IRELAND’S RECOVERY; AN ESSAY, BY JOHN LOCKE, A, B., FELLOW OF THE STATISTICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, &C. »*' Dublin , 2\st October , 1854. J. L. LONDON: JOHN WILLIAM PARKER AND SON, 445, WEST STRAND; And ,sold by all Booksellers; OR FROM THE AUTHOR, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, DUBLIN. THIRD THOUSAND. OPINIONS. “ The whole reparative processes have been brought before us in one view by Mr. Locke, and we think the first and fairest impression that his clear statistical statements will leave on the mind is—that we have been witnessing an immense social movement, arising out of Providential causes ; and owing nothing to Parliament, but a little needful, perhaps clumsy, assistance and organization.”— Times. ' “ Practically valuable to intending purchasers of estates in Ireland."— Liverpool Times. “ A cheering pamphlet.”— Athenaeum. “ Most instructive and interesting.”— Hull Advertiser. “ Containing much information and lucid reasoning, illustrative of the social and moral progress of Ireland.”— Weekly Hews and Chronicle. “ Pacts, arranged with care and accuracy ; and deductions, comprehensive and clear.”— Freeman’s Journal. “ Mr. Locke has laid the public under great obligations to him by this publication.”— Dublin Evening Post. “ Containing accurate statistical information.”— Galway Packet. “ Displaying great labour and research.”— Galway Express. “ A faithful narrative of the silent revolution now progressing in Ireland." —Irish Farmer’s Gazette. “ An able practical essay, written in a masterly style. The author tho¬ roughly understands his subject in all its bearings.”— Agricultural Magazine. “ A practical and instructive pamphlet, which, like its predecessors from the same pen, must contribute to nourishing renewed resolves, and creating new hopes and aspirations for the future welfare of Ireland.”— Belfast Mer¬ cantile Journal. “We heartily recommend this valuable work, especially to those looking to Ireland, as a field of profitable investment.”— Nottinghamshire Guardian. “ Your pamphlet has been of great service to this country.”— William Dargan. “ This brochure will do much good.”—J. J. Mechi. “ You have grouped very happily numerous pertinent facts and statistics.” —Major Larcom, Under-Secretary for Ireland. “ An authentic record of the condition and progress of Ireland.”—S. G. Fenton, Belfast. “ A compact and lucid text-book of the most ilnportant statistics, relative to the recent comparative condition of Ireland.”— Richard Dowden, (R.) Cork. “ Perused with interest and instruction. The recovery—the real recovery of Ireland—is a grand and elevating subject of contemplation.”— Samuel Warren. ,“Like your former essays, full of .information, and executed with great ability.”— William Keogh, M.P , Solicitor-General for Ireland. IRELAND’S RECOYERY; OK, EXCESSIVE EMIGRATION AND ITS REPARATIVE AGENCIES IN IRELAND, Jitt WITH APPENDIX, CONTAINING USEFUL INFORMATION, AND NUMEROUS STATISTICAL TABLES, ILLUSTRATING AND SUBSTANTIATING THE CONCLUSIONS DEDUCED. BY JOHN LOCKE, A.B. FELLOW OF THE STATISTICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, &c. &a “ The prosperity of a People is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully employed. To the community Sedition is a fever. Corruption a gangrene, and Idleness an atrophy. Whatever Society wastes more than it acquires, must gradually decay; and every individual that continues to he fed and ceases to labour, takes away something from the public stock.” Db. Samuel Johnson. “ Statistics are the introduction of the principle of induction into the inves¬ tigation of the affairs of human life, an operation that requires the same philosophical qualities as the other Sciences.”— Address of The Eakl of Hakeowby, President of the British Association for Advancement of Science. September 20, 1854. THIRD THOUSAND. LONDON: JOHN W. PARKER AND SON, 445, WEST STRAND. AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS ; OR FROM THE AUTHOR, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, DUBLIN. PRINTED BY HARRISON AND SONS, LONDON GAZETTE OFFICE, RT. MARTIN’S LANE. INDEX. Emigration, decreasing Page 1 and Appendix A. Remittances from emigrants 2 British North America . 2 Advantages for emigrants . 3 Labour, deportation of, injurious . 3 Pauperism, decrease of . 4 and Appendix B. Reproductive industrial system 5 and Appendix C. Crime, decrease of . 5 and Appendix D, Loyalty and peace prevalent * 5 Education, progress and practical character of 6 National system of . 8 and Appendix F. Compulsory 6, 8 Preventive of crime . . 9 Note Agriculture, progress of . 9 and Appendix G. Rise of wages . 9 and Note Harvest of 1854 10 Increase of arable land 10 and Appendix H. Free trade in land 10 and 20, 21 Concord of landlord and tenant 11 Management of peat and moor soils Appendix G. Trade, Commerce, and Manufactures, progress of. 11 and Appendix I. Exemplified by Belfast 12 Sewed muslin manufacture . 13 Ulster banks of issue . 13 Fisheries, progress of . 14 and Appendix K. Art of pisciculture 15 Mineral Resources, development of 16 and Appendix L. Cause of hindrance 17 Fairhead district 19 Incumbered Estates Commission, necessary for Ireland ...... 19 General Registration Act 20 For Great Britain ] 21 For West Indies] 21 The land market of Ireland 22 Suggestions to purchasers . 23 Statistics of the Commission 22 and Appendix M. Tables of Acreage, Yaluation, Currency, Mile¬ age, and Stamp Duty on Conveyances . Appendix N. and E. r 33£>:fi-l6- L 7 1 3 £ IRELAND’S RECOVERY. As with nature so with man, whether in his individual or collective aspect, progress is essential to prosperity. Arrest of onward movement implies origination of decay, the very elements of which are eliminated from the richness of those resources, that Divine Providence has so amply supplied for the appropriation of our national industries in this highly favoured clime and country. But there is now no symptom of decline, nor occasion for despondency. The famine period appears to have filled up the measure of Ireland’s misfortunes and punish¬ ment together; and the opening year of the half century witnessed, with the extinction of political animosities, the rise of an industrial activity, destined, if pursued with unswerving aim, to lay a firm foundation for future prosperity, and render Irishmen worthy to possess, and able to sustain that rational freedom, which it was as little in the power of civil strife to achieve as of selfish passion to enjoy. In bringing “ Ireland’s Recovery ” the third year in succession before the public, the author is encouraged, while retaining the same division of matter, to adduce new and more enlarged proofs of the validity of his conclusions, and render the brochure useful and interesting to every class of readers , by additional statistical tables in the Appendix. The drain of emigration still continues though with an abated flow, yet the motives are changed. The despair of famine no longer urges; but instead, that very love of home and relatives, which a few years since bound the peasant so strongly to native land; each emigrant being B Emigration decreasing. 2 Appendix A. Emigrant remittances. Appendix A. British North America. Prosperity, signs of. in fact an additional link in the chain of attraction, that draws the Irish peasantry to their kindred beyond the sea. For the last three years the expenses of transport have been almost wholly contributed by former settlers, the amount of remittances in 1853, through banks and mercantile houses alone (not including sums sent by private channels) being little short of a million and a half. Since the emigration of 1851, the first period brought before the public in this series of pamphlets, emigration has been gradually declining. In 1852 it was one-tenth less than in 1851,—in 1853 one-seventh less than in 1852,—and this year will doubtless exhibit a still greater decrease. It is observable, too, that while there is a considerable decline in emigration to Australia (indicating abatement of the gold fever) as well as to the United States, there is an increase to British North America, which is steadily unfolding the boundless resources of its vast regions, and developing the germ of a future prosperous and powerful empire. Indeed, the migration of European populations to new or unsettled countries is now little more remarkable in Ireland, than in Germany and Great Britain; and in fact emigration at the present juncture must be considered a necessity of our era, consequent upon the rapidity, economy, and security of travel, and the general development of the resources of all countries; and presents itself to the reflective mind as one of those providential agencies, destined to establish new conditions of society under happier auspices of peace and commerce, and more intimate communion of the peoples of the earth. While increasing consumption of excisable articles, and enlarged returns of our staple crops and commodities, demonstrate the advent of comfort and prosperity to Ire¬ land, we have little cause for despondency at the con¬ tinuance of emigration, which, judging from the present state of the labour market and the workhouses, has not only emptied the latter, but in some districts nearly doubled the wages of labour, while promising beneficial change to pauperised emigrants, especially those from the sea-board 3 counties of the South and West, where the Celtic race is most numerous and unmixed. Take for example a peasant of the far West. His food Advantages of ........ . . . emigration. a precarious root,—ms dwelling mud and straw generation after generation, the stunted size and inferior facial angle denoting deterioration both physical and intellectual, a scion of a worn out race in a worn out condition of society. This is the naked truth, however distasteful to patriotic enthusiasm. How are his moral capabilities exalted, and motives of action improved with the change in his location as a settler (say) in the United States of America, where he can realize property from the savings of wages, and become absolute possessor of the land his labour has made fruitful—where he sees his fellows all around, many of them his own countrymen, some it may be of his name and kindred, fighting the battle of life in right earnest, subjugating nature through her widest ranges, inventing mechanical aids, and constructing combinations of power under an insatiable urgency of progress, and with a rapidity and success unexampled in the old world. However, the deportation of labour from a country, Deportation of where it is not in excess, must to a certain extent exercise labour * a retarding effect on reproductive investment; for capital cannot create wealth without the intervention of labour. Emigration, therefore, will of necessity continue to with¬ draw its hundreds of thousands annually, until deficiency i in the labour market compels all employers to raise wages, j and landlords to lease land on such liberal terms of rent and tenure, as may induce the working classes from motives of self-interest to remain at home. It is this class of motives, that is best calculated to check excessive emigra- i tion; and public attention would be just now more usefully directed to securing for emigrants healthful passage in well found ships, and desirable location in our own colonies, than in devising artificial checks for a system, that forms at the present time a very large proportion of our export trade. We now proceed to consider in detail those agencies, Reparative that tend to repair the effects of the Irish Exodus. agencies. e 2 4 Pauperism diminished. Appendix JB. Reproductive industrial system. First —Decrease of pauperism, consequent on improved condition of the labour market. Secondly —Establishment of civil and social order, evidenced by decrease of crime, and by extended education. Thirdly —General industrial pro¬ gress, concurrent with increasing solvency of the landed proprietary. First —The decrease on Poor Law .expenditure of the year 1853, as compared with the previous year, is about eleven per cent.; and a considerable part of this expenditure, it is to be noted, has been applied to medical charities and preventive sanitary Acts. The average poundage on the current year will probably not exceed one shilling and three pence on the total Poor Law valuation of the island, which generally rates about one-fifth under the letting value: in short, Poor Law taxation may now be considered to have reached its normal condition. On comparing the number of inmates of the workhouses for the year ending 22nd April 1854, with the previous corresponding interval, we find the diminution to be nearly 40,000 in each week throughout the series. The admirable industrial system, now generally adopted in our workhouses (also in gaols, charitable institutions, and even lunatic asylums), so hapily displacing the unpro¬ ductive test labour of the famine period, is also a very efficient auxiliary in the reduction of pauperism. “It is admitted, indeed, that educational training in the work- house cannot compensate for the moral advantages of home and parental discipline; nor can labour, unproduc¬ tive to the workman himself, awaken that energy of cha¬ racter, the idea of ownership alone supplies; but still these have important social and economic uses, especially in case of orphanage; and the measure of benefit, conferred upon the juvenile paupers by the workhouse educational training, can only be conjectured by the evils resultant to themselves and to the state, had they been abandoned, uncared for, to prey upon the vitals of society.” * Of the 163 unions in Ireland, there were only 25 in September, * “ Ireland : The People, the Land, and the Law,” by the Author, p. 48, &c. 5 1853, in which agricultural instruction was not given, and Workhouse 1070 acres are attached to the workhouses for the purpose Appendix C of model farms. At that period 3783 boys were under agricultural teaching, 3196 learning trades, and 14,273 girls employed in household and useful and ornamental handwork of various descriptions. It is a subject of con¬ gratulation, that during last year upwards of five thousand boys and girls under fifteen years of age have been taken out of the workhouses, and put in a way of supporting themselves by their own industry, so highly has risen in public estimation the moral and industrial training of the youth of the country, even in the very abodes of pauperism. We have, secondly , to demonstrate the establishment of Decrease of civil and social order, evidenced by the decrease of crime ^p^dix D and extension of education. The statistics of crime present a similar satisfactory result to those of pauperism, as appears from the 32nd report of the inspectors general of prisons in Ireland. Ribbonism and offences arising from the compe¬ tition for land have almost disappeared from the face of the country, they had so long disgraced and rendered insecure; and it is a gratifying fact, that throughout the vast extent of land, comprising two million acres, which has changed hands under the Incumbered Estates Commission, only four instances of agrarian crime have occurred since the institu¬ tion of that Tribunal. The improvement in the moral Limerick in status of the population will more signally appear by adducing one remarkable instance of comparison between the county of Limerick in 1849, energetic only in defiance of law and order, and the same district at the present time, steadily advancing in the pursuits of peace and industry. Whatever be the reader’s previous impressions or know¬ ledge of the subject, he will be astonished and pleased at the extraordinary contrast between these two periods: nor can any serious mind feel otherwise than deeply grateful to an all-merciful Providence for preserving Ireland intact from taint of crime and disloyalty at the very season, when organized disaffection would be most perilous to society and the state. Not many months ago statesmen would have Loyalty and given slow credence to the opinion, now by the peremptory Iceland! 6 Educational progress. Education practical. requisitions of the Russian war forced upon their attention, as a proven fact, that a standing army is not necessary to keep Ireland for the Queen, and that the maintenance of an idle soldiery is just so much of the public money wasted, and so many profitable hands withdrawn from the marts of reproductive industry. Even of the civil force in our coun¬ ties the chief occupation just now appears to consist in the collection and collation of fiscal and industrial statistics, a task, for which they are eminently suitable from their high character for integrity and intelligence, attained under the example and management of their distinguished chief. And a similar remark is applicable to the police of our cities, who also may be made further serviceable in en¬ forcing the provisions of some compulsory system of elemen¬ tary education, now so urgently pressed upon the notice of the legislature, by the dangers to society from the increase of the idle and neglected classes in cities, whose numbers are progressing in fearfully rapid ratio, in proportion to the unprecedented and indefinite increase of the Urban Commu¬ nities of our era. These observations naturally lead to the topic of educa¬ tion, the progress of which is in inverse ratio to the decrease of crime. There is a certain scholastic training adapted to foster genius and intellectual enthusiasm. In these, as a nation, we have never been deficient; eloquence and poetry illumine the darkest pages of the past, and are abundantly represented in this generation as well by known authorship, as in our serial literature and those copious streams of vigorous composition, flowing from Irish pens through every section of the press of the United Kingdom. Rut in affirming educational progress, it is not intended to dwell upon its purely intellectual aspects, so often linked in our disastrous annals with vague theories, and aimless or un¬ worthy lives, but rather upon its practical and social results. Education is assuming an earnest popular direction in Ireland, especially since the great Exhibition* of 1853 dis¬ played to the world the numerous and diversified resources of the country and the industry, taste, and skill of the * The generous originator of this great work has lost nearly 19,000/. by population. Even in our gaols educational discipline and Appendix F. industrial employment are being gradually substituted for the severer penal reform of youth; and observation, how¬ ever cursory, must note, that the leisure of the artisan classes of cities is not so much wasted as it used to be in intemperance or pursuits of a gross or frivolous character, but in great part devoted to intellectual amusements, savouring of a certain elevation of sentiment and moral feeling. Literary and scientific institutions, schools of design, of manufactures, music, chemistry, and other arts are multiplying in our towns in equal ratio with the agricultural and rudimentary schools of rural districts: and the method of instruction in all illustrates, with more or less significance, the important fact, that all arts are are founded upon certain scientific truths, by appliance of which mechanical powers are devised, and elemental pro¬ ducts moulded into articles of utility, luxury, or beauty. While the industrial character of the age tends to exalt labour, “ What a man earns is his kingdom, working, he reigns,” religious responsibility is not unacknowledged. Whatever be the peculiar views of the teacher or of the system he serves, infidelity finds no loophole for entrance into the schools of Ireland; and even the introductory his munificence, but has done good service to his country. The account £ s. d. Cost of building . . £59,871 2 1 Salaries and all current expenses . 28,342 9 8 £88,213 11 9 Receipts from season tickets . . £18,238 10 0 Ditto at door . 28,881 6 6 Ditto from all other sources . 6,012 17 0 £53,232 13 6 "Value of building » 12,000 0 0 Machinery, &c. . . 4,000 0 0 Balance (loss to Mr. Dargan) 18,980 18 3 £88,213 11 9 “ Sproule’s Irish Industrial Exhibition of 1853,” a laborious and accurate compilation. 8 Proofs of bene¬ fits of education to Society. National education system. Appendix F. Compulsory education. See also Appendix E. scientific and literary treatises, generally used, are imbued throughout with humble and devout ascription of praise to the divine source of all knowledge and power. A considerable proportion of the adult peasantry are now entering upon busy life under the influence of the instruction of modern scholastic systems, and their bene¬ ficial influence is sensibly felt through the whole framework of society. To the Irish national system is mainly due the admirable series of introductory treatises on the several branches of useful knowledge, now so frequently adopted even at the other side of the channel, and containing a larger amount of information, more clearly arranged, and more plainly inculcated, than in the voluminous scientific tomes of our forefathers. The growing respect for authority and order is also an obvious and cheering proof of educa¬ tional improvement, evidencing, that the peasantry are beginning to appreciate law in its genuine meaning and intent, as a restraint self-imposed by society for the general benefit; and loyalty, as the homage of freemen, in requital of equal protection and justice to all. The reader’s attention is requested to the very interest¬ ing statistics of the national education system, especially the progress of workhouse and industrial instruction; but in noting advance, we must not conceal the melancholy fact, how far still the supply is short of the want. How many thousand children of the poor of our towns grow up totally uninstructed. The lately established ragged schools of Dublin are an evidence of this want, and the attention of the legisla¬ ture is turned to the duty as well as economy of the preven¬ tive system—in plain words—that a sound education for the child is not one-tenth of the cost of punishing crime in the man. When educational institutions fail to attract, and parental responsibility is forgotten, it is the bounden duty of the State, as guardian of youth and of national virtue in the last resort, to repress the natural tendencies to idleness and consequent vice, by compelling the attendance for a few hours each day of neglected children at schools, where read¬ ing, arithmetic, and trades may be taught, and the broad principles of Christian duty and loyalty inculcated. 9 A conscientious and energetic statesman would find less difficulty, perhaps, than he imagines, in maturing a supple¬ mentary system, to fill up the deficiency of all other educa¬ tional institutions, and occupy the neutral or deserted ground, especially in urban and manufacturing districts ; thus preventing, to a considerable extent, the occurrence of crime in the next generation, by “ arresting (to use the words of the Inspectors of Irish prisons in their last report) in its earliest growth the germ of the dangerous classes.”* The third class of reparative agencies may be enumerated under the heads of general industrial progress, concurrent with increasing solvency of the landed proprietary. By the agricultural returns of 1853, as compared with Agricultural the previous year, it will be observed that there is an G increased acreage of flax and turnips, the crops best suited to our soil and climate, and ministering to the production of our principal exports—manufacturing and agricultural (*. e.) linen and cattle. Progress is manifest on every side, chiefly in rise of Rise of Wages, agricultural wages,f improved mode of farming, and gradual furnishing of estates by new and solvent proprietors with convenient farmsteads, the want of which has hitherto proved so detrimental to the prospects of agriculture in Ireland. There is well-founded promise also of this ’year’s harvest being in considerable excess of 1853, both in cereal and green produce, not excepting the potato, which will be nearly, if not indeed fully, an average crop. * The effect of the Industrial or Ragged Schools in Aberdeen, in pre¬ venting crime, has been very remarkable. In the year 1843, there were fifty-three committals to prison, in Aberdeenshire, of children under twelve years of age; in 1853, there were only twenty-five; in one or two immedi¬ ately preceding years, less than that. About fifty girls go from the female schools alone every year to act as domestic servants in families, in which capacity they give their employers generally great satisfaction. + ** There is now observable a material increase in the money value of agricultural labour, to the extent of about one shilling per week on the average, throughout Ireland. It seems, also, that agricultural employment has been more continuous than formerly. It would appear also, that in most parts of the country the wages of artisan tradesmen have improved in a still higher ratio than those of the common labourers.”—This is the tes¬ timony of the Poor-Law Commissioners; and since their report has been issued, a considerable further rise in wages has taken place. 10 Harvest of 1854. Arable land, increase of, by drainage. Appendix H. Free trade in Land. Taking into account the harvest of Great Britain, as well as Ireland, this Autumn, the estimated surplus value over last year may be safely stated at 55,000,000^.* Food is cheap and plenty, and the fall in its price has necessarily cheapened all other commodities, establishing confidence and encouraging speculation, notwithstanding all the immi¬ nent perils and expenses of a great war. “ Let us, then/’ in the eloquent words of The Times , “ show our sense of these gifts by a proper use of them, by a wise economy in their consumption, by a liberal charity in their distribution, and, above all, by becoming thanksgiving. Surely a boon so timely, so vast, and so important, deserves every mani¬ festation of national gratitude.” By the Report of the Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland, we learn that, under the Land Improvement Acts, no less than 153,000 acres have been thoroughly drained up to this time, at an average cost of 4/. 10s. per acre. Of this vast extent, 7,500 acres have been completed during the past year. Indeed, the widely-diffused drainage works have not only been successful, with very few excep¬ tions, as agricultural speculations, but the admirable system of inspection and adoption of task work by the Commis¬ sioners has served the practical purpose of agricultural education in Ireland.t The unprecedented progress of agriculture is mainly due to the effects of the Incumbered Estates Commission, in partially extending the principles of free trade to land; for if land can be sold, or let for long terms in small parcels, the examples will not be few of farmers rising to opulence, like tradesmen and manufacturers, from small beginnings; for what is wealth, in its usual aspect, but the amassed earnings of industry working continuously under the definite and secure possession of the material to be wrought, and for which fair value has been given in open market, be that raw material flax, or cotton, or iron, or land . * “ The Belfast Mercantile Journal,” a competent authority, states the probable surplus at 75,000,000/. t See ** Ireland: the People, the Land, and the Law,” by the Author, p. 46, &c. li In proportion as land is brought into reproductive rela¬ tion with labour and capital, by cheapness and facility of sale, the products of the earth will become more plentiful, and all will be gainers, because all are consumers. Certainly a feeling of reciprocal confidence and com- Concord of munity of interests has been growing up of late years g^ty ° f between the landlord and tenant classes, which promises to settle their mutual relations upon a basis more secure for the proprietor than even indubitable legal right, more satis¬ factory for the tenant than any system either of dubious usage or jealous terrorism could ever accomplish. Nor is the approach to a right understanding of these relations in a moral point of view a mere question of social prosperity. It assumes a certain political significance, when we recollect that the most prosperous and powerful nations are those, amongst whom the various classes of society know their respective rights, and practise the corresponding duties. The commercial progress of the British Empire, both Progress of as to imports and exports, has been very great during 1853, commerce and will be enormously increased this year. The Board of Trade returns already issued, exhibit steady advance in trade and commercial speculations, and a considerably increased consumption of the luxuries of life by the masses; the opening too of the Chinese, Japanese, and Hindoo- Chinese States, promise additional incentives to mercantile enterprise; nor has the war injured our foreign trade to any material extent; for there is no hostile navy afloat to imperil our merchant craft; and a plentiful harvest at home has made up for the short supply of grain from the Black Sea, while the Baltic blockade is virtually evaded by exportation through Prussian ports, Russian flax, hernp^ and other products, instead of being exported direct from Riga or St. Petersburgh, being sent down the Niemen to Memel, and thence flowing without obstruction into our markets under the Prussian flag. And even the very deficiency of the distinctive products of Russia, is calculated rather to stimulate than depress Irish and colonial in¬ dustry; inasmuch as these products are peculiarly suited to 12 Manufactures and commerce, Appendix I. Belfast com¬ merce. Appendix I. Coal imports, increase of. the climate and soil of Ireland and our Australasian possessions. The restrictions of war-time may teach our farmers many a useful lesson,—such as not to let their flax seed go to waste, but store it for next year’s crop, or convert it into oil-cake for their cattle. In the appendix will be found tables illustrating our general commercial progress by the example of Belfast, which in every circumstance, except position, may be designated the very life and centre of Irish enterprise, gradually extending the means and appliances of its numerous industries throughout every district of the country accessible by coast, railway, or canal. A fair opinion may be formed of our increasing prosperity from comparing the registered tonnage of this port in 1843 with 1853. The tonnage registered in 1843 . . . 49,402 tons. against in 1853 . 83,128 equal to an increase of 68 per cent. And the tonnage which entered in 1843 363,048 against in 1853 . 768,108 equal to an increase of 112 per cent, and this within the last decennial interval. Again in an article from the pages of the “ Belfast Mercantile Journal,” it is demonstrated that the exports of Belfast increased since 1817 925 per cent., whereas Liver¬ pool, the next in order of progress, increased only 558 per cent, during the same interval. The exports of Belfast (including those goods shipped intermediately by way of Liverpool, Glasgow, and London) in 1853, amounted in value to the prodigious total of eight millions and a half. The increasing import of coal, so indispensable to the production of manufactures, presents an indirect proof of their progress, the quantity to Belfast alone now averaging 1,000 tons per day; or comparing 1850 with 1853, the proportion stands thus:— 1850 .. .. 253,575 tons. 1853 .. .. 345,670 13 A brief allusion to the statistics of one branch of manu- Sewed muslin facture, the sewed muslin, furnishes a fair illustration 0 f manufacture, growing prosperity. This manufacture, established only five years, now employs about 460,000 females, and distributes nearly a million and a half annually in wages; and it is a gratifying fact, sufficient to silence the cavils of even the most prejudiced, that this employment has more than com¬ pensated our female labour market for the expulsion of hands by the introduction of steam spinning; the sewed muslin both employing a greater number, and being more remunerative than the hand spinning ever was; in fact, wages compose fully 92 per cent, of the total value of the finished product. If other countries abolished their tariffs, or even lowered them some 40 or 50 per cent, on this staple embroidery alone, Belfast and Glasgow firms could afford to raise their rate of wages, and not leave an idle female hand from the Causeway to Cape Clear. Indeed, Ireland owes much to the commercial tact and enterprise of the Belfast merchants, and their remarkable success in the application of capital to develop our in¬ dustrial resources; a success too, which has materially contributed to increase the national wealth and prosperity, by attracting British capitalists to invest and settle in a country, where labour is cheaper than in England or Scotland. The large monetary circulation and liberal system of Ulster banks accommodation of the northern banks supply decisive evi- oflssue * deuce of the wealth and integrity of that great commercial community; and should some measure, sanctioning limited liability in partnership, which has been so ably advocated by the Belfast press, be passed next session, it will tend to a rapid and enlarged increase and diffusion of that wealth, by inducing thousands of small capitalists to invest their accumulated earnings in speculations of reproductive pro¬ mise. The great industrial department of the Irish fishery The fisheries, trade is, like agriculture, in a transition state from an their P™g»' es s. ill-regulated to a sound and healthy system; and, though Appendix K * the deep sea fisheries of 1853 have been generally less pro- 14 ductive than tliose of 1852, chiefly in consequence of the withdrawal of the sea-board population to agricultural labour at higher wages, yet many wealthy capitalists, who have purchased estates in western and southern counties, are assiduously turning their attention to the development of this abundant source of food and riches. A better descrip¬ tion of boats and gear is being gradually introduced, and antiquated prejudices are disappearing before the introduc¬ tion of systems approved by science and experience. Of this improvement the Claddagli fishermen of Galway, hitherto as much famed for fighting as for fish, exhibit a satisfactory example, thus alluded to by the inspecting commissioners of fisheries in their report for 1853. “ This happy revolution, produced more by moral and natural causes than by force, presents one of the most favourable features that we are enabled to refer to. Facility of transport produced dealers, dealers produced steady demand and the absence of surplus supply, or what is commonly called a glut; and this state of things has tended more to extinguish the old established prejudices of this primitive community than either argument or phy¬ sical force. Considerable aid was afforded towards the attainment of this object by liberal contributions from the proprietary and inhabitants of Galway, who have enabled the poor fisherman of the Claddagh to participate in the advantages of productive engines, which, when used under proper regulations, are now no longer repudiated.” Considerable improvement too is manifest in that most important branch—the salmon fisheries. The commissioners give very decisive testimony on this point, declaring that: “ The effects of the protection to the spawning fish and fry rendered through the instrumentality of the Boards of Conservators, formed under the provisions of the 11th and 12th Vic., c. 92, are now manifest. On the whole, we have the satisfaction to state that the commercial value of the salmon fisheries of Ireland has attracted increased atten¬ tion and stimulated inquiry, by which more enlarged views are being entertained, and many persons whose interests are involved have been constrained by better experience to adopt 15 those views, and yield to common sense and reason, in abandoning contracted notions with respect to individual monopoly.” Again, the revival of the ancient system of pisciculture Pisciculture, promises inestimable benefits by the indefinite increase of wholsome food. Salmon is both wholesome and nutricious and his keep is little or no cost either to the state or to the proprietor. The luxurious Roman of the imperial era kept up a stock of various kinds of fish by transporting the ova to inland waters close to his villa; and in China fish-seed (as the natives designate the impregnated ova) is an article of long established internal traffic, and at the proper season in very extensive demand. Our French neighbours also, ever formost in works of scientific utility have prganized a distinct department for the supply of fish food, and there appears a disposition in this country to follow their example. The visitors to the great industrial exhibition of 1853 will remember the minature salmon rearing ponds placed in the building by the FisheryCommissioners, and supplied with ova from the Lough Corrib establishment of the Messrs. Ash¬ worth. And it would appear by the following extract from the report already quoted, that pisciculture is likely to prove the most economical and not the least abundant of our food-producing arts. “ It occurred to us (say the Commissioners) that a Sea ponds, great desideratum connected with this question would be, ascertaining, if possible, whether, after the young fish had been produced, they might not be kept within the control of the person, whose skill and industry would entitle him to the advantages which might be derived; and as the natural habits of the salmon require migration to the sea to become valuable for the use of man, involving the uncertainty of returning to his rightful owner, who reared him in the element alone suited to his infant state, the Inspecting Commissioners, having obtained the sanction and co-opera¬ tion of the board with whom they are associated, had pre¬ pared at Kingstown a place suitable for this experiment. This may be termed a 4 sea-pond, 1 200 feet long by about 16 Mineral wealth, increase of. Appendix L. 50 feet wide; at low water, its depth is about six feet; a rise of six or seven feet occurs at every tide, flowing in through a grating placed across the entrance, to confine the fish within. We took fry from the fresh waters of the Liffey and Bray rivers at the proper age and migratory state, and have transferred them to this pond, where they can now be seen daily. They, are watched by many persons anxious for the result of this experiment, and appear to be thriving well, and have increased considerably in size. “ Very small fish pass in through the grating from the harbour, and the young salmon are seen feeding upon them. If this experiment should succeed in demonstrating that salmon may be thus successfully kept under control, until they attain to a size rendering them valuable in an edible point of view, innumerable enclosures may be made around the coast, varying in extent according to circumstances, and by these means the artificial production of salmon may become of vast importance.” The reader will duly appreciate the importance of this experiment, when assured from the Author’s experience, that those sea-coast districts, where the boats and fishing gear were preserved, and the catching and curing offish diligently attended to, suffered comparatively little in our disastrous years of famine. The mineral wealth of Ireland has been but partially developed of late years. In the sister island, while the surface is cultivated to the highest productive power, the substrata also have been everywhere industriously explores for metallic ores ; hut in Ireland this branch of industry has been much neglected. However, speculation is now eagerly directed to the subject, and estates exhibiting metal¬ liferous indications, especially those situate in the remote districts of the south-west and west, are eagerly sought for. Ireland possesses, together with the necessary flux of lime¬ stone, iron, copper, and fossil fuel in abundance: and these, when placed within the procurement of an industrious population, skilled to carry out to their practical issues the inventions of science, we know from the example of England, 17 to be more conducive to national power and prosperity than all other products whatsoever.* But the great material hindrance to the development of Hindrance to the mineral resources of Ireland is want of cheap carriage ^culation. from the mineral districts to sea-ports. To illustrate this— select the two ports of Dublin and Belfast, from which, on an average, 1200 tons of shipping (chiefly colliers) sail daily in ballast of stone, or other worthless material. Could ores, raw or partly dressed be substituted, what enormous advan¬ tages would arise to the labour market and export trade of the country ; but many years must elapse, ere cheap transit can be opened to the west of Ireland, either for export of ore, or establishment of manufactures. The Belfast merchants, in the report of their Chamber Railway want- of Commerce on railway extension to the west of Ireland, tlie state, that they are prevented from establishing branches of their business in Connaught, “ because the expense of carriage would equal that of shipping the material to the East Indies.” Still, notwithstanding all drawbacks, mining enterprise has received a great impulse within the last three years. I select the four richest copper mines in Ireland. On Copper urines reference to the return of the mineral produce of the kingdom, collected and compiled by Robert Hunt, Esq., F.G.S., Keeper of Mining Records in the Museum of Practical Geology, in London, we find that of the copper ore, the produce of the four principal Irish mines, all in separate counties, sold in Swansea, by public ticketings and * Coal and iron appear to be essential to civilized man. Where these are, all else yield to the genius of industry, material wants or obstructions only serving to stimulate invention. The utilization of hitherto worthless materials is aptly illustrated in the manufacture of kelp, so valuable not only for the potash it yields, but also for the chemical constituents—iodine and bromine. Yet in classic times, when earth and ocean were ransacked to supply the luxuries of a privileged race, and add to their knowledge, anything deemed utterly worthless was described by the words —vilior alga. The coal product of the world for 1853 is estimated by able statisticians at 75,000,000 tons, of which amount 40,000,000 tons are produced by Great Britain, at least 9,000,000 by the United States, France 4,500,000, Prussia 3,500,000, Austria 700,000 tons, and Belgium 5,000,000. Here, then, is the material source of the wealth and power of Great Britain; it produces more coal than all the rest of the world. c 18 by private contract in the year 1853, to have been as follows:—Berehaven (County Cork), 5868 tons ore = 582 tons 7 cwts. 1 qr. 19 lbs. copper—amount, 58,528?. 7s.; Knockmahon (County of Waterford), 3373 tons ore = 352 tons 1 cwt. 0 qr. 21 lbs. copper—amount 38,559?. 33s. 6c?.; Holyford (County of Tipperary), 550 tons ore = 100 tons 16 cwts. 1 qr. 9 lbs. copper—amount, 10,104?. 4s.; Bally- murtagh (County of Wicklow), 1326 tons ore—amount, 5,724?. Is. 6c?. Although the produce of copper from the ore differs in each, the Tipperary ore being by far the richest—richer, indeed, than any native ore in the British Isles—the average would appear at least to equal any Cornish mines. The increase in production and improvement in price will appear more plain by the following table:— Table of Quantities and Values of Copper Ore raised in the Mines of Berehaven , Knockmahon , Holyford, and Ballymurtagh , in 1853, and during Nine Months ending 30 th September , 1854. Tons. Amount realized. 1853 11,117 £ S. d. 112,916 6 0 Nine months ending) 30th Sept., 1854 / 8,635 94,489 8 0 There is no doubt that the total produce this year will vastly exceed that of 1853; while, on comparing the ton¬ nage with the respective amounts, it will be seen that there is an increase in price of about seven shillings per ton. For more detailed information, the reader is referred to “ The Mining Journal” of the 14th instant. Indeed, the subject is at this time well worth the consideration of capitalists, who, in the present state of the Irish land market, may think themselves fortunate if they realise five per cent, on land investment, considered in an agricultural point of view ; whereas a carefully-inspected and judicious purchase in a metalliferous locality may secure an ultimate profit of from ten to twenty per cent. 19 The present generation shall probably have passed away before the government geological survey reaches the far West; meanwhile there is Dr. Griffith’s geological map now published in a cheap form, and very useful as a general reference; and in the appendix will be found a more particular catalogue of metalliferous localities, com- Metalliferous piled by the same distinguished labourer in the soils of s ? urces 1 J o abundant. Ireland. Appendix L. The workable area of the Irish coal field has been Fairhead roughly estimated at two million acres—viz: Ulster, mineral 550,000; Leinster, 200,000; Munster, 1,000,000; and disWct ' Connaught, 250,000. Of these the Leitrim field, so rich in ironstone, is likely to yield very large returns with rapidly increasing profits. The Fairhead mineral district in Ulster, re-opened within the last three years by an English company, now yields good bituminous coal sold at the pit’s mouth, as Mr. R. W. Townsend, C.E., their agent informs me, at 10s. per ton. Sufficient capital is all that is required to develop the coal-bearing and other mineral resources of this locality. A tramway of some two or three miles to the port of Ballycastle, to convey the ironstone for export, may be cheaply constructed; and if the coal veins were more extensively and judiciously opened, the great manufacturing towns of Down and Antrim afford an extensive and ready market for the largest possible yield that can be expected from the mines. The last-named reparative agency, tending to check Incumbered excessive emigration, is the increasing solvency of the Com " landed proprietary; and, to illustrate this source of progres¬ sive prosperity, we need but adduce the practical results of the Incumbered Estates Commission, which'—to use the words of Gibbon, in allusion to the abolition of the renew¬ able feudalities of the Merovingian Nobles—“ has effected a revolution , salutary to the earth , that had been injured or neglected by its precarious masters .” In 1849, the landlords of Ireland were generally inca- Necessity for pacitated by insolvency and absenteeism, their duties dele- the measure, gated to attorneys, agents, or factors, and chancery receivers, who had no moral and little material interest in the welfare c 2 20 See Appendix M. General Regis, tration Act. of estates or their cultivators. There was no middle class to unite proprietor and peasant, no certainty of enjoying the fruits of his toil to encourage the industry of the tenant, insecurity of title depressing the inclination to invest, even in cases where the facility existed for sale of estates in parcels. The inevitable effects of all these—deficiency of skilled labour and industrial education, a certain listlessness of action and infirmity of purpose prevalent amongst all classes of the population; many looking to patronage and petty official appointments for support—many wasting life and time in vain censure of government and laws, instead of aiding themselves, idly expectant of the future, while the fleeting present swept neglected by. The Incumbered Estates Commissioners have sold, in five years, nearly two million acres, or about an eleventh of the land-area of the Island, for a total sum of thirteen mil¬ lions and a half, ten millions and a half of which have been actually distributed; and now this enormous amount, hitherto locked up in barren mortgages and chancery litiga¬ tion, is quickening through a thousand channels every branch of Irish industry. Tbe unquestionable usefulness and suc¬ cess of this tribunal in Ireland suggests the policy of esta¬ blishing a similar jurisdiction for sale of land in Great Britain and our colonies, and completing its functions by a simple system of registration of each transfer. At home, this registry would be very materially facilitated by the government survey, which marks, on a scale of six inches to a mile, all boundaries and divisions of land. In fact, a general Registration Act for Ireland (13 and 14 Viet. c. 72) has been passed, but its provisions have not been efficiently carried out; and tbe longer this is deferred, the more will legal difficulties and entanglements accumulate. To quote the words of Mr. Mechi:—“ Until you treat your purchase and sale of lands as you do your three per cent, consols, by an authorized registry and immediate transfer, there are no hopes for the perfect development of our agricultural powers. ’Tis true that such a system would test bona fide possession, and affect the mortgage system ; but this would confer a great national benefit, by passing land into the hands of 21 bond fide capitalists, able and willing to improve it, and responsible for its duties, as well as entitled to its rights. We have evidence of this in the Irish Incumbered Estates Bill.” Nor is the extension of the principle of free trade to land Free trade in a modern revolutionary idea, the author of the great pan- ldud ' dect himself having a century ago laid down the dogma, that “ Property best answers the purposes of civil life, especially in commercial countries, when jts transfer and circulation are totally free and unrestrained.”* In Great Britain titles are every year becoming more incumbered complex and involved, by reason of multiplied settlements, ^^[red^or^ limitations, and incumbrances, until their investigation has Great Britain, become so costly, tedious, and uncertain, as often to pre¬ vent the sale and transfer of landed property, however hopelessly incumbered, and thus perpetuate an incapacitated ownership to the general detriment of society. Hence the obvious necessity for England, and especially Scotland, of a tribunal for sale and transfer of land, by which estates can be cheaply and speedily brought into the market, in order to clear off all outstanding charges, and bestow de novo an indefeasible title on the whole property, or each lot thereof, by whomsoever purchased. Let those who object, that such a measure would derange the social balance, by subdividing the possessions of the landed gentry among capitalists, farmers, and traders, recollect, on the other hand, that a safe and just opportu¬ nity is thus afforded for that ardent desire to acquire land, which characterizes the manufacturing and trading classes of Great Britain ; and, in proportion as their capital and industry are directed to culture of the soil, so will the pros¬ perity and comforts of the population be multiplied; although it may happen, that sundry ancestorial estates will be shorn of their territorial dimensions. An Incumbered Estates Act has been passed for our West Indian West Indian colonies; but, as the Commission is appointed States Com- to sit in London, on the plea that the proprietors generally mission, reside in the British islands, it is doubtful whether the * “ Blackstone’s Commentaries.” 18 Edition , 8 vo, vol. ii., p. 287. 22 See Appendix L. Statistics of the Irish Incumbered Estates Com¬ mission. Irish land market. scheme will be as economically managed, or productive of as much social and industrial improvement—or even that the estates will bring as high a price—as if the Commission (subject of course to the appellant control of the Imperial Government) were located on the scene of its jurisdiction, and the lots opened to the competition of resident capitalists, thus tending to the formation of a middle class of climated constitution, and mixed blood ; a result that must prove of incalculable benefit to the productiveness and peaceful pro¬ gress of those fruitful but neglected islands. The reader will find a comprehensive digest of the pro¬ ceedings of the Irish Incumbent Estates Commission in the appendix, together with a series of tables, intended to assist strangers and capitalists in estimating the various circum¬ stances relative to the market price and facile acquisition of land in Ireland. Of the beneficial effects of the commission, let one example here suffice. It has been brought before the public in 1852, again in 1853, and now in 1854, still more convincingly appropriate. In 1850 and ’51 the coun¬ ties of Galway and Mayo were the most hopelessly involved, and least civilized districts of Ireland. Now, from the first sale under the commission, an interval of five years, 550,000 acres, equal to one-fifth of the whole available superficies of these two counties, have been sold in lots to solvent pur¬ chasers for a total amount of about 1,500,000/.; the number of proprietors over this surface (including sub-sales by pri¬ vate contract, made subsequent to the sale under the com¬ mission) has been increased fivefold; one-third of the pur¬ chasers are English and Scotch, and more than one-half of the entire number have not exceeded 2000/. in their respec¬ tive investments. These last, together with English, Scotch, and Ulster farmers, settled of late years on Clew Bay and other districts, forming the nucleus of a middle class in the far west. Thus the wealth and skilled industry of our British neighbours have become indissolubly linked with that part of Ireland, farthest removed in geographical posi¬ tion, as well as industrial progress, from the centre of civili¬ zation and imperial rule. The land market of Ireland still offers very favourable 23 opportunities of investment. The advantageous circum¬ stances of cheap labour, freedom from the burthen of certain assessed taxes, and the higher negotiable value given by Parliamentary title, together with a simple mode of transfer, unclogged by the expenses, delays, and uncertainties of dis¬ abling laws, must also prove great encouragements. The fertile pastures of Leinster—the high-rented, well farmed, and minutely divided districts of Ulster—the rich arable soils of Munster—these yield ample, and, generally speak¬ ing, immediate returns for investment. The extensive wastes of Connaught, where frequently a thin surface of peat covers an intact virgin mould—rivers, lakes, and coasts abounding with fish—water power unappropriated-—capa¬ cious natural harbours, undisturbed by the keel of commerce —to this remoter region has flowed the principal stream of British capital: but here disappointment must ensue to those who are not prepared to invest further outlay, and wait patiently for productive returns. Not only does the soil require drainage and reclamation, but the facilities of a good market will not be experienced until the Western Highlands are opened by railway extension. To fac litate this event, however, the change of proprietorship under the Incumbered Estates Court will be mainly instrumental. “ The incoming purchaser may forestal the advantages Suggestions to of that reform, to which the landed interest, under the P urchasers - increasing exigencies of popular progress, must ultimately yield. Unfettered by conditions imposed before he was born, and now totally unsuitable to changed men and times, he may grant judicious and equitable tenures, calculated to secure his tenants in the profits of their industry, without trenching on the rights of ownership, and so advance in his allotted sphere the prosperity of the commonwealth, as well by extending employment as by the increase of the products of the soil. And reflecting upon the ruin of Irish pro¬ prietors, he will not probably be inclined to impose on his heirs and successors disproportionate incumbrances and restrictive stipulations, from which he himself is happily free.”* * l< Treatise on Valuation and Purchase of Land in Ireland,” by the Author, p. 18 , &c. I 24 A j n> The clearance system is sometimes adopted with as little discretion as humanity by new and inexperienced proprietors, who may afterwards find themselves unable, from want of capital, to farm their estates themselves, or incompetent to do so with the profitable return, that would accrue by allowing the natural divisions of labour—land¬ lord, tenant, and labourer—sanctioned by experience and usage. There certainly will he difficulty in finding new tenants to supply the ejected holdings; hut there can he no mistake in retaining and encouraging such as are inclined to learn and improve ; and it is to be noted, that Irish pro¬ perties are frequently not overpeopled in relation to the extent of available surface, but only densely peopled in some isolated spots. In such instances a clearance has been found to he just an expidsion of that very labour , essential to the reclamation of the soil. It is perilous to society to strain privilege against profit¬ able uses. Feudalism in its extremest pride dreamed not of an absolute or irresponsible ownership; and in these our times the legal rights of a landed proprietary are confessedly held under the sanction of a civil expediency, possessing full power to amend or abridge, under the constraint of'' opinion and circumstance. On every sublunary possession, too, hangs the weight of moral accountability; and if N social duties are disregarded, sooner or later the providential (\„ principle of compensation is made patent in punishment or deprival. If our forefathers had not injured their patrimony by pride and extravagance, used up their tenantry for political purposes, neglected them from indolence, oppressed them for lucre—a summary jurisdiction would not have been permitted in the middle of the 19th century to dis¬ franchise their descendants. What a lesson of warning does the Incumbered Estates Commission present to our generation; and surely it will not be deemed inappropriate to remind the landed proprietor in the words of Mill, that “his privilege becomes an injustice, when carried to any point to which the compensating good does not follow it.”* * “ Political Economy,” book II., c. ii., sect. G. APPENDIX. INDEX. Appendix A. — Emigration, decrease of, &c. Page 26 B. — Pauperism, decrease of . 26 C.—Reproductive Industry 27 ?> D.—Crime, decrease of . 31 5? E.—Ditto, ditto, in Limerick 32 »> F.—Education, progress of, &c. &c. . 35 G.—Agriculture, improvement of 36 Ditto—Peat and Moor Soils 37 H. — Drainage, extent of . 39 ?J I.—Commerce and Manufactures, increase of, &c. ..... 41 JJ K. — Fisheries, progress of 45 5? L. — Mines, &c., Catalogue of . 46 )5 M.—Incumbered Estates Commission, sta¬ tistics, cost, and practice of . 59 5? N.—Tables of Acreage (1, 2, 3, and 4) 62, 6 3, 64 Valuation (5) 65 Currency (6) 66 Mileage (7) 66 Stamp Duty (8) 67 V* 26 Appendix A. EMIGRATION. Extracts from the Fourteenth Report of the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners. Years. Number of Irish Emigrants. Money sent by Irish for passage of friends. £ 1851 . 254,537 990,000 1852 . 224,997 1,404,000 1853 . 199,392 1,439,000 These sums do not include money sent home through private hands, of which there was no means of obtaining information. It is remarkable, on comparison of the above figures, that while the number of emigrants is declining the amount of remit¬ tances has been increasing even in a higher converse ratio, This, at least, exhibits a more determined decline in the desire to * emigrate, notwithstanding the stimulus of increasing remittances. J. L. Appendix B. TABLES EXTRACTED FROM THE SEVENTH REPORT OF THE POOR LAW COMMISSIONERS. Total Expenditure and Number Relieved during 1852 and 1853 compared. Year ended Total Number Relieved in the Year. 29th September, Expended. In-door. Out-door. 1852 1853 £ 883,267 785,718 504,864 396,436 14,911 13,232 Decrease. 97,549 108,428 1,679 27 Average Weekly Cost of Maintenance in Workhouses in Ireland , from 1847 to 1854. For Half-Year ended Provisions and Necessaries. Clothing. Total. s. d. d. S. d. 25th March, 1847 . 2 1 34 2 44 29th September, D • • 2 n 3 2 44 25th March, 1848 . 1 7 H 1 101 29th September, „ 1 5 H 1 81 25th March, 1849 . 1 41 3? 1 74 29th September, 1 2§ 3 1 5f 25th March, 1851 . 1 04 24 1 3 29th September, 99 • • 1 0 21 1 21 25 th March, 1852 . 1 0i* 2 1 24 29th September, 99 • • 1 oi 14 1 2 25th M rch, 1853 . 1 if If 1 34 29th September, 99 1 24 14 1 4 Number of Inquests, from 1848 to 1854, on Persons supposed to have Died from Want; as a criterion of Decrease of Destitution. Number of Inquests. From 23rd April, 1848, to 14th July, 1849 . . 589 From 14th July, 1849, to 20th April, 1850 . . 225 From 21st April, 1850, to 30th April, 1851 . . 214 From 1st May, 1851, to 30th April, 1852 . . . 120 From 1st May, 1852, to 30th April, 1853 ... 35 From 1st May, 1853, to 30th April, 1854 .. . . 17 Appendix C. PAUPER INDUSTRY.—WORKHOUSE FARMS. As a sample of the reproductive system, we quote the follow¬ ing account of the Bally money Workhouse Barm, county of Antrim:— “ It is a curious fact that this farm, which has been cultivated to so good a purpose, has been tilled principally by the boys before and after school hours. It appears they are first-rate drill-men —not a la militaire —and act as expert attendants on the dairy. When sufficiently trained, their services are eagerly sought after 28 by the neighbouring farmers, the natural consequence of the information which they are possessed of, and the good conduct which they evince while in service. In addition to the general instruction in farming which the larger number receive, there is also a special class of twelve or fourteen who are taught the theory as well as the practice of agriculture, live hours being given to the latter, and two to the former, every day. And lately, with a view to promote greater attention to the study in which they are engaged, a plot of ground and seeds for green crops have been given to each, with a promise that the most successful cul¬ tivator shall obtain a prize when the harvest comes round. The master of the work states that two causes have co-operated to produce his present success; he has always laboured to have every one occupied—to allow no one to be idle, if possible, for a moment. This has produced good order, and the habit has actually grown up into an industrious taste. Then the guardians have co¬ operated fully in all his plans, and given every facility for carrying out his industrial operations. The natural result is that there has not been an able-bodied male pauper in the house for years. There are only six able-bodied females in the house. If this be not an approximation to the ideal of the Commissioners, we really do not know what is. Their utmost powers of integration could hardly effect more. Pour of the old and infirm are employed about the yards, two pumping water, and one weaving linen. The six females wash, clean the house, and attend the sick. Par parenthesis, it is said these women have a deal to do, and we believe it. The infirm and old females are employed in spinning and sewing, and they help in the hospital. The boys, in after school-hours, learn tailoring and shoe-making, and after a year or two are apprenticed. The girls, in after-school hours, must learn and practise knitting, sewing, embroidering muslin, &c. The result of having so many hands occupied is, that all the linen and shambrey required for bedding and clothing are manufactured in the house; and not only that, they are made up for use, so that almost every article worn in the house is manufactured and made up in it. Ballymoney Workhouse Farm Account for the Crop of 1852, ending 25lh March, 1853. 29 so We, the Farming Committee, have examined the farm accounts and find them correct, and we wish to state that Mr. Boyle is managing the farm uncommonly well in all its departments. We examined the boys on agriculture, and their answering was very satisfactory, and it appears to us that Messrs. Boyle and Stewart are doing all in their power to have a thorough knowledge of agriculture instilled into their minds, so that they may make useful farm servants, &c. William M'Aeeee, 1 Committee . Dayid Tweed, J Now contrast these reproductive results with the wasteful management of former years,—“ Ireland in 1846—47 was, in fact, one huge Poor Law Union, under the administration of govern¬ ment relief and British benevolence. At one period in the latter year, 734,000 persons were drawn from their ordinary pursuits to an unprofitable system of employment; the superior cereal products of our soil were exported, and an inferior foreign grain substituted for food; and millions were wasted on works, generally of a use¬ less, frequently of an injurious character, having no relation what¬ ever to the production of food for a famishing population, while the greater portion of the tilth of the country lay utterly waste.” * It would he very curious and instructive to trace to their sources the economic errors of this disastrous period. In some unions the imported money, or government loans, distributed in payment of labour, exceeded the normal labour expenditure of any former year within the same districts, but the circulation was partial and sluggish. It rested in the pockets of tax-gatherers, famine-officials, and retailers of food, or was exported in exchange for foreign grain. To the labourer, who was set to break stones, while the farmer’s tillage lay untouched by spade or plough, labour was a degradation. Failing to call forth the concurrent intelligent will, it became altogether dissociated in his mind from the idea of industry; and here lay the prolific source of much of the demoralization of the famine years, and of the unwillingness of the labourer (even when fair wages invited) to leave the pre¬ cincts of the workhouse. We shall find no anomalies in political economy, if the prin¬ ciple of fitness is kept steadily in view. The moral status of the working people is the firmest foundation for social order and pro- * “ Ireland : The People, the Land, and the Law,” by the Author, p. 4, &c. SI gress, and conventional prejudices, or distrust of our fellow men should not lead us away from the fact, plainly proved by the annals of every civilized state, that national prosperity springs from popular industry—from labour, appropriately classified, widely diffused, and reproductively directed. Without full and suitable employment of head or hand, or both, wealth abides not with a nation, nor happiness with an individual. J. L. Appendix D. STATISTICS OF CRIME. The following Tables, from the Thirty-second Report of the Inspectors-General of Prisons, exhibit the decrease of crime in Ireland:— No. 1 .—Number of Prisoners in Gaols. On 1st January, 1850 . 10,967 „ „ 1851 . 10,084 „ „ 1852 . 8,803 „ „ 1853 . 7,604 „ „ 1854 . 5,755 No. 2.— Gaols. Years. Total confined in Gaols. Daily Average. 1850 . 115,871 11,496 1851 . 113,554 10,746 1852 . 92,638 8,578 1853 . 83,805 6,841 No. 3 .—Return of the numbers in Gaols on the ls£ day of each Month in the Years 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. January . 10.967 10,084 8,803 7,604 February 11,904 11,032 9,187 8,154 March 13,102 11,444 9,971 8,141 April 11,423 10,689 8,944 7,510 May 12,273 11,066 8,890 7,681 June 13,267 12,217 9,527 7,924 July 12,659 12,233 8,854 7,084 August . 11,746 10,669 7,621 6,243 September 12,012 9,405 7,589 6,039 October . 10,166 8,435 7,403 5,823 November 9,508 8,247 7,104 5,471 December 10,163 8,461 7,592 5,781 32 Appendix. E. STATISTICS OF CRIME.—LIMERICK. The following extract will be found to contain some interesting suggestive observations on the causes of crime and its decline in Ireland. Statistics of Crime in Limerick.—Comparison between the Years 1849 and 1853. Observations of the Author , published in “ The Limerick Chronicle ” of March 28, 1849. “ It were much better to make such good provision, by which every man might be put in a method how to live, and so be preserved from the fatal necessity of stealing and dying for it .”—Sir Thomas More. Thus a celebrated judge and statist wrote in the 16th century, and although many a sanguinary stain has been erased from our criminal code since More was struck down by the iron sceptre of the tyrant Henry, yet the philosophic reasoning of his far-reaching mind is in its wider signification strikingly applicable to the nature and results of legal punishments in the present disastrous state of Ireland. According to the theory of Christian jurisprudence, the infliction of punishment by the state is not intended as a vindictive retaliation against the offender, but as a means of personal refor¬ mation and of deterring others from crime. “ He that is only just is cruel;” and to strain executive power beyond due limit is not only a political error, but a moral wrong. It is indeed a question of solemn import in this country, whether and how far the rigour of law is adequate to repress offences, and reform that class whose minds are reduced by dis¬ tress beneath the level of humanity, whose industry is warped from the divine intent of productiveness, to a barren toil, and an employment without hope. The able-bodied labourers are squatted in quarries to break stones, while in many unions large tracts of land, the raw material for manufacture of food, lie waste and unoccupied. As well might we expect mental rectitude in a mad¬ house, as honesty and loyal feeling among a starving and unedu¬ cated people. The material instrumentality is all in disarray. The source of nervous energy is poisoned; the dark blood is in the brain. History bears testimony, that public virtue and civil liberty flourish in the sunshine of industrial activity, and fade with its S3 fading light. Social quiet and national prosperity depend upon the reciprocity and fit association of capital and labour; but labour must be energized to achieve its natural rights, and mind enlight¬ ened to fulfil its moral destinies. The starving and demoralized Irish will remain criminals and slaves until they are usefully em¬ ployed, and fairly remunerated in their legitimate sphere of toil— the development of the manifold resources of the soil and shores of their native land. The files of the “Limerick Chronicle,” from the 10th to the 24th instant, present the following frightful details:—The County Treasurer paid expenses of 900 crown witnesses and prosecutors. The foreman of the County Grand Jury stated, that the gaol built for the accommodation of 141 contained nearly 800 prisoners, and of those, 160 had been confined and under rule of transporta¬ tion for two years. In the City Gaol, 36 had been in prison under similar rule, since January, 1848 ; and the City Calendar, with one exception of murder, was almost exclusively confined to larceny cases. 520 persons w T ere registered for trial in the county: 11 for murder; 30, in arms and attacking houses by night; 20, highway robbery; 63, cattle stealing; and a vast number of cases of burglary, larceny, &c. The result of the Assize prosecution was, 1 capital conviction, 62 for transportation, and many others sentenced to imprisonment for various periods. And this, with exception of the 160 above mentioned, is only a nine months’ crop of crime in one county. Well, then, might the learned Judge Ball exclaim in his address to the Grand Jury: “ A more appalling representation of the state of crime in this or any other country it has never been my lot to witness.” And observe, in an economic point of view, the cost of this huge and annually increasing mass of offences. It has been computed that every criminal, from his apprehension to the completion of the sentence of transportation, costs his country 300Z. Now, without taking into account the expense of a considerable military, naval, and police force, workhouse support of the widows and children of those who have been incarcerated or under rule of transportation, losses and injuries to life and property, resulting from sanitary neglects in a community crowded by the indigent and the despairing, the direct cost to the State of the above calendar of crime can be little short of 75,000 1 .; while a system of repro¬ ductive labour would not only have saved that amount, by rescuing i) 34 the starving from temptation and the idle from crime, but would have repaid the capital expended, with a large surplus to multiply in duplicate ratio the materials of future employment. At* M* VP *7V* W TV* *71* W The most unobservant cannot avoid noticing the declining aspect of native manufactures, of the shop and inland trade, and foreign traffic of Limerick, notwithstanding its magnificent posi¬ tion at the tide-head of the first navigable river, and in the centre of the most fertile district of the British islands. What scenes were there during the late assizes to strike the patriot heart with amazement and unavailing sorrow'! ####### Limerick is a type oe Ireland. Law bares the arm triumphantly to strike down the trans¬ gressor yet offences increase, and the love of social order diminishes. Society is held together only by the pressure of external force. Disaffection, beaten down, still broods sullenly over the desperate chances of the future. But all this cannot last. A government of mere force is too cumbersome and perilous to preserve its stability in times w r hen the spirit of progress searches the heart of nations, and the secret springs and motives of Prerogative are revealed to every eye by the electric light of a free Press. True philosophical enlighten¬ ment w'ould avoid all allusion to the international violences and litigations of the past, and adopt new methods of redressing the evils of misgovermnent, and establishing loyalty and rational free¬ dom, by cherishing at home the moral and physical capabilities of Ireland, and opening freely to emigration the boundless resources of that colonial empire which girds the world , On comparing the above startling statement with the results of the summer assizes of 1853 and 1854 furnished to the author by the kindness of Mr. Purnell, County Treasurer, it will appear that the Criminal Calendar has greatly diminished, in proportion to the decrease of pauperism and increase of employment, which have taken place in the County of Limerick Assize District in the in¬ terval between 1849 and 1853-4. Spring Summer Summer County of Limerick. Assizes, 1819. Assizes, 1853. Assizes, 1854. N umber of Crown witnesses and prosecutors 900 110 84 Number of criminals for trial 520 25 19 Of these for murder ..... 11 4 1 In arms and attacking houses by night 30 None. None. Cattle stealing ...... 63 )) 1 Highway robbery ..... 20 9) 1 35 Appendix F. EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS. It appears from tlie Twentieth Report of the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland, that at the close of 1853 the number of schools in operation was 5,023, attended by 550,478 children, showing, as compared with 1852, an increase in the number of schools of 148, and in the attendance, of 11,874. Besides these 5,023 schools, there are 42 on the lists, not yet completed, which will afford accommodation to 4,016 additional pupils. The following table, carefully compiled from information con¬ tained in this Report, proves that this incomparable system of instruction is being gradually extended to paupers and criminals as well as to the artisan, manufacturing, and agricultural classes. In Connection , 31s£ December , 1853. Industrial Schools ........ 43 Evening ditto ........ 39 Agricutural ditto (including 31 Model Schools) . . . 203 Workhouse ditto (including 50 Agricultural, not enumerated in preceding) . . . . . • . . .191 Gaol ditto ........ 9 Total 385 "While on the subject of educational progress, we may observe that the Government schools of design in Dublin, Belfast, Limerick, Waterford, and Cork, and the Christian Brothers’ School of Design, in the last mentioned city, have largely con¬ tributed to call forth the native artistic taste and inventive genius of the Irish youth. And we would remind those, who underrate such departments of industry as add grace to utility, that ele¬ gance of form and harmon 3 r of tint bear a high conventional value. Eor instance, Belfast has paid away to French and Belgian designers considerably over £50,000 for ornamental linen head¬ ings. In a moral point of view, too, the disciplined industry and ingenuity, even of little children, especially when combined with education (as is generally the case throughout Ireland), exercise a powerful reclaiming influence on the adult members of their families, and through these on the character of the whole population. d 2 36 Appendix G-. AGRICULTURAL IMPROYEMENT. The following observations of Major Larcom exhibit with great clearness and precision the causes and effects of the transi¬ tion state of agriculture in Ireland. “ The statistical returns exhibit extensive changes in the agri¬ cultural condition of the country, which have attended a period of painful transition, and have, to a great extent, resulted from it. They can scarcely be considered otherwise than favourable in regard to production. They indicate, by the increase of large farms, the increasing investment of capital in agriculture, and the abandonment of that unskilled husbandry which attended minute subdivision of the land without capital. The increase of live stock on the larger farms is a direct consequence of this change. A more careful consideration, or fuller knowledge of the peculiarities of the soil and climate of Ireland, would pro¬ bably arise from the same cause, by directing higher intelligence to cultivation. This at present appears leading to the increase of flax, of green crops, and of oats, in preference to other cereal produce; while, on the whole, in spite of a series of bad and indif¬ ferent seasons, there is an increased quantity of land brought into tillage, and an increased amount of live stock maintained in the country. These changes have been concurrent with a rapid decrease of the population, There can be little doubt from what class of the community the defection has taken place, and the agricultural changes which, there is reason to believe, had already begun, have been, doubtless, precipitated or hastened by that defection. The present agricultural condition of the country is more favourable than that which it has replaced, or is replacing; and in regard to those who remain, there can be little reason to regard the future with apprehension. If those who have left our shores have also improved their condition, as all reports would lead us to believe, the result will, on the whole, be favourable, however naturally and deeply we may grieve over the suffering which has attended the transition in all classes of society.” The following tables, compiled by Mr. Donnelly from the returns furnished by the police, prove that there is a steadily increasing breadth of land under flax and turnips, for the growth of which the climate and soil of Ireland are best suited; and this year (1854), it is believed, will present a considerable increase and improvement in quality of all crops, flax probably excepted. My anticipations are but partially verified; there appearing from the Returns for 1854, just received from Mr. Donnelly the Registrar- General— An increase only on Wheat of - - 84,527 acres. and on Potatoes, of - - 90,702 „ While there is a decrease on all cereal) qi 900 crops taken together of - - j ’ ' ” on Flax of - - - 23,607 „ And on all Green Crops taken together of 710 „ J. L., 7 ill November. 37 Abstract of Cereal Crops. 1852. 1853. Acres. Acres. Wheat . 353,566 327,254 Oats .... . . 2,283,449 2,156,674 Barley, Bere, Rye, &c. . • 339,591 349,017 Total . . . 2,976,606 l 2,832,945 Decease on Cereal Crops 143,661 Ditto on Meadow and Clover • 404 Total Decrease . 144,065 Abstract of Green Crops. Potatoes Turnips . . • Other Green Crops • 1852. Acres. 876,532 356,790 121,565 1853. Acres. 897,774 399,335 120,561 Total . • . 1,354,887 1,417,670 Increase on Green Crops of all kinds Ditto on Flax .... 62,783 37,415 Total Increase . . . . 100,198 Peat and Moor Soils. The author’s opinion respecting the suitability of peat soils for continuous green crops has been repeatedly, and for many years, pressed on practical farmers in vain. The following obser¬ vations will be found in his “Observations on Ireland in 1851.” p. 56, &c. “ It is a great mistake to introduce the usual rotation of crops on reclaimed peat, which is necessarily deficient in silex and azotised ingredients adapted for the nutrition of the cereals, slight traces only of these constituents being found in the potato, tap- rooted vegetables, and the various cruciferae. We control nature by following her guidance; and it is a wiser and more economical husbandry to suit the crop to the constitution of the soil, than endeavour to change its nature by the repeated application of expensive alterative manures, which, if withdrawn for a few years, the land almost invariably returns to its originally wild state. “ I am not putting forward merely theoretical views, having myself grown green crops in uninterrupted succession for ten years 38 on clay lands, without increasing the quantities of manure; and I conclude, that the system must prove more successful where soil and products are both carbonaceous.—There are about 150,000 acres of partially reclaimed flat bogs in Ireland: and, deducting 40,000 acres for coarse meadow, pasture, and other uses, we have 110,000 acres, yielding according to the usual rotation, one green crop in four years. Now, assuming that continuous green crop¬ ping is substituted for this system, and allowing only sixteen tons per acre, we should have for the additional three years an increment of upwards of five million and a half tons of green food, equivalent to the support of half a million black stock, young and old. “The inquiring reader will perceive, on comparison of the analysis of the turnip and mangel, with the analysis of various peat soils made by Kane and others, that their chemical con¬ stituents are not only identical, but nearly in the same propor¬ tions : so that when peat, unfit in its crude state for the nutrition of plants, becomes decomposed under the agency of manures that promote the fermentation of its substance, it is then converted into humus, the proper food for those vegetables, to which we have given the name of carbonaceous, because of their constituents A being combinations of carbon.” Mr. James Perry informs me, that he has grown fine green crops on coarse moory soil on his estate near Athenry, using no other manure than sulphuric acid—l^lb. to the cwt. of limestone sand found in situ. And my views are further corroborated by the following important extract from the Keport of Mr. Irwin, Inspector of Drainage for the County of Koscommon ; so that it is hoped attention will now be earnestly turned to this subject.— Mr. Irwin, writing to the Commissioners of Public Works, states that;— “ Tracts of bog and moor are now (in 1853) considered to yield a larger and more speedy return than any other description of improvement, as it is found that tracts of wet spongy bog, which, while unreclaimed, were of merely nominal value, can now be let for a single crop at a rent exceeding the whole cost of reclamation; and that by a very moderate additional application from time to time, of clayey and calcareous material, they can be' profitably continued in tillage for any length of time, being, as already stated, easily and cheaply cultivated; and being also the only lands in which the portable fertilizers can be permanently substituted for farm-yard manure. An excellent example of this important property of peat-soil may be seen in the demesne of 39 Mr. O’Connor, of Milton, whose green crops, grown on reclaimed bog, without any manure, except a moderate application of either guano, or superphosphate of lime, now rank among the very best in the whole district; and I am informed that on the estate of Lord De Freyne, the use of guano on an inferior description of reclaimed bog, has been followed by equally favourable results.” Peat , its Mineral Uses. The Great Peat Working Company of Ireland obtained a Charter of Incorporation in the early part of 1851. Numerous difficulties have supervened since the establishment of the company to prevent the development of its capabilities, and the value of the material on which it was proposed to work, under patents secured by Messrs. Gwynne and Co., of Essex Wharf, Strand. The principal of these were the apparent impossibility of raising the necessary funds ; but brighter prospects have now arisen—opera¬ tions have commenced, and are now being conducted on a large scale. By this patent process the peat, after being thoroughly dried and ground to powder, is pressed into the form of bricks, rendering it of a rather higher specific gravity than coal, and which stands the heat of the furnace, without pulverising or de¬ crepitating, equal to that fuel, whilst its extreme purity and free¬ dom from sulphur renders it extremely valuable for metallurgical purposes. The property on which the company are now working is situate in the county of Kerry, near Yalentia.* Appendix H. PROGRESS OF DRAINAGE UNDER 10th YICT., c. 32, USUALLY CALLED “ THE LAND IMPROVEMENT ACT.” From Twenty-second Report of Commissioners of Public Works. The total area that has been thorough-drained under the Land Improvement Acts, up to the date of this Beporb, 31st December, 1853, amounts to 153,160 acres, which has been effected at an average cost of £4 10s. per acre, of which 7,500 acres have been * See “ Mining Journal” of 17 Dec. 1853; also “ Ireland: the People, the Land, and the Law,” by the Author, p. 54, &c. 40 drained during the year 1853, and a considerable portion of the land has been subsoiled. Distribution of the Fund. If we take the Northern Counties, we find the following sums have been applied for, sanctioned, and issued, viz. :— Counties. Total Amount applied for. Amount sanctioned. Amount issued. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Antrim . 231,768 6 3 93,500 0 0 58,630 0 0 Londonderry . 105,362 6 2 38,710 0 0 33,160 0 0 Donegal 194,065 1 6 110,750 0 0 80,410 0 0 Fermanagh 89,234 12 9 41,640 0 0 19,090 0 0 Tyrone . 95,465 17 11 60,770 0 0 36,737 0 0 Armagh 42,472 19 6 26,100 0 0 10,280 0 0 Down . 37,701 14 0 22,950 0 0 15,200 0 0 796,070 18 1 394,420 0 0 253,507 0 0 In the same manner, if reference be made to the Midland and Eastern District, which comprehends 14 counties, we find as follow:— Counties. Total Amount applied for. Amount sanctioned. Amount issued. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Cavan . 55,927 15 8 35,250 0 0 14,200 0 0 Monaghan 72,786 15 2 39,350 0 0 20,670 0 0 Longford 40,918 11 0 32,900 0 0 21,740 0 0 Louth . 59,636 15 7 25,550 0 0 17,100 0 0 Meath . 92,592 6 5 47,750 0 0 33,016 0 0 Westmeath 47,718 11 7 25,150 0 0 16,470 0 0 Dublin . 37,896 10 5 20,120 0 0 12,892 0 0 Kildare . 44,988 4 8 25,050 0 0 15,170 0 0 King’s . 48,161 4 7 27,850 0 0 16,920 0 0 Queen’s. 121,860 10 11 61,300 0 0 39,490 0 0 Wicklow 77,793 16 10 48,573 0 0 35,917 0 0 Carlow . 92,588 5 0 53,750 0 0 32,990 0 0 Kilkenny 116,150 10 8 74,760 0 0 ' 37,200 0 0 Wexford 144,163 6 10 76,650 0 0 57,810 0 0 1,053,183 5 4 594,003 0 0 371,585 0 0 In the Western Districts, which include 6 counties, we find that for— 41 Counties. Total Amount applied for. Amount sanctioned. Amount issued. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. SligO 111,669 16 11 53,750 0 0 35,127 0 0 Leitrim. 93,416 8 0 50,050 0 0 33,124 0 0 Mayo 308,062 17 11 179,600 0 0 90,546 0 0 Roscommon . 123,827 3 6 74,550 0 0 54,420 0 0 Galway . 304,605 12 1 166,200 0 0 86,960 0 0 Clare 152,733 11 7 79,000 0 0 38,270 0 0 1,094,315 10 0 603,150 0 0 338,447 0 0 In the Southern District, comprehending 5 counties, we find that for— Counties. Total Amount applied for. Amount sanctioned. Amount issued. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Limerick 267,637 14 1 164,670 0 0 107,599 0 0 Tipperary 147,030 7 9 92,463 0 0 63,263 0 0 Waterford 82,711 0 9 53,130 0 0 29,660 0 0 Cork 315,483 11 8 164,160 0 0 100,218 0 0 Kerry . 425,137 8 2 177,550 0 0 90,065 0 0 1,238,000 2 5 651,973 0 0 390,805 0 0 The grand totals being— Total amount applied for Gross amount sanctioned Amount issued £ s. d. 4,181,569 15 10 2,243,646 0 0 1,354,344 0 0 Appendix I. PROGRESS OF COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. From the Government Returns, and the “Belfast Mercantile Journal” of January 10 and 17, 1854. Flax cultivation has increased without the bounds of Ulster, Flax, fully 500 per cent, since 1848. This rapid spread of Flax cultiva¬ tion in our own country is of the more importance to the trade, at a moment when our relations with Russia have assumed so threaten- J 42 Scutch Mills. Factories. Cotton. Sewed Muslins, Ginghams, Calicos. ing an aspect. Flax markets have been established in several towns of the districts which have lately entered on this branch of husbandry, and 40 scutch-mills appear to have been erected in those localities during the last six years. The total number of scutch-mills in Ireland is given as 956, and of these 54 are now moved by steam-power. At the close of the year 1852, the number of spindles employed were 506,000; since then six new mills have been established, employing about 23,000 spindles; which, wdth additions to factories already at work, amounting to about 19,000 spindles, gives an increase during the year, of 42,500 spindles, or a total of 548,500 spindles. It appears by the Linen Trade Circular , that there are now in all Ireland 88 factories, with 580,684 spindles. It is most gratifying to find the production of power-looms so rapidly on the increase. "We find by the same authority, that at this period last year there were only 58 power-looms at work in Ireland; now there are 218, and preparations are making for 1,105 in addition, making a total of 1,323. This great increase in the short period of little more than twelve months, is very gratifying, particularly as there is now every probability of our linens being admitted free of duty into The United States next year; and of the French Government reducing their present high tariff on our yarns, on the condition of our reciprocating with them in the wine duties, which we are willing to do. The cotton trade has been carried on throughout the greater part of the past year with increased spirit, and there are 111,264 spindles now employed in this town and neighbourhood, being an increase upon last year of about 15,000. The consumption of yarns has been much the same, as regards quantity, as in 1852, but the quality is of a better description. Of the 111,264 spindles, 34,360 are occupied in spinning the finer qualities; 39,000 medium; and 37,901 coarse yarns. The sewed muslin business, as well as the gingham and printed calico trades, although not perhaps so lively or remunerative as they were at the commencement of the year, have been conducted throughout with great activity. The former continues to in¬ sinuate its branches throughout Ireland, wherever skilful and willing hands are to be found; and we believe we are within the mark when we say, that about £1,500,000 are spent annually throughout Ireland for wages in this trade, chiefly through the agency of Belfast and Glasgow establishments. It is so calculated that upwards of 50,000 looms are at work in this town and 43 various parts of Ireland, in weaving muslins, calicos, &c., and which number would be rapidly augmented, were a sufficient supply of skilled labour to be had. The total Irish export of linens and threads in 1852, was Linens. 67,482 packages, so that there is an increase on the year of 4,169 packages. Summing up roughly the entire value of the Irish export and import trade in these articles, we find the following to be about the estimate for 1853:— Exported from Ireland in 1853. 4,974 tons of flax, at 58 1 . . 2,686 tons tow, at 27?. 3,352 tons yarn, at 105?. . 71,651 pkgs. linen, at 55?. . Total 8,725 tons flax, at 65?. 441 tons tow, at 27?. 2,984 tons yarn, at 180?. Total £288,492 72,522 351,960 3,940,805 . . <£4,653,779 in 1853. . £567,125 11,907 537,320 . £1,116,352 Imported into Ireland The past year is memorable as that in which the last remnant of import duties on foreign linen manufactures, which had been much reduced at previous intervals, was swept away by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and in which the United Kingdom entered into a perfectly open competition in every article with the countries of the globe. Were this example followed by other states, much advantage would accrue to the trade of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as to the population of all countries which consume linen. It is satisfactory to note that of late years, although the Zollverein States have increased their import duties on this article, Holland and Belgium, Spain and Portugal, Sardinia, Austria, and Norway, have relaxed them to a greater or less extent. Our exports to the colonies are increasing steadily— to those of Australia in a very surprising extent. Einally, the prospects of the trade, as drawn from the augury of the past year’s events, are promising, and though it may be temporarily embar¬ rassed, its high state of efficiency and constant efforts at improve¬ ment must give it confidence in its innate power, and secure a future progress, equal at least to the past. 44 PROGRESS OF COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. Tonnage Registered at Port of Belfast, 1837 to 1853. Vessels. Tons. Increase. Tons. Decrease. Tons. 1837 . 295 31,475 _ _ 1838 . 298 32,228 573 — 1839 . 335 41,336 9,108 — 1840 . 355 45,632 4,296 — 1841 . 375 49,626 3,994 — 1842 . 375 51,278 1,652 — 1843 . 359 49,402 — 1876 1844 . 365 50,391 989 — 1845 394 54,771 4,380 — 1846 . 426 62,094 7,323 — 1847 . 464 68,659 6,565 — 1848 . 475 71,556 2,897 — 1849 . 467 75,441 3,885 — 1850 . 463 74,770 — 671 1851 . 461 76,940 2,170 — 1852 . 464 78,373 1,433 — 1853 . 493 83,128 4,755 — Tonnage which entered the Port from the Year 1837 to 1853, both inclusive. Vessels. Tons. Vessels. Tons. 1837 2,724 288,143 1846 4,168 543,862 1838 2,955 298,278 1847 4,213 538,523 1839 3,350 354,542 1848 3,905 506,953 1840 3,323 3,378 361,473 1849 4,080 555,021 1841 357,902 1850 4,490 624,113 1842 3,549 337,505 1851 5,016 5,221 650,938 1843 3,370 363,038 445,537 492,560 1852 684,156 1844 1845 3,655 3,888 1853 5,711 768,505 Belfast compared with Liverpool . Liverpool. Year. Tonnage. 1800 450,060. 1822 . 892,902, or two-fold 1800. . 1,768,426, or four-fold 1800. 1835 1849 . 3,639,146, or eight-fold 1800. 1853 . 3,889,981, or nine-fold 1800. Belfast. Year. Tonnage. 1800 55,268. . 117,231, or two-fold 1800. 1812 1827 . 219,148, or four-fold 1800. 1844 . 445,537, or eight-fold 1800. 1853 . 768,505, or fourteen-fold 1800. 45 Appendix K. FISHERIES. The following table from the Commissioner’s Report exhibits the rates of carriage, and the quantity of fish conveyed from the southern and western coasts to Dublin, during the year 1853, and the trade has considerably increased this year, in consequence of the cheapness and rapidity of carriage. Quantity of Fish conveyed by the Great Southern and Western Railway for the Year ending 31 st December , 1853. Salmon Herrings Other fish Tons. Cwts. Qrs. 275 0 0 243 0 0 66 0 0 Total . , 584 0 0 Midland Great Western Railway.—Return of the Quantity of Fish conveyed to Dublin for the Year ending 31s7 December , 1853. Salmon and turbot .... Tons. 77 Cwts. 1 Qrs. 0 Lobsters...... 101 12 1 Cod, hake, eels, haddock, soles, &c. 255 2 2 Oysters ...... 240 9 2 Total 674 5 1 Rates of Carriage of Fish. Dublin to London, per London and North-Western Railway:— Fresh fish ..... 100s. per ton. Salt fish, dried or in casks . . 40s. „ Great Southern and Western Railway, to Dublin Salmon . Flat fish eels, and doreys Shell fish All other fish . 60s. per ton, 50s. „ 30s, „ 20s. „ Midland Great Western Railway, to Dublin:— Salmon and turbot, over 5 cwt., at 2s. 6(7.—under 5 cwt., 3s. 6c7. Lobsters . . „ 2s. 6c7. „ 3s. 6d. Cod, hake, eels, haddock, soles, &c. Is. 0 d. „ Is. 6d. Oysters, at the rate of 20s. per ton. Chester and Holyhead Railway.—Rates of Carriage of Fish from Dublin, vid Holyhead, are as follows:— To London, salmon in boxes . . 5s. 0 d. per cwt. Birmingham „ , . 3s. 6c7. „ Manchester „ . . 3s, 0 d. „ Liverpool „ . . 3s. 6d. „ Local Stations, according to distance, from 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6(7. per cwt. Appendix L. CATALOGUE OF THE SEVERAL LOCALITIES IN IRELAND, Where Mines, or Metalliferous Indications have hitherto been discovered. ARRANGED IN COUNTIES ACCORDING TO THEIR RESPECTIVE POST TOWNS. Note —The localities with an asterisk prefixed are situate in Igneous or Lower Sedimentary Rocks; the remainder occur for the most part in Lime¬ stone. Mines now or formerly worked are printed in Italics, hut no opinion, as to the relative or actual productiveness of any is intended fo be offered; subdenominations of Mineral districts are grouped for convenience between brackets; when Mines have been recognized by other designations, these latter are added in parentheses. The numbers attached to the localities refer to the Ordnance Sheets which contain them. Several authorities and explana¬ tory remarks are interspersed. Collieries are omitted, the Coal-fields being described in Mr. Griffith’s Reports and marked on his Geological Map of Ireland (now preparing for publication), from which the following localities have been extracted. Though metallic lodes have not yet been discovered in the Counties of Carlow, Londonderry, and Westmeath, it is not improbable that such may occur. POST TOWNS. Ballycastle Carrickfergus . Larne localities and counties. ANTRIM. Coal-field (Ballynagard, Torglass, Tornaroan, &c.), Clay-ironstone and Hematite—5 & 9. Duncrue, thick beds of Rocksalt, also Gypsum on Coast from Belfast, Northward—52. *Dundressan, Iron+—41 Belleek . Crossmaglen . Keady Middletown Newry Newto wn-Hamilton P oiNTZPASS ARMAGH. *Carriclcgallogly, Lead; Mr. Griffith, MSS. Mines of Ireland, 1821—25 *Drumnalioney, Lead (Drumnalioney Mines )—25 *Dorsy, Lead; discovered by Joseph Backhouse, of London, Esq.—28. *Tullyard, Lead—30. *Tullydonnell, Copper—31. *Aughnagurgan, Lead—20. *Clay, Lead and Manganese—19. *Doohat or Crossreagh, Lead; communicated by William Conn, Esq.—19. *Drummeland (Derrynoose), Lead; worked by the late Lord Farnham many years ago —19. *Tamlaglit, Lead—15. *Drumbanagher (Church Glen), Lead—22. *Kilmonaghan (Jerrets or Tuscan Pass), Cop¬ per—22. * Ballintemple, Lead, communicated by Joseph Backhouse, Esq.—25. *Ballymore Mines, Lead; exact position not ascer¬ tained—18, &c. t When the word Iron occurs alone, Magnetic, Specular or other Ores (proper) of Iron are those intended ; thus distinguishing them from Clay- ironstone, a regular rock formation. 47 POST TOWNS. Cavan COOTEHILL Shercock . SWANLINBAR Ballyvaghan . Feakle N ewmarket-on-Fergus Quin ... Roadford . Sixmilebridge . Tomgraney Tulla Ballydehob Audley Mines . Ballydehob Mines Roaringwater Mines . Bantry LOCALITIES AND COUNTIES. CAYAN. *Farnham Demesne, Copper—20 *Cornanurney (Weal Burr owes) —22. *South East of, Lead—29, &c. Cuilcagh District, Clay-ironstone; Mr. Griffith’s Coal Reports—6 CLARE. Cappagh, Copper, Argentiferous Lead and Man¬ ganese—6. *Corrakyle, Copper—20. *Glendree, Lead—19 & 27. *Leaghort, Copper; communicated by R. Purdy Allen, Esq., Sec. to Mining Co. of Ireland—20. Carrownakilly , Argentiferous Lead—42. Ballyhickey, Argentiferous Lead, and Copper with Zinc—34. Castletown, Lead—34. Moyriesk, Argentiferous Lead ( Castletown Mines) 34. Monanoe (Kilbreckan ), Argentiferous Lead, and Antimony; Kilbreckanite— 34. Crumlin, Argentiferous Lead—4. Doolin, Argentiferous Lead—8. ^ Rathlaheen South Lead and Sulphur Ore; com¬ municated by R. W. Townsend, Esq.—51. *Ballyhurly, Lead; Mr. Griffith’s MSS., Mines of Ireland—29. Ballyvergin, Lead, Copper and Sulphur Ore; com¬ municated by R. W. Townsend, Esq., A.M.—26. Knockaphreaghaun ( Crow Hill), Argentiferous Lead—34. Milltown, Silver and Lead; worked by the Bullion Mining Company—35. CORK. (*Ballycummidc, Copper; see Mr. Griffith’s Report on Audley Mines —140 *Cappaghglciss (Cappagh), Copper —140. *Foilnamuck, Copper—140. * Horse Island, Copper; traces of lead occur in the gossans of all these mines—149. •< *Rossbrin, Copper—140. * Ballydehob, Copper; worked by South Cork Mining Company—140. *F.oleagh, Copper—140. * Cooragurteen, Copper—140. *Kilcoe, Copper—140. \*Skeaghanore, Copper—140. *Derreennalomane, Copper—131. ( *Kilkilleen, Copper and Lead—140. *Laheratanvally, Copper—140. *Leighcloon, Copper—140. *Caravilleen, Copper—129. *Clashadoo ( Four Mile WaCr), Copper—130. *Derreengreanagh, Copper and Sulphate of Ba¬ rytes ; communicated by R. W. Townsend, Esq., 2. Henrietta-street, Dublin, C.E.—118. / POST TOWNS. Bantry Holyhill Mines Carrigtohill Castletown-Bearhaven i I Bearhaven Mines . ■{ I i Castletownsend Clonakilty Cork Crookhayen Crookhaven Mines Dunmanway Lackue Mines . Glengarriff Millstreet Nohaval Ringabella Mines 48 LOCALITIES AND COUNTIES. *Glennlin, Copper—129. *Gortavallig, Copper—138. (*Gortacloona, Lead—118. 1* Holyhill, Copper—118. * Killeen, Copper—129. * Killoveenoge, Argentiferous Lead—117. *Rooska East, Argentiferous Lead—117. Vicinity of, Lead with Zinc; Mr. Courtney’s Es¬ tate.—75&76. *Ballard Commons, Copper —115. f*Allihies, Copper; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—114. *Cahermeeleboe, Copper—127. *Caminclies, Copper—114. *Cloan, Copper—114. *Coom, Copper—114. K*Kealoge, Copper—114 & 127. *Bear Island, Lead and Copper ; Report on Bantry Estate, by John I. Whitty, Esq., LL D.—128. * Kilkinnikin West, Lead—127. *Cooscroneen, Copper; communicated by R. W. Townsend, Esq., A.M.—142. Rabbit Island (Squince), Antimony, Copper and Lead—142. *jDuneen, Lead, Copper and Sulphate of Barytes; worked chiefly for Barytes at present—144. *Rathpeacon, Copper, (traces of Malachite)—63. *Altar, Copper—148. *Ballydivlin, Copper—147. *Ballyrisode, Copper, communicated by R. W. Townsend, Esq., C.E.—147. *Balteen, Copper, 147. *Carrigcicat ( Dhurode), Copper and Auriferous Gossan—147. ( *Boulysallagh (West Carbery), Copper, Silver, and Lead—147. *Callaros, Copper—147. | *Clogharte ( Mizen Head), Copper—146. | *Crookhaven, Copper; worked by Crookhaven ; Mining Company—147. *Kilbarry, Copper— 147. I *Mallavoge ( Brow Head), Copper; property of i Lord Charles Clinton, M.P.—152. | * Spanish Cove (Kilmoe), Copper and Argentiferous ^ Lead -147. *Lackavaun, Copper—147. *Toormore, Copper—148. ^Demesne, Mundic.—107 & 108. *Derreens, Copper; communicated by R. W. Townsend, Esq., C.E.—107. ( *Coome ( Lachue Wood), Copper; property of John D’Arcy Evans, Esq.—107. *Inchanadreen, Copper; communicated by Fitz- Lionel Fleming, Esq.—107. *EsJc Mountain, Copper.—90. * Vicinity of, Copper.—39. «*Minane, Lead.—99. \*Ringabella, Argentiferous Lead—99. 49 POST TOWNS. Ross Carbery . Glandore Mines Skibbereen Skull Coosheen Mines . Ballybofey Ballyshannon . Bundoran Carndonagh Dunfanaghy Glenties . Killybegs Letterkenny Naran Annalong LOCALITIES AND COUNTIES. . r*Aghatubrid, Manganese and Copper; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—142. *Derry, Copper—143. . *Drom, Copper—142. *Keamore, Copper—142. *Kilfinnan , Copper—143. ^ *Bouryglen, Manganese and Iron—143. *Gortagrenane, Copper; communicated by R. W. Townsend, Esq., C.E.—143. *Little Island, Copper and Sulphate of Barytes—143. . *Bawnishall, Copper—151. . *Castlepoint, Copper—148. I *Castle Island, Copper—149. * Coosheen, Copper and Iron—139 & 140. *Gortnamona, Copper—140. * Long Island, Copper—148. * Skull, Copper—148. *Leamcon, Copper; communicated by R. W. Town¬ send, Esq., C.E.—148. *Mountgabriel, Copper—139. DONEGAL. . * Welchtown, Lead and Iron—68. . . Abbey Island, Argentiferous Lead with Zinc, and Copper—107. Abbeylands, Argentiferous Lead with Zinc, and Copper—107. Ballymagrorty, Lead—103. Finner, Argentiferous Lead with Zinc, and Cop¬ per—107. Tonregee, Lead—107. . Vicinity of. Lead and Copper—106. . *Carrowmore or Glentogher, Argentiferous Lead with Zinc, and Sulphur Ore—20 *Clonca, Copper—4, 5, &c. . *Ards, Lead—16 & 26. *Keeldrum Upper, Lead—33. *Marfagh, Lead, Copper, Sulphur Ore andiron—15. . * Drumnacross, Lead—74. *Fintown ( Loughnambraddan), Lead; property of James Hamilton, Esq., see Giesecke’s Report to the Royal Dublin Society—66. *Gweebarra River, Lead—65, &c. *Kilrean, Lead—74. *Mullantiboyle, Lead; formerly worked by Sir Albert Conyngham, abandoned from influx of Owenea River; Mr. Griffith’s MSS., Mines of Ireland—74. *Scraig’s Mountain, Lead with Zinc, and Sulphur Ore—66 & 67. *Malinbeg, Argentiferous Lead, and Manganese; worked by Mr. Willans—89. . *Eighterross ( Castlegrove), Lead—53 & 54. . *Iniskeel, Coast of, Lead and Copper—64, &c. DOWN. . *Glasdrumman, Copper and Lead—53. E / POST TOWNS. Ardglass . Bryansford Crawfordsburn Dromara . Dromore . Dundrum . Hillsborough . Kilkeel . Killough . Killyleagh Newtown Ards . Strangfokd Dublin Clontarf Mines . Golden Ball Bally corns Mines Howth Howtli Mines . Kingstown Rush 50 LOCALITIES AND COUNTIES, *Ardtole, Lead—45. *Guns Island, Lead, Copper, and Sulphate of Barytes—39. *Fofanny, Lead; Mr. Griffith’s MSS., Mines of Ireland—48. *Ballyleidy, Lead—1. *Slieve Croob District (Begny, Gransha, Legananny, Moneynahane, &c.), Iron—28, 29, 35, & 36. * Vicinity of, Lead and Manganese—21, &c. *Moneylane, Lead—43. * Watereslc, Lead; communicated by Joseph Back¬ house, Esq.—43. *Carnreagh, Iron—14. *Leitrim (Leitrim Hill), Lead; communicated by Dr. Saunderson—55. *Mourne Mountains Copper and Lead—52, &c. *Ballydargan, Lead—44. * Killough, Lead—45. *Bathmullan, Lead—44. *Saint John’s Point, Copper and Sulphur Ore—45. * Corporation, Lead—31. *Whitespots ( Conlig ), Lead; worked by Newtown Ards Mining Company; see Professor Haugh- ton’s Paper on Gangue, Jour. Geol. Soc. Dub.—6. *Tullyratty, Copper and Argentiferous Lead; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—31. Ashtown, Lead—14 & 18. CastleknocTc, Lead—17. Cloghran, Lead - 14. Clontarf, Lead with Zinc; first shaft sunk 1809, Mr. Griffith’s MSS., Mines of Ireland, (re-opened * while this pamphlet is passing through the press). J. L.—19. Killester, Lead—19. Crumlin, Lead—22. Dolphinsbarn, Lead with Zinc; abandoned from influx of water, Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—18. Kellystown, Lead—13 & 17. Kilmainham, Lead—18. Phoenix Park, Lead—18. f*Ballycorus ( Mount Peru), Argentiferous Lead with Zinc, and Native Silver —26. J *Bathmichcel, Lead ; Directors of Mining Com¬ pany, Dr. Barker, T.C.D., I. English, Esq., Sir R. Kane, &c.—26. ^ *Shanlcill, Lead—26. (*Howth, Lead—16. ( Sutton, Manganese—15. *DaUcey, Lead with Zinc and Tin; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—23. *Mount Mayas (Killiney Hill), Lead—23. *Seapoint, Copper—23. *Lambay Island, Copper—9. Louglishinny, Copper; Mr. Griffith’s Mining Re¬ port of Province of Leinster—5. 51 POST TOWNS. Belleek LOCALITIES AND COUNTIES. FERMANAGH. Rossbeg (Castle Caldwell), Copper and Iron ; com¬ municated by George C. Mahon, Esq., property of J. C. Bloomfield, Esq.—9. Ardrahan Clifden Galway Kinyarra . Moycullen Oranmore OUGHTERARD Canrawer Mines Claremount Mines Curraghduff Mines GALWAY. BallymaquifF, Argentiferous Lead and Bismuth ; property of F. M. S. Taylor, Esq.—113 & 114. Muggaunagh, Lead and Copper—103. Parkatleva, Lead—103. *Ardbear, Copper—35. *Boolard, Copper—22. *Cloon, Copper—22. *Derrylea, Lead; worked by Messrs. Gibbs, Baxter & Reynolds; property of S. Jones, Esq.—36. *Doon, Copper, 22. *Doonen, Copper; Report by Pierre J. Foley, Esq., M.E., for Connemara Mining Company—22. *Fakeeragh, Copper—35. *High Island, Copper—21. *Rinvyle District ( Dawrosmore, Cloonlooaun, Casldeen, &c.), Iron and Copper; Estate of Archdeacon Wilberforce; see Dr. Apjohn’s Paper, Jour. G. S. D.—9 & 23. *Carrowroe, South, Lead—90. * Derry nea {Cashla Bay), Lead; Mr. Griffith’s Lec¬ tures on the Mines of Ireland—79. *Docks of, Mundic—94. *Inveran, Lead; Mr. Griffith’s Lectures before R. Dub. Soc., Mines of Ireland.— 91. *Kilroe West, Lead—92. *Lenaboy (Salt Hill), Lead; communicated by John L. Worrall, Esq., C. E.—94. *Spiddle, Lead—92. Caherglassaun, Argentiferous Lead; worked by Connemara Mining Company—122. Wormhole (Gortmore ), Lead—68. Rinville West, Lead, with Zinc and Sulphur Ore—94. *Ballygally, Sulphur Ore; formerly worked by Mr. Nimmo—40. ( *Canrawer West, Lead—54. Cregg, Lead; communicated by G. F. O’Fflahertie, Esq.—54. j *Claremount, Lead—54. ' *Glengowla Bast and West, Lead with Zinc—54. I Tonweeroe, Lead—54. Barratleeva, Copper; property of, and worked by Henry Hodgson, Esq.—39. J * Curraghduff Middle {Gian), Copper and Sulphur Ore ; property of W. Downes Griffith, Esq. —39. | *Derroura, Copper; property of, and worked by ^ Henry Hodgson, Esq.—39. *Dooghta, Mundic; communicated by Sir Richard O’Donnell, Bart.—26. *Dooros, Copper and Sulphur Ore—39. E 2 52 POST TOWNS. OUGHTERARD Lemonfield Mines Roundstone LOCALITIES AND COUNTIES. *Drumsnauv ( Doon), Copper, Manganese, Iron and Lead—39. * Grig gins, Argentiferous Lead—25. *Leenaun, Lead and Copper; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—12. Ardvarna, Lead—54. Lemonfield, Silver and Lead ; worked by G. F. O’Fflahertie, Esq.— 54. Portacarron, Lead—54. *Vicinity of, Lead—50. KERRY. Ardfert . Castleisland . Castlemaine Causeway . Dunquin . Kenmare . . . Lcmdsdown Mines . Killarney Sneem Carrigcrohane Mines Tralee Vicinity of, Lead—20 & 21. Clogher, Silver, Lead and Copper; worked by Royal Hibernian Mining Company—30. Annagh (Last), Argentiferous Lead with Zinc; discovered in 1789, on the Godfrey Estate—47. *Meanus, Lead and Copper; Resident Director, John Giles Esq.—47. *Ballinglanna, Lead—9. *Coast West of Cashen River, Lead and Copper; Mr. Griffith, MSS.—9, &c. Lixnaw, Vicinity of, Lead—15 & 16. *Yicinity of, Copper—52. Ardtully (Cloontoo ), Copper; worked by Kenmare and West of Ireland Mining Company—93. { Caker West (Shanagarry) Argentiferous Lead, and Copper—93. Killowen, Lead—93. Public Garden of, Lead ; observed by Rev. Professor Haughton, F.T.C.D.—93. West of. Copper—93, &c. Cahernane, Argentiferous Lead; Report by M. Raspe in 1761, Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—66. Muclcross, Copper, Cobalt, and Sulphur Ore ; Co¬ balt discovered by M. Raspe in 1794—74. Ross Island, Copper, and Lead with Zinc—66. \*Beliaghane, Copper—106. [ *Garrough, Copper—106. *Staigue, Copper; Mr. Griffith’s MSS., Mines of Ireland—99. Ballybeggan, Lead and Copper—29. Ballymullen, Lead and Copper—29. Lissooleen, Silver, Lead, and Copper—30. Oak Park, Lead ; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—29. Celbridge. Edenderry Newbridge Castlecomer KILDARE. Ardclogh, Lead—15. Wheatfield Upper (Church Mine), Lead with Zinc; Mr. Griffith’s Mining Report, 1828—15. Freagh, Lead—3. *Punchersgrange, Copper; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—17. KILKENNY. Aghamuclcy, Clay-ironstone; Mr. Griffith’s Coal Reports, 1814—6. Coal District, Clay-ironstone ; Estate of Hon. Chas. H. Butler C. S. Wandesforde—6, &c. 53 POST TOWNS. Inistioge . Kilmacow . Knocktopher . Thomastown LOCALITIES AND COUNTIES. *Ballygallon (East Bank of Nore), Argentiferous Lead; communicated by Rev. Jas. Graves—32. Dunkitt, Lead; communicated by Samson Carter, Esq., C.E.—43. Knockadrina (Flood Hall), Lead and Silver—27. * Vicinity of. Copper—31. *Grenan, Iron (Micaceous); Estate of Right Hon. the Earl of Carrick—28. KING’S COUNTY. Edenderry Kinnitty . Edenderry (Blundell Mine), Lead—12. *Slieve Bloom Mountains, Lead and Copper— 36, 37, &c. LEITRIM. Drumkeeran Lurganboy Twigsparlc Mines . Mohill Creevelea District, Clay-ironstone—15, 16, &c. *Gortnaskeagh, Copper, Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—11. *Pollboy, Copper—11 (Barrackpark, Argentiferous Lead—7. ( Twigspark, Argentiferous Lead—7. *Gortinee, Iron—35. LIMERICK. Askeaton . Doon OoLA Newcastle Rathkeale Pallaskenry Ballycanauna (Ballysteen ), Argentiferous Lead and Silver; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—11. Carribeg (Castletown), Lead; communicated by Professor Apjohn, T.C.D,, and R. Hodgson Smyth, of London, Esq., property of Captain Hore—25. Oolahills, Copper, Argentiferous Lead, and Sulphur Ore; worked by Oola Silver, Lead, and Copper Mining Company—25. Mahoonagh, Vicinity of, Lead—36. Ballydoole, Argentiferous Lead; communicated by John L. Worrall, of Limerick, Esq., C.E.—3. Cloghatrida, Argentiferous Lead—20. LONGFORD. Longford . ScRABBY . ^Vicinity of, Argentiferous Lead; Mr. Griffith's MSS.—14. *Cleenrah, Iron—3. LOUTH. Clogher . Drogheda . Dcndalk . JONESBOROUGH . Togher *Clogher, Copper; Gossan on Shore, Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—22. fOldbridge, West of, Lead and Copper—23 & 24. *Crumlin, Lead—7. *Fairhill, Lead; communicated by E. Wright, Esq., LL.D., and Hon. Capt. Jocelyn—7. * Vicinity of. Antimony—1. *Salterstown, Lead and Copper; Mr. Griffith’s Mining Report—16. MAYO. Ballycastle *Belderg More, Copper ; communicated by R. W. Townsend, Esq., C.E.—6. *Geevraun, Copper—5 54 POST TOWNS. Ballyhaunis Louisburg Newport . Corraun Mines Westport localities and counties. . Ballynastockagh (Bellaveel), Lead; estate of John Birmingham, Esq.—103. * Vicinity of, Copper and Sulphur Ore; communi cated by Sir Richard O’Donnell, Bart.—86. . *Achill Island, South Western shore of, Mundic; communicated by Sir R. O’Donnell, Bart.—65. *Clare Island, Sulphur Ore—85, &c. ' *Bolinglanna ( Clew Bay), Copper, Sulphur Ore and Argentiferous Lead—75. . *Srahmore (Clew Bay), Copper, Sulphur Ore and Argentiferous Lead; estate of Sir Richard O’Donnell, Bart.—65. * Tawnycrower (Sheeffry), Argentiferous Lead—107. Ardcath . Athboy . Slane Beaupark Mines Walterstown . MEATH. *Cloghan, Lead; very ancient, Mr. Griffith’s MSS. —33. South of, Lead—29 & 35. Dollardstown, Copper and Lead; Mr. Griffith’s Mining Report—26. Painestown, Copper—26. Brownstown, Copper; worked in the year 1800 by Sir John Dillon, Charles Dillon and Nat. Preston, Esqrs., Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—32. Cusackstown, Copper—32. Kentstovm, Copper—32. Ballybay Bellanode Bellatrain Carrickmacross Castleblayney . Monaghan Clontibret Mines MONAGHAN. *Corbrack, Lead—19 &T24. *Cornamucklagh South, Lead—19. *Dernaglug, Lead—19. *Derrylusk, Lead—14. *Sra, Lead—24. Derryleedigan Jackson, Lead with Zinc; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—8. *Corduff, Manganese—2 7. Knocknacran East, thick beds of Gypsum ; worked by Evelyn John Shirley, Esq.—31. *Carrickagarvan, Argentiferous Lead and Sulphate of Barytes—25. *Cornalough, Argentiferous Lead and Sulphate of Barytes—25. *Dromore, Lead; communicated by Joseph Back¬ house, Esq.—25. ( *Annaglogli, Lead ; worked by James Skimming, Esq.—15. *Annayalla, Lead, 19. *Avalbane, Lead; communicated by William Conn, Esq.—14. J *Avalreagli, Lead with Zinc—14. *Carrickaderry, Lead ; formerly worked by Mr. Bearcroft; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—14. *Carrickanure, Lead—14. *Coolartragh {Bond), Argentiferous Lead with Zinc, and Sulphate of By rates; worked by William v Conn, Esq.—14. 55 POST TOWNS. Monaghan Clontibret Mines LOCALITIES AND COUNTIES. . ( *Cornamucklagh North, Lead; communicated by William Conn, Esq.—14. *Croaghan, Lead—14. *Crossmore, Lead—14. *Glasdrumman East, Lead—14. *Kilcrow, Lead with Zinc—14. *Latnakelly, Lead ; communicated by William Conn, Esq.—14. *Lemgare, Lead—14. j *Lisdrumgormly, Lead—15. *Lisglassan, Lead and Antimony—14. | *Tassan, Lead; discovered and worked by.Joseph I Backhouse, Esq., see Letter in Mining Journal, by Joseph Holdsworth, Esq.—14. *Tonagh, Lead—14. I *Tullybuck, Lead and Antimony ; formerly worked ^ by Lord Middleton, Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—14. QUEEN’S COUNTY. Maryborough . . Dysart, Iron, (Hematite); property of Lord Carew, see Professor Apjohn’s analysis—13 & 18. EOSCOMMON. Keadew . . . Altagowlan, Lough Allen East side, base of Slieve Anierin, &c., (Arigna District, 'partly in Leitrim), Clay-ironstone; see Mr. Griffith’s Coal Keports—2. SLIGO. Ballysadare Sligo Abbeytown, Lead and Silver; Mr. Griffith’s MSS. —20. *Lugawarry, Lead—20, Glencarbury, Copper, Lead, and Sulphate of Bary¬ tes : Estate of late Sir Erasmus Smith—6 & 9. King'sMourUainMin^^^ Copper and Lead _ 9 ; Borrisoleigh Cappaghwhite . Hollyford Mines Denkerrin Newport . Lackamore Mines Portroe . Silvermines TIPPEEARY. *'Cooleen, Lead—33 & 34. *Clonmurragha, Copper—45. *Glenough, Upper, Copper—45. *Lackenacreena, Copper—45. *Reafadda, Copper—45. *Rathnaveoge, Lower, Copper; worked perhaps in the Seventeenth Century, Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—17. * Lackamore, Copper—38, *Tooreenbrien, Upper, Copper—38. *Corbally, Lead ( Imperial Slate Works, William Headech, Esq., Proprietor) —19. Derry Demesne, Copper; Mr. Griffith’s MSS., Mines of Ireland—19. Garrykennedy, Lead—13. Laghtea, Lead—19. *Ballygown, South ( Silvermines), Argentiferous Lead; worked by General Mining Company for Ireland, Geo. M £ Dowell, Esq., F.T.C.D., Sir Jas. Murray, &c. Directors—26. *Cloonanagh, Sulphur Ore ; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—26. 56 POST TOWNS. LOCALITIES AND COUNTIES. Silvermines . . *Cooleen, Lead— 26 . *Coolruntha, Copper—32. Garryard, East, Lead and Copper, both Argenti¬ ferous—26. * Garry ard, West, Lead and Copper, both Argenti¬ ferous—26. * Gorteenadiha (Gurtnadyne), Lead and Copper. *Gortshaneroe (Ballynoe ), Lead and Copper, both Argentiferous—26. *Knockanroe, Lead with Zinc, Copper and Sulphur Ore—26. *Shallee Couglilan & White (East & West), Lead, Silver and Copper; Report of H. English, Esq.—26. Tipperary. . . Aherlow Vale, Argentiferous Lead, Copper and Manganese—74. Coal Island Cookstown Gortin Pomeroy . TYRONE. Annagher, Clay-ironstone ; Mr. Griffith’s Coal Reports—47. *Unagh (Slieve Gallion), Iron—29. *Crockanboy, Lead—19 & 27. *Munterlony Mountains, Antimony; Estate of Geo. Knox, Esq., Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—12 & 19. *Teebane, West, Lead—19. *Crannogue, Copper—45. WATERFORD. Annestown Bunmahon . . ^ KnocTcmahon Mines. -( \ Ballynamult Carrick-on-Suir Dungarvan Stradbally Tramore . Youghal . *Knockane, Copper—25. *Woodstotvn, Copper—25. *Ballydowane, Copper and Argentiferous Lead; worked by Mining Company of Ireland—24. *Ballynagigla, Copper—25. *Ballynarrid, Copper—24. * Bally nasissala, Copper—24 & 25. *Kilduane, Copper and Native Copper—25. *Kilmurrin, Copper—25. *KnocJcmahon, Copper, Argentiferous Lead with Zinc, and Cobalt; Cobalt discovered by J. H. Holdsworth, Esq., see Jour. G. S. D.—25. *Tankardstown, Copper—25. *TempleyvricIc (Trawnastrella and Trawnamoe), Copper—24. *Seafield, Copper—24. *Carrigroe, Copper; communicated by R. W. Towns¬ end, Esq., C.E.—13. **KnocTcatrellane ( Ballymacarbry ), Copper; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—5. *Killerguile, Iron (Micaceous)—7. *Monminane, Lead—7 *J)rumslig (Slitve Grian), Iron; discovered and worked by Sir W. Raleigh—35. *Killelton ( Lady's Cove), Copper—32. *Kilminnin, Copper—24. *Ballykinsella, Copper—17. *Coast opposite, Lead; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—40. 57 POST TOWNS, Carrick . Enniscorthy Riverchapel Wexford . Annamoe . Glendalough Mines. Arklow . Ballinalea Baltinglass Blessington Bray Enniskerry Hollywood Kiltegan . Rathdrum localities and counties. WEXFORD. *Barrystown, Argentiferous Lead with Zinc, and Iron ; worked 65 years ago by Mr. Ogle—45. * Aughathlappa, Argentiferous Lead—19. *Bree, Mundic—25. *Caim, Argentiferous Lead with Zinc, Copper, Iron and Sulphur Ore—19. *Killoughrum, Lead—19. *Mangan, Lead—19. *Courtown Harbour, Iron—12. ♦Kerloge, Copper; the ore is Malachite, Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—42. WICKLOW. *BrocJcah ( Luganure, Glendasan), Lead, ; Mr. Griffith’s Mining Report—17. *Lugduff, Lead, Copper, and Iron; (this group con¬ tains Ruplagh, Hero, Hawk Rock, Van Die¬ men’s Lodes, &c.—23. *Seven Churches or Camaderry, (. Lungaure , Glen¬ dasan), Argentiferous Lead, and Copper with V Zinc—17 & 23. *Aughrim Lower, Copper—34. * Ballinagore, Copper—39. *B allintemple, Lead—40. * Bally coog Upper, Copper and Iron—39. *Clonwilliam, Lead ; see Report by Warington W. Smith, Esq., M.A., of Geological Survey—40. *Coolbaum or Coolballintaggart, particles of Gold —39. *Goldmines River, particles of Gold aud Tin—40. *Killacloran, particles of Gold,—communicated by Joseph Backhouse, Esq.—39. *Knoclcnamohill, Copper and Iron—40. *Moneyteige , Middle and South, Copper, Iron, and particles of Gold—39. * Ashford, Copper—25. * Ballymacaharra, Copper—25. *Boleylug, (Moatamoy),Lead ; Mr. Griffith’s Mining Report—27. *Cloghleagh, (Glenasplinkeen)—6. *Knockatillane (Glenasplinkeen)—5. (Manganese and Hematitic Iron, containing per oxide 84, or Metallic Iron, 59 per cent.; Pro¬ fessor Haughton's Analysis.) *Bray Head, Copper—8. * Douce Mountain, Lead and Copper—12, &c. *Powerscourt, Lead and Copper ; Mr. Griffith’s Mining Report—7, &c. *Glen of, Lead; see Report by Richard Griffith, Esq.. LL.D.—9. *Aghavannagh Mountain, Lead and Copper—28. *Ballinacarrig Lower, Copper—35. *Ballinaclash, Lead—35. *Ballinagappoge, particles of Gold and Tin—34. 58 POST TOWNS. Rathdkum Ballymurtagli Mines LOCALITIES AND COUNTIES. * Bally creen, particles of Gold; see on Geology of East of Ireland, by Mr. Weaver—34. *Ballygahan, Lower & Upper (Ovoca ), Copper and Sulphur Ore; worked by Henry Hodgson, Esq. —35. *Ballymoneen, Copper, Iron, and Sulphur Ore; Mr. Griffith’s MSS.—35. * Ballymurtagli {Ovoca), Copper with Zinc, Sulphur Ore, Iron, and Auriferous Gossan; Apjohn— 35. *Kilcashel, Copper and Sulphur Ore; worked by Wicklow Copper Mine Company—35. *Castlehoward, Copper and Sulphur Ore—35. *Connary Upper, Copper, Lead with Zinc, Sulphur Ore, Antimony, Arsenic, and Auriferous Silver —35. Glenmalur Mines Redcross . Roundwood Shillelagh Tinahely . June, 1854. *Cronebane (Ovoca), Copper with Zinc, Sulphur Ore, Auriferous Silver, and Lead—85. ( * Ballinafunshoge, Lead with Zinc; Mr. Griffith’s Mining Report—23. *Ballinagoneen, Lead with Zinc and Copper; worked by Sir C. P. Roney, &c.—22 & 23. *Ballyboy, Lead—23. . ^ *Baravore, Lead with Zinc, and Copper—23. *Camenabologue, Lead and Copper—22 *Clonkeen, Lead with Zinc, and Iron—23. *Conavalla, Lead—22. *Carrasillagh, Lead with Zinc—23. ^ * Cullentragh Parle,, Lead—23. *Killeagh (Ovoca), Copper and Sulphur Ore—35. *Kilmacoo and Upper (Ovoca), Copper—35. *Knockanode (Ovoca), Lead and Sulphur Ore; worked by Captain Laffan, M.P., property of George C. Mahon, Esq.; see Weaver’s Geology of East of Ireland, Trans. Geol. Soc., Lond.—35 *Templelusk, Sulphur Ore ; communicated by Joseph Backhouse, Esq.—35. *Tigroney, East and West (Ovoca), Copper and Sulphur Ore; worked by Messrs. Williams—35. *Yicinity of, Copper—30. . *Templelyon, Iron, Copper, and Sulphur Ore; pro¬ perty of Wentworth Erck, Esq.—36. . *Lough Dan, Lead with Zinc, and Copper—17. *Lough Tay, Lead—12. . * Vicinity of, Lead; Report by Richard Griffith, Esq., LL.D., Inspector-General of Her Majesty’s Royal Mines in Ireland, Chairman of the Board of Public Works, &c.— 43. . *Carrigroe, Lead—38. 59 Appendix M. Summary of Proceedings of the Irish Incumbered Estates Commission from the fling of the first Petition , October 21, 1849, to October 21, 1854, being an interval of fwe years . Number of petitions presented . 3,338 Number of these, in which the owners were petitioners . . 833 Number of absolute orders including those for partition and ex- change, as well as for sale . . 2,532 Number of purchasers . ... . . 5,613 Number of conveyances executed . . * 4,301 Amount of purchase money— £ 5 . d. By Irish purchasers . . t 11,260,262 10 11 By British purchasers . 2,249,040 12 6 Total £13,509,303 3 5 £ s. d. Of this has been distributed in cash and stock 9,250,847 14 1 which with the amount of credits to en¬ cumbrancers who became purchasers, viz. 1,390,822 5 8 makes a total of ... £10,641,669 19 9 Mem.—The remainder will be nearly all paid out, or allocated, before 1st of February, 1855. Periods during which Proceedings had been pending in the Court of Chan¬ cery, respecting Estates brought into the Incumbered Estates Court, as furnished by order of the House of Commons , 28 th April , 1853 . Over 3 and under 5 years 5 10 99 364 10 15 99 167 15 20 99 89 20 25 >y 46 25 „ 30 31 30 35 9) 22 35 40 99 17 40 45 99 6 45 50 99 4 50 years • 9 Total Add to this up to 21st October, 1854 . Estates 219 Making a total of .... rescued from a protracted and ruinous system of litij interval of five years. . 1,152 Estates Ration within the short 60 The following letter which appeared in several Dublin and provincial newspapers in November 1853, will verify beyond question the authenticity of the above returns. “ To the Editor. “ Sir—Permit me to correct an inaccuracy in your Paper on the subject of the statistics of the Incumbered Estates Court, where you state, that ‘Mr. Whitty has pre-occupied the field of inquiry,’ “ By the desire and under the direction of the chief commissioner in January, 1851, I cast the statistics, then in a state of utter confusion and dis¬ arrangement, into form and order, a task of no small difficulty, even with the aid of the officers of the various departments. Since that period the statistics have been regularly kept up with great care by a gentleman specially appointed by the commissioners for that purpose. They first appeared before the public in a paper read by me at Belfast in September, 1852, which I published after¬ wards in a pamphlet. Subsequently these statistics were 'printed by Mr. Allnutt, and after this again by Dr. Whitty. “ Your obedient servant, <( 4th November, 1853. “ JOHN LOCKE.” Cost of the The entire cost of the Commission, including incidentals, is Commis- only about £15,000 per annum; and even this moderate expen¬ diture is in great part counterbalanced by increase of revenue arising from the stamp duty on conveyances granted by the Commissioners. In illustration of economy of function, the author cannot produce a more apposite example than his own department, which includes not only the specific auction details before, at, and after sales, together with the satisfaction of in¬ quiries and searches, many and various as they are, and issuing the respective certificates thereon in the different forms proper to each,—but also all cash lodgements, with calculation of interest due to date of every lodgement made. Now the cost of this department stands thus on the Staff of the Commission:— Auction Office. John Locke, Auction Clerk, salary £180 per annum. (No fees charged in the office, and no assistant.) Might be Indeed, the Commission might be easily rendered self-support- self- ing, by imposing a fee on lodgement of each petition, and a small supporting. p er cen t a g e on the purchase money, which, considering the very great advantage of the Court to all classes, would meet with little or no opposition either from owners or purchasers. A charge of £5 on lodgement of each petition, and of one penny in the pound , equal to eight shillings and four pence per 61 cent., on the total amount of purchase money, would have exactly covered the cost of the Court for the five years of its exist¬ ence. The £5 fee would constitute a serviceable check to petitions presented on futile or inadequate grounds, which the facility and cheapness of procedure are calculated to encourage, at much and vexatious inconvenience to the Court and suitors generally. In fact, about one seventh of the petitions up to this date, have been dismissed by the Commissioners. The following is the form of conveyance of an estate in Form of fee:— Convey¬ ance. We-and-two of the Commissioners for sale of Incumbered Estates in Ireland, under the authority of an Act passed in the 13th year of the reign of Queen Victoria, intituled “ An Act further to facilitate the sale and transfer of Incumbered Estates in Ireland,” in consideration of the sum of-by-of-paid into the Bank of Ireland to our account, to the credit of the estate of-owner exparte-petitioner, do grant unto the said-the town and lands of-- in the barony of- and county of-containing-- acres statute measure, or thereabouts, and described in the annexed map with the appurtenances, to hold the same unto the said-his heirs and assigns for ever, subject to the leases and tenancies referred to in the schedule hereunto annexed. In witness whereof we, the said-and - have hereunto set our hands and seal this --day of-in the year of our Lord-. [Here follows the Schedule.] For further particulars as to procedure of the Commission, see Macnevin’s lucid and laborious digest, entitled “ Practice of the Incumbered Estates Court.” A conveyance may be completed of a fee simple estate, say of £500 per annum, within a fortnight from purchase, at a cost of from £8 to £10, including all probable expenses except stamp duty, the rates of which together with several other useful tables, will be found in the subsequent pages. Appendix IV. 62 Appendix N. TABLES OF ACREAGE, VALUATION, CURRENCY, MILEAGE, AND STAMP DUTY ON CONVEYANCES. Table I. — Statute into Irish or Lancashire Measure. Stat. Irish. Stat. Irish. Stat. Irish. Perches. A E . p dec. Perches. A . B p. dec. Acres. A B . p. dec. 1 0 0 0 6 26 0 0 16-1 6 3 2 32 6 2 0 0 1 2 27 0 0 16 6 7 4 1 11 -4 3 0 0 1 8 28 0 0 17-3 8 4 3 30-2 4 0 0 2 5 29 0 0 17-9 9 5 2 9 5 0 0 3 30 0 0 18 5 10 6 0 27*7 6 0 0 3 7 31 0 0 19 -1 11 6 3 6 5 7 0 0 4 3 32 0 0 19 7 12 7 1 25 3 8 0 0 4 9 33 0 0 20-4 13 8 0 4 9 0 0 5 5 34 0 0 21 14 8 2 22'8 10 0 0 6 1 35 0 0 21 -6 15 9 1 1 6 11 0 0 6 8 36 0 0 22-2 16 9 3 20-3 12 0 0 7 4 37 0 o 22 -8 17 10 1 39*1 13 0 0 8 38 0 0 23 -4 18 11 0 17-9 14 0 0 8 6 39 0 0 24-1 19 11 2 36*7 15 0 0 9 3 Roods. 20 12 1 15 5 16 0 0 9 9 A A A A >7 100 61 2 37-5 17 0 0 10 5 I Q, u A U A .A 200 123 1 35-1 18 0 0 11 1 A Q u A I y 4 qa 300 185 0 32-6 19 0 0 11 7 o u 1 o± 400 246 3 30-2 20 0 0 12 3 Acres. 500 308 2 27-7 21 0 0 12 9 1 0 2 18*8 600 370 1 25*3 22 0 0 13 6 2 1 0 37 5 700 432 0 22 -8 23 0 0 14 2 3 1 3 16-3 800 493 3 20-4 24 0 0 14 8 4 2 1 35 1 900 555 2 17 -9 25 0 0 15 4 5 3 0 13 9 1000 617 1 15-5 Table II. — Irish into Statute Measure. Irish. Statute. Irish. Statute. Irish. Statute. Perches. A. B .. p dec. Perches. A. B :. P .dec. Acres. A. I L. X dec. 1 0 0 1 6 13 0 0 21 25 0 1 0 5 2 0 0 3 2 14 0 0 22 •7 26 0 1 2 1 3 0 0 4 9 15 0 0 24 •3 27 0 1 3 7 4 0 0 6 5 16 0 0 25 •9 28 0 1 5 4 5 0 0 8 1 17 0 0 27 •5 29 0 1 7 6 0 0 9 7 18 0 0 29 •2 30 0 1 8 6 7 0 0 11 3 19 0 0 30 8 31 0 1 10 2 8 0 0 12 9 20 0 0 32 •4 32 0 1 11 9 9 0 0 14 6 21 0 0 34 33 0 1 13 5 10 0 0 16 2 22 0 0 35 6 34 0 1 15 1 11 0 0 17 8 23 0 0 37 •3 35 0 1 16 7 12 0 0 19 4 24 0 0 38 •9 36 0 1 18 3 63 Table II.— continued. Irish. Statute. Irish. Statute. Irish. Statute. Perches. a. r. p. dee. Acres. a. R. p. dec. Perches. a. r. p. dec. 37 0 1 20 5 8 0 15-9 18 29 0 25-1 38 0 1 21-6 6 9 2 35 19 30 3 4-2 39 0 1 23 2 7 11 1 14-2 20 32 1 234 8 12 3 33 4 100 161 3 373 Roods. A 1 01 -ft 9 14 2 12 -5 200 323 3 347 l o U 1 Ait o A Q q .a 10 16 0 31 7 300 485 3 32 A 0 U o y 0 1 A Q 1 •! 11 17 3 10 -9 400 647 3 29-4 o X U 04: £ 12 19 1 30 500 809 3 26-8 Acres. 13 21 0 9 2 600 971 3 24-1 1 1 2 19-2 14 22 2 284 700 1,133 3 21 -5 2 3 0 38 3 15 24 1 7 6 800 1,295 3 18 9 3 4 3 17-5 16 25 3 267 900 1,457 3 16-2 4 6 1 36 7 17 27 2 5-9 1000 1,619 3 13-6 Table III .—Statute into Cunningham or Scotch Measure. Stat. Cunnin gliam. Stat. Cunnin ghara. Stat. Cunningham. Perches. A. R. p dec. Perches. A. R. p. dec. Acres. A. R. p. dec. 1 0 0 0 8 26 0 0 20 1 6 4 2 23 4 2 0 0 1 5 27 0 0 20-9 7 5 1 27 -3 3 0 0 2 3 28 0 0 21 -7 8 6 0 31 -2 4 0 0 3 1 29 0 0 22-5 9 6 3 35 -1 5 0 0 3 9 30 0 0 23 2 10 7 2 39 6 0 0 4 6 31 0 0 24 11 8 2 2*9 7 0 0 5 4 32 0 0 24-8 12 9 1 6 -8 8 0 0 6 2 33 0 0 25 6 13 10 0 10*7 9 0 0 6 9 34 0 0 26-3 14 10 3 14-6 10 0 0 7 7 35 0 0 27-1 15 11 2 18-5 11 0 0 8 5 36 0 0 27 9 16 12 1 22 -4 12 0 0 9 3 37 0 0 28 6 17 13 0 26-4 13 0 0 10 1 38 0 0 29-4 18 13 3 30-3 14 0 0 10 8 39 0 0 30-2 19 14 2 34-2 15 0 0 11 6 Roods 20 15 1 38 1 16 0 0 12 4 A 0 1 31 21 -2 12-9 100 77 1 30-4 17 0 0 13 2 X o u 0 0 200 154 3 20 -8 18 0 0 13 9 A 3 X o 300 232 1 11 -2 19 0 0 14 7 A 400 309 3 1 -6 20 0 0 15 5 Acres. 500 387 0 32 21 0 0 16 3 1 0 3 3-9 600 464 2 22 4 22 0 0 17 0 2 1 2 7 -8 700 542 0 12 8 23 0 0 17 8 3 2 1 11 -7 800 619 2 3 2 24 0 0 18 6 4 3 0 15-6 900 696 3 33 6 25 0 0 19 4 5 3 3 19-5 1000 774 1 24 To reduce the Cunningham into Statute Measure, multiply by 144, and divide by 121. 64 Table IV .—Relative Acrealle Values of the Statute Irish and Cunningham Acres. An Irish Acre Will be for a at £. s. d. Statute Acre £ s. d. 0 1 0 . 0 0 n 0 1 6 . 0 0 ii 0 2 0 0 1 2| 0 2 6 . 0 1 64 0 3 0 . .. 0 1 10i 0 3 6 . 0 2 if 0 4 0 . 0 2 $4 0 4 6 . . 0 2 H 0 5 0 . 0 3 l 0 10 0 . . 0 6 2 0 15 0 . . 0 9 3 1 0 0 . . 0 12 4 1 5 0 . . 0 15 5 1 10 0 . 0 18 6 1 15 0 . 1 1 7 2 0 0 . 1 4 8 2 5 0 . 1 7 9 2 10 0 . . 1 10 10 2 15 0 . 1 13 11 3 0 0 . . 1 17 0 A Cunningham Will be for a Acre at Statute Acre £ S. £ s. d. 0 1 0 .. . 0 0 94 0 1 6 .. . 0 1 If 0 2 0 .. .... 0 1 64 0 2 6 .. .... 0 1 11 0 3 0 .. .... 0 2 3f 0 3 6 .. .... 0 2 84 0 4 0 .. .... 0 3 1 0 4 6 .. 0 3 5f 0 5 0 .. .... 0 3 104 0 10 0 .. .... 0 7 9 0 15 0 .. .... 0 11 74 1 0 0 .. .... 0 15 5f 1 5 0 .. .... 0 19 4-4 1 10 0 .. .... 1 3 2f 1 15 0 .. .... 1 7 14 2 0 0 .. .... 1 io 114 2 5 0 .. .... 1 14 10 2 10 0 .. .... 1 18 84 2 15 0 .. . .. 2 2 7 3 0 0 .. .... 2 6 54 65 Table Y.—VALUE OF LEASES. As estates are frequently offered for sale in tlie Incumbered Estates Court, either wholly or partially encumbered with leases, the following table will enable a bidder to calculate the probable value of the lease, or ascertain the sum to be deducted from the value of the purchase of the unencumbered freehold. A Table showing the present Value in Years, Months , and Parts, of a Lease for any certain Term. Years to be purchased. At 3 per cent. At 4 per cent. At 5 per cent. At 6 per cent. Yrs. Val. Months. Dec. Pts. Yrs. Val. Months. Dec. Pts. Yrs. Val. Months. Dec. Pts. Yrs. Val. Months. Dec. Pts. 1 0 11*6 0 11 -5. 0 11*4 0 11-3 2 1 10-9 1 10 9 1 10 -3 1 10-0 3 2 9-9 2 9-3 2 8-6 2 8*1 4 3 8 -6 3 7-5 3 6 5 3 5-6 5 4 6-9 4 5 -4 4 4-0 4 2 -5 6 5 5-0 5 2-9 5 0-9 4 11 0 7 6 2-7 6 0 0 5 9-4 5 7*0 8 7 0-2 6 8-8 6 5 5 6 2 -5 9 7 9-4 7 5-2 7 1 3 6 9 6 10 8 6 3 8 1 -3 7 8-6 7 4 -3 11 9 3 -0 8 9-1 8 3-6 7 10 6 12 9 11 -4 9 4-6 8 10-3 8 4-6 13 10 7-6 9 11-8 9 4-7 8 10-2 14 11 3*5 10 6-7 9 10-7 9 3 -5 15 11 11 -2 11 1-4 10 4 5 9 8 5 16 12 6 *7 11 7-8 10 10-0 10 1 -2 17 13 2 -0 12 2-0 11 3-2 10 5-7 18 13 9-0 12 7*9 11 8 -2 10 9-9 19 14 3-9 13 1 6 12 1-0 11 1 -9 20 14 10*5 13 7-1 12 5-5 11 5 6 21 15 4 9 14 0-3 12 9*8 11 9-1 22 15 11 -2 14 54 13 1-9 12 0 -4 23 16 53 14 10-2 13 5 8 12 3 -6 24 16 11*2 15 2 9 13 9 -5 12 6-5 25 17 5-0 15 7.4 14 1-1 12 9 -3 26 17 10 5 15 11 -7 14 4 *5 13 o-o 27 18 3-9 16 3 9 14 7.7 13 2-5 28 18 9-1 16 7 9 14 10 7 13 4-8 29 19 2*2 16 11 7 15 1 6 13 7-0 . 30 19 7-2 17 3 5 15' 4.4 13 9-2 40 23 1-8 19 9-5 17 1 -9 15 05 50 25 8-7 21 57 18 3 0 15 9 -1 60 27 8-1 22 7.4 18 11 1 16 1 -9 70 29 1 -4 23 4 -7 19 4 1 16 4-6 80 30 2-4 23 11 0 19 7 -1 16 6 1 90 31 0 0 24 3 2 19 9 0 16 6 -9 100 31 7 1 24 6 0 19 10 -1 16 7.4 F. Sim. 33 '4-0 25 0 0 20 0 0 16 8-0 66 Table Yl.—CURRENCY. Irish Money Reduced into English. Irish. English. Irish. English. Irish. English. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. d.l 0 0 1 S. 11 0 10 If £110 101 10 94 2 0 0 If 12 0 11 1 120 110 15 44 3 0 0 2! 13 0 12 0 130 120 0 0 4 0 0 31 14 0 12 11 140 120 4 74 5 0 0 44 15 0 13 104 150 138 9 2| 6 0 0 16 0 14 94 160 147 13 104 7 0 0 64 17 0 15 84 170 156 18 54 8 0 0 74 18 0 16 74 180 166 3 1 9 0 0 84 19 0 17 64 190 175 7 84 10 0 0 94 £ 1 0 18 54 200 184 12 34 11 0 0 10* 2 1 16 11 300 276 18 54 s. 1 0 0 11 3 2 15 44 400 369 4 74 2 0 1 101 4 3 13 104 500 461 10 94 3 0 2 91 5 4 12 3f 600 553 16 : 11 4 0 3 84 6 5 10 94 700 646 3 1 5 0 4 74 7 6 9 2| 800 738 9 2% 6 0 5 64 8 7 7 84 900 830 15 44 7 0 6 54 9 8 6 If 1,000 923 1 64 8 0 7 44 10 9 4 74 2,000 1,846 3 1 9 0 8 31 50 46 3 1 3,000 2,769 4 74 10 0 9 21 100 92 6 If Table YIL—MILEAGE. Irish Miles Reduced into English. Irish. English. Irish. English. Perches. M. F. p. Y. Miles. M. F. p. Y. 1 0 0 1 H 1 1 2 7 14 2 0 0 2 3 2 2 4 14 3 3 0 0 3 44 3 3 6 21 44 4 0 0 5 04 4 5 0 29 04 5 0 0 6 2 5 6 2 36 2 6 0 0 7 34 6 7 5 3 34 7 0 0 8 5 7 8 7 10 5 8 0 0 10 1 8 10 1 18 1 9 0 0 11 24 9 11 3 25 24 10 0 0 12 4 10 12 5 32 4 Fur. 1 0 1 10 5 11 14 0 0 0 2 0 2 21 41 12 15 2 7 14 3 0 3 32 4 13 16 4 14 3 4 0 5 3 34 14 17 6 21 44 5 0 6 14 3 15 19 ' 0 29 04 6 0 7 25 24 16 20 2 36 2 7 1 0 36 2 17 21 5 3 34 67 Table VII. — continued. Irish. English. Irish. English. Miles. M. P. p. Y. Miles. M. p. p. Y. 18 22 7 10 5 35 44 4 14 3 19 24 1 18 1 36 45 6 21 H 20 25 3 25 2* 37 47 0 29 ok 21 26 5 32 4 38 48 2 36 2 22 28 0 0 0 39 49 5 3 3^ 23 29 2 7 n 40 50 7 10 5 24 30 4 14 3 41 52 1 18 1 25 31 6 21 4 h 42 53 3 25 2 k 26 33 0 29 Oh 43 54 5 32 4 27 34 2 36 2 44 56 0 0 0 28 35 5 3 45 57 2 7 1* 29 36 7 10 5 46 58 4 14 3 30 38 1 18 1 47 59 6 21 4* 31 39 3 25 2* 48 61 0 29 0k 32 40 5 32 4 49 62 2 36 2 33 42 0 0 0 50 63 5 3 3^ 34 43 2 7 100 • 127 2 7 1* Table VIII.—STAMP DUTY ON CONVEYANCES. £ s. d. NTEYANCES. Where the purchase or consideration money shall not exceed £25 0 2 6 Exceeding £25 and not exceeding £50 0 5 0 99 50 99 75 0 7 6 99 75 99 100 0 10 0 99 100 99 125 0 12 6 99 125 99 150 0 15 0 99 150 99 175 0 17 6 99 175 99 200 1 0 0 99 200 99 225 1 2 6 99 225 99 250 1 5 0 99 250 99 275 1 7 6 99 275 99 300 1 10 0 99 300 99 350 1 15 0 99 350 99 400 2 0 0 99 400 99 450 2 5 0 99 450 99 500 • 2 10 0 99 500 99 550 2 15 0 y} 550 99 600 3 0 0 99 600 then for every £100, or any fractional part thereof . • • • • 0 10 0 Note .—Purchase money must be set forth in words at length: and where consideration shall consist of stock, the value to be ascertained and expressed. If the consideration shall be stock payable at the will of the debtor, the duty to be calculated at the average selling price on either of the ten days preceding the date of conveyance ; where it is a Mortgage, Judgment, &c., recoverable by the holder, the calculation to be made according to sum due for principal and interest. 68 Table VIII. — continued. Conveyances of any kind whatsoever, in consideration of any annual sum payable in perpetuity or for any indefinite period, whether fee-farm or other rent, or otherwise : Where the annual sum reserved shall not exceed 205. Where the annual sum exceeds 20s., and does not exceed £12, then, for every 20s., or fractional part of 205. of such annual sum ........ Where the annual sum exceeds .£12, and does not exceed £24, then for every 405. or fractional part of 405. of such annual sum . . . . . . . Where the annual sum exceeds £24, then for every £4, or fractional part of £4 ...... £ 5. d. 0 2 6 0 2 6 0 5 0 0 10 0 PRINTED BY HARRISON AND SONS, LONDON GAZETTE OFFICE, ST. MAP.TIN’s LANE BY SAME AUTHOR. A TREATISE ON VALUATION AND PURCHASE OP LAND IN IRELAND. Second Edition, Price Is. OPINIONS. u A remarkable work in the modest guise of a shilling pamphlet.”— —(London ) Weekly News and Chronicle. “ Very instructive to those disposed to make investments in Ireland.”— Banker's Magazine. “ Able and most useful.”— Dublin Evening Post. “ A useful guide to purchasers of land.”— Northern Whig. “ Should be in the hands of every person intending to invest in Ireland.”— Freeman's Journal. “ The author displays a practical experience of the wants and industrial resources of his country. His pamphlet is a complete guide to solicitors and capitalists.”— General A dvertiser. “ Mr. Locke is a statist of the highest rank—of great practical experience, clear in his calculations, certain of his data, and unerring in his deductions.” —Belfast Commercial Chronicle. “ A very interesting brochure.”— Lord H atherton. “ Displaying the results of a sound practical experience.”— Lord Mont- EAGLE. “ A work of great statistical merit and utility.”— George Moffatt, London. “ Full of important information.”—J. Bright, M.P. journal of industrial progress, and MANUFACTURER’S MAGAZINE. Published Monthly , price One Shilling. DUBLIN. W. B. KELLY, 8, GRAFTON STREET. This Periodical contains early notices of all important improvements, connected with Manufactures, made in Great Britain and Ireland, on the Continent, and in America. The Editor having secured the co-operation of men of the highest emi¬ nence in practical science, it is intended, with the commencement of the new volume in January, to enlarge it considerably, and illustrate it in the fullest manner, and thus make it the most complete Journal of the kind published in the empire. BY SAME ATTTH... 3 0112 062 05900 I R E LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON THE PEOPLE, THE LAND, AND THE LAW. Third Edition, Price 2 s. OPINIONS. “ A clever pamphlet.’’— Times. “ Has attained considerable celebrity.”— Daily News . “ The author has in his third edition subdued all antagonism. His main facts are established by indisputable evidence, collated in a succinct and per¬ spicuous form.”—( London) Agricultural Gazette. “ A treatise worthy the consideration of landowners, farmers, and capitalists in the British islands.”— Edinburgh A dverliser. “ Suggests several legal reforms, well worth the attention of the legislature. Sees through the Irish imbroglio with clearness.”— North British Daily Mail. “ Written in a temperate and judicious spirit, and containing hopeful and well-founded presage of the future prosperity of Ireland.” — Nottingham Mercury. “ An able and interesting essay, containing important observations and details, not only with reference to the past and present social position of Ireland, but also to the probable results of the plans and speculations of the day.”— Dublin Evening Mail. “ A well-timed and very remarkable pamphlet. The author’s statements on the subject of our agrarian system are eminently deserving of attention.”— Dublin Evening Post. “ Closely written, and containing information of various and extensive |featerest.”— Belfast Commercial Chronicle. jL “ The most powerfully written and conclusive testimony to the beneficial Operation of the Incumbered Estates Commission that has appeared.”— Cale¬ donian Mercury. (C A most curious and instructive sketch.”— Marquis of Lansdowne, in the House of Lords, on 26th March, 1852. “ A seasonable and well written production.”—E arl of Devon. “ Replete with valuable information.”— Earl of Harrowby. “ Of extreme importance, as evidence of the transition state of Ireland.’' —Lord Monteagle. “ I have read with interest and advantage.”— Right Hon. J. Napeer. "You have treated your subject with truth and great ability.”—J. J. Mechi. “ A clear exposition of the actual state of Ireland.”— Q. Dick, M.P. “ A valuable treatise on the land revolution in Ireland.”— Henry T. Hope, Deepdene. “ Containing extensive information, conveyed in a prudent and persuasive manner.”— Sir J. Emerson Tennent. “ Forcibly illustrating the evils of the Chancery law in Ireland, and sug¬ gesting useful amendments. Read with gratification and attention.”— Charles Dickens. “ I have perused with much interest.”—R. Cobden, M.P. “ We want the principle, the facility, the economy, of a free land market, such as you have so clearly explained.”—R. Dowden (R.), Cork. “ Contains valuable information on the working of the Incumbered Estates Commission, and proposed amendments thereof.” — Right Hon. Sib J. Romilly, M.P.