THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY V-t The person charging this material is re¬ sponsible for its return on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/italicdialectsed02conw UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS IWRARY JAN " s 1917 THE ITALIC DIALECTS SontJon : C. J. CLAY and SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AVE MARIA LANE. ©Iasgofo: 263, ARGYLE STREET. lUtpjtg: F. A. BROCKHAUS. lork: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Bombag: GEORGE BELL AND SONS. THE ITALIC DIALECTS EDITED WITH A GRAMMAR AND GLOSSARY BY R S. CONWAY, M.A., PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, CARDIFF ; LATE FELLOW OF GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. VOLUME II., CONTAINING PART II.—AN OUTLINE OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE DIALECTS, APPENDIX, INDICES AND GLOSSARY. CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1897. (EambritJge: PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. F\n- cu. ■fTt. v CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. PART II. AN OUTLINE OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE ITALIC DIALECTS. PAGE A. The Alphabets.458 Table of Alphabets. to face 461 Notes on the Table of Alphabets ....... 461 B. Accidence of the Osco-Umbrian Dialects. I. Noun Inflexion: o- and d-Stems ..... 469 -io- Stems ...... 470 Diphthongal and e- Stems . . . 473 i- and rt-Stems.474 Consonantal Stems ..... 475 II. Comparison of Adjectives.476 III. Pronouns.477 IY. Numerals.481 V. Adverbs.482 VI. Prepositions and Postpositions.483 VII. Verbal Inflexion: In General ...... 484 Paradigms of the Active Voice ..... 486—491 Passive Forms.492 Notes on a few points of Phonology.495 C. Notes on the Syntax of the Dialect Inscriptions. I. Syntax of Nouns: A. The Cases. 497 B. Concord. 502 C. Neuter Adjectives as Abstracta 503 CONTENTS. PAGE II. Syntax of Pronouns • . 503 III. Syntax of Verbs: A. Person. . 505 B. Tense. ib. C. Mood. . 507 D. The Passive Forms . 516 E. Participles and Gerundive . 519 IV. Order of Words . • •••••• . 520 APPENDIX. I. The Mensa Ponderaria of Pompeii.521 II. Alien, Spurious or Doubtful Inscriptions. A. 1*—34*. Etruscan Inscriptions in Italic districts 524 B. 35*. Gallic Inscription of Tuder . . . 528 C. 36*—40*. ‘East Italic’ or ‘Sabellic’ Inscriptions. ib. D. 41*—46*. Doubtful or Spurious Inscriptions . 530 INDICES. I. Local names of Ancient Italy ....... 535 II. Modern Local names cited in this work.549 III. Gentile names from the Dialect-areas.556 IV. Passages in the Dialect-Inscriptions referred to in the Notes on Dialect Syntax.593 V. Glossary to the Dialects.595 VI. Latin words discussed in any part of this work .... 674 ADDENDA. Page 681. ERRATA IN VOL. II. p. 492 1. 2 from below read Lat. decet not Lat. de-cet. p. 595 Add at foot: bis in e.g. 232 bis refers to a separate insc.; but bis, ter etc. denote the no. of occurrences in the same insc. or line e.g. 28 8 bis. p. 596 s.v. aapas read gen. sg. for nom. pi. .. 600 s.v. anaceta read 206bis not 206 bis. .. 601 s.v. Arkiia (which should be spaced) read 80 bis not 80 bis. .. 604 s.v. Bivellis read nomen or praenomen. .. 608 1. 21 read 20 6bis not 206 bis. .. 621 s.v. fedehtru read *fide-trum for *fide-trum. PART II. AN OUTLINE OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE ITALIC DIALECTS. PART II. AN OUTLINE OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE ITALIC DIALECTS. A. The Alphabets. The alphabets in which the dialect-inscriptions are written are as follows, in their geographical order: 1. Tarentine-Ionic. 2. Oscan. 3. Etruscan (of Campania, p. 96 ff.). 4. Latin, in more than one variety. 5. Faliscan. 6. U mbrian. The Tarentine-Ionic is identical with the normal Ionic, say of Athens in the IV century, with certain additions, see below (p. 461). THE ALPHABETS. 459 The rest are derived from the Western Greek alphabet of the Chalcidian colonies, e.g. Cumae. Both the Cumaean and Ionic, like the other Greek alphabets, are, by almost universal consent, ultimately derived from the Phoenician. The place of the Faliscan alphabet in the Italic sj^stem has not been hitherto determined (see below), but the rest are connected thus 1 : Chalcidian i- 1 -1 Latin Primitive Etruscan I- ( - 1 —|----1 Campano-Etruscan Oscan Etruscan Umbrian (of Etruria) Mommsen once held ( U D. p. 25 al.) that the Oscan a/3 was derived immediately from the Umbrian, a supposition always open to obvious geographical objections, and now rendered needless by accumulated evidence, which shows that there were Etruscan settlements in Campania as well as in Latium; see pp. 52, 94, 99 and 148 sup. We can now date the Oscan inscc. from alphabetic and other considerations with sufficient clearness to know that none of them from any part of the Oscan-speaking territory are earlier than the Samnite conquest of Cam¬ pania between 435 and 420 B.C., but that they begin to appear very soon after it. The close relation of the Oscan to the Campano-Etruscan a/3 will be clear from the table. There appears to be no reason to doubt that the Umbrians learned to write from their Etruscan neighbours across the Tiber; but the date at which they did so, whatever it may have been (p. 464 inf.), has no direct relation to the course of events in Campania. The annexed Table of Alphabets includes those already mentioned, with the Cumaean a/3 of the VI century, as shown on the surviving inscc. (Roehl, I. G. A. 524 ff.),—the oldest direct representative of the mother a/3 of all the Italic group— and also the a/3 of Formello, which is the only complete, and doubtless, save in direction, the most exact presentment of the same type. It is incised on a vase, on which an Etruscan 1 In reply to a request for his opinion Prof. Pauli (April, 1896) was kind enough to express to me his entire agreement with this scheme, reserving only the question of the Faliscan a/3. 460 THE ALPHABETS. syllabary is also written, found at Formello near Yeii in 1882, so that there is external as well as internal evidence of its close connexion with the Etruscan. “ It is the only complete abece- darium extant which contains the archaic Greek forms of every one of the 22 Phoenician letters arranged precisely in the received Semitic order” (Roberts, Intr. Gr. Epigr. p. 20, to whose admirable summary the reader may be referred for all the relations of the Cumaean a/3 outside Italy). The Campano-Etruscan a/3/3 in the Table are taken (1) from the two abecedaria incised on paterae from Nola (U. D. taf. i. 14) which are now in the Naples Museum, and (2) from the Oscan and Etruscan inscc. in which it is employed (p. 95 ff. and the Appendix). The order of the letters is directly known to us from the a/3 of Formello, confirmed by the similar a/3 of Caere (Roberts p. 17); from the Etruscan a/3/3 of Bomarzo (TJ. D. init.) and of Nola (given in the fourth line of the Table) and from the Oscan a/3/3 of Pompeii ( 81 ). In the lines showing the Oscan, Umbrian, Faliscan and Latin a/3/3 the Table shows the normal forms of each as it is used in the dialect inscc. we at present possess. Where more than one form is given, the first is the earliest, except (1) that with between two forms implies that the two are contemporaneous, and (2) that and between two forms implies that no opinion is expressed as to their chronological order. A blank space indicates that the letter was probably wanting in the a/3 ; but the sign .. that it was probably in use there and is only by accident absent from our inscc. An asterisk denotes that the sign appears in retrograde writing. Perigrams (i.e. symbols used singly or in combination as a rough equivalent for some other sound as well as for that which they properly represent in their particular a/3 in that locality) are enclosed in brackets; e.g. in the Tarentine-Ionic a/3 E I represents not only the Oscan diphthong ei (e.g. in the genitive hepe<\ei.s 17) but also the simple i (eio-eiSo/A 15=isi- dum 44 etc.); hence it appears under the ! column in brackets. To the Tarentine-Ionic and Latin a/3/3 are added the special signs devised to facilitate their use for the different dialects; the order in this part of these lines is of course arbitrary. library OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS TABLE OF ALPHABETS. Value a b 9 a e V * (=**) h 8 i k l m n ffl 0 p San Tarentine-lonic c. 280 b.c. A and A B A E c E 1 K A M and M N see under O U n Cumae VI cent. b.c. + A A B + > + « t> D A + 0 H ffi i + >l K N L +Vv l M + V 1 A/ 0 O n and n F ormello A B K. with C D E E A & ® i K U M with ffl O P M Campano-Etruscan (1) Abecedaria +rA + ) + 2 + 4 + i + 1 + + o + i + i + (» U + |B + P| + H + /1 + ri + M + (I) +NA 1 + HH + ia4 + 111 + H + H + r1 + d + n and + 1 + 1XI (2) Inscc. Oscan + | + ) ? +3 + a) + 3 +1+1 4 1 + k with + $ + ® + o + i + + A N + 3 and + a + > + ?i + a + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 +n: + B + (T) + (BT) c/. + D = 100 + i + 3 + d + IT + H1 + H + N see under O U + n + n Umbrian + A + f\ + a + (H) + (T) + ? + o + > + t + + o =t + i + H + >i + DI + >l + d + HH + \AA + A + H + V\ see under O U + 1 + M Faliscan + 9\ and + 0) + y and + a + 3 + ll + (v) + F + B + i ( +> and + D ; + d + H + o +1 Latin (1) Praeneste VI cent. b.c. (2) Colonial type c. 263 b.c. + A ? + o with +Q + i + \N/\^ +\A + o A A and A £ B f and Q =9 D £ with 11 (v) H i ( T=x 1 + /6 ? + a + ^ + ? + r +V + Y + (3) + *=x + < + a and 1 +3 V + 2 and ? + J + Z H + i +r + V + Y + 1 + l'=x + (^>) + 8 + (^) + <] + Q + a + < + T + Y + V + (**) = x c/. + X=10 "(Bn) + (3) cf. + Y p. 216 + 8 "8 + G and + 8 + k + E +y + y +v + v + (0 + a + a + e + t +a + 1 + V + (23) =x cf. + X = 10 + 8 *0 + (0 and + (0) + (v) +3 + d | ? + (l) + ^1 and 3 v + s +!' + V + X = r + i + V •• + (bo ' q R and R 1 R and R * were equally foreign to Oscan. There seems to be at present no evidence that H and _Q were ever used 1 by Oscan writers to denote length, whereas O is clearly used e.g. in 5 to denote u, the Oscan representative of an orig. 6 (FepcropeL has the same ending as regaturex in the Tab. Agnon. 175a 13,6 15). Osc. i is always 2 (save that -it- appears as -te-) represented by E I , and hence we often find HI written for the Osc. -el- (as in 1, crTaTTirgs ) though E I also appears ( Fepaopei ). Osc. u is generally o, but before -p, we have co at Anzi (22), and before -F- at Vibo ov (AiouFei, Osc. ( d)xuvex ) and at Messana co (rcofro) 1 . For Osc. u we have O Y regularly, though occasionally O, as we have seen; but -iu- is represented by I Y on the same insc. (1). Osc. i is always I , and Osc. e always E except in -ex- as we have seen. 1 rcofro in 1 can hardly represent tou-; it is written tiivtu in Osc. a/3 and touto in Lat. a/3 (28. 15). 2 Except in Pearces 6 where the first e must represent a long vowel whether the word be read Se(h)sties = Jj. Sestius, pure L. Sextius, or Festies = Festius, 462 THE ALPHABETS. Representation of f. The sound of Osc. / was represented by what in Tarentum, if not everywhere, was the older form of sigma with three strokes, turned in the reverse direction to the rest of the writing, ^ normally, S in retrograde script, see the notes to 140, and 6, 7. Thurneysen put forward the same explanation, conjecturally, in Idg. Anzeiger 4. 38. Representation of final -d. The sound of Osc. d when it was final must have been more like that of Greek r than when it was medial; hence final -d is always written T in Greek a/3, as was first pointed out by Bugge, Kuhn’s Z. 22. 385, cf. Conway Am. J. Ph. 11. 307 ff. 2. The Formello Vase. To what has been said above (p. 459 f.) I need only add that the variation in some signs is between the two copies of the a \3 which are written on the vase one above the other. 3. Ktrusco-Campanian. In the abecedaria Mommsen points out ( U. D. p. 7) that for San and cf) the younger of the two vases substitutes ‘ perigrams ’ (see p. 460) in the usual Etruscan a/3, while even on the elder vase 3 appears as a perigram for k. The only authority for S = ^ and (except the second abecedarium) for — s in this group is an insc. published by Von Duhn, see App. n. 6*. But S appears often on Etr. inscc. elsewhere (KirchhofF 4 p. 131), cf. p. 464 inf. The only authority known to me for i>\ = d is the insc. given App. ii. 9*. 4. Oscan. For the chief points in the gradual modification of the Oscan a/3 on Oscan soil see pp. 56, 107 f. and the notes to 168 ff. THE ALPHABETS. 463 Local variations in development. It will be understood that where the Table shows older and younger forms this chronological relation is only asserted as between inscc. of the same locality; thus Q is demonstrably older than 8 at Bovianum (p. 184 ff.) and Pompeii (p 56), but at Abella we find the open form in use at the latest period; conversely, the early coins of Fistelia (184) show the closed as well as the open form (Dressel, Beschr. Berl. p. 96). Again we have many early inscc. (e.g. 101) in which simply I and V are written for b and \y; and yet \y appears (as Y ? \y) on the coins of Hyria and Fistelia (142 and 184), while their order in the Pompeian abecedaria (81) seems to show that the two new symbols were invented at much the same time; since if u had been established long before I we should have expected to find u put first. Representation of Greek Aspirates. The perigrams given for the Greek aspirates appear in the forms Santia , thesavrum , aphinis (?), Meelikiieis , kuiniks. Signs for f. The coins of Nuceria Alfaterna (144) vary greatly in the signs for f even in the third century. Besides 8, 8 and if we have a reversed b, theta with the cross strokes omitted (0 and O), f (like Fal. and a curious sign 8 exactly like the koppa of one of the Formello alphabets. This sign occurs also on Etr. inscc., possibly even in the syllabary of Caere (U. D. p. 17), with the same value, and Mommsen conjectured (ib. p. 16 n.) that the regular 8 was a modification of the Greek koppa for which Etruscans had no use. Since however there is no similarity of sound between 9 and / it seems simpler to regard the 9 dike symbols as modifications, either of 0, which we find used to denote / at Fistelia (184) alone and at Allifae (182, according to Garrucci) in a modified form with H (-G- H), or of B which also represents it at the same place. We have hardly enough evidence to determine the origin of ^ ; it also might be a modified B or 0; Thurneysen ( Idg . Anz. 4. 38) points out its resemblance to a fully rounded 2(8), while the early date of the open form, combined with the use of a reversed ^ in Tar.-Ionic a/3 (see above) and the curious external hook in some of the Nucerine forms inclines me rather to suggest that the $ was formed originally by a combination of a four-stroke sigma with itself reversed 1 ; and the /, which is clearly connected with the Faliscan /, might be regarded as a modified three-stroke sigma, though the prevailing view that it is a differentiation of 2 is perhaps on the whole more probable; especially if the curious spelling alavfnum in 144 (which 1 Cf, the curious symbol £ £ in 140 b. 464 THE ALPHABETS. in any case seems to have lost the syllable -ter- by abbreviation) be taken as showing a confusion of the special symbol for / with the perigram vh which we know (p. 467) was used for it by the Campanian Etruscans. Signs for d and r in Osc. and Umb. aft. The most noteworthy point in the Oscan and Umbrian alphabets as contrasted with the Chalcidian from which they were ultimately derived lies in the curious changes in value of the symbols (] and $\ (Umb. c j). The course of the process is now, I think, fairly clear. On the Formello vase we have D =d and P=r, the latter bearing an inconvenient re¬ semblance to P the rounded form of pi which appears beside it. In the Cumaean VI cent, aft we find <1 and D =d, P, ^1 and R=r. Now the Etruscans had no voiced explosives; hence the symbol G was to them superfluous, and was treated by them as a by-form of S, both occurring in Etr. inscc. 1 with the value r, though at the date of our Campano-Etr. inscc. the S has almost completely disappeared. 0 was clearly preferable as being less likely to be confused with —p. Hence (1) Both Oscans and Umbrians took over Q with the value r. (2) The Umbrians used S to denote d, the special variety of r-sound (written RS in Lat. aft) which they had developed from intervocalic d. (3) The Oscans chose the symbol which between 450 and 400 B.c. was dying out 2 as a symbol for r in the Cumaean aft to denote the sound of d for which they found no symbol in the Etruscan aft. How closely Greek and Etruscan influence were intermingled in Campania may be seen from the coin-legends of the district given in 142 ff.; those of Nola and Cumae do not even appear among them because they were always pure Greek. 5. Umbrian. For the history of the aft at Iguvium see p. 400 ff. On the sign S = d see above under 4. The palatal <-) may be regarded as a modified 3, until some definite evidence of its origin is forthcoming; we may hope to find such evidence when the C. I. Etrusc. is complete. The Etruscan aft from which the Umbrian was borrowed seems to have been somewhat later than that from which the Oscan was taken, since the 1 E.g. an insc. given by Lepsius in Ann. Inst. Arch. Rom. 8. 199; cf. also no. 142 sup. 2 Roberts, Intr. Gr. Epigr. p. 210. THE ALPHABETS. 465 sign for g had completely disappeared, though 9 was still present 1 , and 8 is always completely closed. The sign A for m 2 of Tab. V appears also in Etr. inscc. of Chiusi and Siena (Fabr. Pal. Stud. p. 70). 6. Faliscan. The most striking characteristics of this a/3 as compared with its neighbours are 1. The loss of 9. 2 . The use of y for k and g and the loss of >|. 3. The use of Q for c£, 9 for r. 4. The loss of 0. 5. The occasional use of 11 for e. 6. The presence of O. 7. The loss of 9 ( cuando). 8- t =/ 9. Its retrograde direction. Less important but noteworthy is the peculiar modification of the first letter $9. Now it is clear from even the most cursory consideration of these points that this a/3 (a) cannot have been derived from the same Etruscan a/3 as the Osc. and Umb. a/3/3 which have 9 5 IL >1 and 8 ; ( b ) cannot have been derived directly from the a/3 of Cumae, which has 9> 0> >1 and 9 ; (c) cannot have been derived directly from the Lat. a/3, even in its retrograde period, which had always the signs for b and q ; nor is it possible to find in the Lat. a /3 the origin of / j s , since there we have 9 or F from the IV century onwards (Note xxxv) and 09 in the VI (280) 3 , while the sign ^ actually occurs (in the form ih), as we have seen (p. 142) in the mixed a/3 of Nuceria. 1 The sign for d had been equally lost, as we have seen, in the original of the Osc. a/3. 2 The signs for m and n are unfortunately misprinted on p. 401 sup. in the last line of the fifth paragraph, and should be corrected by those given in the Table ( \AA and \A, not AA/ and A/). 3 It would be a counsel of despair to derive / j s from the obscure I 1 , on which see below. C. 30 466 OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR OF THE ITALIC DIALECTS. This last fact points, I think, to more positive conclusions. ^ at Nuceria can only have come from the neighbouring Etruscan settlements (p. 52 and Note xviii p. 148). The use of 3 for both Jc and g , the loss of 9, >1 and < f, the retrograde direction, and the peculiar form of a, which comes simply from an exaggeration of the characteristic Etruscan rounding of the upper half of the left hand stroke, all imply an Etruscan origin, though the mother a/3 must have (1) varied slightly ('j') from the ordinary Campano-Etruscan, and (2) have been later than that from which the Oscan was derived as is shown by the complete loss of 9 and d* But what of the use of (L 9? O and the loss of 3 ? These are all dis¬ tinctly non-Etruscan, and all clearly derived from one source, namely the influence of the Latin a/3, which was always a near neighbour and ultimately drove the Faliscan a/3 altogether out of use. 11 is a by-form of E common to both Latins and Faliscans, but on this and its companion sign 1 1 for / see below. 7. The Latin Alphabet. To write a history of the Latin a/3 is an undertaking which does not fall within the scope of this book 1 . Strictly speaking it had a somewhat separate development in every town in which it was used, as may be seen for instance in the Praenestine inscc. 281—304 ; but so far as it is used to write dialect inscc. we need only notice three typical varieties, on the chief characteristics of which a few notes may be added. (a) The VI century a/3 of Praeneste. For the evidence of the date see p. 312. It is curious that s shows the form ^ in its only two occurrences in the insc. which is otherwise retrograde. 1 For the last two centuries b.c. Ritschl’s brief data (Opusc . iv. p. 691 if., esp. p. 765) still hold good, but there is so much variation in details, not only between different localities but even between individual inscc. of the same time and place, as to make any more complete description practically impossible, as later writers than Ritschl have all found. For the earlier centuries, on the other hand, the actual number of inscc., especially of those in pure Latin, is too small to allow of more than a fragmentary account. The Tafeln attached to Ritschl’s Opusc. iv. contain an invaluable selection of representative inscc. THE ALPHABETS. 467 The use of vh for / explains how the Greek F came to represent the Latin breathed labio-dental spirant. The sign for the voiced labial spirant was first adapted for a breathed sound by the addition of 0, and then, as the old value became forgotten, it was used alone for /, forcing upon V u consonantal as well as a vowel value (Darbishire, Relliq. Philol. p. 9 f.). Now vh is used for / in a Camp.-Etr. insc. App. n. 12*, and this fact, together with the subsequent use of C instead of K in the Latin a/3 (e.g. in the IV century Duenos insc., p. 330) and the presence of Etruscans in Praeneste (p. 311) raises rather than answers the question how far the Latins were influenced by their Etruscan neighbours in their early attempts at writing. But that the Roman a/3 as a whole was derived directly from that of the Greeks of the Chalcidian colonies, to which it bears a closer resemblance than does any other a/3 used by Italians, is altogether beyond doubt. (b) The ‘ Colonial ’ Latin a(3 of 268 b.c. This title may serve to describe roughly the type of a/3 which we find in common use at Aesernia ( 185 ), Sulmo ( 209 — 11 ), Teate Marrucinorum (243 f., 247 ), Velitrae ( 252 ), Marruvium Marsorum (260 ff.), Praeneste (287 ff.) and Pisaurum (p. 434) about this date. Its distinguishing features (A or A, II, I 1 (beside F F), 0, R and their angular forms R with for C) were no doubt common at Rome at some period, since they appear spo¬ radically in a great number of inscc. later than 250 b.c. ; but they are none of them, nor anything like them, to be found in the official script (e.g. not on the tombs of the earlier Scipios, P. L. M. E. p. 31) of the middle of the third century, whereas in the colonies and allied towns just mentioned these forms of the letters were regular down to about 250 b.c., see p. 254. Of the inscc. in Lat. a/3 in this volume only the two oldest Praenestine inscc. (280 — 1 ) and the Duenos-vase, Note xxxv, possibly also the Tabula Veliterna ( 252 ) are demonstrably older than the invention of the symbol Q ; see p. 254 and Jordan’s discussion (in his Krit. Beitr. p. 157) of Plutarch’s tradition ( Quaest. Rom. 54. 59) as to its invention by Sp. Carvilius Ruga. On the other hand this ‘colonial’ type vanished before the acute- angled U went out of use, which it began to do at Rome soon after 180 b.c. (Ritschl 11. sup. cit.). The coins of Aesernia show that the open G) was there disappearing towards the end of the III century b.c. The origin of the cursive signs II and I 1 for e and / has not yet been ascertained. They appear on inscc. from all parts of central Italy 1 from the beginning of the 3rd century b.c., often alternating with E and F, but 1 Picenum, Etruria, Campania, besides the places just mentioned; see the Indices to Prise. Lat. Mon. Epigr. 30—2 468 OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR OF THE ITALIC DIALECTS. they never appear in any official Latin inscc. though in the Dialects their use was not so restricted (e.g. 243). At Falerii (325, 328) II is clearly younger than 2 and the same seems to hold for the archaic inscc. of Pisaurum. Their form suggests that 1 1 was proportioned to 11 on the model of F to E in the full Lat. a/3. A peculiar and isolated variation not inserted in the Table is the use of 3 for g in one insc. at Praeneste (281). ( c) 1 Urban ’ Latin a/3 circa 133 b.c. There are but few definite marks to distinguish the script of the Gracchan period from simply written inscc. of Ciceronian times. The most noteworthy (Ritschl, ll.c.) are the prevailing but not yet universal use of doubled consonants, and the incipient use of doubled vowels to denote length ; the inequality in the arms of t (TT) ; the uprightness of the second hasta of u (\j). These will be found in many dialect inscc., the Tabula Bautina (28) being perhaps the best example. Many of the Paelignian group show careful finials and great exactitude of cutting, features which at Rome are the mark of the best period. A glance at the last two a/3/3 given in the Table will show how marked a change had come about in the style of Roman writing between 300 and 100 b.c. On the sign E) in Paelignian v. note to 206. OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. 469 B. Accidence of the 0sen-Umbrian Dialects. As in the text of the inscriptions, spaced type represents the local alphabet of the dialect, unspaced the Latin alphabet. No forms are given but those which are actually found, and to those which are rare is added the no. of the inscription in which they occur. It will be understood that doubtful forms have been inten¬ tionally omitted from the paradigms. I. NOUN INFLEXION. 66-STEMS. 0- STEMS. Oscan Umbrian Oscan Umbrian Singular Singular Nom.-yltt, touto muta, toto -» T (Masc. Bantms JN om. I AT 0 (JNeut. teerum Ikuvins, katel Masc. Tanas esonom Yoc. Prestota (366) Yoc. Tefre Acc. eitiuvam tut a, tot am Acc. dolum Tefro(m), puplu, poplom Gen. eituas tut as, totar Gen. tereis katles, popler, agre Dat. A nterstatai tote Dat. Abellanui pople Abl. egmad tuta-per, tota- Abl. amnud vinu, poplu per Loc. viai, Bansae tote Loc. terei uze , onse Adverb, amprufid prufe (Lat. probe) Plural. ^ Plural. INom. Nom.aasas urtas, iuengar (Masc. Nuvlanus IJcuvinus, Iiovinur screihtor (Neut. pruftu veskla, vesklu Acc. viass anglaf angla Acc. feihuss turuf, toru Gen. eehiianasum , urnasiaru, Gen. Nuvlanum piliaklu egmazum pracatarum , N.Osc .hiretum,cerfum [Volsc. Velestrom ] Dat. Diumpais , pruseseteis), Dat. Nuvlanuis hostatir -tir N. Osc. puclois Abl. kerssnais urtes Abl. feihuis veres veris verir snate Loc. pumperiais urnasier Loc. eidiiis funtlere-e , fondlir-e 470 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. It will be seen that in both dialects, as in Latin, the dat., loc. and abl. plur. are the same in all genders. In the subsequent paradigms, therefore, they are not distinguished. The case-endings in the Campano-Oscan group (p. 95 f.) appear to vary somewhat from the normal Oscan forms ; in o-stems we have nom. pi. ending in -uh (before the enclitic sent)] gen. sing, in -es; and viniciiu appears to be dative. In 130 svai puli seems equivalent to suae...pod in 28 (though it need not contain the same case-form) and the adverb suluh in 130 was pre¬ sumably a case-form to start with. Possibly puh and suluh are both instrumentals, the -h denoting their long vowel. (If we are to compare Lat. solid Lucil. ap. Fest. 298 M. it would confirm the view which sees in modd etc. instrumentals, not ablatives, and assumes that the shortening of final -o in Latin (see Brugm. Grds. i § 655. 2) took place before the ablatival - od , -ad became -o, -a.) On e and i in Umbrian see p. 495 inf. m-STEMS. The inflexion of 7o-stems in general follows that of the o-stems, but differs in several important respects. Streitberg (Das Nominal-suffix -io, Leipzig 1888, cf. Brugmann Grundriss II § 63 n.) has shewn that there were two classes of these nouns in pro-ethnic Indo-European, differing only in nom. and acc. sing, which ended respectively in (1) -is -im, (2) -ios -iom. These two classes may be called (1) the ‘Variable’ and (2) the ‘ Constant ’; they are distinct in Old Latin, as in Clodis alis Cornelis by the side of e.g. Manios (280), but the -ios forms occur in no Italic dialect outside the Latinian group. This is due to the first syllable accent prevailing elsewhere, by which a short vowel in the last syllable was expelled before -s, so that some of the -is forms have come from -ios just as hdrz (z — ts ) from *hortos, Ikuvins from *Iguvinos. This syncope however did not take place before final -m, so that the two classes would be distinct in the acc. masc. and the nom. and acc. neut. We have many examples of masc. and neut. forms in -im, all of which therefore show the inflexion of the first of the two declensions just mentioned, but there are none in -iom from the simple -io- stems, only -Horn from the derivative stem -ijo-. This evidence is too scanty to allow of a certain conclusion, but it seems possible that the -iom forms had been levelled out of NOUN INFLEXION. 471 use in the Dialects, through the influence of the nom. -is which in them was common to the ‘ Variable ’ and ‘ Constant ’ classes 1 2 . Conversely, in the derivatives in -iio-, if there ever was any ‘ Variable’ flexion, we have no trace left of it in the dialect inscc., since there is only one accus. form from such stems, Kluva- tiium (130); in the nom. sing, masc, of course -o- could not survive the law of syncope. In the Dialects therefore the distinction between ‘ Variable ’ and ‘ Constant ’ stems is of little practical importance. But that between -io- and -iio- stems which has already been mentioned can be very clearly traced, though it was not recognised before Bronisch’s essay on Die Oskischen i- und e-Vocale (Leipzig 1892). He shows (p. 67) that the two classes of stems are thus distinguished in Oscan a . A Nom. Pakis , Dekis (neut. vaamunim, 70) Acc. Pakim, Aesernim (neut. memnim) Gen. Dekkieis Dat. Flagiui B Kluvatiis , Puntiis (39), Tlo [limes (1), Ponties (210) Kluvatiium (130) Virriieis (109) &c. The principle of difference is that the names in -is are either praenomina, or gentile no min a derived from praenomina which contained no -i- suffix; whereas 1 The vowel in the ‘Variable’ -is-forms in Oscan and Umbrian was either (1) long originally (and therefore not expelled by the syncope as -i- was from Osc. ceus = Lat. ceiuis), or (2) restored by the influence of the other cases and of the -is which in other nouns had come from -ios. In the latter case two paradigms such as, say, e *Paks, Pakim, Pakieis Dekis, *Dekiom, Dekieis must have been fused into -kis, -kim, -kieis. 2 Some, but not all of the particular examples here given, are taken from Bronisch’s list. 472 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. those in -Us are all nomina and are derived from prae- nomina in -io-. Thus we have Praenomina (1) Decmus (155 B. 2) Octavus Lat. (2) Mais (139) Maraliis (137 c) Srcm? (14) Tpe/3t? (6) Nomina Decimius (155 A. 1 al.) Uhtavis (190) Mahiis (179) Maraies (19) Staatiis (173) Trebiis (47) The -kk- in Dekkieis and the like is due to the consonantal value of the following -i- (Yon Planta, Osk.-Umb. Gram. § 243). A variety of the derivative class in late Oscan shows the spelling -its, -iiui etc. (e.g. Vitnikits 42), but it is not yet clear to me whether this is more than a divergence in spelling, cf. Class. Rev. 1893 p. 469. Nor is there yet any agreement as to what was the sound of the ending -iis -ies -tes: if it was identical with -its, it may have been simply a long -i- whose second half had rather an opener sound than the first, as in litmtium = Lat. limitum. In some few cases in Oscan the final -s of the Nom. and Gen. is wanting, Silli (89, cf. 106—7, 112). But this may be an abbreviation in writing. In Umbrian in both nom. and acc. we have only the shorter forms, Trutitis, Atiersir, Fisim, Fisi, Grabovi , Grabove, cf. pedaem pedae by the side of acc. pi. fern, pedaia(f) 1 . Neuter forms are tertim terti, tehtedim. But the distinction between -io- and -iio- stems can be clearly seen in the other cases, e.g. Fisiu (abl. sing.), Martier (gen.), Atiiersiur (nom. plur.), beside Kluviier , Kastrusiie(r) (gen. sing.). The vocative occurs only in Umbrian, and only from the -io- stems; Grabovie, Sansie (also spelt Sase II B 24) &c. Bat. Sing, and Plur. in Umbr. Sing. Fisie, Sansie, Sansii, more commonly Fisi etc., Plur. Atiersier, Atiersir, Clauerni (nom. Clauerniur), and arves arvis arver if it is from the same stem as the acc. pi. arviu. 1 persae VI A 58, B 3 may be taken as acc. sing., applying to each successive victim. If it is plural it must be regarded as showing an i-declension beside the -io-, NOUN INFLEXION. 473 Diphthongal Stems diov- rei- bov-. Singular Acc. Umbr. bum. Voc. Umb. Iu-pater. Gen. Osc. Iuveis, N. Osc. loves. Dat. Osc. Diuvei Atovfrei Iuvei. Umbr. Iuve, ri. Abl. Umbr. hue, ri re. Plural Acc. Umbr. buf. Gen. Umbr. buo. g-STEMS. Only the following forms occur : Singular Acc. Umbr. iouie (VI B 59, YII A 48) sing, or plur.? Dat. Osc. Ker i (130) Kerri (175) (cf. the deriva¬ tive Kerriio-) probably also N. Osc. Cerie 1 (243); cf. Lat. facie etc., the regular forms in old Latin (Gell. 9. 14, Lindsay Lat. Lang. p. 386). Dat. or Loc.? Umbr. kvestretie (I B 45), avie (VI B 11) sing, or plur.'? (Cf. the deriv. avieklu.) Abl. Umbr. uhtretie (V i). Plural Dat. Umbr. iouies (VI B 62, VII A 50), never -r. 1 If so this name in Umbro-Oscan contained or was altered so as to contain the same suffix as materies etc., and the Osc. -rr- would stand for -ri- as in her{r)est beside Umb. heriest ; in this respect as in others N. Osc. would show affinity with Umb. 474 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. i-STEMS. Oscan Umbrian. -j^o Singular ' Masc. ceus ocar pacer aidil (53) ■< Fern. N. Osc. pacer pacr-si ,Neut. sacre, seh- meniar Acc. sakrim, slaa- saJcrem,ocre, gim sevakni Gen. aeteis punes, ocrer N. Osc. ocres Tarincris Dat. Herentatei ocre (? consonantal) Abl. slaagid,prae- ocri ocre sentid (28) N. Osc. fertlid Loc. ocre M-STEMS. Oscan Singular Umbrian Acc. manim (28) trifo Gen. castrous (28) trifor Dat. alitu, trifo Abl. castrid (28) trefi , mani Loc. manure (II B 23)? Nom. Plural. M.&F. tris, ai~ dilis, N. Osc. h pacris Neut. tere- K menniu Acc. puntes , pa- crer triia , sa- kreu avef ovif ovi Nom. Acc. Gen. [a]ittium? peracnio Tiiatium Dat. luisarifs, sa- aves avis &c. kriiss, for- (never -r) tis (28) Dat. &c. Plural. Neut. berva pequo ? Masc. kastruvuf, castruo, manf (II A 38) ? berus (never -r) NOUN INFLEXION. 475 Consonantal Stems. Stems without Gradation. Oscan Umbrian Singular. Nom .meddiss jMasc. zedef N. Osc. lixs J ‘sedens’ (Neut. tuplak Acc. Gen. medikeis capirso (cf. uhturu) farer Dat. medikei kapide Abl. ligud, N. Osc. kapide , pedi aetatu Loc. Plural. Nom .meddiss peh- [Volsc. medix\ Sell; Acc. N. Osc. pes nerf,capif,kapi Gen. liimitu[m] nerum Dat. &c. ligis nerus, kapidus (never -r) In -es- stems the short vowel is expelled in the nominative, Umbr. meds (cf. mersto = Lat. modesta in¬ stead of *medesta), erus. With the acc. compare the infinitive in -um Osc. acum Umbr. aferom. Stems showing Gradation. n -stems. Oscan Umbrian Singular . Nom. 'Fern, frukta- tribdiqu,karu tiuf } statif .Neut. umen, numem nome Acc. medicatinom, tanginom Gen. tangineis [ ku]m - nomner parakineis Dat. leginei karne, nomne Abl. tanginud tribdigine, karne, nomne Loc. N. Osc. mesene, menzne (? see agine p. 501) Plural. Nom. humuns (cf. frateer) Acc. Gen. N. Osc. semunu (cf. fratrom) Dat. &c. homonus karnus (never -r) 476 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. r-STEMS. Of the r-stems some words shew gradation, others not. In the former class must be placed, Osc. nom. patir dat. paterei Fuutrei , Umbr. voc. pater dat. patre N. Osc. gen. patres, Umbr. plur. nom. frateer gen. fratrom dat. fratrus. In the latter class the long vowel of the nom. sing, is carried through all cases. Osc. sing. nom. kvaistur dat. kvaisturei plur. nom. censtur, Umb. sing. nom. uhtur adfertur , acc. uhturu arsferturo dat. arsferture. Note. Two nouns in Umbrian shew confusion between con¬ sonantal and o-flexion, tuder-, nom. pi. tuderor (VIA 12) abl. pi. tuderus (the d instead of d between vowels is also remarkable), and vas- nom. pi. vasor (VI A 19), acc. pi. vaso (VI B 40) ap¬ parently antecedent to an acc. relative porse, abl. vasus (IV 22), cf. Latin vasi vasa. manf beside kastruvuf may shew a confusion between consonantal and ^-flexion. II. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. The following are all the Comparative and Superlative forms that have been recognised in Oscan or Umbrian, Comparative Superlative Osc. Umb. Osc. mais ‘ magis ’ mestru fern., ‘major’ mins ‘ minus,’ minstreis ‘ minoris ’ Osc. maimas ‘ maximae ’ Osc. pustro-, Umb. pus- tro- ‘ postero-,’ Osc. pustiris ‘ posterius ’ Osc. pustmo -, posmo- ‘ pos tremus ’ Osc. pruter ‘ prius ’ Umb. promo- ‘ primus ’ N. Osc. pritrom-e ‘ ultro, recta via,’ Umb. pretro- ‘ prior ’ N.Osc. prismo- ‘ primus ’ Osc. hutro-, Umb. hondro- ‘ infernus ’ Umb. hondomo- ‘ imus ’ Osc. supro - ‘supernus,’ Umb. subrd ‘ supra ’ Umb. somo- ‘summus’ PRONOUNS. 477 Besides these we have Osc. and Umb. nessimo- ‘nearest/ Osc. ultiumo- ‘furthest/ and messimo- (113), valaimas puk- lum (130), and Umb. nertro- ‘ veprepos? III. PRONOUNS. A. Personal. Oscan Umbrian Nom. 1. 2. 3. tiium (130) 1 . 2. 3. Acc. siom tiu tiom teio Dat. t(i)fei sifei N. Osc. sefei 7nehe tefe seso If N. Osc. uus in 216 6 and 7 is a pronoun it must be equi¬ valent both to Lat. uos nom. and udbis dat. Possessive. Osc. suvo- N. Osc. suo- ‘suus’ Umbr. touo- tuo- ‘tuus.’ On Umbr. sveso, svesu see p. 502 footn. B. Anaphoric. Oscan Umbrian M. F. N. M. F. N. Sing. Nom. iz-i-c iu-k id-i-k er-e ed-e-k is-i-du iiu-k e7's-e Acc. ion-c ea77i Dat. or Loc. esme esmi -k Plur. Nom. IUS-SU eur-ont Acc. N.Osc. ioc ef ecif eu iafc Umbr. eo appears to be masc. acc. pi. in VI A 20. In Oscan this pronoun is compounded with -dum, in Umbrian with -hoTit, in the sense of the Lat. idem ; and in 39 5 and 11 the nom. pi. lus-su seems to have the same meaning; v. Gloss, s. v. ekkum. 478 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. In the same sense are used Osc. eizo- (eiso -), Umbr. ero- iro- 1 which are declined in the m. f. and n. as -o- and -d- stems, most commonly with the affix -c in Umb. also -hont. It can hardly be an accident however that the only examples 2 we have are of cases for which we have no form from the simple stem i-, which probably was only used in the Nom. and Acc. in all dialects except Umbr., and in Umbr. in the dat. and loc. sing. also. Thus the remainder of the paradigm is, Gen. Sing. Abl. Sing. Loc. Sing. Gen. Plur. • Dat, l Plur Abl.J Oscan M. and N. eizeis eiseis eizuc (for -dd-ke) eizeic eizois Umbrian F. M. and N. F. ever ( ek) erar (once irer) eizac (for -dd-ke) eru(k) era(k) (cf. eisai demonstr.) eizazunc erom [ever j ever eiza[i]sc (28) ? \erir 1 emr C. Demonstrative. The dialects shew a great wealth of demonstrative stems, all apparently declined as regular -o- -a- nouns, except that the neut. nom. sing, ended in -d, not -m, while the nom. sing. masc. has not yet occurred. We have (i) eso- Osc. ecroT (22), nom. neut., esei loc. sing. (95 1. 23, but eisei in 1. 20). The forms in es- should probably be separated from the following stem. (ii) Osc. eiso-, eiso- (sometimes eizo-) used as deictic adj. (iii) Umbr. eso-, iso- with Umbr. issoc Ota’ esso Uta’ or "hoc’ (abl.) perhaps contains a stem is-so- parallel to is-to- (so Brugm. Grds. I. § 568. 2). (iv) Osc. ekso- exo-, neut. nom. eksuk. (v) Osc. ekho- eko-, fern, eka-, neut. acc. ekilc, cf. N. Osc. ecuf ‘ ibi,’ ecuc ‘ hoc,’ ‘ hue ’ or * ita’? 1 Whether Umb. ero - is the same word as Osc. eizo- is a separate question, but their use corresponds so closely that they can hardly be separated. 2 As there are no other examples of -u for -d in III and IV (p. 404), eruk esunu futu (III 14) is not ‘ ea (kletra) sacra esto ’ but ‘ eo (oue, this ouis being masc. ib. 31) sacrum fiat.’ PRONOUNS. 479 (vi) Umbr. esto- isto-, neut. 110 m. estu. (vii) Umbr. ulu ‘thither,’ cf. Osc. pu-llad ‘where,’ and Lat. olle. (viii) Umbr. oro- uro-. (ix) Osc. and Umbr. e-tanto- ‘tantus’ corresponding to panto- * quantus.’ D. Relative, Indefinite and Interrogative. Stem po- (Gr. i to- Lat. quo-) Oscan Singular. M. F. N. Nom. pui pai paei pae (pod Acc. pa am Gen. (cf. poiiul = Lat. cuia) Dat. Plural. Umbrian M. F. poi, poe po-rse pusme N. pude Nom. pus Acc. pas pal pal \puri \po-rse (Via 15, 19) pafe po-rse (Mlb 40) The true explanation of the use of the form pude porse as nom. masc. sing, and plur. and nom. acc. neut. sing, and plur. has at length been given by Brugmann (Ber. Kon. Sachs. Ges. Wiss. 1893 p. 135) who divides it into the affix -de and an adverbial form *qud which served in Italic as a substitute for any case of the relative, like wo in Rhinefrankish and kur in Lithuanian. We have compounds of the stem or, as Brugmann plausibly suggests, of this indeclinable form Osc.-Umbr. *po (Grds. 11 . § 419) with demonstrative pronouns in Osc. poizad, pull ad, Umb. pora , all abl. fern. sing. Cf. Mod. Gr. 6 avSpas irov tov e28a, or 7 rod elSa ‘the man whom I saw.’ Brugmann would find similar compounds in Lat. quoins, quoiei ; cf. also Idg. Forsch. iv. 214. 480 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. Oscan Nom. Acc. Gen. Stem pi- (Gr. tis Lat. quis) M. & F. pis pliim pieis-um Singular. N. pid Umbrian Dat. or Loc. piei (28, 7) Plural. M. & F. N. pi si so-pir pidi [Volsc. & N. Osc. pis ] Acc. piji These forms serve (1) as relatives (e.g. piei l.c.) without a definite antecedent, like Lat. quisquis, e.g. Tab. Ig. VI B 53, and a doubled form also existed in Oscan (pitpit ‘ quicquid ’ 205 A sup.). (2) They are used as an indef. pronoun in pro¬ hibitions (28 passim) and after preceding indefinite relatives or subordinating conjunctions (e.g. Osc. suae pis ‘ si quis/ pod pis... mins ‘ quominus quis’). In Oscan in negative sentences pisum = Lat. quisquam, e.g. 28 6 . Umbr. pis-her is closely parallel to Lat. qui-uis. (3) The interrogative meaning of Lat. quis no doubt also existed in Osc.-Umbr. pis, but it cannot be quite certainly identified in the inscc. (cf. 164 and 362 4). The Umbr. sopir ‘quisquis, si quis’ has been explained with certainty by Brugmann ( Ber . Kon. Sachs. Ges. TU’ss. 1890 p. 213) as containing, like the Gr. ons (Locr. f°n), the I.-Eu. inde¬ clinable relative *suod. E. Pronominal Adjectives. From altro- ‘the other’ we have Osc. altrei dat. sg. masc. (28. 13) and loc. sing. masc. (175 b 21), abl. a[l]trud, acc. fern. alttram. PRONOMINAL ADVERBS AND NUMERALS. 481 F. Pronominal Adverbs. 1. Common to Oscan and Umbrian. Umbrian (1) einom enom ennovn, inum-ek , ‘deinde’ (2) eine, enem ife, ifont sve [Yolsc. se ] no-sve (see below) snepo Latin enim ibi si ‘ sine Oscan inim ini eiveip, ‘ turn ’ ifi? (73) svai suae suae...pod, svai puh cf. p. 470 pam, pan pun ne-pon pwf puz pus pous cf. puturus-pid nei-p (see below) nei-p 2. Found only in Oscan. ekkum ‘item/ ekss ex ‘ita/ pod...mins Lat. *quodminus, pukkapid pocapit ‘aliquando/ adpud ‘quoad.’ The -p (orig. - que ) of ip, N. Osc. ip has lost its generalising force, as in neip ‘non/ O. Lat. neque ‘non’; Cf. Gr. TO-T6. 3. Found only in Umbrian, eso iso esoc issoc ‘ita’ isunt ‘ itidem ’ isek, itek ‘ita,’ inenek (III 20)? iepi (III 21)? ulu Lat. illuc; ne-rsa 1 (Via 6) = Lat. dd-ne-c 1 in meaning; surur, sururont ‘itidem’ and sepse (VI b 11)? may contain the stem of the reflexive pronoun, pu-e ‘quo’ cf. p. 479 sup., -pumpe = Lat. -cunque, panupei — quandoque, appei ape ap ( *ad-pe ) ‘ e? re! pidi persei ‘ si quomodo, sicubi ’ cf. Lat. ride, quicquid amas Cato Catullum etc. pre-pa, pane puni ponne pone (ar^ni-po 1 pufe puze pusi puse podruh-pei quam, quamde quom, *quomde (dd-)ni-cum cf. ubi cf. ut cf. uter-que (ne-)que IV. NUMERALS. 1. Umb. uno-, cf. Osc. uini-veresim. Ordinal: Umb. promo N. Osc. prismo-. 1 On this ne-, -ne-, -ni- cf. the Glossary s.v. arnipo. C, 31 482 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. 2. Umb. Nom. dur (masc.) Acc. tuf { masc. and fem.) Dat. &c. tuves , tuver-e. Ordinal: Umb. duti(m) ‘iterum’; also etro-\ Osc. altro-. 3. Acc. Osc. fem. tris, Umb. masc. tref, neut. triia triiu , dat. Umb. tris. Ordinal: Umb. tertio-, tertim ‘for the third time.’ 4. Osc. acc. neut. petiro {-pert), (petora according to Festus, 205 A sap.), cf. Umb. petur-pursus ‘ quadrupedibus,’ and the name Petron -, Petru-nio- , common in Osco- Umbrian districts. 5. Osc. adv. pomtis ‘ quinquiens,’ cf. Osc. pumperia-, Umb. pumpedia-. 6. Cf. Umb. sest-entasio- ‘ sextantarius,’ sehmenier ‘ semenstribus,’ Osc. Sehsimbriis ‘ *Sexembrius ’ i.e. ‘ bom in August.’ 8. Cf. Osc. tjhtavis 1 Octauius.’ 9. Umb. nuvis ‘nouies.’ Ordinal: nuvime ‘for the ninth time’ (II a 26), cf. Lat. proxime &c. 12. Umb. desenduf (i.e. des-) acc. plur. V. ADVERBS. Here should be mentioned Umb. prufe ‘probe,’ rehte ‘recte,’ Umb. subra ‘supra’ etc.; Osc. amprufid ‘improbe, in¬ formally,’ uinivereshn ‘uniuerse,’ cf. Lat. statim, passim , &c. The Pronominal Adverbs have been given above. Negatives. The variation between i , e and ei in Umbrian writing (see p. 495) confuses three forms which are distinct in Oscan and Latin. (1) Osc. ne, in nep which has the form of Lat. neqae and the meaning of Lat. neue. (2) Osc. ni corresponds to Lat. lie in form and meaning, since e became long % in Oscan, written i in Lat. aft. tuva (neut.). PREPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS. 483 (3) Osc. nei corresponds to Lat. nei, ni but has the meaning simply of non ; neip has the same in 130. (4) Umbr. no-sve * nisi ’ probably contains a negative form noi, cf. 0. Lat. noisi Note xxxv. Brugmann’s alternative ex¬ planation ( Ber. K. S. Ges. Wiss. 1890 p. 227 ff.) does not convince me. VI. PREPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS. The postpositions are distinguished by a prefixed hyphen. A. With accusative only. Osc. ant ‘ ante.’ Osc. az, Umb. -ad, ‘apud.’ Umb. hondra ‘ infra.’ Umb. -per ‘up to, as far as’ (cf. Lat. parum-per, top-per, paulis-per) ; Umbr. -per with abl. may be distinct. Osc. pert ‘ across,’ -pert ‘ up to, as far as.’ Osc. perum ‘ without,’ cf. Gr. nrepay, nrepa. Osc.-Umb. postin ‘ according to,’ Germ. ‘ nach.’ Umb. subrd ‘supra.’ Umb. superne ‘ super.’ B. With locative only . Osc. contrud ? ‘contra,’ see p. 502 inf. Umb. super ‘ super.’ C. With ablative only. Osc. com ‘cum,’ Umb. -ku(m) -co(ni ) ‘cum, apud.’ Osc. dat ‘ de.’ Osc. op ‘ apud.’ Umb. -pe(r) ‘ pro.’ Osc.-Umb. post ‘ post.’ Osc. pru (? Umb. -pru) ‘ pro.’ Osc. prai, Umb. pre ‘ prae ’ in our inscc. are only found with plural words which may be either abl. or loc. Umb. su ‘sub’ 354. Umb. -ta -tu -to ‘ab, ex.’ D. With more than one case. Osc. anter with acc. and abl. ‘ inter ’ (95,14 and 28, passages which do not yet make clear any difference of meaning with the 31—2 484 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. two cases); Umb. -ander with acc. YI b 47 = I b 7 ; anderuomu in VI b 41 is obscure. Umb. tra(f) with acc. and loc.; here also it is not yet possible to recognise a difference of meaning with certainty. Finally we have Osc. -en, Umb. -en -em -e. (1) With acc. ‘into, to, towards’ in Umb. sometimes re¬ peated with an adj., va'pefem avieklufe ‘in sellas augurales.’ (2) With loc. ‘in, resting in,’ Osc. exaiscen ligis ‘in illisce legibus,’ hurtln ‘in horto,’ Umb. arven ‘in aruo,’ fesner-e ‘in fanis,’ testi'e e uze ‘in dextro umero’; sometimes repeated, oerem Fisiem ‘ in arce Fisia,’ and doubled tote-m-e ‘in ciuitate.’ These interesting forms show us the change of a postposition to a case¬ ending actually taking place. (3) With abl. and acc. ‘from...up to...’; or with abl. alone ‘starting from,’ Osc. eisucen zicxdud zicolom xxx. ‘ex illo die usque ad tricesimum diem’; imaden ‘ex ima (uia).’ Of all these prepositions the only ones that are certainly not to be found in composition in our inscc. are hondra , perum , post , postin , super , superne , and examples of post so used are probably only wanting by accident. Osc. af-, Umb. a- ‘ab,’ Osc. amfr- Umb. ambr- ‘arnbi-,’ Osc. eh- ‘ex/ are at present only to be identified in compounds. One or two so-called ‘pseudo-postpositions,’ governing an adnominal genitive, may be mentioned here: Osc. amnud literally ‘in the line of’ (Bartholomae, Idg. Forsch. 6. 308), hence, ‘ because of.’ Osc. ampert before minstreis aeteis eituas ‘dum minoris partus (i.e. partis) familias (i.e. -iae) taxsat ’ as the Latin side of the Tabula Bantina renders it, probably implies, like dum taxsat , an acc. moltam , ‘ up to the value of a fine of.’ Umb. paca with gen. of gerundive, ‘causa.’ VII VERBAL INFLEXION h The materials for constructing a scheme of Oscan and 1 The following scheme was drawn up and printed for the use of pupils substantially in its present form in 1890, but for the identification of the Im¬ perfect Subjunctive and in many details, I am indebted to Prof. Buck’s lucid and almost always convincing discussion of The Osco-Umbrian Verb-System (Chicago, 1895). VERBAL INFLEXION. 485 Umbrian conjugation are unfortunately very scanty. The 1st pers. sing, and the 1st and 2nd pers. plur., and one or two entire tenses, are hardly represented at all. In what follows only those forms are quoted which actually occur, and only those categories which can be recognised with certainty. We can distinguish with certainty at least six classes of Present Stem, corresponding to six similar classes in Latin. I. Non-thematic stems (s^m-class). II. Simple thematic stems (m/o-class). III. n-stems (amns-class). IV. e-stems (/mfe-class). V. -Ustems (/am-class). VI. 7-stems (^om-class). From the Present Stem are regularly formed the Present and no doubt the Imperfect 1 Indicative, the Present Subjunctive, the Imperative, the Future in -(e)s- , the Infinitive in -o(m), the Present Participle (in -nt-) and the Gerundive (in -nno-). There are seven forms of the Perfect, of which the last four may be called ‘Weak,’ as being based upon the Present Stem. One of these however, that in -tt-, does not occur in Umbrian, and one, that in -l -, has not appeared in Oscan. A. Reduplicated class (cf. Lat. dedit). B. With reduplication absent or lost (cf. Lat. fidit). C. With root vowel strengthened (cf. Lat. egit, cepit). D. -f- perfect (Osc. aikdafed). E. -tt- perfect (Osc. prufatted). F. -nki- perfect (cf. Umbr. purdinsiust). G. -I- perfect (cf. Umbr. entelust). From the Perfect are formed a Perfect Subj. in -e- (Osc. Umbr. -i-, -ei-) and an Active Participle in -us- (Osc. sipus) on which was based the Fut. Perf. Indie. (Osc. hipust ) 2 . 1 In the inscc. we at present possess, only one form of the Impf. Indie. (fufans ‘*fubant’) is known to us, and the tense is therefore omitted (for typo¬ graphical reasons) in the Tables which follow. 2 Umb. sesust is derived by Brugmann Grds. ii. § 873 from the -to- parte, of the intransitive root sed-. If so, the -u- instead of the -o- of pr. Ital. *sessos must be, as in -lust also, due to the influence of the regular -ust forms like hipust. SCHEME OF VERBAL FORMS Q p CO CO * i. Active Forms of CD CO 5- Present Indicative. DO g Oscan Umbrian Present Subjunctive. Oscan Umbrian 1 s. sum 3 s. (1) est est I (2) ist 3 p. sent, sent set 2 s. si, sir si 3 s. se, sei, si 3 p. sins, sis 3 s. ?N.Osc. Is. sestu (II6 24) yj feret [cf. 2 s. (II b 22) 3 p. pass. [cf. 3 s. Pass. N. Osc. uinct-er ] ferent-er\ 3 s. aflukad 3 p. deicans [cf. pass, emant- ur] 1 s. subocau(u) 3 s.faa- jjj md [cf. depon. 3 p. furfant 3 p. &a- • 3 s. deiuaid 1 s. aseriaia 3 s. portaia 3 p. etaians 3 s. habe jy tigit 3 s. putiad 3 s. habia putiiad 3 p. putians [cf. pass, tursi- put Hans and-u] V 3 s. fakiiad 3 s. fasia,feia 3 s. sakru- VI vit 3 p . fiiet Add to these, I and II [cf. pass. 3 s .tedte] 3 s. teda • 3 p. dirsans ^ 1± r 7 2 s. heris, -ri ou f u [cf. pass, herter ] 3 s. her Had IN THE ITALIC DIALECTS. the Present Stem. Imperfect Subjunctive. Oscan Umbrian Imperative. Oscan Umbrian 3 s. fusid 3 s. estud 2 and 3 s. futu, eetu 2 p. fututo 3 p. etuta , -tu 3 p. patensins 3 s. actud 3 s. aitu ampentu 3 p. aituta [cf. N. Osc. Pass. 3 p. upsaset-er] 3 s. deiuatud 2 s. aserio 3 s. mugatu 2 or 3 p. etato 3 s. likitud Q 3 s. 3 p. f habetu \habitu (habetutu \ habituto 3 s. factud 2 or 3 s. fetu,feitu 3 s. seritu [cf. depon. persnih- mu\ 3 s. { tedtu. dirstu • ' tetu, ditu 3 p. \K]errins 2 or 3 s. - eretu heritu liereitu i. Active Forms of the Present Stem (cont.). ii. Infinitives Future Indicative. Q £ Oscan Umbrian to Infinitive. Oscan Umbi’ian I 3 s. eest , est ‘ ibit ’ ezum erom, eru -rj 2 s. ampenes 3 s. ferest acum deicum 3 s. dei- 3 s. prupehast III uast 3 p. censazet censaum tribarakavum IV 3 s. ‘hafeist’ habiest (28) fatium Y ifagiu \f a 9 w VI 3 s. sakrvist I^nd g g didest ^ 3 s. her est 2 s. lieries ^ 3 p. here- 3 s. heriest 5 set * ' 1 and Verbals. Present Participle. Oscan and Umbrian Gerundive. Oscan and Umbrian Peifect Passive Participle\ Oscan Umbrian 0. praesentid Abl. U. anferener (gen. s. m.) scriftas screihtor ufteis rehte spafu U. pelsatis (nom. s. m.) 0. upsannam (acc. s. f.) (1) staflatas (1) pihaz (2) censtom (3) muieto oseto jnom Azedef J sg. \serse tagez virseto e facus (28. 30 2 ) aanfehtaf feta Depon. persnis [cf. 0. Heren- tatei] 1 One form has been certainly identified as a supine, Umbr. aseriato ( eest ) ‘ obseruatum (ibit).’ 2 This form does not contain the ordinary -to- suffix; see the Glossary. iii. The Perfect Indicative. 2 £ Oscan Umbrian CO Future Perfect. Oscan Umbrian * 3 s. (deded fefure ^ UeSer 2 s. fifikus 3 s. fefacust 3 s. tedust dersicust 3 p. dersicurent t) 3 s. kumbened N. Osc. aftled 2 s. benus 3 s. fakust, fust, 3 s. dicust habus fust 3 p. fakurent,fu- rent, habu- rent q 3 s. upsed ' 3 p. uupsens 3 p. eit-ipes 3 s. liipust, urust aflakust 3 p. prusikurent 1 s. manafum j, 3 s. aamanaffed aikdafed 3 p. fufens 2 s. amprefuus 3 s. atedafust 3 p. ambrefurent 3 s. prufatted E. 3 p. prufattens [Cf. Yolsc. sis- tiatiens \ 3 p. tribarakat- tuset F. 3 s. purdinsiust (combifiansiust \combifiansust a. 2 s. apelus 3 s. apelust Perfect Active. Perfect Subjunctive. Oscan Umbrian Perfect Participle Active. 3 s. fefacid 3 s. stiti ? (I b 45) 3 p. steteies ? ( ib .) 3 s. fuid On the perf. part, in -lo- which is the basis of the fut. perf. in -lust v. Brugm. Gds. ii. § 872 f. 3 s. hipid Osc. sipus (28) ‘sciens’ seems to be for *sep-uos (J. Schmidt K. Z. 26, p. 372). [cf. pass, impers. sa- [cf. pass, impers. pi- krafir ] liafei , herifi ] 3 p. tribarakattins 3 s. combifiansi 492 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. iv. Passive Forms. A. Rudimentary passive forms, i.e. forms in which the Passive r is substituted for the -nt of the 3rd pi. Active ( v. p. 516 inf. and Zimmer K. Z. xxx. (1888) p. 224; Conway, Camb. Phil. Soc. Proc. 1890, p. 16; Brugmann Ber. Kon. Sachs. Ges. Wiss. 1890 p. 214, 1893 p. 134; Grundr. n. § 1080; Buck p. 177). These are all impersonal, and when derived from transitive verbs appear in Oscan with an accusative ( 113 ). Present. Indie. Osc. loufi[r] ( 28 . 9), Umb. ier 1 . Subj. ferar. Future. Ind. Umb. ise 1 , cf. the act. eest , est for *eis(e)t. Future Perfect. Umb. benuso couortuso , for -us-so(r) or - us-(e)so-r , as benust for *benusset or -us-(e)set; the second part of the compound containing the Thematic inflexion of sum ‘ I am,’ i.e. corresponding to Lat. ero and possessing the same future meaning. Perfect Subjunctive. Osc. sakrafir, Umb. herifi, pihafei, (p. 517). B. D eveloped passive forms, i.e. forms in which the Passive -r or -er (where either appears) is added to the complete forms of the Active or Middle. The great majority, if not all, of these forms are personal 2 . 1 Otherwise Brugmann I.e. 1890 pp. 215, 220, whose explanations appear to me to involve serious difficulties. I follow Buck, pp. 163, 178. 2 The only possible exception which appears to me even plausible is Umbr. pude tedte (V i 7), which Brugmann [Ber. K. S. Ges. Wiss. 1893 p. 134) renders ‘quae (acc. neut. pi.) datur,’ i.e. ‘quae homines dant’; see p. 517. Osc. censamur eituam (28. 19) appears to be a translation of some Latin phrase, such as cen- setor pecuniam (cf. Cic. Flacc. § 80 al. ‘ census es mancipia ’) and therefore it does not follow in the least that censamur is impersonal, whatever the origin of the construction may be. Umbr. herter ‘oportet’ may quite as well be ‘optatur (hoc)’ as ‘optant homines,’ i.e. the meaning of the root (cf. Umbr. tisit, Lat. de-cet etc.) must in either case have produced ultimately an impersonal use. verbs; the developed passive. 493 1. Indicative. Present. Osc. 3 s. uincter, Umb. 3 s. herter 1 , tedte (see p. 517). Osc. 3 s. sakarater , 3 pi. (deponent) karanter. N. Osc. ferenter. Future. Umb. 3 p. ostensendi (p. 506). Future Perfect. Osc. 3 s. comparascuster. 2. Imperative. (1) With -r. Osc. 3 s. censamur (see footnote, p. 492). (2) Without -r. Umb. 2 s. etudstamu (I b 16), persnimu (e.g. I b 21). 3 s. etudstamu (e.g. VI b 53), persnimu (passim), amparihmu, anovihimu, spahmu. 2 p. kate- ramu, arsmaliamo. 3 p. persnimumo (e.g. VI b 57). 3. Subjunctive. (1) With -er added to the Active form (?), or -r to the Middle form. 3 s. Osc. sakahiter (or is this indie., like stait ?). 3 p. Umbr. emantur, terkantur (?), tursiandu. (2) With the Subjunctive-vowel + r added to the Active form. (a) Active Indie, form + Subj.-vowel + r. 3 s. Osc. lamatir (Buck p. 179), Umbr. hertei 1 VII b 2 (?), herte 1 V a 6, 8. 1 Biicheler (Umb. p. 194) held that these Non-Thematic or Simple Thematic forms with impersonal use had a different meaning (‘oportet, oporteat’) from that of the -e- or -i- stems seen in Umb. hereitu etc. (‘uelle, optare, sibi sumere’), hut the perf. subj. pass, heriji(r) certainly belongs in meaning to herter. 494 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. (b) Active Subj. form + Subj.-vowel + r\ Osc. 3 s. sakraitir (amo-conjug.), kaispatar, krustatar (ra/o-conjug.) 1 2 . C. Periphrastic Forms. 1. With Past Parte. Passive and the verb ‘ to be/ Perfect Indie. 3 s. Osc. teremnatust (vlu ), Umb. screhto est. 3 p. Osc. staflatas set, upsatuh sent (Camp.-Etrusc.). Future Perfect Indie. 3 s. Umb. pihciz fust. 3 p. Umb. sersn a tur furent. Impers. sp a fu fust, pur ditom fust. Perfect Subj. 3 s. Umb. kuratu si. Perfect Inf Umb. kuratu eru ; on erom eliiato see pp. 513 f. 2. With Gerundive. Imperative. Umbr. pel sans futu. 3. Phrases with Supine or a Postposition. Umb. Fut. Ind. Pass, impers. vasetumise (I b 8) ‘ uitiatum ibitur/ i.e. f uitiabitur.’ In the same sense uasetom-e fust (VI b 47) with which Bucheler compares Lat. est in mentem for uenit in mentem etc. There are a few other forms not represented in the scheme. From the root STA we have Umb. stahu (1 sing. pres, indie.), Osc. start (3 s. pres. Ind.) and stahint, staiet (3 p.), Umb. staherenft ) (3 pi. fut.), staliitu staliituto (Impv. sing, and pi.). In compounds Osc. eestint 3 p. pres, ind., Umbr. restatu impv., restef nom. sing. pres, parte. Buck explains the simple verb in Oscan as containing the suffix -io-, like O.C.S1. stoja ; eestint would then be syncopated. The following forms are at present obscure in conjugation, in inflexion or in both. Most of them have been discussed in one or more of the works cited on p. 492. Osc. amfret (3 p. pi.), pruftu (past parte.), pruffed (3 s. perf. ind.). 1 This category was first recognised by Buck l.c. 2 It is just conceivable that these two should be imperative forms of the omo-class; cf. Umb. aituta and the doubtful proiecitad in Note iv. p. 31. PHONETIC EXPLANATIONS. 495 N. Osc. asum (=Umb. aso), lexe 1 2 , pedi. Volsc. asif. Umbr. heriei (see p. 511, footn. 4 ), fuia. A few remarks are needed to explain the principles of Phonology on which these paradigms have been constructed. 1. i and e in Umbrian. Bucheler ( Umbrica p. 179) makes no attempt to distinguish i and e in flexional syllables. At first sight they appear hopelessly confused in Umbrian, but it will be found that original 1 is nearly always written i and original e nearly always written e. But, as in Oscan, original e ( = Italic e) became close, while original i was open, hence these two sounds are represented indifferently by e and i, as in Oscan both e and i appear as i (In these cases the earlier tables shew distinct preference for e, in the later i and ei are perhaps commoner than e.) Hence verbal forms with varying i and e should be referred, in default of other evidence, to the moneo- class. There is only one word which occurs at all frequently with i and only i, namely the impv. persnimu with its past partic. persnis (from *pe'rsnitos). One or two others that are found only in Tab. VI and VII, as the impv. seritu (cf. the derivative verb aseriaia), may contain orig. i, others as tenito, Lat. teneto, certainly belong to e-stems. Umbr. e = Ital. ei, ai, oi, is far more commonly written e than i in all the Tables. 2. Syncope of short vowel. The Imperative and no doubt other forms of Conj. II (reyo-class) closely resembled that of the preceding (swm-class), since the Italic first-syllable accent has in many cases, if not in all, expelled the short thematic vowel between the root and the imperative termination. Generally however they can be distinguished from true Non- thematic forms by the preservation of the last consonant of the root before the - to(d ) from the various changes which it has undergone in forms in which it was immediately followed by t in the earliest period of the dialects. Conversely, in some words, thematic forms are distinguished by the changes pro¬ duced on the final consonant of the root by the thematic vowel itself before it was forced out of existence. Thus we have Osc. factud Lat. facito, Osc. actud Umb. aitu Lat. agito , Umb. deitu Lat. deicito, by the side of participles like Osc. saahtum Umb. sahta Lat. sanctus, Osc. ufteis from op- cf. Lat. optare , Umb. rehte Lat. recte. Deitu , aitu , etc., where i perhaps represents a consonant like the Mod. South German ch after i, shew the palatalisation of the final guttural of the root before the theme -e-. Similarly Umb. covertu Lat. convertito contrasts with Umb. trahvorfi Lat. 1 eite uus pritrom-e pacris , puns ecic lexe clearly means Ite uos porro bona pace freti, qui hoc legistis, and it is tempting to recognise in lex-e the same brief 2 pi. suffix as in Skt. babhuv-a, dado, dadlid etc. 496 OSCO-UMBRIAN ACCIDENCE. transversu , original -rtt- becoming regularly -rf- in Umbrian, and -rs- in Latin. So the past partcc. mota Lat. multa ‘penalty,’ and humates from mol- 1 to grind ’ shew the regular loss of l before t ; the imperative comoltu is a syncopated form, Lat. commolito. To this law of contraction there are definite exceptions, for example a short vowel appears to be regularly kept in the second syllable when it is followed by d, r, m or n\ hence staheren haburent, etc., cf. tuderus Jcapide. There are five words, dersecor, dersicust , adepes, pupdige, tribdigu , which unless they are all archaisms (we have adpes, pupdge once each) would seem to shew that the short vowel was kept after d as well as before it, except when it was followed by s or / (mersto — Lat. modesta , hapif for *kapidef from ^Jcapidens). If this be so, the impv. tedtu (dirstu) cannot have come from *tedito. In any case indeed the parallel and fairly frequent form ditu (titu detu ), if it stands, as it probably does, for *ditto (' *did-tbd , cf. Skt. dat-te) must be an older and certainly Non-thematic form. Tedtu must then be considered a re-formation on the pattern of other parts of the verb beginning with ded-. Another form of the same kind is seen in tedte (pue tedte emantur herte), on which cf. p. 517. 3. Future-forms. The futures of the -e- and -i- conjugation seem to be formed alike in -ies-, Umb. liabetu fut. habiest Osc. ‘ hafieistj Umb. purtu- vetu purtuvies, heritu heriest. The S. Oscan herest no doubt stands for *herrest from heriest by the regular S. Oscan assimilation of i to a preceding liquid, as in Kerri , Keri— Mruc. Cerie (p. 473), alio, Lat. alia, famelo Lat. familia , cf. Bansa from Bantia, zicolom from *diecolom. The explanation just given of Umbr. habiest assumes that with habetu, -bitu it has the same conjugation as Lat. habere. The Osc. fut. form just quoted from the Tab. Bant, should no doubt be read hapiest, and the most probable explanation of the p in this form and in hipid has been given by Buck, Verb-System p. 165, viz. that two Italic roots of similar meanings, hab- and hap- (Lat. capio ), had been fused in usage in Oscan (and Umbrian ?). The process must, I suppose, have been that in Oscan habe- + cap- (or cap-i-) produced hape- or hapi -; in Umbr. habe- + cap- produced two stems of equivalent meaning; habe- in habe , habitu , habiest , habia ; hab- in ha{h)tu, subator {-d{h)t- for -aft- for -ap-t- for -ab-t-), haburent nei-dhabas , and possibly eit-ipes ‘sententiam habuerunt,’ if p here stands for b as in hapina- beside habina- etc. Buck prefers to refer the fut. in -iest and pres. subj. in -ia only to -io verbs, and therefore starts from Osc.-Umbr. habi- rather than habe-, com¬ paring Anglo-Saxon hebbiu rather than Lat. habeo. 4. Final -t in Umbr. Most of the forms of the 3 sg. given in the para¬ digms show the original -t, but in the Iguvine Tables this -t is frequently dropped, especially after -s-, so that the 2nd and 3rd pers. of the fut. and fut. perf. become indistinguishable. C. NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF THE DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. A complete account of the Syntax of the Dialects is, of course, im¬ possible until the number of inscc. which we possess is largely increased. The following notes are intended, in the first instance, to record the most noteworthy points of resemblance and contrast to Latin idiom which can at present be observed. Omissions will no doubt be discovered in a first attempt to treat the subject as a whole; but I have preferred to err on the side of brevity by excluding as far as possible merely conjectural matter. The reader will find in Index IY a list of all the passages discussed in this chapter, which, it is hoped, will to some extent serve as a com¬ mentary on the inscriptions. I. Syntax of Nouns. A. The Cases. Nominative and Vocative. 1. On the use of the Nom. with passive forms see 68 and 69 inf. 2. The Nom. is never used for the Yoc. in the Iguvine Tables in any paradigm in which there is a distinct form for the two cases, i.e. the Voc. is always used, never the Nom., in the Sing, of o-, -io- and d-stems. In the other Dialects no forms have yet appeared in which the ending of the Voc. would be distinct from that of the Nom. 3. In the prayers of the Iguvine Tables the Voc. is only used at the beginning of the sentence, i.e. where the name of the Deity precedes the personal pronoun; where the latter precedes, the name of the Deity is attracted into the case of the pronoun; thus VI b 8 tiom subocau . Fisouiini) Sansi(m) ‘ te inuoco Fisovium Sancium,’ but ibid. 9 Fisouie Sansie tiom ...‘Fisovi Sanci, te....’ Similarly ib. 27—8, and always. n 32 498 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF THE DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. Accusative. 4. As the External Direct Object after Transitive Verbs 1 , e.g. Osc. toutam censazet ‘urbem censebunt, 5 Umb. saluom seritu poplom ‘saluom seruato populum 5 etc. So also after verbs whose special transitive meaning arises in composition, appei poplom andersafust ‘ cum populum lustrauerit 5 (literally ‘ circum-dederit 5 ), so poplom a{n)ferom (for *amb- ferom) ‘populum circumferre lustratione.’ In the formal style of the Iguvine liturgy the Object is frequently left to be supplied where its nature is obvious, thus (VII a 39) ennom comoltu, comatir persnihimu ‘turn commolito (integras libas), commolitis (libis) precator.’ 5. The omission of the Obj. after such a verb as tribarakavum (95 6 10, contrast 15, 16) ‘aedificare’ shows the ‘absolute 5 use of transitive verbs which is very common in Latin ( damnose bibimus etc.). 6. The measurements of the roads in 39, per X and perek III may be abbreviations for forms in the acc. which would be one of extent; or for genitives, like Lat. fossa trium pedum. The measure is, probably, in either case that of the breadth of the street or alley (Nissen, Pomp. Stud. p. 532). 7. For the acc. with the inf. see 67 inf. 8. For the acc. with pre- and postpositions see p. 483. Genitive. 9. Possessive Gen. Osc. kumbennieis tanginud ‘comitiorum scitu, 5 Umbr. erar nomneper ‘pro eius (urbis) nomine. 5 So as predicate (Osc.) with sum 107, cf. 102, 108, 28, 22 etc. Also with the adj. muiniku- ‘communis 5 in 95 (a 22), 101, 115. 10. The father’s praenomen stands in the gen. (with no word denoting ‘son ’), in Osc. (as in Lat.) placed always after the nomen of the son, e.g. 1 and passim, in Umbr. and Volsc. between the praen. and nomen, though it is almost always abbreviated as in Umb., Tab. Ig. V a 15 uh- tretie K T Kluviier ‘auctoritate Gaii Cluuii, Titi filii. 5 11. In the Iguvine liturgy the names of three feminine deities are followed by those of masculine deities in the gen. sg., and the latter are sometimes regarded as the husbands of the former, e.g. I b 31 Tu{f)se Serfie Serfe{s) Marties ‘Tursae Cerfiae Cerfi Martii (uxori) 5 ; cf. Gell. 13. 23 Luam Saturni , Salaciam Neptuni , Horam Quirini, Virites Quirini , Maiam Volcani, Heriem lunonis , Moles Martis Nerienemque Martis , where from what follows (cf. 309 A s. v. nerio ) it is clear that Neriene is the wife of Mars, but equally clear that some other relation holds between 1 On its use after Passive forms see 68 inf. I. SYNTAX OF NOUNS. 499 Heries and Iuno, the Moles and Mars. In the Umb. passages it is probably better to count Tursa and Serfia as daughters, but Vesuna in Vesune Puemunes of IV as a wife. 12. Gen. of Origin. Umb. pisest totar Tarsinater ‘quisquis est urbis Tadenatis,’/ar agre{r) Tlatie{r) ‘ far agri Tlatii’; Osc. on coins 30, perhaps 185 a , 1436, but see p. 144. 13. Partitive Gen. Osc. idic tangineis ‘id sententiae’ (practically meaning ‘earn sententiam’); Umb. mestru karu fratruim) ‘maior pars fratrum.’ So predicatively Umb. VII b 4 motar sins a CCC ‘multae (gen.) 1 sint asses CCC.’ With the governing noun omitted, replacing an acc., Umb. (II a 41) struhslas...kumaltu ‘libae (partem) commolito.’ So perhaps after am- pert in Osc. (28, 12) see p. 484 sup. 14. More loosely, equivalent to a locative, Umb. VI a 27 al. over ose persei...pir orto est ‘ illius anni (i.e. illo anno) sicubi... ignis ortus est.’ Here too perhaps, rather than in the last paragraph, should be placed Umb. esoneir popler anferener ‘sacrificiis populi lustrandi,’ cf. 75 inf. 15. The use of the gen. in legal Osc. after manim aserum ‘ manum asserere, sibi lege uindicare’ (28, 24), and after zicolom deicom (ib. 14) ‘diem dicere de,’ can hardly be classed save as a predicative use of an ordinary adnominal genitive. 16. For the gen. with quasi-postpositions see p. 484. Dative. 17. Dat. of Advantage, Osc. 5, 42, 46 etc. Umb. 354bis after sacr{um), Tab. Ig. passim e.g. Marte Krapuvi fetu ‘Marti Grabovio facito ’ etc. So of dedications Osc. 108 iuvei stahint ‘ Ioui dedicatae sunt.’ So after adjj. Umb. desva tefe ‘dextram, propitiam tibi ’ and pacer ‘ propitius, propitia ’ with dat., passim in VI and VII a. 18. Of Disadvantage, Osc. suaepis altrei zicolom dicust ‘si quis alteri diem dixerit’ 28, 14. After the verb ‘to be’; Umb. fratreci motar sins a CCC (VII b 4) ‘ Let the fratrex have inflicted on him 300 asses for (lit. ‘of’) a fine.’ 19. Of Concord, Agreement etc. Osc. 95 ligatuis kumbened ‘ legatis conuenit.’ 20. With verbs compounded with prepositions, Umb. e.g. VI b 44 prosesetir fasio arsueitu ‘prosectis farrea aduehito.’ 1 Cf. with Biicheler a CCC moltai suntod in Note xlii p. 897 and from the XII Tables ap. Gell. 20. 1. 12 xxv aeris poenae sunto. 32—2 500 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF THE DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. Ablative. Pure Ablatival Uses. 21. Abl. of Origin, in Osc. on coins, as Akudunniad 158, Benuen- tod 159, so 150, 184. This seems to have developed, in names of towns, something like a locative use ekik sakaraklum Buvaianud aikdafed 171, unless aikdafed (which occurs nowhere else) has some meaning which requires an ablative. Bartholomae Idg. Forsch. vi 308 takes slaagid 95 a 12 to mean ‘on the boundary’ (‘an der Grenze,’ lit. ‘von der Grenze her’), and eksuk amvianud 60 ff. seems to mean ‘in, or down this turning.’ Pure Ablatives are hard to find in the Iguvine Tables where this function of the case is mainly discharged by the prepos. eh ‘ex’ ( eetu ehesu poplu ‘ito ex hoc popup)’) and the postpos. - ta , -to (angluto liondomu ‘ex angulo imo’). But after testru sese IY 16 ‘ dextrouorsus (?)’ we have asa asamaid) purtuvitu ‘ ab ara ad aram (libam) porrigito.’ The use at all events survives after the adv. (or quasi-preposition) nesimei ‘ nearest ’ (cf. Lat. proximus ab) nesimei asa deueia (VI a 9 al.) ‘proxime ab ara diuina.’ So probably in Osc. (109) nessimas staiet veruis luvkei ‘proxime stant (a) foribus in luco,’ though the form veruis might of course be dat. 22. After Comparatives; Osc. mais zicolois X ‘plus decern diebus’ (28, 25). 23. With Pre- and Postpositions (Osc. dat , prat , -en, Umb. eh, pre , -to) see p. 483. Instrumental Uses. 24. Abl. of Instrument; Osc. eisak eltiuvad triibom upsan- nam deded (42) ‘ ilia pecunia atrium faciendum locauit,’ Umb. di Grabouie tio{m) esu bue peracrei pihaclu (subocau) VI a 25 al. ‘ Deus Graboui te hoc boue, optimo piaculo, (supplico),’ and passim puni, vinu feitu ‘ posca, uino (sacrum) facito.’ 25. Abl. of Accompaniment, Manner, Circumstance; very common in both dialects. Osc. 28, 11 pod pis mins deiuaid dolud malud ‘ut quis minus iuret (i.e. ut iusiurandum euitet) dolo malo ’; ib. 20 poizad ligud iusc censaum angetuzet ‘quacunque lege eos censere instituent’; kumbennieis tan- ginud [deded) ‘comitiorum scitu (locauit).’ Here probably belongs the postpositional use of amnud p. 484. Umb. Val2 felsva adputratifratru Atiiediuprehubia ‘*holusti- cam materiem i.e. holera (?) arbitratu fratrum Atiediorum praebeat ’; I b 20 apretu tures etpure ‘circumito tauris et igne (sacrum faciens).’ Note especially V b 1 panta muta adferture si ‘quanta multa (id, i.e. uitiosa I. SYNTAX OF NOUNS. 501 curatio) flamini sit (stet, constet) 5 where in view of etantu mutu in 1. 6 I cannot think muta is the archaic nominative (p. 404). With this abl. compare the recurring formula in the liturgy of the Fratres Aruales, Iupiter tibi boue aurato uoueo futurum. 26. The plural forms of Time or Occasion (as Osc. eiduis Ma- merttiais ‘idibus Martiis’) should probably be classed as Locative since that case is regularly used in the Sing., see below 1 . 27. In the Abl. Absolute : Osc. 28. 21 toutad praesentid ‘praesente ciuitate, coram ciuibus’; with parte, only ib. 22 amiricatud ‘*immercato, i.e. nullius rei pretio persoluto.’ In Umb. the construction seems certain only in one phrase, which is however of frequent occurrence. I a 1 este per ski urn aves anzeriates enetu ‘ istud sacrificium auibus obseruatis (i.e. augurio capto) inito.’ For in the common kumultu , antakres kumates pesnimu ‘commolito, in- tegris commolitis precato ’ (e.g. I a 34, II a 42) as in all the phrases attached to pesnimu , e.g. adepes arves, klavles (IV 12), the exact force of the case is uncertain (though the case appears to be fixed as an abl. by aseseta karne persnihmu in II a 30). One or two possible examples of the abl. absol. in III and IV are still obscure in meaning. In the Umbr. examples just quoted, the doer of the action denoted by the Passive Participle is the same as the subject of the main verb of the sentence, as regularly in Latin. Locative. 28. Of the place where the action occurs, Osc. staiet luvkei 109 ‘ stant in luco,’ and frequently; rarely on coins, as 195, 196 from the Frentane district. Umb. destre onse fertu VI b 50 ‘in dextro umero ferto, 5 more often with the postposition -em or -em-e(m), see p. 484. So of an assembly in which a thing is done, Osc. deiuatud comenei 28. 5 ‘ iurato pro contione. 5 29. Of the time when the action occurs, Osc. eizeic zicelei 28. 7 al. ‘ illo die, 5 Virriieis medikiai 106—7 ‘ Virrii praetura, Virrio praetore, 5 etc.; Umb. maronatei Vois. Ner. Propartie(r) T. V. Voisiener 355 ‘magis¬ tral Vols. Propertii Ner. f., T. Volsieni V. f.’; sume ustite Tab. Ig. II a 15 ‘suHima tempestate (?), 5 the case being clear though the meaning of the noun is not certain. If sueso fratrecate in VII b 1 agree together in 1 But Bticheler supposes the ablative to be used in the phrase menzne kurslasiu (II a 16) which he renders ‘ mense circulario, i.e. anni ultimo,’ al¬ though a clear locative, sume ustite 1 summa tempestate’ has just preceded. This seems prima facie unlikely; and it is easy to conjecture more than one meaning for the adjective which would make the phrase an abl. absol., or kurslasiu a gen. plur. 502 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF THE DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. the locative (and it is hard to believe either that fratrecate has a different decl. from maronatei just quoted, or that, if it were of the third decl. with an -at- suffix, it would be masculine, as Biich. supposes, regarding the phrase as an abl.), the first word might be analysed sue-so 1 , the second half being invariable like Lat. -met in egomet , -te in tute etc. Hence plural phrases like plenasier urnasier (V a 1 and 16), which denote the time of a meeting, may be loc. rather than abl.; so probably semenies tekuries II 6 1 ‘ semenstribus decuriis,’ though that might conceivably be a dative ‘for the meeting of the decuries (choose a pig and a goat).’ In Osc. plurals there is the same ambiguity of form, but eiduis luisarifs 101, eiduis ma(merttiais) 104, iuviais messimais 113 etc. are probably locative in function. 30. In a judicial phrase in the place of the Lat. genitive Osc. 28, 20 suae pis censtomen nei cebnust dolud mallud in(im) eizeic uincter ‘si quis dolo malo in censum non aduenerit et eius uincitur, and is convicted thereof.’ 31. In one passage the use of the Locative of place approaches so nearly that of a Partitive Genitive as to suggest that a parallelism of meaning in certain uses was one of the factors in the fusion of the two cases in Latin in o- and d- stems. Osc. 95. 17—19 idik saka- raklum inim idtk terum muinikum muinikei terel fusid ‘ (conuenit ut) id templum et id solum (or ‘area’) commune in communi solo (communis soli pars) foret.’ (On the more formal, ‘ external ’ causes of the fusion in Latin see Brugm. Grds. n. (hi. Eng. Transl.) § 239 b.) 32. The form ex-eie , which appears several times in the Tabula Bantina (28. 12, 17, 26) after contrud, is clearly parallel to Lat. illi-(c) and may be either loc. or dat., cf. Brugm. Grds. l.c. B. Concord. 1. Number. 33. The Noun of Multitude, Osc. touto, takes a plur. verb in the Tab. Bant. (28. 9) where it is used of the body of citizens each swearing for himself (pous touto deiuatuns 2 tanginom deicans ‘ut ciuitas iurati 1 It only occurs elsewhere in the obscure formula which concludes I b and II a ; but -so appears also in seso ‘ sibi’ (see 37 inf.), where it has equally the appearance of an invariable affix; this view of -so seems to be preferred to Biicheler’s, who takes sueso- as an ordinary o-stem-adj., by Brugmann (Grds. ii. (hi. Eng. Transl.) § 447. 2 This form is best regarded as parallel to eituns in 60 ff., as a nom. pi. of a masc. noun or adj. with the suffix of Lat. edo, bibo etc. So Buck, Osc.-Umb. Verb-System p. 185 (who adds, however, a further conjecture as to its formation) II. SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 503 sententiam dicant’); but where it is used of their collective action it takes the singular (ib. 15 touto peremust). In Umb. we have sve mestru Jcaru fratru pure ulu benurent prusihurent, pepurkurent (V a 25, 28, b 5) ‘si maior pars fratrum qui illuc venerint decreuerint, poposcerint.’ Biicheler notes also that the three Martian deities (VI b 58 If.) are implored to curse as one person (tursitu tremitu etc. all sg.), but to bless as three (fututo foner ‘ estote fauni, i.e. fauentes’). In VI b 56 a sg. subject connected by com to another noun takes a pi. verb (though the sg. appears in 55); Biicheler compares S. C. de Bac. 11. 8, 17 isque de senatuos sententiad . iousisent. 34. On pude tedte V a 10 see 68 inf. 2. Gender. 35. As in Latin, an adj. agreeing with both a masc. and a fern, sub¬ stantive, takes the masc. gender in Umb. e.g. peiqu peica merstu VI a 1 ‘pico pica iusto (propitio),’ but the adj. is often repeated with changed gender, as ib. 3 al. C. Neuter Adjective for Abstract Substantive. 36. In Osc. idic tanejineis deicum pod ualaemom touticom tadait ezum (28. 10) ‘id sententiae (see 13 sup.) dicere quod quisque optimum rei- publicae (or ‘optimam publicarum rerum rationem’) aestimet esse,’ touticom appears to have the same substantival force as the Lat. publicum in bono publico (e.g. Liv. 2. 44. 3), pessimo publico id. 2. 1. 1 (egregium publicum Tac. Ann. 3. 70 shows a similar use with a slightly different meaning, ‘ a noble reputation for his public acts ’). II. Syntax of Pronouns. A. Personal pronouns. 37. Note that the use of the reflexive pron. of the 3rd pers. appears, so far as the examples serve us, to be exactly parallel to the Latin use; Osc. 28. 5 deiuatud siom ioc comono . pertumum ‘iurato se ea comitia dimittere,’ so ib. 10 deiuatuns....siom deicum 1 ‘ iurati se dicere. 95. 9 pus 1 See the last footn. Buck (p. 141) strangely takes this inf. clause as depending on factud, which, I think, confuses the sentence, tadait is of course singular, as the oath would be meaningless unless it applied to each man’s vote separately; cf. also 36 sup. 504 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF THE DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. senateis tanginud suveis puturuspid ligatus fufans ‘qui senatus sui utrique decreto legati erant 5 exactly reproduces the distributive use of Lat. suus with a following quisque. In Umb. VI b 51 stiplatu parfa desua seso, tote Iiouine ‘stipulator (i.e. a dis flagitato) parram propitiam sibi (et) urbi Iguvinae’; sveso in VII b 1 (see 29 sup.) of course refers to the subject of the sentence; but whether svesu in the formula concluding I b and II a refers to the subject of the sentence, or to the noun which comes first (,kvestretie ), depends on the rendering of the last three words, which is not yet clear. B. Demonstrative pronouns. 38. Note that Osc. in(im ) idle has just the force of Lat. idque , Gk. nal Taira, introducing with emphasis a new phrase (not a new finite verb) in a sentence; 28. 5 siom ioc comono...egmas touticas amnud...inim idic siom dat senateis tanginud maimas carneis pertumum ‘ se ea comitia reip. caussa (idque de senatus maioris partis sententia) dimittere.’ C. Relative Pronouns. 39. These present in general no peculiarity as compared with the Latin uses: on the use of the relative conjunctions Osc. pon, puz, Umbr. ponne,puze etc. with the tenses and moods, see 42, 45, 49, 60—62 inf. 40. The antecedent is attracted into the case of the relative and then repeated in its proper case in its own clause in 42. 1, 3 eitiuvam paam...deded , eisak eitiuvad etc. 41. Umbr. puze, pusei is often used just as Lat. quasi with an adj. or parte, alone, the verb being easily supplied; II b 9 arviu ustetu, eu naratu puze fasefele sevakne ‘fruges ostendito, eas narrato (i.e. uerbis dedicato) quasi sacrificabilem hostiam.’ In II a 4 the deity is thus en¬ treated to disregard any informality that may have arisen; fetu puze neip eretu ‘facito, i.e. aestimato quasi non (a nobis) optatum.’ In VI a 27 al. we have the shorter formula pusei neip heritu, which may be an ab¬ breviation of the first, just as VI a 25 al. tio esu bue peracrei pihaclu ‘te hoc boue optimo piaculo (supplico, placo)’ has dropped its main verb; or, less probably, I think, heritu may be impv. ‘ optato, sumito, habeto quasi non (factum)’ as Biicheler on the whole prefers. III. SYNTAX OF VERBS. 505 III. Syntax of Verbs. A. Use of the Persons. 42. The only point that seems to call for mention under this head is the frequent ellipse of the subject in religious and legal formulae, where the verb stands in the second or third person and is understood to imply as its subject ‘ the proper person, the person whose duty it is.’ Thus in Umbr. the long string of imperatives in III and IV (from III 15 to IA r 25 at least) has no explicit subject. So in I a 1—I b 7, II b (probably 2nd pers. because of purtiius in I a 30, purtitius ib. 33, benus II b 15 etc.), and almost 1 throughout VI b, where the 3rd pers. is used ( peperscust 5, combi- fiansiust 49). So in Oscan in 101, 102. The idiom is familiar in legal Latin as in the XII Tables, e.g. ap. Gell. 17. 2. 10 Ante meridiem caussam coniciunto , cum perorant ambo praesentes. Post meridiem praesenti litem addicito (sc. index). B. Use of the Tenses. 43. The Present where it occurs in the inscc., whether in principal or subordinate sentences, has most often, perhaps, the force of a customary, repeated action e.g. Osc. 117 pas fiiet ‘quae (omnibus annis) hunt,’ Umb. ponne oui furfant ‘ quandocunque oues februant (?).’ In main clauses a present stating a rule of action may practically be equivalent to an Im¬ perative, thus Osc. sakruvit 102, N. Osc . feret, ferenter ‘fert, feruntur ’ in 243. But the Present is of course also used to describe an existing fact, as in all the definitions in 95. 44. From the nature of the inscc. we have little or no evidence showing whether the use of the narrative tenses differed from the Latin; hardly 2 any past tenses in independent sentences are to be found save in builders’ inscc. (e.g. 39 ff.) and dedications (e.g. 109), where the structure of the sentences is very simple. On sequence in subjunctive clauses see below. 45. On the other hand the jussive character of so many inscc. makes the future and fut. perf. indie, extremely frequent, especially in sub¬ ordinate temporal clauses (see 60—62 inf.) after Osc. pon Umbr. ponne ‘ cum, si quando.’ The latter tense always describes the act as already completed at some future time, just as in Latin; and when either 1 There are a few exceptions where a special performer is named, e.g. in 1. 53. 2 On N. Osc. amatens in 243 see the footn. to 48 inf. 506 NOTES ON THE SYNTAX OF THE DIALECT INSCRIPTIONS. tense is subordinate, the main verb is either an imperative or some other form making a future reference. The difference between the two tenses is marked in almost every line of the Tab. Bautina (28) e.g. 17—18 suaepis contrud exeic fefacust , ionc suaepis herest meddis moltaum , licitud ‘ si quis contra haec fecerit, eum si qui magistratus multare uolet, liceto,’ and fre¬ quently in Tab. Ig. e.g. VI b 49 pufe pir entelust , ere fertu poe perca .. habiest ‘in quo ignem imposuerit (?), (id?) ille ferto qui virgam...habebit.’ Umbr. uasor..porsi ocrer pehaner paca ostensendiir ), eo iso ostendu VI a 20 ‘uasaL.quae arcis 1 piandae caussa ostendentur, ea 1 ita osten- dito,’ where the form is a perfectly regular 2 fut. indie, pass, contracted by the regular post-tonic syncope for * ostenn-es-ent-er , as ostendu for *ostenn-e-to, both forms showing the regular Umbr. change of -nt- to - nd -, and the construction not less regular; and, with Buck ( Osc.-Umb . Verb-Syst. p. 142 n.), I can see no justification for the view that it could be impf. subj. in such a sentence. 46. Just as in the Latin bona uenia audies , non me appellabis si sapis etc., the future sometimes conveys a command: Osc. sakrvist 101 ‘ sacrabit (ille quern oportet) ’; in the following insc., curiously enough, the present of a customary action (43 sup.) seems used in its place, from the same verb. 47. A somewhat parallel use appears in the fut. perf., denoting an im¬ mediate and compulsory consequence, in the Umbr. formula (VI a 7) sve muieto fust...disleralinsust ‘si muttitum erit (i.e. si uox missa erit), irritum (sacrificium) ilico fecerit.’ 48. The Sequence of Tenses, so far as our inscc. disclose it, appears to have been in no way different from that observed in Latin. In the various uses of the Subjunctive given below will be found examples of the Pres. Subj. and Perfect Subj. dependent on the Present and Future Indie., on the Impv. and on the Perf. Subj.; of the Impf. Subj. depending on the Perf. (Aorist) Indie., and no others 3 . 49. It is interesting to notice that in Orat. Obliq. after a past tense as in Lat., so in Osc., the Fut. Ind. in a dependent clause and the 1 The Umb. forms are masculine. 2 The only possible doubt would be based on the -i for -e(r) which (not -er) we should expect in an indie, form. But cf. ape, api, appei, seipodruhpei etc. where the last syllable must surely be identical with the Lat. -que, Gr. -re (*ad-pe exactly = |, 1 l, W and AA, N and 1/1, and ^ s, P and n p, ^ r, $ and 2 s, T £, A and V u. 39*. Nereto; Zvet. It. Med. 3. petr»o pepen... | ...r e seoeo sudi \ pis eouels re... | ...mi pnere pepi | e. Alphabet : A d, E and 3, I i, U Z, A/ n , 1E1 s, □ o, P and H p, D Q and ^ r, $ and £ s, T t, A u, A u (these Pauli identifies), A e. 40*. Grecchio; TJ. D. p. 333, Zvet. It. Med. 5. 2 reiklum z.lpus pirn* : i • rim esmenurstue • ms up eke | ...r«m i • rkes iepeien 3 esmen ekesin riuzi • m ru : rusim p»i*eetu | i . kiperu pru em •k.kum enei bie | 4 melees murem elliem uei..mes puzies or»i kruhe Alphabet: £ b, £ e, L v, t z, ffl h, I i, K k, P and U l, \A/ and AA m, VI w, 0 0 , n lJ and |_j p, and E r, $ s, I t, A and Vm, A and V u (Pauli identifies u and fi), A and / e. To this I perhaps should add that I copied the insc. myself in April 1894 in the Naples Museum, and, assuming that the values given to the signs by Pauli are correct—a question into which I cannot enter here—my reading differs from his in the following points, and those only: 1. 1, 4th word t*rim 1. 2, 2nd word »rkes (not i*rkes) 3rd word iepeten 6th word ruezi • m 1.3 1 saw no i before • kiperu 5th word emiet ^ N j 1. 4, 1st word, 4th letter PI (? U) not E 3rd word, last letter tm (W ) 5th word stuties (which Lindsay ( brieflich ) would regard as evidence that A in this insc. = a). A second stone from Bellante and one from Castel d’leri are so damaged that Pauli only transcribes certain letters (op. cit. pp. 221, 222), and it would serve no purpose to reproduce them here. C. 34 530 APPENDIX. D. Doubtful or Spurious Inscriptions. 41*. Scratched on two sides of a rough red clay circular pot, with handles, now in the Antiquarium at Berlin, found in “ Castellaccio” in the Basilicata, a name unknown to the Italian Postal Guide, and probably therefore misprinted for Castelluccio, a small town on the Lao, 35 kilom. from Lagonegro, that is about 25 miles inland from the Lucanian coast midway between the ancient Pyxus and Laus. U. D. xiii. 14, Zvet. Osc. xviii. 11 whence the text. VO-f /S. X\X Mommsen ( U . D. p. 316 n.) read this £ovTLKeg8iToi;epegL, ascribing the letters to the Achaean a/3 of Metapontum, Pyxus, Laus etc., and on alphabetic grounds no objection can be offered, as the resemblance is complete (see Kirchhoff 4 p. 163 ff. esp. p. 166, I. G. A. 540—545, Boberts Gr. Epigr. p. 306), and, if Cas¬ telluccio be the place where the pot was found, the appearance of the Achaean a/3 is exactly what we should expect in the valley of the Laus in any period before the adoption of the Ionic. As however the insc. is graffito, it would be possible to regard the first and thirteenth signs, not as X = £, but simply as careless forms of ^ in which the engraver had begun the liasta too high up (although I can find no parallel irregularity in the Greek inscc. in this a/3 or the Tarentine). Further, in Zvetaieff’s sketch of the insc. (whence the text above) the ninth sign (from the right) looks more like a than 8. Corssen however ( Kuhn’s Zeitschr. 22, pp. 304 ff.) read the insc. touts Kepps TTOTepeg., identifying the ninth and fifteenth signs — which can hardly be right — and taking the fifth and tenth as s not t. There is no difficulty in the second supposition if the a/3 be regarded as the Laconian-Tarentine (Kirchhoff 4 p. 149 ff., Koberts p. 271 ff., I. G. A. 49—91 and 546—548 b); and it would perhaps be possible, even if the a/3 were Achaean, to count the insc. as a solitary exception to Kirchhoff’s statement ( l.c . p. 165) that there is no example of $ or %L = s in any insc. of this district older than the adoption of the Ionic character. The same doubt would apply to in Tarentine as in Achaean a/3. Corssen rendered the insc. as Oscan, “Tutus Cemerus (!) poterium (dedi- cauit).” If the second word be read Kep.as (nom. or gen.? masc.), the difficulty of the unparalleled nom. ending - rs is removed, and the praenomen might be compared with km in 156 and 176 sup., while iroTepeg might just conceivably represent an Osc. *putirim if e were used for i as o for u (see p. 461). But the name *touts is at present better known in Dickens than in Oscan and the alphabetic peculiarities just noticed, with the fact that this would be the only Oscan insc. yet known from Magna Graecia earlier than the adoption of the Ionic a/3 (see p. 11). make it desirable to suspend judgment for the present. II. ALIEN, SPURIOUS OR DOUBTFUL INSCRIPTIONS. 531 The letters on the other side of the pot, if they were written at the same date as the rest, must be read in Achaean and (? tit) in Tarentine a/3; but perhaps they are numerals. Zvet. Osc. 145, U. D. l.c. 42*. On a broken piece of travertine now in the Naples Museum, seen by me March 1894; said to have been found in 1844 near Larino. First published by Garrucci Memor. Ercol. d’Arch. vn. App. p. 26. NIDA. L ACE AMAN AFEDE SI PROFATED The third line slopes upwards wildly towards the second; the letters are •068 m. high. Its spurious character is shown (1) by the very irregular formation of the letters, e.g. the curious variation in the length of the arms of E (i, f, J^ 1 - in.), and of F (| and x 9 ^in.), while in the first F the upper arm is the longer, in the second it is the shorter. These peculiarities are doubly strange when occurring in an Oscan (or Frentane) insc. written in Lat. a/3 which would point to a late date when any public insc. would be more carefully written; this insc. is a marked contrast to even the earliest of the Paelignian group. (2) It is im¬ probable that the Lat. a/3 should be used at all in any Oscan community on a public local monument (the Tabula Bautina came from Rome, see the note to 28). (3) The ending -ace is unknown in our inscc. (4) The sign h is either a cursive l , or meant for an Oscan F (F rarely if ever after 300 b.c., see p. 108). (5) The signs for m and a are frequently half-rounded. The evidence against its genuineness is cumulative, but, I think, quite con¬ vincing to any one who is familiar with the originals of inscc. of which there is no doubt. Zvet. Osc. 7, Fabr. 2781. 43*. Now ‘lost,’ but said to have been found in a vault (a curious place for a dedication to Hercules) at Nesce ( —Nersae) in Aequian territory in 1859, along with several Lat. inscc.; of the finding of the latter a record has been preserved with no mention of this; Bull. Arcli. Nap. n.s. vn. 90, Bull. Inst. Arch. Rom. 1859 p. 114, and Corssen Ephem. Epig. n. p. 185. pup herenniu \ med tuv nuersens \ hereklei \ prufatted Observe (1) that there are no other examples of Osc. a/3 inter Aequos, (2) the absence of the patronymic, (3) the non-Osc. ending -niu in Osc. a/3 beside the purely Osc. -atted , (4) the unexampled use of prufatted with a dative (meaning?), (5) the curious form nuersens. Dressel (C. I. L. ix. pp. 388 and 683) decides against it, and states that there have been other forgeries in this district. Zvet. Osc. 1, Fabr. 2732. 34—2 532 APPENDIX. 44*. Said to have been found near Gollemaggiore in Aequian territory near Nesce, given by Momm. and Dressel C. I. L. ix. p. 388, the latter deeming it false. Zvet. It. Inf. 290. ...meddis \ ners taliud 45*. According to Garrucci ( Sylloge Inscc. Lat. 563) the stone is lying in a fountain (‘della Villeta’ near Collemaggiore), and was copied about 1870 when the fountain was dry by Sign. Caetano Ricci, who explained that the stones of the fountain were taken from ancient buildings; rejected by Dressel and Mommsen (C. I. L. ix. p. 388). po ca pomposiies medd\iss talii state m dd In Lat. a/3 with 0\ and A = a, [s = l, but the remaining letters in full classical form, with single interpuncts. Even if the insc. were better attested talii, m (and probably dd also) must be corrupt. It has a certain resemblance to the Volscian insc. 252 supra. Zvet. Med. 45. 46*. A doubtful insc. in Umb. a/3, said to have been written on two sides of a bronze plate, now ‘lost’: Biich. Umbrica p. 176, who justly adds ‘deficit fides examinantem singula.’ (a) ...duvi dun d... | ..herinties is... | ...tudis a s h.. \ dudiu t i ven.. | ahatrunie (&) ..eduvie dunu d.. | ..herintie istui... \ .. Hurtentius _| ..etvedis tiu.. INDICES. I. Local names of Ancient Italy. II. Modern Local names cited in this work. III. Gentile names from the Dialect-areas. IV. Passages in the Dialect-Inscriptions referred to in the Notes on Dialect Syntax. V. Glossary to the Dialects. VI. Latin words discussed in any part of this work. INDEX I. THE LOCAL NAMES OF ANCIENT ITALY. The numbers refer to the numbered sections of the body of the book , but p. indicates a reference to a page. The order is that of the Latin alphabet; 6 is treated as th, 0 as ph, x as c h> but ov as ou whether = u or v. For the Notation the reader is referred to the section on ‘Notation and Abbrevia¬ tions’ which follows the Preface. Neither the quantities nor the ethnica, nor any variant spellings of names are, as a rule, given here, as they may all be found at once by reference to the section in which the name occurs in the body of the book. But where two forms of a name vary considerably, each form ivill be found in its proper place in the Index. Where a river or mountain belongs to more than one Dialect-area both references are added to it; but where the same name denotes tivo or more different places the name is repeated in full each time. Abella, 154 (Camp.) A Abellinum, 160 (Hirp.) A Aberrigines, 310 (Sab.) A Abolani, p. 337 (Lat.) C Aborigines v. Aberr. kfipvcrrov, 11 (Br.) B Acalandrum, 26 (Luc.) C Accienses, p. 337 (Lat.) C Acerontia, 33 (Peuc.) A Acerrae, -rranus, 154 (Camp.) A Acerrae Vafriae, 371 (Umb.) C Acerronia, 26 (Luc.) C Acheron fl., -tos, 11 (Br.) A Acheruntini, 11 (Br.) A Aclierusia palus, 154 (Camp.) A ’’Axeppcu v. Acerrae 154 A Aciris fi., 26 (Luc.) A Acuca, 35 (Dau.) C Aecae, 35 (Dau.) A Aeclanum, 160 (Hirp.) A Aefula, p. 334 (Lat.) A Aegasus portus, 35 (Dau.) C Aegetini. 33 (Peuc.) C Aegilion v. Capraria Aenaria, 154 (Camp.) A Aequana, 154 (Camp.) C Aequi, 275 A Aequimaelium, p. 340 (Rome) Aequum Faliscum, 351 (Etr.) A Aequum Tuticum, 160 (Hirp.) A Aesarus fl., 11 (Br.) A Aesernia, 187 (Sam.) A Aesis, 371 (Umb.) A Aesis fl., 371 (Umb.) A Aethalia v. Ilua Afidena v. Auf- *Afilae, -anus, p. 335 (Lat.) B, 160 (Hirp.) C Agrifanus pagus, 154 (Camp.) B Agylla, -llaei, -llini, 351 (Etr.) A Aharna v. Arna, 371 (Umb.) A Alba L., 275 (Aeq.) A Alba Fucens, 275 (Aeq.) A Alba (longa), p. 333 (Lat.) A Albanus pagus, 160 (Hirp.) B Albinia fl., 351 (Etr.) C Albiona, p. 336 (Lat.) C Albula fl., 374 (Pic.) C Albula fl., p. 334 (Lat.) A Albulinus riuus, p. 334 (Lat.) A Albuneae nemus, p. 336 (Lat.) B Alburnus mons, 26 (Luc.) A Aletium 31 (Cal.) B Aletrini, 160 (Hirp.) C Aletrium, 278 (Hern.) A Alfaterni, 154 (Camp.) A, cf. 275 (Aeq.) C Alfellani, 160 (Hirp.) C Algae, 351 (Etr.) C Algidus mons, 275 (Aeq.) A Alia fl., p. 335 (Lat.) A 536 INDEX I. Allia fl., p. 335 (Lat.) A Allifae, -anus, 187 (Sam.) A Alma fl., 351 (Etr.) C Almo fl., p. 333 (Lat.) A Alsium, -ienses, -ietinus, 351 (Etr.) A Altanum, 11 (Br.) G Amaranus Iupiter, 160 (Hirp.) B Amasenus fl., 256 (Vols.) A Ameria, 371 (Umb.) A Amerinum Castrum, 351 (Etr.) C Ameriola, p. 336 (Lat.) B Ametini v. Amitinum Aminea (uinea), 33 (Peuc.) B Amiternum, 187 (Sam.) G Amiternum, 250 (Vest.) A Amitinum, p. 337 (Lat.) C Amitinenses, 351 (Etr.) C Ampsanctus, 160 (Hirp.) A Amunclae v. Amyclae Amyclae, 256 (Vols.) A Anagnia, 278 (Hern.) A Ancon, 374 (Pic.) A Angitula, 11 (Br.) C Angulum, 250 (Vest.) A Anien v. Anio Aniensis, tribus, p. 334 (Lat.) A Animula (Amin-?), 35 (Dau.) C Aninus uecus, 270 (Mars.) B Anio fl., p. 334 (Lat.) A Anneianum, 351 (Etr.) C Antemnae, p. 334 (Lat.) A Antinum, 270 (Mars.) A, 256 (Vols.) B Antium, 256 (Vols.) A Anxa v. Callipolis, 31 (Cal.) B Anxa, 270 (Mars.) B Anxanum, 35 (Dau.) C Anxanum, 197 (Frent.) A Anxia, 26 (Luc.) C Anxur v. Tarracina, 256 (Vols.) A Apamestini, 31 (Cal.) C Apenestae, 35 (Dau.) C Apeninus mons, 371 (Umb.) A Aphrodisium, p. 332 (Lat.) A Apiennates, 371 (Umb.) C Apinae et Tricae, 35 (Dau.) C Apiolae, 256 (Vols.) A Apollinares aquae, 351 (Etr.) C Appeninus mons, 371 (Umb.) A Aprilis, 351 (Etr.) B Aprusa fl., 371 (Umb.) C Aprustani v. "A/3 pvarov, 11 (Br.) B Apulia, -ulus (App-), 35 (Dau.) A Aquae Albulae, p. 334 (Lat.) A Aquae Apollinares, 351 (Etr.) C Aqua Claudia, p. 334 (Lat.) A Aqua Crabra, p. 334 (Lat.) A Aquae Passerianae v. Passer- Aqua Petronia, p. 336 (Lat.) C Aquae Tauri, 351 (Etr.) A Aqua Virgo, p. 334 (Lat.) A Aquaerata, 160 (Hirp.) B Aquenses Taurini, 351 (Etr.) A Aquileia, 351 (Etr.) C Aquilonia, 160 (Hirp.) A Aquilonia, 187 (Sam.) B Aquilonis mutatio, 35 (Dau.) C Aquinum, -nas, 256 (Vols.) A Arcae, 256 (Vols.) A Archippe, 270 (Mars.) C Ardaneae v. Herdonia 35 (Dau.) A Ardea, p. 332 (Lat.) A Argei, p. 339 (Rome) Argentanum, 11 (Br.) C Argentarius mons, 351 (Etr.) C Argetini, 31 (Cal.) C Argiletum, p. 339 (Rome) Argyripa v. Arpi Ariates, 371 (Umb.) C Aricia, p. 333 (Lat.) A Arienates v. Ariates Ariminum, 371 (Umb.) A Ariminus fl., 371 (Umb.) A ’Aplvdr], 11 (Br.) C, and Note, xvii, p. 148 Armenita, 351 (Etr.) C Arna, 371 (Umb.) A Arnestum, 33 (Peuc.) C Arnine, 351 (Etr.) C Arnus fl., 351 (Etr.) A Arogas fl., 11 (Br.) C Arpi, 35 (Dau.) A Arpinum, -nas, 256 (Vols.) A Arretium, 351 (Etr.) A Arsia Silua, p. 336 (Lat.) B Artena, 256 (Vols.) C Articulanus pagus, 160 (Hirp.) B Arusini campi, 160 (Hirp.) B Asculum, 374 (Pic.) A Asculum v. Ausculum Asisium, 371 (Umb.) A Aspia fl., 374 (Pic.) B Astura fl. et opp., 256 (Vols.) A Atella, 154 (Camp.) A, cf. Osc. Aderl- Aternum opp., 250 (Vest.) A Aternus fl. (Ath-), 241 (Pael.) A, 250 (Vest.) A ’’Advppos v. Aternum, 250 A Atiedio- v. Attidium 371 (Umb.) A Atina, 26 (Luc.) A Atina, 256 (Vols.) A Atrani, 35 (Dau.) B Atre, 35 (Dau.) B *Attidium, 371 (Umb.) A Aueia, 250 (Vest.) A Auens fl., 310 (Sab.) A Auentia fl., 351 (Etr.) C Auentinus mons, p. 338 (Rome) Auentinus uicus, 371 (Umb.) B Auernus, 154 (Camp.) A Aufentum fl. v. Ufens Aufidena, 35 (Dau.) C Aufidena, 187 (Sam.) A LOCAL NAMES OF ANCIENT ITALY. 537 Aufidus fl., 160 (Hirp.) A, 33 (Peuc.) A Aufinates, 250 (Vest.) B Aufugum, 11 (Br.) C Aulon, 31 (Cal.) A Auricus fanclus, 26 (Luc.) B Aurini v. Saturnini, 351 (Etr.) C *Aurunca v. 258 A and 145 Aurunci, 258 A Ausculum, 33 (Peuc.) A Auser fl., 351 (Etr.) A Ausona v. Ausones Ausones v. Aurunci, 258 A Ausonia v. Aurunci, 258 A Austicula, 154 (Camp.) C Austranum territorium, 31 (Cal.) C Auximates, 154 (Camp.) C Auxumum, -umates, 374 (Pic.) A Axia, 351 (Etr.) C A {envoi, 33 (Peuc.) C Babia, 11 (Br.) C Baccanae, 351 (Etr.) B Badifa? v. Baesidiae, 11 (Br.) C Baesidiae, 11 (Br.) C Baetterrae, p. 335 (Lat.) B Baiae, 154 (Camp.) A Balabo, 26 (Luc.) C BaXeflas (fa\-) v. Aletium, 31 (Cal.) B Baletum fl., 11 (Br.) C Bandusia, 33 (Peuc.) B, cf. 310 (Sab.) B Bantia, 33 (Peuc.) A Barduli, 33 (Peuc.) C Barium, 33 (Peuc.) A Barpana, 351 (Etr.) C Barra ( = Pharos), 31 (Cal.) B Basta, 31 (Cal.) C Basterbini v. Basta, 31 (Cal.) C Ban'a, 310 (Sab.) C Batinum fl., 374 (Pic.) C Batulum, 154 (Camp.) C Batum fl., 11 (Br.) C Bauli, -lanus, 154 (Camp.) A Bavcrra (-crrpa) v. Basta, 31 C Baustranum terr. v. Austranum, 31 C Bebiana, 351 (Etr.) C Beneuentum, 160 (Hirp.) A Beregra, 374 (Pic.) C Betifulum, 241 (Pael.) C B ipaieeWov, 351 (Etr.) C Biturgia, -urza, 351 (Etr.) C Blanda, 26 (Luc.) A Blera, 351 (Etr.) A Blera, 33 (Peuc.) C Boarium forum, p. 338 (Rome) Boedinus pagus, 241 (Pael.) B Bola v. Bolae Bolae, p. 333 (Lat.) A Bor5eX£a, 351 (Etr.) C Borcani, 160 (Hirp.) C Bopeiyovoi v. Aberrigines Bopeovnvoi, 187 C ad fin., cf. 197 A Bouianum Undecimanorum, 187 (Sam.) A Bouianum, -uetus, 187 (Sam.) A, cf. Osc. Buvaiano- Bouillae, -llenses, -llanus, p. 333 (Lat.) A Bradanus fl., 33 (Peuc.) B Brenda, 31 (Cal.) A B pevreaiov v. Brundisium, 31 (Cal.) A Brittii, -ianus, 11 (Br.) A Brundisium, -sinus, 31 (Cal.) A B pvaraKia, 11 (Br.) C Brutates v. Bruttii Bruttii, 11 A Bruttius ager v. Bruttii Bubetani, p. 337 (Lat.) C Buca, 197 (Frent.) A Bulotus? fl., 11 (Brut.) C [BJusutrani, 250 (Vest.) C Butrium, 371 (Umb.) A Butuntum, -tuntini, 33 (Peuc.) A Buxentum, -entini, 26 (Luc.) A Cabenses, -bienses, p. 335 (Lat.) B Caecina fl., 351 (Etr.) B Kaudvos fl., 11 (Br.) B Caecubum, -bus, 256 (Vols.) A Caedici, -cii, ?275 (Aeq.) C Caedicii, 258 (Aur.) B Caelanus, 160 (Hirp.) B Caelestini, 371 (Umb.) C Caelia, 33 (Peuc.) A Caeliculus, p. 341 (Rome) Caelimontana porta, p. 341 (Rome) Caeliolus, p. 341 (Rome) Caelius mons, p. 341 (Rome) Caenina, p. 333 (Lat.) A Kaivvs prom., 11 (Br.) B Caere, 351 (Etr.) A Caeruleus fons, p. 334 (Lat.) A Caesena, 371 (Umb.) A Caiatia, 154 (Camp.) A Caieta, 256 (Vols.) A K cuKivos fl., 11 (Br.) B Calabra curia, p. 339 (Rome) Calabri, -bria, 31 (Cal.) A K aXaaapva, 26 (Luc.) C Caiatia, 154 (Camp.) A Gale uicus, 371 (Umb.) B KaXrjvr], 197 (Frent.) C Cales, -lenus, 154 (Camp.) A Caletranus ager, 351 (Etr.) A Callicula mons, 154 (Camp.) C Callifae, 187 (Sam.) C Callipolis, 31 (Cal.) A Callita, 241 (Pael.) C Calor fl., 160 (Hirp.) A, 26 (Luc.) C Calpurnianus uicus, 154 (Camp.) B Calypsus, 11 (Br.) C Camars (Clusium), 351 (Etr.) B Camere, 11 (Br.) C, Addenda Cameria, p. 335 (Lat.) A 538 INDEX I. Camerinum, -mertes, 371 (Umb.) A Campania, 154 A Campanus v. Capua, 154 A Campus Martius, p. 340 (Rome) Canales, 33 (Peuc.) C Canales, ad, 187 (Sam.) C Cannae, 33 (Peuc.) A Canterius, 310 (Sab.) C Canusium, 33 (Peuc.) A Capena, -enus lucus, -enates, 351 (Etr.) A Capena, porta, p. 342 (Rome) Capitolium, -linus, p. 340 (Rome) Capitulum, 278 (Hern.) A Caprae palus v. Caprea Capraria, 351 (Etr.) A Capraseae, 11 (Br.) C Caprea palus, p. 340 (Rome) Capreae, 154 (Camp.) A Capriculanus pagus, 154 (Camp.) B Capua, 154 (Camp.) A Carcinus fl. Carcine urbs v. K cukivos Iv apaicrjvot, - pimvoi, v. Carecina regio Carecina regio, 187 (Sam.) A Kap/3iVa, 31 (Cal.) C Careiae, 351 (Etr.) B Care(n)tini Supernates et Infernates, 197 (Frent.) C Carinae, p. 342 (Rome) Carmeianus ager v. Collatini, 33 (Peuc.) B Carmentalis (Carmentis) porta, p. 339 (Rome) Carsioli, 275 (Aeq.) A Carsulae, 371 (Umb.) A Caruentana arx, -vtos, p. 336 (Lat.) B Casilinum, 154 (Camp.) A Casinum, 256 (Yols.) A Casperia, -eruli, 310 (Sab.) A Castrum Inui, 256 (Vols.) B Castrum Nouum, 351 (Etr.) A Castrum Nouum, 374 (Pic.) A Castri Moenium, p. 333 (Lat.) A Casuentillani, 371 (Umb.) B Casuentini, 371 (Umb.) B Casuentum, 26 (Luc.) C Karapct/cra ? 35 (Dau.) C Cati tons, p. 336 (Lat.) C Catialis collis, p. 336 (Lat.) C Catillinus pagus, 160 (Hirp.) B Catilli mons, p. 336 (Lat.) B Caudium, 160 (Hirp.) A Caulinum (uinum), 154 (Camp.) C Caulon prom., 11 (Br.) A Celemna, -enna, 154 (Camp.) C Centum Cellae, 351 (Etr.) A Ceno, 256 (Vols.) C Censennia v. Ces., 187 C Cenus prom., 11 (Br.) B K.epawiXia, 35 (Dau.) B Cerbalus, 35 (Dau.) B Cereatae, -atini, 256 (Yols.) A Cerfennia, 270 (Mars.) A Cerillae, 11 (Br.) A Cerionia, p. 342 (Rome) KepKuXoL? 270 (Mars.) C Cermalus v. Germalus Cermalus uicus, 371 (Umb.) B Ceroliensis, p. 342 (Rome) Ceroniensis, p. 342 (Rome) Cesennia, 187 (Sam.) C Cetanus pagus, 160 (Hirp.) B Xaudaurj, 31 (Cal.) C Xtoi' 77 , Xu^es, 26 (Luc.) B Ciceralis fundus, 26 (Luc.) B Cimetra, 160 (Hirp.) C, 187 (Sam.) C Ciminius L., Ciminia silua, 351 (Etr.) A Cimmerium, 154 (Camp.) C Cingilia, 250 (Vest.) C Cingulani, 154 (Camp.) C Cingulum, 374 (Pic.) A K Lwa, 187 (Sam.) C Circeius mons, -ceii, opp., 256 (Vols.) A Ivtppatarat v. Cereatae, 256 A Cisauna, 160 (Hirp.) B Cispius mons, p. 341 (Rome) Clampetia, 11 (Br.) A Clanis fl., 256 (Vols.) C Clanis fl., 351 (Etr.) A Clanis fl., 371 (Umb.) C Clanius fl., 154 (Camp.) B Clasia v. Clasis Clasis fl., 371 (Umb.) C Claudia, aqua, p. 334 (Lat.) A Claudia, Praefectura, 351 (Etr.) A Clibanus mons, 11 (Br.) C Clitellae, p. 342 (Rome) Cliternia, 275 (Aeq.) A Cliternia, 35 (Dau.) C Clitumnus fl., 371 (Umb.) A Clocoris fl., 245 (Mruc.) C Clodi forum, 351 (Etr.) A Clostra Romae, 256 (Vols.) A Cluana, 374 (Pic.) C Cluentensis, uicus, 374 (Pic.) C Cluilia fossa (Cloeliae), p. 336 (Lat.) B Clusiolum, 371 (Umb.) C Clusium, -inas, 351 (Etr.) A Clustumina tribus, p. 335 (Lat.) A Cluturnum, 187 (Sam.) C Cluuiae, 187 (Sam.) A Cocintus fl., 11 (Br.) B Collatia, p. 334 (Lat.) A Collatini, 33 (Peuc.) B Collina porta, p. 340 (Rome) Collina, regio, p. 340 (Rome) Columbaria Veneria, 351 (Etr.) C Columen? p. 337 (Lat.) C Cominium, 256 (Vols.) B Cominium Ocritum (Ceritum), 187 (Sam.) B Commotiae, lymphae, 310 (Sab.) C Compiti regio, 154 (Camp.) B LOCAL NAMES OF ANCIENT ITALY. 539 Compsa, 160 (Hirp.) A Compulteria, 154 (Camp.) A Concupienses v. Foroiulienses, 371 (Umb.) C Conini, 275 (Aeq.) C Consentia, 11 (Br.) A Consilinum, 26 (Luc.) B Consuletus riuos, 310 (Sab.) B Contenebra, 351 (Etr.) C Copiae, 11 (Br.) A Cora, 256 (Yols.) A Corbio, p. 333 (Lat.) A Corfinium, 241 (Pael.) A Corinenses, 160 (Hirp.) C Corinium, 160 (Hirp.) C Corioli, 256 (Yols.) A Corne, p. 337 (Lat.) C Corneta, p. 341 (Rome) Cornetus Campus, 154 (Camp.) C Corniculum, -lanus, p. 335 (Lat.) A KopcroOAa, 310 (Sab.) C Cortona, 351 (Etr.) A Cortuosa, 351 (Etr.) C Corythus v. Cortona Cosa, Cosae, 351 (Etr.) A Cosae v. Ivoo-cra, 11 (Br.) C KSaas fl., 256 (Yols.) B Kocrcra, 11 (Br.) C Kou/coiAoi', p. 335 (Lat.) B Crabra, aqua, p. 334 (Lat.) A Kpa/xoves v. Carecina regio, 187 A and 187 C ad Jin. Kpavira ’6py] v. Carecina regio, 187 A Crater (Sinus Cumanus), 154 (Camp.) A Crathis fl., 11 (Br.) A Cremera fl., -ensis, 351 (Etr.) A Kplpuacra a/cpa, 11 (Br.) C Criniuolum, 371 (Umb.) C Croto, 11 (Br.) A Crustumerium, Crustumina tribus, p. 335 (Lat.) A Crustumium, 371 (Umb.) B Crustumius fl., 371 (Umb.) B Cubulteria v. Comp-, (Camp.) A Kv\Lardpvov yavos fl., 11 (Br.) C Cumae, 154 (Camp.) A Cumerus mons, 371 (Umb.) C Cunerus prom., 374 (Pic.) A Cupra Maritima, 374 (Pic.) A Cupra Montana, 374 (Pic.) A Cures, 310 (Sab.) A Curia Calabra, p. 339 (Rome) Curtius fons, p. 334 (Lat.) A Curtius lacus, p. 339 (Rome) Cusuetani, p. 337 (Lat.) C Ki jT^piov, 11 (Br.) C Cutiliae (Aquae), -iensis, 310 (Sab.) A Cutina, 250 (Vest.) C Cuttolonianus Fundus, 351 (Etr.) B Cyprius vicus, p. 339 (Rome) Dardi, 35 (Dau.) C Dauni, -nii, -nia, 35 (Dau.) A, cf. 25 A; 154 (Camp.) C; s.v. Ardea, p. 332 (Lat.) A Decastadium, 11 (Br.) C Decennouium, 256 (Vols.) A Deci Forum, 310 (Sab.) B Deciani, 31 (Cal.) C Dianensis uicus, 371 (Umb.) B Dianensis uia, pagus Dianae Tifatinae, 154 (Camp.) B Dianium, 351 (Etr.) B Digentia, 310 (Sab.) A At/catapyta v. Puteoli Dioscoron, 11 (Br.) C Diria, 33 (Peuc.) B Dolates, 371 (Umb.) C Doliola, p. 339 (Rome) Doliolum, 154 (Camp.) C ApaKovros iepov, 26 (Luc.) C A plov, 35 (Dau.) C Duronia, 187 (Sam.) B ’TljSa, 351 (Etr.) C Eburum, 26 (Luc.) A Ecetra, 256 (Vols.) A ’Exerpa v. Ecetra Egnatia (Ign-) v. Gnatia Eleutiana, 154 (Camp.) C ’EXeurtot, 31 (Cal.) C ’'EX?/ v. Heles, 26 B ’EXtcru/cot v. Volsci 'FiW^Tropou, 11 (Br.) C Empulum, p. 337 (Lat.) C ’E7reio(, p. 337 (Lat.) C Epomeus mons, 154 (Camp.) C Epopus v. Epomeus Eranusa, 11 (Br.) C Eretum, 310 (Sab.) A Ergitium (Egr-), 35 (Dau.) C ’Epi/Scmos, 154 (Camp.) C ’E pipiov, 11 (Br.) C "E ppovKa v. Verrugo Esquiliae, -linus, p. 341 (Rome) ’E(T(2>7ris, 11 (Br.) C Etrusci, Etruria, Tusci, 351 (Sab.) A Euploea insula, 154 (Camp.) B Ezetium, 33 (Peuc.) C Fabaris fl. v. Farfarus *Fabienses v. Cabenses Fabrateria, 256 (Vols.) A Faesulae, 351 (Etr.) A Fagifulae, 187 (Sam.) A Fagutalis lucus, p. 341 (Rome) Falacrinum, 310 (Sab.) A Falerii, 351 (Etr.) A Falernus ager etc., 154 (Camp.) A Falerio, 374 (Pic.) A Falesia, 351 (Etr.) B Falinates, 371 (Umb.) C 540 INDEX I. Falisci, 351 (Etr.) A Fanum (Fortunae), 371 (Umb.) A Fanum Fugitiui, 371 (Umb.) G Far far us fl., 310 (Sab.) A Fascianus, 160 (Hirp.) A Fauentia, -tini, 371 (Umb.) A Feletes mons, 371 (Umb.) C Feliginates, 371 (Umb.) C Fenectani campi, p. 336 (Lat.) C Fenestella porta, p. 342 (Rome) Fensernu v. (ad) Yeserim, 143 Fei’entina porta, p. 339 (Rome) Ferentium, 351 (Etr.) A Ferentinum, 187 (Sam.) C Feretinum, 278 (Hern.) A Feretrani v. Frentani Feritrum, 187 (Sam.) C Feroniae lucus, 351 (Etr.) A Feroniae lucus, 256 (Vols.) A Fertor fl., 35 (Dau.) C Fescennia, 351 (Etr.) A ijcrroL , p. 336 (Lat.) C Fibrenus fl., 256 (Vols.) A Ficana, p. 334 (Lat.) A Ficolea, p. 335 (Lat.) A Ficolenses, 187 (Sam.) C Fidenae, p. 334 (Lat.) A Fificulani, 250 (Vest.) B Firmum, 374 (Pic.) A Fiscellus mons, 310 (Sab.) A, 371 (Umb.) A Fistelia, v. 184 Fisternae, 250 (Vest.) C Flaminii, Forum, 371 (Umb.) C Flauina, 351 (Etr.) B Florentia, 351 (Etr.) A Flosis fl., 374 (Pic.) C Flosor, 374 (Pic.) C Flumentana porta, p. 339 (Rome) Flusor fl., 374 (Pic.) C Foederna, 160 (Hirp.) B *Folianenses, 187 (Sam.) A Fontinalis porta, p. 341 (Rome) Forensis pagus, 26 (Luc.) B For(ensis?) vicus, 371 (Umb.) B Forentum, 33 (Peuc.) A Foretii, p. 337 (Lat.) C Formiae, 256 (Yols.) A Forobrentani, 371 (Umb.) A Foroclodienses v. Claudia Foroiulienses, 371 (Umb.) C Foropopillienses, 154 (Camp.) A Foruli, 250 (Vest.) A Forum Appii, 256 (Vols.) A Forum Aurelii, 351 (Etr.) A Forum Cassi, 351 (Etr.) B Forum Clodi, 351 (Etr.) A Forum Deci, 310 (Sab.) B Forum Flaminii, 371 (Umb.) C Forum Nouum, 160 (Hirp.) C Forum Nouum, 310 (Sab.) B Forum Popillii, 154 (Camp.) A Forum Sempronii, 371 (Umb.) A Fossa Cluilia, p. 336 (Lat.) B Fossae Papirianae, 351 (Etr.) C Fratuentini, 31 (Cal.) B Fregellae, 256 (Vols.) A Fregeuae, 351 (Etr.) A Freginates, 154 (Camp.) C Frentani, 197 A Frento fl. v. Fertor, 35 (Dau.) C Frentrum, 197 (Frent.) A Fresilia, 270 (Mars.) C Frusino, 256 (Vols.) A Frusteniae, 250 (Vest.) C *Fstaniensis uecus, 270 (Mars.) C Fucens, Alba, 275 (Aeq.) B Fucinus lacus, 270 (Mars.) A Fugifulae, 26 (Luc.) C Fugitiui Fanum, 371 (Umb.) C Fulginia, 371 (Umb.) A Fundi, 256 (Vols.) A Furfane, 33 (Peuc.) C Furfo, 250 (Vest.) A Gabii, p. 334 (Lat.) A Gabii, aqua Gabia, 310 (Sab.) B Galaesus fl., 31 (Cal.) A Gallinaria silua, 154 (Camp.) A ad Gallinas, 351 (Etr.) A Garganus mons, 35 (Dau.) A Garnae portus, 35 (Dau.) C Gaurus mons, 154 (Camp.) A Gemoniae, scalae, p. 340 (Rome) Genusia, 33 (Peuc.) B Germalus, p. 338 (Rome) Geronium, -reonium, 35 (Dau.) B Glanica, 258 (Aur.) C Glanis v. Clanis, 256 (Vols.) C Gnatia, 33 (Peuc.) A Gorgon v. Urgo In Grani monte, 275 (Aeq.) C Graviscae, 351 (Etr.) A Graxa, 31 (Cal.) C Grumbestini, 31 (Cal.) C Grumentum, 26 (Luc.) A Grumum?, 31 (Cal.) C footn. Hadria, 374 (Pic.) A Halaesus v. Falisci Halex fl., 11 (Br.) A Hamae, 154 (Camp.) B Helerni lucus, p. 336 (Lat.) B Heles fl., 26 (Luc.) B Heluillum, 371 (Umb.) A Heluina (Ceres), 256 (Vols.) B Heluinum fl. ? 374 (Pic.) C 'H./uuXafAiov, 31 (Cal.) C Heraclea, 26 (Luc.) A 'H paicXeiov prom., 11 (Br.) B. See also Herculaneum, 154 A Herbanum, 351 (Etr.) C LOCAL NAMES OF ANCIENT ITALY. 541 Herculaneum, 154 (Camp.) A Herculaneum, 187 (Sam.) C Herculaneus pagus Beneuenti, 160 (Hirp.) A Herculaneus pagus Capuae, 154 (Camp.) B Herculeae salinae, 154 (Camp.) B ad Herculem, 351 (Etr.) C Herculia uia, 160 (Hirp.) A Herculis petra, 154 (Camp.) B Herculis portus, 11 (Br.) A Herculis portus, 351 (Etr.) B Herdonia, -ea, 35 (Dau.) A Herianicus fundus, 197 (Frent.) B Hernici, 278 A 'I epos \6cpos, 35 (Dau.) C Himella fl., 275 (Aeq.) A '\irjribvLov v. Vibo, 11 A Hipporum, 11 (Br.) C Hirpi, -ini, 351 (Etr.) C Hirpini, 160 A, cf. 186 A Hispellum, 371 (Umb.) A Histonium, 197 (Frent.) A Honoratianum, 160 (Hirp.) C Hormiae, 256 (Vols.) A Horta or Hortae, 351 (Etr.) A Hortanum, 351 (Etr.) A Hortenses, p. 337 (Lat.) C Horticulanus, 160 (Hirp.) B Hortona v. Orto-, 197 A *T e\rj v. Yelia, 26 A 'T Mas fl., 11 (Br.) B 'T-rru)povl, 11 (Br.) C 'Tpta v. Uria 'T piov v. Hyria Hydrentini, 154 (Camp.) C Hydruntum, -tinus, 31 (Cal.) A Hyria, 35 (Dau.) A *Hyria, 154 (Camp.) B Ianicolum, p. 340 (Rome) Ianualis, porta, p. 339 (Rome) Iapyges, -gia, -gium, 31 (Cal.) A Igilium insula, 351 (Etr.) A Iguvium, -vini, 371 (Umb.) A Ilionenses, p. 336 (Lat.) C Ilua (Aethalia), 351 (Etr.) A Imbrinium, 187 (Sam.) C Imeus mons, 270 (Mars.) C Inarime v. Pitliecussae Inregillensis v. Regillum Insteius uicus, p. 342 (Rome) Instelanus uicus, p. 342 (Rome) Interamna Nahartium, 371 (Umb.) A Interamna (Lirenas), 256 (Vols.) A Interamnia, 374 (Pic.) A Intercisa, 371 (Umb.) A Interocrium, 310 (Sab.) A Interpromium, -promum, 241 (Pael.) A ad Ioglandem, 351 (Etr.) C Irini, 160 (Hirp.) C Isacia, 154 (Camp.) C Isaurus fl., 371 (Umb.) B Isia or Ixias, 11 (Br.) C Issa, 310 (Sab.) C Italia, 11 (Br.) A Italicus v. Italia Italus v. Italia Ithacesiae insulae, 11 (Br.) A Iugarius uicus, p. 339 (Rome) Iuturna fons, p. 332 (Lat.) A Iuturnae fons, p. 339 (Rome) Iuuanum, -nenses, 197 (Frent.) A ’I£tas or Isia, 11 (Br.) C Aa.f3a.va vdara, p. 337 (Lat.) C Labici, p. 334 (Lat.) A Labronis portus, 351 (Etr.) B Lacinium prom., 11 (Br.) A Lactarius mons, 154 (Camp.) B Lagaria, 11 (Br.) B Acuarpuyoves v. sub Formiae Aaprjs fl., 11 (Br.) B ad Lamnas, 275 (Aeq.) C Lanita pagus, 154 (Camp.) B Lanuuium, p. 332 (Lat.) A A aos fl. v. Laus, 26 (Luc.) A Larinum, 197 (Frent.) A, cf. 35 (Dau.) A Lartidianus uicus, 154 (Camp.) B Aa.Tepvt.oi, 187 C ad Jin. Latiaris collis, p. 340 (Rome) Latinienses, p. 332 (Lat.) A Latium, p. 332 (Lat.) A Aa.Tvp.vov opos, 11 (Br.) C Lauernae, 241 (Pael.) A Lauernalis porta, p. 338 (Rome) Lauinium, -inas, p. 332 (Lat.) A Lauinium, 26 (Luc.) C Laurentes, -entum, p. 332 (Lat.) A Laurinienses, 154 (Camp.) B Laurolauinium, p. 332 (Lat.) A Laus fl. et opp., 26 (Luc.) A Lautolae, p. 339 (Rome) Lautulae, 256 (Vols.) B Lautulus, locus, p. 340 (Rome) Lautumiae, p. 340 (Rome) Leboriae, 154 (Camp.) B, v. also Phle- graei Campi Leburini campi v. Leboriae Lemonia, tribus, p. 342 (Rome) Lepinus mons, p. 335 (Lat.) B Leuca, 31 (Cal.) A AevKavoi, 26 (Luc.) A Leucopetra, 11 (Br.) A Leucosia (Leucothea?), 26 (Luc.) A AevTepvla irapaXia, 31 (Cal.) B Libicanus pagus, 160 (Hirp.) B Libitinus pagus, 160 (Hirp.) B Alfivpvov opos, 160 (Hirp.) C Ligures Baebiani, 160 (Hirp.) A Lincerius) „ T Lintirius 1 a & er ? v ’ Lucenus 542 INDEX T. Lirenas Sucasina v. Interamna, 256 (Vols.) A Liris fl., 270 (Mars.) A, 256 (Vols.) A A Lara, 275 (Aeq.) G Literius ager? v. Lucerius Liternum, 154 (Camp.) A Liternus fl., 154 (Camp.) A Locri Epizepliyrii v. Zephyrium Lollianus fundus, 26 (Luc.) C Longula, 256 (Vols.) A Loretanus portus (Laur-), 351 (Etr.) C Lorium (Laurium), 351 (Etr.) B Luca, 351 (Etr.) A *Luca or *Lucanum, p. 310 Lucani, 26 (Luc.) A Lucanus, 256 (Vols.) B Luceoli, 371 (Umb.) C Luceres, -re(n)ses, p. 342 (Rome) Luceria, 35 (Dau.) A Lucerius ager?, p. 337 (Lat.) C Lucoferonenses v. Feroniae lucus Lucretilis mons, 310 (Sab.) A Lucrinus lacus, 154 (Camp.) A Lucus, -a, -um, 26 (Luc.) A Lucus Angitiae, 270 (Mars.) A Luna, 351 (Etr.) A Lupatia, 33 (Peuc.) C Lupercal, p. 338 (Rome) Lupiae, Lupp-, 31 (Cal.) A Lusianus pagus, 160 (Hirp.) B Lutirius ager? v. Lucerius Lymphaeum, 11 (Br.) C Maceriatus fundus, 26 (Luc.) B Macra fl., 351 (Etr.) A Macrales, p. 337 (Lat.) C Maecium, -ia tribus, p. 332 (Lat.) A Maesia silua, p. 336 (Lat.) B MaAcmos, 11 (Br.) C Maleuentum, 160 (Hirp.) A Malitiosa silua, 310 (Sab.) B ad Mallias, 11 (Br.) C Mamertini, 154 (Camp.) A Ma^pTLov, 11 (Br.) C Mamilia turris, p. 342 (Rome) Manalis lapis, p. 339 (Rome) Manates, p. 337 (Lat.) C Mandela, 310 (Sab.) A Manduria, 31 (Cal.) A Manliana (castra?), 351 (Etr.) B Map/oVa, 154 (Camp.) C Marica, Maricae palus, 258 (Aur.) A Maritimus circus, 278 (Hern.) B Marmore^e, 160 (Hirp.) C Marrucini, 245 A Marruuium, 270 (Mars.) A Mars Ficanus, p. 334 (Lat.) A Marsi, 270 A Marta, 351 (Etr.) C Martialis pagus, 160 (Hirp.) A Martius, campus, p. 340 (Rome) Martis, uicus, Tudertium, 371 (Umb.) A Massa Veternensis, 351 (Etr.) C Massicus mons, 258 (Aur.) A Mateolani, 35 (Dau.) C Materina, 371 (Umb.) C Maternum, 351 (Etr.) C W.aTi'qvr}, 275 (Aeq.) C Matilica, -ates, 371 (Umb.) A Matinus, 35 (Dau.) A ad Matrem Magnam, 160 (Hirp.) C Matrini uicus, 351 (Etr.) C Matrinus fl., 374 (Pic.) A Medama v. Medma Medma, 11 (Br.) A Medullia, p. 335 (Lat.) A Mefanus pagus, 160 (Hirp.) A Mefitis, lucus, p. 342 (Rome) Meflanus pagus, 160 (Hirp.) A Megaris insula, 154 (Camp.) C Melae, 160 (Hirp.) C Melfel v. Melfis, 256 C Melfis, 256 (Vols.) C Meloessa, 11 (Br.) C Melpes fl., 26 (Luc.) C MA7ris v. Melfis, 256 C Menaria, 351 (Etr.) C M evenivT], 11 (Br.) C Mensulae, 351 (Etr.) C M.evTr] fons v. Neminiae Menturnae v. Mint- Mr) aXrjpov rvpcns, 154 (Camp.) C Pharos v. Barra QepevTT] v. Frentani ^rjaroi, p. 336 (Lat.) C Phlegraei carnpi, 154 (Camp.) A $ (:-5e), etc.) +po, probably the indeclinable re¬ lative of Umb. pucle, etc. v. p. 479. The Osc. ne pon, 28. 14 ‘donee’ ap¬ pears to be precisely parallel to the second part of this word, though as the ne is written as an independent word, and as a negative precedes, the common rendering ‘nisi quom’ might conceivably be right, but the U. nersa q.v. strongly favours the connexion with arnipo Aronto, nom. sg., Etr.-Fal. 345 arpatitu, probably 3 sg. impv. act. (con¬ ceivably a past parte.) Vol. 252; on ar- = ad v. p. 273 Rem. 3; the whole word prescribes some particular' in the performance of a sacrifice (probably expiatory) ars-, v. ad-, except for arsie, arsier and arsir arsie, U. adj. in voc. sg. as appella¬ tive of Iupiter Grabovius, Fisovius Sancius and Tefer Iupiter, 365 VI a 24, b8, 27 ; gen. sg. (or abl. pi.) neut., arsier, 365 VI a 24, b 27, spelt asier, ib. VI b 8, only in the phrase arsier frite(tiom subocau), v. s .v.frite arsir, nom. sg. m., U. 365 VI a 6, 7 ; Biich.’s interpretation alius gives ex¬ cellent sense, but it is not yet clear whether U. -cl- has any phonetic re¬ lation to Lat. -1-, or, if so, under what conditions; hence even the value of the RS in this word remains doubt¬ ful arslataf, libas alicuius generis, adj. used for subst. acc. pi. fern., U. 361 IV 22. Btich. compares L. arculus, ‘ circulus capiti impositus ad susti- nenda uasa quae ad sacra publica capite portabantur,’ Paul, ex F. 16 M. (confirmed by Serv. ad Aen. 4. 137), and arculata ‘ circuli ex farina in sacri- ficiis facti ’ id. ib.; the history of the -s- has not yet been certainly ex¬ plained, but it must be parallel to that in U. kurslasiu Artemo, name of a cook, nom. sg. m., Praen. 282; no doubt from Gr. apra- gos aruorsu ?aduersum, Osc.-L. n. iv. p. 31, v. p. 273 Rem. 3 Arutil..., nomen mutilum, Etr.-Fal. 316 aruvia, v. arvio- arva-, rus, ager, aruom uel sim., subst. fern, parallel to L. aruo-, acc. sg., arvam(-en), U. 361 III 11, in aruom, loc. arve(-n), in aruo, ib. 13, both with postp. -en; of course from ar- ‘arare,’ with -no- in its passive mean¬ ing; cf. Lat. pascuos, diuiduos, etc. arveitu, v. adv- arvia, arui fruges, subst. neut. pi. acc., U. 356 I a 3,9, 26, b 3, 6, 359 II a 18, 24, spelt aruvia, 361 III 31 ; in later Umb. arviu, 356 I a 12, 16, 23, 357 I b 25, 28, 32, 43, 358 II a 6, 11, 12, 360 II b 8, 29, once spelt adviu, 357 I b 43; in Lat. aj3 aruio, 365 VI a 56, 58, b 1, 3, 20, 22, 44, 45, 366 VII a 4, 7, 42; abl. pi. arvies, 356 I a 11, but more commonly arves, 356 I a 6, 13, 19, 23, b 4, 26, 30, 33, 44, 358 II a 7, spelt arvis, 356 I a 27, b 7; from arvo-, arvd- ; on final -a and -u see p. 403 ff. As, abbrev. praenomen, gen. sg. (Synt. § 10), Mruc. 244 asa-=Lat. ara, subst. fern. 0. aasai, loc. sg. 175 a 16, b 18, nom. pi. aasas, ib. b 1, U. dat. sg. ase, 359 II a 19, 361 III 22, acc. asam(-ad), ad aram, 361 IV 6 = asama, 359 II a 39, 361 IV 6, asam(-e), in aram, 365 VI a 10, abl. asa, 361 III 23, IV 16, 365 VI a 9, easa, ex asa, 359 II a 38, asa(-ku), apud aram 359 II a 39, 43 aseri-, v. anzeri- aserum, infin., in the phrase rnanim a. manum asserere, to lay claim to, with gen., O. 28 24; the prepn. is more probably ad- than ab¬ ases eta, insecta, adj., only as epithet of karne, karnus, abl. sg. fern., U. 359 II a 29; abl. pi. fern, asesetes, 361IV 7; from an- ‘not,’ and = Lat. sectus, with slightly varying con¬ jugation, cf. prusek- asetus, v. ag- asiane, U. 356 I a 25 asif, Vo. 252; Buchelero, arens, Brealio, ‘ ones ’ (acc. pi. cf. asignas), mihi prorsus obscurum GLOSSARY TO THE DIALECTS. 603 asignas, uictimae uel sim., subst. nom. pi. fem. Mruc. 243; Bliclieler infers from the gloss asignae Kpea gepi^ogeva (Goetz, C. Gl. Lat. II., p. 24) that the word means ‘natae ad aram,’ but compare rather adasia, 205 c 2 ‘ouis uetula recentis partus,’ which might mean ‘an ewe with a lamb following’ (cf. aduerbium , adulter mm ) if an Italic stem asi-, ‘lamb’ be assumed. Breal (Mem. Soc. Ling. vi. 84, 137) would derive from an-, ‘in’ and sec-are (comparing L. dignus com¬ monly explained as = dec-nos), sup¬ posing the meaning to be prosiciae ; this on many grounds seems to me less probable Asilli, i.e. -llis, nomen, nom. sg. masc., O. 77, B; cf. gens Asillia, 161 (Hirp.) B asisua ?, 205 C. 2 q.v., and the Addenda asnata, sicca, non umecta uel sim. (cf. snata), adj. neut. pi. acc., only as epithet to veskla, U. 359 II a 19, = asnatu, ib. 34, abl. asnates, ib. 37, 361 IV 9 ; for an-snat- asom, Praen.-L. n. xxxiii. p. 321 f. = aso, U. 366 VI b 50 = asum, Mruc. 243 8, in each place with some part of the verb fero which in the last example has an unmistakeable object ( iafc *eas-ce), and in the Umb. sentence an object is naturally supplied; hence the phrase at least in Umb. and Mruc. must be parallel to Lat. uenum do, pessum ire, etc. Biich. describes asum simply as a ‘supine’ in form = Lat. assum, but this is only used as a noun and cannot have the d of dreo, dra (Osc. disa-) as that would have re¬ duced -ss- to -s- in Classical Latin. Hence asso-, whether it be Italic or only Latin, either comes from a dis¬ tinct root, or has been changed from *asto- by some analogy not yet pointed out asta, 0. 205, D. q.v. d(TTdv8r|S, 37 D. q.v. asted, ast, quidem, Old L. n. xxxv., p. 330; cf. with Jordan Lat. antid-, postid-. astintu, v. anstintu a[st]utieis, astutiis, abl. pi. fem., Fal.-L. 335 b asum, v. asom At, abbrev. praenomen, Fal.-L. 348 atahus (for -ust), 3 sg. fut. perf. ind. act. from some verb denoting an act of sacrilege, Vo. 252; if it be connected with tango the same relation of -ng-: -li- appears in Lat .Jingo: Osc. fexlio-, etc. Cf. Mruc. ta\h]a dxanrov, 37 E. q.v. atedafust, v. andersa- Ateleta, i.e. -enta, ’AraXavryj, Etr.-Praen. 300; for -ent- here = -avr- cf. Alixentro-, Casentera atentu, v. andendu atero, malum uel mala alicuius generis, acc. U. 366 VI a 11, 27 aticus, adj. nom. pi. masc. Pg. 219, an epithet of me(d)dix magistrates, de¬ noting some special dignity ( *an-ti-co -, ‘foremost, chief’?) or function; the same suffix in O. multas-iko-, tout- ico-, etc. Atiiediate, ethnicon, dat. pi. masc., U. 360 II b 22 bis), one of the tribes or families summoned to the sehmenier deq urier Atiedius, nomen, nom. sg. m. Mars.-L. 264; cf. the foil. Atiersio-, v. Atiiedio- Atiiedio-, U. adj., title of the sacred brotherhood (like the Fratres Aruales at Rome) which performed the rites of the Iguvine Tables, and by whom the Tables were written: nom. sg. masc. Atiersir, 367 VII b 3, nom. pi. Atiiediur, U. 362 V a I, 363 V a 11 = Atiersiur, 364 V b 11, 16, gen. pi. A tiiediu, 359 II a 21, 35, 360 II b 26, 362 V a 12, 363 V a 25, 27, b 4 = Atier¬ sio, 367 VII b 2; dat. abl. pi. At He¬ dies, 361 III 24 = Atiiedie, 358 II a 1, 361 III 29, later Atiiedier, 362 V a 4, 363 V a 16—Atiersier, 367 VII b 1, spelt Atiersir, 364 V b 8, 14 Atilia, nomen, nom. sg. f. Umb.-L. n. xlii (1), p. 433 Atiniis, nomen, nom. sg. m., O. 43; cf. gens Atinia in Index III. ato[l]er[o] (si uera lectio), attulerunt, dedicauerunt, 3 pi. perf. ind., Mars. 267 q.v. atos, probably a name, whether entire or abbreviated, or, quite possibly, miswritten, Etr.-Praen. 297 atrepudatu, atripursatu, v. ahtrepu- datu atriensis, ad atrium pertinentes, adj. nom. pi. m., Praen.-L. 282 q.v. Atrno, i.e. Aterno flumini, dat. sg. m., Vest. 248, ubi v. n. atropu[r]satu, v. ahtrepudata atru, v. adro- atta, 205 B. 4 q.v. Au, p. 375 n. xl. /3. 20 Aucena, Etr.-Praen. 300 Aukil, cognomen, nom. sg. masc. (possibly abbreviated), O. 87 604 INDEX V. Avdiis, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0. 48, spelt Afdeies, 0. 14 avef=L. aues, acc. pi. fem., U. 357 I b 10 = aueif, 365 YI a, 4, 18 = avif, 356 I b 8, = auif, 366 VI b 47, 48 bis, spelt auuei, ib. VI a 3; abl. pi. aves, 356 I a 1 = av is, 359 II a 16, aueis, 365 VI a 1 aveitu, v. adv- Avfi (si uera lectio), nomen, abbreviated, O. 38 Avhvo-KXi, abbrev. ethnicon of Aus- culum, O. 29, avhv(TK\, avhv, avanXiv, also avasXa, avax... ib. auiatas, auspicatae, p. ptc. pass. nom. pi. fem., Mruc. 243 4 ; cf. U. auie, auiekate, etc. auie in auspiciis, subst. loc. sg. or pi. (p. 473), U. 365 VI b 11 ; an e-stem, cf. the foil, derivatives; of course from aid- ‘bird’ aviekate, adj. or ptc., (or subst.?), dat. (or loc.?) sg. U. 358 II a 1, 3; from auie- avieklo-, U. adj. auguralis, abl. sg. fem. -kla, 357 I b 14, -cla, 366 VI b 52, acc. pi. m. aviekluf(-e), 357 I b 14, -ehclu, 365 VI a 10, -ecla, 366 VI b 51, abl. pi. auiecleir, 365 VI a 9, -clir, ib. 12, 13 auif, avif, v. avef auirseto, i.e. *an-uideto-, non uiso-, adj., U. 365 VI a 28, 38, 48, only in the phrase idrseto auirseto nas est, where it may be either gen. pi., or more probably nom. sg. fem. agreeing with aas aunom, subst. acc. or nom. sg., the obj. of some verb of dedication to be sup¬ plied, or subj. if the verb be supposed passive, Vest. 248, q.v. AvctkX...., v. AvJivctkX... auso-, sol, Sab. 309 a, q.v. aut, avt, sed, praeterea, 0. 28 20, 95 a 23, b 22, 26, 32, 113, 130 a, 5, 6, 12, 169; cf. Osc. auti, Ij. aut, autem, U. ote auti = L. aut, 0. 28 6, 11, 13, 24 = 15. ote q.v. auuei, v. avef az, ad, apud, prep, with acc., 0. 175 a 20\ az, i.e. at-s, cf. Lat. ab-s, sub-s, Gk. eV-s, e/c-s, Osc. ekss ita beside ek-kum item; with at-: Lat. at- ad, cf. Osc. op : Lat. ob, etc. and v. U. ad azeria-, v. anzeria- b b £], second letter of the Osc. a/3, 81 Babiis, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0. 156; cf. gens Babbia, Index III, Babr, abbrev. nomen, gen. sg. m., U. 355 ; cf. gens Babria in Index III. babu, nom. sg. m., Mruc. 243, 9 baiteis, commonly interpreted ‘uenis, aduenis,’ 0. 164 bananica, U. 370 D. q.v. Pavvarcu, 37 D. q.v. Bansae, Bantiae, loc. sg. fem., 0. 28, 19, 23, 27 (33 A in the Lat. form); for -ntia- by the regular S. Osc. as- sibilation, as zicolo- for *diecolo- ; cf. the foil. Bantins, Bantinus, of Bantia, ethnic adj. nom. sg. m., 0. 28 19 Pctorra, 37 D. q.v. PaTavia, 0. 37 A, q.v. bato, probably a proper name, n. xxv. d, p. 249 ben- = Lat. uen-ire in 0. kum-bened, conuenit, placuit, 3 sg. perf. ind. act., U. fut. perf. act. benus, ueneris, pro¬ bably 2 sg. 360 II b 16, 3 sg. benust 366JVI b 53, 3 pi. benurent, 363 V a 25, 28, b 5, 366 VI b 57, impers. pass. benuso (v. p. 492), uentum erit 366 VI b 64, 65, VII a 2; Osc.-Umb. b- when parallel to Lat. u- represents I.-Eu. g, the root being gem- [be]ne, bene, adv., Fal.-L. 335 b Benuentod (ex) Beneuento, abl. sg. n., 0. 159 ubi v. note, and cf. Beneuen- tum 160 A benust, benuso, benurent, v. ben- Beriis, nomen, nom. sg. m., Osc.-Etr. 97 ; cf. gens Beriena, Index III. beru-, subst. neut. =Lat. ueru, abl. pi. berus, U. 359 II a 23, 35, acc. pi. berva, 359 II a 26, 33 Betitis, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0. 163; cf. gens Betitia, Index III. bia-, subst. fem., cisterna uel sim., nom. sg. bio , U. 354, acc. sg. biam, Pg. 219 bim, subst. acc. sg., Vo. 252 Bivellis, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0. 131; cf. gens Biuellia, Index III. bivus = Lat. uiui, adj. nom. pi. m., 0. 130 a 9; Skt .jiva-, I. Eu. gi-no- Blaio?, Mruc. n. xxvii. p. 255; si uera lectio, cf. gens Blaia, Index III. Blaisiis, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0. 137 / 8 ; cf. gens Blaesia, Index III. pXe'va, pXevvov, blennos, 0. 37 B. 1 q.v. GLOSSARY TO THE DIALECTS. 605 Blussii, abbrev. of some case, probably gen. (cf. 106) of masc. nomen, 0. 109; cf. the note there and gens Blossia in Index III. Bn, abbrev. praenomen, 0. 163 Bone, bonae, dat. sg. fern., Umb.-Lat. 370 A bou- = Lat. bos , Umb.-Lat. bonid abl. sg. n. xli. p. 397; U. ace. sg. masc. bum , 358 II a 5, abl. sg. bue, 366 VI a 25, 28, 33, 35, 38, 43, 45, 48, 53, gen. pi. buo, 366 VI a 54, acc. pi. buf, 356 I a 3, 11, 20, 365 VI a 22, b 1, 19 PovPcXa, 0. 37 A. 3 y. q.v. Bra, abbrev. nomen, 0. 77 A; cf. per¬ haps brato-, and gens Gratia, Index III. brais, possibly a mistake for *brats, subst. nom. pi. fern., subject to datas, datae, Pg. 209; v. brat- inf. Ppacr[| i.e. k, the tenth sign of the Osc. a/3, 81 b ; cf. 59 bis K, abbrev. praenom. in Lat. a/3; Praen.- L. 285; Fal.-L. 335 a, 346. In Umb. a/3, 363 V a 15. Possibly = L. Kaeso, Mars. Caso, q.v. Ca, abbrev. praenom., in Lat. a/3, Vo. 252, 253; Umb.-L. 353 b ; in Fal. a/3, 328 a Ka, abbrev. praenom. masc., 0. 93. Kaal, abbrev. praenomen, 0. 190 KapdXXtis, 37 C. q.v. cabriner, caprini, adj. used as subst. gen. sg., U. 364 V b 12, 17 ; cf. kabro- kabro-, caper, subst. masc., acc. sg. kabru, U. 360 II b 17, spelt kaprum, ib. 1, kapru ib. 10; gen. sg. kapres, ib. 12; for U. -br-: L. -pr-, cf. adro- etc. cadeis, subst. gen. sg., 0. 28 6, denoting the opposite of brateis, v. brato- kadum (si uera lectio), O. 130 a 2; ac¬ cording to Bugge an inf. ‘cadere’ kadetu, impv. 2 or 3 p. sg., clamato uel sim.; cf. p. 509 footn., U. 357 I b 33, spelt -itu, 361 III 21, and car situ, 365 Ml a 17, 366 VII a 43 kaditu, v. kadetu kali ad, capiat, suscipiat, with acc., 3 s. pres. subj. act., 0. 130 a 6 bis, 8; cf. L. in-coli-d-re, which no doubt owes its o-grade of the root and «-flexion to its composition, like occupare, incu- bare, etc. Ka/fas, 0. 22 4 kaias, 0. 193 Caiatino, n. xvi. p. 143 f. q.v. Cail, nomen aliquod mutilum, Fal.-Etr. xl a 4 p. 374 ka[i]la, delubrum uel sim., subst. fern, acc. sg., 0. 39 cailauit, caelauit, L. or Praen.-L. 291 Caio, i.e. Gaio(s), Fal.-L. 339; cf. the abbrev. C Caisidis, nomen, nom. sg. m., O.-L. 21; cf. gens Caesidia in Index III. Caisies, nomen, nom. sg. masc., Osc.- Etr. n. xi, P. 98 606 INDEX V. Kaisillieis, nomen, gen. sg. m., 0. 108 a, b; cf. gens Caesillia and Caesellia in Index III. kaispatar, 3 sg. pres. subj. or impv. pass., see p. 494, 0. 130 a 5 Kalati, i.e. -tium or - tinum , gen. pi. of ethnicon of Calatia, 0.147 bis, Kalat, Kala, ibid. Calauan, abbrev. cognomen, nom. sg. m., Pg. 236 Kalaviis, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0. 167; cf. gens Caluia and Calauia in Index III. kaleduf, frontem albam habentes, adj. acc. pi. m., U. 356 I a 20, spelt calersu, 365 VI b 19; in form exactly = Lat. calido- (or callido-) towhiehlsid. Orig. xii. 1. 52 assigns this meaning Caleno, n. xvi. p. 143 f. q.v. calersu, v. kaleduf KaXivis, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0.1 Colin, Fal.-Etr. xl /3 26 p. 375; cf. Cales, Caleno- and gens Calinia, Calenia in Index III.; for formation cf. gens Campania, etc. Calitenes, probably gen., Fal.-Etr. 345 callita-, 241 C. q.v.; if it is a common noun it was probably nom. pi. m. ‘foot-passengers,’ cf. nau-ita Kaluvis, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0. 139, gen. Kaluvieis, 115, 116 camoro-, camur, 0. 205 A. q.v, Kamp..., nomen mutilum, nom. sg. m., 0. 52; possibly from a stem Kam- panio-, cf. gens Campania, Index III. Ka[rrravo|x, Campanum, probably acc. sg. m. (v. p. 144), originally ethnicon of Capua, but applied to the Oscan population of the Campanian plain, O. 146 q.v., Kagiravo, Kairiravo, ib.; the double -7T7T- probably represents -pxi- and -m- may be unwritten before it, cf. p. 99 footn. 3 KavaSoi, 37 B. q.v. kanetu, canito uel sim. impv. 3 sg., U. 361IV 29; but the stem can hardly be the same as in L. cano, v. p. 495 cannela, Osc.-L. n. xxiii. p. 226 q.v. Canopus, Gr. Karupos, p. 230 q.v. Cantovios, nomen, nom. sg. m., Mars. 267 Kanuties, nomen sg., probably gen. m., Osc.-Etr. n. xi. p. 98 kapid- = L. capis, U. subst. fern.; acc. sg. capirso i.e. -om, 366 VI b 25; dat. sg. kapicle, 356 I a 29, 32, 358 II a 8, 359 II a 34, 41 = capirse, 366 VI b 24, 37; acc. pi. capif, 366 VI b 18, VII a 39, 45, spelt, perhaps only by error for 8) kapid, 356 I a 17, also kapi, 357 I b 29, 37; abl. or loc. pi. kapidus, 359 II a 33, 361 IV 5 KaTriSiTwp,, acc. sg. m. or neut., 0. 22; deriv. of capid- (cf. sup.), no doubt with reference to some sepulchral usage Kapva, abbrev. Oscan ethnicon from Capua, 0. 119, kapv, 0.148, 117 b 4; on the date of the form see pp. 99 and 108, and cf. Capua, p. 152 (with the Errata) Kapavvos-, -Kapavo-, 0. 37 B. 2 q.v. karanter, edunt, 3 pi. pres. ind. depon., 0. 130 a 9 ; probably from same root as U. kartu, Osc.-U. karn- (qq.v.), meaning ‘to partake’ Carconia, nomen, sg. fern., Fal. 327; no doubt = Gar gonia q.v., Index III. carefo, carebo, fut. ind. 1 sg. act., Fal. 312 a, b; cf. Osc. kasit, which shows that the change of -s- to -r- is Falisc. as well as Lat. carensis, caria, 205 D. q.v. carisa?, 205 C. 2 q.v. karn-, pars, subst. fern. 0. carneis gen. sg. 28 3, 7, U. karu nom. sg., 363 V a 24, 27, V b 4, dat. (or loc.?) karne, 358 II a 1, 3; abl. karne, 359 II a 30, which like the abl. pi. karnus, 361 IV 7, and perhaps karne in II a 1, 3, appears to have the meaning of Lat. caro with which the word is of course identical Kttpvrj, 37 B. 2 q.v. carsitu, v. kacletu carsom-e, aedificium, monumentum ali- cuius generis, subst. acc. sg. with postp. -e(n), U. 365 VI a 13, 14 kartu, partitor, distribuito, 2 or 3 sg. impv. act., U. 359 II a 23; cf. kar¬ anter, sup. casco-, uetus Sab. 309 A. q.v. Kaselate, v. Casilos Casenter, name of woman, probably abbrev. and = Kaa- etc. casnar, subst. nom. sg. m. senex, Pg. GLOSSARY TO THE DIALECTS. 607 218, 0. 205 A, q.v., and cf. Lat. cascus and, no doubt, cdnus for casno- Caso, proper name, nom. sg. masc. Mars. 267; probably identical with L. Kaeso, cf. Mars, actia = L. Angitiae Casontonio for -niom, gen. pi. masc., Mars. 267, en urbid C. in urbe Casun- toniorum, a community not otherwise known Castor, Kaarcjp, Etr.-Praen. 287, 303 Kastrikiieis, nomen, gen. sg. m., 0. 63; cf. gens Gastricia, Castnicia , Index III. castrid, castrous , v. kastru- kastru-, fundus uel sim., subst. m., gen. sg. castrous, 0. 28 13, abl. castrid ib. 8; acc. pi. kastruvuf, U. 362 Y a 13, 363 V a 18, spelt kastruvu, ib. 20, 22 and castruo, 365 VI a 30, 32, 40, 42, 50, 52, YI b 13, 32, 34, 366 VII a 17, 30; cf. L. castro- whose meaning has slightly diverged Kastru&iie, nomen, gen. sg. m., U. 362 V a 3; cf. gens Gastricia, Gas- trucia in Index III. and 0. Kastri- kiio- Catamitus, 205 Rem. 9, p. 229 f. q.v. katel, v. katlo- kateramu, 2 pi. impv. depon. or pass., in cateruas colligimini uel sim., U. 357 I b 20, spelt caterahamo, 366 VI b 56; no doubt L. cater-ua is a deriv. from the same stem katlo- = Lat. catulus, subst. m. nom. sg. katel, U. 359 II a 43, acc. katlu, ib. 18, 20, 29, gen. katles, ib. 22, 27, spelt katle, ib. 15 cato-, acutus, Sab. 309 A, q.v. Caucilio, si sana lectio, nomen, nom. sg. m., Etr.-Fal. n. xl. 21, p. 375 Cauio-, i.e. Gauio-, a common Fal. praen.; masc. nom. sg. Cauio 343, xl. 20, p. 375, Gaui 313, xl. 17, 21, p. 375, fern. Gaui a 314, 318 a, 325 a, b, 344, dat. (or gen.?) Gauiai 334; cf. Osc. Gaavio- L. Gaio- Kavkvis, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0.137 d 10 kazi, subst. acc. sing., U. 361 III 16, 18 Ce, abbrev. praenomen, perhaps = L. Geius, Fal. 316, 323, 326 b, U. 353 b cebnust, uenerit, aduenerit, 3 sg. fut. perf. ind., 0. 28 20; -bnust is clearly parallel to U. benust q.v., and ce- is commonly identified with L. ce- in cedo ‘da,’ with which cf. L. -ce in hi-ce etc., and Gr. i-Ke-7, Kei-vos kebu, subst. abl. sg., U. 361IV 23; cf. p. 403 f. cedito = caedito, impv. 3 sg. act., Umbr.- L. n. xlii. p. 397, cedre = caedere, ib., showing the Osc.-Umb. syncope ; cf. dedrot from Pisaurum n. xliii. 4, p. 434 keenzstur (i.e. kents-tur ), censor or censores, nom. sg. or pi. m., 0. 169, spelt censtur, 0. 28 18 and 20 (pi.), 27 and 28 (sg.). But kenzsur (nom. pi.) 190 shows the same absence of the -t- in the suffix as L. censor ; cf. censaum inf.; the root syllable shows the regular Osc.-U. -t- between -n- and -s- cehefi, U. 365 VI a 20; cf. p. 515 footn. Ceilio, nomen, nom. sg. m., Fal. 319 a, spelt Gelio 320 and xl. 1, p. 374 (i celioi ?); cf. gens Caelia in Index III. ceip, abbrev. subst., probably acc. (or. nom.?), Mars. 267 Keis, proper name, apparently praenom., perhaps abbrev., Osc.-Etr. xi. 8, p. 97 Ceisies, nomen, sg. m. nom. (or gen.?) Fal.-Etr. 345, Cesi gen. Fal. 318 a, fern. nom. Geisia 297; cf. Osc.-Etr. Keis, and gens Caesia in Index III. cela, Fal.-Etr. n. xl. 18, p. 375 celio, celioi, v. Geilio kelledehad, if to be read as kelled eliad, must mean hac (re aliqua), but if dehad is a separate word, it is perhaps a verb, Etr.-O. 132 cenaculum, Tusc. 306 q.v., Fal. 349 censaum, censere, inf. act., 0. 28 20, censazet, ib. 19, fut. ind. act. 3 pi., censamur, ib. impv. pass. 3 sg. (cf. p. 493); cf. keenzstur and censtom, which show the natural formation of the -tor and -to- verbal nouns. L. census subst. was, I believe, orig. the simple -o- noun from which the verbs L. cense-, 0. censd- were derived; its resemblance to sensus etc. drew it into the w-stems, and thus drove the orig. verbal noun *censtu- with the parte. *censto- out of use in Latin, censd- : cense- as densdre : densere censo or -sor, Fal.-L. 332 Kenssurineis, Censorini, cognom. gen. sg. m., 0. 109 censtom-en, in censum, 0. 28 20, acc. neut. sg. of pass. ptc. of cens-, 0. cen- sdum q.v., used as a subst., with postp. -en censtur, v. keenzstur kenzsur, v. keenzstur Cepio, proper name, Fal. 340; cf. gens Caepia in Index III., and L. Gaepio ceres, subst. fern. sg. panis ? v. 309 D. and cf. Gerie, Kerri- inf.; if the name of the goddess in Sabine had the -ie- suffix, it is intelligible that the 608 INDEX V. form with the -es- suffix (cf. Lat. cererem for *ceres-em ) should take or keep a more concrete meaning Cerfum, subst. gen. pi. m., name of deities with the appellative semunu (Semonum) added, Pg. 216 4; cf. Umb. serfo- Keri, v. Kerri Cerie, Cereri, dat. sing., Mruc. 243 10, v. pp. 473 and 514 Kerri, Cereri, dat. sg. fern., 0. 175 a 3, b 7, spelt Keri , 130 a 1 , 3, 12, b 1 ; v. p. 473 footn., and cf. Ceres sup. Kerriio-, ad Cererem pertinens, Osc. adj., m. sg. dat. -liui 175 a 13, b 15, loc. (with postp. -en) -liin ib. a 2, pi. dat. -liuis ib. a 9, 10; fern. sg. dat. -licit ib. a 4, 6, 22, 23, 24, b 10, pi. dat. -iiais ib. a 7. Spelt Cerria fern, nom. sg., Pg. 248= Ceria, Pg. 206, abbrev. Cerri, Pg. 217, Ceri 206 bis (Addenda), and Cerr, Pg. 207; from Kerri- q.v., the Paelig. treatment of -ri- resembling the Osc. not the Umb. and Mruc. ( Cerie q.v.) kersna- = Lat. cena (Sab. cesna- 309 D.), subst. fern. abl. pi. kerssnals, O. 113, perhaps nom. sg. kersnu 137 d 5; cf. U. sersnd-, sesnd-, the Osc. form being as usual the most primitive kerssnasias, cum cena celebratae, adj. nom. pi. fem., 0. 115, 117 b 10; from kersnd- q.v. Cesi, v. Geisies Cesilia, nomen, sg. fem., Fal. 315; cf. gens Caesilia, Index III. cesna, Sab. 309 A q.v., and cf. 0. kersnd- etc. Cesula, fem. praenomen, Fal. 329, Umb.- L. xliii. 1, p. 433 cetur, Vols. 253 ceus, ciuis, subst. nom. sg. m., 0. 28 19 ; for *ceiuis (Old L. ceiuis) by regular syncope, on which cf. p. 470 Char, abbrev. cognomen, Pg. 237 cia, uox mutila aut corrupta, Pg. 209 Kiipiis, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0. 68; cf. gens Cipia, Index III. cipro-, bonus, Sab. 309 D. q.v. and cubrar inf. Cisi, nomen aliquod mutilum, Fal.-Etr. xl. a 11, p. 375 cisterno, cisterna, subst. nom. sg. fem., U. 354; that the word is borrowed from Lat. appears from the retention of c before i (pure Umb. s) citrus, from Gr. /c^Spos?? 205, Rem. 9, p. 229 Klar..., cognomen (an nomen?) muti¬ lum, 0. 173 a Klaverniio-, Clauernius, local adj., nom. pi. m. Clauerniur, U. 364 V b 8, dat. pi. Klaverniie (for -Her), 360 II b 3 bis, and Clauerni (for -nir), 364 V b 10 klavlaf, subst. acc. pi. fem., U. 359 II a 33, abl. klavles ib. 36, 361 IY 11; in form = Lat. clauolae (i.e. a graft, scion), but interpreted by Buch. to mean ‘ dunes comparing Germ. Keule kletra-, subst. fem. abl. sg. kletra, U. 361 III 13, IV 24, loc. kletre III 14, acc. kletram III 13; Biich. plausibly compares L. clitellae, but renders ‘ lectica ’: it denotes some implement of the sacrifice by or with which the sheep is carried arv- amen Klf, nota praen. masc. Osc. 48, fortasse = Lat. Clemens Clipiai, v. Clipeario, Fal.-L. 331 Clipeario, nomen, nom. sg. m., Fal."3S2— b, 333 a, probably abbrev. or mutilated in Clipiai 331 Cloil, abbrev. nomen, n. xxx. p. 269; cf. gens Cloelia, Index III. Kluv..., nomen uel praen. mutilum, 0. 135 c, 137 b 5; cf. the foil. Kluvatiio-, nomen of a Capuan gens, nom. sg. m. Kluvatiis, 0. 130 a 9, acc. sg. -tiium ib. 10 ; gen.pl. -tiiurn 105 a, b, and probably -tium 130 a 2, abbrev. Ill a, b, 103 a, b Kluviier, nomen, gen. sg. m., U. 363 V a 15 Km, abbrev. praen., 0. 156 bis, 176; cf. p. 530. Zvet. compares Comius a praen. ap. Fest. 326 M. (si integra lectio) Cmecio, probably = C. Mecio, C. Mae- cius, Fal. 315 Cnaive, si sic legendum, praenomen or nomen, O.-Etr. xi. 9, p. 98; cf. the following Cnaiviies, Gnaeuii, nomen, gen. sg. m., O.-Etr. 98 cnatois, i.e. *gnatois, gnatis, dat. pi. m., Pg. 209 coenalia, subst. or adj., Praen.-L. xxxiii. p. 322 q.v. cofeci, confeci, Praen.-L. xxxiii. p. 322 coiraueront, curauerunt, Fal.-L. 335 a coisatens, curauerunt, 3 pi. perf. ind. act., Pg. 239; coisd- = Old Lat. coird-, L. ciird- com, cum, prep, with abl., 0. 28 15, 23, spelt con ib. 16, U. 366 VI b 52, 55, 56, 57. As a postp. in Umb. spelt -kum, -ku, -com, -co, it takes the same case GLOSSARY TO THE DIALECTS. 609 and denotes a looser connexion, like Lat. apud, ad, secundum: 356 I a 29, 32, lb 1,4; 357 I b 19; 359 II a 39, 43 ; 361 III 28, 31, IY 29; 362 Y a 5, 11; 365 VI a 18, VI b 37, 39, 40, 43, 45 ; 366 VI b 50, 53, 55, 57; in some of these passages, e.g. VI b 50, the meaning ‘ in company with ’ would be, perhaps, admissible, but as the pre- and postpositional uses are juxtaposed and clearly contrasted in VI b 57, it is safer at present to assume only the looser meaning for the postp. in all passages. It is noteworthy that the word is preposed only in later Umb. and only in one phrase. comatir, v. coviol- combifia-, nuntiare uel sim., the regular Umb. term to denote announcements made by one priest to another engaged in another part of the same ceremony, act. impv. 2 or 3 sg. combijiatu, 365 VI a 17; 366 VI b 48, 51, VII a 43, 44, = k\impifiatu, 357 I b 14, kupi- fiatu ib. 35; fut. perf. ind. 3 sg. combifiansiust, 366 VI b 49; -ansiust ib. 52; -ansust VII a 5; pres. subj. 3 sg. kupifiaia, 357 l b 35; perf. subj. 3 sg. combifiansi, 366 VI b 52 ; the root is probably that of Gr. ireiOu, Lat. jides ; U. -mb- may=:Ital.- mp -; cf. U. ander and List Phonet. Pecul. ; on its construction cf. p. 509 comenei, v. comno- comestores, Mars.-L. 269 A. q.v.; pro¬ bably from ed- to eat, meaning con- uiuae, sodales commircium, 205 n. xxii. p. 225 q.v. comno-, populi comitium, subst. neut., in Osc. with anaptyctic vowel varying with the vowel of the case suffix ; loc. sg. comenei, 28 5, 21, acc. sg. comonom ib. 17, acc. pi. comono, 28 5, 7, 8 bis, 11, 14, 17 (on the meaning of comono hipid, v. p. 508 footn.); U. loc. sg. (after super), kumne, in foro, 357 I b 41 comohota, commota, uel sim., p. parte, pass. abl. sg. fem., U. 365 VI a 54; -oho- = -5- v. p. 401 footn. comol- i.e. com-mol-, commolere, tun- dere, pinsere, the regular term in Umb. for preparing the grain etc. for sacrifice, only appearing in impv. act. and p. parte, pass.: impv. act. 2 or 3 sg. comoltu, U. 365 VI b 17, 41 ; 366 VII a 39, 44, 45 = kumultu, 356 I a 34 ; but there seems some variation of stem in the spelling kumaltu, 358 II a 9; 359 II a 41; 361 IV 28, (for which see s.v. the uncompounded maletu); p. parte, pass. abl. pi. ku- mates, 356 I a 34; 359 II a 42; 361 IV 29; spelt kumate, 357 I b 37, 38; 358 II a 10; later comatir, 365 VI b 17, 41 bis; 366 VII a 39, 44, 45; on the loss of -l- in the parte, v. p. 495 f. comono, comonom, v. comno- comparascuster, deliberata, decreta erit uel sim., 3 sg. fut. perf. indie, pass., O. 28 4; for comprasc- by regular anaptyxis; cf. Lat. po(r)sco, which, like this form and the corresponding Skt. prach-, retains the inceptive suffix in the perfect tenses comuiuia, conuiuia, Fal.-L. 335 b con, v. com conegos, conixus, genu nixus, U. 365 VI b 5, 16; 366 VII a 37, = older kunikaz, 361IV 15, 18, 20 ; the parte, of an -d- deriv. of the same root as Lat. (g)nixus conea, ciconia, Praen. 305 A, q.v. confice, Praen.-L. n. xxxiii. p. 322 contrud, prepn. with dat. (or loc.?), O. 28 11, 17, 25, 32 coques, coqui, nom. pi. m., Praen. 282 Corano, n. xvi. p. 143 f., q.v. coraueron[t], curauerunt, Praen. 284; on cor- for coer- cf. p. 287 Coredier, proper name, gen. sg. m., U. 365 VI b 45 — older Kureties, 356 I b 4 Cosano, n. xvi. p. 143 f. q.v., also n. xix. p. 171 cosmis, comis, beneuola, nom. sg. fem., Old L. n. xxxv. p. 330 cossim, retro, in coxas, 205 B. 3 q.v. Cosuties, Cos(s)utius, nomen, nom. sg. m., Vo. 252; cf. gens Cossutia, Index III. Cotena, proper name, nom. sg. m., Fal. 321 cotonia mala, 205 Rem. 9. 3, p. 230 q-v. Kotteltjis, probably =*kdttteis, nomen, gen. sg. m., O. 8, abbrev. kottcl 9, kottl 10 ; cf. gens Cottia, Index III. couehriu, *co-uirium, curia, Vo. 252 ; toticu couehriu, publica curia; the Volsc. word is probably neuter, cf. sepu; if -eli- = -e-, the stem differs from Lat. uiro- ; cf. rather Skt. vira-, Umb. ueiro- couert-, conuertere, intrans., act. impv. 3 sg. couertu, conuertito se, U. 365 VI b 47; 366 VII a 44, 45; spelt ku- vertu, 356 I b 9; 357 I b 36, 38 ; 359 II a 39 ; fut. perf. 2 sg. kuvurtus, 357 I b 11, 3 sg. courtust, 365 VI a 6, spelt couortus, 366 VII a 39; pass. 39 c. 610 INDEX Y. impers. couortuso, 366 VI b 64, v. p. 492 Kpi 7 = kilpixs, 0. 157 era, eras, Fal. 312 a, b Crabouie, Krapuvi, v. Grabovio- cratia, i.e. gratia, Praen. 281 q.v. crefrat, 0. 205 C. 1 q.v. Creisita, Criseis, nom. sg. fem., Etr.- Praen. 302, spelt Crisida ib. 300; on -t-~ Gr. -S-, cf. 205 Rem. 9. 1, p. 229 krematra, uerus nncos, uel sim. subst. ace. pi. neut., U. 359 II a 23 ; clearly from the stem of Lat. cremdre, cf. the foil. krematruf, subst. ace. pi. masc., U. 359II a 26 ; spelt - tru ib. 28. Blicheler admirably distinguishes the meaning of this masc. form as ‘ueruinas,’ i.e. carnes ueru adfixas ; the double mean¬ ing appearing both in L. ueruina and Gr. 6fie\icn, Sab. 309 A, q.v. nerioso- neron- J nersa, donee, U. 365 VI a 6; I have no doubt that this stands for ne-dd or ne- da(m) in which ne- = Osc. ne in ne pon and Umb. -ni- in arnipo (q.v.), while the second half is a parallel particle to dum, do-, L. do-ne-que nertru, sinistro, adj. abl. sg. m., U. 365 VI b25; with postp. nertruku 3561 31, 43; =nertruco 365 VI b 37,39; the word is clearly equal in form to Gr. veprepos nesei, nisi, Umb.-Lat. xlii p. 397 ; this archaic spelling happens to represent what is, of course, the origin of the first syllable of nisi, i.e. the negative ne (not nei) ; the change of ne- to ni¬ ls no doubt due to the fact that nisi was a proclitic in actual pronuncia¬ tion, cf. igitur from agitur, simul un- emphatic beside semel emphatic etc. nes(s)imo-, proximus, adj. superl., Osc. acc. sg. nesimum 28. 17, 31; abl. pi. nesimois ib. 25; nom. pi. fem. nessi- mas Umb. adv. nesimei 365 VI a 9 bis with abl. cf. L. proximus ab. Brug- mann would derive from nedh- (rgdcj, Skt .nadh-, Eng. needle), quoting with approval OsthofFs conjecture that the stem of L. nectere was altered from *net-to- in proethnic Italic by the in¬ fluence of plecto ( Ber. k. Sachs. Ges. Wiss. 1890, p. 236) ni = L. ne, particle of prohibition (for its constructions v. p. 507 f.); Osc. 28. 8, 14, 17, 29, 33; Mruc. 243. 11, 12; v. p. 482 Ni, nota Osci praenom., 41, 47, 72 bis(?), 77. 1, 17, ix c p. 81 (?), 203 ni, 0.120, uox mutila, fortasse gentilicii nominis pars, 110 ninctu = L. ninguito, 2 sg. impv., but with transit, force ‘niue oppleto,’ U. 366 VI b 60, VII a 49; what is the reason for the variation here as com¬ pared with umtu beside L. unguito ? Ninium, nomen gen. pi. masc., O. 123, cf. gens Ninnia Index III, and for the construction v. pp. 101 f. nip, neue, O. 130 a 7 bis, 8 bis; v. ni, and p. 482 nipis, i.e. ni pis (qq.v.), nequis, Mruc. 243. 11 niquis, nequis Mars.-L. 273 niru, subst. acc. sg. (or pi.?), U. 360 II b 15, ‘ herbam frumentumue quod pin- seretur,’ Biich. Some compare Gr. vrjpiov ‘oleander’ nistrus, adj. nom. pi. masc., O. 130 a 2; perhaps ‘ nostros ’ (Biich. ‘ pro- piores ’); if the former (so Bugge) then nis- is for *nes- whose vowel would show the quantity of nos(-tro-) though adapted in quality to ues-tro -. On Biich.’s view, its relation to the e of Osc. nessimo is hard to explain Niumeriis, nomen nom. sg. m., 0.165; GLOSSARY TO THE DIALECTS. 637 cf. gens Numeria Ind. III.; the pure Osc. praenomen which follows shows that this particular family came from some rhotacising dialect [N]ium[s]is, Osc. praenomen nom. sg. m. 93, gen. niumsieis ib. ; spelt vi- i i/xadigis 1 (what was the sound of -ad- ?) ; cf. gens Numisia (where -mis- is from -mes- as attineo from -teneo etc.) Ind. III. and N vg\f/lov in the Osco-Greek insc. quoted on p. 84. L. numerus vouches for a stem *nomeso- (later *numeso- as L. humo : Gr. in but Sicilian vovggos, whence L. nummus, whence U. numo -, attests equally the stem *nomso *numso -; if we possessed the Osc. word corre¬ sponding to L. umerus Umb. uze, i.e. *ontse ‘in umero,’ we should know to which Italic stem to refer the Osc. equiv. of L. numerus No, nota praenominis, in Lat. a/3, per¬ haps = L. Nouii, Pg. 221; cf. No Comni No quoted in the note to 21, and N v inf. noisi, Old L., n. xxxv p. 329; I believe with Jordan that the first part of this word is the same as that of U. nosue ‘nisi,’ both containing a form *noi non, which stands in an ablaut rela¬ tion to net, q.v. nome = L. nomen , natio, populus uel sim., U. acc. sg. n. 365 VI a 30, 32, 39, 42, 49, 52, VI b 13, 32, 34, 366 VI b 58, VII a 17, 30, 47; spelt nu- mem 357 Ib 17 bis, gen. nomner 366 VI b 54, 59, VII a 12, 48; dat. nomne 365 VI a 24 bis, 31 bis, 33 bis, 40 bis, 43 bis, 50 bis, 53 bis, VI b 7, 8,12 bis, 14 bis, 27 bis, 33 bis, 35 bis, 366 VI b, 62 bis, VII a 12, 13, 14 bis, 18 bis, 28 bis, 31 bis, 51 bis; abl. nomne 365 VI a 17; with postp. nomneper pro nomine 365 VI a 23 bis, 25, 26, 34 bis, 35 bis, 44 bis, 45 bis, 54 bis, 55 bis, VI b 7 bis, 10 bis, 15 bis, 26 bis, 28 bis, 35, 36, 366 VII a 10, 11, 19 bis, 22 bis, 26 bis, 32, 33, 35 bis noniar, subst. or adj. gen. sg. fern., used as subst., perhaps a proper name, U. 365 VI a 14 nosue, nisi, U. 366 VI b 54, probably for *noi-suae; cf. Old L. noisi sup. nouesede, Mars. 261, Umb.-Lat. xliii. 10 p. 434, both either dat. sg., or, perhaps more probably, abbrev. for the dat. pi. cf. L. Di Nouensides and the foil, nouensiles, Sab. 309 A, q.v. Nouios, praen. nom. sg. m., Old Lat., 304 Nounis = L. Nonius, nomen, nom. sg. m., Pg. 239 Nv, nota praenominis in Osc. a/3, 0.171, perhaps = L. Nouius ; cf. No. sup. nudpener, U. 362 V a 13; Biich. plau¬ sibly regards this as an abl. pi. agreeing with the following preuer (pusti kastruvuf) ‘singulis (secundum fundos),’ but his explanation of the form as = Lat. *nullipondiis (‘nummis minimis’) needs further defence on phonetic grounds. Brugmann would anatyse et nudpener as et nu ad- pener ‘et quidem (ad)pendebitur ’ ( Ber . k. S. Ges. JViss. 1890, p. 217) and would compare this rather mean¬ ingless use of *nu (?) with Gr. nai vv and the Skt. and 0. Ir. nu [nu]h[ti]r[n]as, nocturnae, Osc. adj. fern., si uera coniectura Buggii 130 a 12 *nuersens, *43, p. 531 N vjiao-ioi, Numasio, dat. sg. m., Praen. 280. At the date of this insc. it is indifferent whether this be called a nomen or praenomen; the a shows that it is a distinct formation from Numerius, but no doubt from the same root, cf. Numa Pompilius numer, nummis, subst. abl. pi., U. 363 V a 17, 19, 21 Numeri, Praen. 281, either abbrev. for Numeria or gen. sg. masc. = Numerii filia; cf. Osc. Niumeriis, Niumsis sup. nurpier, Umb. subst. gen. sg., perhaps a proper name, 365 VI a 12 ; cf. p. 408 nutr, probably abbrev. for nutrix, Pg.- L. 228; if so contrast the ending of saca- racirix in 216 which is pure Paelignian Nuv, abbrev. nomen, O. n. viii a p. 78 Ndvellum, acc. sg. or gen. pi. m. of some proper name, 0. 131. 7 ; is it the simple -o-stem from which the gens Nouellia formed its name? Or is it miswritten for -elium ? Or should we assume the phonetic change which appears in S. Oscan allo = L. alia ? Nuvkirinum, 0. 144 a; nuvkrinum, ib. b ; nuvirkum, ib. c, d ; all differ¬ ent forms of the Osc. ethnicon of Nu- ceria. On the case v. p. 144 nuvim-e, in nonum, usque ad nonum, nouies, U. 359 (II a 26) ; acc. sg. n. of ordinal stem (cf. p. 470 ff.) with postp. -e(n) nuvis, nouies, U. 359 II a 25; but as the sounds which appear in Lat. as -ns are regularly represented by Umb. -f, the two forms should not be directly identified; cf. Osc. pomtis Nfivlano- = L. Nolanus, Osc. ethnicon of Nola; nom. pi. masc. nuvlanus, 95 b 12, 21, probably a 23; gen. 638 INDEX V. -num ib. 14; dat. -nuts a 7; dat. sg. nuvl[anui] a 5; doubtful nuvlan- ib. 25 ; fem. acc. sg. nuvlanam b 29. The Osc. form shows the etymon ‘ New-town ’ more clearly than the Latin 0 6 is represented in the full Osc. a(3 by V, transcribed u in this book ; as in the older Osc. and in Umb. a/3 it is written simply u, the symbol u has been treated as u in the arrangement of the Glossary Ob, nota praenom. uirilis, Pg. 213, 225 Obelies, nomen nom. sg. m., Pg. 221; fem. abbrev. obel 222; cf. gens Obellia Ind. III. Obsci, Opici, Osci, v 153 A ocri-, mons, arx, Mruc. gen. sg. ocres, 243. 6; Umb. sg. nom. (the gender is masc.); ocar 365 VI b 46, = ukar 356 I b 7 ; gen. oarer 365 VI a 8, 19 bis, 29, 32, 39, 41, 49, 51, VI b 10, 13, 32, 33, 366 VI b 48; dat. ocre 365 VI a 23, 30, 33, 40, 42, 50, 52, VI b 7, 10, ll, 14, 26, 32, 34; = ukre 363 V a 16; acc. ocrem 365 VI a 49, 51, VI 5 12 ; ocre 365 VI a 29, 31, 39, 41, VI b 31, 33; loc. ocrevi in arce with postp. VI a 46, alone ocre VI a 26, 36, VI b 29 ; abl. with postp. ocriper pro arce 365 VI a 23, 43, 45, 53, 55, 58, VI b 1, 6 bis, 9, 14, 19, 22, 26, 28, 35, ocreper 365 VI a 25, 34,35; — ukriper 3561 a 5, 8,15,17,21,25,28,31; ukripe 356 I a 12. The word no doubt stands in an ablaut-relation to L. acri-; cf. Ocrem montem confragosum Fest. 181 M q.y. Ocrisiua, M. 370 C q.v. o8d)(a, 37 D, q.v. Ofentina, U. 370 A, q.v. Ofturies, Paelig. nomen nom. sg. m., 231 oht, U. 355, abbrev. for ohtretie auctori- tate, the name of a magistracy at Asi- sium and among the Fratres Atiedii, subst. loc. sg. m., spelt uhtretie 362 V a 2, 363 V a 15; from ohtur -, spelt ulitur, q.v.; the L. form would be * auctr-itia or -ities ; cf. U. kvestretie Oilios, i.e. OlXiadgs, Etr.-Praen. 301, q.v. Oinumama, i.e. unimamina, name of an Amazon Etr.-Praen. 300; cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 492 etc. Oinomauos, heros aliqui, Etr.-Praen. 293 oisa, parte, abl. sg. fem., Pg. (or Pg.- Lat.) 218, commonly regarded as = L. usd in pass, sense ‘eonsumpta, exacta’ olere, oletum, olfacere, 309 B Bern. q.v. olna, Etr.-Fal., xl. 16, p. 375 omnitu, probably adj. or parte, nom. sg. fem. or gen. pi. m. Pg. 216 onse, in umero loc. sg. m. U. 366 VI b 50; = uze 360 II b 27, 28, i.e. ontse, -t- being inserted between -n- and orig. - s - in Umb. and Osc. (kenzur = L. eeusor), v. s.v. Osc. Niumsis sup. Is this word based on Italic *ornso- = Gr. c epos, or on *omeso- — ~L. unierus ? ooserclom-e, subst. acc. sg. with postp. U. 365 VI a 12; Biich. very reasonably derives from *au(i)ser-clom, i.e. auium obseruaculum ; cf. U. seritu ‘ obser- uato ’ op, apud, prepn. with abl., O 28. 14, 23, and no doubt 33; =up 95 a 13; cf. Gr. eirl, Skt. api, and L. ob, which seems to stand in the same relation to O. op as L. sub to Gr. v-iro, L. ad to O. az, i.e. at-s with L. at-auos; the form op is probably to be seen in operio (cf. here- sup.), oportet (cf. perhaps hort-ari) ope, opi, ope, or opem? Old L., n. xxxv. p. 330 opertis (or pertis ?), nomen aliquod, Etr.-Fal. n. xl 15, p. 375 opeter delecti, optimi, parte, or adj. gen. sg. neut., U. 364 V b 9; clearly con¬ taining the root of L. op-t-dre, op-(i)- tumus, 0. ufteis. Cf. perhaps also U. upetu inf. Opici, 153 A, q.v. opid ope, Fal.-Lat. 335 b Oiri€s = L. Oppius, Osc. nomen nom. sg. o m. 13= Uppiis 131 4 ; v. gens Oppia in Index III opiparum, opulentiam pariens, adj. pro¬ bably sg. neut., Fal. L. 335 b (conceiv¬ ably gen. pi. m.) OiK abbrev. nomen, iii. p. 15 ; cf. gens Opsia and gens Optsidia in Index III optantis, i.e. optantes, Fal.-L. 335 b Orceuia, nomen, nom. sg. fem. Praen. 281, Or[ceui- 282 Orestes, Etr.-Praen. 302 oriunna, xxiii, p. 226, q.v. oro-, ille, Umb. pronoun, perhaps gen. sg. orer in orer ose 365 VI a 26, 36, 46, VI b 29; probably abl. sg. uru 357 I b 18,=uru 366 VI b 55; abl. fem. with postp. uraku 362 V a 5 ; dat. (or abl.) pi. neut. ures 361 IV 33 opova, 0. 37 A, q.v. GLOSSARY TO THE DIALECTS. 639 OpT it| 19 , nomen, gen. sg. m., 0. 10Ms; cf. gens Hortia, Ind. Ill, Osc. Hurtiis orto-=:L. ortus, perf. parte, pass. nom. sg. n. ortom, U. 365 VI a 46 ; spelt orto ib. 26, 36, VI b 29; acc., perhaps neut. pi. urtu 358 II a 4, nom. pi. fern. urtas 361 III 10', abl. (or dat.?) pi. urtes ib. 4 osatu, impy. act. 3 sg., U. 365 VI b 24, 37 ; in the phrase capirse per so osatu ; commonly derived from *op(e)sa- Osc. upsa- = 1L. opera-, but the history of -ps- in Umb. is not yet clear; cf. oseto ose, U. 365 VI a 26, 36, 46, VI b 29; Biich. would regard it as standing for oses, gen. sg. meaning ‘anni,’ con¬ necting it with L. hornus for *ho-os- ino-, and U. ustite, usase (qq.v.) and for the root with Sab. Aus-elii (309 A, s.v. auso-); the only other evidence for this word os- or oso- is in amosio ‘annuo’ 205 C. oseto facta, instaurata, excauata uel sim. p. parte, pass. nom. sg. fern., U. 354; commonly regarded as heteroclite parte, to U. osa-tu, q.v. osi..., uerbum mutilum, 0. 28. 4 ostendu for ostenn(e)to = L. ostendito, impv. 2 or 3 sg., U. 365 VI a 20; =us- tentu 356 I a 3, 9, 12,16, 23, 26, I b 3, 6, 357 I b 25, 28, 358 II a 6, 11 ; spelt ustetu 356 1 a 17, 357 I b 32, 43, 358 II a 12, 360 II b 9, 29; pi. ustentuta 361 III 5; fut. ind. pass. 3 pi. osten- sendi 365 VI a 20 (cf. p. 506 with footn.) ote, Umb. = Osc. auti , L. aut, 364 V b 10, 13,15, 18, 365 VI a 7, 366 VII a 6; -ute 357 I b 24, 27, 363 V a 23, Yb 2 Ou, nota praenominis, perhaps = L. Ouius, Osc. 18 bis, 21 bis, Pg. 222, 230, perhaps Etr.-Fal. xl. 19, p. 375 oufilio, Etr. Fal. xl. 19, p. 375; cf. the preceding Ouiedis, nomen nom. sg. m., Pg. 225; cf. gens Ouiedia in Index III oviro-evs, operauere, fecere, 0. 1; 3 pi. perf. of upsd-, q.v. oui = L. ouis, acc. pi., U. 365 VI b 43; — uvef 356 I b 1 ; acc. sg. uvem 361 III 8, 10, 12, 26, 31; =uve 358 II a 10; loc. or dat. uv[e] 356 I a 31; abl. with postp. uvi-kum 361 III 28 V p n, fourteenth letter of the Osc. a/3, 81 P, nota praenominis, Osc. 40, 41, 68, 71, 85 (in 77. 26 it probably stands for a nomen); Pg. 219; Fal. 344. Com¬ monly regarded as equiv. to Lat. Publius (Pg. Poef inf.); but it is equally possible that it may repre¬ sent, in Osc. and Pg., the equiv. of L. Quinctus, i.e. the original stem from which the Osc. and Pg. nomen Puntils, Polities was derived. It is probably not Pakis, for which v. Pg. Pa, Osc. Pak p, abbrev. Umb. equiv. of L. pondo (or *pondos, pondera ?), 364 V b 9, 14 p, in f.p. Praen. 283 = Fortunae Primi- geniae Pa, nota praen. Paeligni, Volsci, Falisci; Pg. 206, Vol. 253, Fal. 346 pa-, Osc.-Umb. fern, stem ( paam, pae(i), pafe, pal, pai, pam, pas) of the relative pron. po- q.v. with p. 479 Ilaa, abbrev. nomen, O. 3 Paakul, praen omen, perhaps complete (stem Pdkullo -) nom. sg. m., 0. 94, cf. the deriv. nomen Pakulliis paam, v. po- qui Paapii for -piis, abbrev. nomen, nom. sg. m., Osc. 201 a, -pit ib. b, -pi ib. c ; C. Papius Mutilus leader of the Allies in 90 b.c. paca, causa, abl. (or acc.) of some noun, used as postp. with gen., U. 365 VI a 20 Pak, nota praenominis Osci 113, 114 (Pakis or *Pakvis, or even Paa¬ kul) 1 , cf. Mars. Pac. 266. O. Pak 77. 18, 137 a 5 may represent either a praen. or nomen pacari, Old Lat. xxxv., p. 329; com¬ monly identified with L. pacari and interpreted either pacem facere, re- conciliari, or stipulari, implorare Pakio-, Pacio-, Osc. and Pg. prae- nomen, nom. sg. m. pakis, 0. 130 a 9, 194; Pg. paci 214; acc. pakivi 130 a 10; gen. pi. (or abl. sg.?), pakiu 130 a 2 (v. crit. note). Nom. sg. fern. paci a, Pg. 209 pacri-, propitius, N. Osc. Mars, and Umb. adj. Umb. nom. sg. masc. and fern, pacer, 365 VI a 23, 30, 33, 40, 42, 50, 52, VI b 7, 11, 13, 26, 34, 366 VII a 14, 17, 31, 50; nom. pi. pacrer, 366 VI b 61. Mruc.paernom. sg. fern. 243. 11, pacris, probably nom. or acc. 640 INDEX Y. pi. ib. 1, v. s.v. aiso. Pg. pacris pro¬ bably nom. pi. Mars, pacre 261, which may be abbrev., and whose case is not clear IIaKfT]i$, si uera lectio, gen. sg. prae- nominis, 0. 13; the stem pacuo- occurs nowhere else, though it is im¬ plied in the foil, nomen Pacuies = L. Pacuuius 253, nomen, nom. sg. m., Vol. 253 Pakulliis, nomen nom. sg. m., 0. 137 d 4; from Paakul q.v. padellar, subst. gen. sg. fern., U. 365 VI a 14; cf. p. 408, and pertovie inf. pafo, Fal. 312 a=pipafo ib. b q.v. Pagio, nomen, nom. sg. m., Mars 265, no doubt miswritten for Pacio(s), as it occurs nowhere else (271 C of course represents only this insc.) IlaiSoKdprjs, i.e. iraLdiov ipaarris, 37 D q.v. painiscos, nom. sg., Etr.-Praen. 291, v. note n aitrravo, ethnicon of Paestum, Osc. 24, for the case v. p. 143 f. Palanud, ex Pallano, abl. sg. neut., 0. 193 ubi, v. adn. pam, Osc. v. pan irdixiravov, 0. 37 A q.v. pan, quam, adv. of comparison, 0. 28. 6, and with pruter prius, ib. 4, spelt prater pam ib. 16; if any stress could be laid on the spelling of the Tab. Bant, we might take pam= L. quam, and £>aw = Umb. pane as pon—pune, but cf. the foil. pane, quam, adv. of compar., U. 357 I b 40=pane, 366 YII a 46; no doubt rightly identified with L. quamde, quande, since L. -nd- is regularly parallel to Osc.-Umb. -nn- ; Osc. pan has lost the short final vowel as ptm beside U. ponne, pane. The uncom¬ pounded *pam survives in U. prepa. Should this Italic -de be called a post¬ position, or a purely pronominal par¬ ticle? Cf. -ne, ne- in U. arnipo, nersa, 0. nepon , qq.v. and L. done-c panis, 309 D q.v. panta = L. quanta, fern. sg. abl. (p. 500 f.), U. 363 Y b 2, acc. = quantum ib. 3 panupei, i.e. *panno-pe = h. quandoque, quolibet tempore, U. 367 YII b 1 with a preceding pisi, quisquis. On the -do v. s.v. nersa, and on -pei = -que cf. p. 506 footn. Papo-, praen., Osc. gen. sg. m .papeis 137 d 8, cf. Osc.-Etr. papes or pape 38, and pap 137 / 6. Cf. the deriv. gens Pa(a)pia sup. parentaret, parentauerit, fut. perf. ind. 3 sg., Fal.-L. Y 336 ubi v. n. parentatid? (si uera lect.), conceivably an Osc. perf. subj. 3 sg. ‘ parenta¬ uerit, ’ cf. fundatid, n. iv. p. 31 parfa-, parra, uel sim., an Umb. bird of omen, acc. sg. parfam, 357 I b 13, spelt parfa, 365 VI a 2, 4, 15, 17, 366 VI b 51 ; abl. parfa 366 VI a 1. The form has been explained by Brugm. (Ber. k. Sachs. Ges. Wiss. 1890, p. 210) as containing the -bho-, -bhd- suffix common in names of animals, Gr. KaXcupos, Old Ir. heirp erb, ‘capra’ (beside Gr. fyn epos), so that parfa- (for *parro-fd ) : parra- as Gr. Aa0os (for eln-bho-s) : e\\os (for *eln-os). The second half of the old equation Lat. -rr- = Italic -?-s- = U. -rf- is disproved by U. farsio = L. farrea, tursa, tu[r)- setu : L. terrere parsest, U. 367 VII b 2; either 3 sg. fut. ind. of the simple thematic verb from which Lat. pdret, parret, appdrere are derivatives, or for pars est ius est, v. p. 512 with footn. pase, i.e. pase = ~L. pace, abl. sg. fern, only in the phrase pase tua of deities, U. 365 VI a 30, 33, 40, 42, 50, 52, VI b 11, 13, 32, 34, 366 VI b 61, VII a 14, 17, 31, 50 passtata, i.e. -tarn, iraardda, porticum, acc. sg. fern. 0. 44; probably borrowed from the Gr., and Oscanised, cf. cata- mitus, p. 230 Patanaf, Pandae, dat. sg. fern., a Sam- nite goddess, 0. 175 a 14, b 16; cer¬ tainly akin to the Lat. form, and identical if Italic -tn- became Lat. -nd-; cf. 0. patensins beside L. pan¬ derent; the more so that the epithet here is piistiai, IharLu), while Panda acc. to Arnob. 4. 128 and Gloss. Philox. ( C. Gl. L. 2, p. 141) was a goddess of peace (Aelius ap. Non. 44. Merc, identified her with Ceres, but wrongly, see the lexica). But v. s.v. patensins inf. irardvia, 0. 37 A q.v. irtiTaxyov, 0. 37 A q.v. patensins = L. panderent, 3 pi. impf. subj. act., 0. 95 b 28, 29; for *pate- n(e)sens, and if Italic -tn- became -nd- in Lat. we should further refer O. *paten- to Italic *patn-, which we should see directly in L. pand-. But *paten- or patnn- : *patn- may be re¬ garded simply as an I. Eu. doublet like Gr. -avu : -vw (the change of -tn- to -nd- in I. Eu. cannot be doubted, GLOSSARY TO THE DIALECTS. 641 L. fundus : Gr. irudfi^v etc.) and the same explanation would apply to Patanai q.v. patr- = L. pater ; Osc. nom. sg. patir (perhaps as cognomen) 134, cf. 77 B; dat. s g.paterei (as epithet oiEvklo-) 175 a 25. Mruc. gen. patres 243. 6 (epithet of Jove). Mars. dat. patre 264 (epithet of Erine). Aeq. dat. patre 272 (also a deity). Etr.-Praen. nom. sg. pater 303. Umb. dat. sg. patre, epithet of Jove, 360 II b 7 patt- probably represents a 3 pi. perf. ind., O. 190; cf .pat 40 and the note Pk, nota praenominis (perhaps =p a k q.v.), 0. 166 bis, 177 bis pd, Osc. abbrev. perhaps = L. pedes, ix. p. 81. Cf. p[a]d or p[e]d in 168 Pe, nota praenominis, Mars 265, ? 260 a pe, Umb. = -per q.v. peai = L. piae, as divine epithet, dat. sg. f. Mruc. 243. 10, cf. Yol. piliom, U . pehd-, piare, and Osc . piiliiui, an epithet of Jupiter pecus = L. pecus, acc. sg. n. Mars.-L. 273 ped-, Umb. = L. pes, foot, m. abl. sg. pedi, 356 I a 29, 32=persi, 365 VI b 24, 37, 38, 39. To this word also (rather than to peclo- q.v.) Biich. refers the acc. pedu, 359 II a 24 (p. seritu, ‘pedem conseruato’), com¬ paring the primaeval practice ‘ mem- brum abscidi mortuo...ad quod ser- uatum iusta fierent’ Paul, ex F. 148 M pedaio-, Umb. adj. describing the man¬ ner or character of sacrifice; Biich. renders ‘pedaneus, humi stratus’; acc. pi. fem. pedaia, 357 I b 28, 32, 44 = persaia, 366 VII a 7, spelt persaea, ib. 41, 54. It is, I think, as Biich. says, impossible to make any separation between these feminine forms and the following; acc. sg. m. pedaem, U. 358 II a 11, 361 III 32, spelt pedae, 358 II a 13; nom. sg. neut. pedae, 359 II a 22; these might be all re¬ garded as having -em, -e = the regular -Im of -io- stems (p. 471), but the fol¬ lowing seem more anomalous : persae, apparently acc. pi. fem., 365 VI a 58, and persae, apparently acc. pi. masc., 365 VI b 3; but cf. p. 472 footn. Except in II a 22 ( esunu p. futu) the word only occurs in agreement with the object of fetu, and its position before/ may account for the absence of -/ in all the fem. forms pede, v. pis pedi, Mruc. 243. 12; ingeniously ren¬ dered ‘pendat’ by Deecke ap. Zvet. C, Inscc. It. Inf., p. 175; if this be thought probable, -di must be taken (like L. edim, sim ) as a non-thematie subj. from the root of dare ; if so Osc. dadid might possibly be a pres., not a perf. subj. pedo- = Gr. 7 rtdor, fossa, terra ad sacrum accipiendum cauata, acc. sg. pedum, U. 356 I a 29, 32, spelt pedu, 358 II a 9; per so, 365 VI b 24, 37. With postp. pedume, 359 II a 27, 361 III 33=persome, 365 VI b 38, 39, 40. Bucheler’s interpretation of the word appears to be established by the numerous examples he quotes (e.g. Horn. Od. 11. 25, Ovid Met. 7. 243, Stat. Theb. 4. 451) of the use of trenches in the way here prescribed peessl[ftni ?], O. 178, commonly identi¬ fied with pestItim (q.v. inf.) in 173; seeing how little distance separates Pietrabbondante from Alvito, if the forms are identical in origin, their present difference may perhaps be chronological (rather than dialectic) ; indeed it is perhaps scarcely more than a matter of spelling, cf. kenzsur beside censor. The -ee- as usual in Osc. (cf. Meelikio-, teero-) is non¬ original—here as ‘compensation for’ the loss of -rc-, the root no doubt being that of L. prec-or, posco, Osc. comparascuster peha-, peilia-, v. piha- peica = L. pica, abl. sg. fem., U. 365 VI a 1 , acc. 365 VI a 3, 4, 16, 17, cf. peico peico = L. picum, a bird of omen, acc. sg. m., U. 365 VI a 3, 4, 16, 17, abl. spelt peiqu, 365 VI a 1. The U. -c- (not -p-) confirms the derivation from pic- (7 roudXos, ping ere ) and the mean¬ ing ‘pied.’ For the part the bird played in Italic times v. p. 450 Peiediate, dat. pi., U. 360 II b 4 bis, name of a tribe or gens peiu, Umb. adj. denoting colour (not red), acc. pi. masc., 357 I b 24= peiu 366 VII a 3; acc. pi. fem. peia, 357 I b 27= peia 366 VII a 6. In view of the use of e in Umb. writing = orig. Italic i I can see (pace von Planta Osk. Umb. Gram. p. 370) 110 reason to doubt the usual identification of this word with *pic-io- parallel to L. piceus, Gr. iricraa. -i- is written for -s- as in usaie I b 45 pel or pelt, Praen. 286, apparently an abbrev. abl. of the donor’s place of origin (? Peltuinum) TrcXeva, O. 37 A q.v. 41 642 INDEX V. pelmner, pulmenti, subst. (or adj.) gen. sg., U. 364 Y b 12, 17', this rendering, which is Biicheler’s, is no doubt sub¬ stantially correct pelsa-, sepelire; Umb. impv. act. 3 sg. pelsatu, 365 VI b 40 bis; gerundive (v. p. 519), nom. sg. masc. pelsans, 359 II a 43', acc. sg. m. pelsanu, 358 II a 6, 361 III 32, acc. pi. fern, pel- sana, 356 I a 26=pelscina, 365 VI b 22. It would be natural to compare L. se-pel-io, se-pul-crum if any expla¬ nation could be found for se- peperscust, pepescust, v. perstu pepurkurent, poposcerint, decreuerint uel sim. 3 pi. fut. perf. ind. act., U. 363 V b 5; if this is based on the stem of L. posco, the form is interest¬ ing as showing that in the perfect tenses Umb. has discarded the -sc- which runs through the verb in Lat. and Osc.; but on the whole it is perhaps better to compare the simpler stem of L. precari, proc-u-s pequo = L. pecua, ace. pi. n., U. 365 VI a 30, 32, 40, 42, 50, 52, VI b 13, 32, 34, 366 VII a 17, 30, only in a string of things blessed (saluom seritu...uiro, pequo, castruo, fri), cf. L. pastores pecuaque salua seruassis, etc. Cato R. R. 141. The q is a mere ortho¬ graphic variant before -u-, cf. peiqu beside peico per =perek q.v., 0. 39 per, Umb. postp. with acc. =Osc. pert, L. -per in parum-per etc. meaning ‘up to, as far as’: triiuper, 357 I b 21, 22 bis, 360 II b 25 bis — trioper, 366 VI b 55, VII a 51. Contrast the foil, per, Umb. postp. with abl. = L. pro: ahtisper pro actibus, 361 III 24, 29, fratrusper, 358 II a 2, 361 III 23, fratruspe ib. 28, nomneper passim, ocriper ocreper ukriper passim ukripe, 356 I a 12, Petruniaper, 359 II a 21, 35 (ubi aes -pert), pop- luper, pupluper passim, reper, 367 VII b 2, totaper, tutaper passim tutape, 361 III 24, trefiper pro tribu, 361 III 25, 30, Vusiiaper, 360 II b 26 peracni-, Umb. adj. describing par¬ ticular victims: acc. sg. peraknem, 358 II a 10=perakne, 358 II a 5 bum perakne 12, 360 II b 7, 10; as subst. neut. acc. 358 II a 5 perakne restatu, 14, acc. plur. neut. adj. pe- rakneu, 362 V a 7, gen. pi. subst. peracnio, 365 VI a 54. The deri¬ vation of this word from acno- (q.v.) and its general sense are clear; it is often used side by side with the parallel sev-akni-, but it is not clear whether they have equivalent or con¬ trasted meanings perakri-, Umb. epithet of victims, opimus, a.Kfj.aios uel sim., abl. sg. peracri, 365 VI a 34, 35, 38, 43, 45, 48, 53, spelt peracrei, 365 VI a 25, 29; acc. pi. fern, perakre 357 I b 40; probably gen. pi. (as subst.) peracrio, 366 VII a 51, abl. pi. peracris, 366 VI b 52, 56. Brugmann’s derivation (Ber. k. Sticks. Ges. Wiss. 1893, p. 144) from acri- in the sense of eV aKprj eov, aKgaios, maturus, can hardly be doubted Peraznanie, dat. ph, name of a tribe or gens, U. 360 II b 7 perka-, uirga, caduceus, acc. sg. per- cam, U. 366 VI b 53=perca, 365 VI a 19, 366 VI b 49, 50, 63, VII a 46, 51; acc. pi. perkaf, 357 I b 15, perca, 366 VI b 51. No doubt the same word as Osc. perek q.v., and cf. perstu inf. Perkedne[fs], gen. sg. m. cognominis Osci 93, nom. Perkens ib., cf. gens Percennia and the foil. Perkhen, abbrev. nomen, O. 67, no doubt equiv. to gens Percennia; cf. the praen. Perkedno- whose unassimi¬ lated d points, perhaps, to a some¬ what earlier date perek, abbrev. probably of *perekas (cf. Syntax § 6), perticas, p. in being the breadth of a road in Pompeii, O. 39. Cf. U. perka-, which no doubt shows the simplest meaning of this word, and perstu inf. peremust, perceperit, promulgatum ac- ceperit uel sim., 3 sg. fut. perf. ind. act., 0. 28. 15; the meaning of emere was orig. rather ‘take’ than ‘buy,’ as appears in Lat. adimere, perimere, ex- imere, though the simple verb has the same meaning in Umb. (355) as in Lat. per-etom, peremptum, uiolatum, inter- ruptum, p. parte, pass. neut. sg. nom. impers., U. 365 VI a 27, 37, 47, VI b 30, v. daetom sup. perfa[kiumj? perficere 0. 130 a 6. perfines, perfindes, n. xxiii. p. 226 q.v. Perna!, dat. sg. fern., a Samnite god¬ dess, companion of Flora, and con¬ nected with Ceres, 0.175 a 22. Biich. would derive it from pro-, comparing U. perne, pernaio-, and for the mean¬ ing, Anteuorta, a maieutic goddess perne, Umb. adv. irpoaw, 365 VI b 11 ; on -ne v. s.v. arnipo, and the foil, pernaiaf, anticas, ex aduerso con- GLOSSARY TO THE DIALECTS. 643 spectas, adj. acc. pi. fem., augural epithet of avef, U. 357 I b 10, abl. pernaies, 356 I a 2. Derived from perne; cf. pustnaiaf; both words show the ease with which postpp. (or case-endings) may become converted or absorbed into suffixes forming- stems. No doubt L. prdnus has a parallel origin persae, v. pedaio persklum, supplicationem, acc. sg. neut., U. 356 I a l=persclo, 365 VI a 1, with postp. persklumad, 361 III 21, gen. sg. perscler, 365 YI a 27, 28, 37, 38, spelt pescler, 365 YI a 47, 48, VI b 30 bis; abl. sg. persk lu, 361 III 12—persclu, 365 VI b 36, 366 VII a 20, 24, 34 (possibly acc.), and pesclu, 365 VI b 15, 366 VII a 8. From per(c)-, ‘precari,’ v. sub persnimu perse, persi, pede, v.ped. perse, persei, v. pis Perseponas=:L. Perseplionae, gen. sg. fem., Pg. 216. 5 persnimu, precamino, supplicato,Umb. impv. 2 or 3 sg. deponent, 357 I b 7, 21, 361 IV 8, 10, persnimu 365 VI a 55, 59, VI b 2, 4, 6, 9, 20, 25, 37, 41, 44, 46, 366 VII a 4, 7, 25 bis, 34, 42, 44, 54, persnihmu 359 II a 27, 29, 30 bis, 31, 36 bis, 37, 38, 39, 42, 361 IV 11, 23, 25, 29, persnihimu 365 VI b 17, 366 VII a 9, 39, 45, persnimu 356 la 6, 10, 13, 19, 23, 26, 34, lb 3, 357 I b 22, 26, 30, 32, 37, 38, 44, 358 II a 7, 10, 360 II b 18 bis, 20, 3 pi. persni- mumo supplicanto, 366 VI b 57, pers- nihimumo, 366 VII a 47, pesnimumo 366 VI b 64, 65, VII a 1 , p. parte, nom. sg. m. persnis precatus 365 VI b 39, pesnis 365 VI b 40, 41. Cf. pre- pesnimu. Commonly regarded as standing for perc-sc-ni-, connected with L. poscere for pore-seere, 0. com- parascuster, U. persclom (from persc- tlo-, Osc. pestlum, or simply from perse- + -lo?), but I am not sure that the changes of the final group of con¬ sonants have yet been fully explained persondro-, persuntro-, Umb. adj. always used to describe a secondary and presumably complementary offer¬ ing, sometimes only of confectionery; applied only to suduvi (sorsom ) and st aflare qq.v., but used also as a subst. alone. As adj.: acc. sg. m. pesuntru, 356 I a 27, pesuntrum, ib. 30, pesutru, 358 II a 8, pesondro, 365 VI b 24, 37, 39, p. stajlare, 40; abl. sg. persontru, 365 VI b 28, per- sondru ib. 31, 35. Alone as subst.; acc. sg. persutru, 360 II b 13, per- suntru, 361 IV 17, 19; dat. sg. per- suntre ib. 21; plur. acc. pesondro, 365 VI b 37, abl. with postp. pesondris-co, 365 VI b 40. On -dr- for orig. -tr- v. s.v. adro- : Biicheler’s view of the -tr- as the comparative suffix would suit the meaning, but the instrumental -tro- would do so even better, especially if his comparison of person- with persn¬ imu could be maintained (as it is difficult to do if persn- is for persc-n-). But it would be possible to compare Skt. Ved. sanoti, ‘he offers,’ sanitr-, ‘ sacrificer ’ perstico, U. 365 VI b 25; Biicheler re¬ gards this as neut. acc. of an adj. derived from ped-, pers- as L. rusticus from rus, meaning pedestre, or terrestre, and agreeing with erus, which how¬ ever nowhere else has any epithet, though often governing a genitive (in form perstico itself might be a gen. pi.) perstu, impv. act. 2 or 3 sg., Umb. 359 II a 32=pestu 360 II b 19, fut. perf. ind. act. 3 sg. peperscust, 366 VI b 5, pepescus, 366 VII a 8. Only with the adj. postro (n. pi.), the object being three times supo {-pa), once vesklu. Biich. renders ‘ (re-)ponere,’ com¬ paring L. compescere, dispescere, ‘to mark off, limit,’ and Umb. praco(m), to which I would add U. perkd-, Osc. perek-, L. per(c)tica. His further sug¬ gestion that we should see in these words an Italic root perc- (+ -sco- in the verbs) which gave rise to the widely spread Romance perco- (Low Latin parcus, parricus, Italn. parco, Fr. pare, Eng. park and the Dutch perk ; Germ, pferch appears to be bor¬ rowed from this) is extremely at¬ tractive. For other Romance words taken from the dialects cf, pp. 218, 222, 226 and especially 227—9, and for the Germ, derivv. Kluge, Etym. Wtb . 4 s.v. The relation of meaning between U. pered- and this supposed perco- is exactly illustrated by the meanings of Eng. ‘ rod, pole, or perch,’ the last being of course Fr. perche, L. pertica, and all three having been transferred as measurements from length to area persuntr-, v. persondro- pert as prep, with acc. meaning ‘trans, supra,’ 0. 95 b 7, U. 359 II a 36. But as postp. in Osc. it means ‘usque ad,’ petiropert 28. 14 ‘non amplius quater,’ cf. ampert, and Umb. -per pertemest, -must, v. pertumum 41—2 644 INDEX V. pertentu, protendito uelTsim., 2 or 3 sg. impv. act., U. 359 II a 31, 361 IV 8; cf. antentu, entendu pertome, subst. acc. sg. with postp. de¬ scribing some building, place or visible object belonging to Padella, U. 365 VI a 14 ; Bitch, renders plausibly ‘ per- uium ianum,’ deriving Padella from pat- in patere (if so cf. Osc. Aderlo-, Amelia-, from *atro-lo-, *apro-ld-) pertumum, perimere, intercessione (co- mitia) dimittere, inf. act., 0. 28. 7; fut. ind. 3 sg. pert-emest ib. 7, fut. perf. pert-emust ib. 4. With this com¬ pare Cincius (De uerbis prise is) ‘pere- mere idem quod prohibere,’ apud Fest. 214 M., who adds ‘at Cato in lib. de re militari pro uitiare usus est, cum ait cum magistratus nihil audent im- perare ne quid consul auspici pere- mat’; this is very near the Osc. use of pertumum , the second half of which contains the stem of L. emo modified by the influence of forms which came under the Oscan rules of anaptyxis, some of them perhaps in the paradigm of the verb itself. Cf. peremust and pert perum, sine, prepn. with acc., 0. 28. 14, 21 ; its close connexion with Gr. -irepav etc. is obvious; for the change of meaning cf. L. praeter, Gr. e/cros, etc. pes, Pg. 218; commonly explained as = L. pedes, acc. pi.; if so for the con¬ traction cf. Umb. uef, kapif pesclo-, v.persklum pesco, Mars. 261; Biich. regards this as a neut. (or m.) subst. meaning ‘offer¬ ing, piaculum’; if so cf. U. persklum, etc. It might conceivably be a verb meaning ‘precor, oro’ pesetom, pessum datum, peremptum p. parte, nom. sg. neut., U. 365 VI a 27, 37, 47, VI b 30; quite possibly U. pesetom est = Ij. pess(um) itum est; Biicheler’s comparison with peccare is hard to justify in point of phonetics pesondr-, v. persondro- pestlici sacerdoti, U. 370 A, cf. the foil. pestlftm templum, fanum uel sim., 0. 173 b; cf. pees si- sup. and U. ■pers¬ klum, which is perhaps the same word, though with a different meaning pestu, v. perstu pesuntr-, pesutr-, v. persondro- TreTaKvov, 0. 37 A q.v. petenata, i.e. pe(h)tlnatam ( =pectina- tarn) constructam in pudendorum muliebrium formam, U. 361 IV 4, cf. eskamiturn ibid. Peticis, nomen, nom. sg. m., Pg. 215, cf. gens Peticia in Index III Petiedu, nom. sg. fern. =Petiedia or gen. pi. m. Petiedium, Pg. 216. 2; on this (Thurneysen’s) interpretation of the sign B v. 206 n. petiolus, 205 Rem. 9, p. 230 q.v. petiru-pert, 0. 28. 14, petiropert ib. 15, usque ad quattuor, non amplius quater, from petiru-, neut. pi. ‘ quat¬ tuor,’ and -pert q.v. Whence comes the difference in the second syllable between this and petora ‘quattuor,’ 0. 205 A? (That the -u or -o should be Latinised into -a is a matter of course in the Glossographers.) Cf. U. peturpursus. The first syllable is, of course, regular: I.-Eu. *< 7 t\i7T7ros, Praen.-L. 291 pilonicos, QiKovlkos, puer aliqui fabulosus, Etr.-Praen. 294 iruo, uox obscura et fortasse mutila, O. 13; if the following ate has anything to do with also- deus, this word might be plausibly referred to piho-, v. Vol. piliom. It has been commonly com¬ pared with U. bio cisterna (nom.), but the acc. would be required here (Pg. biam) since a nom. Aaxovis precedes pipafo, bibam, Fal. 312 b, 1st sg. fut. ind. act. (absol.) of pipd-, the redupl. pres, stem inflected as an a- verb. Note that Fal. p may represent either orig. p or orig. b. On the parallel insc. we have the shorter form pafo, and as the whole sentence is clearly proverbial, it is possible that the longer form had gone out of every day use pipatio, 0. 205 A q.v. Piquier, gen. sg. m., U. 364 V b 9,14; Bitch, regards this as an adj. de¬ scribing certain lands, but as P. Martier follows equally agre Tlatie and agre Casiler, and as Martio- else¬ where in Umb. is only used as an epithet to the deity Serfo-, it is at least to be considered whether Piquier is not a similar deity equally pa¬ tronized by the Brotherhood and claiming dues from certain ‘ Tlatian ’ and ‘Caselatian’ lands. He would be thoroughly at home on the borders of Picenum (374 A), if his name is con¬ nected with the peico- ( peiqo -), whom the Iguvine augurs observed (VI a init.) pir — Gr. 7 rvp, ignis, Umb. subst. neut. nom. pir 365 VI a 26, 36, 46, 366 VI b 29, acc. pir 357 I 6, 12, 359 II a 19, 360 II b 12, 361 III 12, 21, pir 366 VI b 49, 50 and no doubt 365 VI a 20. abl. pure 357 I b 20, with postp. pure-to 365 VI a 20. u becomes i in Umb., in monosyllables at least, but not so u. Cf. purom-e, and O. pura- siai pis, Osc.-Umb. pron. =L. quis, v. p. 480. Osc. (1) As indefinite non-rela¬ tive = L. quis, after subordinating con¬ junctions introducing general protases, nom. m. sg. pis 28. 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 20, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, pro 114. 6, possibly 113. 6; dat. piei ib. 7; neut. acc. pld 95 b 15. (2) As indefinite relative pis quisquis, nom. sg. m., 28. 8, 19 (possibly pis 113. 6 si sic legendum), neut. nom. pld 95 b 25. (3) pis in 164 is commonly counted interrogative (pis tiu(m ) quis tu?). (4) Doubled like L. quisquis, nom. sg. m. (?) pispis 80, neut. pit pit 205 A. (5) With -urn, meaning quis- quam, in negative sentences: acc. sg. pldum 95 b 21, pidum 130 a 7; in ib. 8 pi (dum) is generally restored as an abl. neut., gen. sg. piei sum (as adj. ‘ullius’) 28. 6. Pg. pid 209 is doubt¬ ful. Vol. as indef. non-relative, nom. sg. m. pis (after se = L. si) 252. 1 bis, 3. Umb., the form pis only sur¬ vives in svepis (cf. sopir), and in the old formula pisest totar Tarsinater etc. 366 VI b 53 (where orig. perhaps it was interrogative). Else it is augmented-by -i, -e, -ei or -her, (1) As indefinite non-relative after sve, -pis 357 I b 18, 361 IV 26, pisi 365 VI a 7, and in the form sopir (v. p. 480), 366 VI b 54. With -her, like L. quiuis, 365 VI b 41. (2) As in¬ definite relative: nom. sg. m. pisi quisquis, 362 V a 3, 10, 366 VII a 52, 367 VII b 1, so in effect pis(est) 366 VI b 53 (v. sup.); acc. pi. (on the gender v. p. 513 footn.), piji quos- cunque or quascunque, 367 VII b 2; neut. nom. and acc. pide quicquid, 362 V a 5, spelt pede 357 I 6, 18, 358 II a 3=persi 365 VI a 38, perse ib. 47, VI b 30, 31, persei VI a 27, 28, 36, pirsi ib. 48, pirse 366 VI b 55. 646 INDEX V. But in the pair of phrases pirsi mersi, pirsi mersest (365 VI a 28, 38, 48, VI b 31, 366 VI b 55) the meaning of the pron. can hardly be distinguished from its uses under 3. (3) Brugmann has pointed out (in Idg. Forschungen 5. 150) that the neut. acc. is used as a conjunction meaning ‘si, si quando,’ cf. p. 481: perse 365 b 29, persei 365 VI a 26, pirse ib. 46, persi ib. 37. (4) Further in two pas¬ sages (361 IV 32 pidi and 365 VI a 5 pirsi) this word comes second in its clause and is followed by edek (erse) in the apodosis, and in both cases I would render ews...rews, i.e. dim... inter ea Pisaurese = Pisaurenses, nom. pi., Umb.- L. n. xliii. 4, p. 434 piscim, piscem, Praen.-L. n. xxxiii., p. 322 pistu, i.e. -turn — L. pistum, U. 363 II b 15, acc. sg. pass, parte. pi., plebis, 0. 28. 29 ; a most tanta¬ lizing abbreviation! Plasis, si uera lectio, praen. nom. sg. m., 0. 131. 3 Plauties, nomen, nom. sg. m., Pg. 220, Old Lat. Plautios 304; cf. gens Plautia, Plotia in Ind. Ill Pleina, doubtful, perhaps abbrev. (or Etr.) name, Fal. (or Fal. -Etr.) 314 plenasier, adj. loc. or abl., U. 362 V a 2. pi., in phrase pi. urnasier denoting some point of time, contrasted with sestentasier urn. Convivial potations were part of the Atiedian as of the Arval assemblies ( Acta Arv. 218 a.d.), but at one season the full measure seems to have been allowed to the Atiedians, at another only ‘sextan- tarial,’ i.e. presumably a sixth part. Cp. Horace’s special celebration of the new moon and of midnight ( Od. 3. 19. 9) plener = L. plenis, adj. abl. pi. n., U. 366 VII a 21, 34 Plenese, apparently dat. sg. fern. (nom. or cogn. ?), Fal.-Lat. 336, cf . Plenes 333 c and Abelese sup. plostru(m) = L. plaustrum, acc. sg. n., Mars.-L. 273 ploto- — L. plautus, planipes, U. 370 A, q.v. po-, Umb.-Osc. relative pron. = L. quo-, v. p. 479. Osc. masc. nom. sg .pui 130 b 1, probably a 1 ; nom. pi. pus 95 a 8, b 11, pu[s] b 15, 175 a 1; neut. nom. and acc. p>od 28. 10 ( pod todait), 32=pud 95 a 12, 13, 14, b 2, 23 — tv CD (p, a sign of the Tar.-Ion. a/3 occasion¬ ally but very rarely written for Osc. / v. p. 462, 463 CD, mille (in L. a/3), 0. 28 12, 26, cf. the list of numeral signs ad fin. With the rest of the Lat. letters this no doubt comes from the Chalcidian a/3 io-T€\ia, v. Fistelu vTop€S, 0. 37 C, v.futrei <1 q in Lat. a/3 = the Osc. equiv. of L. quaestor, U. kvestur (q.v.), 0. 28 28 bis, perhaps ib. 2 q, in Latinian=: Quintus, Quinti, Praen. 282, 285, Fal. 333 c ; in 333 a, q is ambiguous (does q. cue = quaestor quel) qoi = cui (or qutf), Old L. xxxv p. 329 queistores = L. quaestores, nom. pi., Mars. 266 quolundam, archaism for colendam, ge¬ rundive acc. fern., Fal.-L. 335 b ququei, archaism for coqui, nom. pi. m., Fal.-L. 335 b r Q r, fifteenth letter of the Osc. a/3 81 a ; v. the Table of Alphh. r, abbrev. name, 0. 77 A racom, Pg. 216 1, v. praco rahiis, nomen fortasse mutilum (Ma- rahiis ?), 0. 137/6, 9, sed cf. Rah... ib. c 4, 5 ranu, aid. sg. masc. or neut. U. 360 II b 19, where it is parallel to puni, vinu and une and therefore denotes some kind of liquid ; Biich. would compare L. summa rana which in an insc. of imperial date ( Eph. Epig. in. p. 167), denotes a mark of depth fixed in the side-wall of a bath, but probably the rana here was simply named from the likeness of the mark to a frog. Or. paivco is commonly referred to rad-, but the -d- may be merely a ‘ root-determ inati ve ’; cf. randeme inf. ra[val]nnnum, [ra]valnnum, 0. 144 b, e randem-e, subst. acc. sg. with postp., U. 365 VI a 14; note that -nd- in pure Umb. can only represent an older -nt -; if a root ra- were recognised in ranu sup. this word might be referred to its partic. in -nt-’, cf. U. spantim beside L. spatior re, abbrev. for regina, dat. sg. fern., Umb.-L. xliii 4, p. 434 re-, Umb. subst. fem. = L. res: dat. sg. ri 362 V a 4, ri abl. ib. 5, with postp. reper 367 VII b 2 rected^L. recte adv. Fal. 321; cf. relito- regaturei, rectori, dat. sg. masc., epi¬ thet of Jupiter in Samnium, 0. 175 a 12, b 14 regen[ai], reginae, dat. sg. fern., a divine epithet, Mruc. 243 10 K'Y 65 } reges, 186 D q.v. pryesj 6 ’ 1 regia oliua, 309 D q.v. regie ?, regie adv., splendide, Praen. -L. xxxiii p. 322 rehto-, Osc.-Umb. = L. rectus, Umb. relite, recte, adv. 363 V a 24, 26, 29’, Osc. abl. sg. (si uera coniectura) 95 a 16 r[e htud] reloqui, Sab. 309 A q.v. reluuia, reduuia, 309 B q.v. remeligines ?, 309 B Rem. q.v. re statu, reddito, instaurato (of a sup¬ plementary sacrifice), 2 or 3 sg. impv., U. 358 II a 5; cf. the foil., and ob¬ serve the transitive sense restef, iterans, restaurans, pres, parte, nom. sg. m., U. 356 I b 9,=reste 365 VI b 47', in form perhaps = L. resis- tens, and for the meaning Bitch, happily compares L. ager restibilis, ‘ land that can be sown every year or twice in the same year.’ Whether this parte, was felt to belong to the same paradigm as the prec. impv. we have not yet evidence to decide ret, uox curta et dubia, Etr.-Praen. 297 bis; the same is true of rit Etr.-Praen. 289, though this does appear to be the name of a youth retfimaf, i.e. -afed, denuo caelauit, 3 sg. perf. ind. act., 0. 88; no doubt from Togri, which belongs to a class of words, those relating to art, constantly borrowed. Cf. the equally borrowed L. lautumiae revestu, 3 sg. impv., U. 362 V a 7, 9\ Biich. renders ‘reuisito, i.e. inspicito’; v. pp. 514, 517 rit, v. ret Rodo, nom. sg. name, Praen. 282, of a slave, perhaps abbrev., probably = 'PoSwi' GLOSSARY TO THE DIALECTS. 653 rofo-, Umb. adj. = 01d L. robus, and Osc.-Lat. rufus, Ital. *roufo- acc. pi. m. rofu 366 VII a 3, fem. rofa ib. 6 poyoC, 37 A y. q. v. Romai, loc. sg., Old L. 304 Romana (porta), Sab. 309 A q.v. ropio, Osc.-L. 205 C 8 q.v. rubina-, Umb. subst. denoting one of the halting-places in the lustration of Iguvium: acc. sg. with postp. rubi- nam-e, 366 YII a 43, 44, =rupinam-e, 357 I b 35, 36 ; loc. sg. rubine 366 VII a 6. If this is connected with 1 'ubus, rubus has no connexion in Italic with L. rubere from ruf- Rufries, nomen, nom. sg. m. Pg. 230, cf. gens Rufria in Index III rufro-, Umb. = L. rubro-; acc. pi. m. rufru 357 I b 24, fem. rufra ib. 27; gen. sg. m. as proper name, Rufrer, 365 VI a 14, whom Biich. would identify with L. Robigus, the god of rust and mildew rupinie e, loc. sg. (with postp.), U. 357 I b 27, —rubine q.v.; possibly to be read -nie, i.e. -ne(i)-e, so that the i would be merely the final diphthong of the locative, remaining syllabic and developing a ‘glide-consonant’ before the postp.; if not, we must suppose two forms of the noun-stem (-nd- and -nid- or -nio-) rusem-e, subst. acc. sg. with postp., U. 366 VII a 8, 9, 23; it denotes a spot to or on which vestisia is put in the neighbourhood of rubina rustix = L. rusticus, nom. sg. masc., used as a cognomen, Pg. 235 S s sixteenth letter of the Osc. a/3, 81 a S, nota praenominis, fortasse Sexti, Pg. 211, cf. Osc. 6 s = seruos, Praen.-L. 282 s, nota incerta, Osc. 59 bis Sa, nota praen., N. Osc. and Mars.: Pg. 207, 211, 212; Mruc. 244; Mars.-L. 261, 266, 268. Perhaps the equiv. of L. Saluius, but cf. the common Pg. fem. praen. Saluta saahtfim, v. sahto- Sabdia, nomen, nom. fem. sg., Pg. 228, cf. gens Sabidia in Index III Sabini 310 A q.v. Sabinis, nomen, nom. sg. m., O. 78, cf. gens Sabinia, Index III sak, O. 169 v. sakaraklo- sakahiter, sacratur (or sacretur?), 3 sg. pres. ind. (or subj.?) pass., O. 175 a 19; cf. p. 493 sacaracirix, sacratrix, antistita uel sim., subst. nom. sg. fem., Pg. 216 sakaraklum, sacellum, templum, Osc. subst. neut. sg. nom. 95 a 11, 17, acc. 171, probably 162, 169, perhaps sak- rak 118 a; gen. sa karakleis 95 a 20; abl. -kind ib. 13 craKopo, v. sacro- sakra, Umb. v. sacro- sakra- = L. sacrare, consecrare, feriis celebrare: Osc. pres. ind. pass. 3 sg. (or pi.?) sakarater 175 a 21; perf. subj. impers. sakrafir with acc. (v. p. 516 f.) 113, 114; pres. subj. pass. 3 sg. sakraitir 117 b 5 (cf. p. 494); gerundive nom. pi. fem. sakrannas 113, abbrev. sakrann 114 sakrak.. v. sakaraklum sakrasias, sacrificio (non cena) cele- brandae, adj. nom. pi. fem., 0. 116, cf. p. 102 sacri- = L. sacri-, sacer, sacrificandus, Osc.-Umb. adj., and in neut. as subst.: Osc. acc. sg. m. or f. sakrim 130 a ll, 117 a 6 ; abl. as subst. sakrid 104, 114, 118 b, and no doubt 125; abl. pi. sakriiss 113. Latinian sacri doubt¬ ful xxvi b p. 295. Umb. neut. subst. acc. sakre hostia 358 II a 5 ; sakre acc. or dat. 361 III 8, 9, 12, 22, 30, sacre nom. sg. 355; sakre acc. in 358 II a 6, 359 II a 21, may be adj. or subst.; acc. pi. neut. sakreu 362 V a 6, fem. sakref 356 I a 18, 19, abl. sacris 366 VI b 52, 56 sacro- = L. sacer, Osc.-Umb. adj. Osc. nom. sg. f. (or neut.?) aaKopo 1. Fal. nom. sg. n. sacru[m] 321. Umb. nom. sg. abbrev. sacr 354 bis, acc. pi. fem. sakr a 357 I b 29, 37, = sacra 365 VI b 18, 366 VII a 40, 45 sakruvit, consecrat uel sim., 3 sg. pres. ind. act., 0. 102 (i); 3 sg. fut. ind. act. sakrvist 101, cf. pp. 505 f.; the future form seems to show that the verb belongs to the -i- stems Sadiriis, nomen, nom. sg. m., O. 53 = Sadries Pg. 219, cf. gens Satria, Sadria in Index III Safinim, ad Samnites pertinens, Osc. ethnic adj. probably acc. sg. 169 (where for this reason I doubt Pauli’s restoration), 200, cf. p. 144 sahiis, nomen, fortasse initio mutilum, nom. sg. m. 137 d 7 sahto-, Osc.-Umb. adj. = L. sanctus ; 654 INDEX V. Osc. nom. sg. n. saahtum 175 a 17, b 19, cf. saa 41: Umb. in fem. as subst. denoting a place in the lustral peregrination, acc. sg. sahta 357 I b 35, with postp. s at am -e ib. 38, saha- tavi 366 VII a 39, 44, 45, sahata ib. 5, 39; loc. sate 357 I b 31, sahate 366 YII a 41 Saidiieis, nomen, gen. sg. m., 0. 102 (i) saipinaz, Osc. appellative adj.^L. Sae- pinas, nom. sg. m. 137 / 7, from Saepinum 187 A, cf. the foil. 2a nr ivs, Osc. appellative adj. nom. sg. m. 7; perhaps connected with Saepi¬ num 187 A sai[pi]sume, saepissime, Fal.-L. 335 b salauatur = L. saluator, nom. sg. masc., apparently a proper name, Pg.-L. n. xxvi p. 249 Salaviis^L. Saluius, nomen, nom. sg. m., 0. 135 a, cf. Index III Salavs ( = L. saluos), Osc. cogn. nom. sg. m. 90, = 2aXa/s 13 Salier, Umb. subst. gen. sg. m., 365 VI a 14, cf. p. 408; Biich. counts the word as the name of a deity to be compared with the gen. sg. Salisubsali Catull. 17. 6 ; the Eoman Salii them¬ selves were priests, not deities salu = L. salem, acc. sg. masc., U. 359 II a 18 Salu[e]na, used as nomen, nom. sg. m., Fal.-L. 335 a ; -na is an Etruscan ending, cf. Porsena, Gaecina etc. Saluiedi, nomen, nom. sg. m., Mars. 265; cf. gentes Saluidia, Saluidiena etc. Index III saluo- = L. saluos, Umb. adj., only as secondary predicate with the obj. of seritu ‘saluom, -uam etc. seruato’: acc. sg. m. and n. saluom 365 VI a 51, b 33, 41, 366 VII a 15, 29, 30 = salu- uom 365 VI a 41, saluo ib. 31, 32, 41, 51, b 12 bis, 33, 366 VII a 16 ; fem. salaam. 365 VI a 51=salua ib. 31, 41, 366 VII a 15, 29. salua in 365 VI a 32, 52, b 13, 34, 366 VII a 17, 31=saluua 365 VI a 42, which Biich. regards as neut. pi., I prefer to count fem., agree¬ ing with the immediately preceding word frif salut-=L. solas, gen. sg. salutus, Praen. 286, dat. salute, Umb.-L. xliii 11, p. 434 Saluta, Pg. feminine name, nom. sg. 206, 217, 222, 227 samentum, Hern. 277 A q.v. samip .. uox composita mutila, 0 . 169; Pauli ingen iou sly identifi es s a m i - with L. semi-; if so, cf. se-men : sd- tus etc. Sancus, Sab. 309 A q.v. sane, Praen.-L. n. xxxiii p. 322 sanes, Umb. adj. abl. pi. fem., epithet of vempesuntres, or, if that be an adj., of karnus, 361 IV 8; Biich. renders ‘sanls,’ i.e. ‘integris, nulla religione contactis ’ Sanqualis (porta, auis), Sab. 309 A q.v. Sansio-, Umb. subst. masc., name of a deity: voc. Sansie 365 VI b 9, 10, 12 bis, 14, 15 = Sase 360 II b 24; acc. Sansi 365 VI b 5 bis, Sansi ib. 6; dat. Sansie 365 VI b 3, Sansii 366 VII a 37, Sansi 365 VI b 5, Sasi 356 I a 15, 360 II b 10, 17, Sage 358 II a 4 Santia = Eavdlas, nom. sg. m., Gr.-Osc. n. xiii p. 138 ; the omission of -s can be paralleled in Osc. inscc. of Cam¬ pania, cf. 89, 106, 107 Sardinia, abl. sg. fem., Fal.-L. 335 a sarnnu, si uera lect., Osc. name of a gate in Pompeii (now called Porta Herculanensis) acc. sg., probably masc., O. 60, 61 sarsite, adv. from p. ptc. pass., U. 365 VI b 11; Biich. renders with great probability ‘ *sarcite, sarte ,’ i.e. uni¬ versal, supposing -s- written for -§- as often, and comparing the Lat. augural phrase sane sarteque audire et uidere sat, Old-L. xxxv, p. 329, possibly an abbrev. for Saturnus Satanes, U. 360 II b 4, = Satane ib., dat. pi. m. name of a tribe, gens or family sato, perhaps abbrev., Pg. 206 sauitu, 2 sg. impv. act., U. 366 VI b 60, VII a 49; combined with sonitu in the curse; Biich. compares Or. ael>og.ai, (jovaOai, but the Gr. initial fj., O. 22, probably a subst. acc. sg., commonly compared with Gr. cropov, but the a- of the latter is difficult (unless vbpov (for *