A STUDY OF THE PRODUCTS 
 OBTAINED BY THE USE OF 
 ALCOHOLIC POTASH ON 
 VARIOUS COALS 
 
 BY 
 
 GRAEME LINDLEY ATKINSON 
 
 THESIS 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE 
 
 IN 
 
 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 
 
 COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 1922 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
I 322 
 At 54 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 May 3 
 
 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY 
 
 . Gr ae me _ Li nils v _A tk i n8.ori- 
 
 ITLED ^ Stuay of the Products ottaineci by the use 
 
 of Alcoholic Pots.8h on Various Coals 
 
 IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 
 degree of Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering 
 
 
 
 Instructor in Charge 
 
 Approved AT 
 
 ACTING HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF __CHMJ_STRY . 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/studyofproductsoOOatki 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. 
 
 The author wishes to express his sincere thanks 
 to Dr. T. E. Layng for his valuable help and 
 direction given throughout this investigation. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 I. Introduction 1. 
 
 II. Nature of the Problem. 1. 
 
 III . History 1. 
 
 IV. Theorectical 4. 
 
 V. Purpose of Investigation.... 6. 
 
 VI. Experimental 7. 
 
 VII. Discussion 11. 
 
 VI I I. Summary 16. 
 
 IX. Bibliography.... 17. 
 
1 . 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Coal, although compounded of the element* carbon, oxygen, 
 nitrogen, sulphur, and inorganic salts is a very complex material 
 
 about which very little is known. A great dkl of researoh and 
 investigation has been carried on in order to learn more about 
 the substances or compounds that make up this complex. The three 
 most successful methods of attacking the problem have been found 
 to be (l) Microscopic examination, (3) Separation by means of 
 reagents and solvents, (3) Study of the products resulting from 
 carbonization. In recent years it has been found that the best 
 reeults are obtained by combining the second and the third methods. 
 For the carbonization of coal is the important question of today 
 and the future, and with this fact in view the combined solvent 
 and carbonization work with coal has been carried out. Because of 
 the rapid depletion of our good coking coals, methods for coking 
 what are now poor or non-coking coals must be obtained. In order 
 to do this the action of the different constituents of good cok- 
 ing coals must be understood. 
 
 NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 
 
 The nature of the problem wa3 a study of the products obtain- 
 ed from various coals with the use of alcoholic potash as a reagent. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 A brief history of the use of reagent and solvents on coal 
 
 na y hel P t0 a better understanding of the problems and factors 
 
 in this investigation. 
 
 It is very difficult to distinguish between those substances 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 
 
 which are considered pure solvents, and those which attack the 
 original substances and are considered as reagents. The pure 
 solvents are benzene, chloroform, ethyl alcohol, acetone, phenol, 
 xylene, anddi -phenol ether. The reagents which have been used are 
 sulphuric acid, nitric acid, caustic alkalies, bromine, ozone and 
 oxygen. 
 
 The first work by solvents was done by Dr. Stay the 1 on coal 
 in 1851. He extracted a brown coal with benzene, chloroform, 
 alcohol, ethyl ether, acetone and petroleum ether. The benzene 
 extract was 3 percent, the chloroform extract 1.8 percent, the 
 alcohol extract 2.4 percent. 
 
 Reisnch in 1885 ~ considered coal to be composed of two 
 types of substances, which could be distinguished by their action 
 towards alkaline solutions. With an alkaline solution he was able 
 to isolate substances which were very characteristic in not being 
 attack by mineral acids. 
 
 Anderson and Roberta in 1888 3 used caustic alkali as a 
 reagent for coal. They found that boiling weak coking coals for 
 one and one-half hours in 5 percent alkali destroyed their coking 
 properties, while it had no effect upon strong coking coals. This 
 indicated that only some of the resinic constituents were saponif- 
 iable. They heated a large number of coals for three hours at 
 300 degrees, and then extracted with caustic potash. By treating 
 the extract solution with cone, acid a bulky flocqulent precipitate 
 of a brownish color. The yields of extract were found to increase 
 when the coal had previously been oxidized. Some of the coals 
 were treated with nitric acid and then with caustic alkali, a 
 large percentage of the coal was extracted. The ultimate analysis 
 

 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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3 . 
 
 of the extract showed a decrease in carbon and hydrogen, and an 
 increase in oxygen and nitrogen over that of the original coal. 
 
 They gave the analysis of the extract as carbon 58-63.8, hydrogen 
 2.75-3.3, oxygen 28-32., nitrogen 3. 3-4. 8 and sulphur .3-. 7 per- 
 cent. They concluded that the coking is not caused by nitrogen- 
 ous constituents, but the nitrogen free bodies associated with 
 them; and the ease with which these bodies are decomposed or 
 volatized in differednt coal governs their coking properties. 
 
 Donath and Margos ches in 1502 4 added powdered permanganate 
 to their alkali solvent. They heated till there was no further 
 reduction, reduced the excess of permanganate with sodium formate 
 and filtered. The filtrate, after acidification, was treated with 
 a solution of calcium chloride. A precipitate of calcium oxalate 
 was obtained. Theare experiments show that lignites and bituminous 
 coals contain a substance or substances which on oxidation give 
 rise to acids ( probably humic acids) that on further oxidation 
 give oxalic acid. 
 
 Boudouard in 1919 5 found that coals after oxidation in 
 air contained acidic products which were soluble in alkali. An 
 experiment was made on seven different classes of coals. The coals 
 were first oxidized at 105 degrees, then treated with a 5 percent 
 solution of caustic potash, the soluble portion filtered off and 
 precipitated by cone, hydrochloric acid; this precipitate was 
 washed and dried at 110 degrees. These extracts resembled the 
 humic afcids found in peat and had the formulae C ^ H ]_4 0 g an(i 
 Cl- H ie Cg . It was noted that the extraction was greatest from 
 the lignite and bituminous coals. He found that only coals appro- 
 aching lignites contained these acids in the natural state 
 
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4 . 
 
 ( 1—5 percent), but they could be detected in bituminous coals 
 after oxidation in air at 100 degrees for some time. He also ob- 
 served that the invariable effect of such atmospheric oxidation is 
 to destroy completely the coking properties of a coal and to di- 
 minish the carbon content and increase the oxygen and hydrogen 
 content of the humic acids. He concluded that the substances that 
 were oxidised and then removed ffom coal by successive treatment 
 with caustic potash were of celiulosic nature. 
 
 In 1912 6 Donath and Braunlich made a study of the products 
 obtained by repeated fusions of the coal substance with alkaline 
 hydroxide (KOH) at 250 degrees, and subsequent extraction with 
 water. Brown coals, charcoal, and carbonized organic matter gave 
 white solutions. Brown coals were almost completely converted into 
 humic acids which could be separated into two fractions, one soluble 
 in cone, alkali, the other soluble in dilute alkali. 
 
 THEORETICAL 
 
 Thiessen and White 7 studying the origin of coal, concluded 
 that coal is a compounded material, which can be divided into two 
 large classes, one celiulosic in nature, a degredation product from 
 pure wood or plant cellulose; while the other is resinic in nature 
 a degredation product of the gums, waxes, resins, and cellulose 
 found in the original trees. 
 
 Solvents and reagents have been used endeaving to separ- 
 ate coal into these two groups, the celiulosic from the resinic 
 constituents in order to determine separately the action of each 
 during carbonization. 
 
 Lewes in hie book on carbonization conclude : There 
 

 
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5 
 
 are two kinds of resin constituents, one easily oxidizable, soluble 
 in pyridene and saponifiable by alkalies, and which on weathering 
 is oxidized into humus bodies with the evolution of water and carbon 
 dioxide; the other class non-oxidizable , not saponified by alkalies 
 rich in liquid hydrocarbons, but not rich in gas upon distillation. 
 
 g 
 
 Burgess and Wheeler w contend that coal contains two 
 different types of bodies, one of which on carbonization gives an 
 excess of hydrogen gases, the other gives an excess of paraffin 
 gases. They considered the cellulosic constituents as the hydrogen- 
 yielding bodies, and the resinic constituents as the paraffin 
 yielding bodies. They claimed tha first decomposition product of 
 coal to be resinous nature and the cellulosic constituents to de- 
 compose at a much higher temperatures. They found that hydrogen 
 predominated beteen $00-800 degrees, and that methane and other 
 paraffin formed from 60-80 percent of the whole gas up to 800 deg. 
 
 Clark and Wheeler 10 with the use of pyridene and 
 chloroform separated the cellulosic from the resinic constituents 
 of coal. But there work can be critized because of the gain in 
 percentage of nitrogen and oxygen in the extract and residue over 
 that of the original coal. The nitrogen indicated that pyridene 
 was a reagent and had not all been removed, while oxygen indicated 
 that air was not excluded. 
 
 Porter and Taylor ^ advance the following hypothesis 
 for the constitution of coal, which differs fundamentally from 
 that of Burgess and Wheeler in supposing that the cellulosic 
 derivatives decompose more easily than the resinic derivatives. 
 
 The less altered the cellulosic derivatives decompose more easily 
 then the resinic derivatives. The cellulosic derivatives decompose 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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6 • 
 
 so as to yield water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, and 
 hydrocarbons. The resinic derivatives decompose on moderate 
 heating to yield paraffin hydrocarbons, with hydrogen as a direct 
 decomposition product. The conclusions of Porter and Taylor 
 are better based then those of Wheeler and Burgess. It is more 
 likely that the hydrogen evolved bet?;een 700-900 deg. is product 
 of secondary decomposition of a primary decomposition product. 
 
 PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION 
 
 This investigation was taken up with the following ends 
 in view. 
 
 1* A study of the conditions best adapted for the 
 extraction of various coals with aqueous and alcoholic potash. 
 
 2. A study of the properties of the extract and residue 
 obtained by this extraction, and the relation of each to the 
 original coal; 
 
 (a) By means of ultimate analysis. 
 
 (b) By means of carbonization. 
 
 3. A comparison of the percentage extraction obtained 
 from various coals. 
 
 4. A comparison of the extracts and residues obtained 
 from the various coals. 
 

 
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7 . 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL 
 
 Material. 
 
 The coals used in this work were from different local- 
 ities and of different types, with one expection. 
 
 The five coals used were as follows: 
 
 1. A non- coking bituminous coal from Utah. 
 
 2. A good coking coal from Franklin County, Illinois 
 known as Makatan Coal. 
 
 3. Another good coking coal from Franklin County, 
 illinois, known as Zeigler Coal. 
 
 4. A good coking coal from Kentucky, known as Jel- 
 licc Eastern High Volatile Coal. 
 
 5. A good coking coal from Terra Haute, Indiana. 
 
 With the exception of the Zeigler coal, all the sample 
 
 s had been air dried. All five coals underwent the same process 
 for preparation of the samples. The coal was ground in a ball mill 
 until all passed thru a 100 mesh sieve. It was then placed in air 
 tight jars, until used. 
 
 Apparatus and Method. 
 
 The apparatus that was necesaary for this work was 
 very simple. An electric furnace of 6 inch diameter, and 16 inch 
 hight, wound with number 19 chromel wire furnished the heat required. 
 
 It could be regulated by external resistance to any desired 
 temperatures between 75-550 deg. 
 
 The first operation was to extract the coal with 
 aqueous or alcoholic potash. This was done by placing 100 grams 
 of powdered coal with 500 cc. of 10 percent KOH into a 1000 cc. 
 
8 
 
 Brlenmeyer flask, which was equipped with a reflux condenser. 
 
 This was placed in the electric furnace and heated at 120 deg. for 
 48 hours. 
 
 The flask was then removed from the furnace, and the contents 
 filtered while hot thru a Buchner funnel. A dark brown, sometimes 
 almost black liquid filtered thru, leaving the residue coal on the 
 filter paper. This coal was washed with water until all the extract 
 was removed. This coal was partly dried by the suction thru the 
 
 funnel, then it was again placed in the Erlenmeyer flask with a 
 fresh solution of aqueous or alcoholic potash and then refluxed 
 again for 48 hours. On all the samples at least three or four 
 extractions were necessary to remove most of the soluble material. 
 
 When alcoholic potash \tfa3 used the extract liquid was first 
 placed in a 2000 cc. distilling flask, and the pure alcohol distil- 
 led off and recovered, leaving the extract in a weak alcoholic 
 solution. This solution was treated while atill hot with cone. 
 
 HC1 , which precipitated the extract as a brown or black flocqulent 
 precipitate, rather bulky, and also volumes of carbon dioxide 
 were evolved. The odor of these acids are y^ery sickening. 
 
 This precipitate wa3 very hard to handle, and was of colloid- 
 al nature when precipitated in the cold. But could be coagulated 
 by boiling and would settle on standing. But even this bulky mass 
 was hard to filter, because of its gelatine like nature, it required 
 long strong suction to remove the liquid from the precipitate. 
 
 After the removal of the mother liquid the precipitate was washed 
 for long periods with acid water to remove as many as possible 
 of the potassium salts. The precipitate was removed to a drying 
 
 bottle, and dried at 110 deg. in an atmosphere of nitrogen. It was 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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9 
 
 found that drying the precipitate in air produced oxidation of some 
 of the substance, which could readily be noticed by the hairy grow- 
 ths which appeared over the sufface of the substance. The precip- 
 itate when dried was powdered and weighed. 
 
 The residue was washed with HC1 acid solution, then with 
 alcohol, and finally with ether. Then it was dried at 110 deg. 
 in an atmosphere of nitrogen. 
 
 The output of the yields of the furnace runs was found to 
 be insufficient, so that two oil bather were set up and operated 
 in the same capacity as the furnace. 
 
 For the carbonization of the residues and extract, the 
 furnace was used. The extract or residue was placed in a 100 cc. 
 distillation flask, equipped with a thermometer and connected to 
 a source of nitrogen, the side arm of the flask was connected to 
 a bottle, used a3 a trap for the water of decomposition, and the 
 tars; connected to the first bottle was a similar bottle contain- 
 ing a solution of sulphuric acid and cadmium nitrate, which removed 
 the ammonia and the sulphur from the gases, which were led from 
 here into an aspirator bottle where they were collected and measur- 
 ed over salt. The apparatus va.3 flushed out with nitrogen before, 
 and after the carbonization run. The furnace was allowed to heat 
 to 400 deg. and kept at that temperature until all the gases were 
 evolved from the sample. The tar and water were weighed, and the 
 gases collected over salt water were analized by means of a modified 
 Orsat Apparatus. 
 
 An ultimate analysis of each orignial coal, extract and re- 
 sidue was made, The usual methods were employed. 
 
 Carbon was determined by the Parr Total Carbon Apparatus. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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 The B. t. u. was determined by the Parr Oxygen Bomb. 
 
 The sulphur was determined by fusion in a Peroxide Bomb,and pre- 
 cipitated and weighed as Barium sulphate. 
 
 The nitrogen and oxygen were calculated by means of the Dulong 
 Formula. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11 . 
 
 DISCUSSION. 
 
 The first extractions were made on the Makatan and Utah 
 coals with a 10 percent solution of aqueous caustic potash. The 
 extractions were very poor and of to high an ash content to be of 
 any analytical value. The extracts were a grayish color and 
 contained only a small amount of volatile material. This indicated 
 that the coal had only slighly oxidized or the quantity of extract 
 would have been increase by humic acid3. 
 
 Table I 
 
 Coal 
 
 Run No 
 
 Extractions 
 
 Perce: 
 
 Illinois, Makatan 
 
 1 
 
 three 
 
 1.0 
 
 n n 
 
 2 
 
 three 
 
 5.2 
 
 Utah 
 
 3 
 
 two 
 
 2.6 
 
 « 
 
 4 
 
 three 
 
 3.5 
 
 n 
 
 5 
 
 three 
 
 4.6 
 
 The extracts were non-coking. Since the action of aqueous 
 potash on these non-oxidized coals proved to be very poor in 
 extracting organic matter, alcoholic potash was decided upon to 
 take its place, and the result proved more successful. 
 
 The coal was treated with alcoholic potash in the same 
 manner it had been treated with aqueous potash solution. 
 
 The first change was that the alcohol wet the coal 
 immediately, while the water failed to do this. The resinic con- 
 stituents are also more soluble in alcohol than in water, fhich 
 increased greatly the saponifying power of the KOH, becuase they 
 were in a better condition to be attack by it. The yields were 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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12 . 
 
 larger than before and of a high percentage of organic matter. 
 
 The total 
 
 yields are 
 
 given in 
 
 Table 
 
 II . 
 
 
 
 
 Table 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 Run No. 
 
 
 Extraction 
 
 Percent Extract. 
 
 Jellico, 
 
 E. H. V. 
 
 1 
 
 
 four 
 
 6.3 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 
 two 
 
 3.0 
 
 Zeigler, 
 
 Illinois . 
 
 3 
 
 
 one 
 
 4.4 
 
 n 
 
 t! 
 
 4 
 
 
 three 
 
 6.0 
 
 Indi ana 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 four 
 
 12.8 
 
 « 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 three 
 
 11.0 
 
 Makatan 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 two 
 
 6.0 
 
 The extracts of the first three coals listed above were 
 dark brown in color, varying in shade, but the extract from the 
 Makatan coal was black like the coal itself. 
 
 Before discussing the properties of the extract and residue 
 obtained, a clearer conception of these two substances may be 
 obtained from the work of Lewes. 
 
 In his theory he explains that "humus" and "resin" body 
 does not mean a definate compound, but merely bodies of this char- 
 acter — resin bodies all contain above 5 percent hydrogen, while 
 the humus bodies all contain hydrogen from 5 percent downwards. 
 
 In concluding the discussion of the ultimate analysis of humus 
 
 and resin acid substances he gave this formula. 
 
 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen 
 Humus Acid 63 5 32 
 
 Resinic 75 11 10 
 
 Refering first to the analysis of the Jellicao. E. H. V. 
 
 Coal and Table Ho III, the results show in the case of the extract 
 an increase in hydrogen and a decrease in oxygen and carbon content 
 and the ratio of these indicate that it is a resinic compound. 
 
 The residue showed an decrease in carbon and hydrogen and an in- 
 crease in oxygen. The ratio of these Elements indicate that 
 

 
 
13 
 
 the cellulosic constituents predominate. In considering that the 
 analysis errors ate due to the fact that all of the moisture and 
 ash ( due to potassium salts) waa not removed from the extract and 
 residue. It was then necessary to convert each to the Moisture- 
 Ash free bases for comparison, and this factor might cause an 
 error in results. 
 
 The analysis of gases ( Table VII) from the carbonization 
 of the residue indicated high yields of paraffins as well as 
 carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. It is probable 
 that not all of the resinic constituents were extracted, because 
 they were not saponifiable. For the high yield of paraffins was 
 probably due to there decomposition. 
 
 Refering to the analysis of Makatan Coal, (Table IV ) it 
 is noticed that not a great deal of difference between that of 
 the original coal, the extract and the residue. In explaining 
 why this coal analysis, first it might be due to the fact that 
 a 30 percent solution of sodium hydroxide was used; second, that 
 some of the coal was oxidized to humic acid. Yet the extract form 
 ed a coke, and the residue did'nt coke. This shows that most of 
 the resinic material was extracted. The carbonization data 
 ( Table VII ) however differed little from the residue of the 
 other coals, showing that cellulosic material predominated in the 
 residue . 
 
 The analysis of the Zeigler Coal, extract, and residue 
 are given in Table V, It ia immediately noticed that there is 
 a considerable loss in the carbon cantent and a gain in the oxy- 
 gen content in the products against the original coal. This 
 
 might be accounted for by the fact that the coal was fresh when 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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14 . 
 
 the moisture, and approximate analysis was run, but was allowed to 
 stand before the ultimate analysis was made. There was also an 
 oxidation of the residue and extract, evidently the air was not 
 excluded. 
 
 The ratio of the hydrogen, carbon and oxygen in the extract 
 indicate that it is of resinic nature. The hydrogen content in 
 the residue is a little high to conform to the analysis of the 
 cellulosic constituents. The analysis of the gases from the carbon- 
 ization of the residue differ very little from those of the Jellico 
 Coal, The extract gave a good coke, while the residue did not. coke. 
 
 The , ultimate analysis of the Indiana Coal, extract and re- 
 sidue are given in Table V, It is noticed that there is a loss in 
 hydrogen and a gain in oxygen on the balancing of the products 
 against the original coal. This gain of oxygen in the extract 
 and residue show oxidation, and that air had not been excluded all 
 of the time. It is not probable that the extract absorbed much 
 
 oxygen because it had practically no unsaturation, but the residue 
 was highly unsaturated, much more so than the original coal. Yet 
 the extract showed a gain in hydrogen and a loss in carbon similar 
 to the other coals. This residue conformed with those of the 
 other coals, showing an increase in carbon and oxygen and a de- 
 crease in hydrogen comparing to the original coal. 
 
 The extract and residue of the Indiana coal were both 
 carbonized, since there was enough of the extract left after anal- 
 ysis for a sample. In comparing the gas analysis ( Table VII ) 
 of these two, it is noticed that the extract contained only one- 
 half as much carbon dioxide, and only one-half as much hydrogen 
 a3 the residue, but contained three times as much paraffin 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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15 
 
 hydrocarbons. This is consistent with the result previously obtain- 
 ed. That is the residue contains the cellulosic constituents, 
 which decompose to give carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water, while 
 the resinic constituents in the extract on decomposition give an 
 excess of paraffin hydrocarbons. A fragil coke was obtained from 
 the extract, while the residue failed to coke. 
 
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16 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 The conclusions drawn from this investigation are: 
 
 1. That only a negligibly small amount of organic 
 substances can be removed from non-oxidized bituminous coals by 
 treatment with aqueous caustic potash. 
 
 2. That alcoholic caustic potash will remove from 
 non-oxidized bituminous coals a considerable quantity of organic 
 substances. 
 
 3. That this extracted organic substance consists 
 mainly of resinic constituents, while the residue is composed in 
 general of cellulosic constituents. 
 
 4. That the extract contained the coking and binding 
 constituents of the original coal, and that the residue left after 
 extraction could not be coked. 
 
IJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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17 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 I. J. See. Chem Industry 27 , 149, (1908) 
 
 3. Chem Soc. A. 48 , 876 (1885) 
 
 3. J. of Soc. Chem Industry 17 , 1013 (l£S8) 
 
 4. Chem Industrie , 226, (1902) 
 
 5. Bull, of Soc. Chimi q._5 ,365, (1909) 
 
 6. Chem Zeit. 36 , 373, (1912) 
 
 7. U. S. Survey Bull. No 383 & Bull. B. of Mines No 36. 
 
 8. Lewes, Carbonization of Coal. 
 
 S. J. 0. C. Vcl 103 , 1705 (1913) 
 
 10. J. C. C. Vol 107 , 1318 (1915) 
 
 II. Tech, paper. B. cf Mines. No 140 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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 18. 
 
 
 
 Table III. 
 
 
 
 Ultimate 
 
 Analysis of Jellico, 
 
 E. H. V. Coal, Kentucky. 
 
 
 
 Original 
 
 Total Percent Coal 
 
 
 As Rec 
 
 * d M-A Fre e 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 or 
 
 
 Moisture 
 
 1.66 
 
 Percaat Coal 
 
 Extract & Residue. 
 
 Ash 
 
 2.60 
 
 
 
 Carbon 
 
 81.00 
 
 84.60 
 
 63.42 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 4.95 
 
 5.17 
 
 4.68 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 7.44 
 
 7.77 
 
 9.54 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 1.65 
 
 1.73 
 
 1.62 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 .70 
 
 .73 
 
 .74 
 
 B. t. u. 
 
 14,300 
 
 14,950 
 
 14,465 
 
 After extraction of coal with alcoholic XOH. 
 
 
 
 Extract 
 
 Residue 
 
 
 As Rec* 
 
 d M-A Free Percent 
 
 As Rec'd M-A Free Percent 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 Coal 
 
 Moisture 
 
 5.91 
 
 
 6.15 
 
 Ash 
 
 33.93 
 
 
 3.65 
 
 Carbon 
 
 53.80 
 
 76.67 3.38 
 
 75.50 83.70 80.04 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 10.06 
 
 14.34 .54 
 
 3.81 4.33 4.04 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 4.73 
 
 6.74 .39 
 
 8,75 9.70 9.25 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 .50 
 
 .71 .03 
 
 1.50 1.66 1.59 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.54 .06 
 
 .64 .71 .66 
 
 B. t. u. 
 
 13,735 
 
 19,600 865 
 
 12,745 14,150 13,600 
 
 Yield 
 
 6.3 
 
 4.4 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19 
 
 Table IV, 
 
 Ultimate Analysis of Makatan Coal, Franklin Co., Illinois. 
 
 Original Total Percent Coal 
 
 As Rec’d M-A Free of 
 
 or Extract & Residue. 
 
 Moisture 
 
 2.08 
 
 Percent Coal 
 
 
 
 
 Ash 
 
 7.15 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carbon 
 
 75.60 
 
 63.30 
 
 
 82.80 
 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 4.31 
 
 4.75 
 
 
 4.69 
 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 8.23 
 
 9.05 
 
 
 10.01 
 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.54 
 
 
 1.24 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.36 
 
 
 1.40 
 
 
 B. t. u. 
 
 13,080 
 
 14,400 
 
 
 14,075 
 
 
 
 After extraction of the coal with 
 
 alcoholic KOH 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Extract 
 
 
 Residue 
 
 
 Moisture 
 
 As Rec'd 
 5.72 
 
 M-A Free Percent 
 Coal 
 
 As fcec 
 2.68 
 
 * d M-A Free 
 
 Percent 
 
 Coal 
 
 Ash 
 
 15.00 
 
 
 11.41 
 
 
 
 Carbon 
 
 65.60 
 
 62.70 3.93 
 
 71.00 
 
 82.74 
 
 78.87 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 3.27 
 
 4.12 .31 
 
 4.03 
 
 4.70 
 
 4.46 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 8.05 
 
 10.21 .49 
 
 8.63 
 
 10.00 
 
 9.53 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 .50 
 
 .63 .06 
 
 .08 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.14 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 1.66 
 
 2.34 .11 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.29 
 
 B. t. u. 
 
 11,040 
 
 14,270 685 
 
 12,080 
 
 14,050 
 
 13,396 
 
 Yield 
 
 6,00 
 
 4.80 
 
 
 
 95.20 
 

20 
 
 Table V. 
 
 Ultimate Analysis of Zeigler Coal, Franklin County, Illinois. 
 
 Moisture 
 
 As Rec’ 
 7.07 
 
 Original 
 
 d M-A Free 
 or 
 
 Percent 
 
 Coal 
 
 Total Percent Coal 
 of 
 
 Extract & Residue. 
 
 Ash 
 
 10.05 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carbon 
 
 66.00 
 
 79.61 
 
 
 76.23 
 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 4.36 
 
 5.26 
 
 
 5.26 
 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 10.17 
 
 12.29 
 
 
 16.58 
 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.57 
 
 
 1.19 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 1*05 
 
 1.27 
 
 
 .65 
 
 
 B. t. u. 
 
 11,565 
 
 13,950 
 
 
 13,010 
 
 
 After extraction of 
 
 the coal 
 
 with alcoholic KOH. 
 
 
 
 
 Extract 
 
 
 Residue . 
 
 
 Moisture 
 
 As Rec 
 4.56 
 
 'd M-A Free 
 
 Percent 
 
 Coal 
 
 As Rec'd M-A Free 
 
 2.80 
 
 Percent 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Ash 
 
 6.00 
 
 
 
 6.45 
 
 
 Carbon 
 
 72.30 
 
 80.2q 
 
 5.83 
 
 66.60 75.60 
 
 70.40 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 5.87 
 
 6.57 
 
 .47 
 
 4.76 5.25 
 
 4.80 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 9.94 
 
 11.06 
 
 .78 
 
 15.37 17.04 
 
 15.80 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 .80 
 
 .88 
 
 .08 
 
 1.32 1.45 
 
 1.18 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 .53 
 
 .59 
 
 .04 
 
 .60 .66 
 
 .62 
 
 B. t. u. 
 
 13,300 
 
 14,680 
 
 1,060 
 
 11,680 12,880 
 
 11,950 
 
 e.oo 
 
 Yield 
 
 7.2 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table VI 
 
 31 
 
 Ultimate Analysis of Coal from Terra Haute, Indiana. 
 
 Original Total Percent Coal 
 
 of 
 
 Moisture 
 
 As Rec'd 
 1.73 
 
 M-A Fre e 
 or 
 
 Percent Coal 
 
 Extract & Residue 
 
 Ash 
 
 S.10 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carbon 
 
 71.00 
 
 79.70 
 
 
 73.18 
 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 4.68 
 
 5.47 
 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 8.13 
 
 9.13 
 
 
 11.24 
 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.57 
 
 
 1.52 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 3.78 
 
 4.24 
 
 
 4.06 
 
 
 B t . u. 
 
 13,900 
 
 14,300 
 
 
 13,360 
 
 
 After extraction of the coal 
 
 with alcoholic KOH. 
 
 
 
 Extract 
 
 
 Residue 
 
 
 Moisture 
 
 As Rec'd 
 2.3o 
 
 A-M Free Percent 
 Coal 
 
 As Rec 
 4.20 
 
 1 d A-M Free 
 
 Percent 
 
 Coal 
 
 Ash 
 
 4.50 
 
 
 25.00 
 
 
 
 Carbon 
 
 67.00 
 
 71.60 , 7.18 
 
 56.60 
 
 80.00 
 
 72.00 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 6.04 
 
 6.47 .65 
 
 2.63 
 
 3.73 
 
 3.35 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 16.96 
 
 16.18 l.ei 
 
 7.47 
 
 10.50 
 
 9.43 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 1.10 
 
 1-18 .12 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.55 
 
 1.40 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 3.20 
 
 3.37 .24 
 
 3.00 
 
 4.33 
 
 3.82 
 
 B » t . u * 
 
 12,285 
 
 13,100 1 ,310 
 
 9,440 
 
 13,300 
 
 12,050 
 
 Yield. 
 
 11.8 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 90 
 
22 
 
 Table VII 
 
 Carbonization Tests. 
 
 After extraction of the coal with alooholic KOH. 
 
 Residue. Extract. 
 
 
 Zeigler . 
 
 Makatan. Indiana. 
 
 E. H. V. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Sample 
 
 50 gm. 
 
 50 
 
 gm. 5o gm. 
 
 50 gm. 
 
 lOgm . 
 
 Final Temp. 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 370 
 
 400 
 
 370 
 
 Tar & Water 
 
 6.9 gm . 
 
 9.0 
 
 gm . 9,0 gm 
 
 6.6 Gm . 
 
 2.2 gm. 
 
 ReBidue 
 
 41 " 
 
 35 
 
 « 38 M 
 
 38 " 
 
 
 Appearance of 
 residue 
 
 Powder Powder 
 
 Powder 
 
 Powder 
 
 P owde r 
 
 App. of HoS at 
 
 270 Deg 
 
 . 250 
 
 deg. 28 o deg. 
 
 150 deg. 
 
 150 deg 
 
 Vol of Gas , 
 
 2700 cc. 
 
 2700 
 
 cc. 2000 cc. 
 
 2700 cc. 
 
 360 cc . 
 
 Analysis of gases on the Nitrogen Free Basis. 
 
 Carbon Dioxide 
 
 21.2 
 
 30.1 
 
 50.9 
 
 24.0 
 
 26.^ 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 6 . 6 
 
 0 
 
 .1 
 
 .7 
 
 4.g 
 
 Unsat. 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.6 
 
 3.6 
 
 4-1 
 
 Benzene 
 
 0. 
 
 .6 
 
 .5 
 
 1.5 
 
 .2 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 lo.50 
 
 39.3 
 
 39.8 
 
 9.9 
 
 14.7 
 
 Carbon Monoxide 
 
 12.4 
 
 4.7 
 
 3.4 
 
 7.1 
 
 3.3 
 
 Ethane 
 
 33.5 
 
 7.3 
 
 6.3 
 
 0.0 
 
 -3.6 
 
 Methane 
 
 13.0 
 
 16.0 
 
 Coking 
 
 6.2 
 
 Tests at 930 
 
 49.0 
 
 35.6 
 
 Residues from each coal remained a powder. 
 
 Extracts from each coal gave a good but fragil coke. 
 

 
 
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