'1 Si- THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L161 — O-1096 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/lawsordinancesreOOphil DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY Bureau of Building Inspection ROOMS 313-3l9a, CITY HALL PHILADELPHIA EDWIN CLARK, Chief LAWS AND ORDINANCES RELATING TO THE BUREAU PHILADELPHIA : DUNLAP PRINTING CO., 1332-38 CHERRY ST. 1907. ACTS OF ASSEMBLY No. 123. AN ACT Entitled an act to create a Bureau of Building- Inspection, and to regulate the construction, maintenance and inspection of building's and party walls in cities of the first class. Section 1. Be it enacted, etc., That there Bureau of shall be in the cities of the first class a^J^J^^^^J^^S J^n- Bureau of Buildiug Inspection attached totablished. the Department of Public Safety, and under the supervision and control of the Director of Public Safety. Section 2. The chief officer of said Bu-Qualifica- reau shall be called the Chief of the Bu-^^o^^^^f^^hief reau of Building Inspection, and shall be eith^ a practical builder, civil engineer, nE>ricklayer or carpenter; the other officers Additional of the said Bureau shall consist of such oncers of number of inspectors, clerks and messen-^^Q®g^g^^j^^p_ gers as the City Councils may, from time point, to time, by ordinance determine. All of said officers shall be appointed by the Di- rector of Public Safety. All of the inspec-Qualifi- tors shall be either practical builders, civil cations of in- engineers, carpenters or bricklayers, but^P®^^^^^- shall not all be of the same occupation. None of the aforesaid officers shall be em-Shall not be ployed or engaged in any other business other or be interested in any contract for build- ing or furnishing materials to be used for building in the said cities. The City Coun- Sal.-u ie- cils shall, from time to time, fix their salaries. Every such inspector, before he Inspectors to enters upon the duties of his office, shall^jake oath or be required to make and subscribe, before 289215 2 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Form of oatk. some person authorized by law to admin- ister the same, the following- oath or af- firmation: "I do solemnly and sincerely swear, or affirm (as the case may be), that I am duly qualified by law to act as an in- spector of building-s, and that I will faith- fully, impartially and truly execute and perform the duties of an inspector of building-s, and see that the building's in- spected by me are built as required by the laws of this Commonwealth, accordin,g' to the best of my judgTuent and abilities." Which said oath or affirmation shall be re- duced to writing- and filed in the office of the Prothonotary of the Court of Common Pleas, and shall be entered on the record in said office; every such person shall, moreover, before entering- on the duties of his office, execute a bond to the Com- monwealth, in the sum of five thousand dollars, with one or more sureties to be approved by the said court, or by two of the judges thereof in vacation, conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties imposed upon him by law, which bond shall be for the use of the said cities and of any and all persons who may be ag- grieved by the acts or neglect of such in- spector; and the bond hereinbefore pro- vided for, conditioned for the faithful per- formance of his duties, shall be cancelled and marked satisfied of record by the City Solicitor upon the request of the Director of Public Safety; who shall first certify that the accounts of such inspector are correct, and that there is no default, and no claim has come to his knowledge from or on behalf of any person or persons al- leged to have been aggrieved by the acts or neglect of such inspector. Chief of Bu- Section 3. The Chief of the Bureau of reau to have Building Inspection shall, under the direc- Sfd ^nTrTl! of the Director of Public Safety, have the management and control of all matters To be reduced to writing filed and re- corded. Inspectors to execute bond in sum of $5000 for faithful per- formance of duties. When to be cancelled and how. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 3 pertaining to the Bureau of Building In- spection. In case of the temporary ab- When ^deputy sence or disability of the Chief of the I^^^" ^ o^ers^ o7 reau, the Director of Public Safety ii^ay^^Ygf^^ ° appoint one of the inspectors as his deputy, and such deputy shall, during such absence or disabilit^^, exercise all the powers of the Chief of the Bureau. Section 4. The inspectors . of buildings Examlna- shall, under the direction of the Chief of tions of build- the Bureau of Building Inspection examine *°ss. all buildings in the course of erection as often as practicable, and shall make written Written re- reports to the said Chief of the Bureau of Po^ts of vlslt- Building Inspection of all violations of this chief! act, together with the street and number where such violations are found, the name of the owner, agent or contractor, and other matters relative thereto. The in- spectors of buildings shall, under the di- rection of the Chief of the Bureau of Build- Examina- ing Inspection, examine all buildings ^^i^'a ^nd^dan- ag'ed by fire or accident; a record shall gfrj^^g build-' be made of all walls or buildings found un-ings. safe or dangerous, with the name of the owner or agent, and the street and num- Record, ber where such dangerous walls or build- ings exist. Section 5. It shall be unlawful to pro- Permits for ceed with the erection, enlargement, altera- erection, al- tion, repair or removal of any building oi*^^st!°be* part thereof, or any platform or staging ^^^^^j e o - to be used for standing or seating pur- poses, or of any structure within the mean- ing of any of the provisions of this act, unless a permit shall first be obtained from the Bureau of Building Inspection; ap- Application plication for permits shall be made in writ-'or permits, ing by the owner or his agent, and shall be made upon forms or blanks to be issued How ;to be for that purpose; the said application shall remain on file with the Bureau of Building to be filed. Inspection. The Chief of the Bureau may 4 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Plans and specifications. Affidavit. Plans and specifications approved by Bureau. Notice to per- sons affected by proposed work. Plans and de tailed state- ments. Buildings, ; etc., must con- form to appli- cation, plans, etc. Duplicate set of approved plans and specifications. Chief or In- spectors may order changes. Notice to be given. require, in addition to the application for a permit, such plans and specifications as shall sufficiently set forth the extent and character of the work in all its structural parts, tog'ether with an affidavit of the truth of the facts set forth in the applica- tion, and no permit shall be given until the application, together with the plans and specifications accompanying and il- lustrating the same, have been approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection; but no such plans and specifications shall be approved unless they conform to the pro- visions of this act. The Chief may require any applicant for a permit to give notice of the application to any persons whose interests may be alfected by the proposed work. Nothing in this section shall be con- strued to prevent the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection from granting a per- mit for the erection of a building or other structure where plans and detailed state- ments have been presented for the same before the entire plans and specifications have been submitted. Section 6. It shall be unlawful to erect any building or other structure, for which permit has been granted, except it be in conformity with the application and the plans and specifications on file and ap- proved by the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion. A duplicate set of the approved plans and specifications must be kept at the building or other structure during its erec- tion or alteration and be accessible at all fuies to the inspector. The Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection, or any in- spector of said Bureau under the direction of the Chief, shall have authority to order any change from the application or plans and specifications on file in the office of the Bureau. Should it be found, upon in- spection, that there are conditions which make such change necessary, notice of such AND BUILD fNG INSPECTORS. 5 change shall be gfiven in writing- to the owner or his agent, or to the contractor in charge of the work: Provided, That no Proviso, such change shall be made except it con- form to the provisions of this act. Section 7. Permits shall be granted or Permits shall refused within fifteen days after the ap-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^r plication and the submission of the plans ^^f^teen^ and specifications. Every permit shall belays, considered cancelled if active work is not commenced within the period of six months Cancellation, from the date of its issue. Ordinary repairs to buildings may be made without notice Ordinary re- to the Bureau of Building Inspection, butPairs may be such repairs shall not be construed to notice^" elude the cutting away of any stone or brick wall, or any portion thereof, the re- moval or cutting of any beam or support; or the removal, change or closing of any stairway. Section 8. Any applicant for a permit Appeals from from the Bureau of Building Inspection B^reLT or^or- required by the act, whose application ha^ ^er of inspec- been refused or anj person who has beer tor. ordered by the inspector to incur any ex- pense, may appeal by giving notice in writ- ing of such appeal. If the appeal shall be if from an or- from an order refusing a permit, it shall ^^^^ refusing be taken within fifteen days from the re- fusal of such permit and not thereafter. If the appeal is from an order to take down If from an or- and remove a dangerous building* or struc-^^^ remove t 1-, 11 . . 1 n dangerous ture, or a dangerous wall or walls, it shall ^^jf^jj^g be taken within three days from the is- walls, suing of such order and not thereafter. In computing the time within which ar Computation appeal may be taken, if the last day shar^^ fall on Sunday or on a legal holiday, the ''PP^^^'''^' appeal shall be taken on the preceding day. Notice of appeal may be given b^ Notice of ap- leaving the same at the offtce of the Bii- P?^^' reau of Building Inspection, either witl^^^^^' the inspector or with the Chief of the Bu- reau or with the clerk. 6 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Appeal after permit has been issued. Board of Appeal. Appeal from decision of Board. Examining Commission to be appoint- ed to consider appeal. Decision shall be final. Compensa- tion. When decision of Inspector shall be final When decision of Board of Appeal shall be final. Section 9. Any person, the value of whose property may be affected by work done or to be done under any permit granted by the Bureau of Building* Inspection, may, within three days after the commencement of the work, appeal by giving* notice in writing that he does so appeal. All cases in which appeals have been taken as above provided shall be referred to the entire corps of building inspectors as a Board of Appeal. The said Board of Appeal shall, after hearing, direct the inspector to issue his permit under such conditions, if any, as they may require, or to withhold the same, or make such other and further order in the premises as to the board shall seem proper; Provided, That should any party aggrieved object to the decision of the Board of Appeal, he, she or they may further appeal in writing to the Director of the Department of Public Safety within three days of the decision of the Board of Appeal, specifying in such appeal the reasons and ground therefor, and accom- panying- the same by the sum of thirty (30) dollars. The Director of the Department of Public Safety shall thereupon appoint an examining commission^ to consist of three disinterested experts, who shall be either master builders, engineers, or archi- tects, who shall, within such time as the director shall specify, carefully consider the said appeal and make decision thereon. The decision of any two shall be the de- cision of the commission. They shall be paid for their services ten (10) dollars each. Section 10. The decision of a building in- spector, unappealed from, shall be final and conclusive in any subsequent proceed- ing on the matter in question in court or otherwise. The decision of the Board of Building Inspectors as a Board of Appeal, in case such decision is not appealed from as above provided, shall be final and con- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 7 elusive ill any subsequent proceeding- in court or otherwise. The decision of the When decieion examining- commission, in case of appeal^^ examining , 1, • • 1, n 1 r> 1 1 commission to such commission, shall be final and con-gj^^jj nnsLl. elusive when certified to the building- in- spectors: Provided, however, That no com- mission, named in accordance with this act, shall have any power or authority to set aside or nullify or alter any of the Commission provisions herein, or order or require anyj^f^^^^^ ^.^}^' permit to be issued for a buildings to be^j act?^^^^^^^^ constructed otherwise than is herein re- quired. Section 11. All building-s hereafter Buildings to erected or altered in said cities, ^^^®P^ busUble^ ma^" such as are hereinafter provided for, shall ^gpi^j have all outside or division walls con- structed of stone, brick, iron or other hard^ non-combustible material, properly bonded Material and and solidly put together; all the said walls^^'^^*^^^^^^^- shall be built to a line and carried up plumb and straight, and the several com- ponent parts of such buildings shall be constructed in such manner as herein pro- vided. Provided, That Councils may, by a Frame build- general ordinance, permit and regulate the*^^^. rural construction of frame buildings in the^P^^^'g^^^^ rural portions of said cities, within such limits as may be designated in said ordi- nance. Section 12. The foundation walls of allFoundation building-s, excepting- those that are erected on wharves or wharf piers on a water front, shall be laid not less than three feet below the exposed surface of the earth on the solid g-round or level surface of rock. Where solid earth or rock is not obtainable, the said walls may be supported by a foundation of wooden piles or caissons, Piles or cais- filled with concrete or such other founda-**'^®* tion as the Bureau of Building- Inspection shall direct. Piles intended for a wall, pier or post to rest upon shall not be less than 8 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Concrete. Piles to be hard wood. Load limits of other founda- tion. Dimensions five (5) inches in diameter at the smaller of piiL!"^'"^^ end, and shall be spaced not more than thirty (30) inches on centres, or nearer if required by the Bureau of Building- In- spection, and they shall be driven to a Weight not to solid bearing*. No pile shall be weig^hted exceed 40,000 •xi, i j -i' t> i ji pounds with a load exceeding- forty thousand (40,000) pounds. The tops of all piles shall be cut oif below the lowest water line where required; concrete shall be rammed down in the interstices between the heads of the piles to the depth and thickness of at least twelve (12) inches, and for one foot in width outside of the piles. Where ranging- and capping timbers are laid on piles for foundations, they shall be of hard wood, not less than six (6) inches thick, and properly joined, and their tops laid below the lowest water line. Section 13. Foundations of other ma- terials than piles shall be so proportioned that the loads upon the soil shall not ex- ceed the limits for the different lands of soil than herein given, to wit: sand and loose gravel, three and one-half tons per square foot; dry, hard clay, three and one- half tons per square foot; cemented gravel, six tons per square foot; for soils other than those above specified, the loads to be determined by the Bureau of Building Inspection. No foundation shall be laid on any soil containing organic matter. The footing or base course shall be of stone or concrete, or both, or steel beams bedded in concrete, or concrete and stepped-up brickwork; all of the said footr- ing or base courses to be of sufficient thickness, breadth and strength to safely bear the weight to be imposed thereon. If If of concrete, the footing or base course be of concrete, the concrete shall not be less than twelve If of stone. (t2) inches thick; if of stone, the stones shall be laid edge to edge, and shall not be less than two (2) by three (3) feet. Footing or base course, construction of. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 9 and at least eight (8) inches in thickness for walls, and ten (10) inches in thickness for piers or columns. If stepped-up foot- if stepped- ings of brick are used in place of stone ^P^^^^^^^s of above the concrete, the oif sets shall be laifl ^sed. in single courses, and shall not exceed one and one-half inch, starting with the brick- work; covering the entire width of the con- crete. If steel beams or rails are used If steel beams for a footing or base course, they must be ^^^^^^ ^ thoroughly embedded in concrete, the in- gredients of which must be such that after proper ramming the interior of the mass will be free from cavities; the beams or rails must be entirely enveloped in con- crete, and around the exposed external sur- faces of such concrete there must be a Concrete and coating of cement, of standard quality, at cement, least one (1) inch thick; this concrete, and all concrete in contact with metal work, Portland ce- shall be made of Portland cement, and the broken stone used shall not be limestoneNo limestone of any character. to be used. Section 14. All foundation walls and eel- Foundation lar walls shall be built of stone or brick; ^^^j^^' if constructed of stone, they shall be at ' least six (6) inches thicker than the wall" next above them to the depth of twelve (12) feet below said wall, and shall be in- creased six (6) inches in thickness for every additional ten (10) feet in depth be- low the said twelve feet; and if of brick, if of t>rick they shall be at least four (4) inches thicker than the wall next above them to a depth of twelve (12) feet below the said wall, and shall be increased four (4) inches in thickness for every ten (10) feet below Where foun- said twelve feet; if there be cellars or ex- Rations start cavations, foundation walls, except in dwell- ^J^jf^^J®^^^^* ing houses, shall start at least twelve (12) inches below the cellar bottom. Founda- Foundation tion walls for dwellings, private stable stalls of dwel- and carriage houses, and buildings of n etc.^'^' light character, if of stone, shall not 10 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Foundation walls not to be above curb level. Buildings exempt. Stone walls, how to be laid, etc. Headers through walls. Bedded in mortar. Walls for un- derpinning. Wedges. Battered walls. When lime mortar may be used. be less than eighteen (18) inohes thick; all foundations shall be sufficiently strong- to resist lateral pressure. In building-s built to the street g'rade, the foundation shall not be built above the curb level: Pro- vided, That the Bureau of Building- Inspec- tion may exempt building's from this re- quirement when it appears to the Bureau that the buildings are located on a street which is not likely to be used for business purposes, and that the said Bureau may make necessary rules and regulations for such exemption. Section 15. All stone walls shall be laid to a line, plumb and straight, and shall be faced on both sides. Walls twenty-four inches or less in thickness shall have at least one header extending through the walls every three (3) feet in height from the bottom of the wall and in every four (4) feet in length, and if over twenty-four inches in thickness shall have one header for every six (6) superficial feet on both sides of the wall. All headers shall con- sist of good flat stones; each stone shall be thoroughly bedded in mortar under the entire area, in such manner that it will not rock. All interstices between indi- vidual stones must be thoroughly filled with mortar, and^ if the spaces should be large, pjieces of broken stone must be driven into the mortar. Walls used for underpinning shall be composed of large flat stones or hard brick, as the Bureau of Building Inspection may direct, the said walls to be laid up in cement mortar. Where wedges are used, the said wedges shall be of iron or steel. This section shall not be construed to prevent the build- ing of such battered walls as shall be ap- proved by the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion. Section 16. Foundation walls of dwell- ings, stables and carriage houses, and AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 11 buildings of similar light construction, may be laid in lime mortar. The foundation walls of all other buildings shall be laid in cement mortar: Provided, That this sec-Proviso, tion shall not be construed to prohibit the use of cement and lime mortar, when in the judgment of the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection the nature of the construction may permit of its use. Section 17. It shall be unlawful to use Concrete and concrete, or mortar of any kind, the in- f^o^^^'^ ^® gredients of which are not thoroughly ^^P^^^^^ Y mixed, and which are not free from lumps or other unmixed portions of any of the ingredients. Cement mortar shall be "^^^^^^f^QQ^^^ of sand and cement in the proportions of]y[ortar not more than three parts of sand to one part of cement, and shall be used im Proportions mediately after mixing. Cement and and^^ltoe^ mortar shall be made of one part lime, onej^Qpt^r. part cement, and three parts sand to each. Lime mortar shall be made of not more Lime mortar, than four parts of sand to one part of fresh-burnt lime, and shall not be used be- fore being thoroughly slaked. Concrete f oi Concrete, how footings and foundations shall be made of^o ^® made, one part of cement, two parts of sand, and five parts of small, clean, broken stones. Cement used in all the said mortars Portland and concrete shall be Portland, or other equally good quality; the sand shall be Sand, clean and sharp and free from earthy matter. Section 18. The thickness of brick walls Minimum for business, manufacturing and P^^^^^^rick^ walls' buildings, seventy-five to one hundred and ^ J^^y^^ J^^gg twenty-five feet long by twenty-six feet or Manufactur- less, clear span, shall not be less than theing and pub- number of inches in the following table : he buildings. 12 LAWS EELATING TO BUILDINGS STORIES. One-story Two-siory Three-story.. . Four-story Five-story Six-story Seven-story. . Eight-story... Nine-story Ten-story — Eleven-story. Twelve-story. 80 34 80 84 84 13 18 13 1818 18|18 2218 22 22 26 22 Less than 75 buildings of the same character^ less feet long, than seventy-five feet long*; also, hotels, apartment and tenement houses, the thick- ness of the v^alls may be reduced by mak- ing the three upper stories thirteen (13) inches thick, and following from that down to the lowest story in the same sequence Non-bearing as in the above table. Non-bearing- walls walls. . of buildings, hereinbefore in this section specified, may be four (4) inches less in Proviso. thickness: Provided, however. That none are less than thirteen (13) inches thick except as hereinafter specified. If there Clear span o£ is to be a clear span of over twenty-six over 26 feet, feet between walls, the bearing walls shall be four (4) inches more in thickness than is in this section specified, for every thir- teen (13) feet or fraction thereof, the said w^alls are more than twenty-six feet apart; Buildings all buildings over one hundred and twenty- over 125 feet five feet in length or depth, without a cross wall or proper piers or buttresses, shall have ^he side or bearing walls in- creased in thickness four (4) inches more AND BUILDING INSPBCTOBS. 13 than is specified, for every seventy-five (75) feet or fraction thereof that said walls are over one hundred and tw^enty-five feet In length. The amount of materials else- pvhere herein specified may be used in either piers or buttresses, but no curtain Thickness of pvall between such pier or buttress shall ^^^^^^ be less than thirteen (13) inches thick. Walls surrounding stairs, elevator shafts, '^^.^^^ about lire escapes and light wells, if of t>rick,^^^^g{^^^[g^'^" ghall not be less than eight (8) inchesg^c^ thickness thick; but they shall be increased in thick- of. ' riess, with the increase in height, to a sufficient extent to keep the load on the brick work within the maximum load else- ivhere herein specified. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the erection of light wells^ constructed of a Light wells of framework of iron or steely filled in with^^on or steel. g"lass. Section 19. The height of stories for all Height of g^iven thickness of walls must not exceed atones Bleven (11) feet in the clear for basement, eighteen (18) feet in the clear for the first story, fifteen (15) feet in the clear for the second story, fourteen (14) feet in the clear, average height, for any upper story; and if any story exceeds these heights, respectively, the walls of 'such story and all the walls below the same shall be in- creased four (4) inches in thickness, ad- Increase of iitional to the thickness already men- lioned. Buildings Section 20. Stores, warehouses and fac-over 26 feet fcories over twenty-six feet, clear span, shall ^J^^^^^ bave the floors carried on brick partition ^^j.^^.^^ parti- tvalls, or girders supported by columns oftion walls, or ivood or iron, or piers of masonry. Iron girders sup- Dr steel trusses or girders may be used: Ported by Provided, The supporting walls are in-^^^^^^' creased in thickness by the addition of Jj°^g piers or buttresses to a sufficient extent to be used. Veep the load on the brickwork within Proviso. 14 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS No wall to be carried up more than two stories in advance. Walls to be bonded and anchored. Tie anchors. Brick walls, how con- structed. Walls built hollow, how constructed. Hollow bear- ing walls. Brick walls shall be bonded. the maximum load elsewhere herein speci- fied. Section 21. In no case shall any wall or walls of any building- be carried up more than two stories in advance of any other wall without the permission of the Bureau of Building" Inspection. The front, rear, side and party walls should be properly bonded tog-ether, or anchored to each other, every six (6) feet in their heig-ht, by wroug-ht-iron tie anchors not less than one and one-half (1^) inches by three-eig*hths (%) of an inch in size. The said anchors shall be built into the side or party walls not less than sixteen (16) inches, and into the front and rear walls so as to secure the front and rear walls to the side or party walls when not built and bonded to- gether. Section 22. In brick walls, at least every seventh cours^e of brick shall be a head- ing- course, except where walls are faced with face brick, in which case at least every seventh course shall be bonded with Flem- ish headers, or by cutting- the corners of the face brick and putting- diagonal head- ers behind the same, or iron ties. In all buildings where the walls are built hol- low the same amount of brick or stone wall shall be used in their construction as if they were solid, as heretofore set forth, and no hollow bearing walls shall be built unless the two walls forming the same shall be connected by proper ties of the same material as the walls, or stone or iron, placed not over two feet apart. The inside four inches of all walls may be built of hard burnt hollow clay, or porous terra-cotta, blocks properly tied and bonded into the walls, and of the dimen- sions of ordinary brick. Section 23. All walls of brick shall be thoroughly bonded and solidly put to- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 15 rether, and shall be built to a line, plumb, level and straig^ht; all bricks to be laid and bedded with well filled joints. Every course when laid shall have the joints we] I How laid, flushed up; all bed joints not covered are to be struck. The brick walls below the Brick walls curb level of all buildings, other than dwell- l>elow curb ing-s and building's of a similar light con-^®'^®^* Btruction, shall be laid in cement mortar. Piers built for the support of any col- Piers, amn, post or wall shall be laid in cement tnortar: Provided, That this section shall Proviso. Qot be construed to prohibit the use of cement and lime mortar, when in the judg- ment of the Chief of the Bureau of Build- ing Inspection the nature of the construc- tion may permit its use. The brick used Quality of in all buildings of this character shall be^^^°^- good, hard, well burned and well-shaped brick. Section 24. Inspectors of buildings shall, Inspectors to apon the application of any owoier or o'^ii'parS o^r divi- Brs of any buildings or their authorized gjQjj walls, agents, or upon the application of any per- son or persons about to erect any new building or buildings, examine any or all existing party or division walls, and if they are deemed by the Inspector to be defec-If deemed de- tive, out of repair, or insufficient and unfit '©ctive, etc. for the purpose of the old building ex- isting upon the adjoining premises, or of the new buildings about to be erected, such party or division wall or walls shall be repaired or made good or taken down by To be made the parties building-, as the Inspector's de-^ood or taken cision may be. In every case where such wall or walls are defective, out of repair, or insufficient for the purpose of the build- ings there existing upon the adjoining premises and using the same^ the cost or The cost of expense of such repair or removal, together with the expense of the new wall or walls * to be erected in lieu thereof, shall be borne gy ^i^om to a,nd paid by the owner of said buildings be paid. 16 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS upon the adjoining- premises and the party erecting- the new buildings in proportion to the amount of such wall or walls which is or shall be respectively used by their said building-s; and in every case where such wall or walls are defective, out of repair, or insufficient only for the purpose of the new building-s, the cost and expense of such repair or removal, tog*ether with the expense of the new wall or walls to be erected in lieu thereof, shall then be borne and paid exclusively by the parties erect- ing- the new building's, and they shall also Damages to in such case make g-ood all damag'es occa- be made good, sioned thereby to the adjoining- premises. Old party Section 25. Walls heretofore built for or ased "^^^ party walls, whose thickness at the time of their erection was in accordance with the requirements of the then existing* laws, but which are not in accordance wdth the requirements of this act, may be used, if in g-ood condition, for the ordinary use Proviso as to of party walls: Provided, The heig'ht of height. -^^Q same be not increased. In case it is desired to increase the heig-ht of the ex- isting- party or independent walls, which walls are less in thickness than required How height under this act, the same may be done with leased. ^' ^ lining- of brickwork to form a combined thickness with the old walls of not less than four inches more than the thickness required for a new wall, corresponding^ with the total height of the wall when so in- Linings to creased in heig-ht. The said lining- shall be supported on proper foundations and foundations. . , \ - -u^ xi, -r. £ carried up to such heig-ht as the Bureau of Building* Inspection may require. No lining* Thickness of shall be less than nine (9) inches in thick- lS?^et^°^ ness, and all lining- shall be laid up in * * cement mortar, and thoroughly anchored To be to the old brick walls with suitable wrought thoroughly jj-on anchors, placed two feet apart, and anchored. properly fastened or driven into the old walls in rows, alternating vertically and AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 17 horizontally with each other; the old walls being" first cleaned of plaster and other Old walls to coating's where any lining is to be bn11tt»e cleaned. ag*ainst the same. In all cases where there is such increase of walls a new f oundatioii ^ew founda- shall be built, in such manner as to carry ^^^^l jointly both the new and old walls, and the soil under such foundation shall not be loaded beyond the limits elsewhere herein specified. This section shall not be con- strued to prohibit the raising of the party Raising of walls in dwellings an additional story, if party walls upon inspection the walls are found g-ood/^ dwellings.' and the load on the brickwork is within the maximum elsewhere herein specified. Section 26. No recess shall be made in any wall more than one-third of its thick- ness. Recesses for alcoves shall not exceed eig-ht (8) feet* in width, and shall be arched over and not carried up higher than eight- een (18) inches below the floor next above. The aggregate area of recesses in any wall Recesses in shall not exceed one-fourth of the whole area of the face of the wall on any story. Area of nor shall any such recesses be made within a distance of six (6) feet of any other one Distance in the same wall. If there be stone ashlar apart, used for the facing- of any buildings, the said stone ashlar, if three inches thick or stone ashlar, less, shall not be reckoned in the thickness of the wall. All stone used for the facing of any building-, except where built of al- ternate headers and stretchers, shall be stone facing strongly anchored with iron anchors, set to be anchor- in each stone at least one (1) inch. Section 27. The minimum thickness for Minimum all walls of dwellings, private stables and thickness of carriag-e houses, and buildings of a similar ^^^^g^^^^^^®^' light construction, shall be as follows: All ^ ^ ' such biiildings with a width of sixteen (16) Dimensions, feet or less, providing they do not exceed sixty (60) feet in length and thirty-five (35) 2 18 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS No soft brick to be used in exposed wall. The Chief may require increase of thickness. Party walls of stone. Where roof is mansard. Party wall shall be built solidly. Proviso. Dwellings to be not less than 14 feet in width. Proviso, feet in height, shall have w^alls of not less than nine (9) inches. If over sixteen (16) feet and less than eighteen (18) feet in vs^idth, the party vs^alls shall be thirteen (13) inches thick, and the side or gable walls nine (9) inches thick. If eighteen (18) feet and over and less than twenty (20) feet in width, the side or gable walls shall be thirteen (13) inches for two stories. If twenty (20) feet and over in width, all the walls shall be at least thirteen (13) inches thick the entire height. No soft or salmon brick shall be used in the exposed walls of any building described in this sec- tion. All walls shall be squared up thirteen (13) inches thick, with hard brick to the first floor joists. The Chief of the Bureau may increase the thickness of any of the walls herein specified, if in his judg- ment the nature of the construction re- quires it to be done. Party walls if built of stone shall not be less than sixteen (16) inches. The party walls of all buildings shall be built up and extended at least ten (10) inches above the roof_^ and shall be coped with stone or metal or other hard in- combustible material. Where the roof is Mansard, unless the same is constructed of fire-proof material throughout^ the lower slope of said wall shall extend at least six inches distant and parallel with the roof covering, and be corbelled to the outer edge of all projections and coped with in- combustible material. All party walls shall be built solidly from cellar bottom to the top of the fire wall: Provided, That with the approval and under the supervision of the Bureau of Building Inspection open- ings may be made in party walls of con- tiguous buildings. Section 28. No dwelling house shall be erected on a lot of a less average width than fourteen (14) feet: Provided, That this limitation shall not apply to lots of AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 19 less than fourteen feet in width having- building's erected thereon. Provided fur- ther, That a dwelling- house may be erec- ted on a lot of less width than fourteen (14) feet, and a lot of less width than forty-two (42) feet may be sub-divided into lots of equal width, upon which dwelling- houses may be erected, but no such lot shall be decreased in width to a g-reater Lots not to be extent than five per centum of fc)urteen^^^|^^®^^ ^ (14) feet. This provision shall only apply ^^^^^ent.^of when the aforesaid lots are bounded b}^ 14 feet, g-round having- buildings erected thereon at the time of the approval of this act, or when bounded on each side by g-round be- long-ing- to other owners at the time of the approval of this act, and every such dwelling" shall have an open space attached Open yard to it in the rear or at the side equal to|P^^® dwel-^ at least one hundred and forty-four (144) ungs. square feet of clear space, unobstructed by any overhanging* structure. In all dwel- lings hereafter erected the cellars shall Extent of eel- extend underneath the whole house and^^^^^' ventlla- be ventilated from both ends. In low, damp or made ground the bottom of all cellars shall be covered with concrete or asphalt at least three (3) inches thick, or such ma- terial as shall be approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection. Section 29. In buildings hereafter erec-How chim- ted, altered or repaired, all chimneys shall ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^® be built of brick, stone or other incombus- tible material. Brick chimneys shall have walls at least nine (9) inches thick, unless Walls and terra-cotta flue linings are used, in which case four and one-half (4^) inches of brick- work may be omitted. All chimneys or smoke flues shall have a wall nine (9) inches thick at the back, and when corbelled out shall be supported by at least five courses of brick, and, if supported by piers, the same shall start from the foundation on the same face with the breast above. 20 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS To be bonded. Inside of brick flues. How chim- neys and flues shall be built. How hearths shall be con- structed. Width of jambs. Lengths of arches. All chimneys shall be bonded to the walls at every course from the bottom to the top. The inside of all brick flues shall be built of hard brick and have struck joints, ex- cept vs^hen lined w^ith terra-cotta. All chimneys shall be topped out at least four (4) feet from above the top of the roof at point of contact, if a flat roof, and at least two (2) feet above the ridg-e of a pitched roof. No chimney shall be less than eight (8) by eig'ht (8) inches when used as a smoke flue. No chimney in any building already erected or hereafter to be built shall be cut oif below, in whole or in part, and supported by wood, but shall be wholly supported by stone, brick or iron, and all chimneys in any building already erected or hereafter to be erected, which shall be dangerous in any manner whatever^ shall be repaired and made safe or taken down. No wood furring shall be used against or around any chimney, but the plastering shall be directly on the masonry or on the metal lathing. Flues of ranges and boil- ers, and other similar flues shall have the outside exposed to the height of the ceil- ing, or be plastered to the bricks. Section 30. All hearths shall be suppor- ted by trimmer arches of brick, stone, iron or concrete, or be of single stone at least six (6) inches thick, built into the chim- ney and supported by iron beams, one end of which shall be securely built into the masonry of the chimney or an adjoining wall, or which shall otifierwise rest upon incombustible support. The brick jambs of every flre-place or grate opening shall be at least nine (9) inches wide each, and the backs of such openings shall be at least nine (9) inches thick. All hearths and trimmer arches shall be at least twelve (12) inches longer on either side than the width of such openings, and at least eigh- teen (18) inches wide in front of the chim- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 21 ney breast. Brickwork over fire-places and Support of grate openings shall be supported by ^^^^^ ^yer^'flre? bars, or brick or stone arches. All brick- places, etc. set or portable ranges shall be set on hearths of brick, slate or cement, the said hearths to extend at least twelve (12) inches beyond the face of the range. No brick-set or portable range, or heating ap- setting of paratus of any kind, shall be set against a ^^^s®^ wood or lath and plaster partition. Section 31. No stove-pipe in any building How stove ^ with combustible floors and ceilings shall P^P®^ hereafter enter any flue nearer than twelve ®^ ®^ (12) inches from the floor or ceiling, and in all cases when smoke-pipes pass through the stud or wooden partitions, floor or roof, whether plastered or not, they shall be guarded by either a double collar of metal, with at least two (2) in- ches of air space all around and holes for circulation of air, or by a soapstone ring or solid casting of plaster of paris, not less than three (3) inches in thickness, and extending through the partition, or by an earthenware ring one (1) inch from the pipe at every joint. Section 32. In all cases where hot water, Smokepipe of steam, hot air or other furnaces are "^^^^^^ twcT^feet^be-^ the furnace smokepipe shall be at least joists, two (2) feet below the joists or ceiling above the same, unless said joists or ceil- Exceptions, ing shall be properly protected by a shield of metal plate suspended above the said pipe with at least three (3) inches of space for the free circulation of air above and below the said shield, in which case the smokepipes shall be kept at least ten (10) inches from the aforesaid joists or ceiling; and the tops of all furnaces set in brick Tops of fur- must be covered with brick, slate or metal, naces to be supported by iron bars, and so constructed as to be perfectly tight; said covering to be in addition to and at least six (6) 22 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS inches from the ordinary covering to the hot air chamber. The tops of all heating- furnaces not set in brick shall be at least ten (10) inches below the joists or ceiling w ith a shield of metal plate made tight and suspended below the said joists or ceiling at least three (3) inches, and extending one (1) foot beyond the furnace on all Placing of sides. No boiler to be used for steam or boilers. motive power, and no furnace shall be placed on any floor above the cellar floor unless the same is set on non-combustible beams and arches, or an incombustible plat- form, and in no case without a permit from the Bureau of Building Inspection. How hot air Section 33. All hot air registers set in the b?*set^^ ^^^^^ floor of any building shall be set in a bor- der of soapstone or other flre-proof mate- rial, and all floor or register boxes to be made of sheet metal with flange on top to flt the groove in the border, the register to rest upon the same, and there shall also be an open space of two (2) inches on all sides of the register box, extending from the under side of the ceiling to the border of the floor, the outside of the s])ace to be covered with a casing of metal, made tight on all sides^ and to extend from the under side of the aforesaid ceiling up to and turn under the said border. No All flues shall tin or metal flue or flues, pipe or pipes, be protected, or register box or boxes of a single thick- ness of metal, used and intended to convey heated air in any building hereafter to be built, altered or repaired, shall be allowed, unless the same be built in a wall of brick or stone. In all other cases, the said flue or flues, pipe or pipes, register box or To be made boxes, shall be made double; that is, two thoroughly pipes, one inside the other, at least one- flre-proof. -^^^^ ^^^-^ apart, or covered with wire lathing, and the studding covered with tin or other fire-proof material, so as to be Proviso. thoroughly fire-proof: Provided, That it AND BUILDING INSPECTOHS. 23 shall not apply to pipes leading from a heater to the* hot air flue. No wood fur- Wood furring ring- or lath shall be placed ag^ainst any ^^^^^ f^^* ^® flue, metal pipe or pipes, used to convey ^gg^^gl- flues, heated air or steam in any building*. No etc. permanent or stationary heating- appara- tus of any kind whatever shall be intro- duced in any building- now erected without a permit from the Bureau of Building- In- spection. Section 34. In no building- shall any Placing of ^ wooden girders, joists or timbers be placed ^^^^^^ sir- nearer than four (4) inches of the outside ® °' of any smoke, hot air or other flue; and all joists or other timbers in the part}' Joists in par- walls of any buildings hereafter erected ty walls shall whether built of stone, brick or iron, shall ^^^j^^^Pj^.^^^ be separated from the joists or timbersthe other side, entering into the opposite side of the wall by at least four (4) inches of solid mason work. Every trimmer over four feet long^How trim- except in a dwelling, shall be hung inp^ers shall be wrought or malleable iron stirrups of suit- ^^^* able dimensions, and no timber shall be used in any wall of any building where stone, brick or iron is commonly used, ex- cept iDond timbers and lintels as hereinbe- fore provided for, or as may be approved by the Inspector, and no exposed bond timberExposed bond in any wall shall in width and thickness, ex- 1^"^^®^*^- ceed that of a cour&e of brick. Where stud partitions are parallel with the joists, the Where stud joists supporting them are to be doubled P^^^it^^^^ ^'l® in all cases. No wooden floor joists or ® ® " roof rafters used in any building other Joists, thi' than a frame building shall be ofn©ss of to be less thickness than three (3) inches. Each tier of joists shall be anchored to the bearing walls, at intervals of not more than ten (10) feet, with good, strong, wrought iron anchors. Where the joists are sup- ported by girders, the girders shall be an- chored to the walls, all the said joists or girders shall be so anchored that in fall- 24 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS ing- they will free their own anehorag^e without injury to the wall. The ends of joists resting upon girders, if butted to- gether end to end, shall be strapped with wrought iron straps at the same joist that is anchored to the wall, or they may lap each other and be thoroughly spiked or bolted together. Where joists are hung in iron stirrups from the girders they must Floor Joists, be strapped as before described. Floor joists shall be placed not more than six- teen (16) inches from centre to centre, and must be properly bridged. All joists that are used must be sound and well seasoned. No floor joists shall be blocked up or lev- elled on more than one dry course of brick. Planking, etc., Section 35. The planking and sheathing of roof shall of the roof of every building hereafter to not extend erected or altered shall in no case be ac^ross p extended across the party wall thereof, and every such building and the tops and sides of every dormer window thereon shall be covered with slate, zinc, tin, iron, copper, or such other equally good fire-proof ma- terial as the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion may authorize; and the outside of How dormer every dormer window hereafter placed on windows shall any building as aforesaid, shall be made of be covered. gome fire-proof material, and wooden build- ings which require roofing, shall not be roofed with any other- covering except as Proviso. aforesaid: Provided, That this shall not apply to roofs and dormers in rural and suburban districts. Nothing in this sec- tion shall be construed to prohibit the re- Repairing of pairing of a shingle roof, provided the re- shingle roofs, pairs do not amount to over one-half of the value of said roof, in which case the whole must be replaced by some fire-proof Materials and material. All buildings shall be kept pro- construction vided with proper metallic leaders for con- of water ducting water from the roof to the ground o.onductors. ^j, g^^er^ such manner as shall protect the walls and foundations from damage. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 25 Section 36. All building's of three or more Scuttle stories hereafter to be built with two ^^'^^^^^^nd^^" more stories back building's, shall have^Q^j.^ scuttle frames and covers or bulkheads and door, and be covered with some fire- proof material. All scuttles shall have sta- tionary ladders leading to the same, and Stationary all such scuttles and ladders shall be kept^^^J^^es ^"""^ so as to be ready for use at all times. All scuttles shall be in size of opening* at least eighteen (18) inches by thirty (30) inches, and if a bulkhead is used inBulkheads to any building- in place of a scuttle it shall ^^"^^ stairs, have stairs, with a sufficient guard or hand- rail, leading- to the roof; and in case the Doors to same building be a tenement house, the doors or covers to the scuttle or bulldieads shall JJJJjj^g^ ^ at no time be locked^ but may be bolted or secured by hooks on the inside. Section 37. All exterior cornices and Exterior car- gntters hereafter erected shall be of some?*^®^ ^'^^ ^Y*: ^ „ X • 1 T • ters, material nre-proof material, and m every case, ex-g^n^ construc- cept when carried on a frame work oftion of. iron or steel, the g-reatest weight of the material of which the cornice -shall be con- structed shall be on the inside of the outer line of the wall, allowance being made for the leverage produced by the projection of the cornice beyond the face of the wall: and in all cases the walls shall be carried up to the under side of the roof planking and where the cornice projects above the roof, the wall shall be carried up to the top of the cornice. All exterior wooden Unsafe wood- cornices that maj be or shall hereafter ®n cornices, become unsafe shall be taken down, and if replaced, shall be constructed of some fire- proof material. All exterior wood cor- Damaged by nices or gutters that may hereafter be dam- Are or water, aged by fire or by decay to the extent of one-half the value thereof, shall be taken down, and if replaced shall be constructed of some fire-proof material, but if not dam- ag-ed to this extent, may be repaired with 26 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Cornices of adjoining buildings to be separated. Wooden cornices. All public buildings shall have stairways as determined by the Chief. Stores. Manufac- tories. Tower stair- ways, fire- proof. Openings for doors and windows. Arches and lintels. the same kind of material of which origi- nally constructed. The cornice on every building" shall be separated from the cor- nice on an adjoining building by having the party v^all corbelled out at least two (2) inches beyond all projections, or by such other fire stop as shall be approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection. This section shall not be construed to prohibit the use of a wooden cornice upon buildings which have shingle roofs, as hereafter in this act provided. Section 38. All buildings hereafter erec- ted or altered to be used as a school-house, hospital, asylum, hotel, apartment or tene- ment house, office building, store, manufac- tory, or workshop, or place of assembly or resort, shall have such number of good and sufficient stairways, or other means of egress, as shall be determined by the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection. Stores in which any of the stories above the second have a clear floor space of four thousand (4000) square feet, and manufac- tories three or more stories in height, of the floor area per story, of three thousand (3,000) square feet shall have a tower stairway, completely inclosed, on the inte- rior of the building, with brick walls of such other fire-proof materials as shall be accepted by the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion. Should the floor area of any story above the second, in said stores or man- ufactories, exceed ten thousand (10,000) square feet, the Bureau of Building In- spection may require one or more ad- ditional tower stairways. Section 39. Openings for doors and win- dows in all buildings, except as otherwise provided, shall have good and sufficient arches of stone, brick or terra-cotta, well built and keyed, with good and sufficient abutments or lintels of stone, as follows: AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 27 For an opening- not more than four (4) feet Dimension of in width, the lintel shall not be less than^^^*®^'* seven and one-half (7^) inches in height and three (3) inches in thickness; for an opening- of not more than six (6) feet in width, the said lintel shall not be less than ten (10) inches in heig-ht and four (4) inches in thickness; for an opening- more than six (6) feet and less than eig'ht (8) feet in width, the said lintel shall not be less than twelve (12) inches in heig-ht and four (4) inches in thickness; all lin- tels eight (8) feet and over in width^ shall be iron or steel beams or girders. No lin- tels shall have a bearing of less than four Bearings of and one-half (4i^) inches on the walls, and^i^^^^^* on the inside of all openings six (6) feet or less in width, in which the lintels shall be less than the thickness of the wall to be supported, there shall be a good and proper size timber lintel, which shall rest at each end not less than four and one- half (4^) inches on the wall, and shall be bevelled on each end, and shall have a double counter or dead arch turned over the same when practicable. Openings over six (6) feet and less than eight (8) feet in width, shall have the inside lintel of iron Lintel of iron or steel; plank front frames of a width of or steel, five (5) feet or less, to be used in dwelling houses, may be exempted from the provi- sions of this section for lintels. All ex- Exterior win- terior window sills shall be of stone or sills sliall other hard, incombustible materail. ^® stone. Section 40. All iron or steel beams or Iron or steel girders used as lintels to span openings J®^^^ s^r~ eight (8) feet or over in width and not op^ning^bl^^ exceeding twelve (12) feet, upon which atween 8 and wall rests, when not supported by iron or 12 feet, steel jamb boxes, shall have a bearing of at least eight (8) inches at each end by the thickness of the wall supported. For -when over 12 openings over twelve (12) feet, the bearing feet, shall be at least twelve (12) inches. When 28 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS When sup- ported at ends by walls or piers. Dimensions of stone block. Bearings to be sufficient to support weight. Width of iron beams. Maximum weights, per superficial foot, floors shall be con- structed to bear. Maximum weight per superficial foot, to be borne by roofs. the lintels or girders are supported at the ends by brick walls or piers, they shall rest upon cut granite or other stone blocks of equal strength, or cast iron plates of equal strength may be used. If the open- ing is twelve feet or less, the stone block shall not be less than eight (8) inches thick, and shall be proportionately increased when the opening is more than twelve (12) feet. All blocks or plates used shall be the full size of the bearings. In all cases the bearing shall be sufficient to support the weight placed upon it with safety. All iron or steel beams or girders used in any building shall be throughout not less in width than the thickness of the wall to be. supported. Section 41. All floors shall be construct- ( d to bear a safe weight, per superficial foot, exclusive of the weight of the ma- terials of which they are composed, as fol- lows: Dwellings, tenement houses, apart- ment houses, hotels, hospitals or asylums, seventy (70) pounds; office buildings, one hundred (100) pounds; places of public as- sembly, light manufacturing and retail stores, one hundred and twenty (120) pounds; storehouses, warehouses and man- ufactories, one hundred and fifty (150) pounds; and upwards in proportion to the loads they have to carry. All roofs shall be constructed to bear a safe weight of thirty (30) pounds per superficial foot. The ultimate stress in pounds per square inch, to be applied in proportioning the materials to be used in building to safely carry the load stated above, shall be as follows: AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 29 Cast iron Wrought iron. Mild steel MediuiQ steel.. CD Ultimate stresses in pounds per square inch. 15,000 , ' 70,000 i 50,000 50,000 80,000 1 58,000 58,000 35,000 I (55,000 65,000 40,000 « a M Hemlock 3,600 Spruce 4,400 Long leaf yellowpine 6,400 4,000 5,000 7,200 Com- pression. 2,100 3,000 4,500 o o 5'3 Shear. o ; 03 250 2,500 250 800 8,000 300 550 4,500 400 Allowable pressure per square foot on Allowable Concrete, fifteen tons. pressure per Brickwork in lime mortar^ eight tons. square foot. Brickwork in lime and cement mortar, twelve tons. Brickwork in cement mortar, fifteen tons. Stonew^ork (rubble) in lime mortar, five tons. Stonework (rubble) in lime and cement mortar, eight tons. Stonework (rubble) in cement mortar, ten tons. 30 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Reduction as per formula of Bureau. Basis of ulti- mate stresses on timber. Allowable deflection. Factors of safety. Temporary supports. Weights that floors win sustain shall be estimated. And posted In a conspicuous place. Strength of materials, how to be as- certained. The above figures in compression shall be reduced for columns, in proportion to length and least diameter, according to formula adopted by the Bureau of Build- ing Inspection. The ultimate stresses as above given for timber, are based on or- dinary, straight grained and well-seasoned lumber. The allowable deflection for beams or girders shall not exceed one- thirtieth of an inch per foot of span where the ceiling is to be plastered, or one twen- ty-fifth of an inch per foot of span, where the ceiling is not to be plastered. The fac- tors of safety shall be as one to four for all beams, girders and other pieces subject to transverse strain, and a.s one to four for all posts, columns and other vertical sup- ports, when of wrought iron or rolled steel, and as one to six for other material subject to a compressive strain; and as one to four for tie rods, tie beams and other pieces subject to a tensile strain. Every temporary support used during the erec- tion or alteration of any building shall be of sufficient strength to carry safely the load to be placed thereon. Section 42. In all stores, warehouses and factories, hereafter to be erected or al- tered, and all warehouses, storehouses, fac- tories, workshops and stores, where heavy materials are kept or stored or machinery introduced, the weight that each floor will safely sustain upon each superflcial foot shall be estimated by an architect or civil engineer. The weight that each floor will safely sustain, together with the date of examination and the name of the architect or civil engineer, shall be posted by the owner in a conspicuous place on each floor. The strength of the materials shall be ascertained by computation, by the rules of standard authors on the strength of ma- terials using the fibre stresses hereinbe- fore specified, and for other materials only AXD BUILDING INSPECTORS, 31 such numbers as have been reduced from actual experiments on materials of like Data and kinds with that proposed to be used. The method of data and method of computation must be g^Sl^e sub- submitted to the Bureau of Building In-mltted to spection for verification^ before posting. Bureau. Section 43. Rolled iron or steel beams Iron or steel and girders used to support floors or walls ^eams or gir- of buildings shall be so proportioned that guppJJ^^ floors the loads which may come upon them shall or walls, not produce strains in tension or compres- sion of more than the allowable stresses hereinbefore specified. Xo material shall be used in any part of the construction of less thickness than one-quarter of an inch, except for filling or lining vacant places. Xo allowance shall be made for the web in calculating the flange section of plate gir- ders. All connections shall be arranged for end connection angles, and all beams, where practicable, must be connected to the girders supporting them with the standard connections, as used by Pencoyd, Standard con- Carnegie, Phoenix, or other standard mills, sections, and published in their hand books. Beams or girders whose length is more than twen- ty-five times their width must be supported Supported lateralh' by bracing, independent of the laterally load coming upon them. Webs of girders, whose unsupported depth is more than six- Webs of gir- ty times their thickness, must have stiff- ^^ers to have eners riveted on both sides of the web at^^^^®^®"* points generally not farther apart than one and one-half times the full depth of the web-plate, the stiffeners to be milled to fit tightly into the flange angles of the gir- der. At the points of local and concen- At points of trated loads and at bearing points, stiff- kjcal and con- eners shall be placed up against the flanges, ^^^^^^^^ and shall be proportioned as posts to transfer the loads at those points. All riv- Riveted work, eted work to be punched accurately with holes one-sixteenth (1/16) inch larger than the rivet, and when the pieces forming one 2 3:3 LAWS RELATING TO Bl ILDINGS No drifting allowed. Rivets to be machine driven. Shearing strain. Field riveting. Pitch of rivets. Connections. Vertical loads, in- cluding bend- ing strain. Vertical Abutting surfaces. Splices. built member are put together the holes must be truly opposite. No drifting to dis- tort the metal will be allowed. All holes for field rivets shall be accurately drilled to an iron tempdet wherever pos(:sible; all rivets shall be machine driven and when so driven must completely fill the holes. All rivets shall be proportioned so that the shearing strain per square inch of sec- tion shall not exceed eleven thousand (11,000) pounds for steely and nine thou- sand (9,000) pounds for iron, and the pres- sure upon the bearing surface of the pro- jected semi-intrados (diameter x thickness) of the rivet shall not exceed twenty-two thousand (22,000) poimds per square inch for steel, and eighteen thousand (1 ,000^ pounds for iron. For field riveting the num- ber thus found shall be increased twenty- five per centum. The pitch of rivets in direction of the strain shall not exceed six (6) inches. All conections in structural iron or steel work, so far as possible, shall be made with soft steel rivets. Tight fit- ting bolts may be used in reamed holes where it is impossible to drive the rivet. Columns of wrought iron or steel, sup- porting walls and floors of buildings, shall be so proportioned that the vertical loads which may come upon them, including the bending strain due to wind pressure, shall not produce strains in tension and compres- sion of more than thirty (30) jDcr centum additional to the allowable stresses herein- before specified. The vertical stresses on col- umns from live load shall not be reduced more than that given by formula adopted by Ihe Bureau of Building Inspection. Abut- ting surfaces to be truly planed to even bearings throughout, and to be spliced s ) as to hold parts in proper position. Splices also to be proportioned for the bending in the columns due to side pressure, so that the strains on the bolts and rivets shall AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 33 not produce strains of more than the allowable stresses hereinbefore mentioned. No column shall be g-reater in length than Length of forty-five times its least width or one hun- dred and forty times its least radius of g-yration. Every column shall rest upon a Base of base plate properly secured to columns, columns, and shall be truly and squarely planed, so as to evenly distribute the load over the footing-s. As far a.s possible, columns shall be so designed as to have all parts of the column accessible after erection, for the purpose of cleaning and painting. In all Wind pres- buildings allowances shall be made for sure, wind pressure which shall not be figured at less than thirty (30) pounds per square foot of elevation, where erected in open spaces or on wharves. In high buildings, erected in built-up districts, the wind pres- sure shall not be figured for less than twen- ty-five (25) pounds at tenth story, two and one-half (2V2) pounds less on each succeed- ing lower story, and two and one-half (2i^) pounds additional on each succeeding up- per story to a maximum of thirty-five (35) pounds at fourteenth story and above. Wind bracing may be provided by making Wind brac- the connection joint between girders and^^S. columns sufficient for the vertical load as well as the bending due to side pres- sure; or brackets may be placed at this joint, proportioned for the side pressure; or diagonal bracing may be placed between columns, proportioned to transfer the shear of the side pressure to the footings. Where buildings are narrow and tall, so that the overturning due to wind is more than the down pressure of the unloaded building, Base of col- the base of column must be anchored umn must be teract this upward strain. Cast iron col- Cast iron umns shall be proportioned so that the ^^^^^^^ loads coming upon them shall not produce 34 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Of tough gray iron. Least thick- ness allow- able. Greatest length. Inspector may require columns to be drilled for inspection. Foundations under col- umns. Beams under columns. Structural iron work to be cleaned and painted. Curtain wall, thicknesR and construction of. strains greater than the allowable stresses hereinbefore mentioned; cast columns to have caps and bases truly square so as to give even bearing-, and shall be bolted to each succeeding column; the lugs, caps and bases to be made of sufficient size to trans- mit the strains coming upon them. They shall be of tough gray iron, free from all cracks, blow-holes, etc., and concentric to outer circumference. In cast iron columns or inlets the least thickness allowable shall be three-fourths (3/4) of an inch, and there shall be no variation in thickness, due to shifting of core, of more than twenty per centum. Cast iron columns shall not be of greater length than twenty times their least diameter. The Inspector may require columns drilled for ins]3ection. All footings under columns shall be propor- tioned for the weight coming upon them, so as not to produce any greater pres- sure upon the earth beneath them^ as here- inbefore mentioned. All foundations under columns shall be concentrically loaded, and where necessary shall have a slip joint connection with other masonry. Where beams are placed under columns to dis- tribute the loads, they shall be propor- tioned as girders carrying uniform load, within the limits of the above mentioned allowable stresses. All structural steel and iron work to be thoroughly cleaned of rust and dirt and covered with two coats of an approved paint mixed in linseed oil; all parts of the structure, as far as possi- ble, to be so designed as to be accessible for painting after erection. No curtain wall in buildings of skeleton construction shall be less than thirteen (13) inches in thick- ness for an average story height of twelve feet, and shall be so proportioned that a wind pressure of thirty pounds per square foot at any panel would not cause the wall to fall. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 35 Section 44. Where the inclosing or division walls of a building are wholly or in part supported on iron or steel beams, girders and columns, such beams, girders and col Beams, gir- umns shall be protected against the exter- ^ers, etc., to nal changes of the atmosphere and against fire-proof- fire by a covering of brick, terra-cotta, ing. fire clay, tile, or other approved fire proof- ing, completely enveloping said structural members of iron or steel. Said fire- proofing around outside columns and beams, if of brick, shall not be less than eight (8) inches; if of hollow tile, shall not be less than six (6) inches thick; and Thickness of there shall be at least two sets of air spaces between the iron and steel members and the outside of the hollow tile cover- ing. In all cases the brick or hollow tile shall be bedded in cement mortar close up How bedded, to the iron or steel members^ and all joints shall be made full and solid. No building shall be deemed a fire-proof building un-What shall be less, in addition to the above required cov-mmodating' three hundred persons shall have at Exits. least two exits. When accommodating five hundred persons, at least three exits shall be provided; these exits not referring to or including the exits to the open court Doorways. at the sides of the theatre. Doorways of exit or entrance for the use of the public shall not be less than five feet in width, and for every additional one hundred per- sons, or portion thereof, to be accommo- dated in excess of five hundred, an aggre- gate of twenty inches additional exit widt'^ Location of. must be allowed. These doorways of exit and of entrance may be in the said front altogether, or in the case of a theatre hav- ing also an exit and entrance directly to and from another street, through a toay or pas- sage covered or otherwise, the width of one AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 49 third of that of the widest part of the audi- torium or assembly hall, some of the said doorivays may he made therein to suc.i extent as said entrance or passage will av- commodate the same. All doors of exit or entrance shall open outwardly, and be hung to swing- in such manner as not to become an obstruction in a passage or corridor, and no such doors shall be closed and locked during any representation or when the building is open to the public. Distinct and separate places of exit and entrance shall be provided for each gallery above the first. A common place of exit and en- trance may serve for the main floor of the auditorium and the first gallery, provided its capacity be equal to the aggregate capacity of the outlets from the main floor and said gallery. No passage lead- Passages lead- ing to any stairway, communicating with to stair- any entrance or exit, shall be less than^*'^'* four feet in width in any part thereof. All stairs within the building shall be con- Stairways, structed of fire-proof material throughout. Stairways serving for the exit of fifty peo- ple must, if straight, be at least four feet wide between railing or between walls, and if curved or winding, five feet wide, and for every additional fifty people to be accom- modated six inches must be added to their width. In no case shall the risers of any Risers and stairs exceed seven and one-half inches in treads, height, nor shall the treads, exclusive of the nosings, be less than ten and one-half inches wide in straight stairs. In circular or winding stairs, the width of the treads at the narrowest end shall not be less than seven inches. Where the Independent seating capicity is for more than one staircases, thousand peole, there shall be at least two independent staircases, with direct exterior outlets provided for each gallery in the auditorium, where there are not more than two galleries, and the same 50 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS shall be located on opposite sides of said gallery. Where there are more than two galleries, one or more additional staircases shall be provided, the outlets from which shall communicate directly with the principal exit or other exterior outlets. All said staircases shall be of width proportioned to the seating capacity, as elsewhere herein described. Where the seating capacity is for one thousand people or less, two direct lines of staircases only shall be required, located on opposite sides of the galleries, and in both cases shall extend from the sidewalk level to the up- per gallery, with outlets for each gallery to each of said staircases. At least two independent staircases, with direct exterior outlets, shall also be provided for the serv- ice of the stage and shall be located on Inside the opposite side of the same. All inside stairways. stairways leading to the upper galleries of the auditorium shall be inclosed on both sides with walls of fire-proof materials. Stairs leading to the first or lower galleries may be left open on one side, in which cas they must be constructed as herein pro- vided for similar stairs leading from the entrance hall to the main floor of the audi- torium; but in no case shall stairs leading to any gallery be left open on both sides. Landings. When straight stairs return directly on themselves, a landing of the full width of both flights, without any steps, shall be provided. Stairs turning at an angle shall have a proper landing, without winders, introduced at said turn. In stairs when two side flights connect with one main ; flight no winders shall be introduced, and the width of the main flight shall he at least equal to the aggregate width of the side flights. Circular or winding stairs shall have proper landings introduced at convenient distances. All inclosed stair- cases shall have on both sides strong hand- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 51 rails firmly secured in the wall, about three inches therefrom, and about three feet above the stairs, but said handrail shall not run on level platforms and landings where the same is more in length than the width of the stairs. All staircases six feet Handrails and over in width shall be jorovided with a centre handrail of hard wood or metal, not less than two inches in diameter, placed at a height of about three feet above the centre of the treads, and supported on wrought iron or brass standards of suffi- cient strength, placed not farther than four feet apart, and securely bolted to the treads or risers of stairs, or both, and at the head of each flight of stairs, on each landing, the post or standaM shall be at least six feet in height, to which the rail shall be secured. Every f team boiler which Steam boiler may be required for heating or other pur- poses, shall be located outside the build- ing, and the space alloted to the same shall be inclosed by walls of masonry on all sides, and the ceiling of such space shall be constructed of fire-proof material. All doorways in said wall shall have iron doors. No floor register for heating shall be per- Floor regis- mitted. No coil or radiator shall be placedters forbidden in any aisle or passageway used as an exit where it forms an obstruction, but all said coils and radiators shall be placed in re- cesses formed in the wall or partition to receive the same. All supply, return or exhaust pipes shall be properly encased and protected where passing through floorsstandpipes. or near woodwork. Standpipes of two and one-half inches in diameter, shall be pro- vided, with hose attachments, on every floor and gallery as follows, namely: One on each side of the auditorium in each tier, also one on each side of the stage in each tier, and at least one in the property room, and one in the carpenter shop, if the same be contiguous to the building. 52 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS All such standpipes shall be kept clear from obstruction. Said standpipes shall be separate and distinct, receiving- their sup- ply of water from the steam pump and shall be fitted with the regulation coup- lings of the fire department, and shall be kept constantly filled with water by means of an automatic steam pump or pumps of sufficient capacity to supply all the lines of hose when operated simultaneously, and the said pump or pumps shall be supplied from the street main^ and be ready for immediate use at all times during a per- Automatic formance in said building. A separate sprinklers. and distinct system of automatic sprink- lers, with fusible plugs, approved by the Bureau of Fire, supplied with water from a tank located on the roof of the stage, and not connected in any manner with the standpipe, shall be placed up and around the proscenium opening and on the ceil- ing- or roof over the stage, at such inter- vals as will protect every square foot of stage surface when said sprinklers are in operation. Automatic sprinklers shall also be placed wherever practicable under the stage and in the carpenter's shop, paint room, store rooms and property rooms. A Hose. proper and sufficient quantity of two and one-half inch hose, fitted with the regu- lation couplings of the fire department, and with nozzles attached thereto, and with hose spanners at each outlet^ shall always be kept attached to each hose attachment. There shall also be kept in readiness for immediate use on the stage at least four casks full of water and two buckets to each cask. Said casks and buckets shall be painted red. There shall also be pro- Hand pumps, vided hand pumps or other portable fire extinguishing apparatus, and at least four axes and two twenty-five-foot hooks two fifteen-foot hooks and two ten-foot hooks, on each tier or floor of the stage. Every AND BUILDING INSPECTOBS. 53 portion of the building devoted to the uses or accommodation of the public, also all outlets leading to the streets and including the open courts and corridors, shall be well and properly lighted during every per- Lighting of formance, and the same shall remain building, lighted until the entire audience has left the premises. At least two or more oil lamps, on each side of the auditorium in each tier, shall be provided on fixed brack- ets, not less than seven feet above the floor. Said lamps shall be filled with whale or lard oil and shall be kept lighted during each performance, or in place of said lamps candles shall be provided. All gas or elec- tric lights in the halls, corridors, lobby, or any other part of the said buildings used by the audience, except the audito- rium must be controlled by a separate shut- Separate off, located in the lobby, and controlled s^V^'^^ only in that particular place. Gas mains supplying the building shall have independ-Gas mains, ent connections for the auditorium and the stage, and provisions shall be made for shutting off the gas from the out- side of the bTiilding. When the in- terior gas lights are not lighted by electric- ity, other suitable appliances, approved by the Bureau of Fire, shall be provided. All suspended or bracket lights surrounded by glass, in the auditorium or in any part of the building devoted to the public, shall be provided with proper wire netting underneath. No gas or electric light shall Gas or elec- be inserted in the walls, woodwork, ceil-*^^^ lights, ings, or in any part of the building un- less protected with fire-proof materials. All lights in passages and corridors in said building, and wherever deemed neces- sary by the Bureau of Fire, shall be pro- tected by proper wire network. The foot- Footlights, lights in addition to the wire network, shall be protected by strong wire guard, not less than two feet distant from said footlights. 54 LAWS KELATIKG TO BUILDINGS and the trough containing said footlights shall be formed of and surrounded by fire- Stage lights, proof materials. All stage lights shall be incandescent electric lights, where the cur- rent can be obtained, and shall be con- structed according to the best knoAvn meth- oQs and subject to the approval of the Bu- reau of Fire, and shall be suspended for Air ducts and ten feet by wire rope. All ducts or shafts shafts. used for conducting heated air from the main chandelier, or from any other light or lights shall be constructed of metal and made double, with an air space be- tween. All stagelights shall have strong metal wdre guards or screens, not less than ten inches in diameter^ so constructed that any material in contact therewith shall be out of reach of the flames of said stage lights, and must be soldered to the fix- tures in all cases. The standpipes, gas pipes, electric wires, hose, footlights and all apparatus for extinguishing of fire or guarding against same as in this section s])eeified shall be in charge and under the c ntrol of the Bureau of Fire, Department v.f Public Safety; and said Department is hereby directed to see that the arrange- ments in respect thereto are carried out and enforced, and Councils may, by ordinance, fix a reasonable compensation for such Diagram on services. A diagram or plan of each tier, program. gallery, or floor, showing aistinctly the exits therefrom, shall be printed in a legi- ble manner on the program of the per- Marking of formance. Every exit shall have over the exits. same, on the inside the word '*EXIT," painted in legible letters not less than eight inches high. It shall be within the power of the Mayor, after full report from the Department of Public Safety, to cause the closing up of any theatre, opera house, or public hall, where, in the judgment of the Mayor and the Department of Public Safety, the ingress and egress are not AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 55 reasonably safe for the safe and speedy exit of the audience in case of fire or panic. Section 50'. The cities of the first class License fee may, by ordinance, regulate and determine 'or permits, the license fee for the permits as required by the provisions of this act; the said fees Payment of to be paid by them into the city treasury in the manner and form as is now provided by law. The said cities may, by general or- Councils may dinance, limit the height of buildings, and limit the regulate the management and inspection of elevator hoistways and elevator shafts g^f.^ * in said cities. Section 51. In the event of failure to obtain a permit, or in any case of final de- cision, either of an Inspector or of the Bureau, or of an examining commission, such decison or order or certificate, that no permit has been issued, may be at once, if not complied with, certified to any court of common pleas, which shall upon appli- Qourt may cation of such bill of complaint, duly veri- issue manda- fied by affidavit, either of the Director oftory injunc- Public Safety, the Chief of the Bureau oftion if final Building Inspection, or any Inspector ^^^^^^^^^^^ thereof, or of any member of an examining commission, issue a mandatory injunction requiring compliance with such order or decision within five days, or within a shorter time if the relief sought is the removal of a dangerous wall, ceiling or structure, and the court sees proper to fix a shorter time; that all petitions, bills or complaints to compel compliance with the provisions of this act shall be given prior- ity over other business or cases by any court of common pleas to which the final decision of an Inspector, the Bureau of Building Inspection, or of an examining com-If injunction mission appointed b^^ the Director of Pub- is iio* com- lic Safety, shall be certified. If said in-P^^^^ junction is not complied with within the ^^^qj.^^/ lime specified by the court, or if it can- sheriff to act. r)6 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS not for any reason be served, the court shall have power to enforce its order by attachments or to issue an order to any sheritf, commanding him to re- move the waii, building* or structure condemned by the building inspectors (either as contrary to the provisions of this act or as dangerous), under the supervision of the Bureau of Building In- spection or such Inspector as the Chief Power of of the Bureau shall designate. The sheriff sheriff. shall have povs^er to employ such compe- tent builders, riggers^ and w^orkmen as shall be necessary to carry out the order of the court. He shall certify to the court when he has performed the work re- Cost, how col- quired to be done, the cost incurred, and lected. such bill being approved by the court and not being paid by the owner of the prem- ises, the court shall have power by man- damus execution to compel the city to pay such cost. The court shall upon the issuing of such mandamus execution, direct that the p^rothonotary of the court shall Amount of enter the amount thereof as a lien against cost shall be the premises, whereon the order was en- a hen against forced and the costs incurred, and the city the premises. . t_ x j.x. mj. a paymg such costs may thereafter proceed in the case, wherein the order was made City may col- to collect such bill of costs and the proper lect bill of docketed costs thereon, by the same proc- ess and proceedings and under the same restrictions as are now provided for or required by law for the collection of claims for the removal of nuisances in said Lien not dis- cities, and said lien shall not be discharged charged by by any judicial sale until paid, and the sai5 witn^^^vd^^ ^^^^ P^yi^g" such costs may also^ by action lui 1 poi . assumpsit, recover the same from the owner or owners of the said premises. Section 52. Any person or persons, firms or corporations, whether owner, builder, contractor, architect or workman, who shall make any alteration, construction or AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 57 removal of any building or structure what- soever, without permit therefor first issued, or in violation of any of the provi- sions of this act, or who shall have be- come the owner thereof after the same has been so done, and who shall omit, neg- lect, or refuse to remove the same, if dan- gerous or in violation of this act, or to make the same safe and secure, and in all respects conform to the requiremnts of this act within thirty (30) days after notice to that effect, shall forfeit and pay for Penalty for each offence the sum of seventv-five (75) violation of dollars, and the further sum of ^ fifty (50) Provisions of dollars for every period of one month for which the said person or persons shall omit, neglect or refuse to remove the same, or make it comply with this act after the expiration of the notice afore- said; and any person or persons, firm or corporation, who shall contract for the erec- tion or construction of any building or other thing in violation of any of the provisions of this act, shall be subject to a pen- alty of fifty (50) dollars. All of the afore- Actions for said penalties to be recovered as penalties recovery of of equal amount are or shall be recover- '^^"jl^^^^^ abl e, in the name and for the use of the^g^^g ^^^y cit^'', and when collected shall be paid into the treasury thereof. Section 53. All acts or parts of acts in-l^epeal consistent herewith, or supplied hereby, be and the same are hereby repealed. Approved— The 5th day of May, A. D. 1899. WILLIAM A. STONE. [Note :— Section 49, as printed above, is Supple- mental Act No 241. approved by Governor Stone the 5tb day of June, A. D. 1901, and takes the place of original Section 49 of the Act ot May 5th, 1899.] 58 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS No. 236. AN ACT. Buildings of the second class. To further regulate the construction, maintenace and inspection of building-s and party walls in cities of the first class. Cities of the Section 1. Be it enacted, etc., That all first class. buildings hereafter erected or altered, in cities of the first class, shall be classified as follows: Buildings of Buildings of the first class shall include the first class, ^11 buildings in which the walls, floors, col- umns, girders, beams, partitions, and roofs are of stone, brick, terra-cotta, concrete, steel, iron or such other fire-proof material as shall be approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection. Buildings of the second class shall in- clude all buildings the walls of which are as hereinbefore specified for buildings of the first class, but in which the floors, col- umns, beams and girders are of the con- struction known as "slow-burning construc- tion," in which all columns and girders shall be of wood, and in which no column shall be of less dimensions than sixty-four square inches, and no girder or floor beam less than six inches in its least dimension. The flooring to be of plank not less than two and three-quarters inches thick, when dressed, and the roof of plank not less than one and three-quarters inch thick, when dressed: Provided, That in such build- ings, iron or steel may be used for beams, columns or girders, if the same be protected with flre-proofing materials, as hereinafter set forth for buildings of the first class. Buildings of the third class shall include all buildings the walls of which are as here- inbefore specified for buildings of the first class, but which in their interior construc- Buildings of the third class. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 59 tion are not in accordance with the re- quirements as hereinbefore* set forth for building-s of the first and second classes, or the floors of which may be of ordinary house or joist construction. Buildings of the fourth class shall in- Buildings of elude all building's other than those of the the fourth character specified for first, second and^^^^®* third class construction. Section 2. Any building- hereafter erec- Buildings ted or altered^ to be used as a hospital, which shall asylum, or institution for the care grst' cj^gg treatment of persons, the heig*ht of which ^ exceeds two stories, and every building hereafter erected or altered,, to be used as an apartment-house, tenement-house, flat- house, lodging-house, hotel, school, or po- lice station, the height of which exceeds four stories, shall be a builSing of the first class; and no building of any kind, except as hereafter provided, shall be erected or raised to a height exceeding sixty-five feet, Limits of except the same be a building of the first height, or second class; and no building shall be erected or raised to a height exceeding eighty-five feet, except the same be a build- ing of the first class; and all buildings of a height exceeding six stories shall be build- ings of the first class. All buildings of the first class hereafter Warehouse, erected or altered, to be used for ware- store or house, store or factory purposes, shall be^^^*^^^- so divided by fire-proof walls or partitions Fire-proof on every floor, except as hereinafter P^'^'^f/o^g^^ vided, that no space on any floor, not so ^ divided, shall exceed twenty-five thousand square feet; and no existing wall or par- tition in an^^ such buildings, shall be re- moved so as to leave a space, not so di- vided, of more than twenty-five thousand square feet. Such walls or partitions shall extend from the fire-proof construction of the floors to the fire-proof beam filling of 60 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Openings in Fire-doors. When pro- tected by au- tomatic sprinklers. Beams, gir- ders, etc., to be protected by fire- proofing. the ceilings. The openings or doorways in any such tvalls or partitions shall not exceed three in number for each floor, for each such wall or partition, and no such opening* shall exceed ten feet in height or ten feet in width. Each opening must be provided with two sets of standard fire- doors, separated by the thickness of the wall or partition, said doors to be con- structed and hung as provided elsewhere in this act. All of the said openings through partitions of fire-proof material shall have metal frames or studs, securely fastened to floor and ceiling, and such metal studs shall be covered with such fire- resisting materials as shall be approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection. No wood for framing or fastening shall be used for such openings: Provided, however, That the space or spaces of the first or grade floor of any such buildings may ex- ceed twenty-five thousand square feet, when the entire building is under the pro- tection of an approved system of auto- matic sprinklers, so long as such system shall be kept and maintained in complete working order. If such system shall not be maintained and kept in such order^ it shall be the duty of the Bureau of Build- ing Inspection to give written notice to the tenants or owners, served upon the premises, of said fact, and within sixty days thereafter the division by fire-proof walls or partitions, as above provided, shall be made, and thereafter maintained. No building shall be deemed a building of the first class unless the enclosing or division walls are wholly or in part sup- ported on iron or steel beams, girders and columns; such beams, girders and columns shall be protected against the external changes of the atmosphere and against fire by a covering of brick, terra-cotta, fire- clay, tile or other approved fire-proofing, AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 61 completely enveloping said structural mem- bers of iron or steel. Said fire-proofing around outside columns and beams, if of brick, shall not be less than eight inches, if of hollow tile, shall not be less than six Thickness of. inches thick, and there shall be at least two sets of air spaces between the iron and steel members and the outside of the hollow tile covering. In all cases the brick or hollow tile shall be bedded in cement How bedded, mortar close up to the iron or steel mem- bers, and all joints shall be made full and solid. No building shall be deemed a fire- What shall be proof building unless, in addition to the ^^^^^^^ji^^.®- above required covering of the iron and ing. steel members, all the interior columns, beams and girders be enveloped in such fire-resisting materials as shall be ap- proved by the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion. The filling between the individual The filling, fioor beams and girders shall be one of the fire-proof systems in use, as approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection, and ^N. must in every case have stood the test of Test. ^ three times the load for which the floor is designed, without sign of crack- ing. No wood or other inflammable ma- Where wood terial shall be used in any part of^^-y ^® any such building except the doors and windows and their frames, the trims, the casings, the interior finish^ when fllled at the back with fire-proof materials; and the fioor boards and sleepers, directly imder the spaces between and under the sleepers, must be filled up and leveled off at the top of the said sleepers with concrete or other incombustible material. All interior col- interior col- umns, and the lower fianges of all gir-umns, etc. ders of iron or steel, shall be protected with at least three inches of brick, terra- cotta, concrete, or other fire-resisting ma- terials, as shall be approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection. The web of all girders, and the fianges and web of all G2 LAWS E ELATING TO BUILDINGS Fire-proofing, Bases of col- umns. Portland cement. Span of arches. Concrete or heterogene- ous system. Pipes, con- duits, etc. Grain eleva- tors, spires, towers, etc. beams, to be protected by not less than two inches of terra-cotta, brick, concrete, or other fire-proof material; but the extreme outer edge of lugs, brackets, and similar supporting metal may project within one inch of the surface of the fire-proofing. Where the bases of iron or steel columns are independent, the said bases shall be either cast-steel, thoroughly annealed, or built-steel bolsters. Built sections of gir- ders or columns, in which all parts are not accessible after erection^ shall be filled with concrete, in the proportion of one part of Portland cement to three parts of sand and five parts of stone, to pass a three-fourths of an inch mesh. The max- imum span for arches of brick, terra-cotta, concrete, or other patent floors, shall not exceed eight feet; but nothing herein con- tained shall prohibit the use of reinforced concrete or heterogeneous systems, pro- vided the depth of the floor beams or gir- ders is three-flfths of an inch per foot of span, and that a test for strength, and fire and water resistance, satisfactory to the Bureau of Building Inspection, shall be given for said reinforced or heterogen- ous system. No arch in any floor system shall have a rise of less than one and one- quarter inch per foot of span. In buildings of the first class, all pipes, conduits, mains, wiring, and conveyances for conducting heat, light or water, shall be encased m separate fire-proof ducts, and shall not be enclosed in the fire-proof- ing surrounding any column, girder or beam of steel or iron. Provided, also. That this section shall not apply to one-story buildings, used only for working in non-combustible materials, and that nothing contained in this section shall prevent the erection of grain ele- vators, church spires, towers for observa- tion purposes, and structures for similar AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 63 uses, all of which structures shall be con- structed in such manner and under such conditions as may be prescribed by the Bureau of Building Inspection. Section 3. Buildings of the second class Floor areai. in which any floor area between exterior walls exceeds fifteen thousand square feet, and buildings of the third class in which any floor area between exterior walls ex- ceeds five thousand square feet, shall be so divided by walls of brick, stone, con- Jj^. Crete, or such other fire resisting material ^^igtiug as shall be approved by the Bureau of Build- terial. ing Inspection, that no space inside such building shall exceed fifteen thousand or five thousand square feet, respectively, as hereinbefore set forth; the said walls to be of the thickness as now required by law, and shall extend through, and at least three feet above the roof. No exist- ing walls in any buildings of the second or third class shall be removed, so as to leave a space inside any building which shall exceed the areas hereinbefore set forth for each class. Provided, however, That in buildings of Proviso, the third class, the floor area may be sev- enty-five hundred square feet, if the floors and roof be made of plank not less than one and three-quarters inch thick, when dressed. Openings may be made in such division Openings in walls, of the size^ number and character division wallis as provided in Section 2, for buildings of the first class, if protected by standard fire- doors as provided in that section. Provided further, That this section shall Proviso, not apply to private dwellings, nor to one- story buildings used only for working in non-combustible materials. In buildings other than buildings of the Skeleton wall first class, skeleton wall construction shall construction, not be permitted. 3 64 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Party walls. All party walls in building's of the first, second and third classes, except dwellings and building's of similar lig-ht construction, shall extend through, and at least three feet above the roof. Stairways. Section 4. All stairways hereafter placed in any buildings of the lirst, second or third Warehouse, classes, used for warehouse, store or fac- toix tory purposes, and in which any floor area between exterior walls exceeds five thou- Eleyators, sand square feet, and all elevators, hoist- etcl ^ ^ ^ways, hatchways, well-holes, chutes, damb- waiters and interior light or vent shafts, or shafts of any descrjpnon, hereafter placed in any building, except such flre-proof build- ings as are occupied tor office purposes only. Enclosure shall be enclosed, between floors and ceil- ^* ings of each story, in suitable walls of brick, or with a suitable frame-work of iron and burnt clay fill.ngj or of such other fire-proof material and form of construc- tion as may be approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection, except that the en- closure walls, required by this section, in any non-fire-proof buildings, used as ware- houses or factories, shall be of brick. All such walls or construction^ where the ele- vator, stairs, hoist, hatchway, chute, dumb- waiter, light or vent shaft, or other shaft, extends to the top floOir, shall extend through, and at least three feet above the roof. If the enclosure walls are of brick, any of the above shafts may be in the same enclosure, provided the stairways are constructed of non-combustible material. Interior open- All interior openings in the enclosure wails ings in walls, of elevators, stairw^ays, hoistways, hatch- ways, chutes and dumb-waiters, shall be provided with fire-proof doors, made solid for their full height, and set in fire-proof Lights of frames and fittings. Lights of wire-glass, wire-glass. metal frames, may be placed in such doors and in the enclosure walls, but no one pane of wire-glass shall exceed in area AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 65 two hundred and fifty square inches, be- tween muntins. All exterior openings in the enclosure walls of stairways, elevators, or dumb-waiters, and all openings in the walls of interior light or vent shafts, shall be provided with approved wire-glass win- dows set in approved metal frames, but no one pane of wire-glass in such windows shall be larger than twenty-four inches by thirty inches between muntins. Automatic closing trap doors^ tin-lined on the under Trap-doors, side, at each floor, when approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection, may be sub- stituted for the above named enclosure walls for hoistways (without cars), hatch- ways and chutes. The roofs over the enclosed elevators, Roofs over stairways, hoistways, hatchways, chutes and dumb-waiters shall be made of fire- p(rooff materials, with a sky-light or side-lights above the roof, at least three- quarters the area of the shaft, made of glass set in iron frames. When the shafts Bottom floor do not extend to the ground, the bottom shafts, floor of the shaft shall be constructed of fire-proof material. In all buildings of the first, second or third class, in which any floor area between the exterior walls is five thousand square feet or less, the stair- ways shall be of such number, and protected in such manner, as may be approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection. In any building now existing, in which Elevators, there is an elevator, dumb-waiter, interior chutes, light or vent shaft, hoistway, hatchway, chute, well-hole, or shaft of any descrip- tion, not enclosed in walls constructed and arranged as required in this act, the open- ings thereof, through and upon each floor gates . of said building, shall be provided with or \rap-doors. and protected by a substantial guard or vertical enclosure, and gate or gates, or with such good and sufficient trap-doors, 66 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS To be closed when not in use. Trap-doors construction of. Enclosing walls of hoist- ways, hatch- ways, etc. Metal lining. Proviso. Trap-doors may be sub- stituted. or both, as may be directed and approved by the Bureau of Building- Inspection. Such g-uards or enclosure gates shall be kept closed at all times when not in actual use, and trap-doors shall be closed at the close of the business of each day, by the oc- cupant or occupants of tne building having the use or control of the same. When in the opinion of the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection automatic closing trap- doors are required for any such floor open- ings, the same shall be tin lined on the under side, and constructed so as to form a substantial floor surface, when closed, and so arranged for elevators as to open and close by the action of the elevator in its passage, ascending or de- scending. Provided, however, That in every build- ing- now or hereafter used or occupied as a hotel, lodging-house, apartment or tene- ment-house, store, warehouse or factory, or where a number of persons are em- ployed, or which is used for public assem- blage, in which there is any elevator, hoist- way, hatchway, well-hole, chute, or dumb- waiter, enclosed in walls constructed of combustible material, the enclosing walls of such elevators, hoistways, hatchways, well-holes, chutes and dumb-waiters, shall either be lined with metal, securely fas- tened on the inside of the shaft, or such elevators, hoistways, hatchways, well-holes, chutes, and dumb-waiters shall be enclosed in suitable walls, constructed and arranged as required for elevator shafts in this act: Provided, however, That approved auto- matic closing trap-doors, tin-lined on the under side, and so constructed as to form a substantial floor surface when closed, and so arranged for elevators as to open and close by the action of the elevator in its passage, either ascending or descending, may be substituted for such metal lining, AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. G7 when in the opinion of the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection such traj)- doors will provide the required protection. In existing- buildings, passenger elevators, Pasenger enclosed in open grille work, may be elevators, erected in staircase enclosures, where the entire space occupied by the stairs and elevators is inclosed in brick or stone walls, or walls of such other fire-proof material and form of construction as may be ap- proved by the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion: Provided, That, in warehouses, stores, or factories, all openings in the enclosing walls must be provided with fire-proof doors, or wire-glass in metal frames, as provided elsewhere in this section for ele- vator and stairway enclosures. Provided, however, That nothing in this Proviso, section shall apply to any building not over two stories in height, nor to private dwell- ings and buildings of similar light con- struction, stores with private dwelling oc- cupancy entirely above the grade floor, and stables. Section 5. Whenever standard fire-doors standard fire- or fire-shutters are referred to in this act, g^^^^g^g^^ they shall be constructed as follows, namely: Not less than two thicknesses of one-inch boards, laid diagonally, and se- curely fastened together by wrought-iron clinched nails, and covered with I. C. tin- plates, not exceeding fourteen by twenty inches, joints to be locked one-half inch and nailed under seams, and corners to have mitre-fold, (not mitre-joint.) Doors ' and shutters to overlap sides and top of opening four inches, and to close tight against smooth masonry (not wood trimmed) and sill. Sills to be of non-com- sills, bustible material, resting on and built into brick or stone wall, and extending under and beyond outer surface of door. Doors and shutters to be hung on wrought-iron 68 LAWS KELATING TO BUILDINGS wall-eyes, or to slide on track of heavy flat- rolled steel. All hardware, such as hing*es, hangers, wall-eyes, track-bolts, binders, handles, latches, catches, etc., to be of heavy wroiig*ht-iron, built in wall or bolted To be closed through wall or door or shutter. All fire- when'^build-^ doors and shutters shall be closed at night, ing is not in and whenever the building is not in ac- actual use. tual use; at least one in three shutters, on each floor above the first, being so ar- ranged that it can be opened from both outside and inside. Section 6. In all buildings hereafter erected or altered to be used for ware- to house, store, or factory purposes, the walls shall not be furred with wood; nor shall any partition, extending from floor to ceil- ing, be constructed with wooden studs. In non-fire-proof buildings, to be used for ware-house, store or factory purposes, such partitions shall be constructed of some non-combustible material to be ap- proved by the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion, or of plank not less than three inches thick, With tongues, and dressed on all sides. If such walls or partitions are to be plastered, the plaster shall be ap- plied directly to the masonry or partition, or over metal lath, without air spaces be- hind it. In all buildings hereafter erected or al- tered to be used for ware-house, store or factory purposes, the ceilings shall not be furred with wood, nor shall any wooden or combustible material be applied to form a ceiling. If plaster is applied it shall be applied over metal lath. Section 7. All buildings of the first, sec- ond and third classes, hereafter erected or altered to be used as school-houses, ten-' ement houses, apartment houses, flat- houses, stores, ofiices, manufactories, work- shops, mills or places of assembly or re- Walls not be furred with wood. Partitions. Plastering. Ceilings. Tower fire escapes. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. ^9 sort, shall have, in addition to the main stairs or other means of eg*ress, a tower fire-escape, or escapes^ as set forth in the following schedule: BUILDINGS OF THE FIRST CLASS. Schedule. ONE TOWER FIRE-ESCAPE, Number of stojies in height. 3 or 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Maximum area per floor in square feet. 20,000 15,000 12,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,500 7,000 6,500 TWO TOWER FIRE-ESCAPES. Area per floor in square feet. Over 20,000 to 25,000 Over 15,000 to 25,000 Over 12,000 to 25,000 Over 10,000 to 22,000 Over 9,000 to 20,000 Over 8,000 to 18,000 Over 7,500 to 17,000 Over 7.000 to 16,000 Over 6,500 to 15,000 BUILDINGS OF THE SECOND AND THIRD CLASSES. ONE TOWER FIRE-ESCAPE. Number of stories in height. 3, 4, 5, 6, Maximum area per floor in square feet. 10,000 6,000 4,500 3,500 TWO TOWER FIRE-ESCAPES. Area per floor in square feet. Over 10,000 to 15,000 Over 6,000 to 12,000 Over 4,500 to 10,000 Over 3,500 to 8,000 If the total floor space above the second floor exceeds the number of square feet as set forth in the above schedule, there may be required, in addition to the above mentioned number of fire-escapes, as many additional tower fire-escapes as the Chief Additional of the Bureau of Buildinp- Inspection may tower fire determine. ^^^^^p^^- The location and construction of all stair- Location and ways and tower fire-escapes shall be de- construction termined and approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Building* Inspection. Provided, That this section does not apply Proviso, to ofiice buildings of the first class, nor to buildings less than three stories high, and buildings of a greater number of stories in height than two, in which the stories 70 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS above the second story are not occupied Proviso. by persons: Provided^ That in store build- ings, in v^hich the tov^er fire-escapes in the first story would interfere w^ith the bulk w^indows, the said tower may stop at the second floor level, and that an exterior, continuous balcony be provided at the sec- ond floor level, with drop ladders. All buildings used as stores, department stores, or buildings of any kind in which people assemble in the basement of said stores or buildings, there shall be provided safe means of egress from the basement, leading directly to the street, the proper location of such places of egress to be determined by the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection. Section 8. In this act the term "height" of a building means the vertical distance of the highest point of the roof, in the ease of flat roofs; and for high-pitched roofs, the average of the height of the ^ gable above the mean grade of the curbs of all the streets, or the mean grade of the natural ground adjoining the building, if the said grade or ground is not below the grade of the curb. Fiepeal. Section 9. So much of said acts or parts of acts conflicting herewith are hereby re- pealed. Approved— The 25th day of April, A. D. 1903. SAML. W. PENNYPACKER. Egress from basement. "Height" de- fined. The foregoing is a true and correct copy of the Act of the General Assembly No. 236. FRANK M. PULLER, Secretary of the Commonwealth. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 71 THE ACT Of June 7, 1895, provides: Section 1. That no tenement house shall Construction hereafter be erected, altered or constructed ^ouses^^^^"^ in any city of the first class, unless such ^' , erection, alteration or construction shall be in conformity with the provisions of this act. Section 2. Every tenement house here- Open space in after erected, altered or constructed in any l^^^ required, city of the first class, shall have attached except where ' to it in the rear or at the side an open erected upon space equal in area to at least twenty ^^^^^^ ^o^- per centum of the entire area of the lot upon v^hich said tenement house is erected, vv^hich open space shall be unob- structed by any over-hang*ing- structure, except fire-escapes required by law, unless, however, such tenement house shall be erected upon a corner of two streets, neither of which is less than twenty feet in width, in which case said tenement house shall have an open space attached to it in the rear or at the side next the ad- joining- lot, equal in area to at least ten per centum of the entire area of the lot upon which said tenement house is erec- ted, which open space shall be unobstruc- ted by any overhanging- structure, except fire-escapes required by law; and any such tenement house which shall be erected upon a lot bounded on three sides by streets not less than twenty feet in width, may be erected to cover the entire area of said lot: Provided, That every window opening- from the living- rooms in said tenement house shall open upon one of such streets. Such open space attached to every such Dimensions tenement house shall be at least eig-ht feet ^^^^ open in width throug-hout its entire length. No ^P^^®* court or open space between tenement 72 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS houses or between wing's of a tenement honse shall be of a less width than twelve feet. If such tenement house shall be built upon a lot which is bounded upon two op- posite sides by streets, then at least one end of every such open space shall abut Light and air upon one of such streets. Every court or shafts. shaft which shall be built for the purpose of furnishing* light or air to any such tene- ment house shall open upon one side into a street or into the yard or open space, except such shafts as may be necessary for the ventilation of water closets or bath Windows in tenement houses. Corridors. Dimensions of rooms. Section 3. Every room in every such tenement house shall have at least one window opening- upon a street or upon the open space provided for in the second sec- tion of this act. And the distance from every window in every such tenement house to the wall or party line opposite to it shall be at least eig^ht feet. The halls on each floor of every tenement house shall have a window or windows opening- either upon a street or upon the open space pro- vided for in the second section of this act, and shall have no room or other obstruc- tion at the end unless sufficient lig-ht and ventilation is otherwise provided for said halls in a manner approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Building* Inspection. But whenever in the judg^ment of the Chief of the Bureau of Building- Inspection it shall be possible to construct such tenement houses without corridors connecting- the entrance of several tenements or suites of rooms, the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection may require that such tenement house be so constructed that it shall con- tain no such corridors. Section. 4. Every habitable room in every such tenement house shall be of s ich dimensions as to contain at least seven AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 73 hundred cubic feet of air. Every habitable room in every such tenement house shall be in every part not less than eight feet in height from floor to ceiling-, and every vs^indow^ shall have an opening- of not less Size of win- than twelve square feet in superficial area,^^^''^' but the Bureau of Building Inspection may permit v^indov^s of less size than tw^elve square feet if more than one window^ is provided for a room, so that, however, the total window space for one room shall not be less than twelve square feet. Section 5. All stairways in such tenement Stairways in houses shall lead directly to the ground ho^^s^g floor. The location and construction of all stairways shall be determined by the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion, so as to provide for the safety of the occupants of such tenement house. All such tenement houses shall be pro- Fire escapes, t^ided with a tower fire-escape or tower fire-escapes, enclosed in incombustible ma- terial, the number and location of which shall be determined by the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection. All stairways shall have a rise of not Construction over eight inches to a step and not less^ s airways, than nine inches tread, exclusive of the nosing. All stairways and all hallways Width of must not be less than three feet in width ^aTway^ ^""^ in houses containing less than fifteen rooms, not less than three feet six inches in width in houses containing not less than fifteen rooms and not more than twenty- five rooms, and not less than four feet in width in houses containing twenty-five or more rooms. Section 6. In every such tenement house Water closets there shall be one water closet for everr J^QuIgg^^^^^^ tenement or suite of rooms w^hich has its ' ' own independent hallway, so separated that its rooms do not open into or connect with any other rooms; and in tenement houses 74 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS SO constructed that a tenement may con- sist of a single room or of two rooms, there shall be at least one water closet for every three rooms: Provided, That in the case of buildings existing at the date of this act, which shall hereafter be altered into tenement houses, there shall be one water closet for six rooms, but not less than one for each floor. Every water closet shall be separated from every other water closet, and shall have an entrance entirely independent of the entrance to every other water closet. There shall also Water supply, be an independent water supply, and at least one sink for every tenement or suite of rooms. No hydrant shall be permitted in the yard or open space provided for in the second section of this act. Section 7. In every such tenement house there shall be a suitable receptacle for ashes, constructed of incombustible ma- terial, and interior chutes or shafts leading to the same shall not be permitted. Section 8. All such tenement houses, more than four stories in height, which shall hereafter be erected, altered or con- structed, shall be made fire-proof through- out: Provided, however That this section shall not preclude the use of wooden floor boards and sleepers or beams to which to fasten the same, which, however, shall be imbedded to their top surface in incom- bustible material. Plans and Section 9. The Chief of the Bureau of ^Pacifications Building Inspection shall require such plans with^ Chief of and specifications of any proposed erec- Bureau of tions, alterations or constructions of tene- Building ment' houses as sufficiently set forth and inspection. ^ecoTd the intent of the builder to comply with the requirements of this act to be filed with him. And no permit for the erec- tion or construction of any such tenement houses shall be granted unless the same Receptacle for ashes. Tenement houses to be fire-proof. AND BUILDING INSPECTOKS. 75 shall be in conformity with the provisions of this act. Section 10. Any person who shall erect, Penalties for alter or construct such a tenement house, ^|gj ^^^3° If ^^°g except in conformity with the provisions act. of this act, shall be gnuty of a misde- meanor, and on conviction thereof, be sen- tenced to an imprisonment not exceeding three months, or to pay a fine not exceed- ing five hundred dollars, or both^ at the discretion of the court. Section 11. Whenever any owner or Owner or builder shall deem himself aggrieved by ^j^J/g^^T f^^^^ any decision of the Chief of the Bureau of decision of Building Inspection made in performance Chief of of the powers conferred upon him by this ^'•*'*« act, such owner or builder shall be entitled to an appeal from such decision, as pro- vided by Section 5 of the act to which this is a supplement. Section 12. The term tenement house in Definition of this act shall be taken to mean every ^^^^^g^®^^ building which, or a portion of which, is occupied or is to be occupied as a residence of three or more families, living independ- ently of each other, and doing their cook- ing upon the premises. THE ACT Of March 11, 1862, provides that: The Board of Surveyors and Regulators Board of Sur- of the City of Philadelphia shall, in addi- ^^/^Jj^^^^^d tion to the duties now imposed upon them, peSorm^^du- perf orm the duties hereinafter prescribed, ties as fence as fence viewers; in addition to the ^^^1^ be^^worn *to now prescribed to be taken by the said t^^e faithful surveyors and regulators, they shall be discharge of sworn or affirmed to discharge their duties ^^^^ duties, as such viewers, faithfully and impartially. 7G LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS President of Board of Sur- veyors and Regulators on application to appoint three members of Board to ex- amine line or party fence. To give cer- tificate and apportion cost. Copy of cer- tificate to be given to par- ties. Report to bo made to Board. Partition fences in rural districts to be substan- tially made. Construction of same. Tight board or palisaded fences in built up por- tion of City. Board to des- ignate kind of fence. Cost of such fences. On application made to the said Board of Surveyors and Regulators the president shall, at the first meeting- of said Board thereafter, appoint three members thereof, who shall, within five days thereafter, pro- ceed to view and examine any line or par- tition fence, and shall make out a certifi- cate in writing-, setting forth whether in their opinion the fence, if one has been already built, is lawful or otherwise; and if not lawful, or if no fence is built upon said line, then stating what proportion of costs, repairing the old or building a new fence, should be borne by each party; and in each case they shall set forth the sum each party ought to pay to the other, in case he should build or repair the other party's portion of said fence, a copy of which certificate shall be delivered to each of the parties; and they shall also present to the said Board at the next stated meet- ing thereafter a report of their proceed- ings, which report, if approved said Board, after hearing of the parties in- terested, shall be final and conclusive. All partition fences dividing inclosed lands within the rural districts of the said City of Philadelphia shall be substantially made, at least four feet six inches high, of sufiicient rails or logs, the bottom rails or logs to be not more than eight inches above the ground; and in built up portions of said city, a tight board or palisaded fence, substantially built, at least six feet high; and in either case the said viewers and Board of Surveyors and Regulators shall have power to designate the kind of fence to be built: Provided, The costs in the rural districts shall not exceed twelve cents per lineal foot, and in the built up portions of said city, not exceeding twenty- five cents per lineal foot. In all cases where a building shaD be a part of such party fence the owner of the AND BUILDING INSPECTORS* 77 ground on which such building- is erected Proportion of shall be allowed for so much of said build- building ^1 ^ ing as forms part of the partition, as part part of a of the whole fence in proportion to the party fence, cost of the whole, and in case the parties shall agree to divide any partition fence between them, such agreement, setting Agreement to forth the kind of fence and what portion tion'^fe^Sf'to of the same each party shall make and be filed., keep in repair, shall be filed in the office of the Board of Surveyors and Kegnlators, to be kept as a public record. All laws applying to fence viewers or partition Laws hereby fences in the City of Philadelphia, as are ^J^g^^^f^^ qj. hereby altered, amended or supplied, are g^ppije^j^ j.q_ hereby repealed. pealed. THE ACT Of March 22, 1865, provides that: If the party who shall be delinquent in Delinquent making or repairing any fence in accord- P|?'^y^Jo^^^?j"^ ance with an3r provisions of the act to fence, or which this is a supplement shall not, with- party ag- in ten days after the report shall have I^^^Jq ^^t^lSs been approved by the Board of Surveyors expense, and Regulators, proceed to repair or build said fence, and complete the same or build said fence, and complete the same in a reasonable time, it shall be lawful for the parties aggrieved to repair or build said fence; and if the costs for the work done and materials furnished are not paid by the delinquent party within three months after the completion of the same, a lien Lien may be may be filed against the premises for said ^J.g^jc|g^fQp cost s and expenses, which shall be of the ^^g^^^^^.^ ^J'j. same eifect, and may be sued out and col-penses. lected in the same manner, as municipal claims are now by law collected. 78 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS THE ACT Of May 6, 1870, provides that: Duties of Yejors''LT^' ^^^^ a^*^^ passage of this act Regulators as the duties to be performed by the Board fence viewers of Surveyors and Regulators of the City of formed^by" the I^l^iladelphia as fence viewers, as provided Building by the Act of March eleventh, one thou- Inspectors. sand eight hundred and sixty-tv^o, shall be Building In- performed by the Building Inspectors of specters to fix said city, who shall have authority to fix erectfon or re- prices to be paid for the erection or pairs of repairs of such fences as may come under fences; their official inspections, and they shall re- dollars to be ^^^^^ ^ three dollars in each case, paid by appli- to be paid by the applicant for view, cant. AN ORDINANCE To regulate the construction of frame buildings, fences and bay windows, ap- proved March 28, 1894. Frame build- Section 1. The limits within which all built °\n^ cer- buildings hereafter erected or altered shall tain portions be required to conform to the Act of As- of the city, sembly of May 7, 1855, and of the Acts in amendment thereof and in addition thereto, and of the Act of June 8, 1903, are hereby established and defined as follows: All that portion of the city which is included on or within that portion of the First Ward, bounded on the south by Oregon avenue from the Delaware River to SeTenth street, thence along Seventh street to the Back Channel League Island; all that por- tion of the city which is included within the Second, Third, F#«rth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nine- teenth and Twentieth Wards; and all that AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 79 portion of the Twenty-first Ward on or within the following- boundary lines, viz.: Beg-inning at Port Royal avenue and Schuyl- Lmms^^witiiin kill river, thence along- Port Royal avenue buildings can- to Ridg-e avenue, thence along- Ridg"e ave-not be erected nue to Roxborough avenue, thence along* Roxborough avenue to Houghton street, thence along Houghton street to Hermit street, thence along Hermit street to Wis- sahickon creek, thence along Wissahickon creek to Schuylkill river, thence aloug Schuylkill river to place of beginning; all that portion of the Twenty-second Ward on and west of Broad street; all of the Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth Wards; all that portion of the Twenty-seventh Ward on or within the following lines: Beginning at Schuylkill river and Market street, thence along Mar- ket street to Cobb's creek, thence along Cobb's creek to Woodland avenue, thence along Woodland avenue to Tinicum Island road, thence along Tinicum Island road to Powers' lane, thence along Powers' lane to Eastwick street to the Baltimore and Ohio R. R., thence along the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. to Schuylkill river, thence along the Schuylkill river to the place of beginning; all of the Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first, Thirty-second, Thirty- third, Thirty-fourth, and that portion of the Thirty-fifth Ward on or within the boundaries or lines between Dark Run lane and Bleigh street and between Frankford avenue and the Delaware river, and on the said line of Frankford avenue to Penny- pack creek, and within that portion bounded by the Pennypack creek, the New York Division of the Pennsylvania Rail- road, Decatur street and Frankford ave- nue, and all of the Thirty-sixth and Thirty- seventh Wards. Provided: That, on land assessed at f arm ^^j^^p^ J/ on ^ rates, and used for farm purposes, frame farm lands. 80 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS building's for farm purposes only shall be erected. Prohibition to Provided: That the prohibition against tidel of erection of frame buildings shall apply streets. to both sides of the streets named as boundaries. Temporary frame build- ings for church wor- ship in cer- tain wards permitted. Height of such frame buildings. bond given. Provided, however, That in the First, Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-sev- enth, TWenty-eighth, Thirty-third, Thirty- fourth, Thirty-fifth, and Thirty-sixth Wards temporary frame buildings for church wor- ship may be erected, subject to the follow- ing conditions: First — No such frame buildings shall be more than one story high, if built in any portion of the aforesaid wards within the limits defined in Section 1. Cannot be Second — No permit shall be granted for conse^i?t o?^ad^ such buildings unless the applicant shall loining prop- have the consent in writing of at least two- erty owners is thirds of the adjoining or abutting prop- secured and erty owners, and the owners of proper- ties on the opposite side of the street to the lot desired to be built on shall, to the width of the said lot, be deemed adjoining owners. Third — No permit shall be granted for any such building until the party desiring the permit shall file with the City Solicitor a bond in the sum of $500, conditioned that the said building shall be used only for purposes of church worship, and that it will be removed when it ceases to be used for church worship, or whenever Councils shall amend this ordinance so as to pro- hibit frame church buildings in the terri- tory within which the building is situate, or on the passage of a resolution by Coun- cils requiring its removal. Enlarging or Section 2. Within the limits defined in removing Section 1, it shall not be lawful to enlarge a frame builu- „ j ^ ings. frame building, or to remove any such AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 81 building", except on the same lot or an ad- joining- lot belonging" to tne same owner. It shall not be lawful to repair, reconstruct injured frame or remove any frame building which lias been injured more th an fifty (50') per cent, structed or of its orig-inal value by wear and tear or removed, by the eifects of the elements, or by fire; said value to be determined by the Bureau of Building* Inspection. Section 3. Within the limits defined in Frame sheds Section 1, it shall be lawful to erect ^wharves, ^ wh arves frame sheds not exceeding* twenty- o-rain. coal seven (27) feet in height, and elevators and lumber for the storage of grain, or sheds of wood ^lieds per- for the storage of coal or lumber, but all°^ ^ ' the external parts of such sheds and ele- vators (except sheds for the storage of lumber) shall be covered with slate, tile, metal or incombustible material, and their mode of construction and location shall be subject to the approval of the Bureau of Building Inspection. Section 4. Within the limits defined in Bay or bulk Section 1, it shall not be lawful to erect or ^i^^^ws^ pro- construct upon the first story of any build- first story ing any bay^ oriel^ store or bulk window, over street projecting beyond the street line. Section 5. Bay and oriel windows may Manner of hereafter be constructed upon buildings construction where projecting over the street line, as ^J.^^^^^^^^^^g follows: The walls of all such bay or oriel windows, if made of combustible material, shall be covered with metal or other in- combustible materials. The limitation of the dimensions and positions of such bay or oriel windows shall be as follows: First — No such bay or oriel window shall be at a less distance than ten (10) feet from the sidewalk. Second. — No such bay or oriel window shall project more than three (3) feet over the street line of any building. 82 LAWS KELATING TO BUILDINGS Third. — No such bay or oriel window shall have a greater frontage than fifteen (15) feet. Fourth. — There shall not be more than one bay or oriel window for any twenty- five (25) feet of frontag'e, and no two bay or oriel windows upon the same story shall be built nearer to each other than five (5) feet. Fifth. — It shall not be lawful to erect any bay or oriel window except within lines drawn from the intersection of the party lines and the street line at an angle of twenty (20) degrees with the latter. Bay and oriel Nothing herein contained shall, however, windows not limit the size of bay or oriel windows which over street built in such manner as not to pro- line, ject over the street line of the buildings of which they form a part, but the size, num- ber, construction and structural parts of such bay or oriel windows shall be subject to the approval of the Bureau of Building Inspection: Provided, however^ That no bay or oriel window shall project more than four (4) feet from the v^all line of the house of which it is a part. Limit of height of wooden fences. JConsti*uction of wooden buildings out- side of pre- scribed limits. Dwellings. Section 6. It shall not be lawful to build any fence of wood dividing- or enclosing any property, of a greater heig-ht than ten (10) feet from the ground, nor any fence beyond the building line. Provided, how- ever, That railings may be constructed around excavated areas now existing. This section shall not prohibit the erection of a temporary fence during building opera- tions, but no such fence shall be erected more than five (5) feet from the building line. Section 7. Outside the limits defined in Section 1, wooden buildings may be erected subject to the following restrictions and regulations: A wooden building to be used as a dwelling house shall not exceed a AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 83 height of forty-five (45) feet, and external walls of said building- shall not be placed at a less distance than eig*hteen (18) inches from the party line of the lot upon which the building* is to be erected, unless a brick external wall is substituted for the wooden wall, and of a thickness described by the Act of Assembly approved June 1893, reg-ulating- the thickness of brick external walls. Where a wooden building" is already Space erected for dwelling- purposes upon an ad- ^o^^en° build- joining- lot, there shall be between the walls ings used as of the building- erected and the one to be dwellings, erected — if of wood — a clear^ open space of three (3) feet between the said building's. In the erection of wooden building's in Walls blocks of two or more houses, to be occu-^®^^^®^ pied for dwelling- purposes, the said build- dwellings, ing-s shall have intercepting- brick walls not less than nine (9) inches thick, said walls to be carried up and topped out ten (10) inches above the roof and covered with me- tallic covering". Wooden buildings to be used for other Wooden purposes than that of a dwelling house ^j^g^^'^^g^j shall not exceed fifty (50) feet in height otherwise above the grade of the street or place ^^an as dwel- upon which the said building is to be erected, and shall not be placed at a less distance than ten (10) feet from any wooden building which is twenty-five (25) feet or more in height, or at a less dis- tance than four (4) feet from any other wooden building which is less than twenty- five (25) feet in height. Section 8. All wooden buildings shall be Foundations built upon secure foundations of stone or ^^j^^^^^ brick, carried up to the surface of the ground. The foundations, if of brick, shall not be less than thirteen (13) inches thick, and if of stone, shall not be less than six- teen (16) inches thick. All foundations 84 LAWS EELATITsG TO BUILDINGS Strength of wooden build- ings. shall be laid upon solid ground, or upon piling, or other solid substructure. In the construction of workshops or other build- ings of a like character, or for temporary purposes, built upon soft or marshy land, the inspector may, in his discretion, permit the sills to be placed upon mudsills or blocking, or upon piles cut to the height of grade. All wooden buildings shall be constructed to carry such safe weights per superficial foot for the several purposes for which they are constructed as is defined in Section Twenty-six (26) of the Act of Assembly, approved June 8, 1893. Flues, chim- Section 9. In all wooden buildings here- tHminer ^^^^^ erected or altered, the framing around flues, and the construction of chimneys, flues, hearths, trimmer arches, open fire- places, and hot-air flues and heating ap- paratus, steam boilers and ranges, shall be in accordance with the Act of Assembly ap- proved June 8, 1893. Section 10. Open shelter sheds of wood may be erected under permit, but no such shed shall be enclosed with combustible materials on any of its four sides. The lo- cation and construction of said sheds shall be subject to the inspection and approval of the Bureau of Building Inspection. Section 11. All constructions, extensions, or repairs, under the provisions of the said Act of Assembly, approved June 8, 1893, or under the provisions of this ordinance, shall be done only after permit is granted by the Bureau of Building Inspection and in conformity with the permit; and any person or persons building, altering, or re- pairing without such permit first secured, or otherwise than in conformity with the said permit, or the said Act, or this ordi- nance shall be subject to the several pen- arches, etc., in wooden buildings. Construction of open shel- ter sheds of wood. Permits re- quired for all construc- tions, etc. Penalty im- posed for act- ing without permit. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 85 allies imposed by the said Act for viola- tions of its provisions. Section 12. All ordinances or parts of or- Repealing dinances inconsistent herevs^ith be, and the clause, same are hereby repealed. AN ORDINANCE Amendatory to an ordinance entitled "An Ordinance to reg-nlate the construction of frame building-s, fences and bay win- dow's. Approved March 28, 1894. Section 1. The Select and Common Coun- cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain, That the first section of an ordinance en- titled "An Ordinance to regulate the con- struction of frame buildings, fences and bay windovs'S," approved March 28^ 1894, be altered and amended by striking- out the words "all of the Twenty-third Ward," and flrf ®^ard. inserting the following: "All that part of the Twenty-third Ward commencing at Frankford creek and Wingohocking street; thence along Wingohocking street to Oak- land street; thence along Oakland street to Lindley street; thence along Lindley street to Leiper street; thence along Leiper street to Wakeling street; thence along Wakeling street to Tackawanna street; thence along Tackawanna street to Margaretta street; thence along Margaretta street to Pennsylvania Railroad; thence along Pennsylvania Railroad to the Frank- ford creek; thence along the Frankford creek to the place of beginning; also both sides of Frankford avenue, between Wakeling street and Dark Run lane." Also strike out the words, *'Twenty-fifth Ward," and insert the following: "All that por- tion of the Twenty-fifth Ward bounded on the east by the Delaware River, on the west by Kensington avenue, on the north by Frankford creek and Luzerne street, 86 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS and on the south by Lehigh avenue;" also strike out all that portion relating- to the Thirty-fifth Ward after the words, "bound- aries or lines between," and insert the fol- lowing-: "Mag-ee street and Bleigh street and Frankford avenue and Delaware River, and along- the line of Frankford avenue, from Dark Bun lane to Pennypack creek; Provided, however, That on the 1st day of January, 1911, the lines defined in this amendment will cease, and the lines de- fined in the first section of the ordinance to which this is an amendment shall be re- established." Approved the twelfth day of March A. D. 1906 JOHN WEAVER, Mayor of Philadelphia. THE ORDINANCE Of June 12, 1894, provides: Section 1. That Section 1 of an ordi- nance entitled "An Ordinance to regulate the construction of frame buildings, etc.," approved March 28, 1894, be, and the same is hereby amended by inserting after the word "beginning" in the twenty-third line the words "and all that portion of the 21st Ward Twenty-first Ward lying between the Wis- sahickon creek, Wissahickon avenue and School lane," so that the same will read, "Thence along Schuylkill River to place of beginning, and all that portion of the Twen- ty-first Ward lying between the Wissa- hickon creek, Wissahickon avenue and School lane." Also amend Section 2 by adding the fol- lowing words at the end of the section; and in addition thereto: "Any person or persons who shall make any alteration, construction or removal without permit therefor first issued, or in violation of 35th Ward. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 87 any of the provisions of this ordinance, or who shall have become the owner thereof after the same has been done, and who shall omit, neglect or refuse to remove the same within thirty (30) days after no- tice to that eifect, shall forfeit and V^J ^loil^lj,^'"'^ for each offence the sum of seventy-five (75) dollars, and a further sum of twenty- five (25) dollars for every period of one month for which the said person or per- sons shall omit, neglect or refuse to remove the same after the expiration of the no- tice aforesaid, and any person or persons who shall contract for the erection or construction of any building or other thing in violation of any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be subject to a pen- alty of twenty-five (25) dollars. All of the aforesaid penalties to be recovered as pen- alties of equal amount are or shall be re- coverable for the use of the city." AN OEDINANCE. Approved March 27th, 1907. Amendatory to an ordinance entitled "An Ordinance to regulate the construction of frame buildings, fences and bay win- dows," approved March 28, 1894. Section 1. The Select and Common Coun- cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain. That the first section of an ordinance en- titled "An Ordinance to regulate the con- sruction of frame buildings, fences and bay windows," approved March 28, 1894, be al- tered and amended by striking out and 21st Ward, changing the words Port Royal avenue, wherever they appear in said section, to the words Paoli avenue; Provided, That not more than two (2) frame buildings, either singly or in pairs, shall be erected on a lot of the frontage of one hundred feet. 88 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS AN ORDINANCE To regulate and determine the license fee for permits in the Bureau of Building' Inspection, Department of Public Safety, as required by Section 41, of the Act of Assembly, approved June 8^ 1893. Approved March 28, 1894. PGrmit TQ~ quired for the Section 1. The Select and Common Coun- construction cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain, or alteraiion That where any person or persons shall be of any build- t . i. i- j . • u. ing. desirous of erecting, constructing- or alter- License fees ^^8* house or building, such person or for such per- persons shall make application at the office of the Bureau of Building Inspection for a ^^^^does ^^^o^ P^^^^* ^^^^ purpose, and shall pay for exceed^^30 ^it. such permit the various sums as follows: in height, 18 For the inspection of each or any build- and' with^^i^' i^g* exceeding thirty (30) feet in height superficial and eighteen (18) feet in width^ and not ex- area not ex- ceeding a superficial area of sixteen hun- squar'l^feet^^ dred (1600) square feet, the fee shall be Where build- ^^^^^ (3) dollars. ing is over For the inspection of each or any build- not over^^^^' over eighten (18) feet in width not ex- 30 ft. ceeding thirty (30) feet in height, and not high and not exceeding in superficial area two thou- siTtrficili ^^^^ (2000) square feet, the fee shall be area 2000 sq. fi^® (5) dollars, and the further sum of one feet. (1) dollar in addition for each story above Extra fe^s for thirty feet in height, and a like sum of one ^tlfnis^'or dollar for each additional one thou- greater area sand (1000) square feet of ground covered of building. by such house or building, r e^tion ^of inspection of heating apparatus heating^ ap- flues in all buildings in which the same naratus and has not been heretofore introduced the fee flues. shall be one (1) dollar. pIFrs'^or inspection of buildings for which alterations application is made for repair or altera- made*^ ^® tion, the fee shall be two (2) dollars. Fee when ap- inspection of buildings where ap- plication Is plication is made to tear down and no ap- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. S9 plication is made for a permit to erect a made to tear new building" upon the same ground, the ^^^^ ^^^y- fee shall be two (2) dollars. For the inspection of any building or Fee for in- buildings already erected, upon complaint building upon in due form as to being* dang-erous, said complaint as building- or buildings not exceeding* four to being (4) stories in heig-ht, the fee for each building" shall be ten (10) dollars, and for each additional story an additional sum of one (1) dollar. The fee shall be Fee not to be deposited with the Chief of the Bureau, [|gg^^com-'''^' but shall not be retained after the inspec- plaint was tion and examination is made unless the in- groundless or spector making* the examination shall cer- icious. tify to the Chief that in his judgment the complaint was groundless or malicious. For fence views the fee shall be three Fee for fence (3) dollars, fixed by Act of Assembly, ap-^^®^^- proved May 6, 1870. For the inspection of frame shed and Section of overhanging bath to dwelling houses al- frame sheds ready erected the fee for each shall be one overhang- /-I \ ^ n ing bath (1) dollar. j.o°ins. For the inspection of a bay or oriel win- Fee for in- dow the fee shall be two (2) dollars. spection of ^ ^ bay or oriel For the inspection of open shelter sheds, windows, when not exceeding a superficial area of Fee for in- five hundred (500) feet, the fee shall ^^e^*^ggelt-r one (1) dollar; for each additional five sheds.^ ^ hundred (500) feet or part thereof the fee shall be fifty (50) cents. For the inspec- ^ee for in- snection of tion of boiler and engine foundations in ijojier and buildings in which the same has not been engine foun- heretofore introduced, and in any new^^tions. building in which the application for the permit for the erection of the said build- ing does not include the introduction of a boiler or engine, the fee for the same shall be two (2) dollars. Section 2. All ordinances or parts of or- ^^^e^.^|^^|^* dinances inconsistent herewith be and the repealed, same are hereby repealed. 90 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS No steam engine to be erected with- out approval of Inspector. Penalty for violation of this provis- ion. If built in dangerous manner steam engine may be altered or removed by order of court. Steam Engines. THE ACT OF ASSEMBLY Of May 7, 1855, provides that: No steam engine shall be erected without the inspection and approval of an Inspector as aforesaid, for the security and safety of the inhabitants, under the penalties hereinbefore prescribed in respect to build- ings constructed contrary to this act, and if built in connection with any wooden or brick paned building, or in other danger- ous manner contrary to the permit or direc- tion of such inspector, the same shall be altered or removed, according to the de- cree of said Court. AN ORDINANCE Relating to nuisances, approved Septem- ber 23, 1864. Size of cellar Section 11. To place or maintain any door, porches, cellar door, porch, or steps, which shall ex- tend more than four feet six inches into Sept. 23, any footway of any street of fifty feet wide or upwards, or a proportionate distance into any footway in any street of less width than fifty feet. Section 12. To set up or maintain any fence beyond the building line, or any rail- ing, except around excavated areas now existing, so as to reduce the footways of streets of one hundred feet and over in width, to a width of less than sixteen feet; of eighty feet streets to a width of less than fourteen feet; of streets of sixty feet in width to less than twelve feet; of streets of fifty feet in width to a width of less than ten feet and of all streets of a less width than fifty feet to a width less than eight feet. 1864. Size of fences, railing, etc. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 91 AN OKDINANCE To prohibit the erection of porches be- yond the building line of the streets or highways of the City, declaring such porches to be a nuisance, providing a penalty for the erection thereof, and pro- viding for the collection of the cost of removal. Section 1. The Select and Common Coun- cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain, That from and after the passage of this p^^.^j^^^ ^^^^^^^ ordinance, it shall be unlavs^ful to erect not project any porch projecting beyond the building beyond builtl- line upon any of the public streets or highways of the City, and any porch so erected after this date, is hereby declared a nuisance. Section 2. Any person who shall con- struct or begin the construction of any porch in violation of this ordinance shall ppj.ajx_ forfeit and pay to the City of Philadelphia the sum of fifty (50) dollars for each oifence, and shall be required to remove said porch and replace the street in its proper condition. Section 3. If the said person or persons shall neglect or refuse to remove such porch and replace the street in proper con- dition, as set forth, within ten days from the date of notice from the Department of Public Works^ then and in that case the said Department is hereby authorized and directed to have the said work done and Department the bill for same presented for payment to ^^^^^ remove, the owner or owners in front of whose properties said porch is constructed or at- tempted to be constructed, and in the event of said owner or owners refusing to pay said bill within ten days from the date thereof, the contractor who did the work shall be paid out of the item for 92 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS emerg-encies in the annual appropriation to the Bureau of Highways, and the bill shall be transmitted to the City Solicitor to col- lect by lien from the owner or owners ag-ainst whom the work has been charg-ed. The penalty herein mentioned shall be sued for and recovered in the manner as pen- alties for violation are by law sued for and recovered. Section 4. So much of Section 11 of or- dinance of September 23, 1864. as permits the erection of porches, and all ordinances or parts of ordinances inconsistent here- with be, and the same are hereby repealed. Approved the twenty-third day of Feb- ruary, A. D. 1906. JOHN WEAVEH, Mayor of Philadelphia. THE ORDINANCE Privy wells, vaults or sinks, not to be within two feet of adjoin- ing lot. Such privy wells, etc., to be filled up at expense of owner. Manure pits under the sidewalks. Of September 23, 1864, provides that it shall be a nuisance: To construct or maintain any privy, well, vault, or sink, for the purpose of contain- ing- any offensive matter, within two feet of the line of any adjoining- lot. And in addition to the penalty hereinafter pro- vided, five (5) dollars, the said privy, well, vault or sink, shall be filled up at the ex- pense of owner or owners thereof, by the Building- Inspectors of the City of Phila- delphia. AN OEX)INANCE . Of January 10^ 1895 To prohibit the erection and maintenance of manure pits in certain built up por- tions of the city, provides: That on and after May 1, 1895, it shall be unlawful to maintain pits used for the stor- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 93 age of manure (whether temporarily or otherwise) under any portion of the side- walks in front of any building* in any square, or part of a square whether for livery or other purposes, of any street within the City of Philadelphia, which is in whole or part occupied by dwelling- houses, and all pits now in existence shall either be filled up or covered in such man- ner that they cannot be any longer used for the purposes heretofore mentioned. Penalty, fifty dollars. ACT OF ASSEMBLY May 7, 1855, Relating- to walls encroaching- over party Encroach- lines, provides: o^^^t over ^ party lines. Section 8. That any lot of the width of sixteen feet or less shall not be incumbered with more than nine inches of the stone wall, or more than four and a half inches of the brick wall, nor in any case shall any party wall be placed on the adjoining- lot more than ten inches for the stone wall, or more than six and a half inches for the brick wall. ORDINANCES Relative to occupying- the streets of the City of Philadelphia with building- mate- rial, etc. The Ordinance of June 2, 1887, provides: That when any person or persons shall Perrnit be about to erect or repair any house or ^i^cin^^ Juild building- within the City of Philadelphia, Fng^^nmteHal and shall be desirous to occupy a part of on public the public street or road for placing- street or road, building- materials thereon, he or they shall make application to the License Clerk at 94 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Form of ap- plication for such permit. Space to be occupied not to exceed certain dimensions. Passage or Cartway to be left in street where build- ing materials Fhall not be placed. Wooden plat- form to be erected in front of buildings about to be erected or re- paired. Penalty for violation. the Bureau of Hig-liways (stating the num- ber and extent of such building or build- ings for the accommodation of which he may desire so to occupy said street or road, and thereupon the License Clerk shall issue a written or printed permit to occupy such part of any public street or road in the neighborhood for the purpose aforesaid, not exceeding in extent the dimensions of the front on the premises about to be built upon or repaired and eighty (80) feet in addition thereto, and not exceeding nine (9) feet in breadth, thirteen (13) feet in height and one (1) foot over curbstone, with a gutter left along the curb fifteen (15) inches high, with cleanout holes 12x18 every tw^enty-five (25) feet in length, for any time not exceeding four (4) months as shall be deemed necessary and reason- able: Provided, That a sufficient passage or cartway shall at all times be left un- encumbered between said building mate- rials and the opposite curbstone for the passage of vehicles: And provided further, That no building materials be placed within four (4) feet of any fire plug or flag- stone crossing, or within two and a half (2V2) feet of any railroad track. The Ordinance of May 3, 1855, provides: That during the erection or repair of any building in the City of Philadelphia it shall be the duty of the owner thereof, or of the person having charge of the erection or repair of such building to cause to be placed a wooden platform, which shall ex- tend along the whole front of such build- ing about to be erected or repaired, and which shall project two and a half (21^) feet from the wall thereof to the curb- stone or line of the foot pavement, and be of sufficient strength to intercept the fall- ing of bricks, lumber, or other building materials. Penalty, fifty dollars. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 95 THE ORDINANCE Of June 7, 1872, provides : That all contractors, owners or occn- Lantern to be pants of bnilding's, or others placing ^^il^" kI^iI^J^^ ing materials of any kind or any other materials or obstructions or excavations upon or across alterations the cartway' of any public thoroughfares ^jo^^^^^^l®* in this city^ shall place and keep thereon from sunset to sunrise a lighted lantern of red glass; and v^henever such obstruc- tions or excavations exceed ten (10) feet in length or breadth, one such lantern shall be placed upon each end thereof . pg^^j^y Penalty, five dollars. violation. THE ORDINANCE Of April 6, 1892, Declares it to be a nuisance and under pen- alty of tw^enty dollars, To place any mortar, mortar beds, or Mortar, mor- lime boxes upon any of the public ji^J^^o^x ways of the City which are paved with as- j^ot to be phaltum or concrete; Provided, however, placed upon that mortar may be mixed in boxes, "^^^ ^aved^^^^ith bottoms of which must be of tight tongued asphaltum and grooved boards^ placed upon four (4) or concrete, inch bearers or sleepers, leaving an air except under space and protected on all sides by a mar- ^fjj^l^^ I gin of two (2) inch boards, not less than six (6) inches high above the floor sur- face. THE ACT Of May 11, 1893, provides: That it shall be the duty of the party or parties having charge of the construction of any new building hereafter erected in 4 96 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS During the construction of new build- ings the joists or girders above third floor shall be covered to protect work- men, etc. Penalty for violation of this Act. this Commonwealth^ to have the joists or girders of each floor above the third story covered ^vith rough scaffold boards, or otliei- suitable material, as the building" progresses, so as to sufficiently protect the workmen either from falling through such joists or girders, or to protect the work- men or others who may be under or be- low each floor from falling bricks, tools, mortar, or other substances whereby ac- cidents happen, injuries occur, and life and limb are endangered. For every violation of this act a penalty not exceeding one hundred (100) dollars for each' floor of joists or girders left uncovered is imposed. AN ORDINANCE Width of Walnut Street. New build- ings. Alterations. Of June 30, 1892, To provide for the widening of Walnut street from Fifth to Twenty-second. Provides, That the Bureau of Surveys be authorized to revise the city plan, so as to make the width of Walnut street from Fifth street to Twenty-second street such as shall conform Avith the buildings there- on erected, as the same may be practicable; such width to be uniform in each block. After the confirmation and establishment of said lines it shall not be lawful for any owner or builder to erect any new build- ing, or to rebuild or alter the front or add to the height of any building now erected, without making it recede so as to conform to the line established. x\mended by Ordinance of December 30, 1892, by striking out the word *'Fifth" and inserting the word "Sixth." AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 97 AN ORDINANCE To provide for the widening- of Chestnut street on the city plan. Section 1. The Select and Common Conn- Widening cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain, ^^Jfg^Jf That the Department of Surveys be, and is, hereby authorized to revise the city plan so as to make Chestnut street, from the Delav^are River to the Schuylkill River, of the width of sixty (60) feet^ widening* equally on both sides from the old centre line. Section 2. After the confirmation and New build- establishment of said lines it shall not be ings. lawful for any owner or builder to erect any new building*, or to rebuild or alter the front of any building now erected, without making- it recede so as to conform to the lines established for a width of sixty (60) feet. Approved the thirty-first day of March, March 31, A. D. 1884. 1884. AN ORDINANCE Amending- an ordinance entitled "An Ordi- nance relative to the widening- of Arch street," approved the twelfth day of February, 1886. Section 1. The Select and Common Coun- cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain. That the ordinance entitled "An Ordinance relative to the widening* of Arch street," approved the 12th day of February, 1886 be altered and amended by adding- the words- "And provided further, That nothing* here- in contained shall be held or construed to prevent any owner of property now ex- isting- on Arch street, from taking out the 98 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Width of Arch Street. Alterations, new build- ings. Bulk win- dows. Amendment approved June 29, 1899. brick work of front wall between the two windows on first floor, carrying the weight on an iron beam and putting- in a bulk window, the said bulk window not to i)ro- ject beyond the building- line," so that the same shall, as amended, read; "That the Department of Surveys be, and is hereby directed to widen Arch street, on the north and south lines thereof, from Eighth street to the river Schujdkill^ on the city plan, so that hereafter the width of Arch street shall be seventy-two (72) feet from the building line to building line, or thirty- six (36) feet from the now established cen- tre line of said Arch street: Provided, That this ordinance shall not exteni to any buildings now erected on said Arch street, and shall extend to all buildings that may hereafter be erected or altered fronting on said street, and that the De- partment of Surveys shall prepare a plan of said street showing all buildings that will be alfected by said widening: And provided further, That nothing herein con- tained shall be held or construed to pre- vent any owner of property now existing on Arch street, from taking out the brick work of the front wall between the two windows on first floor, carrying the weight thereof on an iron beam, and putting in a bulk window, the said bulk window not to project beyond the building line." AN ORDINANCE To regulate the placing of streets upon the city plan and the issuing of building and other permits by the Departments and Bureaus of the city. Section 1. The Select and Common Coun- Width of cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain, streets. That from and after the passage of this ordinance no street hereafter to be opened AND BUILDING INSPECTOKS. 09 shall be accepted or placed upon the plans of the city that is of a less width than thirty (30) feet, and in no case shall a street be so placed unless it shall run from one public street to another, and in a straight line. Provided, That this ordi- nance shall not be construed to repeal the existing ordinance fixing the widths of streets in the Twenty-second Ward at not 22d Ward, less than forty (40) feet. Section 2. It shall be unlawful for the Permits issu- Board of Building Inspectors, Department regulated of Public Works, or any Bureau under it cases, or any official of the city, either to issue, •ause or allow to be issued, any permit or permits for the erection of any building- or buildings or for the introauction of gas, water, sewer or drains, or to make sur- veys or give lines, or in any manner to countenance, authorize or permit the erec- tion of any building or buildings fronting on any street unless said street shall be of not less than thirty (30) feet in width as provided in Section 1 of this ordinance or on the city plan, and all of said streets shall be continuous and run in a straight line from one public street to another. Approved this eighth day of April, A. D. April 8th, 1890. Amended by Ordinance of June 9, 1890, providing that the placing of streets upon the city plan and the issuing of permits shall not apply to any street that was on i^-Q city plan or was actually or legally opened at the time said ordinance was passed. Further amended by Ordinance of July 2, 1890, so that the requirements of streets running in a straight line shall not apply to or be operative within the bounds of the Twenty-first and Twenty- second Wards. 100 LAWS EELATING TO BUILDINGS AN ORDINANCE To amend an ordinance, entitled "An Ordi- nance reg'nlating- the placing of streets upon the City plan and the issuing- of building- and other permits by the De- partments and Bureaus of the City," ap- proved the eig-hth day of April, 1890. Section 1. The Select and Common Coun- cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain, That the Ordinance of Councils, approved the eig^hth day of April, 1890. entitled "An Ordinance regulating" the placing of streets upon the City plan and the issuing of Minimum building and other permits by the Depart- width of ments and Bureaus of the City," be and streets 40 ft. ^j-^g same is hereby amended by striking out the words and figures "thirty (80) feet" whereve-r they appear and inserting in lieu thereof, the words and figures "forty (40) feet:" Provided, That this ordinance shall not aj^ply to any street now on the City plan or that is actually or legally opened or built upon. Approved the second day of April^ A. D. 1906. JOHN WEAVER, Mayor of Philadelphia. AN ORDINANCE To provide for the enclosing of vacant lots and lots upon which building operations are in progress or upon which excava- tions have been made. Section 1. The Select and Common Coun- cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain: That from and after the passage of thi* ordinance it shall be the duty of the own er or owners of unimproved real estate AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 101 within the City of Philadelphia to enclose Ihe same with a suitable fence upon that part facing' on a public highway where the same is dangerous. Section 2. It shall be the duty of the owner or owners of any lot upon which a building is being erected or upon which an excavation for any purpose shall have exr-jivations. been made, where the said lot borders on a public highway, to enclose the same with a suitable fence. Section 3. Fences erected under the pro- visions of Sections 1 and 2 of this ordi- nance shall be erected under the super- vision of the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion, and subject to such regulations as to material and dimensions as shall be pre- scribed by that Bureau. Section 4. Any person violating any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be subject to a penalty of fifty (50) dollars for each w^eek during which such violation continues, to be recovered as debts of like amount are now by law recoverable: Pro- vided, That such penalty shall not be im- posed upon any person until he shall have failed to comply with the provisions of this ordinance after ten days' notice so to do from the Department of Public Safety. Approved November 9, 1897. Eegulations adopted by the Bureau of Building Inspection governing the erec- tion of fences around vacant lots where same are dangerous, or around lots upon which excavations are being made or buildings are being erected. "Any lot which has been excavated or upon which excavations are being made, or any lot from which a building has been K)2 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS remoA^ed and there is left a cellar or ex- cavation of any kind below the sidewalk Hci-ht of g^rade, in all closely built sections of the fence. city shall be enclosed with a tight board fence at least five feet high. "In suburban sections of the city lots facing the public highway shall have at least a post and rail fence extending three feet above the sidew^alk, where the said lot is in such condition that pedestrians might suffer injury through the absence of some such safeguard." ACT OF ASSEMBLY Relating to Fire Escapes. Approved July 12^ 1897. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania in General As- sembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same: That all the following described buildings within this Commonwealth, to wit: Every building used as a seminary, college, academy, hos- pital, asylum, or hotel, for the accommoda- tion of the public, every storehouse, fac- tory, manufactory or workshop of any kind, in which employes or operatives are usually employed at work in the third or any higher story, every tenement house, or other building in which rooms or floors live usually let to lodgers or families, every iniblic hall or place of amusement, every parochial or public school building and every building used in whole or in part for offices when any of such buildings are three or more stories in height, except buildings used in whole or in part for offices which are of lire-proof construction, shall be provided with a permanent, safe, Bnildings' re- quiring fire- escapes. AND BUILDING INSrECTOKS. lOJ external means of escape therefrom, in case of fire, independent of all internal stair- ways; the number and location of such es- capes to be g-overned by the size of the building, and the number of its inmates; and arranged in such a way as to make them readily accessible^ safe and adequate, for the escape of said inmates. Such es- capes to consist of outside, open^ iron stair- way, of not more than forty-five degrees slant, with steps not less than six inches in width and twenty-four inches in length. And all of said buildings capable of ac- commodating from one hundred to five hundred or more persons, as operatives, guests, or inmates, shall be provided with two such stairways, and more than two stairways if such be necessary to secure the speedy and safe escape of said in- mates, in case the internal stairways are cut off by fire or smoke. And it shall be the duty of the owner or owners in fee, foi* life, of every such building and of iL* trustee or trustees of every estate, asso- ciation, society, college, seminary, acad- emy, hospital, or asylum, owning or using any such building, and of the Board of Edu- cation or Board of School Directors^ hav- ing cliaige of any such school building, ^o provide, and cause to be securely affixed, ontsido of every such building, such per- manent, external, unenclosed fire escape: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall prohibit any person whose duty it is under this act to erect fire escapes, from selecting and erecting any other and dif- ferent device, desig^n, or instrument, being a j)ermanent, safe, external means of es- cape, subject to the inspection and ap- proval of the constituted authorities for that purpose. Section 2. It shall be the duty of the Board of Fire Commissioners, in conjunc- tion with the Fire Marshal of the district 104 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS where such Commissioners and Fire Mar- shal are elected or appointed, to first exam- ine and test such fire escape or escapes and after, upon trial, said fire escape or escapes should prove to be in accordance with the requirements of Section 1 of this act, then the said Fire Marshal, in con- nection with the Fire Commissioners, or a majority of them, shall g-rant a certificate approving- said fire escape thereby reliev- ing- the part3^ or parties to whom such cer- tificate is issued from the liabilities of fines, damag*es and imprisonment imposed by this act: Provided, further, That in counties where no such Fire Marshal or Fire Commissioners exist, then the County Commissioners in each said county shall be the Board of Examiners, and shall g-rant certificates of approval when escapes are erected in accordance witn the require- ments of Section l of this act. Section 3. That every person, corpora- tion, trustee, Board of Education, and Board of School Directors, neglecting- or refusing to comply with the requirements of Section 1 of this act, in erecting said fire escape or escapes, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding three hundred dollars; and also be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, punishable by imprisonment for not less than one month or more than two months. And, in case of fire occurring in any of said buildings in the absence ot such fire escape or escapes, approved by certificate of said officials, the said per- sons or corporations shall be liable in an action for damages in case of death or personal injuries sustained in consequence of such fire breaking out in said building; and shall also be deemed guilty of a mis- demeanor, punishable by imprisonment for not less than six months nor more than twelve months; and such action for dam- ages may be maiRtp.ined by nny persons AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 105 now authorized by law to sue as in any other cases of similar injuries: Provided, That nothing- in this act shall interfere with fire escapes now in use approved by the proper authorities. AN ORDINANCE Regulating- the Inspection and Location of Fire Escape. Section 1. The Select and Common Coun- cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain, That w^hen any person or persons shall be about to erect any external stairway, to be used as a fire escape, from any building- or buildings, within the City of Philadel- phia, he or they shall make application to the Bureau of Building Inspection for a permit to do the same^ the said ap- plication must be accompanied by such plans and specifications as shall be re- Plans, specifl- quired by the Bureau of Building In spec- cations and tion, and shall also set forth the location of the proposed fire escape. The Chief of the Bureau shall refer the said applica- tion to the inspector of the said district in which the proposed fire escape is to be erected, and the said inspector shall re- port upon the adaptability of the pro- posed location, also whether the walls are sufficiently strong to carry the proposed escape. Upon receipt of a favorable re- port from the inspector the Bureau shall issue a permit for the erection of the fire escape, the fee for which shall be one (1) dollar. Section 2. No permit shall be granted Permits, for the erection of any fire escape which is not in accordance with the formula of construction adopted by the Bureau of Fire Escapes. Section 3. Any person or persons who penalty shall construct any fire escape without per- 106 LAWS EELATING TO BUILDINGS mit first secured, or who shall erect a fire escape not in accordance with the plans approved by the Bureau of Building In- spection, or shall change the location of said fire escape, or who shall violate any of the provisions of any section of this ordinance shall be subject to a penalty of fifty (50) dollars, and if such violation shall continue after notice given by the Bureau of Building Inspection, to have the same removed, an additional penalty of twenty- five (25) dollars shall be added for every month or fraction thereof the said viola- tion is permitted to exist; all of the afore- said penalties to be recovered as penalties of equal amount are or shall be recover- able for the use of the city. Approved December 10^ 1896. ACT OF ASSEMBLY Relating to Fire Escapes. Approved June 3, 1885. It shall be the duty of the owner of own- ers in fee or for life, of every building con- structed more than two stories high, and used or intended to be used as a hotel, fac- tory, manufactory, workshop, tenement house, school, seminary, college, academy, hospital, asylum, hall, or place of amuse- ment; and of the trustee or trustees of every estate, association, society, college, academy, hospital, or asylum, owning or using any building constructed more than two stories high and used or intended to be used for any of said purposes; and of the Board of Education or Board of School Directors, having charge of any building constructed more than two stories high and used or intended to be used as a pub- lic school, to provide and cause to be se- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 107 curely affixed to a bolt through the wall over the window head inside of at least one window in each room on the third floor, and in each room on each higher floor of every such building, a chain at Ropes and least ten feet in length, with a rope at^liams. least one inch in diameter securely at- tached thereto, of sufficient length to ex- tend to the ground, or such other appli- ance as may be approved by the Board of Fire Commissioners, of any city or county having a Board of Fire Commissioners, or by the County Commissioners of any county where there is no Board of Fire Commissioners: Provided, however, That when the third floor or any higher floor of any such building is not subdivided into rooms, then at least six windows on each of such floors shall be provided with such chains and ropes, or such other appliances as may be approved by any Board of Fire Commissioners or by the County Commis- sioners of any county where no Board of Commissioners shall exist. And provided further. That whenever any room on the third floor or on any higher floor of any such building shall contain more than three windows, then at least one window out of every three windows in every such room shall be provided with such chain and rope, or such other appliance as may be approved by any Board of Fire Com- missioners or by the County Commission- ers of any county having no Board of Fire Commissioners; and each of such ropes shall be coiled and kept in an un- locked box, in an unobstructed place near the inside sill of the window to which such rope is attached. And in all hotels, fac- tories, manufactories, workshops, schools, seminaries, colleges, hospitals, asylums,' halls, or places of amusement, or other places mentioned in this act, the hallways ^^l^^^^^ and stairways shall be properly lighted at be^^^htld 108 LAWS KELATING TO BUILDINGS night; and at the head and foot of each flight of stairs, and at the intersection of all hallways with main corridors, shall be Red lights. kept during the night a red light; and one Gongs. or more proper alarms or gongs, capable of being heard throughout the building, shall always remain easy of access and ready for use in each of said buildings, to give notice to the inmates in case of fire; and ever^^ keeper of such hotel, factory, manufactory, workshop, school, seminary, college, hospital, asylum, hall, or place of Notices to be amusement shall keep posted in a con- posted, spicuous place in every sleeping room a notice descriptive of such means of escape. And the Board of Fire Commissioners and the County Commissioners of any county having no Board of Fire Commissioners shall have the right to designate the loca- tion of the chains and ropes or such other appliances in conformity with this act to be attached to any building under the pro- visions of this act, and shall grant certifi- cates of approval to every person, firm, corporation, trustee. Board of Education, and Board of School Directors, complying with the requirements of this act; which certificates shall relieve the party or par- ties to whom the same shall be issued from the liabilities of fines, damages, and imprisonment imposed by this act. Section 2. That every person, corpora- tion, trustee, Board of Education and Board of School Directors neglecting or re- fusing to comply with the requirements of the first section of this act, shall be lia- Penalty. ble to a fine not exceeding three hun- dred dollars, to be collected as fines are now by law collectible, and shall also be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, punish- able by imprisonment for not less than one month nor more than twelve months; and in case of fire occurring in any such build- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 109 hig not provided with the chains and ropes or such other appliances as may be re- quired by any Board of Fire Commission- ers, or by the County Commissioners of any county where no Board of Fire Com- missioners shall exist_, in accordance with the requirements with the first section of this act, the person, persons, trustee, trustees, corporation. Board of Education, or Board of School Directors^ who or which neglected or refused to provide such build- ing* with the chains and ropes or such other appliances as aforesaid, shall be liable in Liability an action for damages in case of death or dama personal injury being caused in conse- quence of such fire breaking out in said building; and such action may be main- tained by any person or persons now authorized by law to sue in other cases for injuries caused by neglect of duty. Extract from Act May 9, 1889: And the Board of Fire Commissioners proviso, and the Count^^ Commissioners of any county having no Board of Fire Commis- sioners may direct that the foregoing re- quirements in so far as they relate to the placing and keeping of chains and ropes in hospitals and asylums, may be dispensed with whenever^ in their judgment, the same would be unnecessary. FORMULA GOVERNING THE ERECTION OF FIRE ESCAPES. In accordance with the Act of Assembly approved July 12, 1897, and the Ordi- nance of Councils approved December 10, 1896, and supplemental thereto, the fol- lowing formula will govern the matter of the design, construction and erection of all fire escapes hereafter required within the City of Philadelphia. 110 LAWS RELATING TO BLILDINGS PLATFORMS. The platforms shall consist of iron or steel balconies not less than four (4) feet in width, the length of the platform to be dependent upon the size of the building and the number of its occupants. The In- spector of the District will designate the length of such platform, which shall ex- tend in front of, and not less than nine (9) inches beyond at least two windows, except in the case of a doorway leading from the floor level of the building to the floor level of the platform, in which case such doorway opening will suffice. Each platform shall be provided with a landing at the head and foot of each stairway of not less than twenty-four (24) inches. The floors of balconies must be of wrought iron or steel, one and one-half (1%) inches by five-sixteenths (5/16) inch slats, or channel irons not less than one-quarter (1/4) inch thick in their least section, not more than one and one-quarter (1^^) inches apart, and be securely riveted to frame and brackets. Outside angle frame to be not less than two and one-fourth (2^4) inch angle iron. Where slats of platform run at right angles to wall, wall angle shall be riveted to clips made of angle iron four (4) inches in length let into wall three (3) inches. All stair openings to be sufficient to pro- vide clear headway, but that of the top platform to be no longer than sufficient to provide clear headway. In all cases platforms must be designed, constructed and erected to safely sustain in all their parts a safe load, at a ratio of four to one, of not less than eighty (80) pounds per square foot of surface. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. Ill RAILINGS. The outside top railing to extend around the entire length of the platform, and through the wall at each end, and to be properly secured by nuts and washers, or otherwise equall^^ well braced and bolted. The top rail of the balcony must not be less than one . (1) inch, inside diameter, pipe iron, or material equally as strong. The bottom rail must not be less than one (1) inch, inside diameter, pipe iron or ma- terial equally as strong, well leaded into the wall. The standards must be not less than one (1) inch, inside diameter, pipe iron, or material equally as strong, spaced not more than three (3) feet apart and se- curely braced by means of outside braces, which are to be securely fastened to the brackets of platforms, which brackets shall extend at least six (6) inches beyond rail- ing, and must be securely connected with top and bottom rail and platform frame. Standards must also be securely braced by means of outside brackets. Railings in all cases to extend around the stair- way openings and be continuous down the stairway. The height of the railings to be not less than three (3) feet. STAIRWAYS. Stairways must be designed, constructed and erected to safely sustain in all their parts a safe load, at a ratio of four to one, of not less than one hundred (100) pounds per step, with the exception of the tread, which must safely sustain, at a ratio of four to one, a load of two hundred (200 pounds per tread. The treads to be not less than eight (8) inches wide, and the rise not more than eight (8^ inches. The stairs in all cases to be not less than twenty-four (24) inches wide, and the 112 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS string's or horses to be not less than three (3) inch channels of iron or steel, or other shape equally as strong: Provided, They fall within the allowable stress as pre- scribed by the Act approved June 5, 1901, and to rest upon and be fastened to a bracket; said bracket to be fastened throng-h the wall as otherwise provided for brackets. The string's or horses to be also securely fastened to the balcony at the top. The steps in all cases to be double riveted or bolted to the strings or horses. BRACKETS. Brackets must be not less than two and one-fourth (2i/4) inch angle iron or steel, or material equally as strong, not more than three (3) feet apart, braced by means of not less than one (1) inch square, or one and one-fourth (ly^) inch round iron, let into the wall at least four (4) inches, with shoulder on brace, and three inches X three inches iron washers between shoulder and wall, and to extend down the wall four (4) feet from the top of the bracket, and out on the bracket-angle three (3) feet from the wall. In all cases the bracket angle directly under the bal- cony must be secured to the wall by means of bolts of suitable size passing through the wall, and four (4) inch washers. There must be also a two and one-quarter ■(2^^) inch angle iron between brackets riveted to the balcony angles for the slats to rest upon. Whenever the bottom balcony is supported by means of suspension rods (riveted or bolted) to the balcony above, the brackets (of the above balcony) shall be increased in size to meet the increased strain occasioned thereby. The bottom balcony to have a drop ladder of same construction as the stairway, to be hinged and hung with back arm balance weight: AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 113 Provided, That when the above manner of balancing ladder is impracticable, the Board may allow ladder to be counterbalanced with weig-ht and chain, said weight, when practicable, to be hung within the plat- form railing, and rest upon platform^ or there shall be provided a metal basket or bracket support sufficient to properly sustain or carry the counterbalance weight. The form of this device to be subject to the approval of the Inspector. Provided further, That the use of cables is hereby prohibited. Wire screens to be provided, when in the judgment of the Board they are deemed necessary. In all cases bolts, rivets, and other material used shall be proportioned so as to develop the full strength of the members connected by them. All parts of such fire escapes must receive not less than two coats of paint — one coat in the shop and one after erec- tion. EDWIN CLARK, President Bureau of Fire Escapes. (Approved Philadelphia, December 20, 1906.) FORJ^IULA FOR CONSTRUCTION OF TOWER FIRE ESCAPE. The said tower fire escape shall be di- vided from the building by, and completely enclosed with, brick walls or such other fire-proof materials as shall be accepted by the Bureau of Building Inspection. The said walls to be built solidly from the foundation to and at least 36 inches above the roof. The roof of said tower shall be built of hard, incombustible materials. 114 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS The stairs of said tower may be iron or wood; but in all cases there must be pro- vided stone or iron thresholds; iron frames, or wood frames covered with metal; and iron doors, or wood doors covered with tin. The rise of said stairs shall not be more than eight (8) inches and the tread not less than nine (9) inches. The en- trance to said tower shall be by means of an outside balcony or an incombustible vestibule, of which one side shall be en- tirely open and extend from the top of floor to under side of ceiling and the full width of the tower. The said open side to face a street or such open space as pro- vides for exit of said tower. There shall be a brick wall, or other wall of hard, incombustible material, separating* the tower from the vestibule. The open- ing into tower from said vestibule to be not over seven (7) feet in height. The floor, ceiling and sides of said vestibule to be of hardj incombustible material. The rails enclosing the side facing the open space or street to be not over four (4) feet high and not less than three (3) feet, may be open or enclosed. The entrance to the tower from the building shall be through the vestibule. Towers that have not the fire-proof ves- tibule shall have outside balconies; floors of balconies to be solid, and built of hard, incombustible material and be of sufficient strength to carry the imposed weights. The rails around said balconies shall be not over four (4) feet in height nor less than three (3) feet, and may be enclosed or open. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 115 FOEMULA ADOPTED BY THE BUREAU OF BUILDING INSPECTION. The figures in compression given in Sec- tion 41 of Act approved May 5, 1899, shall be reduced for columns in proportion to length and least diameter according to fol- lovring formula: CAST IRON. WROUGHT IRON. 70000 50000 ■ 1 + 400 D^ 15000 11=^ MILD STEEL. 58000 1 -f 13500 W MEDIUM STEEL. 65000 1 + 11000 E,=^ In which "L" equals length of column in inches, and "R" equals least radius of gyra- tion in inches, and "D" equals diameter or least side in inches. FOR WOODEN COLUMNS: UL U lOOD In which **U" equals ultimate compres- sion given above, and equals ratio of D length to least diameter of column. The allowable reduction of live load on columns and girders as mentioned in Sec- tion 43, of Act approved May 5, 1899, shall be as follows: 116 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS For all tenement houses, hotels, apart- ment houses, hospitals and office build- ings the live loads on columns, girders and foundations may be estimated by the for- mula X=:100 — f |/ A, and for light manu- facturing building by the formula X=:1(X) ~ I l/ A, in which "X" equals the percent- age of live load to be used, and "A'* equals area carried by any girder, column or foundation. REGULATIOiNS Of the Bureau, of Building Inspection of the City of Philadelphia for the Testing of ISlew Materials Used in Building Con- struction, I Apply to all 1. These regulations are to apply to all new building such new materials as are used in build- ing construction^ in the same manner and for the same purposes, as natural stones, brick and concrete are now authorized by the Building Law, Rules and Regulations, of the Bureau of Building Inspection. 2. Before any such material is used in buildings, an application for its use and for a test of the same must be filed with the Bureau of Building Inspection. A description of the material and a brief outline of its manufacture must be em- bodied in the application. 3. The material must be subjected to the following tests: Transverse, Compres- sion, Absorption and Freezing. Additional tests, including Fire test, may be called for when, in the judgment of the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection, the same may be desired or considered neces- sary. All such tests shall be made under the supervision of the Bureau, in the Philadelphia Testing Laboratory attached to the Bureau of Surveys. Application for test and use to be filed. Testp re- quired. AND BUILDING INSPECTOES. 117 4. The results of the tests, whether satis- Results to factory or not^ must be placed on file in the Burean of Building- Inspection. They shall be open to public inspection, but need not necessarily be published. 5. For the purposes of the tests, at least Samples to 10 samples or test pieces must be pro- provided, vided. Such samples must represent the ordinary commercial product. They may be selected from stock by the Chief of the Bureau of Building" Inspection, or his representative, or may be made in his presence, at his discretion. The samples must be approximately eig'ht inches long, four inches wide and two inches thick. In cases where the material is made and used in special shapes or forms full size samples may also be called for and tested in such manner as may be directed by the Chief of the Bureau of Building- Inspection, to determine the physical char- acteristic specified in Reg^ulation 3. 6. The samples may be tested as soon Must be as desired by the applicant but in no case tested in 60 later than sixty days after manufacture, ^^y^- 7. The weig-ht per cubic foot and specific Weight and g-ravity of the material must be deter- gravity to be mined. determined. 8. These tests shall be made in series of Tests to be at least five, except that in the fire tests a niade in series of two (four samples) is sufficient, The transverse tests shall be made first on full-size samples (8 by 4 by 2). The re- sulting- half samples are then used for the compression and absorption tests, but in no case must both halves of the same piece be used in either series. Half sam- ples may also be used for the freezing- and fire tests under the same restrictions. The remaining- samples are kept in reserve, in case unusual flaws or exceptional or abnormal conditions make it necessary to 118 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Samples must discard certain of the tests. All the sam- be marked. pj^g must be marked for identification and comparison. Transverse 9. The transverse test shall be made as follows: The sample shall be placed flat- wise on two rounded knife-edge bearings set parallel, seven inches apart. A load is then applied on top, midway between the supports, and transmitted through a similar rounded edge, until the sample is ruptured. The modulus of rupture shall then be determined. Compression 10. The Compression test shall be made as test. follows: The sample must first be thor- oughly dried to a constant weight. It must be carefully measured^ then bedded flat- wise on blotting paper, to secure a uni- form bearing in the testing machine, and crushed. Absorption 11. The Absorption test must be made as t^st- follows: The sample is first thoroughly dried to a constant weight. The weight must be carefully recorded. It is then ])laced in a pan or tray of water, immers- ing it completely. It is again carefully weighed at the expiration of forty-eight hours from the time of immersion. Its compressive strength, while still wet, is then determined in the manner specified in Regulation 10. Freezing 12. The Freezing test is made as follows: test. The sample is immersed, as described in Eegulation 11, for at least four hours, and then weighed. It is then placed in a freez- ing mixture or a refrigerator, or other- wise subjected to a tempei-ature of less than fifteen degrees Fahrenheit, for at least six hours. It is then removed and placed in water, where it must remain for at least one hour^ the temperature of which is at least one hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit. This operation is re- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 119 peated ten times, after which the sample is again weighed while still wet from last thawing-. Its crushing strength shoTild then be determined, as called for in Kegulatioii 10. i:>. The Fire test must be made as fol- Fire test, lows: Two samples are i)laced in a cold gas furnace^ in which the temperatnre is gradually raised to seventeen hundred de- grees Fahrenheit in one hour. One of the samples is then plunged in cold water (about fifty to sixty degrees Fahrenheit), and results noted. The second sample is permitted to cool gradually in air, and the results noted. 14. The following requirements must be Requirements met to secure an acceptance of the mate- to be met. rials. The modulus of rupture must aver- Modulus of age four hundred and fifty and must not rupture, fall below three himdred and fifty in any case. The ultimate compressive strength Ultimate must average three thousand pounds per g^^^^^^^^^^ square inch and must not fall below twen- ^^^^ ' ty-five hundred in any case. The percent- Percentage of age of absorption (being the weight of absorption, water absorbed divided by the weight of the dry sample) must not average higher than fifteen per cent, and must not exceed tw^enty per cent, in any case. The reduc- Reduction of tion of compressive strength must not be compressive more than thirt^^-three and one-third per ^ ^^^^ * cent., except that when the lower figure is still above three thousand pounds per square inch, the loss in strength may be neglected. Tlie freezing and thawing proc- Loss in ess must not cause a loss in weight greater weight and than ten per cent., nor loss in strength freezing and^ of more than thirty-three and one-third per thawing, cent., excej)t that when the lower figure is still above three thousand pounds per square inch^ the loss in strength may be neglected. The fire test must not cause J^on^due^to the material to disintegrate. Are test. 120 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Approval ; iin- 15. The approval of any material is given der follow- only under the followincf conditions: Ing con- * ditioiis. (a) A brand mark for identification must be 'impressed on, or othcrAvise at- tached to the material. (b) A plant for the production of the material must be in full operation when the official tests are made. (c) The name of the firm or corporation and the responsible officers must be placed on file with the Chief of the Bureau of Building- Inspection, and changes in same promptly reported. (d) The tests must be repeated at any time when called for, on samples selected from the open market, when there is any doubt whether the product is up to the standard of these regulations. (e) In case the results of tests made under this condition (d) should show that the standard of these regulations is not maintained, the p.pproval of this Bureau will be at once suspended or revoked. EDWIN CLARK, Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection. Approved, Sept. 28, 1906. R. J. McKENTY, Director RULES AND REGULATIONS Governing the use and manufacture of Hol- loyv Concrete Building Blocks in the City of Philadelphia. 1. Hollow concrete building blocks may be used for buildings six stories or less in height where said use is approved by the Bureau of Building Inspection; Pro- vided, however, that such blocks shall be composed of at least one (1) part of Stand- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 121 ard Portland Cement, and not to exceed Comix sition. five (5) parts of clean, coarse, sharp sand or gravel, or a mixture of at least one part of Portland cement to five (5) parts of crushed rock or other suitable aggregate. Provided, further that this section shall Not to bo not permit the use of hollow blocks in ^f^^j^,y'^ P'"*^^^ party vs^alls. Said party walls must be built solid. 2. All material to be of such fineness as to pass a one-half inch ring and be free from dirt or foreign matter. The mate- rial composing such blocks shall be prop- erly mixed and manipulated, and the hol- low space in said blocks shall not exceed the percentage given in the following table for different height walls, and in no ease shall the walls or webs of the block be less in thickness than one-fourth of the height. The figures given in the table rep- resent the percentage of such hollow ^f^^JJo^lo^^® space for different height walls. space. Stories. 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 6th. 1 and 2 83 33 3 and 4 25 33 33 33 5 and 6 20 25 25 33 33 33 3. The thickness of walls for any build- Tliioknrss of ing where hollow^ concrete blocks are used walls, shall not be less than is required by law for brick walls. 4. Where the face only is of hollow con- crete building block, and the backing is of brick, the facing of hollow concrete blocks must be strongly bonded to the brick either with headers projecting four (4) inches into the brick work, every to be f ourth course being a heading course, or bonded, with approved ties; no brick backing to be less than (8) eight inches. Where the walls are made entirely of hollow concrete 122 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Age oi' blocks. Blocks to be made solid under concen trated load, etc. Maximum load. Crushing strength. Piers and buttresses. blocks, but where said blocks have not the same width as the wall, every fifth course shall extend through the wall, forming a secure bond. All walls, where blocks are used, shall be laid up in Portland Cement Mortar. 5. All hollow concrete building blocks, before being used in the construction of any building in the City of Philadelphia, shall have attained the age of at least three (3) weeks. 6. Wherever girders or joists rest upon walls so that there is a concentrated load on the block of over two (2) tons, the blocks supporting the girder or joists must be made solid. Where such concen- trated load shall exceed five (5) tons, the blocks for two (2) courses below, and for a distance extending at least eighteen inches each side of said girder, shall be made solid. Where the load on the wall from the girder exceeds five (5) tons, the blocks for three (3) courses beneath it shall be made solid with similar material as in the blocks. Wherever walls are de- creased in thickness, the top course of the thicker wall to be solid. 7. Provided always, that no wall, or any part thereof, composed of hollow concrete blocks shall be loaded to an excess of eight (8) tons per superficial foot of the area of such blocks, including the weight of the wall, and no blocks shall be used that have an average crushing at less than 1000 pounds per square inch of area at the age of twenty-eight (28) days; no deduction to be made in figuring the area for the hollow spaces. 8. All piers and buttresses that support loads in excess of five (5) tons, shall be built of solid concrete blocks for such dis- tance below as may be required by the Bureau of Building Inspection. Concrete AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 123 lintels and sills shall be reinforced by iron or steel rods in a manner satisfactory to the Bureau of Building- Inspection, and any nn"^,}!"^^ lintels spanning- over four feet six inches in the clear shall rest on solid concrete blocks. 9. Provided, that no hollow^ concrete building- blocks shall be used in the con- struction of any building in the City of Philadelphia, unless the maker of said blocks has submitted his product to the Blocks to full test required by the Bureau of Build- be tested, ing- Inspection, and placed on file w^ith said Bureau of Building Inspection a certificate Certificate from a reliable testing- laboratory shov^- filed, ing that samples from the lot of blocks to be used have successfully^ passed the re- quirements of the Bureau of Building In- spection, and filing a full copy of the test with the Bureau. 10. A brand or mark of identification Brand, must be impressed in, or otherwise per- manently attached to, each block for pur- pose of identification. 11. No certificate of approval shall be Approval considered in force for more than four limited to months, unless there be filed with the Bu-^ months, reau of Building Inspection, in the City^ of Philadelphia, at least once every four months following, a certificate from some reliable physical testing laboratory show- ing that the average of three (3) speci- mens tested for compression, alid three (3) specimens tested for transverse strength, comply with the requirements of the Bu- reau of Building Inspection of the City of Philadelphia; samples to be selected either by a Building Inspector or by the labora- tory, from blocks actually going into con- struction work. Samples must not be fur- nished by the contractors or builders. 12. The manufacturer and user of any 124 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Cement to be tested. Portland cement to be used. Defective blocks to be condemned. such hollow concrete blocks as are men- tione)d in this reg-nlation, or either of them, shall, at any and all times^ have made snch tests of the cements used in making- such blocks, or such further tests of the completed blocks, or of each of these, at their own expense, and under the supervision of the Bureau of Building- In- spection, as the Chief of said Bureau shall require. 13. The cement used in making- said' blocks shall be Portland cement, and must be capable of passing- the minimum re- quirements as set forth in the "Standard Specifications for Cement" by the Ameri- can Society for Testing Materials. 14. Any and all blocks, samples of which, on being- tested under the direction of the Bureau of Building- Inspection, fail to stand at twenty-eight (28) days the tests required by this regulation, shall be marked ^'condemned" by the manufac- turer or user^ and shall be destroyed. 15. No concrete blocks shall be used in the construction of any building within the City of Philadelphia until they shall have been inspected, and average samples of the lot tested, approved and accepted by the Chief of Building Inspectors. SPECIFICATIONS GOVERNING METHOD OF TESTING HOLLOW BLOCKS. 1. These regulations shall apply to all such new materials as are used in build- ing construction, in the same manner and for the same purposes, as stones, brick and concrete are now authorized by the Build- ing Laws, when said new material to be substituted departs from the general shape and dimensions of ordinary building brick, and more particularly to that form AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 125 of building- material known as "Hollow Concrete Block," manufactured from ce- ment and a certain addition of sand, crushed stone or similar material. 2. Before any such material is used in buildings, an application for its use and for a test of the same must be filed with the Chief of the Bureau of Building* Inspec- tion. A description of the material and a brief outline of its manufacture and pro- portions of the materials used must be embodied in the application. 3. The material must be subjected to the Tests following- test: Transverse, Compression, required. Absorption, Freezing-, and Fire. Additional tests may be called for when, in the judge- ment of the Chief of the Bureau of Build- ing* Inspection, the same may be necessary. All such tests must be made in some labo- ratory of recognized standing-, under the supervision of the engineer of the Bureau of Building- Inspection. The tests will be made at the expense of the applicant. 4. The results of the tests, whether sat- Results to isfactory or not, must be placed on file in be filed, the Bureau of Building Inspection. They shall be open to inspection upon applica- tion to the Chief of the Bureau, but need not necessarily be published. 5. For the purposes of the tests, at least Samples to twenty (20) samples or test pieces must be provided, be provided. Such samples must repre- sent the ordinary commercial product. They may be selected from stock by the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion, or his representative, or may be made in his presence, at his discretion. The samples must be of the regular size and shape used in construction. In cases where the material is made and used in special shapes and forms, too large for testing in the ordinary machines, smaller sized specimens shall be used as may be 126 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Tests to bo made in 60 days. Weight to be determined. Transverse test. Compression test. directed by the Chief of Building Inspec- tion, to determine the physical character- istic specified in Section 3. 6. The samples may be tested as soon as desired by the applicant, but in no case later than sixty (60) days after manufac- ture. 7. The weight per cubic foot of the ma- terial must be determined. 8. Tests shall be made in series of at least five, except that in the fire tests a se- ries of two (four samples) are sufficient. Transverse tests shall be made on full sized samples. Half samples may be used for the crushing, freezing and fire tests. The remaining samples are kept in reserve, in case unusual flaws or exceptional or abnormal conditions make it necessary to discard certain of the tests. All samples must be marked for identification and comparison. 9. The Transverse test shall be made as follows: The samples shall be placed flat- wise on two rounded knife edge bearings set parallel seven inches apart. A load is then applied on top, midw^ay between the supports, and transmitted through a simi- lar rounded knife edge, until the sample is ruptured. The modulus of rupture shall then be determined by multiplying the to- tal breaking load in pounds by twenty-one (three times the distance between sup- ports in inches) and then dividing the re- sult thus obtained by twice the product of the width in inches by the square of the depth in inches. R— 2 No allowance should be made in figuring the modulus of rupture for the hollow spaces. 10. The Compression test shall be made as follows: Samples must be cut from blocks so as to contain a full web section. The sample must be carefully measured, AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 127 then bedded flat-wise in Plaster of Paris, to secure a uniform bearing in the testing" machine, and crushed. The total breaking load is then divided by the area in com- pression in square inches. No deduction to be made for hollow spaces; the area will be considered as the product of the width by the length. 11. The Absorption test must be made Absorption as follows: The sample is first thoroughly ^^st. dried to a constant weight. The weight must be carefully recorded. It is then placed in a pan or tray of water, face downward, immersing it to a depth of not more than one-half inch. It is again care- fully weighed at the following periods: Thirty minutes, four hours, and forty- eight hours, respectively, from the time of immersion, being replaced in the water in each case as soon as the weight is taken. Its compressive strength, while still wet, is then determined at the end of the forty- eight hours period, in the manner specified in section 10. 12. The Freezing test is made as fol- Freezing lows: The sample is immersed, as de-test, scribed in section 11, for at least four hours, and then weighed. It is then placed in a freezing mixture or a refrigerator, or otherwise subjected to a temperature of less than 15 degrees F. for at least 12 hours. It is then removed and placed in water, where it must remain for at least one hour, the temperature of which is at least 150 de- grees F. This operation is repeated ten (10) times, after which the sample is again weighed while still wet from the last thaw- ing. Its crushing strength should then be determined as called for in section 10. 13. The Fire test must be made as fol- Fire test, lows: — Two samples are placed in a cold furnace in which the temperature is grad- ually raised to 1700 degrees F. The test 5 128 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Modulus of rupture. Ultimate compressive strength. Conditions for approval. piece must be subjected to this tempera- ture for at least 30 minutes. One of the samples is then plunged in cold water (about 50 deg-rees to 60 degrees F.) and the results noted. The second sample is permitted to cool gradually in air, and the results noted. 14. The following requirements must be met to secure an acceptance of the mate- rials: The Modulus of Rupture for con- crete blocks at 28 days old must average one hundred and fifty and must not fall below one hundred in any case. The ulti- mate compressive strength at 28 days must average one thousand pounds per square inch and must not fall below seven hundred in any case. The percentage of absorption (being the weight of water ab- sorbed divided by the weight of the dry sample) must not average higher than 15 per cent and must not exceed 20 per cent in any case. The reduction of compressive strength must not be more than thirty- three and one-third per cent, except that when the lower figure is still above one thousand pounds per square inch the loss in strength may be neglected. The freez- ing and thawing process must not cause a loss in weight greater than ten per cent, nor a loss in strength of more than thirty- three and one-third per cent; except that when the lower figure is still above one thousand pounds per square inch, the loss in strength may be neglected. The Fire test must not cause the material to disin- tegrate. 15. The approval of any material is given only under the following conditions: a. A brand mark for identification must be impressed on^ or otherwise attached to, the material. b. A plant for the production of the ma- terial must be in full operation when the official tests are made. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 129 c. The name of the firm or corporation and the responsible officers must be placed on file with the Chief of Bureau of Build- ing Inspection, and changes in same promptly reported. d. The Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection may require full tests to be repeated on samples selected from the open market when^ in his opinion, there is any doubt as to whether the product is up to the standard of these regulations, and the manufacturer must submit to the Bureau of Building Inspection, once in at least every four months, a certificate of tests showing that the average resistance of three specimens to cross breaking and crushing are not below the requirements of these regulations. Such tests must be made by some laboratory of recognized standing on samples selected either by a Building Inspector or the laboratory, from material actually going into construction, and not on those furnished by the manu- facturer. e. In case the results of tests made under this condition (d.) should show that the standard of these regulations is not maintained, the approval of this bureau to the manufacture of said blocks will at once be suspended or revoked. REGULATIONS Of the Bureau of Building Inspection in Regard to the Use of Reinforced Con- crete in the City of Philadelphia. The term "reinforced concrete'* shall be "Reinforced understood to mean an approved concrete concrete" mixture reinforced by steel or iron of any f'<^fined. shape, so that the steel or iron will take up all the tensional stresses and assist in the resistance to compression and shear. 130 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS PlaJis to be filed. Foreman or superinten- dent. Aggregate. Flooring Minimum thickness of fireproofing. Flooring, beams, etc. Before a permit to erect any reinforced concrete structure is issued, complete speci- fications and drawings shall be filed with the Bureau of Building* Inspection, showing all details of the construction, size and posi- tion of all reinforcing rods, stirrups, etc., and giving the composition and proportions of the concrete. The execution of the work shall be per- formed by workmen under the direct super- vision of a competent foreman or superin- tendent. Reinforced concrete construction will be accepted for fireproof buildings of the first class, if designed as hereinafter prescribed; provided, that the aggregate for such con- crete shall be clean, broken, hard stone, or clean graded gravel, together with clean siliceous sand or fine grained gravel; should the concrete be used for flooring be- tween rolled steel beams, clean furnace clinkers entirely free of combustible mat- ter, or suitable seasoned furnace slag may be used; when stone is used w^ith sand or gravel it must \xe of a size to pass through a one inch ring, and 25% of the whole must not be more than one-half the maximum size; and provided further, that the mini- mum thickness of concrete surrounding the reinforcing members of reinforced concrete beams and girders shall be two inches on the bottom and one and one-half inches on the sides of the said beams and girders. The minimum thickness of concrete under slab rods shall be one inch. All reinforce- ment in columns to have a minimum pro- tection of two inches of concrete. All the requirements herein specified for the protection of steel and for fire-resist- ing purposes shall apply to reinforced con- crete flooring between rolled-steel beams, as well as to reinforced concrete beams and to entire structures in reinforcd con- AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 131 Crete. Any concrete structure or the floor Metal filling" in same, reinforced or otherwise, centering, which may be erected on a permanent cen- tering- of sheet metal, of metal lathing and curved bars or a metal centering- of any other form, must be strong- enough to carry its load without assistance from the center- ing, unless the concrete is so applied as to protect the centering as herein specified for metal reinforcement. Exposed metal centering or exposed Exposed metal of any kind will not be considered ^netal. a factor in the strength of any part of any concrete structure, and a plaster finish ap- plied over the metal shall not be deemed piaster suflficient protection unless applied of suffi- finish, cient thickness and properly secured, as approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection. All concrete shall be mixed in a mechan- Mechanical ical batch mixer to be approved by the Bu- mixing, reau of Building Inspection, except when limited quantities are required or when the Hand mixing, condition of the work makes hand mixing preferable; hand mixing to be done only Material when approved by the Bureau of Building to be Inspection. In all mixing the . material measured, shall be measured for each batch. When hand mixing is done under the Method for aforesaid limitations, the cement and fine hand mixing, gravel or coarse sand shall be first thoroughly mixed dry and then made into a mortar by gradually adding the proper amount of water. The crushed stone or gravel shall be spread out to a depth not to exceed six inches, in a tight box or upon a proper floor, and be sprinkled with water as directed; the mortar is then to be evenly spread over the crushed stone, and the whole mass turned over a sufficient number of times, to effect the thorough mixing of the ingredients. 132 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Forms and centering. Keinforcing steeL When fresh concrete joins set concrete. Freezing weather. Hot weather. All forms and centering* for concrete shall be built pkimb and in a substantial manner, made tight so that no part of the concrete mixture will leak out through cracks or holes, or joints, and after com- pletion shall be thoroughly cleaned, remov- ing shavings, chips, pieces of v^ood and other material, and no debris of any kind shall be permitted to remain in the forms. All forms to be properly supported and braced in a manner to safely sustain the dead load and the load that may be im- posed upon them during construction. The reinforcing steel shall be accurately located in the forms and secured against displacement. Concrete shall be placed immediately af- ter mixing. Whenever fresh concrete joins concrete that is set, or partially set, the surface of the old concrete shall be roughened, cleaned and spread vs^ith cement mortar, w^hich mortar shall be mixed in proportions of one of cement to two of sand. Concrete shall not be mixed or deposited in freezing weather, unless precautions are taken to avoid the use of materials covered with ice or snow or that are in any other way unfit for use, and that further pre- cautions are taken to prevent the concrete from freezing after being put in place. All forms under concrete so placed to remain until all evidences of frost are absent from the concrete and the natural hardening of the concrete has proceeded to the point of safety. Concrete laid during hot weather shall be drenched with water twice daily, Sunday included, during the first week. The broken stone, if hot and dry, must be wet before going to the mixer. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 133 The time at which props or shores may Props or safely be removed from under floors and shores, roofs will vary with the condition of the ^^^td'ooutor"'^ weather, but in no case should they be ing; when removed in less than two weeks; provided, t>e that column forms shall not be removed in less than four days; provided further, that the centering from the bottom of slabs and sides of beams and gir- ders may be removed after the concrete has set one week, provided, that the floor has obtained sufficient hardness to sustain the dead weight of the said floor and that no load or weight shall be placed on any portion of the construction where the said centers have been removed. The concrete for all girders, beams, slabs Composition ; and columns, shall be mixed in the pro- proportions portions of one of cement, two of sand or ^ ^ fine gravel, and four of other aggregates as before provided. The concrete used in re- inforced concrete-steel construction must be what is usually known as a "wet" mixture. Wet When the concrete is placed in water it ^^^ture. must be placed in a semi-dry state. Only Portland cement shall be permitted Portland in reinforced concrete constructed build- cement, ins. All cement shall be tested, in carload tested, lots when so delivered or in quantities equal to same, and report filed with the Bureau of Building Inspection before using it in the work. Cement failing to meet the requirements of the accelerated test will be rejected. Soundness, Accelerated Test.— Pats of Accelerated neat cement will be allowed to harden * twenty-four hours in moist air, and then be submitted to the accelerated test as fol- lows: A pat is exposed in any convenient way in an atmosphere of steam, above boil- ing water, in a loosely-closed vessel, for three hours, after which, before the pat cools, it is placed in the boiling water for five additional hours. 134 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Tensile strength of neat cement. Tensile strength of cement and sand. Other tests may be ffcQuired. Reinforced concrete walls; thickness of, etc. To pass the accelerated test satisfactor- ily, the pats shall remain firm and hard, and show no signs of cracking, distortion or disintegration. Such cements, when tested shall have a minimum tensile strength as follows: Neat cement shall, after one da in moist air, develop a tensile strength of at least 150 poimds per square inch; and after one day in air and six days in water shall develop a tensile strength of at least 500 pounds per square inch; and after one day in air and twentj^-seven days in water shall de- velop a tensile strength of at least 600 pounds per square inch. Cement and sand tests composed of one part of cement and three parts of crushed quartz shall, after one day in air and six days in water, de- velop a tensile strength of at least 175 pounds per square inch, and after one day in air and twenty-seven days in water shall develop a tensile strength of at least 240 pounds per square inch. These and other tests as to fineness, set, etc., made in ac- cordance with the standard method pre- scribed by the American Society of Civil Engineers, may, from time to time, be re- quired by the Bureau of Building Inspec- tion. Walls. — Eeinforced concrete may be used in place of brick and stone walls, in which cases the thickness may be two-thirds of that required for brick walls as shown in the Schedule, Section 18 of the Act of As- sembly No. 123, of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, approved June 5, 1901, pro- vided the unit stresses as set forth in these regulations are not exceeded. Concrete walls in such cases must be re- inforced in both directions in a manner to meet the approval of the Chief of the Bu- reau of Building Inspection. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 135 Steel: — All reinforcements used in rein- Reinforcc- forced concrete shall be of standard grade "^^^^s to be of structural steel or iron of either grade grade!^^^ to meet the "Manufacturers* Standard Specifications," revised February 3, 1903. Reinforced concrete slabs, beams and gir- Assimiptioiis. ders shall be designed in accordance with the following assumptions and require- ments: (a) The common theory of flexure to be Flexure, applied to all beams and members resist- ing bending. (b) The adhesion between the concrete Adhesion, and the steel is sufficient to make the two materials act together. (c) The design shall be based on the as- LQ^d sumption of a load four times as great as the total load (ordinary dead load plus ordinary live load). (d) The steel to take all the tensile Tensile stresses. stress. (e) The stress-strain curve of concrete in compression is a straight line. (f) The ratio of the moduli of elasticity Moduli of of concrete to steel: elasticity. Stone or gravel concrete 1 to 12. Slag concrete 1 to 15. Cinder concrete 1 to 30. The allowable unit transverse stress upon Transverse concrete in compression: stress in compression. Stone or gravel concrete.. 600 lbs. per sq. in. Slag concrete 400 ** " " " Cinder concrete 250 " " " " The allowable unit transverse stress in gteel stress tension: in tension. Iron 12,000 lbs. per sq. in. Steel 16,000 " " ** 13G LAWS RELATING TO 35U1L DINGS strength. Adhesive strength. Stresses in direct compression in columns. The allowable unit shearing strength upon concrete: Stone or gravel concrete.. 75 lbs. per. sq. in. Slag concrete 50 " " ** " Cinder concrete 25 " " " " The allowable unit adhesive strength of concrete: Stone or gravel concrete.. .50 lbs. per. sq. in. Slag concrete 40 " " " " Cinder concrete 15 " " " " The allowable unit stresses upon concrete in direct compression in columns: Stone or gravel concrete. 500 lbs. per. sq. in. Slag concrete 300 " " " " Cinder concrete 150 " ** ** Stress upon hoop columns. The allowable unit stress upon hoop columns composed of stone or gravel con- crete shall not be over 1,000 pounds per square inch, figuring the net area of the circle within the hooping. The percentage of longitudinal rods and the spacing of the hoops to be such as to permit the concrete to safely develop the above unit stress with a factor of safety of four. When steel or iron is in the compression sides of beams the proportion of unit stress taken by the steel or iron shall be in the ratio of the modulus of elasticity of the steel or iron to the modulus of elastic- ity of the concrete; provided, that the rods are well tied with stirrups connecting with the lower rods of the beams; provided, further, that when rods are used in com- pression, the approval of the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection must be ob- tained. Beams and In the design of structures involving re- treated *as^^ inforced concrete beams and girders, as T-beams. well as slabs, the beams and girders shall be treated as T-beams, with a portion of th^e slab acting as flange in each case. The portion of the slab that may be used to Factor of safety. Steel or iron in (compression; proportion of stress. Approval of Chief required. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 137 take compression shall be dependent upon the horizontal shearing stress that may exist in the beam, and in no case shall the slab portion exceed twenty (20) times the thickness of the slab. All reinforced concrete T-beams must be Special rt- reinforced against the shearing stress along ![J^%^nrtfoiJ the plane of junction of the rib and the beams flange, using stirrups throughout the and girders, length of the beam. Where reinforced con- crete girders carry reinforced concrete beams, the portion of the floor slab acting as flange to the girder must be reinforced with bars near the top, at right angles to the girder, to enable it to transmit local loads directly to the girder and not through the beams, thus avoiding an integration of compressive stresses due to simultaneous action as floor slab and girder flange. In the execution of work in the field, Field work work must be so carried on that the ribs monolithic, of all girders and beams shall be mono- lithic with the floor slabs. In all reinforced concrete structures Local and special care must be taken with the design secondary of joints to provide against local stresses s^^^sses. and secondary stresses due to the contin- uity of the structures. Shrinkage and thermal stresses shall be Shrinkag'3 provided for by the introduction of steel. If^^gggl^"^^^ In the determination of bending mo- ments due to the external forces, beams and ggj^^^jj^g girders shall be considered as simply sup- moments; no ported at the ends, no allowance being allo^yance for made for continuous construction over sup- ^eams^and ports. Floor slabs, when constructed con- girders, tinuously, and when provided with rein- forcement at top of slab over the supports, may be treated as continuous beams, the bending moment for uniformly distributed loads being taken at not less 'tha,n in floor ^slabs^ case of square floor slabs which are rein- moment. 138 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS Excessive shear. Adhesion. Columns. Load tests required. forced in both directions and supported on all sides, tlie bending moment may be taken at ; provided, that in floor slabs in juxtaposition to the walls of the building, the bending moment shall be con- sidered as , when reinforced in one 8 direction, and if the floor slab is square and reinforced in both directions, the bend- ing- moment shall be taken as . ^ 16 When the shearing stresses developed in any part of a reinforced concrete building exceed under the multiplied loads the shearing strength as fixed in this section, a sufiicient amount of steel shall be intro- duced in such a position that the deficiency in the resistance to shear is overcome. When the safe limit of adhesion between the concrete and steel is exceeded, pro- vision must be made for transmitting the strength of the steel to the concrete. Reinforced concrete may be used for columns in which the ratio of the length to least side or diameter does not exceed fifteen (15). If more than 15 diameters the allowable stress shall be decreased propor- tionally. Eeinforcing rods that are in- troduced for lateral stresses must be tied together at intervals of not more than the least side or diameter of the columns. Longitudinal rrinforcing rods w^il not be considered as taking any direct compres- sion. The contractor must be prepared to make load tests in any portion of a rein- forced concrete building within a reason- able time after erection, and as often as may be required by the Chief of the Bu- reau of Building Inspection. The tests must show that the construction will sus- tain a load equal to twice the calculated live load without signs of cracks. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 139 Systems of construction differing from Load, fire the standard already approved and tested, and water may be required to pass a load, fire and water test, as present in Section 2 of the syst/ins. Act of Assembly, No. 236, of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, approved April 25, 1903. The Chief of the Bureau of Building In- Revision spection may, from time to time, issue such I'^ies. modifications to these regulations as may be found necessary to conform to modern practice. Approved, 10-8-07. HENRY CLAY, Director of the Dept. of Public {Safety. RULES AND REGULATIONS Governing the Installation of Asbestos Theatre Curtains, and Minor Details, in the City of Philadelphia. 1. The proscenium wall (between the Prosconium stage and the auditorium) shall be a sub- wall to be stantial self-supporting masonry or other ^^^1^^'^^^- fire-proof wall, with as few openings in it as possible, and shall extend from the ground up and through the highest roof and four feet above same. 2. Any openings, other than the prosce-piie doors; nium opening, through this wall, shall be to be self- protected by positive acting, self-closing, ^^^^sing. fire-proof doors constructed in accordance with the requirements of the Department of Public Safety; these doors shall be either hinged at the side to swing or run on an overhead rail to slide sideways. If they swing, they shall be made self-closing by means of a heavy weight and phosphor bronze chain and pulley arrangement, the pulley being guarded so that the chain can- not jump off; if they slide the overhead 140 LAWS RELATING TO BUILDINGS rail shall have a sharp inclination so as to make them self-closing-, and shall be ar- rang*ed so that the door cannot jump the track or jam. No doors that slide up or down and no fusible link arrangement for holding- doors open will be allowed. All of these doors shall be kept free from locks or fastenings of any kind and shall be so that they can be opened from either side at any time. 3. Across the proscenium opening the wall shall be carried up through the stage floor and up to the under side of the top flooring. Curtain to be 4. The proscenium curtain shall be com- asbestos. posed of asbestos of long, tough, flexible fibre, twisted and wrapped upon substan- tial brass wire thread, and woven into a close even cloth, three (3) feet wide. The strips to be lapped not less than an inch and sewed with two lines of asbestos and brass wire thread stitching. All strips shall be in one continuous length the full height of the curtain. There shall be at least four (4) laps of the cloth at the top and at the bottom of the curtain to form pockets for the top and bottom bars, the laps to have at least three (3) lines of the above mentioned stitching. The curtain shall be lapped on the sides of a sufficient width to form a continuous reinforcement for the guide clips, and be stitched in a proper manner. The curtain shall be at least thirty-six (36) inches wider than the proscenium masonry opening and at least two (2) feet higher than the highest point of the pro- scenium arch. It shall have wrought iron or rolled steel top and bottom bars- pro- portional in size to the width of the cur- tain, but not less than one (1) inch by two and one-half (2yi) inches. The top and bottom bars shall be connected by Width of curtain. How constructed. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. IIJ four (4) steel wire cables 3-16 inch diame- ter to support the weig-ht of the bottom bar. The curtain guide clips at the sides shall be constructed of substantial bent brass attached to the curtain and encir- cling lignum-vitae blocks which in turn en- circle the standing cables. Where the clips are attached to the curtain, the curtain shall be reinforced^ both sides, with pieces of sheet metal riveted to it. The guide clips shall be spaced not over 18 inches cen- ter to center. The standing cables shall be of steel % inch diameter with their upper ends attached to wrought iron brackets fastened to the proscenium wall at a line at least twice the height of the curtain plus 5 feet above the level of the stage. The standing cables shall pass through metal bushed holes in the stage floor, and have suspended from their low- er ends, weights of sufficient size to keep them taut. The curtain shall be supported by steel lifting cables, one at each end, ^}^.^^^ and one at intermediate points not over ten (10) feet apart. These cables shall be l^ inch diameter and shall be attached to drums keyed fast to a heavy rolled steel operating shaft. The operating shaft shall run in machined and self-lubricating jour- nals, one on each side of each drum and one at each end. The journals shall rest on substantial fire-proof supports. The curtain shall be balanced by a counter- Counter- weight only to such an extent that when weight, it is tripped it shall descend in 15 seconds. The manner of tripping the curtain shall Tripping be by means of 5-16 inch steel cables, one d^'vice. on each side of the curtain; these, when- ever pulled, shall release the curtain and allow it to descend. The trip cables shall run from the stage level up along each side of the curtain and pass over the grid- iron to the releasing clutch on the ^P®^^^" p j^^^ ^o-euc Ing shaft; they shall be placed in such a chains.^^* 142 LAWS RIXAT1.\G TO BUILDINGS manner that they can be operated from the stage level, fly-galleries and gridiron at any time^ and the apparatus must be so that the curtain will be positively self- descending. There shall be attached to the top bar of the curtain substantial emergency chains, of three eighths (%) inch w^rought iron, spaced midway between the lifting cables and securely fastened at their upper ends to eye-bolts through the proscenium wall at proper height. The Guides. curtain shall operate in guides, bolted every two (2) feet, with not less than ^ inch bolts through the proscenium wall; these guides shall run from the stage level to a height of twice the height of the cur- tain plus 5 feet, and shall be constructed, each of one 8 inch by 6 inch by l^ inch angle and one 3 inch by 3 inch by inch angle, or equivalent section, riveted to- gether to form a Z bar. All apparatus connected with the curtain or its opera- tion shall be of metal; where anything is secured to parts of the building these parts shall be substantial and incombustible, and all curtain connections shall be secure and fire-proof. Any paint used on the curtain shall be incombustible. No flaps or doors of any kind shall be allowed in the cur- tain, and the curtain and its apparatus shall be maintained in perfect repair and working order at all times. The curtain Curtain to be operated at least once during each operated performance, not counting the raising at during per- the beginning and the lowering at the formance. ^^d of the performance. Border 5. The border decorations around the decorations, proscenium opening at least as far as 12 inches from the curtain, shall be fire- proofed. No hanging curtains that are not fire-proofed shall be placed on the auditorium side of the proscenium opening, or in any case nearer than 10 inches to the asbestos curtain. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 143 6. The vertical border lig-hts at the pro- Border scenium shall be located inside the asbes- lights, tos curtain and in substantial metal re- ceptacles, and shall be permanently fixed in position. Hinged or movable border lights v^ill not be allowed under any cir- cumstances, and the receptacle for the bor- der lights shall be absolutely clear in every v^ay from any possible contact with the curtain. 7. Every stage shall have a skylight Skyii^-ht over it at least one-eighth (i/g) the a^^^^ rJ(^jii^ea of the stage, and built in accordance with the requirements of the present building laws for new theatres. 8. All stage-scenery, woodwork, cur- Fircpioofing. tains or decorations shall be fire-proof, or shall be treated with some approved non- combustible material^ so as to render them safe against any rapid spread of fire, and shall be constantly maintained to the sat- isfaction of the Department of Public Safety. This applies to visiting companies or shows, as well as local companies. „ . , Sprinklers 9. A system of sprinklers, to be ap-over stage, proved by the Department of Public Safety, shall be erected and maintained all over the stage portion of the building, in- cluding the rigging-loft, fly galleries, cellar under stage, dressing rooms, shops, prop- erty-rooms, storage-rooms and over the proscenium arch; and also if there is a cellar under any portion of the building besides the stage, this must be provided with sprinklers as aforesaid. Cellar to be 10. The cellar under the stage and kept clean, der any other part of the building shall be kept clean and free from non-fire-proof material. 144 LAWS RELATING TO BUI [ DINGS AN ORDINANCE Fee. Regulating- the construction of reviewing stands. Section 1. The Select and Common Coun- cils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain, That hereafter any person or persons, firms or corporations, who desire to erect any stand for the purpose of reviewing- any parade, procession^ or festivity of any Permit kind whatsoever, shall first obtain permis- required. sion so to do from the Director of the Department of Public Safety. Lpon said permission being granted to the said per- son or persons, firms or corporations, they shall make application to the Bureau of Building Inspection of the Department of Public Safety for permit to erect the said stand, the fee for the inspection of which shall be two (2) dollars for a stand of a superficial area of five hundred (500) feet or lesSj and the further sum of one ((1) dollar for ea.ch additional five himdred (500) feet or fraction thereof^ superficial area. All such stands must be erected in conformity with the conditions and reg- ulations established by the said Bureau of Building Inspection. The Director of the Department of Public Safety shall have the right to prohibit the use of and revoke the permit for the erection of any stand upon report from the Chief of the Bureau of Building Inspection that any of the conditions or regulations of the said Bu- reau of Building Inspection have been violated. Penalty. Sect. 2. Any person or persons, firms or corporations, whether owner, builder or contractor, who shall erect any stand for reviewing purposes without permit there- for first issued or in violation of any of the provisions of this ordinance, or who Permit may- be revoked. AND BUILDING INSPECTORS. 145 shall become the owner thereof after the same has been so done, and who shall omit, neglect^ or refuse to remove or make the said stand conform in all respects to the requirements of this rmlinance imme- diately upon notice to that effect from the Bureau of Building InsiDCction shall for- feit and pay for such offence the sum of seventy-five (75) dollars, the said penalty to be recovered as penalties of equal amount are or shall be recoverable in the name of and for the use of the City, and when collected shall be paid into the treas- ury thereof. Sect. 3. All ordinances or parts of ordi- Repealer, nances inconsistent herewith be and the same are hereby repealed. Approved the seventeenth day of Octo- ber, A. D. 1898. CHAS. F. WARWICK, Mayor of Philadelphia. 1 N DEX. A Affidavits 4 Ag-gregate, reinforced concrete 130 Anchors, tie 14 Appeals from Inspector's decisions 5, 6 from tenement house orders 75 to Director of Public Safety 6 Appointments in Bureau of Building Inspection 1 Arch Street, revised lines of 97 Arches, floor, maximum span 62 over w^indow^s and doors 26 trimmer 20 Areas or Areaways 37, 38, 82, 90 floor, for flre v^alls in First-class buildings 59 in Second and Third-class buildings. 63 floor, for tovv^er fire-escapes 69 ASBESTOS THEATER CURTAINS 139 t ) 143 construction 140 to 142 cables 141 emergency chains 141 guides 142 tripping device 141 v^idth 140 to be operated during performances 142 Ashlars 17 Assumptions in designing reinforced concrete.. 135 Automatic sprinklers in First-class buildings... 60 in theaters 52 and 143 B Base course or footings under walls 8, 9 Basement, egress to street 70 Bath-rooms, frame 36 Battered w^alls 10 Battlement w^alls, dwellings 18 First, Second and Third-class buildings. 63, 64 theaters 42 to 44, 139 148 INDEX. Bay-windows 81, S2 Beams under columns 31 BEAINIS AND GIRDERS, wood, to support floors 13 distance from flues 23 iron or steel, as lintels 27, 28 to support floors and walls 31 covered above third floor 95 and 96 connections 31, 32 deflection 30 flreproof protection 35, 60 to 62 how bedded 35 and 61 thickness 61 riveted work 31 web to have stilfeners 31 reinforced concrete 133, 136, 137 Bending moment, reinforced concrete 137 Blocks, hollow concrete building- (see hollow concrete building- blocks) 120- 129 Board of Appeal 6 Surveyors as fence viewers 75 to 77 Inspectors as fence viewers 78 Boilers, steam 22 Bond of Inspectors 2 Bond timbers 23 Bottom floor of shafts 65 Bracing-, wind 33 Brick and brickwork 14 to 18 pressure on 29 BRICK WALLS, business, manufacturing and i:)ublic buildings, minimum thickness 11, 12 dwellings, etc 17, 18 foundation, dwellings, etc 9, 10 below curb level 15 curtain, minimum thickness 13 and 34 hollow bearing 14 non-bearing 12 old, increase in height , 16 partition 13, 59, 63 stairs, elevator shafts, etc.... 13, 26, 64, 65, 73 thickness, increase in 13 Bridging of joists 24 BUILDINGS must conform to application and plans 4 flreproof, defined 35, 58, 60', 61 INDEX. 149 Biiildiiig-s, First-class (see First-class biiiklings; see p. 35) 58 which shall be of the First class 59 Fourth-class (see Fourth-class buildings). 59 frame, on farm land 79 in rural districts 7, 82 to 84 height limit 59 height defined 70 over 26 feet clear span 13 public entertainment (see theaters; see First-class buildings) 38 to 55 requiring iron fire-escapes 102 requiring tower fire-escapes 26, 68, 69, 73 requiring tower stairways 28 and 64 requiring rope and chain escapes, etc 106 Second-class (see Second-class buildings) 58 and 60 Third-class (see Third-class buildings) 58 walls, outside, to be of non-combustible materials (see proviso) 7 Building blocks, hollow concrete (see hollow concrete building blocks) 120 to 129 BUILDING MATERIALS, new, to be tested. 116 to 120 approval 120 modulus of rupture 119 requirements to be met 117 to 119 test pieces 117 tests required 116 to 119 on streets, permit required 93 Bulkheads 25 Bulk windows 81, 82 BUSINESS, MANUFACTURING AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. (see also First, Second, and Third-class buildings, tenements, and theaters.) bulkheads 25 bulk windows 81, 82 ceilings 68 egress, basement to street 70 elevators, passengers 67 fire-escapes, iron required 102 rope and chain required 106, 107 tower required 26, 68, 69, 73 floor supports 13 150 INDEX. BUSINESS, MANUFACTURING AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS— Continued. floors, fireproof 35, 61 floors and roofs, carrying- capacity 28 floors, carrying capacity to be posted 30 g-uards, gates or trap-doors to shafts 65 height limit 59 height defined 70 joists 23, 24 light wells of iron or steel 13 mortar in foundations 15 plastering 68 red lights, gongs and notices 108 scuttles 25 shafts 64 to 66 stairways 26, 64, 65, 73 stairways, tower 26, 64 stories, maximum height 13 walls, battlement 63, 64 brick, minimum thickness 11, 12 increased thickness 13 curtain 13, 34 foundation 9, 10 hollow bearing 14 non-bearing 12 partition, brick, under floors 13 fireproof 59, 63 party 11, 12, 64 stairs, elevator shafts, etc.. 13, 64, 65, 73 Bureau of Building Inspection established 1 appeal from decisions of 5 approval of plans of theaters 38 oflicers 1 to be fence viewers 78 Bureau of Fire to approve plans of theaters. ... 38 to control fire apparatus in theaters 53 C Caissons 7, 8 Carrying capacity of floors and roofs 28 Ceilings in business, etc., buildings 68 Cellar doors 90 walls of dwellings 9, 10 of other buildings 8, 9, 10 INDEX. 151 Cellars, extent and ventilation 19 Cement mortar, composition 11 and lime mortar, composition 11 Certificate, iron fire-escapes 104 rope and chain escapes 108 C hestnut Street, revised lines of 97 Chief Building' Inspector, qualifications and duties 1, 2 authority to order changes 4 and 18 CHIMNEYS, construction 19 and 20 dangerous 20 of frame buildings 84 Church spires 62 Churches, frame 80 Classification of buildings 58 Coal sheds 37 and 81 COLUMNS, base 33 and 62 beams under 34 compression figures to be reduced (see Formula p. 115) 30 drilled for inspection 34 fireproof 35, 60 to 62 footings and foundations under 34 girders, etc., reduction in live load on 116 length, maximum 33 splices to 32 vertical loads and stresses 32 v^ind bracing 33 reinforced concrete, hoop 136 length 138 Commission, examining, decision final 7 Composition of hollow^ concrete building blocks 120, 121 of reinforced concrete 133 Compressive strength, ultimate, of hollow con- crete building blocks 128 of new^ building materials 119 Concrete, footings and foundations, composi- tion 9 and 11 pressure on 29 reinforced (see reinforced concrete) .129 to 139 and steel rail footings 8 and 9 or heterogeneous floor systems 62 152 INDEX. Concrete building- blocks, hollow (see hollow concrete building- blocks) 120 to 129 Conductors, rain or water 24 Connections in iron and steel construction 32 Cornices 25 and 26 Costs incurred by City, how collected 56 Councils may limit height of buildings 55 may regulate frame buildings 7 may regulate frame sheds 37 may regulate permit fees. 55 may regulate inspection of elevator hoist- ways, etc 55 Court of Common Pleas may issue injunction. . . 55 may impose fine 57 Sheril¥ to execute orders 55 and 56 Curtain walls, minimum thickness 13 and 34 Curtains, asbestos theater, (see asbestos theater curtains) . . .* 139 to 143 D Decision of Board of Appeals final 6 of Examining Commission final 7 of an Inspector final 6 Deflection allowable for beams and girders 30 Deputy Chief 3 District, frame (see Frame District), 78, 79 & 85- 87 Division walls, openings in 63 Door and window openings, supports over 26 Dormer windows 24c DWELLINGS, baths, frame 36 Bay-windows 81, 82 cellars 19 exits to roof 25 frame 82 to S4 floors, carrying capacity 28 joists 23, 24 mansard roof 18 mortar in foundations 10 roofs, carrying capacity 28 exits to 25 mansard 18 scuttles 25 sheds, frame 36, 37 INDEX. 153 Dwelling-s, walls, battlement, 18 brick, minimum thickness 17, IS to be squared up 18 increase in heig*ht 16, 17 foundation, minimum thickness. . . .9, 10 stone, how laid 10 party, minimum thickness 18 stone, how laid 10 width, minimum (proviso) 18 yard space, minimum I'J Ducts, separate fireproof, for pipes, conduits, etc. 6:^ E E.g'ress from basement 70 Elevator and other shafts, enclosures to.. 13, 64, 66 roofs over 65 hoistways. Councils may reg-ulate inspec- tion 55 Elevators, passenger 67 for grain storage 37, 62, 81 Enclosure w^alls 13, 64, 66 Encroachment over party lines 93 Engines, steam 90 Examination of buildings 3 and 15 party and division walls 3 and 15 Examining Commission 6, 7 and 55 Etxcavations and vacant lots to be fenced. . . .100, 101 Exits to roofs 25 to street from basement 70 Exterior window sills 27 F Facings of stone 17 Factor of safety for building material 30 reinforced concrete 135, 136 Factories (see business, etc., buildings) Farm buildings 79 FEES for fire-escape permits 105 for reviewing stands 144 for all other permits 88, 89 Councils may regulate 55 Fence Views 75, 76 154 INDEX. FEXCES around excavations and vacant lots.lOO, 101 beyond building line 82 and 90 partition 7G minimum height 76 maximum height 82 neglect to build 77 repairs 78 Fine for non-compliance w^ith building laws 57, 87, 91, 145 fire-escape laws 104, 106, 108 FIRE-ESCAPES, iron, certificate for 104 formula for 109- 113 inspection and location 105 required 102 to be tested 103, 104 penalty for neglect to erect 104 violation 106 rope and chain, certificate for 108 required 106, 107 penalty for neglect to provide. . .108, 109 tower 26, 68, 69 and 73 formula 113, 114 Fire Marshal to test fire-escapes 103, 104 Fire-place openings 20; 21 Fireproof buildings defined (see 130) . . .35, 58, 60', 61 floors, maximum span of arches 62 test 35, 61, 62 walls or partitions 59, 63, 64 openings in .60, 64 fire-doors 60 fire-doors and shutters, standard... 67 l^^reproofing of beams, girders and columns 35, 60 to 62 reinforced concrete 130 Pire walls in First-class buildings 59 in theaters 42-44, 139, 140 FIRST-CLASS BUILDINGS defined (see 130)... 58, 60, 61 columns, base 62 ducts, separate fireproof, for pipes, etc... 62 egress from basement to street 70 fire-escapes, iron, required 102 rope and chain, required 106, 107 tower (see also p. 26, 73) 68, 69 INDEX. 155 First-class building's, floors, fireproof, maximum spans 62 test (see 35) 61, 62 hallways and stairways to be lig-hted 107 shafts and enclosures 64- 66 bottom floor of 65 roof over 65 trap-doors, in lieu of 65, 66 sprinklers, automatic 60 stairways and enclosures (see pp. 13, 26, 73) 64, 65 steel work, fireproof 60 to 62 trap-doors in lieu of shafts 65, 66 red lig-hts, g*ongs and notices 108 walls, battlement 64 brick 11, 12 foundation 9, 10 partition, fireproof 59 party 64 skeleton 63 wood allowed 61 what building's shall be of the First class. 59 FLOOR AREAS for fire-walls in First-class building's 59 in Second and Third-class building's. 63 for tower fire-escapes 69 Floor joists 23, 24 to be doubled 23 FLOORS, carrying capacity 28 to be posted 30 fireproof and test 35, 61, 62 maximum span of arche« 62 reinforced concrete 130, 137 FLUES, how built 19, 20 hot-air 22, 2'^ range and boiler 2') smoke, of heaters 21 terra-cotta lining 19, 20 Forms and centering, reinforced v^oncrete 132 when may be removed 133 FORMULAS, for steel and iron columns 115 for wood posts and columns 115 for allowable reduction in live loads on columns, girders, etc 116 156 INDEX. Formulas for bending moments in reinforced concrete floor slabs 137, 138 for iron fire-escapes 109 to 113 for tower fire-escapes 113, Hi Footing or base course 8, 9 load limits on soil 8 FOUNDATION WALLS, depth, minimum 7 dwellings, etc., minimum thickness 9, 10 frame dwellings 83 footing or base course 8, 0 load limits on soil 8 mortar for dwellings 10 for other buildings 11 not to be above curb level 11 not to be laid on organic matter 8 on piles or caissons 7 FOUNOATIONS under columns 34 load limits on soil S FOURTH-CLASS BUILDINGS defined 59 height limit 59 height defined 70 Frame bath-rooms 36 FRAME BUILDINGS on farm land 79 in rural districts regulated by Councils. . 7 churches 80 dwellings 82 to 84 enlarging or removing 80 FRAME DISTRICT, 1st ward (now 39th ward) . . 78 21st ward 79, 86, 87 22nd ward (now 42nd ward) 79 23rd ward 85 25th ward (now 45th ward) 85 27th ward (now 40th ward) 79 35th ward (now 35th and 41st wards).. 79, 85 Frame dwellings 82 to 84 FRAME SHEDS, coal 37, 81 dwellings 36, 37 lumber 37, 81 shelter 37, 84 temporary, while building 36 wharf 37, 81 permit for may be revoked 37 Furnaces 21 to 23 permit required 22, 23 INDEX. 157 G Gates to shafts 05 Girders, colurans, etc., reduction in live load on (see also beams and g-irders) 1 iO Gong-s 108 Grain elevators 37, {)2, 81 Grate openings, jambs of 20 Guards, gates or trap-doors to shafts 65 Gutters, roof 25, 26 H Headers through walls 10 Hearths 20 Heaters 21 to 2o permit required 23, 88 HEIGHT of buildings. Councils may regulate... 55 limit 59 defined 70 maximum, of stories 13 of walls increased 16 of partition fences 76, 82 Hoistways and shafts, enclosures 64, 66 HOLLOW COlSrCRETE BUILDING BLOOKS.120 to 129 composition ...120, 121 age of blocks 122 approval 123 blocks to be solid under concentrated loads 122 compressive strength, ultimate 123 hollow space, percentage of 121 lintels 123 modulus of rupture 126, 128 piers and buttresses 122 sills 123 specifications governing tests 121 to 129 tests of cement used 121 tests on blocks and requirements of .125 to 129 tests, manner of making 126, 127 walls, how laid 121 maximum load 122 not to be used in party walls 121 Hollow bearing walls, brick 14 158 INDEX. Hoop columns, reinforced concrete 136 Hot-air flues 22, 23 registers 22 I Inspectors, qualifications and g-eneral duties 1 may order changes 4, 18 decision final 6 to examine party walls 15 Injunction, Court of Common Pleas 55 if not complied with 55 \R0^ AND STEEL construction (see beams, girders and columns) 31 to 35 trusses 13 work to be cleaned and painted 34 J JOISTS 23, 24 spacing of 24 covered above third floor while building. 95, 96 thickness 23 L Ladders to scuttles and bulkheads 25 Lanterns on building material and at excava- tions 95 Length, maximum, of columns 33 Lien 56 .flight and air shafts in tenements 72 in other buildings 64 Light wells of iron or steel 13 Lig-hts of wired glass 64, 67 Lime boxes on asphalt streets 95 Lime and cement mortar, composition 11 Lime mortar, composition 10 Limit, height of buildings, by Councils 55 of height of buildings 59 heig'ht defined 70 Lining (reinforcement) of brick walls 16 terra-cotta, of flues 19, 20 Lintels, stone, iron and wood 26, 27 hollow concrete blocks 123 INDEX. 159 LOAD LIMITS on piles or caissons 8 on soil 8 on walls of hollow concrete building blocks 122 Load test for fireproof floors 35, 61 Location of fire-escapes 105 LOTS, encroachment of party walls 93 minimum width for dwellings 18 vacant, to be fenced 100, 101 Lumber sheds 37, 81 M Mansard roofs 18 Manufactories (see business, mfg., etc., build- ings) Manure pits 92 Masonry, pressure on 29 Materials, new building, to be tested (see build- ing materials, new) 116 to 120 strength of, how to ascertain 30 Mechanics' frame sheds 36 Metal centering, reinforced concrete 131 Mills (see business, mfg., etc., buildings) Mixing of concrete 131 Modulus of elasticity, concrete to steel 135 of rupture, hollow concrete building blocks 126, 128 new building material 119 Monolithic field work, reinforced concrete 137 MORTAR, cement, composition 11 cement and lime, composition 11 lime, composition 10 beds on asphalt streets 95 N New building materials to be tested (see build- ing materials, new) 116 to 120 Non-bearing walls 12 Notice of appeal, how given 5 of change from plans 4 to persons affected by contemplated work 4 6 160 INDEX, o Oath of office 2 Observation towers 62 Officers of Bureau i Old party walls 16, 17 Open space between frame buildings 83 to tenements 71 Open yard space to dwellings 19 Openings for doors and windows, supports over. 2G Ordinary repairs o Oriel windows 81, 82 Outside fire-escapes (see fire-escapes, iron) P Partition fences (see fences, partition) 75 to 78 walls 13, 59, 63 Partitions 68 stud 23 Party line, encroachment over 93 PARTY WALLS, dwellings, etc., minimum thick- ness 17, 18 other buildings, minimum thickness. . .11, 12, 64 defective or insufficient 15 encroachment of 93 examined by Inspectors 15 frame buildings 83 old, may be used 16, 17 lining (reinforcement) 16 increase in height 16, 17 built solid (proviso) 18 to extend above roof 18, 64 Passenger elevators 67 PENALTY for violation of building law.57, 87, 91, 145 fire-escape law 106 for neglect to erect fire-escapes 104 provide ropes and chains 108 PERMITS, application for 3 granted or refused in fifteen days 5 expiration of 5 provisional 4 required for buildings and alterations.3, 88, 89 to tear down 88 INDEX. 161 Permits required for frame buildings 84 for fire-escapes 105 for fence views 78, 89 for furnaces 22 for heaters 23, 88 for reviewing stands 144 for sheds 84, 88 for steam boilers 22, 89 for placing material on street 93 not required for ordinary repairs (proviso) 5 for sheds may be revoked 37 fees (see fees). Piers and buttresses 15 of hollow concrete building blocks 122 Piles 7 Pipes, conduits, etc., in First-class buildings 62 smoke 21 Pits, manure 92 Planking and sheathing of roofs 24, 58, 63 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS to be filed 4 duplicate set to be kept at building 4 may be changed by Chief or Inspectors. . . 4 notice of change to be given 4, 5 Plastering of partitions of business, etc., build- ings 68 Platform over sidewalk 94 Porches 90, 91 Posts and columns, wood, formula for 115 Power boilers 22 Powers of Councils 7, 37, 55 of Sheriff 56 PRESSURE on concrete, brick and masonry 29 on hollow concrete blocks 128 on soil 8 wind 32, 33 Privy wells and vaults 92 Props and shores, reinforced concrete work 133 Public buildings (see theaters; First-class build- ings; and business buildings). R Railings beyond building line 90 Rain conductors 24 162 INDEX. Rang-es 21 Recesses in walls 17 Red lig-hts 108 Registers, hot-air 22 REINFORCED CONCRETE (see also concrete or heterogeneous systems, 62) 129 to 139 term defined 129 aggregate 130 assumptions in designing members 135 adhesion, safe limit 138 beams and girders, composition 133 treated as T-beams 136, 137 bending moment 137 and slabs, formula 137, 138 bending moment, beams and girders 137 slabs, formula 137, 138 between rolled steel beams 130 columns, composition 133 ratio of length to thickness 138 hoop 138 exposed metal 131 factor of safety 135, 136 fireproofing, thickness of 130 flooring 130 floor slabs treated as continuous beams.. 137 forms and centering 132 when may be removed 133 hoop columns 130 metal centering 131 mixing 131 wet mixture 133 modulus of elasticity, concrete to steel... 135 monolithic field work 137 placing of concrete 132 under competent supervision 130 props and shores, when may be removed. 133 reinforcing steel 132, 135 of walls 134 revision of rules 139 slabs, composition 133 ratio of area to thickness in T-beams 137 ratio of thickness to span 62 treated as continuous beams 137 bending moment, formula 137, 138 INDEX. 163 Reinforced Concrete — Continued. steel 132, 135 stresses 135 to 138 test, Portland cement 133, 134 accelerated, for neat cement 134 cement and sand , 134 load 138 tests, load, fire and water, for other sys- tems 139 walls, thickness of 134 reinforcing 134 weather conditions 132 wet mixture 133 Removal of temporary sheds 36 Repairs, ordinary 5 to shingle roofs 24 or removal of party walls 15 or removal of frame buildings 84 Reviewing stands 144, 145 Riveted work 31, 32 Roof-gardens over theaters 42 ROOFS, carrying capacity 28 mansard 18 over elevators 65 shingle 24 gutters 25, 26 planking and sheathing 24 scuttles 25 S Sand 11 Scuttles 25 SECOND-CLASS BUILDINGS defined 58 egress from basement 70 fire-escapes, iron, required 102 tower, required (see pp. 26, 73) 68, 69 ropes and chain, required 106, 107 hallways and stairways to be lighted 107 height limit 59 defined 70 red lights, gongs and notices 108 roof over shafts 65 164 INDEX. Second-class Buildings, shafts and enclosures 64. to 66 bottom floor of 65 roof over 65 trap-doors in lieu of 65, 66 stairways and enclosures (see pp. 13, 26, 73) 64, 65 walls, battlement 63, 64 brick 11, 12 fireproof partition 63 openings in 63 foundation 9, 10 party 64 Shafts and enclosure walls 64 to 66 light and air, in tenements 72 Shearing strain on rivets 32 stresses for concrete 135 to 138 Sheathing of roofs 24 SHEDS, coal 37, 81 dwellings 36, 37 lumber 37, 81 shelter 37, 84 f temporary, while building 36 ^ wharf 37, 81 permit may be revoked 37 Sningle roofs, repairs 24 Sidewalks, platform over while building 94 Sills of hollow concrete blocks 123 of stone, etc 27 Skeleton walls 63 Slabs, reinforced concrete, composition 133 ratio of area to thickness 137 Slow-burning construction defined 58 Smoke fines 19, 20 Smoke pipes of heaters 21 Soil, pressure on 8 Specifications (see plans and specifications). Spires 62 Sprinklers, automatic, in theaters 52, 143 in First-class buildings 60 STAIRWAYS in business, manufacturing, etc., buildings 13, 26, 64, 65, 73 of fire-escapes, Ill, 112 INDEX. 165 Stairways, tower, in business, manufacturing, etc., building's 26, 64 in theaters 41, 44, 49, 50 in tenement houses 73 Standard fire doors and shutters 07 to be closed at nights 68 Stands, reviewing 144, 145 Steam boilers 22 engines 90 STEEL beams and concrete footings 8, 9 beams and girders (see beams and girders). trusses or girders to support floors 13 and iron construction 31 to 35 to be cleaned and painted 34 in reinforced concrete 132, 135 Steps extending into footways 90 STONE ashlar and facing 17 bearing blocks 28 sills 27 walls, foundation of dwellings, thickness. 9 how laid 10 party 18 Stores (see business, manufacturing, etc., build- ings). Stories, maximum height 13 Stovepipes 21 Strength, ultimate compressive, of new building material 119 of hollow concrete blocks 128 STRESSES, ultimate, for steel, iron and wood 28, 29 basis 30 reinforced concrete 135 to 138 STREETS, asphalt, mortar beas on 95 Arch Street, revised lines 97 Chestnut Street, revised lines 97 Walnut Street, revised lines 96 width, minimum, for building (30 feet). 98, 99 (40 feet).... 100 Stud partitions 23 Supports, temporary, while building 30 166 INDEX. T TABLES showing Allowable unit stresses for iron, steel and concrete 135, 136 Minimum thickness of brick walls in building-s 26' x 75' — 125' 12 Pressure allowable on brickwork, concrete and masonry 29 Ultimate stresses for steel, iron and wood 29 Number of tower fire-escapes required per floor areas 69 Temporary frame churches 80 frame sheds while building- 36 supports while building- 30 TENEMENT HOUSES defined (see also business, mfg-., etc., buildings; First-, Second-, and Third-class building-s) 75 corridors 72 fire-escapes, iron 102 tower (see also pp. 26, 68, 69) 73 rope and chain 106 lig-ht and air shafts (see also pp. 64-66) ... 72 open space 71 rooms, dimensions of 73 receptacle for ashes 74 red lig-hts^ g-ong-s and notices 107 stairways and hallways (see also pp. 13, 26, 64, 65) 73 scuttles in roof 25 window^s 71 to 73 water-closets 73, 74 to be fireproof (see also p. 59) 74 Terra-cotta blocks in walls 14 fine linings 19, 20 TESTS of cement used in hollow concrete blocks 124 in reinforced concrete 133, 134 fireproof floors 35, 61, 62 fire-escapes, iron 103, 104 hollow concrete blocks 126, 127 new building materials 116 to 120 manner of making 118, 119 load, on reinforced concrete 138 load, fire and water, for other systems... 139 INDEX. 167 THEATERS, construction and equipment (see also business, mfg., etc., buildings; First-, Second-, and Third-class buildings) 38 to 55 art galleries, etc 42 approved by Bureaus of Building Inspec- tion and Fire 38 auditorium, separate from stage and rooms 43, 44 aisles in auditorium 47, 48 balconies 41 battlement walls (see p. 139) 42 to 44 boilers, steam, location of 51 border decorations around proscenium opening 142 must comply with provisions of this sec- tion 38 closed by Mayor 39, 54 corridors 40, 41 court, open, construction of 39, 40 curtain, fireproof (see pp. 139-142) 44 counterweights 46 capacity of foyers, lobbies, etc 48 doors and doorways 40, 47, 48 dressing rooms in fly galleries 47 exits and entrances 39, 41, 42, 48 to 51, 54 *'EXIT" notices to be posted 54 front of 39 fly galleries 46 floors to be fireproof 46 foyer, capacity 48 fire extinguishing apparatus 51, 52 controlled by Fire Bureau 54 fire walls (see pp. 139, 140) 42 to 44 Fire Bureau to control light, heat and fire apparatus 54 galleries to be fireproof 46 heating apparatus 51 controlled by Fire Bureau 54 license may be refused 38 lobbies, capacity of 48 lighting appliances (see p. 143) 53, 54 controlled by Fire Bureau 54 Mayor may refuse to license 38 Mayor may close 39, 54 168 INDEX. Theaters, metal skylights 45 offices in 42 orchestra over stage 44 proscenium and openings in (see pp. 139, 140) 44 passage leading to stairway, width of 49 passageways 39 rigging loft 46 roof-garden over 42 roof to be fire proof 46 scenery to be fireproof (see p. 143) 46 skylights, metal (see p. 143) 45 sprinklers (see p. 143) 52 stairways and staircases 41, 44, 49, 50 stores 42 storage rooms 43 seats in auditorium 47, 48 steam boilers, location 51 standpipes 51 workshops 43 no portion to be used for certain purposes 43 THIRD-CLASS BUILDINGS defined 58 egress from basement 70 fire-escapes, iron 102 tower (see also pp. 26, 73) 68, 69 rope and chain 106, 107 floor areas in 63 hallways and stairways to be lighted 107 height limit \ 59 height defined 70 red lights, gongs and notices 108 shafts and enclosures 64 to 66 bottom floor of 65 roof over 65 trap-doors in lieu of 65, 66 stairways and enclosures (see pp. 13, 26, 73) 64, 65 trap-doors in lieu of shaft 65, 66 walls, battlement 64 brick 11, 12 flreproof partition 63 foundation 9, 10 party 64 INDEX. 169 THICKNESS OF WALLS, brick, for dwellings, etc 17, 18 for business, mfg-., etc., build- ings 11 to 13 foundation for business, mfg., etc., build- ings 9, 10 for dwellings, etc 9, 10 curtain 13, 34 hollow concrete blocks 121 stone party 18 reinforced concrete 134 Tie anchors 14 Timber not to be used in walls 23, 24 Tops of furnaces and boilers 21 Towers, observation 62 Tower fire-escapes 26, 68, 69, 73 formula 113, 114 Tower stairways 26, 64 Trap-doors in lieu of shafts 65, 66 Trimmer arches 20 Trimmers 23 Trusses for floor supports 13 U ULTIMATE compressive strength of hollow con- crete blocks 128 new building material 119 live loads, formula 116 stresses of steel, iron and wood 28, 29 Underpinning with stone 10 V « Vacant lots to be fenced 100, 101 Vault walls 38 Vaults, privy 92 Vertical loads and stresses on columns 32 W WALLS, area 38 battered 10 curtain 13, 34 encroachment over party line 93 hollow brick 14 170 INDEX. Walls, hollow concrete blocks, thickness 121 lining- (reinforcing-) 16 non-bearing 12 old, increase in height 16 reinforced concrete 131 shaft and stairway 13, 26, 64 to 66, 73 stone, how laid 10 underpinning 10 vault 38 to be anchored or bonded 14 not to be carried more than two stories in advance 14 not to be furred vsdth wood 68 (See battlement walls; brick walls; foun- dation walls; party walls, etc.) Walnut Street, revised lines of 96 Warehouses (see business, mfg., etc., buildings) Water spouts 24 Wells, light, of iron or steel 13 light and air in tenements 72 privy 92 Wet mixture, reinforced concrete 133 Width of streets to be at least 30 feet 98, 99 40 feet 100 of Arch Street 97 of Chestnut Street 97 of Walnut Street , 96 Wind bracing 33 pressure 33 Window openings 26 sills 27 Windows, bay, bulk and oriel 81, 82 dormer 24 Wired glass 64, 67 Wood cornices 25, 26 platform over sidewalks while building. . . 94 posts and columns, formula 115 furring against chimneys 20 furring against flues 23 permissible in First-class buildings 61 Y Yard space to dwellings 19 to tenements 71 ( I Mill