1901 HERVEY STREET, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, TELEFON BRUNSWICK 3508 
 = UCCO HERB-BOLENE JEST GWARANTOWANE = 
 
 
 
 
 
 FOR 
 
 DEPEND ON 
 
 KILDARE 
 , 3440 
 
 [167] 
 
aic- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 '2§5 
 
 JOSEPH MAGDZIARZ, President 
 ROMAN GROCHOWINA, Secretary 
 
 LEON WOJCZYNSKI, Vice-Pres. & Mgr. 
 MARTIN WOJCZYNSKI, Treasurer 
 
 TELEPHONE MONROE 1807-1808 
 
 Standard 
 
 COFFIN & CASKET MFG. CO. 
 
 729-35 MILWAUKEE AVE. 
 
 CORNER N. CARPENTER ST. 
 CHICAGO 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES 
 MARTIN WOJCZYNSKI 
 LEO WOJCZYNSKI, JR. 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 MICHAEL WOJCZYNSKI 
 
 JOHN J. STEPHANY 
 
 LEON ZGLENICKI 
 
 Start to Save Now in 
 
 St. Helena Bldg. & Loan Assn. 
 
 Existing for 20 years, under State control and during 
 that time has paid Million Dollars to the members. 
 
 Office: 2351 AUGUSTA BLVD., or at Parish Hall, every 
 Monday evening. 
 
 Theo. L. Skweres. Pres.; J. F. Rushkiewicz, Sec'y ; Wm. t'. 
 Gillmeister, Vice Pres. ; P. J. Bolda, Treas. ; Jos. A. Ko- 
 walski, Ass't Sec'y ; T. Podraża, And. Pierdos, L. Wozny 
 and Arthur Rushkiewicz, Directors ; P. P. Mindak, Attorney. 
 
 FRANK A. KUTA 
 
 Attorney at Law 
 1001 NORTH WESTERN AVENUE 
 
 Corner Auirusta Boulevard — 2nd Floor 
 
 TEL. BRUNSWICK 1345 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE BRUNSWICK 79G2 
 
 ANTHONY J. SZYDŁOWSKI 
 
 RAINBOW ROOFING CO. 
 
 NOT INC. 
 GRAVEL AND READY ROOFING 
 
 Tile, Slate and Gutters 
 1415 N. WESTERN AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 7770 
 
 HOME BAKERY 
 
 JOS. SADOWSKI, Prop. 
 
 Cakes for Weddings and Parties a Specialty 
 
 1018 N. WESTERN AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE BRUNSWICK 8965 
 
 K. & J. WITEK 
 
 We Specialize in Wedding Dresses and Veils 
 
 Goxvns — We Have the Latest Modes 
 
 Made for All Occasions 
 
 2138 W. CHICAGO AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 TEL. BRUNSWICK 5298 
 
 LOUIS KIEŁBASA 
 
 FIRST CLASS MEAT MARKET 
 European Sausages Always Fresh 
 
 955 N. WESTERN AVE. 
 
 [168] 
 
&' 
 
 SAINT HELEN'S PARISH 
 
 lii 
 
 Our Bread, Assorted Pies and Cakes 
 Are Just Lilce Mother Used to Bake 
 
 NEW SANITARY BAKERY 
 
 ANTHONY KRASZEWSKI, Prop. 
 
 1002 N. WESTERN AVE. HUMBOLDT 7784 
 
 PIONEER PHARMACY 
 
 C. A. JAKUBEC, Ph. G. 
 
 Prescriptions Our Specialty 
 959 N. WESTERN AVE. HUMBOLDT 0479 
 
 CAMPBELL PHOTO STUDIO 
 
 EDWARD M. BIESCHKE, Prop. 
 
 Photographer For All Occasions 
 2522 W. DIVISION ST. HUMBOLDT 0192 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 5534 
 
 LEO C. KAWCZINSKI 
 
 UNDERTAKER 
 
 910 N. WESTERN AVENUE 
 
 Automobiles for all occasions CHICAGO 
 
 B. M. PIECUCH 
 
 Gents' Furnishings 
 1818 W. CHICAGO AVE. BRUNSWICK 5272 
 
 M. SADOWSKI 
 
 Hams, Bacons, Lard and Sausage 
 2258 WALTON ST. PHONE MONROE 7330 
 
 ANDREW BIELECH 
 
 MUSICIAN 
 2247 THOMAS ST. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 LINCOLN PHOTO STUDIO 
 
 M. B. MOROZOWICZ, Prop. 
 Photographer of your community 
 
 2316 WEST CHICAGO AVE., near Western Ave. 
 Phone BRUNSWICK 3938 
 
 LOUIS P. MANN 
 
 CO A TS— SUITS— DRESSES 
 The store for quality merchandise at lowest prices 
 1258 MILWAUKEE AVE. ARMITAGE 2929 
 
 DR. JOSEPH F. KONOPA 
 
 Physician and Surgeon 
 
 1628 W. DIVISION STREET 
 
 TELEPHONE, ARMITAGE 6145 
 
 A Chicago Institution 
 
 Whenever downtown drop in to 
 Pixley & Ehlers Restaurants 
 
 they are under the 
 
 Polish Management of 
 MR. ANTHONY C. SHEPANEK 
 
 Main Office 
 64 EAST LAKE STREET 
 
 Other Locations 
 
 18 EAST VAN BUREN ST. 
 20 S. CLARK ST. 
 
 32 S. CLARK ST. (Arcade) 
 
 33 W. MADISON ST. 
 
 34 N. WELLS ST. 
 68 EAST LAKE ST. 
 73 W JACKSON BLVD. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 180 N. WELLS ST. 
 
 205 S. WABASH AVE. 
 
 206 W. JACKSON BLVD. 
 333 W. MADISON ST. 
 808 W. MADISON ST. 
 1606 W. MADISON ST. 
 
 J 
 
 AMES DAVIS 
 
 Unfading 
 WALL PAPERS 
 
 1400-1406 MILWAUKEE AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 [169] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 CHICAGO'S FINEST 
 BAKERIES 
 
 WE POSSESS A DESERVED 
 
 REPUTATION FOR THE 
 
 BEST BAKERY GOODS 
 
 IN CHICAGO 
 
 New Century 
 Bakeries 
 
 3645 IRVING PARK BLVD. 
 3332 MILWAUKEE AVE. 
 
 PHONES IRVING 0036 
 
 KLECH 
 
 PROPRIETOR 
 (SYL. KLECZEWSKI) 
 
 COMPLIMENTS 
 
 of 
 
 CLEANERS AND DYERS 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1900 
 
 1721-27 Milwaukee Avenue 
 
 ALL PHONES HUMBOLDT 1350 
 
 COMPLIMENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 Wieboldfs 
 
 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 STORE 
 
 SAVE $ 5 00 N& 
 
 MOTOR ANALYSIS \f 
 
 By Factory Trained Experts \ 
 
 ON WEIDENHOFF MOTOR ANALYZER 
 
 Visit Our Motor Clinic — Everybody 
 
 Welcome 
 
 Complete Motor Car Service 
 
 FRED HAWKINS, Inc. 
 
 2241 SOUTH WABASH AVENUE 
 
 Use Our Parking Stations — 
 
 Safe, Fireproof Buildings — 
 
 Walking Distance to Main Entrance 
 
 of CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2241 S. WABASH AVE. 50 CARS— 5 BLKS. 
 
 2245 S. PRAIRIE AVE. 125 CARS— 2 BLKS. 
 
 2340 S. INDIANA AVE. 250 CARS— 3 BLKS. 
 
 2036 S. PRAIRIE AVE. 60 CARS— 3 BLKS. 
 
 FRED HAWKINS, Inc. 
 
 Chrysler — Plymouth New Car Department 
 
 2240 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE 
 
 ALL PHONES CALUMET 4235 
 
 Member P. N. A. and Chicago Society 
 
 [170] 
 
Saint Koman Parish 
 
 The St. Roman Parish is one 
 of the youngest Polish congrega- 
 tions in the diocese of Chicago; 
 it was organized in the fall of 
 1928. 
 
 Because of the enormous terri- 
 tory and the large group of Poles, 
 who number over 10,000 souls in 
 the Douglas Park district, the St. 
 Casimir's Church, despite the 
 valiant efforts of its priests, 
 could not adequately serve so 
 large a congregation. The Right 
 Reverend Stanislaus V. Bona, 
 now Bishop of Grand Island, 
 deemed it therefore necessary to 
 establish another church at the western end of his parish. 
 
 The Reverend John J. Kozłowski, Ph. D., was appointed 
 by diocesan authority as the pastor of the new parish. 
 Plans for the new church-edifice were made and the con- 
 struction of suitable buildings was immediately begun. 
 
 Amid jubilation and with appropriate 
 ceremony the corner-stone was laid by 
 the Very Reverend Anthony Halgas on 
 the nineteenth day of April, 1929. The 
 solemn dedication of the church and 
 school was performed by the Right Rev- 
 erend Bernard Sheil, suffragan bishop 
 of Chicago. 
 
 The following boundaries of the par- 
 ish were established by ecclesiastic 
 authority: Twenty-sixth Street on the 
 south. Western Avenue on the east, 
 Twelfth Street on the north and Mar- 
 shall Boulevard on the west. 
 
 Under the direction of its energetic 
 and beloved pastor the parish is stead- 
 ily increasing in number and has on its 
 records over one thousand families as 
 regular parishioners. In the near fu- 
 ture it will be numbered among the 
 largest Polish Parishes in Chicago. 
 
 The St. Roman School, in charge of 
 the Teaching Sisters of St. Joseph, is 
 of the most modern construction and 
 boasts of entirely up-to-date equipment 
 and facilities for educating its nine 
 hundred and nineteen pupils. 
 
 The school building contains a large REV. 
 
 UlllŁto. 
 
 SAINT ROMAN CHURCH AND SCHOOL, 
 
 auditorium, the scene of frequent 
 dramas and social gatherings 
 given under the auspices of the 
 various parish sodalities, societies 
 and clubs. Among the most im- 
 portant of these may be named: 
 The Married Ladies Sodality, The 
 Holy Name Society, The Young 
 Ladies Sodality, The Social Club, 
 The Friendship Circle, St. Therese 
 Society, The Alumni Association, 
 The Mazovian Dramatic Circle, 
 The New Poland Society, The 
 Tertiaries of St. Francis, The 
 Sodality of Our Lady of Często- 
 chowa, Dzielne Polki, The Apostle- 
 ship of Prayer, "Unity" Dramatic Circle, The Polish 
 Workmen, Kosynier of Pulaski and St. Vincent de Paul 
 Society. 
 
 The parish choirs were organized by the well-known 
 singer, Mary Gruszczyński, who in 1930 won The Rosa 
 Raisa Award in a national contest and 
 at present resides in Milan, Italy. The 
 choirs are making further progress un- 
 der the able direction of James Boch- 
 niarz, organist. 
 
 The parish takes pride in the fact, 
 that in the four years of its existence 
 it added six workers to the Vineyard 
 of the Lord: two priests, the Reverend 
 Julius Gilewski and the Reverend Ed- 
 ward Radwański; and four nuns. At 
 present it has eight young men prepar- 
 ing for the priesthood, several young 
 ladies in the novitiate of various con- 
 gregations of nuns and a very large 
 number of high-school and college 
 students. 
 
 The Reverend Doctor Kozłowski is 
 assisted in his arduous work by the 
 Reverend Joseph Walczak and the Rev- 
 erend Aloysius Przypyszny. Messers 
 Stephen Sendziak, Frank Osysko, John 
 Gniadek, Lawrence Krawiec, Joachim 
 Kotlinski, Michael Owczarz, Peter Mon- 
 ika and John Mamrot serve as Parish 
 Trustees and Committee. 
 
 DR. J. J. KOZŁOWSKI 
 
 [171] 
 
& 
 
 SAINT ROMAN PARISH 
 
 -& 
 
 LAWNDALE 7545 JOSEPH B. JACHIMIEC, Prop. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1927 
 
 Twenty -Fourth Street 
 Press 
 
 COMMERCIAL & SOCIETY PRINTING 
 
 Advertising Circulars — Programs — Stationery 
 
 2734 W. 24th STREET 
 
 SAINT ROMAN'S CHOIR 
 
 Organized in 1928 
 
 ADMINISTRATION: 
 
 President John Bonk 
 
 Vice-President Irene Buszkiewicz 
 
 Secretary Marion Wojtowicz 
 
 Financial Secretary Agnes Śmigielski 
 
 j Lottie Kucik 
 Librarians I Antoinette Mika 
 
 vMary Wodarczyk 
 
 Sargeant at Arms Stanley Tenerowicz 
 
 Organist James Bochniarz 
 
 Chaplain Rev. Joseph Walczak 
 
 TOW. M. B. RÓŻAŃCOWEJ 
 
 w Parafji Św. Romana 
 Założone 14go października r. p. 1928 
 w Chicago, 111. 
 Założycielka była pani Marja Balaban. Obecnie Tow. 
 liczy przeszło 300 członkiń. Z okazji Wystawy świa- 
 tów. j w Chicago, zasyłamy serdeczne życzenia Po- 
 lonji chicagoskiej. 
 
 ZARZĄD 
 K. BAJEK, Prezeska 
 J. WAWRZYNIAK, Wice Prezeska 
 V. MAJDER, Sekr. Pin. 
 
 D. KOCHA, Sekr. Prot. 
 A. BALLA, Kasjerka 
 
 K. KONKOLEWSKA, Radna 
 M. KROCZKA, Marszałkini 
 
 E. ZIELIŃSKA, Marszałkini 
 
 Na Romanowie 
 
 TOW. NOWA POLSKA 
 
 GRUPA 736 Z. N. P. 
 
 Założone dnia 15go listopada, 1905 roku 
 
 ZARZĄD 
 JAN KIEŁBASA, Prezes 
 
 JÓZEF NAJMAN, Wiceprezes 
 
 ANNA BARTOSIAK, Wiceprezeska 
 
 EDWARD LEWANDOWSKI, Sekr. Fin. 
 JAN SOBOŃ, Sekr. Prot. 
 
 JÓZEF GAJDA, Asst. Sekr. 
 JAN KARGOL, Kasjer 
 
 KÓŁKO DRAMATYCZNE 
 MAZOWIECKIE 
 
 NA ROMANOWIE 
 
 Założone dnia 30go listopada, roku 1930, pod opieką 
 M. B. Korony Polskiej, Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 PHONE ROCKWELL 2573 
 
 A. S. ZARZYCKI I SYN 
 
 POLSCY POGRZEBOWI 
 
 Bezpłatna Kaplica 
 
 Automobile na Wszelkie Okazje 
 
 2955 WEST 25TH STREET 
 
 ROCKWELL 9208 ROCKWELL 9209 
 
 Marshall Square Wet Wash Laundry 
 
 POLSKA PRALNIA 
 Kompletne Wykończanie Wszelkich Usług 
 
 2617-19-21 WEST CERMAK ROAD 
 
 T. F. JANISZEWSKI W. KOSTRZYCKI 
 
 A. H. KOZŁOWSKI CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 MUELLER BROS. LAUNDRY 
 
 2139-2141 S. CALIFORNIA AVENUE 
 PHONE LAWNDALE 2528 
 
 WM. C. BOEHM 
 
 Hardware — Paints 
 
 2755 W. CERMAK RD. (22-nd ST.) 
 ROCKWELL 1080 
 
 BRONISŁAW KAMIŃSKI 
 
 GROCERY 
 
 2859 WEST 22nd PLACE CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 TOWARZYSTWO HETMANA 
 STEFANA CZARNECKIEGO 
 
 Grupa 676 Z. N. P. 
 
 Założone dnia lOgo stycznia, 1904 roku 
 
 w Chicago, Illinois 
 
 [172] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 jfg — 2|£ 
 
 Ą 
 
 Telephone 
 HUMboldt 4530 
 Res. ARMitage 1154 
 
 
 J± VENUE CAFETERIA 
 
 1250 Milwaukee Avenue 
 
 Two large, redecorated halls, for banquets, 
 dances and other occasions 
 
 U 
 
 
 Wesela, Bankiety oraz Bankiety Prymicyjne 
 Przyjmujemy po Calem Chicago i Okolicy 
 
 Dwie Duże Oddzielne Ulepszone i Odnowione Sale 
 
 na Zabawy Taneczne itp. Okazje 
 
 S. J. MICHALSKI, 
 Właściciel 
 
 
 DOŚWIADCZONA OBSŁUGA 
 
 
 North-West Sporting Goods Mfg. Co, 
 
 TEODOR F. OSOWSKI 
 
 1628-30-32 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 Największa Polska Firma Przyborów Sportowych, 
 Harcerskich itp. W Ameryce 
 
 DOSTARCZA MUNDURY I PRZYBORY 
 
 Związkowi Narodowemu Polskiemu 
 
 Zjednoczeniu Polsko-Rzymsko Katolickiemu 
 
 Sokolstwu 
 
 C. Y. O. przy polskich paraf jach — i wielu innym. 
 
 THE LARGEST POLISH SPORTING GOODS AND UNIFORM MFG. COMPANY IX THE COUNTRY 
 
 [173] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Telephone Armitage 1443 
 
 American Catalog Printing Co 
 
 <J i i tile to and ^/Jinaetó 
 
 1231 NORTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 (Entire Rear Building) 
 
 (Taetł-JL 
 
 atjer- 
 
 Jóó. «y. d)on/i 
 
 Phone Humboldt 2348 and 2349 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 CO-OPERATIVE 
 CLEANERS & DYERS 
 
 ASS'N — INC. 
 2712-2718 ELSTON AVE. 
 
 Powyższy zakład zbudowany został 
 funduszem Polskich Krawców, któ- 
 rzy prowadzą własne interesy i 
 wszelkie prace czyszczenia i farbo- 
 wania oddają do swego zakładu. 
 
 JÓZEF WOJKOWSKI, Prezes 
 ALEX KUBAK, Wiceprezes I 
 MATHEW DOŁGOPOL, Wiceprezes II 
 JAKÓB WOJKOWSKI, Sekretarz 
 SIMON MICHALIK, Kasjer 
 
 DYREKTORZY: 
 
 JOSEPH WIENER 
 FRANK MAZUREK 
 
 JERRY CHUHAK 
 
 JOHN TOBIASZ 
 
 TOWARZYSTWO DZIEWIC 
 RÓŻAŃCOWYCH 
 
 Zorganizowane roku 1929 dnia 8go grudnia. Helena 
 Turek, prezeska; Marja Białas, wice prezeska; Geno- 
 wefa Pyrek, sekr. prot. ; Leokadja Tanga, sekr. fin.; 
 Stanisława Shway, skarbniczka. 
 
 TOW. NAJŚW. IM. JEZUS 
 
 Szczepan Sendziak, prezes; Michał Konkolewski, wice 
 prezes: Franciszek Kudłacz, sekretarz protokółowy; 
 Józef Pogorzelski, sekretarz finansowy; John Bajek, 
 skarbnik. 
 
 Office and Residence Phone: LAWNDALE 8025 
 
 DR. JOHN L. PIECZYŃSKI 
 
 Physician and Surgeon 
 3058 CERMAK ROAD 
 
 MIDWEST STORE 
 
 Pierwszorzędny Sklep Spożywczy 
 2658 WEST 23RD PLACE 
 
 BAUER'S 
 WALLPAPER & PAINT STORE 
 
 Interior Decorating — Exterior Painting 
 2855 W. CERMAK RD. PH. ROCKWELL 2983 
 
 [174] 
 
its- 
 
 SAINT ROMAN PARISH 
 
 '2$£ 
 
 PHONE BERKSHIPvE 3187 
 
 Smoke Valpo and Pulaski Cigars 
 
 VAL. W. POTEREK 
 
 and SONS 
 
 THE LARGEST POLISH 
 
 MANUFACTURERS, WHOLESALERS 
 
 AND JOBBERS 
 
 of Cigars, Cigarettes, Tobacco and 
 Smoking Articles in Chicago 
 
 2140 N. LOREL AVENUE 
 
 FRANK RAKOWSKI JOSEPH CISLAK 
 
 TELEPHONES: KEDZIE 2188-2189 
 
 SERVICE DAIRY PRODUCTS 
 
 WHOLESALE 
 
 Cream and Butter 
 
 4510 FILLMORE STREET CHICAGO 
 
 HEARTIEST WISHES 
 
 from 
 
 CLERK OF SUPREME COURT 
 OF STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 
 [175] 
 
 FOR BETTER SHOES 
 
 AT 
 
 LOWER PRICES 
 
 TRY 
 
 !h©e §>t@3F( 
 
 Located at 
 
 1653 WEST CHICAGO AVENUE 
 1268 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 4713 SOUTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 6356 SOUTH HALSTED STREET 
 3461 WEST 26TH STREET 
 4111 WEST MADISON STREET 
 3167 LINCOLN AVENUE 
 678 BROADWAY, GARY, IND. 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Phone Armitage 1 498 
 
 Binders of this Book 
 
 Ashland Book Bindery 
 
 High Grade Book and Commercial Binding 
 
 1231 NORTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 3rd Floor Rear Building 
 
 C. BOJKOWSKI, Jr. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 FOR 43 YEARS 
 
 Polish households in this 
 country have used 
 
 TRINER'S 
 BITTER WINE 
 
 TRINER5 ! 
 
 .BtTTERWINE 
 
 and found it always reliable as a sure 
 and quick relief in cases of constipa- 
 tion, gases, poor appetite, indigestion, 
 headaches, sleeplessness and other 
 troubles connected with stomach dis- 
 orders. It cleans the intestines, re- 
 moves all poisonous waste matter and 
 
 tones up the entire system. 
 
 tuxrn 
 JlTTER-WlNC. 
 
 f 
 
 TRINER'S KALA-FORNIA 
 TONIC 
 
 made with muscatel wine, without laxative 
 ingredients, is a splendid tonic for shattered 
 nerves. Its ingredients, peptones and iron, 
 will give you back the joy of living. 
 
 At all druggists 
 
 JOSEPH TRINER COMPANY 
 
 1333-45 S. ASHLAND AVENUE 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 HEMLOCK 1672 
 
 STRAND PHARMACY 
 
 Prescription Specialists 
 
 5460 SOUTH KEDZIE AVENUE 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Joseph N. Kaszeski, Member of Chicago Society 
 
 DR. S. F. SPERA 
 
 Dentist 
 2200 MARSHALL BLVD. LAWNDALE 6486 
 
 EDWARD ŁUCZAK 
 
 Adwokat 
 3028 WEST CERMAK RD. 
 
 Phone Lawndale 0548 
 
 Hours: 2 to 4 P. M.— 7 to 9 P. M. 
 
 DR. J. H. ŁUCZAK 
 
 Physician and Surgeon 
 3028 WEST CERMAK RD. 
 
 KOCHAŃSKI BROS. 
 
 Suits, Overcoats and Uniforms Made to Order 
 1319 N. ASHLAND AVE. BRUNSWICK 4353 
 
 [176] 
 
^$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$^ 
 
 St. Stanislaus Y^ostka Parish 
 
 The first Polish Roman Catholic Congregation organized in Chicago 
 
 IN 1867 the Polish pioneers of Chicago conceived the 
 idea of organizing the first Polish parish. Tradition 
 shows that they understood perfectly well what a 
 wonderful influence parish life exerts on the social and 
 nationalistic aspirations of the average immigrant who, 
 in the strange surroundings of an adopted country, can- 
 not help but lose all contact with the beloved land o'f his 
 forefathers. These farsighted men and women realized 
 that a church in which they could worship God in the 
 beautiful tongue of their ancestors would be a bulwark 
 against sinister forces, a fortress wherein the ideals of 
 their mother country and the Faith of their fathers would 
 be perpetuated. God evidently blessed their noble project, 
 for in 1S69 they began to erect a humble church, a 
 wooden structure, unostentatious and plain. 
 
 The first pastor of the newly created parish was the 
 Rev. Joseph Juszkiewicz. His successor was Father 
 
 Adolf Bakanowski, C. R., a member of the Congregation 
 of the Resurrection. June 18, 1871, became a memorable 
 day for the Poles of Chicago, for on that day Bishop 
 Foley D. D.. assisted by five priests, dedicated to the 
 Most High the new place of worship. The ceremony was 
 edifying as it was inspiring. 
 
 A few months after this significant event a terrible 
 misfortune visited the City — the great Chicago Fire. 
 Although this tragic conflagration did not destroy the 
 parish buildings, many of the good people of St. Stanis- 
 laus Kostka congregation who had built their homes 
 beyond the Chicago River, on the north side, suffered 
 the loss of all their property and belongings. 
 
 Imbued with the spirit that made Chicago the marvel 
 city o'f the world, these honest children of toil, under the 
 leadership and inspiration of their pastor, Father Vincent 
 
 MOTHER OF ALL POLISH PARISHES IN CH ICAGO— CRADLE OF THE 
 POLISH ORGANIZATIONS OF AMERICA 
 
 The Church of St. Stanislaus Kostka, the Auditorium, Sisters' Residence, School 
 
 Rectory and Gymnasium, occupying entire city block at Noble, Ingraham 
 
 and Bradley Streets, opposite Pulaski Park, Chicago. 
 
 [177] 
 
J§5- 
 
 POLKS IX AMERICA 
 
 THKIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 -ais 
 
 Barzynski, C. R., proceeded in 1S76 to build one of the 
 largest and most beautiful churches in Chicago. It was 
 completed and dedicated in 1S77, and it stands today as 
 a noble monument to his and their devotion to God and 
 country. Then a tine school building was erected contain- 
 in u class rooms for 3000 pupils and an assembly hall with 
 a seating capacity of 4000. To finish the work of the 
 organization, the education of the children was entrusted 
 to the Sisters of Notre Dame. 
 
 After the untimely death on May 2nd, 1899, of the 
 beloved Father Vincent Barzynski. C. R., the following 
 members of the Congregation of the Resurrection served 
 as pastors: Rev. John Kasprzycki, C. R., Rev. Francis 
 Gordon C. R., Rev. Stanislaus Rogalski, C. R., Rev. Fran- 
 cis Dembiński, C. R., Rev. John Obyrtacz, C. R., Rev. 
 Stanislaus Siatka, C. R.. Rev. Thaddeus Ligman, C. R. 
 and the present incumbent. Rev. John Drzewiecki, O R., 
 who has built the new Rectory and Parish office com- 
 pleting therewith the group of modern structures of the 
 parish. The Rev. Pastor is assisted in his work by Fath- 
 ers John S. Ratajczak, C. R.. Edward Golnik, C. R., Joseph 
 Pruszynski, C. R., and Gregory Palubicki, O R. 
 
 The only severe setback visited upon the parish 
 occurred at Christmastime in 1906. The big school house 
 and the Sisters' residence were entirely destroyed by 
 fire, fortunately, without any loss of life. 
 
 The year 1908 is unquestionably one of the most 
 memorable in the annals of our parish. It is marked by 
 the dedication of the present splendid School building, 
 Sisters' Home and Auditorium, a very elaborate event, 
 honored by the presence of the Vice-President of the 
 United States, Charles Fairbanks, and such distinguish- 
 ed prelates as the Most Rev. James Quigley, Archbishop 
 of Chicago, and the Rt. Rev. Muldoon, D. D. 
 
 Today, the noble church of our parish, and the other 
 parish buildings, harmonize eloquently in every detail, 
 and unequalled as to convenience and construction, lift 
 their shoulders into the sky and look with pride and 
 affection upon the community of Polish descent that so 
 nobly dedicates itself to the greater glory of God here 
 on earth. 
 
 St. Stanislaus Kostka Parish numbers approximately 
 1500 families in its congregational fold. The present 
 school attendance is 1435, and the teaching covers a 
 complete grammar system, with a department of higher 
 grades in commercial classes. 
 
 The 54 fraternal aid and insurance societies existing 
 in the parish have a total membership exceeding 5,000 
 people. 
 
 The civic, charitable and social work of the parish 
 is in charge of the PAROCHIAL COMMITTEE consist- 
 ing of Mr. John Nering, Mr. Stanislaus A. Pufundt, Mr. 
 Roman J. Grochowina Mr. Stanislaus Samborski and Mr. 
 Anthony Cichowicz. 
 
 Foremost among the societies and clubs carrying on 
 the everyday activities of St. Stanislaus Kostka Congrega- 
 tion are the following organizations: 
 
 The St. Vincent DePaul Charity Conference, 
 
 The Holy Name Society, 
 
 The Society of the Little Flower, 
 
 The Thaddeus Kościuszko Citizens Club, 
 
 The Ladies Club of Queen Dąbrówka, 
 
 The Brotherhood of St. Joseph, 
 
 The St. Cecilia Parochial Choir, 
 
 The St. Stanislaus Kostka Dramatic Circle. 
 
 The St. Stanislaus Kostka School Alumni Ass'n and 
 
 The White Eagle Turner Society. 
 
 THE ST. STANISLAUS KOSTKA PARISH AUXILIARY 
 
 FOR THE POLISH WEEK OF HOSPITALITY 
 
 AND OTHER EVENTS AT A CENTURY 
 
 OF PROGRESS EXPOSITION: 
 
 Rev. John Drzewiecki, O R., Pastor and Hon. Chair- 
 man, 
 Rev. John S. Ratajczak, C. R., Chaplain, 
 Mr. John Nering, Chairman, 
 Dr. John V. Grzybowski, Vice-Chairman, 
 Mr. Edward J. Firling, Secretary, 
 Mr. Joseph Grabowiecki, Treasurer, 
 
 The following members of the Auxiliary have served 
 in its Sub-Committees, for the Souvenir Book of the Fair, 
 Program and Entertainment, Tickets, Contests. Music and 
 Choirs, Invitation, Floats and Parade, Finance. Ways, 
 Means and Planning, Athletics and Sports, Transporta- 
 tion and for Housing and Parking: 
 
 Bessie Bassenhorst, 
 Caroline Bawelek, 
 Edmund Bawelek , 
 Frances Bieschke, 
 Helen Bobrowski, 
 Irene Brodziński, 
 Mathias Bykyowski, 
 Martha Ciemniecki. 
 John Czekała, 
 Constance Czekała. 
 Anna Czubak, 
 Bernard Drabanski, 
 Mary Drabanski, 
 Rose Dukes, 
 John Fafinski, 
 Francis Gorynski, Jr., 
 Francis Górzyński, 
 Joseph Grabowiecki, 
 John Grzywa, 
 Henry F. Gudel, 
 Vine. Jozwin Jozwiakowski, 
 John Kaliszewski, 
 Evelyn Kfingsporn, 
 Francis Kortas, 
 
 Stanislaus Malinowski. 
 Mary Mrochim, 
 Joseph G. Mucha, 
 Lucille M. Mucha, 
 Henry J. Niemczyk, 
 Salome Panek, 
 Loretta Polinski, 
 Stanislaus A. Pufundt, 
 Peter Rostenkowski, 
 Stanislaus Samborski, 
 Boniface Sitkiewicz, 
 Stanislaus Skibiński, 
 Jerome Szczodrowski. 
 Mary Szczodrowski, 
 Sophia Szpakowski, 
 Cecilia Train, 
 Elenore Witorski, 
 Albert Wójcik, 
 Francis Wójcik, 
 Frank Wójcik, 
 Edward Wojtuś, 
 Alex. Zakroczymski, 
 Helen Zulinski. 
 
 [178] 
 
afe- 
 
 SAINT STANISLAUS KOSTKA PARISH 
 
 POZDROWIENIE 
 
 DLA 
 
 POLONJI Z CAŁEGO ŚWIATA 
 
 ZEBRANEJ PODCZAS 
 
 POLSKIEGO TYGODNIA GOŚCINNOŚCI 
 NA WSZECHŚWIATOWEJ WYSTAWIE 
 
 K A Y EL 
 
 FABRYKANCI 
 
 KAYEL and UNIVERSAL CEMENT BURIAL VAULTS 
 
 4619-4621 ROSCOE STREET CHICAGO 
 
 BRUNSWICK 2585 
 
 KAROL ZULINSKI 
 
 POLSKI POGRZEBOWY 
 
 Naszym głównym celem jest zadowolenie naszą obsługą 
 
 1457 BLACKHAWK ST. 
 
 blisko Holt St. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 [179] 
 
ais 
 
 POLKS IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -$ 
 
 "Success 
 
 To Polish Week 
 
 of Hospitality 
 
 > > 
 
 LEO KOCIALKOWSKI 
 Member of Congress 
 
 EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL 
 DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS 
 
 J. MAKARSKI & SON 
 Funeral Directors 
 
 No charge for Chapel 
 
 No distance too far 
 
 No funeral too small 
 
 No difference which Church or Cemetary 
 
 No difference what hour of day or night 
 
 Always at your service. 
 
 1123 Noble Street 
 
 ARMITAGE 1921 
 
 TEL. ARMITAGE 1517 - ARMITAGE 2117 
 
 J. B. PALLASCH AND SONS 
 
 Real Estate, Loans, Fire Insurance, 
 Foreign Exchange and Steamship Agency 
 
 1146 NOBLE STREET 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1892 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 TEL. ARMITAGE 2117 - ARMITAGE 1517 
 RES. 1144 NOBLE STREET 
 
 TELEPHONE ARMITAGE 4843 
 
 ABDON M. PALLASCH 
 
 Attorney at Law 
 
 1146 NOBLE STREET 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 [180] 
 
a§5- 
 
 SAINT STANISLAUS KOSTKA PARISH 
 
 Jk 
 
 DEPENDABLE FUEL MERCHANTS 
 
 1873 - 
 
 1933 
 
 Our 60th Anniversary 
 
 OBERHEIDE COAL COMPANY 
 
 ^ERHEIDE 
 
 PHONE 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 3300 
 
 L Makes Warm. Friendi 
 1335 BRADLEY STREET 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Polska Fabryka Trumien 
 
 AMERICAN CASKET 
 and MFG. CO. 
 
 1313-23 W. DIVISION STREET 
 
 BRUNSWICK 6020—6021 
 
 Prócz Olbrzymiego Wyboru 
 Trumien Poleca: 
 
 Dla Paraf ij : 
 
 WSZELKIE URZĄDZENIA KOŚCIELNE 
 
 JAK OŁTARZE, KONFESJONAŁY, 
 
 AMBONY, ŁAWKI ITR 
 
 RYSUNKI NA ŻĄDANIE. 
 
 URZĄDZENIA BIUROWE, APTEK, 
 
 SKŁADÓW ITD. 
 
 Po szczegóły zgłosić się osobiście lub pisać: 
 
 American Casket and Manufacturing Company 
 
 1313-23 West Division Street, Chicago, Illinois 
 
 LEONARD RUTKOWSKI, 
 
 Prezes 
 A. H. NOWAK, 
 
 Wice-Prezes 
 KAZ. SZCZEPKOWSKI, 
 
 Skarbnik 
 THEO. GIESE, 
 
 Sekretarz 
 
 ANTONI KULESZA, 
 Dyrektor i Zarządca 
 
 MARTIN A. KOOP, 
 Dyrektor i Sales Mgr. 
 
 ALEX BUSCH, Dyrektoi 
 
 J. P. ROSTENKOWSKI, 
 Dyrektor 
 
 JÓS. MAŁ.ŁEK, Dyrektor 
 
 TEL. HAYMARKET 8982 
 
 LA HILDA 
 
 VERY MILD 
 
 HALLERCZYK 
 CIGAR COMPANY 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 High Grade Imported and Domestic 
 CIGARS 
 
 Jedna z Największych Polskich Fabryk Cygar 
 Egzystująca 12 Lat 
 
 Na zamówienie wysyłamy cygara do wszystkich 
 miast w Stanuch Zjednoczonych 
 
 JOHN MISIOWIEC 
 
 850 N. ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 [181] 
 
POLKS IX AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 PHONES BRUNSWICK 3G61— 9797 
 
 THE V. BARDONSKI 
 
 JOHN B. BARDONSKI, R. Ph. G., Prop. 
 
 PRESCRIPTION DRUGGIST 
 
 Pierwsza Polska Apteka W Chicago 
 
 1256 NOBLE' STREET 
 PHONE BRUNSWICK 2623 
 
 PH. ARMITAGE 2934 LADY ASSISTANT 
 
 B. DRABANSKI 
 
 UNDERTAKER 
 
 Free Use of Chapel 
 
 1410 N. ASHLAND AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 0068 
 
 PASTEURIZED MILK AND CREAM 
 
 PROGRESS DAIRY CO. 
 
 INCORPORATED 
 
 1634-36-38 NORTH GIRARD STREET 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 A. ZEROWSKI M. BULKIEWICZ 
 
 1266 MILWAUKEE AVE. 
 
 Exclusive Women's Wear 
 For Over 32 Years 
 
 FURS, COATS, DRESSES 
 WEDDING OUTFITS 
 
 \\\u// 
 
 PHONE ARMITAGE 3038 
 
 ROMAN KOSIŃSKI 
 
 DIAMONDS, WATCHES AND JEWELRY 
 
 DR. HENRY F. KOSIŃSKI, Optometrist 
 Eyes Examined — Glasses Fitted 
 
 1039 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 Near Noble Street 
 
 PHONE ARMITAGE 2416 
 
 THE ECCLESIASTICAL 
 GOODS COMPANY 
 
 (The Eee Gee Co.) 
 
 CHURCH GOODS, RELIGIOUS ARTICLES, 
 
 BANNERS, BADGES, PICTURES, 
 
 FRAMES and NOVELTIES 
 
 984-986 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 JOHN S. KONOPA, Pres. CHICAGO 
 
 WELCOME 
 TO THE CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 THE HOME OF GOOD FOOD 
 
 ANNA'S GOOD EATS 
 RESTAURANT 
 
 Soo Terminal Building 
 531 ROOSEVELT ROAD 
 
 s 
 
 . A 
 
 BRODZIŃSKI 
 
 UNDERTAKER 
 
 Ms 
 
 Automt 
 
 >bilcs 
 
 Furnished for All Occasions 
 
 
 Free Use of Modern Chapel 
 
 1317 
 
 NORTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 
 TEL. 
 
 BRUNSWICK 2767 
 
 [182] 
 
SAINT STANISLAUS KOSTKA PARISH 
 
 M5 
 
 COMPLIMENTS OF 
 
 Prima 
 Company 
 
 Brewers of 
 
 America's Finest 
 Beer 
 
 PHONE MOHAWK 2300 
 
 fe 
 
 ..^ 
 
 [183] 
 
&' 
 
 POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -aSs 
 
 (|I5 Ijriiielbenj 
 
 BEER 
 
 M I LWA U K E E 
 
 ORDER A CASE DELIVERED TO YOUR HOME 
 
 CHICAGO BRANCH 
 
 1500 HOLT ST. 
 
 BRUNSWICK 3600 
 
 TELEPHONE BRUNSWICK 8339 
 
 UNITED NOVELTY 
 MFG. CO. 
 
 Importers, Carnival Supplies, Decorations, Silver 
 
 and Gold Jubilee Novelties and Items, Paper 
 
 Hats, Novelties, Party Favors, etc. 
 
 10S0 MILWAUKEE AVE., CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 PHONES BRUNSWICK 3661-9797 
 
 ANTHONY J. JAKUBOWSKI, 
 R. Ph. G. 
 
 BLACKHAWK PHARMACY 
 1459 BLACKHAWK ST. CHICAGO 
 
 Phone Humboldt 1180 
 
 Open Day and Night 
 
 POLONIA GARAGE 
 
 VINCENT KUNIEJ, Prop. 
 
 Expert Auto Repairing, Overhauling, Towing Service, 
 
 Battery, Starters, Generators and Ignition 
 
 Brakes Relined, Washing, Polishing, Simonizing and 
 
 Greasing — Straightening Body and Fenders 
 
 All Work Guaranteed 
 
 1706-08-10 WEST NORTH AVENUE 
 
 POLISH RADIO ADVERTISING 
 BRINGS BIG RESULTS 
 
 For Information Address: 
 
 Z. GEORGE JAWOROWSKI 
 
 ROOM 508—1166 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 15 Programs Now On The Air 
 
 PHONE ARMITAGE 2113 
 
 MEYER DAVIS CO. 
 
 FLOOR COVERINGS 
 
 Wall Paper, Paints, Varnishes, Brushes and Glass 
 
 1003-07 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 HALPERIN'S 
 
 "BETTER FOOD" 
 
 MILWAUKEE, NORTH AVENUE 
 and DAMEN AVENUE 
 
 [184] 
 
l%- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 ■J§5 
 
 Points of Interest in the History of the Polish cental Society 
 
 of Chicago 
 
 JUST how many years previous to 1908, there existed 
 the feeling among the Polish Dentists in Chicago 
 that there should be an organization of the Polish 
 Dentists, is uncertain. However, there was that strong 
 urge to create such an organization in the hearts of our 
 pioneer Polish Dentists who felt that by means of such 
 a group they could strive to increase the knowledge of 
 dentistry among its membership along technical, prac- 
 tical and theoretical lines; to elevate the dental profes- 
 sion in the Polish Public opinion and simultaneously 
 ameliorate the welfare of the members; to co-operate 
 with the medical profession and to a certain degree with 
 registered pharmacists; to spread the knowledge of 
 mouth hygiene among the Polish element and thus raise 
 their standard of health. 
 
 With a sincere desire to band the Polish Dentists not 
 only in Chicago, but elsewhere in the United States 
 "Stowarzyszenie Polskich Dentystów w Ameryce" was 
 organized and a charter was obtained dated May 22, 
 1908. The following Dentists are said to be the organ- 
 izers of the original Polish Dental Society; Dr. J. B. 
 Zieliński, Sr., Dr. Rybsztat, Dr. Jankowski and Dr. W. 
 W. Nowacki, Dr. P. Wybraniec, Dr. W. Gorny. For 
 several years Dr. J. B. Zieliński, Sr., was president of 
 this organization. 
 
 For some unknown reason the Polish Dental Society 
 became dormant for a year or two immediately prior 
 to the year of 1917, when several well meaning and earn- 
 est Dentists felt that the Polish Dental Society should 
 be active. With this in mind due to the efforts of Dr. 
 W. Koniuszewski and Dr. E. G. Urbanowicz the Polish 
 Dental Society was reorganized of which, the said Dr. 
 W. Koniuszewski became President and Dr. E. G. Ur- 
 banowicz, Secretary. Just as soon as this new admin- 
 istration came into office a very active press committee 
 in co-operation with the officers began its work, and 
 thru the media of the Polish newspapers of Chicago, 
 called on the Dentists throughout the United States to 
 join the new Society. 
 
 At regular intervals articles in the Polish language 
 published in the Polish newspapers, dealing with dental 
 topics began to appear. These articles were not only 
 well written but had much informative material about 
 the teeth and mouth hygiene, presented in such form 
 that could be easily understood by the laymen. Among 
 the authors of these articles we find such men as 
 Dr. W. W. Nowacki, Dr. W. Koniuszewski, Dr. S. S. 
 Gorny, Dr. H. Ordon, Dr. H. J. Urbanowicz, Dr. F. 
 Pelka, Dr. E. G. Urbanowicz, Dr. A. J. Marcinkiewicz, 
 and Dr. J. P. Kobrzyński. 
 
 A year after the reorganization a new administration 
 was elected and this was composed of the following: 
 Dr. W. W. Nowacki, Pres.; Dr. J. A. Zabrocki, Vice 
 Pres.; Dr. J. P. Kobrzyński, Sec'y., (at present Dr. 
 Kobrzyński is the President of the Polish Medical and 
 Dental Association of America, which has its Sixth 
 Annual Convention in Chicago this year, July 17, 18, 19), 
 Dr. A. J. Marcinkiewicz, Treasurer and Dr. W. Koniu- 
 szewski, Librarian. This new administration made an 
 
 appeal through the Polish press that all Polish Dentists 
 not yet members of the Society, become such by joining 
 at their earliest convenience. 
 
 Under this new administration as under the old, ar- 
 ticles continued to appear in the Polish papers on dental 
 topics and mouth hygiene. Aside from this purely pro- 
 fessional activity, the Society was also interested in the 
 Polish Nationalistic affairs and took an active part in 
 the "Kongres Polski" which met in Detroit in 1918. In 
 the "platform" the Society declared itself to be loyal to 
 the United States; sympathetic to the Allies; and will- 
 ing to support to the best of its ability the Polish Army 
 in France, and was in favor of the creation of the new 
 Poland with a democratic form of government similar to 
 that of the United States or France. 
 
 During the year 1920 after Poland regained her in- 
 dependence a National Polish Institute of Dentistry was 
 established in Warsaw, Poland, Dr. W. W. Nowacki in 
 a lengthy speech appealed to the Polish Dental Society 
 that it create an educational fund and donate it to the 
 Polish Institute of Dentistry. This fund was to be used 
 partly, to finance the education of talented and deserv- 
 ing students of Dentistry, and partly for dental research 
 by the Polish Dental Institute. 
 
 During the depressive times that the new Republic of 
 Poland was undergoing, Polish bonds were being sold 
 in the United States and elsewhere, by means of which 
 Poland was able to borrow money for reconstruction 
 purposes following the World's War. The Polish Den- 
 tists and Physicians of Chicago joined hands to help 
 the government of Poland by forming a committee to 
 sell Polish bonds to their fellow-practitioners. This 
 Committee was composed of the following: Dr. F. Wiś- 
 niewski, Dr. W. A. Kuflewski. Dr. L. K. Kozakiewicz, 
 Dr. J. Mioduszewski, Dr. A. Zabrocki and Dr. W. W. 
 Nowacki. 
 
 With the coming into existence of the Polish Medical 
 and Dental Association of America, in the year of 1928, 
 the Polish Dental Society of America became the Polish 
 Dental Society of Chicago, and comprising with the 
 Polish Medical Society of Chicago, the Chicago Chapter 
 of the Association, and has been since an active Chapter. 
 
 In recent years, the Polish Dental Society of Chicago, 
 like most of the other organizations in the country be- 
 came less active due to the economic conditions. This 
 Society however, is alive and active due principally to 
 the strong and active administrations that it had during 
 the last few years and it is able to show much activity 
 along the professional and social lines. It is only hoped 
 that in the near future the many Dentists of Polish 
 extraction in and about the city of Chicago would show 
 interest enough to identify themselves with this Society, 
 and let it be the means of cementing many ties of pro- 
 fessional friendship and work for the common good. 
 
 The present Administration of the Polish Dental So- 
 ciety of Chicago is composed of the following members: 
 Dr. 'C. J. Ross, Pres.; Dr. J. C. Ulis, Vice Pres.; Dr. J. 
 M. Gecewicz, Sec'y.; Dr. A. Wcisło, Treas.; Dr. J. Hodur, 
 Librarian. 
 
 
 
 
 MEMBERS 
 
 
 
 
 
 F. 
 
 G. 
 
 Biedka 
 
 J. A. Hodur C. S. Lisowski 
 
 A. 
 
 C. Peszy n ski 
 
 W 
 
 . Stroszewski 
 
 C. 
 
 A. 
 
 Frankiewicz 
 
 S. D. Jedlowski L. T. Micek 
 
 C. 
 
 J. Rogalski 
 
 B. 
 
 M. Stwertnia 
 
 T. 
 
 A. 
 
 Gąsior 
 
 E. J. Kanser F. V. Małachowski 
 
 C. 
 
 J. Ross 
 
 J. 
 
 C. Ulis 
 
 J. 
 
 M. 
 
 Gecewicz 
 
 H. E. Kobrzynski-Hintzke C. J. Marcin 
 
 W 
 
 . T. Ruskoivski 
 
 A. 
 
 Wcisło 
 
 B. 
 
 T. 
 
 Gobczynski 
 
 J. P. Kobrzyński S. M. Mioduszeivski 
 
 E. 
 
 W. Sherry 
 
 J. 
 
 W. Zieliński 
 
 W 
 
 . E 
 
 . Goglin 
 
 S. J. Kurland T. Olechoivski 
 
 V. 
 
 E. Siedlinski 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 S. 
 
 Gorny 
 
 S. A. Lasota E. J. Oleksy 
 
 J. 
 
 L. Smialek 
 
 
 
 [185] 
 
2§£ 
 
 POLES IX AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 lU 
 
 LISOWSKI 
 
 Pogrzebowy 
 
 Ma Nową Kaplicę (Chapel) 
 do Użytku Darmo 
 
 1137 NOBLE ULICA 
 Tel. Armitage 3271 
 
 MARTENS CLOAK CO. 
 
 (INC.) 
 
 1280 MILWAUKEE AVENUE CHICAGO 
 
 JOHN BIALIKIEWICZ 
 
 Then triced Costumes to Rent for All Occasions 
 
 1664 W. DIVISION ST. TEL. ARMITAGE 8681 
 
 AMBULANCE SERVICE 
 
 CHAPEL SERVICE 
 
 EMIL R. MOTZNY 
 
 Undertaker 
 1041-43 NOBLE ST. PH. ARMITAGE 3480 
 
 Near Milwaukee Avenue 
 
 KRYNICA RESTAURACJA 
 
 Znana Polska Kuchnia 
 1118 N. ASHLAND AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 WIECZOREK'S PHARMACY 
 
 1174 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 PH. BRUNSWICK, 3G43 
 
 J. ZWIERZKO, Prop. 
 
 HOME MADE SAUSAGE 
 
 Warsaw Style 
 1453 N. ASHLAND AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 STANLEY C. DZIEWULSKI 
 
 EARL'S CLOAK COMPANY 
 
 Ladies' Wearing Apparel 
 
 1330 MILWAUKEE AVENUE CHICAGO 
 
 JOSEPH DŁUGOSZ 
 
 Grocery, Fruits, Vegetables 
 1501 N. ASHLAND AVE. BRUNSWICK 8823 
 
 Compliment 
 of 
 
 J. P. ROSTENKOWSKI 
 
 ALDERMAN 32 WARD 
 
 1339 NOBLE ST. BRUNSWICK 3306 
 
 PEOPLES DAIRY 
 
 MICHAEL KOMATOWSKI 
 1647 N. PAULINA ST. ARMITAGE 3201 
 
 S. SOWIŃSKI 
 
 Czyszczenie, Farbowanie i Reperacja 
 
 1117 NOBLE ST. TEL. ARMITAGE 8573 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 NOBLE FLORISTS 
 
 ROSE DUKES & SON, Props. 
 
 Flowers for Weddings, Funerals etc. 
 
 1121 NOBLE ST. ARMITAGE 2834 
 
 ARTHUR CWIK 
 
 HARDWARE, PAINTS, GLASS, BRUSHES 
 Wallpaper. Kitchen Utensils and Electric Supplies 
 
 1400 N. ASHLAND AVE. ARMITAGE 3203 
 
 WALTER B. MAJEWSKI 
 
 Roofing and Sheet Metal Works 
 1415 N. ASHLAND AVE. BRUNSWICK 2615 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 EDWARD J. PETLAK 
 
 STATE REPRESENTATIVE 
 27th Senatorial District 
 
 W. DZIEWULSKI 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 
 1405 NOBLE ST. PHONE ARMITAGE 4155 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 PHILIP and 
 FRANCIS RENKOSIAK 
 
 BUTKIEWICZ PAINT & HARDWARE CO. 
 
 Paints, Wall Paper, Glass, Hardware & Cutlery 
 1403 NOBLE ST. PHONE ARMITAGE 6000 
 
 DR. A. WARCHALOWSKI 
 
 OPTOMETRIST 
 
 1608 MILWAUKEE AVE. BRUNSWICK 6640 
 
 [186] 
 
& 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION* TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Saint Adalbert's Parish 
 
 ST. ADALBERT'S CHURCH 
 REV. C. D. GRONKOWSKI, PASTOR 
 
 AFTER the last insurrection in Poland, 
 . 1863-1864, a very large immigration 
 of Poles settled in Chicago. A great num- 
 ber of them selected the West Side and 
 founded their homes on 17, 18, 19 and 20th 
 streets, between what is now known as 
 Laflin and Hoyne avenues. This was the 
 first settlement South of Madison street. 
 From here the Poles began to move further 
 West and South. They began to organize 
 and in 1871 formed the first Society known 
 
 as the Society of St. Adalbert Bishop and 
 Martyr and laid thereby the foundation 
 for the present St. Adalbert's Parish. 
 
 This second oldest Polish Parish and 
 perhaps also the second largest in the City 
 of Chicago, was organized in the year of 
 1874. Its first church was built on the 
 corner of 17th and South Paulina streets 
 and Reverend H. Klimecki was its first 
 Pastor. The present Church was erected 
 in the year of 1914 by the present Pastor, 
 Rev. Casimir Gronkowski. Since the be- 
 ginning of the Parish there were five (5) 
 Pastors and seventy-three Assistants as- 
 signed to it. The small school building was 
 replaced by a large four story structure 
 with eighteen (18) classrooms, and in the 
 year of 1908, another large school build- 
 ing with sixteen (16) rooms was added 
 to the Church property located on one-half 
 square block. At the present time there 
 are nineteen hundred (1,900) children at- 
 tending the school, while during the Golden 
 Jubilee year, there were two thousand 
 seven hundred eighty-nine (2,789) chil- 
 dren in school. Ven. Sisters of Nazareth 
 are teaching the children since the year of 
 1885, prior thereto the children were 
 taught by Messrs. Wendzinski, K. Mallek, 
 J. Wróblewski, Fr. Zabka, Fr. Byrgier, 
 who were ably assisted by Mesdames P. 
 Kniola, A. Donarska, J. Lehman and A. 
 Nowicka. There are now forty-two (42) 
 sisters teaching and also taking care of the 
 nursery founded by the Rev. Casimir Gron- 
 kowski. The first Sister Superior was Sis- 
 ter M. Frances. Sister Superior M. Isa- 
 bella is now in charge of the school. 
 
 The new Church is almost a facsimile 
 of the famous basilica of St. Paul in Rome. 
 It is 195 feet in length and 113 feet in 
 width and 65 feet in height. The two tow- 
 
 [187] 
 
»!*- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 ■ik 
 
 ers are each 1S6 feet high. The 
 interior is 175 feet long, the 
 width of the nave 65 feet, and 
 the height 65 feet with a seat- 
 ing capacity for 1,800 persons. 
 
 The Replica of the famous 
 Michael Angelo's "Pieta" at St. 
 Peter's in Rome is in this 
 Church. 
 
 It is known for its beautiful 
 all carrara marble work. The 
 marble used was personally se- 
 lected by Rev. Casimir Gron- 
 kowski. 
 
 The organ is considered to be 
 one of the choicest of W. W. 
 Kimball Company with an echo 
 organ above the main altar. 
 
 The St. Adalbert's Parish was 
 the seat of all of the activities 
 in the forming of the history of 
 the Poles of Chicago. Here was 
 founded the Polish Roman 
 Catholic Union of America, the 
 Polish National Alliance, the 
 Polish Women's Alliance, the 
 Sokol Polski — Falcons. It is 
 known for its patriotism and lo- 
 yalty to the United States of 
 America and also to her mother 
 country. During the World's 
 War it was one of the first to 
 go over the top in the purchase 
 of the United States Liberty 
 Bonds and later on, in the pur- 
 chase of the Bonds of the Re- 
 public of Poland. One of its pa- 
 rishioners, namely, John Wojta- 
 lewicz, was the first of the citi- 
 zens of Chicago to sacrifice his 
 life on the battle fields of 
 France. 
 
 The first parochial School 
 which was recognized by the 
 Board of Education of the City 
 of Chicago was the School of 
 St. Adalberts' Parish. Messrs 
 Wendzinski and Rudnicki publ- 
 ished the first Polish newpaper 
 in St. Adalbert's Parish. 
 
 There are about 100 societies, 
 groups or circles belonging to 
 this parish and over 3,000 fam- 
 ilies. 
 
 MAIN ALTAR— ST. ADALBERT'S CHURCH 
 
 Att. Jan S. Rybicki, 
 President 
 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: 
 Rev. Casimir Gronkowski, Honorary President. 
 
 Att. St. Kusper, 
 1-st Vice-Pres. 
 
 Aid. John J. Łagodny, 
 2-nd Vice-Pres. 
 
 Marja Lew, 
 
 Secretary 
 
 Stan. A. Behnke, 
 Treasurer 
 
 MEMBERS OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES 
 
 Ignacy Frasz 
 Pani Elż. Jankowska 
 A. Desecki 
 Józef Barć 
 Stanisław Mermel 
 Kleof. F. Pettkoske 
 Kasper Ropa 
 St. Raczkowski 
 Juljan Sadowski 
 Pani Marja Slaska 
 Józef Szponder 
 Weronika Felińska 
 Jan A. Stanek 
 Franciszek Kot 
 
 Pani Stefanja 
 Chmielińska 
 Marja Rybicki 
 Jadwiga Górecka 
 Gertrude Suchomska 
 Zofja Wiercioch 
 Wlad. Andziewicz 
 Pani Anna Kopicka 
 Lottie Kowalska 
 Dr. Jan Gecewicz 
 A<1 w. Ad. Sadowski 
 Kazimierz Frasz 
 Dr. .1. Gardzielewski 
 Marja Lubejko 
 
 Aniela Łagodna 
 Dr. Allen Peszynski 
 Józef Mermel 
 Blandyna Kusper 
 Weronika Kowalska 
 Dorota Maciejewska 
 Witold Prusinowski 
 Władysław Hosanna 
 Malg'. Malczewska 
 Marja Niedźwiecka 
 Helena Sadowska 
 Klara Muchowska 
 Karolina Lew 
 Kazimierz Wójcik 
 
 Jan Pastorek 
 Agnes Kowalski 
 Marja śniegowska 
 Stanisław Roman 
 Zof. Stelmachowska 
 Leok. Wydrzyńska 
 Józef Chudak 
 Raphaela Żurawski 
 Marcin Kubiak 
 Marja Więzień 
 Antoni Górecki 
 Marjan Knutkowski 
 Klara Gardzielewska 
 Wacław Majchrzak 
 
 Edward Frasz 
 Franciszek Kempa 
 Fran. Krajewski 
 Stanisław Wojtecki 
 Edmund Lubejko 
 Jan Kusper 
 Alojzy Ropa 
 Franciszek Frasz 
 Józef Jeleń 
 St. świech 
 Alex. Kopicki 
 Anastazy Lubejko 
 Wiktorja Pacocha 
 Julja Kaczmarek 
 
 Apolonja Szudarska 
 Anna Knutkowska 
 Lucja Wiśniewska 
 Walerja Malicka 
 Szcz. Nowakowski 
 Jan śniegowski 
 Marja Szudarska 
 Leokadja Zylewicz 
 Anastazja Balcer 
 Marja Derezińska 
 Cecylja Słomińska 
 Józef Hosanna 
 
 [188] 
 
$ 
 
 SAINT ADALBERT'S PARISH 
 
 M 
 
 GENERAL INSURANCE 
 
 Bezpieczne Skrzynki Depozytowe (Zabez- 
 pieczone przed pożarem. Strzeżone A. D. T. 
 Systemem Alarmowym) 
 
 $3.00 ROCZNIE 
 
 Wysyłka Pieniędzy do Polski w Dolarach 
 Pocztą lub Kablem 
 
 Sprzedajemy Karty Okrętowe na 
 wszystkie Lin je 
 
 Płacimy gotówką za kupony procentowe 
 od Bondów Polskich 
 
 Wyrabiamy Pieniężne Przekazy 
 Kolektujemy pieniądze za hipoteki i noty 
 
 Wyrabiamy wszelkie legalne papiery 
 
 PŁACIMY 4 PROCENT 
 
 od oszczędności składanych na nasz nowy 
 plan "O", na który można wpłacać dowolną 
 sumę, w każdym czasie 
 
 W DOMOV SPÓŁCE BUDOWNICZO- 
 POŻYCZKOWEJ 
 
 która jest członkiem 
 
 FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK 
 
 Dajemy pierwsze pożyczki hipoteczne na 
 realności. Udzielamy najchętniej po- 
 życzki do sumy $1000.00. 
 
 Biuro Spółki udzieli chętnie wszelkich infor- 
 macji pod adresem: 
 
 WEST SIDE INVESTMENT & FINANCE CO. 
 
 1618 WEST 18th ST. PHONE CANAL 0045-0045 
 
 If its the religious goods line you are looking for 
 
 H. GÓRECKI 
 
 has the most complete one. 
 CHRISTMAS WAFERS (OPŁATKI) 
 
 IMPORTED FROM POLAND OUR SPECIALTY 
 
 WHOLESALE 
 
 Mission displays 
 beautifidly arranged. 
 
 1144 MILWAUKEE AVE., 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 RETAIL 
 
 Largest variety 
 
 of pictures and frames. 
 
 ARMITAGE 4447 
 
 [189] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 N ajserdeczniejsze Życzenia Składa Całej Polonji na 
 
 W ychodztwie 
 
 TOW. BUDOWNICZO - POŻYCZKOWE 
 
 "PIAST" 
 
 BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATION 
 
 1700 WEST 21ST STREET, CHICAGO 
 
 Kapitał Zakładowy 
 $10,000,000.00 
 
 Członek — Federal Home Loan 
 Bank System 
 
 W tym roku światowej Wystawy, Spółka PIAST jest dumną z tego, że prowadzi interes 
 przez 22 lat nieustannie naprzód i służy akcjonarjuszom szczerze i sumiennie; z pierw- 
 szą myślą i zamiarem przyniesienia korzyści na pieniądze oszczędzone, a przedewszyst- 
 kiem żeby był kapitał zawsze pewny i bezpieczny. 
 
 Spółka PIAST prosperowała i prosperuje, a to można zawdzięczać urzędnikom i dy- 
 rektorom, którzy starannie i uczciwie pracowali, a mianowicie panu K. Ropa, który 
 jest sekretarzem od założenia i jest jeden z założycieli tej Spółki. 
 
 ZARZĄD: 
 
 LUDWIK STANASZEK, Prezes 
 JÓZEF MIKUŁA, Wice Prezes 
 
 DYREKTORZY: 
 
 KASPER ROPA, Sekretarz 
 JÓZEF SPONDER, Kasjer 
 
 WŁADYSŁAW ZIELIŃSKI 
 JÓZEF F. ROPA 
 JÓZEF BARĆ 
 MICHAŁ WLEZIEŃ 
 
 STANISŁAW W. ROPA 
 
 FRANCISZEK KLIMALA 
 
 HENRY CZEKAJSKI 
 
 CZESŁAW J. DANKOWSKI, Adwokat 
 
 JÓZEF JAROSZ 
 ALOJZY MLECZKO 
 JÓZEF JELEŃ 
 JAN BIERNAT 
 
 NAJODPOWIEDZIALNIEJSZA SPÓŁKA NA WOJCIECHOWIE 
 
 %A 
 
 rfAYf 
 
 *e€wae 
 
 3f. 0$mw/ł 
 
 TELEFON CANAL 2032 
 
 STANISŁAW MERMEL 
 
 SKLEP MUZYCZNY 
 
 1800 WEST 18TA ULICA 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 MARCIN KUBIAK 
 
 FARBY, OLEJE, SZKŁO, PĘDZLE, TAPETY 
 
 I PRZYBORY DLA MALARZY 
 
 Najstarszy Skład na Wojciechowie 
 
 Członek Komitetu Wystawy Dzielnicy Wojciechowa 
 
 1723 W. 21ST ST. 
 
 TEL. CANAL 0178 
 
 TEL CANAL 5465 NOTARJUSZ PUBLICZNY 
 
 Najserdeczniejsze Życzenia Całej Polonji Składa 
 
 K. ROPA & SON 
 
 Biuro Realności i Pożyczek 
 
 ASEKURACJA DOMÓW I SPRZĘTÓW DOMOWYCH 
 
 Kupujemy, Sprzedajemy i Zamieniamy 
 
 Domy, Loty i Farmy 
 
 (Długoletni Sekretarz Spółki Piast) 
 
 1710 W. 21 ULICA 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 [190] 
 
&■ 
 
 SAINT ADALBERT'S PARISH 
 
 '& 
 
 N. A. LUBEJKO 
 
 FUNERAL DIRECTOR AND EMBALMER 
 AutomobHes Furnished for All Occasions 
 
 1709 W. 18TH ST. TEL. CANAL 1246 
 
 A. SUCHOMSKI 
 
 Dry Goods and Shoes 
 
 1758 WEST 18TH STREET 
 Najlepsze PIWO na Wojciechowie 
 
 WINCENTY HAJNOS 
 
 Polska Gospoda 
 1801 W. 17TA UL. DOBRE PIWO 
 
 Życzenia Całej Polonji 
 Składa Adwokat 
 
 CZESŁAW J. DANKOWSKI 
 
 FRANCISZEK KOT 
 
 Grosernia i Skład Delikatesów 
 — na Wojciechoivie ■ — ■ 
 
 1651 W. 21-SZY PLACE 
 
 EDWARD L. LUBEJKO 
 
 Dzielny Pracoivnik z Dzielnicy Wojciechowa 
 1634 W. 18-TY PLACE 
 
 DR. J. M. GECEWICZ 
 
 Dentist 
 1624 W. 18TH ST. TEL. CANAL 4213 
 
 WALTER J. MENDRALSKI 
 
 PHARMACIST - CHEMIST 
 
 WALTER J. MENDRALSKI l„ . . 
 
 JEANETTE MENDRALSKI (-Registered Pharmacists 
 
 1658 W. 18TH STREET, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 Najserdeczniejsze Życzenia 
 Składają Całej Polonji 
 
 MARJA I KAROLINA LEW 
 
 Najserdeczniejsze Życzenia 
 Składa Całej Polonji 
 
 JAN KUSPER 
 
 1827 W. 17TH ST. 
 
 CANAL 3885 
 
 Najserdeczniejsze Życzenia Składa, Całej Polonji 
 ADWOKAT 
 
 C. S. FRASZ 
 
 CANAL 7172-7173 
 
 PARK VIEW LAUNDRY 
 
 "Our Work Satisfies Customers 
 That Are Hard To Please." 
 
 1727-31 WEST 21ST STREET 
 GIVE US A TRIAL 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 KAPPER'S 
 
 Oldest Establishment in St. Adalbert's Parish 
 
 Dry Goods, Gent's Furnishings 
 General Merchandise, Shoes 
 
 1757-59 WEST 18TH STREET 
 
 Corner Wood 
 
 Najserdeczniejsze Życzenia Składają 
 
 Józef i Stefanja Sponder 
 
 Całej Polonji 
 
 Sierżant Policji w Biurze Prokuratora Powiatu 
 Cook. Czynny działacz w komitecie Tygodnia 
 Gościruiości przy Paraf ji Świętego Wojciecha. 
 
 1823 W. 21SZA UL. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Mieszkanie i Biuro: 
 
 1808 SOUTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 TELEPHONE CANAL 7030 
 
 STANISŁAW T. 
 KUSPER 
 
 Adwokat 
 1924 SO. LEAVITT STREET 
 
 MRS. L. C. GARDZIELEWSKI 
 
 Mortician and Licensed E mb aimer 
 1700 S. PAULINA ST. PHONE CANAL 0652 
 
 [191] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2§5 a§£ 
 
 J\ 
 
 JOS. P. KWIATKOSKI — FRANK J. KWIATKOSKI 
 
 Jos. P. Kwiatkoski 
 & Son 
 
 BRICK AND FRAME 
 
 House Movers and Raisers 
 
 Buildings Raised and Moved Anyivhere 
 and Everywhere 
 
 26TH ST. AND FRANCISCO AVE. 
 
 TELEPHONE ROCKWELL 1541 
 
 RAVENNA HOTEL BUILDING 
 N. E. COR. DIVISION & LA SALLE STS., CHGO. 
 One of the largest buildings moved without inter- 
 fering with the business of the hotel. 
 A Perfect Job! 
 
 YARDS AT 2846-48-50-52-54-56-58—2900-2-4 
 WEST 26TH STREET 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 -The Only POLISH FURRIERS IN THE LOOP" 
 
 STEPHEN RAJEWSKI, President 
 
 ADAMS FUR COMPANY 
 
 Manufacturing Furriers 
 
 also 
 
 REMODELING— REPAIRING 
 
 STORAGE— CLEANING— GLAZING 
 
 STEVEN'S BUILDING 
 17 N. STATE STREET ROOM 1420 
 
 -Phone DEArborn 3666 Chicago, III. 
 
 FULTON MARKET GRILL 
 
 856 FULTON STREET 
 
 Northeast Corner Peoria Street 
 
 HOME COOKED MEALS 
 AT ALL HOURS 
 
 Special Attention Given to Private Parties 
 
 J. S. WASELA 
 
 PROP. 
 
 TELEPHONE CANAL 0180 
 
 OPILA PAPER COMPANY 
 
 (Not Inc.) 
 
 PETER OPILA, SR., Proprietor 
 
 WHOLESALE 
 
 PAPER AND WOODENWARE 
 2008-12 S. ASHLAND AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 Najstarsza Polska Drukarnia w Chicago 
 
 Założona w roku 1SS2 
 
 C. F. PETTKOSKE, właściciel 
 
 Tel. Canal 0662 1718 S. Ashland Ave. 
 
 SERDECZNE ŻYCZENIA 
 
 ELŻBIETA JANKOWSKA 
 
 Wice Prezeska Z. P. R. K. 
 1727 W. CULLERTON UL. 
 
 PAULINE APPAREL SHOP 
 
 1654 W. 18TH ST. 
 PAULINE MUCHOWSKI 
 
 TEL. CANAL 1899 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Tow. Anny Chrzanowskiej 
 
 Grupa 137 Związku Polek w Ameryce 
 Chicago, Ul. 
 
 [192] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Sffi 2|S 
 
 Sacred Heań of Jesus Parish 
 
 On the first day of 
 July 1910, Rev. Fran- 
 cis J. Karabasz, then 
 Assistant Pastor at 
 St. Peters and Pauls 
 Church, received an 
 appointment from The 
 Most Rev. Archboshop 
 James E. Quigley D. 
 D., to organize and 
 become Pastor of a 
 new Parish, under the 
 patronage of THE 
 SACRED HEART OP 
 JESUS, embracing the 
 territory between 41st 
 & 47th Sts., Ashland 
 and Western Aves. 
 
 He began work at 
 once and obtained a 
 plot of ground, con- 
 sisting of 18 lots with 
 5 cottages, for which 
 $26,187.50 was paid. 
 The people of the 
 locality were then 
 notified', and a Parish 
 meeting called at the 
 neighboring St. Jo- 
 sephs Church, where 
 a Parish Committee 
 was selected, and 
 plans outlined for the SACRED 
 
 future. 
 
 With the consent of 
 the Rev. S. Cholewiń- 
 ski, Pastor of St. Josephs Church, the First Mass of the new 
 Parish, was celebrated, at 9 o'clock, on August 10-th, 1910, 
 in the Church of St. Joseph. 
 
 About the middle of September, ground was brokem for a 
 combination school and Church building, to cost approximatly 
 $71,000.00, and on October 9th, Bishop P. P. Rhode D. D., 
 blessed the corner stone. 
 
 After a private blessing of the building by the Pastor, Rev. 
 F. J. Karabasz, on March 19th 1911, the First Mass was 
 celebrated in the new edifice. 
 
 Bishop P. P. Rhode D. D. was the officiating minister, at 
 the Solemn Blessing, on May 28-th 1911. 
 
 The Sacrament of Confirmation, was for the first time 
 administered in the new Parish, on July 4th 1912, by Bishop 
 P. P. Rhode D. D. 
 
 In September school opened, with 9 Felician Sisters in 
 charge. 
 
 The first Mission, from Nov. 2nd — 11th, 1912, was con- 
 ducted by the Franciscan Fathers of Pulaski, Wise, with 
 great success. 
 
 In May, 1913, more ground was bought, and a Sisters 
 Home erected at a cost of $25,000.00. The new Parsonage, 
 at the same cost, was built in 1915. 
 
 As the number of families increased, the number of class 
 rooms became insufficient, necessitating the erection of 
 another school building in 1919, at a cost of $27,000.00. 
 
 HEART OF JESUS PARISH CHURCH AND 
 4600 So. Honore St. 
 
 In the year 1921 all 
 debts on the Parish 
 buildings were clear- 
 ed, and since then the 
 Parish is free of all 
 encumberences, being 
 one of a few in the 
 Chicago Diocese, to 
 hold such an envious 
 position. 
 
 At present there 
 are 1,000 families in 
 the parish, and 1,100 
 children att ending 
 school, which is con- 
 ducted by 19 Felician 
 Sisters. 
 
 The Pastor to the 
 present day is the 
 Rev. F. J. Karabasz, 
 who is at present be- 
 ing assisted in admin- 
 istering the spiritual 
 needs of his people, 
 by the Rev. Lad. F. 
 Balcer, and Rev. Leo 
 Hinc. 
 
 In the parish dur- 
 ing its existence there 
 were organized seven 
 Church Sodalities; 
 nine Polish Roman 
 Catholic Union; four 
 Polish National Alli- 
 ance; and three Polish 
 Alma Mater societies. 
 The Catholic Order of Foresters, and The Free Polish 
 Women's Alliance, have a society here. There is also in 
 the Parish, a Literary and Dramatic Circle, and the Holy 
 Name Society. 
 
 Rightly, therefore, the SACRED HEART OF JESUS 
 PARISH, is a splendid asset, in the achievements of the 
 Poles and Polish Americans, in this country, the glorious 
 U. S. A. 
 
 The General Committee, from the Sacred Heart of Jezus 
 Parish, for the Polish Week of Hospitality, at The Century 
 of Progress, appointed by the Rev. Pastor, was composed of 
 Mr. Jos. Knieczka, Mr. Vine. Ptocki, Mr. Jos. Kukulski, and 
 Mr. Ant. Zygmuntowicz. 
 
 The Local Committee, co-operating and deserving of 
 special mention for their work, was made up of the fol- 
 lowing: — 
 
 Rev. Lad. F. Balcer, Chairman; Mr. Frank Obirek, Secre- 
 tary; Mr. Joseph Konieczka, Mr. Joseph Kukulski, Mr. Vine. 
 Potocki, Mr. Ant. Zygmuntowicz, Mr. Stan. Gofron, Mr. Louis 
 Królewczyk, Miss Anna Radon, Miss Flo Demski, Miss 
 Helen Cyrwus, Miss Cath. Marusarz, Mrs. Mary Macejak. 
 
 SCHOOL 
 
 
 Sacred Heart Rectory 
 
 [193] 
 
2§K' 
 
 POLES IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRES; 
 
 -ate 
 
 STATE 1942 
 
 RES. YARDS 0032 
 
 THOMAS E. KLUCZYNSKI 
 
 Attorney at Law 
 
 SUITE 726 CONWAY BLDG. 
 Ill W. WASHINGTON ST. CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE WENTWORTH 3184 
 
 FAMOUS SAUSAGE CO., Inc. 
 
 STANLEY J. ORŁOWSKI, 
 Manager 
 
 "The More You Eat— 
 The More You Want" 
 
 HOME MADE SAUSAGE 
 BOILED HAMS, ETC. 
 
 903-905 W. 59TH ST. 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 LEONARD WOLNIAK 
 
 ANNA WOLNIAK 
 
 WOLNIAK 
 
 FUNERAL DIRECTORS 
 
 Free use of modern chapel and organ music — Private 
 
 ambulance — Auto service for all occasions — - 
 
 Day or night 
 
 4604 SO. LINCOLN ST. 
 PHONE LAFAYETTE 2586 
 
 SAVE MONEY 
 
 20% discount allowed on all bundles 
 brought in and called for 
 
 LEADER LAUNDRY CO. 
 
 1633-47 W. 43RD ST. ALL PH. YARDS 4800 
 The Home of the "No Fade" Process of Washing 
 
 PH. BOULEVARD 3990 
 
 RES. PH. HEMLOCK 2787 
 
 DR. F. WOJNIAK 
 
 Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat 
 4649 SOUTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 JOSEPH MAZUREK 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 4354 S. HONORE ST. VIRGINIA 0206 
 
 Z. BASIŃSKI 
 
 FURNITURE 
 
 Best Quality at Lowest Prices 
 
 1701-03 W. 47TH ST. TEL. BOULEVARD 1751 
 
 JOHN JASIŃSKI 
 
 Watch milker, Jeweler and Musical Instruments 
 4629 S. ASHLAND AVE. BOULEVARD 1222 
 
 JOSEPH KUKULSKI 
 
 Halls lor Weddings and Dances 
 4512 S. MARSHFIELD AVE. YARDS 4255 
 
 JACOB GRZYWNA 
 
 Soft Drink Parlor 
 4358 S. WOOD ST. LAFAYETTE 2731 
 
 STANLEY KUREK 
 
 Soft Drink Parlor 
 4300 SOUTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 JASIŃSKI SCHOOL of MUSIC 
 
 Director of Polish-American Symphony Orchestra 
 4629 S. ASHLAND AVE. BOULEVARD 1222 
 
 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 
 
 CUTLERY 
 
 MARYAN I. AST 
 
 Watchmaker and Jewelry 
 4618 S. ASHLAND AVE. Tel. Boulevard 0595 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank Chlebek 
 
 SOFT DRINK PARLOR 
 4324 S. MARSHFIELD AVE. YARDS 2522 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Kalafut 
 
 SOFT DRINK PARLOR 
 4103 S. ASHLAND AVE. BOULEVARD 8989 
 
 Mrs. Marcjanna Kubecki 
 
 Candy Store 
 4636 S. MARSHFIELD AV., BOULEVARD 5622 
 
 DR. C. SOBIERAJSKI 
 
 Dentist 
 4600 S. ASHLAND AVE. BOULEVARD 9136 
 
 Dr. Edmund T. Bartkowiak 
 
 Physician and Surgeon 
 1757 W. 47TH ST. RESIDENCE ENG. 3842 
 
 [194] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 CONGRATULATING CHICAGO 
 
 ON ITS 100TH BIRTHDAY 
 
 A Century of Progress 
 
 WE ARE PROUD TO BE A PART OF CHICAGO 
 
 PULASKI COAL CO. 
 
 3025 WEST 26TH STREET 
 
 TELEPHONE LAWNDALE 3063 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Distributors 
 of Coal— Coke and Fuel Oils 
 
 OUR POLICY ASSURES YOU 
 QUALITY - WEIGHT and SERVICE 
 
 OFFICERS and DIRECTORS 
 
 KAZIMIR PAZDAN, President 
 JOSEPH KLAK, Vice President 
 ALBERT TUMAN, Director 
 
 XAVIER CZONSTKA, Secretary 
 JOSEPH KURLAND, Treasurer 
 JOHN STEFAŃSKI, Director 
 
 [ 195 ] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2fS 2§S 
 
 i^o/npu'/?ieft/h cJ 
 
 Jo /u i U liióluLóAi 
 
 COMPLIMENTS OF 
 
 ANTON ZYGMUNTOWICZ 
 
 Director of the Polish Rom. Cath. Union 
 
 4321 SOUTH MARSHFIELD AVENUE 
 
 & W INM£N$CLOTH1N£ V 
 
 AND LADIES COATS 
 
 ^^ CLOTHING HOUSt" iv: 
 
 ,-.' Milwaukee t' Ashland Avenues' "v 
 
 JOZEF WIŚNIEWSKI 
 
 Hodowca rasowego drobiu, królików, roślin ogro- 
 dowych — Prezes Wydawnictwa Ilustrowanego 
 miesięcznika "Przebudzenie Farmerskie" (w Chi- 
 cago) — wysyła na zamówienie swoje pro- 
 dukty, oraz przybory i książki rolnicze, oświato- 
 we i powieściowe. 
 BOX 68, ANACONDA, MONTANA 
 
 ROMANOW PRINTING SHOP 
 
 13 
 
 J. ROMANOW, Prop. 
 STANISLAUS STREET 
 
 New York Mills, N. Y. 
 
 Dial 6-1161 
 
 [196] 
 
Mf$flft$$t$$t$lllfl$$f$ll$l$$flll$f$$$$$flf$$$$$li$$$ff-|ltllf$$I^W^^ 
 
 
 %0$ffiffl$#$#MtWWIfl$IM 
 
 $^^^^$$$$$$^^ 
 
 History of St. Michael's Archangel Church 
 
 St. Michael's Church 
 
 THE history of St. Michael's Parish dates back to the year 
 of 1891, when a group of men, members of the Immaculate 
 Conception Church, until then, the only Polish Church in 
 South Chicago, realized the convenience of another parish in this 
 section of the city. The block between 82nd and 83rd Sts., bounded 
 by South Shore Drive and Brandon Ave. was bought for a sum 
 of $14,700.00. Upon its inception the new parish numbered a con- 
 gregation of approximately 300 families. 
 
 A temporary chapel was built immediately under the supervision 
 of its first Pastor Rev. Adolph Nowicki, who was assigned here 
 on February 2nd, 1892. The men and women of the Parish com- 
 bined in the construction of the Chapel, and in a week's time it 
 was completed : and so from February until September of that 
 year, the faithful worshipped God in a Chapel. 
 
 Rev. Nowicki, in the meantime, began planning the construction 
 of a permanent Church and School, and in September of that same 
 year, the corner stone for a stone and brick edifice was laid, and 
 the building completed in due time. 
 
 On October 31st, 1897, Rt. Rev. Archbishop Feehan appointed 
 Rev. P. P. Rhode as the next Pastor of St. Michael's Church. Rev. 
 Rhode added new life and efforts to the struggling parish, aiming 
 to take off the heavy burden of existing debts, and with the help 
 of his assistants, things began looking brighter, and the parish grew 
 so much, so that the church was getting too small and again a 
 larger church was talked about. This came to pass when on Novem- 
 ber 3rd, 1907 another corner stone was laid, and in less than 
 two years — on May 23rd, 1909, to be exact — the present edifice 
 was dedicated. This building is of Gothic Style with a pointed 
 steeple — one of the highest in our City. 
 
 The community and parish life progressed beautifully under 
 the pastorate of Rev. P. P. Rhode. No one, however, dreamed that 
 this Parish will go down in golden letters in the history of America, 
 for on June 17th, 1908 the tidings came that the Rev. P. P. Rhode 
 was to become the first Polish Bishop of America. On July 29th 
 the consecration was performed by the Rt. Rev. Archbishop Quigley 
 at the Holy Name Cathedral. The Rt. Rev. P. P. Rhode continued 
 as Pastor of St. Michael's Church until September 29th, 1915 when 
 he left to become Bishop of Green Bay, Wis. 
 
 The third Pastor, and now its incumbent, the Rev. John Lange, 
 Ph. D., then took over the reigns. The environments were not new 
 to Father Lange as he had acted as Assistant Pastor here some 
 time previously. 
 
 The Rev. John Lange, Ph. D. was born in Chicago on April 
 15th, 1878. and received his elementary education at the St. Stan- 
 islaus' Kostka School. After completing the grammar school he 
 enrolled at the St. Ignatius College. In 1898, the Archbishop sent 
 him to Rome to study Theology) and Philosophy. After completing 
 the course, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 and ordained to the priesthood on October 28th, 1903 by the Vicar- 
 General of Rome, Cardinal Respighi. In September 1904, the Rev. 
 Dr. Lan^e returned to Chicago, and served for a while as assistant 
 at St. Michael's, later as Pastor at North Chicago, 111. and St. 
 Salomea's in Chicago, respectively, and finally at St. Michael's in 
 South Chicago. 
 
 His first great accomplishment as Pastor of St. Michael's was 
 the enlargement of the school building which was completed in 1917. 
 
 In 1925 the need of larger teaching quarters was again felt, 
 and an auxiliary school building — one of the most nodern was 
 erected. This building accommodates the pupils of the higher grades 
 
 Most Reverend Paul P. Rhode, D. D. 
 Former Pastor of St. Michael's Church 
 
 [197] 
 
&■ 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 and the Two-Year Business Course. The number of pupils at St. 
 Michael's School at this time is 1800. The parish membership 
 numbers about 1900 families. 
 
 Under Rev. Dr. Lance's pastorate new altars at a cost in round 
 figures of $17,000, were placed in the Sanctuary of the church. 
 These are also of Gothic style to conform to the architecture of 
 the church. 
 
 The year of 1928 marked the Silver Jubilee of Rev. Dr. Lan<re':; 
 priesthood, which fact was commemorated by the installation ot 
 Art Windows in the Church at a cost of $25,000.00. The most prom- 
 inent donors towards these being, Mr. Frank Koncikowski who 
 donated a sum of $1,000.00. Mrs. M. Stelmaszek one of the oldest 
 parishioners, is also a generous contributor toward the church, hav- 
 ing donated a Statue, and also an elaborate Monstrance at a cost 
 of S2.000.00 in memory of her son Walter, killed in the World War. 
 
 Assisting at St. Michael's at present are the Reverend : Anthony 
 Gawrych, Boleslaus Niec, and Michael Kaja, who by their devotion 
 and love of duties, have been helpful in conducting the affairs 
 of the parish. Under their supervision nineteen societiess and several 
 clubs flourish in the parish. The Boy's Club consisting of 800 youths 
 is very active in the various departments of sports under the 
 zealous guidance of Rev. B. Niec. In the fall of the year 1931 
 a St. Vincent De Paul Conference was organized by Rev. A. Gaw- 
 rych and during the depression all families in need were fully 
 taken care of. 
 
 The Parish also has a splendid choir of 250 voices under the 
 able leadership of Mr. Jos. Matejko. Organist, who has been serv- 
 ing the parish for nearly ten years. 
 
 The Polish Week of Hospitality Parish Committees were or- 
 ganized by Dr. Adam Mioduski, who acted as the Chairman, and 
 with the co-operation of the Secretary, Miss Mary Zuchowski, and 
 the splendid support of Mrs. Agnes Pawlicki, as Treasurer, and 
 of the various committees, the work was conducted satisfactorily. 
 
 lit 
 
 Rev. J. M. Lange, 
 Present Pastor at St. Michael's Church 
 
 Submitted 
 
 by: 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 Marie A. Dudkiewicz 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 Agnes Pawlicki 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 Magdalene Przybylinski 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 Veronica Sadowski 
 
 
 COMMITTEE 
 
 TEL. SOUTH CHICAGO 3036 
 
 Gold Cup 
 
 Baking 
 
 Co. 
 
 S. MICHAŁOWSKI, Prop. 
 
 8357-59 SAGINAW AVENUE 
 SOUTH CHICAGO 
 
 GLOBE LIFE INSURANCE 
 COMPANY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 A Legal Reserve Company 
 
 "CLAIMS PAID ON SIGHT" 
 
 431 S. DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO, ILL. 
 All Phones HARRISON 1996 
 
 POSE BARRY DIETZ, President 
 
 STEVENSON - BENKO CO. 
 
 QUALITY WHOLESALE GROCERS 
 
 9138-40 BALTIMORE AVENUE 
 SOUTH CHICAGO 
 
 [198] 
 
POLES IX AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION" TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2|S 2§S 
 
 Pozdrowienie 
 
 od 
 
 Warszawskiego 
 Bufetu 
 
 Rozmaite Napoje — Przekąski — i Polska Obsługa 
 
 Polski Pawilon — Enchanted Island 
 
 Na Wystawie Stuletniego Postępu 
 POD NASTĘPUJĄCYM ZARZĄDEM: 
 
 JOHN W. JARANOWSKI 
 JOHN PŁYN 
 GEORGE SZALSKI 
 LEONARD DLUZAK 
 DELMAR GEE 
 
 [199] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 ■M 
 
 Compliments 
 of 
 
 JOHN W. JARANOWSKI 
 
 MAYOR 
 CALUMET CITY, ILLINOIS 
 
 S. CHICAGO FURNITURE CO. 
 
 FURNITURE, STOVES AND RUGS 
 
 8847-51 COMMERCIAL AVENUE 
 PHONE SOUTH CHICAGO 3095 
 
 MR. L. BUCKNER 
 
 MR. M. GINSBURG 
 
 COMPLIMENTS OF 
 
 DR. M. YALOWITZ 
 
 DENTIST 
 9036 COMMERCIAL AVENUE 
 
 FRANK KUŹNIAR 
 
 Undertaker 
 
 8256 SOUTH SHORE DRIVE 
 Phone: SOUTHSHORE 1206 
 
 Standard Coal & Coke Company 
 
 (NEW YARD) 
 
 F. J. Ziółkowski 
 
 8757 BALTIMORE AVE., SO. CHICAGO 
 PHONE SOUTH CHICAGO 1538 
 
 Towarzystwo Króla Stanisława 
 Leszczyńskiego 
 
 Grupa 280 Związku Narodowego Polskiego w Am. 
 Założone dnia 3go Stycznia, 1909 
 
 Kazimierz Frenzel, prezes ; Franc. Jankowski, wice prezes ; 
 Mateusz Włodarski, sekr. prot. ; Stan. Szlandirbach, sekr. 
 fin. : Lon Lizik, Franc. Tomaszewski, Winc. Kasiorek i 
 Walenty Nowacki, radni. 
 
 LITTLE - JONES COAL CO. 
 
 SHIPPERS OF QUALITY COAL 
 
 310 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 TOWARZYSTWO ZGODA 
 
 Chuja 327 Zw. Nar. Pol. 
 
 Założone dnia 6go czerwca, 1896 roku 
 
 w South Chicago, 111. 
 
 JAN NOWICKI, Prezes 
 
 OSADA No. 107 
 
 ZJEDNOCZENIE POLSKO - RZYMSKO 
 KATOLICKIE 
 
 W Paraf ji Św. Michała Archanioła 
 
 SOUTH CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 TOW. ŚW. MICHAŁA ARCH. 
 
 Grupa Zjednoczenia No. 267 
 JAN SZCZECHOWIAK, Prezes 
 A. PŁAWIŃSKI, Wice Prezeska 
 ST. LAOHAJCZAK, Sekretarz Prot. 
 ED. SZCZECHOWIAK, Sekr. Fin. 
 M. MAKOWSKI, Kasjer 
 
 TOW. MATKI BOSKIEJ 
 CZĘSTOCHOWSKIEJ 
 
 No. 266 Z. P. R. K. w Par. Św. Michała Arch. 
 
 PHONE SOUTH CHICAGO 5528 
 
 Towing — Day and Night Service 
 
 UNIVERSAL AUTO REPAIR SHOP 
 
 GUARANTEED AUTO REPAIRING 
 Cars Washed and Greased 
 
 8836-38 MACKINAW AVENUE 
 BIANCHI & LOPEZ CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 STANLEY TROJANOWSKI 
 
 Furniture — Hardware — Paints 
 Electrical & Plumbing Supplies 
 
 8402 BURLEY AVE. Phone SO. CH'GO 1493 
 
 "WEGNER'S BALL ROOM" 
 
 Na Michałowie w South Chicago 
 
 JOS. WEGNER, Właściciel 
 
 8333 BRANDON AVENUE 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 BUDA STANICH 
 
 8850 MACKINAW AVE. 
 
 S. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 "THE HIGHWAY" 
 
 MARTIN SOBIERAJSKI, Prop. 
 South Chicago 0761 
 
 8305 BURLEY AVE. SO. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 [200] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 MACIERZ POLSKA 
 
 w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej 
 
 POLISH ALMA MATER 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA 
 
 A Fraternal Life Insurance Society 
 
 Organized September 10, 1897 Incorporated May 4, 1910 
 
 Welcoming to its ranks American Citizens of Polish Descent or Extraction 
 and Professing the Roman Catholic Faith 
 
 Issues American Experience Certificates in the following classes: 
 
 ORDINARY WHOLE LIFE TWENTY PAYMENT LIFE 
 
 TWENTY YEAR CUMULATIVE LIFE 
 
 Operates a Juvenile Department with the following classes of insurance. 
 
 TERM TO AGE 18 ORDINARY WHOLE LIFE 
 
 TWENTY YEAR CUMULATIVE LIFE 
 
 OFFICERS 
 
 REV. THADDEUS LIGMAN, Chaplain ALBERT F. SOSKA, President 
 
 ELEONORĘ DEKA, Vice President DR. JOHN J. LISS, Vice President 
 
 PAUL HADAMIK, General Secretary JOHN S. KOZŁOWSKI, Treasurer 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 WALTER IMBIORSKI FRANK POKLACKI HELEN RATAJCZAK 
 
 LEON MEGER ANDREW MURZYN ROSE BARYS 
 
 PAUL NAWROT MARY RUTKOWSKA BERNICE TOBOLSKA 
 
 CECELIA MAZURKIEWICZ 
 
 ANDREW F. KUCHARSKI, Legal Adviser 
 DR. STANLEY IMBIORSKI, Medical Examiner 
 
 GENERAL OFFICES 
 643-45 Milwaukee Ave. Telephone ARMiiage 4374 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 [201] 
 
215 • 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 STANLEY WOJCIECHOWSKI 
 
 Soft Drink* - Cigars 
 8356 BURLEY AVE. PH. SAGINAW 2775 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 CASCADE LAUNDRY 
 
 7930 S. RACINE AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 SMIT & YOUNG STUDIOS 
 
 Photographers 
 9035 COMMERCIAL AVE. SO. CHICAGO 2157 
 
 S. WILIŃSKI 
 
 Soft Drinks and Cigars 
 
 3001 EAST 83RD STREET 
 
 Ph. So. Chicago 0562 So. Chicago, III. 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 CALUMET AUTO REPAIR 
 
 Harry and John Orbick, Prop. 
 8501 COMMERCIAL AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE SAGINAW 3759 
 
 J. KRZEMIŃSKI 
 
 Expert Tailor and Furrier 
 3214 EAST 83rd STREET CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 A. GREMBOWICZ AND SON 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 8409 BAKER AVE. SO. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 SO. CHICAGO 7983 SO. CHICAGO 7980 
 
 So. Chicago Auto Parts, Inc. 
 
 NEW AND USED PARTS FOK CARS 
 9302-04 Commercial Ave. 7934 So. Chicago Ave. 
 
 TELEPHONE SAGINAW 0189 
 
 SOUTH CHICAGO HOTEL 
 
 3213 EAST 92nd STREET 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 TOW. GEN. KOŚCIUSZKI 
 
 Grupa 684 Z. N. P. 
 w South Chicago, III. 
 
 Compliments 
 
 McDERMOTT BREWERY 
 
 SAGINAW 0470 
 
 "PHILLIPS 66" 
 
 MILLER-EGLIN 
 
 8437-51 COMMERCIAL AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 ■ik 
 
 ANTON RUSIN 
 
 8839 EXCHANGE AVENUE 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 JOSEPH KOZŁOWSKI 
 
 8370 BAKER AVENUE 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 Office Phone- South Chicago 0579 Res. Phone: Resent 0654 
 
 AURELIUS T. SIEMIANOWSKI, M. D. 
 
 Surgeon 
 
 Offices: 8759 COMMERCIAL AVE.— 8413 BURLEY AVE. 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 ISLAND QUEEN 
 
 Chicken and Steak Dinners 
 
 FREE FISH EVERY FRIDAY 
 
 92 ST. & CALUMET RIVER REGENT 2132 
 
 JUST EAST OF EWING AVENUE 
 
 K. ZIELIŃSKI 
 
 Sof Drinks & Cigars 
 3300 BUFFALO AVE. SO. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 TELEPHONE SOUTH CHICAGO 7364 
 
 GDYNIA LUNCH ROOM 
 
 Louis Tomaszewski, Prop. 
 8817 COMMERCIAL AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 SO. CHICAGO PRODUCE CO. 
 
 Corner Mackinaw, 92nd and Harbor Ave. 
 JOE OPPENHEIM PHONE SAGINAW 6957 
 
 PHONE SOUTH SHORE 1573 
 
 GEO. S. MADAY Florist 
 
 . . . "Say It With Flowers" . . 
 
 2622 E. 83RD STREET 
 
 Corner of Saginaw Avenue 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 STREETER COAL COMPANY 
 
 Coal and Building Material 
 83rd ST. & ESCANABA AV. S. SHORE 0330 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 TONY'S PLACE 
 
 8500 COMMERCIAL AVE., SO. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 TOW. KRÓLOWEJ JADWIGI 
 
 Grupa 682 Związku Nar. Pol. 
 iv South Chicago, III. 
 
 MR. JOHN J. HULAK 
 
 Soft Drinks and Cigars 
 8302 MACKINAW AVE., CHICAGO. SAG. 7450 
 
 [202] 
 
alfi- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 M 
 
 Greetings 
 
 The Polish Lawyers' Association of Chicago, an organiza- 
 tion created for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a 
 higher standard of legal ethics and public service, does hereby 
 wish the Polish Week of Hospitality Committees success in their 
 undertakings — and all the visitors during the Polish Week of 
 Hospitality a pleasant stay in our wonderful city. 
 
 Following are the members of the Polish Laioyers' Asso- 
 ciation: 
 
 Michael S. Adamczyk 
 Steve Adamoivski 
 Benja m in A damowsk i 
 Thud. V. Adesko 
 Frank Arlt 
 Sophie Blaszczynski 
 Stanley E. Basiński 
 Harry M. Biedka 
 Anna R. Bogusiewicz 
 K. B. Czarnecki 
 Helen Fleming-Czachorski 
 Pius Cegielski 
 A. B. Chrzanowski 
 Paul M. Cocot 
 C. S. Cherpeck 
 Stephen R. Carynski 
 I. F. Dankowski 
 Frank Derdzinski 
 Henry Dankowski 
 Joseph Depka 
 Chester Dankowski 
 Edward F. Dankowski 
 Raymond P. Drymalski 
 Walery J. Fronczak 
 Barbara Fisher 
 Stanley Fijal 
 Edward E. Fleming 
 Frank Greskowiak 
 Michael Gadek 
 Martin Górski 
 Roman Gerlach 
 John F. Holte 
 
 Eugene C. Jachimowski 
 Frank H. Janiszeski 
 William Jaskowiak 
 Hon. Edmund K. Jarecki 
 Jerome W. Jurewicz 
 Lester Jankowski 
 Marion G. Kudlick 
 Andreiv F. Kucharski 
 Mitchell Kilanowski 
 Z. H. Kadow 
 Thaddeus Kufleivski 
 Victor Kula 
 
 Hon. Michael G. Kasper 
 Stanley T. Kusper 
 Frank E. Konkowski 
 Joseph F. Kula 
 Hon. S. Klarkowski 
 L. A. Koscinski 
 Edw. Kuszewski 
 Joseph L. Lisack 
 John Lyk 
 Stephen Love 
 Wenzel J. Love 
 Hon. Walter J. La Buy 
 Joseph La Buy 
 Edivard P. Łuczak 
 Anthony B. Mazurk 
 Albert M. Mysogland 
 Henry A. Morawski 
 Frank Mach 
 Clarence C. Majeski 
 August Mroz 
 
 Chester W. Makowski 
 Leon C. Nyka 
 Thaddeus Niemira 
 B. E. Nowogrodzki 
 Ediv. J. Prebis 
 Hon. John Prystalski 
 Roman E. Posanski 
 Paul V. Pallasch 
 Wenzel A. Pelz 
 Edward R. Piszatowski 
 Henrietta Resotarski 
 John S. Rybicki 
 Stanley T. Rywniak 
 William J. Remus 
 George P. Rohocki 
 Alex Śmietanka 
 Maximillian St. George 
 Theodore Szmergalski 
 Hon. Edw. S. Scheffler 
 Julius F. Śmietanka 
 Theo. A. Siniarski 
 Thaddeus Cichocki Toudor 
 August G. Urbański 
 Bogumił J. Woscinslci 
 Stanley Werdell 
 Casimir Wiczas 
 Walter A. Witowski 
 Joseph Wayne 
 Edward J. Warren 
 Casimir R. Wachowski 
 John S. Węgrzyn 
 Lawrence F. Zygmunt 
 
 [203] 
 
& 
 
 POLKS IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 M 
 
 English Literature in Poland 
 
 A COMPLETE edition of Shakespeare 
 in 12 volumes was recently published 
 in Poland — edited by Roman Dyboski. 
 The plays, which are prefaced by a fine 
 study of Shakespeare by L. Bernacki, were 
 translated by the best Polish writers. Pro- 
 fessor Dyboski prefaced each play with 
 a critical study. 
 
 This edition has developed the influence 
 of Shakespeare, always very strongly 
 marked in Poland. Even at the end of 
 the 18th century Hamlet had been trans- 
 lated by Bogusławski from the French 
 adaptation of LeTourneur, and had a great 
 success. Since then all the Polish romantic 
 poets have worshipped at the shrine of the 
 great Elizabethan. 
 
 It is interesting to note in this connec- 
 tion that one of the finest studies of Ham- 
 let in the world was written by Stanislaus 
 Wyspiański, the greatest of recent Polish 
 poets . 
 
 There has always been a strong move- 
 ment in Poland in favor of English art 
 and literature. "The Honeymoon" by Ar- 
 nold Bennet had been presented at the 
 Theatre Polonais in Warsaw. The Cracow 
 Theatre was the first on the continent to 
 present Bernard Shaw's "Candida" and 
 others. 
 
 DR. A. S. MIODUSKI 
 
 CHIROPODIST 
 FOOT SPECIALIST 
 
 9036 COMMERCIAL AVENUE 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 FRANCIS B. KROL, M. D. 
 
 5100 SO. RACINE AVE. 
 
 PHONE SAGINAW 4254 
 
 WALTER WENCLAWSKI 
 
 Soft Drinks and Cigars 
 8401 BAKER AVE. SOUTH CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 MICHAEL JANICKI 
 
 GROCERIES AND MEATS 
 
 Fruits and Vegetables 
 
 8800 BUFFALO AVENUE 
 
 PHONE SAGINAW 7400 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 ROMA CLUB 
 
 We Specialize in Italian Spaghetti and Ravioli 
 
 9247 COMMERCIAL Ave. (2nd) Floor 
 PHONE REGENT 5983 
 
 PHONE SAGINAW 2775 
 
 STANLEY WOJCIECHOWSKI 
 
 Soft Drinks — Cigars 
 8356 BURLEY AVENUE CHICAGO 
 
 STAN. SZLAUDERBACH 
 
 3346 MOSSPRATT STREET 
 YARDS 0981 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 PHONE: SO. CHICAGO 9770 
 
 JOSEPH MOLL 
 
 Soft Drinks — Cigars 
 13358 HOUSTON AVE. HEGEWISCH, ILL. 
 
 Compliments 
 
 WALTER BOROWIECKI 
 
 8701 BUFFALO AVE. 
 W. KIL 
 
 Jedyny Polski Krawiec na Michałowie 
 
 CLEANING. REPAIRING. PRESSING, DYEING 
 SUITS MADE TO ORDER 
 
 TEL. REGENT 4355 8114 BURLEY AVE 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 V. F. ADAMSKI 
 
 2758 E. 83 STREET 
 
 SO. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 HUNDING'S 
 DUTCH MAID CHEESE 
 
 HUNDING DAIRY CO. 
 
 F. WOSZCZYNSKI 
 
 Soft Drinks and Cigars 
 8386 BAKER AVE. SO. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 [204] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Parafja Sw. Pankracego 
 
 w Dzielnicy Brighton Park 
 
 Całe nasze życie wychodźcze już od zarania tworze- 
 nia się osiedli wychodźczych — skupiało się przy para- 
 fjach polskich. 
 
 Parafja polska zawsze była i jest tym ośrodkiem 
 przy którym skupia się całe tentno naszego wychodźczego 
 życia. 
 
 Gdzie tylko znalazła się garstka Polaków, tam zaraz 
 myślano o założeniu polskiej parafji, niezważając na 
 trudności z jakiemi nieraz musiano walczyć. 
 
 Polacy zawsze żyli w przekonaniu, że nie samem chle- 
 bem człowiek żyje — że do uzupełnienia życia, do wycho- 
 wania dzieci w wierze ich ojców, do zachowania mowy 
 polskiej, potrzebny jest polski kościół, polski kapłan i 
 polska szkoła. 
 
 Tak też było i w parafji Św. Pankracego. Po przenie- 
 sieniu się parafji Pięciu Św. Braci Męczenników na po- 
 łudniową stronę dzielnicy — Polacy zamieszkali w obrę- 
 bie dzisiejszej parafji św. Pankracego, natychmiast za- 
 częli starania o założenie nowej parafji. 
 
 A chociaż ówczesne starania nastręczały wiele trud- 
 ności, to jednak na czele stali dzielni i wytrwali obywa- 
 tele, jak: Stanisław Gudyka, Kaz. Abram, Antoni Kotar- 
 ba, Nikodem Pawlak, Wlad. Smyt i wielu innych, któ- 
 rych starania chociaż po dłuższym czasie, bo dopiero 
 w cztery lata później zostały uwieńczone zupełnem sukce- 
 sem, i za pozwoleniem ówczesnego arcy-biskupa, a obec- 
 nego Jego Eminencji Kardynała Mundeleina została za- 
 łożona nowa parafja w roku 1924. 
 
 Proboszczem nowej parafji został mianowany przez 
 wyższe władze kościelne czcigodny i zacny kapłan pa- 
 trjota ks. Stan. Radniecki, ówczesny proboszcz parafji 
 św. Walentego w Cicero, Ul. 
 
 Pierwsza msza św. została odprawiona dnia 9go marca, 
 1924 roku. Od tej chwili wiele w parafji zmieniło się 
 na lepsze. I gdyby nie osławiona depresja, niezawodnie 
 na miejscu starego budynku w którym dawniej mieścił 
 się kościół Pięciu Św. Braci Męczenników i do dziś od- 
 prawiają się msze św. parafji św. Pankracego — stanąłby 
 wspaniały kościół, co zresztą jest jedynem pragnieniem 
 zacnego proboszcza jakoteż i wiernych parafjan. Nie- 
 stety w parafji naszej skupia się lud roboczy, który 
 został sromotnie dotknięty klęską bezrobocia i dziś nawet 
 najwspanialsze plany musiały uledz zwłoce, lecz tylko 
 zwłoce gdyż lud nasz ufny w pomoc Boga i własne siły 
 niezawodnie dokona rozpoczętego dzieła, na chwałę Boga 
 i pożytek ludziom. 
 
 Tymczasem nadmienić wypada, że od czasu powstania 
 naszej parafji, pomimo różnych przeciwności w postaci 
 ciężkich czasów — dzięki naszemu dzielnemu proboszczowi 
 i Jego umiejętnemu kierownictwu zostały zakupione 
 grunta na których zbudowano nową szkołę z 18 klasami 
 i piękną salę. 
 
 Jak również obok szkoły dom dla sióstr nauczycielek. 
 Poświęcenia kamienia węgielnego dokonał ks. prałat 
 Tomasz Bona, w roku 1925. Natomiast ceremonji po- 
 święcenia wykończonej szkoły dokonał najprzewielebniej- 
 szy biskup sufragan Hoban dnia 9go maja, 1926 roku. 
 
 Budową nowej szkoły również kierowali miejscowi 
 Polacy w osobach pp. Leona Strzałki jako architekta 
 i Fran. Zintaka, obecnego klerka sądu wyższego jako 
 budowniczego". W obecnym czasie do szkoły par. św. Pan- 
 kracego uczęszcza przeszło 1,100 dzieci, gdzie pod wzoro- 
 
 Ks. Proboszcz Stanisław Radniecki 
 
 wem i umiejętnem kierownictwem sióstr Franciszkanek 
 jako nauczycielek, dzieci kształcą się nietylko w nauce 
 powszechnej ale w wierze ojców i mowie polskiej. 
 
 Parafja nasza w czasie swego istnienia gościła także 
 wiele dostojnych gości, jak: arcy-biskupa Cieplaka, bi- 
 skupa Dubowskiego, biskupa Kubinę i wielu innych. 
 
 Parafja nasza prowadzi także bardzo intenzywną pracę 
 dobroczynną, szczególnie w ostatnich czasach bezrobocia, 
 wiele opuszczonych rodzin znalazło opiekę w parafji. 
 
 Brak miejsca nie pozwala na wyszczególnienie doko- 
 nanej pracy od czasu istnienia parafji, nadmienić jednak 
 należy, że hasło "Z polskim księdzem polski lud" było 
 zawsze żywem odzwierciedleniem w życiu parafjan św. 
 Pankracego. Ks. proboszcz St. Radniecki już po krótkim 
 pobyciu w parafji zaskarbił sobie serca parafjan i dziś 
 cieszy się ogólnem zaufaniem ale wierny lud otacza go 
 jak największą czcią, jako swego kapłana, patrjotę i 
 przodownika. W pracy parafjalnej dzielnie mu pomagają 
 ks. wikary Ludwik Hanzel oraz miejscowy organista p. 
 Szczepan Sieja. W ich zbożnej pracy nad dalszem rozwo- 
 jem parafji szczęść im Boże. 
 
 Za kom. historji par. św. Pankracego — JÓZEF KŁAK 
 
 Komitet Tygodnia Polskiej Gościnności na Wystawie świa- 
 towej w Chicago, 111., w parafji św. Pankracego, do którego 
 zarządu wchodzą następujące komitety — Wojciech Siwek, 
 prez.; Aniela Lipińska, wice-prez.; Jan Ucherek, sekr.; Zo- 
 fja Suda, kas. Komitet Przyjęć: Józef Klak, Józef Ucherek 
 i Apolonja Kmak. Komitet Biletów: Fran. Kędzior, Fran. 
 Kędzior, Jr. i pani Hołda. Komitet Pamiętnika Historji Pa- 
 
 ivcuz.nyi , oi. i pełni nuiud. rs.unuit;c i amicilllKa xiisioiji Jra- 
 
 rafji. Józef Kłak, prez. Komitet Kontestu: Wiktorja Nowak, 
 Karolina Kosińska. Kontestantki: Emilja Hołda i Włady- 
 
 sława Kosińska. Komitet Muzyki i Chórów: Pan S. J. Sieja. 
 Komitet Rydwanów: Antoni Zientak, pani Marczyk. Komi- 
 tet Finansów, Sposobów i środków: Ludwik Cycoń, Zofja 
 Suda i pani Węgrzyn. Komitet Reklamy: Aniela Lipińska, 
 Jan Ucherek, Wojciech Siwek. Komitet Sportów: Fran. Kę- 
 dzior, Jr., Józef Kędzior i Adam Lipiński. Komitet Tran- 
 sportacji i Komitet Kwater: Wojciech Siwek, Jan Leja i 
 Marta Siwek. Komitet Dekoracji: Jan Ucherek, Fran. Kędzior 
 Jr. i Adam Lipiński. 
 
 [205] 
 
ais- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Sfc 
 
 MIDLAND DAIRY 
 
 ALL MILK PRODUCTS 
 
 Fresh and Sanitary 
 
 3314 W. 47th St. 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Greasing JSy Experts 
 
 JOHN SPITLIS, Prop. 
 
 4050 ARCHER AVENUE 
 
 VIRGINIA 2121 
 
 AMERICAN EAGLE DAIRY 
 
 JOSEPH RZEZNIKIEWICZ, Prop. 
 
 All Milk Products Fresh and Sanitary 
 
 3034 W. 40TH ST. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 TELEFON LAFAYETTE 5811 
 
 FRANK J. LASSA 
 
 SANITARY PLUMBING AND STEAM FITTING 
 
 REPAIRING PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO 
 
 Zaciąga Także Parowe i Wodne Ogrzewanie na Łatwe Spłaty 
 
 POLSKI PLUMBIARZ W BRIGHTON PARK 
 
 Rezydencja i Skład Plumbiarski 
 
 4301 S. WHIPPLE ST., blisko Archer Avenue 
 
 TOW. ŚW. FRANCISZKA 
 
 Oddział 128 Macierzy Polskiej 
 w Paraf ji Św. Pankracego 
 
 Założone dnia 15go Stycznia, 1925 roku. Założycielami byli : 
 Franciszek Haraf, Bartłomiej Hołda i Stanisław Kaczmar- 
 czyk. Pierwszym prezesem był Andrzej Oleksy. Obecnie 
 liczy 72 członków. Obecna administracja: Ks. Stanisław 
 Radniecki, kapelan: Józef Kędzior, prezes; Stanisław Mar- 
 tyka, wice prezes : Franciszek Kędzior, sekr. prot. ; Franci- 
 szek Haraf. sekr. fin. ; Bartłomiej Hołda, kasjer. 
 
 Towarzystwo Pięciu Świętych Braci 
 Polaków i Męczenników 
 
 Gr. 1460 Z. N. P. w Dzielnicy Brighton Park 
 Założone dnia 14go października, 1809 roku. Założy- 
 cielami tegoż Tow. byli: Jan Wójcik, Albert Rucki, 
 Józef Wójcik. Obecna administracja 1933 roku składa 
 się z następujących członków: Andrzej Oleksy, prez. ; 
 Józef Witowski, wice prez.; Stanisław Martyka, sekr. 
 prot.; Józef Jendras, sekr. fin.; Wojciech Rucki, kas. 
 
 Tow. Matki Boskiej Dobrej Rady 
 
 Grupa Ą9ta Wolne Polki na Ziemi Washingtona 
 
 Założone zostało 9go marca, 1924 roku. Założyciela- 
 mi były: Zofja Suda, Teka Ziomek i Rozalja Labno. 
 Obecnie liczy 196 członkiń. Obecna administracja 
 jest: Zofja Suda, prez.; Rozalja Labno, wice prez.; 
 Karolina Pękała, sekr. prot.: Wiktorja Nicoś. sekr. 
 fin.; Katarzyna Pękała, skarbniczka: M. Koperniak, 
 M. Tanderak i F. Połaniecka, opiekunki kasy; S. Sła- 
 by, F. Słabniak, marszałkinie; Stefanja Kubicka, odź. 
 
 TELEPHONE IRVING 1411-1412 
 
 LINCOLN MFG. CO. 
 
 High Grade 
 
 MACHINE PRODUCTS 
 
 SCREW 
 2617-25 FLE 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE LAFAYETTE 1291 We Deliver 
 
 M. F. BRISKI 
 
 HARDWARE - PAINTS 
 Factory Supplies - Electric Supplies 
 
 4342 ARCHER AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 TOW. NARODOWE 
 
 Grono Orła Polskiego 
 w Dzielnicy Brighton Park 
 
 QUALITY MEAT MARKET 
 
 Jos. Kttsh, Prop. 
 2821 W. 59TH ST. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Towarzystwo Gabryeli Zapolskiej 
 
 GRUPA 330 Z. P. W A. 
 I WIANEK LAUROWY NO. 58 
 
 FELIX SERWA 
 
 GROCERY AND MEAT MARKET 
 3343 W. 38TH STREET CHICAGO 
 
 [206] 
 
The Polish American 
 Businessmen 's Association 
 
 THE Polish people consolidated themselves into the 
 Polish nation more than a thousand years ago, 
 and maintained it until 1795. Then for 123 years 
 they were subjugated to Russian, German, and Austrian 
 imperialism. In 1918 they regained their independence. 
 
 When America declared her independence, she 
 numbered three million souls, while Poland at that 
 same time numbered thirty million. 
 
 Originally Poles, as Kościuszko, Pulaski and their 
 comrades, emigrated to America to avoid political per- 
 secution. After the revolt of 1831, following the perse- 
 cutions of Bismarck, the flower of Polish citizenry was 
 scattered over all of Europe and reached America. 
 
 After 1863 the enemies of Poland began the persecu- 
 tion of Polish people to such an extent, that there com- 
 menced a wholesale emigration from all the partitioned 
 sections of Poland — the Russian, the Prussian, and the 
 Austrian. There was prosperity and a promise of choice 
 positions on Polish soil for the Russian, the German, the 
 Austrian, and the Jew, but there was nothing for the 
 Pole, which was tolerable. 
 
 These are the reasons why we now have five million 
 citizens of Polish origin on American soil. 
 
 They are but laborers for the time, but in their veins 
 flows the blood of their forefathers, who for thousands 
 of years knew how to govern themselves and others, 
 and lost this supremacy only because they were too 
 ideally noble. It was in Poland that the first Ministry 
 of Education was instituted. Poland as a republic, guard- 
 ing the freedom of religion, speech, and civic privileges, 
 was surrounded by kings, emperors and czars, to whom 
 this liberty was distasteful, because their own people 
 began to demand similar liberties, and therefore they 
 fell upon Poland and divided her. 
 
 These five million Poles are a great treasure to 
 America. They are pure gold, whose luster has been dim- 
 med for the time by 123 years of slavery. 
 
 America is like a gorgeous bouquet, and the various 
 nationalities are the flowers making up this bouquet. 
 The Polish flower has not yet developed; it is but a bud. 
 The life-giving juices feeding this bud are being con- 
 ducted through the Catholic Church and the Polish Or- 
 ganizations, but presently a new force, vitally powerful, 
 will commence to enliven it; that force which vitalizes 
 America — the force flowing from trade and commerce. 
 
 Five million Polish-Americans constitute a huge mar- 
 ket, representing a daily turnover of five million dollars, 
 or a yearly one of nearly two billions. This comprises the 
 domestic Polish-American market. The net profits derived 
 from serving this market represent a sum of two hund- 
 red million dollars. And here lies our purpose: that these 
 profits be utilized in the employment of professional in- 
 structors for the purpose of bringing out in Americans 
 of Polish extraction their hidden talents, their back- 
 ground of 1000 years of varied experience. 
 
 Such personalities as Sobieski, Piłsudski, Paderew- 
 ski, Modrzejewski, Marie Curie-Sklodowska and many 
 millions of others, indicate what powers lie dormant in 
 our Polish-Americans. 
 
 We desire to be and shall be useful, valued and res- 
 pected not only by our own kind, but by all other Am- 
 ericans as well. For there is no other nation in the 
 world, which has shed more blood for its own and other 
 people's freedom, than has the Polish nation. 
 
 Our Association is working in this general direction. 
 It groups the participants in the life of the commercial 
 world, unifies them, promotes understanding by means of 
 the radio hour, trading stamps, and works for the 
 development of their knowledge by means of a Com- 
 mercial School. Our Association calls out to all Polish- 
 Americans to support Polish-Americans in order that 
 means be obtained whereby capable instructors be 
 found, to acquaint our businessmen with every phase of 
 American life; and that through these means they may 
 become usefully valuable not only to themselves, but to 
 all of this great American nation. 
 
 JOHN F. CZARNIK, President 
 MICHAEL DZIEDZIC. Treasurer 
 STANLEY E. BASIŃSKI, Secretary 
 
 Vice-presidents: 
 ZONIA BRYLL 
 KINGA DZIUBAK 
 STANLEY SIKORA 
 THOMAS SMIDOWICZ 
 
 JOHN BUCHANIEC, Commissioner of Finance 
 JOHN JAWORSKI, 
 
 Commissioner of P. A. B. A. Trading Stamps 
 W. W. WIECZOREK, 
 
 Commissioner Chicago School of Commerce. 
 SOPHIA JAWORSKA, President Ladies Auxiliary 
 FELIX PIETROWICZ, Comptroller 
 FRANK NURCZYK, Manager. 
 
 [207] 
 
&■ 
 
 POLKS IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 LAFAYETTE FLORIST 
 
 Leo Landowski 
 4224 ARCHER AVE. PH. LAFAYETTE 3261 
 
 JOSEPH KLAK 
 
 3618 SOUTH KEDZIE AVENUE 
 Telefon Lafayette 2016 
 
 TOWARZYSTWO ŚW. ANNY 
 
 Grupa 2244 
 Związku Narodowego Polskiego 
 
 WALTER RUSIN 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 
 2908 W. 40TH ST. CHICAGO 
 
 Lafayette 9776 
 
 TOW. MARJI KONOPNICKIEJ 
 
 Grupa 36 W. P. na Z. W. 
 
 Założone dnia 26go Marca, 1916 roku 
 
 TOWARZYSTWO MATKI 
 BOSKIEJ OSTROBRAMSKIEJ 
 
 Grupa 1Ą9 Związku Polek w Ameryce 
 Założona dnia Igo Stycznia, 1912 roku 
 
 STANLEY MAKOS 
 
 Soft Drink Parlor 
 4057 S. ALBANY AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 WILLIAM HASNER 
 
 Florist 
 3956 S. CALIFORNIA AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 ADAM VINCENT LIPIŃSKI 
 
 Ph. G. 
 
 3731 SO. KEDZIE AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Drs. Wietrzynski and Sadlek 
 
 Physicians and Surgeons 
 4303 ARCHER AVE. LAFAYETTE 7665-7666 
 
 WE MAKE WARM FRIENDS 
 
 One Day Service We Call For and Deliver 
 
 WESTERN BEDDING 
 
 Specialists in Renewing Mattresses and Feather Quilts From 
 
 Your Own Feathers — Also Stitch Patch Quilts 
 5216 S. WESTERN AVE. TEL. PROSPECT 1931 
 
 Girls of the Ballet 
 
 RARBARA ABLOY 
 HARRIET. ABRATOWSKI 
 LEE ABRATOWSKI 
 STELLA ADAMCZYK 
 FRANCES ADAMIEC 
 LAUR. A. ADAMKIEWICZ 
 HARRIET. J. ADAMOWICZ 
 HELEN M. ADAMOWICZ 
 EVELYN ADAMOWSKI 
 BERNICE ADAMS 
 HELEN ANDREWS 
 IRENE ANDREWS 
 ESTELLE BABICZ 
 FELICIA BABICZ 
 KASIMIRA BACHER 
 BERNICE BAGIERSKA 
 HERRIET E. BAGIŃSKI 
 VIRGINIA BAGIŃSKI 
 ROSALIE BAK 
 ANN BALABAN 
 LORETTA I. BALCER 
 NATALIE M. BALCER 
 PHYLLIS BALCZYNIAK 
 SOPHIA BALICKA 
 SOPHIE BALSEGA 
 EMILIE BALUN 
 HELEN J. BANKO 
 DOROTHY BARDONSKI 
 CASIMIRA BARTOSIAK 
 ESTELLE BARGIEL 
 MARY BAS 
 SOPHIE BATOR 
 HELEN BEDNARSKI 
 STELLA BERNCIX 
 BERNICE BERNASZ 
 HAR. C. BETLEJEWSKI 
 MARGAR. BETLEJEWSKI 
 SOPHIA BETLEJEWSKI 
 HELEN C. BETLEJEWSKA 
 HELENA BICHNIEWICZ 
 FLORENCE BICONAT 
 MARIE H. BIEDKĘ 
 GERTRUDE BIELARZ 
 FLORENCE BIELAT 
 ROSE BIELAWA 
 SOPHIE BIELAWA 
 VIOLET BIELAWA 
 HELEN BIELESKI 
 
 [Continued 
 
 PEARL BIELESKI 
 MARY BIENIA 
 FLORENCE BIERNAT 
 STEPHIE BIERONSKA 
 BERNICE BIERUT 
 JOAN BIERUT 
 LOURETTE BIESCHKE 
 VIRGINIA BISBEE 
 JEAN BISS 
 CLARA BLASZYNSKI 
 SOPHIE BLAWUT 
 EVELYN BOBRITZKE 
 THEODOREA BODNICKI 
 STELLA BODZINSKI 
 WANDA BOGOWICZ 
 MARIE BOGUS 
 VICTORIA BOLEK 
 LILLIAN BOLESKI 
 WANDA BOLESKI 
 ESTELLE BORGOL 
 HARRIET BOYDA 
 AGNES BOZEK 
 ANNE BOZEK 
 VICTORIA M. BRATKO 
 IRENE BRODZIŃSKI 
 NATALIE BRYCZEK 
 E. BRZDENKIEWICZ 
 ESTELLE BRZEZICKA 
 CAMILLE BRZEZIŃSKA 
 GERTRUDE BRZEZIŃSKA 
 IRENE BUBATZ 
 LILLIAN BUDZUSKA 
 IRENE BUKOWSKI 
 WANDA BUKOWSKI 
 ISABELLE E. BUKOWSKI 
 EUGENIA BULAT 
 ESTELLE BURGUL 
 ESTELLE BURNEYKO 
 ARONA BUSCH 
 BETTY BUSH 
 MARY BUSH 
 VERNA CELAREK 
 HELEN CHLEBOS 
 WANDA A. CHROMCZAK 
 JEAN CIASTO 
 VERNIE CUDZILO 
 MARIE ĆWIKLIŃSKI 
 ANGELINĘ CYGAL 
 
 o*n page 210] 
 
 BRIGHTON COAL CO. 
 
 INC. 
 
 3719 S. KEDZIE AVENUE, CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 TEL. LAFAYETTE 9456-7-8 
 
 TOW. KADETÓW POLSKICH 
 
 GRUPA 1816 ZW. NAR. POL. 
 J. P. Wróbel, prezes; Józef Obrzut, wice-prezes; Jan 
 Matula, sekr. fin.; Franciszek Bober, sekr. prot.; W. J. 
 Wójcik, kasjer. Dyrekcja: Fr. Skruba, Karol Obrzut, 
 Bron. Wójcik. 
 
 GMINA 139 ZW. NAR. POL. 
 
 iv Dzielnicy Brighton Park 
 
 Wita wszystkich Związkowców i Związkowczynie 
 oraz wszystkich Rodaków przybyłych z okolicy 
 na Polski Tydzień Gościnności. 
 
 Obecny zarząd Gminy: St. Cichoń, prezes; Ap. Kmak, 
 wice-prezes; Ig. Domino, 2 wice-prezes; Józef Wójcik, 
 sekr. prot.; Jan F. Wróbel, kasjer; Jakób Kłus, marsz. 
 
 [208] 
 
«r3* *£»45>r <« ■■ »> •*-•►»■• 
 
 <« ■• >» <« •' »> • 
 
 45* 4#«M 4#4^ ^rM- 4©"3^ ~£"r>r < 4> ' »> < < & • »> • 
 
 •t^t ^ < (;»^^>;• ■! <>^> > •Kr*r>r ■!<!■* *v>y * 
 ■ rvr-r>r r<7»*>r *rfr-r>r 4<>*r> ^^r * 
 
 S. 'S. Pćfe^ tf^ Paul Parish 
 
 S. S. Peter and Paul's Church, 3745 South Paulina Street 
 
 Rev. Adelbert S. Olszewski, Pastor ; Rev. Jos. Mszanowski and 
 Rev. Fr. Nogajewski, assistants. Mr. Math. Blenski, organist. 
 
 THIS parish was organized A. D. 1895. The first 
 church was located on Charlton St. between 36th 
 and 37th Sts. The Rev. P. Rhode, now bishop of Green 
 Bay diocese, was the first pastor and the building 
 committee consisted of Messrs. James Hebel, Rudolph 
 Krefta, Michael Dopka, Jos. Detlaff, A. Grzybowski, 
 Anth. Rzeppa, Aug. Hebel, Frank Labuda, Frank Mysz- 
 ka, Chas. Kwasigroch, Frank Czerzakiewicz. 
 
 Among the first members of the newly forming parish 
 at that time, were: Stan. Cegielski, Mich. Nowakowski, 
 Adam Majer, Ign. X Mrs. Andrzejewski, Jos. Wesołow- 
 ski, Fran. Czerwiński, James Andrzejewski, Anthony 
 Wika, Andrew Zintak, Fran. & Mrs. Brzeski, Jos. Hebel, 
 Jos. Stasiak, Mary Wesołowski, Adelbert Pruchniewski, 
 Chas. Kwasigroch, Fran. Cylkowski, James Hersztowski, 
 Fran. Drankiewicz, John Putlak, Paul Jedlowski, John 
 Rak, Jos. Rak, Martin Rak, Martin Sendra, Casim. Brą- 
 giel, Mrs. Siwek, Andrew Labuda, Jos. Zająkała, Michael 
 & Mary Pawlik, Jos. Wolski, Fran. Frankowski, Aug. 
 Laga, John & Mary Butny, James Gawczyński. 
 
 In October 1897, the Rev. P. Rhode, was appointed 
 pastor of St. Michael's Church in So. Chicago and the 
 Rev. B. Nowakowski became pastor of St. Peter and 
 Paul parish. After him came, on Christmas Day of the 
 year 1900, the Rev. Maximilian Kotecki and under his 
 guidance, the present structures of the Church, School 
 and rectory were built. The new church was blessed on 
 June 29, 1907. Among the prominent guests on that 
 
 occasion, was the Mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison 
 and during the International Eucharistic Congress held 
 in Chicago A. D. 1926, on the feast day of S.S. Peter & 
 Paul, the present pastor Rev. Adelbert S. Olszewski, 
 was host to the Most Rev. Bishops from Poland, Prze- 
 zdziecki, Lukomski and Kubina. 
 
 About 350 young men of this parish were in active 
 service during the World's War and 64 joined the Polish 
 Army in France. 
 
 On the War heroes list of this parish are the names 
 of: Jos. Musielak, Fran. Nowakowski, Ladis Bogdano- 
 wicz, Peter Krzemiński. During the pastorship of Rev. 
 M. Kotecki, the following priests were acting as asssist- 
 ants: Rev. J. Wyszyński, Rev. Fr. Karabasz, Rev. J. 
 Robakowski, Rev. Wac. Warakomski, Rev. Leo Wyrzy- 
 kowski, Rev. St. Radniecki, Rev. Fr. Tyrcha, Rev. L. 
 Rzóska Rev. S. Bubacz, Rev. Jos. Karabasz, Rev. Ign. 
 Mazurowski, Rev. Fr. Krakowski, Rev. Tad. Nowak, 
 On February 14, A. D. 1925, the present pastor took 
 charge of the parish with the Rev. Tad. Nowak, present 
 pastor of St. Isidore's church, Blue Island, 111. Continuing 
 the list of assistants at this parish, were: Rev. John 
 Zeleziński, Rev. Aug. Koytek, Rev. Albert Janiszewski, 
 Rev. Alois Szczerkowski. 
 
 The teachers in SS. Peter and Paul School, are the 
 Felician Sisters. The present school structure was 
 blessed on Sept. 4, 1908. Over 1100 children attend at 
 the present time. The first alderman of Polish-American 
 extraction of this Ward and Member of this parish, 
 was the Hon. Ben. Zintak. On the list of committees for 
 the Polish Week of Hospitality are the following: 
 
 KOMITET Z PARAFJI ŚW. PIOTRA I PAWŁA: 
 Ksiądz Proboszcz Wojciech Olszewski, Przewodniczący 
 Ksiądz Józef Mszanowski, Kapelan 
 Ksiądz Franciszek Noyajewski, Wice-Kapelan 
 Pan Wojciech Fuk, Prezes 
 Pani Józefa Benben, Sekretarka 
 Pan Józef Piątek, Kasjer 
 
 REPREZENTACJA PARAF JI : 
 Pan Bronisław Zintak Pan Grzegorz Kordaś, 
 
 Pani Juljanna Berent. 
 
 Marszalek pochodu 
 
 KOMITET BILETÓW: 
 Pani Józefa Benben, Przewodn./'am W. Rzeszutko 
 Pani M. Kobylska Pani K. Korecka 
 
 Pani A'. Kolecka Pani M. Pyra. 
 
 KOMITET PAMIĘTNIKA: 
 Pan Franciszek Pas 
 
 KOMITET R YD W A N U : 
 Ksiądz Prot>oszcz Wojciech Olszeirski. 
 Pani W. Kawa, 
 Pani Eleonora Szuszkiewicz. 
 
 KOMITET PRASY: 
 Ksiądz Józef Mszanowski. 
 
 KOMITET POPULARNOŚCI: 
 Panna Anna Szuszkiewicz, 
 
 Panna Stanisława Rzeszut 
 Panna Anna Golis. 
 
 [209] 
 
2|S 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 ASHLAND INN 
 
 Sandwich Shop 
 
 Beer on Draught 
 
 Tables for Ladies Try Our Cigars 
 
 3400 SOUTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 PHONE LAFAYETTE 8829 
 
 ROSE PALUCH, Mgr. 
 CLEM JAVIOR, Mgr. 
 
 POLISH - AMERICAN 
 
 BUILDING AND LOAN 
 
 ASSOCIATION 
 
 3663 SOUTH PAULINA STREET 
 CHICAGO 
 
 "WOT TC EXCLUSIVE QUALITY 
 
 W VJLJ\ " WEDDING PHOTOGRAPHS 
 
 For Over 25 Years at 
 1945 W. 35TH ST. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Phone Lafayette 7733 Hours 9-12— i:i0-5— 6.30-9 
 
 DR. B. J. WARCZAK 
 
 Dentist 
 3701 S. PAULINA ST. CHICAGO 
 
 TELEPHONE LAFAYETTE 1055 
 
 LEO J. KOZICKI 
 
 THE GRAEMERE PRESS 
 1854 W. 35TH ST. CHICAGO 
 
 WAL. RZESZOT 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 3251 S. PAULINA ST. CHICAGO 
 
 FRANK SIWEK 
 
 COAL AND ICE -GENERAL HAULING 
 3405 S. MARSHFIELD AVE., Tel. Lafayette 8468 
 
 RESIDENCE PHONE ROCKWELL 9641 
 2240 SOUTH MARSHALL BOULEVARD 
 
 B. E. NOWOGRODZKI 
 
 Attorney at Law 
 3202 W. 55TH ST. TEL. HEMLOCK 7000 
 
 Girls of the Ballet 
 
 [Continued from page 208] 
 
 GENEVIEVE CYGAN 
 MILDRED CYWIŃSKI 
 ELIZ. CZACHORSKI 
 CECILIA CZAJKA 
 MARIE CZAJKA 
 IRENE CZAJKOWSKA 
 IRENE CZYKA 
 CLEMENTINE CZYRNEK 
 MARIE F. DANIELS 
 MARIE DASCH 
 ANT. DASZKOWSKA 
 VERNA DATA 
 LILLYAN DEARIE 
 FRANCES DEBIAK 
 FRANCES DELAHOME 
 LAURA DEMBSKI 
 ANNA DIAKÓW 
 LEE DIANA 
 CHAR. DOBRASIELSKA 
 OLYMPIA DOBRZAŃSKI 
 STELLA DOLIŃSKI 
 HAR. W. DOMACHOWSKI 
 MARY DOMAGALSKI 
 HARRIETTS A. DOMANUS 
 MARY DRABINSKI 
 GEN. DRELICHARZ 
 ELEANORE DRWENSKI 
 JOSEPHINE DRZAL 
 WANDA DRZAL 
 HELEN DRZEWICKI 
 MELANIA DUBINSKI 
 ZENOBIA DUBINSKI 
 HARRIET DURAY 
 ROSE DURAY 
 ELEANORE DWORAK 
 HELEN DYKTON 
 MARY DYRKACZ 
 JOSEPHINE DZIEDZIAK 
 H. C. DZIERZGOWSKI 
 STEPHANIA W. EGIEL 
 ELEANORE ELBAOR 
 MARY ENGEL 
 HARRIET FALAT 
 JOSEPHINE FELDMAN 
 ANN FELCYN 
 ESTELLE FERENC 
 MARIE FERENC 
 BERNICE FIGURA 
 MARIE FIOLEK 
 HELEN FLOREK 
 ESTELLE FRANCZAK 
 FRANCES FRANKĘ 
 MRS. C. A. FRANKIEWICZ 
 I. AND R. FRANKIEWICZ 
 JANIS FRANKOWSKI 
 ELIZABETH FRZENIA 
 MARY FURTAK 
 JOSEPHINE GADZINSKI 
 FLORENCE GAJEWSKA 
 EUGENIA GALASZ 
 MARY GALASZ 
 JANE GALZKIEWICZ 
 GENEVIEVE GALLA 
 HELEN GARBACZ 
 CLARE GARDZIELEWSKI 
 JANNINA GASIOREK 
 ESTELLE GAWLIK 
 JEAN GAWLIK 
 HELEN GAWRON 
 HELENĘ GIERLASIENSKI 
 ELEANOR GIERSZEWSKI 
 IRENE GIERSZEWSKI 
 GENEVIEVE GLADYCH 
 PRIGILLA GLENICKI 
 MARIE GLIWA 
 MARY GŁOGOWSKI 
 VERONICA GLOWICZKA 
 CELIA GLOYAWSKI 
 ALICE & FLORENCE 
 
 GONGOLA 
 ESTELLE GONYL 
 EDYTHE A. GOSIEWSKI 
 ROSE GÓRSKI 
 ADELINE GOZDOWSKI 
 IRENE GRONCZEWSKI 
 EMILINE J. GRUSZECKI 
 MARIE GRUSZKA 
 G. GRYKOSKI 
 ROSALIE GRYKOWSKI 
 BILLVIAN GRYZŁO 
 CECELIA GRZANEK 
 HELEN GRZYBOWSKI 
 JEAN GRZYBOWSKI 
 ELEANOR GULIK 
 HELEN GULIK 
 
 LUCILLE GURZYNSKI 
 PAULINE HAUSNER 
 MABEL HETMAN 
 MARIE HOWANIEC 
 WANDA HUJAR 
 MISSES L. & I. HIBNER 
 HELEN HYNEK 
 ELEANORE HOLATA 
 REGINA IWIŃSKI 
 ANN JACHIM 
 HELENA JAGIELSKA 
 ALICIA JAGLOWSKI 
 LOTTIE JAGÓDKA 
 HELEN JAKUBIEC 
 HENRIET. JAKUBOWSKI 
 FLORENCE JANICKI 
 M. JANICKI 
 EMILY JANIS 
 IRENE JANIS 
 M JANIS 
 JANE JANSKI 
 MARY JANUKOWICZ 
 CASIMIRA JANUS 
 GERTRUDE JAPF 
 JOAN JARECKI 
 PEARL H. JARKO 
 JADWIGA JARMULOWICZ 
 IRENE JARMUSZ 
 IRENE JAROSIŃSKI 
 PHYLLIS JAROSIŃSKI 
 ANNA JAROSZ 
 MARIE JARZYNSKI 
 JOSEPHINE JASKULSKI 
 EMILY JASNOWSKI 
 JOAN JASTRZEMBSKI 
 HELEN JAWOROWSKA 
 EMILIE JELEŃ 
 FELICIA JOZEWSKI 
 MARY JEZIOR 
 STEFANJA JURCZAK 
 ROSE KACZMARCZYK 
 VALENTINA KAJDER 
 HELENA KAJKOWSKI 
 IRENA KAJKOWSKI 
 SYLVIA KAMIŃSKI 
 VALENTINE KAPELAK 
 ANNE KAPROWSKI 
 B. KARBOWSKI 
 ANN KARCZEWSKI 
 ESTHER KARWACKI 
 CLARA KASPER 
 FELYCYA KASZUBA 
 VIOLET KASZUBA 
 MARGARET KAZMERSKI 
 WANDA KAZMIERSKI 
 VERA KELP 
 ALICE KIERKOWSKI 
 FLORENCE KIERKOWSKI 
 FRANCES KIJOWSKA 
 JOSEPHINE KIJOWSKA 
 FLORENCE KILINSKI 
 VIRGINIA KINOWSKI 
 ESTELLE KIOŁBASSA 
 ALICE KLAJDA 
 JEAN KLESTA 
 REGINA KLEST 
 ROSE KLIMCZAK 
 SYLVIA KOBIELSKA 
 EVELYN KOBBY 
 ELEANORE KOKOSZKA 
 STEPHANIE KOŁACZ 
 HELEN KOLENDA 
 WANDA KOLENDA 
 SOPHIE KOMENDANT 
 SABINA KONDRATOWICZ 
 VICTORIA KONIECZNA 
 VICTORIA KONRAD 
 IRENE KOPCZYŃSKI 
 ANNA KOPROWSKI 
 JEAN KONIA 
 HARRIETTE KONOPKA 
 ELEANOR KOSIŃSKI 
 NATALIE KOSKIEWICZ 
 MARTHA KOWALSKA 
 WANDA KOWALSKA 
 CASMIRA KOWALSKI 
 FELICIA KOWALSKI 
 IRENE KOWALSKI 
 LILLIAN KOZA 
 FELICIA KOZINOR 
 ALICE KOZŁOWSKA 
 KAS. KOZŁOWSKA 
 JEAN KRAMER 
 ETHEL R. KRAPPE 
 
 [Continued on page 212] 
 
 [210] 
 

 S©®SSa&©©8s©S®S®@KSs©®5 
 
 
 ' > U - ■ 
 
 Good Shepherd Parish 
 
 2719-2757 S. Kolin Avenue, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Good Shepherd Parish was established by the 
 Most Rev. Archbishop James E. Quigley in the 
 year 1907. His Grace appointed Rev. Alexander 
 Jung as its organizer and first pastor, who was 
 then pastor of St. Mary's Church in Downer's 
 Grove, Illinois. In the early part of that year, 
 the founding of Good Shepherd Parish was 
 sponsored by Rev. Alexander Jung with the 
 assistance of several well supporting settlers, 
 also members of the society of Good Shepherd 
 of P. R. C. U. of A. The newly organized Parish 
 was made of the Eastern part of St. Mary's of 
 Częstochowa Parish, of which Rev. Bro. Czaj- 
 kowski, was and is pastor, and of the Westerly 
 part of St. Casimir's Parish of which the Rev. 
 A. Furman was pastor. 
 
 GOOD SHEPHERD CHURCH 
 
 The first church in Good Shepherd Parish 
 was a wooden structure, now used as the Parish 
 Hall. The first school was established by Father 
 Jung, in 1910, and placed in charge of the Feli- 
 cian Sisters. In 1912 a combination brick 
 Church and School was built. 
 
 After the death of Rev. Jung, in 1918, the 
 Rev. Francis J. Wojciechowski, pastor of the 
 
 Transfiguration Church in Bowmanville, Illi- 
 nois, was appointed his successor by his Emin- 
 ence George Cardinal Mundelein on Nov. 4, 1918. 
 
 Shortly after his appointment, Father Woj- 
 ciechowski aided by the generous and whole- 
 hearted cooperation of his parishoners, saw to 
 it that the school was enlarged from six class- 
 rooms to twelve, and the church alternated and 
 newly decorated. 
 
 During his pastorate, Father Wojciechowski 
 was assisted in looking after the spiritual wel- 
 fare of his congregation by the following 
 priests; Rev. John Peterson, Rev. Anthony Ry- 
 decki, Rev. Jos. Lechert, and Rev. Julius Gi- 
 lewski, the present assistant. 
 
 The following societies have aided the pastors 
 in the organization and development of the 
 Parish: Good Shepherd Society P. R. C. U. Gr. 
 No. 494, St. Cecilias Choir, Ladies Rosary 
 Society, Young Ladies Sodality, St. Veronica's 
 Society P. L. A. No. 84, St. Marys of Częstocho- 
 wa Society P. R. C. U. of A. No. 487, St. The- 
 resas Society, Free Poland Society, P. N. A. 
 Gr. 1574, Star of Freedom Society P. N. A. Gr. 
 2340, Foresters of Good Shepherd Parish, 
 Casimir Pulaski Civic League, Ladies of Good 
 Shepherd Club; St .Hedwig's Choir, Holy Name 
 Society, The Boy Scouts of America, Troupe 
 No. 316, Harcerstwo of P. N. A., St. Vincent 
 DePaul Society, St. John's Alter Boys Club. In 
 1929 the above groups have been united into 
 one body and charted as Federation of Societies 
 of Good Shepherd Parish. 
 
 Two well-established and ably directed Loan 
 Association namely KRAKOW BUILDING AND 
 LOAN ASSOCIATION, and GOOD SHEP- 
 HERD BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIA- 
 TION, have financially aided the development 
 of this parish. 
 
 [211] 
 
& 
 
 POLKS IN AMERICA 
 
 Til KIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 M 
 
 C cc/nyccc/ JLuiizu 
 
 RAKOWSKI BROS. 
 
 Producers of 
 High Grade Dairy Products 
 
 Wholesale and Retail 
 
 The Crawford Dairy lias been in the .Milk and 
 Cream retailing for twenty-five years. 
 
 In its first fifteen years of npcnitinii, it was under 
 the supervision of Mrs. Catherine Rakowski with the 
 co-operation of her four sons, Frank, Thmas, Stan- 
 ley ami Anion. 
 
 During tlii-i period the business was developed 
 
 and put on sound b:;sis. 
 
 Shortly after Uiis Mrs. C. Rakowski gave the bus- 
 iness to her sons as a reward for their faithfulness 
 and untiring aim of success. The slogan of this 
 dairy is Quality, Cleanliness and Service. 
 
 At the present time it is under the progressive 
 management of Stanley and Anton Rakowski. 
 
 2742-44 SOUTH KILDARE AVENUE 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 TELEPHONE LAWNDALE 8332 
 
 F. L. MAJKA & CO. 
 
 Realtor for almost a quarter cen- 
 tury, act i re member in Chicago 
 Real Estate Board, a'so Board 
 of Fire Underwriters. Special- 
 ist in all lines of Insurance. 
 
 Trades all kinds of properties and farms. 
 Loans Negotiated and Examination of Titles. 
 
 4300 W. 26TH STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Residence Phone 
 
 Office Phone 
 
 YARDS 2018 
 
 BOULEVARD 5990 
 
 GEORGE E. 
 
 MOCNY 
 
 GENERAL INSURANCE 
 
 Fire, Tornado, Plate Gh 
 
 tss and Automobile 
 
 Warsaw Building and 
 
 Loan Association 
 
 Falasz and Szarmach, Attorneys 
 
 953 WEST 31ST STREET 
 
 PETER NAPOLSKI 
 
 2726 S. KOLIN AVE. 
 
 LAWNDALE 3227 
 
 Girls of the Ballet 
 
 [Continued from page 210] 
 
 JEAN KRAWZYNSKI 
 ANGELINĘ KROCZKA 
 WANDA KRZANOWSKI 
 WANDA KRZANOWSKI 
 MARIAN KSIĄŻEK 
 SANDY KUBECKA 
 MARYA KUFLEWSKI 
 EMILY KUKLEWICZ 
 JEAN KUKLEWICZ 
 NATALIE KUKUŁKA 
 STELLA KULBIEDA 
 LUCILLE KULIK 
 MARIE KURAS 
 GERTR. JOAN KURCAB 
 IRENE KUREK 
 MARY KURPIEL 
 MARY KUS 
 REGINA KUTZ 
 IRENE KUZMIERSKI 
 CAS. KWIATKOWSKA 
 CECILIA KWAŚNIEWSKA 
 ESTELLE KWILINSKA 
 MARIE KULAWIAK 
 CECEL. M. KULCZEWSKI 
 ANNA KULIGOWSKI 
 HELEN KUTYNA 
 HELEN LABEDZ 
 ANTOINETTE W. LACH 
 MARIAN LACHCIK 
 LOUISE LAFIN 
 OLGA LAGODZINSKA 
 PEARL LAKONE 
 ALBIE LALIM 
 ANGELINĘ LASIOWSKI 
 LOUISE LASZKIEWICZ 
 JULIA LEI5DA 
 VICTORIA LEECH 
 LILLIAN LEMPA 
 SALLY LENCZYNSKI 
 ROSALIE LENTEK 
 EVELYN LEWANDOWSKI 
 GENEVIEVE LIGAJ 
 MARIE E. LINKIEWICZ 
 MISSES H.W.L.F.LIGMAN 
 RERNICE LIPIŃSKI 
 JEAN LISOWSKI 
 EUGENIA H. LISS 
 ESTELLE LITWIN 
 ESTELLE LITWIN 
 ELINOR LOIKE 
 AUDREY LOWE 
 FLORENCE LUKAS 
 J. and Z. ŁUKASIK 
 IRMA LUKE 
 JESSIE ŁUSZCZ 
 PETTY LIPSY 
 MARY LIPSY 
 C. and H. MACIASZAK 
 HELEN MADAJ 
 IRENE MADAJ 
 L. MARCINKIEWICZ 
 HERNIE MAGES 
 HELEN MAKOWSKI 
 SABINA MAKOWSKI 
 DR. F. MAŁACHOWSKI 
 HELEN MALACKA 
 BONIA MALINOWSKI 
 LILLIAN MALIŃSKI 
 MAMIE MANIAK 
 E. MARCINKIEWICZ 
 H. & A. MARCINKIEWICZ 
 A. MARKIEWICZ 
 EUGENIA MARKIEWICZ 
 MARIANNA MARQUARDT 
 HELEN MARKIEWICZ 
 PEARL MARSHALL 
 MARY MARSZAL 
 PHYLLIS MARSZALEK 
 PHYLIS MARSZAŁEK 
 HELEN MARTYNOWICZ 
 GENEVIEVE MARZEC 
 IRENE MASALSKI 
 EMILIA MAŚLANA 
 WŁADYSŁAWA MAŚLANA 
 LILLIAN MATONEK 
 CECELIA MATUSIAK 
 JOSEPHINE MATUSZEK 
 WANDA MATUSZEWSKA 
 IRENE MATUSZEWSKI 
 JOSEPHINE MATWIJ 
 IRENE MATYKIEWICZ 
 E. MAZURKIEWICZ 
 HELEN MELNICK 
 MARY MELNICK 
 
 MYRTLE MEYER 
 GERTRUDE MICHAELS 
 LILLIAN MICHAELS 
 BERENICE MICHALIK 
 STELLA MICHALIK 
 MARTHA MICHALSKI 
 VIRGINIA MICHALSKI 
 ADELA MIERKIEWICZ 
 ANNA MIERKIEWICZ 
 JENNIE MIKULSKI 
 HELEN MILEWSKI 
 IRENE MILEWSKI 
 HELEN MIRECKI 
 AGNES V. MISCINSKI 
 WANDA MLEKO 
 WANDA MOCEK 
 L. MORKOROWSKI 
 HARRIET MOTIKA 
 LOREL MROCZKO 
 HELEN MROCZYNSKI 
 GENEVIEVE MROZ 
 MARIE A. MROZ 
 LILLIAN MUSZYŃSKI 
 HELEN MYCEK 
 ADELE NAJDOWSKI 
 DOROTHY NAJDOWSKI 
 MARTHA NALEPA 
 BRONISŁAWA NALES 
 WANDA NAPORA 
 IRENE C. NAPIENTEK 
 IRENE NASALSKI 
 STEPHANIE NOWACKI 
 JEANINE NELSON 
 STEPHANIE NIEMIEC 
 VIOLET NIEPONSKI 
 WANDA NIEPONSKI 
 MADELINE H. NOVAK 
 BERNICE NOWAK 
 IRENE NOWAK 
 LEONA NOWAK 
 VICTORIA NOWAK 
 HELEN NOWAKOWSKI 
 SYLVIA NOWAKOWSKI 
 CHESTERA E. NIEWINSKI 
 ANNA NOWAK 
 EVELYN NOWAK 
 SOPHIA NOWAK 
 ALICE NOWOTARSKI 
 C. OBERMEYER 
 JEAN OBERMEYER 
 LORRAINE OBLOY 
 G. OLEJNICZAK 
 NANCY OLEJNICZAK 
 JEANNETTE OLEKSY 
 BERNICE OLINSKl 
 ROSE ORŁOWSKI 
 
 E. M. L. OSTASZEWSKI 
 PEARL OSTROWSKI 
 ANNE OWCZARZ 
 MABELINE OWCZARZ 
 
 F. AND H. PACHUCKA 
 MARCIA PACHYNSKI 
 IRENE PALIGA 
 CELIA PALKA 
 FLORENCE PARCHIM 
 LUCIA PAŁCZYŃSKI 
 SYLVIA PAŁCZYŃSKI 
 E. W. PARUSZKIEWICZ 
 EUGENIA PASIERBSKI 
 HELEN PATER 
 HELEN PAWLING 
 ZONIA PAWŁOWSKI 
 BETTY PAZDON 
 
 ANN PAZDZIORA 
 LILLIAN PAZDZIORA 
 FRANCES POKALA 
 EMILY PEKUS 
 FLORENCE PENKALA 
 EDWINA PERLINSKI 
 OLYMPIA PESZYNSKI 
 LEE PETLAK 
 FRANCES PIJANOWSKI 
 VALERIA PILICHOWSKI 
 VICTORIA PILICHOWSKA 
 MARIE and JULIA PITERA 
 WANDA S. P1WINSKI 
 MARTHA PŁATEK 
 JULIA POCKRON 
 AGNES PODBIELSKI 
 ANNA PODRAŻA 
 MAE PODRAŻA 
 FLORENCE POLINSKI 
 HARRIET POLINSKI 
 LILLIAN POLNIASZEK 
 DOROTHY POLSKI 
 
 [Continued on page 216] 
 
 [212] 
 
History of St Casimir Parish 
 
 ST. CASIMIR'S Parish, one of the 
 largest Polish parishes on the south- 
 west side of the city was founded in 
 1890. In the beginning a frame building 
 served as church and school. The first 
 pastor was Rev. Francis Kroll, 1890-1893. 
 The church committee comprised : John 
 Rosiński, the first secretary, James Brod- 
 nicki. John Bona, Victor Pijanowski. An- 
 ton Kaja. Anton Tokarski, and Anton 
 Eichstaedt. 
 
 Rev. Adalbert Furman succeeded Father 
 Kroll and served as pastor from 1893 to 
 1921. Under Father Furman with the 
 earnest cooperation of his parishioners a 
 large combination brick church and school 
 was erected in 1904 and 1905. The seating 
 capacity of the church was 965. The cor- 
 nerstone of the building was laid by Bishop 
 Muldoon on Pentecost Sunday r , 1905. In 
 1917 the building of the present church 
 was begun, and it was completed in 1919. 
 This beautiful edifice in Polish Renais- 
 sance Architecture stands on the corner 
 of West Cermak Road and South Whipple 
 Street. It has a seating capacity of 1,500. 
 It was dedicated bv His Grace Archbishop 
 Mundelein on Dec* 21, 1919. The cost of 
 the edifice is $185,000. 
 
 Rev. Stanislaus V. Bona, D. D., suc- 
 ceeded Father Furman and acted as pas- 
 tor from 1921 to 1932. Under Rev. Bona 
 a new school and Sister's Convent were 
 constructed. St. Casimir's, therefore, has 
 two large schools with an attendance of 
 1.700 pupils. The Sisters of the Resurrec- 
 tion are in charge, with Sister Mary Mon- 
 ica as Superioress. A former Superioress, 
 Sister Mary Dominica is now on the ad- 
 visory board of her Order and is stationed at Rome. 
 St. Casimir's also conducts a two year commercial 
 course. 
 
 An outstanding joyous event in the history of this 
 parish was the elevation of Rev. S. Bona to the bishop- 
 ric. He was consecrated Bishop by His Eminence George 
 Cardinal Mundelein on Feb. 25, 1932, and installed in 
 his own diocese of Grand Island, Xebr., on March 8th 
 of the same year. Great festivities marked these two 
 memorable events. Bishop Bona is the younger brother 
 of Msgr. Thomas Bona, pastor of St. Mary of Perpetual 
 Help parish. 
 
 Bishop Bona was succeeded by the present pastor, 
 Msgr. Anthony Halgas, who began his work as pastor 
 of St. Casimir's on May 1, 1932. He was formerly Pas- 
 tor of St. Andrew's parish, Calumet City, where a beau- 
 tiful Roman church stands as a monument to his zealous 
 efforts. He is assisted by the following priests: Rev. 
 Leon Czyl, Rev. Ignatius Macholz, Rev. John Peterson, 
 and Rev. Raymond Zock. The organist is Prof. Bruno 
 Kujawski. The church trustees are Mr. Xavier Czonstka 
 and Mr. Casimir Pazdan. The parish numbers now about 
 2,500 families. 
 
 St. Casimir's parish under its pastor, Msgr. A. Hal- 
 gas, did everything in its power to make the Polish 
 
 ST. CASIMIR CHURCH 
 
 Week of the Century of Progress a marked success. 
 Sixty societies, religious and national, have delegates 
 and committee members. The officers in charge are Mr. 
 John A. Kornak, president; Mr. Anthony Formanek, 
 secretary; Mr. Bernard Czerwiński, treasurer; Mrs. 
 Frances Falkowski, vice-president; Mr. Casimir Pazdan. 
 Mr. F. Drzewicki, Mr. Frank Perz, and Mr. Victor 
 Pijanowski. executive committee. 
 
 We conclude this brief history of the parish with what 
 will always remain a loving memory and a pride to all 
 St. Casimir's, the list of our war heroes, our young men 
 who gave up their lives for their country. They are 
 as follows : 
 
 Stanislaus Świder 
 Francis Klawikowski 
 Peter Kempka 
 Stanislaus Kiełbasa 
 Alexander Szemrak 
 Ladislaus Laskowski 
 Maximilian Spikier 
 John Lis 
 Michael Sajna j 
 Alexander Nowacki 
 Leon Sajnaj 
 
 John Wierzbicki 
 Stanislaus Ostrowski 
 John Dulski 
 Holeslaus Inilski 
 Fe.lix Niedziałkowski 
 rtdam Faltynski 
 Anthony Smoczyński 
 S anislaus Srebrny 
 Michael Pawłowski 
 Stanislaus I.oj 
 
 [213] 
 
Iti- 
 
 POLKS IN A.MKUICA - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -jk 
 
 W 
 
 
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 m 
 
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 °i% 
 
 v - u 
 
 Mi 
 
 rfvt- 
 
 ix 
 
 a/- 4* 
 
 ii 
 
 r/ v 
 
 y -v 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ' 
 
 W ■ M 
 
 
 .'. ■ • 0® 
 
 
 
 
 Nowak Milling Corporation 
 
 MAXWELL M. NOWAK 
 
 PRESIDENT 
 
 HAMMOND, IND. 
 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 ORIGINATORS AND 
 
 AMERICA'S LARGEST MANUFACTURERS 
 
 OF 
 
 Livestock Feeds 
 
 IN THE 
 NEW AND IMPROVED 
 
 Pellet Form 
 
 FOR 
 
 POULTRY, PIGEONS, WILD GAME, FISH 
 DOGS, HOGS, RABBITS, ETC. 
 
 DOMINO FEEDS 
 
 WRITE FOR LITERATURE AND SAMPLES 
 
 
 [214] 
 
8tfi- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -ft 
 
 Parafja Świętego Józefa w Chicago 
 
 St. Joseph's Parish 
 
 Parafja Św. Józefa, mieszcząca się u zbiegu ulic W. 48 i So. 
 Hermitage, należy do starszych parafij polskich w Chicago. 
 
 Pierwszymi Polakami, którzy osiedli w tej dzielnicy, byli Pa- 
 weł i Agnieszka żuławscy. Zamieszkali oni tu w r. 1877. Napływ 
 Polaków był następnie tak duży, że wkrótce Ks. J. Radziejewski 
 założył tu polską parafję i zakupił grunt pod obecne budynki para- 
 fjalne, oraz postawił skromny kościółek. 
 
 Zrazu parafja św. Józefa była misją, którą obsługiwał Ks. J. 
 żyłła, proboszcz parafji M. B. Nieustającej Pomocy. 
 
 Pierwszym stałym proboszczem był Ks. Prałat S. Nawrocki, 
 który zarządzał parafją od r. 1889 do 1891. Zbudował on plebanję. 
 
 Po nim nastąpił ks. Wiktor Zaleski, który pozostawał tu do 
 r. 1894, kiedy miejsce jego zajął ks. M. Pyplatz. Ks. Pyplatz wybu- 
 dował szkołę i spłacił dług na plebanji. W r. 1908 chwilowo zastę- 
 pował go na probostwie Ks. L. Grudziński. 
 
 W r. 1910 Ks. Pyplatz zrezygnował z probostwa i wówczas za- 
 rząd nad parafją objął Ks. S. Cholewiński, obecny proboszcz. 
 
 Dzięki niezmordowanej pracy Ks. Cholewińskiego i ofiarności 
 parafjan zbudowany został wspaniały nowy kościół, który Ks. 
 Arcybiskup Quigley poświęcił 28 września 1914. 
 
 Do szkoły parafji św. Józefa uczęszcza obecnie 1685 dzieci. 
 Szkoła posiada 26 klas. Uczą w niej S.S. Felicjanki, znane ze swej 
 ofiarnej pracy. Sióstr jest 29. 
 
 Parafja liczy 1700 rodzin. Istnieje w niej wiele różnych towa- 
 rzystw. 
 
 Ks. Proboszczowi J. Cholewińskiemu pomagają w pracy trzej 
 asystenci: Ks. Piotr Witmański, Ks. J. Ostrowski i Ks. W. Ku- 
 kulski. 
 
 Parish Committee of the Polish Week of Hospitality 
 
 REV. STANISLAUS CHOLEWIŃSKI, Honorary President 
 
 ANTHONY OLEJNICZAK, President 
 
 FELIX KUBIAK, Vice-President 
 
 ANTONINA WŁODARSKI, Vice-President 
 
 SIMON E. KIEPURA, Secretary 
 
 VICTOR LESNIEWICZ, Treasurer 
 
 Kościół Sw. Józefa 
 
 Julius Słowacki Library Society in Town of Lake 
 
 In the year of 1902 on the 28th day of December, 
 16 Polish societies organized a library which they later 
 called Julius Słowacki Library Society in Town of Lake, 
 for the m aintenance and education of the Polish people. 
 
 Starting with 30 books in 1902, rapid development in 
 its 31 years of existence have brought the capacity to 2,000 
 books, it is now one of the largest libraries on the south side. 
 
 The building has several small and one lagre hall for 
 the use of the public, it was acquired in the year 1914. 
 
 The library is located in its own building at 48th and 
 Paulina streets, Chicago, Illinois. It is open on Tuesdays 
 and Fridays from 7 P. M. to 9 P. M. 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 DAMAZY HOJNACKI 
 PETER P. NOWAK 
 K. J. KARASKIEWICZ 
 ANTONINA WŁODARSKA 
 MAŁGORZATA APPELT 
 ROSE KOŚCIELNIAK 
 STEPHEN CHRUŚCIŃSKI 
 MARYAN PECZKOWSKI 
 EDWARD TRZESNIEWSKI 
 
 ADMINISTRATION 
 ANTON OLEJNICZAK, President 
 KLARA DRZEWIECKA, Vice President 
 JAKUB KACZYŃSKI, Financial Secretary 
 STAN. BANDURSKI, Recording Secretary 
 ADAM WRÓBEL, Treasurer 
 JAN DRETKIEWICZ, Hall Manager 
 ANTONINA KIEPURA, Librarian 
 JOSEPH GRZELINSKI, Sergt.-at-Arms 
 
 [215] 
 
Ste- 
 
 rol, ks IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -ais 
 
 MR. JOSEPH GÓRSKI 
 
 Born Feb,. 19, 18GG, in Strzelno- Poland. Came 
 to Chicago June 5, 1882, and ever since resides 
 in Town of Lake. Member of St. Joseph Lodge 
 No. 440 P. N. A., Society of Sacred Heart of 
 Jesus No. 92 P. R. C. U., Foresters of St. Hed- 
 wig's No. 918 C. O. O. F., Polish Falcons No. 37. 
 
 MRS. AGNES GÓRSKI 
 
 Maiden name Pluciński, born Jan. 21, 1869, in 
 Szubin, Poland. Came to Chicago May 10, 1885. 
 Died May 11, 1932 and resided in Town of Lake. 
 Member Polish Women's Alliance of America, 
 Polish Falcons No. 100, W. C. O. F. St. Cornelia 
 Ct. No. 122. 
 
 SOCIETY OF SACRED 
 HEART OF JESUS 
 
 No. 92 P. R. C. U. 
 Founded 1891 Members 255 
 
 OFFICERS FOR 1933: 
 Felix Kubiak, President 
 
 Michael Andrzejewski, Vice President 
 
 Joseph Olejnik, Fin. Sec. 
 Michael Iciek, Rec. Sec. 
 
 Wacław Kozłowski, Juv. Sec. 
 
 Andrew Cichocki, Treasurer 
 
 Board of Trustees 
 J. Adamowski E. Kubiak W. Kozłowski 
 
 POLISH YOUNG MEN'S 
 ALLIANCE 
 
 on Washington's Land 
 Founded by Stan. Łempicki 1894 
 
 Home Office 1700 W. U8th St. 
 Joseph Cieślak, President 
 Stephen Chruściński, Vice Pres. 
 Catherine Smuskiewicz, Vice Pres. 
 Francis Gilewski, Gen. Sec. 
 
 Anthony Olejniczak, Treasurer 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 Victor Lesniewicz Martin Łukowski 
 
 Cecelia Mrozinski Charlotte Jencmionka 
 
 Girls of the Ballet 
 
 [Continued from page 212] 
 
 ALFREDA POMYKĄLSK1 
 C. PORANKIEWICZ 
 CONNIE POWALOWSKI 
 ANN PRICE 
 HARRIET PROKESZ 
 VERONICA PROROK 
 SOPHIE PRUCHNK'KI 
 HENRIETTA PRUSKK 
 ADELINE PRZYBYŁO 
 CAROLYN PRZYBYŁO 
 HELEN PRZYBYŁO 
 M. and H. E. PRZYBYŁO 
 CECILIA PRZYBYŁO 
 CELIA A. PRZYDRYGA 
 IRENE PUCIATY 
 MARIE PULLA 
 JEANNETTE PYBROSKi 
 BERNICE PYRC 
 
 [Continued on 
 
 SOPHIE and JEAN PYREK 
 G. AND I. PACH 
 ■JOSEPHINE RACZNIAK 
 HELEN RACZYŃSKI 
 SOPHIE RACZYŃSKI 
 MARY RADZIEWICZ 
 ROSE ROGUS 
 SOPHIE RAK 
 IRENE RAKOWSKI 
 HENRIETTA RAMMKL 
 LORETTA RAMMEL 
 VIRGINIA RAMMEL 
 VIOLA REISEL 
 BABE REJER 
 JEANNETTE RESKE 
 P.ERNICE REVELL 
 ADELINE ROGOWSKI 
 JOAN ROGOWSKI 
 
 page 218] 
 
 HENRY A. PATKA 
 
 Free Use of Funeral Home 
 1734 W. 48TH ST. TEL. YARDS 3713 
 
 PHONE CANAL 1087 
 
 WALTER DERLACKI 
 
 Manufacturing Jeweler 
 
 Designer — Maker of Artistic Jewelry 
 
 PLATINUMSMITH 
 
 58 EAST WASHINGTON STREET 
 CHICAGO 
 
 YARDS 6575 
 
 POMIERSKI PHARMACY 
 
 PRESCRIPTION DRUGGIST 
 1724 WEST 48TH STREET 
 
 We specialize in filling all doctors' prescriptions 
 for rare and unusual drugs and chemicals 
 
 MIDWEST STORE 
 
 Michael Micdlar, prop. 
 4950 S. MARSHFIELD AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 [216] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 & ■ & 
 
 Parafia Niep. Pocz. N. M. Panny w South Chicago III 
 
 Parafja Niep. Po- 
 częcia N. M. Panny 
 w So. Chicago, 111., 
 z o r g a ni zowana w 
 pierwszych miesią- 
 cach 1882-go roku 
 przez Ks. Jana Ra- 
 dziejewskiego, jest 
 pierwszą polską pa- 
 raf ją w tej dzielnicy 
 miasta Chicago. Na- 
 stępcą Ks. Jana Ra- 
 dziejewskiego był 
 Ks. Michał C. Py- 
 platz, zarządzał pa- 
 rafją od 16go lipca, 
 1884 roku, do końca 
 roku 1893-go. Po 
 nim proboszczował 
 Ks. Wiktor Zaleski 
 od początku 1894-go 
 raku do 20go wrze- 
 śnia, 1895 roku. W 
 dniu tym przybył do 
 parafji nowy pro- 
 boszcz w osobie Ks. 
 Franciszka M. Woj- 
 talewicza. Zabudo- 
 dania parafjalne, t. 
 
 j. kościół, szkoła, plebanja i dom sióstr, zostały zbudo- 
 wane pod kierownictwem nowego proboszcza, który też 
 dzięki hojnej ofiarności parafjan spłacił kompletny dług 
 parafjalny w roku 1909-ym. Kościół ma blisko 1,200 
 siedzeń; w szkole jest 22 klas oprócz biura, bibljoteki 
 i oficyny lekarskiej ; na piętrze znajduje się obszerna sala 
 dla użytku parafjan. Kierowniczką szkoły przez szsreg 
 lat była Siostra M. Georgia z zakonu Św. Józefa z Ste- 
 vens Point, Wis., jej też niezmordowanej pracy zawdzię- 
 cza parafja wysoki poziom naukowy w tej uczelni; dodać 
 wypada że obecna kierowniczka w osobie Siostry M. Ka- 
 sildy stara się troskliwie iść śladem swej poprzedniczki. 
 Dzieci w szkole jest 999. Parafja w toku swego bytu 
 miała zaszczyt gościć u siebie Ks. Arcybiskupa Symona, 
 
 Ks. Franciszek M. Wojtalewicz 
 
 Ks. Arcybiskupa Piotra Bourgade z Santa Fe, Ks. Arcy- 
 biskupa Jana Cieplaka, Prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczo- 
 nych W. H. Taft'a, pana Prezydenta Ignacego J. Pade- 
 rewskiego, Generała Józefa Hallera, Ks. Biskupa P. P. 
 Rhodego i Ks. Biskupa Edwarda Kozłowskiego. 
 
 W życiu politycznem wymienić wypada: Marcina Wio- 
 rę, Jana Derpę i Marcina S. Furmana jako byłych rad- 
 nych miasta Chicago, oraz obecnie urzędującego p. Ada- 
 ma Bloch jako sekretarza Sądu Najwyższego stanu Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 W pracy społecznej i narodowej zasługują na wyszcze- 
 gólnienie: Marja Paczyńska, Agnieszka Podbielska, Mar- 
 ta Żolińska, Pelagja Zdanowska, Ludwik J. Paczyński, 
 Franciszek Wańtuch, A. F- Perliński i Leon Woźniak. 
 
 Chóry parafjalne 
 od ostatnich lat jede- 
 nastu są pod zdol- 
 nem kierownictwem 
 organisty miejscowe- 
 go, pana Franciszka 
 Szpajer. 
 
 Do Komitetu para- 
 f jalnego należą Mar- 
 cin S. Furman i Lu- 
 dwik J. Paczyński. 
 
 Młodzież nasza w 
 znacznej liczbie bra- 
 ła udział w wojnie 
 światowej dając do- 
 wód swego przywią- 
 zania tak do przy- 
 branej ojczyzny — 
 Stanów Zjednoczo- 
 nych jak i do ojczy- 
 zny swej — Polski. 
 
 Proboszczem para- 
 fji jest dotąd Ks. 
 Franciszek M. Woj- 
 talewicz a w pracy 
 pasterskiej dopoma- 
 gają mu Księża Wm. 
 J. Paschke i Szcze- 
 pan Kowalski. 
 
 Kościół Niep. Pocz. N. M. Panny 
 
 Zarząd Tygodnia Polskiej Gościnności w Parafji Niep. Poczęcia Najśw. Marji Panny 
 
 w South Chicago 
 
 Aleksander Perliński, Przew. 
 Jan Marczewski, Wice-Prezw. 
 Klementyna Kolenda, Wice-Przew. 
 Marja Lisowska, Sekr. 
 Franciszek Wańtuch, Kasjer 
 
 W Kwaterze Głównej z South Chicago są następujący : 
 Ludwik Paczyński, A Ciesielski, 
 
 Przew. Okręgowy na S. S. w Kom. Muzyki 
 
 Jan Koziczyński, A. Urbanek, 
 
 Przew. Głów. Kom. Parady Kom. Reklamy 
 
 KOMITETY: 
 
 Komitet Parady, Muzyki i Rydwanu: 
 P. Wańtuch, Przew. S. Gwiazdowski A. Maciejewska 
 J. .Marczewski K. Adamczyk M. Natywa 
 
 Komitet Pamiętnika: 
 
 Marya Kopczyńska. Przew. Klementyna Kolenda 
 
 Agnieszka Zielińska Pelagja Zdanowska 
 
 Komitet Programu i Zabaw: 
 
 S. Gwiazdowski, Przew. 
 
 A. Postelanezyk A. O'Rourke 
 
 K. Bielawska F. Wańtuch 
 
 Komitet Reklamy: 
 
 M. Lisowska, Przew. 
 
 J. Harmacińska 
 
 A. Podbielska 
 
 Komitet Kwater i Transportacji: 
 H. Markowski, Przew. 
 K. Henciński L. Sienkiewicz A. O'Rourke 
 
 A. Zielińska A. Maciejewska A. Lesnikowska 
 
 Komitet Biletów i Kontestu: 
 A. Podbielska, Przew. 
 
 H. Swieboda 
 I. Gryniewic.z 
 J. Mezyd!o 
 
 B. Wańtuch 
 S. Ostrowska 
 
 B, Michałowski 
 A. O'Rourke 
 K. Mizgalska 
 
 Komitet Sportu: 
 
 K. Henciński, 1'rzew. 
 
 J. Wańtuch ,T. Marczewski 
 
 H. Markowski S. Gwiazdowski 
 
 [217] 
 
2§5- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 '& 
 
 PHONE SAGINAW 4109 Lady Attendant 
 
 LAWRENCE 
 WALKOWIAK 
 
 UNDERTAKER and 
 EMBALMER 
 
 No Charge for Use of 
 Chapel 
 
 8729 COMMERCIAL AVE., CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE SAGINAW 3593 
 
 
 j^^^^IŁ 
 
 HALLER BUILDING 
 
 I—I 
 
 & LOAN ASS'N 
 
 ! 4rJ 
 
 3004 EAST 88TH STREET 
 
 stsc*. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 sm%ś^ik&MMKk 
 
 
 GMINA 23 ZW. NAR. POL. 
 
 W SOUTH CHICAGO 
 
 W. SKOWROŃSKI, Prezes 
 
 J. NOWICKI, Wice-Prezes 
 
 M. SOBCZYŃSKA, Wice-Prezeska 
 
 S. ZAWIDLŃSKI, Sekretarz 
 
 H. ŁYK, Sekretarz Finansowy 
 
 M. WIECZORKOWSKI, Kasjer 
 
 COMPLIMENTS 
 
 AMERICAN MEAT 
 MARKETS 
 
 Inc. 
 
 JOHN E. SKOWROŃSKI, President 
 
 LAWRENCE J. KOBZA, Sec. and Treas. 
 
 LOUIS KOBZA, Vice Pres ; dent 
 
 SOUTH CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 WILLIAM A. ROWAN 
 
 Alderman 10th Ward 
 SOUTH CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 OFFICE: 9211 EWING AVENUE 
 TELEPHONE REGENT 0642 
 
 Girls of the Ballet 
 
 [Continued from page 21(i] 
 
 STEPHANIE ROGOZIŃSKI 
 JEAN ROSZKO 
 ANNA RULIG 
 ELLA RUSIECKA 
 CECELIA RUSIN 
 NORA RUSINEK 
 CECELIA M. RUTKOWSKI 
 CHRISTINE RYDZEWSKI 
 C. RZEPCZYNSKI 
 WAwDA RZEPKA 
 VIOLA SADOWSKI 
 BERTHA SAFRANSKE 
 J. J. SAJEWSKI 
 HARRIET N. SANCZUK 
 JEAN SANDAC 
 HELEN SAWICKI 
 M. SCHOENTHALER 
 STEPHANY SCHONBORA 
 MARIE SCHROEDER 
 COLLETTE SCHULTZ 
 HELEN SCHULTZ 
 LORETTA SCHULTZ 
 MILDRED SCHWABA 
 HELEN SCISLOWSKI 
 MARYLA SETMAJER 
 MARIE SHARFINSKI 
 MARGARET SHEREN 
 MRS. L. C. SHLODOWSKI 
 ANN SHOE 
 
 alice sienkiewicz 
 Frances Sienkiewicz 
 anna silitis 
 gertrude sindowski 
 frances sipulski 
 jean skaczdopole 
 joan a. skorzewski 
 bernice skrundz 
 lillian skrzypczak 
 rose skrzypczak 
 helen skrzypek 
 lottie skrzypek 
 helen f. skudnik 
 sophie skudnig 
 josephine skuta 
 victoria słowik 
 helen l. smiejkowski 
 jean smizinska 
 marie smolicka 
 marie smuda 
 estelle sniezek 
 marie sobernia 
 carrie v. sobieraj 
 emilia sobocińska 
 emily sobon 
 estelle sobon 
 mercedes spiker 
 helen spyra 
 zosia srednicka 
 helen a. stach 
 frances stadulski 
 w. staklasa 
 julia stanke 
 tillie stanke 
 betty stankowicz 
 jean stanislawiak 
 helen stanny 
 rose starszyk 
 josephine starybrat 
 andzia stefanowicz 
 delphine sterkiewicz 
 loretta sterkiewicz 
 s. sterkiewicz 
 josephine stokłosa 
 sofia stokłosa 
 marian strumin 
 lorraine strzałka 
 harriet styrkowicz 
 harriet suchomski 
 dorothy sukerman 
 ella sukerman 
 helen suki 
 jean sullen 
 jean swastek 
 henrietta swem 
 sophie swiader 
 marilyn swiniuch 
 laura d. sypin 
 adelaide sypniewski 
 catherine szawica 
 a. szczepanik 
 frances szczepanik 
 sophie szczudło 
 wanda e. szczupaj 
 joan szmyk 
 
 BETTY ANN SZPAK 
 FELICIA SZPAK 
 JENNIE SZPONDER 
 ANNE SZUFNAROWSKA 
 E. SZUFNAROWSKA 
 ANN D. SZULCESKI 
 GENE SZULCZYNSKI 
 MARIE SZYMAŃSKI 
 MAE SZYNISZEWSKI 
 MARIE TAPOR 
 LEONA TABIASKO 
 HELEN TARALA 
 MARIA TARALA 
 EDITH THOMPSON 
 MłRY THOMPSON 
 LUCY TOM\SZEWSKA 
 ADELE A. TOMASZEWSKI 
 SOPHIA M. TOMCZAK 
 BERNICE TOSZEK 
 M. B. TROJANOWSKI 
 VIRGINIA TROJAN 
 JEAN TROKA 
 
 E. TRUSZCZYŃSKI 
 HARRIET TURNO 
 GENEVIEVE TUREK 
 AMELIA TWORCZYNSKI 
 JEAN TYSZKA 
 
 OLGA UŁANOWSKI 
 IRENE URBAŃSKI 
 EMILY WACHOWICZ 
 GERTRTTDF, WACHOWSKI 
 L. E. WACHOWSKI 
 MARTHA WAGNER 
 ANN WALCZAK 
 BERNICE WALOR 
 ANNA WALSKOU 
 OTILIA WALIJSKA 
 CELIA WAPNIARSKI 
 HARRIET WARCHAL 
 VIRGINIA WARDZIŃSKA 
 ^MILY H. WARZECHA 
 
 F. WARZECHA 
 MARY WASIELEWSKI 
 STEPHANIE WAYNE 
 ESTELLE WĘGLARZ 
 IRENE WENDERSKI 
 MAE WESTKA 
 IRENE WIECZOREK 
 ALICE WIECZORKOWSKI 
 F. WIECZOROWSKI 
 JEAN L. WIELGUS 
 HELEN WIELGUS 
 IRENE WILK 
 
 MARIE WILK 
 WANDA WILK 
 T. WINCHESTER 
 THERESE N. WIRTEL 
 C. WIŚNIEWSKI 
 IRENE WITZ 
 JOSEPHINE WLEZIEN 
 GENEVIEVE WLECH 
 LOUISE WNOROWSKI 
 C. WOJCIECHOWSKA 
 F. WOJCIECHOWSKI 
 HELEN WOJCIECHOWSKI 
 L. WOJCIECHOWSKI 
 L. WOJCIECHOWSKI 
 ESTELLE WÓJCIK 
 JOSEPHINE WÓJCIK 
 ANNABELLE WOJDILA 
 ANNE WOJTAS 
 JEAN WOJTAS 
 MAE WOJTUŚ 
 ALICIA WOLSON BROWN 
 MARY WROHLEWSKI 
 TILLE WRÓBLEWSKI 
 BERNICE WROCŁAWSKI 
 JOSEPHINE WSOL 
 AMELIA WYRZYKOWSKI 
 GERTRUDE WYSOCKA 
 ELSIE WYSOCKI 
 IRENE WYSOCKI 
 JOSE WYSOPAJ. 
 H. S. YARMULOWICZ 
 GERTRUDE ZABLOSKI 
 GENEVIEVE ZADLO 
 WANDA M. ZADLO 
 HELENA ZADARA 
 MARIE ZAJAC 
 STEPHANIE ZAJAC 
 ANNA ZAKRZEWSKA 
 ELEANOR ZALEWSKA 
 LILLIAN ZAPALA 
 MARIE ZAWACKA 
 
 [Continued on page 226] 
 
 [218] 
 

 
 -■' i' - i//-.; ■": ;:\ rj 
 
 Pulaski Region of America 
 
 Standing: J. Mach, Color Sergeant; F. Piechowska, Comm. Auxiliary Units; J. Wojtalik, Director; A. Brzost- 
 ko, Vice President; W. Podrazik, Treasurer; T. Grandys, Director; A. Sikorski, Comm. State of Illinois; A. Wojta- 
 lik, Hon. Commander. Seated: S. Snopek, Vice Commander; G. Mitera, Director; V. J. Poklacki, President; 
 S. Tylicka, Vice President; W. J. Andrzejewski, Gen. Sec. 
 
 PULASKI Legion 
 formerly known 
 Military Alliance of 
 organized in the year 
 
 F. ODYMALA 
 
 Nat'l Commander 
 
 city of Chicago, its object being to 
 unite Polish-American Military Socie- 
 ties into a new kind of an organization, 
 not for profit, but to aid the sick 
 members and provide for the burial of 
 the dead members. Its mission is to 
 preach loyalty and love for this govern- 
 ment of adoption in appreciation for 
 the Freedom, Liberty, and Equality 
 that this country offered. 
 
 In consolidating these numerous and heretofore un- 
 attached units of uniformed societies throughout this 
 country, it was decided that it shall be a military organ- 
 ization exclusively, whose members would be loyal to the 
 principles of the government of the United States, who 
 enlisting in the ranks of this organization place them- 
 selves at the call of this country. 
 
 of America, The organization has an enviable record in the World 
 
 as the Polish War and prides itself to be one of the first to offer its 
 
 America was services to our late President Wilson, as a unit imme- 
 
 of 1909 in the diately upon declaration of war against Germany. Fully 
 
 60 per cent have joined the colors in the regular service, 
 
 establishing an exclusive Polish recruiting office in 
 
 Chicago, organized in the city of Chicago, with the 
 
 authority of the Military Committee of Illinois State 
 
 Council of Defense, a Battalion of over 500, of the 
 
 Illinois Volunteer Training Corps. These being but 
 
 some of its creditable and patriotic achievements of the 
 
 past. 
 
 At the National Convention at Chicago, 111., in the 
 year of 1932, the organization has changed and adopted 
 the name of Pulaski Legion of America. At this con- 
 vention a program of activities interesting to the younger 
 generation has been adopted. The Central Office is 
 located in its own building at 1418 Emma St., Chicago, 
 111., phone number Humboldt 4925. 
 
 [219] 
 
ais 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 BESSEMER STORE 
 
 J. K. WALKOWIAK. Prop. 
 
 DRY GOODS AND SHOES 
 9000-9002 COMMERCIAL AVE. So. Chicago 7721 
 
 Publishers oi the Polish-American Weekly in the Calumet Distric 
 
 POLONIA PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 Printers and Publishers 
 
 URBANEK BROS.. Props. 
 TELEPHONE SOUTH CHICAGO 2301 
 
 8723 COMMERCIAL AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 WALCZAK BROTHERS 
 
 Real Estate 
 
 LOANS. INSURANCE NOTARY PUBLIC 
 
 8905 COMMERCIAL AVE. S. CHICAGO 6331 
 
 SOUTH CHICAGO 
 
 SCHMIDT & CO. 
 
 CLEANERS and DYERS 
 
 8537-41 COMMERCIAL AVENUE 
 
 ALL PHONES REGENT 1710 
 
 J. MACIEJEWSKI 
 
 BAKERY 
 
 r06 COMMERCIAL AVE. SO. CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE REGENT 566Ą 
 
 OSADA NO. 7 P. R. C. U. 
 
 E. SADOWSKI, Pres. 
 
 J. MARSZEWSKI, Scc'v 
 
 F. WAŃTUCH, Trcas. 
 
 DR. A. E. KACZALA 
 
 DENTIST 
 9036 COMMERCIAL AVE. REGENT 0300 
 
 Heartiest Wishes from 
 
 ADAM F. BLOCH 
 
 CLERK OF SUPREME COURT 
 STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 BARNEY'S 
 
 Paints - Wall Paper - Glass - Mirrors - Pictures 
 
 Window Shades 
 
 8848 COMMERCIAL AVE., SOUTH CHICAGO 
 
 TEL. SAGINAW 1272 B. PERKOWSKI. Prop. 
 
 Central Tire and Battery Service 
 
 E. P. KACZALA, Prop. 
 
 8712 COMMERCIAL AVE. S. CHICAGO 1497 
 
 H. STERN 
 
 Dry Goods and Shoes 
 8482 COMMERCIAL AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 J. KOPCZYŃSKI 
 
 First Class Bakery and Confectionery 
 2832 E. 87TH ST. TEL. SAGINAW 1047 
 
 I. SOBOCIŃSKI 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 8501 COLFAX AVE. SO. CHICAGO 7010 
 
 STANLEY S. MARCINIAK 
 
 BEER PARLOR 
 
 8704 ESCANABA AVE. S. CHICAGO 6563 
 
 L. LIBERACKI 
 
 MID-WEST STORE 
 1700 ESCANABA AVE. S. CHICAGO 2146 
 
 COMMERCIAL FLORIST 
 
 Flowers for All Occasions 
 5747 COMMERCIAL AVE. SAGINAW 8535 
 
 WEINBERG BROTHERS 
 CLOTHING COMPANY 
 
 SOUTH CHICAGO 
 
 JULIUS L. GRASK & SONS 
 
 FAMOUS M. H. and ROYAL TROPHY CIGARS 
 8633 COMMERCIAL AVE. S. CHICAGO 0398 
 
 S. M. TOMCZAK 
 
 Beer Parlor 
 8755 SAGINAW AVE. TEL. S. CHICAGO 2494 
 
 DR. J. B. MARCINIAK 
 
 ROZYNEK BUILDING 
 8800 COMMERCIAL AVE. REGENT 4576 
 
 A. WYSOCKI 
 
 BAKERY 
 8656 MANISTEE AVE. SO. CHICAGO 2496 
 
 South Chicago Cleaners 
 
 FURRIERS 
 8845 COMMERCIAL AVE.— PH. REGENT 2674 
 
 LOUIS J. DERYBOWSKI 
 
 Metal Ceilings and Furnaces 
 2842 E. 87TH ST. PHONE SAGINAW 7030 
 
 SOUTH CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 [220] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 S. J. PIJANOWSKI, Pres. 
 
 S. J. PIJANOWSKI 
 ESTABLISMENT 
 
 The establishment of S. J. PI janowski 
 is located at 2219 So. Whipple street, 
 Chicago, where it has been a place of 
 service for more than 32 years. Phone 
 Rockwell 294.") and Crawford 7450. While 
 it is one of the older establishments of 
 the city, in reference to the age of the 
 building, it is quite in keeping with the 
 demands of this modern ;ige. This is due 
 to the fact that Mr. Pijanowski lias been 
 continuously alert to the present day 
 needs and has met them as presented. 
 
 The excellent furnishings and splendidly 
 arranged funeral home are marks of 
 taste and artistry. 
 
 s. .1. Pijanowski was born in Jadviga, 
 Grand Duchy uf Poznań (W. Ks. Poznań- 
 ski.) Poland, on December 31, 1869. He 
 came t" Chicago on entering the United 
 States, when he was 12 years of age, in 
 1881. For 52 years he has been a resident 
 and most of the time a progressive 
 business man of Chicago. 
 
 He was married in 1892 and has been 
 a resident at his present location foi 12 
 years. Mr. s. .1. Pijanowski is the father 
 • if nine children, four sons and five 
 daughters. He has the distinction of add- 
 ing to bis household four sons-in-law 
 and two daughters-in-law. 
 
 The first venture into business by .Mr. 
 S. .1. Pijanowski was the furniture in- 
 dustry which he followed for about nine 
 years, catering to some extent to the 
 funeral profession as a liveryman at the 
 same time. This business was successful, 
 but Mr. S. .1. Pijanowski felt that the 
 funeral profession offered him a better 
 opportunity to serve his people. 
 
 With a desire to fit himself for this 
 profession he attended the Hennessey 
 School of Embalming and was graduated 
 in 1899. He was granted an embalmer's 
 license, number 891. 
 
 Although a funeral director and ent 
 
 balmer, Mr. s. .1. Pijanowski continued 
 as a liveryman, serving the funeral pro- 
 fession with liver) requirements, in 1911, 
 hi toundi .1 i In- 1 1. K. Garage at 2908-10 
 West 22nd street, Chicago. This estab- 
 lishment, which is ;i t present Largely 
 e.| by two sons, Walter and Flor- 
 ian, is also a member of the Undertaker 
 and Uvery Association. Later Mr. s. .1. 
 Pi :.< >h,v\ ski saw Ilu- opportunity and 
 started Die Active Service Auto Station, 
 which specializes in servicing and wash- 
 ing funeral cars, ;i t 3814-22 West Har- 
 rison street, also 3815-23 Fifth avenue. 
 This -out is in charge of two 
 
 sons, Staniej .md George, under the 
 guidance of the senioi partner, S. J. 
 Pijanowski. 
 
 s. J. Pijanowski has lived a creditable 
 life. II in business and ready 
 
 to serve. He has contributed three estab 
 llshments, which are successfully func- 
 tioning, to iin citj of Chicago. More 
 
 than that, he has so led in making 
 
 men and women of his children who are 
 his partners in business. Possibly the 
 greatest dream of .> couple, embarking 
 on th, -■■:, of matrimony, is that their 
 sons and daughters may qualify to be- 
 come partners and finally owners of the 
 business builded by tin- parents to sup- 
 port l hem and bring them to the full 
 staturi of men and women. 
 
 LARGEST 
 
 AUTOMOBILE STATION 
 
 IN THE CITY 
 
 32 Experienced Automobile Workers at Your Service at All Times 
 
 Your Car Thoroughly Washed in l') Minute* 
 
 CAPACITY 500 CARS I >.\I I.V 
 
 Have Your Car Greased in the Largest Lubricating Palace in Chicago 
 
 1.1 Racks with 10 Experienced Oilers and Greasers Always Ready 
 
 Active Service Automobile Station 
 
 3814-22 W. HARRISON STREET 3815-23 FIFTH AVE. 
 
 Phones : Van Buren 5765 and 1814 
 
 We Also Specialize in Rain Proof Finish Body Polishing 
 
 [221] 
 
POLES IX AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 *!* & 
 
 tssftSk 
 
 WHOLESOME 
 
 O 
 
 T\ 
 
 A 
 
 G 
 
 S 
 
 r^ 
 
 o 
 
 If 
 111 
 
 O 
 
 4914-24 S. Loomis St. 1528-30 W. Ohio St. 
 
 Boulevard 5047 Haymarket 1323 
 
 STEPHEN I. WITMANSKI, President 
 
 [222] 
 
The Polish Associated Yederal Employees 
 
 T?ROM a log cabin, known as the Kinzie resi- 
 ■*• dence in 1831, to the present massive United 
 States Post Office Building at Van Buren and 
 Canal Streets in 1933, constructed at a cost of 
 $21,000,000, A CENTURY OF PROGRESS in 
 postal business is shown. This is the contribution 
 of the Federal Government to the rapid growth 
 and increase in wealth and business to the city 
 of Chicago. 
 
 Beginning with a weekly mail service in 
 March, 1831, by a man on horseback, the cost 
 of a single letter was $15. A daily mail service 
 was established in 1837, and in 1846, it moved 
 in the Presidential class. The Government build- 
 ing was built in 1860, on the spot where now 
 stands the First National Bank. 
 
 The population increased rapidly, from 100 in 
 1831, to 20,000 in 1860, a short span of 30 years. 
 In 1871, with a population of 325,000, Chicago 
 took its place as one of the greatest cities of the 
 United States, and with the engaging egotism 
 of youth, challenged St. Louis and Cincinnati 
 for the supremacy of the West. 
 
 The present Post Office Building in Chicago 
 is the world's largest; contains every conve- 
 nience and detail for the handling of mail that 
 is possible for human ingenuity to provide. It 
 daily handles approximately 6,500,000 letters 
 and some 250,000 packages of parcel post out- 
 going, in addition to 80,000 sack of papers and 
 parcel post received at Chicago. 
 
 Since the day the first Polish emigrants set 
 their feet on American soil, they immediately 
 became active by taking a live interest in the 
 welfare of their adopted country. It is only 
 natural that because of their keen interest in 
 the daily life of America, Poles are found in al- 
 most every branch of the Government service, 
 be it elective or appointive, legislative or admin- 
 
 istrative. Not only in Chicago, but in the whole 
 of the United States, Poles have successfully 
 held and fulfilled positions of great responsibil- 
 ity with the government. 
 
 Forty years ago there were but four men of 
 Polish extraction in the Government service. 
 Today we have over 800 in Chicago alone, many 
 of whom hold key positions. 
 
 Alert to the duties and responsibilities of Po- 
 lish support of all Civic, State and National 
 endeavors and enterprises, it was with the great- 
 est enthusiasm that a group of Polish employees 
 of the Chicago Post Office, called together by 
 John J. Roman, met on March 19, 1933, and 
 laid the Foundation of the Federal Section of 
 the Polish Week of Hospitality at A Century 
 of Progress. 
 
 At this meeting, without a single vote of dis- 
 cord or dissension, it was decided to organize 
 as Federal employees of the government, not 
 only for the duration of the Exposition, but per- 
 manently. 
 
 With this firmly established, a temporary ad- 
 ministration was selected to further organiza- 
 tion plans, in the personnel of: Frank Kwasi- 
 groch, President, Gabriel Wleklinski, Vice-Pres- 
 ident, and Walter Kamiński, Secretary. A con- 
 stitution and name for the organization was 
 formulated and adopted at the meeting of April 
 9, 1933. The name adopted was the "Polish 
 Associated Federal Employees." 
 
 The temporary officers named above were 
 now voted as permanent, and additions were 
 made of John Wichlacz, Treasurer, Edward Eck- 
 mann, Financial Secretary, and Sylvester Pu- 
 fundt, Sergeant at Arms. 
 
 The Polish Associated Federal Employees 
 have entered into the spirit of A Century of 
 
 [223] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 & 
 
 Progress, and The Polish Week of Hospitality, 
 sponsoring and building an historical Float, de- 
 picting Sergeant Edward S. Younger, a Pole 
 and member of this Organization, reenactmg 
 the scene of October, 1921, at Chalons-Sur- 
 Marne, France, when he selected the American 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 — 2f! 
 
 Unknown Soldier, now lying in Arlington Ce- 
 metery, Washington, D. C. 
 
 To the people of all nations the Polish Asso- 
 ciated Federal Employees extend the heartiest 
 Welcome to Chicago, A Century of Progress and 
 The Polish Week of Hospitality, Julv 17 to 23, 
 1933. 
 
 CHARTER MEMBERS 
 
 Adamczyk, Mary C. 
 Adamik, Theodore 
 Bagiński, S. H. 
 Bakula, Stephen 
 Baniewicz, Polikarp 
 Bednarz, Walter J. 
 Behrendt, J. A. 
 Blackowski, Anthony L. 
 Bukowski, John 
 Block, Edward 
 Bojanowski, Alex 
 Borowak, C. S. 
 Brandys, Frank J. 
 Braum Anna 
 Brochorski, J. J. 
 Broeski Wm. 
 Bubula, Jacob 
 buraczewski, adolph 
 Burski, Chester 
 Chodera, Paul 
 Chilewski Chas. 
 Cislak, Stanley 
 Cierpka, John N. 
 Czubek, Bernard 
 Dabkowski, John 
 Dankowski, Joseph 
 Demski, George 
 Dombrowski, Stanley S. 
 Dzieszulski, Michael 
 Eckmann, Frank J. 
 Eckmann, Edward 
 Fafinski, Julius 
 Feltych, Anthony 
 Fetro, Edward 
 Florek, Anthony 
 Galuska, Theodore 
 Gaura, Stanley 
 Gawron, Michael 
 Gburczyk, Frank A. 
 Giersch, Peter J. 
 Glembovski, Michael 
 Glod, Mieczysław 
 Golec, Joseph 
 Gnutkiewicz, Frank 
 Golinski, Barney 
 O-omomski Theodore S. 
 Gongola, Florence 
 Gnacinski, Philip L. 
 Grabowski, John T. 
 Gregory, John 
 Gregory, Joseph 
 Gregorowicz, Casimir 
 Gremka, Sylvester 
 Gronowski Stephen 
 Grzegorek, Thaddeus 
 
 Grzywna, Frank 
 Gwadz, Frank 
 Hosinski, Joseph 
 Inda, Vincent 
 Jakus, M. 
 Janik Vivian 
 Jaskowski, Walter 
 Jaszkowski, Anthony 
 Jaszkowski Theodore, jr. 
 Jaszkowski, Walter J. 
 Kaczorowski, William 
 Kaitis, Stanley 
 Kalusa, John 
 Kamiński, Walter F. 
 Kania, Henry S. 
 Kania, John 
 Kania, Lucia J. 
 Kania Stanley 
 Karasiewicz, N. A. 
 Karp, Stanley 
 Kicul, John 
 Kierzek, Alexander 
 Kikulski, Joseph P. 
 Kiolbassa, Anthony 
 Kipkowski, Roman H. 
 Kipkowski, M. N. 
 Kislewski, Roman J. 
 Knirko, John 
 Kołodziej, Paul 
 Konieczka, Stanley 
 Konkiel, Joseph 
 Komorowski, Clara A. 
 Kopański, Frank 
 Kralski, William J. 
 Kosiński, Anna H. 
 Kosiński, Frank 
 Kosiński, Stanley 
 Kowalski, August 
 Kozakiewicz, Stanley 
 Krerowicz, Rufin E. 
 Kula, Stanley 
 Kurzawski, Benjamin 
 Kusek, Walter 
 Kwasigroch, Frank A. 
 Lagodzinski, George 
 Lejman, Constantine 
 Lew Carolyn M. 
 Liberko, Frank 
 Liberko, John W. 
 Lipkowski, Sophie 
 Lisewski, Stanley 
 Lonaski Victoria 
 Łosiński, Edmund 
 Łosiński, Henry 
 Lucas, Reginald J. 
 
 Luka, John D. 
 Lukaski, Henry 
 Lange, Madeline 
 Maciejewski, Walter 
 Malinowski, Stanley 
 Marcinski, Sophie 
 Marek, Joseph 
 Meyers, J. Francis 
 Michałek, Walter 
 Mikołajczyk, William E. 
 J/ikolajczyk, Stanley 
 Miller, J. J. 
 Myslinski, John S. 
 Nawrot, Harry 
 
 NlEMCZEWSKI, EDW. J. 
 
 Niemczyk, Joseph A. 
 Niemyski, Tomasz 
 Nowak, Frank 
 Nowicki, Joseph 
 Nowicki, Jeanette 
 Oczko, John T. 
 Orzech, F. Joseph 
 Panek, Joseph 
 Pawłowski, Margaret M. 
 Pietraszewski, Casimir 
 Pochowski, Frank E. 
 Pochowski, John V. 
 Potrzebowski, Stanley 
 Prebis, Zdislaw 
 Prusakowski, Clara A. 
 Pufundt, Sylvester 
 Purzycki, Zachary 
 Rammel, Frank 
 Ratkowski, John 
 Renkau, Stanley 
 Roman, John J. 
 Sadowski, Zygmunt 
 Safranski, Myrtle E. 
 Samborski, Stanley 
 Sarna, Thaddeus 
 Schultz, Leo F. 
 Shepton, Frank 
 Sienda, Frank 
 
 SlERACKI, ALOYSIUS 
 
 Sierosławski, Frank V. 
 Skudlarski, Chester 
 Skudlarski, Genevieve 
 Skummer, John A. 
 Slovick, Alex S. 
 Slovick, Stanley 
 Smiskol, Edmund 
 Sobeski, Louis 
 Stawicki, Theodore 
 Stefański, August 
 Strenski, Theo. 
 
 Stratynski, Leo P. 
 Strzycki, F. Nicholas 
 Strzyszyk, Walter 
 Szczepanek, Felix 
 Szczurek, Sigmund 
 Szulgit, Anthony 
 Szymaniak, John 
 Szymański, Walter, Jr. 
 Tamillo, Frank J. 
 Tamillo, Leonard J. 
 Tomczak, John W. 
 Trzebiatowski, John F. 
 Turek, Andrew 
 Tybur, Stanley 
 Tyrakowski, A. C 
 Vandego, Walter 
 Velek Sophia 
 Wachowski, George 
 Wajda, Joseph 
 Walczak, Leonard 
 Walkowiak, Frank J. 
 Warner, Anthony 
 Wartalski, Stephen 
 Wasieleski, John E. 
 Wawrzyniak, Stanley 
 Wegloski, John J. 
 Welzant, John F. 
 Wiatr, John J. 
 Wichlacz, John E. 
 Wiechecki, Ignatius 
 Wicklatz, Martin S. 
 Wilczewski, Casimir 
 Wiśniewski, Harriet 
 Wiśniewski, Zygmunt 
 Wisowaty, Leonard 
 Wleklinski, Gabriel T. 
 Wójcik, John 
 Wojtos, John T. 
 Woliński, Anthony 
 Wos, Albert 
 Wosikowski, Felix 
 Wróblewski, Ludwig 
 Wozniak, Rose C. 
 Younger, Edward S. 
 Zachciał, Joseph 
 Zalesinski, Stanley 
 Zawilenski, Stanley 
 Zdelski, Joseph 
 Zembron, Stephen 
 Złotnicki, Henry 
 Żukowski, Stanley 
 zurkowski, ollie 
 Zych, William 
 Zywicki, Frank 
 Zywicki, John 
 
 ♦ ♦ 
 
 [224] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 ifS " 2§S 
 
 ST. MARY OF NAZARETH HOSPITAL 
 
 ST. MARY OF NAZARETH HOSPITAL, CHICAGO, ILL. 1120 N. LEAVITT STREET 
 CONDUCTED BY THE SISTERS OF THE HOLY FAMILY OF NAZARETH 
 
 SINCE 1894, this renowned institution is gathering the 
 well-deserved fruits of its noble labors carried on in 
 
 the service of the sick, regardless of nationality or 
 creed. In majority, nevertheless, it is patronized by Poles 
 from throughout the city and suburbs. From the day of 
 its dedication, the St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital has met 
 all the requirements of the medical science by affording 
 thoroughly equipped departments and with the coopera- 
 tion of the Staff, consisting of physicians competent in 
 the various specialties, as well as in general practice. 
 Uninterrupted recognition and approval is granted an- 
 nually this institution by the American Medical Associ- 
 tion, the American College of Surgeons and by the local 
 and Federal authorities. 
 
 The increasing number of patients necessitated 
 erection of the South Annex in 1914. That same year, the 
 Nurses' Home was completed, adjoining the northern 
 section of the main 'building. By 1926, a convent home 
 for the hospital Sisters was realized. As the need for 
 more improvements and more space has again grown 
 obvious, a seven-story North Wing arose in 1931, that 
 at present the total bed capacity is 300. The last addition 
 expanded the surgical department into five more opera- 
 ting rooms, allowed for a convenient, modernistic labora- 
 tory and X-Ray departments, opened three floors of 
 private rooms for occupancy, devoted one entire floor 
 
 to the Pediatric department and another to doctors' 
 offices and consultation rooms. The solarium is an inter- 
 esting feature of this new wing, comprising all of the 
 seventh floor. In fact, nothing is wanting to provide the 
 best treatment and efficient service. During the past 
 year there were to 4,000 patients admitted. 
 
 St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital has been since its 
 establishment without any founded endowment; from 
 the very start it was self-sustaining. Occasional dona- 
 tions from generous friends helped the Sisters to care 
 for many worthy charity patients. The Women's Aux- 
 iliary and the Junior Auxiliary contribute in large part 
 a greatly appreciated assistance. 
 
 The School of Nursing, conducted in connection with 
 the hospital, has the advantage of practical experience 
 with a three-year course of instruction, approved by the 
 State Department of Registration and Education. The 
 School is accredited by other States, so that registration 
 by reciprocity facilitates matters for nurses who desire 
 to practice outside of Illinois. The Nurses Alumnae 
 Association tends to upkeep the relations between the 
 institution and its graduates, and as a body represents 
 the hospital prominently, being actively interested in 
 the functions of a number of Graduate Nurses Associa- 
 tions and accupying Public Health offices. 
 
 [225 ] 
 
& 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 jM 
 
 SEXTON SERVICE 
 
 offers you 
 
 a The only nationally advertised brand of foods prepared ex« 
 clusively for the institutional market, 
 
 a The securit) of endorsement by all the leading trade associa- 
 tions in the institutional field in the United States. 
 
 A The facilities of the only wholesale grocer)' company oper- 
 ating plants in the two principal American markets — Chicago 
 and New York. 
 
 a As rendered by Americas largest distributors of number ten 
 canned foods, a distinctive service on a complete assortment of 
 quality foods packed in this institutional size container. 
 
 a Home recipe pickles, relishes and conserves from Sexton 
 Sunshine Kitchens delicious and appetizing. 
 
 a Carefully selected coffees — blends resulting from years of 
 careful study— roasted fresh daily at Chicago and Brooklyn. 
 
 A Special quotations based on major purchases of exclusively 
 institutional merchandise — sharing with you the advantages of 
 a greater buying power 
 
 J2H - N SEXTON 
 
 &-co. 
 
 Edtlutits Quality Food's 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 BROOKLYN 
 
 EDWARD 
 
 A. GEOGHEGAN 
 
 WHOLESALE 
 GROCERY 
 
 4944 SOUTH UNION AVENUE 
 
 PHONE BOULEVARD 6730 
 
 Girls of the Ballet 
 
 [Continued 
 
 SOPHIE ZWACKA 
 SOPHIA ZAWADA 
 HERNICE ZWADZKI 
 ADELLE ZAWAL 
 ALICE ZARZYCKI 
 IRENE ZAWAL 
 MARY ZAWIŚLAK 
 IRENE ZBIESZKOWSKI 
 MARIE ZDANOWSKA 
 JOSEPHINE ZIOBRO 
 LOTTIE ZIOBRO 
 IRENE ZIAKO 
 
 from page 218] 
 
 SABINA ZIARKO 
 JANET ZIEJA 
 MRS. M. ZIELIŃSKI 
 CATHERINE ZIEMBA 
 EUGENIA ZIEMBA 
 LORETTA ZIEMBA 
 JANE ZIEMSKI 
 HELEN ZINDZIAN 
 JOSEPHINE ZIÓŁKOWSKI 
 F. AND H. ZMUDA 
 ANNA ZYBURT 
 STELLA ZYDLO 
 
 ALEX GORDON 
 
 Idaho Potatoes 
 
 201 SOUTH WATER MARKET 
 PHONE MONROE 1860 
 
 PRICE - QUALITY - SERVICE 
 
 IRA I. FISHER, Inc. 
 
 Wholesale 
 FRUITS - VEGETABLES - POULTRY 
 
 ALL PHONES ROOSEVELT 3800 
 26 SOUTH WATER MARKET CHICAGO 
 
 LEROY H. RYBSKI BARNEY RYBSKI 
 
 COMPLETE AUTO SERVICE 
 
 NORTH WESTERN SERVICE 
 STATION 
 
 1000 NORTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 Corner Augusta Boulevard 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 3949 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 DURAND McNEIL HORNER 
 COMPANY 
 
 Distributors of 
 
 NONE SUCH - CLOVER HILL - BLOSSOM 
 BRANDS 
 
 of Quality Foods 
 
 Supplying the Hosjntal, Hotel, Club, Restaurant 
 and Retail Grocery Trade 
 
 251 EAST GRAND AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 [226] 
 
MS- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -$ 
 
 ST. MARY MAGDALENE PARISH OF SOUTH CHICAGO 
 
 St. Mary Magdalene parish is the grateful offspring of the 
 Immaculate Conception of B. V. M. parish. When the corner 
 stone of the present church and school combination building was 
 laid September 26th, 1910, Father Francis Wojtalewicz's long- 
 cherished hope of having near, a neighbor to the northwest, was 
 realized. 
 
 The Right Reverend James Quigley D. D., Archbishop of 
 Chicago, appointed the Reverend Edward A. Kowalewski to the 
 pastorate of St. Mary Magdalene parish, June 10th 1910. Father 
 Kowalewski performed his task of organizing the new fold so 
 enthusiastically and so well, that, only three months after his 
 appointment, he had the happiness of witnessing the blessing of 
 the corner-stone of the new parish building. That ceremony was 
 performed by the Right Reverend P. P. Rhode D. D., the first 
 bishop of Polish origin in America. Very appropriately too, the 
 sermon on that occasion was delivered by the Keverenu .b'rancis 
 Wojtalewicz, the steadfast sponsor of the new parish. 
 
 The Holy Sacrifice of Mass was offered for the first time 
 in the new church by Father Kowa'ewski Feb. 12th, 1911. The 
 first sermon was preached by the Rt. Rev. Monsignor Thomas 
 Bona. 
 
 From that date, the history of St. Mary Magdalene's is a 
 record, of the tireless zeal of Father Kowalewski for the glory 
 of God and for the spiritual and material welfare of the people 
 intrusted to his care. 
 
 "When the school was completed, the Felician Sisters were 
 requested to take charge. Their faithful work is best shown by 
 the fact that the parish boasts a fully accredited school. 
 
 Mr. Ladislaus Maniszewski, has served the parish long and 
 well as organist and choir director. His tenure of office dates 
 from September, 1912. Under his guidance not only the major 
 choirs, St. Mary Magdalene's and St. Hedwig's, but also the 
 school children ha e learned to appreciate and to love the tradi- 
 tional church songs of the Polish people. 
 
 During a fruitful pastorate of over twenty years, Father 
 Kowalewski had been assisted by the Revs. Vincent Nowicki, 
 B. J. Kasprzycki, A. Socha, J. Peterson and A. Sampoliński. 
 
 Early in 1931 the administration of the parish was entrusted 
 to Monsignor A. Halgas, with Fathers S. Derwiński and B. Niec in assistance. 
 
 Since June, 1931, the present pastor, Rev. J. G. Mielcarek and the Revs. B. Karpowicz and T. Wesołowski, 
 assistants, have been in charge. 
 
 V. REV. MONSIGNOR J. G. MIELCAREK 
 
 Tow. ŚŚ. Apostołów Piotra i Pawła 
 
 No. 18 Zjedn. Pol. Rzym. Kat. w Am. 
 pod opieką Boskiego Serca Jezusa 
 
 Istnieje 40 lat. Liczy 417 członków. Silne finansowo. 
 Piotr Garoleski prezesem 26 lat. Wład. Tabolski, 
 wice prezes; Woj. Szafrański, sekr. prot.; Wład. Gła- 
 żewski, sekr. fin.; Woj. E. Mocny, kasjer; Czesław 
 Dybicz, sekr. małoletnich; Mich. Szafrański, Fr. Ma- 
 zurkiewicz i Wład. Kaczmarek, radni; Ks. Prałat 
 Bona, kapelan. 
 
 VICTORY 1143 VICTORY 1144 
 
 LEMONT DAIRY COMPANY 
 
 RETAIL AND WHOLESALE 
 
 PASTEURIZED MILK AND CREAM 
 
 Fresh Butter and Buttermilk Churned Daily 
 
 840 WEST 31ST STREET 
 J. SKRZYPCZYNSKI, Prop. CHICAGO 
 
 DITTMANN AND COMPANY 
 Butter and Eggs 
 
 125 NORTH UNION AVENUE 
 HAYMARKET 7012 
 
 Życzenia Zasyła 
 
 ZARZĄD CENTRALNY 
 LEGJONU PAŃ 
 
 Przy Polskim Legjonie Weteranów 
 Amerykańskich 
 
 ANNA DRUZELA, Nacz. Prezeska 
 BARBARA MALINOWSKA, Isza Wice Prez. 
 STANISŁAWA MUCHO, 2ga Wice Prez. 
 MARYA SZURGOT, Sekr. Jen. 
 KATARZYNA PELETZ, Kasjerka 
 ZOFJA DERENGOWSKA, Korespondentka 
 
 DYREKTORKI 
 AGNIESZKA KLESZYK 
 
 STANISŁAWA TERLIKOWSKA 
 MARJA MAJDECKA 
 
 JÓZEFA HARBUS 
 
 MARJA DOMINIAK 
 
 [227] 
 
s!s- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Polacy . 
 
 t 
 
 WWWWWWWWWWHWWWWWWWHWWWWWW 
 
 Wszyscy bez wyjątku, zrodzeni w Stanach Zjednoczonych, 
 
 czy też w Polsce, zarówno mężczyźni i niewiasty, 
 
 jakoteż całe rodziny z dziećmi 
 
 ŁĄCZCIE SIĘ W SZEREGACH NAJWIĘKSZEJ 
 ORGANIZACJI POLSKIEJ 
 
 Którą Jest 
 
 300,000 
 CZŁONKÓW 
 
 ZWIĄZEK 
 
 $25,000,000 
 ZASOBÓW 
 
 NARODOWY POLSKI 
 
 od pięćdziesięciu z górą lat stoi na straży polskości. Brał udział w każdej 
 działalności na rzecz niepodległości; budzi ducha, nawołuje do pracy nad 
 młodzieżą i świeci przykładem, prowadząc i zasilając szkółki języka pol- 
 skiego, kolegjum, udzielając stypendjum młodzieży uniwersyteckiej; ostat- 
 nio wprowadza szkołę obywatelską dla szerokich mas młodzieży naszej 
 —HARCERSTWO — dla tej działalności nazywanym jest ogólnie: 
 
 Ostoją Polskości - Przyszłością Wychodźłwa 
 
 Stały i niezmieniony kierunek ogólno-narodowy nadany przez założycieli, 
 zgromadził w Związku liczne członkostwo oddane sprawie polskiej, oddane 
 organizacji; zgromadził potężne zasoby majątkowe, które pozwoliły na 
 wprowadzenie nowoczesnych certyfikatów ubezpieczenia, na pomoc człon- 
 kom w sumie z górą miljona dolarów w pożyczkach na certyfikaty. Jest 
 przeto Związek 
 
 Największą Solidną Polską Instytucją 
 Ubezpieczeniową 
 
 PO INFORMACJE PISZCIE: 
 
 ZWIĄZEK NARODOWY POLSKI 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 ZAPISZ SIE DO ZWIĄZKU NARODOWEGO POLSKIEGO 
 ZAPISZ SWE DZIECI DO HARCERSTWA ZWIĄZKU NAR. POLSKIEGO 
 
 [228] 
 
&. 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 .& 
 
 JTWARDZ1K B.ZAWIL1NSKA M.TOMASZKIEWICZ F. GŁOWA 
 
 C. HIBNER 
 
 wice-Prezcs 
 
 M.MILEWSKA 
 Wice-Prezeska 
 
 J. SPIKER 
 Skarbnik 
 
 Prezes 
 
 B- MENCZYNSKA 
 
 A.S.SZCZERBOWSKI 
 S.DWORAK Sekretarz Jen. 
 
 LK.WERWINSK1 
 
 S.ZAWIUNSKI G.PIWOWARCZYK 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2§S ■ 2§S 
 
 Zawiązek Narodowy Y*olski 
 
 JAK sama nazwa wskazuje, Związek jest zrzeszeniem 
 Polaków, których stosunki polityczne, albo eko- 
 nomiczne zmusiły opuścić Kraj rodzinny i szukać 
 sposobności życiowych w tym kraju, który sam wywal- 
 czywszy niepodległość, konstytucją swą zagwarantował 
 wolność i równość osobistą tak swym obywatelom, jako- 
 też przybyszom. 
 
 Związek Narodowy Polski założonym został w okre- 
 sie ogólnego przygnębienia Narodu Polskiego, który po 
 przegranej z Rosją wojnie o niepodległość w roku 
 1863-cim jęczał pod krwawą zemstą zwycięzcy. Zemsta 
 za poryw wolności objęła również zabór pruski i austrja- 
 cki, w których nastał ucisk ekonomiczny. W tych wa- 
 runkach naród polski wyrzucał całe masy emigracji po- 
 litycznej i zarobkowej, która skierowywała się przewa- 
 żnie do Stanów Zjednoczonych, a której w latach 80-tych 
 19-go stulecia liczba dochodziła do pól miljona. 
 
 Emigracja ta, nie znająca tutejszego języka, przerzu- 
 cona w odmienne warunki kulturalne i obyczajowe, 
 zmuszona była skupiać się w celu samopomocy w swoich 
 dzielnicach, tworzyć własne parafje, szkoły i towarzyst- 
 wa. Już przed rokiem 1880 polskich towarzystw bratniej 
 pomocy, lub kulturno-narodowych prowadzonych oddziel- 
 nie było bardzo wiele, rozrzuconych po wszystkich cen- 
 trach przemysłowych lub rolnych różnych Stanów. Po- 
 wszechnie jednak odczuwano, że drobne te i luźne towa- 
 rzystwa nie przynoszą ani członkom, ani całemu ogółowi 
 emigracyjnemu, takich korzyści moralnych i materjal- 
 nych, jakieby można było osiągnąć, przez połączenie się 
 w jedną potężną organizację pod jednym, wspólnym za- 
 rządem. Rozpoczęta w tym kierunku działalność została 
 zrealizowaną przez przewidujących przyszłość założycieli 
 w dniu 10-go sierpnia 1880 r„ w mieście Philadelphia, 
 Pa. Pierwsza Konwencja kilkunastu Towarzystw, we 
 wrześniu 1880 roku zebranych w Chicago, utrwaliła byt 
 Związku Narodowego Polskiego, określając jego cel, 
 który w streszczeniu krystalizuje ideję zespolenia ludu 
 polskiego na Wychodźtwie. 
 
 Od tego czasu Związek stopniowo wzrasta i rozsze- 
 rza swą działalność na wszystkie stany, w których za- 
 mieszkuje ludność polska. Ze wzrostem liczbowym 
 członkostwa, wzrasta również Związek majątkowo, w 
 ciągu pierwszego półwiecza istnienia dochodząc do 300 
 tysięcy członków, skupionych w 1900 Grupach, podzielo- 
 nych terytorjalnie na 182 Gmin i 26 Okręgów. Grupy 
 Związku mają charakter bratniej pomocy w wypadku 
 choroby, lub śmierci członka, zaś poza ubezpieczeniem 
 1 wspólnym ideowym kierunkiem prowadzą autono- 
 miczną działalność w dowolnym zakresie kulturalno- 
 narodowym. 
 
 Ze wzrostem Związku rozszerza się również działal- 
 ność w kierunku spełnienia ogólnych celów, mianowicie: 
 Związek zakłada bibljoteki, czytelnie, szkółki języka pol- 
 skiego, z biegiem zaś czasu buduje własne kolegjum w 
 Cambridge Springs, Pa., w którem przygotowuje mło- 
 dzież do uniwersytetów krajowych, pomaga również 
 zdolnej, a uboższej młodzieży do osiągnięcia wykształ- 
 cenia, udzielając jej stypendjów przez swój Wydział 
 Oświaty. 
 
 Dzięki tej działalności Związku, tysiące wykształ- 
 conej młodzieży związkowej zajmuje stanowiska wyższe 
 we wszystkich dziedzinach życia społecznego i ekono- 
 micznego tego kraju. 
 
 W roku 1932-gim Związek przeprowadził ekspery- 
 ment, prawdopodobnie pierwszy ze wszystkich innych 
 organizacyj bratniej pomocy, mianowicie: próbę wycho- 
 wywania młodzieży Związkowej przez organizację mło- 
 dzieży, zbliżoną do znanego w świecie sposobu wycho- 
 wania, jakim jest skauting, tak zwane w polskim języku 
 "Harcerstwo". 
 
 Próba ta udała się nadzwyczajnie i dzięki prezesowi 
 Związku p. J. Romaszkiewiczowi po roku istnienia, stoi 
 już w szeregach harcerskich 30 tysięcy dziatwy w wieku 
 szkolnym, a setki młodych ludzi powyżej 21-go roku ży- 
 cia kształci się na instruktorów i przodowników. 
 
 Związek Narodowy Polski, będąc w posiadaniu nad- 
 wyżki w swych funduszach rezerwowych, ulepszył certy- 
 fikaty ubezpieczenia starych członków i wydał w roku 
 1932-gim nowe Certyfikaty ubezpieczenia ze wszystkimi 
 nowoczesnymi przywilejami. Certyfikaty ubezpieczeniowe 
 Związku gwarantowane są 25-cio miljonowetni zasobami. 
 
 W działalności swej w celu skupienia i podniesienia 
 żywiołu polskiego w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Związek 
 nie zapomniał o Macierzy. W okresie wojny światowej, 
 gdy zabłysła nadzieja niepodległej Polski, zrobił to, co 
 mógł, aby Macierzy przyjść z pomocą, tak w celu wy- 
 walczenia niepodległości, jakoteż odbudowy państwa ze 
 zgliszcz wojennych. 
 
 Związek Narodowy Polski stoi na 11-em miejscu 
 wśród 188 amerykańskich organizacyj ubezpieczenio- 
 wych, pod względem majątkowym, zaś na 6-tem miejscu 
 pod względem wzrostu majątku w roku 1932, ze sumą 
 $1,890,492.65 przyrostu. 
 
 Cyfry te, jakoteż liczba członków ubezpieczonych, 
 stawiają Związek Narodowy Polski na poczesnem miej- 
 scu wśród największych amerykańskich organizacyj u- 
 bezpieczeniowych. Ma więc Związek za sobą zasługi na 
 polu narodowem, potężne liczbą członkostwo, odpowie- 
 dnie zasoby i ulepszony system ubezpieczenia, aby wię- 
 ksza część Polonji znalazła się w jego szeregach, wszy- 
 scy przeto Polacy, lub osoby polskiego pochodzenia nie 
 powinni szukać opieki u obcych, gdy mamy własną, bo- 
 gatą organizację, prosperującą lepiej aniżeli wiele ob- 
 cych. 
 
 ZARZĄD Z. N. P. 
 Urzędnicy: 
 
 F. X. ŚWIETLIK, M. MILEWSKA, 
 
 Cenzor, Wiceprezeska, 
 
 DR. H. PAWŁOWSKI, A. S. SZCZERBOWSKI, 
 
 Wicecenzor, Sekretarz Jen. 
 
 ./. ROMASZKIEWICZ, J. T. SPIKER, 
 
 Prezes, Kasjer, 
 
 C. HIBNER, DR. ST. F. WIETRZYŃSKI, 
 
 Wiceprezes, Lekarz Naczelny, 
 
 Dyrekcja: 
 ST. DWORAK M. TOMASZKIEWICZ 
 
 F. GŁOWA J. TWARDZIK 
 B. MENCZYŃSKA I. W ERWIN SKI 
 
 G. PIWOWARCZYK B. Z AW I LIŃSKA 
 A. SOBOTA S. Z AWI LIŃSKI 
 
 [230] 
 
J§5- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 'III 
 
 U A& J/ cuóS ^/CcaioaC Q^cc/c/r 
 
 o/ L^ś/'i 
 
 '/ 
 
 oicaao 
 
 ic/< 
 
 /taatifjcc/ ULuau&l ~y, /óyU 
 
 An organization of Polish physicians and surgeons in Chicago 
 and vicinity for the betterment of their material status and pro- 
 fessional development; theoretical and practical study of the 
 science and art of medicine; to uphold the spirit of good fellow- 
 ship, tolerance, unity and professional ethics among the Polish 
 physicians and surgeons. 
 
 LEO M. CZAJA, M. D. 
 President 
 
 JOS. F. SOKOŁOWSKI, M. D. 
 Vice-President 
 
 CHARLES C. BUCZYŃSKI, M. D. 
 
 Financial Secretary 
 
 ARTHUR A. THIEDA, M. D. 
 Secretary 
 
 TADEUSZ M. LARKOWSK1, M. D. 
 Treasurer 
 
 MEMBERS: 
 
 M. J. BADZMIEROWSKI, M. D. 
 
 A. BALCERZAK, M. D. 
 S. J. BECKETT, M. D. 
 C. C. BUCZYŃSKI, M. D. 
 F. H. CIENCIARA, M. D. 
 L. M. CZAJA, M. D. 
 Z. G. CZAJA, M. D. 
 P. F. CZWALINSKI, M. D. 
 
 E. F. DOMBROWSKI, M. D. 
 C. R. DUBIEL, M. D. 
 
 F. A. DULAK, M. D. 
 W. A. DZIUK, M. D. 
 J. GARDZIELEWSKI, M. D. 
 L. GROTOWSKI, M. D. 
 W. F. KALISZ, M. D. 
 
 B. C. KOLTER, M. D. 
 J. F. KONOPA, M. D. 
 J. J. KORWIN, M. D. 
 M. J. KOSTRZEWSKI, M. D. 
 L. P. KOZAKIEWICZ, M. D. 
 M. L. KRUPIŃSKI, M. D. 
 W. A. KUFLEWSKI, M. D. 
 O. M. LATKA, M. D. 
 T. M. LARKOWSKI, M. D., F. A. O S. 
 
 T. Z. XELOWSKI, M. D. 
 
 J. H. ŁUCZAK, M. D. 
 B. J. MIX, M. D. 
 
 A. MOZAN, M. D. 
 J. M. NOWAK, M. D. 
 F. OSTROWSKI, M. D. 
 S. W. PAROWSKI, M. D. 
 J. PIETROSKI, M. D. 
 
 B. PIERZYNSKI, M. D. 
 S. R. PIETROWICZ, M. D. 
 A. REYMONT, M. D. 
 F. SADOWSKI, M. D. 
 A. S. SAMPOLINSKI, M. D. 
 
 C. SOBIERAJSKI, M. D. 
 J. F. SOKOŁOWSKI, M. D. 
 J. STUPNICKI, M. D. 
 L. S. SZUMKOWSKI, M. D. 
 L. TABENSKI, M. D. 
 F. J. TENCZAR, M. D. 
 J. F. TENCZAR, M. D. 
 A. A. THIEDA, M. D. 
 J. A. TRAIN, M. D. 
 M. E. UZNANSKI, M. D. 
 E. H. WARSZEWSKI, M. D. 
 S. WITKIEWICZ, M. D. 
 
 [231] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA -- THEIR CONTRIBUTION' TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Pensacola 2425 
 
 HESPEL 
 BROS. 
 
 Manufacturers 
 of Shades - 
 
 A tunings 
 
 and Tontine 
 
 Dealers 
 
 Shade Cleaning 
 Our Specialty 
 
 Dominick De Schepper, Prop. 
 3359 MILWAUKEE AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Near Crawford Ave. 
 
 Dine and Dance 
 
 Open All Night 
 
 WARSAW RESTAURANT 
 
 Beautiful Beer Roof Garden 
 
 We Serve Delicious Sandwiches 
 
 With a Good Stein of Beer 
 Hall for Parties and Banquets 
 
 820 NORTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 PHONE HAYMARKET 9223 Near Chicago Ave. 
 
 -sic 
 
 B. J. WĄSOWICZ C. GRABOWSKI 
 
 Established 1913 
 
 THE ALLIANCE PRESS 
 
 PRINTERS 
 
 Printing of Every Description 
 
 1102 NORTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 Armitage 0737 
 
 WE SPEAK POLISH 
 Compliments of 
 
 E. BANKES & CO. 
 
 The Best Coffee, Tea and Butter 
 That Money Can Buy 
 
 51 Years of Honest Service 
 
 MONROE 6172 
 
 MID-WEST STORE 
 
 GROCERY AND MEAT MARKET 
 SMOKED MEATS, FRUITS, VEGETABLES 
 
 1436 W. SUPERIOR ST. CHICAGO 
 
 CHARLES INDELAK, Prop. 
 
 PHONE BERKSHIRE 2891 
 
 ADOLF GRYCZEWSKI 
 
 GROCERY AND 
 MEAT MARKET 
 
 5852 DIVERSEY AVENUE 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 Bus. Brunswick 6085 
 
 Home Berkshire 4239 
 
 UNITED MEAT MARKET 
 
 Joseph Witkowski, prop. 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
 
 2061 MILWAUKEE AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 TEL. ARMITAGE 8766 JOSEPH CMIEL, Pres. 
 
 WEST SIDE DAIRY CO. 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealers in Pure Pasteurized 
 
 MILK AND CREAM 
 
 917-23 N. LINCOLN ST. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 ROZANSKI'S DRUG STORE 
 
 877 MILWAUKEE AVENUE 
 
 Prescription Druggist 
 
 B. J. ROZANSKI, REGISTERED DRUGGIST 
 
 F. T. S 
 
 andwich Shop 
 
 For a Real, Honest Bite and Beer 
 1182 MILWAUKEE AVE. ARMITAGE 0364 
 T. KULA CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 [232] 
 
8§5" 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -J§5 
 
 ZAŁOŻONA 1890 ROKU 
 
 ZASADY I CELE UNJI POLSKIEJ 
 
 W STANACH ZJEDNOCZONYCH PÓŁNOCNEJ AMERYKI 
 
 DAP T OT07Y7NA oto łiasl ° * wytyczne założyciela dzisiaj potężnej orga- 
 J ' aizacji ś.p. Najprzew. Ks. Prałata Dominika Majera. 
 
 UNJA POLSKA 
 
 posiada 3 rodzaje 
 ubezpieczenia: 1) 
 Opłacane ubezpieczenie przez całe życie; 2) Opła- 
 cane ubezpieczenie na 20 lat i 3) Opłacane ubez- 
 pieczenie w 20 latach. Ubezpieczenie życiowe do- 
 chodzi do sumy $2,000, a oprócz tego wspomaga 
 swych członków w kalectwie, w chorobach nieule- 
 czalnych i w starości. 
 
 UNJA POLSKA 
 
 UNJA POLSKA 
 
 posiada Oddział Mło- 
 dzieży, w którym 
 ubezpiecza dzieci od urodzenia do 16 roku życia, 
 poczem przechodzą one do Wydziału Starszych. 
 Młodzież swą otacza szczególną opieką, a setkom 
 ubogich lecz zdolnych uczni i uczennic udziela 
 stypendjów. 
 
 posiada miljonowe ka- 
 pitały. Interesy jej 
 prowadzone są wzorowo, umiejętnie i uczciwie. 
 Kapitały swe pożycza członkom, na budowę ko- 
 ściołów i szkół paraf jalnych. Wspomaga hojnie 
 sierocińce i instytucje polskie i nie odmawia ni- 
 gdy ofiar na cele narodowe i potrzeby Ojczyzny. 
 
 UNJA POLSKA 
 
 jest inkorporowaną 
 na prawach stanu 
 Pennsylvania i jest organizacją ABSOLUTNIE 
 pewną, pod ścisłą kontrolą rządu. Wypłaca po- 
 śmiertne natychmiast bez zwłoki, co mogą po- 
 świadczyć tysiące wdów i sierót po ubezpieczo- 
 nych zmarłych członkach UNJI POLSKIEJ. 
 
 ZARZĄD GŁÓWNY UNJI POLSKIEJ W STANACH ZJEDNOCZONYCH 
 
 PÓŁNOCNEJ AMERYKI 
 911-917 MINERS BANK BUILDING, WILKES-BARRE, PA. 
 
 A. J. GALL, Cenzor 
 WIKTOR WILUSZ, Wice-Cenzor 
 REGINA A. GRAJEWSKA, Wice-Cenzorka 
 PRZEW. KS. PRAŁAT ST. SZPOTAŃSKI, 
 
 Kapelan 
 KS. N. S. SOSNOWSKI, Wice-Kapelan 
 
 ZYGMUNT GRABOWSKI, Doradca Praw. 
 
 MARJAN PODGÓRSKI, Prezes Zast. 
 WIKTORJA MOCHELSKA, Wice-Prezeska 
 S. W. WARAKOMSKI, Sekretarz Gen. 
 TOMASZ TALARSKI, Wice-Sekretarz 
 JAKÓB DEMBIEC. Kasjer 
 DR. F. J. KRAJEWSKI, Lekarz Naczelny 
 
 DYREKTORZY : 
 
 KS. R. A. WIĘZIOŁOWSKI 
 ANTONI MURAWSKI 
 IGNACY GÓRNY 
 
 REWIZORZY: 
 
 FRANCISZEK PODKUL 
 WACŁAW J. BUJNO 
 ANDRZEJ LOFERSKI 
 
 WICE-PREZESI I WICE-PREZESKI NA STANY: 
 
 JAN TYBURSKI, Na Wschodnią Penn. 
 B. W. LASKOWSKI, Na Zachodnią Penn. 
 AMELJA LASKOWSKA, Na Zach. Penn. 
 MACIEJ RYBA, Na Stan New Jersey 
 FRANCISZEK JASIŃSKI, Na Stan Mich. 
 
 BENEDYKT KNAPCZYK, Na Stan 111. 
 JÓZEFA BIAŁAS, Na Stan Illinois 
 WŁADYSŁAW RADECKI, Na Stan Minn. 
 FRAN. P. KAWA, Na Stan Nebraska 
 WAL. JENDRZEJCZAK, Na Stan Wis. 
 
 [233] 
 
*!«■ 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 sis 
 
 A Polish University in 1364 
 
 One of the oldest universities of the world is 
 that in the city of Cracow, Poland. The Uni- 
 versity of Cracow had its beginning in the year 
 of 1364, when Casimir the Great founded a li- 
 brary. In two decades it became a university. 
 
 Soon forced to close its doors, the university 
 was reorganized in 1400 by Jagiełło, hence Its 
 present name, the Jagellonian University. Thus, 
 a hundred years before the discovery of Amer- 
 ica, Poland boasted of a higher institution of 
 learning. Copernicus, the first to propound the 
 heliocentric theory, spent three years at the 
 university. 
 
 TEL. KEYSTONE 3732 
 
 ROMAN J. GROCHOWINA 
 
 Wholesale Dealer in 
 
 SMOKED AND BOILED MEATS, HAMS, 
 BACON, LARD, SAUSAGES, ETC. 
 
 3908 NORTH CENTRAL PARK AVENUE 
 
 Najserdeczniejsze Życzenia Zasyła Całej Połonji 
 
 F. A. KOZYRA 
 
 właściciel 
 
 Home Made Meat Products 
 
 1704 S. PAULINA UL. TEL. CANAL 2864 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Wielka Hurtownia Własnego Wyrobu 
 Wędlin na Wojciechowie 
 
 STANLEY'S STAR MARKETS 
 
 5917 LAWRENCE AVENUE 
 
 AVENUE 0002 
 
 5924 IRVING PK. — 6039 IRVING PK. 
 
 PENSACOLA 5093 — AVENUE 3343 
 
 6706 BELMONT AVENUE 
 
 AVENUE 8708 
 STANLEY MAJEROWICZ, Owner 
 
 CRAGIN DRY GOODS STORE 
 
 ADAM S. KUSHEMBA 
 Ladies' and Men's Furnishings — Children's Wear 
 
 5504 FULLERTON AVENUE 
 
 PHONE BERKSHIRE 1319 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 PHONE BERKSHIRE 4942 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 KOSTANSKI DRUG STORE 
 
 J. E. KOSTANSKI, R. Ph. 
 Prescriptions Compounded by Registered Pharmacist 
 
 6001 DIVERSEY AVENUE 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 OFFICE: KEYSTONE 0914 
 
 RES.: IRVING 2734 
 
 ALBERT NIEDBALSKI 
 
 Home Builders 
 
 REAL ESTATE— LOANS— INSURANCE 
 
 Building Management — Renting — Titles Examined 
 Notary Public 
 
 3951 N. SPAULDING AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 L. F. ZYGMUNT & CO. 
 
 INC. 
 
 BONDS AND MORTGAGES 
 
 Safety Deposit Vaults and Insurance 
 
 2300 NORTH LOREL AVENUE 
 BERKSHIRE 2628 CHICAGO 
 
 TOWARZYSTWO KRÓLA 
 JANA III SOBIESKIEGO 
 
 Gr. 221 Unji Polskiej w S. Z. P. Am. 
 
 Założone 12go Maja, 1912 
 
 GELLER'S ROYAL, INC. 
 
 Cloaks, Suits, Dresses, Furs 
 1326 MILWAUKEE AVE. HUMBOLDT 4757 
 
 A. E. WISLA'S 
 
 Art Shop 
 
 5505 BELMONT AVE. 
 
 AVENUE 9011 
 
 STELLA'S DELICATESSEN 
 Roman and Stefania Sławiński 
 5822 DIVERSEY AVENUE 
 
 [234] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Rev. Raymond Appelt, Rector 
 
 History of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Parish in Irving Park 
 
 THE Immaculate Heart of Mary Parish in Irving Park is one 
 of the foremost Polish outposts organized to carry on the 
 religious and patriotic activity of this community. 
 It was this motive that led the early pioneers to organize the 
 congregation into a parish. The first steps toward this splendid 
 work were undertaken by: the late Felix Górski, as president 
 of the committee ; N. L. Piotrowski, Walter Hoffman, Albert Soska, 
 now president of Polish Alma Mater ; and John S. Helwig. In addi- 
 tion, the following families have aided extensively : John Liske, 
 W. Nona, Jacob Marach, John Kielczyński, John Czerwiński, Fr. 
 Rrcniec and Anthony Zyman and others, who have earned a word 
 of commendation. 
 
 The early movement of organization was commenced on August 
 3, 1911, with a call for a general meeting to all the Poles of this 
 vicinity. 
 
 During the period of organization, there were formed two Clubs ; 
 
 the Nicholas Coper- 
 nicus and the Eliza 
 Orzeszkowa, the first 
 composed of men, the 
 second of ladies of 
 Polish descent, resid- 
 ing in Irving Park. 
 The purpose of these 
 two organizations was 
 to solidify the mo- 
 tives, concentrate the 
 efforts and affect the 
 result, mainly, to suc- 
 cessfully organize a 
 Polish parish. 
 
 Work 1 progressed 
 as initiated, and on 
 the 17th of September, 
 1911, His Excellency, 
 the late Archbishop 
 Quigley, approved the 
 petition, but not un- 
 til the Spring of 1912, 
 through the influence 
 of the late Rev. Fr. 
 Lange, tangible re- 
 sults were forthcom- 
 ing. In the meantime, 
 the faithful were un- 
 relenting in their ef- 
 forts and a wide cam- 
 paign of fund-raising 
 began. 
 
 On June 13, 1913, 
 an official order was 
 approved, opening a 
 new Polish parish in 
 Irving Park, and what 
 was more elating, a 
 rector was assigned 
 in the person of Rev. 
 Raymond Appelt. The 
 parish was named. 
 The Immaculate Heart 
 of Mary. 
 
 Rev. Jos. Drzymała, Assistant 
 
 Up to the time when buildings were completed, Masses were 
 sung in a public school building, at Byron and Albany Streets. 
 A new life, and a new enthusiasm pervaded the little group of 
 pioneers, all working in unison to accomplish the purpose for 
 which they set out. 
 
 The rector, with the committee, being people of foresight and 
 intelligence, purchased twenty one lots, and, on the first day_ of 
 August, 1912, building activities were started. On Sunday, of Sep- 
 tember 29, 1912, the parish celebrated the consecration of the 
 foundation stone. It was a holiday indeed, one with abundance of 
 reverence, cheer and hope. The ceremony was performed by the 
 Very Rev. Bishop Paul P. Rhode, now Bishop of Green Bay, Wis. 
 diocese. 
 
 The work on the construction was taking on a visible shape, 
 and on New Year's day of 1913. Father Appelt, the rector, celebrated 
 the first Mass in the new church. 
 
 The parish grew, and by 1919 the faithful began to realize 
 that a new and a larger church was needed. The spirit and zeal 
 was of such caliber that by 1924 a new church building was com- 
 pleted, with a capacity of 1000. On November 24. 1924 His Excel- 
 lency, Bishop Hoban, consecrated the new Home of God. 
 
 With the progress of time, the old building was transformed 
 into a parochial school and a complete organization of this parish 
 was realized. 
 
 In 1928, a new building was completed to serve as living quarters 
 for the Sisters of Nazareth, who are the teacherss in the local school. 
 
 In addition to the arduous work performed by the pastor, the 
 following priests served as assistants to the rector. Rev. John 
 Kendziora, Rev. St. Derwinski, Rev. Valentine Belinski, Rev. Aloy- 
 sius Szczerkowski, Rev. Raymund Ploszynski and at present, Rev. 
 Joseph Drzymała. 
 
 Something must be added to the social and cultural progress of 
 this splendid parish, as in religion, so in the field of culture, this 
 community showed efforts. In music, the first organist was the 
 late John Netzel ; followed by John Malinowski, who was succeeded 
 by the present organist, Stanley B. Mrozinski, whose choirs are 
 really a pride to this church. 
 
 The school, organized in 1913, has progressed steadily and numbers 
 at present 310 children, taught by those splendid and very efficient 
 Sisters of Nazareth. 
 
 Social life, has in this parish been, and is, of the most desirable 
 type. There exist fifteen societies with various affiliations as to 
 the national Polish organizations, but the uppermost motive of 
 them all is to aid the parish in every possible way. 
 
 The following is the list of said societies with the names of 
 their respective presidents: — Copernicus Club — Mr. Walter Im- 
 biorski, Pres. ; Eliza Orzeszkowa Club — Mrs. Antonette Helwig, Pres. ; 
 Ladies' Rosary Sodality — Mrs. Anna Kielczyński, Pres. ; St. Felix 
 P. R. C. U.— Mr. John W. Pavis, Pres. : St. Walerya P. R. C. U — 
 Mrs. Walerya Górski, Pres. : St. Raymond Y. M. S. — Mr. Eugene 
 Górski, Pres. ; St. John the Baptist P. A. M. — Mr. Bernard Górski, 
 Pres. ; St. Rita Y. L. S. — Mrs. Mary Neumann, Pres. : Young 
 Ladies Rosary Sodality — Miss Leona Ulatowski, Pres. ; Star of 
 America P. W. A. — Mrs. Frances Izbaner, Pres. ; P. A. M. Club — 
 Mr. Bolesław Marcinek, Pres. ; Students Club — Miss Rosalyn No- 
 wak, Pres. ; Sacred Heart Sodality — Mrs. Antonina Ropata, Pres. : 
 St. Vincent a Paulo Society — Mr. Stanley B. Mrozinski, Pres. : and 
 three well trained choral organizations (Senior, Junior and Boys). 
 
 [235] 
 
POLKS IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 & ■ & 
 
 TEOFIL T. GULIK, STANISŁAW GOFRON, 
 Prezes Sekretarz Finansowy 
 
 TEODOR ADAMOWICZ, SYLWESTER KŁOSOWSKI 
 11 ice Prezes Kasjer 
 
 BRONISŁAW WROCŁAWSKI, BOLESŁAW WIŚNIEWSKI, 
 Sekretarz Protokółowy Marszałek 
 
 ^ Musicians c 
 
 MEMBER 
 
 CHICAGO FEDERATION OF MUSICIANS LOCAL NO. 10 
 
 ^ V^ 
 
 ^ THE AMERICAN FEDE*^° 
 
 E 
 
 XTENDS 
 
 ITS APPRECIATION TO ALL THE POLISH ORGANIZATIONS FOR 
 
 THEIR UNDERSTANDING AND LOVE OF MUSIC AND FOR 
 
 THEIR PATRONAGE TO ORGANIZED MUSICIANS 
 
 OUR PROFESSIONAL AMBITION HAS ALWAYS BEEN 
 
 AND WILL CONTINUE TO BE TO SERVE THE PUBLIC 
 
 WITH THE VERY BEST OF ARTISTIC TALENT 
 
 Success to the Polish Week of Hospitality! 
 Sucess to All Efforts of its Sponsor the Polish Day Association! 
 
 Polish Musicians Club 
 
 1182 MILWAUKEE AVENUE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 TELEPHONE BRUNSWICK 4859 
 
 
 [236] 
 
The Polish Firemen's Organization 
 
 Among the outstanding Polish firemen must be remembered the 
 names of Alexander Kepeto and the Szeszycki family. 
 
 Alexander Kepeto, captain, was the first Polish officer in the Chicago 
 Fire Department. He died in 1911 while on duty in a huge elevator fire.. 
 
 Charles Szeszycki, captain, retired in 1926, after thirty-eight years in 
 service. In 1930 he was appointed fire chief of the Chicago State Hospital. 
 
 Victor Szeszycki, battalion chief, brother of Charles, died in 1931. 
 
 Joseph F. Szeszycki, captain, son of Charles, served in the United 
 States Marine Corps during the World War, and became a first lieutenant 
 there. He is chairman of the publicity committee of the present or- 
 ganization. 
 
 Paul F. Zwiefka, was active in sports, having organized the Firemen's 
 Base Ball Club. He is president of the Polish Firemen's Organization, 
 Polish Week of Hospitality. 
 
 Roman P. Gilmeister, lieutenant, is secretary of the organization's 
 participation in the Polish Week of Hospitality. 
 
 Walter F. Kempski, lieutenant, Treasurer. 
 
 Stanley Przykucki, lieutenant. 
 
 Members of the Chicago Fire Dept. 
 
 Mr. Louis M. Barana 
 Mr. Albert J. Bartik 
 Mr. John 0. Bartik 
 Mr. Laddie Bartunek 
 Mr. Barney Bogacki 
 Mr. Joseph Bogan 
 Mr. Henry W. Bogosh 
 Mr. George Boharski 
 Lieut. August Borda 
 Mr. Chester Burnoski 
 Mr. Joseph W. Colek 
 Mr. Stanley A. Cehista 
 Mr. Frank S. Chojnacki 
 Mr. Florian P. Chwalisz 
 Mr. E. M. Ciesielski 
 Mr. Felix A. Cincoski 
 Mr. Joseph. P. Cinko 
 Walter G. Ciosek 
 C. Czerwiński 
 Antone M. Cwik 
 Mr. August Czernewski 
 Mr. Edward S. Czerwiński 
 Mr. Theodore Czerwionka 
 Mr. Edward Done sky 
 Mr. Bernard Dorsch 
 Mr. Paid P. Duszyński 
 Mr. S. F. Duszyński 
 Mr. Michael Figiel 
 Mr. R. E. Fomowski 
 Mr. Wm. Grabowski 
 Mr. Roman Grabowski 
 Mr. Joseph Grabowski 
 
 Mr 
 Mr 
 Mr 
 
 Lieut. R. P. Gillmeister 
 Mr. Andrew Truty 
 Mr. John Guminski 
 Mr. Simon Handzik 
 Mr. Anton Jabłoński 
 Mr. R. A. Jabłoński 
 Mr. S. J. Jabłoński 
 Lieut. B. Jankowski 
 Mr. A. J. Janowski 
 Mr. Anthony Jansky 
 Mr. John Jedinak 
 Mr. John J. Kacirek 
 Mr. Wm. B. Kaczmarek 
 Mr. Jerome Kalina 
 Mr. George E. Kapłanek 
 Mr. Peter Kasigroch 
 Lieut. Walter F. Kempski 
 Mr. Frank J. Kiecal 
 Mr. Charles Klecasky 
 Mr. Robert Klasek 
 Mr. Joseph Kiecka 
 Mr. Walter Knowski 
 Mr. Stanley Kotecki 
 Mr. Joseph B. Konvalski 
 Mr. Denis Kosup 
 Mr. Anthony S. Kryzan 
 Mr. S. B. Krzyżanowski 
 Mr. Frank J. Kubek 
 Mr. Frank A. Kunz 
 Mr. Alex J. Kuśnierz 
 Mr. Walter Kuszynski 
 Mr. Alfred Link 
 
 Mr. Emil Luschinski 
 Mr. Vincent L. Małek 
 Mr. Albert Manarek 
 Mr. George W. Martineh 
 Mr. Frank Matyk 
 Mr. Stanley Mazurek 
 Mr. James F. Marek 
 Mr. John Morek 
 Mr. Joseph Morek 
 Mr. Stanley Mosiński 
 Mr. Edward Morzynski 
 Mr. August J. Muza 
 Mr. Joseph J. Muza 
 Mr. Clarence O'Barski 
 Mr. Stanley Pavlak 
 Mr. John Peterka 
 Mr. Walter P. Pinkosky 
 Mr. John V. Placek 
 Mr. Alfred A. Plaszezyk 
 Mr. Robert Pokorney 
 Mr. Peter A. Popeck 
 Mr. Jacob M. Pozdol 
 Lieut. Stanley Przykucki 
 Mr. Barney Rose 
 Mr. John R. Rszcznski 
 Mr. Louis M. Russm 
 Mr. John J. Sałata 
 Mr. Frank Santor o 
 Lieut. Paul J. Schweda 
 Mr. James F. Sedlacek 
 Mr. Alfred Segneir 
 Mr. Frank E. Sikora 
 
 Mr. Ladislaus Sklenicka 
 Mr. Joe Romps 
 Mr. Henry Siezak 
 Mr. George F. Smolik 
 Mr. Michael J. Stachura 
 Mr. Alex L. Staszewski 
 Mr. Frank Struzina 
 Mr. Walter Sulkowski 
 Mr. Edward Superczynski 
 Mr. John Surchik 
 Mr. Edward M. Sczech 
 Capt. Joseph F. Szeszycki 
 Mr. John W. Szostakowski 
 Mr. August Tadra 
 Mr. Frank Tokarz 
 Mr. William Tomaszewski 
 Mr. Andrew J. Truty 
 Mr. Stanley Walnicki 
 Mr. Peter J. Wosik 
 Mr. Thomas Wawrzyniak 
 Mr. Frank J. Wencek 
 Mr. Peter J. Wiśniewski 
 Mr. Fred Witarowsky 
 Mr. Joseph Wojciechowicz 
 Mr. Stanley Woliński 
 Mr. Frank J. Wróblewski 
 Mr. John P. Zmich 
 Mr. Joseph S. Ziółkowski 
 Mr. John S. Zurkowski 
 Capt. Pauł Zwiefka 
 
 [237] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Szczere Życzenia składa firma 
 
 1 
 
 1651 W. Chicago Ave. 
 
 Meble, Radja oraz Sprzęty Domowe 
 
 ♦!♦ 
 
 Monroe 7320-732 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Słuchajcie Polskiej Godziny Rittera ze Stacji WCFL (970 Kil.) 
 
 w Piątki o godzinie 8:30 do 9:30 i w Niedziele od 
 
 1 : 30 do 2:30 po południu 
 
 [ 238 ] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Sis ■ >!* 
 
 
 Act U cittz <J/ Leslie a€ ^ en £et~ 
 
 1530 NORTH DAMEN AVENUE 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 MEDICAL AND SURGICAL 
 
 JOSEPH J. BOLAND, M. D. MITCHELL L. KRUPIŃSKI, M. D. 
 
 LEO M. CZAJA, M. D. A. MEYER LAZAR, M. D. 
 
 EDWARD F. DOMBROWSKI, M. D. FRANCIS J. TENCZAR, M. D. 
 
 LEON P. KOZAKIEWICZ, M. D. JOHN F. TENCZAR, M. D. 
 
 MATTHEW E. UZNANSKI, M. D. 
 
 DENTIST ROENTGENOLOGIST 
 
 JOHN J. CHAPP, D. D. S. EDSON W. CARR, M. D. 
 
 PHARMACIST 
 
 MARION F. LIGMAN, R. Ph. G. 
 
 TECHNICIANS 
 
 MISS LILLIAN GAWIN MISS DOROTHY SCHWIDERSKI 
 
 MISS ANNE WILLSON 
 
 COMPLETELY EQUIPPED FOR DIAGNOSIS, X-RAY, LABORATORY 
 AND PHYSIOTHERAPY 
 
 [239] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 ...a warm welcome 
 of true hospitality 
 together with the 
 courteous services 
 of our three Stores 
 
 To the Visitors 
 
 and Many Friends 
 of Chicago's Polonia 
 
 Chicago & Ashland 26th & Turner 
 
 18th & Paulina 
 
 [240] 
 
mm 
 
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 Rev. Joseph Kruszka, the Pastor 
 
 
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 School and Church — St. Ann's Parish 
 
 IT WAS in the year 1903 in the early spring month — March the 
 3rd — that the parish of St. Ann, located at 18th and S. Leavitt 
 Street was organized. 
 
 A group of fine sterling Catholic men including such pioneers 
 as Musialowicz, Radziszewski, Dulski, Tyrakowski, Górecki and Wi- 
 chłaczyński assisted the new pastor of St. Ann, the Rev. Casimir 
 Słomiński, in the difficult work of selecting the site, gathering funds 
 and planning the church buildings. In June of the same year the 
 corner stone was laid. 
 
 And thus began a parish — at times proud of its achievements, at 
 times struggling with human frailties, but always moving ahead. 
 For 18 years Rev. Słomiński ruled his people and his parish. Then 
 when the work of years was beginning to tell — the beloved pastor 
 resigned and was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Kruszka, who with his 
 priests Rev. Stanislaus Rozak, Mathew Cieplak and Joseph Maćko- 
 wiak is carrying on the work for God and man at St. Ann Parish. 
 
 To St. Ann falls the unique honor of being the first Polish parish 
 to welcome the first Cardinal of the West, George Cardinal Munde- 
 lein. It prides itself in its patriotic spirit of subscribing to over 
 $200,000 worth of Polsh bonds, the greatest in any Polish parish. In 
 1923 the dramatic group of St. Ann Parish under Rev. Stan. Rozak 
 made history in producing an original play "Kościół a Rozwody" to 
 over 300,000 people in over 200 distinct performances. This success 
 was followed by another play "Czwarte Przykazanie" which also has 
 been produced over 160 times. The Mr. John Czekan, Anna Lewan- 
 dowska and Edward Bielicki were everywhere acclaimed as the out- 
 standing actors of the amateur stage. 
 
 St. Ann parish has the great honor to consider Rev. F. Kuliński 
 a chaplain in the great World War as one of its assisting priests. 
 At present over 1,186 children attend its school. 
 
 It is the only Polish parish that has a "Holy Hour of Adoration" 
 every Friday evening. It also prides itself in a Sodality of young 
 women numbering over 600, a number of groups of the Polish Roman 
 Catholic Union, Polish National Alliance, Polish Women's Alliance, 
 Foresters, Holy Name Society, Holy Rosary, Polish Union and other 
 Sodalities Confraternities and Societies. The St. Ann Parish is 
 also known for its activities in all patriotic affairs. 
 
 Polish Week of Hospitality Committee of St. Ann's Parish 
 
 Rev. Joseph Kruszka, Chaplain ; Steven S. Tyrakowski, President : 
 John Buczek, Vice President: Genevieve Mikuła, Secretary; Albert 
 Kogut, Treasurer ; John Zych, Grand Marshal : Jacob Twardzik, 
 Chairman of Commune 87 of the P. N. A. ; Joseph S. Zientek, Chair- 
 man of Circuit 28 of the P. R. C. U. 
 
 Committees 
 
 Program — S. D. Hejna, A. Brodziński, Frank K. Ciosla. Music — 
 H. Trela, S. Węgrzyn, K. Reczek. Tickets — Miss M. Mocadlo, S. Ma- 
 ruszak. Miss G. Mikuła. Floats — P. Węgrzyn, J. Jachimiec, J. Wę- 
 grzyn. Financial — W. Łukaszek, J. Zych, F. Mączko. Publicity— J. 
 Buczek, J. Stelmach, S. Slemplinskl. Lodging — J. Reczek, J. Mączko, 
 K. Światek. Souvenir Book — J. Bonk, Mrs. A. Dalski, Mrs. W. 
 Twardzik. Transportation — W. Dubiel, J. Kołodziej, A. Kulczycki. 
 Ways and Means — J. J. Dulski, J. Brzozowski, J. Qawln. 
 
 [241] 
 
te- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Związek Polek w Ameryce 
 
 Wita Miłych Gości i Uczestnikoiv Tygodnia Polskiej 
 
 Gościyiności Podczas Wszechświatowej Wystawy 
 
 Stulecia Postępu (World's Century 
 
 of Progress) 
 
 Zapraszamy wszystkich do zwiedzenia, Domu Związku Polek iv Ameryce, tego Ogniska Kobiet 
 
 Polskich na Wychodźtwie. Wierne odziedziczonej zasadzie polskiej gościnności że Gość w Dom, 
 
 Bóg w Dom. 
 
 ZWIĄZEK POLEK W AMERYCE to największe — najbogatsze i najpopularniejsze zrzeszenie 
 
 Kobiet, Panienek i Dziatwy Żeńskiej — posiadające za sobą bogatą historję działalności tv kierunku 
 
 kutturalno-narodowym. 
 
 KOBIETA DO KOBIECEJ 
 ORGANIZACJI 
 
 Tam gdzie Matka tam i Córki 
 
 Łączmy się i idźmy razem 
 
 dla wspólnego dobra 
 
 ZWIĄZEK POLEK W AMERYCE 
 daje najlepszą gwarancję solidności 
 Organizacji, dotrzymując zawsze 
 swych zobowiązań. Ubezpieczać się 
 można od sumy $100.00 do $3,000.00— 
 opłaty miesięczne są nadzwyczaj przy- 
 stępne. 
 
 Członkinie Związku Polek korzystać 
 mogą z wszelkich przywilejów jak 
 z usług Wydziału Oświaty i bibljoteki, 
 która zasila członkinie nasze dziełami 
 pióra najprzedniejszych polskich pi- 
 sarzp — jak i z tygodniowego Organu 
 "Głos Polek". 
 
 ZWIĄZEK POLEK W AMERYCE 
 posiada piękną salę AUDYTORJUM 
 na występy, bale, obchody i różne 
 okazje. 
 
 Poza ubezpieczeniem i pracy na niwie 
 narodowej i humanitarnej Związek 
 Polek w Ameryce zawsze pracuje 
 w kierunku podtrzymania ducha, kul- 
 tury i ideałów polskich przeważnie 
 w młodzieży tu zrodzonej. Zapisujcie 
 zatem Panie wasze córeczki i same 
 jednoczcie się pod Sztandarem Związ- 
 ku Polek w Ameryce. 
 Zapisywać można do Działu Małolet- 
 nich (Wianków) dziewczątka od uro- 
 dzenia do lat 16 do sumy $500. Nie 
 pomińcie zapisania córeczek swych do 
 organizacji gdzie będą się obracały 
 w atmosferze swej narodowości — i 
 i gdzie czuć i myśleć po polsku nie 
 przestaną. 
 
 DOM ZWIĄZKU POLEK W AMERYCE 
 1309-1315 N. Ashland Ave., Chicago, III. 
 
 [242 ] 
 
sis 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
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 Siedzą od lewe.i ku prawej: Helena P. Czachorska, Prawnik Z. P.: Wiktorja M. Latwis, Sekretarlea (Sen.; A. E. Napieralska, Prezeska 
 Get'.: Helena Sambor, Wiceprezeska; Joanna Andrzejewska, Skarbniczka Gen. Stoją od lewej ku prawej: Dr. F. Cienciara, Lekarz Nacz.; 
 Ag. Lenard i Antonina Mussor, Dyrektorki; Marja O. Kryszak, Redaktorka ; Ant. Gawarecka, Sal. Jachimowska i Rozalja Petlak, Dyrektorki. 
 
 Czterdzieści lat wstecz, podczas Wystawy Kolumbijskiej, w ro- 
 ku 1893-cim Polki-Amerykanki rzuciły pierwsze ziarno na glebę Orga- 
 nizacyjną, aby wspólnie sprawnie działać w sprawach całe wychodź- 
 two obchodzące, dla podtrzymania naszych ideałów związanych z Oj- 
 czyzną naszą i ażeby ten węzeł łączności nigdy nie był zerwany, i 
 ażeby wzbudzić ten żar w duszach przyszłych pokoleń, jakim pałały 
 ku Ojczyźnie pierwsze pionierki. 
 
 Patrjotyzm kierował szczególnie pobudkami tych kobiet, czuły że 
 bez Organizacji trudno coś większego dokonać, a tu serce polskie 
 bolało bo zaczął się już dość poważnie zakradać szowinizm pośród 
 młodszego pokolenia. 
 
 Przeto w roku 1900 Maja 22go. w murach sali Pułaskiego przy 
 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, powołano do życia Związek Polek, 
 dzięki staraniom przeważnie kobiet z dzielnicy Wojciechowa, jak : 
 Stefanji Chmieliskiej i jej matki, G. Laudynowej ; Marji Rokoszowej, 
 K. Nawrockiej i wielu innym. Kobiety te pragnęły CZYNU na wido- 
 czni życia społecznego. Ubezpieczenie na życie miało być cementem 
 któryby z małych cegiełek stworzył wielki, silny gmach dla idejowej. 
 ratunkowej i patrjotycznej pracy. Dzięki należytemu pojęciu i 
 szczęściu jakiemto zrzeszenie kobiet obdarzone było i w późniejszych 
 urzędniczkach. Organizacja ta promienie swe rozsyła daleko i szeroko. 
 
 Już dnia 12go Czerwca, 1898, odbył się pierwszy Sejm Związku 
 Polek w sali Pułaskiego. Delegatek obecnych było 24. Nabożeństwo 
 Sejmowe odbyło się w kościele Św. Wojciecha. Obecna Prezeska A. 
 E. Napieralska jako małoletnie dziewczę już wówczas kroczyła w 
 przednich szeregach z bukietem kwiatów jak to było zwyczajem. 
 Delegatkami na ten pierwszy sejm były : Genowefa Żółkowska, Dr. 
 M. O. Kaczorowska, Bron. Pływaczek. Bron. Wleklińska. A. Okoń, 
 M. Sołtysiak, Bron. Wawrzyńska, Wal. Bujewska, Marja Gulcz, E. 
 Tokarska. E. Schleichert, W. Krenz, A. Nowicka, A. Kula, A. Do- 
 rańska, W. Świniarska, L. Wołowska, S. Chmielińska (tyle wykazuje 
 nam historja). 
 
 Związek Polek odbył dotąd 16 sejmów. Co drugi sejm odbywa się 
 w Chicago. Pozatem odbywały się w miastach : Cleveland, Milwaukee, 
 South Bend. Buffalo, Detroit, Wiikes-Barre i Washington. Na pierw- 
 szym sejmie było reprezentowane 8 grup z liczbą członkostwa 264, 
 a na ostatnim w Washingtonie reprezentowanych było grup 657 
 z liczbą członkostwa 52,717. 
 
 Zważywszy, że do Związku Polek wstępować może tylko pleć 
 żeńska, przeto Organizacja ta wprost olbrzymio wzrosła. 
 
 Organizacja Związek Polek w Ameryce w ciągu swego 35-letniego 
 istnienia miała tylko trzy prezeski generalne: Stefanją Chmielińską, 
 Annę Neuman i obecną od 18 lat A. E. Napieralska. 
 
 Sekretarkami generalnemi były: Ant. Fabiańska, Łucja Wołowska, 
 
 Marja Fałkowska. A. Emilja Napieralska, Joanna Andrzejewska i 
 obecnie Wiktorja M. Latwis. 
 
 Skarbniczkami : Leokadja Kadow, Łucja Wołowska i obecna 
 Joanna Andrzejewska. 
 
 Pierwszą kobietą adwokatem w Związku Polek jest pani Helena 
 Fleming-Czachorska, od roku 1914 i obecnie. 
 
 Pierwszym lekarzem Związku Polek była Dr. Dowiat-Sass : drugim 
 Dr. Marja Orglert-Kaczorowska (25 lat) a obecnie lekarzem jest Dr. 
 Felicja Cienciara. 
 
 Pierszym redaktorem "Głosu Polek" (organ Ziązku Polek) był 
 p. F. Wołowski, potem panie Iwanowska, J. Michalska. Setmayerowa, 
 S. Laudyn-Chrzanowska. Zofja Jankiewiczowa. Dr. M. O. Kaczo- 
 rowska a obecnie od 12 lat jest Marja O. Kryszak. 
 
 Dyrektorki częściej się zmieniały. 
 
 Obecnie Związek Polek liczy przeszło 60,000 kobiet w wieku od 
 17 do 60 lat, na ubezpieczenie od $100.00 do SI, 000. 00. Na ostatnim 
 sejmie uchwalono przyjmować na ubezpieczenie do sumy $3,000.00. 
 W Oddziale Małoletnich t. z. "Wianki" jest przeszło 12.000 panienek 
 od jednego roku do 16 lat. 
 
 Majątek Związku Polek w Ameryce wynosi przeszło Trzy Miljony 
 Dolarów. W dodatku do te-ro Dom Organizacyjny (z piękną salą 
 na różne okazje) wartości $140,000. 
 
 W dniach 17-18 lipca, w Domu tym znanym jago Ornisko Kobiet 
 Polskich na Wychodźtwie. odbędzie się Pierwszy Kongres Kobiet 
 Polskich, ze współudziałem innych zrzeszeń, do których kobiety na- 
 leżą. Głównym celem Kongresu jest poznanie swoich walorów kultu- 
 ralnych, stosunek nasz do społeczeństwa i wytknięcie sobie kierunku 
 w pracy nad zachowaniem narodowości naszej dla przyszłych pokoleń 
 w Stanach Zjednoczonych. 
 
 Od roku 1910 czyli od ósmego sejmu w Milwaukee Związek Polek 
 w Ameryce ustanowił wice prezeski stanowe, które od ostatniego sej- 
 mu zwane są Prezeskami stanowemi. Skład tych pr< zesek stanowych 
 jest następujący : Honorata B. Wołowska, na Zachód. Penna. : Ja- 
 dwiga Gibasiewicz, na stan Michigan : Barbara Kluczyńska, Wiscon- 
 sin ; Anna Klarkowska, Illinois : Antonina Hon. Indiana : Marja 
 Porwit. Wschód. Penna.: Helena Jarzyńska, Ohio: Rozalja Biedroń, 
 New York ; Dr. Jułja Bauman. Massachusetts : Franciszka Owsiak, 
 Connecticut; Anna Tutro, Nebraska; Marja C. Daneska, New Jersey. 
 
 W roku 1928 pod przewodnictwem prezeski A. E. Napieralskiej 
 odbyła sie Pielgrzymka Związku Polek do Polski ze współudziałem 
 przeszło 700 osób. Była to wycieczka do zabytków starej Ojczyzny, 
 która w sercach zwłaszcza młodszej generacji wskrzesiła miłość ku 
 ziemi skąd rodzice ich ród swój przeważnie wywodzą. 
 .MARJA O. KRYSZAK. 
 
 Redaktorka "Głos Polek". 
 
 [243] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 ♦!♦ 
 
 P. G. BAKING CO. 
 
 J. KOWALCZYK, Właściciel 
 Zawsze i wszędzie żądajcie tylko 
 
 POLSKI CHLEB 
 
 1352-56 WEST HURON STREET 
 TELEFON MONROE 5447 
 
 PHONE BRUNSWICK 7868 
 
 AUGUSTA AND PAULINA 
 SERVICE STATION 
 
 GREASING— WASHING 
 TIRES TIRES REPAIRED TUBES 
 
 STANDARD OIL PRODUCTS 
 Red Crown — -Ethyl — Stanolind — Polarine — Iso-Vis 
 
 1 700 W. Augusta Boulevard 
 
 M. BYCZKOWSKA & SON, Props. 
 The Station That Service Built 
 
 TELEPHONE MONROE 3365-3366 
 
 JOSEPH DOMKO AND CO. 
 
 Wholesale Grocers 
 
 1219-21-23 CORNELL STREET 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 GAPINSKI 
 
 PRESCRIPTION PHARMACY 
 
 JOHN GAPINSKI, R. Ph. 
 
 814 NORTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 GROCERY & DELICATESSEN 
 
 STANLEY J. KABAT, Prop. 
 
 BAKERY GOODS 
 ERUITS AND VEGETABLES 
 
 We Specialize in Home Made Sausages 
 
 840 NORTH DAMEN AVENUE 
 TELEPHONE ARMITAGE 7572 
 
 DEWEY E. KLEIN SALES CO. 
 
 FOOD PRODUCTS 
 
 Distributors of Frozen Fruits and Berries 
 Canned and Dried Fruits, Vegetables, Fish 
 Nutmeats and Preserves, Pickles, Olives 
 
 Soap, Soap Powder, Wheat Starch, Sal Soda 
 
 Office 
 662 W. GRAND AVE. 
 
 Phones 
 MONROE 0817-0818 
 
 OB. STANISŁAW A. BEHNKE, 
 
 urodził się dnia Igo maja, 1864 roku w Poznańskim, 
 uczęszczał do szkfił w Rogoźnie. Rodzice jego, Mar- 
 cin i Józefa, przybyli wraz z rodzina do Ameryki w 
 w roku 1880 i osiedlili się na Wojciechowie. Młody 
 szesnasto-letni Stanisław zaczął pracować jako po- 
 mocnik w składzie kolonjalnym (groserni), i od tego 
 czasu stale w tym interesie pracuje, który prowadzi 
 w lokalu 
 
 S. A. BEHNKE GROCERY 
 
 1759 WEST 17TA ULICA 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 NAJSTARSZY GROSERNIK NA WOJCIECHOWIE 
 Najdzielniejszy Pracownik oraz Skarbnik Głównego 
 Komitetu Dnia Polskiego w Dzie-nicy Wojciechowa 
 
 TEL. MONROE 6122 
 
 S. WENC 
 
 Skład Damskich Ubioroiv 
 FUTRA NASZĄ SPECJALNOŚCIĄ 
 
 1501 W. CHICAGO AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 T. PAWŁOWSKI— A. PAWŁOWSKA, Właściciele 
 
 EUROPEJSKA LECZNICA 
 
 Leczenie Chorych Najnowszymi Sposobami Jako to: • — ■ 
 
 Masowaniem, Elektryką, Gorącem Powietrzem, Kąpielami 
 
 Ziołowemi i t. p. — Kąpiele Zwyczajne 
 
 Pani Paivlowska do Obsługi Pań 
 923 WILL STREET HAYMARKET 0249 
 
 Od 8ej rano do 9ej wieczorem 
 
 niONE ARMITAGE 5031 
 
 B. Nagawiecki & W. Pawlus 
 
 FIRST CLASS MEAT MARKET 
 
 AND HOME MADE SAUSAGES 
 
 Telephone Orders Given Prompt Attention 
 
 1759 WEST DIVISION STREET 
 
 [244] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2f& 2$S 
 
 ONE OF CHICAGO'S LARGEST LAUNDRIES 
 
 JL WET WASH -JL, 
 
 * LAUNDRY C 
 
 STEFAN SZEKLUCKI, President 
 
 . . .ALWAYS AT 
 YOUR SERVICE 
 
 ALL PHONES ALBANY 7002 
 
 4407-25 W. DIVISION ST. 
 
 [245] 
 
tt- 
 
 POLKS IX AMERICA - THEiR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Najstarszy i Najpopularniej- 
 szy Zakład Fotograficzny 
 
 na Wojciechowie 
 
 M. J. JASKÓLSKI 
 
 1G34 WEST 18TA ULICA 
 
 TEL. CANAL 3720 
 
 CHICAGO. ILL. 
 
 Office and Chapel Day and Ni:^ht 
 
 Tel. Canal 4611 Service 
 
 Res. Rockwell 4499 
 
 COMPLIMENTS FROM 
 
 Walter M. Andziewicz 
 
 Funeral Director and Embalmer 
 
 Active member on Polish Week Committee 
 
 of St. Adalbert's Parish 
 
 Modern Chain! 
 
 1941 W. Cerniak Rd. (22nd) Str. 
 
 Najserdeczniejsze życzenia 
 Zasyła Wychowanek Woje 'ech owa 
 
 JAN A. STANEK 
 
 Właściciel Drukarni 
 THE STANEK PRESS 
 
 2123 W. 18 UL. CANAL 453 
 
 Phones: Canal 5735-5736 
 
 Bezpłatna Kaplica 
 Dla Użytku 
 
 Serdeczne Życzenia Składają Całej Polonii 
 
 ALEX A. KOPICKI h SON 
 
 POGRZEBOWI 
 
 1655 W. 17th STREET 
 1701 W. 21st STREET 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 TOW. SERCA MARJI 
 
 No. 68 3 Zjedn. Pni. Rzym. Kat. 
 
 Założone 3go kwietnia, 1925 roku przez An'ele Li- 
 pińską Jadwigę Gawlik i Zofię Suda. Liczy człon- 
 kiń 120. Administracja w czasie Wystawy 1933 r.: 
 Anie a Lipińska, prez.; Jadw. Gawl'k, wice prez.; 
 Karolina Kosińska, sekr. prot.; Zofja Suda, śekr. fin.; 
 Karolina Kalisz, kas.; A. Maniak, M. Tanderak i K. 
 Kędzior .dyrektorki; M. Skorodyńska i A. Murawska, 
 marszałkinie; M. Tanderak, K. Kędzior i M. Myśli- 
 wiec, chorążyna : A. Budzyńska, sekr. wydz. mało- 
 letnich; Ks. St. Radniecki, kapę an. 
 
 PHONE MONROE 5805 
 
 DR. L. S. SZUMKOWSKI 
 
 Lekarz i Chirurg 
 1610 W. CHICAGO AVE. 
 
 M 
 
 TEL. BOULEVARD 3059 
 
 A. SIKORSKI 
 
 Dealer in Fancy Grocery and Meat Market 
 
 Fresh, Salt and Smoked Meats, Poultry and Game 
 
 in Season - Butter and Eggs - Teas and 
 
 Coffees a Specialty 
 
 In liusiness 12 Years 
 
 3225 WALL STREET CHICAGO 
 
 PEACOCK BRIDAL SHOPPE 
 
 J. Z. JAWORSKI, Prop. 
 
 1530-32 MILWAUKEE AVE., HUMBOLDT 4873 
 
 COMPLIMENTS OP 
 
 ASHLAND HOME BAKERY 
 
 1114 NORTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 Telephone Humboldt 5632 
 
 A. LENARD 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 1520 W. HURON ST. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 JOHN SŁONINA 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 1801 WEST ERIE STREET 
 
 DR. and MRS. B. G. DUDA 
 
 1518 WEST CHICAGO AVENUE 
 
 JÓZEF PIECH 
 
 Domowy Wyrób Wędlin 
 916 N. ASHLAND AVE. TEL. MONROE 7091 
 
 JOSEPH NIEDZIELA 
 
 Grocery and Meat Market 
 731 NOBLE STREET CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 CHICAGO MEN'S WEAR 
 
 J. BARABAS 
 1725 W. CHICAGO AVE. HAYMARKET 8863 
 
 JOSEPH and MARJA KUREK 
 
 Grocery Store 
 845 NORTH ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 [246] 
 
2lc- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 S|5 
 
 Unijnych Drukarzy Polskich 
 
 w Chicago 
 
 Stow. 
 
 POLISH UNION PRINTERS ALLIANCE 
 
 TOWARZYSZENIE Unijnych Drukarzy Polskich w Chicago 
 istnieje przeszło czterdz.eści lat; zorganizowane zostało bowiem 
 w r. 1892 — i w tym czasie zdobyło sobie obywatelskie stanowisko i zawsze 
 spełniało ważną rolę w życiu zorganizowanej pracy. 
 
 Po kilku latach nieczynności Stowarzyszenie zostało ponownie powo- 
 łane do życia na posiedzeniu, w sobotę, dnia 4-go marca, 1933 r., na którem 
 wybrano nowy Zarząd, a za cel powzięto "Silny i skonsolidowany blok 
 zorganizowanych polskich drukarzy", pod jurysdykcją Lokalu 16-go 
 I. T. U., dla zabezpieczenia bytu polskich drukarzy i drukarń unijnych 
 w Chicago, oraz agitacji za znaczkiem unijnym. 
 
 ZARZĄD: 
 
 Antoni Chonarzewski, Prezes F. Cienciara, Wice-Prezes 
 
 W. Sikora, Sekr. Prot. L. Surgiewicz, Sekr. Fin. M. Formejster, Kasjer 
 
 C. Iwański A. J. 
 
 F. Czosnykowski 
 
 KOMITET 
 
 Olszewski 
 
 WYKONAWCZY: 
 
 M. Kaczkowski 
 W. 
 
 T. Augustyn 
 Małecki 
 
 Andrzejewski Marjan 
 Augustyn Tadeusz 
 Blachowski Edward 
 Bolsiewicz Jakób 
 Bulwicki Ed. 
 Chonarzewski Antoni 
 Chonarzewski Jan 
 Cienciara Feliks 
 Cieślewicz Józef 
 Czeropski Sam 
 Czosnykowski Ferdynand 
 Dąbrowski Wincenty 
 Decka Jan J. 
 Eichstaedt Antoni T. 
 Fabian Jan 
 
 Formejster Mieczysław 
 Ginczewski Bolesław J. 
 Głowacki Franciszek 
 Gongola Bennet 
 Góra Eugenjusz 
 Górski Bernard S. 
 Górski Józef W. 
 Heliński Win. 
 Hubrich Stanisław 
 Iwański Czesław 
 Jacek Al. 
 Dziejowski Jan 
 
 CZŁONKOWIE: 
 
 Janecki Alojzy 
 Kaczkoivski Michał A. 
 Kasperek Kazimierz 
 Keszycki St. 
 Kosiński Karol 
 Kotowski Piotr 
 Kowalski St. 
 Krawczewski Rudolph 
 Kukaivski B. R. 
 Kuhna Ludwik 
 Kuźnicki B. J. 
 Kuźniewicz St. 
 Lipiński Max A. 
 Małecki Władysław 
 Magiera Ed. 
 Mastalerz Józef 
 Mroź Edward 
 Mroź Józef J. 
 McKeel Piotr 
 Niedziałkowski W. J. 
 Nurczyk Franciszek 
 Olszewski Andrzej J. 
 Panek Władysław Juljan 
 Patraszewski Antoni 
 Piekoś Tadeusz 
 Pinderski Franciszek 
 Pluciński Cz. 
 
 Rechcygiel Kazimierz 
 Rudziński J. W. 
 Sikora Władysław 
 Skiermański Michał 
 Slisz Józef A. 
 Świercz Bruno A. 
 Surgieivicz Lucjan 
 Szczepański Jan M. 
 Szczepański Józef W. 
 Szopiński Jan 
 Szpila Frank V. 
 Szutiak W. 
 Szymczak Kazimierz 
 Tadda Antoni A. 
 Trzciński Józef 
 Wasilewski F. X. 
 Wąsowicz Bartłomiej 
 W erbachowski Leonard J. 
 Wilczyński K. 
 Winger t Marjan 
 Winiarski Jan 
 Wojtowicz Karol 
 Wolszczak Stanisław 
 Wyka St. J. 
 Zamek Ch. 
 Zaivół Kazimierz 
 Zygowicz Stanley 
 
 [247] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA - - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Chicago Society 
 
 Group 1450 of the Polish National Alliance 
 
 {Organized April, 1912) 
 
 The membership of the Chicago Society 
 extends its greetings to the visitors during 
 the Polish Week oi Hospitality, and wishes 
 the Polish Day Association success in its 
 endeavor. 
 
 The Chicago Society has been active in ar- 
 ranging Orphans' Outings and Parties; 
 
 Raising Funds for Educational Purposes; 
 
 Sponsoring the organization of the Annual 
 Charity Ball, Polish Welfare Association, 
 and Polish Day Association; 
 
 Furthering the cause of Goodfellowship and 
 Fraternalism, and 
 
 Fulfilling its obligations in the Civic and 
 Political life of Chicago. 
 
 The Chicago Society is also active in the 
 entire program of the Polish Week of Hos- 
 pitality. 
 
 [248] 
 
*• 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OP PROGRESS 
 
 -2t5 
 
 Choirs participating in the spectacle 
 
 JÓZEF HANDKE 
 STAN. KLEKOWICKI 
 WITOLD HANDKE 
 TADEUSZ JAROSZ 
 ANDRZEJ KUBALA 
 
 EUGENJA ROZBICKA 
 MONIKA ZARNECKA 
 MARJA BLYN 
 GUSTAW DRZEWICKI 
 JOZEFA STRUG 
 
 "Chopin s" Choir 
 
 Chór "Chopin" Nr. lszy Z. Ś. P. w Am. 
 
 CHARLES ZABICKI ZYG. WAWSZKIEWICZ JAN RAFALSKI 
 
 ADOLF URC FRAN. JANOWIECKI J. JANOF 
 
 JÓZEF WIELBACKI FRAN. TERLIKOWSKI A. MUCZYNSKI 
 
 STAN. WOJCIECHOWSKI STANISŁAW REMBOWSKI TAD. WAWSZKIEWICZ 
 
 WLAD. BRUDZIŃSKI C. GRABOWSKI W. WRZESIŃSKI 
 
 "Philharmony" Choir 
 
 Chór "Filharmonja" Nr. 20 Z. Ś. P. w Am. 
 
 MARJA ROGINSKA 
 KAZIMIERA BIELSKA 
 STANISŁAW NEUMAN 
 STEFAN BAJERSKI 
 WANDA KRYGOWSKA 
 
 IRENA WIECZOREK MARJA MALACHA 
 
 NARCYZ ORŁOWSKI KRYSTYNA NEUMAN 
 
 LEON SZPACZEK ZOFJA WOJTKUNSKA 
 
 WALENTYNA PIASECKA IZYDOR WOJTKUNSKI 
 
 ZOFJA POWELL OLGA RABĘ 
 
 E. WRZESIŃSKI 
 WLAD. AMBROZEWICZ 
 STEFAN MILKA 
 
 MARJA KAMIŃSKA 
 ANIELA DALUGA 
 HELENA SMIEJKOWSKA 
 WLAD. WRÓBLEWSKI 
 W. KRAWCZYK 
 
 << 'i 
 
 'Link" Choir 
 
 Chór "Ogniwo" Nr. 21 Z. Ś. P. w Am. 
 
 JADWIGA ŁYSAKOWSKA 
 FLORENTYNA CIEZADLO 
 ANT. GRUSZCZYŃSKA 
 HENRYKA BATOR 
 ANNA ROGAL 
 ZOFJA LELITO 
 MARJA SWIDERSKA 
 
 ANTONINA FUGIEL 
 HELENA TOKARZ 
 HELENA MALYSA 
 WALERJA PALAT 
 STELLA LASKO 
 WŁADYSŁAWA BIELA 
 EMILJA BALIS 
 
 HELENA SZCZEPAŃSKA 
 ELEONORA PIASECKA 
 HELENA DZIADOWIEC 
 GENOWEFA ZARAZA 
 ALFREDA SUSABOWSKA 
 JANINA BRYK 
 C. GOSZCZYŃSKA 
 
 JANINA SZKODLICZKA 
 STEF. TOPORKIEWICZ 
 EWELINA MALICKA 
 FLOR. RUBINKOWSKA 
 JOZEFA KORCZOSKA 
 MICHALINA KORCZOSKA 
 MARJA KROZEL 
 
 ADELINA WRÓBEL 
 MILLIE SKODNIKA 
 MARJANNA BURNOG 
 WLAD. ZIENTARA 
 
 ZOFJA CHUDZICKA 
 
 IRENA ZAJĄCZEK 
 
 IRENA JANICKA 
 
 IRENA ZABICKA 
 
 "Halka" Choir 
 
 Chór "Halka" Nr. 29 Z. Ś. P. w Am. 
 
 KONST. SIENKIEWICZ HELENA MAKOWSKA BALBINA DĄBROWSKA KŁEM. OBERMEYER 
 
 NATALJA ZAK HENRYKA MULEWSKA BAZ. MIEKISie-.VJ.CZ JANINA OBERMEYER 
 
 IZABELA ROGACKA TEKLA KLENART JADWIGA ABRATOWSKA DOROTA ORZECHOWSKA 
 
 ALICJA PERZANOWSKA EUGENJA PAWŁOWSKA MARJA MROŹ ZOFJA WOJTASIK 
 
 WLAD. GAJEWSKA 
 KAZIMIERA PŁOZY 
 MARTA GUTOWSKA 
 JANINA DEMBIŃSKA 
 BRON. SŁOWIKOWSKA 
 MARJA HOJNAR 
 ANNA REMBOWSKA 
 
 "Kalina" Choir 
 
 Chór "Kalina" Nr. 93 Z. Ś. P. w Am. 
 
 ADALJA RYLL 
 ZOFJA KWAPISZ 
 MARJA PIOTROWSKA 
 L. A. SOWIŃSKA 
 STEFANJA PIECH 
 
 ANASTAZJA NOWAK 
 FRANCISZKA WÓJCIK 
 KLARA SAWICKA 
 MARJA SOBOTA 
 ANNA STASZAK 
 
 JOZEFA KORZENIOWSKA JOZEFA SOMES 
 
 ANTONINA RYDECKA 
 
 JOZEFA GRUSZECKA 
 
 JOZEFA GLADECKA 
 KLARA KRÓL 
 DONATA KONOPKA 
 I. A. CIESZYKOWSKA 
 ALFREDA PAKAN 
 REGINA NARKIEWICZ 
 KAZIMIERA JURCZYN 
 
 FIL. KWIATKOWSKA 
 GENOWEFA GOLANKA 
 ADELA GŁUCHOWSKA 
 
 "Warsawiaris" Choir 
 
 Chór "Warszawiaków" Nr. 96 Z. Ś. P. w Am. 
 
 FRAN. ŁUKASZEWICZ MARJA SNIEGOWSKA 
 
 M. BUCZYŃSKA 
 B. JABŁOŃSKA 
 ALICJA MARSHALL 
 
 "Women's Alliance" Choir 
 
 Chór "Związek Polek" Nr. 108 Z. ś. P. w Am. 
 
 FRANCISZKA ZIENKO 
 JADWIGA SMOLIŃSKA 
 A. ANDRZELCZYK 
 
 REGINA PIWINSKA 
 AMELIA SZLAK 
 MARJA PRUSINSKA 
 
 HELENA ZALESKA 
 STEFANJA SIPIORA 
 MELANJA DOMBROWSKA 
 
 HELENA WYDRA 
 
 "Drużyna" Choir 
 
 Chór "Drużyna" Nr. 139 Z. Ś. P. w Am. 
 
 HENRYKA KALINOWSKA 
 HELENA MIELCAREK 
 STEFAN MIELCAREK 
 IRENA BRODA 
 JOANNA GRYNTKIEWICZ 
 ROZALJA KMIOTEK 
 ALICJA KLONOWSKA 
 JOZEFA GRYNTKIEWICZ 
 
 JADWIGA KUCZNIA 
 GENOWEFA MROŹ 
 TEODOR KACZYŃSKI 
 K. GRYNTKIEWICZ 
 WŁADYSŁAWA KMIOTEK 
 IRENA MATYKIEWICZ 
 JOZEFA KACZYŃSKA 
 IRENA MAKOWSKA 
 
 ADELA MANIAK 
 STAN. KWASIGROCH 
 LUDWIK MIELCAREK 
 MARJA STOGINSKA 
 CZESŁAW STOGINSKI 
 BOLESŁAW KACZYŃSKI 
 JAKOB KACZYŃSKI 
 STAN. ADAMKIEWICZ 
 
 ALDONA SIENKIEWICZ 
 WANDA MAKOWSKA 
 STAN. CIESIOLKIEWICZ 
 FELIKS KACZYŃSKI 
 WŁADYSŁAW BACHÓRZ 
 WŁADYSŁAW MAGIER 
 HENRYKA MANIAK 
 KAZIMIERZ CYWIŃSKI 
 
 ZYGFRYD FILISIEWICZ 
 LEONARD KALINOWSKI 
 STEFANJA MROŹ 
 SABINA HEJNA 
 DR. M. DEPLEWSKI 
 STEF. ADAMKIEWICZ 
 ADELA MARCJAN 
 
 "Harp" Choir 
 
 Chór "Harfa" Nr. 140 Z. ś. P. w Am. 
 
 JULJA MIGAŁA WANDA GOGOLEWSKA 
 
 EUGENJA LACH MARJA SERWINSKA 
 
 JOZEFA RUBIKOWSKA CHARLOTTE KRAWIEC 
 
 JULJA KRAMARCZYK FLOR. ZAWITOWSKA 
 SONIA BRANDENBURG MARJA KONIECZKA 
 WLAD. GOGLEWSKA FLORENTYNA BALIS 
 
 [249] 
 
 MARJA ZAWISTOWSKA 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA - THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Choirs participating in the spectacle 
 
 "New Life" Choir 
 
 Chór "Nowe Życie" Nr. 143 Z. ś. P. w Am. 
 
 J. K. WIECZOREK 
 WŁADYSŁAW RYGIER 
 M. MARCINKIEWICZ 
 JOZEF KUZEN 
 JOZEF TRELA 
 JAN DRWAL 
 ANDRZEJ ZYCH 
 ALBIN AUGUSTYN 
 STANISŁAW JURCZAK 
 JAN PEPERA 
 MAKS. GAWORSKI 
 JAN DANIELEWSKI 
 JAN KIELA 
 
 M. BRZEZIŃSKI 
 NIKODEM WIKARSKI 
 KAZIMIERZ WIKARSKI 
 CZESŁAW CHMIELEWSKI 
 MIECZYSŁAW KUICH 
 WLAD. RUTKOWSKI 
 ADAM PALICKI 
 KAZ. OBUCHOWICZ 
 STANISŁAW OMIATEK 
 ADAM KAYANKA 
 TEOFIL KONIECZNY 
 DJONIZY LEJMAN 
 HENRYK OLSZEWSKI 
 
 JOZEF ZWIERZKO 
 TADEUSZ GASIOREK 
 FRANCISZEK WILGA 
 JAN RYZINSKI 
 W. K. ZALESKI 
 I. MUSZYŃSKI 
 JOZEF PAKOSZ 
 JAN ŚLUSAREK 
 FRANCISZEK JARECKI 
 MIECZYSŁAW KOSIŃSKI 
 FRANCISZEK JAWORSKI 
 JAN KLIZICKI 
 PIOTR PISULA 
 
 STANISŁAW MAGDZIARZ 
 
 BRONISŁAW BRZEZIŃSKI 
 
 HENRY SIENKIEWICZ 
 
 JAN SUCHECKI 
 
 JAN KOSIŃSKI 
 
 JOZEF PIETRUSZEWSKI 
 
 JOZEF KRUSIŃSKI 
 
 MAKS. ŁUKOWSKI 
 
 K. WASILEWSKI 
 
 S. GRABARCZYK 
 
 N. POGORZELEC 
 
 MAKS. BAGIŃSKI 
 
 S. LEWANDOWSKI, JR. 
 
 S. LEWANDOWSKI. SR. 
 EDWARD PERKOWSKI 
 JEROME LASZKOWSKI 
 ERWIN SKRZYPCZAK 
 W. PIASECKI 
 
 E. WINGERT 
 V. CIUPIDRO 
 STAN. SIENKIEWICZ 
 WŁADYSŁAW STYSZKO 
 JAN SIENKIEWICZ 
 JOZEF WIJAS 
 
 F. KARCZMARCZYK 
 
 "Echo" Choir 
 
 Chór "Echo" Nr. 174 Z. ś. P. w Am. 
 
 HELENA MAJ WALERJA MAJ PELAGJA CZAJKA ANNA KASPER ZOFJA GÓRSKA 
 
 MARJA WOJCIECHOWSKA ZOFJA ŚMIETANKA MAL. DUMALSKA AGNIESZKA WACHOWICZ HELENA ZULAWINSKA 
 
 HENRYKA MEINHART LEOKADJA UZUMECKI ELEONORA MISIOWIEC JOZEFA ZWIERZKO JANINA REICHEL 
 
 B. KAMIŃSKA CECYLJA UZUMECKI JADWIGA ROTER EWA LISEWSKA JAD. TOBIASIEWICZ 
 
 "Morning Star" Choir 
 
 Chór "Jutrzenka" Nr. 209 Z. Ś. P. w Am. 
 
 WŁADYSŁAWA WÓJCIK LEOKADJA DEMBOWSKA IZABELA GŁOGOWSKA 
 ELEONORA WÓJCICKA JOZEFA KOTERLA JANINA GŁOGOWSKA 
 
 STAN. GUZOWSKA MARJA PASZKOWSKA JULJA KARASZ 
 
 LUCJA SHILKA 
 HELENA BOŻEK 
 BRONISŁAWA BOŻEK 
 
 ELEONORA POREMBSKA 
 JANINA CHMIELECKA 
 
 'Filomen s" Choir 
 
 Chór "Filomeni" 
 
 KATARZYNA DYBAS 
 FRANCISZEK GŁOWACKI 
 ZENON GIELICZ 
 WŁADYSŁAW ZABIEREK 
 JOZEF WUNDRACH 
 STEFAN URBANOWICZ 
 BOL. KAZMIEROWICZ 
 STEFAN CHMIELEWSKI 
 JAN L. WUNDRACH 
 FRANCISZKA NIZINSKA 
 EUGENJA NOWICKA 
 JADW. KWIATKOWSKA 
 
 BRON. ANDRZEJEWSKA 
 WIRGINJA ALAKSIEWICZ 
 SYLVIA OKOŃ 
 MARJA MIELZYNSKA 
 STAN. PLONKOWSKA 
 KATARZYNA PROMINSKA 
 KAROLINA GLOWSKA 
 GERTRUDE GLOWSKA 
 ANAST. WLOSZCZYNSKA 
 WALERJA PAJKOS 
 EMILJA BALUN 
 GENOWEFA TUREK 
 
 ZOFJA WRÓBEL 
 KLARA MIELZYNSKA 
 ZOFJA OSTROWSKA 
 LUD. TRZESNIEWSKA 
 STAN. KWIATKOWSKA 
 GENOWEFA BRENEK 
 MARJA WUNDRACH 
 M/VRJA GORCZAK 
 LEOKADJA GORCZAK 
 SEW. MARCINKOWSKA 
 TERESA WOLNIAK 
 ZOFJA PANEK 
 
 EDWARD TRZESNIEWSKI 
 ROZALJA ROSOŁEK 
 IRENA GŁOWACKA 
 JADWIGA KROLEWCZYK 
 BRONISŁAWA TROIKE 
 MELANJA RAJEWSKA 
 SABINA RAJEWSKA 
 STANISŁAWA BAK 
 EWELINA GŁOWACKA 
 KAROLINA SYNOWIEC 
 FRAN. GÓRZYŃSKA 
 ROZALJA DREZDZION 
 
 W. KUCIŃSKI 
 JAN LEWANDOWSKI 
 JAN J. CISZEWSKI 
 STANISŁAW CISZEWSKI 
 DR. E. URBANOWICZ 
 W. RAKOWSKI 
 MARCIN DYBAS 
 STAN. FRANKIEWICZ 
 EUGENJUSZ RAJEWSKI 
 
 NATALJA DRZEWICKA 
 
 "Filaret's" Choir 
 
 Chór "Filareci" 
 
 BRON. JAKUBOWSKA 
 
 HELENA PACIOREK 
 
 KORNELIA BRZEZIŃSKA 
 JÓZEFINA BUKOWSKA 
 
 "St. Louis, Mo." Choir 
 
 Chór z St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 ANNA LUPINSKA 
 KATARZYNA SZCZUKA 
 
 MARJA WACHOWIAK 
 MARJAN WACHOWIAK 
 
 ST. KOZIK 
 J. JACHERA 
 
 Bolesław Dembiński s Choir No. 2, P. S. A. 
 
 Chór Bolesława Dembińskiego Nr. 2 Z. ś. P. w Am., Chicago, 111. 
 
 J. BOGOWICZ 
 W. SINIARSKI 
 
 ŚMIETANKA 
 MIAZGA 
 
 AUG. PELZ 
 
 F. ZAREMBA 
 
 Bolesław Dembiński' s Choir No. 18 P. S. A. 
 
 Chór Bolesława Dembińskiego Nr. 18, Z. ś. P. w Am., Chicago, 111. 
 
 ADAM W. CIESIELSKI ANT. REWERS 
 JOHN R. WIŚNIEWSKI B. LOTKOWSKI 
 ALBIN WEGNER MICHAEL JANICKI 
 
 ROBERT JASIENIECKI A. F. NOWACKI 
 SYLVESTER WITKOWSKIA. F. PERLINSKI 
 B. A. MOJŻESZ ANDREW BRZEZIŃSKI 
 
 RAYMOND OLECH 
 HARRY POWALSKI 
 M. SREDNICKI 
 F. SWIERKOWSKI 
 ALEX SIFKOWSKI 
 M. J. BLOCH 
 
 [250] 
 
 JOSEPH WIELOSINSKI A. P. PIECZYŃSKI 
 
 JOHN R. PUCHALSKI ANT. SYPNIEWSKI 
 
 J. J. SIENKIEWICZ WALTER MAZUREK 
 
 B. GRACZYK JOHN A. KOZICZYNSKI 
 
 FOSTER SWIERKOWSKI FRANK WOLSKI 
 
 ED. OSKIERKO 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 ■M 
 
 Choirs participating in the spectacle 
 
 Lyre Choir No. 80, P. 5. A. 
 
 Chór Lira Nr. 80, Z. Ś. P. w Am., Chicago, 111. 
 
 EDWARD MIAZGA HENRIETTA SUROWIEC CECILIA KWIATKOWSKI JULIA JACHERA LILLIAN SINIARSKI 
 
 JANINA JAKAJTIS HERBERT GOEBIG ROZALIA CZERNIK EUGENE WRÓBLEWSKI HELEN MARYNOWSKI 
 
 RYSZARD WRÓBLEWSKI S. A. WRÓBLEWSKI HELEN S. BIEDRONSKI HELEN KROL HELEN ZACHARSKA 
 
 JAKUB TRZASKA MARY CZERNIK BRON. ZACHARSKA OLYMPIA POLEDZIEWSKI 
 
 JAN WAŃTUCH EUGENIA SŁAWIŃSKI PAUL. HRYCZKIEWICZ MARIE SUMILAS 
 
 JOS. KALISZEWSKI 
 
 Chopin's Choir No. 122, P.S.A. 
 
 Chór Chopina Nr. 122, Z. Ś. P. w Am., Gary, Ind. 
 
 IRENE KRALIS 
 
 CAROL KALISZEWSKI 
 
 Helen Modrzejewski 's Choir No. 136, P. 5. A. 
 
 Chór Im. Heleny Modrzejewskiej Nr. 136, Z. ś. P. w Am., Chicago, 111. 
 
 J. KOWALSKI JOE SANDECKI 
 REGINA PATERKIEWICZ WANDA MIGAŁA 
 
 IRENE PAWELA WLAD. KRÓLCZYK 
 
 MARY KOLSKA WLAD. ZALEWSKI 
 
 ANNA MICZYNSKA STANISŁAW DOMECKI 
 
 JOZEF KAMIŃSKI BRON. KUZNIEWICZ 
 
 ALEX SIENKIEWICZ ANNA GOLAB 
 
 SABINA PATERKIEWICZ FLOR. MAZURKIEWICZ JOSEPH M. KRZEMIŃSKI 
 
 MARTHA KWEDLO 
 MARY SEROCKA 
 ZYG. RZESZOTARSKI 
 STELLA KWILINSKA 
 MARIE ZAWACKA 
 ANNA SEROCKA 
 
 SOPHIE KORENKIEWICZ WOJCIECH MERSKI 
 JEAN BUCHTA STANLEY RUSIN 
 
 MARGE MICZYNSKI J. RAJKOWSKA 
 
 GENEVIEVE GOLAB H. CIESIOLKIEWICZ 
 
 IRENE PARUSZKIEWICZ S. CIESIOLKIEWICZ 
 WLAD. NIEDZWIECKI 
 
 JOZEFA MOLL 
 GERTRUDE SANOCKI 
 HELENA PIASKOWA 
 FRANCES BIS 
 MARIE WADOWSKI 
 MARY HARACZ 
 
 5/. Moniuszko' s Choir No. 155, P.S.A. 
 
 Chór Im. St. Moniuszki Nr. 155, Z. ś. P. w Am., Chicago, 111. 
 
 VALERIA LENCKOS GENEVIEVE PSZYHODA HELEN MISTARZ MAY PODGÓRNY 
 
 VALERIA KAPERA WALTER SUROWIEC STELLA E. KRAWCZYK HELEN ZIELIŃSKI 
 
 HELEN CHRZANOWSKI MARIE SZERLAK TOMASZ JENDO MARY WOJCIKIEWICZ 
 
 MARION PIETRASZEK JAN MŁYNARCZYK TEODOR JUST 
 
 BERNICE MICHAŁKA ANTONI ZAJĄC JOZEF MISTARZ 
 
 HELEN ŁUKOWSKI W. SZYMAŃSKI JULIA ŁUKOWSKA 
 
 Liberty Choir No. 158, P.S.A. 
 
 Chór Wolność Nr. 158, Z. ś. P. w Am., Chicago, 111. 
 
 FRANCES RATKĘ 
 FRANK GŁOWACZ 
 STEVE KOCHANOWICZ 
 ROSE GULGOWSKI 
 ISABELLE GULGOWSKI 
 SOPHIE GARBATOWICZ 
 PEARL GANCZEWSKI 
 EDWARD GANCZEWSKI 
 WALTER SZYMAŃSKI 
 
 AGNES REKOWIECKI JOE WAŃTUCH 
 
 CECILIA SUPERCZYNSKIMIKE JABŁOŃSKI 
 
 ANTOINETTE BELL 
 IGNACY LEŚNIEWSKI 
 HELEN MAŁECKI 
 CHARLOTTE MAŁECKI 
 IRENE NIEDZWIECKI 
 MARY RYDZEWSKI 
 CELIA WANKOWSKI 
 
 JOSEPH RYBOWIAK 
 SOPHIE JECHIM 
 VICTORIA LACZYNSKI 
 SALLY LACZYNSKI 
 MABEL MIELCAREK 
 VINCENT SIERZEGA 
 JAN PIETRZAK 
 
 JANINA WATUCH 
 J. J. JAKAJTIS 
 MAE C. PANKA 
 EMILY SOBOCIŃSKI 
 ANDREW KIELAR 
 GERTRUDE KOSTANSKI 
 CASIMIR JARONSKI 
 PHYLLIS KOSTANSKI 
 JOSEPHINE STARYBRAT 
 
 APOLONIA JUST 
 JANINA WYSOCKI 
 IRENE WYSOCKI 
 JOHN RYDZEWSKI 
 IRENE NASALSKI 
 LOTTIE NIEDZWIECKI 
 JOZEF KOWALSKI 
 JAN MARCZEWSKI 
 ANNA KOZŁOWSKI 
 
 C. WABNIARSKA 
 M. BARON 
 M. GALSZYNSKA 
 L. JARVIS 
 
 Currie-Sklodowska's Choir No. 161, P. S. A, 
 
 Chór Skłodowskiej Nr. 161, Z. ś. P. w Am., Chicago, 111. 
 
 ANNA TWARDA 
 JADWIGA JASTRZEMB 
 VICTORIA SZAFRAN 
 MARY LUCINSKA 
 
 KATE TRZOS 
 SOPHIE MAZON 
 KATE MAZUREK 
 
 ROSE MAZUREK 
 JOZEFA SLOTA 
 KATE UKLEJA 
 
 J. KOSOWSKA 
 HATTIE JASTRZEMB 
 
 JEAN KĘDZIERSKA 
 STELLA KĘDZIERSKA 
 VIC. RZEPCZYNSKA 
 ROSE JAKUBOWSKA 
 
 Laura Choir No. 173 P.S.A 
 
 Chór Laura No. 173, Z. ś. P. w Am., Indiana Harbor, Ind. 
 
 GERTRUDE KARP STELLA WERBILA HELEN OSTASZEWSKA FELICIA MILASZEWSKA 
 
 LOTTIE NOWAKOWSKA SOPHIE GUZOREK SOPHIE KORYTKOWSKA W. MILASZKWSKA 
 
 VIRGINIA NOWAKOWSKABERTHA WIECH OLGA CHMIELEWSKA G. PADOWSKA 
 
 SOPHIE BANASIAK VALERIA KRÓLIKOWSKA 
 
 lgnące Paderewski' s Choir No. 166, P. S. A. 
 
 Chór Im. I. Paderewskiego Nr. 166, Z. Ś. P. w Am., Indiana Harbor, Ind. 
 
 IGNACY TURON VINCENT RAFALSKI 
 
 JOZEF BIELAK ALEX CZAJKOWSKI 
 
 STAN ZABOROWSKI JOHN KORYTKOWSKI 
 
 ANTONI OSTASZEWSKI JAKOB SALAMONSKI 
 
 B. F. SZCZEPKOWSKI 
 MAX WOJTOWICZ 
 JOSEPH KARP 
 STAN. JADES 
 
 [251] 
 
 STAN. DURALSKI STAN. BIELAK 
 
 WALTER PĘDZIWIATR HARRY PISARSKI 
 
 EDWARD RACZKOWSKI JOZEF WIECH 
 
 ANTON BUILEK JOZEF BIELAK 
 
&■ 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -$ 
 
 Choirs participating in the spectacle 
 
 St. Adalbert's Choir No. 187, P. S. A. 
 
 Chór Św. Wojciecha Nr. 187, Z. Ś. P. w Am., Whiting, Ind. 
 
 WLAD. J. OLSZEWSKI 
 
 ROSE SKOWROŃSKI FRANK BOCZYK 
 
 MARIE CHRUSTOWSKI JEAN BAZARKO 
 ELIZABETH BONCELA VICTORIA STANISZ 
 ANTOINETTE KUBACKI EDWARD BANASZAK 
 MARY WALCZAK FLORENCE WEGNER 
 
 MARTHA WAWRZYNIAK JOSEPH BANASZAK 
 EDWARD ZENCKA 
 JEAN KRAPP 
 THERESA WYSOCKI 
 
 SOPHIE DYBEL 
 F. J. DUDZIK 
 
 JOS. WAWRZYNIAK 
 W. E. BACZYK 
 ANTONI A. GUZEK 
 JOZEF DUDZIK 
 JAN MACIESZ 
 JOHN BANASZAK 
 
 THOMAS BANASZAK 
 VICTOR BANASZAK 
 JOZEFA BAZARKO 
 
 ZOFJA WOLSKA 
 G. POGORZELSKA 
 HELEN HOJNACKA 
 
 Halina Choir No. 192, P. 5. A. 
 
 Chór Halina Nr. 192, Z. Ś. P. w Am., Chicago, 111. 
 
 E. OSOWSKA 
 W. MAJORCZYK 
 W. MILLER 
 
 K. RYBOWIAK 
 J. LORENT 
 K. PRZYBYSZ 
 
 M. RACINSKA 
 DELPHINE OSOWSKA 
 E. BOYDA 
 
 HELEN KNEIZ 
 EDWINA TAŃSKI 
 
 PAROCHIAL CHOIRS— CHÓRY PARAFJALNE 
 
 "St. Helen's" Choir 
 
 Chór Parafji "Św. Heleny" 
 
 GENOWEFA KALUZA 
 ZENOBIA ŻÓŁTOWSKA 
 HELENA POCHRON 
 ANNA POCHRON 
 STANISŁAWA CHORAZAK 
 STANISŁAWA LABIAK 
 JOZEFA RZYMEK 
 LEOKADJA ZBYLUT 
 LMILJA LEPIANKA 
 ADELAJDA KOZIOŁ 
 WIKTORJA DOROSZ 
 ADELAJDA DOROSZ 
 
 WANDA MUSIAŁ 
 JADWIGA PIASECKA 
 ROZALJA KLICK 
 LUCJA KORCZYK 
 MARTA DOMASZEK 
 CZESŁAWA WACKONIS 
 STEFANJA SZPUNAR 
 HELENA WODNIAK 
 FLORENTYNA SZYPER 
 DOROTA DOMASZEK 
 ANIELA POPŁAWSKI 
 CHARLOTTE JACKOWSKA 
 
 jozefa swietek 
 gene zuwal\ 
 -iNna mem\s:-;yk 
 helena madej 
 anna rzymek 
 regina roman 
 julja chucfro 
 charlotte styczeń 
 stella nowak 
 gertruda bieschke 
 sylvia groszewska 
 jozef zurad 
 
 MIECZYSŁAW ZUBER 
 STANISŁAW PURCHLA 
 ANNA PURCHLA 
 STANISŁAW CHUCHRO 
 ANDRZEJ KLICH 
 KONSTANTY KORCZYK 
 JAN LABIAK 
 STANISŁAWA LABIAK 
 KATARZYNA TARGOSZ 
 WŁADYSŁAW BIELICH 
 HENRYKA LEJMAN 
 FRANCISZEK BOKSA 
 
 JAN KLICH 
 CZESŁAW JASIŃSKI 
 STANISŁAW KULAK 
 JOZEF SWIONTEK 
 WŁADYSŁAW POKSZYK 
 HELENA SIPIORA 
 MARJA PIERDOS 
 LOUIS SKORSKI 
 CZESŁAW TRAWINSKI 
 ANNA OLECH 
 JOZEFA LEWICKA 
 FRANCISZKA SZYMURA 
 
 HELENA SADOWSKA 
 ROZA KACZMAREK 
 KLARA MUCHOWSKA 
 
 "St. Adalbert's" Choir 
 
 Chór Parafji "Św. Wojciecha" 
 
 EMILJA KREZALEK 
 
 ROZA ZAJA 
 
 JANINA KARBOWSKA 
 
 MARJA DERERZYNSKA ELŻBIETA HUDAK 
 
 MARJA SZUDARSKA 
 
 CECYLJA BEHNKE 
 
 ANASTAZJA BALCER 
 LEOKADJA ZYLEWICZ 
 JAN PASTOREK 
 KAZIMIERZ PŁONKA 
 ANTONI GRYGIENS 
 
 ELEONORA HOŁDA 
 LUCJA KACZMAREK 
 CHESTER WALASZEK 
 KAROLINA M. LEW 
 MARJA LEW 
 
 MARJA BALASIEK 
 MARJA BULKOWSKA 
 CHESTER SŁOMKA 
 KAZIMIERZ WÓJCIK 
 
 "St. Stanislaus' " Choir 
 
 Chór Parafji "Św. Stanisława Kostki" 
 
 MONIKA SKIBIŃSKA 
 HELENA WISZOWATA 
 FLORENTYNA JASIŃSKA 
 IRENA MALINOWSKA 
 IRENA SERSZEN 
 TERESA JANKOWSKA 
 JOANNA ŁOBODZIŃSKA 
 ELEON. ŻMUDZIŃSKA 
 MARJA SESKO 
 MARJA ZIMNA 
 
 ZOFJA WADAS 
 KLARA NOWAK 
 KLARA LASOTA 
 FLOR. WICHLACZ 
 BERNARDYNA STRAUBY 
 IRENA LASINSKA 
 EMILJA LASINSKA 
 GERTRUDA SZYMAŃSKA 
 AGNIESZKA WILK 
 MARJA WILK 
 
 KATARZYNA WILK 
 MARJA KARNOWSKA 
 FRAN. BORKOWICZ 
 EMIL SCHMIDT 
 JAN FAFINSKI 
 HENRYKA GORYNSKI 
 RAJMUND BIERNAT 
 ELŻBIETA FAFINSKA 
 M. BARTODZIEJ 
 PAULINA GOLINSKA 
 
 E. SKIBIŃSKI 
 
 STAN. SKOBINSKI, JR. 
 
 STEFANJA BUDZIK 
 
 Z. WIERZCHOWSKI 
 
 WIKTORJA SKONIECZNY 
 
 J. HADUCH 
 
 FRAN. ZIERKIEWICZ 
 
 WLAD. ZIERKIEWICZ 
 
 EUGENJA KURESZEK 
 
 LOTTIE KRYŚ 
 
 MARJA PUSIATA 
 TESSIE LOSIK 
 ALICJA GROCHOCKA 
 EWELINA WISZOWATY 
 BRONISŁAWA WÓJCIK 
 STEFANJA KRZEMIŃSKA 
 ANTONINA SMIDEWICZ 
 FRAN. MOCZULEWSKA 
 ELŻBIETA BIENIASZ 
 HENRYKA M. SKIBIŃSKI 
 
 "St. Josephat's" Choir 
 
 Chór Parafji "Św. Józefata" 
 
 FRANCISZKA PULSHA 
 FRANCISZKA JEŻEWSKA 
 
 GERTRUDE DUDA 
 MARTA KLATT 
 
 IZABELA WASZKIEWICZ 
 GEORGE KLEBBA 
 
 "St. Pancratius' '' Choir 
 
 Chór Parafji "Św. Pankracego" 
 
 GENOWEFA ZIELIŃSKA STELLA KRZYSTOFJA 
 
 JADWIGA WYSOCKA 
 
 WANDA WRÓBLEWSKA JOZEFA GOLEMBIEWSKA JAN MICHALIK 
 
 MARJA PRZYBYŁOWICZ ROZA BIELA 
 
 BRONISŁAWA RYBA HELENA ABRAMOWICZ 
 
 ROZALJA LIPIŃSKA JOZEFA STACHURA 
 
 GENOWEFA KUBICKA FRANCISZKA JACHIM 
 
 ANTONI MICHALSKI 
 
 JOZEFA ZIELIŃSKA GENOWEFA REPEL 
 LOTTIE CEBULSKA ROZALJA WITEK 
 
 HELENA KOZŁOWSKA FRANCISZKA WORTEL 
 
 WŁADYSŁAW WIDŁAK KLARA LIPIŃSKA 
 
 IRENA WYSOCKA 
 
 ANNA CEPA 
 
 ANNA WIERCIOCH 
 KATARZYNA DZIERDZIK 
 
 LEOKADJA WYSOCKA MARJA KONICKA 
 
 [252] 
 
&• 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 -& 
 
 Choirs participating in the spectacle 
 
 JOZEFA RZEMINSKA 
 HELENA SZCZEPANEK 
 FRAN. PAWLIKOWSKI 
 STEFANJA LOBECK 
 JOZEFA SENTYRZ 
 ROZALJA MADURA 
 HELENA WOJNICKA 
 FRANCISZKA LOBECK 
 MARTA PODBORNA 
 
 "Holy Innocents ' ' Choir 
 
 Chór Parafji "Św. Młodzianków" 
 
 ZOFJA SEKUNDA 
 MARJA STALMACH 
 LEOKADJA WITEK 
 EDWARD BACHARA 
 ANTONI MATEJKO 
 ALEKSANDER ZGODA 
 ANDRZEJ BRYK 
 MARJANNA FLORCZAK 
 WŁADYSŁAW PLEŚNIAK 
 
 EDWARD ZGODA 
 FRANCISZEK MATEJKO 
 BRONISŁAWA SWIETON 
 ROMAN HOJANCKI 
 KLARA NASTEK 
 HELENA SKONIECZNA 
 DOMICELA KISIELEWSKA 
 MARJA H. KOZA 
 SEWERYNA KONIECZNA 
 
 EDWARD KWILAS 
 JOZEFA NOWAK 
 JULJA TALAGA 
 EMILJA KRUPPA 
 BRONISŁAWA SŁOWIK 
 STEFANJA SZARLEJ 
 KONSTANCJA KRUPPA 
 LEOKADJA LIZEK 
 AGNIESZKA MISCINSKA 
 
 HELENA NOWAK 
 MARJANNA MARKOWICZ 
 WANDA KOSKA 
 FRANCISZEK BISEK 
 STEFANJA MATEK 
 ROMAN KARWOWSKI 
 STEFANJA KULBIEDA 
 STANISŁAWA PODBORNA 
 
 'St. Hyacinth's" Choir 
 
 Chór Parafji "Św. Jacka" 
 
 JADWIGA ADAMOWICZ 
 KAROL WRÓBLEWSKI 
 DOMINIKA BALCER 
 ANTONINA BALCER 
 
 EDNA BURSKA 
 ROZALJA SLUPKOWSKA 
 MARJA CIUDAJ 
 ZOFJA KRYSZTOWIAK 
 
 DR. HENRYK CIUDAJ 
 EWELINA BEDNAREK 
 JOZEF WRÓBLEWSKI 
 HENRYK WRÓBLEWSKI 
 
 PAULINA MAKOWSKA 
 JADWIGA MINDAK 
 BENEDYKTA RETZOK 
 STANISL. WRÓBLEWSKI 
 
 L. PAWŁOWSKA 
 
 K. CZARNECKA 
 
 W. SUCH 
 
 F. BIDERMAN 
 
 J. WENDOLOWSKI 
 
 S. GODZICKA 
 
 L. WOJEWODA 
 
 H. GUSTEK 
 
 JAN WOJTON 
 
 W. KLUK 
 
 M. FILAR 
 
 B. TRUSZKOWSKA 
 
 A. MIROCHA 
 
 A. MARCINEK 
 
 J. CZAPLICKA 
 
 H. JANISZEWSKA 
 
 'Holy Trinity's" Choir 
 
 Chór Parafji "Św. Trójcy" 
 
 A. PRYKA 
 
 N. TERLIKOWSKA 
 
 E. NAMYST 
 
 A. JURUSZYK 
 
 S. DUDA 
 
 ZOFJA SZAFLARSKA 
 
 WŁADYSŁAW GUSTEK 
 
 STANISŁAW KENDZIOR 
 
 ELEON. POKORZYNSKA EUGENJA KROLL 
 ESTELLE ZAPALA FLORENT. MARCHEWKA 
 
 HELENA GRUSZECZKA WŁADYSŁAW BAKER 
 AURELJA JANKOWSKA WERONIKA GONDELA 
 GERTR. BOROWINSKA STEFANJA SYGNATUR 
 ANTONETTE SLOCIK 
 EMILJA KOZAK 
 A. WENDOLOWSKA 
 
 'Immaculate Heart of Mary" Choir 
 
 Chór Parafji "Niepokalanego Serca Marji" 
 
 ALICJA RUDNIK LEOKADJA BART 
 
 MARJANNA POZNAŃSKA STANISŁAW WÓJCIK 
 STANISŁAW POZNAŃSKI JOZEF WÓJCIK 
 
 WANDA KOZŁOWSKA 
 LORETTA DOMEK 
 
 GENE LUBAWY 
 HARRIETT DMOCH 
 
 EUGENIUSZ MROZINSKI ROZA SOSKA 
 
 MARJA MOLL LEONARDA ULATOWSKA 
 
 ESTERA BAUMGART M. LUTERA 
 
 V. BARTODZIEJ 
 
 HARRIETT KOZŁOWSKA HARRY WALINSKI 
 
 LEOKADJA SOSKA 
 
 "St. Hedwig's" Choir 
 
 Chór Parafji "Św. Jadwigi" 
 
 MAGD. SZCZEPANIAK 
 STAN. GRZEDZICKA 
 LEOKADJA SZYMAŃSKA 
 ZOFJA ULIASZ 
 JOANNA MISKIEWICZ 
 GENOWEFA KRUPA 
 WŁADYSŁAW KRUPA 
 WERONIKA SWIGON 
 
 JACK LODYGOWSKI 
 SALOMEJA KAMIŃSKA 
 FRANCISZKA KAMIŃSKA 
 WLAD. KASPRZAK 
 FRANCISZKA BALIŃSKA 
 ZYGM. MARCISZEWSKI 
 LEOK. MIKOŁAJCZYK 
 PELAGJA SHILKA 
 
 DOROTA JABŁOŃSKA 
 LORETTA GONDEK 
 WŁADYSŁAW POREDA 
 PRAKS. JAKUBOWSKA 
 EDWARD BORA 
 JEROME PAWELA 
 LEOKADJA GIENKO 
 ZENON MUCHOWICZ 
 
 MARJA JAKUBOWSKA 
 ELZ. JAKUBOWSKA 
 HELENA WIŚNIEWSKA 
 LEONARD KOSTECKI 
 JADWIGA TURALSKA 
 M. GRZEDZICKA 
 KAZ. BURZYŃSKI 
 WILLIAM KONCZYK 
 
 FELIKS BARTNICKI 
 ANNA GUREK 
 KAZIMIERZ BARTNICKI 
 CZESŁAWA WROŃSKA 
 ALEX BRZEZIŃSKI 
 
 DIRECTORS OF CHOIRS 
 
 Dyrygenci Chórów 
 
 F. NOWICKI 
 
 GA3RJEL CHRZANOWSKI 
 
 MR. GULIK 
 
 I. A. CIESZYKOWSKI 
 
 JAN KOSIŃSKI 
 ST. MROZINSKI 
 DR. E. URBANOWICZ 
 DR. S. URBANOWICZ 
 
 A. SKALSKI 
 
 DR. M. WACHOWIAK 
 
 K. DENDOR 
 
 EMIL WIEDEMAN 
 
 MR. PRUSINOWSKI 
 ST. SKIBIŃSKI 
 K. USZLER 
 SZCZEPAN SIEJA 
 
 A. KARCZYNSKI 
 
 MR. K. CZERNIAKOWSKI 
 
 W. BALUTA 
 
 FOR 
 
 DEPEWD ON 
 
 KILDARE 
 , 3440 
 
 [ 253 ] 
 
sts 
 
 POLKS IX AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 & 
 
 Telefon VICtory 7200 
 
 ^QUALITY ^ 
 
 V 
 
 >ACftV^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Polska Wytwórnia 
 i Hurtownia 
 
 NAJLEPSZYCH 
 
 WYROBÓW 
 MASARSKICH 
 
 dowożonych do wszystkich części miasta i 
 okolicy pod pieczęcią "GOOD QUALITY" 
 
 Firma ta zatrudnia wielu dostawców w ca- 
 łem mieście, przeto wszędzie należy upo- 
 minać się o jej wyroby — REAL QUALITY. 
 Jednym z długoletnich dostawców i teraz 
 współwłaścicielem jest znany Polonji Pan 
 Józef Strzeszewski, który dzięki dostawia- 
 niu prawdziwych wyrobów tej firmy zdo- 
 był sobie zaufanie u wszystkich odbiorców. 
 
 Do Pana Strzeszewshiego Telefon 
 PROSPECT 88 5 J, LUB VICTORY 7200 
 
 2710 POPLAR AVENUE 
 
 Telefon Victory 7200 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 CZERWIEC WRECKING 
 LUMBER COMPANY 
 
 PIERWSZY 
 
 POLSKI 
 
 SKŁAD 
 
 NOWEGO 
 
 I UŻYWANEGO 
 
 Budulca 
 
 Budujemy 
 
 i Rozbieramy 
 
 Domy 
 
 Faktem jest, że wszel- 
 ki budulec używany 
 dotąd byt tylko w 
 obcych rękach. Teraz 
 nadarza się sposob- 
 ność dostać od Pol- 
 skiej Firmy używa- 
 ne okna, drzwi, oraz 
 wszelki materjał bu- 
 dowlany — cegłę, drze- 
 wo, pokrycie dachów, 
 wanny, itp. Floring 
 plastic boards. 
 
 3658-64 SO. WESTERN AVE. 
 
 BLISKO ARCHER AVE. TEL. VIRGINIA 0458 
 
 TELEPHONE PULLMAN 3086 
 
 M. A. PISARSKI 
 
 Funeral Director 
 
 AUTO LIVERY 
 739-41 Michigan Avenue 
 
 KENSINGTON 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 [254] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 DEMOCRATIC WARD COMMITTEEMAN 
 NINTH WARD 
 
 U ovi&h ^Jtcauial ^JJemoclatic i^tua 
 
 HON. PRES. 
 
 HON. JOHN C. KLUCZYNSKI 
 
 Rep. in General Assembly 4th Sen. Dist. 
 
 OFFICERS 
 J. BOGACZYK, Pres. 
 J. WINIARSKI, Fine. Sec'y. 
 V. CIESLEWICZ, Rec. Sec'y. 
 J. DETLAFF, Treas. 
 S. SEKULSKI, Pres. Executive Comm. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS— 5111 SO. ASHLAND AVENUE 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 [255] 
 
m- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 M 
 
 PHONE CANAL 1700 
 
 BIEN MOTOR SALES 
 
 V. BIEN PROPRIETOR 
 
 Dodge Brothers Motors Ca?-s and Trucks 
 and 
 Plymouth Cars 
 
 1700-8 S. ASHLAND AVE. 
 
 J. F. GROSSER, Sales Manager 
 
 A. G. 
 
 SHOE STORE 
 
 ANTON GORYWODA, Prop. 
 
 4322 ARCHER AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 ARCHER AVENUE 
 BIG STORE 
 
 4187-91 ARCHER AVENUE 
 Lowest Prices - Better Merchandise 
 
 Hosiery - Underwear 
 
 DRY GOODS - MEN'S FURNISHINGS 
 
 Children's Wear and Shoes 
 
 DOUBLE STAMPS TUESDAY AND FRIDAY 
 
 PHONE DEARBORN 3666 ROOMS 516-17 
 
 STEPHEN RAJEWSKI LEON CHILOWSKI 
 
 "The Only Polish Furriers in the Loop" 
 
 ADAMS FUR SHOP 
 
 MANUFACTURING FURRIERS 
 
 Storage - Repairing 
 Remodeling, Cleaning and Glazing 
 
 115 S. DEARBORN ST. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 PHONE PULLMAN 1785 
 
 JOE POCHRON 
 
 Beer Tavern 
 119TH AND INDIANA AVENUE 
 
 1 Block East of Michigan Avenue 
 PULLMAN, CHICAGO 
 
 FRANK BIEDROWSKI 
 
 Midwest Grocery and Meat Market 
 
 12035 INDIANA AVENUE 
 PULLMAN 5209 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 PHONE COMM. 2394 
 
 CHAS. JANKOWSKI 
 
 Operator of the Famous 
 Harbor Fruit Markets 
 
 13309 BALT. AVE. - 11901 SO. MICH. AVE. 
 
 TRADE AT THE 
 
 AVENUE DEPT. STORE 
 
 11301 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE 
 
 PHONE PULLMAN 9331 
 
 DRAIN-RITE PRODUCTS CO. 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 Cold Water Drain Pipe Solvent 
 
 11912 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE 
 
 S. J. OSTROWSKI 
 
 Free Fish Every Friday 
 
 J. WRÓBLEWSKI 
 
 LUNCH ROOM 
 
 We Deliver Beverages of All Kinds 
 
 120 EAST 118TH PLACE CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 PHONE PULLMAN 4455 
 
 [256] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 aSs ■ & 
 
 Parafja Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej 
 
 DNIA 27-go Marca, 1892 roku, odbyło sie pierwsze zebra- 
 nie obywateli zamieszkałych w Hawthorne, w ce.u 
 omówienia potrzeby założenia parafji polskiej w tej 
 dzielnicy. Przy ścisłem obrachunku, przekonano się, 
 iż w Hawthorne mieszkało wówczas 86 rodzin polskich, mię- 
 dzy tymi około 100 osób samotnych. 
 
 Trwało to do stycznia, roku 1895, kiedy na serjo zabrano 
 się do założenia polskiej parafji. Dnia 30-go maja, roku 1895, 
 Ks. Kazimierz Słomiński mianowany został pierwszym pro- 
 boszczem. W miesiącu sierpniu, 1S95 roku, rozpoczęto budo- 
 wę nowego kościoła. W niedzielę, dnia 18-go września, 1895 
 roku, odbyło się poświęcenie nowej świątyni Pańskiej. 
 
 Po ustąpieniu Ks. Kazimierza Słomińskiego z probo- 
 stwa, urząd ten objął Ks. Leon Wyrzykowski który parafją 
 Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej zarządzał aż do roku 1904. 
 
 W roku 1904 mianowany był proboszczem nasz obecny 
 Ks. Proboszcz Bronisław Czajkowski. On zaraz na pierwszym 
 miejscu zajął się sprowadzeniem Sióstr Zakonnych w celu 
 nauki dziatwy, i w sierpniu tego roku za zezwoleniem 
 Siostry Prowincjałki, kilka Sióstr Nauczycielek z Zakonu 
 Sióstr św. Józefa przybyło na miejsce. W styczniu, 1905 ro- 
 ku, nowy gmach szkolny rozpoczęto budować. Nadmienić 
 tu wypada że Kamień Węgielny pod ów budynek kombina- 
 cyjny, t. j. szkołę i kościół, poświęcił J. E. Ks. Arcybiskup 
 Szymon, który wtenczas bawił na wizycie w Stanach Zjedno- 
 czonych. Poświęcenia tego dokonano w lipcu, 1905 roku. 
 Zaś dnia 24-go grudnia, kiedy ten budynek ukończono, po- 
 święcony został przez J. E. Ks. Arcybiskupa Quigley'a. 
 
 W roku 1908 pobudowano dom dla Sióstr Zakonnych. 
 W roku 1914 spłacono wszystkie długi parafjalne i w doda- 
 tku zakupiono sześć lot, które miały służyć na miejsce pod 
 nową świątynię Pańską i plebanię. W roku 1917 ukończono 
 budowę nowej plebanii. 
 
 Pamiętnym dla parafjan i w dziejach naszego miasteczka 
 jest dzień 29-go października, 1917 roku. Poświęcony bowiem 
 został tego dnia kamień węgielny pod nową świątynię Pań- 
 ską pod wezwaniem Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej, przy 
 4S-my Court i 30-tej ulicy. 
 
 Dnia 10-go marca, 1918 roku, obecna wspaniała świąty- 
 nia Pańska, zbudowana w stylu gotyckim została poświęcona 
 przez J. E. Ks. Arcybiskupa Jerzego W. Mundeleina, (teraz 
 Kardynał). Dnia 23-go marca, 1918 roku rozpoczęto odprawiać 
 nabożeństwa na stale w nowym kościele. Koszta budowy 
 nowego kościoła, oraz zakupno sprzętów kościelnych, wyno- 
 siły $132,000. Stary kościół zamieniono na ośm k'.as szkol- 
 nych. Do szkoły parafjalnej obecnie uczęszcza około 900 
 dzieci obojga płci, pod nadzorem Sióstr Nauczycielek ze 
 Zgromadzenia Św. Józefa, których razem jest 18-cie. Pro- 
 boszczem od ostatnich 29-<ciu lat jest obecny Ks. Bronisław 
 < 'zajkowski. 
 
 !^**vś£ 
 
 [257] 
 
Ms- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 2& 
 
 Z. GEORGE JAWOROWSKI 
 
 Radio Announcer for the 
 
 Evans Fur Company 
 
 "Purchase Your 
 
 Fur Garments 
 
 Direct From the 
 Makers and Save 
 the Middleman 's 
 Profit as Much 
 
 as 50%" 
 
 "Thousands of Polish and American 
 Women Have For Years Purchased 
 Their Furs From This Highly Rep- 
 utable Firm of Manufacturers. They 
 Have Obtained The Finest Quality 
 In Materials and Workmanship Made 
 In The Newest Fashions. Every 
 Garment Is Definitely Guaranteed In 
 Writing That It Will Wear Perfectly 
 and Give Lasting Satisfaction. 
 
 ADELE WALTON 
 
 Soloist on the Radio Program 
 
 of the Evans Fur Company 
 
 WHEN YOU DECIDE TO PURCHASE A FUR GARMENT, VISIT 
 THE FACTORY SHOWROOMS OF CHICAGO'S BEST-KNOWN FURRIERS." 
 
 EVANS FUR COMPANY 
 
 The one place where you can buy furs with confidence 
 162 NORTH STATE STREET 3RD FLOOR OF THE BUTLER BUILDING 
 
 MRS. F. S. MALICKI 
 
 Undertaker and Embalmer 
 
 1737 W. 17TH ST. 
 
 TEL. CANAL 1610 
 
 PHONE PULLMAN 7121 
 
 A. ROBERT PAKULAZ 
 
 Lawyer 
 11443 S. MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO 
 
 PHONE LAWNDALE 2825 
 
 Notaty Public 
 
 JOHN A. KORNAK 
 
 REAL ESTATE, LOANS AND INSURANCE 
 
 Steamship Ticket Agency 
 2508 SOUTH SACRAMENTO AVENUE 
 
 BRANCH OFFICE 
 5257 ROSCOE STREET 
 
 PHONE KILDARE 7S26 
 
 W. TOMASZEWSKI 
 
 PLUMBING CONTRACTOR 
 
 1710-12 S. ASHLAND AVE. 
 CANAL 5J,78 
 
 4177-83 ARCHER AVE con RICHMOND ST 
 
 2536- 40 W 63 rd ST & MAPLEWOOD AVE*. 
 
 Manufacturers of High Grade 
 • Parlor Suites 
 
 41 79-85 Archer Avenue 
 2536-40 West 63rd Street 
 
 We Also Specialize in Refrigerators, 
 Washing Machines and Radios 
 
 [258] 
 
&- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 M 
 
 "Dziennik Chicagoski 
 
 yy 
 
 KOŃCZY się lat czterdzieści i trzy, gdy po 
 raz pierwszy ukazał się w Chicago "Dzien- 
 nik Chicagoski". 
 
 Czterdzieści i trzy lata temu pisał "Dziennik 
 Chicagoski" : 
 
 "Nie zamierzamy służyć bezwzględnie żadnej 
 partji, a zajmując stanowisko bezstronne, za- 
 mierzamy wykazywać błędy i zalety różnych 
 partyj. Jeżeli zasad partji demokratycznej bro- 
 nimy i bronić zamierzamy, to nie czynimy tego 
 dlatego, jakobyśmy byli ślepemi narzędziami tej 
 partji, tylko dlatego, iż widzimy w jej obecnych 
 zasadach korzyść dla interesów Polaków w Sta- 
 nach Zjednoczonych. 
 
 "Nie idzie zatem, ażeby nasz Dziennik stanow- 
 • czo już nazywano "demokratycznym". Że ma- 
 my pewne wyrobione zdanie polityczne, nie zna- 
 czy jeszcze, iż partji służymy. Przypuśćmy bo- 
 wiem, iż platforma republikańska będzie zdrow- 
 szą i dla interesów naszych korzystniejszą. Wów- 
 czas bezstronnie i bezinteresownie będziemy ją 
 gotowi popierać, a błędów partji demokratycz- 
 nej wcale nie zamierzamy usprawiedliwiać, ani 
 milczeniem pokrywać. 
 
 "Podobnie rzecz się ma z innemi sprawami 
 obchodzącemi emigrację naszą na ziemi ame- 
 rykańskiej. Staraniem naszem będzie zupełnie 
 bezstronnie i przedmiotowo nad takiemi spra- 
 wami się zastanawiać i nigdy nie zasłużyć na 
 zarzut, jakobyśmy rozmyślnie i niesłusznie jedno 
 poniżali, a inne wywyższali. 
 
 "Zasady stałe, któremi kierować się będziemy, 
 w kilku słowach dadzą się wyrazić; ceniąc wy- 
 soko Konstytucję Stanów Zjednoczonych, któ- 
 rych jesteśmy obywatelami, sądzimy, iż żywy 
 udział powinniśmy wziąć w publicznem życiu 
 kraju. Uważamy go za wielką rzeczpospolitą 
 utworzoną z różnych narodów miłujących wol- 
 ność i brzydzących się knutem i niewolą; my zaś 
 specjalnie, Polacy, nie za gości tej rzeczypospo- 
 litej winniśmy się uważać, tylko za część jej skła- 
 dową równie ważną, równe prawa i obowiązki 
 względem niej mającą, jak jakikolwiek inny na- 
 ród tu reprezentowany. Jako tacy, winniśmy ży- 
 wy brać udział w jej życiu politycznem i wespół 
 z innemi narodami dbać o jej rozwój, potęgę 
 i nieskazitelność, a zatem pracować nad usuwa- 
 niem tego, co w niej jest złem i nad wprowa- 
 dzeniem tego, co za dobre uznawać nam każe 
 sumienie. 
 
 "A czy to przeszkodzi być nam dobrymi Po- 
 lakami? Bynajmniej. Jeżeli Irlandczycy w Euro- 
 
 pie z rozrzewnieniem i radością dowiadują się o 
 wielkich wpływach i powodzeniach ich rodaków 
 za oceanem i nieraz z tego korzystają materjal- 
 nie i politycznie; jeżeli Niemcy europejscy z du- 
 mą opisują powodzenie i wpływy swoich 'kul- 
 turtragerów' w Ameryce, to Polacy w starym 
 kraju korzyści nieobliczonych, i materjalnych 
 i politycznych tylko wtedy mogą się od nas tu 
 spodziewać, jeżeli zdołamy odznaczyć się jako 
 obywatele tej wielkiej Rzeczypospolitej i udział 
 w jej życiu publicznem weźmiemy: jeżeli z je- 
 dnej strony nie odosobnimy się i nie zaskorupi- 
 my sami w sobie uważając się tylko za gości te- 
 go kraju, i jeżeli, z drugiej strony, znowu nie 
 utoniemy w tern wielkiem zgromadzeniu naro- 
 dów wynaradawiając się lub, jak się tu wyraża- 
 my, amerykanizując się. 
 
 "Służąc Stanom Zjednoczonym jako prawi o- 
 bywatele, służyć możemy Polsce. Trzeba tylko, 
 abyśmy umieli być dobrymi obywatelami i do- 
 brymi Polakami. 
 
 "Ażeby służyć dobrze krajowi, potrzeba mieć 
 odpowiednie uzdolnienie i wyrobione zasady mo- 
 ralne. W szkołach zyskuje się pierwsze, drugie 
 zaś w kościele. 
 
 "Polacy przywykli zawsze czerpać zasady mo- 
 ralne w prawdach religji katolickiej: toż i dzien- 
 nik polski innych zasad uznawać nie będzie. Wy- 
 stępować przeciw burzycielom i nieprzyjaciołom 
 porządku społecznego, wykazywać podstępne 
 machinacje i prostować fałsze rozsiewane przez 
 wrogów praw Boskich i ludzkich musi być rów- 
 nież jednem z zadań Dziennika." 
 
 Takie hasła głosił, takie zadania sobie posta- 
 wił "Dziennik Chicagoski" przed czterdziestu i 
 trzema laty i takim pozostał wierny po dziś dzień. 
 
 Dobro całego społeczeństwa miał Dziennik 
 zawsze na względzie i mieć będzie w dalszym 
 ciągu. Daleki był i daleki jest od zacietrzewio- 
 nego partyjnictwa, gdyż wie, że ono jest szko- 
 dliwe tak dla naszych interesów w Stanach Zje- 
 dnoczonych, jak i dla interesów Polski odrodzo- 
 nej. We wszystkich sprawach kieruje nim dobra 
 wola. której przyświeca liczenie się z interesem 
 Polski oraz interesem Wychodźtwa według naj- 
 lepszego rozumienia. Stąd pozwala sobie nie- 
 kiedy zganić to i owo, lecz nigdy w celu doku- 
 czenia komuś, tylko w celu przekonania go, że 
 jest w błędzie, lub że się myli. 
 
 Na posterunku tak pojmowanej służby "Dzien- 
 nik Chicagoski" będzie trwał nadal. 
 
 [ 259 ] 
 
J§5- 
 
 POLES IN AMERICA 
 
 THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 ik 
 
 PHONES: BRUNSWICK 6525-6526 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN 
 PACKING CO. 
 
 INDORSED BRAND 
 FOOD PRODUCTS 
 
 1001 MILWAUKEE AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 Compliments of 
 
 BUTTNY'S DRUG STORE 
 
 Use Buttny'8 Stu-Mix Mixtures 
 for All Stomach Ailments 
 
 4200 SOUTH MAPLEWOOD AVENUE 
 PHONES LAFAYETTE 1675-1671 CHICAGO 
 
 Get the SOUVENIR 
 
 BOOK for Yourself 
 
 MAIL $1.25 
 
 POLISH DAY ASSOCIATION 
 
 1200 N. ASHLAND AVE. CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 JOSEPH JONIEC 
 
 DAIRY PRODUCTS 
 
 10505 CORLISS AVE. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 FRANK HODOROWICZ 
 
 HARDWARE STORE 
 11823 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE 
 
 AMERICAN SPRING AND WIRE 
 
 SPECIALTY CO. 
 
 2754-56 WEST SUPERIOR STREET 
 
 S. P. DYBA CHICAGO 
 
 KULIG'S DAIRY 
 
 All Milk Products Fresh and Sanitary 
 11742 PRAIRIE AVE. CHICAGO 
 
 The Polish Dances 
 
 THE polonaise, known also as the slow 
 or marching dance, is a slow glide, 
 which in ancient Poland was danced at 
 court functions. Chopin made use of this 
 form of musical composition, especially in 
 his famous Polonaise in A-major. Ogiń- 
 ski, Kurpiński and Moniuszko also wrote 
 splendid polonaises for dancing. 
 
 The mazur, a lively dance consisting of 
 leaps and slides and of numberless figures, 
 written in 3 /± or % tempo, is one of the 
 most popular in Poland. 
 
 The krakowiak, written in two-fourths 
 time, is known and popular throughout 
 Poland. It is a graceful but rapid dance, 
 sung by the dancer, songs quickly to be 
 taken up by the rest of the participants. 
 
 The polka, a whirling dance of great 
 popularity, is really of Czech origin ; based 
 on it is the polka galopka, even more rapid 
 than the polka. 
 
 THE HOME STORE 
 
 11802-4-6 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE 
 
 JOS. FILIP LUMBER COMPANY 
 
 Lumber and Roofing Paper 
 
 2530-2538 W. 21st ST. TEL. LAWNDALE 0940 
 
 DR. J. M. KRASNIEWSKI 
 
 DENTAL SURGEON 
 3051 W. 22ND STREET CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT WET WASH LAUNDRY 
 C. F. FRENZEL, President 
 
 1024 W. 31ST ST. BOULEVARD 3041 
 
 PHONE HUMBOLDT 4095 OPEN SUNDAY 
 
 THEODORA BRZOZOWSKI 
 
 FLORIST SHOP AND GREENHOUSE 
 2321-33 HAMILTON AVENUE CHICAGO 
 
 SOUTH CHICAGO POTATO CO. 
 
 POTATOES AND FINEST FRUITS 
 
 We Deliver 
 
 8728 COMMERCIAL AVE. SAGINAW 9207 
 
 [260] 
 
POLES IN AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 sis ■ — - & 
 
 The Town of Cicero 
 
 STATE of ILLINOIS 
 
 IN the year 1857 Cicero was a vast tract of level 
 prairies, six miles in length from North to South, 
 six miles in width from East to West. The eastern 
 boundary, naturally the western limit of the City of 
 Chicago, was known even at that early date by the 
 name it bears today; Western Avenue, the northern 
 boundary, North Avenue, the southern boundary, Thirty- 
 ninth Street, and the western boundary a wagon road 
 bearing no name in 1857, but now known as Harlem 
 Avenue. 
 
 Three roads, the South-west Plank road (the present 
 Ogden Avenue) beginning at the ficticious land-mark 
 called "The Bulls Head", present corner of Ogden 
 Avenue and Randolph Street, extending in a south- 
 westerly direction to Hinsdale; the Sand Ridge road 
 beginning at the present corner of Riverside Drive and 
 Twenty-second Street, running north-east to Twelfth 
 Street and Austin Boulevard; and Pennsylvania Avenue, 
 now Lake Street, by far the most important of all, run- 
 ning in a north-westerly direction to Elgin, at the time 
 a thriving village; these were the only means of travel 
 in Cicero in 1857. 
 
 Two railroads entered Township Thirty-nine in the 
 year 1857, the Chicago and Galena Railroad, predecessor 
 of the Chicago and Northwestern on the North, and the 
 Chicago, Alton and St. Louis, changed later to the 
 Chicago and Alton, on the extreme south. 
 
 Early in the year 1857 pursuant to a petition of the 
 enterprising citizens of Township Thirty-nine, the County 
 Clerk of Cook County posted a notice within the town- 
 ship requesting the people of that locality to organize a 
 government. 
 
 By a unanimous vote a town government was or- 
 ganized co-extensive with the territorial boundaries of 
 Township Thirty-nine to be known as the Town of 
 Cicero, the name having been suggested by one of the 
 electors. Officers for the ensuing year were also elected 
 
 at that meeting, nine of the fourteen becoming Town 
 officials. 
 
 From the year 1859 to 1867 Cicero gradually grew 
 in population until it reached a total of 3,000 in 1867. 
 
 Until the year 1867, Cicero was merely a township. 
 Through the efforts of an enterprising Ciceronian, the 
 State Assembly passed an act to incorporate Township 
 Thirty-nine as the Town of Cicero giving it all the 
 powers, under the city and village act previously given 
 to incorporated towns. This charter was similar to all 
 other charters in the State relating to Towns. 
 
 Cicero has now reached the stage of being classed 
 as one of the largest and most important communities 
 in the State. It has the distinction of being the largest 
 incorporated town in the country. 
 
 Within its narrow limits it has a representation of 
 every nationality in the world. Its citizens are thrifty 
 and industrious. It is a distinctly home owning com- 
 munity. 
 
 Its present population today is estimated over 
 80,000, seventy-five per cent of which are Czecho- 
 slovakian people, who have their representatives in the 
 present administration. 
 
 The President, Board of Trustees, and the people of 
 the Town of Cicero extend to all the visitors of the 
 World's Fair a cordial invitation to be the guests of our 
 town during their visit here and take advantage of all 
 accommodations prepared for them. 
 
 Present Town Officials are as follows: President 
 Joseph G. Cerny; Clerk, Jerry J. Viterna; Collector 
 Rose Cuchną; Assessor, Henry Schwarzel; Supervisor, 
 Anton F. Maciejewski; Trustees, James Sedlacek, Frank 
 Novak, Fred J. Loyda. Nicholas Hendrikse; Police Ma- 
 gistrate, Henry J. Sandusky; Chief of Police, Michał So- 
 lar; Justices of the Peace: John P. Sverak, E. Turek, 
 Frank Christenson, S. Wyza, F. Weil, Frank J. Broz, 
 Supt. of Water. By John P. Sverak. 
 
 OFFICIALS OF THE TOWN OF CICERO, ILL., IN 1933 
 
 A. J, Maciejewski, h. B. Schwartzel, _„_,_ T ,,..„,. 
 Supervisor and Assessor Je " y J - % , ' 
 
 Treasurer Town Clerk. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Mrs. Bose Cuchną, James Sedlacek, prank J. Broz, 
 
 Town Collector. Trustee. Supt. of Water. 
 
 Joseph G Cerny, 
 
 President of the 
 Town of Cicero. 
 
 Nicholas Hendrikse, 
 
 Trustee. 
 
 Michael Solar, 
 Chief of Police. 
 
 Fred J. Loyda, 
 
 Trustee. 
 
 Trustee. 
 Frank J. Novak, 
 
 [261] 
 
A Complete Summary of Polish Parishes and Educational, Religious and Char- 
 itable Institutions in the Archdiocese of Chicago, including data as of May 1, 1933, 
 
 Pupils 
 Parish Clergymen in School 
 
 St. Adalbert 5 1,680 
 
 St. Anne 4 1,114 
 
 Assumption of B. V. M 2 557 
 
 St. Barbara 3 957 
 
 St. Bronisława 4 480 
 
 St. Bruno 2 602 
 
 St. Camillus 1 304 
 
 St. Casimir 5 1,750 
 
 St. Constance 2 646 
 
 St. Fidelis 3 605 
 
 Five Holy Martyrs 4 1,697 
 
 St. Florian 1 760 
 
 St. Francis of Assisi 1 388 
 
 Good Shepherd 2 400 
 
 St. Hedwig 5 2.180 
 
 St. Helen 3 1,340 
 
 Holy Innocents 4 1,845 
 
 Holv Trinity 7 2.170 
 
 St. Hyacinth 5 1,704 
 
 Immaculate Conception 3 1.141 
 
 Immaculate Heart of Mary 2 308 
 
 St. James 2 889 
 
 St. John Cantius 4 1,165 
 
 St. John of God 4 1.479 
 
 St. Josaphat 5 856 
 
 St. Joseph 4 1,671 
 
 St. Ladislaus 2 515 
 
 St. Mary of the Angels 3 950 
 
 St. Mary Maerdalene 3 963 
 
 St. Marv of Perpetual Help 4 1.668 
 
 St. Michael 4 1,883 
 
 St. Pancratius 2 930 
 
 St. Peter and Paul 3 1,271 
 
 St. Roman 3 873 
 
 Sacred Heart 3 1,031 
 
 St. Salomeą 2 477 
 
 St. Stanislaus Kostka 6 1.435 
 
 St. Stanislaus Bishop and Mar. 4 1218 
 
 St. Stephen 2 232 
 
 St. Thecla 1 255 
 
 Transfiguration 1 147 
 
 St. Turibius 1 194 
 
 St. Wenceslaus 3 691 
 
 St. Wenceslaus CDekoven St.)...l 145 
 
 St. Blase (Areo) 2 358 
 
 St. Isidore (Blue Island) 1 269 
 
 St. Andrew (CMumet City) 3 731 
 
 St. Joseph (Chicago Heights)...! 332 
 
 Teachers 
 
 42 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 24 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 10 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 
 23 Sisters of St. Joseph 
 
 10 Felician Sisters 
 12 Felician Sisters 
 
 7 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 45 Resurrection Sisters 
 
 20 Notre Dame Sisters 
 12 Sisters of St. Joseph 
 
 31 Franciscan Sisters of St. Kunegunda 
 17 Franciscan Sisters of St. Kunegunda 
 
 6 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 9 Felician Sisters 
 45 Sisters of the Holy Family of Naz. ; 2 Brothers 
 
 24 Felician Sisters 
 29 Felician Sisters 
 
 41 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 
 32 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 22 Franciscan Sisters of St. Joseph 
 
 9 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 
 17 Felician Sisters 
 
 25 Notre Dame Sisters 
 
 27 Felician Sisters 
 
 16 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 29 Felician Sisters 
 
 11 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 20 Resurrection Sisters 
 
 19 Felician Sisters 
 
 37 Sisters of St. Joseph 
 
 35 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 
 20 Franciscan Sisters of St. Kunegunda 
 
 18 Felician Sisters 
 
 18 Sisters of St. Joseph 
 22 Felician Sisters 
 
 8 Sisters of St. Joseph 
 
 28 Notre Dame Sisters 
 
 24 Franciscan Sisters of St. Kunegunda 
 
 6 Felician Sisters 
 
 7 Resurrection Sisters 
 4 Sisters of St. Joseph 
 4 Felician Sisters 
 
 16 Felician Sisters 
 4 Sisters of St. Francis of Mary Immaculate 
 
 9 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 6 Felician Sisters 
 
 15 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 
 8 Franciscan Sisters 
 
 [262] 
 
PO LES IX AMERICA — THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO A CENTURY OF PROGRESS 
 
 8§5 2§g 
 
 Pupils T , 
 
 Parish Clergymen in School 1 eacher8 
 
 St. Mary of Częstochowa (Cic.)3 828 19 Sisters of St. Joseph 
 
 St. Valentine (Cicero) 2 253 6 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 
 St. Mary of Gostyń (Dow's. Gr.) 1 81 2 Felician Sisters 
 
 Ascension (Evanston) 1 265 6 Felician Sisters 
 
 St. John Baptist (Harvey) 1 477 8 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 
 St. Susanna (Harvey) 1 257 6 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 
 Holy Cross (Joliet) 1 193 4 Sisters of St. Francis of Mary Immaculate 
 
 St. Thaddeus (Joliet) 1 388 8 Felician Sisters 
 
 St. Stanislaus (Kankakee) 1 123 4 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth 
 
 St. Cyril and Methodius (Lem.).l 182 6 Felician Sisters 
 
 Holy Rosary (North Chicago). ..2 450 12 Felician Sisters 
 
 St. Stanislaus (Posen) 1 214 4 Felician Sisters 
 
 60 Parishes— 158 Clergymen— 48,967 Pupils in School— 1,044 Teachers. 
 
 VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS 
 
 St. Hedwig's Orphanage — 700 children — 2 clergymen — 52 Felician Sisters — (Niles, Illinois). 
 St. Joseph's Home for the Aged — 166 residents — 1 clergyman — 16 Franciscan Sisters of Saint 
 Kunegunda 
 
 St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital — 4,333 patients during the year — 1 clergyman — 100 Sisters of the 
 Holy Family of Nazareth — Connected with the hospital : St. Mary of Nazareth School of 
 Nursing — 75 students. 
 
 HIGH SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 
 
 Holy Trinity High School for boys — 11 Brothers of Congregation of the Holy Cross — 238 students. 
 Weber High School for boys — 5 Resurrection Fathers — 6 Brothers — 6 lay teachers — 264 students. 
 Holy Family Academy for girls — 1 clergyman — 46 Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth — 3 lay 
 teachers — 360 students. 
 
 Resurrection High School for girls — (Norwood Park) — a boarding school — 50 Resurrection Sis- 
 ters — 22 Novices — 23 Postulants — 1 lay teacher — 112 students. 
 
 Good Counsel High School for girls — a boarding school — 1 clergyman — 11 Sisters (Felician) — 2 
 lay teachers — 172 students. 
 
 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS 
 
 Novitiate of the Resurrection Fathers — 4 clergymen — 17 novices — 3 postulants — 3 brothers. 
 General Motherhouse of the Franciscan Sisters of St. Kunegunda — 1 clergyman — 316 Sisters — 65 
 Novices — 30 Postulants. 
 
 Novitiate of the Resurrection Sisters (Norwood Park) — 50 Sisters — 22 Novices — 23 Postulants. 
 Novitiate and Training School of the Felician Sisters — 2 clergymen — 702 Sisters — 21 Novices — 
 28 Postulants. 
 
 Motherhouse of the Holy Family of Nazareth Sisters, (Desplaines, 111.) — 1 clergyman — 613 Sisters 
 — 76 Novices — 15 Postulants — 15 Aspirants. 
 
 [263] 
 
Thanks must be expressed to the patrons, donors, 
 and advertisers appearing in this book, and to the 
 hundreds, nay, thousands, of persons cooperating in 
 making the Polish Week of Hospitality a success. 
 
 The Committee is further grateful to the numer- 
 ous firms and persons cooperating in various other 
 tvays. In this respect the following firms are par- 
 ticularly deserving of mention: Marquette Motor 
 Truck Service, Fullerton Motor Truck Service and In- 
 ternational Harvester Company. 
 
 Finally, the press, both Polish and English, is de- 
 serving of credit for their generous support of this 
 project: Chicago Daily News, Chicago Daily Tribune, 
 Chicago Daily Times, Chicago Evening American, 
 Chicago Herald and Examiner, Polish Daily "Zgoda", 
 Polish Daily Neivs, Polish Union Daily, and the numer- 
 ous community and suburban weeklies in the vicinity 
 of Chicago. 
 
 THE EDITOR. 
 
 '347 PRINTED BY THE POLISH DAILY ZGODA, CHICAGO, ILL.