mm * WSTMICUL SURVEY 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://archive.org/details/chicagoaswerememOOoakw 
 
977.311 
 C4323 
 
 ~~ W 
 
 AS WE REME 
 
MKL SCAL SURVEY 
 
D U C T I O N 
 
 THIS is a tale of Chicago and its people. Far from complete in all aspects, yet rich 
 in the illustrations and anecdotes herewith portrayed, this story highlights some 
 of the milestones and the exciting, rapid and colorful growth of a village that today takes her 
 place among the queen cities of the world. 
 
 Chicago, as we remember her . . . and her people, who have developed a city with vast 
 transportation systems, gigantic industries and magnificent institutions. 
 
 Yes, this is the tale we have to tell and we hope that it will bring back many 
 vivid memories of the Chicago which you may remember hearing about, too. 
 
 Most of us know of the humble beginning of our great city ... of the handful 
 of families who settled on the banks of what is now the Chicago river and Lake Michigan 
 and of the incorporation of the city in 1833. 
 
 Rising out of the same wilderness as Chicago herself, the Oak Woods Cemetery Association 
 was organized in 1853 by a group of the city's leaders and is, today, one of Chicago's 
 most widely known and respected institutions. 
 
PREVIOUS to the time of the incorporation of Oak Woods Cemetery, most burial places 
 were church yards or small plots adjacent to cities or towns. 
 But the nine men who organized Oak Woods secured the services of Adolph Strauch, foremost 
 landscape architect and designer, and the foundation was laid for the conception 
 of a cemetery capable of development into a beautiful park with wide lawns and 
 winding roads, tastefully planted with trees and shrubbery. 
 
 Chicago is indeed grateful to such early leaders of 
 Chicago as Joseph B. Wells, William B. Herrick, 
 John Evins, Norman B. Judd, William B. Egan. 
 Ebenezer Peck, J. Young Scammon, R. K. Swift and 
 Charles N. McKubbin, the original nine 
 incorporators of Oak Woods Cemetery. 
 
 These men bought a tract of land seven miles 
 south from what is now Randolph Street. They commissioned Edmond Bixby 
 to survey and plot the 183 acres. Then four man-made lakes were added 
 
 and the grounds beautifully landscaped. At the same time the first officers were duly elected. 
 They included J. Young Scammon, President; Elliott Anthony, Vice President; 
 
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 Marcus Farwell, Treasurer, and Paul Cornell, Secretary. 
 
 It was Paul Cornell who, a year earlier, recognized the great business and residential potentialities 
 
 of the south side. In the spring of 1856 Mr. Cornell laid out a subdivision on a piece of 
 
 property which he named Hyde Park. In fact he encouraged the Illinois Central to purchase sixty 
 
 acres of land for $30.00 per acre on his tract of 300 acres bordering Lake Michigan about 
 
 six miles south of the city. The sixty-acre tract was purchased on the condition that the 
 
 Illinois Central would establish a station at that point and operate 
 
 regular daily trains between there and Chicago. 
 
 Furthermore, should the patronage fail to meet 
 expenses, Mr. Cornell agreed to make up the deficit out of 
 his own pocket. This project was the forerunner of what 
 has now become one of the greatest suburban 
 transportation systems of our country. 
 
 Today Paul Cornell is interred at Oak Woods along with many other 
 famous men and women from all walks of life. Perhaps you would be interested in knowing 
 something about a few of these people who have made Chicago great. Surprisingly enough, several 
 of these persons were born within a few years of the incorporation of Oak Woods itself. 
 
 / 
 
AMONG the famous political figures interred at Oak Woods are 
 > % Charles S. Deneen and John M. Hamilton, former Governors 
 
 of Illinois; William Hale Thompson and Monroe Heath, both Mayors 
 of Chicago; Congressman James R. Mann, famous for introducing "The 
 Mann Act"; Lyman Trumbull, Secretary of State, Justice of the Illinois 
 Supreme Court and U. S. Senator at the time of the impeachment proceedings 
 against President Andrew Johnson; Noble Brandon Judah, 
 Ambassador to Cuba; and Alfred S. Trude, famous criminal lawyer 
 who prosecuted the murderer of former Mayor Carter H. Harrison. 
 
 From the field of merchants and businessmen are such 
 names as Otto Young, who was associated in the ownership of the 
 Fair Store; the Eckstein and Rueckheim families of 
 Cracker Jack fame; Herbert G. B. Alexander, President of the 
 Continental Casualty Co.; and Frank G. Logan, capitalist, patron of arts 
 and one of the builders of Orchestra Hall. 
 
 The world of sports has its representation at Oak Woods too, with 
 the great Walter H. Eckersall, All-American football player and sports 
 writer for the Chicago Tribune. There is also the monument in memory of 
 Captain Adrian Constantine Anson, "Father of Baseball", 
 which was erected by the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs 
 Finally, of more recent times, there is Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, 
 who became the first Commissioner of Baseball. 
 
 The educational and humanitarian groups are represented by Johnston Myers, 
 
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George S. Goodspeed and William H. Ryder — all prominent theologians; Charles R. Henderson, 
 well known sociologist; and Thomas Lowther, a leader in the Abolitionist Movement. 
 
 Representing heavy industry are the lots belonging to the 
 family of the Vierling Steel Corporation, John W. Griffiths, renowned for the planning and 
 building of the Union Station, the Hortons of the Chicago Bridge &t Iron Works and the late Charles 
 H. Markham, former President of the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 
 Interred also at Oak Woods is the famous Opera Singer, Jessie Bartlett Davis, who won so 
 much applause throughout the country by her singing of "Oh, Promise Me". There is also 
 the grave of William Rainey Harper, first President of the University of Chicago, 
 and the Scammon lot where is interred Jonathan Young Scammon, former University of Chicago 
 Trustee and in whose honor Scammon Hall was named. Mr. Scammon was the first 
 President of Oak Woods. Here, too, is the grave of Marcus A. Farwell, merchant and first 
 Treasurer of Oak Woods Cemetery. 
 
 These are but a few of the many who pioneered to make Chicago great, who grew 
 up with Chicago and who had their many pleasant memories of Chicago as they knew her, as well 
 as their cherished dreams and great aspirations for her future. 
 
A S 
 
 W E 
 
 REMEMBER 
 
 HER 
 
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 HO could guess that this marshy wilderness on the edge of Lake Michigan was destined 
 for greatness? Certainly not the primitive Indians who lived there until 
 
 crowded out by "pale face" pioneers from the East. And even when 
 
 the settlement of 350 white men was incorporated into the city of Chicago, few 
 
 among them envisioned the growth that was to come. True, one 
 
 man predicted a population of five thousand in five years — by 1838 — but he was laughed at as a 
 
 dreamer. And there was talk of a canal joining Lake Michigan 
 
 with the Illinois River which might some day make Chicago the Gateway to the West . . . 
 
But there were more important problems to cope with then — the mud, the lack of sanitary 
 
 conditions, the tremendous parade of immigrants who streamed in via the Erie Canal. 
 
 Providing accommodations was a headache in itself. 
 
 Wooden "Balloon" houses sprang up over night. Some lots were selling as high as 
 
 $60.20 an acre. Only a few years later this was considered a bargain. A new 
 
 hotel, the Tremont, was built to help take care of the overflow. In spite 
 
 of all this, business as usual or even better 
 
 was being carried on. Cattle and hogs 
 
 were slaughtered in the mired 
 
 streets . . . while dozens of lake vessels 
 
 crammed the tiny harbor. 
 
A 
 
 LITTLE steam engine named The Pioneer arrived in Chicago in 1848 via boat and intro- 
 duced railroading to the growing city. That same year John B. Sherman established 
 
 Old Bull's Head Stockyards, at the corner of Madison St. and Ogden Ave., which was the 
 forerunner of the Union Stock Yards — largest of its kind in the world. The railroad 
 and meat packing industries were destined to combine into the 
 greatest motivating forces of fortune-seeking Chicagoans. 
 
 A number of "firsts" were recorded in Chicago during 1853. 
 Construction of the first water tower was begun; boats first started on daily runs to 
 Milwaukee; the city experienced its first labor strike and convicted 
 
 10 
 
its first counterfeiter. On February 12th, a day to be revered later 
 
 as the birthdate of Abraham Lincoln, the Illinois State Legislature 
 
 granted a special perpetual charter to the Oak Woods Cemetery Association. One of the few 
 
 cemeteries to be so organized and operated by virtue of a Special Legislative Act, 
 
 its charter guaranteed a permanent resting place for all 
 
 those who would find peace for evermore among its wooded, lake-studded acres: 
 
 "And no road . . . shall be . . . opened through their said grounds . . . without consent 
 of the directors; nor shall any corporation now existing or hereafter created, 
 be authorized to take, hold or possess, any portion of said cemetery by condemnation ..." 
 
 11 
 
THIS year's entertainment season opened at the Rice Theater with J. H. McVicker starring in 
 three different roles in the play, "Married Life." Later, the new McVicker's Theater was 
 to be built seating the amazing number of 2,500 persons. P. T. Barnum's Museum and Menagerie 
 came to town that summer to exhibit Tom Thumb, the fabulous midget, and a cage of performing lions. 
 
 The question of slavery had become all-important by 1858 and in that year 
 Stephen A. Douglas made a speech from the balcony of the Tremont Hotel in Chicago giving his 
 opinions on the subject. The following night a promising young lawyer 
 and U.S. Representative named Abraham Lincoln gave an opposing view 
 from the same balcony which led to the Lincoln-Douglas debates that attracted nationwide 
 
 attention. Lincoln became presidential timber, aided by the 
 backing of Editor Joseph Medill of the Chicago Tribune. 
 Two years later a large wooden building called the Wigwam 
 was erected in Chicago where the Republican Convention met. 
 Lincoln was nominated for the presidency by Norman B. Judd, 
 one of the original incorporators of Oak Woods Cemetery. 
 
 During the latter part of the War between the States that 
 
 12 
 
followed, Chicago took time out to dedicate 
 
 its new Lincoln Park, on the site of what 
 
 then was the City Cemetery. Many hundreds that jfa 
 
 were interred there were moved to Oak Woods. 
 
 Chicago took title to the new lots and 
 
 issued their own deeds to those 
 
 who had been dispossessed in 
 
 the City Cemetery 
 
 13 
 
AN epidemic of smallpox claimed the lives of 283 Chicagoans and 
 JL JL it was decided that the pollution of the lake was responsible. 
 Believing that offshore water would be uncontaminated, wooden 
 tunnels were built two miles out into the lake to pumping cribs. A new 
 watertower — destined to survive the Great Chicago Fire and 
 become a landmark — was erected. Still the high death rate continued. 
 A daring new idea was conceived and authorized by the state to 
 \|C make the Chicago River run backward. The mouth of the river 
 was built up until water flowed out of the lake instead of into it. Finally, sanitation was improved. 
 George M. Pullman, who first gained prominence by preventing the Tremont Hotel from 
 sinking in the mud, came up with a new idea in 1864 — a way to increase the service of 
 the already invaluable railroads and add to passenger comfort. The innovation was 
 the practical "Pullman Palace" car which offered travelers something better than seats on 
 which to sleep. It did not receive public acceptance, however, until Mrs. Lincoln used it following 
 
 14 
 
her collapse in Chicago after the funeral of the late president. By 1867 
 
 Pullman cars were in common use and dining cars shortly made their appearance. 
 
 The year before, another convenience was offered to the public by the Illinois Central 
 Railroad. A special addition to the then 16 year old line enabled 
 
 Chicagoans to reach Oak Woods Cemetery by a spur, turn-around track. As an added service, 
 the progressive minded Illinois Central offered the use of an entire funeral train consisting 
 of the engine, a car for mourners and a baggage car for the remains 
 at the low price of $25.00. For just $5.00, a single private 
 coach could be rented. 
 
 
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 15 
 
again. During the war it had housed 10,000 captured Confederate soldiers. A handful had 
 escaped and it was rumored that a wholesale break was to be organized by the Copperheads to 
 inspire an insurrection at Chicago. An appeal was made for troops. The 109th Pennsylvania 
 Infantry came and quelled the fears . . . then cholera and smallpox made sure there would 
 be no uprising. The dread diseases killed men by the hundreds — and thousands. 
 
 The United States Government acquired two acres of land in Oak Woods for the burial 
 of these Confederate soldiers — estimated to be nearly 6,000 in number — in 1867. This 
 Confederate mound, as it came to be widely known, also contains the twelve 
 Federal guards who died at Camp Douglas with their prisoners. 
 16 
 
Years later the Confederate Monument was erected 
 
 through the efforts of southern sympathizers, together 
 
 with donations from all parts of the country. And 
 
 finally, in elaborate ceremonies attended by over 100,000 
 
 persons, including President Grover Cleveland 
 
 and his entire cabinet, the beautiful 
 
 monument was solemnly dedicated. 
 
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 17 
 
OAK WOODS 
 
 This beautiful structure contains 
 two spacious chapels, available to 
 all lot owners, and the crematory. 
 
 Many select spaces are still avail- 
 able to choose from at Oak Woods, 
 in such scenic and peaceful sur- 
 roundings as this. 
 
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 18 
 
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For picturesque landscaping and historical in- 
 terest, few cemeteries of the world can match 
 Oak Woods ... a well tended sanctuary filled 
 with restful shade trees and sparkling blue 
 lakes you will want to visit often. 
 
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 A wide selection of floral 
 varieties are available from 
 Oak Woods' conveniently lo- 
 cated flower shops. The green- 
 houses are among the largest 
 and most complete of any 
 cemetery in the world. 
 
 19 
 
 mm 
 
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 Y 1869 Chicago was well on the way toward becoming "the convention city" and in that year 
 Ulysses S. Grant was nominated for the presidency at Crosby's Opera House. 
 
 Soon after, the Opera House was the center of a less memorable but amusing incident. "The 
 Black Crook", presented by European ballet artists, shocked Chicago audiences with its 
 dancers clothed in tights. A Chicago editor took the troupe to task with a scathing story in his 
 paper and he, in turn, was sought out by Lydia Thompson, one of the dancers, and 
 
 soundly horse-whipped for his observations. The repercussions of this incident increased 
 
 Chicago's fame as a "wild town" and found their way into one of the rules governing 
 Oak Woods Cemetery: All women must be properly clothed upon 
 entering the cemetery grounds. 
 
 Another, more ominous editorial, 
 which appeared in the Chicago Tribune 
 September 10th, 1871, pointed out that while Chicago 
 
 20 
 
had indeed come far since its inception, there were "miles of firetraps, 
 pleasing to the eye, looking substantial, but all sham and shingles". 
 No one listened. Less than a month later it happened. A drouth-stricken 
 Chicago — high winds — and, some say, a cow owned by Mrs. O'Leary — all 
 combined to bring the city its greatest disaster. Whether or not a cow kicked 
 over a lantern, the fire started. And there was no stopping it. The blaze 
 swept everything before it, killing an uncountable number of people, leaving 
 98,000 homeless and destroying over 17,000 buildings. 
 
 Oak Woods Cemetery, not a part of Chicago, had offices in the Marine Bank Building 
 at the time of the fire. Twisted bits of iron and glass, all that remain of the office, now lie at the 
 foot of a plaque in the beautiful cemetery. Fortunately, duplicate records of Oak Woods were not 
 destroyed by the fire and are still in existence. Today, all Oak Woods' records are microfilmed 
 and placed in bank vaults as a precautionary measure. 
 
 21 
 
T 
 
 HEN came "the Phoenix City" — post-fire Chicago arising out of the ashes — built of brick 
 and stone. The new Potter Palmer House appeared, billed as "the first wholly fireproof 
 
 hotel in the United States". Steel was introduced. The Monadnock Building reached toward the 
 sky with its incredible sixteen stories. The city's population mushroomed to well over a 
 million. Chicago was again on the march — growing as never before. 
 
 Jhe "Elegant Eighties" brought forth other new wonders 
 — on Chicago's Gold Coast. There was the 
 
 Potter Palmer "Castle", built for the 
 
 Father of State Street" at the cost of 
 
 22 
 
a million dollars. Here visited Presidents Grant and McKinley, as well as royalty from all over 
 
 the world. For years the stately mansion was famed as the social center of Chicago . . . 
 
 there was the Mrs. Edith Rockefeller McCormick House, 
 
 in which the daughter of the then styled "richest man in the world" 
 
 entertained on her own extravagant scale . . . the home of the late president's son, 
 
 Robert Todd Lincoln. In other parts of the city were built the 
 
 fabulous mansions of Chicago's leading citizens, 
 
 Cyrus H. McCormick, Joseph T. Ryerson, 
 
 John Cudahy, W. W. Kimball, Marshall Field, John G. Shedd and many more. 
 
 23 
 
o 
 
 N a more modest scale, Oak Woods had begun its continuing 
 program of modernization. A private water 
 system was installed in 1887. Formerly, horse drawn wagons 
 were used to keep the grounds green, but the new system 
 employed a steam driven pump to force water through square 
 wooden pipes underground. That same year a unique 
 communication system was installed — a 
 400 lb. bell atop a fifty foot tower. It was used to signal workers throughout 
 
 Oak Woods' 183 acres. Then came another new "gadget", the telephone. 
 
 Next came Oak Woods' first automobile when its Board of Directors voted 
 
 in 1913, after a tedious three hour debate, to try out one 
 
 of the then popular Chalmers cars. Today, still 
 
 in keeping with the times, Oak Woods' 
 
 motor fleet is to be equipped with two-way radios. 
 
 24 
 
THE Eighties also brought the 
 infamous Haymarket Riot 
 which startled the city and the 
 nation. Until then "Anarchism" T 
 was a harmless, almost 
 unknown word. Overnight 
 it came to mean dynamite and 
 disorder. Several anarchist agitators were 
 conducting a meeting for a group of discontented wage 
 
 earners in Haymarket Square, when the police arrived to disperse them. Shots were fired ... a 
 bomb exploded, killing more than a dozen and injuring fifty. Eight 
 leaders were indicted and convicted of murder. Though the number 
 
 of people involved was comparatively small, the incident was discussed throughout the nation, and 
 Americans decided they would have no part of anarchy or its violence. 
 
 25 
 
T 
 
 HE opening of the "Gay Nineties" held happy prospects 
 
 , '"7 1 
 for Chicagoans, indeed — for this 
 
 great city was selected as the site of the Columbian 
 
 Exposition, 400th anniversary celebration 
 
 of America's discovery. Daniel H. Burnham, 
 
 the famous architect, was put in command. 
 
 He enlisted the aid of the country's leading artists, 
 
 sculptors and architects, counseling | |f 
 
 them: "Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men's 
 
 blood . . .", Yes, this would be something grand — something worthy 
 
 of the honor bestowed on the nation's second city. 
 
 What if the site was to be the swampy Jackson Park area? 
 Hadn't Chicago itself arisen from such an ignoble beginning? The 
 mud holes were quickly filled, the lagoons and islands formed, the 
 landscaping fashioned and the building begun. For its part, 
 Oak Woods granted the Exposition special permission to unload 
 materials and exhibits in a portion of the cemetery nearby. 
 
 26 
 
The Columbian Exposition was a tremendous success. For years afterward people 
 throughout the world reminisced of its grandeur — the Columbian Fountain with 
 searchlights playing on its colorful waters . . . the fabulous Art Palace that still stands 
 . . . the regal Court of Honor with its white marble steps and balustrades, 
 its picturesque lagoons and gondolas. 
 
 The only somber note of the whole Fair was the fire in its cold storage plant. 
 130,000 visitors watched the blaze — stood by horror-stricken as fifteen 
 firemen were trapped by the flames on a pinnacle and forced to leap to their death 
 ... A lot for their interment was donated by Oak Woods and over it the Chicago 
 Fire Department has erected a beautiful granite memorial bearing the names 
 of the heroes in this tragedy. 
 
 27 
 
as "Porkopolis," or "City in the Mud". Theodore Dresier was making himself heard 
 throughout the land — the artists of Chicago held their first exhibition of paintings — Sir 
 Walter Besant, a famous English author, observed: "There has sprung up in the city of 
 Chicago a new literary center ... a company of novelists, poets 
 and essayists . . . who are united by an earnest resolution to cultivate letters ..." 
 
 The end of the Fair was also the start of a crippling depression that forced more than three 
 million into unemployment. A soup kitchen near the lake fed 4,000 a day . . . charitable 
 institutions and saloons alike helped feed and clothe the needy. The depression was felt even 
 in the model city built and operated by Pullman for his workers — especially when he was forced to 
 cut wages without reducing rents accordingly. There were protests — some men were 
 discharged and the remainder went out on a strike that lasted for months. 
 
 28 
 
Anticipating trouble, the Special Assistant District Attorney appealed to President Cleveland 
 for, and was promised, Federal troops. Illinois' Governor Altgeld objected and 
 exchanged angry messages with the President who, nevertheless, upheld the action. Then violence 
 did break out. Rails were torn up that caused wrecks — freight cars were fired — explosions 
 
 set off in the yards — there was shooting on both sides. Finally, a few days after the arrival of Federal 
 
 troops, union leaders advised their men to return to work. A ruling by the 
 
 Illinois Supreme Court, resulted, stating 
 
 that the Pullman Company 
 
 could no longer play landlord to its 
 
 workers. Their homes became their 
 
 own and "Pullman City" 
 
 became a part of Chicago. 
 
 29 
 
AN] 
 
 A 
 
 ND then, disaster again . . . and again by fire. The Iroquois Theater was presenting "Mr. 
 Bluebeard" to an audience composed largely of women and 
 
 children. A sudden puff of smoke ... a scream . . . and the crowd started to stampede. 
 Eddie Foy, the comedian, shouted from the stage for them to be calm — there was 
 
 no danger. But on they surged to the locked or 
 
 blocked exit doors where five hundred 
 
 and seventy-five were burned or trampled to 
 
 death. The entire world was shocked 
 
 by the tragedy and everywhere theaters were closed 
 
 for inspection of possible fire hazards . . . 
 
 a great many of those who so lost their lives 
 
 are interred at Oak Woods Cemetery. 
 
 30 
 
c 
 
 HICAGO'S growing reputation as a cultural and 
 beauty-conscious center was 
 
 further enhanced in 1905 by the building of 
 
 famous Garfield Park Conservatory. Completed two 
 
 years later, it became, and is still, the world's largest 
 
 municipally owned conservatory. Every conceivable type of plant — over a million dollars worth in 
 
 all — is housed under two and a half acres of glass and on two surrounding 
 
 acres for all to enjoy. Oak Woods' own greenhouses have been an 
 
 outstanding feature of the cemetery since 1880. They include countless floral varieties displayed 
 
 under 70,000 feet of glass and are among the largest and most complete 
 
 of any cemetery in the country. A flower shop is also maintained for the 
 
 convenience of visitors. 
 
 31 
 
^>|HICAGO moves on, swiftly ... by 1910 its population has sky-rocketed to well over two 
 
 ^■^ million with no limit in sight. More tragedies and triumphs are 
 coming for the city to take in its ever-growing stride . . . 1915— the excursion boat Eastland 
 overturns in the Chicago River— eight hundred and twelve 
 
 persons lose their lives . . . 1917-thousands of Chicagoans enter the "war to end all 
 wars" . . . prohibition . . . stocks: $20— $40— $200 . . . 
 
 apples: 5c ... A Century of Progress . . . "Peace in our time" . . . another "war to end 
 all wars" ... the atom bomb . . . 
 
 Chicago, the magnificent, continues its never-slackening climb through 
 history, ever-conscious of yesterday and hopeful for tomorrow. 
 As at Oak Woods today, there is no somber reminder 
 
 32 
 
of the past — only beauty and a proud memory 
 of achievement as marked by the stone 
 monuments of men. 
 
 Oak Woods' hope for 
 
 Chicago is the promise it offers its own: 
 
 Everlasting Peace . . . Peace 
 
 Forevermore. 
 
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 offers its lot owners 
 protection through its 
 Perpetual Charter 
 
 • Created in 1853 by a Special Act of the General Assembly of Illinois, 
 and with individual cemetery care deposits in excess of $2,000,000.00, 
 OAK WOODS has been selected by more families than any other 
 non-sectarian cemetery in Chicago. 
 
 • Located within the city, it is convenient to street cars, buses 
 and trains in all kinds of weather. 
 
 Deferred payment plan \\ desired 
 
 GDak H00&0 tifetneten; Aaaoriation 
 
 GENERAL OFFICE 
 1035 East 67th Street 
 BUtterfield 8-3800 
 
 CHAPEL • CREMATORY • MEMORIALS • FLOWER SHOP • GREENHOUSE 
 
 34 
 
F. 37 "STREET 
 
 CEMETERY 
 
 CHARTtR PERPETUAL 
 
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 g 77* StkTS 
 
 35 
 
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