1ft THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY § . 9 k) \ 59 Fuf, ; OEm^M T ? ? ! ? — « ^VA jvixuLvvicu^e uuifl. Diminish learning’s store ; But Books, I find, if often lent, Return to me no more. Read slowly ; pause frequently ; Think seriously. Keep cleanly ; return duly, With the corners of the leaves not turned down. t SAl’iVDKRS, BROTHERS, LONDON UAU,.' Utest Do,l MO f k ° n °I before ‘he est Date stamped below. % 7 ^ ^ /, 0 ‘ 2 b % MfiR 2 0 !9$3 JflN 1 4 19 L161 — H 4 1 16 7T SAUNDERS, BROTH ICRS, LONDON WALL; F O W L E R’S PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY! GIVING A. CONCISE ELEMENTARY VIEW OF PHRENOLOGY PRESENTING SOME NEW AND important Remarks on the temperaments? AND DESCRIBING THE PRIMARY MENTAL POWERS IN SEVEN DIFFERENT DEGREES OF DEVELOPMENT? The MENTAL PHENOMENA PRODUCED EY THEIR COMBINED ACTION 4 AND THIS LOCATION OF THE ORGANS AMPLY ILLUSTRATED BY CUTS. ALSO, THE PHRENOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS, TOGETHER WITH THE CHARACTER AND TALENTS, 07 A3 GIVEN 237 T? th icference to those pages of “Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Appacd,’* which will be found a full and correct delineation of the intellectual ana mcrri character and mental manifestations of the above-named individual. BY O. S. FOWLER. Srudium " Animas majua est quam corporis.**— Cio. NEW YORK: FOWLED AND WELLS, PUBLISHERS NO 308 BROADWAY. &&LATIVE SIZE OF THE CROAKS. I I Aveiagc. i Full. | Large. Very large. 1 Moderate. l-=gS3Pq j eiasu^ I Domestic Propen. 46 8.26 5.11.12.15 [21.42 10.14.16,20. j L Amativeness, £6 59 n 57 5.6.8.15.42 58 12.14 59 59 10 2! «►! . *1 1. Philoprogeni. 01 63 811.15 62 12.16 63 10.1 120.21. 64 64 64' 3. Adhesiveness, 64 66 65 65 10.14.21 6? 8.26 67 ~~l7 | 4, Inha.bitiveness 68 8.12 69 16.21 6S 15 68 5.42 69 26 69 20 65! . J 5. Concentrative. 70 4,16 71 26 70 11.15.42 70 71 71 14.20 74 l Selfish Propensi. 46 1 11 18.25 8.12.15.16 10.41 21.27 ! A. Vitativeness, 73 74 74 74 74 74 7i 6. Combative. 75 78 li 75 5.15 77 12.14.16 78 79 10.21. 78 , 7. Destructive. 82 83 82 IS 83 12.14.15.16 84 10.19.41 84 21.27 8. Alimentive. 86 67 86 87 18 8? 21.27 88 9. Acquisitive. 80 93 69 5.15.18- 92 8.20-26 94 95 2j. 27.41 95 i 10. Secretiveness, 96 99 9G 5 98 8.12.15.20 100 101 21.27.41 101 Selfish Sentiments 47 10.11 103 5.6 12.14.15.16 21 26 22 1 1. Cautiousness, 103 41 105 15.40 101 11.13.25 105 21.27 106 106 107 12. Approbative. 10? 110 108 no 112 112 13. Self-esteem, 113 116 114 5.6 lit) S. 12.15. 16 116 26 117 117 14. Firmness, 119 10.20 121 21.27 119 5.6. S, 120 12.15.16.17 122 11.26 122 1'^ Moral Sentiments, 48 15.21 123 5.6.7 11.40.41 8 t 25.' - A lij 1 5. Conscientious. 124 130 13.15.19 126 129 131 27 132 9.17 i 6. Hope, 136 139 137 138 139 140 17 140 i 7. Marvellous. 141 143 142 8.12.15 143 144 145 146 ! b Veneration, 147 21 149 1C.11 14S 6.S.12 149 5.15.16.41 150 j 150 1 9 . Benevolence, 153 158 6.18 155 10 157 5.11.40.41 1E8 12.20.21 159 1 14.15 16.2c 139 “j Semi intel Senti. 48 159 f ! . ~ 139 F$2? AND TAOT.E OF REFERENCES. itsnez. oss^ — verage. Full. Large. V ery large. IV foe crate. binali. Very small i t ffl Constructive. 160, 163 161 is 162 163 163 ii 184 81. Ideality, 165 168 166 167 41 168 169 169 8. Sublimity, 249. 1 22 ^irritation, 189 171 170 41 171 11.40 171 172 42 17* j 83. Mirthfulness, 172 175 173 175 6.11.23 176 177 177 Intellectual Facul. '49 10.12 15 177 5.6.7.11.40 20 8.26 Perceptive Facul. 50 i 1 8.10 177 20.41.42 i 3.7.12.15.16 24. Individuality, 183 11.21.26 185 6.14 184 20.41 185 5.7.12.15.40 185 ISO 19 186 25. Form, 186 27 18 8 25 187 18.41 188'| 7.13.17.23 189 189 i8&< 26. Size, 190 8.25.27 191 10.11 190 18.19.42 191 5.7.12.15.18 191 191 192 27 Weight, 192 194 193 5 11.40 194 7.13.15.17 191 195 195 28. Color, 195 196 195 11.15 196 7 197 i97 i 97 19 29. Order, 198 200 199 15 199 5.7 201 23? 201 30. Calculation, 202 20-1 li 202 15 203 i 204 205 295| 31. Locality, 205 207 8 205 20.25.26 206 5. 7.12.i3. 16 207 20S t 208! 32. Eventuality, 209 s 212 11.14.28 210 5.10.16.20 in 6.12.13 15 215 14.42 21S i 213 33. Time, 214 21G 215 218 210 ; 21/ 217 34. Tune, ^1? 220 218 > 219 VI ■ 22C ) 22! i 221 35. Language, 22- » 227 224 5.' o ■ 40.41 , 22; 3 22c 3 229 Reasoning Organ? ! 10^2 l 221 6.11 ) 1 5.6.7.-18.4C ) 15.2 0 8.14.2 •6 28. £? 36. Causality, 231 2 l 23( l ii 5 231 3 5.18.4 1 23( l 6.7.11.41 5 23' D 8,12.15.1 r 23 6 10.14.20.2 3 2% 6 Jg.25 i 37. Comparison, 23! 8.2 9 241 l 3 24! 7.H ! 24 : b 5.6.40.4 3 24 l 4 24 4 C. Suavitiveness, 24 8 D. HumanNatun 3 24 7j i figure, to aca.mj^nying cuts. 408349 EXPLANATION. The proposition ate size of the phrenological o/.ns of the iridividaa examined, and, consequenth r , the relative power antf energy of his primary mental powers ; that is, his moral and intellectual cn^'r inter and manifesto «• tions will be indicated by the written figures 1, 2, ? y 4, 5, 6, 7: figure 1 sig- nifying VERY SMALL ; 2, SMALL ; 3. MODERATE ; i, AVERAGE ; 5, FULL \ 6, LARGE ; 7 VERY LARGE. In order to make the indications still plainer, these figures will be written opposite to those lines which describe the individual examined ; and at the end of these lines, figures are placed which refe^ to those pages of “ Phreno- logy Proved, Illustrated, and Applied, 5 ’ in which will be found a full descrip* tion, as well of his individual characteristics as of the results of feeling?., character, talents, capabilities, &c. produced by the combined operating of his faculties in that degree in which he possesses them. Explanation of the Cuts, (abbreviated c.) Cut 1 shows the location , number , and abbreviated name of the organs : 2, their general divisions or classification .* 3, 4, present occipital and frontal views of the organs : 5 is a profile cut of Washington : 6, of Franklin : 7, of Herschel : 8, 9, of Le Blanc, the murderer of Judge Sayre and family, oi N. J. : 10 represents a well balanced, or perfect head : 1 1 is a cut of a highly intellectual female, and one endowed with great versatility of talents: 12, 13, are cuts of Me-che-Ke-le-a-tah, the celebrated war-chief of the Miami Indians : 14 is a cut of Aurelia Chase, murderer of Dr. Durkey’s wife, Balt : 15, of Black Hawk: 16, i7, of an Indian chief: 18, of De Witt Clinton: 19, of Bru- nell, engineer of the Thames tunnel, Eng. : 20, of Philip, a notorious thief and liar, (p. 320) : 21, 27, of a skull found on the British lines at York town, Ya. : 22, 23, of a remarkably intelligent monkey : 24, 32, of a hyena 25, 26, of a N. A. Indian : 28, of an idiotick child : 29, of a full-grown idiot 30, 37, of an ichneumon : 31, 36, of a fox : 34, crow : 37, 43, of a very cun ning and roguish cat : 40, of Shakspeare, from an English portrait, said to be the most correct extant: 41, of Robert Hall : 42, a New Zealander. [The small figures (second row,) placed before the names of the organs, are the numbers of Spurzheim.] Definitions. — 1, or Very Small, means almost wholly wanting 2, or Small, feeble and inactive ; 3, or Moderate, signifies rather below mediocrity ; active only in a subordinate degree ; and having only a limited influence upon the mind and character : 4, or Average, means fair, oi between moderate and full, and includes the general analysis of the faculties : 5, or Full, signifies respectable, though not marked or contro 1 ling : 6, or Large, applied to an organ, shows that its corresponding faculty has a powerful and an energetick influence upon the capabilities* and feelings, if not conduct: 7, or Very Large, means predominant, especially over the less energetick faculties ; constituting and giving ton& and direction to the character and talents ; easily excited, and powerful in action ; and quite liable to perversion and abuse. The sign +, (plus, or more,) placed before or after a figure, shows that it is larger than it is marked, yet not enough so to require the next largcT figure : the sign — , (minus, or less,) that it is not quite as much as it is marked. These signs add and diminish nearly one-half of a degree. The printed figures in the margin, refer to the number of their respective faculties, or the order in which they are described, and the figures in the cuts, to the location of the corresponding faculties in the head, except the figures under , or in the open parts of the cuts , which reibr to their number PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. PHRENOLOGY* Points out those connexions and relations which exist between the cam iitions and developments of the eraix, and the manifestations of thi &ine, discovering each from an observation of the other. Its one distinctive characteristic feature is, that each class of mental functions is manifested by means of a given portion of the brain, called an organ, the size of which is the measure of the power of function. Thus the benevolent feeling is mani- fested and indicated by means of brain in the frontal part of the top of the head, (see cuts,) and in proportion to the development of brain Here, will be one’s spontaneous flow of kind, obliging feeling, and so of every other quality of mind. Its classification of the menial faculties also furnishes a complete sy&iem of intellectual and moral philosophy, by resolving all the operations of the human mind, whether simple or complex, into their primary elements or faculties. That these phrenological relations either do , or do not exist, and there- fore, that phrenology is either fundamentally true or else untrue, is a self evident proposition ; and by applying to it, as we proceed, the following philo- sophical axioms, which are the proper tests and touchstones of the truth of any and every science, the truth of phrenology, or its want of it, can be peedily and certainly ascertained. Axiom 1 . If phrenology is fundamentally true, it forms an important part of this great system of things called the universe, developing those laws and unfolding those principles, physical, intellectual, and moral, in ac- cordance with which “ God created man,” and also the whole range of animated beings. Consequently, as every portion of the universe originated in the same Divine Mind, and as each part of it is adapted to every other part, phrenology, if true, is adapted to, and must therefore perfectly har- monize with, every other fact and principle in nature with which it is capa- ble of being compared. But if it be erroneous, then, since God is the author of nature, and man df phrenology, the two will clash with each other, because man could nevei devise a system of facts and principles capable of dovetailing with the laws and operations of nature. Truth will always harmonize with truth, but with truth only. Error cannot tally with truth, nor with error. Hence, by comparing phrenology with the known principles and operations of na- ture, its truth or erroneousness can be ascertained from its harmonizing with them, or being in opposition to them. 2. If true, its origin is Divine, and, like every other portion of the Crea- tor’s works, its own inherent beauty, simplicity, perfection, and naivete, will stamp it with the Divine impress ; but if not true, it is human in it* * Derived from the two Greek words “ Phren,’* which signifies mincb and u Logos,” discourse; the two together signifying the science of mind, or ita aw* and phenomena as manifested and indicated through the brain. 6 8 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY* origin, and therefore necessarily a bundle of imperfections and absurdities* throughout, 3. If true, it develops tne constitutional principles, and analyzes all the phenomena of the human mind, beautifully unravelling the whole web of thought and feeling, and fully explaining the vast and entire range of the mental manifestations, besides unfolding the laws of physiology ; but if untrue, its fallacy can easily be detected by its inability to accomplish these ends. To effect these otherwise unattainable objects is, “par excellence the peculiar prerogative of phrenology ; and its success or failure here , is the certain criterion of its truth or erroneousness. 4. But if phrenology be partly true and partly false, if the Deity made one part, and man imagined the balance, then, “like a house divided against itself, ” its own inherent absurdities and self-contradictions will con- stitute its own refutation. Definition of a Faculty. A mental faculty is a primary power of the mind which exercises one, and but one, distinct and homogeneous class of functions, having for their object some specific end in man’s physical or mental constitution, such as love of offspring, memory of occurrences, appetite for food, &c., and which is exercised by means of a given portion of the brain, called its organ. The following are a few of the facts and arguments, briefly stated, which establish the truth of phrenology. I. The BRx\IN is the organ of the MIND, or the PHYSICAL INSTRUMENT of thought and feeling. First. That there exist a most intimate connexion and relation between the thinking, feeling principle of man and his body, is a matter of observa tion and sensation ; the state of each reciprocally affecting that of the other. That this connexion must be manifested either directly through the medium of the body as a whole, or else by means of some particular por- tion of it, is also self-evident. But every other portion of it except the brain, is exclusively occupied in performing other functions than the men tal, whilst the location and structure of the brain, its connexion by means of the nerves with every portion of the system, and also every thing apper- taining to it, point it out as the “dome of thought,” “the palace of the soul.” Second. The blood is the great medium for the re-supply of vital energy, it being most abundant wherever the greatest re-supply of this energy is required. Now the exercise of mind, besides being the chief end of man’s existence in this world, and a source of much more intense pleasure and pain than the exercise of his muscles, causes a far greater expenditure of the vital energies than the exercise of the latter. If therefore the brain were the instrument of the mind, it would use up much more blood in proportion to its size than any other portion of the body. Accordingly, we find that from ten to twenty times more blood is sent to the brain in proportion to ts size, than is sent to any other equally large portion of the system. Third. A slight pressure upon the brain suspends the mental operations* rendering the patient uioonscious of every thing, and by the removal of this pressure the mental powers are instantly restored, whilst this effect cannot he produced by pressing upon any other portion of the system. Fourth. Injuries and morbid states of the brain palpably affect the ope- rations of the mind, as we shall see hereafter, whilst this effect carnet bs THE MIND A PLURALITY OF FACULTIES. f Jjfvduced by worn ding or *nflaming any other portion of the body, exce$ by sympathetically affecting the brain. For additional proof of this proposition see “ Phrenology Proved Illus- trated, and Applied,” pp. 7 — 10. This work will hereafter be frequently referred to as follows, P. P. pp. 7 — 10. Corolla . A plain inference deducible from this proposition is that thera ran be no exercise, no manifestation of the mind , without a corresponding exercise and action of the brain, and, vice versa, that ever}' action of the brain must produce an exercise of mind, every change and condition of each producing a corresponding affection of the other All the operations of nature are uniform throughout. If a particular organ exercises a single function of a given class, it exercises every function of that class. The eye sees, and does all the seeing, and nothing else , so of the stomach, lungs, and every organ and function of the body, and indeed cf nature thioughout. Consequently, if the brain exercises a single function of the mind, if a single thought or emotion is manifested through the me- dium of the brain, then is every emotion, every thought, every mental opera- tion manifested by means of the same brain. Either the relation between the two is perfect, and complete, and entire throughout all their most minute phenomena, or else there is no relation, no mutual exercise, no dependence whatever. II. The mind consists of a plurality of independent faculties )r powers, each of which exercises a distinct class of functions. Since our design is to show what phrenology is> rather than to prove its truth, and since fully to establish this fundamental proposition would require more space than we can devote to it, we will only state briefly the facts and arguments which support it. First. A plurality of mental powers would allow much greater variety and perfection of the mental operations than could be attained if the mind were a single power. Second. If the mind were a single power, it could be doing only one thing at the same time, but if it be a compound of several powers, each could be in simultaneous action. Our own consciousness assures us that we can attend to more things than one at a time — that we can be looking and thinking, walking and talking, feeling and acting, &c., all simultaneously Third. Were the mind a single faculty, it must necessarily be equally asleep or awake upon all subjects at a given instant, ’which would preclude the possibility of dreaming ; but if composed of several, one might be par tially active, and another dormant, at the same time, which would produce dreaming. Fourth. In case the mind were a single power, and had become wea ried by one kind of action, it could no more obtain rest by turning to some- thing else, than a man who had tired himself out by walking east, could rest himself by walking north. But the mind is relieved by changing it s studies, pursuits, n the other are reciprocal and most powerful, all admit, yet no one has descended to particulars , or shown what conditions of the one produce given states of the ether. Hence, so far concerns the practical application of this doctrine to the observation nr production of given states of mind, we are as yet left mostly in the dark, (l is upon these points that the author hopes to throw much additional light. The ideas that the temperaments are indicated by the build and shape of the body , instead of by the colour of the eyes, hair, and the other signs usually given, and also that particular temperaments give rise to, and ac- company, the predominance of certain classes of phrenological organs, and thereby of certain qualities and states of mind, of certain dispositions, talents and moral as well as intellectual qualities, and therefore, that the build and form of body indicate the qualities of the mind, the author believes to be new and original suggestions. They are the result of much observation and experience, and though by no means perfect, they strike out a new field of investigation to be perfected hereafter. For some time after the writer commenced the practice of phrenology, he followed his predecessors in the matter of the temperaments, until his own experience taught him effectually, by the repeated mistakes into which they led him, that they were in error, particularly in regard to the /yw- phatic temperament ; which they described as being a bad, dull, lazy, ease- loving, listless, anti-thinking and anti-feeling temperament, but which he often found coupled with superior talents, as in Chief Justice Gibson, De Witt Clinton, and many others. He then adopted the theory, that as every thing appertaining to man is good and attains a good end, the lymphatic temperament must be not only beneficial, but even essential,* by inducing that ease-loving state of the system called rest, which lays in and husbands those vital resources required for expenditure by the other temperaments. For years, however, both in his lectures and practice, he has regarded this temperament as a state of disease rather than as a distinct temperament, as an accumulation of gross fat, which does more harm than good. The following classification and naming of the temperaments is both more simple and more comprehensive, and less liable to be misunderstood, than those now in use. Man, as an organized being, has a body which is made up of three, instead of four, classes of organs, namely, 1. THE VITAL Temperament, or the nutritive apparatus. This embraces those organs employed in manufacturing vitality, and in creating and sustaining animal life ; viz., the digestive apparatus, the heart, lungs, blood, viscera, &c., including all the internal organs. This corresponds in part to the sanguine and lymphatic temperaments. * Impressed by the foregoing views cn the subject w ihe Temperaments, O. S. Fowler published them as early as the year 1639. They have since been given, substantially, by other authors. lie concluded that the Lymphatic Temperament in due degree could not but be good in itself, because every natural development ot man is good, if not excessive. He therefore grouped the digestive and lym- phatic apparatus with the thoracic organs under the name of “ Vital Tempera snent, * has yet. to see occa&Vxi to change his views on this subject. 11 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY* 3, THE MOTIVE APPARATUS. This includes the bones am muscles wh ,uh constitute the frame-work of the system, and correspond* with the bilious temperament. 3. THE MENTAL APPARATUS. This embraces the brain and nervous system, which are the instruments employed in the production and exercise of thought and feeling, and is similar to the nervous temperament. In taking for my cabinet the busts of our great men, I was struck with the fact that they all had amply developed chests. Finding some difficulty in adjusting the apparatus to the head of S. Southard, on account of his depth of shoulders, he remarked that he measured under the arm-pits as much a a a common barrel. In taking the busts of the Rev. Hr. Bascom. Judge Daggett, Preston, and others, the same difficulty was experienced from the same cause. I had observed the same amply developed chest in Webster, Clay, Adams, Marshall, Gibson, Frelinghuysen, De Witt Clinton, Alex. Hamilton, N. P. Tallmadge, Asher Robbins, Thaddeus Stephens, Govs. Wolf, Porter, Ritner, Seward, Edwards, Vesey, and others; Drs. Beecher, Griffin, Hum- phrey, and Packard, and a multitude of others, besides those below enu- merated. Indeed, every distinguished man whom I had seen, or whose bust I had taken, was found to have this amply developed chest. Hence I was natu- rally led to conclude that it was as much an accompaniment of greatness as a large forehead ; and that intellectual greatness was the product of both large vital organs to manufacture the vital stamina, and large intellectual organs to expend this vital power intellectually instead of muscularly. In Bridgeport, Connecticut, in a blindfold examination, I ascribed supe* rior talents to a man who was deficient in intellect. When the error was pointed out and the request made to re-examine, I replied that his head was ft gocd one, all that I had described it to be, but that he had but a feeble heart to nourish and invigorate his brain. His chest was small and narrow, his arms set forward and near together, the abdomen small, the person bent forward, the chest as it were caved in, and the pulse extremely feeble. The next day, his son, who was also simple, and another lad came into my office from their play. The simpleton’s pulse beat only half as fast and not half as strong as the other’s. I had made thousands of similar observations, which I now recollected, and had often said that Benton owed his talents more to his chest and habits than to the size of his brain. The conclusion was thus forced home upon me that greatness depended quite as much upon the development of this class of organs, as upon that of the brain, or, rather, upon both united. Not that every man with large in*- ternal organs is a great man, for his power may be expended physically, but that every great man has this class of organs large. From this time I abandoned the notion of the lymphatic temperament altogether, and adopted the classification here suggested. These conclusion? were arrived at in 1838, and since that time have regularly formed a part of my courses of lectures. i. Tiie Vital Temperament, or Nutritive Apparatus. Apply the tongue to the larger end of a good egg, and it will be perceptibly warmer than any other part, because the vital property of the chick is located there ; but if this part is cold, life is extinct, and the egg spoiled. Subject this egg to the process of hatching for a short time, and remove the coverings from this end, and you will see the heart palpitating, and the blood vessels formed, the yolk supplying the heart with the required nutri- tion, whilst the othe-~ portions remain vet unorganized. The first portion THE TEMPERAMENTS. IS sf the animal economy formed k the heart and its anpuitenanccs, or the •eternal system of organs, and through them, matter is deposited here and there for the formation of the balance of the body. This same vital apparatus also supplies the materials required for the growth and nutri- tion of all the parts requiring either, and is far more active during infancy and youth than any other part of the body, as is indicated by their pulse, appetite, and love of physical action. Life is also extinguished sooner by a blow on the pit of the stomach than anywhere else, and the blood, in- stead of coagulating, remains liquid, all evincing that this is the centre of vitality. This apparatus not only originates vitality, but also sustains the whole animal economy. It constitutes the fountain head of animal power and vital energy ; manufactures the animal heat ; resists cold and heat, disease and death ; and re-supplies the brain, and nerves, and muscles with those vital energies which they are compelled to expend whenever they are ex- ercised. It is to the man what the fire, and wood, and water, and steam are to the engine — the “ vis animal 9 — the “ primum mobile ” — the alpha and the omega of the animal economy. it includes the entire system of internal organs located in the thorax and abdomen, namely, the heart, lungs, stomach, blood, liver, viscera, &c. Its predominance may be known, not so much by red or chestnut hair, blue eyes, &c., as by the shape of the body. It gives a stout, square built, thick get, stocky build ; depth and breadth, and often roundness of shoulders, and thus a capacious chest ; arms far apart and set well back ; well developed abdomen; a full strong pulse; large and strong lungs; powerful voice; short, sound, and well set teeth ; plump person ; wide nostrils ; abundant flesh ; red face, and indeed the skin everywhere showing a great supply and flow of blood; hair abundant, and often curly; a capacity for enduring fatigue, and privation, and exposure ; a tough, iron constitution, or what is called bottom, which is erroneously attributed to the bilious temperament ; a great love of physical action, of amusements, of fresh air, and out-of-door exer- cise, though not of hard work ; a restlessness which cannot endure confine- ment in-doors ; and a desire to be all the time doing something to work off the constantly accumulating energies of the system. Generally, though not always, the hair and whiskers will be red, or sandy, or chestnut, abundant, and often curly ; the face flushed or suffused with blood ; the countenance florid, and often handsome ; the limbs, neck, <8cc., short, and thick set, and large in circumference ; and the whole person, head included, built on the short, and broad, and thick set, instead of long and tail, principle. This temperament gives a tough, strong constitution ; great powers of endurance ; a great amount of animal life and vigour to be worked off, either by the muscles in physical action, or by the brain in thought and feeling 5 great ardour of desire ; great zeal and enthusiasm ; powerful feelings, pas- lions and impulses, and a suscentibility of high excitement, as well as sensi- tiveness to the influence of both mental and physical stimuli ; a hearty relish for food, particularly animal, for condiments, sleep, &c., and a great enjoyment of animal life and pleasure as such. Persons in whom this temperament predominates, show their talents business, natural shrewdness, and management, more than in hard study, 01 direct reasoning, or fondness for books. They have usually more practice wmmon sense than book learning; and of general information about and things, such as they pick up from observation, conversation, newspj 2 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. l&7By &c., ratlici than accurate scientific knowledge, or depth and power of mind. Its decided predominance is accompanied by a round head, well developed at the base, large amativeness, acquisitiveness, aiimentiveness, benevolence, and language ; large organs of the animal propensities generally ; a rapid widening of the head from the corners the eyes to the tips of the ears ; side head spherical and well filled out ; forehead generally full or square and broad rather than high ; perceptive organs large ; and ail. the organs short fend broad rather than long or pointed. This temperament predominates in Thos. H. Benton, Martin Van Buren, Levi Woodbury, Wm. C. Preston, of S. C., N. Biddle, Rives, Dr. Bethune, Orville Dewey, David Paul Brown, Robley Dunglison, Samuel Southard, Garret D. Wall, Felix Grundy, Jesse R. Burden, Edwin Forrest, F. Wemvss, J. R. Scott, Ex-SherifF Parkins, of the royal family of England, Jas. Watson Webb, Commodores Chauncey and Kennedy, Lord Byron, and many other public characters. The Indian Chief Keokuk affords one of its oest examples, and every one of the thirty Indian chiefs taken by O. S. <& L M. Fowler show a development of chest truly remarkable, exciting astonish merit by their size, and admiration by their beauty. In Indians generally, and also in Africans, this is a leading temperament, combined with the mo- tive, but with less of the mental. In the Irish, Dutch, Germans, and Jews, it also predominates. See their build. Men of this temperament predominant generally dislike hard work, and hence choose some occupation in which they can get their living without it, such as agents, overseers, cashiers, aldermen, captains, landlords, traders ir* live stock, butchers, speculators, lawyers, politicians, public officers, con- tractors, &c. &c. To employ a trite saying, they generally “ know on which side their bread is buttered;” turn every thing, especially bargains, of which they are usually fond, to their own account ; always feather their own nests ; look out for themselves, and take care to get their own part of every thing. In short, this is the animal temperament, both physically and phrenologically, and necessary in order to give force of character, and that selfishness which, in the present state of things, is a leading requisite to suc- cess in almost every thing. It feels and acts out the sentiment, “ every man for himself,” and is more apt to be connected with roguery and vice, than any other organization. One with this temperament fully developed resists powerfully the action of disease, yet when attacked, is usually taken suddenly, becomes very sick, and is brought at once to the crisis. The diseases to which it predisposes are apoplexy, gout, fevers, inflammatory rheumatism, plethoric complaints, flowing of blood to the head, asthma, &c. Upon it health and long life mainly depend. Bad men will be fssnd to have this temperament, though not e e. j one ia whom it predominates is a bad man. This is the predominant tempera- ment of the lower animals. One of its best examples occurs in the lion, and the extraordinary height, and breadth, and size of his chest and fore- shoulders, his terrific roar, length of life, colour, and development, of theani rnal organs, all evince its prodigious development. The motive is aiso almost equally powerful. Sec also the bull-dog, mastiff &c. 2. Tnc Motive Apparaios. This embraces the osseous and fibrous portions of the s) stem, or the bones, muscles, sinews, tendons, and every organ ot the body employed to give bodily motion of any kind ; including walking, labouring, and every kind of corporeal movement. It also give* THE TEMPERAMENTS. II muscular strength, ami constitutes the frame-war k of the system giving if its build, shape, and form ; and is to the man what the timbers are to the house, or the hulk to the steam-boat. Tkongh the bone-s and muscles differ so widely from each other in almost every respect, yet they are here classed together ; because each is adapted to, and useless without the other, and both together perform motion. The bones constitute the foundation on which the muscular superstructure is built, are articulated at their ends by the joints, and firmly bound to- gether by ligaments, yet allowed free motion. Towards the middle of these bones, the muscles are firmly attached, so that when they contract, they give motion to the eud of the bone opposite the belly of the muscle. These muscles constitute the lean meat, or red flesh of all animals, and are made red by the immense number of minute blood-vessels which are rami fled upon every fibre of every muscle in order to re-supply that vital power which is expended by its exercise. The contractile power of these muscles «s truly astonishing, as is evident from the wonderful feats of strength and agility of which man is capable ; and that too, though these muscles act under a great mechanical disadvantage. One in whom the motive apparatus predominates, has a person lean and spare : usually of good size and height ; an athletic build ; strongly marked features ; a large, Roman nose ; high and large cheekbones ; large and broad front teeth ; and all the bones of the body large and projecting ; a deep, grum, base voice ; distinctly marked muscles, and blood-vessels ; large joints ; hard flesh ; great muscular power, or physical strength ; ease of action, and love * of physical labour, of lifting, working, &c. ; dark, and often coarse, stiff, abundant, and perhaps bushy hair ; a black, and heavy beard ; dark skin and eyes ; a harsh, expressive visage ; strong, but coarse and harsh feelings : the movements like those of the draught horse, slow, but powerful and efficient ; with much force and energy of character. The mental qualities of this temperament take their complexion entirely from its combinations, which will presently be considered. 3. The Mental Temperament, or the Nervous Apparatus. —This em braces the brain and nervous system, or that portion of the body called into action in the manufacture and exercise of thought, feeling, sensation, &c. At first, the brain consists of a mere ganglion of nervous matter, formed at the top of the spinal column. To this, successive additions are made upwards and forwards, forming, successively, the brains of various animals, from that of the fish and toad, through that of the dog and monkey, up to the perfectly developed brain of the adult man. Let it be observed that the base of the brain, or the animal organs, which alone can be exercised by the infant, are developed first, whilst benevolence, amativeness, veneration constructiveness, and some others which cannot be exercised by the infant are not developed for some time in the heads of infants. See their heads The construction of the brain is fraught with more interest than that of any other portion of the system. Its internal portion is fibrous, whilst its outer is soft and gelatinous. It is folded up into layers or furrows, called convolutions, which are expanded by dropsy in the brain, into a nervous gheet or web. These convolutions allow a much greater amount of nervouy matter to be packed up in a given compass, and their depth and size are proportionate to the amount of mind and talent. Thus in animals and idiots they are small and shallow; in mer. of ordinary talents, much deeper; whilst, the dissectors of the brains of Cuvier, Lord Byron, and othe? great men, have remarked with astonishment upon the size and depth 16 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. of their convolutions ; and Dr. G. M Clellan, the distinguished surgeon in Philadelphia, remarked to the writer, in reference to a recent dissection the brain of one of the most talented men of Delaware, that he never saw the convolutions so deep and large — the furrows being an inch in depth. Some writers say five times as much blood is sent to the brain in propor* tian to its volume, as is sent to any other portion of the system; some say eight times as much ; others fifteen ; and one twenty ; but all agree as to the general fact. The difference between them is doubtless owing to the dif- ference in the talents of those operated upon, intellectual subjects having the most. The distinctness and protrusion of the veins in the heads of our great men, as also the immediate filling up of these veins when one laughs or becomes excited, lead to the same conclusion. Through the medium of the spinal column, and by means of the nerves that go off from the spinal marrow through the joints of the back bone, the brain holds intercourse with every part of the body, the nerves being rami- fied upon every portion of its surface, so that not even the point of a needle can penetrate any portion of it without lacerating them, and thus producing pain. This spinal marrow is composed of four principal columns, the two anterior ones exercising voluntary motion, the two posterior ones, sensa- tion. Let the nerves that go off from the two posterior columns, be severed at their root, and the parts on which they are ramified will be destitute of sensation, not feeling any thing, though able to move ; but on severing the nerves that go off from the two anterior columns, though the patient will feel the prick of the needle, he will be unable to move the limb to which the nerve goes. Now observe, that these two - anterior or motive columns * are in direct connexion with the frontal portion of the brain, in which the intellectual organs are located, so that each can communicate freely with the other, whilst the two posterior columns, or those of sensation , are in connexion with the back part of the brain, in which the organs of the feel ings are located. These two classes of nerves are united, near their origin, in one common sheath, but let them be severed in any part of their course, and the portion below will be destitute of sensation or motion according to the nerve severed, whilst the parts above will retain them unimpaired. They are most abun dant on the outer surface of the body, and accordingly, the skin and adjacent flesh is the seat of much more intense pain from wounds than the internal portions. One in whom the mental temperament greatly predominates, will b* characterized physically by a small stature ; light build ; small bones ant muscles; a slim, tall, spare, sprightly person ; quickness of motion; grea physical activity, too much for his strength; sharp features; thin lips; : small pointed nose ; teeth sharp and liable to early decay ; all the bone pointed ; the head usually uneven, and the phrenological organs sharp ; th voice sharp, shrill, high-keyed, and often soft and flexible, and its intonj tions evincing fervour and tenderness ; the hair light, fine, and thin ; a fin clear, soft, and delicate skin ; extreme sensitiveness to physical suffering a keen, light, intelligent, and sparkling eye ; a speaking countenance, in d eating sensibility ; a small narrow chest and abdomen ; and the shouldei set forward and brought near together ; thus producing a stooping, bendin: attitude. The diseases to which it predisposes are consumption, dyspepsif liver complaint, and brain fever ; nervous affections , a flowing of blood to th head, with wakefuiness at night ; and a tendency to partial or entire menfa deiangement. COMBINATION OF TEMPERAMENTS, 11 He will be characterized mentally by a predominance of mind over .hat of the body, so that its state will affect that of the body more than that of the body will the mind. He will be in the highest degree susceptible to the influence of stimuli and of all exciting causes ; be refined and delicate in feeling and expression, and easily disgusted with any thing coarse, vulgar, or oat of taste ; when he enjoys, will enjoy in the highest degree, and when he suffers, suffer with equal intensity ; be subject to extremes of feeling have his disgusts, sympathies, and prepossessions easily excited ; experience a vividness and intensity of emotion, and a clearness, pointedness, and rapi- dity of thought, perception, and conception, and a love of mental exercise, imparted by no other temperament ; and have a deep flow of pure and virtu- sus feeling, which will effectually resist vicious inclinations. His desires mil be intense, and his efforts to obtain his ends correspondingly vigorous. Hence he will be eager in all his pursuits, and feel that his ends are of t’he utmost importance, and must be answered now, and thus liable to overdo, and prematurely exhaust his physical powers, which at best are none too good. He will also be very fond of reading and study ; of thinking and rea- soning ; of books and literary pursuits ; of conversation, and of all kinds of information, and apt to lie awake at night, thinking, or feeling, or reading. This temperament gives mind as mind, and literary rather than business talents. One with this temperament predominant should choose some pro-' fession, or light mental occupation, such as a clerk, merchant, teacher, or if a mechanic, should choose that of a goldsmith, or some similar business requir- ing much light action; but not hard lifting, where he can get his living by hia head instead of his hands. He should also avoid close application ; take much pleasurable recreation and exercise ; live more at his ease than he is inclined to do ; avoid all kinds of stimulants, wines, tea and coffee included ; use: vegetable food mostly ; endeavour to enjoy existence ; and avoid being worried. These temperaments are always combined, each existing in a greater or less degree in every individual. They are sometimes equally balanced, but generally one predominates, another is secondary though well marked, and a third moderate or weak. The effects produced by their combinations is one of the most important points connected with the manifestation of mind. The author does not expect to do it justice, but only to advance a few im- portant hints. This kind of knowledge can be derived from observation alone , not from books and descriptions, which can do no more than to put the observer upon the right track. The vital apparatus expends its energies first in forming the body, se- condly in consolidating and perfecting it, and lastly, in perfecting the brain and nervous system, which develop mind. In infancy, childhood, and vouth, it greatly predominates over the others, especially the mental, which ripens last and holds sway longest. Hei:ce, long after the physical powers begin to wane, the mental retain all their pristine vigour, yielding last to enfeebling old age. Hence the proverb “ old men for counsel.” Again, our smartest men were often very dull boys; giving little promise of talent till twenty or even thirty years old. This is explained by the physiological law just stated. In early life, the vital apparatus was mostly expended in forming a powerful constitution, and laying in a great reservoir of v ital stamina. Such are “late ripe, late rotten” — the winter apple, improving with age, and keeping well. They have amply developed chests t an excellent muscular organization , the vital motive temperament predoffifc - *3 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. listing in 3 outh, with a large amount of the elements of the mental, go i&s£, when their energies reach the wain, mind assumes the ascendancy, convert* mg their powerful resources into mental greatness. Precocity is the opposite of this, the mental apparatus being too '""'Wand too powerfully developed, thus using up the energies of the system, and causing an early death. The minds of such should never be stimulated, but always be checked, and their vital and motive temperaments cultivated. But parental fondness often takes the opposite course in order to exhilf 1 this pre- cocity, which hastens their ruin. In accordance with this principle, death prostrates the extremities first* physical before the mental powers; the base of the brain, or the animal propensities, such as appetite, hatred, love of money, &c., next ; and finishes with the moral organs. Hence, after “ the world and the love of it ” have vanished, the spiritual man, or the organs in the top of the head, are often vigorously exercised upon a future state. Since the vital apparatus manufactures the vital resources to be expended either by the muscles in physical action, or by the brain in the exercise of mind and feeling, according to the demand, its ample development is indis- pensable to the labourer, to the intellectual man, to the business man, in short, to any and every man, ,v ^man, and child ; and when deficient should by all means be cultivated. The vital motive apparatus. One having this temperament predomi- nant, will be of good size and height, if not large ; well proportioned ; broad shouldered ; muscular ; nose and cheek-bones prominent ; visage strongly marked ; features often coarse and homely ; countenance often stem and harsh ; face red ; hair red or sandy, if not coarse, and movements strong, but often awkward and seldom polished. He will be best adapted to soma laborious occupation, and enjoy hard work more than hooks or literary pup suits ; have great power of feeling, and thus require much self-government, possess more talent than he exhibits to others; manifest his mind more in his business, in creating resources and managing matters than in literary pursuits or mind as such; and improve with age, growing better and more intellectual as he grows older. One with the vital mental temperament predominant, with the motive moderate or small, will have a double augmentation of fervid feeling- — of ani- mal feeling from his vital, and of elevated mental and sentimental feeling from his mental apparatus, being hardly able to contain himself, such will he their intensity. His flow of sympathy will be great, so that he will easily receive and communicate impressions; be too much influenced by his impulses, likes, dislikes, first impressions, &c. ; have his hobbies ; ba enthusiastic; throw a great amount of feeling into all he says and docs.* use strong and hyperbolical expressions ; be fond of company, if not forward in it ; have a qinck, clear, sharp, keen, active mind and good business talents; a ready flow of ideas and a talent for communicating them, either os paper or in social conversation ; show taste and refinement and delicacy in every thing ; have an under-current of pure virtuous feeling which will pre vent the grosser manifestation of animal passion, and give the intellectual and moral man the ascendency, sinning only under some sudden and power-- ful excitement, for which he will be very sorry ; be fond of reading, particu- larly poetry, novels, tales, light and sentimental pieces, belles lettres, news- papers, &c. ; be inclined to attempt this kind of composition , have a r©« tentivs memory ; shrewdness ; smartness ; and enough of selfishness to tais* THE MOTIVE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 16 care of number one, yet not enough powe* or momentum of mind and cha racier to become great or pre-eminent. This is the eloquent* temperament and also the poetical, though in poets the mental often predominates ovei Doth the others. In singers it also predominates, though the vital generally assumes the lead, giving both the love of music and a powerful voice. Its predominance is indicated by small bones; moderate stature; light and thin hair and eyes ; rather thick set, st@ut build ; round shoulders ; Mi chest; full face; handsome figure; genteel address; beautiful features, small, short, and sharp nose ; a sprightly walk ; considerable colour ha the cheeks and face ; and that exquisiteness of feeling which enjoys and suffers in the extreme. Hence its possessor will live a very happy, e? unhappy, or else chequered life, according as his organs are agreeably or disagreeably affected. Auburn hair is the product of this temperament, which is no less thfl accompaniment of beauty of mind and feeling, than it is of face and figure. The motive mental temperament. One having this temperament with the motive predominant, and the vital average or full, will be of good size; rather tall and slim; lean and rawboned, if not homely and awkward; poor in flesh ; bones and features prominent, particularly the nose ; have a firm and distinct muscle, and a good physical organization; a keen, piercing, penetrating eye; the front upper teeth rather large and projecting; the hands, fingers, and limbs ail long ; a long face, and often a high forehead ; a firm, rapid, energetic walk ; and great ease and efficiency of action, accom- panied with little fatigue. He will have strong desires and much energy of character ; will take hold of his projects with both hands, and drive forward in spite of obstacles, and hence is calculated to accomplish a great deal ; is not idle or lazy, but generally prefers to wait upon himself ; will move, walk, &c., ir a decided, forcible and straight-forward manner ; have strong passions ; a tough and wiry brain and body; a strong and vigorous mind; good judgment; clear head, and talents more solid than brilHant ; be long-headed, boid, cool, ral culating, fond of deep reasoning, and philosophizing, of hard thinking, and the graver and more solid branches of learning. This is the thorough-going temperament ; imparts business powers ; predisposes to hard work, and ♦ True eloquence consists, not in strength of argument, nor in gigantic power of /nought, not in deep, powerful, conclusive reasoning, nor the observation of rheto- rical rules, but in the spontaneous gushings or the impassioned burstings of deep feeling and intense emotion, transmitted to the audience not so much by words as Dy the melting, thrilling, soul-stirring intonations of the voice ; by the looks and at- titude of the man, which take captive the citadel of feeling by storm, and melt the soul in sympathy. Hence eloquence can never be written, never placed on paper. It must be seen and heard and felt. This temperament is productive of eloquence in two ways : first, by creating a gushing fountain of sympathy and a spontaneous How of feeling in the speaker, and secondly, by giving^ large pair of lungs, which in speaking use up great quantities of air, by which the blood is sent to the brain in great abundance and highly charged with vitality, thus producing pathos. The organs of language, individuality, eventuality, comparison, ideality, imitation, and some others are also necessary, and this same temperament in the hearer imparts she feelings to be operated upon. This temperament predominates in the Rev. Dr. Boscom, whom Clay pronounced the greatest natural orator he ever heard ; in Revs. Bethune, Burchard and Maffitt ; in D-avid Paul Brown, Judge Conrad, William IE Read, ex Attorney-General of Pa.; Alvan Stewart of Utica, N. Y. ; Elv K» More, ex U. S. Representative from N. Y., whose natural untutored eloquence w>urst forth meteor-like in such dazzling splendour as to astonish and overpower hia hearers, and soon literally overcame and prostrated his physical energies, and Kiany others who might be named. Indeed I know no one remarkable for oratory or tnu«ic la whom this temperament, and especially the vital, does not predominate. Wi triumphantly appeal whether phrenology does not thus furnish a better deacrifriteai and analysis of eloquence than can be found in works on this subject. m PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. is indispensable vg those who engage in grea undertakings, cr who rise to eminence. One having the mental temperament predominant, the motive full os large, and the vital average to full, will differ in build from the preceding description only in his being smaller, taller in proportion, and more spare. He will have a reflective, thinking, planning, discriminating cast of mind; a great fondness for literature, science, and intellectual pursuits of the deeper graver kind ; be inclined to choose a professional or mental occupation ; to exercise his body much, but his mind more; will have a high forehead? good moral faculties ; and the brain developed more from the root of the nose, over to philoprogenitiveness, than around the ears. In character, also, the moral and intellectual faculties will predominate. This tempera- ment is seldom connected with depravity, but generally with talent, and a manifestation, not only of superior talents, but of the solid, metaphysical, masoning, investigating intellect; a fondness for natural philosophy, the natural sciences, &c. It is also the temperament for authorship and clear headed, laboured productions. It predominates in Revs. Jonathan Edwards, Wilbur Fiske, N. Taylor, E. A. Parke, Leonard Bacon, Albert Barnes, Oberlin, and Pres. Day ; Drs. Parish and Rush; in Vethake, Hitchcock, Jas. Brown the grammarian, ex U. S. Attorney General Butler, Hugh L. White, Wise, Asher Robbins, Walter Jones, Esq., of Washington, D. C., Franklin, Alex. Hamilton, Chief Justice Marshall, Calhoun, Jno. Q. Adams, Percival, Noah Webster, Geo. Combe, Lncretia Mott, Catharine Waterman, Mrs, Sigourney, and nearly e^ry distinguished author and scholar. But if the men^ temperament decidedly predominates, the motive only fair and the vital weak, he will be very tall, slim, long-boned, lank, small chested, slender built, very active and smart for business, but too light for any thing requiring great strength of mind, or force of character. He is best fitted for some light, active business, such as mercantile, waiting, book-keeping, &c., or if a mechanic, for a silversmith, tailor, &c. Artists generally have this temperament, and often poets. The muscles being too small to relish or endure much hard work, they take too little vigorous exercise ; have feelings too refined and exquisite for this rough and selfish age, or for coarse, dirty work ; are often sentimental, hypochondriacal, and dyspeptic, and predisposed to consumption and an early grave. This build and temperament generally predominate in our first cut dandies and double refined ladies, who are usually more fashionable than sensible or useful. It is by no means a desirable one, especially for wives and mothers, notwith- standing it is now all the rage, and much cultivated by artificial pressure . It generally predominates in our city and village masters, misses, anJ children, and also in precocious children, who seldom amount to much, and usually die young. Consumptive families are mostly very smart, ^ut very slim poor in flesh, and sharp-favoured. One having the vital predominant, the motive fair or strong, and the men tsd deficient, when really roused, and pressed into service by powerful mo« tiTes, will be able to accomplish much, yet will love ease, and do no more than he is compelled to. His passions will be strong, and his temptations powerful, with some tendency to merry company, if not the excitement of drink. He will not be inclined to books, or hard study, or close application, but will be able to do much hard work, and less disgusted with coarse o? filthy kinds of labour than one more delicately organized. Hence it is fable that the “ hewers of wood and the drawers of water,” scavengers, col liers, &c., should have this temperament One with the mental temperaraes# PRESERVING THE BALANCE OS' TEMPER AMENTS. S herald be incapacitated both mentally and physically for these kin da *f tfraigery. The motive predominant, mental great, and vital full, is the one for power* ful and sustained mental effort, and great power in any department, espe- cially that of mind as mind, or of swaying a commanding influence over mankind, or for taking the lead in a large business ; whilst one with the mental predominant, the vital full, and the motive weak, though he may be smart, he cannot be great ; though his feelings may flare up, and his talents shine forth with brilliancy, they will be momentary, and too flashy, vapid, and quickly spent to be permanently useful. The former is the solid wood or the anthracite coal, making a slow but powerful and continuous heat whilst the latter resembles the fire made by pine shavings, intense but mo- mentary. Having described clearly the three primary temperaments and their prin- cipal combinations, the reader is left to his own observation for the interme- diate shades of character produced by the others. Balance o r . temperament. But the best temperament, the one most favourable fen true greatness and a general genius, for balance and consis- tency of character, and for perfection in every thing, is that in which each is strongly marked, and all about equally balanced. Is there too much of the motive, there is power, but nothing to rouse it to effort, and the talents lie dormant. Does the vital motive greatly predominate ovor the mental, though there is physical power and enjoyment, there is too little of the men- tal, too little sensibility, too much grossness and coarseness, too little intel- lect and too much of the animal. If the mental predominates, there is too much mind and sensibility for the body, too much feeling, and that too exqui- site for this coarse world, together with a green-house precocity, and too much sentimentalism and refinement. They might be aptly compared to the several parts of a steamboat. The vital is the wood, water, fire, steam, and engine; the motive, the hulk ; the .mental, the freight and passengers. When the vital predominates, it manufactures more steam, more vital energy than the others can work off, and there is a restlessness, a pressure, an over- flowing of feeling and passion, and a liability to burst. If there is a de- cided predominance of bone and muscle, there is too much hulk ; she will move slowly, and if the mental is also weak, she is too light freighted to be worth running, or to secure the great objects of existence. But if the men- tal is greatly predominant, she is overloaded, in danger of sinking, and incapable of being properly managed. But when these temperaments are equally balanced, when there is an %oundant supply of vital energy, a proportionate supply of the motive to impart physical strength and the love of labour requisite to give exercise, and also of brain to impart mental capacity and enjoyment, health and long life, and a high order of talent will be the delightful result. Every form of disease, and a premature desth, are caused mainly by a pre- dominance of one ©r more of these temperaments, or the weakness of others, or their exhaustion or want of action. When any one has assumed the ascendency, its tendency is to become still mere predominant, and thereby to withdraw the strength from the others, on the principle that an overloaded stomach withdraws the strength from the brain and muscles, which is tha ?ei 7 reverse of what should take place. This uses up the weaker tempera* ments, and they go by the board, carrying health and life with them. The inquiry then becomes a most important one, How Can THESE TEMPER AMENTS BE INCREASED OR DECREASE©* §2 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. ■ How can their balance he preserved or regained ? The ready answer n. By their respective exercise and cultivation . Has your mental apparatus become too powerful and active, and your mus- cular too weak, stop those sedentary or mental pursuits which have induced this state of things ; suspend business ; remove care and anxiety ; take things easily ; take much physical exercise, and even moderate labour will be of great service to you, or rather, is indispensable; avoid stimulants of all kinds and degrees, for they excite the nervous system which you wish to I amain quiescent ; retire early, first taking care to make yourself sleepy ; rise early, but sleep enough ; banish care from your pillow ; give your food ample time to digest, and let it be of a cooling nature ; avoid animal food, tea, coffee, wines, porter, &c., the effect of which is highly irritating to the nerves ; in short, keep your brain and nerves free from excitement, and exer- cise your muscles as much as they will bear, but no more, and that mode- rately, and the equilibrium will soon begin to be restored, and you to amend. And then keep on. Are your muscles strong, but mind dull, and feelings obtuse, work less, but read, and think, and feel more. In short, exercise your brain more and muscles less. Have you too much blood, and a tendency to corpulency, and an aversion to both study and labour, eat less, and work, and think, and study more. But observe, no one can change or improve your temperament tor yc any more than they can eat or sleep for you. Nor can you purchase them, nor can the physician give you medicines to change them except for the worse. First study the nature and precise functions of each temperament, and secondly the means of changing them, and then apply these means vigo- rously, and you will have it in your power to increase and decrease each at pleasure. And if physicians would apply this kind of remedy to a ma- jority of diseases, they would often effect surprising cures where all their medicines only make their patients^ worse. But if your business is of too pressing a nature to allow you the proper time and means to effect this change, go on as you are ; but remember, you must find time to die the sooner . The plain fact is, that the effect of the habits of men, and of the institu- tions of society, is most unfavourable for the preservation of this balance of the temperaments. The farmer, mechanic, and labouring classes generally exercise their muscles mainly, to the neglect of their minds, if not of their nutritive apparatus, whilst the inhabitants of our cities and villages, our merchants, book-keepers, brokers, professional men, artists, and mechanics of the lighter kinds of business, and especially our gentlemen of leisure, om dandies and fashionable ladies , exercise their nerves and brains almost exclusively, to the utter neglect of their muscles, meanwhile overloading their digestive organs and breathing impure air, not to mention their pre- venting the free circulation of the blood at that. The former, and some of the latter, plead that they have no time to cultivate their minds / and tha latter certainly have little disposition to take sufficient physical exert ise. Hence, in the inhabitants of our cities and villages, the mental temperament greatly predominates, and the vital is weak, as is evinced by their sharp features, thin faces, and haggard looks, whilst those of the country and our working classes generally, have finely developed heads, with but little culti vation, that is, they have much natural talent, with but little acquired learn- ing. This explains that sickLy delicacy, that poor, scrawny, homely, sharp- favoured, dyspeptic, and nervous state of the body, whick is so fashionabb ABUSES OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. 25 in our cities and villages. Indeed, to be “ sickly,” and “ unwell,” and “ in delicate health.’' and “ quite poorly,” and to be “ troubled with the dyspep- sia,” or the “ liver complaint,” or “ flatulence,” or “ pain in the stomach,” or a “ sour stomach,” or “ indigestion,” to have the “ head-ache,” or the “ tooth-ache, ’ the “ side-ache,” or the “ back-ache,” to be “troubled for want of breath,” or to have a “ bad cold,” &c. &c. &c., are as indispensable to a fashionable, and especially a lady, as is tight-lacing. No one can be a gen- teel lady without having some complaint. Good health is a sure indication of a want of refinement. But if mankind will violate nature's laws, they must take the consequences, and most dearly are they paying for the whistle of their fashionable folly. Mankind have no more right to be sick than to commit suicide, and sick persons are to be blamed , not pitied. God made us all to be perfectly healthy and perfectly happy, from the cradle to the grave, and to live twice as long as we now do ; and if we lived as we should live, and obeyed the organic laws of our creation, we should never be sick, and never die till ripe old age crept slowly and imperceptibly upon us, like the gradual de- parture of evening twilight, our powers gradually weakening till, like the expiring lamp, life went out of itself, “ without a struggle or a groan.” The same principle applies to the sickness and death of children. To suppose that the Creator has rendered this shocking and heart-rending mortality cl one-half of all our children necessary , is “charging God foolishly.” No ! parents, by not keeping your own and your children’s temperaments duly balanced, and by your wanton violation of every law of physiology, “ You give yourselves the wounds you feel . 59 Sickness is not a providential affliction nor a judgment, but the natural, legi- timate, inevitable effect of violating those laws of physiology, including those of the temperaments, under the government of which man is placed. Sickness and health are as much causes and eflects as the rising of the sun or the fall of rain. The causes are in our own hands, and the effects (diseases) show how we apply them. The one eat end of man’s exist- ence is enjoyment. Every organ and function of his body, every faculty of his mind, man throughout, is every way adapted to enjoyment of the richest kind, and to an extent inconceivable by us as we now are. What a world of real pleasure is there in childish sports, and in the flow of 4 youthful blood,” and buoyant, elastic spirits; in the full, uninterrupted enjoyment of life, and health, and strength ; in eating, sleeping, and muscu- lar exercise ! Yet, what are all these compared with the higher oxticise cf mind, of glowing friendship, of the domestic feelings, of pure and elevated connubial love, of the still higher moral and religious feelings, of disinte- rested benevolence to man, and adoration of God, not to mention the still more exalted delight springing from studying the worRs and operations of nature, from the exercise of mind as mind, which, more than any thing else, calls into harmonious action, and that, too, in a higher degree, the greater number of faculties ! The perfection of man’s nature consists in the harmo- nious and agreeable exercise of these and all his other faculties and powers. But man, in his eager chase after riches, does not give himself time to reap any of these golden fruits thus strewed by the God of nature in his path. Re spends nearly all his time, ail his energies, his whole existence upon his body, in amassing wealth, in getting something to eat, and drink, and wear; and live in, and show off with. In doing this, he hurries, and drives, arid toils, as though he had but a week to live, thereby breaking down lu* 34 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. constitution, inducing disease in all its forms, and hurrying himself into sn early grave. This cannot be the natural order of things. So noble a being as man was certainly never made merely to eat, and sleep, and flutter in the fashions, and heap up money. Had God designed that he, like the other animals, should expend his whole existence upon his body, he cer- tainly would never have endowed him with the higher qualities of morality and intelligence. Life and probation are worth too much to be ail swal- lowed up in merely gratifying our physical animal wants. The body ia only the servant of the mind, and for us thus to use up both the mind and body upon the latter, is to make ourselves mere brutes, and to throw into the back-ground all that is noble, and moral, and intellectual, and godlike m man. Yet all this the mass of mankind do. Only here and there on® spend their time in the exercise and enjoyment of mind, and moral feeling as such. How small a proportion of time is spent in studying the won- derful works of God, in admiring the beauties of nature, examining her operations, or studying and applying her laws and phenomena! No! man has no time to bes-tow upon these trivial, foolish matters ! He does not take time even to eat and sleep, but must swallow down his food half mas- ticated, and nearly untasted, thus deranging his stomach, and doubly abridging the pleasures of his palate. The same is true of all his enjoy- ments. He ruins his health in malting money, and. completes that ruin in spending it! But the order of nature evidently is for man to exercise every part of his body, every faculty of his mind, in due proportion. “ Nature’s wants are few but loud.” A few hours’ labour each day, say from five to eight, will earn all the necessaries and the comforts of life, arti- ficial wants and extravagances excepted, and to every man, rich and poor, literary and in business, this amount of exercise is indispensable for pre- serving his health. The labouring classes, instead of consuming then whole exist&ice in working, should be better paid for their labour, and thus allowed time to cultivate their intellects, and exercise their finer feelings. The present arrangements of society tend to make the rich man richer, and the poor man poorer. This is certainly not the or- der of nature. The possession of great wealth is not right , because its possessor cannot enjoy it; and because wealth is only the time of man, his life, and flesh, and blood, and earthly existence, thrown into that form. If “ time is money,” then money is time, and for one man to con- sume, to put into his pocket, to expend upon his individual gratification, the time and lives of one, or five, or twenty, or hundreds, or thousands of his fellow-beings, as is the case with those who have different degrees of wealth, is contrary to the original arrangement of heaven. That arrangement is, for every man to have the disposal and the full avails of his own time ; for every man to have property enough to supply his real necessities and wants, but no m-ore, and to expend the balance upon nobler pursuits, upon the ex- ercise of his intellectual and moral powers, and when men transgress these na- tural laws, they experience rebuke at the hand of nature, in the very line of their transgression. If they become too rich, they fail in business, '■hese reverses always falling upon the most wealthy; or their children squandcj »•, or they get cheated out of it, so that, “ nolens , volens they are compelled to keep within certain limits. And the nearer they keep to “ neither povertr cor riches,” the better it i* for them, mentally and physically, for tins® ss&v eternity. WASTE 3F TIME. 25 ^ e have said that money is time. We will illustrate and *oply thla klea The capitalist employs twenty men at $2 jer da}\ They each earn him $4 per day ; and this nett profit re-augments his wealth. But this wealth is nothing more nor less than the life, and blood, and strength, and sinew, and being of these labourers put into his pocket. Let him pay them al* they earn, namely, the two dollars for half a day’s work, and l*et them open*;, the o*her half of each day in cultivating their mental temperaments, ii exeiv cising their minds and moral feelings, in literary societies, religious exercises, the study of nature, &c. and though he might not, thereby, amass his ten» of thousands, yet he would be just as well off, and they vastly better. l\ would even benefit him to work half the day, and thus earn his own living. Instead of this, he employs these men to build and furnish, in splendid style, a house at an expense of $25,000. Probably just as comfortable a house could be built and furnished for $5,000. Here, then, are 10,000 days of man’s existence thrown away upon extras , for the mere sake of looks. Now the time men spend in labour, deducting lost time, would not probably average more than ten or twelve years each, but we will say fifteen, and we have more than the entire earthly existence of two human beings thrown away upon the mere extras of that single house, which do no one any real good, but simply gratify the rich owner’s approbativeness and ac- quisitiveness. If he owns a dozen ^ich houses, or their equivalent, he uses up in his own gratification the entire lives of twenty-four beings as good as himself. And who is tills rich nabob, this “ great Csesar,” that he should monopolize, or rather sacrifice upon the altar of his selfishness, all the lives of ali these human beings 1 Why he is a rich man ! that is all. Let ihe wages of the labouring classes be doubled, and trebled, and quadrupled; build the comfortable house for $5,000, but pay out the $25,000 for it, and let the 10,000 extra days be spent in reading and mental culture, and men will not only be more healthy and happy, but live longer ; for it is a well established physiological principle that the due exercise of the mind ia eminently productive of health and long life* by keeping this balance of the temperaments. We have named but a single item of extra expense, and designedly under rated even that. How many thousands of furnished houses are there that cost $30,000, $50,u00, and even $100,000., and how many more that ap- proach $20,000. How many thousands and millions of lives are thus swal- lowed up in this one vast vortex of extravagance ! If you say that all this circulates money, and gives employment to tne poor ; I reply, cut off these extras, and yet pay just as much for the balance, and you will circulate just as much money, be just as well off yourself, and eave a vast amount of time for mental culture. You give too much employ- ment, and too little for it. In a republic like ours, where every thing de- pends on the intelligence of the people, this arrangement is indispensable Tea and coffee also consume a vast amount of human existence. Tha time expended in earning the money to pay for the vast consumption of these articles, the time taken in cultivating and curing, in transporting and selling them, in paying for, and setting, and cleansing the china sets, and above all, the two or more hours’ time of one person for each of the 2,000,000 fami- lies in the U. S. spent daily in preparing these articles, would, of itself, make from 1 ,200 to 1,500 years , or some thirty lives consumed every day just in the one single item of cooking these worse than useless drugs. Now ad^ * See an article on “ Mental Exercise as a means of Health,” in Vol. II. pp. 9^ and IT0 of the American Phrenological Journal, and “ Madden’? infirmities of GenHis.' * 3 26 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. aJ these items together, and extend the estimate to all that 'x*e them, what a vast consumption of human existence is thus brought to view, which iiiight otherwise be expended upon the exercise of the moral and intellectual faculties ! • Let tea and coffee drinkers never complain of a want of dme fo3 mental culture. These decidedly injurious drugs are also a more prolific source of headache! Srid nervous affections than any other. An inveterate tea or coffee drinkei is sure to be dreadfully afflicted with the headache, and often the sick head ache. Another dose may indeed give temporary relief, but it is only to re- double the headache when its stimulating effect subsides. They also decay the teeth, causing that terrible malady the toothache asides opening the pores and exposing to colds, thus inducing fevers, con- sumption, &c., and thereby increasing the waste of human existence by shortening life. A still better example, first of the unnecessary wasting of existence, and secondly of the shortening of life, might be adduced in the use of tobacco, that vilest and filthiest of narcotics. To see beardless boys strutting about sucking segars, betokens an early grave. A young or forming constitution canr ot stand tea, or coffee, or tobacco. True we occasionally see old people who have long used them, and also ardent spirits, but they did not begin til. theii bodies were fully matured, besides having originally powerful consta« tutions, which few young people can now boast of. If the public health de< dines for fifty years to come, as fast as it has for fifty years past, we shall 1>» a weakly, miserable race indeed, and be surely supplanted by those who hav»» not yet used these enervating, time-destroying, soul-and-body-killing fash ions, luxuries, and extravagances. What finite mind can measure the vast amount of human existence swal- lowed up in the manufacture, sale, and drinking of ardent spirits, wines, beer, See., and the fearful ravages on the life, happiness, virtue, and intellect of men resulting from their use, besides producing a feverish morbid actiojr of the body, and thus a rapid consumption o-f the physical energies, and alsc. preternaturally exciting the organs* located in the base of the brain, thmj withdrawing the strength from the moral and intellectual organs.* It is not so much the money thrown away as it is the vast consumption of the time or life of man, and the abridgment of human existence which forms the chief item to be considered. This^ncedless consumption of man's existence is equally applicable to a thousand artificial wants and useless extras now deemed indispensable. Mankind probably expend two-thirds or three-fourths of their time upon what does no one any good, including the sickness and premature death thereby induced. What a vast, an inconceivable amount of time, is wasted in being fashionable, in giving splendid parties, in manufactu ring, making and altering splendid dresses, suits, &c., in dashing out in splendid style and equipage, and in nicely adjusting the attire before the toilet. Men also trade vastly too much, buy too much, consume too much, jus? to gratify their artificial wants, have too much to pay for, thus inducing these “hard times,” besides* rendering themselves vexed and unhappy in a great variety of ways. Tar too much time is spent in government, whicb is now prostituted to the selfish ends of those in office, more than it is matte conducive to the public good. Men will e sick, and to die sooner than they otherwise would. Education. For remarks upon the influence of education in modify k'jg the direction of the faculties, see P. P. p. 40 ; and for remarks upon its 'T.fluence in changing the relative size of the organs and power cf the facul ties, see a chapter on the utility of phrenology, appended to the last edition of P. P. pp. 421, and also to this work. For th*» effects of the combined action of the faculties, which constitute m far the most important portion of phrenology, or, rather, its very essence , find without a knowledge of which no correct estimate of character can be firmed, t ie reader is referred to “ Phrenology Proved,” (fee., the main design of which is to present this hitherto neglected, but all-important, feature of this subje ^t. A desc, ipl’on of the organs in this isolated state, furnishes so lame and mapvv t \z: \v m of the character, that unless those who have their heads examined up 1 this chart, make the references here indicated to P. P., and there read those combinations that apply to them, they need not expect 9 correct or satisfactory description. But decidedly the best method of record- ing the descriptions is to have them written out by the examiner. The succeeding descriptions, and also those referred to in “ Phrenology Proved,” any important undertaking ; yet, in a small sphere, or one that require* *nly a mechanical routine of business, may do well : with activity greak i r very great , and the organs of the propelling powers and of practica intellect, large or very large, is capable of doing a fair business, and ma$ pass for a man of some talent, yet he will not be original nor profound will be quick of perception ; have a good practical understanding ; will d.. well in his sphere , yet never manifest any traces of greatness, and out of his sphere, be common-place : with moderate or small activity, wiU hardly have common sense. Full. — One having a full-sized brain, with activity great or very grea< t »nd the organ of practical intellect a id c r the propelling powers, ltrce ut 34 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. very large, although he will not possess greatness of intellect, nor a deep* strong mind, will be very clever ; have considerable talent, and that so dis» tributed that it will show to be more than it really is, is capable of being a good scholar, doing a fine business and, with advantages and applica* lion, of distinguishing himself somewhat, yet he is inadequate to a great undertaking ; carmobsway an extensive influence, nor be really great : with activity fall or average , will do only tolerably well, and manifest* only a common share of talents : with activity moderate or small , will neiihei be nor do much worthy of notice : c. 1 5. 43. Large. — One naving a large-sized brain, with activity average , will possess considerable energy of intellect and feeling, yet seldom manifest it unless it is brought out by some powerful stimulus, and will be rather too indolent to exert, especially his intellect : with activity full, will be endowed with an uncommon amount of the mental power, and be capable of doing a great deal, yet require considerable to awaken him to that vigorous effort of mind of which he is capable ; if his powers are not called out by circumstances, and his organs of practical intellect are„only average or full, ha may pass through life without attracting notice, or manifesting more than an ordinary share of talents : but if the perceptive faculties are strong or very strong, and his natural powers put in vigorous requisition, he will manifest a vigour and energy of intellect and feeling quite Above mediocrity ; be adequate to undertakings which demand originality rtf mind and force of character, yet, after all, be rather indolent (c. 18) : with activity great or very great, will combine great power of mind with great Activity ; exercise a commanding influence over those minds with which ue coires in contact ; when he enjoys, will enjoy intensely, and when he suffers, suffer equally so; be susceptible of strong excitement; and, with die organs of the propelling powers, and of practical intellect, large or very large, will possess all the mental capabilities for conducting a large Imsiness ; for rising to eminence, if not to pre-eminence ; and discover great force of character and power of intellect and feeling : with activity moderate, when powerfully excited, will evince considerable energy of intellect and feeling, yet be too indolent and too sluggish to do much .ack clearness and force of idea, and intenseness of feeling ; unless lite- rally driven to it, will not be likely to be much or do much, and yet actu- ally possess more vigour of mind, and energy of feeling, than he will manifest; with activity 1, or 2, will border upon idiocy. Very Large. — One having a very large head, with activity average or fall, on great occasions, or when his powers are thoroughly roused, will &e truly great; but upon ordinary occasions, will seldom manifest any remarkable amount of mind or feeling, and perhaps pass through life with the credit of being a person of good natural abilities and judgments, yet nothing more : with activity great, strength, and the intellectual organa the same, will be a natural genius ; endowed with very superior powera of mind and vigour of intellect; and, even though deprived of the advan- tages of education, his natural talents will surmount all obstacles, and make nim truly talented (c. 7) : with activity very great, and the organs of prac- tical inteHoct and of the propelling powers large or very large, will possess the first order of natural' abilities; manifest a clearness and force cf intel- lect which will astonish the world, and a power of feeling winch will carry all before him ; and, with proper cultivation, enable him to become a bright itar in the firmament of intellectual greatness, trxm which coming sgoa OTRENGTH AND ACTIVITY Of THE BRAiN 3a Ksay vith delight and astonishment. His mental enjoy ment will bs most exq» site, and his sufferings equally excruciating: c. 5. 6. 40. 41. Moderate. — O ne with a head of only moderate size, combined with greut or very great ability, and the organs of the propelling powers and of practical intellect, will possess a tolerable share of intellect, yet appear to possess much more than he does ; with others to plan for and direct him, will perhaps execute to advantage, yet be unable to do much alone ; will have a very active mind, and he quick of perception, yet, after ail, have a contracted intellect (c. 10. 26) ; possess only a small mental calibre, and lack momentum both of mind and character: with activity only average or fair, will have but a moderate amount of intellect, and even this scanty allowance will be too sluggish for action, so that he will neither suffer no enjoy much : with activity moderate or small , be an idiot. Small oii very Small. — One with a small or very small head, no matter what may be the activity of his mind, will be incapable of intellect* ral ffort ; of comprehending even easy subjects ; or of experiencing much pain or pleasure ; in short, will be a natural fool : c. 28. 29. II. The Strength of the System, including the brain, or what is the same thing, upon the perfection or imperfection of the organization. Probably no phrenological condition is so necessary for the manifestation of mind, as a strong, compact constitution, and energetick physical powers Even after a violation of the laws of the organization has brought or disease, a naturally vigorous constitution often retains no small share of its former elasticity and energy, and imparts the same qualities to the mental operations (c. 5. 6. 7. 12. 15. 18. 40. 41. 43) ; but, in proportion as thi is defective, weakness and imbecility of mind will ensue. III. The Degree of Activity. — In judging of the manifestations of the mind, the activity of the brain is a consideration quite as important as its size. Whilst size gives power or momentum of intellect and feeling, act! vity imparts quickness, intensity, willingness, and even a restless desire, to set, which go far to produce efficiency of mind, with accompanying effort and action. Under the head of sLe, however, the effects of the different degrees of aitivity w ere presented, and need not to be repeated here. IV. Upon the Excitability.— Sharp, or pointed and prominent organs, always accompany a nervous and very excitable temperament; moderate or average sized head ; sharp teeth and pointed benes ; spright- liness of mind and body, &c. Pointed or Very Pointed. — One with a head uneven, or very un- even, peculiar in shape, and having a great many protuberances and de- pressions, or hills and valleys on it, has an equally peculiar, eccentrick sui-generis character ; presents many strong and w f eak points of mind and character ; is too much the sport of circumstances ; lacks uniformity and consistency of character, opinion, and conduct ; is likely to be driven back and forth by strong excitements and counter-excitements, and thus to hav@ a rough voyage through life ; to experience many remarkable incidents,, hair-breadth escapes, &c. ; in short, to do and say many singular things. Moderately Smooth. — One with a round even head, is likely to manifest uniformity and consistency of character ; to have good sense and 'udgrnent; to have few excesses or deficiences , and, like the poet’s goou Sian, “ h:lds the even tenour of his way,” passing smooth’y through life. ANALYSIS iND CLASSIFICATION OF THE FAOUL FIBS. Amativeness: — Reciprocal Attachment and Love of the Sexes as such , with Adhesiveness , Connubial Love, and the Marriage Relations 0 Adaptation. To prevent the extinction of our race, some provision £>r •ts continuance became necessary. Propagation and death are arrangement* necessarily connected with man’s earthly existence. The former has its coun- terpart in this faculty. It creates all those relations and reciprocal feelings existing between the sexes as such, and results in marriage and offspring. It originate? those re- ciprocal kind offices and tender feelings which each sex manifests toward* the other, refining and elevating each, promoting gentility and politeness end greatly augmenting social happiness. So far from being gross* or ex ceptionable, its proper exercise is pure, and chaste, and even desirabj 3 The son who loves and obeys his mother, is always tender and faithfi A to bis Mnf*» and the endearing recollections of his mother and loved ono, are hu most powerful incentives to virtue, studv, 6cc., as well as restraints upon his vicious inclinations. The mother dotes upon her sons, and the father upon his daughters. All this class of feeungs and pnenomena originate# this faculty. In cities it is larger than ir the country, because so constantly excited by caresses bestowed even upon cmldren hy the opposite sex, bu being already too strong, it should be excited as littie as possible. Average. One having this organ average , will treat the other sex ten derly, and enjoy their society, yet not enchanted with it, nor allow it to divert hkn from graver pursuits ; will find this feeling more active, intense and excitable, than powerful and enduring, and be capable of experiencing much connubial love ; yet its amount and qualities will be determined by kis temperament and combinations. If adhesiveness, conscientiousness and ideality are large, and activity great, his love will be tender and intense, yet pure and chaste ; partake more of elevated friendship than animal feel- ing, and be refined and virtuous ; he will have more friends than lovers among the opposite sex ; be disgusted with vulgarity in them ; in case his love is well placed, will enjoy the marriage relations much, and with the moral and intellectual organs also large, and the mental temperament predominant, can love the refined and intellectual only ; but if ideality is moderate or small, wifi disregard merely personal beauty, and choose a useful companion : with cautiousness vei;y large, will mature his love slowly, hesitate much, and perhaps, make no choice at all : with cautiousness and secretiveness Isrov or very large, will express less. love than he feels, and tktt equivocally by piecemeal, and even then not until his loved one is fully committed • with conscientiousness and approbativeness large or very large, can love cfl/y one whose morals are pure and unblemished, and will value the virtu* and moral purity of the other sex as the pe.\rl of greatest price, being parti cularly disgusted with this specie? of immorality : with cautiousness, con scientiousness, approbativeness, and veneration large or very large, am: self-esteem moderate or small, will be very bashful in the society of the op posite sex, and of both sexes, yet enjoy the company of a few of the formei much : with adhesiveness and benevolence large or very largj, and ideality and approbativeness moderate or small, will be really kind ai J affectionate towards the other sex, yet not polite, or r.efined, or urbane, or merely nomi- nally attentive, &c. Full. One having amativeness full , will experience the same feelings Hi kind, but in a still greater degree of activity and power, with those de- scribed under amativeness average, due allowance being made for its in- treased power, but A uctivjtv ud excitability 'ire both great, ac ‘.vi# Z? AMATIVE* ESS St rsaJ his description uid*. amativeness large, by selecting those combination that apply to himself. Lauge. One who has amativeness large , will be alive to the personal charms and accomplishments of the other sex ; a great admirer of their beauty of form, elegance of manners, &c. ; on account of the reciprocal influence of this faculty, can easily ingratiate himself into their good will, become acquain:ed, exert an influence with them, and kindle in them the passion of love, or, at best, create a favourable impression, even if in sorcn re- spects disagreeable ; has his warmest friends among the other sex, and when this feeling is strongly excited, finds its restraint extremely difficult. He should marry young, and his first love, if possible, especially if concen ♦rativeness is large, because this feeling will be too powerful to be trilled with or easily diverted, and hard te govern. With adhesiveness also large , he will mingle pure friendship with devoted love ; “ cannot flourish alone,” but will be inclined to love and marry young, and be susceptible of ardent and intense connubial attachment ; will invest the object of it with almost superhuman purity and perfection ; magnify their personal charms ana their moral and intellectual qualities, and overlook defects in either ; be dea lighted in their company, but unhappy when deprived of it ; fully un- bosoms every feeling, communicating and sharing every pain and pleasure, and having the whole current of the other faculties enlisted in their behalf : with ideality iarge or very large, and the mental apparatus predominant, will experience a fervour, elevation, intensity, and ecstasy of love, which will render it wellnigh romantic, especially the first love ; fasten upon mental and moral, more than personal charms, or rather blending the two ; can fall ’ii love only with one who combines beauty of person with refinement, gen- reel manners, and great delicacy of feeling ; be easily disgusted with what is coarse, vtflgar, improper, or not in good taste, in the person, dress, man- ners, expressions, &c., of the other sex, but equally pleased with the oppo- site qualities; express his love in a refined, delicate, and acceptable manner; be rather sentimental, fond of love tales, romances, sentimental poetry, &c. but if ideality be moderate or small, and the motive temperament predo- minant, will be the reverse ; with philoprogenitiveness also large, will bo eminently qualified to enjoy the domestic relations of companion and parent, and take his chief delight in the bosom of his family, seldom straying from home unless compelled to ; and with inhabitiveness also large, will travel haif the night to be at home the balance, and sleep poorly anywhere else with firmness and conscientiousness large or very large, will be faithful and ’onstant in his love, keeping the marriage relations inviolate, and regawlino hem as the most sacred feelings belonging to our nature ; with combat- & ness large, will protect the object of his love w* th great spirit, resenting forcibly any indignity or scandal offered to the r person or character • with adhesiveness and aiimentiveness large, will doubl} mjoy the meal taken with his family or loved one : with adhesiveness and dpprobativeness Iarge oi very large, will praise them, like to hear them praised, ard to be commendeo by them, and cut to the heart by their reproaches ; and i ’elf-esteem is onl} moderate or small, and ideality large, too ready to follow the fashions de- manded by the other sex, (a combination too common in women,) and too fearful lest they should incur their censure : with secretiveness and cau- tiousness large or very Iarge, will feel much more affection than express, *ffectni£ comparative indifference, especially at first, and until the other ’ Ide j» fully committed, and perhaps not bring matters to a crisis till it ia «>9 iare ; 1 ut with secretiveness moderate, will throw wide open the pertaSu 5 m PRACTii. «U. l’HREXOL *GY of his heart, showing in his eye, his looks, and actions, all the Uvc ^ ft ' \ *otii adhesiveness, self-esteem, and firmness large or very large, though h in ! ove may be powerful, he will nqt allow it to subdue him, n>.,r humble him- self to gratify it, and bear its interruotion with fortitude : but with self esteem moderate or small, will break down sooner under blighted low , with a moderate or average sized head and causality, the vital mental tern per amen t predominant, and adhesiveness, approbate veness, and ideality targe or very large, will prefer the company of the beautiful, accomplished, fash’onable, dress}', gay, and superficial of the other sex, and love to talk sr&ail talk with them : with the moral organs predominant, will choose the virtuous, devout and religious : with the intellectual organs large or very large, can love only those who are intellectual, sensible, and literary, and almost adjre them, but is disgusted with the opposite class: with the vital temperament predominant, ideality large or very large, causality only average, and conscientiousness moderate or small, will be less particular as to their morals than their personal charms, and if concentrativeness is sr, ;al!, will lov 2 the pretty face and figure best that he sees last, and have an attach merit Dy no means exclu«‘ve, courting many, rather than being satisfied with individual attachment and being strongly inclined to the animal grati- fication of this faculty ; and with large language, individuality, eventuality and mirthfulness added, will take great delight in joking with and about ti'e opposite sex ; often be indelicate in his allusions ; fond of hearing and ro- tating obscene anecdotes about them, and of vulgar prints ; said with large tune added, of singing love songs of an objectionable character, if not prone to revelry and prrfiigacy, and extremely liable to pervert this faculty, with adhesivene.-*i and conscientiousness only moderate or average, and ac- quisitiveness lr.ge, or very large, will marry quite as much for money or animal graiifi ation, as for connubial love, especially if his first attachment has been in' erupted : with an active temperament and targe firmness, con- scientious! ^ss, and cautiousness, will experience powerful temptations, yel resist the* i ; but with only moderate secretiveness and conscientiousness, and cautious iess only full, will hardly be a Joseph, and si fluid never trust to his resolu' on ; but if conscientiousness and approbativericss are large, in case he d' es yield, he will suffer the deepest shame, remorse, and penitence. V ne reverse of any of these combinations will produce opposite qualities*. / ery Large. One having this organ very „ arge experiences its powe 2 B’ d intensity to an almost ungovernable extent; is even passionately fond f the other sex should by all means be married • will place the highest estimate upon them, and experience the feelings described under amative- ness large, and under those combinations which exist in his head, in a still higher degree of intensity and power, so that, making due allowances fof he increase of this feeling, he will read his character in this respect undei Jris organ large, selecting those combinations which are found in his head. Moderate, will be rather deficient, though not palpably so, in love and attentions to the opposite sex ; with adhesiveness large, have more platonic affection and pure friendship than animal feeling ; with activity great, mo:e ardour and excitability of this feeling than power, and be disgusted frith vulgarity. This combination predominates in women. Small, feels little connubial or sexual love, or desire to marry ; is less polite and interesting, and moie cold, cov, distant, reserved, &c., than one with this organ large, and the leverse of his description : p 59, c. 29. 31. Very smahl, is passively continent, never experiencing this feeling : p. 6C JPIIILOPROGEKITn ENES3, ftfti^:#BOGENiTivExiss : Parental love ; attachment ic one’s own off- spring; love of children generally, of pets, animals, 4 c. ‘To rear the tender thought, to teach the young idea how to shoot. Adaptation. For aught we know, man, like the fabled Minerva from the brain of Jupiter, might have been brought forth in the full possession of all his faculties both physical and mental, capable, from the first moment of nis earthly existence, of taking care of himself and supplying his every want. But the fact is otherwise. He enters the world in a condition utter- ly helpless, and, but for the greatest parental care and anxiety, every infont child must inevitably perish, and our race soon become extinct. To this a. rangement or state of things, philoprogenitiveness is adapted, nor can any other element of man’s nature accomplish the end attained by this faculty. The infant cannot be regarded as a friend, and therefore adhesiveness can- not be exercised upon it. Causality might devise the means requisite for its ■'eliefbut would not lift a finger towards executing them; benevolence might do something, yet it would be far too little for their physical salvation or their mental and moral cukure. How often do we find persons very benevolent 'o adults, but cruel to children. These vexatious and expensive little crea- \„;res are far more likely to array combativeness and destructiveness and ac- quisitiveness against them than benevolence or any other faculty in their favour : so that if parents had no faculty adapted exclusively to the nursing fe.'ad training of offspring, their burden would be too intolerable to be sub- mitted to, whereas this faculty renders them the dearest of all objects to pa- rents, their richest treasure, their greatest delight, and an object for which they live and labour and suffer more than for any other, casting into the shade all the toil and trouble and expense which they cause, and lacerating the parent’s heart with the bitterest of pangs when death or space tears the parent and child asunder. The numberless attentions demanded by the helpless condition of child- ren, require a much more vigorous action of the other faculties in their fa- vour than is demanded in reference to adults. Without the influence of philoprogenitiveness, the scales would be turned against them, whereas now, by exciting combativeness and cautiousness in their defence and pro- tection ; by awakening causality to plan and benevolence to execute ways and means for their relief ; by stimulating acquisitiveness to accumulate the means of educating and adorning them, it sets all the other faculties at work in their behalf. Moreover, the duties and relations of the mother to her offspring require a much greater endowment of this faculty in her than in the father, and ac- cordingly, we find much larger philoprogenitiveness in the female head than in the male. This adaptation of the organ in woman to the far greater power of the passion, and of both to the far greater demand made upon h if by hr*** offspring, is certainly an important evidence of the truth of phre- nology. Average. One having philoprogenitiveness average, will take consider- fcblel Merest in children, especially when they begin to walk and prattle, and if a parent, exert himself strenuously to provide for them ; place a high but reasonable value upon them ; be sufficiently tender of them, yet no foolishly fond or indulgent ; be pleased with good children, yet not bear much from those that are troublesome ; and whilst he will value his own children highly, and bear considerably from them, he will not care much about thcas ef others 9i tear much from them, 40 PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY One having philoprogenitiveness average, with adhesiveness «« very large, will not manifest great fondness for in fants. yet when his own children are capable of being made companions and fiaends, will prize them highly : with combativeness and destructiveness larger than philoprogeni tiveness, though tolerably fond of good children, will not bear with theii mischief or childish whims, or their noise, and hence often scold if not pun- ish them : with well developed intellectual organs, will labour for their in- tellectual improvement, and give them good advantages fer education : with the moral organs large, will seek their moral and religious improvement, and watch their moral conduct : with adhesiveness^ benevolence, firmness, conscientiousness, and the reasoning organs large or very large, combative- nesa and self-esteem at least full, will like children well, yet be far from spoiling them by over indulgence, and generally secure their obedience, yet not treat them with severity : with very large conscientiousness, will not make sufficient allowance for their childishness, but censure their little thoughtless mischief as though it were a premeditated wrong, &c. Poll. The descriptions and combinations under philoprogenitiveness full will be found under this organ average, the reader making due allowance for the increased influence of philoprogenitiveness, and will be a medium between those of this organ average and large. Large. One having philoprogenitiveness large , if a parent, takes a deep and lively interest in his children ; enjoys their company and childish shorts, and perhaps often mingles with them ; easily gains their good will fey paying them little attentions, and is thus the better qualified to govern and educate them ; values his children above all price ; cheerfully submits to parental care and toil ; spare no pains for them ; eagerly watches around their sick bed, regrets their absence, and experiences poignant grief at their loss ; if concert trativeness be also large or very large, will pore incessantly over that loss for years, but with concentrativeness moderate or small, though he will feel their loss keenly whenever he thinks of it, will be occasionally re- lieved by a change of occupation or subject of feeling: with combativeness, destructiveness and self-esteem full or large, and adhesiveness, benevo- lence, conscientiousness, firmness and the reasoning organs large or very large, corrects his children when their own good, and not his caprice, de- mands it; governs them by moral suasion mainly, and employs physical punishment only as a last resort ; is kind yet strict, fond yet not over- indul- gent; gratifies his children whenever he can do so without injuring them, but no farther, and is well qualified to discharge the duties of a parent: with the moral organs generally large or very large, regards their moral cha- racter and standing as of primary importance, and faithfully reproves their (bulls, &c.; if a professor of religion, will interest himself in institutions cal- culated to improve the morals of children, such as Sabbath-schools, Bible classes, &c., and with large cautiousness added, will have much anxiety touching this point : with the intellectual organs large or very large, will do nis utmost to cultivate their intellects, and give them every advantage in his power for acquiring knowledge, with an active temperament, say the sanguine nervous, a moderate or average size brain, and large or very large comba- tiveneas and destructiveness, and moderate or average causality, secretive ness and conscientiousness, will be by turns too indulgent and then voo sc ere ; pet them one minute and scold or punish them the next, not overlooking their childisn foibles, and, with moderate or small self-esteem added, will fa?d to secure their respect or obedience, and allow them to tram- ole upon h/ir. with large or very large approbate and ideal, added to foi* PHILOPROGENITIVE NESS 4 ) £cmb nation, will he likely to educate them for show and effect rather than for usefulness ; to teach them the ornamental and fashionable, to the neglect of the more substantial, branches of learning ; to ornament their persons more than their minds, thus making them self-conceited fops and vain and gaudy belles, rather than useful members of society: but with a large brain, well developed moral and intellectual organs, and only average or full ide- ality and approbat., will seek their usefulness rather than their distinction , snd give them an education more practical and substantial than ornamen- tal : with a full or large sized brain, and well developed moral and intellectua. organs, particularly large firmness, self-esteem, conscientiousness, individu- ality, eventuality, locality, form, language, order, calculation and comparison, will be eminently qualified for teaching school, and capable of both govern- ing and instructing them. This organ also fastens upon other objects of care and tenderness, such aa domestic animals, particularly horses, dogs, cattle, birds, flower-pots, &c., creating in the farmer a love of rearing and feeding his live stock; in the hunter and man of leisure, a powerful attachment to his favourite horse and dog ; in the unmarried lady, a love of her kitten or lap dog or bird ; in the little girl, a fondness for her doll-babies, and with imitation and con- struct., skill in making and dressing them, &c. : combined with large or very large form, size, and ideality, this faculty admires the good points of a horse noth of form and movemert, and thus aids in matching and judging of horses, and with large acquisitiveness, leads to trading in them, (see acquis large.) Vert Large. One having philoprogenitiveness very large , will expe- rience the feelings described under this organ large but in the highest de- gree of intensity and power ; almost idolizes his children ; grieves immoder ately at their loss, refusing to be comforted, literally doting on and living for them ; with large or very large benevolence and only moderate or small de- structiveness, can never correct children or see them punished, and with on- ly average causality, is in danger of spoiling them by petting and over-in- dulging them : with very large approbativeness or self-esteem added, indulges parental vanity and conceit ; prides himself upon his children, thinking them vastly smarter than those of others, and taking every opportunity to exhibit their attainments : with very large cautiousness, indulges a multitude of groundless apprehensions about them, always cautioning them, and thus likely to render the child either timid, or else disgusted with the foolish fears of the parent : with acquisitiveness moderate, makes them many presents, and is too ready to supply their every want, even though an artificial one : with large or very large moral and intellectual organs, whilst he indulges towards them indescribably tender parental fondness, will love them too well to spoil them ; and love them, too, as intellectual and moral beings rather than aa rr.crely his children ; and employ his utmost powers in cultivating the higher and nobler qualities of man’s nature, contemplating them with a fond- necs amounting to rapture. Moderate. One having this organ moderate, is not fond enough of fiiild $n to bear much from them ; may love his own children, yet cares little ibr those of others, and cannot please or take care of them, particularly of in- fants, nor endure to hear them cry, or make a noise, or disturb bi3 things, and with an active temperament and fall or large combaUveuesg, if PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. 12 yet with these organs large; and combat, and destruct only full, many dfi every thing necessary for their good, and never see them wronged or suffer. The combination and descriptions under philoprogenitiveness average will apply to this organ moderate, due allowance being made for the diminished influence of the feeling. Shall, feels little interest in even his own children, much less in those of others ; is liable to treat them unkindly : p. 64. c. 20. Very Small, has no parental love ; bates all children : p. 64. c. 30. \ 4* ADHESIVENESS . — Friendship ; social feeling ; love of society Average, is quite friendly, yet will not sacrifice much for friends. Full, is highly social, yet not remarkably warm-hearted : p. 66. c. 18. Large, is eminently social, an ardent, sincere friend; enjoys friendly jociety extremely; forms strong, if not hasty, attachments : p. 65. c. 1 1. Very Large, loves friends with indescribable tenderness and strength of feeling ; will sacrifice almost every thing upon the altar of friend? ship; with amat. full or large, is susceptible of the most devoted con nubial love; falls in love easily : p. 65. c. 10. 14. 20. 21. 42. Moderate, loves friends some, yet self more ; quits friends often : p. 67 S.mall, is unsocial, cold-hearted, likes and is liked by few or none : p. 37 Very Small, is a stranger to friendly social feeling: p. 67. c. 24. 32. I 5. INHABITIVENESS . — Love of home as such; attachment io the place where one has lived ; unwillingness to change it ; patriotism. Average, forms some, though net strong, local attachments : c. 8. 12. Full, loves home well, yet does not grieve much on leaving it: p. 69. Large, soon becomes strongly attached to the place in which he lives loves home and country dearly ; leaves them reluctantly ; is unhappy without a home of his own: p. 68. 6. 12. 14. 15. 16. 21. Very Large, regards home as the dearest, sweetest spot on earth; feels homesick when away ; dislikes changing residences ; is pre-eminently patriotic ; thinks cf his native place with intense interest : p. 68. c. 5. Moderate, has some, hut no great, regard for home as such .* p. 69. c. 26 Small or Very Small, forms few local attachments; cares lif*!« where he is ; makes any place home ; leaves and changes resident* without regret: p. 69. *(The number according to Spurzheim.) 6 CONCEIN1TRATIVENESS. — Unity and continuity of thought feeling ; power of entire and concentrated application to one thing Average, possesses this power to some, though to no great, extent Full, is disposed to attend to but one tiling at once, ye* can turi? ra pidly from thing to thing; is neither disconnected nor prolix : p. 71. 0 15 Large, is able and incline*, *o apply his mind to one, and but one, *»u> ject for the time being, till „ is finished ; changes his mental operations with difficulty ; is often prolix : p. 72. c. 12. 42. Very Large, places his mind upon subjects slowly; cannot leave tb«*m unfinished, nor attend to but one thing at once ; is very tedious ; ha great application, yet lacks intensity an A point : p. 70. Moderate, loves and indulges variety and change of thought, feeling, occupation, &C. ; is not confused by them ; rather lacks application ; has intensity , hut not unity , of the mental action : p. 71. c. 16. Small, craves novelty and variety , has little application ; thinks and foe!s intensely, yet not long on any thing , jumps rapidly from premise cove us ; on ; fails t > conned and carry cut his ideas &c. : y,. 71. c. 14* 43 m.FEF./L^G TO “ PHRENOLOGY PROVED ” Veui za all, is restless ; satisfied only by constant succession . p. 73 This faculty is sui generis, and affects both feeling and intellect. SPECIES r I. Selfish Propensities. These provide for the various mimal wants ; have reference to the necessities, desires, and gratifications of their possessor ; and terminate upon his sensual interests and wants Lapse or Very Large, has strong animal desires ; is strongly tempted to gratify them ; prone to be selfish, unless the moral sentiments are still stronger ; and will take good care of number one : c. 8. 12. 14. 15. 16. 20. Moderate or Small, is not selfish enough ; easily trode upon ; need-* to have some one to take care of him ; and cannot give himself up to low-lived, sensual pleasures : c. 10. 11. 12. 41. A. V i jl ATIVENESS. — Love of existence as such, dread of anpihilationi Average, is attached to life, and fears death, yet not a great deal. Full, desires life, but not eagerly, from love of it and of pleasure : p. 74. Large, loves, and clings tenaciously to, existence, for its own sake; craves immortality and dreads annihilation, even though miserable : p. 74, Very Large, however wretched, shrinks from, and shudders at the thought of, dying and beyig dead ; feels that he cannot give up existence : p. 74, Moderate, loves life, yet is ®ot very anxious about living : p. 74. Small or Very Small, heeds not life or death, existence or annihilation 6. G. COMBATIVENESS. — Feeling of resistance, defence, opposition i boldness , willingness to encounter ; courage, resentment, spirit : p. 75. Average, is pacifick, but, when driven to it, defends his rights boldly avoids collision, strife, &c., yet, once excited, is quite forcible. Full, seldom either courts or shrinks from opposition; when roused, ia quite energetick ; may be quick tempered, yet is not contentious : p. 78. Large, is resolute and courageous ; spirited and efficient as an oppo- nent; quick and intrepid in resistance; loves debate; boldly meets, if he does not court, opposition : p. 75. c. 5. 15. 8. 16. Very Large, is powerful in opposition ; prone to dispute, attack, &c. ; contrary ; has violent temper ; governs it with difficulty : p. 77. c. 12. 14 Moderate, avoids collision; is rather pacifick and inefficient: p. 78. Small, has feeble resistance, temper, force, &c. ; is cowardly : p. 79. Very Small, withstands nothing ; is chickenhearted ; an arrant coward. ?. 1. DESTRUCTIVENESS. — Executiveness; indignation ; force ; severity ; sternness; a destroying, pain-causing disposition : p. 82 Average, has not really deficient, yet none too much, indignation. 19 Full, can, but is loath to, cause or witness pain or death ; has sufficient severity, yet requires considerable to call it out : p. 83. c. 5. 11. Large, when excited, feels deep-toned indignation; is forcible, and dis- posed to subdue or destroy the cause of his displeasure: p. 82. c. 5. 89. Very Large, when provoked, is vindictive, cruel, disposed to hurt, taka revenge, &c. ; bitter arid implacable as an enemy; very forcible: p. S3 c. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 24. 25. 26. 32. 33. 35. 42. Moderate, is mild ; not severe nor destructive enough ; when angry, lacks power ; can hardly cause or witness pain or death : p. 84. c. 10. 41, Small, would hardly hurt one if he could, or could if he would, haa so feeble anger that it is derided more than feared : p. 84. c. 21. 27. Very Small, *s unable to cause, witness, or endure pain or death : e. 48 * ALIMENTIVENESS . — Appetite for sustenance ; cause of hunger Average, enjoys food well, but not very well ; hence is particular : c. 4 i Full, has a good appetite, yet can govern it well is not greedy: p.87 44 PRACTICAL F HRENOLOGY. Large, has an excellent appetite; a heaity relish for ftod, drinK, &C. enjoys them much • is a good liver; not dainty . p. 86. c. 5. 12. 14. Very Large, sets too much by the indulgence of his palate; eats witfl the keenest appetite ; perhaps “ makes a god of his belly :” p. 87. c. 18 Moderate, has not a good, nor very poor, but rather poor, appetite : p. 87 Small or Very Small, is dainty, mincing, particular about food ; eata with little relish ; hardly cares when he eats, or whether at all : p. 88. 8. ACQUISITIVENESS. — Love of acquiring and possessing pro perty as such; desire to save , lay up , 4*c.; innate feeling of mine afj thine, of a right to possess and dispose of things : p 89. Average, loves money, but not greatly ; can make it, but spends freely Full, sets by property, both for itself, and what it procures, yet is not penurious ; is industrious and saving, yet supplies his wants: p. 93, Large, has a strong desire to acquire property ; is frugal ; saving of money ; close and particular in his dealings ; devoted to money-making; trading, &c. ; generally gets the value of his money: p. 89. c. 5. 18. Very Large, makes money his idol ; grudges it; is tempted to get it dishonestly ; penurious ; sordid ; covetous ; &c. : p. 92. c. 8. 9. 20. 26. Moderate, finds it more difficult to keep than make money ; desires it more to supply wants than lay up ; is hardly saving enough : p. 94. c. 7. 14 Small, will generally spend what money he can get injudiciously, if not profusely ; lays up little ; disregards the prices of things : p. 95. c. 27. 41- V er y Small, cannot know nor be taught the value or use of money : p. 95 10. 7. SECRETIVENESS . — Desire and ability to secrete , conceal , fyc. Average, is not artful nor very frank ; is generally open ; can conceal F ull, can keep to himself what he wishes to, yet is not cunning : p. 99 Large, seldom discloses his plans, opinions, &c. ; is hard to be founc out ; reserved ; non-committal : p. 96. c. 5. 40. Very Large, seldom appears what he is, or says what he means ; often equivocates and deceives ; is mysterious, dark, cunning, artful, given ta double-dealing, eye-service, &c. : p. 98. c. 8. 9. 12. 13. 15. 16. 17, 20 25. 26. 22. 30. 31. 33. 34. 36. 37. 38. Moderate, is quite candid and open-hearted ; loves truth ; dislike* concealment, underhand measures, &c. ; seldom employs them: p. 100. Small, speaks out just what he thinks ; acts as he feels ; does not wish to learn or tell the secrets of others, yet freely tells his own ; is too plain spoken and candid : p. 101. c. 21. 27. 41. Very Small, keeps nothing back; has a transparent heart: p. 101. GENUS III. Human, Moral, and Religious Sentiments : 102 SPECIES I, Selfish Sentiments. In their character and objects, thes« faculties partake more of the human, and less of the animal, than do tin selfish propensities , and although they terminate upon self yet they hav no inconsiderable influence upon the moral character : p. 47. 103. c. 2 Average or Full, has a respectable, though not great, regard for hi character, and desire to do something worthy of himself : c. 2*1. 10. 11 Large or Very Large, thinks much of and about himself, has a grea amount of character of some kind: p. 51. c. 5. 6. 12. 14. 15. 16. 18. 4tf Moderate, Small, or Very Small, has too little pride and weigh ef character and ambition to give manliness and efficiency : c. 20. 26. 11. U). CAUTIOUSNESS . — Carefulness ; provision against danger Average, has some caution, yet hardly enough for success «. 41. Full, has prudence and forethought, yet not too much: p. 105, c. 10 REI ERRING TO “PHRENOLOGY PKJ^’ED. Liaot, is always watchful ; on the look-out; careful; anxious; solid tous ; provident against real and imaginary danger, &c.: p. 104. c. 5. 6. 15 Very Larue, hesitates too much ; suffers greatly from groundless fears; is timid, easily frightened, &c. : p. 105. c. 12. 13. 16. 17. 21. 26. 27. 31 Moderate, is rather imprudent, hence unlucky ; liable to misfortune* caused by carelessness; plans too imperfectly for action : p. 106. Small, acts impromptu ; disregards consequences ; fears nothing ; iti imprudent; luckless, often in hot water : p. 106. Very Small, is reckless, destitute of fear and forethought : p. 107. Circumspection. Propriety ; discreetness of expression and conduct Average or Full, has some, though none too much, discretion and propriety of expression and conduct ; sometimes speaks inconsiderately. Large or Ver's Large, weighs well what he says and does; has * nice sense of propriety ; thinks twice before he speaks once. Moderate or Small, does and says indiscreet things : unascertained 11 . APPROBATIVENESS. — Sense of honour , regard for cliarac • ter ; ambition ; love of popularity, fame, distinction, Afc. : p. 107. Average, enjoys approbation, yet will not sacrifice much to obtain it. Full, desires and seeks popularity and feels censure, yet will neither deny nor trouble himself much to secure or avoid either: p. 110. Large, sets every thing by character , honour , &c. ; is Keenly alive to the frowns and smiles of publick opinion, praise, &c. ; tries to show off to good advantage; is affable, ambitious, apt to praise himself: p. 108 Vert Large, regards his honour and character as the apple of his eye ; is even morbidly sensitive to praise and censure ; over fond of praise, often feels ashamed, &c. ; extremely pclite, ceremonious, &c. : p. 110. Moderate, feels reproach some, yet is little affected by popularity or unpopularity ; may gather the flowers of applause that are strewed in his path, yet will not deviate from it to collect them : p. 112. Small, cares little for popular frowns or favours ; feels little shame ; disregards and despises fashions, etiquette, &c. ; is not polite: p. 112. Very Small, cares nothing for popular favour or censure. 8. SELF-ESTEEM. Self-respect ; high-toned , manly feeling ; innate love of personal liberty , independent , Sfc.; pride of character : p. 1 1 3. Average, respects himself, yet is not haughty : c. 21. 41. Full, has much self-respect ; pride of character ; independence : p. 116 Large, is high-minded, independent, self-confident, dignified, his own master ; aspires to be and do something worthy of himself ; assumes Vesponsibilities ; does few little things: p. 114. c. 5. 6. Very Large, has unbounded self confidence ; endures no restraint, takes no advice; is rather haughty, imperious, &c.; p. 116. c. 8. 14. 15. 16* Moderate, has some self-respect, and manly feeling, yet too little to give ease, dignity, weight of character, &c. ; is too trifling: p. 116. c. 25 Small, feels too unworthy; says and does trifling thin**® ; puts him- self on a par; is not looked up to ; undervalues himself: p. 117. c. 11 Very Small, is servile, low-minded : destitute of self-respect : p. 117 t. *5. FIRMNESS. — Decision , stability , fixedness of character , 4*c. 119 Average, has some decision, yet too little for general success : c. 10. 20 Full, has perseverance enough for ordinary occasions, yet too little fot gj'eat enterprises; is neither fickle nor stubborn : p. 121. c. 21. 27. Large, may be fully relied on ; is set in his own way ; hard t:> be con vinccd or changed at all; holds on long and hard : p. 119. c, d. PRACTICAL I'lIR&NOLOCrr. Very Large, h wilful; and so tenacious and unchangeable of pi nion, purpose, &c., that he seldom gives up any thing . p. 120. c. £* 8 t 12. 14. 15. 1 6. 17. Moderate, gives over too soon ; changes too often and too easily ; hu» fails to effect what greater firmness would do : p. 122. c. 11. 26. Small oii Very Small, lacks perseverance ; is too changeable sad vacillating to effect much, or be relied upon : p, 122. SPECIES II. Moral and Religious Sentiments. These rends* man a moral, accountable, and religious being ; humanize, adorn, anj elevate his nature ; connect him with the moral government of God, create the higher and nobler sentiments of our nature ; and are the origia of goodness, virtue, moral principle and purity &c. : p. 48. 123. c. 2 Average or Full, has moral feeling and principle, yet too little t« withstand large or very large propensities : c. 8. 15. 21. Large or Very Large, is morally inclined; sentimental; thinks an0 feels much on moral and religious subjects, &c.: p. 52. c. 5. 6. 7. 11. 41. Moderate, Small, or Very Small, has not strong moral or religious feelings; lets his larger faculties rule him: p. 52. c. 14. 17. 20. 26.42. 15. 16. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. — Innate feeling of duty , acco&nia billty, justice, right, Sfc. ; moral principle ; love of truth : p. 124. Average, has right intentions, but their influence is limited : c. 15. Full, strives to do right, yet sometimes yields to temptation ; resists besetting sins, but may be overcome, and then feels remorse : p. 130. c. 27. Large, is honest ; fai^ful ; upright at heart ; moral in feeling ; grate- ful ; penitent ; means wed ; consults duty before expediency ; loves and means to sneak the truth; cannot tolerate wrong : p. 126. c. 13. 25. 11. V ery Large, is scrupulously exact in matters of right ; perfectly hones! in motive ; always condemning self and repenting ; very forgiving, con- scientious, &c. ; makes duty every thing, expediency nothing: p. 129. Moderate, has considerable regard for duty tn feeling, but less in prac- tice ; justifies himself ; is not very penitent, grateful, or forgiving ; often temporizes with principle ; sometimes lets interest rule duty : p. 131. Small, has few conscientious scruples ; little penitence, gratitude, re* gard for moral principle, justice, duty, &c. : p. 132. c. 20. 16. 17. 42. Very Small, neither regards nor feds the claims of duty or justice. 1 5, 17 . HOPE. — Anticipation ; expectation of future happiness, Success, $c. Average, has some, but generally reasonable, hopes; is seldom elated Full, is quite sanguine, yet realizes about what he expects : p. 139. Large, expects, attempts, and promises a great deal ; is generally san- guine, cheerful, &c. ; rises above present troubles; though disappointed, hopes on still ; views the brightest side of prospects : p. 137. c. 5. 6. 26, Very Large, has unbounded hopes; builds a world of castles in th* air ; lives in the future ; has too many irons in the fire : p. 138. c„ 12. 18. Moderate, expects and attempts too little ; succeeds beyond his hope*; is prone to despond ; looks on the darker side : p. 139. Small, is lew-spirited ; easily discouraged ; fears the worst, sees many lions in his way ; magnifies evils; lacks enterprise: p. 140. c. J7« Very Small, expect? 1 nothing good; has no hope of the future : p. 140 1 18. MARVELLOUSNESS . — Belief in die supernatural ; ertaunty gi, believes some but not much, in wonders, forewarnings, &a> REFERRING TO s% PHRENOLOGY PROVED 19 47 Pull, is open to conviction ; rather credulous ; believes in spirits, providences and forewarnings, the spiritual, &c. : p. 1 43. Large, believes and delights in the supernatural, in dreams, and thepike 1 thinks many natural things supernatural: p. 142. c. 8. 12. Very Large, is very superstitious; regards most things with wonder. Moderate, believes but little that cannot be accounted for, yet \s open to conviction ; is incredulous, but listens to evidence : p. 144. 8m all, is convinced only by the hardest ; believes nothing till he sees facts , or why and wherefore , not even revelation farther than a reason »s rendered ; is prone to reject new things without examination : p. 145, Very Small, is skeptical ; believes little else than his senses : p. 148. 8. 14. VENERATION. — The feeling of worship for a Supreme Beings respect for religion and things sacred , and for superiors : p. 147. Average, may feel religious worship, yet little respect for men. 10. Full, is capable of much religious fervour and devotion, yet is not habi- tually serious ; generally treats his fellow men civilly : p. 149. c. 1 1. 42. Large, loves to adore and worship God, especially through his works; treats equals with respect, and superiors with deference : p. 148. c. G Very Large, is eminent, if not pre-eminent, for piety, heart-felt devo- tion, religious fervour, seriousness, love of divine things, &c. : p. 149. c. 5. 12. 15. 16. 26. 41. Moderate, disregards religious creeds, forms of worship, &c. ; places religion in other things ; is not serious nor respectful : p. 150. c. 21. Small, feels little religious worship, reverence, respect, &c. : p. 150 Very Small, seldom, if ever, adores God ; is almost incapable of it. S$. 13. BENEVOLENCE. Desire to see and make sentient beings happy ;■ willingness to sacrifice for this end; kindness; sympathy for distress Average, has kind, fellow feeling, without much active benevolence. Full, has a fair share of sympathetick feeling , and some, though no great, willingness to sacrifice for others : p. 158. Large, is kind, obliging, glad to serve others, even to his injury ; feels lively sympathy for distress ; does good to all : p. 155. c. 6. 7. 18. 21. Very Large, does all the good in his power ; gladly sacrifices self upon the altar of pure benevolence ; scatters happiness wherever he goes ; i one of the kindest-hearted of persons: p. >57. c. 5. 10. I 1 40. 41. Moderate, has some benevolent feeling, yet too little to prompt to much self-denial ; does good only when he can without cost : p. 158. c. 12. 20 Small, feels little kindness or sympathy ; is almost deaf to the cries of distress; hard-hearted, selfish, &c. : p. 159. c. 8. 14. 15. 26. 42. Very Small, is destitute of all humanity and sympathy: p. 159. c. 24. SPECIES III. Semi-Intellectual Sentiments. By creating a taste for the arts, improvements, polite literature, the refinements and elegancies of life, &c., these faculties greatly augment human happiness, and adorn and elevate human nature : p, 48. 159. c. 2. Large in c. 6. 11. 18. V). 9. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. Mechanical dexterity and ingenuity ; desire and ability to use tools , build, invent , employ machinery, SfC. Average, has some, yet no great, relish for, and tact in, using tools. Full, has fair mechanical ingenuity, yet no great natural talent or de«ir« lo make things; with practice, will do well ; without it, little : p. 163. Large, shows great natural dexterity in using tools, executing meek a deal operations, working machinery, &c. ; loves them: p, 161. c. 18 2 \ EfiY Large, is a mechanick of the firs ; order ; a true genius ; lovca si tao well tc leave it ; shows extraordinary skill in it : p. 162. c. 7. 19. Moderate, with much practice, may use tools quite well, yet dislike* mechanical operations; owes more to art than nature : p. 163. c. 14. Small, hates and is awkward and bungling in using tools, &c. : p. 163, Very Small, has no mechanical skill or desire : p. 164. 21. 19 . IDEALITY . — Imagination ; taste ; fancy ; love of perfection* poetry, polite literature, oratory, the beautiful in nature and art, 4 rc. Average, has some taste, though not enough to influence him much. Fell, has refinement of feeling, expression, &c., without sickly delicacy somo love of poetry, yet not a vivid imagination : p. 1 68. c. 6. 7. 42. Large, has a lively imagination ; great love of poetry, eloquence, fiction, good style, the beauties of nature and art : p. 166. c. 11. 18. 41. Very Large, often gives reins to his erratick imagination ; expedience! revellings of fancy, ecstasy, rapture of feeling, enthusiasm : p. 167. c. 40, Moderate, has some, but not much, imagination ; is rather plain in expression, manners, feeling, &c. ; dislikes poetry, finery, See. : p. 168. 42 Small, lacks taste, niceness, refinement, delicacy of feeling, &c. : p. 169, Very Small, is destitute of the qualities ascribed to this faculty : p. 169. B SUBLIMITY ". — Conception of grandeur ; sublime emotions excited by contemplating the vast, magnificent, or splendid in nature or art . Average, sometimes, but not to a great degree, experiences this feeling Full, enjoys magnificent scenes well, yet not remarkably so. Large, admires and enjoys mountain scenery, thunder, lightning, tenv pest, a vast prospect, &c., exceedingly ; hence, enjoys travelling : p.249. Very Large, is a passionate admirer of the wild and romautick; feela the sublimest emotions whilst contemplating the grand or awful in na- ture ; dashing, foaming, roaring cataracts, towering mountains, peals of thunder, flashes of lightning, commotions of the elements, the starry canopy of heaven, &c. : p. 249. c. 11. 40. 41. Moderate, ho some, though not at all vivid, emotions of this kind. Small, or yer Small, discovers little in nature to awaken this feeling 32 21. I MIT \TiON . — Disposition and ability to take pattern , imito.t*. Average, copies some, yet too little to deserve or excite notice > Full, with effort, copies some, but not well ; cannot mirnick : p. 171 Large, has a great propensity and ability to copy, take pattern from others, do what he sees done, Sec. ; needs but one showing ; gesticulates much ; describes and acts out well : p. 170. c. 41. Very Large, can mirmck, act out, and copy almost any thing; de* scribe, relate anecdotes, Sec., to the very life ; has a theatrical taste an^ talent; seldom speaks without gesturing: p. 171. c. 11. 40. Moderate, cannot mirnick ai all ; can copy, draw, take pattern, only with difficulty ; describes, relates anecdote, &c., poorly : p. 171. Small, dislikes and fails to copy, draw, do after others, Sec. : p. 172 Very Small, has little ability to imitate or copy any thing: p. 172. 23. 20. MIRTHFULNESS . — Intuitive perception of the absurd ana ridiculous ; a joking, fun-making, ridiculing disposition and ability. Average, perceives jokes, and relishes fun, nut cannot make much. Full, has much mirthful feeling ; makes and relishes jokes well : p 175. Large, has a quick, keen perception of the ludicrous ; makes a great amount of fun ; too much for his Hvn good ; is quick at repartee ; smile: oftefc ; lai ghs heartily at jekc»: j,. 73. c. 1 1 18 REFERRING TO “ PHRENOI OGY PROVED/’ 4y V’eht Large, is quick and apt at turning every thing into ridicule throws off constant sallies of wit; is too facetious, jocose, &c. : p. 175, o. 6. Moderate, has some witty ideas, yet lacks quickness in conceiving, and tact in expressing them , is generally quite sober : p. 176. c. 26. Small, makes little fun ; is slow to perceive, and still slower to turn jokes; seldom laughs; thinks it wrong to do so: p. 177. Vert Small, has few if any witty ideas or conceptions: p. 177. GI3NUS III. Intellectual Faculties These have to do with ths physical and the metaphysical world ; with things in general, and their qualities , relations , &c. ; with the world and its contents : p. 49. 177. c. 2. Average or Full, has sufficient intellect to get along in the world, yet not enough to render him eminent for talents : c. 10. 15. 21. 27. Large, is possessed of sufficient natural talent and power of intellect to enable him to take a high intellectual stand among men, yet their direction depends upon other causes : c. 18. Very Large, is by nature a truly great man; possesses the highest order of natural talents ; is capable of rising to pre-eminence : c. 5. 6. 7. 11. 40. 41. Moderate or Small, shows little talent , lacks sense : c. 8. 14. 20. 42. SPECIES I. The Senses ; sensation , sight , hearing , taste , smell. 178 SPECIES II. — Observing and Knowing Faculties. These bring man into direct intercourse with the physical world ; observe facts of all kinds, that is, the conditions , qualities , phenomena , and physical relations of material things ; collect and treasure up information ; creata the desire to see and know things, &c. : p. 50. 183. c. 2. Average or Full, possesses fair perceptive powers : c. 6. 10. 11. 21. Large, with advantages, knows a great deal about matters and things in general ; is very quick of observation and perception ; has a practical, matter-of-fact, common sense tact and talent ; can show off to excellent advantage ; appear to know all that he really does, and perhaps more is capable of becoming an excellent scholar, or of acquiring and retaining knowledge with great facility, and attending to the details of business and has a decidedly practical intellect: p. 50. c. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 25. Very Large, is pre-eminent for the qualities just described ; seizes as if by intuition upon the properties, conditions, fitness or unfitness, value, See., of things ; has wonderful powers of observation and ability to acquire knowledge ; has a natural taste and talent foi examining and collecting statistics, studying natural science, &c. : p. 53. c. 5. 7. 12. 40. Moderate or Small, is rather slow of observation and perception , cannot show to be what he is ; acquires knowledge with difficulty , is slow in learning and doing things off-hand, See. : p. 53. 2 £, 22. Individuality. — Observing and individualizing power ana desire; curiosity to see and know; disposition to specify, personify Average, has some, yet no great, curiosity, and desire to see things. Full, has fair observing powers, and desire to see things : p. 185. c. 6. 21 ijARGE, has a great desire to know, investigate, examine, experience, <$r,c. ; is a great observer of men and things ; quick of perception ; sees what, is transpiring, what should be done, See.: p. 184. c. 8. 10. 1 1. 14. 25, Very Large, has an insatiable desire to see and know every thing; extraordinary observing powers; is eager to witness e^ery parsing event: p. 185. c 5 7. 12. 13. lf> 22 23. 40. 41. 42. ii PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY fa# Moderate, is rather deficient, yet not palpably so, in observing pasf& and desire ; not sufficiently specihck : p. 185. Small, is slow to see things ; attends little to particulars : p. 186 Vert Small, sees scarcely any thing; regards things in the gross : p. 18$ 5, 23 . FORM. — Cognizance and recollection of shape , or configuration Average, recollects forms, faces, &c., quite well, but not very well. Full, recognises persons, countenances, &c., well: p. 1SS. e. 9. 19, Large, notices, and for a long time remembers, the faces, countenances, forms, looks, &c., of persons, beasts, things, &c., once seen ; knows by sight many whom he may be unable to name : p. 187. c. 6. 18. 40. 26 Vert Large, never forgets the countenance, form, &c., of persons and things seen; easily learns to read and spell correctly; reads and sees thing! at a great distance; has excellent eyesight: p. 188. c. 5. 7. 13. 17. 23. 39. Moderate, must see persons several times before he can recollect them *, sometimes doubts whether he has seen certain persons : p. 189. Small or Very Small, has a miserable memory of persons, looki\ shape, &c. ; fails to recognise even those he sees often : p. 189. 25. SIZE . — Cognizance and knoivledge of relative magnitude, hulk , Average, measures bulk with tolerable, but not great, accuracy : c,21. 27 Full, can measure ordinary and familiar distances well, yet shows hr r*smarkbDle natural talent in it : p. 191. c. 6. 8. 9. 10. 14. 18. Large, has an excellent eye for measuring proportion, size, height, angles, perpendiculars, &c. ; quickly detects disproportions in them 190. e. 11. 19. 25. 42. Very Large, detects disproportion, and judges of size, with wonderful accuracy, by intuition, and as well without as with instruments ; cannot endure inaccuracy : p. 191. c. 5. 7. 12. 13. 15. 16. 17. 40. Moderate, is rather deficient in measuring by the eye ; with practice* may do tolerably well in short, but fails in long, distances: p. 191. Small, judges of relative size, &c., very inaccurately : p. 191. c. 28. 29 Very Small, can hardly distinguish mountains from molehills : p. 192, t i i . WEIGHT. — Intuitive perception and application of the principle of specifick gravity,, projectile forces , momentum , balancing, resistance, Average, balances himself tolerably well in ordinary cases, yet has ns great natural talent in this respect: c. 21. 27. Full, keeps his centre of gravity well, but ventures little : p. 194. Large, can walk on a high or narrow place ; hold a steady hand ; throw a stone or ball, and shoot, straight ; ride a fractious horse, &c., verj well : p. 193. c. 16. 17. 25. 26. 40. 41. Very Large, has this power to a wonderful extent : p. !9i, c. 7. i 3. 15 Moderate, maintains his centre of gravity, &c., rather poorly : p. 194 Small or Very Small, is unlike one with weight large : p. 195. c. 2£ tH, 26. COLOUR. — Perception and recollection, of colours, hues, tints , Average, can discern and recollect colours, yet seldom notices them. Full, with practice, compares and judges of colours well ; without it, does not excel : p. 196. c. 10. 11. 41. Large, has a natural taste ami talent for comparing, arranging, mingling; applying, and recollecting colours; is delighted with paintings: p. 195 Very Large, resembles one with colour large, but excels him : p. 196, Moderate, aided by practice, can discern and *ompare ce lours, yet owes less to nature than art; seldom notices colours unless ol dig >J to, sso then soon fgrpets them • i> 1 97 c 20 l&EFERvilNG TO “PHRENOLOGY PROVED. 5’ Skall, seldom observes the colour of on-e’s hair, eyes, dress, & c. ; can nst describe them by what they wear, or compare colour apart ; hardly distinguisnes the primary colours by candlelight, much less shades : p. S$Y Wry Small, can tell white from black, but do little more: p. 19V. c. 1 29. 28. ORDER. System ; physical arrangement ; a place for things Average, appreciates order, yet not enough to keep it : c. 9. 10. ST Full, likes order ; takes much pains to keep things arranged : p. 30$, Large, has a place for things, and things in their places ; can find, evsa in the dark, what he alone uses ; is systematick ; annoyed *by disorder . p. 199. c. 6. 11. 15. 19. 40. 41. Very Large, is very precise and particular to have every little thing in its place ; literally tormented by disorder ; is fastidious : p. 199. c. 5. 7 Moderate, likes, but does not keep order ; allows confusion : p. 201. Small or Very Small, is nearly destitute of order and system : p. 201 SO. 29. CALCULATION. — Intuitive perception of the relations of num hers ; ability to reckon fgures in the head ; numerical computation . Average, by practice and rules, may reckon figures quite well : c. 10. Full, aided by rules and practice, may excel in reckoning figures, ana do well in his head, but not without them : p. 204. c. 11. 27. Large, can add, subtract, divide, &c., in his head, with facility and correctness ; become a rapid, correct accountant ; delights and excels in urithmetick : p. 202. c. 5. 13. 15. 19. V ery Large, has an intuitive faculty, to a wonderful extent, of reckoning cjven complicated sums of figures in his head ; delights in it : p. 203. c. 7 Moderate, does sums in his head rather slowly and inaccurately : p. 204, Small, is dull and incorrect in adding, dividing, &c. ; dislikes it : p. 205. Very Small, can hardly count, much less go farther : p. 205. c. 2S. 29. 31. 27. LOCALITY. Cognizance and recollection of relative position, looks and geography of places, SfC.,- desire to travel, see the world , 3fC.: p. 205. Average, has a fair, though not excellent, recollection of places : c. 27 Full, remembers places well, yet is liable to lose himself in a city oi forest ; ordinarily shows no deficiency ; seldom loses himself : p. 207. c. 8. Large, recollects distinctly the looks of places, where he saw things, &c. ; seldom loses himself, even in the dark ; has a strong desire to travel, see places, <&c. : p. 205. c. 20. 25. 26. Very Large, never forgets the looks, location, or geography of any place, or hardly thing, he has ever seen ; is even passionately fond of travelling, scenery, geography, &c. : p. 206. c. 5. 7. 12. 13. 16. 17. 40. Moderate, recollects places rather poorly ; sometimes gets lost : p. 207 Small or Very Small, has little geograpnical or local knowledge o recollection ; seldom observes where he goes, or finds his way back : p. 208 SPECIES III. Semi-perceptive Faculties. These have to do with action or phenomena , and their conditions, and deal them out to th< reasoning faculties : p. 50. 209. Large in c. 5. 7. 17 ; small in 6. 25 82. 30. EVENTUALITY. — Recollection of actions , phenomena , occur rences, what has taken place, circumstantial and historical facts : p. 20S Average, has neither a good nor had memory of occurrences, &c.; c. 8 Full, recollects leading events, and interesting particulars, and has a good memory of occurrences, yet forgets less important details : p. 213 Large, has a clear and retentive memory of historical facts, general news what he has seen, heard, read, &c., even in detail : p. 210. c. 5. 10. 16 Vers Large, neve forgets any occurrence, even though it is trifling PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY. m has a craving i hirst for information and experimen , literally devour book? v newspapers, &c. ; command an astonishing amount of informs tion; p. 211. c. 12. 13. 14. 20. Mom rate, recollects generals, not details ; is rather iorgetful: p. 212. c. 6. Small, has a treacherous, confused memory of occurrences : p. 213. Very Small, forgets almost every thing, generals as well as particulars* 1 - 3 . 31 . TIME. — Cognizance and recollection of succession , the lapse of time , dates, how long ago things occurred abstract relations analogies, great principle**. &c.: originate* DEFERRING TO “ PIIREXOL fcd ©&3 ; appertains and applies natural laws; contrives; invents, &c, ; p.229 Large on Very Large, with perceptive intellect less, gives great deptls without brilliancy of talent ; shows to be less than he is ; holds out well k* 35. CAUSALITY. — Cognizance of the relations of cause and effect t ability to apply them , or to adapt means to ends ; power of reasoning drawing inferences from premises, discovering first principles , 4*c. Average, has some, but no great, ability to plan and reason : c. 10. *ull, adapts means to ends well ; has an active desire to ascertain _ causes, yet not a deep, original, cause-discovering and applying mind* р. 236. c. 21. 27. Large, plans well ; can think clearly and closely ; is always inquiring into the why and the wherefore — tin causes and explanation of things* always gives and requires the reason ; has by nature excellent, judgment, good ideas, a strong mind, &c. : p. 233. c. 5. 18. 19. 41. Vert Large, is endowed with a deep, strong, original, comprehensive mind, powerful reasoning faculties, great vigour and energy of thought, first-rate judgment, and a gigantick intellect: p. 236. c. 6. 7. 11.40. 41 Moderate, is rather slow of comprehension ; deficient in adapting means to ends ; has not good ideas or judgment: p. 237. c. 8. 12. 13. 15. 16 Small, has a weak, imbecile mind ; cannot contrive or think : p. 238. с. 14. 20. 25. 26. Very Small, little idea of causation : is a natural fool : p. 238. c. 28. 29, T7. 34 . COMPARISON. — Perception of analogies , resemblances , differ * ?nces ; ability to compare , illustrate , criticise , classify , generalize , Average, perceives striking analogies ; illustrates tolerably well : c. 8. 21 Full, i llustrates, discriminates, &c., well, but not remarkably so : p. 243 Large, has a happy talent for comparing, illustrating, criticising, arguing from similar cases, discriminating between what is and is not analogous, or in point, classifying phenomena, and thereby ascertaining their laws, &c. : p. 241. c. 7. 12. 13. 15. 18. 19. 41. Vert Large, is endowed with an extraordinary amount of critical acu- men ; analytical, comparing, and illustrating power : p. 243. c. 5. 6. 40. 4. Moderate, may discern obvious similarities, yet overlooks others : p. 244. Small or Very Small, is almost destitute of this power: p. 244. c. 28. 29 Having made numerous observations upon the following organs, and especially upon suavitiveness, the author considers them as highly pro- bable, but not as ascertained . (See pp. 248-9.) He therefore places them before the tribunal of facts , and awaits its decision, meanwhile summoning the phrenological world as witnesses. They were firs< Pointed out by L. N. Fowler, brother of the author. & SUAVITIVENESS. Ability to render one 9 s self agreeable; pleasant ness . Average or Full, neither excels nor is deficient in this respect. Large or Very Large, readily wins confidence and affection, even of enemies ; can say and do hard things without creating difficulty ; obtada favours; get along well; so say and do things that they take : p. 248 Moderate or Small, is deficient in the power just described. IX This faculty is as yet without a name. One with this organ Large or Very Large, perceives, as if by intuition, the char jeter me motives of men from their physiognomy, conversation, &c. ; is suspicion^ find seldom deceived ; naturally understands human nature : p. 247. 40 ’—ate or Small, seldom suspects others: is easily imposed upon s humar. nature slowly ; doo« not know well how to take men : p ‘H? ] 55 24 59 PATHOLOGICAL FACTS.* Warts r lecturing and practising phrenology in the city of New York, December *7, 1836, Dr. Howard, who then lived in Carmine street, called on me, and stated that the evening before, he had been called in great haste to visit a lady who was taken with a most violent pain in the head, which was so severe as in Sfteen minutes entirely to prostrate her,, producing fainting. When brought to, she had forgotten the names of every person and thing around her, and almost entirely lost the use of words, not because she could not articulate them, but because she could not remember or think of them. She could not mention the name of he. own husband or children, or any article she wanted, nor convey her ideas by words, yet understood all that was said to her, and possessed every other kind'of memory unimpaired. “And where was this pain located/’ I eagerly inquired. “ That is for you to say,” said he. “ If phrenology is true, you oug rt to be able to tell where it is.” “ Then it is located over her eyes,” said I. He replied, “ That is the place.” The pain was seated there only. In other words, her phrenological organ of language had become greatly diseased, and the faculty of language was the only men tal power that suffered injury, all the others remaining unimpaired. Dr. Miller, of Washington, District of Columbia, related to the author a similar case, which occurred in or near that city, accompanied by a pain in the a 'me portion of the head, and there only. See also P. P. p. 18. Whilst e camming professionally the head of a lawyer, Attorney General of one of the New England states, observing an unusual and feverish heat in his forehead, and particularly in the organs of the perceptive faculties, I observed, “ Sir, the brain in your forehead is highly inflamed ; you have been studying or thinking too hard, or doing too much business of some kind, and if you do not stop soon, you will be either a dead man or a crazy one.” He started upon his feet as if elec- trified, exclaiming, “ Who has been telling you about me 1” “No one, sir.” “ But some one has been telling you.” “ Upon my honour and my conscience, sir, I neither know you nor your occupation, nor eondi tion in life, nor one single thing about you, except what I infer from your phrenological developments,” said I, pointing out to him the preternatu- ral heat of his forehead. He requested me to proceed, and at the close of the examination, stated that for several weeks he had been dreadfully afflicted with the most violent and intolerable pain in his forehead, parti- cularly the lower portion, and cn that account, had requested my attend- ance, that his memory, which, up to that time, had been remarkably retenfiye, had failed him, and his intellectual faculties also sustained much injury, and that all this was brought on at a session of the Court in which his intellectual powers were employed to their utmost stretch of exertion for several days and nights in succession, upon very heavy cases, both for the state and for individuals. He was sixty years of age, had a powerful constitution, a most active temperament, and very large perceptive facul- ties, which the inflammation had rendered redder than the other portions of his forehead. After stating this class of facts at a lecture in Easton, Maryland, Mr, J. H. Harris remarked that he now could not help believing in phrenology because he had experienced its truth. He said that at one time, whilst extensively engaged in superintending a great amount and variety of busi- * N. B. This chapter should be read in connexion with the close of propose tiou 111. p. y, and wilt be printed sometimes on the cover and sometimes in tfc* bo4v of Uiv work A 60 FHKEJJOI.OGY PROVED BY aess. including building, he was repeatedly seized with a most intent pam over his eyes, which was so powerful, that to obtain rt lief he would have held his head still to have had it bored into, and that, whenever this pain seized him, he forgot every thing, and would drop the sentence he was speaking, unable to think of a single word or thing until the paroxysm abated. A Mr. C., of Boston, is subject to spells of violent pain in his forehead, and there only, (the seat of the intellectual organs,) which is accompa- nied with an irrepressible desire to read, think, study, write, &c. lie often sits up whole nights indulging this intellectual mania. Nothing but sleep will relieve him, yet he is unwilling to seek rest because of the delight experienced in this exercise of mind, even though fully aware that he thereby aggravates the disease. At Carlisle, in June, 1837, I pointed out this same preternatural heat in the forehead of a student, who, entering his class poorly prepared, had overdone his intellectual organs. He had been compelled to suspend his studies on account of the pain in his forehead, and the morbid action of his intellectual powers. Eventuality. In April, 1837, Hr. Carpenter, of Pottsville, Penn gylvania, related to the writer the following. One of his patients fell from a horse, striking the centre of his forehead against the corner of a rock, on which portions of brain were found. I have seen the scar, and know that it was eventuality that was injured. As Dr. C. entered the room the patient recognised him, as he did each of his neighbours, but he had for* gotten every fact and event , and them only. He asked what was the matter, and as soon as he vas told, forgot, and asked again. To use Dr. C.’s expression, “ fifty tiaes over he asked what was the matter, and as soon as he was told, forgot, and asked again.” He forgot that his brother was coming that day from a distance to visit him, and that he was then on his way to meet him. Every event was to him as though it was not ; yet all his other mental powers remained unimpaired. When depletion was proposed, he objected, and assigned his reasons, showing that his reasoning faculties were uninjured. After the brain had been re-sup- plied, he recovered, to a considerable extent, his memory of facts. This accident made him a believer in phrenology. Dr. Ramsey, of Bloomfield, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, reported the following case as having occurred in his practice : — About four years since, a patient of his, by his horses becoming frightened, was driven with great violence against a fence, the centre of his forehead striking against the corner of a rail. He recognised the Doctor as he entered, and asked him what all this fuss was about. As soon as Dr. R. had told him, he forgot, and asked again and again, for twenty times in succession, and to this day he has not the slightest recollection of this most important event of his life, except the mere fact that the horses were frightened. Another case anolagous to this, and affecting eventuality was narrated to the author by the Rev. S. G. Callahan, an Episcopal Clergyman and teacher of high intellectual and moral standing, in Laurel, Delaware. About twelve years ago, he was intimately acquainted with a Dr. Thomas Freeman, surgeon on board an English man-of-war, who, in an action with the Dutch, received a bbw from a rope with a knot in it, whicn woke in the scull in the centre of his forehead, “ Here,” said he, (putting his finger upon the organ of eventuality,) “ producing a cavity resembling the inside of a section of the larger end of a hen’s egg.” The &cckkaf PATHOLOGICAL FACTS. 61 caused a loss of memory of facts only , which caused 111 s dismissal c rj half pay for Ike, whilst every other power remained unimpaired. Th -,«4 if he went for wood, he was as likely to get any thing else, or nothing at all, as what he went for. Being employed tr. construct a vat for colouring broad-cloths, he constructed every thing right, his causality and con- structiveness remaining uninjured, but when he came to the chemical pro® cess of dyeing, with which he was as familiar as with his alphabet, ho .ailed repeatedly, till they were compelled to employ another dyer, * he pointed out the omissions which caused his failures. Although the doc- tor was an excellent chemist, and understood every part of the operation, vet he would omit one thing in one experiment, and another in another, and thus spoil every attempt. He could seldom succeed in any chemical experiment, though passionately fond of them, because of these omissions ; and yet, said my informant, start him on a train of thought, and he rea- soned as clearly, and logically, and powerfully as almost any one I ever neard. Now observe, that the only organ injured was eventuality, and this was the only faculty impaired. Robt. McFarland, a tavernkeeper, who, in 1837, lived in Carlisle, Penn, sylvania, south of the Court-house, in consequence of a fall when abou* sixteen years old, had a deposition of watery matter which finally settled in the centre of his forehead, forming a sack between the scull and skin, which remained there for several years, until it became very painful, ai last intolerably so, compelling him to have the sack removed, and the decayed portion of the scull on which it had formed, scraped twice a-day for twenty days in succession, by which the disease was arrested. Before his fall, his memory of circumstances, what he read, saw, &c., was so excellent that he was often referred to. This kind of memory, and this only , was destroyed by the disease. On this account he called on me for an exaanination, but did not state his object, waiting to see if I would detect it. On examining his forehead, I told him that his memory of faces was among the best that I had ever seen, but that I observed a scar in the centre of his forehead, where memory of facts is located, and that if the wound which caused it affected the brain there, his memory of incidents, every-day occurrences, what he read, and saw, and heard, &c., Lrr. of Milton, Pennsylvania* furnishes another. 62 PHRENOLOGY PROVED BY Tune. Dr. Miller, of Washington, District of Columbia, reports tba Mowing in vol. I. No. 1, p. 24, of the American Phrenological Journal, A lad was kicked by a horse, “ the point of the shoe striking him under the left superciliary ridge, outer angle, fracturing the orbitar plate, and forcing the spisula of bone upwards arid outwards, on the dura-mater e which was wounded by them.” As th :> wound was three- fourths oi an inch deep, and penetrated the head in the direction of tune, reaching the borders of that organ, but not penetrating it, it would of course highly inflame it, which would produce a disposition to sing. This result fol- io wed. When the boy came to, he began to sing, and sang most when the wound was most inflamed. Both before and after this occurrence, he had never been known to sing, but now, lying apparently at the point of death, he would break out singing songs, and, to use his mother’s expres- sion, “ did nothing but sing.” On account of his singing propensity, Dr. M. sent for Dr. Sewall, the anti-phrenologist, and Dr. Lovell, then Presi- dent of the Washington Phrenological Society, who reminded Dr. S. that this case went to prove phrenology, and yet, p. 57, of Dr. S.’s attack phrenology, he says no cases analogous to the above have ever been known to occur. His memory of such facts must be rather short. A similar case occurred about 19 years ago, at Young’s factory, cn the Brandywine, five miles above Wilmington, Del., and was reported by Dr. Jacques, of W., attending physician. An Irishman, named Robert Hunter, having charged a rc*:k with a blast which did not ignite, swore that he would make her go off’, at the same time jamming his iron crew bar down among the 'powder. It struck fire, and blew up, but did not split the rock. The crowbar was sent no one knows where, both hands were tom off, and th: charge, coming up in a body, struck his head along the superciliary ridge, cutting a furrow in the scull, and carrying away portions of the dura-mater and brain. It took its course along the bor- ders of tune, but did not disorganize it. From his friends, Mr. and Mrs, White, at whose house he boarded and died, I learned its precise location, viz. along ihe superciliary ridge , externally of it. It also carried away a portion of the superorbitar plate, and terminated near mirthfuiuess. In fifteen minutes after he was taken to the house of Mr. W., “ he fell to singing songs,” and continued singing almost without interruption till his death, which occurred nine days after. I took down from the lips of Firs. W. the following description of his singing propensity. “ He sung the whole time after he was blown up till he died. He did not stop one hour, put it all together. Mr. W. began to read the Bible to him, but he broke out singing and stopped him. He was very musical, much more so than when he was of himself. I thought this very strange. It was not a quarter of an hour after he was brought in before he began to dng. He sung all the time till he died, and stopped only when some one went in to see him, and then began again directly. His principal song was “ Erin go bragh,” and he sung it with a better tune than I ever heard it sung before or since. It beat all how musical his voice was. He sung very loud, and seemed to take a great deal of pleasure in it.” Dr. Jacques observed that what struck him most forcibly was to hear him Ring with so much feeling, and pathos, and ecstasy. Several others bore their testimony to the same point. G. Combe, p. 416, of his large work, describes a similar case, and th« American Phrenological Journal, Vol. I. p. 243, still another nd Ga8 tad Spurzheim many others. PHRENOLOGY PROVED, ILLUSTRATED, AND APPLIED, ACCOMPANIED BY A CHART; EMBRACING AN ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY, MENTAL POWERS IN THEIR VARIOUS DEGREES OF DEVELOPMENT THE FHMfVOASnMA PRODUCED BY THEIR COMBINED ACTIVITY AMD T£3 bOLATlOK ©& FHRXHOLOGXCAli OS.0AM3 1W ?IE £, ToGB^ssa wm a vriw or os moral and theological searing or the scs&kcs* BY 0. S. & L. N. FOWLER, PRACTICAL phrenologists, ASSISTED BY SAMUEL KIRKHAM, AUTHOR OP 1 ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN LECTURES,” AKTi AN “ESSAY ON ELOCUTION. SIXTY-SECOND EDITION, ENLAROBD AND IMPROVED NEW YORK: FOWLER AND WELLS, PUBLISHERS, NO. 308 BROAD-WAV. accepting to the Act of Congress, in the year l£36 t bv L. N. FOWLER & S. K1RKHAM. kl t£@Ciork f 8 .>ifice of the District Court for the Southern District e! N#w York. PREFACE. *Fo Americanize whatever in science and the arts, is capable o! pnprovingor adorning the mind, or of otherwise benefiting mankind, is no less the duty, than it would prove the glory, cf every American citizen. Americans have had the genius and the moral courage to point out to the world the landmarks of civil liberty, and the true form and principles of free government, and, also, the highroad to national prosperity by improving and promoting agriculture, com- merce, and the arts ; but, with a deep sense of humility and abase- ment, it must be acknowledged, that hitherto they have rendered to foreign literature and foreign science, a far more degrading homage and submission than that demanded of our forefathers by political tyrants at the period of our Revolution. We have nobly burst the bands of despotick rule, and raised a proud beacon of liberty and in- dependence whose light has penetrated and illumined the remotest corners of the earth; and yet, it cannot be denied, that we have too generally been content to receive our literary and our scientilick plies by foreign importations — that we have too long degraded o^r* selves by tamely submitting to the dictum of transatlantic!* writers, and by servilely copying their works ; or, in other words, that our literary and scientific 1 !* dependence has brought a blush upon our po- itical independence. In nothingjias this spirit of literary servility been more strikingly manifested tlian in the works of our countrymen upon the science of Phrenology. Hitherto, no American work has appeared upon this subject, stamped with originality of thought, or presenting new and comprehensive views, or even imbodying, to any considerable ex- tent, facts produced by the soil and climate of equal rights ; but every thing phrenological in this country, has been either a reprint, or a substantial copy, of some foreign work. W hy this dearth of tafent in American authorship upon Phrenolo- gy 1 Is it because foreign writers have exhausted the subject ; or be- cause it is an exotick plant which no man of genius and learning dares to touch 1 or because we have not among us, minds sufficiently gifted in logical and critical acumen, to grapple with the subject, and to imboay and analyze the enormous mass of facts presented by the peculiar condition of the country in which we live Surely, if the genius of science evpr demanded an advocate — if ever nature held or it her hand, and invited her worshipper to sit down by her side and take her picture, here the votary of the one and the amateur of the other have inducements and allurements to step forth, which were never before proffered to mortal genius. In this land of plenty and equal rights, conscious of its liberty to exercise any and all of its powers, the human mind marches forth unfettered and free. Here human nature displays itself in all its varying hues of light and shade. Here, then, if anywhere, we might expect to find, net only she greatest variety, but, also, the greatest extremes, of character and IS PREFACE. talents, as well as the most striking specimens of original genius, d all accompanied wifh corresponding phrenological developments. Among those who have become identified with the American soil, we find three of the five varieties of the human race, namely, the Anglo-American, Ihe Aboriginal American, and the African; be- sides an innumerable multitude of every other nation, kindred, tongue, and people, who are every day landing upon our prolifick shores : and, in short, here we have all the materials necessary for the most extensive, and interesting, and instructive phrenological ob- servations and experiments. Since, then, the grand basis of the phrenological system has been laid by Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, in the Old Yv T orld, does it not behoove some American genius to step forward and lay hold of these ample materials thus placed by Provi- dence within his reach, and complete this beautiful structure, and thereby identify the American name with a monument which is des- tined to become the admiration of ail future ages'? Phrenology, it is true, is yet in its infancy; and its warmest advo- cates do not deny, that, for years, it must totter along in it^ leading- strings. They do not expect, that, like the birth of Minerva from the brain of Jupiter, a science of so vast importance can spring at once into perfect form and maturity. They do not imagine, that, in the freshness of its tender youth, it can possess all the strength, and vigour, and compactness of manhood. They are not unaware, that centuries have rolled up their rich floods of discovery to aid in rear- ing to its present growth, the science of astronomy; and they believe that the fertilizing efforts of other centuries will be required to per- fect it : and they are sensible, too, that the same is true of botany, chym- istry, medicine, and, indeed, of all other sciences. Hence, they are not so unreasonable as to suppose, that two or three intellects, however gigantiek, are capable of discovering and perfecting so comprehen- sive and profound a science as that of Phrenology; but they do be- lieve, that Phrenology is a noble and thriving plant — a germ of true, science , which has already taken deep root, and which requires noth- ing more than the fostering care of men of genius and learning to increase it to a stately tree, whose branches will wave over all na- tions, and whose fruit will gladden the hearts of all people. Of all the subjects in philosophy, that which pertains to the mind of man, is undoubtedly the most interesting and important. Every discovery, therefore, in this imperfectly-explored region — every fresh ray of light cast upon this clouded tract, should be hailed, with joy by every votary of science and by every friend of man. This volume is not designed to supersede the invaluable writings of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, and of Mr. Combe, nor does it profess to be wholly original ; but it does lay claim to many important improvements in the science of Phrenology. These consist mainly in presenting many new and S as the Authors conceive) useful views upon the subject; in bringing brward many new facts and the result of many observations and suc- cessful experiments, which serve as new proofs of the truth of the science and illustrations of its principles and utility; in supplying many gross deficiencies of the other writers upon the subject; and, above all, in presenting the subject in a far more practical form than it has been heretofore given. These several improvements, now* ever, will be more clearly understood by giving a definite, numeri cal statement of them. PREFACE. V The present work, then, differs from all others upon the same sub* feet, in the following important particulars : 1. In order to obtain a clear and distinct idea of the character and analysis of the primary mental faculties, the student in Phre- nology requires, not only that the phenomena produced by them, should be described, but that those great principles in nature, in ac* cordance with which these various faculties are constituted, and to which they adapt the human mind, should also be presented and ex~ plained; for, without a knowledge of these natural laws, he could gain but a very imperfect idea of the nature and functions of the mental faculties. The faculty of Weight, for example, has to do with those great principles of weight, or gravity to which all material objects are subservient; Causality takes cognizance of the abstract principles of cause and effect, upon which, as far as we can perceive, the whole natural and moral government of God proceeds; Compari- son is adapted to those laws of analogy which enter into the whole system cf things; and so of the rest. The omission of a more dis- tinct reference to these fundamental laws, the Authors consider as a radical defect in other phrenological works, which defect they have attempted to supply. 2. The organs were discovered when developed in excess, which nas led many to an almost exclusive observation of their extreme de- velopments to the neglect of the medium and more common mani- festation of the faculties, as displayed in the ordinary transactions of life. In applying the principles of the science, the authors have al- ways practised giving the proportionate size of all the various organs, and of describing character as deduced from the combined manifest- ations of the faculties in their various degrees of strength: and thus they have been enabled, in this work, to describe the phenomena nro* duced by the faculties in all their various degrees of development. 3. By perusing what is said of the manifestations of the various faculties in our best works upon Phrenology, the reader will find it extremely difficult to form any distinct notions of the actions and feelings which these faculties would produce in their ordinary, daily manifestations. This marked deficiency the Authors have attempted to supply by dwelling chiejly upon the incidents which result from the most common operations of the faculties, and by directing the atten- tion of the reader mainly to the precise phenomena produced by them. 4. Hitherto phrenologists have described the organs, not only when developed in excess, but, also, (which is a still greater defect,) as they manifest themselves when acting singly and alone — a thing that scarcely ever takes place: and hence the very vague and imperfect knowledge of the science acquired by those who have perused all our most able works upon the subject. The most important point to be understood in Phrenology, is a knowledge of the modifications produced by the combined action of the several organs; and the prin- cipal merits of this work are believed to rest upon this point, namely, the Authors have presented several thousand combinations of the facul- ties, and described their accompanying manifestations and phenome- na, which have not been noticed bv any other writers. 5. Extensive observation, and long experience in applying tbs principles of Phrenology to the living subject, have satisfied the Au« filers, that, if a conviction of the truth and importance of the science* n PREFACE. Is ever lo be forced tome upon the minds of men, it 'w ill be, not so much by reasoning upon the subject, as by a practical application ef its principles. What do the common people, or even scientifick men, care about the arguments adduced in support of any new subject or science 'l Before they will believe in it, or even listen to it, they must see its truth practically demonstrated. Indeed, the world will never believe, either in any new mechanical invention or improvement, or in any proposed discovery, however reasonable or useful it may be, until they see it fully and fairly tested by actual experiment. In their phrenological experiments in describing character, the Authors sei* dom fail to convince nearly all who witness them, both of the truth cf the science and of its practical utility; and, by gaining converts, it gains advocates, students, and admirers, becomes known , and its usefulness is thus disseminated. The importance of this manual as a practical treatise, may be inferred from the fact, that it will enable any individual, by having the relative size of his phrenological or gans correctly marked upon the Chart which accompanies it, to reaU from the different pages of the book to which the Chart will refer him, a most beautiful and accurate analysis of his own mind — a cor- rect delineation of his own character and talents, and a perfect clas- sification of all his mental operations, and thus enable him to judge 'ixperimentally of the truth of the science. 6. The moral and theological bearing of the science is one of the most important points connected with it, and is presented in the latter part of this work, and discussed in such a manner, it is be- lieved, as to wipe out the disgraceful stigma heretofore cast upon Phrenology by branding it as a science whose doctrines lead to infi- delity, fatalism, and so forth. The Authors trust that they have en- tirely scraped off f'om it this moral fungus , and clearly shovm, that, so far from its bein^ a legitimate shoot springing naturally from the phrenological stock, it is a vile and baneful exotick, w r holly engen- dered in the miilds of immoral, misguided, or designing mca : and thus, by clearing the skirts of Phrenology from every thing impure, anti-christian, os* unholy, they trust they have rendered an accept- able service both to the cause of science and of pure morality and true religion. The gmat haste in which this volume has necessarily beer pre- pared for the press, is the only reasonable apology which the Authors nave to offer for its numerous defects; anc even this, it must be. con- fessed, I* mA**e hackneyed than weighty. ‘IT will be found at the end of ths PHRENOLOGY PROVED, ILLUSTRATED, AND APPLIED. GENERAL REMARKS IN PROOF OF PHRENOLOGY. Phrenology professes to point out a connexion between tartain manifestations of the mind , and particular conditions and developments of the brain . It asserts, for example, that the feeling of benevolence or kindness , is always manifested and indicated by means of, and in proportion to, a given por- tion of the brain ; (see cuts;) and that the same is true ol cautiousness or circumspection , of love , hatred , and reason , and of all the other mental faculties and feelings; and, vice versa , that the relative developments and various conditions of given portions of the brain, manifest and indicate the character and talents of individuals ; so that the one can be always ascertained by an observance of the other. Phrenology also claims to be a new and complete system of intellectual and moral philosophy, and professes to devel- op and illustrate the fundamental principles of human nature — principlps which are inseparably connected with man’s im- provement and happiness, and which embrace every thing pertaining to him as a physical, moral, and intellectual be- ing. It rests for support, in part, upon the truth of the fol- lowing propositions. I. The brain is the organ of the mind , or that corporeal instrument which the mind employs in the exercise of thought and feeling. This proposition is established by the following arguments. First. How impossible soever it may be for us to compre- hend the connexion between mind and matter, it is, neverthe- less, indisputably true, that we have no knowledge of the operations of the mind, except through the medium of its physical organ , the body. This fact admits of the most am- ple proof ; but, without proof, it must be obvious to every 8 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. who reflects at all — obvious that we know nothing of mind* in this life, as a separate entity , or a thing that acts indepen- dently of its organick apparatus. Second. Since the body is the instrument of the mind, '4 follows, that the mind must act upon the physical worii, either directly through the whole body, or by means of some particular portion of it. But it would be absurd to suppose, that the mind employs the whole body as its corporeal organ; lor it is well known, that the various parts of the human frame, with the exception of the brain,* such as the limbs, the lungs, the heart, the liver, the stomach, the viscera, &c„ are exclusively occupied, each in performing its particular class of functions. Hence it may be inferred, analogically that some particular portion of the body is allotted to the exercise of the mental functions — a class of functions im- mensely more important than all those which fall to the lot of the whole body besides : and inasmuch as all the other parts of the body are known to be employed in the performance o 1 the other functions, it follows, that the brain must be devoted to the performance of the intellectual functions. Third. Another and, perhaps, stronger evidence that t he brain is the organ of the mind, may be derived from its im- portant location in the human frame, and the extreme deli- cacy of its wonderful structure. Look at its commanding position, in the superiour and crowning portion of this ma- yestick structure called man ! See the matchless skill of the' Divine Architect displayed in protecting, from external in- jury, this exquisitely-wrought instrument ; first, by the scull so elegantly and wonderfully shaped, and so judiciously di vided into its various frontal, Literal, and occipital portions 5 and all these so ingeniously and so strongly joined together by their respective sutures ! Ami in order still farther to strengthen this bulwark of the intellect, we And the scull again divided into its external and internal tables ; and these tables supported and united by an intervening, spongy sub- stance called diploe , which renders it less liable to be cracked or broken. This ossifick ball is also strengthened by the tcalp or s^in ; and this, again, is both protected and adorned by a thick coat of flowing hair. But., when we take a view of the interiour of this “dome of thought, ” this “palace ol the soul,” and survey its beautiful chambeis, so superbly * The spleen may also he considered another exception; but it i* too uai-j Joortant te be noticed in the argument. T1IE BRAIN THE ORGAN OF THE MIND 9 lined wrth the dura mater — when we look at the pia mater t which envelops the brain, and at the ingenious contrivance of that secreting membrane, the htnica arachnoidea , placed between .ht dura and the pia mater to lubricate and soften botli — when we examine the partition fvalls of these .chain bers, formed by the falciform process of the dura mater, and the connecting fibres of the two hemispheres of the brain, styled the corpus callosum — when we scrutinize the cinen- nous substance of which the brain itself is composed, and notice the beautiful convolutions in which it is deposited— when we observe that this organ is the grand centre of all the most delicate and intricate machinery of the human frame, the finale of the spinal marrow, and of the whole nervous system, and, moreover, the recipient of, at least, one-third of the vital flood propelled by the heart — when we look at all this, the conviction is forced home upon us, that the Great Architect would not he likely to make such a display of wis- dom and skill in the formation, location, and protection of the brain, unless, in doing so, he had some important end in view — unless, in short, he designed the brain to perform the mental functions. Fourth. It has been fully proved by anatomical demonstra- tions, that the nerves of feeling, seeing, hearing, smelling, &c., have their origin in the brain, and even compose a por- tion of that organ ; and the functions of these nerves, consti- tute a portion of the intellectual operations. Now, since a portion of the mental functions, is performed by a part of the brain, it is a logical induction to infer, that the remaining mental operations are performed by the remaining portions of the brain ; and, without first showing by what organ or organs the other intellectual phenomena are performed, no one can logically call in question this induction. Fifth. An inflammation of the brain produces a derange- ment of the mental faculties; and its debility causes mental weakness, and sometimes even imbecility ; but no such effects are produced by the inflammation or debility of any other portion of the body. A suspension of the action of the brain by pressure, or other causes, produces a suspension of the action of the mind, while the animal functions continue to operate. The destruction or injury of even a portion of the brain, (when it reaches an organ on hath sides of the head,) causes a derangement of some of the mental faculties; but the mutilation of any other part of the body, such, f )r exam so PHRENOLOGY PROVED. pie, as ilie amputation of a limb, produces no such effect, How can these things be accounted for on any other princi- ple than that which recognises the brain as the organ of tha mind? Sixth. There is found to exist a reciprocal proportion be- tween the power and qualities of the mind, and the size, activity, and shape of the brain. An observation of the va- rious classes of animals, will illustrate this position. The worm has little or no brain, and (except sensation) little or no intellect or passion. The frog, the toad, the turtle, &c. have a contracted and flattened brain, and the mental powers proportionally weak. The dog, the monkey, the elephant, &c., possess a cerebral development far superiour to those animals last-named, and an intellect equally superiour. Idi- ots are found to possess brains vastly inferiour to those be- longing to men of ordinary talents; and these, again, a development of this organ far inferiour to that of a Frank- lin, a Bacon, a De Witt Clinton, a Webster, a Bonaparte, a Sir Walter Scott, &c. : in other words, as we rise in the scale of animated being from the lowest grade tothe highest, at every ascending step, we invariably find, particularly in the coronal and frontal regions of the head, (in which, according to phrenology, the intellectual and moral organs are located,) an additional amount of brain. Are these things merely the result of chance ; or do they show de- sign ? — are they merely accidental ; or are they the result of fixed and immutable laws? Other arguments in favour of the proposition that the brain is the organ of the mind, might easily be adduced ; out, since it is generally admitted by the great naturalists, anatomists, physiologists, metaphysicians, and philosophers, ti might fairly be assumed, and the burden of proof thrown upon those who call it in question. II. The mind consists of a plurality of innate and inde- pendent faculties — a congregate of separate, primary pow- ers. The truth of this proposition may be shown by the following arguments. First. The mind performs different classes of functions ©r various kinds of operations, such as love, hatred, fear, reason, sensation, &c. ; and, throughou ^il nature, different classes of functions are always performea by different in- struments. It is admitted, that seeing and hearing are men- tal operations, and, also, that they are performed bv different A PLURALITY OF FACULTIES. Is fectthie*. k 6ce second argument under this proposition.) Il is likewise admitted, that the functions of love, hatred, rea- son, &c., are intellectual functions, differing in their nature and qualities no less than those of seeing and hearing. If, then, the economy’ of nature require*, that the mental opera- tions of seeing and hearing, should be performed by differ ent faculties, why should not the same economy also demand, that the mental operations of loving, hating, reasoning, &c. should also be performed by as many different faculties ? The mind, therefore, consists of as many different faculties, or primary powers , as it performs different classes of func- tions. Second. The mind is capable of doing several things at the same time — of seeing and loving a friend, of reasoning and feeling upon a subject, of talking, walking, looking, thinking, hearing, &c.,and all simultaneously ; which could not possibly be done by a single faculty. According to the theory of Dr. Thomas Brown, : * the mind is but a single faculty or power, and all the various mental operations are the product of this single faculty in different states , or modes of action : — seeing, for example, is the mind, or, what is the same thing, the man, in a state of seeing ; hating, the mind, or the nan, in a state of hating; reasoning, the man m a state of reasoning, &c. If this is so, how can the same mind, or, what is equivalent, the same man, be in two or more different states at the same instant? How can an in- dividual, at one and the same time, be wholly engrossed in seeing his friend and in loving him ? How can a speaker carry on, simultaneously, a train of thought and a process of feeling ? or how can he reason better when excited than when not excited? If this theory were true, while looking at a wound we could not feel its pain, but, with perfect ease, we might relieve its pain by simply looking at the wound, or at any other object, or by engaging the mind in the exer- cise of any other function ; for, inasmuch as it would be im- possible for us both to see and feel at the same time, the xistant we should begin to look , or think , or do any thing dse, wo should cease to feel. Bat since we can see the per- forating needle whilst we feel its smart; can see our friend whilst loving him ; can be, at the same instant, both devising and executing ; can ue walking, and talking, and seeing, and * Brown’s Philosophy of the Human Mind, 12 PHRENOLOGY PROVED feeling, and reasoning, &c. simultaneously, and as thes$ require each the exercise of the mind, it follows, that these various classes of functions, and, by a parity of reasoning, that all the different classes of mental functions, are performed by as many different faculties , several of which c* a be in simultaneous action. The supporters of Dr. Brown’s theory, maintain, indeed, that the mind can perform but one class of functions at a time; but this can easily be shown to be incorrect; for, ii this position were true, the moment one should begin to walk, which requires the exercise of the mind, and all the lime he is engaged in walking, he must necessarily cease to perform any and all other functions ; and so of seeing, hear- ing, feeling, &c. Suppose, for example, an orator is deeply engaged in addressing an audience : according to this the- ~y, he must be engaged one moment in thinking, the next, m feeling, the next, in looking at his audience, the next, in gesticulation, and so on through the whole round of mental operations which it is necessary for him to perform, before he can recommence the circuit of the various functions en- tering into the delivery of his discourse; but, it is evident, that he may be, at one ana the same time , beholding his au- dience, gesticulating, and pouring forth a powerful current of thought commingled with deep emotion ; or, in other words, at one ancl the same time , exercising all the various faculties necessary to the performance of his oratorical effort. But, say the supporters of this theory, in such instances, the mind does not perform several classes of functions at the same time, but its transition from one class to another, is sc rapid as not to be observable. Let us look at this argument. It cannot he denied, that an organ which perform? any 'por- tion of a class of functions, always performs the whole of that class — that, for example, the organ of vision does all the seeing^ and that no seeing can be effected without its agency and action; that no digestion can be performed with- out the action of the stomach ; that no sensation can take place except by the instrumentality of the nerves of feeling; no motion, except by the muscles, and so on ; and that this principle holds good throughout all the operations of nature: and hence it follows, that the action of the brain, (whirh has been proved to be the organ of the mind.) is just as nece.* sai’v in every , as in any , operation of the mind ; and, cons* MIND A PLURALITY OF FACULTIES. IZ qucntly, that there can be no operation of the mind without fk corresponding action of the brain: and, moreover, that a change in the operations of the mind, must necessarily pro- duce a change in the action of the brain. If, then, the mind were a single faculty, and, consequently, the brain a single organ, their united transition from one class of functions to another, could be no more rapid or instantaneous than that of die eye, the finger, or any other corporeal organ, and, of course, not so instantaneous as not to be observable ; and, it not observable, (which all will admit,) it cannot exist : and, therefore , the mind cannot be a single faculty. But according to the principle, that the mind consists of & plurality of facul* ties, any . or even all , of these faculties may be in simultane- ous and harmonious action — a principle as remarkable for beauty and consistency, as the old theory is for deformity and absurdity. Third. The diversity of human character and talents, proves the plurality of the mental faculties. If the mind were a single faculty, all minds must be exactly alike in their nature , their qualities , and their 'modes of action , and could differ only in their strength and activity ; which is by no means the case: but, if different minds possess the various faculties in different degrees of development, they must, like the primary colours mingled in various propor- tions. differ accordingly ; which is the fact. If the mind were a single faculty, it could work just as well in one har- ness as in another — could perform all classes of mental op- erations with equal facility and success ; and every man could succeed equally well in any and in every pursuit — equally well as a poet, a painter, a musician, a logician, an orator, a mathematician, a linguist, a mechanick, a naturalist, a divine, and, in short, in every calling, and in every department of literature and science. Partial genius, or a taste and tal- ent for doing particular things, striking instances of which frequently occur, could not then exist; but all men would be squally capable of succeeding equally well in any thing and in every thing. This, however, the experience of almost every individual, even from thevery cradle, proves to be erro- neous. Those who are idiots in some things, are often re- markably gifted in other things ; which proves that such, and, by a parity of reasoning, that all mankind, possess dif f event mental faculties, and in various degrees of strength wid activity. *4 PHRENOLOGY PROVED, FouUh According to the principle, that the mix *d consist! of several faculties, it is evident that, in a given time, it can Perform, not only a greater number , but also, a greater vari • ly, of operations, which would render it proportionally the more perfect and useful. In order to show the force of this argument, let us suppose that the body were so constituted as to be incapable of performing more than one class oi functions at a time, so that, whilst performing the function ot respiration, for example, it would be incapable of exercising any other function — whilst executing the function of seeing, that of hearing, of feeling, of digestion, and of every thing else, must cease. How infinitely inferiour must such a ma chine be, to the magnificent structure which we now pos sess — a structure capable of proceeding, in the most eas)’ and elegant manner, in the simultaneous performance or many widely different classes of functions ! As, in the op- erations of the body, scarcely any thing important is ever effected which does not require the cooperation of several, different organs, so is it with respect to the operations of the mind, for we rarely meet with any of its products that do not evince the combined efforts of several of its faculties. If we look into an author, for example, we can seldom proceed far without meeting with a thought that displays the com- bined action of reason, wit, fancy, and so forth. Fifth. That the mind consists of a plurality of faculties, may be proved, in the fifth place, by a reference to the men- tal exercise of memory , by which we are to understand, a reminiscence of the operations of the mind. It has been shown, that, if the mind were a single faculty, its operation would be just as powerful in all classes of functions, as in any class. In this case, it could not only remember, judge, in- vent, construct, copy, &c., with equal success, but its memory would be just as strong when exercised upon one class of facts, as when upon any other class; and, consequently, every one would be able to remember every class of facts with equal ease and tenacity. But this is seldom, if ever, the case. Almost every individual is a living witness to ths opposite state of things . in proof of which, it is necessary only to appeal to observation and experience. Most persons find it as easy to remember some things, as it is difficult tc remember others : they often find that their associates rec ollect what they forget, and forget what they remember it is both natural and easy for some persons to remembei MIND A PLURALITY OF FACULTIES. 15 faces, but to forget names ; whilst others forget faces, Dut re- collect names. The same holds true of size, weight, col* ours, dates, tunes, places, incidents, &c. Kence, there are many kinds of memory ; but this could not be the case if the mind were a single faculty : therefore , if we admit — what, indeed, the phenomena of memory compel us to admit — that there are many kinds of memory, we must also admit, that there are. at least, as m©Ay separate intellectual faculties, as there are sorts of memory : ergo , the mind consists of a plurality of faculties. Sixth. A plurality of the mental faculties, is also estab- lished by the phenomena of dreaming. If the mind were a unity , it would act o repose, be asleep or awake, as a whole ; that is, one portion jf it could not be awake and active, whilst the remainder slept ; and, consequently, all its phe* nomena, so far as produced at all, would be in perfect har- mony with each other. But this would entirely preclude the phenomena of dreaming ; or, at least, that kind of dream- ing so very common, in which numerous vivid emotions, such as joy, grief, terrour, fear, affection, &c. arise, succeed one another, and depart, without the control of the reason- ing faculties. These phenomena, however, perfectly har- monize with the doctrine of a plurality of faculties, some of which, being awake and excited to action by some stimulus which does not affect the other faculties, present those dis- ordered ideas and feelings which constitute a dream, whilst the repose of the others, permits this disordered action. Seventh. Partial insanity, or monomania, is utterly at va- riance with the idea that the mind is a single faculty, em- ploying in its operations but a single organ. A derange- ment of the mind can be caused only by a derangement of the brain. Now, if all classes of the mental functions, were performed by a single organ, it is evident, that a derange- ment of this organ, would cause a corresponding and uni- form derangement of all the operations of the mind : whereas, cases of monomania,, or a derangement that extends to only one or two classes of the mental operations, whilst *1J the other classes are performed with perfect sanity and oropriety, very frequently occur. This, indeed, is the most common form in which derangement appears, many instances of which have fallen under the author’s own observation. We often meet with persons deranged in the matter of love. Dr hatred or on the subject of religion, or with respect U? 6 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. proptxty, &c., whilst they are perfectly rational on every other oiibject ; but, if one and the same faculty exercised th$ various functions of love, and hatred, and religious feeling &c., and, aiso, all the other mental functions, it would be im possible for this single faculty to be deranged in the perform- ance of these first-named functions, whilst it was perfectly sane in the exercise of all its other functions : consequently it is impossible for the mind to consist of only a single fac- ulty .* Eighth. The relief, and even refreshment, afforded to the mind by a change of thought, study, feeling, &c., furnish another evidence of a plurality of the mental faculties ; for if the mind were but a single faculty, this single faculty would have to perform all the mental operations, and, con- sequently, would be just as much exhausted and fatigued by its exercise in performing any one class of functions, as in any other class ; and, therefore, when fatiguedbv exercising one class of functions, it could, not only, not be relieved or refreshed, but would be still farther exhausted, by dropping that class, and taking up another. But what is the language of facts touching this subject ? How is it that the mechan- ick, when fatigued by hard labour in his shop, experiences relief and refreshment by taking a smart walk to his meals? Not, as has been intimated by some, by the mere novelty presented by the change, but, by giving rest to the fatigued organs, and by bringing into exercise another set of organs. What is here predicated of the physical phenomena, holds equally true when applied to the intellectual. The student, for example, when suffering great fatigue ol mind from a long and continued pursuit of mathematicks, or metaphysicks, often turns to chymistry, history, the study of language, of geography, or, perhaps, a work of imagina- tion, with new vigour and fresh delight, although his fatigue of mind is too great any longer to continue the first study The fact that a change of subjects or studies, affords relie and refreshment to the mind, is too familiar to need farther illustration ; and the inference to be drawn from it, is per fectly obvious, namely, that this change which presents an other subject of study, calls into exercise another set of fa * ulties. • For a farther illustration of this point, see Dr. A. Combe, and al»c Dr. Spar# heiui, upon Insanity. THE BRAIN A PLURALITY OF ORGANS 17 ifhif brain in the coronal region of the head, when compared with their immense development of the animal passions and selfish feelings, would bring them chiefly under the domin- ion of the animal nature of man, and render them little sus- ceptible of becoming civilized, humanized, and educated: hence, the rugged soil which they present to the labours of the Christian missionary. Their very large individuality and locality, and full perceptive organs generally, with their large destructiveness, secretiveness, and cautiousness, would cause them to delight in the chase, and admirably qualify them to succeed in it; whilst their small causality, would render them incapable of producing many inventions and im- provements, or of reasoning profoundly. Their small ac- quisitiveness would create in them but little desire for prop- erty ; and this would result in a want of industry, and leave them, as we find them, in a state of comparative destitution as regards the comforts, and even the necessaries, of life. The very large philoprogenitiveness of their females, admira- bly qualifies them to protect and cherish their offspring under the peculiarly disadvantageous circumstances in which they are placed ; whilst the small endowment of this faculty in their males, would cause them to be comparatively indiffer- ent to their children, and to throw the whole burden of taking care of them while young, upon the other sex. Their large tune, and very large destructiveness, woqld give them a pas- sion for war-songs and war-dances ; and these combined with their large eventuality, would cause them to adopt this meth- od of perpetuating their warlike exploits. In Washington the author examined the heads of about twenty Indians of the Cherokee delegation to Congress, in which he found the animal portion of the brain relatively smaller, and the human and reasoning organs much larger, than in Indian heads generally; and this perfectly harmon- izes with, and accounts for, the fact, that this tribe is less savage, and more intellectual, than any other. Indeed, the phrenological developments of some of the half-breeds , were decisively superiour. Those examined from Indiana, pos- sessed a much larger development of destructiveness, and were less talented and civilized. Those, again, from the Osage tribe possessed a development still more inferiour, AFRICAN HEADS. and a c ^responding character. A scull* from a tribe of cannibal, located near the isthmus of Darien, which was examined by the author, presented altogether the worst phrenological developments of any scull he ever saw. In shape, it bore a strong resemblance to that of the monkey, except that destructiveness, secretiveness, and veneration, &nd, perhaps, conscientiousness, were larger. Of intellect, of course, these beings possess very little ; and no descrip- tion can adequately set forth their barbarity and brutal fero- city, no pen describe their degradation. And. thus it appears, that, in passing from the European race to the Indian, and from one tribe of Indians to another, we find, in every in- stance, a striking coincidence between the phrenological de- velopments of brain, and the known traits of character. The African race as found in America, furnish anothef instance of the striking correspondence between their known character and their phrenological developments. They pos- sess,! in general, either large, or very large, adhesiveness, philoprogenitiveness, hope, language, and approbativeness, or self-esteem, and sometimes both; large veneration, mar- vellousness, individuality, locality, and tune; with moderate causality, constructiveness, and mirthfulness. Combative- ness, destructiveness, secretiveness, acquisitiveness, and, per- haps, conscientiousness, unlike these organs in the Indian head, \ T ary in sire, being sometimes very large, and in other instances, moderate or small. The size of their heads, is generally moderate or small. Their extremely large hope, would make them very cheerful, and little anxious about the future; and, whh their large approbativeness and small ac- quisitiveness, extravagant, and predisposed to lead a life o* ease and idleness. Their very large hope and language, with small secretiveness and mirthfulness, would give them nilarity and garrulity, without much pure wit. Their large, or very large, tune, which inspires them with melody, with their smaller reasoning organs, which give hem but few thoughts, and their large language, would fur- * A cast of this scull, the author believes, is for sale. t Individual exceptions to this description, are frecpiently to be met with, but .he author is confident that its general features will be found to be characteristick. What the negroes are capable of attaining to by education and cultivation, he does not pretend to say, nor is it necessary to his argument that he should do so ; for he is merely pointing out ti e coincidences between their present character, andtheii phrenolog&il developments. This, however, he has observed, that the intellec luaiorgacsare, in general, much better developed in coloured child' en than in mdulU. PHRENOLOGY PROVED. S2 man exac.ly such composition as we meet with in negro songs, doggrel rhymes glowing with vivacity and melody, and containing many words and repetitions with but few ideas. Their small reasoning organs would give them but little depth and strength of intellect, and a feeble judgment, with very little talent for contriving and planning. Then very large philoprogenitiveness, adhesiveness, and inhabi- tiveness, would make them extremely attached to their fami- lies and the families of their masters, and pre-eminently social. Their excessively large approbativeness and self-esteem would create in them that fondness for dress and show, and that pride and vanity, for which they are so remarkable. Their large religious organs would produce those strong religious emotions, and that disposition to worship, for which they are distinguished, as well as those rare specimens of eminent piety sometimes found among them. Their variable selfish organs would cause those extremes of temper and character which they display, sometimes running into cun ning, thievish ness, and general viciousness and cruelty, and sometimes showing the opposite character. Their large marvellousness accounts for their belief in ghosts and super- natural events so often manifested among them ; whilst their very large language, combined with their large perceptive r ns generally, would create in them a desire to learn, and -urn; j them to succeed well in many things. fi> phrenological developments and characteristicks of the Hindoos, are no less striking. In them the organs of destructive ness and combativeness, are generally small ; * Pich remit r s them less cruel and warlike than the Amer- i ;'*r> Indians, < r even the European race. Their extremely lar*« vencxaiiCi and marvellousness produce that religious enthusiasm and superstition for which they are so noted ; and their large acquisitiveness and small conscientiousness often make them thn-vish. Anothe. tnportant «- rgument in favour of phrenology may be drawr from thr difference in the conformation of the heads of the «. sexes in the female character, fondness for children, an* 1 general attachment, are undoubtedly pre« dominating and c;.nt r oiIing passions, much stronger, indeed, than the same pass, n the male sex; and, accordingly, we find the organs o, idhesivon vr and, particularly, philo* nrogenitiveness, so stro 3' r / in be female head aa HEADS OF THE SEXES. 33 to elongate, and even deform, the middle portion of the back part of the head, affording a sure sign by which to enable the phrenologist to distinguish the female from the mai** head. The timidity, trepidation, and anxiety of the sex, are pro- verbial ; in accordance with which, in their heads we fins the organ cf cautiousness much larger than in the male, and combativeness ancl destructiveness much smaller: and this perfectly harmonizes with the fact, that they are more amia- ble, and less cruel, than the other sex. Man possesses more dignity, sternness, and force of character than woman, and has less to do with trifles ; and we find in his head, not only a superiour endowment of combativeness and destructive- ness, but also of self-esteem and firmness. The moral and religious organs are generally much larger in the female, than in the male, head ; and we know that women are much more inclined to religious worship than men. Ideality is commonly larger in females ; and in harmony with this, we find them more refined and delicate in feeling, and possessed of better taste. The sympathy and kindness of woman are also proverbial She will go much farther than man (with reverence, and to her everlasting honour, be it recorded) in her assiduities and unremitting attentions to the sick, the needy, and the afflict- ed ; she will do, she will suffer, she will sacrifice any thing and every thing to relieve distress, to bind up the broken- hearted, and to pour the oil of consolation into the wounds of a troubled soul: and all from pure motives of kindness, affection, love, and duty. The phrenologist alone, is capa- ble of developing and explaining this interesting mystery. He can place his finger upon her superiour organs of benev- olence, conscientiousness, adhesiveness, and philoprogeni- tiveness. But the justice of the Great Giver, would notallow the sex to lay claim to all that is superiour. The reasoning or- gans are not so strongly developed in the softer, as in the nobler, sex; (whether from a want of cultivation, or from some other cause, the author does not pretend to decide;) and, accordingly, we find the former less distinguished for originality and power of thought than the latter. If the mind were a single faculty, and the br^in a single organ, and, of course, phrenology a farce, we might expect to find a uniformity in the shape of the heads of the two 2 * S4 PHRENOLOGY PROVED. eexes, ant , also, uniform developments in the heads of the various individuals of the same sex; that is, exactly the re* verse of what we find to exist. Now, this marked differ * enz e in the conformation of the heads of the different races of men, of the sexes, and of different individuals, must either be designed for some wise purpose, or it must be accidental. That it is accidental, no rational mind can believe; but if it is the result of design in the great Author of it, the conclu- sion is obvious, that it must have a direct reference to the different qualities of mind known to be possessed by these different races, sexes, and individuals. Thus far, then, the author has presented only a few of the numerous classes of facts which go to prove the truth oi phrenology. Should he descend to particulars, volumes would be required to enumerate even the striking instances which, in the course of a few years’ practice in the science,* have fallen under his own observation. Many additional facts will be interspersed through the following pages of this work. Phrenology is either wholly true or wholly false. If the phenomena which support it, are fortuitous or accidental, the truth of phrenology may be doubted; but if they are the result of fixed laws — of the unalterable principles of nature, it must be true. But the uniformity and harmony observable in these phenomena, render it impossible that they are the mere product of chance: hence it is impossible that phrenol- ogy can be untrue. Phrenology, then, is consistent in the- ory, and, by an appeal to nature and to facts, susceptible of physical demonstration. Let judgment be pronounced upon it, then, at this tribunal alone, and let it stand or fall accordingly. It boldly challenges the most scrutinizing examination. They who question its truth, are called upon to disprove the foregoing propositions, and to account for the facts which support it, on other than phrenological princi- ples : and the importance of the subject, makes this call a reasonable one. The author is willing that the truth or falsity of this sci- ence, should wholly turn on his own ability to apply the principles m describing the character and talents of individ- ttaio by an examination of their heads. For several year a * ghoul 1 the present work be favourably received by the public k, it is the de- sign of th s author soon to publish a larger work upon the subject, in which uuufy more individual facts will be static- HEADS OF THE SEXES. 35 past, on all occasions, and under every disadvantageous cir- cumstance— even when opposed by prejudice, by envy, by malice, by ridicule — he has boldly challenged those who doubted the truth of phrenology, to test him in any and in every way w r hich their skepticism and their ingenuity could devise : and, although, at first, whilst he lacked experience, he made some mistakes yet, he can appeal to more than ten thousand living witnesses, who have been present at his pub lick examinations of heads, (as well as to the testimonials introduced at the close of this work,) who will bear evidence to the great and iconderful accuracy with which, in ninety- nine cases in a hundred, he has described, even in minute detail, the character and talents of those examined — notwith- standing very many of these examinations were made by the sense of touch alone, the authors eyes being covered. Obser- vation and experience, in short, have as thoroughly convinced the author of the truth of phrenology, as he is satisfied of the truth of chymistry, electricity, or any other of the natu- ral sciences, and by the same kind, and an equal amount, of evidence. Phrenology, then, demands assent to the following series of propositions, namely, that the brain is the general organ of the mind — that the mind consists of a plurality of facul- ties — that each of these faculties is exercised by means of a particular portion of the brain — that these several faculties are possessed in different degrees of power by the same in- dividual, and also oy different individuals — that the size of these several portions o r the brain, or organs, is proportion- ate to the power and exercise of their respective faculties — > that, in general, the shape of the scull corresponds with thal of the brain — that phrenology was discovered, and thus far matured, wholly by induction — and that the whole animal Kingdom, and especially the human species, both prove and illustrate the truth of this science. But. as phrenology claims to be supported by facts, they whose opinions are valuable, will neither form nor express a decision upon its merits, until they have examined a suffi- cient number of these facts to decide under standingly. ! * Self-conviction,” observes an able, phrenological writer. “ must depend upon self-observation.” As the held is open to every one, and is easy of observation, all are invited to examine and judge for themselves. In this work will be so TEMPERAMENTS. found our rules; and all, into whose hands it may faL, WlL he able to apply them to the characters and developments osf their fnends and acquaintances, and thur either pro re or TftQTa phrenology PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. TEMPERAMENTS. As the illustration and application of the principles of phrenology, necessarily combine with them much evidence of the truth of the science, it is impossible to treat these sev- eral branches of the subject in a manner wholly distinct and separate. At every succeeding step of the author’s progress, therefore, he will be able to present additional proofs of the correctness and importance of the science. Since the brain is the organ of the mind, and its action necessary in every operation of *he mind, we may naturally expect a most intimate relation to exist between the two, and, also, that this relation is reciprocal. Through the nerves there likewise exist a most intimate and close connexion and sympathy between the brain and every other portion of the human system : hence, it is evident, that the various conditions of the brain, and of the several parts of the body, must effect, in the most direct manner, the manifestations of thought and feeling. This, indeed, is a well-known fact ; but, nevertheless, one that is not appreciated nor acted upon in any due proportion to its real value. It is well known that, after the excitement produced by drinking ardent spirits has subsided, their effect is to lethar- gise the powers of the intellect, and leave them in a similar state of torpor with that of the body — that a given amount of opium, or calomel, or arsenick, will drive from its throne the feeling and thinking principle — that, in short, the ex- haustion and the refreshment of the body and of the mind, are proportional and reciprocal. Yet, how little are the natural laws of this mutual relation between body and mind, regard- ed or attended to ! The phenomena of the earth and its surrounding elements, the mechanical principles, the laws of numbers and proportion, and of the various branches of phys- ical science, are studied with the greatest assiduity, and ap- plied with the greatest care as far as they tend to promote ou r physical wants and comforts, whilst the laws and condi- 38 PHRENOLOGY ILI l T STRATED. Lions which regulate the mental manifestations, are nearly overlooked. Mens sana in corpore sano , is, to be sure, an adage often repeated, but sddon understood. Every day’s observation confirms and deepens the convic- tion the author has long entertained, that much more is de- pending upon the physiology of the body and the qualities of the brain, "or. what is the same thing, upon the tempera- ment, than upon the size and combinations of the organs — that the depraved manifestations of the organs, or those vices which everywhere abound, and which pour forth such a flood of corruption among men, originate not in the nature or the combinations of the organs oi of their faculties, but in the disordered physiology of mankind. For example : it is ad- mitted that the size of the organs is not directly changed by an improper use of ardent spirits; but who does not know, that the vices of an individual, may be easily augmented a hundred-fold by habits of intemperance? And why is this ? Simply because his physiology is deranged. Now, why should not every derangement of the body, whether brought about by the use of alcohol or wine, or an improper quality or quantity of food, or by any other cause, produce the same result? And is not the conclusion just, that the ocean of sin, and consequent misery, which swallows up nearly all that is lovely, and elevated, and desirable among men, is produced by the same cause ? This portion of the expan- sive field of phrenology, and, also, its kindred one, viz. that containing the laws of propagation and its accompanying phenomena, and which are undoubtedly the most fertile parts of the whole phrenological soil, are, as yet, compara- tively unexplored. With the open volume of nature in one hand, and the torch of truth in the other, phrenologists alone have entered upon this immense and valuable tract. The works of A. Combe upon this subject, are valuable above ail praise. These digressive remarks, which, were thev carried out to the extent their importance demands, would require volumes, will enable the reader to understand what the phrenologist means by the TEMPERAMENTS. The wc d Temper aments is here used to denote certain states or corto'itions of the body , or the relative activity on particu.ar classes of tne corporeal organs. TEMPERAMENTS 39 Other conditions being equal, the strength and ->ower of the various faculties of the mind, are in proportion to the size of their corresponding organs of the br&tn. Yet, since much depends upon the quality, organization, and activity of the brain, and this upon the quality, organization, health, habits, and activity of the body, or, in other words, upon the temperament, a small brain often gains, in these respects, what it loses in size. All great men arc found to possess both i favourable temperament and a large brain. The temperaments are divided into four kinds : 1. The lymphalick, or phlegmatick, in which the secreting glands are the most active portion of the system ; indicated fry soft and abundant flesh, and languor of the pulse, and of all the corporeal and mental functions ; by a dull, ease-seek- ing, inefficient, indolent, disposition, and an aversion to cor- poreal and intellectual effort. Great excitement is necessary to arouse one with this temperament to effort, yet the action may then be a powerful one. This temperament is often found among the Pennsylvania Germans, and also in ne- groes. 2. The sanguine, in which the arterial system , and the organs which circulate the various fluids, particularly the olood, are most active ; indicated by light or sandy hair, fair skin, a fresh and florid countenance, light or blue eyes, a strong and rapid pulse, strong animal passions, and more ar- dour, enthusiasm, activity, and zeal, than strength and power of mind or body. 3. The bilious, in which the muscular portion of the sys- tem predominates in activity ; characterized by a more ath- letick form ; by strong bones and muscles, black hair, a dark skin, and dark eyes ; a strong and steady pulse, hardness, strength, and power of body, accompanied with considerable force and energy of mind and character. 4. The nervous, in which the brain and the nervous sys- tem are much more active than the other portions of the body, which gives rise to, and is accompanied by, the highest degree of excitability and activity of the physical and men' tal pjvvers ; vividness and intensity of emotion ; clearness and rapidity of thought, perception, and conception ; spright- liness of mind and body; light, fine, and thin hair; a fair, clear, and delicate skin and countenance ; and more activity, vivacity, and intensity, than power and endurance, of mind body. 40 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRAl E». These temperaments are generally compounced. the ne^ vous-sanguine gives the highest degree of activity and inters sity of thought and feeling; the nervous-bilious, activity, accompanied with power and endurance, constituting one of the most favourable temperaments, especially when united with a little of the sanguine ;* the bilious-lymphatick gives mental and corporeal indolence, accompanied with power under strong excitement ; the sanguine-lymphatick, is less fa- vourable to intellectual, than to corporeal, manifestations, &c. But since these temperaments, and other conditions, ex- cept the size of the respective organs, are alike in the same head , it follows, that the power and energy of each faculty, are proportionate to the size of its organ ; so that this work will generally present a comparison between the different faculties of the same individual, rather than between the various faculties of different individuals, INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION. The influence of education, which is admitted to be very great, is exerted chiefly in directing and modifying the op- erations and the manifestations of the various ^acuities, ratl> er than in increasing or diminishing their s^ength and power, or the size of their respective organs. The function of combativeness, for example, when trained in the ruder states of society, manifests itself chiefly in physical combat. r amily feuds, personal prowess, and hatred as manifested by ''pen violence and force, bodily exposures to danger, &e. ; while the same amount of the same faculty, even with a similar combination of the other faculties, when the subject is educated in refined society, and placed under the restraints of law and religion, manifests itself chiefly in intellectual and moral courage and resistance, in sarcasm, hatred, &c. ; and yet, the primary function of resistance and opposition, in both instances, is the same in its nature, degree, and aims. The same is true of all the other faculties; so that, in de- scribing character correctly, it is necessary for the phrenol- ogist to know under what influences , and in what circum • sta.nc.es, :he individual examined, has been placed. The author does not intend, in this connexion, to touch upon the influence of education in radically changing th« • Henry Clay. SHAPE OF TIIE ORGANS. 41 relative power and activity of the various men al faculties, or in moulding and materially changing the character of in- dividuals, but he will reserve, for a future chapter, some re- marks upon its importance, its influence, and the proper method of conducting it. SHAPE OF THE ORGANS. Each mental faculty, as has been already shown, is mani- fested by means of two organs, occupving a corresponding portion of each hemisphere of the brain. The same princi- ple of double organs obtains here, as is exemplified in the case of the eye, the ear, &c., and, doubtless, for the same good reason, namely, that when one organ is injured, the other may perform the function. In shape, the organs are conical , their apex being at the medulla oblongata, andtheii base at the skull. The medulla oblongata is situated at the base of the brain, or, rather, forms the capital of the column of the spinal marrow. A straight line drawn from the open- ing of one ear to that of the other, would pass nearly through it. A more particular account of the anatomy of the brain, as connected with phrenology, may be found in Dr. Spurzheim’a Phrenological Works, and in G. Combe’s “ System of Phre- nology.” As the limits of the present work, do not give the author sufficient space to do justice to this subject, it is left comparatively untouched, and, as it has been so fully and so ably presented by these authors, it is the less necessary that he should enter into an examination of it. It has already been shown, that the power of each faculty, and its tendency to action, are proportionate to the size oi its respective organ. In order to determine the size of the or- gans, it is necessary to ascertain their length and their breadth. The length of the organs may be determined by ob- sen ing the distance from the external opening of the ear to that part of the skull in which they terminate; and the breadth, by the surface of the skull they occupy. It is supposed that he portion of an organ which is nearest to the skull, is chiefly used in the exercise of the mental functions. In some heads, the organs are sharper and more elongated than in others, thus presenting a greater prominence ; in others, they are shorter and broader. The shape of the former, denotes greater activity and quickness, and less pw* ; tfca. of the latter, greater intensity and strength. 42 phrenology illustrated. TEST OF THE FACULTIES. Before we enter upon the classification or description of the several faculties, it will be necessary to lay down some rules by which to test each supposed faculty, that we may thus be able to decide correctly, not only upon the claims of the faculties as ne w laid down by phrenologists, but also upon all that may be hereafter proposed as discoveries. What is a faculty? The test which was proposed by Spurzheim, and which is generally followed, is that 1. Which exists in one kind of animals and not in another ) 2. Which varies in the sexes of the same species ; 3. Which is not proportionate to the other faculties of the same individual; 4. Which does not manifest itself simultaneously with the other faculties ; that is, which appears or disappears ear \ier or later than they ; 5. Which may act or repose singly; 6. Which individually is propagated in a distinct manner from parents to children ; and, 7. Which singly may preserve its proper state of health, or be affected by disease. These seem to be descriptions of the phenomena of a fac- ulty, rather than a definition of its nature . A more simple and comprehensive test seems to be, That power of the mind which performs one, and but one, distinct and homogeneous class or kind of functions, and which is manifested by means of a given portion of the brain. When- ever, therefore, we ascertain that there is exercised a distinct class of functions, having for their end one important object, we may infer, that there exists a distinct faculty which per- forms it ; and, vice versa , that the existence of a faculty pre- supposes, and necessarily implies, a corresponding sui generis class of functions which this faculty produces. Upon sub- mitting the faculties as laid down in this work, to this test, it will be found that the functions ascribed to amat., combat., acquis., benev., hope, firm., caus., and all the rest, constitute each a distinct, homogeneous class directed to a specifick end and exercised by so many distinct portions of the brain , and each supposed discovery of a faculty, wlr'ch does not eon* form to these requisitions, is spurious. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. 43 CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. No permanent classification of the faculties has yet been generally adopted. That last adopted by Spurzheim, and followed by G. Combe, and all American phrenologists, is unquestionably the best now in use. In its general divisions and fundamental principles, it harmonizes very well with the generick character of the faculties, and the grouping together of the organs in the head. So far as this is the case, it is per* feet ; yet, in its details, it is evidently defective, because it often groups organs together which are located in widely different parts of the head, and also classifies faculties togeth- er between which there is a generick difference. A more perfect classification of the faculties than that adopted by the great Author of nature in the respec tive locations of their cor- responding organs, cannot be imagined, and could have been invented only by that all-wise Being who created these fac- ulties ; and yet, to draw lines of demarcation between these organs, is often extremely difficult. Concentrativeness, for example, is sui generis in its character, and too much unlike any of the other faculties to be properly classed with any subdivision of them, whether it be the propensities, the sen- timents, or the intellectual faculties of Spurzheim and others, or the domestick, selfish, human, or intellectual faculties of the author. The function of ideality is not exclusively an emotion, nor yet wholly an intellectual operation, but is evi- lently a compound of both ; and, accordingly, we find its lo- cation to be between these two classes of faculties. Still, it «s evidently human , in its character, and is classed accord- ingly. The same is true, except in a degree still more striking, :oncermng mirthfulness, tune, imitation, and constructive- Mess. Is there not quite as much intellect displayed in a truly pungent and appropriate witticism, or a splendid con- ception of the imagination, as there is in musick ? in a bon mot , nd the inspiration of poetry and oratory, as in a tune 1 and s there not quite as much emotion in a musical, as there is in a poetical, performance? There is evidently as little generick difference between firmness and self-esteem, as there is between any other two organs. Both evidently belong to *«.he same species ; yet, Dr Spurzheim, and all succeeding phre noiogists, have grouped firmness among the religious organs. Why shouM destructiveness be placed before amativeness 1 44 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED, Certainly not because it comes first in the order of na ure, nor in its position in the head. How much more of senti • •ment is there in imitation , than there is in attachment ? Worn* en are considered even more sentimental than men, and chiefly because they manifest so much stronger attachment. What reason or philosophy is there in grouping construe* liveness among the animal propensities, when it unquestion ably displays as much of intellect, and as little propensity, as almost any other faculty? Its location also borders upon that of the intellectual faculties. Similar remarks will apply to the subdivisions of the intellectual faculties. Enough has already been said to induce the reader t( suppose, that the author, in common with most other phre nologists, considers the present classification of the faculties, if not every classification that can be made, very imperfect. For his own, though widely different from that generally adopted, and, he hopes as materially improved, he is far from claiming perfection. Phrenology is not a man-made theory. All that we can know about it, is learned from an observation of nature. Why not, then, in the classification of the fac- ulties, as well as in their phenomena and analysis, follow nature ? or, in other words, why not let the faculties class- ify themselves according to the grouping together of their respective organs in the head ? In the classification of the faculties, the author has endeavoured, as far as bis ingenuity and observation enable him, to follow this arrangement of the organs, as the fundamental principle upon which his divis- ions are based.* * It will be seen that this discrepance between the author and other phrenolo- gists, has a direct reference, not to the facts or principles which involve dv) truth of phrenology, nor to the nature or the manifestations of the faculties, bill uKiply lo the numerical arrangement and the classification of the faculties, or a ihe nomenclattire of the science ; and cannot, therefore, bo cited as on ULStanc* j* radical disagreement among phrenologists. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. He will then submit the following CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL FACULTIES AND ORGANS. The Faculties are divided into two Classes, or Orders* and these are subdivided into several G.dicra, and these, again into various Species* ORDER I* Affective Facvalties, or Feelings, From these faculties originate the propensities, desires, emotions, sentiments , and the whole range of those mental operations denominated feelings. They constitute by la* the largest, most vivid, and most powerful class of the men- tal operations, and, whenever their legitimate stimuli are presented, rush into involuntary activity, and frequently without awaiting the mandate of reason, or listening to the voice of propriety ; and, although the internal excitement necessarily produced by the presence of these stimuli, can- not be avoided, yet, an open expression of this excitement, need not take place ; or, in other words, we are not always obliged to express ail that we feel. The organs of these fac- ulties, occupy that portion of the head commonly covered by hair, GENUS I. Propensities. These embrace those mental functions which pertain to man as an animal, or to his physical relations. They stim- ulate the other faculties ; impart efficiency, impetus, and phys- ical force to the whole character ; originate the various ani- mal impulses, instincts, desires, passions , and propensities to act; and are located in the inferiour posterior, or back and lower, portion of the head, (see cut No. 2. in the Sy- nopsis,) causing, when large or very large, great breadth and fulness between, behind, and over the ears, as in the cut No. 8. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16; but, when small, this portion of the head is thin and narrow, as in the head of Franklin. Near- ly all the brain of animals is developed in this region, as will be seen by a reference to their heads or the cuts; and iheir characters are made up, chiefly of the functions per- taining to the corresponding famkies. 16 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED* Species I. Domestick PROPENSITIES. They are, Abbreviated. 1. Amativeness, amat. 2. Philoprogenitiveness, philoprc. 3 Adhesiveness, adhes. 4, Inhabitiveness, inhab. 1 nese constitute man a gregarious animal ; lay the found ation for his civil institutions ; make him a social and do- mestick being ; create his family attachments and relations ; have a direct reference to the marriage state, and originate most of its duties, its relations, and its pleasures. When large or very large, they cause an elongation and fulness in the middle and lower portion of the back part of the head ; (see Domes. Propensities in cut No. 2, and, also, the female and Aurelia Chase;) but when they are small, this part of the head presents a depressed and flattened appearance* as in the skull of the male Indian represented in the cuts. 5. CoNCENTRATIVENESS, COUCent. This is sui generis , or, unique in character ; and, therefore, referable to no specified class of faculties, hut acts as a kind of regulator or modifier of all the other faculties. Species II. Selfish propensities The selfish propensities are, f VlTATIVENESS,* Abbreviated vitat. 6. Combativeness, combat. 7. Destructiveness, destruct. 8. Alimentiveness, aliment. 9. Acquisitiveness, acquis. 10. Secretiveness, secret. These provide for the various animai wants ; have a di iect reference to the necessities, desires, and gratification oJ the individual possessing them ; and terminate upon his in- terests, wants, and happiness. They are located upon the sides of the head, around the ears, and, when large or very large, give it a thick and rounded appearance, and make * From the limited number of the author’s experiments, he is disposed to regard the locatfon of this organ as uncertain, yet all his experiments confirm its press** .ocation. CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES. the sides of the head spherical , but when moderate 01 small, the head is tliinner and more flattened in this region. These propensities, as will be seen by referring to the combinations of the various classes of faculties, receive their direction and their modification mainly from the relative in- fluence of the sentiments and intellect. GENUS II. Human, moral, and religious sentiments. These are feelings of a higher order than the propensi- ties ; are more elevating and ennobling in their character, and more humanizing in their influence. They are located together in the coronal or upper portion of the head, and, when large or very large, elongate, widen, elevate, and ex- pand this part of the head ; but when moderate or small, the head is lower, shorter, and narrower. See cut No. 2, Species I. Selfish sentiments. They are, Abbreviated. 11. Cautiousness, cautious. 12. Apfrobativeness, approbat. IB. Self-esteem, self-e. 14. Firmness, firm. These, like the selfish propensities, also terminate upon their possessor, and, by disposing him to seek his own indi- vidual interest and happiness, make him selfish; yet their character and manifestations are far superiour to those of the selfish propensities, especially when the religious and rea- soning faculties are strong. They are located together in the superiour posterior, or back part of the upper portioa of the head, which is represented in the cuts by the name of the Selfish Sentiments. When th PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 13 Species II. Moral and Religious Sentiments. They are Abbreviated. 15. Conscientiousness, consciea. 16. Hope, hope. 17. Marvellousness, marvel. 18. Veneration, . vea. 19. Benevolence, benev. These faculties create those mctfal, religious, and devo tional feelings and emotions which enter so largely into the human character ; humanize, adorn, elevate, and soften the nature of man ; constitute man a moral and accountable being, and connect him with the moral government of God* create those moral duties and relations which exist between man and his Maker, and also between man and man ; and pro- duce those characteristicks commonly attributed to angels, and (except in a vastly greater degree) to the Supreme Be- ing. They are located in the superiour anterior, or the frontal, portion of the upper part of the head, and, when large or very large, throw a proportionally large amonnt o i brain into this region, elevating and elongating it in th's di- rection, as in the case of Frank u, Herschell, and the peui female in the cuts ; but when small, this portion of the her 9 y tDvvand slopes rapidly, as in the cuts No. 8. 12. 14. 42. Species III® Semi-intellectual Sentiments They are, 20. Constructiveness, 21. Ideality, 22. Imitation, 23. Mirthfulness, Abbreviated. construct. ideal, imitat. mirth. These faculties are of a mixed nature, participating tht properties both of the human sentiments and Gf the intellec tual faculties. They tend to the adornment and perfec.tior ol the human mind, by creating in it a taste and a talent foi the fine arts and polite literature, for constructing, manufac luring, copying, and the like. They are located partly be- tween the forehead and the portion of the head covered ly Mir, and partly withm the latter, giving, when large or verj CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES 49 large, a fulness and breadth to this portion of "he head; bui when small, the head where the iiair begins to appear, is narrow and flattened. ORDER II. Intellectual Faculties. Those faculties have to do exclusively with objects and filings, their physical qualities, and abstract relations. They create a thirst for information, and furnish the ability to ac- quire knowledge in general ; take cognizance of facts and conditions, and remember them, and constitute what is com- monly called the intellect, understanding, or judgment. GENUS I. Perceptive Faculties These perceive natural objects and their physica* quali- ties, together with some of their relations. They constitute the direct medium of communication between the other fac- ulties and the material world, and convey to the mind all the physical information it is capable of acquiring. Species I® External Senses. They are, Sensation, Sight, Hearing, Taste, Smell. (that is, feeling or touch.) In accordance with the usage of his ^predecessors, the author has left these fac- ulties unnumbered; but, inasmuch as they occupy each a given portion of the brain, Mid are also mental faculties, there evidently exists no good reason why they should not, in like manner, be numbered. These perform the first portion of the process of observ- ing the physical qualities of material objects. The eye, for example, may be perfectly good, yet the individual be utter- ly unable to distinguish between the colours of objects, ot some of their other qualities ; so that, in observing a colour, the faculty of sight performs the first portion of the process, and that of colour, the second. Hence, neither, acting sepa- rately, can take cognizance of the colour of objects. This example will also furnish an idea of the difference ex sting oetween the other external senses, and the other perceptive faculties. Their perfection materially assists the other intel- TCtual, and even the affective, faculties ; yet, there is no ab- solute deptmdance of the functions of the one upon the func* ions of the other. 50 PHRENOLOGY II LUSTRATED, Species II. Observing and Knowing Faculties They are, Abbreviated 24. Individuality, individ. 25. Form, form. 26. Size, size. 27. Weight, weigh.. 28. Colour, colour. 29. Order, order. 30. Calculation, calcu. 31. Locality, local. These store the mind with individual facts ; furnish a gene ral knowledge of things, their conditions, and qualities ; collet statistical information ; create a desire and a talent propor donate to their size, for observing and knowing; and thug render very great assistance in doing every kind of business. They are located directly about the eyes — their principal medium of communication with the external world — and, when large or very large, cause the lower portion of the forehead above the eyes, proportionally to protrude, as in the cut of Herschell, of the Indians, of the New Zealander, the bust of Washington, &c., (see corresponding part of cut No. 2;) but when they are moderate or small , this portion ia proportionally depressed, as in the cut of Franklin. Species III. Semi-perceptive Faculties. They are, Ab breviated. 32. Eventuality, event. 33. Time, time. 34. Tune, tune. 35. Language, lang. These constitute a class of faculties intermediate between those which perceive objects and their physical qualities, and those which comprehend the abstract relations of things, and have to do with a class of facts which are not necessarily ol a physical character. Some of these faculties are much stronger in children than in men, and their corresponding organs proportionally larger: hence, the depression general ly observable in the middle of the foreheads of the latter, an.! he fulness and roundness in that of the former. COMBINATION? OF THE FACULTIES. £| GENUS I). Reflective or Reasoning Faculties, They are, Abbreviated. 36. Causality, caus. 37. Comparison, compar. These form ideas ; reason ; superintend the operation oi the other faculties; perceive abstract and metaphysical rela* lions, the connexion between cause and effect, proposition and inference, &c. ; form judgment ; discover truth and ab- surdity, &c. They are located in the superiour and frontal portion of the forehead. When they are large, or very large, the upper portion of the forehead is very high, broad, and deep, as well as prominent, as in the cut of Franklin; but when they are small, this portion of the forehead is low, narrow, and depressed, as in the cut of the Indian. COMBINATIONS OF THE CLASSES OF FACULTIES. The back part of the head, called occipital , is exclusively occupied by the organs of the propensities and selfish senti- ments : the remaining portion is called frontal , and is de- voted to the organs of the sentiments and the intellect. The portion represented by the lower portion of cut No. 2, is called basilar , and the portion above it, coronal; the former being allotted to the organs of the selfish propensities and perceptive faculties, which constitute the principal faculties possessed by animals, and the latter, to those of the senti- ments and reasoning faculties. The influence of the various combinations of faculty upon the character, constitutes one of the most important fea- tures of phrenology ; and in nothing is this influence more manifest than in those more general combinations of the va- rious classes of faculties already mentioned. One in whom the occipital region, (or the organs of the propensities and pro- pelling powers,) is much larger than the frontal, will have proportionally more of feeling than reason ; of passion, than intellect ; of propelling, than directing, power ; of efficiency, than depth and strength, of intellect ; of mental sail, that? ballast; of zeal, and energy, action, than judgment; oi Jbe animal, than of the inte actual and moral, qualities: but 52 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. When the occipital portion is smaller than the frontal, the char- acter will be directly the opposite. One in whom the basilar region greatly predominates over the coronal, will possess great force and efficiency of char- acter; a ready talent for business and study; and strong pas- sions applied to selfish purposes, but accompanied with less morality and elevation of character and feeling; less depth a intellect, with less of the moral, religious, and human senti rnents ; and yet, with full comparison and causality, may b$ capable of conducting and effecting important operations This portion of the brain is generally large in men who dis- tinguish themselves in the world. One who possesses a much greater development of the moral and intellectual organs, than of the propensities, will have goodness, with less greatness or force, of character , morality and virtue, joined with want of impetus, if not of effi- ciency ; will have fine talents and a love for moral and in- tellectual pursuits, accompanied with so much modesty and dependance, if not actual tameness, of character, that he wiL not be likely to rise in the world, unless pushed forward by others, but may then distinguish himself; will be amiable ana sentimental, if not eminently pious, yet effect but little, This organization is but poorly adapted to the exigences ol the nineteenth century. One having large or very large organs of the propensities and of the religious sentiments, and reasoning faculties only moderate or full, may struggle hard against the current ol his propensities, yet will he liable to he often overcome by it; may endeavour to live a virtuous, Christian life, yet will be sometimes guilty of gross inconsistencies, and apt to take contracted views of religious subjects, and indulge, alternate- ly, both classes of organs ; out, with £he moral and reasoning ergans equally large, will be obliged to struggle hard, yet will generally struggle successfully, against “his easily be- setting sins,” and, in general, he consistent in his religious belief and practice. One having the propensities well developed, with very large moral and intellectual organs, will combine great strength of mind with great energy of character, directed by the human sentiments, and applied to the advancement of moral and benevolent objects, and he a talented and useful member of society, yet have many faults. One with the propensities and the intellectual organs COMBINATIONS OF THE FACULTIES. 53 laige cr very large, and the moral deficient, will combine great power ard energy of mind with great depravity ol character, and never lack means by which to gratify his self ish passions. One Laving rone of each class of organs large er very large, will present seemingly contradictory phases of char^ acter ; will often do what he afterwards regrets, and be sub ject to a constant and severe “ warfare between the flesh and the spirit. 5 5 One having the perceptive organs generally large or very urge, and the reasoning organs only full, will have a mind well stored with facts, and a desire to see and know; athirst for general information, and a facility in acquiring it; an ability to attend to details, and a popular, practical, business talent, but will lack depth, judgment, originality, and pene- tration of mind ; may execute well, but cannot adapt means to ends, nor superintend complicated operations; may pos> sess versatility of talent, be a good scholar, and pass for a man of talents and learning, yet will not think profoundly, nor readily comprehend first principles, nor bear sounding. One with the reflecting organs large or very large, and the perceptive only moderate or small, or with the upper portion of the forehead much larger than the lower, Avili think more than he observes or communicates; will have much more to do with ideas than with facts ; with funda - mental 'principles and the general bearing of things, than with their details and minutiae ; with the abstract relations than with the qualities, of things; with the analytical and demonstrative sciences, than with the natural ; with thoughts than words; may have great strength, shrewdness, and pen- etration of intellect, and be a deep and profound reasoner hut will lack versatility of talent, and be unable to employ his powers to good advantage, or show what he is, except in a certain sphere, yet will wear well, have a fund of import- ant ideas, and excellent judgment, and shine in proportion as he is tried. One having the perceptive and reasoning or- gans both large or very large, and a large and an active brain, will have a universal talent, and a mind well balanced and well furnished with both facts and principles ; will be a general scholar, and, with a respectable development of the propensities, possess a decidedly superiour intellect, and be capable of ri sing eminence , will not only possess talents of a very high order< but also be aMe to use them to the best advantage, and 54 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. Doth aevise and execute projects, and succeed in vhatevei he undertakes, even when most of those around him, fail. One with an even head, in which all the parts are re- spectably developed, will have few prominent traits of char* acter, and few excesses or deficiencies ; will do a fair busi- ness, take his character from surrounding circumstances, and pass quietly through life ; but, if the brain is large and very active, and external circumstances are favourable, he will b© a universal genius — great in every thing, and without any weak points of character, and capable of swaying a geneial and a commanding influence.* One with an uneven and peculiar head, will possess a sui generis character ; will be notorious for his peculiarities 01 talents and disposition ; for his excesses and deficiencies; his strong and weak points ; will often present opposite phases of character ; cut a bold and commanding figure wherever he moves ; and often effect something important. The combined action of the several organs, has, also, a very important influence upon the character and the mental manifestations, particularly in directing them. Self-esteem large or very large, for example, combined with still larger moral and reasoning organs, and with smaller propensities, imparts a dignity, manliness, nobleness, elevation, and high- mindedness, which scorn every thing mean, low, and de- grading, than which no trait of character ie more useful or commendable : while the same degree of sclf-e., joined with weaker moral and reasoning faculties, and stronger selfish propensities, makes its possessor proud, conceited, haughty, domineering, forward, impertinent, and most disagreeable. The same principle applies to amat., combat., destruct., se- cret., firm., approbat., &c. ; and, in determining character, is as important, at least, as any other. The larger organs! control and direct the smaller ones, and also give the stamp and direction to the whole char- acter, while the smaller organs, in proportion to their strength, modify the action of the larger. Thus, one having combat, and destruct. large, with large or very large self-e., will employ the former to avenge personal injuries ; promote selfish interests; domineer over others, &c. ; but, with self-e. * Napoleon Bonaparte. t"In this work the term ‘‘organs 3 ’ is often used as synonymous with “ faculties," And is intended to refer to both the organs and the faculties, collectively; juntas •elf*eateem means both the organ and the faculty of self-e. COMBINATIONS OF THE FACULTIES. S5 only moderate or full, and benev. and conscien. very large, will seldom resent personal injuries, yet will be very spirited in maintaining the eause ofjustice, truth, and humanity; in de- fending suffering innocence, punishing the aggressor, driv- ing forward moral and philanthropick causes, &c. ; with large or very large acquis., will employ these organs in de- fending his property, and in prosecuting, with energy, his money-making projects ; with large or very large intellectu- al organs, in the vigorous pursuit of intellectual acquire- ments, in spirited debate, or the fearless declaration of opinion • with moderate self-e. and large or very large adhes. and be- nev., in the defence of friends, while he himself patiently endures oppression, &c. The combinations of the phreno- logical faculties, are almost innumerable, especially when taken in connexion with the varieties of temperament, educa- tion, habit, external circumstances, &c. of different individu- als — sufficient, at least, to produce that endless diversity and ever-changing variety which exist in the manifestations of the mina. Hence, here is opened the most extensive field im- aginable for philosophical research — a field emt racing the whole range of the mental phenomena, and also every thing parimmag to Jmmr.ix nature. m PHRENOLOGY ILLtJ STR ATED. ANALYSIS OF THE FACULTIES. The lender will bear in mind that, Vi the following anal- ysis of the various faculties, the author has left ample roona for him to exercise his own judgment and discrimination, particularly in ascertaining the influence of some of the combinations. For example: he has described the influence of the organ of amat. large, when acting in conjunction with other organs; yet as the influence of amat. very large upon the other organs, is the same in kind with that of amat. large, and differs only in the degree or amount of that influ- ence, the reader is left to ascertain this by a reference to the combinations under amat. large. The same is true of amat. full , and of all the other organs very large or moderate. Under amat. moderate, again, the organ is described be- ow par, with its combinations. Yet these same combina- tions will also apply to amat. small , after making the neces- sary allowance for the diminution of the mere quantum oi he amative feeling. ORDER I. — Affective Faculties or Feelings, GENUS I.— Animal Propensities. SPECIES I. — Domestick and Social Propensities. AMATIVENESS. Reciprocal attachment and love of the sexes. This faculty prompts many of those kind attentions and obliging manners which the sexes are accustomed to show to each other; greatly increases their mutual attach- ment and tenderness ; gives correct reciprocal ideas of taste and propriety in whatever concerns the other sex, and se- cures to them a kind and genteel treatment — thus promoting, as much as any other faculty, general politeness, urbanity, refinement, kindness, and social happiness. The proper ex- ercise and expression of this faculty, so far from being the least gross or indelicate, is as perfectly inoffensive as that o’ any other; and is so for from being the least exceptionable as to be even indispensable, to a virtuous character, especial- ly when modified by large adhes., approbat., benev., con- scien., ideal., mirth., and the reasoning faculties. The influ ence of this faculty in the irtercourse of the sexes, is highly AMATIVENESS 57 advantageous to both, inasmuch as it has a tendency to make man civil, courteous, cleaniy, and humane, condescending*, polished, affable, &c. ; and woman agreeable, gracefu. and elegant, accomplished, sensible, and elevated in character, feeling, and purpose. Large — One in whom arnat. is large , is extremely fond of the other sex, and of their company, and alive to their charms ; is a favourite with them, and readily ingrati- ates himself into their good will, even though he may be possessed of some qualities that are disagreeable; has a great influence over them; easily kindles in them the pas- sion of love, because he is himself so susceptible to the same passion; and, when in circumstances calculated to ex- cite the faculty, finds its restraint extremely difficult. One having large amat. with large or very large adhes., is an ardent and devoted lover; and, with ideal, also large adds to his love that warmth, and fervour, and intensity which make it romantick, and kindle it to a passion ; with firm, also large or very large, will be constant : but with these or- gans large or v*ery large, and firm, moderate or small, will be liable to be inconstant, and possess an attachment by no means exclusive : with ideal, and approbat. very large, se- cret. and destruct. large, benev., adhes., and caus. only full, and conscien. moderate or small, will sometimes act the part of the coquette, and seek the general admiration of the other sex, rather than be satisfied with individual attachment : with large or very large adhes., philopro., benev., and conscien., will be inclined to marry, and be pre-eminently qualified to en- joy the family and social relations, and will also highly ap- preciate the joys and pleasures of home, family, and friends ; and, with large combat, and destruct., will defend them with boldness, protect their rights with spirit, and punish with se- verity those who injure them : with large or very large ap- probat. and ideal., will be over-anxious to obtain the approba- tion, and avoid the disapprobation, of the other sex, and exceedingly sensitive to their praise or censure, and too eager to follow the fashions demanded by the taste of the other sex : with moderate acquis., and large approbat. and benev., will spend money freely for their sakes : with large or very large secret, and adhes., will feel much stronger attachment than express; keep his heart much to himself; affect com- parative indifference ; and, even when the fire of love i§ burning fiercely withir will express it equivocally, especial* 3 * PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. §8 ly at first: b^t with secret, moderate, will express it without reserve; throw the portals of the heart wide open ; and, with self : e. moderate, the more readily give up to the dominion oi the passion ; but, with selfie. and firm, large or very large, and large intellectual organs, though he nay be deeply in love, will have too much pride to be subdued by this passion * with very large adhes., ideal., approbat., and mirth., and caus. only full, will prefer the company of the beautiful, the gay and the accomplished of the other sex, and love them best: with very large adhes., benev., ven., and conscien., will choose the virtuous, the devout, the religious, &c. : with large intellectual organs in addition, the religious, the refin ed, and the highly intellectual, and almost adore them, but be disgusted with those first described : with conscien. small, caus. only full, and acquis, and ideal, large or very large, will be less particular with regard to their moral qualities: with large or very large ideal., approbat., mirth., hope, ali- ment., and lang., and moderate or small acquis., conscien., and marvel., is given to joke with and about the other sex ; and inclined to profligacy and revelry: with large or very large conscien., ideal., mirth., benev., and the reasoning organs large, will express this passion in a very delicate, refined, witty, and acceptable manner ; but, with moderate or small ideal, and mirth., in a coarse and vulgar manner : with con- scien. large, is strongly tempted, but strongly resists; and, with firm., cautious., and caus. also large, will not yield to the solic- itations of the passion ; but, with firm., cautious., and caus. only full, may sometimes sin, yet will deeply repent of it ; and, with approbat. large, suffer intolerably from shame and remorse: with conscien. small and caus. moderate, will be extremely liable to abuse and pervert this faculty, &c. Very large. — One having amat. very large, experiences at times, the goadings of the propensity to a degree almost beyond endurance; can govern it only by the aid of large or very large firm., conscien., and reasoning organs, and by avoiding the causes calculated to excite it ; and possesses ex- traordinary depth, strength, and power of this passion. One having very large amat. ; with large or very large conscien., firm., benev., and reasoning organs, will exercise towards the other sex, strong feelings of kindness and love ; is evei ready in his attentions to them; is but ill at ease 'without theii society; and enjoys intercourse with them in the greatesi possible degree: with conscien. moderate or small, and tho AMATIVLNEf S. 59 reasoning organs only full, is strongly inclined and urge d to profligacy, licentiousness, vulgar allusions, indelicate ex- pressions and jesting ; to the relation of obscene anecdotes, &c. See combinations under amat. large. Full. — One having ama i.fulL, with adhes. and ideal. large or very large, will place a high estimate upon the other sex ; eagerly seek their company, and take great delight in it ; be ardent as a lover, and not insensible to their charms ; with good health and an active temperament, experience, in a high degree, the influence of this passion, yet will pos ses £ more activity than power. The descriptions of amat. full, when combined with the other organs, will be found much the same, except in degree, with those given under amat. large, and will be between those under amat. large and amat. moderate. Moderate. — One having amat. moderate , is not particu- larly partial to the other sex, nor very fond of their company ; may enjoy the society of a few select persons of the other sex, but will dislike their promiscuous society, unless his adhes., approbat., ideal., mirth., or other organs, create attach- ment to them, and fondness for their society : with self-e. and mirth, moderate or small, large or very large secret., appro- bat., cautious., conscien., and ven., will be extremely diffident and reserved, if not awkward and affected, in their company and ill qualified to shine in parties of amusement, and will be rather deficient in the strength and power of this passion. One having moderate amat., with large or very large adhes., benev., and conscien., and full compar. and caus., will exercise more of pure love and virtuous affection tow r ards the opposite sex, than of the mere amative passion — of chaste Platonick affection, than of sexual love — of pure and sentimental friendship, than of merely animal feeling; and, with large or very large ideal, and conscien., will manifest this passion in a peculiarly refined and delicate manner, and be exceed ingly disgusted with vulgarity, particularly in the other sex. This is the kind of attachment generally exercised by females, in whom adhes. is commonly altogether largei than amat. When the size of these organs is reversed, they produce the opposite kind of love, or that which is less sentimental and exclusive, and more promiscuous and sexual. Small. — One having small amat., is not partial to the oth- er sex as such ; does not pay them so much attention, nor *vait upon them so genteelly, nor sacrifice so much for their PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. Sf> sake, nor excite their love so easily, as if possessed of full 01 large amat., but is rather cold, coy, distant, unacceptable, and less inclined to marry, unless induced to do so by philopro., adhes., approbat., benev., acquis., the intellectual organs, ai some other motive than his sexual desire. Very Small. — One having amat. very small , is incapa- ble of sexua- attachment or intercourse; seldom, if ever, ej?> periences the workings of this feeling; and is given to pas- sive continence. This organ is always very small in very young children, and the passion proportionally weak ; it at- tains its full size in the meridian of life, when the passion is strongest; is generally larger in married, than in single, per- sons; and decreases in old age, when the passion becomes weaker. Phrenology determines the strength and power ol this passion, and its liability to be perverted, rather than the virtue or licentiousness of the subject. Education and cir- cumstances determine this question oftener than the strength of the faculty. The depraved exercise of t-hi-s faculty, in one or another of those ten thousand forms which it assumes, is unques- tionably one of the most proliflck sources of depravity, cor- ruption, and misery, with which mankind are afflicted; and it becomes the philanthropist, the Christian, and especially the phrenologist, to inquire, why is this? for, until we can discover the root of this tree of vice, and attack the evil there, it is in vain to attempt to lop off its branches. This faculty is found to exist in animals, as well as in man, and that, too, unrestrained by morality or intellect, and, consequently, far more liable to perversion, than in the human species; yet instances of its perversion in the brute creation, are exceed- ingly rare. Now, why is this ? The nature of the faculty, and the character of the function, are the same in both, us that its depraved manifestation cannot be attributed to any natural cause. It must, then, depend upon the education , or framing, of this faculty. And no wonder that it is thus perverted ; for the nature and the proper function of the fac- ulty. not being generally understood, it has been regarded chiefly in its 'perverted manifestation. Hence, that false modesty, that sickly delicacy, that double-refined fastidious- ness which pervade every civilized community in regard to it, and which are far more detrimental to virtue and purity than any thing and every thing else could be. It is not to$ nu’b to add,, that n°arly all the licentiousness which pev miLOPKOGENITIVENEAS. 6 \ v&utr* Dur country, and. yearly ruins scores of thousands, originates in the false training of this faculty. The question, then, becomes a most important one, How can this faculty be so trained that this growing evil ma) be checked and remedied? This question will be answered is a subsequent portion of the work.* location. — This organ is located in the cerebellum, or between the mastoid processes behind the ear : and, when large, it causes this portion of the head to appear broad and thick; when small, the neck is thin and narrow. 2. PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. Parental affection and tenderness — love of offspring , and of children generally — fondness for pets , especially young animals , and for the infirm and helpless. If there existed no particular attachment to children as inch , the burden of raising and of educating them, would be intolerable, and seldom submitted to ; whereas the effect oi this faculty is, to make them to their parents the dearest oi ail objects, their richest treasure, and their greatest delight, a source of their greatest anxiety and solicitude, and, in short, the direct and main object of one of the strongest of the hu man passions, as well as the indirect object of many others , and this casts entirely into the shade the trouble, and pain, and expense which they cause, and induces the parent to do and to suffer, whatever is deemed necessary, and often what is entirely unnecessary, to promote the happiness and the best inteiests of his child, especially the young child. While children are yet too young to be regarded as friends — the very time they require the greatest attention — they cannot be the legitimate objects of adhes., and, for a similar reason, they cannot come under the exclusive care of benev., of con* scion., of reason, or, indeed, of any other faculty ; so that, 1 i *■ When this pottion of the work was stereotyped, the author intended to add to the work some rraral hints and reflections in the form of a supplement, tut, as lh« work progressed, it reached three times the size originally contemplated, withou’ even then allowing room for this portion of the matter, besides crowding out man$ other things at first contemplated. See note at the bottom of page 404. This will also serve to explain some other references in the work to parts not ys< added, but which will eventually be published in a separate volume. He is now prepaiing for the press a work on marriage and the domestic rela- tions, treated phivnologically, including the phrenological rules for choos ng com- panions, and living agreeably with them; and also, the laws of hereditary de- scent, s lowing the propagation of physical and mental qualities for many sue cessive generations, than which, a more important subject could hardly be dia fussed. He solicits *hc communication of facts bearing on this uoint. 52 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATES*. there were no faculty exclusively devoted to then, they womd never receive that care, and those unnumbered attentions, which their helpless condition demands even to maintain them in existence. Without this faculty, the action of the other faculties would be less vigorous towards children than towards others; whereas, their wants demand a much more vigorous exer- cise of them in their favour. But, with philopro. to direct and stimulate their action towards children, their pro- tection and nursing, difficult and even painful as they may be, are abundantly secured. It is, moreover, evident, that the duties and the circum stances of woman require of her a much greater endow- ment of this faculty than is required of the other sex. Ac- cordingly we find, that she possesses a much larger organ ol philopro. than man. This adaptation of the organ in females to the far grp^ter power of the passion, and of both to the far greater demand made upon them by their offspring, is cer- tainly no unimportant argument in proof of the truth of phrenology. Large. — One having large philopro., is deeply interested in children ; delighted with their company and playfulness, and even sports with them; generally notices them, and ea- sily gams their affections, by which their government and education are greatly facilitated ; and, if a parent, willingly endures paternal care and toil; spares no pains in educating them; and considers them the richest of treasures: with adhps. very large, experiences poignant grief at the loss of children ; and, with concent, large, will pour incessantly over it, but with concent, moderate or small, will feel keenly for the time being, yet frequently be relieved by a change ol the subject of feeling : with large amat. and adhes., feels powerfully the reciprocal attachment of fathers and daugh- ters, of mothers and sons, and of adults and children of op- posite sexes : with full combat, and destruct., and large or very large adhes., ber.ev., conscien., firm., and intellectual organs, } uuishes children when their own good demands it; is kind, yet strict ; governs them with decision mingled with mild- ness and affection, and, with self-e. full, speaks with the au- thority necessary to secure their obedience ; but, with combat and destruct. large, is by turns too indulgent and too severe; and, with self-e. moderate, fails to secure their obedience and respect, and allows them to trample upon him: with large PHILO PRO GENITIVE NESS. 63 M very large adhes., benev-, ven., firm., consci’en., hope, eompar., and cans., and moderate approbat. and ideal., will regard their religious, moral, and intellectual character as of primary importance; their usefulness, rather than their dis- tinction ; and endeavour to give them a practical and sub» stantial, rather than an ornamental education. Very Large. — One having very large philopro., is pas- sionately fond of children, and has them always around him ; and, with very largebenev., and moderate destruct. and caus., is in danger of spoiling them by excessive fondness and over- indulgence ; is extremely fond of pets of some description, such as pet dogs, pet horses, and the young and tender oi animals generally; is willing to endure the greatest priva- tions if he can thereby promote their happiness ; values them above every thing else, and almost idolizes them; and, with adhes. very large, grieves immoderately at their loss, or is overcome by it : with moderate or small destruct. and con- scien., “ spares the rod and spoils the child with very large approbat. or self-e., and only moderate or full conscien. and caus., indulges parental vanity and conceit; thinks his own children much smarter than those of others; delights to ex- hibit their great attainments, &c. ; and, if very large ideal, be added, would be likely to educate them for show and effect — to teach them the ornamental and fashionable, to the ne- glect of the more substantial, branches of learning — the fine arts, rather than useful learning; thus making them self-im- portant fops, and vain and guady belles, rather than useful members of society: with very large cautious., indulges a multitude of groundless fears and unfounded apprehensions about them, and borrows a world of trouble on their account : with benev. very large, and acquis, only moderate, makes them many presents ; with the moral and intellectual organs also large or very large and well-cultivated, has a happy talent for instructing them, and delights in it. b ull. — One having philopro. full , will take considerable interest in children, especially when they begin to walk and pm uie; bear much from them, particularly when combat, anu destruct. are only moderate ; and, when they are pos- sessed of high intellectual charms, will often notice and play with them, and generally please them ; and, if he has chit drei of his own, will make strenuous efforts and great sacri* ficet «o provide for, and to educate, them; but, witn combat ftisd estruct larger than philopro., will be rather impatieel 64 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. when troubled by them, and sometimes severe with them : with large or very large adhes., benev., eonscien., firm., and reasoning organs, and self-e. and combat., at least, full, will love children, yet be far from spoiling them by over-inckiL. gence, and generally secure their obedience, yet seldom be harsh towards them. Moderate. — One having philopro. moderate , is not very fond of children., and cannot bear much from them; may sometimes take some interest in them, yet does not like young children ; may love his own, yet does not fancy those of others. One with philopro. moderate and adhes. large, may love chib dren as friends rather than as children ; and, with benev. and eonscien. also large, will take ab needful care of them from feelings of kindness and duty, without being partial to chil- dren, as such. Small. — One having philopro. small , with combat, andde- struct. large, is generally severe, and easily vexed, with chil- dren ; and, with self-e. also large, and benev. only mod- erate or full, is domineering, haughty, and arbitrary towards them, and thus extremely unpopular with them, and delights to torment and tease them. Very Small. — One with philopro. very small, will be a stranger toihis passion, and deal with children entirely as his other organs dictate. Location. — This organ is located in the centre of the hind head, just above the sharp point of the occipital bone, and back of the top of the ears. When the lobes of adhes. are large or very large, and philopro. is moderate or small, a depression will be found between the lower portion of the tw r o lobes of adhes., but when philopro. is also large or very large, this portion of the head will be elongated, as in the cut of Aurelia Chase. When philopro. and adhes. are both large, and inhab. is small, it assumes a sharpened appearance, running horizontally between the two lobes of adhes. 3. ADHESIVENESS. Susceptibility of attachment — propensity to associate — -fond* n ess for society — inclination to lore, and desire to beloved . The chief office of this organ is to create those strong ties of social and, with a mat., of conjugal affection, which bin! wankini together in families societies, communitiea ADHESIVENESS- 65 &c., and from which probacy flows as much happiness, if not virt'ie, as from any other source. This faculty is very strong*, and generally a ruling one, in females: and its in- fluence upon society, is incalculable. Large. — One having adhes. large, exercises strong and ardent attachment* is eminently social and affectionate; seeks every opportunity to enjoy the company of friends, and feels very unhappy when deprived of it; does and sacrifice** much for their sake; sets much by them, and goes far to see and help them ; and makes a real, true, warm-hearted, and devoted friend. One having adhes. large, with combat, and destruct. large, readily takes the part of friends; resents and retaliates their injuries; protects their rights, interests, character, &c., as readily as he does his own ; and, with self-e. only moderate or full, even more so; and yet, with self-e. large or very large, will occasionally fall out with them : with acquis, large, may love strongly, and be very hos- pitable and kind, yet unwilling to give his money ; but, with approbat. and benev. also large, may be liberal among his friends, and sometimes forward to discharge the social bill, yet will be as affectionate as he is liberal ; is very emulous to excel among friends, and cut to the heart by their reproach- es ; and, if approbat. or self-e. is very large, and caus. only full, is jealous of those that excel him, and forward among friends; assumes the lead; and must be first or nothing; with moderate combat., destruct., and self-e., and large or very large approbat., benev., conscien., ideal., mirth., and reasoning organs, will have many friends and few enemies ; be amiable, and gain the good will of all who know him : with large ideal., will express his affection in a refined and delicate manner, and with mirth, large, in a pleasing, jocose, and lively manner: with large or very large event., will recol- l?ct, with vivid emotions of delight, by-gone scenes of social ehesr and friendly intercourse : with large reasoning organs, will give good advice to friends ; lay excellent plans for them ; rightly appreciate their character ; and, with caution?, also large, be judicious in selecting them, &c. Very large. — Those who have ad lies, very large , or predominant, instinctively recognise it in each other; seem become mutually and strongly attached; desire to cling around the objects of their love: take more interest and de< light in the exercise of friendship than in any thing else; are unwilling to Junk or believe ill of their friends; sym 56 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. pathize in their misfortunes; dread an interruption of frieacC- ship as the greatest of calamities; and willingly sacrifice case, property, happiness, reputation, and sometimes even life for their sakes. Their friends maybe few, but will be dear , and their attachment mutual, ardent, strong, and, with firm, large, constant; their joys, hopes, fears, trials, &c. one; their social intercourse delightful beyond description ; their sepa- ration, painful, in the extreme ; their loss, agonizing, almost beyond endurance; and the interruption of friendship, a fre- quent source of partial derangement. One having very large adhes., with large or very large destruct., combat., self-e., firm., and benev., and only mode- rate or small approbat., secret., and conscien., will be a most ardent friend and an equally bitter enemy; will never forget a favour or an injury, till the one is rewarded, and the other avenged or confessed ; cannot do too much good to his friends, nor evil to his foes; and will make all his acquaintance ei- ther ardent friends, or bitter enemies : with very large phi- lopro. and large amat., sets every thing by his family, and a! most idolizes them ; takes more delight in home and friends chan in any thing, if not in every thing, besides; cannot en- dure to be absent from home; is yre-eninently domestick ; and, with very large benev. and conscien., promotes their happiness by every effort, and by every sacrifice in his pow- er, and deeply sympathizes in their distress; and, with moderate combat, and destruct., regards the peace and quiet of the fireside as the greatest of pleasures, and famih dissension as the worst of evils ; and does every thing in his power to promote domestick quiet and happiness, &c. One having large or very large adhes., loves those best, and chooses them for his friends, who most nearly resemble him- self, and gratify the largest number of his organs: with large or very large approbat., hope, ideal., and mirth., and only moderate conscien. and caus., the gay and witty, the fashionable and showy, &c. : with large or very large mor- al organs, the eminently devout and religious, the sedate and the sentimental : with large or very large ideal, and inte.lec- tual organs, those who are highly talented, intellectual, anti literary, but avoids the ignorant: with very large conscien., requires, first of all, that his friends be perfectly moral and honest, but with conscien. moderate, is not particular in this respect. Full. — .O ne having adhe<*. fidl t will make a social, cors* ADHESIVENESS. 07 gamenable, warm-hearted friend, who will sacrifice much ai the shrine of friendship, yet sacrifice his friendship on the altar of the stronger passions ; his friendship, though strong and ardent, will be less glowing and intense than that produced by large adhes. One having adhes. full, with large or very large combat., destruct., self-e., approbat., and acquis., will serve himself first, and his friends afterwards ; form attachments, yet break them when they come ir. con- tact with the exercise of these organs ; and, with large se- cret. and small conscien., will not be at all desirable as a friend, yet, after all, set considerable by his friends : wnn very large benev., large conscien., approbat., and firm., only moderate or full combat., destruct., and secret., and full or large intellectual organs, will be very good company ; desirable as a friend ; liberal, well-disposed, true to his friends, and always ready to do them a favour. Many of the com- binations under adhes. large, will apply, except in degree, to adhes. full, in the selection of which, as in many similar cases, the reader will use his own comjpar. Moderate. — One having adhes. moderate , may be some- what fond of society, and exercise some attachment to his friends, yet will sacrifice it upon unimportant considerations, and, though he may have many acquaintances, will have no intimate and very dear friends : with large combat, and de- struct., will become easily offended with friends, and seldom retain a friend long : with large benev., will bestow his ser- vices, and, with moderate acquis., his money, more readily than his affections ; and, with the selfish organs large, take care of himself first, making friendship subservient to sel- fish purposes^ Small. — One having adhes. small , thinks and cares little about friends ; takes little delight in their company ; prefers .o live and act alone ; is cold-hearted, unsocial, and selfish ; ‘las few friends, and, with large or very large selfish organs, x great many enemies, because he is himself so inimical to others. See combinations under adhes. moderate. Very small. — when adhes. is very small, its influence is «?ot observable, and the subject, a perfect stranger to friendship. While amat. is generally much smaller, adhes., philoprOo, benev., and conscien., are commonly very mucn larger in fe Oiaies than in males, by which the former are qualified, in a pre-eminent degree , to enjoy the dornestick and social dons, and to discharge tho duties of their station. PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. Location. — -The location of this organ is outward a upward from philopro., and above amat., and its shape near- : V oval 4. INI1ABITIVENESS. Love of home and country — desire to locate and remain h one spot — attachment to the place in which one has lived. That there often exists a partiality towards particula: places, and for no other reason than that one has lived there, is a very common phenomenon, and even necessary to man's happiness and well-being This class of functions must be produced by some faculty ; and the fact that its organ is found adjoining philopro. and adhes., the objects of which it directly and essentially aids, affords presumptive and ana- logical proof both of its existence and of the correctness oi *ts location. Large. — One having inhab. large , will have a very strong desire to locate himself in a single spot which he can call his home, and to remain there; leaves the place of his nativity and abode with the greatest reluctance, and returns to them with delight; soon becomes strongly attached to his house., his office, his garden, his fields, &c., and is generally satis fied with them; thinks a great deal of his native town, state, and country, and, when away from them, of those that have lived in them, &c. One having inhab. large, with philopro., adhes., ideal., individ., and local, large or very large, will be extremely fond of travelling, yet too fond of home to absent himself long at a time; in early life, will have an insatiable desire to rove about and see the world, and afterwards to set- tle: with approbat. and self-e. large or very large, will have high ideas of his country , of national honour, national ad- vantages and privileges, &c. ; and, with large or very large combat, and destruct., will be eminently patrioticlc and ready to sacrifice all, even life itself, in defence of his country 3 rights and honour, and of his own fireside ; and, with large c r very large ven., will look witn great reverence to those de- parted worthies who have served and honoured their coun- try, and also to the national relicks of past ages. Yery large. — One having inhab. very large , will ba sometimes homesick, especially if philopro. and adhes. are &Lso very large: will suffer almost any inconvenience, and INHAB ITIVE NESS. & foregc bright prospects of acquiring wealth, &c., sooner than lea ve his home ; and experience, only in a proportionally higher degree, the feelings attributed to this organ large. Full. — One having this organ full, will prefer to live m ime spot, yet, when his interests require it. can change th$ place of his abode without much regret ; and, with large phiiopro. and adhes., will think much more of his family and his friends, than he will of his ho r me as suck. Moderate or small. — One having inhab. moderate or small, with large or very large hope, individ., ideal., and lo- cal., will be very apt to change his location either in hopes of improving it, or to see the world; will have an insatiable desire to travel in foreign parts ; unless prevented by strong reasons, will be likely to live, at different times, in several dif- ferent places ; and, with phiiopro. and adhes. large, will regard his home not for its own sake , but for the sake of family and friends , and will not, by his mere love of home, be prevented from going where his interest or business leads him, nor be likely to suffer from a want of home. Very small. — When this faculty is very small , its oper- ation has no perceptible influence upon the character. The author has seen numerous, striking developments of the organ in conjunction with a proportionate strength of the faculty ; and also many other instances of the deficiency both of the organ and of the faculty. One of the most striking of the former, is the case of Judge Tucker of Williamsburgh, Va., half-brother of the late John Randolph, who, while yet in the prime of life, left a very lucrative and honourable pro- fession for the sole purpose of living and dying where his fathers had lived and died. The organ is extremely large m his head, and also the organs of adhes. and phiiopro. The author might mention hundreds of others equally in point. Between Spurzheim and Combe there exists a difference of opinion concerning this faculty and that of concent. Dr. Spurzheim gives the location and analysis of inhab. similar to that contained in this work, but maintains that the organ of concent, does not exist; while Mr. Combe maintains, that the organ of concent, (which will be next analyzed) occupies near- ly the same position. But from the numerous and marked cases of a development of each organ in the absence of the other, and the perfect coincidence between the strength of these faculties and the size of their respective organs, ol which, m no instance, has he seen a failu e, he author is f® PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. thoroughly convinced that both are substantia’ ly correct— that there are two organs as analyzed and located in this work. Location. — The location of inhab. is directly above phi* lopro., and partly between, and partly above, the two lobes of adhes. Where it is large or very large, and concent, moderate, an angle is formed near the union of thelambdoj dal sutures, between which and the occipital bone, there will be considerable distance, but when it is small, no such organ will be found. 5 . CONCENTRATIVENESS. The 'power of mental concentration and continuity. The object of this faculty is to continue the operations ol the other faculties upon any given subject, until they have thoroughly acted upon it, and presented the result. The nature of the faculty may not yet have been fully analyzed, yet, of the phenomena ascribed to it, there can be no question. Large. — One having large concent., is thereby enabled and disposed to keep his whole mind patiently fixed, for a long time, upon a single thing ; to continue the existing train of thought, feeling, &c., and to exclude every other; to im- part unity and mutual dependence to propositions, arguments, paragraphs, parts of a sentence, &c. ; to dwell patiently on any subject of interest, and, with large intellectual organs, tc go to the bottom of subjects ; to investigate them thoroughly; to run out processes of reasoning, and chains of thought, &c., in all their bearings and consequences; to give his whole mind to one, and but one, thing at a time ; and to hold his mind to a train of thought, subject of study, piece of labour, &c., till they are entirely completed. It imparts a unity and con- nectedness to all the conceptions and operations of the mind, and yet, in doing this, prevents that intensity, and rapidity, and variety which are manifested without it. One having concent, large, with large combat, and destruct., will prolong the exercise of anger: with cautious, large, that of fear, with ideal, large, flights of imagination, &c. Very large. — One having concent, very large , is con- fused if several things claim attention at once; requires 3 long time to fix his mind upon any particular subject, or to divert it when once fixed ; in conversation, is apt to be prcdix and tedious, *'\a wear his subjects threadbare, and, if inter CONC ENT R ATI VE NESS 71 nipted, is greatly disturbed, if not vexed : with individ. moder- ate or small, and the reasoning organs large or very large, is frequently abstract, absent minded, and so deeply buried in meditation, as to be unconscious of what is transpiring around him, and often dwells so long upon a subject as to distort it, and pursue it into absurd extremes. The style of Dr. Chalmers, and also of Dr. Thomas Brown, will serve as il- lustrations of the effect which this faculty produces upon the manner of communicating ideas. Full. — One having concent, full , will be inclined to dweL upon a thing to which his attention has been called, and also to impart as much perfection as may be to the operations of his mind, yet, when occasion requires, can change, without much difficulty, from one subject to another, and thus attend to a variety of objects within a limited time, and will preserve ?. happy medium between too great prolixity, and too greai brevity. Moderate or small. — One with concent, moderate 01 small , is able and inclined to pass rapidly and easily front one kind of study, book, conversation, thought, feeling, busi ness, occupation, &c. to another, from point to point, in argu ment, without connecting or arranging them ; does not sys tematically arrange his subjects ; fails to impart mental de pendence to his sentences, paragraphs, propositions. an< parts of a discourse, so that many of them could be omitted without affecting the rest; throws out his thoughts in con-" cise and distinct propositions, rather than in long paragraphs ; stops when he has finished, and even before he has suffi- ciently illustrated, his ideas, passes to others, and again re- turns; abridges his anecdotes and sentences by the omission of important particulars ; drops one sentence, subject, anec- dote, &c. to commence another, and forgets Avhat he was be- ginning to say; wanders, in contemplation, through a great variety of different or opposite subjects; throws off care and trouble easily, and keeps no organ long in connected action unless it is powerfully excited. One having concent, moderate or small, with adhes. large, thinks of his friends for the time being with vivid and intense emotion, but only for a short time at once, yet is not, there- fore, inconstant in his attachments: with combat, and des- truo’:. large, may get angry quickly, but, unless the injury is deep and intended, cannot retain his anger : with the intellec- tual organs generally large or very large, will be more likely PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. n to make rather a general , than a critical, scholar, and mora apt to have a smattering of all the sciences, than a profound knowledge of any; soon gets weary of one book, study, &c takes up another, and then returns to the first, thus studying by piecemeal ; prefers short pieces upon various subjects to long ones upon any— a newspaper to a book, &c. : with corn- par. large or very large, may have bold and original ideas upon a variety of subjects, yet will not, without great effort, or great excitement, have a chain of connected thoughts upon any, and will make rather a striking and immediate, than a .asting, impression: with ideal., imitat., mirth., individ., event., lang., and the reasoning organs large or very large, will make a better extempore speaker than writer, may give vari- ety, but will never give copiousness, to conversation and dis- course ; will lack the requisite patience to prepare his ideas for critical reading, and yet possess great versatility of talent. For the merchant, accountant, superintendent, and those who art’ called upon to attend to a great many different persons and things, moderate or small concent, is indispensable, and large or very large concent., extremely detrimental. Very Small. — One having concent, very small, has so great a thirst for variety, and change of occupation, and is so restless and impatient, that he cannot continue long enough at any one thing to effect much, and will experience, only in a still greater degree, the phenomena described under the head of concent, moderate or small. In the American head this organ is generally moderate ox small, which perfectly coincides with the versatility of their tal- ents, and variety of their occupations. They often pursue sev- eral kinds of business at once, while the English and Ger- mans, in whom the organ is generally large, experience the greatest difficulty in pursuing any other calling or occupa- tion than that in which they were educated. The want of this organ constitutes a great defect in the American charac- ter, which is still farther increased by the variety of studies pressed upon the attention of each student in our schools and seminaries. This, indeed, constitutes one of the greatest de fects in the present system of education. It is generally full or large in those who spend their lives in doing a single thing, such as factory tenders: and this furnishes an impor- tant hint to those who wish to cultivate the faculty. It la generally, though erroneously, supposed, that a large endow ment of this faculty is necessary to great power of mmd t V1TATIVENESS. 73 tsd a transcendant genius. The fact is far otherwise. Franidin evidently possessed but a small portion of it; and perhaps the majority of eminent men whom it has been the fortune of the author to examine, have possessed bat an in- different endowment of this faculty. When it is weak, the mind seizes at once what it seizes at all, and acts with so muen rapidity, that a second subject is introduced before the first is completed, or, at least, before these operations are Jully presented and illustrated ; so that such persons are lia Lie to be frequently misunderstood from a want of sufficient explanation. Concentration of thought, style, and feeling, intensity and power of mind, in which there is produced, as it were, a focus of feeling or of intellect, is the result not. as is generally supposed, of concent, large or very *arge, out, ol concent, moderate or small, an active temperament, and .large or very large intellectual faculties. Large concent., as it were, dilutes or amplifies the mental operations. The difference between concent, and firm, is this ; con cent, bears upon the 'particular mental operations for the time being, while large firm, has reference to the general opinions, plans, &c., of life. For example; one having con- cent. small, and firm, large or very large, will naturally pre- fer an occupation in which his attention would be rapidly call- ed to successive things, all of which would have reference to his grand object of pursuit, and from which he could not easily be diverted. If he were a merchant, he would pursue his mercantile calling with perseverance, yet he would be able, without confusion, to wait upon many different custom- ers within a short time, &c. Location. — This organ is located above inhab. andadhes., and below self-e. When it is large or very large, a genera, fulness of this region will be observable, but no protuberance will be apparent ; but when it is moderate or small, a pro- portionate. semicircular depression will be very perceptible, in part encircling adhes. and inhab., and following the lamb- doidal sutures. When inhab. is also small, the depression 'S widened at the union of these sutures. t — VITATXVENESS. hove of life as such — unwillingness to die. it is evident that a desire to live, disconnected with any ol he comforts of life and, also, with all the objects to be seeur 4 74 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. ea hy living, constitutes a strong passion, not only in man, b^t, likewise, in some classes of animals. In some, this in- stinctive love of life, and this fearful shrinking from death, amount to a passion, and nothing is regarded with more ter rour than dying. Hence the necessity of a faculty whose office it is to perform this class of functions, and, also, of a pert ion of the brain, by means of which it can manifest these functions. The author became acquainted with Dr. Gibson, one ol # the editors of the Washington Telegraph, in whom the or* gan is very small, and who, when seemingly at the point of death, in consequence of a wound he had received, not only felt very little desire to live, or fear of death, but even exer- cised his mirth., which is large, in a high degree, although in the expectation that each hour would be his last. Large.— One having vitat. large , aside from the enjoy • merit of life and the fear of death, will look upon life as one of the most desirable of all objects, ?nd upon death as “tht king of terrours.” This desire to live will also be increas- ed hy the desires of the other faculties. One having vitat large, with the domestick faculties strong, will desire to live not only because he looks upon his existence here as a mo& desirable object, but, likewise, on account of his family and friends : with acquis, large or very large, for the purpose o! amassing wealth : with the intellectual organs large, to ac quire knowledge: with approbat. and self-e. large, to gratify his ambition, &c. ; but, when these organs are interrupted 01 disappointed — when adhes., for example, is wounded by the loss of dear friends, acquis., by the loss of property, appro- bat., by disgrace, &c., the sufferings thus caused, may be so much greater than his love of life, that the individual may wish to die, and, by the aid of destruct., seek relief in self- destruction. Very large. — To one with this faculty very large, even die thought of dying will be dreadful, and he will most te- naciously cling to life, even though it be most miserable. The combinations under this head, except in degree, aretho same as those under vitat. large. Full. — One having vitat. full, with other organs large 01 very large, will desire to live, but rather as a secondary, than a primary, object ; and on account of his other faculties, rather than on account of his vitat. Moderate or shall. — One with vitat. m( derate w COMBATIVE NESS. 15 mall , will seldom thmk of dying-, and wnen he does will De much more affected by the consequences of death, than by a love of life ; be less careful of his health, and those means calculated to lengthen life, than he would be with vital, large. In this case, death will be preferred to trouble, and life desired rather as a means , than as an end, and for the objects sought to be accomplished. Very small. — When vitat. is very small, a desire to live, and a shrinking from death, as such, and per sese, will never be thought of. Location. — Vitat. is located nearly beneath the mastoid process, and partly between amat. and destruct. See cuts. 6. COMBATIVENESS. # Propensity to defend, resist, and oppose. The influence of combat, upon the other faculties, and, indeed, upon the whole character, manifests itself, not only in physical, but also in moral and intellectual, opposition. Its action is necessary whenever, in the execution of a diffi- cult project, any thing is to be resisted or overcome. It acts upon animate, as well as upon inanimate, objects, and imparts to its possessor that nerve and determination which induce him to grapple with all his undertakings, as though he could and would effect his purposes. The direction of this faculty, and the character of its man- ifestations, are determined chiefly by its combinations, and the education or breeding of the individual. When it is under the control of the higher sentiments and of reason, and directed to its proper objects, no n anifestation of the mind is more virtuous or more praise-worthy : but when not thus controlled and directed, its manifestation is odious and vicious hi the extreme. It was by this organ, directed, aided, and stimulated by conscien., seif-e., the domestick faculties, reason, &c., that our ancestors achieved our ever-glorioua Independence ; and yet, from this organ in its perverted manifestation, originate those party strifes, family and village dissensions, bickerings and quarrels, mobs and physiea* combats which disgrace humanity. Large. — One having combat, large , with self-e. full, and £rrn. large, will be eminently qualified to meet difficulties; overcome obstacles j brave dangers ; ^ndutre hardships ; co $ 6 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. end for privileges ; maintain and advocate opinions , resist ncroachments ; resent injuries and insults, &c.; will defend ns rights to the very last; suffer no imposition; seize upon whatever he undertakes with the spirit and determination re^ pjisite to carry it through all opposing difficulties; rather ^lory ir. opposition than shrink from it ; be always ready, if lot gk.d, to act upon the defensive, if not upon the offensive; inclined to call in question, and oppose, the opinions and the proceedings of others, and partly from pure love of opposi- tion ; will often urge his own opinions ; generally take sides upon every contested question; and, with approbat. also large, will seek to distinguish himself : with a full or large brain, will possess energy and force of character in an emi- nent degree ; and, with an active temperament, unless restrain, ed by large benev., conscien., and caus., will be naturally too violent and too hasty in his temper, and subject to sudden ebullitions of passion. One having combat, large, with large destruct., will unite harshness, and severity, and a kind of fierceness with his re- sistance, and frequently show quite too much spirit, and, with an active temperament, will not only be quick tempered, but, also, very severe and vindictive when roused ; but, with de- struct. moderate or small, may he quick to resent and resist, and cool and intrepid in the onset, yet will inflict as little pain as possible; will conquer , yet spare the vanquished, and can never punish one who has surrendered, especially if conscien. and benev. are large or very large; is more courageous than cruel; more petulent than violent; more passionate than harsh; and, when anger is manifested, will not add to it that fierceness, and that spirit of revenge, which give it a threat- ening aspect, and make it dreadful : with very large sclf-e., large destruct., and the selfish propensities stronger than the moral and reasoning faculties, will protect himself and his SU’D exclusive privileges first of all; seem to claim the ser- vices of others mere'y upon the ground of his own superiori. *y, and without thinking of returning an equivalent, and, perhaps, abuse those who infringe upon his rights, and, with conscien. moderate or small, those also who do not render him all the service and honour he claims; will seldom evince gratitude for favours received, because he will feel that they of right belong to him ; will be naturally selfish and jealous, and apt to treat his fellow men, except those whom he con- descends to make his particular fiends, with a kind of con- UOMBATIVENE5S. 71 temp, and if they cross ids path, with scorn: with icuia large or very large, self-e. large, and caus. only full /ill de fend his property; stand out for every farthing that belong* to him; and he very angry at those through whom he may have sustained any pecuniary loss ; but, with acquis, only moderate, and self-e. or approbat. large or very h rge, wil» permit the injury of his property with comparative impunity, yet boldly sustain his injured honour , and preserve his char • o,cter unsullied to the last, cost him what it nsay : with self-e. only moderate, and adhes. large, will suffer others to impose upon himself, ye't will take the part of a friend with a great deal more readiness and warmth of feeling than he would his own part : with amat. large, will defend the other sex sooner than himself or his own sex — the character, the per- sonae., of a lover, sooner than of himself, &c.: with concent, and destruct. moderate or small, and an active temperament, wflte subject to sudden bursts of passion, which will contin- ue but for a moment, and then leave him as calm as before, and, perhaps, vexed with himself because he cannot suppress his anger : with lang. and the reasoning organs iarge, is extremely fond of debate; very much inclined to start objec- tions to what has been said ; to argue on the opposite side ol the question, even in opposition to his real belief, merely from love of argument ; and, with large firm., though vanquished, will argue still. Very Large. — The manifestations of combat, very large f are much the same with those under the head of combat, large* except when it is combined with large or very large self-e or approbat., firm, and destruct., and only moderate or fuL conscien., secret., benev., ven., and caus., in which case it actuates one to attack and provoke others without suffi- cient cause; to dispute and quarrel with those around him; crowd himself forward ; push his opinions on others; create disturbance; kindle strife; encourage quarrels and engage in them; and creates a quarrelsome, combative, contentious spirit. One having very large combat., with large destruct., is terrible and desperate in the onset ; and fights with fierceness uid determination : with large amat., philopro., and adhes., will fight for his family, yet quarrel with them himself: with ^arge acquis., will quarrel for a penny: with large or very ^i’ge benev., conscien., and reasoning organs, will be able o regulate his anger only by turning abruptly from his op- ponent, and by avoiding every thing calculated to excite hig 78 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. combative spirit; find extreme difficulty in governing hit anger, and, when really roused, be desperate. Full. — One having combat, full , is always ready, when t opposition is called for, to engage in it, and, with a nervous temperament, soon excited to resent and resist, and natural- ly quick-tempered ; will possess all necessary boldness and efficiency of character, and rather court opposition than shun it; yet will be far from being quarrelsome, or seeking opposition for its own sake. One having combat, full , with conscien., firm., benev., and caus. large or very large, though his anger is strong, will generally govern it; will be mild, kind, well disposed, and peaceable; avoid quarrelling and contention, and yet possess a large share of moral courage, and owe the combative spirit he may manifest, more to the powerful stimu- lus he may experience, than to the natural activity and power of the passion ; will show this feeling more in his business , and in moral and intellectual resistance, than in quarrelsomeness or physical combat ; and seldom employ physical force, except when powerfully excited ; but, with a predominance of the other selfish faculties, will possess an unenviable temper. The combinations under combat, large, wi.l apply, except in degree, to combat, full. Moderate. — One having combat, moderate , will contend no more than the case really demands, and sometimes not even as much ; will not tamely allow himself or others to be really abused and trampled upon, and yet, will bear long before he will manifest resistance, and be quite as forbearing as manliness and virtue will allow; will dislike quarrelling and avoid it as long as possible ; may be irritable from the irritability ot his temperament, yet is by no means contentious : will not be, in reality, tame and cowardly, nor yet very efficient; will exercise but little indignation, and be amiable, peaceable, easy with all, quiet, and inoffensive. One having combat, moderate, with self-e. moderate oi email, and large or very large philopro., adhes.. acquis., benev., and conscien., will contend for children, family friends, the oppressed, his religious opinions, moral princi- ples, &i., w r ith much spirit, and yet, suffer personal abuse with impunity: with large or very large self-e., firm., con- scien., and the reasoning organs, will maintain his opinions with stability, and pursue his plans with firmness, and yet, do it in a quiet, but firm and effectual, manner ; seek to ac- complish whatever he undertakes without opposition; aci COMBATXVENE3S. 79 chiefly upon .he atfensive; make but little noise or bustle, yet hold on and persevere till his purposes and plans ara carried through ; and, with cautious, also large, will take the castle rather by siege than by storm ; accomplish considera- ble, and in the best maimer, but must take his own time for it ; and will be distinguished for his stability, judgment and success : with large or very large caus. and compar., and large intellectual organs generally, will not distinguish himself in argument or debate, unless when powerfully ex- cited, yet, if his head is large, will then be original and logica., and express many important ideas ; be characterized more by perspicuity, and force of reason, than by passion and fervour of feeling, &c. Small. — One having combat, small , will be unable and unwilling to encounter his fellow men ; be mild, amiable, in offensive, and rather inefficient; lack spirit, and presence of mind in time of danger ; quail too quick under opposition, and shrink from it ; love peace and seek it, even at a great personal sacrifice; avoid quarrelling ; endeavour to reconcile the contending ; surrender rights rather than contend for them ; endure oppression rather than shake it off, take abuse in good part ; be forbearing, and generally beloved ; and, with destruct. moderate, whatever may be his other qualities, will be unable to effect any thing of importance, or cut a figure in the world ; and, with large or very large domestick, moral, and intellectual organs, will seek his chief gratification in re- tirement from the noise and bustle of active and publick life, in literary and scientifick acquirements, religious exercises, &c.J and, though he may have a high endowment of natural talent, will have nothing to stimulate and bring it out ; and with cautious, large or very large, will be timid, irresolute, cowardly, and easily overcome by alarm. Very Small. — One having combat, very small , with cautious, very large, is passive, tame, cowardly, chicken- hearted, weak, destitute of spirit, force and energy of charac* er, and may be abused with impunity; is excessively timid ; ioes not stand his ground ; never ventures ; will never mani- est anger, and be utterly unable to withstand opposition. When the author was in the town of Milton, Pa., in 1836, one of the editors of that place, who was a decided opponent of phrenology, for the purpose of testing the science, brought forward a lad who was distinguished for his talents, hxa shrewdness, high-toned, manly feeling, and for his apparent 80 - PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED boldness and daring in horsemanship. To ma^e the expen ment the more satisfactory, the author was blindfolded. The lad was described as possessed of extraordinary talent, and high moral feeling, joined with some cunning, but with small' combat., and so extreme a development of cautious, as to make him timid and cowardly — too timid to run any risk, oi venture near the brink of danger. All present allowed that the description, throughout, was very correct, except that the most marked feature of his character had been reversed , He was considered the most daring and reckless youth in the whole village. Many instances, however, were soon cited, of his unwillingness to mount horses with \vhich he was not fully acquainted, and which were considered frac- tious. His brother also stated, that he was excessively afraid in the dark; and only a few days previous, his father had re- marked to some one present, that, although he affected great daring, bravado, and willingness to fight, &c., yet, when brought to the sticking point, he always contrived, and some- times very ingeniously, to get out of the scrape without com- ing to blows. Still the youth affected to be as courageous and as daring as ever, until, at supper, in the evening after his examination, when his mother, who doubtless knew best his real character, accosted him substantially as follows: “ My son, you know that ypu are a coward: why, then, do you persist in denying it? You know that I can never make you, old as you are, go to bed alone ; and that, whenev- er you are left alone in bed, you will get lip and come down.” “I know it, mother,” replied the humbled boy, “but I did not wish the other boys to find out that I was a coward, because, when they do, they will c ill me out to fight.” The real explanation is this. His very large self-e. and iaro*e approbat. created the demand for apparent bravery, and his very large intellect, and large secret, enabled him to devise this method of supplying his want, of native courage with this counterfeit bravery; while his predominating cau- tious., which caused his excessive fear, kept him from expos- ing’nimself to any real danger; and his self-e. gave him the self-confidence necessary to carry out the ingenious expedient which his intellect had devised. The following anecdote was related to the author. A Mr. v?., in a certain engagement, with the Indians, fought des- perately, even with a bravery which greatly a-ston is bed those who had known his father , who was always branded COMBATIVENESS. 8) ridiculed as an arrant coward, He then confessed, that hia fear was almost insupportable, and that he fought thus brave- y only to wipe out the disgrace of his father. These facts, with ten thousand others which might easily be cited, clearly show, that what is generally considered bra- very, is more frequently produced by approbat. or self-e., than by combat. Hence, great cowards often appear to be men of real courage. The way is thus opened for the remark, that the amount of combat, manifested , depends, in no small degree, upon the stimulus under which it acts. For example; suppose two young men, possessed of an equal share of combat., and alike in every respect, except, that one possessed a very large share of approbat. and very small adlies., and the other only a small degree of approbat., but very large adhes. Now, under given circumstances, the former would be as much more indignant at an insult offered to him, and touching his honour, than the latter would be, as his approbat. was larger than that of the latter ; whereas, the latter would take up the quarrel of a friend as much quicker than the former, and fight as much harder, as his adhes. excelled that of the form- er. This illustration presents a general principle , which applies with equal force to the combinations of any of the other faculties with that of conibat., and to all the combina- tions of the organs. The application of this principle, will most satisfactorily explain, how a man may be perfectly honest in some things, and quite dishonest in others, as well as ten thousand other interesting phenomena of the human mind. It will explain to us, how the timid and delicate mother, in rescuing her darling child from imminent danger, can assume the boldness of the hero, nay, the fierceness of the tiger. In this last caLV, the phenomenon is explained thus : Very large philopro., very powerfully excites what combat, there is, hut for which excitement, timidity would take the place of boldness, and cowardice, that of courage. Location. — In a common sized head, combat, is located shout an inch and a half behind the top of the ear, and ex tends itself in a perpendicular direction. When it is verj large, and the surrounding organs large, it will cause * thickness of this part of the head, which may be the more easily observed by placing the thumb upon the organ on om side, and the fingers on the opnosite side ; hut wh^ri it ia 4 * ' PHRENOLOGY ILI USTRATED. 82 moderate or small, there will be little protuberance or breadtb tn this region. T. DESTRUCTIVENESS. Propensity to destroy , exterminate , and inflict f aiu. In the economy cf human society, many things are to be destroyed to make life even tolerable. Death and destruc- tion enter largely into the great law of nature. Hence, the necessity of some faculty to exercise this propensity to de- stroy. We often see it in the child, which, long before it “ knows how to choose the good and refuse the evil,” mani- fests an innate and strong propensity to tear in pieces, break, and destroy whatever comes in its way. As it advances in life, it even makes a pastime of tormenting and killing flies, and all such animals as fall into its power. When a little older, it delights in hunting, and indulges feelings of hatred and revenge. We, moreover, see that this same characteristiek of de- struction, enters into every department of organized matter, and forms no unimportant feature, as well of the moral , afj of the natural , government of God. The exercise of this function, must therefore be both right and necessary, else, why should it be exercised by the Creator? And there evi dently exists, not only no reason why this class of functions should not be performed by a distinct mental faculty, but there certainly exists every reason for supposing that this is the case. It is homogeneous in its kind, and unlike any other in its character ; and, consequently, demands a distinct faculty for its exercise, and upon the same ground with any other class of functions. Large — One having destruct. large , with large combat., firm., and self-e., possesses that sternness and severity of char- acter, which make others fear to provoke him, and that force of character which enables him to prostrate and surmount whatever obstacles oppose his progress; accompanies his TLandate with a threat, either implied or expressed ; is point- ed and sarcastick, if not bitter, in his replies ; feels strong indignation towards those that displease or injure him, and is disposed to persecute them by injuring their feelings, repu tation, or interests, or by treating them with entire contempt and neglect ; experiences a feeling of revenge and bitterness DESTRUCTIVENESS. 83 which, unless restrained by secret., conscien., benev., &c., he does not fail to show. One having destruct. large, with large adhes., loves ins friends dearly, yet often injures their feelings by saying bit- ter things to them, which, with conscien. large, he often afteiwards regrets : with combat, moderate, is slow to wrath, but bitter and vindictive when once roused, and will have satisfaction before he can be appeased : with secret, large, and conscien. moderate or small, watches his opportunity to take vengeance, and strikes in the dark ; but with secret, small, warns before he strikes : with benev. large or very large, may be sometimes harsh in his efforts to do good, and thus often cause needless pain, but will do this more by his manner than from any cruel design ; will be kind, and sym- pathetick, and sensitive to the sufferings of others, and yet, very harsh and severe when provoked ; and generally exer- cise this faculty upon inanimate, rather than upon animate, objects: with conscien. and combat, large, and secret, small, is apt to find considerable fault, and that in a very harsh man- ner: with large or very large compar., applies disgusting epithets to his enemies, and compares them to some most odi- ous or disgusting object; is pre-eminent for his sarcastick comparisons, which always fit the one for whom they are made,* &c. ( Very large. — One having destruct. very large , with large or very large benev., conscien., and caus., may be en- abled so to govern and restrain his indignation, that it will seldom carry him beyond the bounds of reason and justice, or break out into ungoverned rage and violence, yet when roused, will be dangerous, and like a chafed linn, and be obliged to avoid the causes of excitement ; will be fond of ;easing, and also of hunting, and the warlike array of a gen- sral muster, &c. ; and, with large or very large combat., self-e., approbat., firm., and hope, will excel as a soldier, &c. For other combinations, see destruct. large. Full. — One having destruct. full, with large firm., and full combat, and self-e., has sufficient harshness and severity of character to keep off and punish those who would other- wise injure him ; to take the rough and tumble of life, and push his own way through it; and to destroy or subdue whatever is prejudicial to his happiness, yet is neither mo- * John Randolph. <54 PHRENOLOGY ILL :*STRATZ1>. rose nor cruel; when driven to it, cun witness and infLd pain, but does it reluctantly, and causes as little suffering- as he consistently can ; when his ang-er is not highly e;ci-. ted, is mild in his disposition ; and, excepting occasional flurries of passion, which are produced by irritability o! temperament, seldom shows strong indignation. One having destruct. full, with large benev.. conscien., ideal., and adhes., will possess uncommon sympathy and ten* derness of feeling, mingled with little sternness and harsh- ness ; will secure obedience, and accomplish his wishes by kindness and persuasion, more than by threats and passion, and be beloved more than feared : with large or very large benev., cannot bear to see pain or punishment inflicted, ex* cent when he is angry, and then may inflict it with delight ; yet, with large combat, and mirth., delights to tease and tan- talize others ; will not be wanton and cruel in the infliction pain, yet will seldom allow his indignation to slumber when his own interests, or those of his friends, or the cause of justice or humanity, demand it; in ordinary circumstan- ces, will inflict but little pain, yet will manifest strong dis- pleasure towards his enemies, and, when his indignation is fully kindled, show even more severity and bitterness than Jie occasion demands ' wilU v not readily forget the objects of his displeasure, and will be/ far from possessing a tame and insipid character. Moderate. — One having destruct. moderate , will mani : fest only a moderate share of indignation and severity of character; often spare what should be destroyed or punish- ed ; and, with large or very large benev., will be unable to witness suffering and death, much less to cause them ; and will not possess sufficient force of mind or fierceness of character to drive through important undertakings : with benev. and the moral organs generally large or very large, will be beloved more than feared ; will possess an extraordinary share oi sympathy, so much so as sometimes to overcome him, and amount to a weakness; and will secure his wishes more by persuasion and mild measures, than by threats or harshness. Small. — One having destruct. small, manifests his ange? in so feeble a manner, that it effects but little, and provokes a smile, rather than fear: wi'h benev. very large, possesses too little hardness of heart to inhabit a world of suffering and endure its cruelties and hardships, and cannot himsell endure physical suffering. DESTRUCTIVENESS. 85 In its perverted exercise, this faculty creates a vindictive, Litter, revengeful, over-bearing spirit; delights in tantalizing and tormentir g ; produces cruelty towards beasts, and those in its power ; gives a relish for hunting, killing, destroying, witnessing pub.ick executions, and such amusements as the lighting of men, dogs, and fowls, in bull-bating, bear-bating &c. ; produces a propensity for war, murder, violence, blood shed, &c. ; instigates children and others to stone, catch, tor ment, and destroy birds, insects, and such animals as bill in iheir way, and also to stamp, strike, tear in pieces, and ex- hibit other signs of rage, violence, &c. ; and, with approbate and self e. very large, to engage in duelling, &c., and pur- sue enemies till revenge is fully satisfied. That the class of functions here described, constitutes a very extensive and a very influential portion of the mental operations, no attentive observer of human nature can enter- tain a douht. Every page of the history of man, from that which records the murder of Abel by his own brother, to that which closes with the wars of Florida and Texas, is written in characters of violence and blood. Even the most favourite amusements of men have always been sanguinary: a specimen of which are the theatrical representations and gladiatorial shows which have always delighted mankind. Every publick execution is crowded with eager spectators ot all classes and ages, and of both sexes, who attend mainly to gratify their destruci. by witnessing the violent death of a fellow mortal. Almost every newspaper is stained with the horrid details of some cold-blooded murder, duel, or suicide, or some other act of violence or destruction in some of the unnumbered forms it assumes. If phrenology did not make provision for this class of functions, this omission would be prima facie evidence of its destitution of truth, and inconsis- tency with nature. Its exercise is either virtuous or vicious, according to the circumstances in which, and the objects upon which, it is exercised. Perhaps no organ is more name to be abused than this, or productive of more misery; and yet, this is by no means owing to the nature and the original character of the faculty, but solely to its perversion. Hence the import ance of ns proper education. Location. — This organ is locate! beneath the temporal bone, and, when large, extends from three to six eighths of %n inch above the top of the ear. When it is very large, \ 86 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. thickens the middle of the base of the head, and makes the ears stand out from the head. When it is large or very' large, and secret, is small, it produces a horizontal ridge which extends about half an inch above the top of the ears 8. ALIMENTIVENESS. Appetite for sustenance — desire for nutrition. This faculty creates a relish for food, drink, &c. ; renders important assistance in selecting the kinds of food best calculated to nourish the bocly ; when the system needs a 'urther supply of food and drink, produces hunger and thirst, and, when it is unperverted, and the stomach is in a healthy state, is a sure directory as to the quantity and the quality of food necessary for the purposes of nutrition and health. Large. — One having aliment, large , is very fond of the good things of this life, and frequently eats more than health and comfort require; partakes of food with a very keen rel- ish; sets a very high value upon the luxuries of the palate; and, according to his means, is a good liver. One having aliment, lar^e, with acquis, also large, will in- dulge his appetite, when he can do so without too great ex- pense ; but, when good eating is costly, will sometimes suffer hunger rather than pay a high price to appease it, except where he is ashamed not to eat ; will expend money reluctantly for sweetmeats, &c., unless his aliment, is stimulated by a favourite dish, or, to him, favourite sweetmeats, but will, nev- ertheless, find it hard to keep from eating whatever delicacies may be in his way : with acquis, moderate or small, will spend his time and money freely for rich viands and rare liquors; and, if large or very large ad lies, be added to this combination, will not only take the greatest delight at the convivial board and the social meal, but will spend money even more lavishly" than is necessary to entertain his friends, with conscien. large or very large, will feel g-uilty whenever he over-indulges his appetite, and will endeavour to regulate his eating according to his ideas of duty, yet will be obliged to struggle hard against this as “ an easily besetting sin,” by which he will, never heless, be often overtaken: with con- scien and ven. lar£ " * ~ very large, will ue thankful for his ALIMENT I VENESS. 87 food a? a bountiful gift from the hand of his Maker ;* with lang., mirth., and adhes. large or very large, and secret only moderate, will be conversational, social, and humorous at the festal board: with the intellectual organs generally Jsrge, will prefer conversation upon rational and scientifick sub- jects: with ideal, large or very large, must have his food prepared in the nicest manner, and in elegant and fashion- able dishes; but, with ideal, moderate, thinks more of the food and of the cookery , than of the ceremonies or the style, of the table; with self : e. large, and acquis, only moderate or full, will be satisfied only with the first and the best table, even if he is obliged to pay a high price for it: with large approbat. and ideal., will be very ceremonious at table; but with ideal, only moderate, and self-e. and caus. large, will despise ceremony, yet, with large or very large benev., will provide bountifully, and show great hospitality at table, with- out much splendour or ceremony, &c. Very large. — One having aliment, very large , will be too much gwen to the indulgence of a voracious appetite ; too ready to ask “ what he shall eat and drink ;” will think as much of his meals as of almost any thing else, and be strongly in- clined to act the epicure or the gormand. The combinations of aliment, very large, are anajogous to those produced by aliment, large, except that its manifestations will be greater in degree, which the judgment of the reader will readily supply Full. — One having aliment, full , partakes of food with a good relish, yet is nc i gormandizer, nor very particular in regard to what he eats and drinks; can endure a poor diet, yet is very partial to a variety of rich dishes, and some* times overloads his stomach. The combinations of aliment, full, resemble those of aliment, large, except in an inferiour degree. Moderate. — One having aliment, moderate , is by no means destitute of a relish for food, yet, when in health, is not particular as to what he eats ; prefers a plain, simple diet to that which is highly seasoned and very rich, &c. One having aliment, moderate, with acquis, large, will grudge the money he pays for his meals, and frequently suf fer hunger rather than pay the customary price for them; will prefer to take up with a poorer meal or a cold bite at a lower price, than to pay well for the best : with conscier- * He lire, tli. _ustom of “asking a blessing” upon food, and of c returning thanks* 88 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATE©. large or very large, finds little difficulty in governing hia appetite, because he has so little to govern, &c. Small. — One having aliment, small, will have but an in- different or a poor appetite ; will care little about what he eats, or when he eats ; and, with acquis, large, go long with- out f)od, and live very poorly, rather than part with his money to pay for food. Gluttony, gormandizing, luxurious living, intemperance in ail its forms, and the unnatural cravings of the stomach, are the perverted exercises of this faculty. To see the pains taken, and the preparations made, and the time and money worse than wasted, merely in gratifying this propensity, is most astonishing: and, above all, to see the monstrous per- versions of it which everywhere abound, to the reflect- ing, sober mind, is humiliating in the extreme. That man, made in the image of his God, and endowed by nature with such transcendent powers of thought and feeling, that man should thus “ make a god of his belly,” and, for the mere purpose of indulging to excess this animal passion, thus de- mean and degrade himself so far below the brute creation — thus clog the wheels of this wonderful machine which we call mind, exhibits, in a most mortifying light, the depravity into which human nature is capable of being led. Yet such is the deplorable fact, and such is likely to be the character and condition of man, so long as he “lives to eat,” instead of “eating to live,” and thus continues to indulge his animal propensities at the expense of his moral and intellectual fac- ulties. The experience of all mankind shows that there exists a reciprocal and most intimate connexion between the faculty of aliment, and the state of the stomach, and, also, between the state of the stomach and the conditions of the brain; and still further, between the state of the brain and the mental opera- tions, or, between the state of the stomach and the operations of the mind. But this subject will be enlarged upon in a subsequent chapter upon physiology. Location. — Aliment, is located just before, ana a little below, destruct., in front of the top part o r the ears, above the back part of the zigomatick process, ana beneath the anteri- or portion of the temporal bone. It may be distinguished from destruct., by its being situated farther forward than de- struct., and a little below it. It is generally large or very large in children. ACQUISITIVENESS. 89 9. ACQUISITIVENESS. Propensity to acquire substance , and to appropriate it it 9 ns’s self- — love of property — desire to amass wtalih, lay up, own, possess, keep, cfc. This faculty loves money as an end , and not as a means; money for its own sake, and not for what it will purchase ; gives ideas of exclusive right, and personal ownership and possession ; creates that feeling of meumet iuum , or that im- pression that certain things are our own, and that othei things belong to others, which is so universally manifested among men, and upon which the law, and, indeed, all our claims to property, are founded, &c. This faculty, in its operation, brings within our read] most of the necessities, and all the comforts and luxuries, of life ; is the great nerve of commerce, manufactuies, inventions, and business in all its multifarious forms; and is the great mov- ing cause of husbandry, trade, the arts, and the improve- ments with which mankind are blessed. We little realize how much we owe to this faculty. The making of books, and apparel, and houses, the cultivation of farms, the building of villages, and cities^ and stores, and canals, and the possession of nearly all that prevents life from being one dreary waste, may be traced, through the helps afforded by the other faculties, directly to the influence of this love c I money. Without this faculty, man, like those beasts which are destitute of it, when he had satiated his hunger, and slaked his thirst, would wander on till again overtaken by these cravings of his nature; would not provide, in health and the vigour of life, for sickness and old age, but, like the savage of our western wilderness, in whom it is generally small, would live “ from hand to mouth,” providing nothing for a rainy day, and idling away his life. That this feeling exists, and even manifests itself in bold relief in the human character, every observer of human nature will at once admit; and that, while, in some, it amounts to a ruling passion , in others, it is scarcely perceptible. Hero, then, we have a distinct, a sui generis , and a homogeneous class of functions; and we must hence conclude, that there exists a distinct power of the mind which performs it. Large — O ne having acquis, large , is stimulated by his 90 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. love of money, to use arduous and self-denying efforts in order o acquire wealth ; takes delight in accumulating prop- erty of every description ; spends his money reluctantly for things to be consumed ; cannot endure to see waste ; enters upon his money-making plans in good earnest, or, perhaps, makes them his main object of pursuit ; unless he is accus- tomed to handling large sums of money, has a watchful and eager eye upon the small change, both in making and in spend- ing money; thinks much of becoming rich; seems to place his heart upon what property he may possess ; and seeks with avidity, to obtain all that belongs to him. One having acquis, large, with self-e. only moderate, and conscien. and caus. only full, will occasionally discover a penuriousness, littleness, and closeness in his dealings, and also banter for trifles, if not for the half-cent : with hope large or very large, not only has strong desires to accumulate prop- erty, but also views every project of acquiring it, through the magnifying medium of hope, and thus exaggerates every pros- pect for making money; and, with firm, and self-e. also large or very large, is eminently enterprising; devises bold schemes fcr acquiring property, and enters upon them with great determination and energy, cheered on by seemingly bright prospects of success: with the perceptive organs also large or very large, is a first rate judge of property ; prone to trade and speculate; and, with secret, also large, will ex- cel in negotiating, and in conducting a trade ; is seldom taken in, and generally gets the best of the bargain : with hope very large, cautious, only moderate, and concent, small, will be disposed to enter so largely into business as to endanger an entire failure: to venture beyond his means and capabili* ties ; to speculate too largely ; to acquire his money by traffick, or by investing it, expecting thereby greatly to increase it; and, with large combat, and desiruct. in addition, will be likely to prosecute his money-making operations with great vigour and energy; and w r ith firm, also large or very large, to drive them through all opposing difficulties, end either to “make or break;” will be subject to reverses ©f fortune, and sometimes lose by imprudence what he has gained by enterprise ; but, with combat., cautious., self-e., hope, and the reasoning organs large or very large, and the perceptive at least full, will combine uncommon energy T with uncommon prudence ; may enter largely into business, yet will be so careful and judicious as generally to secure ACQUISITIVENESS. 9 > fcimself against losses and accidents ; will generally have for dine upon his side; and, with a large and active brain, un* less prevented by his friendship, his benev., or his conscien., or Dy accidents against which no carefulness or sagacity could provide, will doubtless become rich ; but with hope mode- rate, and cautious, large or very large, will desire to enter largely into business, yet fear to do so; frequently be “a day after the fair and deliberate so long before he decides what to do, as to lose the most favourable time for action ; yet will sustain fewer losses, and, in what he does undertake, will be more sure of success ; will not invest his money un- less he can foresee the necessary result of the undertaking ; to acquire property, saves rather than speculates ; and prefers an income that is more sure , though it may be more slow , to one that is more promising, yet more precarious ; takes all availa- ble security against losses by fire, by accidents, by dishon- esty, or in any other way ; makes everything as safe as pos- sible ; and is over-careful in all his pecuniary transactions, &c. : with hope very large, concent, small, and firm, only full, will be likely frequently to change his plan of operation, or, it may be, his business, hoping thereby to get rich the sooner ; will never Le satisfied to “let well enough alone; ” nor to pursue one steady occupation long enough to reap much profit; but, with firm, large or very large, and hope less than firm., will be likely to pursue one steady bm.ness and plan of operation through life, unless literally compelled to change it by duty, or judgment, or friendship, or some oth- er powerful motive : with cautious, very large, through fear of consequences, may waver in business, and will labour un- der the greatest anxiety about his property ; and, with hope small, in the midst of wealth, friends plenty, and the fairest prospects, may really apprehend poverty and even starvation : with compar. and caus. large or very large, intuitively per- ceives what means or causes put in operation, are naturally calculated to effect certain ends ; what property will be likely to increase in value ; lays judicious plans ; makes shrewd cal- culations as to what will be ; and, with cautious, also large, so calculates as generally to succeed, &c. : with ccnscien. large or very la*rge, tnough he may be very eager in his desire for money, and tax all his powers to accumulate prcperty, yet will acquire it only by honest means; despise the “tricks ox trade,” and can be safely relied upon : with large sr very large intellectual organs, will prefer to make 02 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATE® money by some intellectual, scientifick, 01 iterary puy suit, &c. Acquis, merely desires property, but the kind of property se- lected for acquisition, is determined by the wants and the tastes of the other faculties. One having acquis, large, for example, with philopro. also large, will desire property both for its own sake, and, also, on account of children, or, with all the domes tick faculties energetick, for his family, and will spend it freely for their sake: with approbat. large or very large, will seek money both to lay up, and also to obtain approbation by dress, equipage, elegant furniture, &c., and expend it freely foi these purposes, yet may show penuriousness in other respects . with benev. very large, will love money, yet give it freely to relieve suffering, and also to do good to his fellow men: with large or very large moral and religious organs, will be likely to “be diligent in his business,” economical and, per- haps, close in money matters, yet will give freely to benevo- lent, missionary, and religious objects, and for the purpose of converting men to Christianity: with ideal, and ven. very large, will be likely to lay up ancient coins, paintings, books, &c., and be an antiquarian: with the selfish faculties strong and vigorous, will lay up such things as will gratify his va- rious selfish passions: with the intellectual organs large, books, philosophical apparatus, and other assistants to intel- lectual pursuits ; and, with ideal, also very large, books that are elegantly bound and embossed, minerals, curious specimens of nature and art, &c. : with several of these or- gans large or very large, will desire money for its own sake, for the sake of family, for purposes of personal aggran- dizement, for benevolent and literary objects, &c., all com- bined. Hence, this universal scrambling for the “ root of all evil,” which is the bane of human happiness and moral virtue. This analysis of “the love of money” is certainly most beautiful. Phrenology shows us not only how strong the love of money is in every man, but, also, the character of this love, and the ultimate ends sought to be reached by it. Very Large. — One having acquis, very large , makes money his idol ; taxes, to the utmost, all his powers to amass wealth; makes every sacrifice, and endure* every hardship to secure this object, and allows nothing to diveit him from it; spends money grudgingly, and is so penurious and close- fisted as to deprive himself of many of the comforts, and of fell the 1 i.xuries. of life ; is covetous and miserly, unless bene* acquisitiveness. 93 and conseien. are equally large, and can ".ever be satisfied with adding field to field, house to house, &c.* One having acquis, very large, with combat, and destruci. also large, and benev. and conscien. only moderate or full, will “grind the face of the poor;” practice extortion; take every advantage of his fellow men; make all the money he can, both by fair and foul means; and is light fingered. The combinations under this head will coincide with those under the head of acquis, large, with the modification pro- duced by the mere increase of acquis. Full. — One having acquis, full, will be likely to be in- dustrious, frugal, anxious to acquire possessions, both from love of money, and also to secure the comforts of life; will be zealous, if not quite eager, in all bis money-makkig pur- suits ; and unwilling to spend his money except when bis stronger faculties demand it for their gratification ; will be nei- ther prodigal nor penurious, unless made so by circumstances; will be likely to save enough to live comfortably, but live well upon what he has, yet, as a general thing, wil 1 find it very difficult to keep money by him, and seem to be extravagant. So far as the making of money and the class of substan- ces selected for acquisition are concerned, the selections under acquis, large , will apply to acquis, full ; yet, in the spending of money, there may be a difference. One having acquis, full, with approbat., and ideal., &c., large or very large, will be industrious in making money, and quite anxious to become rich, yet will spend it too freely for fash- ionable and ornamental articles of convenience, dress, equi- page, &c., or to make a show ; with ideal, and local, very large, in travelling; with adhes. and benev. large or very large, lor the purpose of assisting his friends; with the reli- gious organs very large, in promoting the cause of religion and advancing the benevolent objects of the day, and will take much more delight in spending his money in this way, than in laying it up ; with large or very large intellectual oigans, in such things as will gratify these faculties; with several organs large, in such a manner as to gratify the greatest number of them; with amat. and adhes. large or very large, in supplying the wants, and augmenting the pleasures, of the other sex. &c. This same princip.e of spending money, applies to acquis. A Stephen Gerard, oi Philadelphia, whose picture shows a very large tlt/pmentOi acquis. 94 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. large , whenever the larger organs require it, at whose mandats acquis, will unlock her treasures, and may even permit extrava* ganee. The additional combinations of acquis, full with the other organs, will be found to be intermediate between those under acquis, large , and acquis, vioderate. Moderate. — One having acquis, moderate , desires mo- ney more as a means than as an end , more for its uses than to lay up ; will pay too little attention to small sums, spend his money too freely, so that he can hardly account for the amount spent; does not grudge what he spends, or gives, oi sees given ; though he may be industrious, will not be suffi- ciently economical ; will as soon purchase things to consume as to keep ; and prefers to take the good of his money as he goes along, instead of laying it up. One having acquis, moderate, with the domestick organs very large, will be likely to spend his money for the present , rather than reserve it for the future, wants of his family with the selfish faculties strong, and the moral and reasoning deficient, will spend his money upon the gratification of his passions, and seldom accumulate property : with approbat and ideal, very large, and caus. only full, will be extrava. gant ; likely to run into debt for the purpose of dashing out ; and will be foppish: with combat., destruct., self-e., and firm, large or very large, will almost throw' away money to gratify his will : with ideal, and self-e. large or very large, never purchases a poor article, and pleases his fancy, compara- tively regardless of its cost ; and, with hope also large or very large, will be too apt to run into debt; spend money in anticipation of future income; and be too prodi- gal. One having acquis, moderate, may have a very strong desire to make money, but not upon its own account: with the domestick organs large, when he comes to have a family of his own, will love money much more than before, on their account : with the intellectual organs generally large, will desire it to facilitate his literary pursuits, &c. Hence, the amount of one’s acquis, can seldom be determined, either by the eagerness with which he seeks it, or the manner * i his spending it; and hence, also, some appear to be spen * thrifts at one period of their lives, and misers at another.* ♦ The author is acquainted with a Mr. H. who, until within five yeartr, was accustomed to spend an annual income of several thousand dollar^ laying up nothing; but who, since that time, has acted up to a determina- tion to make, and save, all the money he can, not because he love3 mo- ney, per sesc, any better now than he did then, but from other motives His fchow citizens call him penurious. VISE as. 9 5 S' 30 C, 1 1 cJTI 8m all — One having acquis, small , holds money loose.y; spends it without sufficient consideration, and often without receiving its full value ; is thoughtless how r his money goes, and, with hope very large, will live on, enjoying the present, thinking that the future will provide for itself ; will spend his last dollar as freelv as his first; is wasteful, or at lcas£, does not save the fragments; and, with approbat. and ideal, very large, and caus. only full, will be a spendthrift; lay out his money to very little advantage ; run into debt without making a provision for payment, &c. For additional com* binations, see those under acquis, moderate. Very Small. — One having acquis, very small , neither knows or considers the value of money ; cares not how it goes, nor how expensive things are, provided they take his fancy ; will have no idea of laying up property and, with ideal, and approbat. very large, will spend all he can command ; every thing pertaining to money being determined by his other faculties. In females, this faculty is generally weaker than in males, while ideal, and approbat. are generally much larger, which accounts for the fact, that they spend money so much more freely than men, especially, for ornamental purposes. The author has observed, that the sons of rich parent® generally possess the organ (as they do the faculty) develop- ed in an inferiour degree. This is doubtless owing to the fact, that, having an abundance of money at command, they have had nothing to stimulate, and thus increase, this faculty, so that, from mere want of exercise, it becomes weak and feeble. This likewise accounts for the fact, that the children of men who have made themselves rich, generally make a very poor use of their fathers’ earnings, and often fall into dissipated habits. A deficiency of this faculty is one cause of their idleness, and this, the cause of their dissipation, and this, frequently, the cause of their ruin. Thus it is, that full acquis, is an important inducement to industry, and, therefore, highly promotive of virtue and moral Avorth ; whilst a deficiency of this faculty leaves open the floodgates of temptation and dissipation. If this is so, the lesson thus taught mankind, by phrenology, is invalua- ble. We are thus taught the importance of a proper cultiva* tion of acquis., and, also, what that proper education is. We are farther taught, that the exercise of acquis, is virtuous or vicious, riot in itself nor in its medium exercise, bis! PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. in its ezi r ernes of manifestation. This faculty c 2rtain*y needs to be educated no less than caus., event., calcu., or any othe? faculty of the mind. The perverted manifestations of acquis, are, theft, cheating, extortion ; with construct, and imitat. large, forgery, counter- feiting, burglary; penuriousness, meanness, a miserly, sordid, money-loving, covetous feeling, &c. Location.— T his organ is located just before secret, and above aliment. ; or, upon the sides of the head, and a little farther forward than the fore part of the ears ; or, in the mid- die of a line connecting the organs of cautious, and calcu. It seldom causes a protuberance, but, when it is large, the thickness of the head just in front, and a little above the tops uf the ears, will be conspicuous, even to the eye. 10. SECRETIVENESS. Propensity and ability to secrete , to conceal , and to sup fress the expression of the other mental operations. We often think and feel what it would be very impropei & us to express. Hence, the necessity of some faculty, the office of which is to suppress the open manifestation of the various mental operations, until the reasoning faculties, conscien., benev., &c., have decided upon the propriety and the utility of their expression. The legitimate office of this organ is not, as has generally been supposed, to keep the Secrets intrusted to the individual, but to enable him success- fully to keep his own secrets, and conceal his own plans from general observation. It is even unfavourable to keeping the secrets of others; because, inasmuch as it has to do with secrets, it creates an anxiety, not only to ascertain the secrets of others, but also to reveal them as secrets, but with the in- junction of secrecy. A good endowment of this organ is essential to prudence of character, particularly in speaking of, and exposing, one’s business, &c., and also to etiquette and modern politeness. It removes the blunt, unpolished edge from the manner df ex- pression, appearance, &c.; assists in covering many weak points of character ; and prevents exposures>not to physical dangers, (for this is the office of cautious.,) but to the maehina dons of the designing and the envious, to the impositions oi the crafty, and the false constructions of all. Large. — O ne having secret, large , will generally keep SECRETIVE NESS. 9 ? his thoughts, feelings, business, plans, opinions, &c. chiefly to himself, except when they are drawn from him ; will effect his purposes indirectly, and without detection; wil' govern his feelings, and restrain the open manifestation o£ anger, joy, grief &c.; can banish from his countenance and appearance the indications of his real feelings, and, with irnitat. large, seem to feel as he does net : with firm., and tfdf-e., and destruct. also large, will suffer pain and sickness without showing or complaining much of it; is prudent about speaking ; careful in what he says ; reserved ; slow to communicate, form attachments, make acquaintances, &c.; does not make the first advances to strangers ; is not free in expressing his feelings, but does it equivocally, and by piece* meal ; with conscien. moderate, is suspicious of the intentions of others; wary, and always on the alert; generally answers questions, expresses opinions, &c., in an ambiguous, equivocal, evasive, or indefinite manner, which will bear different interpre- tations, so that he seldom commits himself; hesitates, and re- commences his sentences as though afraid to speak out plainly just what he thinks; can employ cunning, art, management, and manoeuvre, and act the double part; says but little, yet thinks the more; pries into the secrets of others, yet keeps his own to himself, or, at least, sounds others closely ; gen- erally judges correctly of character, especially it individ., caus.,and com par. are large or very large, and sc success- fully conceals his own character and purposes, shat but little is generally known of him except by a long and {.intimate acquaintance. One having secret, large, with adhes. large or very large, may sometimes communicate his feelings freely to his nearest friends, yet will seldom do this, and exercise more attach- ment than he expresses, with amat. also large, may love strongly, but will express his love in a somewhat doubtful and equivocal manner: with combat, and destruct. large, unless the excitement is very sudden, and his temperament very irritable, may restrain, for a long time, the expression of anger, and cover up the fire which is burning in his bo* som, vet, when he does give vent to it, will blaze forth in good earnest: with seif.e., or approbat., or both, large or very large, cans, only fuL, and conscien. moderate or small, will be inclined to employ cunning and deception in advan- cing his reputation ; operate indirectly, and through the agen- cy ©f others ; be given to eye-service, and will do many things PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. merely for effect and “to be seen of men:” vv th cautious, large or very large, will be very careful, not only about what he says, but also about what he does; and, with the reasoning organs large or very large, be pre-eminently dis- creet and judicious, and never venture an opinion, unless he is very certain that it is perfectly correct, and then generally with a but, an if, or a perhaps ; and will drop no word, and give no clew, by means of which he can be detected: with conscien. only moderate or small, and self-e. and caus. only full, and approbat. large or very large, will be deceitful, and inclined to employ cunning and artifice in accomplishing his plans ; contrive to throw the ignominy of his evil deeds upon others; be very apt to say one thing in your presence, and quite another in your absence; cannot be confided in as a friend; and, with adhes. only full, and imitat. large or very large, can carry on his malicious designs under the garb of friendship : with combat., destruct., self-e., and approbat. large, benev., firm., and caus. only full, and conscien. only moderate or small, will be obsequious to superiours, and domineering to inferiours : with acquis, large or very large, and conscien. only moderate cr full, will practise the “ tricks of trade and make a good bargain whenever he can, even though he is obliged to use some misrepresentations : with destruct., self-e., and firm, large or very large, will possess great fortitude, and endure severe, corporeal suffering without flinching or complaining: with conscien. large or very large, may some- times equivocate and employ deception in cases in which he is under no moral obligation to communicate the facts, and, also, in which his interest demands secrecy, but will never know- ingly deceive others to their injury, especially if his duty re- quires him to tell the whole truth : with adhes., benev., and conscien. large or very large, and self-e. full, will be frank and candid in telling a friend his faults, yet will never re- prove. unless his sense of duty compels him to do so : with firm, and self-e. very large, will seem to yield, yet will do sa only in appearance ; will say but little, and make very little ado about the matter, yet, in acting , will be immoveable and inflexible, &c. Very Large. — One having secret, very large , will be very apt to keep every thing pertaining to himself wrapped up in profound secrecy, and disclose his feelings to no one ; be generally dark, secret, and mysterious in his movements ; eeldoxn accomplish his purposes, except in an indirect and in* SECRETIVENESS. Inguing manner ; ani be so crafty, reserved, arid mysterious, that no one will know much of his real chaiacter ; and, with combat., destruct., and the selfish faculties generally large, the moral and reflective only full, and conscien. only mode- rate, will be “a snake in the grass ; 77 practise art, cunning, and deception, &e.: with aliment, large, will steal pies, cakes, and sweatrneats : with acquis, large, will take and conceal money, property, clothing, &c.: with approbat. and destruct. large, and conscien. only moderate, will lie in ambush, plot and execute his plans of injuring his rival, in secret; and yet, appear to be his friend, &c. For farther combinations under this head, see those under secret, large, which are equally true with secret, very large, except in degree, and this the judgment of the reader will enable him to adapt to secret, very large. Full. — One having secret, full , will be able to keep his thoughts, feelings, and business to himself when occasion really demands it, yet will commonly express them without reserve ; unless somewhat excited, will not be rash or blunt in the expression of his feelings, yet, when any of the faculties that are more energetick than secret., or when those that are not, become suddenly or considerably excited, will give a full, and frank, and strong expression to them, because, al- though secret, may be sufficiently active to hold even the larger organs in check when they are but little excited, it will not be powerful enough to do so when they are roused to more energetick action, so that he will fail to preserve an equa- nimity of feeling and conduct ; is generally free in conversa- tion and discourse, yet seldom commits himself ; is not hypo- critical, nor yet remarkable for saying ail he thinks ; and will generally govern his feelings, except when excited, but will then throw them out freely and fully; is somewhat re- served and suspicious, especially upon a first acquaintance, and 3~et, will generally be found to be sincere, unless strong* iy tempted by interest to act a double part, and even then, will not be really dishonest, especially if conscien. be large or very large ; will know well how to keep dark upon points which he may wish to conceal, and also know how to ascer- tain the intentions and the secrets of others ; and will be re- served to strangers and partial acquaintances, yet frank and open among his intimate friends. One having secret, full, with conscien. large, will never knowingly practise deception to the injury of another, 100 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. may practise * it in self-preservation, and in doing business, especially when u.'ged to it by other selfish faculties, and when it is unrestrained by the moral and intellectual facul- ties : with acquis, large or very large, and conscien. mode rate or small, will bear, and even need, to be watched; sometimes give a false colouring to things in order to makea good bargain ; and occasionally take the advantage, &c. The additional combinations under secret, full, will be inter- mediate between secret, large, and secret moderate. Moderate. — One having secret, moderate , is generally frank, candid, and openhearted in his disposition and inter- course with men, and so ingenuous and undisguised as often to expose himself to imposition and deception; chooses a plain, direct, and unequivocal manner of expressing his thoughts and feelings; has few secrets of his own which he wishes to keep, and cares little about learning the secrets oi others, an 1, when things are told him with the injunction “not to tell,” he scarcely thinks of them again; and gener- ally despises secrecy wherever he finds it. One having secret, moderate or small, with combat, and destruet. large or very large, tells others just what he thinks of them ; expresses his hatred and his love freely ; is often un- derstood as saying more than he really intended to say; and frequently expresses his anger in a harsh, blunt, and offensive manner; but, with conscien. equally large, and concent, moderate or small, soon recovers his wonted serenity of tem- per, and, if he is conscious that he has said or done any thing wrong, is soon very sorry for it, and ready, if not glad, to make any reasonable acknowledgment or reparation de mancied : with conscien , at least, full, firm., self-e., benev., and cans, large or very large, will take an open, fair, honest, hon- ourable, dignified, ana high-minded course, and heartily de- spise every thing like low cunning or management ; employ none but fair means ; and do nothing behind the curtain : with self-e. only moderate, or full, benev., ven., and adhes. large cr very laige, is naturally upright and honest himself ana open and fair in his dealings, and thinks others equally so ; is toe ready to trust others, and especially those who call him their friend ; presumes too much upon the integrity and honesty of others, and relies too impiicity upon their word, so that he is extremely liable to be deceived and imposed upon: with self-e. or approbat., or both, and hope very large, of even large, is given to egotism ; apt to talk too much of him SECRETIVENESS. 101 seif; becomes enthusiastick in telling what he has done oi can do ; is cftcm the hero of his own ta e; and too forward to display himself: with cautious, large or very large, manifests great care and deliberation in his business, yet is very incau- tious in his manner of speaking; is judicious in laying hi& plans, and providing against a time of need, and very de- liberate and prudent in making all bis arrangements, yet Ls very imprudent in the expression of his feelings. Small. — One having secret, small , acts just as he feels; Bpeaks just what he thinks; is so blunt and direct in his manner of expression as often to give needless offence ; speaks out his whole mind without due regard to time, circumstan- ces, or manner; communicates his ideas in plain and un equivocal language, and prefers natural and forcible, tc elegant, expressions; is natural and open in his manners, and, with king, full or large, generally ready to enter into conversation with his friends, and even with strangers, and to communicate to them his business, history, opinions, feel- ings, concerns, &c. ; and can deceive only by means of his reasoning faculties, or by taking those steps which are cal- culated to cause deception. One having secret, small, with conscien., benev., and the reasoning organs large or very large, will be incapable of deception ; abominate and censure hypocrisy, concealment, and mere outside-show in all those ten thousand forms in which they are practised in society; keeps nothing back ; gives away almost entirely to his feelings unless they are checked by his other faculties; and has a window in his breast, through which all that is passing in his heart, can he plainly seen. Additional combinations will be found under secret, moderate. Very small. — One in whom this organ is very small , is n total stranger to the function and the influence of this fee- nlty. A deficiency of this faculty, by exposing at once whatever excesses or defects of character one may possess, is apt to eave, a'; first, a very unfavourable impression of a person up on the minds of others, yet, if it exposes the more disagreea- ble traits of character, it equally reveals the virtues ; sc that, if the agreeable traits of character greatly predominate over the more disagreeable, the individual Will appear still mora amiable in consequence of this deficiency ; and, vice verm. This faculty, in its perverted exercise, produces lying do 102 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. ceit, hypocrisy, and those ten thousand artifices in dress, fur niture, equipage, &c., the chief object of which is to create false appearances, and, also, the innumerable arts and make-be- lieves which enter into the very frame-work of society as it now is. From this faculty, also, with large or very large appro- bat., seif-e., destruct., and combat., unrestrained by the moral or intellectual organs, arises that tattling, backbiting, scan- dalizing disposition which is by no means uncommon, and which does such immense mischief. In the New England head, this organ is generally large; hence, that reserve in communicating things about them- selves, and that tact in prying into the affairs of others, for which they are so noted ; but, in the Southern head, it is small, which produces that frankness and openness which characterize Southern gentlemen. Location. — Secret, is located just above the organ of de- struct., and runs nearly parallel with it, the centre of it being about an inch above the top of the ears. Or thus: let a person, standing behind one that is seated, place the third fin- ger horizontally upon the head, so that the lower side of it will just touch the tip of the ear, and it will rest upon de- struct.; then let the second or middle finger be separated from it about three eighths of an inch, and it will rest upon secret.; or, if the organ be small, fall into a depression : then let the first finger be separated from the second about five-eighths of an inch, and it will rest upon cautious., which, however, will be a little farther back than secret. When it is large or very large, with cautious, and destruct. also equally large, there will be no prominence, but all of the side-head above the ear will be full, rounded, and thick. GENUS II. — Moral, Religious, and Human Sen- timents. The character of the sentiments is much higher, more elevated, and more humanizing than that of the propensities, and, when not under the dominion of the propensities, is more vi/tuous and more praiseworthy than perhaps any eth- er class }f the mental functions. A very correct idea of the nature and character of these sentiments, may he derived from a comparison of civilized man with savages and barba- rians, or of man with the brute creation. Dr. Spurzheim, George Combe, and phrenologists gene?- CAUTIOUSNESS. 103 ally, define the sentiments as distinguishable from the pro* pensities. by their uniting a propensity to act with an emo tion ; but the author is unable to discover the reason why the passion of love, for example, is not as much “an emotion joined with a certain propensity to act,” as the function ascri- bed to benev. Nor does the distinction that the propensities 3 common to men and animals,” designate them with suffi- cient accuracy, because benev., approbat., imitat., and soma ©f the other sentiments, are found to belong to some animals of the brute creation, as well as to man. SPECIES I. — Selfish Sentiments. These seem to be intermediate between the propensities and the moral sentiments, partake, in part, of the na- ture of both, taking their direction, and the character of their manifestation, from the propensities when they pre- dominate, and from the moral sentiments, in case they are the more energetick. Like the propensities, they greatly in- crease the propelling power, and the efficiency of the charac- ter ; yet they terminate upon self, being blind impulses de- signed to secure selfish interests. H. CAUTIOUSNESS. Solicitude about consequences — apprehension of danger- instinct of fear — care — anxiety. So numerous and so great are the dangers with which man is surrounded, so many evils beset his path, and so many things are to be provided against, that, unless there were implanted in the human breast bv the hand of nature. some faculty which, upon the least intimation of danger should sound the tocsin of alarm, and thus save him from accident, and, also, which should give him consideration and forethought, he would be liable to be frequently overtaken by impending dangers, and, also, would make, comparatively, little preparation for future wants. Of the necessity of the faculty, then, there can be no question ; nor that the function of solicitude constitutes a very large class of the intellectual functions. Hence, the inevitable conclusion is, that there exists a faculty which exercises this class of the mental operations. But when we find that the strength and activity of this facul- ty, when compared with the other feelings, are proportionate ,04 PH RE NOLOG V ILLUSTRATED. to the size of a given portion of the brain, reason and philos °phy join in admitting cautiousness to be a separate faculty oj .he mind. Its office is, to provide against present danger, to cast up a bulwark of defence against danger in the dis- tance, to watch over the interests of the individual, and to ex- cite, repress, and direct the operations of the other faculties. Large. — One having cautious, large , looks at every plan end project with a careful, anxious eye before he concludes upon the course to be pursued, and hesitates long before he finally decides ; turns the whole matter over and over again in his mind; is very often in suspense, and remains toe long undecided; fully considers every chance against him; takes all necessary, and, often, even unnecessary, precaution : too often reconsiders, and manifests a pains-taking, careful, anx ious, provident disposition in all he does. One having cautious, large, with combat, and destruct. also large, is slow in commencing, yet when once interested in any project, pushes it with great spirit ; may be timid and fearful till his courage is once excited, but will then be bold and fearless ; may be nearly overcome with fear before he commences acting or speaking, and where effort is unavail mg, yet is full of courage, and spirit, and determination when he has once commenced, and where effort is required ; combines discretion with valour; intrepidity with carefulness; prudence with determination, &c.; in cases of danger, will be perfectly self-possessed, and yet have forethought enough to do just what the occasion demands; cannot be soon worked up to the sticking point, but is determined, if not desperate when once kindled; may drive forward with some fury, but will steer clear of every thing that can upset his vehicle or obstruct his progress ; and, with hope also large, will enter so largely into business, and push his projects with so much energy and zeai, as to seem to he very rash, and nearly des- titute of caution, yet come out about right in the end; with compar. and cans, large in addition, will very seldom entire- ly fail in his projects, though he may be sometimes obliged to retrace his steps; will present seemingly contradictory points of character, sometimes appearing to be rash, and at others fearful ; and, with a nervous temperament, will be either “ in the garret or in the cellar ;” when circumstances are favourable, or excite his hopes, and quiet his fears, will be in high hopes and spirits, and promise himself too much ; but when bis fears are awakened, and nothing excites his hopes. cautiousness. IOS De cast Gown, uiscoorageu, and exceedingly anxious, mil sub* feet to extremes 01 hope and fear : with very large compar cno caus., and large perceptive organs, will generally come to a correct cocision, yet take his own time for it; will act understandmgly, and make every effort tell directly on the object m view; take hold of things judiciously and in the right place ; seldom retrace his steps, change his decisions, or undo what he has done ; in general, will be eminently suc- cessful, and seldom subject to accidents or disappointments ; consider well the pros and cons on both sides of all questions, and investigate the whole matter in hand thoroughly be* fore decision or action. Very Large. — One having cautious, very large , is so doubtful, fearful, uncertain, and apprehensive, so irresolute and inefficient, that he is disqualified for prompt, enterprising, vigorous effort, and wastes the day of action in fruitless de liberation; indulges groundless and unfounded apprehensions; anticipates danger when there is little or no cause ; is unwill- ing to run any risk, and much more alarmed by sickness and trouble than the occasion really demands, &c. One having cautious, very large, with combat., seif-e., and hope moderate, will be irresolute; easily discouraged ; un- willing to engage in any important undertaking for fear of experiencing a failure; is timid, easily frightened, destitute of decision and energy, and unable to effect any thing im- portant ; but if hope, firm, and seif-e. are also very large, and combat, is large, cautmus. will not prevent action and effort, but will simply take care, that every thing is provided for, arranged, and seen to : with hope, caus., and compar. very large, and the perceptive organs large, may take some seemingly bold measures, but they will be dictated by a cor- rect judgment, rendered the more acute by the strong ex- citement caused by cautious.: with hope and combat, mode- late or small, looks always on the dark side of prospects: borrows a world of trouble, even in prosperity ; apprehends the worst rather than the best; indulges gloomy, aisrnal, melancholy feelings, and often suffers intolerably from them ; pores constantly over misfortunes ; magnifies every difficulty : diminishes advantages ; fears much more than hopes; does not venture, or run any risk ; shrinks from difficulty, and, by his terrour and alarm, is easily overcome, so that he cannot act on occasions of danger. Full — One having cautious, full , will possess a suffi 5 * 106 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. eifciit degree of this faculty to secure success, and provide against accidents in ordinary cases, yet will frequently seem to be very imprudent ; does not act without care and fore- thought, yet loes not consider so long as to let pass the day for action; and cannot be called rash or careless, except when rendered so by his other faculties. Ono having cautious, full, with hope And ccmfe&t. large oj very large, will not possess sufficient circumspection to regu- late and prevent the precipitate actiomof these faculties, and thus be hurried headlong by them into projects without suffi- cient caution or forethought, and will seein to be much les# cautious than he really is. When full, large, or very large, cautious, acts with ^ vigour reciprocally proportionate to the power of this faculty and the strength of the desires of the other faculties. For example ; one having cautious, full, large, or very large, with philopro. very large, and acquis, small, will experience btv little solicitude concerning his property, but feel the greatest anxiety concerning his children ; but, with the same degree of cautious., and acquis, very large, and philopro. small, will expend his anxiety upon his property , and feel little for his children : with approbat. very large, will be over-anxious about his character and his standing: with conscien. very large, upon every point of duty , &c. This accounts for the phenomena, so frequently occurring, of an extreme anxiety concerning some things, and a want of it in other things — *a class of phenomena which no other system of mental phi- •osophy has ever accounted for, or can ever explain. Moderate. — One having cautious, moderate, will discov- er a w T ant of forethought and discretion, yet the extent of this deficiency will be greater or less according as his other facul- ties do, or do not, expose him to danger. One having cautious, moderate, for example, with hope and combat, also moderate, will need but little cautious, to restrain the excesses produced by these faculties ; with combat, and hope large or very large, will be hasty, inconsiderate, and improvident; with caus. and co-npar. very large, when not blinded by passion or preju dice, may be judicious, and lay good plans; with acquis, very large, will take good care of his property, yet be careless in other respects, &c. The remaining combinations of cautious, moderate, will be intermediate between those under cautious, full, and cautious small. Small --—One having cautious, small , will decide and act APPROB ATI VEN ESs 107 .athout due deliberation ; be careless, precipitate, imprudent, I ad, consequently, often unlucky, and subject to frequent acci- dents; will foil to perfect his plans, and therefore, often b© >bliged to undo what he has done: proceed without fore- iiought or care, and thus labour to the greatest disadvantage; vill sustain repeated and heavy misfortunes ; and, with com fat. and destruct. large, will drive forward in a furious, reck- pss manner; so as often to defeat his plans, and frequently ye in hot water ; will -know nothing about fear ; but, with large or very large reasoning organs, may proceed so habit- ually rnder the influence of reason as to sustain few losses, yet v .11 lack solicitude, &c. V ry Small. — One with cautious, very small , will be dest ate of fear, of forethought, of discretion, &c., and, con* seq jntly, rash, heedless, headlong, regardless of consequen- ces unfortunate, and governed by his other faculties. ..his faculty is generally much more active, and the organ much stronger, in females tnan in males; while combat, and destruct. are much smaller. Hence, the irresolution, fear, terrour, groundless alarms, and uncalled for anxiety which they so often manifest : and also the superiour discreet- ness and propriety they generally possess over the other sex. In children, too, this organ is much larger than in adults, doubtless because their dangers being greater, the protection demanded is proportionally greater. Lor* txon. — This organ is located just above, and partly behind, *-cret. Or thus: when the head is erect, cautious, will be f >nd upon the sides of the head, just back of a per- pendicula ine passing through the opening of the ears 12. APPROBATIVENESS. hove of the approbation of men — sense of character- desire for the favourable estimation , and the good opinion , of others — ambition for distinction and popularity — love &f fame , . when to do wrong, would injure his reputation , or tarnish nis honour , yet, will do that which is wrong, and which largQ conscien. would forbid, when such tilings are generally approved; and do what is popular, without thinking or ca- sing whether it is right or not: with very large adhes., and henev , may be very kind, very affectionate, very willing to do favours &c.; feel a great deal of sympathy for distress, and show much tenderness of feeling, which are liable to be mistaken for conscien., yet these feelings will not be ac companied with a deep sense of duty , of obligation , of grail tude , of moral principle, &c. : with large or very large veil, and a religious education, may be devout, religiously inclined, and, with cautious, large, fear to offend his Maker and, with the selfish faculties only full, may live a blame- less, Christian life, yet will lack those nice moral qualities imparted by conscien. ; hut., with small marvel., and with out a strict, religious education, will be likely to be irrelt gious, if not skeptical : with large or very large secret, and approbat., will be likely to do wrong in secret , and whep there is little risk of detection ; and, with only moderate self-e.. will be deceitful, if not hypocritical, yet, with ven. large, may even profess religion, but will be a Pharisee: with large or very large reasoning organs, may govern his conduct br the dictates of reason, feel the full force of philosophical con- clusions, and reason clearly and forcibly upon all subjects disconnected with morality and duty, yet will not appreciate the force of moral truths, &c. Small — One having conscien. small , will have but lit- tle idea of right and wrong in the abstract ; even when guilty, will be comparatively a stranger to the feelings of peni- tence, and to the compunctions of conscience ; will have but little regard for moral principle, and little concern whether his character conforms to its requisitions or not ; or care whether he is moral or immoral as such; will have few com scientious scruples, and, perhaps, ridicule those who havej will lack that regard for pure justice, that desire to do right, and that tenderness of conscience, which this faculty ulone can impart, and be nearly destitute of moral acunier and discrimination. The combinations under conscien. moderate, modified by a reduction of the influence of conscien., will app.y to con* scien. small. Other combinations, deduced from the princi f>!e$ there illustrated, may be added by the leader. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 133 Verv s >1 all — One having conscien. very small , will neither know nor feel the difference between right and wrong in themselves, nor have any moral discernment; will have no conscientious scruples; deny the doctrine of rewards and punishments, and the whole system of moral accountability; be a stranger to the feelings of responsibility and repentance; and, being unrestrained by the influence cf conscien., do just what his other faculties dictate. The faculty of conscien. does not decide as to what is right or wrong, nor create that moral standard or tribunal by which the feelings and the conduct are tried, but merely ar- raigns them before such a tribunal as may have been settled by the combined influence of the other faculties, of educa tion, of circumstances, &c. Suppose, for example, that two individuals, A. and B. possessed an equal share of conscien., while A. possessed very large acquis., and B. only small ac- quis. Let both be placed in given circumstances, and the conscien. of A. will allow him to take an unjustifiable amount of money, and even to demand it; while the same degree of conscien. in B., would not allow him to take the same amount, even in case it should be offered to him ; yet, should A. possess a large endowment of ven., and B. but small ven., although the conscien. of A., might allow him to take more money than belonged to him, this same con- scien. might even compel him, out of a sense of duty, to attend upon certain religious observances, go to meeting, &c., more strictly than the same amount of conscien. would require of B. If the reasoning organs of B. were much larger than those of A., his views of right and wrong would he much more cor- rect and reasonable than those of A. The conscien. of the Indian doubtless urges him on even to commit deeds of cru- elty and vengeance upon that race which, he conceives, has wronged him. The conscience of the Catholick might re- quire him always to attend mass, and torment him for tasting meat on certain days, or for visiting a Protestant place of wor- ship., while that of a Protestant, might condemn a visit to a Catholick church as a heinous sin. This illustration will furnish a perfect and most beautiful volution of the otherwise inexplicable phenomena, that the di- venity of opinion as to what is right and what is wrong, and as to what constitutes the test and standard of virtue and of vice* is well nigh infinite, or, at least, receives a different modifica- tion fsom almost every individual — that some approve as virt £34 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. nous, what others condemn as wicked, and what others regard as neither — that almost every vice has been considered a virtue, and practised as such, and many forms of virtue con- demned as sinful — that a very conscientious man may be a very wicked man, and be even made the more wicked by his perverted or “ seared” conscience, and that a man with but feeble conscien., may be comparatively virtuous, &c. The decisions of conscien. alone, then, form no criterion as to what is right or wrong; yet, in conjunction with the full development and unperverted exercise of all the oixer faculties, it constitutes a great moral formula by which every feeling of the heart, and every action in life, may be tried, and its moral character determined. So that phrenology, in fact, teaches us, “ what most we need to know,” what is right and what is wrong. By a reference to a subse- quent chapter, the reader will see this point fully illustrated and applied. The diversity of opinion just alluded to, as to what is con sidered right and what wrong, does not, in the least, afiect any of the arguments under this head, because they are predicated merely upon the existence of some standard of right — upon some code of morality, which standard and code actually ex- ist, though modified in their application. The influence of conscien. upon the conduct and the char- acter, is so great and so peculiar, as, in a measure, to baffle description. A person with little conscien., may be as honest a man, as kind a neighbour, as warm a friend, as trusty and as honourable in his dealings, &c., as another is who has large conscien., but from very different motives ; yet a deficiency of conscien. constitutes a palpable and a radical defect of charac- ter, a defect which is more observable in a want of moral feel- ing, and in a comparative destitution of moral principle, than m the mere conduct and dealings of the individual. The larger this organ, the more guilty will the individua. feel. The reason of this is, that large or very large con- scien. being always awake, arraigns all the actions, and feelings, and motives before this moral tribunal, and brings them to a much more heart-searching trial, and thus creates a much greater sense of guilt and sinfulness than would be done by weaker conscien., even though the conduct , feelings, and motives, from which this feeling of guilt is derived, should* in both cases, be alike. This faculty, tl en, > mie it actually prevents the truly cos* CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. i35 gcientious man from committing as much sm as he would probably commit with but feeble conscien., makes him feel the more guhty, and allows those who have but little con- scien., and are therefore the less restrained from commit- ting sin, tc live on, comparatively insensible to their faults, dead to the reproach of a guilty conscience, and justified in their own eyes. This fact refutes the doctrine that the goadings of a guilty conscience in this life, constitute the only punishment foi sin : for it is a plain dictate of reason and of conscience, that the punishment of sin must always be proportionate to the in- iquity committed. Yet we here see that the punishment in* flicted by conscien., is lightest upon those who sin the most, and most severe upon those who are least deserving of it, and that it is often inflicted when the actions punished are even virtu- ous. (See conscien. very large.) Conscien. has been shown o be merely the judge of sinfulness, and not its executioner . Now, by proving that the principle of accountability, which necessarily implies accompanying rewards and pun- ishments, enters into the very nature and constitution of man — that men are punishable for their sins, and punishable in proportion to their guilt, — and, that conscien. inflicts the lightest punishment upon those who are the most guilty, phre- nology proves that there is some other punishment for sin than the goadings of a guilty conscience, which, taken in conjunction with the fact, that those who sin most, often suffer [east in other respects, and that the righteous are often se- verely afflicted in this life, brings us to the inevitable conclu- sion, that these rewards and punishments, which must be in- flicted somewhere , are reserved for administration in another state of existence. Not that rewards and punishments, as such, are not ad- ministered in this life; for we know, indeed, that obedience to the laws of our corporeal organization, produces health, and with it, a great degree of happiness, and that the viola- tion of these laws, produces severe punishment, examples of which are to be found in those pains caused by cut- ting, bruising, burning, poisoning, or otherwise injuring our bodies: but that the 'present state is not the only state of retribution. And since the administration of rewards and punishments in the present state of existence, is not only noi incompatible with the benevolence and the government of the Deity, but is even demanded by both, why should not the 136 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. same administration of rewards and punishments in another state ,:f existence, not only not be incompatible with the same character and government of the same unchangeable Being, out be even demanded in another world, in like manner a? it is in this? All sectarian prejudices aside, are not these fair inferences from phrenological principles? In children and in females , this organ is generally found to be much larger (as the faculty is much stronger) than in males. Indeed, in children below ten years of age, it is almost invari- ably large or very large, while in men, especially in some sections of our country, the deficiency is quite common. We may hence conclude, that it constitutes a leading feature of the human character, and that its deficiency is mainly owing to a want of culture. A deficiency of conscien., then, implies a neglect of its cultivation; and this want of cultivation im- plies the guilt consequent upon burying so important a talent in the earth. Location. — Conscien. is located upon the two sides of the posteriour portion of firm. Its protuberances are at right angles with those of firm., and parallel to those of hope. I ta development can generally be determined without difficulty, yet, as hope is located by its side, it is sometimes difficult to determine with certainty to which a given protuberance belongs. 16 . HOPE. Expectation — anticipation — tendency of v*ind tc contem- plate the future with bright expectations oj happiness and success. This faculty expects to obtain and enjoy what the othei faculties desire. This it does without basing this expectation upon any other grounds than the mere impression that things will happen as the individual desires that they should hap- pen. By promising the continuance, and even the increase, of present enjoyments, by diminishing the quantity and the bitterness of present sufferings, and by predicting that the burden will be lightened, or that sorrows will be turned into joys, it adds greatly to the sweetness and the fullness of die cup of human happiness; and by representing things as much more desirable, and more easily obtained, than they really are, it contributes greatly to enterprise and ef- fort. How many things do the fair promises of hope indue* fSOPfi. «« to undertake, and firmness, to carry through, when, with out hope., the undertaking would be scouted, and, without firmness, abandoned. This faculty not only embraces within its range, the present state of existence, but, leaping the dark chasm of death, il revels in the prospect of bliss beyond the shores of time, a i those in whom it is large, generally believe in a future state of existence. Its function is, expectalio?i in general — a vivid and intense glow of delight in the mere anticipation of future happiness and success : and the beauty of its manifestation is, that the individual places almost as much confidence in the promises and allurements of this faculty, as he does in the conclusions ol reason or experience. Large. — One having hope large , will contemplate the future with high expectations of happiness, and dwell upon his projects and his prospects with sanguine anticipations ct success; will magnify advantages, and diminish obstacles will dwell upon the fairer side of prospects, and take only a slight glance at discouraging circumstances; will be likely to promise himself ar.d others much more than is reasonable; will be cheerful, li ve^and sanguine; will feast upon the prom isesof hope; will overlook past and present disappointments and troubles, in the brighter visions of the future ; and, though subject to frequent discouragements, will still indulge his hope, forgetting the past, and pressing onward to the future. One having hope large, with only full cautious., will hope much more than fear, yet, with caus. large, will seldom al- low his hopes to hurry him into imprudent measures; but, with the addition of large or very large combat., firm., self e., and ideal., will seem to be imprudent, especially when in pursuit of some most desirable object, yet his forethought ar.d judgment will not only guard against misfortune, but secure success, even though he will seem to be very impru- dent, and when hope is excited, even hazardous: with only moderate caus. and cautious., may sometimes attempt impos- sibilities, and, with only full caus. and cautious., improbabili- ties with very large cautious., will never expose himself to any of those dangers or losses which can be fore seen or provided against, even though he might thereby gain the more; will keep upon the safe side of things, and risk lut little, yet will anticipate and attempt considerable : with firm. And ?cb-e. large or very lar religion, and will worship his Creator with sincere devo tion, yet will not te particularly devout. One having f vA\ ven., with large or very large conscien. and benev., will be pve-eminently religious, and, perhaps, make religion ths great object of his life, yet his religion will be chcractei ize3 by a r:g ard for moral principle, a desire to do good, PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. *50 more than by a regard for religious worship, creeds, and ceremonies * will place a much higher estimate upon /.he du- lies and the first principles of religion, than he will upon any external observances: with conscien. and marvel, only moderate or small, will not be likely to pay much regard to religion of any kind, or, if he does, will be satisfied with the name and the forms of religious worship, &c. The additional manifestations and combinations c^f full ven., may be inferred from those under large veil., by diminishing the influence of ven. Moderate. — One having moderate ven., will not be par- ticularly religious, nor very zealous in his religious observ- ance; will not manifest a great deal of deference towards superiours, nor impart a great degree of warmth or fervour to his devotional performances. One having moderate ven., with large or very large conscien. and benev., if religiously educated, will maintain a consistent, religious walk, and “ do works meet for repentance,” yet will pay comparatively little regard to religious creeds and observances ; will be likely to be very zealous in reforming the world, and in “converting men from the errour of their ways,” yet will despise sectarianism, and regard only the “ weightier matters af the law;” will make great sacrifices in order to do good , promote pure morality, and prevent sin, yet will not be par- ticularly devout; will make the chief burden of his petitions to the throne of grace, consist in confessions of sin, and suppli- cations for his fellow men, rather than in adoration and wor- ship; will follow the dictates of his own conscience, even though they oblige him to forsake “the good old way/ 1 and adopt new measures ; will think more of doing good than of attending religious meetings ; will live an upright, and consistent, Christian life, and perform all the essentials of religion, yet will pay little or no attention to meats and drinks, &c. Small. — One having small ven., will experience but lit tie feeling of devotion, or love of religious worship, as such; will manifest little feeling of deference or respect for pa- rents, teachers, or superiours; and be deficient in the heart , raid soul , and fervour , of devotion; will not be very pious, nor at all particular in observing religious ceremonies, nor particularly impressed with a feeling of solemnity and awe, while engaged in religious exercises, &c. One having small ven. with moderate or small conscien VENERATION. 151 and marvel , will have very little regard for religion ; seldom, if ever, attend religious meetings; and when he does attend them, will go from other than devotional feelings ; will be very little affected by solemn or religious exercises, or by ap- peals to his conscience, or to his fear of offending God : be in- fluenced but little by the restraints of religion ; doubt almost every thing connected with religious belief ; be irreverent, irreligious, unprincipled, and skeptical ; and, with large mirth, and imitat. added, inclined to ridicule religious people and re- ligious services by imitating or mocking them ; and, with large combat., destruct., and self-e. also added, will oppose every thing pertaining to religion ; denounce it either as a delusion, or as a humbug, by which designing men impose upon the simple and the unsuspecting. The descriptions and combinations under moderate ven., after due allowance has been made for the diminished influ- ence of ven., will apply to ven. small. The office of ven. is simply to reverence and worship that which the other faculties select as the proper objects of its exercise. It has been already remarked, that its primary and legiti mate object is, the worship of a Supreme Being, yet, as in the case of conscien., the other faculties, education, &c., modify the notions entertained of the character of the being to be wor- shipped. For example; one having full, large, or very large ven., with a deficiency of the intellectual faculties, will be likely to regard the Deity as exercising the various human passions, and swayed by human prejudices, and to worship him accordingly : with large or very large self-e. and firm., as an omnipotent Sovereign, clothed with authority, immuta- ble and unchangeable, and ruling his creatures “according to his own will with full or large destruct., firm., and self-e., and large or very large conscien., benev., and adhes., will re- gard him as “a God, merciful and gracious, long-suffering, tnd abundant in goodness and truth, and who will by no means clear the guilty;” as perfectly holy himself, and, also* «3 requiring holiness of all his creatures; as creating and governing his moral subjects with j special reference to their greatest ultimate good, and, in doing this, as rewarding those who obey his commands, and punishing such as disobey; as blending mercy with justice ; or, rather, as infinitely benev- olent, yet as a God who will “ not let the wicked go unpun- ished : ,J wi;h veiy large benev., only modera'e or full con* 152 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED* scien., combat., and clestrnct., will consider the Deity too benevolent and too merciful to punish the wicked: with large ideal., will fancy that he sees him clothed with splendour, and, while contemplating the beautiful, the perfect, or thn sublime in the works of nature, will worship him with a l* ' vid glow of devotion : with large or very large indivia., fora^ size, and local . will contemplate the Deity as possessed of form and size, a local habitation, &c. : with large or very large caus. and compar., will view God as the great first-cause of all things, and as effecting his purposes by means of causes and effects ; and, with the intellectual faculties generally large, as possessed of all possible wisdom and intelligence, and as governing his universe in accordance with the great principles of reason: with very large adhes. and benev., as a God of great sympathy and love ; and, with very large phi* lopro. added, as acting the part of a tender parents o his crea- tures, and as entering, with a feeling of tenderness, into all their little joys and sorrows: with very large destruct. and combat., and educated in uncivilized society, as capable of being propitiated by the sacrifice of human or animal vie tims, &c. According to this principle of phrenology, (which is con sidered as established,) one with the moral and the intellectu- al organs large or very large, and the propensities full, and all unperverted in their education and exercise, will form cor- rect views of the character, attributes, and government ol God, and worship him with pure and acceptable worship. This is rendered the more evident from the fact, that the views entertained of God by different na/ions and different individ- uals, with the exception of the influence of association and education, generally correspond with their phrenological or- ganizations. Consequently, if an individual possesses a well-balanced, and a perfectly developed, phrenological organ- ization, his views of the character, the attributes, and the gov- ernment of God, must therefore be proportionally the more consistent and correct. This same conclusion is also strengthened by the principle of adaptation already alluded to. The mind of man must ba constructed in perfect accordance with those great principles which reguiat.e the structure of the whole universe, and the moral faculties of man’s mind; in accordance with the moral constitution and relations of things. Consequently, the mind man must be so formed as naturally to view his Creatoj BENEVOLENCE. 53 through the medium of truth, and to form oniy correct no lions of him. This harmonizes perfectly with the doctrine taught by the great Apostle of the Gentiles, when he says, that “the Gen- tiles, who have not the law,” that is, who are destitute of Rev- elation, “are a law unto themselves,” and “show the works of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bear- ing them witness ” Not that a divine revelation is unneces- sary, but, that phrenology opens up to our view another rev- elation, to wit, a revelation of natural theology, which per fectly harmonizes with that which is given by inspiration — a volume which every man carries, or should carry, within his own breast, and which “ he that runs may read.” Location. — Yen. is located anteriour to firm., in the mid- dle of the top of the head, and nearly beneath the union of the coronal sutures. 19. BENEVOLENCE. Desire for the happiness of others — sympathy , compassion- ^ kindness , fellow-feeling , benignity. By creating in the breast of man, an interest in the welfare of his fellow-men, this faculty prompts its possessor to per- form those innumerable acts of kindness and generosity which, by gratifying his benev., greatly increase the happi- ness of the giver, and, by adding new comforts to those al- ready possessed, proportionally enlarge the enjoyments of the receiver. Though it is blessed to receive, it is still “more blessed to give than to receive.” Let us suppose, for a moment, that every vestige of this feeling were blotted out from among men — let us suppose the human breast to be callous to the cries of suffering innocence, steeled against the wants and miseries of the world, and per fectly insensible to the happiness or unhappiness of all e:<> ated beings, and what a picture of moral desolation — what frigid region of suffering and sorrow, should we have p rented to our view ! Wrapped in his cold cloak of self » ft Eess, man might, perhaps, endure existence, but an exist? to which annihilation would be preferable. Never to gT 3T receive, a favour, to say nothing of the mutual ad van accruing to mankind from the principle of Helping oneanjin* er, he would, of course, be a perfect stranger to the delighifu, and thrill/ng emotion of grattude either to God or man. 7* t§4 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATE©. Let us suppose, in addition, that none of this feeling h&S entered into the Divine Mind, and that, in the construction of our bodies, and in the arrangement of the physica. a*, the intellectual world, he had made no reference to, and stituted no adaptation of, any thing that concerns the hap ness either of man or of the brute creation, and existent must have been the greatest of curses. But, on the contra* ry, we perceive that every possible arrangement and adapta- tion which could be devised by infinite wisdom and skill, prompted by infinite benevolence, and aided by infinite pow er, have been contrived by that adorable Being whose benef- icence knows no bounds. Every work of God is a perfectly benevolent work, planned and executed evidently with a view to secure the greatest amount of happiness to his creatures : and this fact incontestably proves, that the feeling of benev- olence enters largely into the Divine Mind. Even those pains which follow the burning, bruising, or otherwise in- juring of the body, whilst they are so many instances of di- vine punishment for sin, are, at the same time, a most benev- olent ordination, evidently designed and calculated to prevent those injuries and mutilations which would otherwise mar the beauty, and destroy the utility, of our corporeal frame : and if these punishments are a benevolent ordination, anal- ogy sanctions the inference, that all punishments are equally benevolent ; and, if even punishments are benevolently de- signed, surely every other institution throughout the uni- verse, must be formed for benevolent ends. This brings us to the important conclusion, that all the miseries which man- kind endure, are brought ly themselves (collectively) upon themselves, or, that they “give themselves the pains they feel.” Since, then, this principle of benevolence thus enters into the character and the works of God, and, also, into the whole constitution of things, it is evident, both a priori , and upon the principle that the human mind is adapted to that universe of which it forms a part, that the human mind must be so constituted as to appreciate and exercise the function of be- nevolence, or, in ether words, that there must be some innate faculty of the mind adapted to the exercise of this class of feelings. That same train of argument which has been previously employed to show that other classes of functions tie exorcised by distinct faculties, proves that this class of BENEV@LENC£. m functions is likewise exercised by a separate, primary facili- ty, created expressly and solely for this purpose. Of all the moral organs, this occupies the most prominen portion of the head, and has allotted to it the greatest surface, thus apparently implying, that its function is designed to be one of the cardinal , human virtues, and that to do good to ♦hose around us, is both our privilege and our duty. Yet jvv frequently is the soothing voice of benevolence drown- ed in the din of business, of pleasure, and of fashion ! In- deed, to learn to live in, and become a part of, society as it now exists, is to leam to be supremely selfish; and to “ ac- quire a knowledge of the world,” is to become acquainted with the maxims and the practices dictated by selfishness. In the little child, we sometimes see the feeling of benev. manifested in its pure state ; but, in adults, how seldom do we behold it unadulterated by the selfish passions, or un- skilled by their hoarse clamours! Every thing can be had, and every thing done, for money ; but he who is dependent for support or for happiness solely upon the benevolence of mankind, runs but a poor chance of enjoying even the ne- cessaries of life. This faculty originates that feeling of sympathy which manifests itself in an obliging disposition, and in reciprocal interchanges of kind offices, and, also, that feeling of hu- manity which willingly makes a sacrifice of personal hap- piness in order to relieve the miseries, and promote the enjoyment, of others. Large.— One having benev. large , in the expression of his countenance, in his manners, and in all his intercourse with his fellow-men, will manifest a warm and glowing feel- ing of kindness and good-will; enter into the interests of others, and do much to advance them ; “ rejoice with those that do rejoice, and weep with those that weep;” and expe- rience that strong desire to witness and promote the enjoy- ment of his fellow-men which will make him willing, and even glad, to sacrifice his own ease and interests in order tr alleviate the sufferings, or to augment the comforts, of his fillow-men, and even of the brute creation. One having benev. large, with large or very large adhes., will manifest this feeling to all, and be 'particularly kind ami obliging to his friends; wall sympathize deeply in their dis- tresses or misfortunes, and, with ucquis. only moderate, add lib» waiky to friendship; be pre-eminentl) hospitable; willing t 50 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTR AT&2L do and sacrifice much for those he loves, in sei ving whom will often injure hirnself ; and, with large or very large philo pro. added, will be extremely kind to children, to the infirm, the aged, and the destitute, and ready to perform those acts o» kindness which they require, and which sympathy, mingle with affection, alone can prompt: with moderate acquis., on>^ full approbat. and self-e., and large or very large secret., ideal., and conscien., will proffer his favours in a manner pe culiarly modest and delicate: with very large approbat., and only full conscien. and cans., will do and give partly on ac count of the approbation awarded to benevolent actions: with large or very large approbat., conscien., and adhes., will give partly to please others, and partly to make them happy, which union of motives will greatly increase the manifests tions of benev. : with large acquis., will be more kind than lib eral ; unless a ease of distress strongly excite his benev., wih give sparingly and grudgingly, yet freely bestow his time, services, and whatever does not draw directly upon his acquis.; in his sympathy and kind feeling, (which, after all, are the better manifestations of this faculty,) will show a large share of pure benevolent feeling, yet will generally be considered very far from being benevolent ; but, with large or very large adhes., and only moderate or small acquis., will be ready to help his fellow-men, and particularly his friends, with both his services and his substance, and be quite too generous for his own good: with full or large acquis., and large or very large ven. and conscien., may give freely to religious and philanthropic^ societies; to the advancement of missionary enterprises ; and in cases of real distress ; but not upon other occasions : with only moderate destruct., cannot endure to witness suffering or death, nor see pain inflicted without experiencing a pang himself: with large combat, and de- struct., and an active temperament, will manifest a gcneial spirit of mildness and kindness, and, when these organs are A oi excited, will be much moved at the sight of pain, yet, when his anger is thoroughly roused, will even inflict pain with delight; except in a fit of passion, will not cause corpo- real suffering, yet will be extremely bitter and sarcastick in u; s expressions, and manifest strong indignation and resist- ance towards his enemies, and those whom he thinks would impose upon him: with large or very large cautious., full secret., and only moderate or full destruct., will be careful no to do or say any thing designed or calculated to wound BENEVOLENCE 151 the .eelings of others; yet, with only moderate se:ret., wil, often speak before he reflects, and speak in such a mannei as to injure the feelings even of his best friends, but will Boon be sorry for it : with large or very large adhes. and firm , when he undertakes to help a friend out of trouble, will help him effectually ; but, with only moderate or full firm , will espouse the cause ol a friend with great warmth of feeling, which, however, will soon become cool, and leave him in a worse predicament than he would have been in without his help : with large or very large conscicn. and caus., will be actuated to do good both by feelings of genu- ine benev., and, also, by a sense of duty; endeavour to make men happy by first reforming them and making them virtu- ous ; and, with large ideal., and only full self-e. added, will manifest his benev. in so refined and delicate a manner as not to oppress the recipient with a sense of obligation : with large or very large mirth., will endeavour to augment the enjoyment of all around him by his mirthful effusions, and, except when provoked to it, will not be sarcastick : with large or very large self-e., and only moderate or full consci- en., will show favours to those who acknowledge their obli- gations to him, and render him all the tribute of respect he may claim, yet will bestow but few favours upon those who wound his pride: with large or very large cans., compar., and indiviii, will lay judicious plans, and employ the best means for doing good and relieving distress : take hold of benevolent enterprises in the right way, &c. Yery large. — One having benev. very large, with large or very large conscien., will possess, as it were, a deep and an overflowing fountain of kind and tender feeling, and have a heart full of sympathy and goodness ; cause trouble to those around him with great reluctance ; grieve over the miseries of mankind, and sacrifice almost any personal com- fort and interest upon the altar of his benev. ; be pre-eminent for his philanthropy and his real goodness of heart, and ail from feelings of disinterested benev. ; and, with large ven. added, will gladly devote himself and spend his all in pro- moting the salvation of his fellow-men, and in advancing the cause of humanity and religion: with large or very largo adhes., will be likely to ruin himself bv assisting his friends, and will ask what they want, rather than what he can afford to give; and, with large or very large philopro. and consci *n., will be pre-eminently qualified to endure the fatigues of PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED ibi attei .ing opon the sick; watch, with the utmost anxiety, over • sick h’jierid, and perform ten thousand acts of kindness whic.t nothing but the strongest feelings of benev., increased by tliv tendered feelings of friendship, could suggest or sup- port h,m undei ; with only moderate or full destruct. added, will bj neaiiy overcome by the sight of suffering or death, &e. The combinations and descriptions under benev. large, modified by an increase of its influence, will apply to benev. very lai ge. Full.— One having benev. full , will experience, in a good degree, the phenomena described under large benev., yet will manifest less active benev. ; not be very willing to make personal sacrifices, or waive his own interests, in order to oblige others, yet will experience considerable benevolent feeling ; and will be more apt to give from selfish motives than one with large benev. For example; one having be nev. full, with several of the selfish faculties large or very large, and conscien. only full, in general, will first gratify these larger organs, even though he must do so at the ex- pense of his benev. ; will be habitually more selfish than be- nevolent, and seek his own interest, though he thereby in- fringe even upon the rights uf others: with other large or very large organs acting in conjunction with benev., may manifest a large share of generosity and liberality; yet, wflth these same, or any other, organs, acting in opposition to his benev., will appear to be comparatively destitute of these qualities: with approbat. very large, and conscien. only full, may give “ to be seen of menf and take some Dains to show others what he has done: with approbat. or seif-e., or both, large or very large, may give even lavishly, but it will be from selfish or mercenary motives . with large or very large combat., destruct., firm., and self-e., or approbat., to gain his will, may assist in building churches, and in advancing good objects, yet the feeling of pure benev. will be only secon- dary. Moderate. — One having benev. moderate , will, perhaps uo favours which cost him little or no self-denial, yet will exercise but little sympathy for his suffering fellow-men, and aeidom step aside from his own selfish pursuits in order to relieve their distresses, or increase their enjoymen]; and ex- perience but few benevolent remonstrances or promptings. The manifestations and the combinations described undei SEMI INTELLECTUAL SENTIMENTS. R9 benev. large, reversed , will apply to benev. moderate, and, also, to benev. small; and those under benev. small, due al iowance being made for the increase of benev., will also ap p.y to benev. moderate. Small. — One having benev. small , will seldom disoblige himself in order to oblige others ; seldom think or care how much loss or inconvenience he subjects others to; and, with any or all of the selfish organs large or very large, be selfish in the extreme ; and seek, exclusively, the gratification of his own selfish passions, regardless of the consequences to oth- ers : with large or very large combat, and destruct., will not only, not be moved to pity by the sight of suffering and death, but even take delight in witnessing and cam mg them : with large or very large adhes., may love ardently, yet will never add kindness to affection, &c. The combinations and descriptions under benev. large cr very large, reversed , will apply to benev. small. Very small. — One having benev. very small , will never feel his heart beat w *h the emotion of pity; never heed the most heart-rending ciles of distress; and, with the selfish organs large or very large, and the reflective only moderate or full, will be literally a fiend incarnate. This faculty is generally much stronger in females than in males, a-nd creates, in the former, a much greater mani- festation of sympathy, of tenderness, of “ the milk of human kindness^” of benignity, of pure sensibility for suffering and desire to relieve it, than is manifested by the other sex. From this fountain spring those innumerable acts of kindness, and those ten thousand attentions to the wants and woes of oth- ers, for which woman is so pre-eminent. Location. — Benev. is located in the anterior superiouT portion of the head, just forward of ven., and of the union of tb r coronal sutures, and beneath the posterior superiors! portion of the frontal bone. (See cut of the female head, 9.nd contrast it with the scull of Aurelia Chase.) SPECIES III. — Semi-intellectual Sentiments. Improvement seems tube the watchword of our Taesr. and its spirit is manifested in those almost innumerable in- ventions and contrivances which so greatly augment on* 160 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. comforts, multiply our conveniences, and give new charm* to our existence. These improvements result from a class of faculties which partake of the nature and qualities of both the sentiments and the intellectual faculties, constituting as it were, a stepping-stone between them. 20. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. Mechanical ingenuity and talent— ability to make , builds construct , and manufacture . Well has the philosophick Franklin observed, that “man is a tool-making animal and with equal propriety he might have added, “ and the only tool-making and tool-using ani- mal, because the only animal which unites constructivenes? with causality.” Unquestionably man is calculated for liv- ing in houses, wearing apparel, and, by the aid of machinery, effecting objects which are even necessary to his well-being. Mechanical principles, by the application of which vas* additions can be made to the sum total of human happiness and human improvement, are also found to exist, and, likewise, to pervade the physical world. Now, since man forms a part of this physical world, and is, in part, under the dominion of these laws, there exists an absolute necessi- ty for him to possess some innate and primary faculty, the office of which is to take cognizance of these principles, and, also, to exercise this class of the mental functions. In- deed, 4 without such a faculty, man would not be adapted to that physical state of existence in which he is placed, but would be imperfect, and perish. This faculty is found in construct. Men are not made skilful mechanicks and artisans sole- ly, nor even chiefly , by instruction ; for, if they were, (other conditions being equal,) their skill and dexterity would always be in proportion to the amount of instruction received. But such is by no means the case ; for we frequently observe that some who have every advantage of instruction, make but indifferent workmen, whilst others seem intuitively to un- derstand the art of manufacturing. Proper instruction may, indeed, improve the natural talents even of the latter, and greatly facilitate their operations, yet they possess a natural capability of being taught to make — a docility which often manifests itself very early in life, and of wh ; ch others are comparatively destitute. Who taught Michae- &ngek ho^r COK STRUCT I VEN ESS. 16 to build, or Canova how to use the chisel, or Benjamin Wesi how to paint wh i > yet not nine years old. and entire\y i g norant of the an of painting? Nature, mainly. Theil powers were innate , or, in other words, they possessed ex iraordinarv construct., aided by other faculties. Developments of this faculty, and, also, a want of it, exist in combination with almost every conceivable variety of character and talents. Men of feeble intellects often possess it in a remarkable degree, whilst others who have gigantick minds, are sometimes almost entirely destitute of it. The conclusion, therefore, is inevitable, that a talent for making and building , must depend upon a distinct and primary mental power. Large. — One having construct, large , will possess a high degree of natural skill in making, building, contriving, re- pairing, &c. ; be prone to whittle and scribble; be delighted with mechanical operations ; and, with large irnitat., aided by some practice, can become an excellent mechanick. In effecting mechanical operations, other organs contribute as largely as construct. For example; one having large construct., with large or very large irnitat., will be uncom- monly dexterous in making after a i 'pattern , and can readily learn to do with tools what he sees others do ; with large or very large form and ideal, added, will give a peculiar finish and neatness to his work, and succeed in making fine and fancy articles, such as combine utility with richness and elegance; but, with ideal, only moderate, will succeed only in making common and useful things: with large firm, and self-e , large or very large form, size, ideal., cans., and compar., and only mod- erate irnitat., will excel in superintending mechanical opera- tions; in directing others what to do and how to do it, and in judging of the qualities of work, and will be a first-rate foreman , yet will not himself excel as an operative mechan ick ; can plan and oversee much better than execute; but. whh large or very large irnitat. added, will excel in both: be a natural mechanick or artist of a very high order; be capable of turning his hand readily to almost any blanch of mechanical business ; and frequently contrive new methods of aceomp ishing his work; with large or very large conscien. added, will never slight his work ; with large weightand indi* vid. added, be highly delighted with the operations of machine- ry ; able to comprehend it and judge of its adaptation; and possess an extraordinary talent for drawing, draughting. m PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED modelling, planning, and probably for inventing ; be remark- ably ingenious, and very successful, in every branch of me* chanicks which he. may undertake: with large or very large concent., wil dwei. patiently upon any piece of work until it is entirely completed, and rendered as perfect as possible ; and will be ible to engage in only ooe kind of labour at a time; but, with moderate or small concent., will leave much of his work unfinished ; generally have on hand several pieces of work at a time, and feel a desire frequently to change from one to the other ; be rather “ a jack at all trades” than perfect in any, &c. : with large or very large combat, and destruct., and only full conscien., when his work doe3 not please him, will become angry with it, and feel like breaking or tearing it in pieces : with very large self-e.. hope, and ideal., will be induced to try many mechanical experi- ments ; to engage largely in heavy operations, and even speculations ; and be likely to spend much time in endeavour- ing to invent : with very large ideal., imitat., mirth., form, size, colour, local., and compar., can design and execute ludicrous pictures or drawings, burlesque representations, caricatures, &c. ; copy hand-writings; draw after a pattern; recollect, for a long time, the shape of faces, landscapes, machines, &c., which he has seen, and make their fac similes , or draw and make from memory; and, with large or very large caus. and compar. added to this combination, can readily adapt mechanical principles to the accomplishment of desired me- chanical objects; readily detect the faults in machinery and remedy them ; invent and improve machinery, &c. . with large or very large imitat., individ., form, size, weight, order, and calcu., and full or large compar. and caus., will make a first-rate engineer, surveyor, &c. Very large. — One having construct, very large with very large ideal., imitat., individ., form, size, colour, and compar., will literally possess a passion for the pursuit of the fine arts; be able to perform almost any operation be- longing to mechanicks or the arts with wonderful and mini five skill, and with extraordinary facility and success; to make almost any thing within the attainment of human in* genuity ; to become an artist or mechanick of the very frst order ; and will be likely to break away from all hin deranees, and to surmount every obstacle, in order to indulge this pas- sion ; will be able to impart a peculiar beauty and a richness to a 1 his woiks, and combine perfect accuracy with taste. CONSTRUCTIVE NESS. 163 will excel m every undertaking of the kind, even though obliged to use indifferent tools. The descriptions and combinations under large construct., due allowance being made for the increase of the construc- tive power, will apply to construct, very large. Full. — One having full construct., with large imitat., will possess a respectable share of mechanical ingenuity ; ana, with the addition of large or very large form and size, and full individ., have all the natural talent requisite for becom- ing an excellent mechanick, especially in those branches which require but little more than making after a 'pattern ; can learn to use tools with tolerable dexterity, yet will re- quire considerable practice, but with it, will become quite suc- cessful ; can repair articles that break, and “ fix up 7 ’ such things as he may have occasion to use in his family and his business; yet his success will depend as much upon art as nature: with imitat. only full, will seem to possess this fac- ulty only in an inferiour degree, especially if circumstances do not imperiously urge its exercise, and will be dependant, in some degree, for any mechanical skill or success which ha, may manifest, upon his other faculties, such as form, size, local., ideal., compar., caus., &c. The additional descriptions and combinations under con- struct. full, will be found under construct, large, after due allowance has been made for the diminution of construct. Moderate. — One having moderate construct., with only moderate imitat., may learn, with considerable effort, some of the less difficult “trades,” yet will never be eminent for his skill in may, perhaps, learn to construct those plain articles which are often called for in the family and in busi- ness, yet will show but little skill and dexterity in such op- erations, and prefer to pay a mechanick for executing them ; will dislike to use tools, and choose some occupation which is not mechanical : with imitat. and form large or very large, may succeed weli in making after a pattern; manifest con- siderable skill in copying, and easily learn to do what he sees done by others, yet will owe his success mainly to these last-named faculties ; and, with large or very large compar. and caus. added, may, perhaps, direct others, and improve theif inventions, and even invent, yet will not possess much inde- pendent, mechanical talent, &c. Small. — One having small construct., with only moderate imitat., will b? ab.e to learn to perform even simp e mechan* m PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED ical operations only with great difficulty, and then u as an automaton ; will manifest but little skill or dexterity in the use of tools or the pen ; dislike a mechanical occupation more than almost any other ; do every thing in which the exercise of this faculty is requisite only by main strength , and without contrivance or ingenuity ; and be a mere bungler in almost every thing of the kind which he undertakes. The additional combinations and descriptions of small construct., will be found under moderate construct., the influ- ence of construct, being diminished. Very small.— One having very small construct., will be apparently destitute of all mechanical ingenuity and incli nation. in the sculls and casts of several North American Indi- ans, in the scull of a New Zealander and of a Charib Indi- an, examined by the authors, this organ is either small or very small, which harmonizes perfectly with the fact, that in every mechanical art and effort, these tribes are quite inferiour to many races of men. Location. — Construct, is located just above the middle of a line connecting the top of the ear and the external cor- ner of the eye ; or, just below ideal., and a little forward of it.* When both organs are large or very large, they form an obtuse angle, ideal, extending in a nearly horizontal direc- tion, and construct, uniting with it in nearly a perpendicular direction. When the intellectual organs are large and long , it spreads itself upon the sides of the head, and thus presents but little prominence. This, together with the temporal muscle, which passes over it, and varies in thickness, causes, except in the case of children, an occasional mistake. It may likewise be added, that many individuals who possess, by nature, no small share of the constructive power, think they have but little, because they have never been so situated as to call it forth, and, also, because they suppose that con- struct. applies exclusively to the use of tools as employed by a professed mechanick, yet, when occasion requires, they are found quite skilful in executing repairs, and have a whittling and tinkering propensity. * It may be proper here to remark, that, In the Is^ge cut, a'.quis. and te kvcaied too fa if '"ward md alimen:.. too hu>. IMALITY. 165 21 IDEALITY. Imagination— fancy — )ve of the exquisite , the beautifkU the splendid , the tasnful, and the polished — that impas- sioned zr. stacy and rapture of feeling which give inspi- ration to poetry and oratory , ana l a conception of the sub- lime. That there exists in the human mind some faculty, the function of which is to inspire man with a love of the beau tiful and the exquisite — a fondness for the sublime, me ele- gant, and the tasteful, will appear evident when we compare man with the lower order of animals, or civilized man with the savage, or the refined inhabitants of a city with the com- mon population of the country. Were it not for the influ- ence of this faculty, these things would be held in no higher estimation by man than by the brute, or by one man than by another. Were it not for its influence, mankind would have no higher relish for the exquisite, the tasteful, the beautiful, and the sublime, than for the insipid, the dull, the homely, and the vulgar. Were it not for this faculty, we should no more highly prize the bold images, the glowing flights of fancy, the daring thoughts, and the impassioned bursts of eloquence which characterize the productions of Homer, of Shakspeare, of Milton, of Byron, of Addison, of Irving, of Chalmers, of Patrick Henry, and of Daniel Webster, than we do the plainer and dryer style of Locke, Dean Swift, William Cobbett, and many other still more homely writers. Without ideality, the splendid productions of a Raphael, a Corregio, a Canova, a Phidias, and a Praxiteles, would find no more favour in our eyes than the rudest paintings, and the roughest carvings, of the most uncivilized nations. Although poetry is one form in which this faculty man: Tests itself, yet it is by no means exclusively confined to a relish for the inspirations of the muses. Though essential to the poet, it takes a wider range. It adds to the delight wc take in viewing an elegant statue, an exquisite painting, a splendid temple, or any other finished production of art It causes and increases the glow and rapture experienced in beholding the beautiful landscape, the rugged cliff the bold promontory, and the lofty mountain. It now loves to sea the “wilderness and the solitary place” made glad, and “ the desert rejoice and blossom as the rose anu u at the peep ef 166 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. dawn,” when fair Aurora “sprinkles with rosy light hs dewy lawn,” it delights to see “ old ocean smile and then “to ride upon the wings of the wind;” and then “upon the circle of the heavens and then, again, to see the untied winds “ r J ike the ruffian billows by the top, Curling their monstrous heads, and hanging them With deaf ’ning clamours in the slipp’ry clouds.” ideality gives elevation, and fervour, and polish, to tha mind ; inspires man with a love of improvement and refine- ment, and assists him in forming and realizing splendid con- ceptions and undertakings. With approbativeness large, it often manifests itself in a fondness for splendour in apparel, equipage, houses, and pleasure-grounds, and is an important element in gayety, fashion, and elegance of manners. Large. — One having ideal, large , will possess refinement and exquisiteness of taste and feeling, a lively imagina- tion, and a brilliant fancy ; an admiration of the elegant, the beautiful, the gorgeous, the ornamental, the perfect, and the sublime ; of the fine arts and polite literature ; of poetry if of a high order, and of eloquence ; and will relish every thing fanciful and exquisite wherever it is to be found. One having ideal, large, with colour, form, and size large, will gaze, with intense delight, upon a splendid and well- proportioned painting, and be able to appreciate its merits ; and, with form and local, large or very large, upon a beau- tiful landscape, cascade, flower, &c. : with lang. and compar. large or very large, will employ many metaphors, hyper- boles, and other figures of speech ; will express himself in a glowing and elevated style , and, with a full-sized and an active brain, have the natural talents for becoming quite elo- quent in the expression of his thoughts and feelings: with hope large or very large, will have high flights of fancy, delight to indulge in the revellings of his imagination, and be enraptured with his own contemplations ; yet, if concent, is only moderate, his flights will be vivid and intense, but not long-sustained, and he must dash them off at the mo- ment, or they will vanish : with self-e. and compar. large, will not often allow an uncouth or a low expression to escape his lips, but will be disgusted with vulgarity: with only a moderate 'sized head, and only full caus. and compar., will manifest more of refinement than solidity ; of sound than IDEALITY 16 ? sense ; of rhetorick than logick ; of sicky delicacy than vigorous intellect ; of finely turned periods than important ideas ; and overload his style with figurative expressions : with combat, and destruct. large or very large, throw invec- tive into the form of poetry : with large or very large mdi vid., event., and lang., may make a good speaker and writer, and a popular lecturer, yet will be indebted for these quali- ties more to his manner than to his matter- — to his style Jhan to his ideas ; may please the fancy, and communicate many facts, yet will not reason closely or clearly : with amat. and adhes. large or very large, will take a special interest in sen timental poetry which breathes much of the passion of love and fires the fancy, and in romantick and dramatick compo- sition: with mirth, large, will relish humourous poet ry, such as John Gilpin, the Dunciad, Beppo, &c. : with ven. and conscien. large, devotional and religious poetry, with the reflective faculties large or very large, will despise light and trashy poetry, or even that which, though beautiful in expression, is deficient in power of thought; will relish only that which, while it flows in smooth and equal num- bers, bears upon its bosom a rich cargo of important ideas, and sound, moral sentiments; and, if he attempt to compose poetry, will imbue it with much sound, practical sense, and, also, prefer those authors, both in poetry and prose, who em- ploy a glowing, elevated style, but pay far more attention to the arrangement and the argument than to the expression, &c. Very large. — One having ideal, very large , will possess a rich and glowing fancy, and experience emotions accompani- ed with a kind of rapture and enthusiasm, or, rather, ecstacy \ be disgusted with that which is commonplace or imperfect; be excessively fond of poetry and fiction ; an enthusiastick admirer of the fine arts ; and revel with ecstacy in the re- gions of fancy. One having very large ideal., with very large adhes. and compar., and full lang., can make poetry of a high order, which will breathe forth the tenderest feelings of friendship; and will consider the common standard of friendship so very low, and its exercise so imperfect, as to make him dissatisfied with life, because he will be able to find few minds of kin dred sympathy and pathos with his own ; will long for a world where friendship will be pure and perfect, and unmix- ed with the least alloy; and mourn deeply over the imper f«c*ions of human nature: with larg^ perceptive organs PHRENOLOGY XLLU3TRA1 FD m i^rge or very large reflective organs, and full or large %i organs, accompanied with an active and a full-sized brain, will be possessed of a deep fund of thought, which w il J flow m a style, rich, but not gaudy, copious and powerful, but not low or commonplace, splendid, but not bombastick; will be admired for his talents, and beloved for his amiable qualities j will produce the best of sentiments, and yet manifest the most exquisite feelings; and rise far above his fellow-men, both in genius and virtue; be devoted to belleslettre, the fine a v ts, and polite literature, and also to the more substantial branches of learning; and, with full self-e., firm., and com bat., will be qualified to become a splendid speaker ; will make almost any sacrifice in order to listen to a splendid or- atorical performance; and will possess the feeling and: th< power of eloquence and poetry in the highest degree. The manifestations and descriptions under ideal, large, modified by an increase of the qualities imparted by it, will apply to ioeal. very large. Full. — One having ideal, fall, will possess considerable refinement of feeling, and some poetick fancy, yet they will oe exercised only in a subordinate degree ; will be fond of poetry and the fine arts, yet not by any means devoted to them; may relish poetry for its sentiment or its argument, or the love it describes, the history or philosophy it imbodies, &c., more than for its glowing imagination or vivid fancy. One having ideal, full, with large or very large perceptive and reasoning faculties, will confine his attention chiefly to matters cf fact, and to the investigation of first principles without reference to the splendour or the drapery of style - express his thoughts in a straight-forward,plain, and forcible manner, with less reterence to elegance and finish of style than to the facts and arguments ; prefer those speakers who do the same, and possess much more of the eloquence of ihowgkt than of diction; prefer plainness and utility to beauty and ornament ; and seem, at times, to possess less taste, and refinement, and delicacy of feeling, than is com- menoable Moderate. — One having ideal, mod* ate, will seldom experience the glow and elevation of reeling which idea., imparts, nor manifest a great share of refinemer t of feeling, nor express himself with elegance and taste; will regard poetry, belleslettres, the fine arts, polite literate re, works of imagination, painting, sculpture, &c., with less enthusiasm IMITATION. and prefer plainness to ornament, and be rafiier plain and awkward, than polished and refined, in his manners, dress, &c., and, with self-e. moderate, take up with inferiour arti- cles. The combinations and descriptions under idea . large, re- versed , will convey to the mind of the reader a correct idea of the additional descriptions and combinations of moderate or small ideal. Small. — One having ideal, small , will be coarse and vul- gar in his manner of expression ; have but poor ideas of taste, of propriety, and beauty, and little relish for poetry or oratory, or fine writing, and be but a miserable judge of any thing of the kind ; will be coarse and uncouth in his man- ners, and very awkward, plain, and commonplace in every thing he says or does. The combinations and descriptions under ideal, full, and, also, those under ideal, large and very large, reversed , will apply to ideal, small. Very small.— One having ideal, very small , will be nearly destitute of the feelings and manifestations described as pertaining to this faculty. Location. — Ideal, is located upon the sides of the head, about the spot in which the hair begins to appear, upwards and backwards of construct., beneath the temporal ridge, and near its union with the parietal bone, and nearly in a line with compor., caus., and mirth. When large or very large, the sides of the head, where the hair makes its ap- pearance, are widened and heightened, hut when it is small, 'hey are narrow and depressed. 22. IMITATION. Ability to represent , copy, describe , and do what we see done — the power of imitation and copying in general . Man is emphatically a creature of imitation. In perrorm- ng nearly all the actions of his life, the power of imitation rB more or less important, and a want of it exhibits an essen rial deficiency of character. In learning to speak or write cither o foreign language, or our vernacular tongue, the fac- ulty of language furnishes us with woris ; b it it is imitation alone which enables us so to enunciate them as to makeo&r selves understood. 8 170 PHRENOLOGY ILLUS P'lA'l ED. The. skill of the mechanick depends, in a very great de- gree, noon the extent of his imitative powers ; and the ges* ticulations of the orator, by means of which he oftei. ex* presses more feeling, and makes a stronger impression, than words could possibly convey, are the promptings of this lac ulty. So vastly diversified, indeed, are the feelings and the practices of men, that, without some faculty to direct them into even the common usages of society, different individu- als would hardly be recognised as belonging to the same race ; yet, with this faculty to give a degree of uniformity to most of their habits and practices, and thus to attract them towards a common centre, it is easy to determine, not only in what country, but, frequently, in what section of the coun- try, the manners of an individual have been formed. Hence we infer, that man must be possessed of a primary faculty, the exclusive function of which is imitation in general. The experiments of the authors upon this organ, have been Doth numerous and satisfactory. Large. — One having imitat. large , will find it easy and natural for him to copy and represent, and possess both the ability and the disposition successfully to exercise this fac- ulty, either in his gesticulation, his manner of description, his talent for drawing and writing, his desire to adopt the manners of others, or in almost any thing else demanded by his circumstances in life, and his other faculties. One having imitat. large, with construct, and the per- ceptive organs also large or very large, will manifest hL imitative power in making after a pattern, in drawing, e r graving, writing a copy-hand, &c. : with secret., ideal., an lang., only moderate, cannot mimick , nor describe, nor ac out any thing well ; but, with secret, full or large, and idea), individ., event., lang., and compar. large or very large, hrr a happy talent for description ; can relate anecdotes to ad miration, a fund of which he will have always at commane so that he can always tell one story to match another; cat represent things which he wishes to describe, in so clear ? manner, and act them out so naturally, that the hearer will seem to see just what the speaker wishes to convey ; by the ear- nestness of his manner, his attitudes, gestures, the expression c:f his countenance, the apparent p ithos of his feelings, &c . win make a far deeper impression ..ban language alone cou.d produce, and be able to heighten the effect by the addition elegant, and even eloquent, delivery : with form, size, cob IMITATION. 171 struct., and ideal, h rge, will be capable of becon ing an ex cellent penman: with self-e. full, and ideal., individ , an4 lang. large, can readily adopt the manners and customs ci those with whom he associates ; talk and act as others do and make himself easy ar.d acceptable in almost any society in which he may be placed, &c. Very large. — One having iinitat. very large , has a r? markable talent for imitating almost every thing he under akes to imitate : with large secret., can conceal his real feel- ings, while he appears to feel what he does not : with large mirth., and moderate or small ven. and conscien., will have a propensity to ridicule religion by imitating the peculiarities of its professors : with large adhes., can assume the manners of a friend : with large or very large combat., destruct., self-e., and ideal., can mimick and portray the several pas- sions of haughtiness, of indignation, of revenge, of anger, contempt, &c : with any of the other selfish organs large or very large, can imitate the several passions exercised by those faculties : with large or very large event., will notice all the actions and peculiarities of others, and be able to mimick them perfectly ; with large ideal, added, can ima- gine and represent the action appropriate to any given senti- ment, and express it to admiration ; and, with large or very large lang. and secret, added, can carry on a dialogue m several voices, and adapt the expression of his countenance to the feelings represented; can imitate the accents and brogue of the Englishman, the Scotchman, the Irishman, the Frenchman, &c., and even imitate the forms of expres sion adopted by these different countrymen; easily learn both to read and Zo speak foreign languages : with large or very large ideal., mirth., individ., event., lang., compar., and adhes., and full or large secret, and combat., is capable of b& coming a first-rate mimick and play-actor, and will have a predominant passion, and a remarkable talent, for the stage, and find it extremely difficult to avoid imitating the actions, conversation, sty.e, &c., of others. Full. — One having imitat. full, will manifest this faculty only in a subordinate degree, which will seldom amount to mimickry; still, its influence upon the whole character wil be considerable, and may be inferred from the descriptions and combinations of imitat. large, by diminishing the infm* ence of imitat. Moderate. — One having imitat. moderate will possess 172 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. this pt iver in only an inferiour .(egret, and experience Sv>roe difficulty in copying and describing; fail to impart a natural expression and accuracy to his attempts at copying, and, with self-e., caus., and compar., large or very large, will disdain to copy others; prefer tc strike out, and pursue, a path of hia own ; foil to adapt himself to the customs of the society with which he is not familiar ; and will be original, if not eccen- trick, in his manner of thinking and acting : with secret only moderate or small, can never seem to feel otherwise than he really does. Other combinations and descriptions may be inferred from those under large and very large irnitat. reversed. Small. — One having imitat. small , will have but little ability to imitate or copy, and none to mimick ; foil in his attempts to describe or represent, and will almost spoil a story by attempting, in relating it, to act out the several parts ; will not be at all natural in his gestures, and be a poor penman, and experience great inconvenience from the defi- ciency of this faculty. The combinations and descriptions under imitat. moderate, the influence of imitat. being still farther diminished, and also the descriptions and combinations under imitat. large or very large, reversed , or negatived, will generally apply to imitat. small. Very small. — One in whom irnitat. is very small , will manifest none of the power in question, and be utterly unable to imitate or copy. Location. — Imitat. is located upon the two sides of be- nev. When large, it extends nearly as far back as the organ of benev., and the coronal sutures, and causes a protuber- ance, especially when marvel, is small, which runs down- ward from benev., and towards ideal, and construct. 23. MIRTHFULNESS. That faculty of the mind which looks at things through a ludicrous medium , and thus forms humorous ideas and conceptions — a quick and lively perception of the ridicu* lous and the absurd — facetiousness , pleasantry , humour , wit, fun. That certain conceptions, ideas, opinions, and occurrences m life, ara in themselves absurd and ridiculous, is a position that will readily be admitted. This being the case, it natu 3SIRTRFULN ESS. in rally follows, that the mind should be possessed of some pri rnary power or faculty, the office of which is to detect sue*.: absurdities, and expose their ridiculousness : and this oiiice is performed by the faculty of mirthfuluess. its legitimate function seems to be to aid caus. and compar. in determining whit is true, by intuitively discerning whatever in thought or argument, is ridiculous or absurd: and the fact, that mirth, is located by the side of caus., and in the same range with compar., caus., and ideal., appears to strengthen the pro- bability of the correctness of this supposition. Unless we admit, that there is some primary faculty, the proper operation of which is to detect that which is absurd and ridiculous per se, how are we to account for the prone- ness of mankind, when attempting to show the fallacy, or expose the sophistry, of arguments, to endeavour to make them appear ridiculous ? — how account for the very common method of reasoning by the reductio ad absurdism, the prin- cipal ingredient of which is, mirth. ? The fact is, the mind rests assured, that what is ridiculous, cannot be true ; or, that the enlightened operation of mirth, is always in harmo- ny with the principles of reason and analogy. The existence of such a faculty as mirth., is rendered still more evident from a consideration of that genera] tendency of the human mind to make sport, to jest, joke, and seek for something that will raise a laugh ; and, also, from the utility of such a faculty ; which may be inferred from the fact, that indulgence in laughter, merriment, lively conversation, hi- larity, and rational amusements, by promoting respiration, digestion, appetite, and the circulation of the fluids, contri- butes greatly to health and bodily vigour, and, likewise, by imparting buoyancy and elasticity to the spirits, greatly aug- ments the power and activity of the mind. The old adage, laugh and be fat,” though quaint, accords both with the philosophy of human nature, and the experience of mankind, and, moreover, with man’s phrenological develop! lents. If, then, according to the vulgar notion, “ every sigh drives a nail into our codin,” this argument shows, that “ every laugh should draw one out.” Religionists often consider the exercise of this faculty as wrong, nay, as wicked ; but the mere fact of its existence, sanctions its exercise, and even makes its proper exercise a virtue. Large. — One having mirth, large , has a quick and lively 174 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. perception of the ludicrous, and a strong propensity to Urn singular remarks and incidents into ridicule, and to make sport in various ways ; laughs heartily at any thing humor- ous or funny, and enjoys it with a keen relish. One having mirth, large, with large compar., destruct,, am] combat., and caus. full or large, will mingle the sarcastick, the pungent, and the bitter, with the purely humorous ; and, with compar. very large, hold the object of his displeasure up to ridicule by comparing him to some most disagreeable, or even loathsome, object ; and be pre-eminent for his dry, terse, witty, and appropriate comparisons, which will be al- ways in point, and very laughable, and sting while they tickle: with large or very large secret, and imitat., will have a happy faculty of saying a witty thing in a peculiarly witty and laughable manner, and, withjarge lang., compar, and event, added, can work up the feelings of the hearer by a most agreeable suspense, and mingle so much of the cunning and the sly in his manner of expression, that his humorou effusions will take admirably, and create a large amount of real sport ; will be able to make fun of others without their seeing it, and to keep those in whose company he is, in a roar of laughter, and yet appear perfectly sober himself ; to employ insinuatnns and the double-entendre with effect; to hoax, and quiz, and play his cunning pranks upon those around him ; will make very happy allusions to ludicrous incidents ; and be very quick and opportune in his mirthful sallies : with compar. large, approbat. very large, and caus. only full, may say witty things, but will generally spoil them by laugh ‘ ing at them himself : with large or very large adhes., appro- bat., benev., hope., ideal., imitat., event., lang., and compar., will make a social, obliging, cheerful, companionable, and pleasant friend, who will be full of good cheer, humorous anecdote, and entertaining conversation : -with large or very large ideal., will express his mirthful effusions in a pecu- liarly ref ned and delicate manner, and, with secret, large, can say even a vulgar thing without giving offence : with secret, and imitat. moderate or small will have a fund of lu- dicrous ideas, and a ready conception of the truly ridiculous, but will generally fail to give them so ludicrous an expres sion as to make others laugh ; will relish a joke, yet spoil his own jokes, and those of others which he attempts to re- late, by his defective manner of expressing them ; but, with imitat. large or very large, even though secret, is only mod MIRTHFULNESS. 175 wale, will be able to express himself in so blunt, and ary t and eccentrick, and even comick a manner, as to cause a burst of laughter : with lang. large, an 1 cornpar. very large, will be a ready punster ; have a happy talent of reasoning by the reductio ad absurdum , or, by carrying out, and apply- ing, the arguments of his opponents in such a manner as to make them appear supremely ridiculous : with hope large or very large, will be both cheerful and witty, and mingle a high flow of spirhs, with a happy talent for humour ; but, with hope only moderate or small, even when borne down with melancholy, may say many witty things: with appro- bat. and cautious, very large, and self-e. small, except among his familiar acquaintances, will have too little self-confidence to venture a joke, or will show so much fear in his manner of expressing it as to spoil it: with ven. and conscien. large or very large, will be frequently annoyed by the intrusion of ludicrous thoughts, even upon solemn occasions ; feel guilty upon this account, and endeavour to banish them from his mind, yet, in spite of all his efforts, 'hey will frequently arise : with cornpar. and caus. large or very large, like Franklin, will express important ide^s, containing a great amount of practical sense, in a witty manner, and imbody many moral lessons, and much practical philosophy, in his mirthful effusions ; and, whenever he attempts to joke, will be dry, sententious, pithy, and always in point, &c. “ Poor Richard’s Almanack” furnishes an admirable illustration of the combined manifestation of very large caus., cornpar., and mirth. ; which combination is most strikingly exhibited in all the busts of Dr. Franklin. Very large — One having very large mirth., will look at almost every thing, as it were, in a ludicrous light; man- ufacture fun out of almost every passing incident ; find it difficult to restrain that strong current of humorous emo- tions which sweeps through his mind, and which will be likely to burst forth, both upon proper and improper occa sions; and be unable to express himself without a strong mixture of facetiousness with sober thought, and often car ry his jokes too far. The descriptions and the manifestations of mirth, largti modified by an increase of the power and the influence of *nirth , win appiy to mirth, very large. Full. — One having mirth, full , may have a good shai«i of humorous feeling, and enjoy the mirthful effusions of 176 PHRENOLOGY ILL OSTR ATE&. other?, yet, without the aid of other faculties, will not nun fielf be remarkably quick to turn a joke: with large or very large destrict., combat., and com par., will be cogent and bp ling in his attempts at wit, yet his wit will sting more than it will tickle, and be too harsh, and severe, and personal to please, and, consequently, will often give offence ; will, per- haps, frequently indulge his teasing and pestering propen sity, yet his mirthful effusion will not be characterized so much by pure humour, as by satire and raillery; may be eminent for his sarcastick and appropriate, if not ironical comparisons , yet the whole point and ludicrousness of hr* jokes will turn upon the aptness of the comparison : with hope very large, may have a large share of glee and hilarity, o cheerful, lively disposition, and a sprightly mind ; enjoy a fine flow of spirits, and be exceedingly fond of amusements, yet the pure “ attick salt” will not highly season his mirthfuj effusions: with the assistance of other faculties, particularly of imitat., lang., secret., hope, and compar., may express what ludicrous ideas he has in so laughable a manner, act them out so naturally, and accompany them with so much quaint- ness, as to create a great deal of sport, and pass for a real wit, yet he will owe more of this celebrity to his manner ol communicating his witticism, than to the witticisms them selves, or to the faculty of mirth ; but, with secret., self-e., iang., individ., and event, only moderate or full, will be un- able to give half the jest to his mirthful expressions which is contained in his ideas , and thus be generally considered as comparatively destitute of the faculty. Moderate. — One having mirth, moderate, will generally look at things through the sober medium of fact; seldom succeed well in his attempts at wit; generally think of his jokes too late to make them; and be more sober than jovial. One having mirth, moderate, with compar., combat., and de- siruct. large, may be sarcastick, yet his jests will be too un- kind and harsh to please; be more biting than humorous, and often give offence : with approbat., combat., and destruct. large, will be unable to take a joke in good part, and, when rallied, frequently become angry: with self-e. and caus. only moderate or full, approbat. large or very large, and secret large, will frequently labour under the false impression thav he :s the object of ridicule when he is not; will be quite tot jealous upon this point, and easily offended by jokes v c tally if they bear nnon facts, &c PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 17? Small — One having mirth, small, will be likely to com tider wit as either impertinent or silly ; will rather lack sprightliness and vivacity in conversation and appearance; be slow to take a joke, or to appreciate a witticism, and slower still to make or turn one : with ven. and conscien. large or very large, and hope only moderate, will seldom smile, and probably think it wicked to do so : with appro- bat. and adhes. large or very large, will be extremely alive to the lashes of ridicule, and the finger of scorn, and greatly tormented by them ; and be completely confused and routed, when the battery of this organ is opened upon him. Very small. — One with this organ very small, will never, m any perceptible degree, manifest the functions exercised by this faculty. Location. — Mirth, is located beneath the temporal ridge, externally from caus., but a little lower, and nearly in the range of compar., caus., and ideal. ORDER II. — Intellectual Faculties. These faculties constitute what is commonly termed intei* lect, as contra-distinguished from feeling , or emotion ; and have to do with three classes of things, the physical, the metaphysical, and the abstract ; or, in other words, with the various conditions, relations, and qualities of things, ana with the physical, mental, and moral phenomena that are produced by the operation of those first-principles or causes by which these things and their respective phenomena are regulated and governed, as well as with the principles them- selves. They consist of two genera. The first genus embraces the Perceptive Faculties; and the second, the Reasoning Faculties. GENUS I. — Perceptive Faculties. These bring us into communion with the external worL through the medium of the senses; perceive natural objects and their conditions, physical qualities, and phenomena, and some of their relations, and collect facts and statistical info? aiat?or< for the use of the other faculties. 178 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. SI ECIES I. — The Faculties of the Extern ai Senses. SENSATION OR FEELING. Cognizance of the impressions made, and of the effects pro ducedt, upon the body by the contact of physical objects with the nerves of sensation. Without a faculty of the mind whose legitimate office it ia Lo perform this class of functions, the contact of physical ob- jects with the body, could produce no sensation — without this ever-watchful sentinel of our corporeal frame — whose organ (through the medium of the nerves of sensation) per vades the whole external surface of the body, including the intestinal canal — placed, as it is, to guard from external in- jury, this delicate machine — to keep in tune this harp of a thousand strings, its safety would be put in constant jeopar- dy, and its organization, liable soon to be destroyed. Negli- gence here, even fora moment, might expose the body to ir- reparable injury, and render this citadel of life liable to be taken by the first rude hand that should assail it. He r ce we infer the necessity of a distinct faculty whose exckisr/e office it is to perform the function of sensation. The principle, that such a contact of physical objects with the body as is calculated to injure it, causes pain, which pain warns us of danger, and that such a contact as is beneficial to it, produces a pleasurable sensation, will generally hold good, and bear the scrutinizing test of experiment. Toman, then, as a corporeal being, this faculty is indispensable. It is, in short, the natural instinct in him which intuitively comprehends those principles that regulate the preservation of the body from external injury, and is likewise in perfect harmony with those principles. The mediate function of the sense of feeling, is common- ly called touch , of which the sphere of activity is very con- siderable and important. The nerves of this faculty are closely combined with those of voluntary motion ; and the two kinds together, may assist the functions of all the inter- nal faculties, as well the affective as the intellectual. Hence the reason why the nerves of feeling and the nerves of mo* tiom are so intimately connected with the organs of the af feet ve and the int< fiiectual faculties. SIGHl . 179 This faculty is much more active in some animals than ia fibers ; and we find that the nerves of sensation are much largei in the former than in the latter. In combination with large cautiousness, this faculty produces that dread of pain, which is often worse than the pain itself, and that instinctive shrinking from corporeal suffering, which it endeavours to avoid. For a more extensive analysis of this faculty, as well a* of the other external senses, the reader is referred to the ex- cellent remarks upon the subject in Dr. Spurzheim’s work upon Phrenology. SIGHT. Vision — power of taking cognizance of the appearance of physical objects by means of the optical organs. There exist in nature certain optical laws, the object of which is to furnish animated beings with a knowledge of the physical world by means of the eye and its accompany- ing apparatus. Mankind intuitively understand and apply these laws or principles of vision, and see just as well with- out any theoretical or scientifick knowledge of them as with. Since, then, this power of vision is possessed intuitively, and is exercised by a given portion of the brain, the induction is obvious, that men, and, indeed, all animals that see at all, possess an innate, primary power, the proper function of which is to see. The fact that new-born infants possess the power of vision but imperfectly, does not at all militate against the foregoing conclusion, for, it is well known, that, at the birth, their eyes are in an imperfect state, and are not able to receive, modify, and transmit strong impressions of light, until they are about six weeks old. Hence, it is only by degrees that the eye of a child becomes fit to perform its natural function with full power ; but, as soon as the powers of this organ are fully matured, a child can see, and without either habit ct education , ;ust as well and as accurately as the greatest philosopher. The same argument will apply to all animals whose organs of vision are imperfect at the birth. It is, moreover, a singular fact, that that portfm of the brain in which the optick nerve terminates, or. in phrenolog- ical language, the organ of seeing, is found, in different an- imals, to be pi oportionate to their power of vision — is foundl ISO PIIRFNOI OGV ILLUSTRA1ED. for example, many times larger in the eagle and the hawk, than in other animals of a corresponding size in which the power of vision is much weaker. Defects in noticing and recollecting the form and colour of objects, are often attributed to an enfeebled vision, when, in fact, they belong exclusively to imperfections in the facul- ties of form and colour. For example ; one whose sight is perfectly good, and who is deficient m the faculty of form, but possessed of a large organ of colour, often finds it cx- tiemely difficult accurately to ascertain by the eye, and to recollect, the configuration of an object, when, at the same time, he gets a distinct idea of its colour j but, with form large, and colour smail, can readily judge of its shape, but not cf its colour. Many eases illustrative of these points have fallen under the observation of the authors, some of which will be stated in another part of this work. Allusion is here made to these facts as clearly showing the necessity of the mind’s possessing the faculties of form and colour , as distinct from that of vision , in order perfectly to perform some of its ordinary functions. HEARING. Power of taking cognizance of sounds by means of the ao ditory apparatus. It cannot be denied, that the principles of aeousticks ex 1st in nature, nor that all animals possessed of an auditory apparatus, are capable of perfectly applying these principles unaided by habit or instruction : and hence it follows, tha* the faculty of hearing is a primary power of the human mind. As has been shown in regard to the sense ol vision, that seeing is its sole function, so can it be proved with reference to the auditory faculty, that hearing is its only function. The common and prevailing opinion, that an individual possesses the faculty of tune or melody of sounds, and the gift of speech, in proportion to the acuteness and perfection of his auditory apparatus and the excellence of his v.iice, can easily be shown to he erroneous. The question may be put to the most superficial observer, whether all those who have equal- ly goad hearing and fine voices , possess an equal talent for musick, or equal fluency of speech. Indeed; the authors are prepared D prove, by many facts that they have witnessed HEARING. 13i uiat many in dividual s venose voices and healing are excel- lent, but who are defective in the organ of tune, are not ca- pable of distinguishing one tune, or one note, from another. How is it, that, among birds, the song of the male is far mors melodious than that of the female? Can it be, that the au- ditory or the vocal apparatus of the one is less perfect than that of the other ? But, that the sense of hearing cannot produce musick, is evident from the fact, that the auditory apparatus is excited solely by sounds from without, whereas, musick must pro eeed from an internal impulse given by a primary faculty of the mind, for it is impossible that the first musician could have previously heard the sounds which he produced. It is well known, too, that musicians who have lost their hearing, continue to compose. Singing birds, also, when hatched by strange females, instead of employing the notes of their adopt- ed parents, sing naturally, and without any instruction, the song of their species. In regard to the faculty of speech, we know that the nai * uaal language of every animal, is that which is peculiar to its species, and that its perfection does not particularly de- pend upon the perfection or imperfection of its faculty of hearing. A duckling reared by a hen, does not adopt the language of the hen ; nor does the young robin hatched by the bluebird, learn the chirp of the bluebird. A kitten rais- ed with a dog, does not learn to bark ; nor dees a lamb rais- ed among cattle, learn to low: but each animal naturally adopts the language of its species. So, in artificial language, as there is no natural connexion between the names or sounds employed to denote certain ob- jects, and the things signified, it is evident, that, in the for- mation and use of words, some other faculties of the mH are more intimately concerned than the sense of hearing. When we pronounce the word book, the sound suggests to the hearer the idea of the thing signified; but it would be ab- surd to suppose, that either his auditory apparatus, or his organs of speech, conceived the idea of a book. Th° con ception was formed by his internal faculties alone. The reason why the monkey cannot talk, is not because it i destitute of the faculty of hearing, or of the proper organa of the voice; but because it has not the faculty of language, md certain other internal faculties, which are necessary to 182 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. the formation of words, and the application of them to that various conceptions of the mind. Thus it is obvious, that the function of the sense of hear- ing, is confined to the production of impressions called sounds and that the production of melody and language, depend upon other intellectual faculties. TASTE. Gustatory sensation 'produced by food , and , also , by othti substances. This faculty differs materially in its function from that of alimentiveness, to which it seems to be but the handmaid. Alimentiveness produces hunger, and a relish for food, and, without the assistance of taste, would be but a blind instinct, producing merely the desire to feed ; while taste, acting as the caterer for alimentiveness, is capable of being exercised upon substances which can, and which cannot, be converted into food, and of selecting the one, and rejecting the other. That this faculty, in its ordinary state in civil society, does not, under all circumstances, inform us what is, and what is not, adapted to the nourishment and health of the body*- will readily be admitted ; but that, unpampered by luxury, and unperverted by cookery, it would be capable of doing so, is highly probable. Among the lower order of animals — in coasts, birds, and fishes, where it is unperverted, it secures this object to perfection, abundant evidences ef which are furnished by natural history. Why, then, should it not, in »ts natural state, be equally perfect and serviceable in man? Analogy would certainly give an affirmative answer to this interrogatory. SMELL. Olfactory sensation — cognizance of the scent or odour of objects. By means of this faculty, the material world acts upon man and animals from a distance. When detached, odor- ous particles come in contact with the olfactory nerve, they inform us of the existence, and some of the qualities, of the bodies from which they are separated. Taste has been do scribed as the purveyor of alimentiveness; and smell may be denominated the pioneer of taste, ana assistant handmaid INDIVIDUALITY. 183 of alimentiveness ; for it often acts as the guide to taste in selecting food, and frequently decides upon what is good, and what is bad, without the assistance of taste. But the office of smell is by no means confined to the se- lecting of food. Its function decides upon the agreeab eness or disagreeableness of the sensation produced by all odours that are wafted to the olfactory nerve; and here its office ceases. It may be remarked, however, that the pleasurable or opposite sensation produced by an odour, depends much upon the habit of the individual, or the training of the faculty ; for odours that are delightful to some individuals, are unendurable to others. Some persons take great delight in scenting them- selves and their clothes with musk, burgamot, cologne, &c.; whilst to others, these smells are an abomination. Some of the lower animals excel man in the acuteness of their smell, as their olfactory apparatus is larger. Odours act powerfully upon the brain. Hence, the appli cation of stimuli to the olfactory nerves, often revives sensi- bility in cases of suspended animation. MOTION. The existence of a mental faculty, the exclusive office ol which is to superintend and direct the action of the muscles, has not yet been demonstrated, but is considered as quite probable. SPECIES II. — Observing and Knowing Faculties. Fora description of these faculties, see page 50 24. INDIVIDUALITY. Power of noticing single objects as separate existences , and of considering each as a distinct identity and individu - ality — desire to see and know , and to examine objects - - curiosity to see things — power of observation. The material world is composed of single objects, arranged and combined into one grand whole; but without a faculty whose function it is to individualize these objects, and take cognizance of them one by one as distinct and separate ex^ istences and entities, mankind would perceive them only as a confused and indistinct mass, and be unable to distinguish 154 PHRENOLOGY ILT USTRa TED. one single thing from another. It is doubtful, indeed, whethes, without such a faculty, we could form clear notions, or dis* tinct ideas, upon any subject. This faculty gives the desire, accompanied with the ability, to become acquainted with objects as mere existences, without reference to their qualities, such as form, size, colour, weight, &c., or to their modes of action ; and, inasmuch as it leads to observation, it becomes an important element in a literary taste and talent. Large. — One having inaivid. large , has a great curiosity to see and examine whatever comes within the range of his observation ; is deeply interested in the mere examination of individual objects, aside from their causes, uses, relations, and conditions ; is quick to see what is passing around him, and allows few things that come within the range of his vision; to escape his observation; is a close and practical observer of men and things ; and, by associating his thoughts and arguments with some visible object, and by thus giving them a distinct identity and individuality, imparts to them a pecu liar clearness and definiteness, and seeming tangibility. One having individ. large, with event, also large or very large, will not only be quick to see what is passing around him, but, also, have an excellent memory of whai. he has seen ; with large or very large compar. added, will not only have the ability of comparing things together, and noting wherein they resemble, or wherein they differ from, each other, but will also take great delight in this exercise; with good advantages, will possess a rich fund of general and partic* ular knowledge ; a ready command of facts, and a great fond- ness for reading and study, and have the requisite talent and disposition to become a superiour natural scholar; yet, to become a firdshed scholar, he must also possess form, local, ideal., and caus. large or very large : with large caus. will first notice things in their individual capacity, and then investigate their relations of cause and effect, their design and utility, and the effects they are capable of producing; or in other words, will be a close ooserver of things, and, also, strongly inclined to philosophize upon them; and, with the rea* eoningorgans very large, will observe closely, yet reason more than observe ; have excellent ideas, and also impart to them a clearness and tangibility that will render them easy to be understood, and thus greatly add to their power ; and, with the addition of large form, will be an enthusiastic k and a INDIVIDUALITY. 185 successful investigator of human nature, and generally form correct opinions of the character and talents of men by then physiognomy, conversation, deportment, &c., and can sue cessfully apply himself both to details and general princi pies: with ideal, large or very large, will regard objects as clothed with peculiar splendour, natural beauty, high per- fection, &c Very large. — One having individ. very large , will pos- sess an unconquerable desire to see, see , see — whatever it is possible for him to see; before he is aware of it, will take up things and look at them, even when propriety would re- quire him to leave them untouched; have a prying curiosity to become acquainted with things as mere existences ; can hardly rest satisfied without thoroughly exploring and sur- veying every thing within the reach of his observation ; is a real looker , and even given to gazing, or, perhaps, to sta- ring: with caus. only full, looks much more than thinks, and is so much devoted to the examination of objects, that his power of abstract thought is thereby weakened, or, at least, frequently interrupted by the operation of this faculty ; finds it difficult to confine his attention to abstract contemplations, because it is so frequently arrested by physical objects; will be given to personification, and, with compar. large, to met- aphor, simile, &c., and be apt to consider mere abstract ideas nr notions, such as virtue, vice, justice, reason, &c., as per- sonal identities ; may readily learn things , but will not pos- sess an unusual share of depth of intellect, &c. The additional manifestations and combinations of indi- vid. very large, may be inferred from those described under individ. large, the compar. of the reader being allowed to supply the increased influence of individ. Full. — One having individ. full, with the reasoning or- gans large or very large, will reason much more than ob- serve, think more than look, and examine objects chiefly as connected with their causes, relations, effects, qualities, uses, &zc. : with moderate event., will be liable to forget things, and have but an indifferent memory of facts; will manifest gome curiosity to examine objects, and see whatever comes in his way, yet not be at much pains merely to gratify his looking propensity, and will not be distinguished, either fo? his observing powers, or for the want of them. Moderate. — One having moderate individ., will be some- what deficient in his powers of observation ; have rather indi# I§6 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. iinct ideas of things, and describe them rather in a summary and general, than in a particular, manner, and, with the rea- soning organs large or very large, be much more engioesed with general principles than with their details, and more in- terested in investigating the causes, reasons , and relations of things, than with their physical qualities. Small. — One having individ. small , will fail to observe what is passing around him; take little interest in the mere examination of objects; have little of that prying curiosity to see and handle things, which is imparted by large indi- vid. ; often have but indistinct notions of objects which he has seen ; fail to identify particular things, be vague in his descriptions of them, and find attention to details and the mi- nutiae of business, unpleasant, and not suited to the character of his intellect. The descriptions and combinations mentioned under indi- vid. large, reversed , or read with a negative added to them, will apply to individ. small. Very small. — One having very small individ., will re- gard things, as it were, in a mass ; see nothing which is not forced upon his attention ; seldom regard objects in their in- dividual capacity, and, with marvel, small, may be led to doubt even his own personal identity. Location. — Individ, is located at the root of the nose, and when large, it separates the eyebrows from each other, and, causes them, as they approach the nose, to arch; but, when small, the eyebrows nearly meet, and are nearly hori- zontal. The organ of individ. is generally much larger in children than in adults ; which goes far to show, that it is highly useful in the process of forming ideas: indeed, aided by compar., whose office it is to compare things together, and by event., which remembers what is observed and compared, (and both of which are found highly developed in children,) it constitutes the great medium of intellectual converse wita the material world, and assists us in treasuring up most of the knowledge which we acquire. 25. FORM. That mental power which takes cognizance of the shape or configuration of objects , and recollects them. A Mr. Gibson, of Washington, D. C., suggested to ons sf the authors, the idea that the superfices, or shape, of oh FORM. 18 / (eels, consists of nothing more than angles connected by straight or curved lines, and that these constitute the form of objects; and, moreover, that the faculty of form observes and recollects these angles, and size, the length of the lines com necting them. This view of the subject, is, at least, ingen- ious, and worthy of examination. Tnat no matjyia . object can exist without possessing the property of form or shape, is a self-evident proposition ; and without some mental power the function of which is to convey to the individual a distinct idea of the forms of different objects, no such idea could possibly enter the mind, any more than could the idea of the colour of an object without an organ of vision and a faculty of colour, or that of a savour or an odour without the faculty of taste or of smell. To the perfection of the human mind, then, some faculty whose office it is to take cognizance of the various forms of objects, becomes absolutely necessary. The nature and operation of this faculty, may be inferred from the principle which proves the necessity of its existence Large. — One having form large, finds it easy to observe and retain forms; readily catches the distinct appearance of things, and recollects them for a longtime; generally at- tributes certain shapes to particular things which he hears described, and even to immaterial objects, &c. One having form large, with individ. large, both notices, and recollects , the faces and countenances of those whom he sees, and thus is enabled to know a great many persons : with individ. only moderate, does not notice the shape or the physiognomy of persons with sufficient accuracy to obtain a clear idea of their appearance, but, when his attention is once arrested by any thing special, and he has obtained a distinct impression of its looks, he seldom forgets it : with individ. and local, large or very large, when he sees a person a second time, will generally be able to identify and locate him, though he may be unable to call his name, and, with event, large, will not only recollect that he has seen him before, but often, where he has seen him, and also many incidents which transpired at the time, and yet may feel mortified that he cannot call him by name: with imitat. very large, will be able to copy from memory : with large or very large indi- vid., size, local., order, and compar., will have all the talent re- quisite for becoming a good naturalist, botanist, ar atomist, and chymist, and, with ideal, also large or very .arge, will expe* PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. im rience the greatest delight in the pursuit of these branches of science : with construct., size, and imitat. large or very large, will be able to give the proper shape to the articles he may make, &c. : with size large, can read writing that is in- distinct, and, with individ. also large, easily learn to read cor rectly, and seldom miscal a word. To the mechanick, the artist, the naturalist, the anatomist, the botanist, and all those in publick life who have to trans- act business with many individuals, a large development of this faculty, is not only of the greatest utility, but even indis- pensable to success. Very large. — One having form very large , obtains, as it were, by intuition, a distinct impression of the form of the objects he sees; will very seldom forget the shape or the ap- pearance of things he has once seen ; if he once fairly looks at a person, will almost always know him when he meets him again ; be able to recognise individuals even by a par- tial view of their face, by seeing them at a distance, &c. • can readily discover family resemblances, and also detect dif- ferences in the looks of persons and things ; frequently re collects the name of a person by remembering its appear- ance upon paper ; can readily detect typographical errours, and, with lang. large, easily learn to spell correctly; can see things that are very minute or indistinct, or at a great dis- tance, and, with size and individ. large or very large, can read very fast and very correctly, and at a distance which would enable ordinary form and individ. hardly to perceive that there were letters : with large or very large local., will be able to study botany, mineralogy, geology, anatomy, and all the natural sciences with remarkable ease and success, &e. The additional descriptions and combinations under form large, modified by an increase of the quality imparted by form, will apply to form very large. Full. — One having form full, after seeing an individual several times, and becoming somewhat familiar with his looks, will be able to recollect his physiognomy and appear- ance, yet cannot be considered as remarkable for this power; will have a respectable memory of faces and countenances, yet a mng interval will weaken, or, perhaps, nearly obliter- ate, his recollection of them, especially of those with whom he is hut partially acquainted; upon meeting those whom he has before seen, will have an indistinct recollection that he has seen them, but will be less certain and distinct in his re* FORM. 189 collection, than if It had been produced by large or very large form. One having form full, with individ. large or very large, will have a very good recollection of the countenances, form, and gait of persons, and partly because he is so great an oh server; but, with individ. only moderate, will have but an indifferent memory of such things, partly because he will fail to notice them so particularly as to obtain a clear and fixed impression of their shape, appearance, and partly because his memory of those which he does observe, is net remarkably tenacious. Moderate. — One having moderate form, retains only an indistinct and confused memory of persons, animals, and different objects, and must see them several times in order to know them again, especially after a considerable lapse of time; is often quite uncertain whether he has, or has not, seen individuals whom he meets; is capable of making but moderate progress in the study of the natural sciences ; can- not clearly distinguish forms at a distance, nor certainly identify a person or an object until he is near it, or has full view of it; will make many mistakes in reading; fin a it difficult to read hand-writing, especially if it is not very plain, &c. The additional manifestations and combinations of form moderate, may be inferred from a negative of those under form large. Small, or very small. — One having form small or very small, will be exceedingly troubled by forgetfulness of per- sons; may meet an individual one day, and even converse with him, and not recognise him at a subsequent meeting, even though it maybe very soon after: with approbat. large, will feel mortified on account of this deficiency, and endeav- our to notice and recollect shapes, yet his efforts will be una- vailing; in reading, will miscal many words, especially if the print is fine or indistinct, and. hardly be able to decipher hand-writings: with individ. large, will see those Avhom he chances to meet, but will seldom notice the expression of their countenance, appearance, (fee,, and, therefore, not often recollect them ; but, with individ. small, neither sees nor no- tices hose whom he meets ; so that, even those with whom he is quite intimate, are sometimes not recognised by him. The descriptions and combinations under form moderate modified by a diminution of the power of form, and also 190 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATE!? those under form large and very large, reversed , wi 1 ap pij to form small or very small. Location. — Form is located upon the two sides of the crista galli , and, when large or very large, causes great breadth between the eyes, and sometimes turns them out wards ; but, when small, they more nearly approach eack other. 26. SIZE. That mental 'power which takes cognizance of magnitude and proportion — ability to judge of length , breadth , height , depth , distance , fyc. Since no material object can exist without occupying space , it necessarily follows, that magnitude or bulk is a nat- ural property of matter : and hence it also follows, that the human mind would be defective, were it not possessed of a distinct faculty the proper function of which is to distinguish this property of matter. Without such a faculty, man could not distinguish the difference between a mountain and a mole-hill, a river and a rill, an ocean and a fountain. That the faculty of form cannot execute the function at- tributed to size, is clearly shown by the fact, that there exists no proportion between the shape of an object and its magni- tude or bulk. The configuration of certain things, may be the same, but their size widely different. Nature would be at fault, therefore, did she not endow man with a separate* faculty adapted to the cognizance of each of these properties of matter. Again, the place, position, weight, and colour of objects are conditions or properties each demanding a separate fac- ulty of the mind to judge of it. Large. — One having size large , will be able to judge very correctly of the height, length, distance, middle, centre, magnitude, &c., of objects ; to determine with considerable accuracy, whether given points are on a Avater level ; to judge very nearly of the weight of animals, men, and other objects by their size, ascertained merely by looking at them ; by a cast of the eye, can readily determine about how much is, or can be, enclosed in a certain space; whether s given thing is in an exact perpendicular or horizontal posi- tion, and will, in this \\ r ay, always measure objects with a view to ascertain these and similar points; will judge quite s iss. IB accurately m regard to the centre cf a circle, the size of an angle, and proportion generally, &c. One having size large, with form and construct, large, will have a very correct, mechanical eye, by which he will bs often guided instead of by measuring-instruments ; with imitat. End local, added, can draw by the eye mathematical and other figures with great accuracy ; decide correctly upon the qualities of proportion and magnitude, and impart these qualities to his diawings and mechanical operations; and, with weight added, is naturally a first-rate marksman, and will need comparatively but little practice to make himself quite expert with fire-arms, &c. In Col. Crocket, these or- gans were all developed in a remarkable degree. Vf.ry large. — One having size very large , will possess the powers described under the head of size large, in an ex- traordinary degree — be able to form his judgment of the magnitude, distance, &c. of objects with surprising accuracy, and, as it were, by intuition ; seldom need to employ instru- ments to measure with, because he will be able to measure so accurately by the eye, and calculate size correctly where no instrument can be employed ; seemingly without an effort, will be able to detect even a slight deviation from a hori- zontal, a perpendicular, or a rectangular position, and be greatly annoyed by it ; and not only perform all those func- tions described under size large, but execute them with as tonishing accuracy and facility. The combinations under size large, will hold good when applied to size very large, except that the degree of the pow- er of the organ, must be much increased. Full. — One having size full , will possess a respectable share of the power described under size large, yet will not be distinguished for this talent; will manifest a deficiency of this faculty only when he is called upon to measure either long distances, or short ones with considerable precision ; and possess a sufficient share of this power for all ordinary, practical purposes. Moderate.-- -One having moderate size, will be able, by practice, to measure short distances by the eye, especially in those things with which he is acquainted, yet wiil not be at all distinguished for his accuracy in doing it; find considerat e difficulty in comparing different magnitudes, and wiil havg but an indifferent, mechanical eye. Small. — O ne having size small, will be decisively dei PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. * f if2 dent in the power and qualities described under size large be very inaccurate in his judgment of distance and proper tionate bulk ; and entirely fail in his descriptions and com- parisons of the size of objects. The descriptions and combinations under size large and very large, when reversed , or read with a negative , will ap- ply to size small. Very small. — One having size very small , will form ex- tremely inadequate ideas of proportionate size, and, indeed, of size generally, and hardly understand the meaning of the term. Location. — Size is located at the internal termination of the eyebrows, and develops itself on the two sides of the root of the nose. When it is large, it causes the internal portion cf the eyebrow to project , or shelve, over the internal portion of the eye nearly an inch ; but, when moderate or small, it *s nearly perpendicular from the inner corner of the eye to hat of the eyebrow. By inserting the thumb into the angle formed by the arch of the eye and the nose, when the organ is large or very large, and weight only moderate, a protu- berance will easily be observed, in shape somewhat resem- bling a bean. 27. WEIGHT. Intuitive perception and application of the principles oj specifick gravity — ability to judge of the force and resist- ance of bodies , and of equilibrium — to preserve the cen- tre of gravity , Spc. The whole physical world (including man, of course) is under the influence of the laws of attraction or gravitation. By their all -pervading influence, these laws bind together the whole material universe. They hold the sun, the moon, the stars, and the planets in their orbits as they perform their respective journeys through the trackless fields of space ; cause the winds to blow, the waters to flow, the seasons tc return, and chain to the earth all things that rest upon its surface. They also bind together those innumerable parti- cles of matter which enter into the composition of all the different material substances that exist ; and but for their op- eration, these various particles of matter which compose the universe, could never have been held together for a moment, WEIGHT. 193 mil must have been promiscuously scatterec and afloat throughout the illimitable tracts of immensity. But for the operation of these laws, the earth would still be '* without form and void,” and no animate or inanimate thing would have existence. By some philosophical writers, a distinction has been made between the attraction of cohesion , and the attraction of gravitation; but, unless it can clearly be shown, that, there is a difference between that primary power which brings the particles of matter together, and that which h^lds tnern together, this distinction between the two kinds of at- traction, will prove a distinction without a difference, and, consequently, not a proper one. Can such a difference bo shown ? or can it be shown, that the principle or power which brings together the larger masses of matter, differs from that which binds together the particles of the smaller masses ? The object of these remarks, however, is not so much to prove, or disprove, a difference between the laws of cohesion and the laws of gravitation, as to throw out the general idea, that for every set of laws in nature, and their accompanying phenomena, with which man has to do, he requires a distinct faculty of the mind, adapting him to these laws and phenom- ena; and that, therefore, if the attraction of cohesion is gov- erned by one set of principles, and the attraction of gravita- tion, by another, each of these sets requires a separate faculty of the mind. The faculty of weight has to do, mainly, with those prin- ciples which relate to the specifick gravity of bodies, in judging of the consistency, density, softness, hardness, light- ness, and heaviness or resistance of bodies — qualities which cannot be decided upon by the mere sense of feeling or touch. Large. — One having weight large , will seldom lose his balance, even in difficult positions, and the instant he has k)jt the centre of gravity, be warned by this faculty, and di- rected to the muscular effort requisite to regain it; seldom slip or fall, readily adapt himself to the laws of specifick gravity generally, and apply them „o the accomplishment of his designs; can sling a stone, pitch a quoit, &c., very near the mark; will naturally and intuitively understand the laws of momentum, staticks, and resistance; if much accustomed tf riding m horseback, can be thrown offiy with great diffi- .ally; wi ’1 easily learn to skate, and take great delight in 9 194 P'JRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATE!?. the exeicise. and seldom fall upon the ice; witn grem ease, can balance things which those v ith weight small, can not, and perforin other feats of a similar nature with appa* rent ease and intuition ; will walk upon a pole or a spa? stretched across a stream, the frame of a building, a fence & c., without failing, or fearing to fall, especially if self-e. is large ; and, with construct., form, and cans, large or very large, will intuitively understand the power and the principles of machinery, and skilfully apply them to effect mechanical op- erations ; is capable of becoming a good machinist, and, w r ith large or very large size, individ., local., and calcu. added, a first-ra.a engineer, or superintendent of machinery; can, at once, comprehend and apply the principles of hydraulicks, hydrostaticks, pneumaticks, &c., and judge of powers and projectile forces with uncommon facility and accuracy. Very large. — One having very large weight, will pos- sess the powers described under weight large, but in a much higher degree, so much so as to stand out alone, and excite the astonishment of those who witness his skill : — and all this he will be able to do seemingly by intuition, and with- out effort. Full. — One having weight full , will apply the principles of weight, balancing, equilibrium, and resistance, with sufR cient facility and correctness to get along with the ordinary business of life, but will not be remarkable for this quality; aided by considerable practice, may possess those powers described under the head of weight large, yet they will be the result of practice more than of nature , &c. Moderate. — One having weight moderate , where only a moderate share of tnis faculty is required, as in the case of walking, running, &c., may manifest little, if any, deficiency in this respect, yet will not possess those powers described under the head of weight large ; will be liable occasionally to lose his balance, to stumble, and, perhaps, fall, and to be thrown from a skittish horse ; to experience dizziness, espe- cially over running water, or from heights ; will not be able to throw a quoit, stone, or other missile, just high enough, or low enough, just far enough to the right or left, and with ex- actly momentum enough to hit the mark, &c. One having weight moderate, with large or very large imitat., form, and construct., will be able to use tools with great skill, yet will be no machinist , and will not readily and intuitively understand the operation and the powers of machinery, &c. The protabib jcloue. 195 fry is, that shootit.g running or flying game, depends more upon weight than upon an}< other faculty. Small.— One having small weight, will be decisively de- ficient in those qualities described under weight large and very large ; can be easily thrown from his balance, or from a horse ; frequently stumbles, and, with large or very large cautious., will fear to trust himself where he is liable to fall, because he will feel unsafe, &c. Very small. — One having weight very small , will bo extremely deficient in all those functions which belong to this faculty, and be liable to be thrown to the earth by slight causes. Location. — Weight is located adjoining to size, and a little internally from the middle of the arch of the eye. It is generally moderate or small in the American head. 28. COLOUR. Ability to perceive and recollect the various colours cf oh • jects, to compare them , and judge of the harmony or dis- cord of their dijferent shades when mingled. In speaking of vision, it was remarked, that the eye could perceive the rays of light, and be agreeably or disagreeably t fleeted by their various modifications or colours, but, that an ability to conceive the relations of colours, and compare them, to judge of their harmony or discord, and remember their teints, must depend upon another faculty of the mind; otherwise, all painters who possess equally good eyesight, and who have had the same amount of practice, would be equally happy in colouring: but this is by no means the case. The organ of colour is larger and more active in women than in men, and in some nations, and some individuals, than in others. Indeed, the authors have seen many persons who were possessed of excellent powers of vision, but who were utterly incapable of distinguishing (except black and white) one colour from another. Many other similar cases are a.so on record — all of which go to prove, that natu e, in perfect- ing her own handiwork, has seen fit to bestow upon the hu- man mind, a primary faculty whose sole function it is to per- ceive, and judge of, colours. Large. — One having colour large , will readily notice and remember, and be able to compare, different colours, and i96 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. even their various shades and teints ; will often notice ihs coioi r of a person’s eyes, dress, hair, &c. , manifest uncom- mon taste and skill ii? selecting, arranging, comparing, and mingling colours, and, as far as a natural talent for applying them is concerned, he will excel: with large or very large ideal., will be highly delighted with splendid paintings both as regards their colours and the composition, or imagination and taste displayed in them, and, with large form and imitat., can easily learn to paint, and that with uncommon skill ; and, with very large form, size, imitat., and construct., aided by practice, may be an excellent portrait or miniature paintei ; and, in examining and purchasing articles of dress, furniture, &c. will have a particular reference to their colour . Very large. — One having colour very large , notices the colour of objects as soon as he does any other quality, and recollects it as long; is a natural and original colourist, and capable of painting with extraordinary skill and facility* with compar. and ideal, large or very large, is a first-rate judge and critick of colours, and has a passionate fondness for employing the pencil or brush; and is highly delighted with rich and lively colours: with caus. only full, and approbat., individ., and ideal, large or very large, will be excessively fond of gayly coloured and gaudy articles of dress and furni- ture, and even run into extravagance in this respect: wi ii very large form, and large or very large ideal, construct., imitat., size, order, and individ., is capable of becoming a portrait painter of the first class, and, with event, and com- par. also large, a historical painter; of using the brush with wonderful effect; and of transferring to canvass both the conceptions of his imagination, and real characters. Full. — O ne having colour full, by considerable practice, will be able to distinguish colours readily and accurately, yel this talent will be the product of art more than of nature, or, rather, of nature greatly improved by culture; will notice colours that are striking, or that are very well or very ili ar- ranged, yet will seldom pay much attention to those that are ordinary : with ideal, large or very large, may display much taste and good judgment in mingling and arranging colours, and, with imitat. large, be able to learn to paint well, yet the mere colouring will form a less important feature in his pro- ductions ; will gaze with enthusiasm upon a splendid paint- ing, but will be more interested in the imagination and taste displayed in it, than in the mere colouring ; but, with idesi COLOUR. 197 moderate, will not be at al partial to pictures or paintings and only an indifferent judge of colours. Moderate. — One having moderate colour, will not take much interest in colours, unless something special calls his attention to them, and will seldom notice or recollect them ; can seldom describe persons by the colour of their eyes, dress, &c. ; and can learn to select and match colours only with considerable practice and effort: with ideal, large oi very large, though he maybe highly delighted with splendid paintings, will generally be more gratified with some of their other qualities and beauties, than with the mere arrangement of their colours ; may distinguish one colour from another, but will not be able to distinguish their nicer shades and teints. Small. — One having small colour, will very seldom no- tice the colour of people’s eyes or hair, or of any article of their dress, and even though familiar with them, will be unable to describe them by these indications; will seldom notice, or take any interest in, colours, regarding them all as amount- ing to about the same thing; will find great difficulty in dis- tinguishing their different shades, and, perhaps, between the different primary colours; occasionally mistake one for an- other, and be comparatively insensible to the beauty produced by the arrangement and blending of different colours. The additional combinations and descriptions of colou) small, may be inferred from those under colour large or very 'arge, reversed , or read with the addition of a negative. Very small. — One having colour very small , even though his eyesight and his ability to distinguish form and other qualities of objects, may be excellent, will be able to form little or no idea even of the primary colours, and, much less, of their shades ; can perceive very little, if any, differ- ence between the colours of different cloths, or even those of the prism or rainbow, as an indistinct, whitish appearance will seem to him to characterize the whole ; and can distin- guish between those objects only that are black or white, of bordering upon this appearance. Location. — Colour is located under the arch of the eye- brow, a little externally from the middle, and between tha organs of weight and order. In ascertaining it, there is occasionally some difficulty in consequence of the thickness ef the bone that covers it. 198 PHRENOLOGY LLUSTRATEB. 29. ORDER. Syst :m —si nse of physical arrangement — • desire to things in their places. “ Order is heaven’s first law.” As far as our feeble power* are capable of ascertaining, the whole universe is found to be a perfect system of things. Perfection of arrangement and perfect order characterize every part of it, the most mi* nute details not excepted. In the marshalling of “the heav- enly hosts,” and appointing to each its time and place, in limiting the growth of the various kinds cf vegetation to differ- ent portions of the earth’s surface, in the arrangement and structure of the constituent parts of even a flower, in the formation of every portion of the human body, the system- atick order displayed, is wonderful and perfect. In short, throughout the whole kingdom of nature, every thing has assigned to it a particular place , and can be expelled from that place only by doing violence to the system of nature. Can we suppose, then, that the infinitely wise Architect of the universe, would, institute such a harmonious and beautiful arrangement, without adapting man to it by creating in him an ability both to appreciate and practise it? Indeed, vve are conscious of possessing, to a great extent, a delight in order, and a desire to practise it. This, then, brings us ic ffie inquiry, whether this class of functions is exercised by a faculty devoted exclusively to this office or not. The obvious answer is, that, inasmuch as the other classes of the mental functions, are each per- formed by as many separate and innate mental powers, this class is also exercised by a distinct, primary faculty. This faculty has nothing to do with the logical arrange- ment of ideas , (if we except the physical signs employed to express them,) the structure of an argument, or the taste dis- played in expression ; nor does it singly produce taste in dress. At a recent, publick examination, one of the authors observed of an individual, that he was remarkable for his order and arrangement, but defective in taste and niceness : and this proved to be the fact. He also knows a lady who is uncommonly neat and tidy in her dress, and one of the nicest of housekeepers, and yet she possesses only moderate order, is often troubled to find her needle, thread, gloves, &c. Such instances are even quite common — the first kind being ORDE£. 199 ftcct»*n pained with only moderate ideal, and the last, with this organ large or very large. I iArge. — O ne having order large , with local large 01 very large, will have a particular place for every tiling, and every thing in its pla:e; instead of leaving his tools, books, papers, clothes, and whatever he has occasion to use, where it happens, he will return them to their respective places; ean readily find what he wishes, provided it has not been disarranged by others ; will be systematic^ in his business ; not only precise himself to keep things in place, but partic- ular to have those under him, do the same ; and, with ideal also large, be exceedingly annoyed by disorder, and thus possess an indispensable requisite for regularity, correctness, and despatch in whatever he undertakes. One having large order, with large combat, and destruct., will be rendered as impatient Lid as angry by disorder, as by almost any thing else, and thus manifest much more pee- vishness of disposition, and appear more passionate and harsh, than he otherwise would : with ideal, large, will be always cleanly, and tidy, and very nice and particular abou his person ; greatly annoyed by a rent in his garments, or a spot upon them, or by their being soiled, not clean, or their fit- ting badly ; by a long beard, disordered hair, or a dirty or disor dered room ; or by any thing irregular, contracted, or broken, even though it may have been repaired, &c., and will often overdo in order to serve this faculty; and, with ideal, very large, will be even fastidious in these respects, and take many an unnecessary step on this account; but, with ideal, only moderate, though he maybe systematick,and have a place for every thing, and every thing in its place, and always able to lay his hand on such things as he uses, and about as quick in the dark as in the light, yet will be neither nice nor par- ticular in his personal appearance ; will, perhaps, seem to others to have his things in utter confusion, and yet, what wLl appear disorder to them, will be order to him : with time large, will fulfil his appointments punctually, and have a time, as well as a place, for every thing. Very large. — One having order very large , will know just where to lay his hand, both in the dark and in the light, upon any article he wishes to use, provided no one has dis placed it; when he puts off his clothes, or has done using his things, he lays them away in the particular places assigned &em * in a ! he does, is perfectly system aticli and precise 200 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. and, in the matter of order, is what is termed “ old-maidish* instantly notices the least disarrangement, and is annoyed be« yond measure, if not rendered perfectly miserable, by com fusion, disorder, &c. 3ne having order very large, with adhes. large or very large, will love the company of his friends sincerely, but bs so much disturbed by one -thing and another about their per- son, their furniture, house, &c., and by the disarrangement they cause him, that he will almost dread to visit, or receive a visit from, them, and, on this account, frequently feel vexed at those he really loves ; in the selection of his friends, will have a special reference to this quality in them, and be unable to endure the company of the slovenly or the negligent: with combat, and destruct. large, will frequently be angry at those who leave things out of their places, and severely rep- rimand, and even scold, iuj n, though they may be his best friends; and. with ideal, large or very large, will be so extreme- ly fastidious and over nice as to cause a great deal of trouble to those around him, and be even a trouble to himself and a slave to this faculty; and. to gratify it, will frequently do much more than there is any need of doing, or than his strength will bear * and, if a woman, will scrub her finger- nails off, and the nail-heads from her floors; worry her ser- vants to death : scour the nzunt off the ceilings and mould- ings, the silver off the door-knob and knocker, the brass ofl the andirons, the tin from her pans and the hoops from her churn; arid still scrub and wash, and wash and scrub, till she scrubs the patience out o t her husband, and washes the threads out of his lwen. The descriptions and combination? which apply to order large, modified by an increase of ord*s will apply to order very large. Full. — One having order full , will be pleased with ar rangement, and, if brought up to habits '4 system and order, will seem to possess a high endowment of the oualities de- scribed under order large, yet much will depend upon his education and his ideal. ; will possess enough of this faculty to get a.ong well in business, yet not enough to ni? hp. him fastidious, or cause him to make any great sacrifice-* upon this account ; and generally preserve order, partlv fr r rn an innate love of it, and partly from the necessity and W 'it* of it GRSE2*. The combinations tinder order large, modified by a div>* nuiion of the power of order, will appl) to order full. Moderate. — One having order moderate , though, per haps, a little disturbed by disorder, and rather fond of seeing things in place, will not possess enough of this faculty to prompt him to much effort in order to keep them properly arranged, will generally leave his things at loose ends; be less systematick in his business than would be to hisadvan tage; may preserve something like system and arrangement in his affairs, but will do so more from the necessity, than the love , of them : with ideal, large or very large, though he will be neat and nice in his person, dress, &c., will leave things where it will trouble him to find them, often forget where they are, and manifest taste and cleanliness without system or arrangement : with self-e., combat., and destruct. large or very large, will possess enough of this faculty to command others to preserve order, and will even scold them for allowing disorder, but will not keep things in order hirm self, and, perhaps, disarrange the things of others, as web as his own. Small. — One having order small , will be apt to leave things where he happens to use them, or anywhere else, either in, or out of, their proper places, and, consequently, be greatly troubled to find them again when he wants them, thus subjecting himself to much inconvenience and delay; will operate without system, and, of course, without despatch, and thus consume much time in accomplishing but little; but, notwithstanding, will fail to amend, or to feel troubled with disorder, or to appreciate the importance of order and system; and, with time only moderate, will seldom appor- tion his time to specifick objects, and generally be behind- hand in fulfilling his engagements, plans, and appointments. The descriptions and combinations under order large and very large, reversed , will apply to order small. Verv small. — One having order very small , will be al most insensible to the beauty and utility of systematick ar yangement ; will scarcely notice the difference between orclei and disorder, and leave whatever he may have occasion t«$ use, scattered about in utter confusion. Location. — Order is located under the arch of the eyebroWj at the external corner of the eye, and beneath the origin of the superciliary ridge. When it is large or very large, the eaternal angle of the -ower portion of the forehead, appears 9 * 202 PHRENOLOG ILLUSTRATED. projectingand full, the eyebrow, at the union of the temporal ridge, arched and elongated, and sometimes sharp; but, when it is moderate or small, the external portion of the eye* trow will appear straight and shortened. The thickness cf \he bone in this portion, increased by the temporal ridge, causes an occasional mistake in deciding upon the size of this organ. 30. CALCULATION. Intuitive ‘perception of the relations of numbers and prt portions — ability to reckon figures in the head — numerical computation — numeration — mental arithmetic . In addition to the other qualities and conditions of things which exist in nature, we naturally attach to them numerical relations, such as are denoted by numbering them with the signs one, two, three, and so on ; adding them together ; as four and three make seven ; multiplying them ; as four times three are twelve, &c. : and, for the purpose of facilitating such calculations, mankind have instituted arbitrary signs, by combining which, in various ways, they are enabled to express these numbers with great accuracy and brevity Since, then, these relations expressed by numbers, actually exist in nature, it is a fair induction to suppose, that the hu- man mind requires a primary faculty the sole function of which is to comprehend them, and apply them to the prac- tical purposes of life. That the mental faculty which perceives, comprehends, and applies these numerical principles, is intuitive, and de- voted exclusively to this class of functions, is moreover evi- lent from the fact, that extraordinary, calculating powers, are Dften found to be possessed by individuals whose talents, in other respects, are quite ordinary ; whilst, on the contrary, men of extraordinary reasoning and other faculties, are frequently found to be deficient in their computing powers. Many striking cases of both kinds have fallen under the observa tion of the authors, some of which will be stated in the chapter upon facts. LARGE.~One having calcu. large, will be quick to compute figures, and be able to perform numerical and arithmetical calculations, even in his head, with accuracy, facility, and despatch, and will delight in the study of figures, and ca expert accountant. CALCULATION. 203 Out; having calcu large, with cans, and eompar. also }&rge, will be able to seize even the abstract relations of num- bers with intuitive ease, and to solve difficult problems in his head ; as well as on the slate, f nd will succeed well in the higher branches of arithmeiick and mathematicks ; be quick to detect errours in the calculations of others, but seldom make them himself, and excel both in the reasoning, and the figuring, parts of arithmetick ; and be able to study with success, the higher branches of mathematicks ; with large order individ., event, and imitat. added, is capable of be- coming a good accountant and book keeper, and of casting op accounts in bis head, which others would be obliged to do upon the slate; and, with local, and construct, added, will possess all the natural talents requisite for the study of sur- veying, geometry, algebra, mensuration, navigation, astron- omy, conick sections, &c. ; will be deeply interested, and grea* ing in a 208 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. city, frequently pass his own door without knowing it; and* with only full lang. and imitat., will be utterly incapable of giving even a tolerably correct description of places which he may have seen many times. Small. — One having local, small , will find it very diffi- cult to recollect, or return to, places ; often lose his way, es- pecially in woods, cities, or streets; can become familiar with places only by seeing them many times; will form only con- fused and incorrect ideas of the geography of a country, ox the appearance and localities of places described to him ; bo often uncertain and incorrect as to the points of the compass; consider travelling a burden, rather than a pleasure; have but little curiosity to see different places, &c. One having local, small, with form and individ. small, will seldom notice places, and then not distinctly recollect their appearance ; will seldom observe or recollect such objects as he may pass upon the road ; and fail to remember a road which he may have often travelled, and also to find his way back, &c. : with form large or very large, will frequently recollect the countenances of persons, but will be utterly unable to locate them: with large or very large event., will recollect distinctly that he has read, or heard of, certain occurrences, yet will not be able to call to mind the place in which they occurred, or where he read them, &c. The combinations and descriptions under local, moderate, modified by a reduction of the power of local., and, also, those under local, large, reversed , will apply to this faculty small. Very small. — One having local, very small , will find it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to form any cleax ideas of the relative position of objects, to keep the right road in travelling, or to follow the same road back when returning on his journey ; be greatly perplexed to find any particular spot, tree, rock, or other object, even op the second or third visit to it; and be very apt to lose him- self, especially in the woods, in a city, &c. ; and find his abilities in the exercise of this faculty, directly the opposite of his in whom local, is large or very large. Location. — Local, is located directly over size anc* weight, and nearly aboi 3 the internal orbit of the eye. It extends diagonally in the direction of mirth. The frontal sinus sometimes increases the apparent size of this organ; Dnt this subject will be more "ully presented in another p©f* teon of the work. EVENTUALITY. SPECIES III. — Semi-perceptive Faculties. These faculties perform a class of functions intermediate between tnose exercised by the perceptive, and those by the reasoning, faculties ; and the location of their organs cor- responds with their character. The perceptive faculties take cognizance of material objects and their various physical properties, such as their form, size, weight, colour, &c. ; whereas, the semi-perceptive are of a more subtle nature, having to do with facts, and the various phenomena produced by physical objects, and form, as it were, a stepping-stone to the reasoning organs. Eventuality, tor example, takes cog- nizance of, not physical objects themselves, but their actions and the incidents and events thus produced; time, of the par- ticular period in which these events occur; language, of the vocal sounds employed to name these objects ; and tune, of the melody of sounds produced by them : and thus, both the perceptive and the semi-perceptive faculties are employed as the subordinate agents of the reasoning faculties, furnishing them with materials to scan, digest, and reflect and reason upon. Hence it would appear, that, in the mental economy, the functions of the semi-perceptive faculties, are no less im- portant than those of the perceptive, especially if we consid- er, that they constitute as essential a part of the intellectual machinery when viewed as a whole. 32. EVENTUALITY. Memory of events — power of calling to mind those circum- stances, occurrences, incidents, Historical fads, Spc., which have previously come to the knowledge of the individual. It has been shown, that to notice the existence of material objects and their various qualities, requires a set of faculties whose various functions correspond with those ascribed to individuality, form, size, and the other perceptive powers; •End that this requisition is the imperative demand of nat- ure — which must be answered. But it is not only true that things exist, and possess various properties, but equally so that they act. If, then, the human mind requires faculties whose proper functions are to notice the existence, conditions, and properties of material substances, it follows, that it also requires a faculty whose function it is to take cognizance d 210 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. their various actions , and other phenomena. In phrenolog ical language, the faculty that performs this portion of t ht mental operations, is called Eventuality. The importance of such a faculty as eventuality, in tha mental economy, as well as of individuality, and, indeed, ol all the other perceptive and semi-perceptive faculties, may be farthei illustrated by noticing some points in the process of brining ideas. In order successfully to apply the principle &{ causation, the antecedent cause and the consequent effect must necessarily both be before the mind at the same time, •otherwise a comparison of them would be impossible. In she language of phrenology, then, individuality notices and recollects the physical object that acts, or the procuring cause , and eventuality, the consequent action , or phenomena produced ; and then comparison and causality compare, com trast, analyze, and draw deductions from, the materials thus furnished by individuality and eventuality : and this consti- tutes thinking or reasoning. The same principle applies to the modus operandi of individuality and eventuality with benevolence, adhesiveness, and all the other mental faculties. Again, this view of the subject is strengthened by a refer ence to the intellectual developments, and the intellectual ad- vancement, of children. In them the organs of individuality and eventuality early appear largely developed and exceed ingly active ; and almost as early, comparison ; and soon after, causality. Individuality, aided by sight, is found to be very busy in noticing objects ; eventuality, equally so in remember- ing all their various actions and other phenomena ; compar- ison, in combining and comparing these things or notions brought forward by the first two ; and causality, in prying into their nature and reason : and thus the process of form- ing ideas , or of thinking , goes forward at a rapid rate. And this process is still farther extended and perfected by the pro- gressive increase and activity of the organs of form, size, colour, calculation, &c. Large. — One having event, large , will have a clear, a distinct, and a retentive memory of what he sees, hears, o. reads ; according to his advantages, will possess a mind well stored with historical and scientifick facts, with the news of the day, and narrative and historical information generally; will seldom be troubled with forgetfulness, or with an indif- ferent or indistinct recollection of circumstances, incidents will treasure up a rich fund of anecdotes upon such EVENTUALITY. 21 . subjects as are interesting to the other stronger fatuities, of of such of them as have come tvithin the range of his knowledge ; and, with large lang. added, in relating them, will not fail to mention all the particulars; and, with large concent, also added, will present them all in their proper or- ler ; but, with concent, moderate or small, will fail to connect the several circumstances which compose a story so as to give it unity ; will frequently omit important particulars, or state them in a wrong connexion, and thus create confusion, and lessen the effect of his narrative : with individ., lang., and compar. large, will show a marked partiality for read- ing and study, and succeed well as a general scholar ; will be able, also, to make a good use of what information he may possess, and have a happy faculty of communicating it to others : with large or very large ideal., individ., form, size, local., and compar., and full, large, or very large caus., will possess a literal passion for study, reading, the pursuit of chymistry, mineralogy, geology, geography, botany, natural history, and every thing pertaining to the treasuring up of facts; according to his advantages, will be a superiour schol- ar ; will allow nothing to divert him from literary and scien- tifick pursuits; will be even enthusiastick, remarkably suc- cessful as a student, and have a great amount of circumstan- tial information upon matters and things in general ; with large lang. added, can converse sensibly and fluently upon almost any subject ; with full concent, also added, will have a happy talent for compiling and arranging facts, for investi- gating subjects, and attending to any complicated operation ; but, with caus. only full, will appear to know a great deal, yet, when held down to a close, logical or metaphysical process of reasoning, will betray a deficiency of mental strength and power, and of logical acumen: with compar. large, will notice, recoUect, and be able to compare, the operations of his own mind : with lang. very large, will be able to repeat con- versations with great accuracy and clearness. Very large.— One having very large event., will pos- sess a remarkably clear, distinct, and retentive memory of events and transactions, and even of all the minute, and seemingly unimportant, circumstances connected with them.; seldom allow any thing to escape his recollection ; have at command more facts than he can manage to advantage ; have an insatiable desire to learn all that is to be learned ; 1)6 given quite too much to narration, and thus frequently 212 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. weaken his arguments ; .make a short story long, and a long one, very long by relating all the little particulars: with caus. and cornpar. only full, will have a great fund of infor- mation, which, however, will not be well digested ; be rathei a bookworm than a deep thinker; attend much more to facts and details than to general principles, and attempt to prova his positions rather by narrating facts, than by logical infer- ences : with large or very large individ., will see all that passes around him, and remember all he sees, and thus know a great deal, &c. The descriptions and combinations under event, large, modified by an increase of the power of event., will apply to this organ very large. Full. — One having event, full , will have a respectable memory of incidents, and a distinct recollection of those oc- currences to which his attention has been particularly di- rected, yet will seem to be deficient in his knowledge of those things which have not made a distinct impression ; when he has an occasion to adducefacts, will recur to them with tolera- ble correctness and facility, and seldom manifest a striking de- ficiency in this respect : with caus. and cornpar. large or very large, will generally be able to command and collect a suffi- cient amount of facts by which to substantiate and illustrate his arguments, out will reason rather than narrate ; regard phenomena chiefly in connexion with those principles which produce them ; and remember generals much more than 'particulars : with lang. and imitat. large, will be able to relate anecdotes in a happy style, yet, with only moderate lang., imitat., and concent., will relate them very poorly, and have a better memory in reality than he seems to have ; will re- collect the substance and the main features of whatever has passed before his mind, &c., better than the particulars. Moderate. — One having event, moderate , will be less distinct and certain in his recollection of incidents and cir- cumstances than one with large event. ; have rather a general than a particular memory of facts and events, and, with caus. and cornpar. large or very large, may recollect distinct- ly the points of an argument, and the substance of what ha hears or reads, yet will deal more in general principles than in phenomena , and argue much more than narrate ; find considerable difficulty in summing up , and in calling la mmd particular incidents, or in going into details . BVEHTU&LITY. 813 The descriptions and combinations of full event, dimm ashed, will generally be found applicable to event, moderate. Small. — One having' event, small , will often fail to recol- lect incidents and facts, and, consequently, to do important things which he wishes to accomplish; have a poor, indis- tinct, and confused memory of occurrences of which he has heard or read, and even of those which have fallen under his own observation ; will seldom, if ever, enter into the par- ticulars, and have great difficulty, and little success, in at- tending to details ; find it hard to command the knowledge, or apply the talents, he really possesses ; can learn things in general only with great labour and application, and even then, with caus. and com par. large, will learn principles much sooner than phenomena; and be often greatly troubled to call to mind facts which he wishes to employ. The descriptions and combinations under event, moderate, modified by a diminution of the power of event., and also the descriptions and combinations under event, large or very large, reversed, or read with the addition of a negative , will describe this faculty small. Very small. — One having very small event., will forget almost every incident or phenomena which he has seen, heard of, or read of ; be extremely confused and uncertain in attempting to call to mind almost any occurrence, and suffer very great loss and inconvenience from a deficiency of this faculty. Location. — Event, is located about the middle of the forehead. When the surrounding organs are large and event, only full, there will be an apparent depression just above tndivid. and between the two lobes of local, which will re- sult rather from the size of the surrounding organs, than from an absolute deficiency of event. In children, the organ is generally large or very large, and gives a full and spher- ical form to this part of the forehead, while^he correspond- ing depression often observable in men, is an evidence of a deficiency of it. The tenacious memories of children, com- plied with the more obscure memories, and palpable forget- fulness, of men, furnish both a strong proof of the truth of phrenology, and a happy illustration of the faculty in que* fcicft. 114 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED S3. TIME. Cognizance of succession — that mental power which m iices and recollects the lapse of time , and the relativi distance of time , and order of succession , in which event transpire. Tlie phenomena of succession, or the lapse of time, com a part of that system of things to which man is adapted, and enter into that condition in which he is placed on earth. Day and night follow each other in quick succession, and approaching seasons tread upon the heels of their predeces- sors, and, in their turn, retire to make room for their suc- cessors. Generation after generation passes away, and sleeps with those beyond the flood. The present instantly becomes the past ; and, were it not for this wonderful ar- rangement, there would be but one eternal, monotonous now , (a thing impossible, and, to us, inconceivable,) without any change or succession, either of birth or death, or days, sea sons, years, or ages. The wisdom which devised this arrangement of chrono logical succession, is too obvious to need comment; and the necessity of some faculty in man by which he is qualified to perceive this state of things, and enabled to adapt himself to it, is equally apparent. In deciding upon this point, how- ever, we are not left to the guidance of any uncertain a pri- ori inferences, but, by the unerring evidence of facts , are assured of the existence in the human mind, of such a fac- ulty as time. In common with all others who have inquired at the shrine of nature touching this subject, the authors have seen many individuals who, seemingly without an effort, are able to tel the year, and even the day, of almost every birth, death, or particular event which has come to their knowledge; how old every person is whose age they have ever learned ; what time every house in their neighbourhood or town was erect- ed ; and the exact time of the occurrence of nearly all their village affairs and business transactions. They have also seen hundreds of others who, without consulting the family record, could not tell either their own ages, or those of their brothers *nd sisters, or even those of their own children. Though they might have a distinct recollection of certain occurrences, could never recollect token they took pla^e. TIME. 215 On the other hand they know a gentleman whc is accus- tomed to relate many anecdotes, and who is always particu- lar to mention the year, month, and day of the month, and, sometimes, even the time of the day, on which the event re- lated, took place: and this is done because it is perfectly easy and natural for him to do so — his organ of time is very large. They were recently in company with a lady in whom this organ was decisively small, and who, when asked how hng she had been married, replied, with perfect honesty, * about three years;” but, upon reflection, she concluded it was only two. Not quite confident, however, of her correct- ness, she appealed to her husband, and ascertained that it was only one : and even then she could not tell the month in which their marriage took place. They know persons who can weaken at any time of night which they may choose to appoint, and also tell very nearly the hour of the day with- out the aid of the sun or a time-piece ; and others, again, who are almost entirely unconscious of the flight of time even when awake. For these effects there must be some cause ; and, since this power of observing and recollecting the chro- nological relations of events, the time occupied by sounds, &c., is found to be proportionate to a certain development of the brain, the induction that time constitutes an innate and primary mental power, seems to be perfectly logical. Large. — One having time large , will notice and remem- ber very accurately, the relations of time in which certain occurrences stand with each other, or how long one thing happened before or after another ; without the aid of a time- piece, be able to tell very nearly what time of the day or night it is ; can waken from sleep at such an hour, or, per- haps, minute, as he may wish ; will generally be in season, recollect his appointments, and, if possible, fulfil them ; set apart certain days or periods for doing particular things, and be likely to perform them at the appointed time; be regular at his meals, and in all his business operations, &c. ; and Excellent in chronology. Ore having time large, with large event., will have a dis fcinct recollection both of particular circumstances, and, als<\ of the chronological order in which they occurred, and, with large calcu. added, will have a correct knowledge of the chronology and dates of such events as have come to hia knowledge, the ages of persons, &c. : with large or very krge lang , ideal., and compar., will pay particular attention 213 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. Us rhyme and measure of poetry, and be exceedingly &n n yed i f either is imperfect ; and, with only full cans, added, will lo >k more to the drapery of poetry than to the more enduring qualities of sense and substance; if he attempt to compose poetry, may make good rhymes, yet his produc« fcions will be ephemeral and gaudy, rather than substantial rlI excellent; but, with large caus. added, will exce_ in sen tirnent. measure, style, rhyme, and power of thought : with tune large, will keep the beat in musiek, and be very fond of dancing, and, with imitat. also large, will easily learn any particular figure, and keep the step perfectly, &c. Very large. — One having very largetime, will possess a wonderfully accurate and precise memory of the tima when certain things occurred, of dates, ages, business trans- actions, &c. ; how long one thing happened before or after another ; the state of the weather upon certain days ; the pre- cise period of historical events; and, in short, will be a real rhronologist, to whom a reference will be had by all who know him for the purpose of ascertaining the chronology of wents, &c. ; and will manifest, only in a still higher degree, til the qualities described under time large. The combinations and descriptions under time large, mod ified by an increase of the power and manifestations of time, will apply to time very large. Full. — One having time full , will have a respectable memory of dates, and yet, with event, large, be much more correct and certain in regard to the minute particulars of the occurrence itself, than of the precise time of the occurrence; will ordinarily be punctual to his appointments, and seldom discover a deficiency of this faculty, and yet, seldom manifest vhis power in a very high degree. The descriptions and combinations of time large, modified $y a diminution of time, will apply to time full. Moderate. — One having time moderate , though he may .^member short intervals of time very well, will forget those chat are longer, or have rather an indistinct idea of the chron- oJcgical order and relations of time in which certain events occurred ; forget dates and ages, and be unable to tell with much accuracy the time of the day or month : with event large, though he may remember certain circumstances with accuracy, will not have a distinct or positive recol- of the time when they occurred, or how long one evessf perfect lection TUHE. fti 1 happened before or after another; and will have only a tral idea of the intervals between certain events. Small. — One having time small , will be very forgetful as to the time when; find it difficult to remember the ages in his own family, or even his own age, and be frequently obliged to consult family and other records in order to ascer- tain these and similar points, have only a general, and a very incorrect, memory of dates ; can seldom tell the time of the day without the sun or a time-piece, or even the day of the month or week ; will be the reverse of one with time \arge: with aliment, large, may calculate the time of the day quite correctly by his appetite, and be punctual to his weals ; or punctual when some other faculty quickens the iction of time, yet, in general, will discover a marked defi- ciency in this respect; and will be poor in chronology. Very small. — One with time very small , will seldom, if ever, notice the chronological order of events as they pass ; have a most imperfect idea of every tiling pertaining to suc- cession and dates : with aliment, only moderate, will even forget the time of his meals : with event, moderate, will have a most miserable memory both of circumstances and of dates ; forget his own age, and most of the circumstances connected even with his own history, and thus be a constant sufferer from this cause. Location. — Time is located directly above colour, and a ittle externally from locality. 34. TUNE. ^ense of melody and harmony of sounds — ability to learn tunes and detect discords. In another part of this work it has been shown, that hear- \g cannot produce musick, any more than seeing can give > just conception and judgment of colours, but that a con- ,.«pti£)n of the melody arising from a succession of sounds, * lust depend upon another distinct faculty of the mind. That *aose, indeed, who possess an equally perfect auditory and socal apparatus, differ widely in their musical talents, is prov- ed by every votary of harmonious sounds, as well as by every common observer, from the days of Orpheus down to these of Haydn, Handel, Mozart, and Catalini. That the faculty of musick is innate and primary, and man- ifests its power in different ndividualsir. proportion to a pas' 19 PHRENOLOGY II LUSTR ATED. ticular development of the brain, is a fact fully established by the observations of phrenologists. They have examined the heads, busts, or portraits, of Gluck, Zumsteg, Dussek, Mozart, Viotti, Rosini, Crescentini, and Catalini, Handel, and Haydn, and of many other celebrated musical per formers or singers, and have found an extreme development of the organ of tune in all of them. The authors have seen many children, even, in which the organ was largely devel- oped, that were able to catch and turn tunes soon after they began to talk ; and, on the other hand, adults in whom the organ was small, that, after the most laborious efforts under the most able instructors, were utterly unable to turn a tune, or even distinguish one tune from another. The natural language of musick is universal, or, in othei words, sounds that are melodious to one nation, are measurably so to another; which shows not only, that the principles oi musick exist in nature, but, that the human mind, in order to adapt itself to these principles, must necessarily possess an innate faculty whose proper function it is to perceive and ap- ply them : and hence it is, that what constitutes melody and harmony of sound to the Englishman, is no less so to the Swede, to the wild rover of the desert, and to him who in habits the islands of the sea. Some nations, however, as well as individuals, are more musical than others, and are distinguished by a larger development of the organ of tune. In this respect, the Italians and Germans excel the Span- iards, Frenchmen, Englishmen, and Otaheitans; and the authors have noticed, that this organ is generally very large in negroes ; which exactly corresponds with their wonderful musical propensity and talent. These remarks will show the utter folly, not u> say ab- surdity, of that modern, fashionable prejudice which demands that musick shall be taught to young ladies indiscriminately, and without the least regard to the natural talent, or defect* of the individual in this respect, and which condemns many a lovely female to waste years of precious time in what is to her an intolerable drudgery, and one that nature never plam ned for her. Large. — One having large tune, will be able easily to catch tunes by hearing them sung a few times over, and to strike correctly their key note ; has a correct musical ear, and, with a good voice, can easily become a good singer or a good performer upon mutical instruments; delights to listen Uj TUBS. 219 good musick, and can easily detect a discord. & * One hav ing large tune, with large ideal., will not only be extremely fond of good musick, but will impart a richness, and pathos, and melody to his musical performances which are calculate ed to move the heart ; with large time added, will be a me- lodious singer, and add new charms to his musick by keep- ing the beat correctly; but, with time small, will have an excellent musical ear, accompanied with much melody and good taste, yet will fail greatly in time, and, when singingin company, generally sing too slowly : with combat, and de- struct. large or very large, will delight greatly in martial musick, and be highly excited by the stirring notes of the fife, the drum, the bugle, &c. : with adhes. and ideal, large, will be very fond of songs, and be able to sing them to ad- miration ; and, with large or very large time and hope add- ed, will be highly delighted with dancing tunes, and, in dancing, precisely keep the step, and be gay and cheerful in the “ assembly room,” and enjoy the cotillion party, &c., be yond measure : with hope small, and ven., conscien., and adhes. large or very large, will prefer plaintive airs, minor moods, solemn, devotional musick, &c. ; and, with hope large even, will still prefer solemn tunes, yet select those of a cheerful, lively air : with large or very large lang., can easi- ly associate tunes with the words set to them, and thus read- ily commit songs, hymns, &c., so as to sing them bv rote. In learning tunes, and in singing them with words, the or- gan of lang. renders very important assistance. The same is also true of imitat., which gives the proper expression to a musical performance, enables the performer to imitate dif- ferent kinds of style, &c. Very large. — One having tun every large , will be able to learn tunes by hearing them once or twice repeated, and will never forget them ; is filled with ecstasy , or completely earned away, with good musick, but cannot endure a discord, ct an awkward or artificial singer or player ; produces a powerful impression upon the feelings of those who listen ta nis performances, and literally charms them, &c. One having tune very large, with large or very large ad« nes., ideal., ven., hope, imitat., time, lang., individ., weight, jtnd compar., will be a natural musician of the first order; oe pre-eminent for his musical taste and talent ; pour forth &is whole soulm the most melting and voiuptuous strains of melody and harmony, so as often tc overcome the hearer PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 220 team, as it were, by intuition, to play upon any musical ia* strument; perform to admiration all kinds of musick, par' ticularly sentimental pieces, Irish airs, Scotch melodies, and other pieces of kindred sympathy and pathos ; and will be able to compose rn^rick characterized by sentiment, pathos, and the soul of melody. Full. — One having tune full , will be able, with consid arable practice, to learn tunes both by note, and also by the ear ; may be called a good, and even a superiour, singer, yet, for any musical talent he may possess, will be indebted as much to art and science as to nature ; with the aid of notes, and a good knowledge of th e principles, may be able to read musick correctly, and even sing, at first sight, almost any piece of musick presented to him, yet his musical perform- ances will be characterized more by accuracy than melody and pathos. One having tune full, with large or very laige ideal., will be highly delighted with good musick, and have a correct musical ear, and impart a peculiar softness to his singing, and, with large imitat. added, be capable of becom ing a good singer, if not a superiour musician; can readily imitate different kinds of style, &c. : with the moral senti ments large, may experience much fervour of devotion while singing, and impart this feeling to his musical displays : with lang. large, in calling to mind various tunes, will be greatly assisted by recollecting the words set to them, and w ill find it somewhat difficult to learn tunes disconnected with words ; with lang. moderate or small, will receive, in learning tunes, very little aid from lang., and fail somewhat in applying w’ords to musical sounds: with compar. large or very large, wilj readily decide between what tunes and words a harmony of sentiment exists ; and, with large ven. added, when a hymn is given out, will be able to select the most appropriate tune and, w ith imitat. also large, to sing it in such a manner as t j convey the sentiments and feelings expressed in the words, &c. The additional combinations and descriptions of tune full, may be inferred from those under tune large, the power and the manifestations of tune being diminished. Moderate. — One having tune moderate , may, perhaps, learn to read musick readily by note , but will be obliged to labour hard to effect even this; be obliged *o hear tunes many times repeated before he can learn them by rote , and will then forget them unless he sings them frequently ; may TUME. %2\ pcrnaps, oe a respectable singer, but will be indebted for this talent much more to science and application than to nature : will sing more by the rules of musick than by his car, ana see generally obliged to have his book before him; will be rather a mechanical than a natural singer; and will fail to impart melody and pathos to his musical performances, and f o kindle or melt the soul. One having tune moderate, with idol, large or very large, will listen with rapture to good yet none will pleas*, him except musick of the first order; will be very unpleas- antly affected by discord, and perhaps be a good judge of musick, yet will not be a good or a great performer himself Small. — One having tune small , with much effort, may learn to sing and play tunes, yet will be only an autornatick, mechanical, indifferent, and unsuccessful musician, and will be unable to make melody, or to learn tunes by the ear : with large or very large ideal., will listen with delight, to good mu- sick, yet be slow to distinguish one tune from another, and gen- erally be insensible to the higher charms of excellent musick The combinations and descriptions under tune moderate modified by a reduction of the influence of tune, and those under tune large or very large, reversed , or read with the addition of a negative, will generally apply to this organ small. Very small.— One having tune very small , will be un- able to strike a note correctly, and even to distinguish one tune or one note from another: with mirth, large, will be likely to ridicule a musical taste or an amateur in musick, or be, at least, indifferent to musick, if not really disgusted with it. Location. — Tune is located, in adults, about three quar- ters of an inch above the organ of calcu., and within the arch of the superciliary ridge. The location of tune is so much affected by the size of the surrounding organs, and its external appearance, by the temporal muscle which passes over it, that, except in the case of children, the authors are not always able to decide correctly upon its size. It may also be added, that a good voice adds greatly to good musick, and is therefore frequently mistaken for a musical ear or tal • int. Others, again, in whom the organ is only moderate, are tolerable singers, but are indebted for this talent chiefly to science and practice. Hence many correct decisions upon tune, nre considered erroneous. 139 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. 35. LANGUAGE. Power vf communicating ideas by means of partictdai signs — memory of words : — recollection of arbitrary signs as expressive of ideas. In the plenitude of his wisdom and goodness, the Great Author of our being has seen fit, in various ways, to distin- guish man from “the beasts that perish;” and one of these distinguishing characteristicks, is most strikingly displayed in his power of speech. Without a faculty by means of which to communicate to his fellow-men, his thoughts, feel- ings, and desires, man would be incapable of any consider- able degree of cultivation and refinement, and of carrying on those vast schemes and projects by which the face of the earth is subdued and cultivated, and the beasts of the field brought under subjection to him — by which the forest bows to his mandate, and, in its stead, the cultivated farm blooms like a garden — by which science and the arts flourish, com- merce springs into life, and cities, kingdoms, and republicks burst forth in all their magnificence and glory. The signs of language are of two kinds, natural and arti- ficial. The natural signs are common both to man and the lower order of animals, and are understood by each species of animals by the operations of the instinctive principles of its nature. In brutes, these natural signs are employed, for example, in the bleating of a lamb, the neighing of a horse, and the chirping of a bird ; and in man, in that expression of voice and feature which he uses in sighing, groaning, laugh ing, crying, and in the use of all that class of semi-articulate sounds called interjections. But the grand distinction be- tween the faculty of language in man and the same faculty in the brute creation, consists in the ability of the former to make use of distinct, articulate sounds, which we call speech , as signs of his ideas, whereas, the ability of the latter is con- fined to the use of inarticulate sounds. For the more extensive and perfect transmission of thought, the superiour wisdom and ingenuity of man have also ena- bled him to invent, and employ by common consent, various sets of artificial sounds called words, or vocal or artificial language; and, moreover, to institute certain arbitrary signs by means of which to represent these words to the eye, tali- t»d wiitten language. LANGUAGE. 22 $ That tile power of speech in man, or his copia verhoru^ is primitive, and depends upon a distinct faculty of the mind, is evident from the fact, that it greatly differs in different in- dividuals, and cannot, therefore* be the result of education alone, but must originally be possessed by them in various degrees of strength. Were it not so, each individual would display this power in proportion to his cultivation of the fac- ulty ; but such is by no means the case. We often see child- ren that have received little or no instruction, learn the use and application bf words with a facility and accuracy alto- gether wonderful ; and others again upon which a supera- bundant amount of instruction has been bestowed, that re- main extremely deficient in this respect, and find great diffi- culty in commanding words enough to express their ideas with even common propriety. We see persons, also, who have studied many languages, •eceived all the advantages of instruction from the greatest dnguists, and wasted long nights over the midnight lamp, and yet, when they come to express themselves in their mo- ther tongue, often display a style marked with barrenness, stiffness, and impropriety ; whereas, others who have enjoy- ed no such advantages, are able to speak and write in a style both copious and eloquent. Some persons are able to repeat a page verbatim after having read it but two or three times over ; whilst others again, cannot repeat it after having read it as many hundred times. And now let us ask, whether these facts at ’ accord with the metaphysical notion of some, that language is wholly ar- tificial , or conventional. If so, language should display it- self, in individuals of equal talents, in an exact proportion to its cultivation : but this has clearly been shown not to be the ease. We must therefore conclude, that the power of lan- guage or speech, depends upon a primary faculty of the m.nd, and that it is as natural for man to employ language , as it is vision , or hearing , or any other faculty of the mind. Many remarkable instances of an extraordinary manifes- tation of this faculty, as well as of its extreme deficiency, have fallen under the observation of the authors. From r multitude of cases, they will select, and present, only the twn following. They know a little girl in whom the organ of languago ia extre/nelv la r ge, and who has beer brought up in a family 224 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. m which there is no child but herself; consequently, sha seldom has any one to talk with. But this deficiency she has managed to supply, ever since she was two or tnree years old, by almost incessantly talking to her doll or to herself; for talk she must, although it often consists in nothing more than the utterance of articulate sounds without meaning She often even conducts a long dialogue in two or three dis- tinct voices, being assisted in this by large imitation ; and has, moreover, a wonderful propensity to invent, and apply, names to all objects she sees ; and, when these are few, she gives many names to the same object. Her organ of tune is also large; and this she frequently gratifies by com posing and singing tunes extempore, and sometimes, too, ir rhyme. In the family of professor Eaton, the distinguished botan- ist and naturalist, one of the authors saw a servant-man in whom the organ is extremely small ; and it is with the ut- most difficulty that he can command words enough to hold a conversation upon the most familiar subject:*— in proof of which, many striking anecdotes were related by tne professor. The following is one of them. Being vt*ry anxious to learn to read — a thing he found it next to impossible to accom- plish — he was sent to school ; and, in attempting to relate to his master the pains taken by his tutor in instructing him, when he got to the word teaching , he stopped, and hesitated for a long time, not beingable to think of it, or of any other word that won 1 T express the idea; but, at last, he got it out by saying, mat “my tutor keep — jaioing me how to read.” Large. — One having lang. large , will find it easy and natural to learn and remember words, and to call to mind such words as fully express his ideas; possess, in a high degiee, copiousness, freedom, fluency, and power of ex- pression ; have at command a multitude of words and phrases from which he is able to make such a selection as may be dictated by his other faculties; will fill out his sentences well, and leave but few ellipses to be supplied by the reader ; will be able to write with ease and facility, and give a copi- ousness, and richness, and variety to his style, and have a great desire to talk and read, as well as to hear others do so ; and can easily commit words to memory. One naving lang. large, with large or very large individ., form, local., and event., can learn verbatim with £T?at rapid* ity and very little effort; has a remarkable talent fci remeru language. 225 Bering the precise expressions used by mb »r:< it conversa- tion, and for relating accurately what was said t»y a speaker] will be able, in school or in college, to learn his lessons, as it were, by intuition, or, at least, by reading them two or three times over; will make very rapid advances as a schol- ar, far outstrip those who havelang., event., and individ. only moderate, and appear to understand his lessons much better than he really does, and thus gain great credit for his reci- tations ; when he attempts to speak, will have a copious flow of words, and display a remarkable talent for making quotations ; with only moderate or full caus. added, will talk much, and fluently, upon subjects without instructing the hearer, or pre- senting many new ideas, or profound observations ; with large or very large ideal, and compar., and full concent, added to this combination, is capable of becoming quite in- teresting, and even eloquent, as a speaker ; will be chaste, and finished, if not polished and graceful, in his language and expressions, and, with imitat. also large, decisively pop- ular as an extempore speaker; will be perspicuous and ap- propriate, and easily and fully understood ; possess extraor- dinary facility and felicity of expression, and, whenever he becomes animated in speaking, will quote poetry with ease and correctness, yet will have a better command of words than of ideas; may please the fancy, yet will not greatly instructor enlighten the understanding: with individ. large or very large, will use many adjectives and qualifying phrases; and yet employ words with considerable definite- ness and precision : with large secret., cautious., approbate conscien , and ven., may be taciturn and reserved before strangers or partial acquaintances, or, in consequence of his bashfulness or modesty, yet, when among his familiars and equals, will talk very freely : with large or very large se- cret., will generally say but little, and, with cautious, also large, frequently hesitate in speaking, but this will arise from the fear of committing himself, or of saying what he does not intend to say, rather than from a want of words ; but, with secret, moderate or small, will not only have a great command of words, but be free to express his thoughts and feelings, and, with benev. and adhes. alsc large or very large, this propensity to unbosom himself to others, will be still farther increased, and he will be a downright talker: with large individ., combat., and desfruct., will have a great command of severe and bitter epithets, and, when excited, be 10 * 826 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. extremely pointed and sarcastick in his expressions, and, wits compar. aiso large, can pour out a torrent of abusive words, or scold with a vengeance : with adhes. and benev. large 01 very large, will have a great command of words express- ive of sympathy, affection, endearment, tenderness of feeling, &c. ; and, with imitat. also large, will accompany his verbal communications with appropriate gesticulation, and speak through his action, the expression of his countenance, &c., as well, as by his words : with compar. large or very large, will have a critical knowledge of the precise meaning of words, of philology, synonymes, &c., and be prone closely to criticise both his own expressions and those of others, and. with large or very large indiviu. and event, added, is capable of becoming a first-rate linguist: with large or very large caus. and compar., and only moderate or full ideal., will be bold, original, and powerful in his expressions, but not fin- ished, elegant, or polished, and, if large combat, and destruct. and moderate or small secret, be added, will speak out his ideas in a plain, strong, blunt, and frequently uncouth style ; will despise the flowers of rhetorick and finely turned peri- ods, and present the facts and the arguments of his subject without embellishment: with ideal, large instead of mod- erate, will be a nervous, strong, and also polished writer and speaker; have a full flow of ideas, and also of words in which to express them ; will combine power of thought with copiousness and fluency of diction, and, with a good educa- tion, be capable of becoming an accomplished and a power- ful publick speaker; will express important ideas and strong arguments in a peculiarly felicitous and happy style, and have thoughts enough handsomely to fill the channel through which they flow. Very large. — One having lang. very large, will possess remarkable copiousness of speech and a great flow of words ; talk with perfect ease and the greatest delight ; and, with se- cret. only moderate and approbat. large or very large, among his acquaintances, will be, perhaps, too forward in conversa- tion, and an incessant, not to say intolerable, talker: with concent, full or large, will be able, and much inclined, to threw out the same idea in a great many different forms of expression, frequently amounting to tautology; will often weary the hearer with tedious repetitions and circumlocu- tion, and not unfrequent, ly bury up his ideas in a multitudt of weids: with individ., form, and local, large or very larger LANGUAGE. 227 mil be able to commit to memory page after page, even at a second reading; will be excessively fond of reading, and of hearing and relating anecdotes ; after listening to an inter- esting speech, oration, or sermon, will be able to repeat it nearly verbatim, giving not only the ideas and the general tenour of the discourse, but even many of the precise ex- pressions of the speaker ; with large or very large ideal, and imitat., and only full caus. added, will be bombastick in his style, and present more bathos than pathos or sublimity ; make a great display of eloquence and splendour in his lan- guage, and yet be destitute of real eloquence and power of thought; will be loquacious, flippant, and verbose, yet irn- body but little sense or argument in what he says : with very large compar., caus., individ., event., ideal., and combat., will be able to engross the whole attention of the hearer, and, by the clearness and power of his reasoning, combined with the superiour elegance of his diction, and the frequent and well-sustained bursts of his overpowering eloquence, enchain him for hours to the subject; will be rich, copious, flow- ing, vehement, and energetick in his style and maimer, !>ut a much better extempore speaker than writer, because, in writing, he will be apt to employ too many words for his thoughts. The descript! md combinations of lang. large, modifi- ed by an increa he power and desires imparted by lang,, will apply to lai jry large. Full. — One * g lang. full , will have a respectable command of wo ’et, in order to become fluent, will re quire considerable excitement ; will not be barren in style o? expressions, nor yet employ many new-coined or redundant words; with some effort, may commit to memory, yet, unless individ., form, and local, are very large, will not be eminent for this talent. One having lang. full, with compar. and caus. large or very large, will have a rich fund of important ideas, but they will lose some of their force when expressed, in consequence of their calling more loudly for words than can be answered by the speaker, who, unless considerably excited, will hesitate for words ; will seldom be guilty of circumlocution, but will be rather brief and compact in his style : with large or very large ideal, ad led, will be clear, elegant, and forcible as a writer, but, though he may get on taler ib y we)! ar> a speaker, will not be very fluent, and evea PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED 228 when excited, will by no means manifest verbosity, and vsik employ no more words than the sense demands. The additional descriptions and combinations of lang. fall, due allowance being made by the reader fcr the diminished power and manifestations of lang., will be found under lang. large. Moderate. — One having lang. moderate , will be some- times at a loss for words in which to express his ideas, and particularly so for happy and appropriate words ; when an idea is presented to his mind, often be obliged to wait for the organ of lang. to supply the proper sign by which to ex- press it ; generally employ too few, rather than too many, words; and, instead of adding to the force and energy of his thoughts by the ease and power of his expressions, will fail to give them even their just due from the province of language. One having lang. moderate, with very large compar., will be very critical in the use of words, and seldom employ one wnich is not fully expressive of the meaning intended to be conveyed ; with large or very large ideal, and individ. add- ed, may be a first-late linguist, and a clear and elegant wri- ter, but will not be a fluent speaker — may command words enough for the use of the /^butnotfartheuseofthefoT^gz/e will adopt a style more clear than copious ; will not be k quacious, but, in what he says, will employ but few words. Small. — One having small lang., in communicating his thoughts and feelings, will employ but few words, and those of every-day use; in speaking, will frequently hesitate for words, and possess very little variety or copiousness of ex- pression ; so for as style is concerned, will be barren, dry, and common-place ; find extreme difficulty in calling to mind the particular words required to express his meaning; con- sider talking as rather a burden than a pleasure, and, conse- quently, will generally say but little, and find it very difficult o commit to memory. One having lang. small, secret, large, and mirth, only full, wi.l be likely to pass whole days, and sometimes even weeks, m which he will speak scarcely a word unless there is an absolute necessity for it ; will not be at all interesting in pio* miscuous conversr tion, and his thoughts will lose much of their force and point in consequence of the deficiency in hii power of expression : with combat, jarge and excited, or wills 9 nervous temperament, may speak in a rapid, though som§* REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 229 idiai incoherent, manner, but will use only common-place phraseology, and generally express similar ideas in nearly ihe same set of words : with very large caus. ai d compar., will have many more thoughts than words, and make every word express some important idea; can think much better than communicate ; say a great deal in a few words ; cannot command a sufficient stock of words with nearly similar meanings from which to make happy selections ; and will think and reason much more than read or talk. The combinations and descriptions of lang. moderate, mod- ified by a diminution of the power of lang., and, also, those under lang. large and very large, reversed , or read with a negative , will generally apply to lang. small. Very small. — One having lang. very small, will find the utmost difficulty in recollecting the arbitrary signs used to express the simplest and most common ideas : from actual poverty of lang., wiil be obliged to employ words in a sense widely different from their common and legitimate significa- tion, and will often express his ideas in very inappropriate terms ; cannot commit to memory at all, nor learn to read with any thing like tolerable facility and accuracy, and will be able scarcely to understand others, er express himself so that they can understand him. The combinations and descriptions under lang. small, modified by a lessening of the power of lang., and those un- der lang. full, reversed , will apply to this faculty very small. Location. — Lang, is located upon the superorbiter plate. When large or very large, by pressing down the upper orbit of the eye, it pushes the eye outward and downward, giving a fulness to it, and a swollen appearance to the under eyelid. When the organ is small, the eyes will appear small and sunken, and the under eyelid small. The bust of the dis- tinguished Thos. Addis Emmett, affords a striking specimen of a large development of this organ. 3ENUS II. — Reflective or Reasoning Faculties. These faculties impart to the human mind an intehectim. power ot a higher order than that given by the perceptive and semi-perceptive faculties. They enable man to invent, to think, and reason — to ascertain those abstract relations and hearings of things which neither observation, nor any other mental power, can reacL. Most of the other intellectual fac* 830 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. ulties, are possessed, in a greater or less degree, by soma species of the lower order of animals, and some of them, to a far greater extent than by man. Yet, none of these an- imals can invent , or, to any considerable extent, adapt means to ends. Neither can they improve upon their mere animai instincts for they are manifestly destitute of what, in man, is called contrivance. From generation to generation, they grovel in the same beaten track, and, as far as improvement is concerned, remain stationary; whilst soaring, reasoning man is always advancing , and improving upon the discov- eries and inventions of his predecessors. At the present day, the sparrow builds its nest, and the beaver its hut and dam, in precisely the same manner that their progenitors did four thousand years ago; but, when we compare the ten thousand improvements in manufactures, agriculture, commerce, sci- ence, and the arts, of the present English and American race, with the rude huts and implements of their Saxon fore- fathers, we behold the striking and wonderful effects of cul- tivated reason. This subject also enables us to advance understandingly tj another important characteristic!* of man, by showing us how it is that he becomes, not only a rational, but, likewise, a moral and an accountable , being. Unaided by the reason- ing faculties, conscience would be lame and blind ; but, with their assistance, it is enabled to lay hold of the first princi- ples of right and justice, and to point out to man the path of rectitude and moral duty. Unaided by the reasoning facul- ties, the other moral faculties would also wander in obscure twilight, and often stumble upon the dark mountains of er- rour ; but, with their help, veneration is enabled to look at the attributes of the great Jehovah, and successfully to study his divine character, and the moral relations that exist be- tween man and his Maker, as well as between man and his fellow-man — relations equally important and sublime with any others which the reasoning powers are capable of tra- cing. With their assistance, hope wings its flight into the bright regions of futurity, and there expatiates rationally upon that stale of being which awaits us when we shall have passed the bourne of mortality. Philosophers of all ages, have been agreed upon the fact, that man is the only animal endowed with the moral and reasoning faculties; but it has been left to phrenologists t q observe, and point out die fact, that rzzz IZ also the only m- CAUSALITY. 231 imal that possesses a high and broad fa rehead, and an ele- vated, coronal portion to the head — in which the organs of these faculties are located. And yet, without fully compre hending, or duly appreciating the importance of the fact, mankind have always been aware, as all history amply proves, that a high, bold, and prominent forehead is neces sary to a great and profound reasoner. That there really exist? a reciprocal relation between the reasoning powers and the expansion of the upper portion of the forehead, will be made fully manifest by comparing the heads of any dee/ thinkers and strong and bold reasoners with those of individ uals who possess these intellectual qualities in a lower de- gree — by comparing, for example, the foreheads of Franklin, Washington, Clinton, Gall, and Melancthon, with those of Aurelia Chase, the New Zealander, Indian, Carib, idiot, &c., and the heads of animals, in the cuts upon the Chart. Now, such coincidences as these, are too striking to be the result of mere chance, and must, therefore, be produced by design; and if by design, they constitute a page in the book of na* ure, worthy the perusal of every student of nature. 36. CAUSALITY. Power of 'perceiving and applying the principles of causa- tion — ability to discover , and trace out , the connexion and relations existing between causes and effects ; to plan , in- vent , and adapt means to ends ; to draw conclusions from given premises ; to reason — disposition to investigate , and ask , why ? — key-stone of common-sense. It is an axiom in philosophy, that “every effect must have a cause;’ 7 and, also, that “every cause must produce an er- fect:” and, again, that, “under similar circumstances, like causes produce like effects and, farther, that “ all the phe itomena throughout universal nature, proceed upon the prin- ciple of cause and effect, or antecedent and consequent.” But let us inquire from what source it is that philosophers gather these maxims. That they are not the product of the observing faculties, is evident from the fact, that these facul- ties are possessed, more or less, by the brute creation, and yet, we know that brutes do not reason — that they are not capable of comprehending the relations of cause and effect — * al any rate, beyond the narrow limits of their experience ; and this can scarcely be considered as reaching the princi- ple of causation. Hence, we infer, that man is endowed 132 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. with some faculty of the mind of which the lower oraet of animals is destitute, by which he is enabled to reach thia principle. That the faculty in man which regards every phenomenon or result in nature as the product of some antecedent cause, is innate, and its operation, intuitive, may, moreover, be justly inferred from the fact, that he is naturally prone to demand a reason for every thing — to ask why it is so: and that this dis- position in man is more or less strong in proportion as a cer« tain part of the brain ( causality , see cuts) is largely or other- wise developed, is equally proved by the observations of phre- nologists, as well as of mankind generally : — for here is one point in phrenology in which mankind, in all ages, have be- lieved. That this faculty in man is innate, is still farther evident from the fact, that this cause-seeking disposition is strikingly evinced in children. Almost as soon as they begin to make observations, they also begin to inquire, why things are so — to investigate the causes , reasons , and uses of things. As this faculty is designed for, and adapted to^the princi- ple of causation alluded to, it is evident, that, when strongly or fairly developed, and furnished with proper data upon which to operate, it will always decide correctly concerning causes and effects : for if, under such circumstances, it should not always teach us the truth, or give us correct information as to those first principles or trutns which exist in nature, it would not act in harmony with nature’s laws, nor fully per- form the function for which it is originally designed. What should we think, for example, of an eye that would present objects to the mind double, triple, or quadruple, ox give the image of a horse when it looked at a man, or of an ass instead of a metaphysician ? What should we think of a faculty of colour that would make green appear yellow, or black, white? Undoubtedly, we should consider them de- fective or perverted. If, then, we have a right to expec t, that the perceptive faculties, in conjunction with the externa., senses, when uninjured and unperverted, will furnish us with correct information concerning physical objects and their qualities, it is equally reasonable to suppose, that, un- der similar circumstances, the reasoning faculties will make a true report of the abstract relations and causes of things. Consequently, all that we have to do in order to ascertain tfes truth in any given matter is to lay before causality the CAUSALITT. 233 forked facts i»i the case, and all the facts, and its decision will be the truth lequiied: and the only reasons why the opin- ions of men tso frequently and so widely differ upon the same subject, and stray so far from the truth, are either that the data upon wnich the decisions of causality and comparison are predicated, are incorrect or insufficient, or because the reasoning organs are too feeble to bear up against the clam- ours of prejudice or passion. Large. — O ne having caus. large , will be able intuitively to perceive, and readily to apply, the principles of causation ; to lay good plans, and successfully reach desired ends by the application of appropriate means ; will have a strong desire to ascertain the why and the wherefore of things ; to investigate their nature and relations, and ascertain their origin, uses, and procuring causes ; will consider facts and phenomena only as connected with their principles and causes ; perceive self-evident truths, and draw inferences from them ; possess an inquiring, investigating turn of mind; with proper cul- ture of this faculty, be able to originate good ideas, and rea- son correctly upon the data furnished by the other faculties ; by the intuitive application of the principle that like causes will always produce like effects, be able to predict what will be, from what has been ; to tell wherein one result will differ from another, and, also, what will be the effect of given meas- ures ; will intuitively perceive the various bearings and the abstract relations of things ; naturally possess a large en- dowment of sagacity, penetration, good sense, judgment, and originality; and be disposed to give, and require, not only a reason for every thing, but, also, a satisfactory explanation of all its phenomena. One having caus. large, with the perceptive organs full, large, or very large, will he quick to perceive the first truths or axioms of natural philosophy, to draw inferences from them, and to apply them whenever occasion demands: with eompar. and conscien. large or very large, to perceive the force of moral truths and inferences, and to admit moral ax- ioms, and be able to reason clearly and correctly from them: with the selfish faculties strong, will be able to provide for his selfish wants, and secure selfish ends : with acquis, fud or large, or even only moderate or small, to lay excellent plans for accumulating wealth: with the perceptive organs only moderate or full, will be more delighted with the pnnr Apples and the philosophy of natural science, than with til 834 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATE©. mere facts , and seldom contemplate tacts apart from the laws concerned in their production: with individ. and event, only moderate or full, will be guided much more by the reason of things, and by general principles, than by experience ; but, with individ. and event, large or very large, will be influenced both by experiments and facts, and also by the principles in volved in them; have a superiour talent, not only for col lecting facts, but, also, for drawing correct deductions from them ; devise and execute with surprising sagacity and tact, and possess an excellent talent for turning things to his own advantage — for seeing just what ought to be done in order most successfully to obtain the desired end, and will possess a very large share of 'practical sense and sound judgment : with large or very large compar. and only moderate percep- tive faculties, will deal much more in that which h abstract and metaphysical than in facts and details, and possess much more intellect than he appears to have ; be too abstract, and think too deeply, to be properly appreciated, especially by those who have large perceptive, and only full reasoning, faculties ; will have an excellent memory of thoughts and first-principles, but forget circumstances and particulars; have a distinct recollection of in ferences , yet be apt to forget the premises from which they were drawn ; be able to think and reason clearly and strongly, yet, in presenting his ideas, will fail to do them justice, or give them the force necessary to produce the conviction to which they are justly entitled : with the selfish faculties generally large or very large, and the moral only moderate or full, will make his reason sub- servient to the mandates of his selfish, not to say vicious and depraved, animal desires and gratifications ; and prostitute this noble gift to the injury both of himself and his fellow- men : with the moral organs large, and the selfish also large, will have a vigorous intellect propelled by energetick, selfish passions, and modified by a strong current moral feeling, yet his moral and religious opinions and practices will be strongly tinctured with his animal feelings — bis religious gar- ments often defaced with spots and patches of selfishness and sin ; and his reason turned to a good or bad account according as his education, external circumstances, &c., excite more pow- erfully either the one or the other class of faculties : with the moral organs large or very large, the propensities full o? large, but less than the moral and reasoning organs, andths perceptive at least, full, will possess great intellectual powe? CAUSALITY. 235 and supexiour talents, which will be called into energetick action, and urged forward by strong feelings, and directed Oy high-toned, moral principle, to the advancement of some noble and important object; and have enough of the propen- sities to impart efficiency to his intellectual and moral facul- ties, which, however, will maintain the ascendency: witfe combat, large, will warmly defend and advocate his opinionv and engage in debate wtih spirit and delight, &c. Caus. acts with a power and success reciprocally propa* donate to the size of the or^an and the stimuli which excite it. These stimuli are supplied by the other faculties, and vary according to the intensity with which these faculties desire those objects procured by the aid of caus. For ex ample ; one having caus. large, with very large domestick organs, and only moderate selfish propensities, will seem to lack wisdom in conducting his own selfish interests, because ne will be comparatively indifferent to them, but, in reference to his children, his family, his friends, &c., he will plain with uncommon judgment, and manifest great foresight, with acquis, small, and approbat. or self-e., or both, very rnrge, will be likely to manifest great mental vigour in his efforts to secure distinction, yet, in the mere accumulation of wealth, may discover a decisive want of tact and judgment, and ability to plan ; but still, if any of the other faculties de- sire money, caus. will do its utmost to supply them, and devise means admirably calculated to secure this object: with the selfish propensities only moderate or full, compar. and conscien. large or very large, ven. full or large, and the perceptive organs only moderate or full, will reason clearly and forcibly from correct moral premises, and successfully prosecute ethical and theological investigations, yet be less distinguished for his delight and success in pursuing nat- ural philosophy, and be likely to make but indifferent calcu- lations in regard to his pecuniary affairs, and manage them rather poorly ; but, with the perceptive organs large or very large, conscien. small, and ven. only full, while he will rea- son clearly and correctly upon natural philosophy and mat- ters which have no moral bearing, will commit the grossest errours m reasoning upon the character of the Supreme Be- ing and religious subjects generally, his duties to his fellow- men, and of their obligations to him, &c. The same priu- siple applies to caus. in combination with any of the otfaef organs in -heir various states of development. 836 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. Very large. — One having cans, very large, with a large head and an active temperament, in addition to the manifest tations described under eaus. large, will be pre-eminent for the correctness of his judgment, the clearness, originality, and importance of his ideas, the extent of his understanding, and the power of his intellect ; be distinguished for taking new views, even of the most ordinary subjects, and for pre- senting them in a striking light; for discovering new me- thods of effecting certain objects ; be able to calculate, with certainty, what effects will be produced by the application of particular means, and, also, the most judicious method of applying these means ; clearly perceive the full force of ar- guments; be able to explain, or “clear up, :j abstruse points and difficult subjects ; to carry conviction to the mind by his irresistible arguments, and always to present them in a man- ner perfectly intelligible ; will grasp, as it were, with a giant intellect, those great and fundamental principles which enter into the nature and constitution of things ; and possess ex* traordinary greatness of mind and vastness of comprehen sion. One having caus. very large, with compar. large or very large, will be extremely delighted with metaphysical and abstract studies ; attempt to pry into the nature and first-prin- ciples of every thing ; will speculate and theorize, and, with large conscien. added, will excel as a metaphysician, and es- pecially as a moral and intellectual philosopher; with large individ. added, will not only display extraordinary depth and power of thought, but, also, be able to express and illustrate his ideas in a manner so simple and intelligible as to make himself easily and fully understood even by feeble minds ; if he fail in any part of his projects, will readily supply the deficiency by a resort to the most happy expedients, and thus generally succeed in his undertakings ; never be at a loss for resources, and be wonderfully ingenious in calling them up and applying them ; and possess extraordinary intellectual power and acumen. The combinations and descriptions of caus. large, modifi- ed by an increase of the power of caus., will apply to this organ very _arge. Full. — One having caus .full, will have a strong desire to ascertain the reason of things, and to investigate their na- ture and procuring causes, yet his vievts of the relations of eause and effect, will be less clear, and his inductions from* € AUSALtT*. 2m given amount of data, less correct, than they would be if cans, were large or very large; with proper culture, will respectable as a reasoner, yet the cast of his mind will not be strikingly original o'* logical, nor his judgment first-rate* with large or very largt perceptive faculties, may be qualifi- ed to do a fair business, yet will not excel in planning or in conducting a great business, nor be distinguished for employ- ing the best means to effect desired ends ; with large imitat., individ., and approbat., and moderate or small self-e. added, will lack independence and originality of thought and char- acter; adopt the views and opinions of those with whom he most associates, and thus have no marked character or plans of his own, and, with ven. and conscien. large, will not de- sire, or hardly dare, especially in religious matters, to think or act for himself; may pass for a man of considerable talent and intellect, yet much of his knowledge will be borrowed, and his disposition and ability to apply his mind closely to an argument or process of thought, will be weak and limit- ed, and his judgment, not very profound: with compar., in- divid., and event, large, will not be distinguished for the superiority of his judgment, nor yet for the weakness of it; will possess considerable practical talent, and understand himself well, yet be somewhat superficial, and manifest more discrimination and tact than originality and depth, and fail to present arguments in a clear, cogent, and convincing man- ner, as well as to appreciate the full force of the reasonings of others. Moderate. — One having caus. moderate , will not be very clear or correct in apprehending the principles of causation, nor reason clearly or closely; with individ., event., and lang. large, and compar. full or large, may pass through the ordinary routine of life with tolerable success, yet, when called upon to think, or plan, or call up resources — to devise means, or originate any thing, will manifest weakness and inability; may learn well, and, with imitat also large, do what he sees others do, and gain something from experience, yet will be unwilling to apply his mind to any subject which requires close investigation and research; and will not be able to reason strongly or deeply, or to ap- preciate the arguments of those who do ; and wiL not be at ail distinguished for quickness of comprehension or depth of understanding : with the selfish faculties strong, will be sway- ed chiefly by his animal propensities, and yet be shrewd in gas PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. many things, although his shrewdness will result more from instinct than reason : with secret, large, and conscien. only full, by art and intrigue may succeed well for awhile, yet it will not be difficult to penetrate his designs, and discover his intentions, and, consequently, to defeat his purposes. Small. — One having caus. small , will be decisively defi- cient in discernment and understanding; fail to comprehend the reasons, principles, causes, and the general bearing of things, as well as the force of logical arguments ; be injudi- cious in planning, and unable to see the end from the begin- ning, or comprehend the result of certain measures ; be un- able to think, and dull in comprehending a subject, even when clearly and fully explained to him ; slow to draw in- ferences, and unskilful in adapting means to the accomplish- ment of desired ends ; possess feeble powers of ratiocination, and a judgment that cannot be relied upon ; and have no talent for metaphysicks, or moralizing, and very little “ hard sense.” One having caus. small, with secret, large or very large, may manifest considerable tact and ingenuity in laying plots, yet have too little depth or strength of intellect to carry through his manoeuvres : with very large individ., may have an extensive knowledge of matters and things in general, yet will not be able to invent, or improve upon the inventions of others, to devise “ ways and means,” and create resources. The combinations and descriptions under large or very ,*arge caus., reversed , will apply to caus. small. Very small. — One having caus. very small , will utterly .foil to appreciate or apply the principles of causation, or to comprehend the relations of cause and effect; be unable to reason, or to understand the arguments or explanations of others, be they ever so clear and simple, and will be appa rently destitute of the qualities ascribed to caus. large. Of all the human faculties, caus. is undoubtedly the most useful and important, (if, indeed, a preference may be given to one faculty over another,) as it gives that depth, and strength, and solidity to the mind so necessary to the proper guidance and direction of the other faculties, and without which, man could scarcely be accounted a rational being. It is, in fact, that faculty which, above all others, so prc-emi« ncntiy distinguishes man from the brute, and enables him to stand forth in majestick dignity as the lord of this lower cre- ation. With this faculty largely developed, (and aided bj eompar ,) man is capable of thinking, reasoning, rising, soar COMPARISON. 239 looking, with an intelligent eye, .nio the works of the Deity, and of penetrating the mighty mysteries of his divine government. Without it, what would be man? — a helpless, unintelligent creature — a feeble, grovelling tloig, scarcely elevated above the meanest reptile. Location. — Caus. is located in the upper and lateral por- tions of the forehead, externally from com par., and gives height and breadth to the forehead proportionate to the si m of the organ. 37. COMPARISON. Disposition and ability to compare various things for the purpose of ascertaining their points of resemblance and of difference — power of classification — perception and application of the principles of analogy — ability to dis- cover truths that are unknown , by discerning their resem- blance to those that are already ascertained , and also errour from its incongruity with truth — power of illus- tration — critical acumen. On account of the resemblance which one thing, or one set of things, bears to another, most of the phenomena of he natural world, are capable of being grouped together into classes. The causes of these phenomena, or their rela- tions of cause and effect, as has been observed, are sought out by causality ; their resemblances and analogies, and their dissimilarities , are recognised by comparison. Form may compare different shapes ; tune, different notes ; and colour may contrast different shades ; but comparison can compare a colour and a shape, a teint and a note, an idea and a sub- stance; which cannot be done by these other faculties alone: and thu» it is, that comparison embraces within the legitimate sphere of its function, the whole range of nature. It some- times discerns resemblances between things apparently the most distant and unlike; and often traces out analogies be- tween the qualities of mind and matter: and is the grand ®gent in producing similes, metaphors, and allegories, par- ables, and fables. As was predicated of causality, that, when furnished with correct data, it would always draw just conclusions, and teach us what is true ; so may it be of comparison, that, in- asmuch as i: is primarily adapted to take cognizance oi cer- tain resemblances and arrangements in nature, it, also, whes» MO PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATES furnished with proper data, will give us the truth concerning these arrangements. In other words; the legitimate conclu sions drawn by comparison in accordance with the principles of analogy, may be relie"’ apon with as much certainty as those drawn by causalhy, or experience. For example; there is a resemblance, more or less striking, in the anatomi- cal structure of all the various orders, genera, and species of animals, and, also, in the structure of different individuals of the same species. Hence, comparison has a right to in- fer, that, as far as this anatomical analogy extends, these d li- ferent animals are governed by similar physiological laws. In other words ; as far as an analogy actually exists between any two things, we have a right to conclude, that what k true of the one, is equally so of the other. If* for instance, we discover an animal whose species is unknown to us, we immediately compare it with some animal of a known spe- cie^ which it most resembles ; and, as far as this resemblance hu Js good, we at once, and justly, conclude the animals axe alike in their nature and habits. If the strange animal is furnished with the organs which we know belong to herbiv- orous animals, we conclude that it is herbivorous ; if, with the organs of carnivorous or granivorous animals, we infer that it is carnivorous, or granivorous, as the case may be : if the animal is furnished with legs and feet, we conclude that its nature is to walk or run on land ; if, with wings, we say it flies in the air ; if, with fins, we judgf it swims in the wa- ter, and so on: and we naturally rely upon the justness of these conclusions, though drawn entirely from analogy , as confidently as we do upon the truths taught by the most rigid induction. Indeed, the human mind is so constituted, that it cannot avoid making comparisons, and then relying upon tneir result. That the principles of analogy really exist in nature, is demonstrated by every day’s observation and experience; and hence we infer the necessity of a primary power c S tho mind whose proper function it is to perceive these principles, and, by their application, to discover truth and detect errour : and hence we may also infer, that arguments which are based upon correct analogies, are strictly true. This being the case, then, the only reason why arguments drawn from analogy, are so often unsound, is, that the comparisons upon which they are predicated, are not, in all respects, just : for, if the resemblance upon which the argument is founded ^OMPAiUSOH. koids good in ninety-nine points in a hundred, and differs in me, this difference, provided the analogy from which the eonclusion is drawn, reaches this point, will destroy the whole for;e of the analogy, or as far, at least, as the argu- ment is concerned, and, of course, render the conclusion false; but, conclusions drawn from any points in which the analogy holds good, are correct , and may be relied upon. Here, then, we have arrived at the source of that great flood of sophistry and false reasoning which sweeps through the popular discourses and discussions of the day. Large. — One having compar. large , will readily discover analogies, resemblances, differences, &c., and be able, and disposed, to classify those thoughts, phenomena, and things of which the other faculties have taken cognizance; possess a happy talent for generalizing, illustrating, and reasoning from similar cases ; frequently employ figurative expressions ; readily discover the point and the application of arguments; make nice discriminations ; possess a criticising, comparing turn of mind, and readily detect fallacies in arguments, and inaccuracies, and improprieties in the use of words, &c. The objects compared by this faculty, are determined, in part, by its combinations. For example ; one having com- par. large, with full, large, or very large event, and individ., will have a happy talent, and a passionate fondness, for com- paring different phenomena , and classes of phenomena, in the natural world, as well as various historical accounts, scientifick facts and experiments, &c., and be quick to dis- cern those resemblances and differences which obtain between them, and, also, between the various sciences themselves; with a view to make himself easily understood, will be strongly prone to illustrate his ideas by a reference to some fact or phenomenon with which the auditor is supposed to be familiar ; with form, size, and local, added, will be very skilful in comparing those things which come under the cognizance of these faculties respectively, as well as in draw- ing illustrations from them : with ven. and conscien. Iarg8 or very large, will draw religious instruction from natumi objects, and apply the principles and phenomena of natumi science, and of the physical world generally, to the investi- gation of moral and religious subjects ; compare spiritual things with temporal, and temporal with spiritual, and be predisposed to receive, and convey, religious instruction by means of parables, allegories, &c., and, in reasoning upon 242 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATES. moral subje:ts, make a great many nice distinctions, : with ideal, and individ. large or very large, will make mejiy elegant and elevated comparisons; employ many metaphors, similes, and other figures which will glow with the fervour, and be enlivened by the brilliancy, of a lively imagination, and serve the purpose of argument and ornament united ; yet, with only full caus. added, there will be very little rea- son cr sound logick in his metaphors and illustrations : with caus. large, in investigating causes, will be greatly assisted and often led to his conclusions, by the light of comparison; in thinking and reasoning upon subjects, and especially in deciding upon the force of arguments, will employ his caus. as much as his compar., and probably more, yet, in commu- nicating his ideas, will manifest more compar. than caus., and illustrate them copiously and forcibly: with concent, moderate or small, will frequently employ mixed metaphors, and seldom sustain, or carry out, his comparisons : with ideal, only moderate or full, will still employ metaphors, similes, and copious illustrations, but they will be argu- mentative , rather than ornamental ; and, though they may be clear and in point, they will not be glowing or elevated in character, nor always in good taste: with secret, moderate or small, and lang. and combat, full or large, will be so much inclined to criticise the expressions of others, as often to get their ill will, yet, to exercise his critical acumen, will be so nat- ural to him, that he will find it difficult to avoid it : with ideal., imitat., individ., form, size, order, local., event., and lang, large or very large, and caus. only full, will have a populai and decisively practical talent, which will appear to be much greater than it really is, but his judgment will be much more the result of experience and observation, than of reflection; have a superiour, natural tact and talent for doing business, and getting along well in the world ; acquire knowledge very easily, retain it for a long time, and also apply it to very good advantage; speak and, perhaps, write well upon subjects which require no great depth of thought; be likely to pass for a person' of superiour mental powers, yet, he will net often bear sounding, nor reason closely nor profoundly, no? take original or comprehensive views of subjects ; but, with caus. large or very large, will be able to combine uncommon theoretical , with extraordinary practical , talents ; according to his advantages, will have at command a great amount of facts upon a great variety of subjects, and also, be able tc COMPARISON. 243 apply his knowledge to the best advantage, boiii in reasoning and in accomplishing his purposes ; will be naturally both learned and profound, and capable of excelling in the natu ral, metaphysical, and demonstrative sciences; be pre-eminently talented, and calculated both to devise and execute, and thus to conduct a great business ; and, with combat., firm., hope, and self-e. large or very large, be abundantly able to rise fa? above the common level of mankind, and to turn his hand successfully to almost any undertaking; and will add to su- periour natural talents, great energy and perseverance. Very large. — One having compar. very large , will bo able, readily to compare, and perfectly analyze, almost any sub- ject which may be presented to his mind ; will instantly and intuitively detect the fallacy of analogical arguments, and the misapplication of words or facts ; present his ideas m a manner so perfectly clear and simple, and accompanied with illustrations so copious and appropriate, that they can be? fully and easily understood: with lang. and individ. large, will pour out a superabundant flood of figurative expressions; be strongly inclined to criticise every thing he sees, hears, or reads; and, with moderate conscien., will be likely, by his wonderful power and copiousness, and seeming appropriate- ness, of comparison and illustration, to make the better side appear the worse, and the worse, the better — to employ sophis- try, put false constructions upon things, and make wrong ap- plications of them, and thus knowingly mislead the common mind, &c. The influence of compar. very large, acting in combina- tion with the other organs, has been described under the other organs respectively. It may also be added, that the combinations and descriptions given as applicable to compar. large, modified by an increase of the influence of compar., will apply to this organ very large. Full. — One having full compar., will be respectable for his discrimination and ability to compare, analyze, and illus trate things, yet will not be particularly distinguished, for this power ; frequently resort to illustrations, yet they will not manifest the quality of versatility , nor be always in point; not at once discover whether a comparison is just and appropriate, and, though he may be able to trace out plain and striking analogies, will not so readily discover the more obscure and subtle resemblances, analogies, differences, &c. : *vith caus, large or very large, will have good ideas, but i44 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. they will often be less applicable to the subject, and mure imperfectly illustrated, than is desirable : with the perceptive faculties generally strong, will not discover any marked de- fect in tiiis particular, nor any peculiar talent for compari- son, &c. The additional manifestations of compar. full, may be in- ferred from those of compar. large, modified by a decreass of the power of this faculty. Moderate. — One having compar. moderate , may be able to discern the plainer and more obvious resemblances and differences which exist in the phenomena of nature, but will fail to discover the more obscure points, and nicer shades, of resemblance and difference ; may perceive the force of com- parisons and illustrations presented by others, yet will not be happy in discovering them himself, nor readily perceive the application of arguments, nor give point to his own : with full or large caus., will make many sensible remarks, yet they will frequently lack point, and be inapplicable to the subject in hand: with lang. full or large, will talk much, but not be able to write with perspicuity, nor to use words with propri- ety and accuracy : with individ. and event, large or very iarge, will have an excellent memory of facts, but, instead of arranging and classifying them, he will be likely to pre- sent them in a confused state, and, as it w r ere, en masse : will not make nice distinctions between the various passions and other mental operations, and fail to make critical discrimina- tions in matters and things generally, or to adduce many appropriate illustrations. The descriptions and combinations of compar. full, dimin' ished, will apply to compar. moderate. Small. — One having compar. small , will be dull and slow in perceiving the force of comparisons and analogies, and possess but little discernment or discrimination, and be un- able successfully to compare, classify, arrange, illustrate, or generalize ; be almost destitute of critical acumen ; and fai! to perceive analogies and differences, even when they are pointed out to him. Very small. — One having compar. very small , wi 1 ] be apparently destitute of all those qualities ascribed to corn- par. large and very large, and nearly so of those attributed ij compar. lull Location. — Compar. is located in the middle and upper portion of the forehead, between the two lobes of cans., with COMPARISON. 245 gvent. below, and benev. above it. Its shape resembles an inverted cone. It has already been remarked, that the class of functions performed by the reflective facilities, is of a far higher order than any other, and, also, that, when fairly developed, and furnished with correct data, if allowed to operate in an un- perverted and unbiased manner, they will always form cor- rect conclusions, and furnish us with the truth. But the great misfortune to mankind is, that these faculties are sel- dom allowed to assert their own proper prerogative, and sway that influence over human actions and human conduct for which they are originally designed. Hence it is, that we so much more frequently see men guided by feeling, by pas si on, or by prejudice, than by reason. This great ana deplorable evil generally arises, either from a neglect to cultivate the reasoning faculties, or from a per- version of them. It cannot be denied, that the animal and selfish passions in man, frequently occupy the greater portion of the bn in ; but yet, on a close examination, it will generally be found, that the moral and intellectual faculties, if properly cultivated , are sufficiently powerful to keep in check, and to control, the feelings and the passions. At present, however, we have to consider the neglect and perversion of the reflec- tive faculties only. As society is now constituted, even in what is called civil- ized and Christian communities, men are often taught to fight, to covet, to cheat, lie, and scandalize, to gormandize and be lascivious; but how rarely are they taught to think ! In proof of this, -we have only to look abroad upon the face of society. How often do we see our beautiful system of re- ligion debased and degraded, and made subservient to the vilest and most selfish purposes — her sacred vestments tatter- ed and torn by sectarian strife and party discord— her holy altars polluted by base hypocrisy and sordid iniquity— he? sublime doctrines perverted, and her righteous laws trampled binder foot! How often do we seethe unprincipled pretend- er, gaining his selfish objects by practising upon the ignorance and the credulity of his fellow-men— the ambitious, r/sing to high places of power ard profit by making use of the basest duplicity and the most heartless intrigue — by fostering the pride, flattering the vanity, pampering the luxury, and gratifying the selfish passions of those around him! Now f It ia evident, that, if men were taught to think — if their red 146 PERENOLOG¥ illustrated. zoning faculties were properly cultivated, and trainee to per* form their legitimate functions with energy, these things would not- — these things could not, take place ; because, m the first place, aided by the moral organs, they would restrain the sinful passions and desires and the unhallowed ambition of the designing ; and, secondly, so enlighten the minds of the common people as to prevent their being thus deceived and imposed upon. But the vices and follies of mankind grow out of the per- version of the reasoning faculties more frequently, perhaps, than out of their neglect : and when this is the case, their tendency is to make man even worse than the brute, for they are then under the dominion of the selfish passions, and are rendered almost wholly subservient to the gratification of their wants — they are then actively employed in searching for new objects upon which the indulgence of the passions may be expended, and ne w excuses for such indulgence — they are energetick in seeking out, and presenting, artificial , improp* er, and unnecessary stimuli to the selfish propensities of which the brute can never form any conception, and, of course, upon which it can never exert or debase its menta functions. Again, mankind are not only, not taught to think, bu they are frequently rais-taught to think ; that is, they ar< often taught to think in a particular way—taught to believ certain doctrines, and to disbelieve others— taught to believe whether reason approves or disapproves: and all this it brought about by a kind of ratiocinative legerdemain , or b} causing the eye of reason to look at all objects through the dim spectacles of prejudice. This point may be illustrated by a reference to children. Before their reasoning faculties have become perver^d, they frequently reason more cleariy and accurately upon some subjects than their tutors or their S arents ; for, in the simplicity of their honest hearts, they educe from the premises presented to their minds, the con- clusions which naturally flow from them. Hence, many would do well to take the hint, lay aside their bigotry and their prejudice, bow their stubborn pride, and, *u &dopt the simplicity of the child. V5J ASCERTAINED ORGANS. 247 UNASCERTAINED ORGANS. St is admitted by phrenologists generally, that certain pox> of th 3 brain remain, as yet, terra incognita ; and, be- lieving, that every portion of the human frame, and every part of the universe, is made for, and adapted to, some useful purpose, and, more especially, since they have ascertained, that every other portion of the brain is occupied by some organ whose office it is to perform the functions of some one of the mental faculties, they cannot resist the conclusion, that each of these unascertained portions, is occupied by a phren- ological organ adapted to the performance of the functions of some important, though unknown, faculty of the mind. One of these portions occurs between the reflective organs upon the one side, and benevolence and imitation upon the other: and one of the authors (L. N. Fowler) having made numerous observations and experiments upon it, is disposed to believe, that it is occupied by an organ whose function it is to furnish its possessor with an intuitive knowledge of human nature ; or, to enable him readily to perceive the state of mind or feeling possessed by others, and thus suc- cessfully to adapt himself to, and operate upon, the minds and feelings of his fellow-men. The authors are not unaware, that the functions here as cribed to this supposed organ, are commonly distributed among the other organs; or, rather, that they are generally supposed to be the product of the combined action of many organs whose functions are already ascertained. But this view of the subject, however plausible it may be, certainly carries no great weight of argument with it; for it is based upon the same ground of reasoning which was formerly oc- cupied by the metaphysicians, who attempted to account for all the phenomena of the human mind without admitting it to be constituted of distinct, separate faculties. The existence of the faculty here supposed, is rendered somewhat probable, however, by the a priori inference, that the ckss of functions attributed to it, does not belong exclu- sively to any one of the other organs. That our ability to judge of human nature, and adapt our actions to the feelings and views of others, receives important aid from caus. com- 248 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. ly depends upon these faculties and experience, remains to ba proved. The authors have receive' 3 much evidence calculat- ed to convince them that it is not wholly dependent upon them, but that it depends more upon intuition . They do not profess, however, to have settled this point, but have thought proper to suggest it to the consideration of phrenologists* leaving it to be confirmed or rejected as shall be decided hy future observations and experiments. The observations of the authors have also led them to the conclusion, that the central portion of the unascertain- ed space alluded to, or that directly above compar. and below benev., is occupied by a faculty the function of which is to give a peculiar agreeableness and suavity to the man- ners of its possessor, and an ease and gentleness to the de- portment. It enables its possessor at once to gain the con- fidence of those into whose society he may chance to fall, to obtain personal favours and credit, even from strangers; to get along smoothly and pleasantly with all; and easily ingratiate himself into their favour and good will. Even though combat., destruct., self-e., approbat., and firm., may manifest themselves in a very objectionable form, and thus expose an individual to many serious difficulties, this faculty enables him to smooth the whole matter over; to heal the wounds inflicted by these organs: and makes even his ene- mies fond of him in spite of their prejudices. By a reference to the note, it w’U be seen that the term Agreeableness has been suggested as the name of this faculty, but we prefer Suavitiveness. The supposed difference between the faculty described upon page 247, and the one now under consideration, is, that the former gives an intuitive perception of the motives of others, of their feelings, ana of the means best calculated to operate upon them, &c., thus enabling its possessor success- fully to persuade his fellow-men, and even to influence their judgment, whilst the latter imparts those qualities which make their possessor beloved and always acceptable. By enabling one to understand the designs and state of mind possessed by others, the former guards him against imposi don and deception, whilst the latter, by throwing those inte whose society he may happen to fall, off their guard, enable* him, if he wishes, successfully to impose upon others. The responsibility of making these suggestions in refer eace to these unascertained organs devolves upon L. TTNASCERTA 'NED ORGANS. 249 Fowler, who has been making observations upon them for die last two years. In his opinion, he has the concurrence, not only of I3r. Buchanan, who has been lecturing in con- nexion with him on phrenology in the West, but, also, of Dr. Judson, who has been an advocate and student of Phre- nology for the last fourteen years. The opinion of Dr. F we take the liberty to subjoin.* . In reference to the space left unmarked in the cuts and busts of G. Combe, and, also, of the authors, located between cautiousness and ideality, and represented by Mr. Combe as unascertained, but as probably occupied by an organ whose function it is to impart the feeling of vastness, sublimity, grandeur, &c., they would merely remark, that, although they have made numerous observations upon it, and are daily adding to the number, they are still unprepared to offer any suggestions different from those of the excellent writer just alluded to. They are unable, however, to coincide in opin- ion w r ith Dr. Powell, who is very positive in asserting, that, in this place, he has discovered an organ of watchfulness. To this organ he attributes, not only the function ascribed by the authors to the unascertained portion of the brain first alluded to, but, also, that of alertness , w r hich they con- ceive to be one of the manifestations of cautiousness aided by secretiveness. But, however this may be, the authors gladly * Mr. Fowler — Sir, After some reflection upon the organs supposed to be newly discovered, I take the freedom of offering the following remarks. I am disposed to regard as correct the organ which renders those possessing it large, agreeable to others. I am acquainted with several persons in whom the organ is largely developed and the corresponding faculty clearly manifested. As it seems to be “a nameless wight,” although a pleasant companion, I propose to call it Agreeableness. It renders those who have it large, acceptable to their friends; commends them to ail with whom they have intercourse ; gives ease to the behaviour, and bestows a grace upon the manners. Its connexion with benevolence is worthy of notice: and it is observable that the Apostle Peter has grouped these faculties together in his exhortation to Christians, saying— “be pitiful; be courteous.” Marvellousness seems to be conversant with supernatural occurrences; and, therefore, it seems not. improbable, a priori, that an organ exists whose primary function is the observation of natural events as distinguished from those which are miraculous. If this is the case, I should imagine that the organ supposed by your brother to give a knowledge of human nature, takes a wider range than that which he has ascribed to it, and, instead of being confined exclusively to a knowl- edge of human nature, that it expatiates freely through all the scenes of natura Spread before us. Marvellousness inclines us to telie^ean uncommon appearance to be supernat- ural: this organ presents a plain, common-sense view ol the matter, and compari- son decides between them. I would call it naturatite , and venture the .name cf fupernaluralite to marvellousness once bestowed upon it by Dr. Spurzheim. J have no facts to offer in support of this organ ; and merely add, that, with vitativ* feess, ncreascs the number of the human faculties to forty. I am, sir, your ob’t servant, II. T JUDSON, U. D York, Dec. 9, 18*6. n* 250 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED. embrace the privilege of submitting this, and all similar points, to the decisions of the unerring tribunal of facts . Remarks upon the wonderful Wisdom and Beauty DISPLAYED IN THE LOCATION AND GROUPING OF THE Organs. Throughout the works of nature, we find perfect simplici- ty and perfect arrangement combined with perfect harmony and perfect adaptation: therefore, if phrenology is true, the impress of the Deity must be stamped, not only upon the na- ture and functions of the various faculties themselves, but, also, upon the location and grouping together , or classifica- tion and arrangement , of their respective organs in the head. If, then, we find, that this perfection of arrangement and adaptation which is everywhere displayed in nature’s works, holds good in the location and classification of the phreno- logical organ?, we infer that this is the handiwork of the great Creator, and a part of his great system of things, or, that phrenology is true ; and, vice versa, , if we find imper- fection and a want of adaptation in the location and arrange- ment of the various organs, the fair inference is, that the whole is a man-made theory, stamped with inconsistency and incongruity, or, a mere chimera of an infatuated brain. Let us look, then, at the real facts in the case. The an- imal passions and propensities unquestionably constitute the most inferiour class of the mental functions; and, according- ly, we find the organs of these faculties all grouped together , and occupying the lower and back portion of the head, or, if we may be allowed the expression, the least honourable portion of the brain : whilst, on the other hand, the organs of the moral and religious sentiments and of the reasoning faculties, the functions of which are of a far higher order than any other classes of the intellectual operations, and even constitute the crowning excellence of man, are grouped together, and occupy the highest portion of the brain. Again, the organs of the intellectual faculties are located together in the anterior portion of the head, or in the fore- head — a portion better fitted for the abode of the intellec- tual organs than any other. And not only so, but tho ar rangement of the several classes of the intellectual organs, is most wonderfu_ and systematick. The eye forms one great medium of communication with the external world GROUPING OF THE ORGANS. 251 and is almost the only instrument which the perceptive fac- ulties employ in the performance of their appropriate func- tions. Accordingly, all the organs which take cognizance «f physical objects and their qualities, are grouped together , arid located about the eye — their pr incipal and most obedient iervant. The reasoning organs, again, are located between the per- ceptive organs upon the one hand, and the moral upon the other, being thus prepared to reason, either upon the natural facts and phenomena which may be observed and collected by the perceptive faculties, or upon moral and theological subjects presented by the moral organs. The beauty and perfection of this arrangement, are dis- played in a manner no less striking when considered with respect to the individual organs. The organs of all the faculties, for example, which are directly concerned in per- forming any of the domestick functions, are clustered into one neighbourhood in the lower portion of the hind head. Amat., which takes the lead in the animal economy, is lo- cated in the lowest portion of the brain, and philopro., which comes next, and greatly assists in carrying out the designs of amat., is located by its side. Adhes., which, in its nature and object, is closely allied to the two preceding organs, we find located in the same group ; and inhab. completes both this group of organs and this class of functions. Thus we have presented to us the interesting picture of all the social and domestick organs grouped together in, as it were, a family circle. The organs of the selfish propensities are likewise found linked together, with secret, in their midst, as if for concealing and scheming, and occupying the central portion of the side head. Combat, and destruct., twin-brothers in character and co- equals as heroes, are seen marching up side by side. Moreover, one important object of destruct. is to supply aliment, with food. Hunger greatly increases the action of destruct., but, when aliment, is fully satiated, even beasts of prey, except when provoked, will seldom exercise this organ. Accord- ingly, infinite wisdom has placed these organs side by side, and thus greatly facilitated their reciprocal intercourse. If secret, had been located among the moral or intellectual or- gans, which seldom, if ever, require its aid, it would have been out of place; but, instead of this, it is found among the propensities, which frequently and mainly require its action £52 PHRENOLOGY ILLUSTRATED And is there nothing superhuman in all this 7 Cautious?, like a. faithful sentinel, takes its appropriate stand between .he domestic.^ animal, and moral organs — a most advan tageous post, from which to overlook them all, and war? them cf approaching danger. Between the functions of ap probat. and self-e., and, also, between those of self-e. and film there exists, at least, a family resemblance; and, accordingly we find approbat. and self-e. located side by side, and sell ** and firm, adjoining each other : and, moreover, the location of frm near the moral organs, which so frequently demand its action, is certainly an admirable arrangement. See the moral organs, also, all grouped together like a hand of brothers, illustrating the principle, that “union is strength, 71 constituting a great moral phalanx, and occupying a position between the selfish organs upon the one hand, an3 the intellectual upon the other, in order that they may pprifj and sanctify the action of both. Construct., which often demands the assistance of the per ceptive and of the reasoning faculties, and is itself, in pail intellectual, is accordingly located near its kindred, the intel lectual organs. The same is true of ideal. Mirth., also which assists reason in detecting errour, is located next to 'he reasoning organs. Event., £gain, the reservoir or greaJ intellectual warehouse of the facts collected by the percep tive faculties, and upon which the reflective organs aro obliged to make frequent and copious draughts, is located be tween the reflective and the perceptive faculties; and, last oi all, compar. and cans., torch-bearers to all the other mental faculties, occupy a position most advantageous for the per formance of their appropriate functions. Now, it must be recollected, that one organ was discover ed in one portion of the head, and another, in another por tion, and at periods widely different, but, on examination each propensity is found to be in the group of the propensi- ties, each sentiment, among its kindred sentiments, and all the intellectual faculties \ together in the forehead, and, in fact; not a single organ straggling abroad at random. If acquis, for example, had been found among the moral organs, con *cien. among the propensities, any of the intellectual organs among the animal or selfish organs, or amat. in the fore head, this irregularity would have shown a radical defect i& he svstem, and proved its origin to be human ; but, as it is ?/e find all its parts perfectly arranged* and amting in ape? DIRE CTIONS TO EXAMINERS. 253 feet whole, affording a new proof of the trutn, 31.1 illustra- tion of the principles, of this sublime science, and evincing that it is the handiwork of infinite wisdom. DIRECTIONS TO EXAMINERS. ix ascertaining the character of individuals from the:r | hrenological developments, the general size of the whole head should first be observed, and then, the relative size of its several parts according to the classification adopted in this work. The temperament , health, habits, education, &c., of the individual, should be next attended to. After these, the relative size of each organ may be observed ; and then the effect of the combinations as described in this volume. This last point is of paramount importance. In applying the fingers to the head, the balls should be used instead of the ends. The first joint ofthe second finger, should be placed upon the middle of the organ examined, and the first and third finger, upon the sides ofthe organ, while the portion of the fingers be- tween the first joint and the end, should measure the farther side of the organ, and the portion within the first joint, ascertain the dimensions of the side of the organ next to the examiner. It should also be remembered, that, when an organ is very mrge, and an adjoining one is small, the large one frequent- ly so extends itself as to occupy much of the ground which the other would have occupied in case the relative size of the organs had been reversed, or, it apparently crowds the othei from its natural position. For example; when ideal, ia large, and construct, small, the latter retires before the en- croachments of the former, and ideal, falls lower than it ia usually found; but, if construct, is large, and ideal, small, construct, extends itself upwards , and ideal, is crowded into a irrowsr limits. Yet the shape imparted to the head by *arge construct, and smad ideal., differs greatly from that im- parted by large ideal, and small construct. Again, when, for example, both construct, and ideal, are ..a.rge or very large, that part of the head in which these organs are located, will be greatly widened and deepened, yet there may be but one protuberance for both organs. Where several adjoining organs are la r ge or very largfo, HINTS TO EXAMINERS. frotub trances seldom exist, b it the whole nead in th.it r©* gion will be enlarged; whereas, when only ewe organ is large, and an adjoining one is small, a depression will be plainly perceptible. Again, when several adjoining organs are small or very small, there will be no apparent depressions ; but the region cf the head in which they are located, will be low and re- tiring. Protuberances, then, are by no means the only indi- cations of a large development of the organs, nor depres* fions, of the want of their development. The most successful method of gaining a speedy know* .edge of the location of the organs, is, first to learn, with as much precision as possible, the location of some of the larger oigans, such as firm., benev., destruct., cautious., individ., compar., &c., and then, by taking these as landmarks, calcu- late the relative location of the organs that are between and around them. To learn the location of many of these more important organs, and, also, their usual appearance in their extremes of development, the amateur will find to be com- paratively an easy task; and yet, to learn the location and appearance of all the organs in all their various degrees of development, the operation of all the organs in all their combinations, the influence of temperament, health, educa- tion, habits, controlling circumstances, &c., and that, too, in all their almost infinite varieties, affords ample scope for the most vigorous exercise of the greatest genius and the highest order of intellect through, at least, as long a period of life as that allowed to the most favoured of mortals : and if one might wish to prolong his stay on earth for any object, sure- ly, the study of phrenology, with the utmost propriety, might constitute that object. See pp. 55. 317, 318. BUSTS. Although the private instruction of an experience d phre- nologist, is almost indispensable to the acquisition of a practi- cal knowledge of this science, yet, when this cannot be had, a bust is the next-best assistant, and is an article which every learner should have by him. Those in general use in this country, are defective in two important respects: 1. The general shape of the head represented by them, differs ma- terially from tfc at of the American head, and, consequently, cannot convey a very distinct or correct knowledge of the HINTS TO EXAMINERS. 255 appearance assumed by the organs in American subjects. 2 They are marked in a very indistinct manner, and that wirh figures , so that reference must be constantly made to the book. These two defects, the authors, with much study, have attempted to supply by publishing a bust modelled upon the most usual form of the American head, and presenting the organs as found in this country, and with the name of each organ written upon the bust, as well as the grouping , or classification of the organs as adopted in this work — which it is designed to accompany. Instead of representing the several organs as separated by lines, this bust presents them in the form of protube- rances , in shape and appearance resembling the organs as they are found in the head when large. They are also pre- paring a set of busts, in which each organ will be represented when both large and small, and also average. They can be nad at their offices. ♦ The above was written in 1836, fonr years ago, but instead of getting up this ;et of busts, the authors have greatly enlarged their plan, by collecting two large phrenological cabinets or museums, embracing above a thousand specimens, illus- trative of all the organs and temperaments in their various stages of developmeet, es well as their combinations. They embrace the casts of the whole head, or the masks of most of our distinguished men, both in church and state, of. above thirty Indian chiefs, all taken from life, (see catalogue,) the whole of G. Combe’s collection, with many from the Boston and Edinburgh collections, casts of the sculls of a great number and variety of murderers, thieves, and other criminals, e of many other noted characters, and also of national heads, together with the cn< - est collection of the casts and sculls of rare animals; such as lions, tigers, hyenas, panthers, ourang-outangs, tigercats, wildcats, &c., &c , &c., to be found in the country. In their zeal to augment these collections, and in renting places in Broadway. New York, and Chestnut street, Philadelphia, to facilitate their ex- hibition, so that the public could have free access to the means of testing and stu- dying the science, they expended all their earnings for several years, and nothing could give them greater pleasure than to continue these efforts, provided their labours in this department should he properly appreciated. They have now at command the means of ready access to nearly every tribe of Indians on our west- ern frontier, and through one of the missionaries at Green Bay, to whom they are related, to many of the interior tribes. By means of exchanges with other phreno- logists of our own and other countries, and especially with Deville of (London, and the Phrenological Society in Paris, and with private individuals there, they have at command the means of collecting into one splendid American cabinet ail the valuable phrenological specimens to be found in the civilized world. Their Indian specimens are fully appreciated on the other continent, and would alone secure this object. They have still the zeal to prosecute this great wot k, and although their labours, and the value of their cabinets, have not thus far been duly appreciated or patronised, by the public, probably owing to ignorance of the real merits and bearing of these specimens, still they are certain that they will eventually je known and duly estimated. To the friends of the science they ap- peal for encouragement and patronage to enable them to prosecute this laudable enterprise. Both believers and disbelievers, as well as inquirers, in short all are cordially invited to call and examine for themselves these striking coincidences between characters and developments — these tangible and stubborn facts. They have moulds of all their most valuable specimens, and of Combe’s collec- lion, so that they can supply societies and individuals with sets of twenty, fifty, one hundred or more specimens illustrating the various developments of organg, about cost, and nearly fifty per cent, less than casts can be purchased of the regular artists in this line, namely at 25 cts. each, for casts of animal heads an4 teuman scul’s, and from 37£ to 50 cts. each for busts or casts of head*. They can also supply all the principal works on phrenology. 256 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND 1 USTRATED FACTS IN PROOF AND ILLUSTRATION OF PHRENOLOGY. Having- given the analysis of the different faculties, and presented the phenomena produced by their combined activi- ty, the way is thus prepared for the reader to understand the character of individuals from a description or statement of their phrenological developments, and for the authors to give a far more concise and intelligible description of the facta which have fallen under their observation than could have been previously presented. In detailing these facts, they deem it not inappropriate to commence with a brief account of their own conversion to the phrenological faith, and then to present a few of their own observations and experiments. When entering upon his senior year in Amherst College, one of the authors, (O. S. Fowler,) aware that the study of mem tal philosophy was to engage a large share of his attention during that year, took up the subject of phrenology with the view of comparing it with other systems upon the philoso- phy of the mind, and, in order to test its truth, began to com- pare the phrenological developments of his fellc-w-students, with what he knew of their characters, and, to his admira- tion and delight, discovered, at every successive step nis observations and experiments, a perfect coincidence be- tween the two. He noticed, for example, that one of his classmates possessed very large local., combined with large individ., form, size, construct., and imitat. ; and this young gentleman was distinguished for his geographical knowl- edge, having drawn and published several maps. Two of his fellow-students who were notorious throughout the col- lege for their egotism and self-conceit, on examination, were found to possess the organ of selfe. in such a degree as to elongate the head in the direction of this organ. He had always found the room of one of his most intimate friends in the college, (H. W. Beecher,) in the greatest dis- order, his clothes, books, &c.., strewed about in all directions and in utter confusion — some upon the door, others in chairs, or the windows, and others under or upon the bed, &e. ; and, in accordance with this, his organ of order was almost wholly warning; but, for power of thought, cogency or ar- J ument, clearness of illustration, and eloquence and splen- our of diction, as well as for benevolence, humour, and BY FACTS. fcjnae of character, he had few equals in the institution: to support this character phrenologically, his head was very large; and in it, the organs of caus., cornpar., ideal., and lang., mirth., benev., and approbat., were also very large. A Mr. Brooks, confessedly one of the best mathematicians in his class, was found, however, to possess but a moderate development of calcu., which, at first, greatly perplexed the narrator, as phrenology was here considered, by all parties, at fault; but, upon inquiry it was ascertained, that Mr. B. excelled only in mathematical demonstrations , while his arithmeticod calculations were performed by the slow pro- cess of rules. This phenomenon is explained on page 204, under calcu. moderate, combined with large or very large cornpar. and caus. Dr. Humphrey, the venerable President of the institution here alluded to, is considered, wherever he is known, pre-eminent both as a divine and a metaphysician and is equally admired for his piety and his talents — for the strength and originality of his intellect, and the energy, decision, and goodness of his character : in accordance with which, his head is unusually large; in it, cornpar., caus., conscien., benev., and firm., are very large, self-e., ideal., ven., and lang., large, and his temperament, active. The combination under self-e. large at the bottom of page 115 occurs in his head, and the accompanying description applies to his character. He possesses, also, very large philopro. and adhes., and, in accordance with this, may be emphatical- ly said to be a father and a firm friend to the students under his care. After leaving college, the narrator was urged to deliver publick lectures upon phrenology, and also to test the truth of the science by applying its principles to the development of individual character. The first person he examined in publick, was a young gentleman hr^ ught forward by the op- ponents of phrenology on account of his obstinacy; ana this was the first trait of his character pointed out by the examiner. On a visit to a family shortly after this, the wri- ter pointed out a large development of secret, in a servant girl ; upon which the lady of the house remarked, that the gill’s only fault was, that she would sometimes falsify, equivocate, and conceal. He next examined the heads of a family distinguished for their mechanical ingenuity, and P^und large construct, and imitat. in all of them. While in LansingbuT-gh. N. Y., at, a publick jecture, hs 258 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED was lequested to express his opinion of the character of a lady present, and, without hesitation, he pronounced her marvel., ven., and conscien. very large. He was afterwards informed, both by herself and others who knew her, that she had experienced wonderful religious exercises, believed in dreams, and the revelation of the divine will and purposes by means of signs, omens, and forewarnings of various sorts. She even fancied herself the special subject of divine communication and influence. Her religious conversion was, to her, most wonderful, attended with dreams, visions, revelations, and so forth ; and religious feeling of the most enthusiaslick and extravagant kind, occupied her mind almost to the exclusion of every other subject. A case directly opposite to this, was found in a Mr. Law, in whom marvel, was extremely deficient. He was not only extremely incredulous, but incapable of being affected by any thing bordering upon the supernatural. As an example : he was awakened one night by a noise in his room ; heard something fall heavily upon the floor ; saw a human scull, and heard a rustling, rattling sound proceed- ing from it ; and at length saw it move, and open and shut its mouth ; and yet, without the least alarm or fear, he arose from his bed, walked to the scull, and took it up, when, instead of a spirit, behold, a large — rat escaped from it ! In Waterford, Dr. Upham introduced to the writer a young gentleman who, without instruction, had copied, with remark- able accuracy, the likenesses of Rubens, Chaucer, Sterne, and several others ; and, from a mere boy, he had displayed extraordinary ingenuity in constructing, inventing, drawing, copying, and so forth. His organs of construct, and imitat. were developed in a high degree ; and these were aided by large perceptive and reflective faculties. While lecturing in Troy, he examined the head of a J oung lady in Mrs. Willard’s seminary, and remarked that er ideal., compar., and lang., were very large ; and that, con- sequently, she would be, not only very fond of poetry, but also able to compose it. Those present, pronounced the deci- sion a failure. Some months after, however, the narrator -was informed by an intimate friend of the young lady, that ihe had composed poetry enough to fill a volume, but that, at the time of the examination, her most intimate acquaint- ances knew nothing of the matter. Another young lady is the same institution, was pointed out as being deficiesrt BY FACTS. 230 m hope, and haring an excess of cautious. She was subject to extreme depression of spirits, and was easily discouraged. But the strongest illustration and proof of the truth I>.nville, Pa., in 1836, without being introduced, and bsiora the writer had heard that there was such a man living ; ana jet, the description, of his character and talents was pronoun- ced to be strikingly correct throughout. In order, however* l r ) hat phrenology to a still severer test* Judge L. requested £ r And fold examination of a gentleman whom he should se- lect. Accordingly, he brought forward an intimate friend of his (Mr. C. Hall) whom he had heard examined some days previous : and, in the opinion of the Judge* and of at" others who heard them, the two descriptions were exactly alike, and perfectly corresponded with the character of the gentleman examined. A still more striking proof of phrenology was presented in the case of the Hon. Gen. Anthony, member of Congress from Pa., who was prevailed upon to submit to an examina- tion, by Mr. Packer. After describing him as possessing an uncommon share of energy and decision of character, as manifested by his unusual development of firm., combat, self-e., hope, &c., the first remark made by the phrenologist concerning his intellectual powers, was, that the size of ealeu ., as developed in his head, was enormous — so great, indeed, that it could hardly be spanned with the thumb and middle finger. All his other perceptive organs were also extremely large; and the inference drawn, was, that he must possess, not only an astonishing ability to reckon in his head, but also a great fondness and talent for the higher branches of mathematicks and astronomy. This examination occur- red at Washington in 1 835 ; and nothing was heard from the examination until in the summer of 1836, when Mr. Packer stated to the narrator, that Gen. A. possessed the most astonishing faculty for castingup accounts in his head, uf any man he had ever seen or heard of; that he ecu Id solve almost any arithmetical problem in his head, and with- out apparent effort; that he rou*d add up at once a column of three, four, or five figures, multiply large sums into each other, and also divide and substraef them by a single opera tien ; that he had not patience to witness the slow', plodding calculations of ordinary minds, but would generally do them himself, and at a glance. Mr. P. also stated, that in his natural talents for arithmetick and the mathematicks, it was generally conceded, that Gen. had nosiperiour, u as equal, in Pa. J3Y FACTS. 271 Mr. P. remarked, that he was particularly st ruck with the strength and force of the expressions used in the description of this gentleman’s mathematical talent, inasmuch as it ac- corded so perfectly with the wonderful powers of the man and he became at once a believer in phrenology. We there- fore appeal to Gen. A.’s head and mathematical character, and ask our opponents to solve this prenological problem. Mr. P. also gave pi 'enology another trial in the case of the Hon. Mr. McKean, U. S. Senator from Pa. His exami- nation was made without the least intimation’s being given to the narrator, of the character or station of Mr. McK. ; and, if the testimony of Mr. P., or of his friends who witnessed the delineation of this gentleman’s character, (and who will inval- idate it?) is entitled to credit, a more correct description of his character and talents could not have been drawn up by his most intimate friends. In confirmation of this, we ap- peal to the living testimony of Mr. P., whose astonishment at the result was very great. But the astonishment of Mr. P. was not greater at the descrip- tion of these gentlemen’s character, than was theirs at that giv- en of his, especially when almost the first remark made of him, was, that “ he always went in for the whole amount ; was exceedingly zealous in all that he undertook, and always did whatever he attempted to accomplish, with his whole might ; possessed a towering ambition for distinction, as well as a talent for rising to eminence ; was persevering in an extra- ordinary degree ; was a whole-hearted friend, but a bitter enemy; was unusually sarcastick, but excellent company; excessively fond of debate and opposition, and took hold of every thing without mittens ; though he appeared very rash and injudicious, and drove forward with prodigious fury, yet he managed to steer clear of the breakers ; had always too many irons in the fire, &c.” Although yet young, these traits of character have already brought this gentleman into very general notice, and bid fair to augment his fame. At the foot of the mountain, about ten miles north of Car- .isle, Pa., O. S. Fowler examined the head of a farmer, who was quite rustick in his appearance, and observed that his perceptive faculties generally, and particularly his individ., form, size, calcu., local., event., and compar., were developed in an extraordinary manner ; and after travelling some few miles farther, the writer was informed, that this man was the won- der and astonishment of the neighbourhood on account cn i78 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED his astonishing recollection of historical ant' statistical facts, &c. At an ifon foundry in the same neighbourhood, (owned by Mr. Pleis of Phila.,) by a mere cast of the eye, the writer was enabled to point out the best workmen, on account c 1 their superiour development of construct, and imitat. He contrasted , for example, one man in whom these organs were so large as to amount almost to a deformity, with ano ther by his side, in whom they were only full ; in reply U which, the superintendent remarked, that the firstnamed be came a firstrafe moulder (which operation requires the high- est degree of mechanical skill and ingenuity) with very little practice, and seemingly without effort, whereas, the other had to practise several years before he became even passable. and there was not the least probability that he would ever excel in that business. The gentleman farther remarked, that the difference of natural tact and talent manifested by different individuals who engaged in his business, was aston- ishingly great: that, while some seemed naturally to pos- sess, as it were, a slight of hand for moulding, others could not possibly learn the art by the most persevering applica- tion, under the most judicious course of instruction — thus showing most conclusively, that the faculty of construct, is innate . In Bloomfield, Pa., phrenology gathered some laurels. At a publick lecture, just after the arrival of the writer in that place, a gentleman was examined, and described, among other things, as always upon the tiptoe of expectation, prone to build castles in the air, and for ever on a wild-goose chase of some bubble or butterfly of fortune, which, however, was always sure to elude his grasp ; that he had too many “ irons in the fire,” &c. (excessive hope and ideal., and small con- cent. :) and so graphically correct was the description, that the audience could not be made to believe but that the lectur- er was intimately acquainted with the gentleman examined, Until the latter assured them, that he and the lecturer had never seen each other until he entered the room that evening, some time after the lecture had commenced. In regard to the correctness of the description, a distinguished citizen of the place (Lawyer Mackintyre) went so far as to declare that “ if Mr. Fowler had made the man, and dwelt in him ever since he was created, and thought and felt for him, he could not ha vo more perfectly portrayed Lkf character,” HY FACTS. After examining, with complete success, many individ- eals ii the same place, in order to teat phrenology the more thoroughly, at the request of several gentlemen, the wri ter was blindfolded, and in this condition, examined the heads of three respectable gentlemen (two of whom were editors) the second time, he, of course, not knowing at the time upon whom he was manipulating ; and, according to the testimony of the three gentlemen re-examined, and of a large number of spectators, one of whom was S. Kirkham, there was not only no discrepance between the first and second descrip- tions given, but their agreement throughout, was so perfect and striking, as to prove most satisfactorily, that the appli- cation of the same scientifick principles had produced a sim- ilar result in both cases. In the same place, a young gentleman was described as having a large development of the moral and intellectual organs, and was therefore recommended to study divinity ; and it was afterwards ascertained by the writer, that such was the predilection of the young man for this study, that all his leisure hours for two years previous, had been most sedulously devoted to it. Another individual was described as having very strong animal and selfish faculties, with a good endowment of in teliect, high veneration, and none too much conscience ; and, consequently, not unlikely to make great pretensions to piety, but very much inclined to traffick, banter, and make excellent bargains, not hesitating frequently to gratify his acquis, by misrepresentation, dissimulation, and overreach ing. In confirmation of the description, it was afterwards stated by a very respectable physician of the place, that this individual was a church-member, but so notonous for taking the advantage of his neighbours in trade, that he had been dealt with for it, and received the censure of his professing brethren. A little boy was described as prone to stealing ; and those who brought him forward, stated, that he was presented mainly on that account, as they wished to see whether phre- nology couid detect that trait in his character. * At a publick lecture in Milton, Pa., the writer examined he head of Gen. Frick, editor of the “ Miltonian,” and de- scribed him as an original, eccentrick, and very open-heart- ed, plain-spoken, and independent character ; stated that he possessed a high degree of discrimination and mental ac»« &§C PHRENOLOGY PROVE! AND ILLUSTRATED men, was strictly honest and benevo^nt, bat, at the same time, often pointed and sarcastick in his replies, made many odd comparisons, disregarded publickopinionand the fashions of the day, controlled circumstances, swayed an influence in whatever sphere he moved, and was undoubtedly a real business man, a publick man, and a leader. These points of character were phrenological deductions from his very large firm, and compar., large combat., destruct., selfe., adhes., hope, conscien., benev., mirth., individ., form, size, order, calcu., and local., and small secret., approbat., marvel., and time; but here again the phrenologist was met with the inquiry, whether he was not well acquainted with the gen- tleman examined, although he had never seen him before, nor heard of such a man. While visiting a school in Milton, the teacher put several questions to the writer concerning his pupils. In his replies, one lad, in particular, was described as very cunning and mischievous; upon which the teacher described him to be the greatest rogue in his school. The teacher also remarked afterwards to one of his patrons, that all the remarks made about his scholars by the phrenologist, were characteris - tick. During this tour through Pa., the head of a singular young lady fell under the writer’s examination. It was of full size, but developed mainly in the selfish and intellectual regions. It was short, thick, low, and flattened at the top : and in it were developed very large secret., approbat., ideal., hope, aliment., and destruct., large combat., amat., adhes., ac- quis., mirth., lang., compar., and imitat., only full caus. and cautious., moderate firm., and small concent., benev.. conscien., ven., and self-e. (the lastmentioned organs in this combination, produce lowmindedness and meanness: see bottom of p. p. 97, 98, and top of p. 99.) On discovering so unfavourable a phrenological development in a young lady who had been brought up in a very respectable family, and who still asso dated with good company, the narrator hesitated to give a description of her character, until, by the repeated solicita- tions of some respectable persons who wished to hear what phrenology could say for her, lie screwed up his moral cour- age to che sticking point, and proceeded to read off her rea. character, accompanied by useful hints concerning her conduct — the result of which was, of course, to offend Miss, and cause her to turn up her nose against ph renology. She was described BY FACTS. 2$ a eoquehtuh to the last degree, (small conscien. at 1 J a fneent* and very large secret., approbat, and ideal., and large amat. ;} as very ardent, and also inconstant , in her attachments, (small concent, conscien., and firm.: see middle of p 57 :) as excessively vain and fond of dress, show, and ornament, (approbat. very large: see p. 110:) as fickle, (small firm: p. 122;) as possessed of fine conversational powers, (large lang , mirth., imitat., and compar., and very large ideal. ;) as excessively fond sweetmeats, and liable to steal them, (large aliment, and secret., and small conscien. : p. 99 ;) and as exceedingly cruel , selfish, and ungrateful, (small conscien. and benev., and very large destruct. ;) and yet, pos- sessed of a fair share of talents. At the request of the writer, he obtained from some of the family in which she had been very genteelly brought up, the folio wing account of her char- acter, viz,, that she had little regard for her word; had formed several matrimonial engagements, and had as often broken them ; was notorious for her coquetry and inconstan- cy, having never loved any one long at a time ; was as vain, and dressy, and dashing as a peacock, and literally worship- ped embellishment and ornament ; was exceedingly cruel and ungrateful, and manifested few compunctions of con- science; could be kept from pastry and sweetmeats only by their being locked up; was fascinating in conversation, and displayed a fair share of intellect, but a malicious disposition, and a terrible temper. No amount of kindness or admoni- tion could soften her feelings, or produce a reformation in her conduct. She took delight in hectoring and tormenting even the infirm, sick, and helpless. But in no place, perhaps, was a stronger impression made e favour of phrenology, or more striking proofs of its truth exhibited, than in the city of Washington* D. C. At the close of the first publick lecture delivered in that city by Q. S. Fowler, in Nov., 1835, (which took place at the Unita- rian Church,) Dr. Hunt came forward for examination. He was a perfect stranger to the lecturer, and was described as possessed of extraordinary independence , (firm, and self-e..) joined with great energy and force of character, (firm, and self-e., combined with combat, and destruct.) His very large perceptive powers were also dwelt upon, and the fact that he is often called upon at races to give the word “ go,” confirms ihe coirectness of this statement.. His independence is illus- Vaied in his refusing *o act as a physician in the family of 2§2 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED President Jackson, unless he could have his own way, which was in opposition to that of the President’s. Jones.— But a still more striking case was that of T. P. lones, who has been employed in the patent-office in Wash* mgton, and also as a professor of chymistryand natural phi- losophy in one of the institutions in the District. Pie wa# described as possessed of a high degree of intellect and moral feeling, and as a natural scholar of the first order ; as having at command an astonishing amount of information upon al- most all subjects, and as possessing an intuitive talent and fond- ness for pursuing the natural sciences. Event, is seldom found as large as in his head ; and his enviable distinction as a schol- ar, fully confirms the indications of phrenology. Nearly the whole of page 211, after the tenth line, presents the com- binations and characteristicks of Mr. J., with this exception, that his event., instead of being large, is very large. The moral organs of Mr. J. are very large, and his moral character and conduct not only unexceptionable, but seldom equalled. The selfish propensities are below mediocrity, which also corresponds with his character. His imitat. is very large, and his construct, large, which, combined with his very large perceptive faculties, give him the uncommon mechanical ingenuity that he possesses. Sewall. — In confirmation of what is here stated, the writer will merely cite the testimony of Dr. Sewall, who, foi more than twelve years past, has distinguished himself by lecturing against phrenology in the Medical College of Washington. During the examination of both Dr. Hunt and Professor Jones, Dr. S. was frequently heard to express his assent to the correctness of the descriptions of character given, as well as his surprise at it ; and after the examina- tions had closed, he several times remarked, that his phreno- logical skepticism was giving way; that the descriptions ol character were strikingly correct, and, to a moral certainty, the result of phrenological science. These two publick examinations, together with several others which followed, produced no little sensation through- outthecity; and as to their correctness, not a dissenting voice was to be heard. But, on the part of Dr. Sewall and some others, there was a resolution formed to put pnrcnology to a still more rigorous test. The lecturer had announced that he would examine with his eyes covered ; and, accord- ing y, at the next lecture, several distinguished characters BY FACTS. 28 $ kriong whom was Dr. S. himself, were examined while th@ lecturer was blindfolded. In regard to the Doctor’s own case, after the examination, he frankly admitted, that it wa« completely successful ; and that, although the description of his character which was given, differed in several particulars from the opinions entertained of him by his acquaintances, yet, on these very points it was correct, and had thus correct* ed publick opinion in regard to him. A very intelligent lady, also, who had lived in the family of Dr. S., and, of course, who was intimately acquainted with his character, remarked, that, in the description of it, many traits of which the publick could know nothing, were stated with remarkable accuracy ; and as to the publick opinion concerning his examination, there was but one voice, viz., that, as a whole, it could not have been surpassed in point of accuracy even by his most intimate acquaintances. The obstinately skeptical could account for the striking coinci- dence between the Doctor’s real character and the phrenolo- gical description of it, only by pretending that the lecturer must have known whom he was examining, notwithstanding Dr. S. was one among some six or eight who were examin- ed whilst the phrenologist was blindfolded. Several members of Dr. Sewall’s family were examined at his house, and according to his own testimony at the time, and likewise that of the lady just alluded to, except in one particular, not only was there no mistake made, but almost every point stated by the narrator, was char act eris tick. To test practical phrenology still farther, by request, the lecturer was again blindfolded, and Dr. S. reproduced Pro- fessor Jones ; and so far from there being any discrepance between the two examinations, both descriptions agreed per- fectly throughout, nem. con . — even Dr. S. himself judging. Afterwards at a meeting of the physicians of W. at the house of Dr. Sewall, many of them were examined by the writer, and many striking coincidences between their real traits of character and their phrenological developments, were pointed out. During these examinations, Dr. S. several times remarked to the phrenologist, (and was said to have stated the same to others,) that these and other proofs which he had witnessed, were certainly strong in favour of the truth of the science, and that, by the aid of phrenological principles alone, the writer had frequently described character in his presence with singular accuracy So notorious, in fa'*, was th# 28 * PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED change effected in Dr. S.’s mind on the subject of phrenol ogy, that the Washington Mirror made the following alJu sion to it : “ On the occasion of Mr. Fowler’s first lecture, several well-known heads were publickly examined, and phrenology gained many adherents from the ranks of its adversaries : among others, one whose name, were we at liberty to use it, would be seized on by the friends of the science, as affording a practical instance of the power of experimental phrenology. Indeed, in the case alluded to, as well as in the fifty others which have fallen under our notice this week, the portraiture of character has been so strikingly correct, that there is nc alternative remaining, but to believe in the fundamental principles of phrenology, or to discard a mass of coincidence far more surprising than any metaphysical conclusion.” The U. S. Telegraph likewise alluded to the same fact in the following language : “ A distinguished professional gen- tleman of this city, who has been a professed disbeliever in, and, we might add, opponent to , phrenology, after having heard the lectures of Mr. Fowler, and seen many practical examples of the truth of the science, candidly acknowledged the almost total change of his opinions in regard to it — a beautiful specimen of the power of truth, and of the love of truth.” The writer has been thus prolix and particular in stating these facts, in order to exhibit, in bold relief, the inconsistent cy of the course which Dr. Sewall has since been pleased to pursue in relation to phrenology ; for, notwithstanding all of his acknowledged convictions in favour of the truth of the science — notwithstanding the enormous amount of demon - strative evidence in its favour which was fairly presented to his mind — evidence, one would think, amply sufficient to convince the most skeptical, and evidence, the force of which he found it impossible at the time to resist — yet, extraordinary as it may appear, in a short time we again find this self-same Dr. S. a zealous leader in the ranks of the opposers to phre- nology. But how can we account for this strange and paradoxical conduct in Dr. S. ? The writer (O. S. Fowler) happens to be in possession of the very secret which, in this case, reveals the whole mystery : and nothing but his regard to truth and his ceal for the a use of science, would induce him to makethisdis BY FACTS. 281 closure. Were he to follow the inclmaticns of his private feel- ngs, he would forbear— he would spare, not only Dr. S., but also all others who, from motives of private pique, or personal popularity, ungenerously stand forth to combat, and, if they only had "the power, to crush a noble science which is sue* cessfuiiy struggling into existence against the mammoth strength of publick prejudice. The secret then is, as the Doctor himself averred to the writer, (and to which avowal he will at all times be ready to be qualified,) that the Doctor’s hostility to phrenology originated solely in his own personal eelings towards a of the phrenologic <1 society,* by which member he said he had been ill-treat- ed . and, therefore, he had resolved to retaliate upon him by ridiculing his science. Dr. S.’s approbat. is very large, it will not, therefore, be singular, if he be found in the ranks of the opposition to phrenology just as long as their side is Considered popular. *Dr. Caldwell. Seep.lOof his Phrenology Vindicated, Woodsides. Among others examined in publick in W., was a Mr. Woodsides, who stands unrivalled for his mechan- ical talents. He was described as having uncommon compar., caus., and construct. The closing remark made upon his head, after he had gone to his seat, was, that sufficient emphasis had not been given to his extraordinary constructive powers. At a subsequent lecture, the same gentleman was re-exam - med while the loptn-er wn.s blind folded. : His construct. w T as dwelt upon as the one predominant cliaracteristick of his mind, which, joined with his very large caus. and compar.* was described as giving him an intuitive knowledge of me- chanical principles and great contrivance. One fact illus- trative of his possessing this talent in a pre-eminent degree, is, that when the colossal statue, which weighs several tons, was to be placed upon the Washington monument in Balti- more, after a great many of the first-rate mechanicks had ex- hausted their skill, and still failed to raise it, he was sent for, and, with the greatest ease, he immediately devised an origi- nal method by which this enormous weight was speedily elevated to its present fearful height. A boy, three years of age, was examined, in whom amah was very large, and, according to the testimony of his pa- rents, he manifested the corresponding passion in as striking i degree as most adults. Et liott. — Among others examined at W., was a Mr Ei lion v*bo resides with his father on Capitol Hill, and in 880 l*HRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLT7STR A1 ED whose written character the narrator dwelt much upon his ro markable talent and passion for drawing, designing, draught- ing, using tools, &c. About a month after this description was given, his plan and drawing for a new patent-office, (fee., was approved and adopted by Congress- His father, who is noted as an opponent to phrenology, and who wrote several articles against it, one of which appeared in the National Intelligen- cer in Dec., 1835, admitted that the description given of hia son’s character, was as strikingly correct, not only in this, but also in the other particulars, as any which he himself could give ; and added, that, from a mere boy, he had displayed an uncommon propensity for tinkering and drawing. The father alluded to, possessed not only a very large de- velopment of event., but with it, one of the best memories of facts known. From a personal knowledge of La Fayette he remarked, that he also possessed a most astonishing re- collection of facts, and even of minute details ; and judging from his busts and profiles, his individ. and event, must have been developed in an extraordinary degree. Wise. — But a still more striking illustration of the truth of phrenology, occurred in the head of Henry A. Wisa. whose publick character is too well known to need even a passing remark. Before the writer had ever seen that dis - languished gentleman, he came into his office and requested an examination. The first remark made of him, was, that he possessed a towering ambition, (hope, approbat., and self-e.,) accompanied with all the intellectual and propelling powers requisite to sustain himself in his aspirations after greatness. His combat, and destruct. are large, if not very large, and his compar. projects enormously, which collective- ly give him that unrivalled talent for withering sarcasms and cutting comparisons which always tell so severely upon those at whom they are aimed. His temperament is of the most favourable kind, his head, large, all his perceptive faculties, developed in a very unusual degree, his ideal, and lang. are arge, and the whole correspond perfectly with his real char- acter. Many a time have his speeches and conversation recalled to the mind of the writer the impressions which his examination made upon him, while wholly unacquainted with his name and standing. Jackson. — But for proofs of its correctness, phrenology has but to look to the first heads in the nation ; and it will inva- riably be found, that the more conspicuous the character, the £LU FACTS. 287 more striking will be the proof. Presid ?nt Jackson, for exam- pie, possesses an extraordinary development of firm., self-e. benev., combat., and adhes., with large ven. and hope, and smaller ideal. Benev. and adhes. are among his strongest organs; and if there is any one fault in his publick character, more prominent than others, the writer ventures the opinion, that it is mainly the product of these two faculties, viz., his too great readiness to assist his friends. The President’s head is of the largest size. Its diameter just above the ears, is seven inches and three-eighths: and its height very great, so that it is, in reality, considerably larger than the given diameter would indicate. On phrenological principles, a brain of this size, with an active temperament, is absolutely necessary to give that intellectual energy and force of char- acter which have been so conspicuously displayed by the in- dividual here referred to. Van Buren. — Among other phrenological observations, those made by the writer upon Martin Van Buren, are worthy of notice ; but, on account of his political station, and the diversity of opinions entertained of him by the different political parties, in regard to some points of his character, the writer forbears to draw inferences from the data here present- ed, excepting on such points as he believes will be corrobo- rated by all parties. Hi, head is large, and those portions which impart energy and rorce of character and feeling, are developed in a high degree. Cautious, is his largest organ, and his secret, is almost equally large. Acquis, and destruct. are also large, while firm., self-e., approbat., combat., amat., and hope, are very large ; but the combined action of secret, and cautious, prevents their imprudent expression, and produ- ces that noncommittal manifestation of the faculties for which this gentleman is so celebrated. His compar. and caus. are large, and his benev., conscien., and perceptive faculties gen- erally, only full. His caus. and cautious, give him that sa- gacity for which he is so remarkable. Mr. Brower, painter, No. 12, Roosevelt-st., N. Y s has a cast taken from his head, which, among some others was submitted to L. N. Fow’er for examination. Uncor^c ous of whose head it represented, he gave it an impartial exam- ination, the result of which any one may know by calling on Mr. E Adams. — The head of ex president Adams presents a strik- ing instance of the truth of phrenology. Love of approbation 188 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED es one of his ruling organs. His compar. is also very large, and its discriminating and analytical influence is manifest in almost every pnblick effort he makes. But his perceptive faculties predominate over his reasoning; hence, he is more capable of collecting facts and statistical information general- ly, than of deep and profound reasoning. His critical acu- men is very great. His conscien. is large; and, consequent- ly, whatever may be thought of his measures , no phrenologist will impeach his motives. Henry Clay furnishes an illustrious example of the agree- ment between his phrenological developments and his known traits of character — an agreement, in fact, which can be ac- counted for on no other rational principle than that which admits the truth of phrenology. The following is the resuk of a careful phrenological observation of his head. The first point of interest, is his uncommonly fine and fa vourable temperament, which is a compound of the nervous, sanguine, and bilious, and which secures a most happy and delicate blending of strength and activity, with high suscep- tibility to stimuli ; and this temperament is aided by the or- ganization of his whole corporeal system, whicn is unri- valled. The second thing to be noticed, is the sharpness of his organs, which greatly increase their activity and excitability. Add to this, the size of his head , which is unusually great, it being seven inches and three-eighths in diameter, and very high in proportion to its breadth ; and we have three favour able extremes acting in concert, which, under any circum- stances, could hardly fail to bring him into notice, but which, under favourable circumstances, would of themselves produce n great genius. But when to these extraordinary manifesta- tions, we add the important one of a most favourable devel- opment of the several classes of organs, as well as of the indi- viduals in each class, presenting great mental power so ad- mirably balanced that none of it runs to waste, we have—- Henry Clay — to the life. His benev. is very large, and his adhes. and philopro. are It ve loped in an extraordinary degree for a man. From this combination flows that deep current of sympathy and pathos which so strongly characterize his speeches, and by which he seizes upon the feelings, affections, and passions of his hearers, and sweeps the chords of the human heart with the master hand of a Timotheus. From the same combins* BY FACTS. Bon, also, proceeded that overwhelming burst of anguish which so strongly marked the father on the late occasion cf the death of his daughter. His combat, is large, while his destruct. is only full. Hence, his disposition to debate and resist without showing great severity of character, and those retorts courteous which display more manly courage than rarshness or cruelty. His self-e. and approbat. are both large, but being nearly equal, and combined with very large benev. and large ven., they produce that affability mingled with dignity, w 7 h\c\\ displays itself in all his intercourse with his fellow-men, and enters largely into his manner of speak- ing, constituting him naturally, what he is in fact, a per- fect gentleman. The same combination makes him ambi- tious. The organs which are located near the mesial line of his head, are nearly all very large, so that its height is con- siderably greater than its breadth, and its length from indi- vid. to phiiopro. is very great. Hence, the moral and hu- man faculties, which shine so conspicuously in his character, are much more amply developed than the animal and selfish propensities. His perceptive faculties are developed in an extraordinary degree. These give him that ready command of facts and statisticks — that wonderful ability to attend to details and accomplish business, in which he excels most of his contemporaries. It was by the aid of these faculties, joined with his large concent., very large compar., and other faculties, that he was enabled to become the author and cham- pion defender of the “American System.” The same combine don gives him those extraordinary powers of analysis, illus- tration, critical acumen, and ability to discriminate, and, aid- ed by imitat. and ideal., his nice sense of propriety and ele. gance of expression, together with his great ability to seize upon the strong points of the argument — in short, those un- rivalled powers of forensick eloquence which so strongly characterize his mental efforts. His ideal, and lang. being both large, but not very large, enable him to command & style, at once chaste, graceful, and flowing, and alike fre& from redundancy of ornament and verbosity of expression. Webster. — But of all the great heads of the nation, none is caps ble of imparting a deeper interest to the naturalist M the philosopher, or a more forcible conviction to the mind of the phrenologist, them that of Daniel Webster. A large* ifiam of brain perhaps never was, and never will be, found 13 £90 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND 1 L f US TRATED in the upper and lateral portions of any man’s forehead thas that contained in his. Both the height and the breadth 01 his forehead are prodigiously great. And here, in all can- dour and sober earnestness, let us ask the disbeliever in phren- ological science, if he can behold such a noble, such a splen- did forehead, and, in connexion with it, contemplate the giant intellect of its possessor with indifference, or without being internally convinced of the truth of, at least, the fundamental principles of phrenology? Does the Almighty Architect produce such magnificent specimens of workmanship for no purpose ? Can it be, that the front heads of a Webster, a Franklin, a Sully, a Jeannin, a Bacon, a Socrates, mean noth- ing more than those of the most ordinary individuals ? — Could the observing of all ages be permitted to stand forth and reply to these interrogatories, in the language of fact and demonstration, one and all of them would thunder out a negative : and be it borne in mind, that this negative is a full admission of the fundamental principles of phrenologi- cal science.; or, in other words, the intelligent of all ages and of all countries, as far as observation has enlightened them upon the subject , have believed in, and taught, the doc- trines of phrenology. But, to return. It has been stated, that the one grand and striking phrenological feature of Daniel Webster’s head — that which towers above everything else, is his enormous devel- opment of the reasoning oigans, or, more especially, his cans. And here phrenology puts the question right home, most direct and pointedly, to its opponent — For what h Daniel Webster most distinguished? No one will deny, that it is for his gigantick reasoning faculties — for his deep, logical, and original powers of thought, and comprehension of first-principles, by which he is enabled to grasp tne most formidable subject, and pour forth such a torrent of mighty arguments as to confound and overwhelm his most daring adversaries. Go, then, and measure the caus. and compar. of Webster, and account for the astonishing coincidence be- tween their enormous size and the giant strength of his rati- ocinative powers, on any other than phrenological principles — if you can : if you cannot , you must admit that phrenolo- gy is TRUE. Many other developments of his nead are striking, panic tfUrJy his lang. and ideal. : and hence tb» grandeur an 4 l BY FACTS. 291 the beauty with which he often clothes his burning ana brilliant thoughts. In Henry Clay, the reasoning organs ^re large, but the perceptive and seim-perceptive are still larger : and. accord- ingly, in all his great efforts, we see a greater display ot matter-of-fact, statistical, and business talent, than in Daniel Webster: and all this is most strikingly coincident with the difference of development in their respective heads; for, in Webster, the reflective faculties are larger than the percep- tive and semi-perceptive. Let phrenological skepticks ac count for this perfect agreement between the developments and the respective talents, of these two greatest orators and statesmen living, or give up their opposition. Calhoun. — In John C. Calhoun are united a very large head, an active temperament, and sharp organs. His fore- head (though partly covered and obscured by his hair) is unusually high, and in breadth, surpasses mediocrity. But the greatest peculiarity of his phrenology is, that all the in- tellectual faculties are very large ; and the most striking point of difference between his reasoning organs and those of Webster is, that, in the latter, caus. is greater than corn- par. ; but, in the former, the reverse is true. Hence, it is a fair inference to attribute to Calhoun the greater powers of analysis and illustration ; to Webster, the greater depth and profundity. Poindexter. — The Honerable George Poindexter has, not only a large head, but, except marvel, and conseien.. a general fulness of the organs. The region in which corn- par., caus., mirth., ideal., lang., individ., and event., are loca ted, in strict accordance with the manifestation of his mental power, is developed in an extraordinary degree : and not much less so, the region appropriated to the feelings and the passi ■ ns . Preston. — In the head of the Hon. W.C. Preston of S. O. the organ of lang . is uncommonly developed, and so are in- divid., form, size, event., local., and compar. ; and these are accompanied with large ideal, and concent. Hence, hia great command of words, Lets, and events, his powers of analysis, his brilliant and well-sustained comparisons, his continuity and compactness of style and argument, and, in short, his finished, flowing eloquence Whitney. — The head of Reuben M. Whitnevisalso ver^ full justice to the craft, cunning, and deep duplicity of his favourite hero, The combination given likewise explains to us the reason why Mr. B. is greater in raising the tempest of passion and violence than in directing the storm. His very large ideal., joined with very large reflective faculties, gives him that sublimity of conception and grandeur of personation tha: mark his acting; while his very large mirth., combined with his combat, and destruct., enable him to represent the se- vere and sarcastick. All his domestick faculties are strong- ly marked. He produced his eldest son, and, though not only a skep- tick in phrenology, but greatly prejudiced against it, acknow] edged the entire change wrought in his opinions by the ex amination, and added, that he doubted whether his own de- scription of his son could have been more characteristick and accurate. Mr. Weymes, the owner of the American theatre at W., and of the Walnut-st. theatre in Phila., who was examined while the writer was wholly unacquainted with his occupation and character, was described as possessing an extraordinary ta- lent for committing to memory; (very large lang. ;) in con firmation of which, he stated that he had learned, verbatim, fifteen hundred lines of blank verse (if the writer’s memory serves him) in six hours. To detail all the marked and striking observations in proof and illustration of phrenology, made by the writer even while in Washington, would doubtless be more tedious than interesting. He will therefore close this list of cases with the single remark, that he found the heads of individuals generally in that city, and especL.y of all who are distin guished in the national councils, to be considerably above the common standard in size and in striking developments. Among the many scores of striking examples which he found in Alexandria, D. O., the writer will mention but one which he selects merely on account of its occurring at a pub- lick examination, and in reference to a notorious character. The name s forgotten, but there are hundreds in the city of A. who can attest to the fact here stated. The first thing mentioned, was a trait produced by very large combat.., de- etruct., firm., and self-e., unrestrained by conscien. or secret,, namely, hi? violent and ungovernable temper. In this* par- 802 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED ticular, tlie man was represented as dangerous : especially as an enemy, yet, as disposed to take vengeance above board. In accordance with this, it was stated, that, in open day, he had shot two individuals ; and that when his anger was rais- ed, he was emphatically a chafed tiger. Not possessing any acquis., and having very large amat., ideal., self-e., ali- ment., and other organs indicative of prodigality, he was described as a spendthrift ; and accordingly he had squan- dered two large fortunes mainly in selfish gratifications. As in hundreds of other cases, the charges of “ collusion / 3 and “ a previous knowledge of his character, were resort- ed to in order to explain away the astonishing coincidence between his real character and this publick phrenological description of it. Orr. — A t a public examination in Georgetown, D. C., und when the writer was blindfolded, a Mr. Orr, who is re- porter in the U. S. Senate, and, withal, known to the literary world as a gentleman of great learning and extraordinary intellectual powers, was brought forward as a fit subject to test phrenology. He was described as possessing extraordi- nary perceptive and reflective powers, united with very large concent., large combat., and unusual energy and decision of character. But his wonderful calculating and astronomical powers were dwelt upon as forming one of the strongest traits of his chauxter. In accordance with this description, he is considered one of the best astronomers and mathe- maticians of the age, and, moreover, as possessing a clear and powerful intellect, and a mind well stored with a rich fund of thought and learning, and all backed up with strong and energetick feelings. The manner in which he literally uses up his opponents, is ample demonstration of the presence of very powerful combat., compar., caus., concent., &c. He was also described as a very sarcastick and severe writer ; which was said to be characteristick of him. The description of character agreed perfectly with ono previously given of the same gentleman by the writer, fcr die correctness of which he refers to the good people of Georgetown who heard it, and, also, for several other equally striking proofs of the truth of practical phrenology. At the close of a course of lectures delivered in that place, during which a large number of well-known characters was publick- Jy examined, a resolution was introduced by Mr. Oir, and carried, item. con,, the purport of which was. that the evideB' BY I ACTS. 303 ces of the truth of practical phrenology presented m the lec* lures, were highly satisfactory and conclusive. Green — During the summer of 1835, in addition to the foregoing, many striking facts occurred, illustrative of the proof of phrenology, whilst the writer, O. S. Fowler, was located in Baltimore. One of the most singular, was the examination, at his office, of Dr. John C. Green, of Union, Loudon Co., Va., a gentleman of very unique and very strong traits of character, who has, of late, become very celebrated m his profession, particularly on account of his most extra ordinary and unequalled skill in curing chronick liver com - plaints .* The Doctor’s head is large, and very uneven, (p. 54,) indicative of uncommon mental power, and great singu- larity of character: his temperament is active. His com- bat., destruct., self-e., conscien., firm., cautious., and compar., are large, his benev., caus., and hope, very large, his ven. and perceptive faculties only full, and marvel., secret., and acquis., very small. Accordingly, he was described as a bold, original thinker, who was capable of making new and important discoveries ; as highminded, independent, and hon- ourable to the fullest extent, but, at the same time, incredu- lous, and imprudent and indiscreet in what he says ; as pos- sessed of kind feelings and liberality in excess , and utterly •mcapable of taking care of property ; and, in addition to this, many minute points and shades of character were stated ; and so graphick and strikingly correct was the description, that the examiner was interrupted by the Doctor, who, aston- ished beyond measure at the portraiture of character drawn, demanded whether the phrenologist did not know him. Be- ing assured to the contrary, with increased earnestness, he reiterated the inquiry, “ Do you not knoio me , sir V 1 And after being reassured that he did not, he asked if the exam- iner would be qualified to that effect. Being most solemnly assured that he would, and the statement of the phrenologist ' It was asserted by the Doctor, and attested by several of his Va. acquaintan- ces of unquestionable veracity, that, since he had made the discovery of a suitab’e remedy, he had cured all the. patients thus afflicted who had followed his sid\rf>e and prescription ; and that the number then (in 1835) amounted to several hun- dreds : and moreover, that many of them were cases of the most desperate and hopeless kin 1. One of the patients who, after having been afflicted with the liver complaintybr eight or ten years, has experienced a perfect cure by following out the prescription of Dr. G., is S. Kirkham, co-author in the present work, who takes great pleasure in thus making known the merits of this extraordinary man, and ia recommending all who are afflicted with it in terrible disease, if possible, to i3t?enifrelv«s of his wonderlul skill. $04 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED dh this point, being corroborated by the Doctor’s Ya. frie) +* who had prevailed on him to submit to the examination, who were little .ess astonished than himself at the wonu^r- ful accuracy of the description given, the Doctor yielded uie point, and at last acknowledged that the disclosure of nis character and talents must have been made by the applica- tion of the principles of a science which he had hitherto rid- iculed as foolish and absurd. In confirmation of this state- ment, the following testimonial is presented * “ I hereby certify that Mr. O. S. Fowler, a phrenologist, has this day, solely by the application of phrenological prin- ciples, described my character and mental operations more correctly than could have been done by my most intimate friends. I might even add, that he has told me all , and that my own astonishment and that of my friends at the minute- ness and the accuracy of his description, are very great. Baltimore , June 3, 1835. JOHN C. GREEN.” The writer saw a journeyman printer in the office of John W. Woods, in Baltimore, who was partially deranged. His ideal, was very large ; and he was almost constantly either repeating passages from orations, &c., accompanied with much gesticulation, or delivering extempore speeches. Still, in the execution of his work, he showed no signs of mental aberration. Farther particulars may be learned of Mr. W. A lad about three years old, named Franklin Gibson, w r hose parents reside about three miles from the city, was examined and found to possess a most astonishing devel- opment of tune, and also of imitat. and time. When this development was pointed out, his brother stated, that “ he could turn a tune before he could talk, or was a year old; learned to play upon the piano-forte without any instruction ; a fortnight after hearing a tune sung but once, could sing it from memory ; could play the air of a tune upon the piano, and, at the same time, compose and sing a bass without making a discord ; and had not only never been known to make a discord himself, but evinced extreme sensitiveness when he heard others make one.” Query 1. Is this extraordinary manifestation, the result of intuitive la.ent, or of education? 2. Is it caused by an extraor- dinary activity and power of a particular faculty of the mind, or is this phenomenon, winch vastly excels all his siher menta 1 manifestations, and also that of one child in a BY FACTS. 305 rdilicn, the prjduct of that same mental power by which i* manifested ail his other mental operations? Let anti-phre- nologists, and all who deny the plurality of the mental facui ties, answer. The following is the testimony of the Rev Benjam in Kurtz* editor oi the Lutheran Observer, in reference to the exami nation of his two sons, as given editorially in his own paper. 4 ‘ Phrenology Tested. — We this morning witnessed a practical exhibition of the principles of phrenology, which was exceedingly interesting, and, in our view, furnished very strong evidence in favour of its claims to publick con- fidence. Mr. Foivler is at present engaged in delivering a course of lectures on this subject at the corner of Baltimore and Gay streets. His last lecture was attended among oth- ers by the editor of this paper, who, it may not be amiss to observe, has always been decidedly opposed to phrenology. After the lecture, we were introduced to Mr. Fowler, and a controversy immediately ensued, at the close of which we took the liberty to remark, that we had two sons, one 15 and the other 13 years of age; — that if Mr. F. thought proper to examine their heads, and could give a correct description of their intellectual and moral character, we would yield to ah' moderate pretensions of phrenologists; but nothing short oi facts, plain, positive facts, could convince us. Mr. F. as- sented to this proposal, and was perfectly willing, so far au he was concerned, that the science should stand or fail by this test. Accordingly, this morning, accompanied by a few respectable and literary gentlemen of this city, we con- ducted our sons to Mr. F ; s room ; having previously pre- pared a written description of the mental qualities, disposi- tions, &c., of the lads, with a view to compare it with what Mr. F. should remark concerning them. Mr. F. had never before seen the hoys, but immediately commenced examining their heads and desc.ribingtheir characteristick traits minutely, fully, and unequivocally. When his delineation was finished, t was compared with that previously written for the occa- ion, and, strange as it may appear, there was a most striking snd astonishing coincidence, with but one single item of dis- crepance. Although we had heretofore not only been a skeptiek, but had often ridiculed the pretensions of phrenol- ogy, we were staggered and astounded ; our surprise wa« oeyond measure, and we hesitate not to declare, that we are aow convinced that th^re is indeed a most momentous real BOG PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED itv in the matter ; and, contrary to our inclination, and ib opposition to our deep-rooted and cherished prepossessions, we are constrained to admit that phrenology is indeed a sci- ence, based upon sound and irrefragable principles, and well worthy the attention of all, and especially of teachers, min- isters, and others concerned in educating and meliorating the condition of men. This, we believe, is also the opinion of all the gentlemen who attended to witness the interesting scene. After the lads had been pronounced upon, we our selves and our friend, M*\ , sat down and were exam in ed; and it is conceded on all hands, that Mr. F. was not less successful in our cases than in relation to the boys. The whole company departed highly gratified, and immensely astonished at the disclosures made by phrenology. Nothing but facts, stubborn and irrefutable facts, could have produced the conviction and amazement which evidently possessed the minds of those present. “ Mr. F. manifestly understands his favourite science, and is, withal, an agreeable and interesting lecturer. We now verily believe, that great injustice has been done to this de- partment of useful study, and to those who, in spite of the taunts and jests of opponents, are zealously pursuing it. Phrenology is destined to rise and become extensively useful ; and as truth is mighty, and will ultimately prevail, so this branch of learning must eventually triumph over every ob stacle, and maintain a high rank in the circle of science. “ We write this unsolicited by Mr. F., or any body else, and regard all that we have stated as a very feeble testimony to the claims of phrenology, as well as to the merits of Mr. Fowler, the lecturer.” The following is a description of a publick test of the truth of practical phrenology, which was written for ths Baltimore Chronicle, and can be attested to by a very larga audience of the citizens of Baltimore. “ For the Baltimore Chronir^e. “Mr. Barnes. — The science of phrenology, as promul gated in our city by Mr. Fowler, has met with not a little opposition and ridicule. To satisfy the incredulous, therefore, of its truth, as well as more firmly to establish the faith o! new converts, Mr. F. proposed publickly to meet his oppo« Oi*nts, and to put the science to the most rigid and scruff* BIT FACTS, SO? tosg test ; and, with that intent, appointed a rriecr ig in fcha Lecture-Room of the Baltimore Lyceum “ His first test was, to examine before the audience, (which was very large*) the phrenological developments of two twin brothers, and to give their characters. The twins are chil dren aged 5 or 6, whose education and training have been alike, but whose dispositions and talents widely differ — the sons of Dr. Beare, a highly respectable professional gentle- man of our city. It being known by the testimony of their respectable parent, that Mr. F. had never seen either of the boys* nor heard one word about their respective characters, only that they differed, their presentation before the audience produced not a little anxiety and excitement, enough, at least, to evince the intense interest taken in the examination by the respective partisans who had previously declared for, or against, phrenology. With a boldness and an intrepidity which nothing but the highest confidence in his abilities, di- rected by true principles, could inspire, Mr. F. proceeded with the examination, describing, as he went along, in strong, plain, and unequivocal terms, not only their most prominent points of character, such as their respective dispositions, including ;heir passions, tempers, propensities, and the like, and, also, their respective talents and abilities, but he went even into detail, and minutely described many of the nice shades of difference in their habitudes and modes of thinking. “ As soon as Mr. F. closed his examination, the father of the children read to the audience a minute descrintion of the character of each of the boys, as he had previously written it out ; and by comparing his description with that given by Mr. F., it appeared that the two differed, on all the numerous points of character described, only in one slight particular , viz. Mr. F. had attributed to one, more generosity than the parent supposed him to possess.* The victory of Mr. F. was ccjmplete, as was strongly evinced by the long and loud ap- plauses of the audience — to the no small confusion and dis- comfiture of the obstinately skeptical, and to the high grati- fication of the non-committal or fence- men, many of whom limped down on fhe phrenological side. “ But this victory was but a prelude to those more tri- ' The mother, on learning my decision, remarked that I was right; and saio Chat the lad had more benevolence than the father gave him credit for. I had till* Qrosa the fttasr himself. " o. g. FOWLER, 508 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED umnhant ones that were to follow. Mr. F. proceeded to exam me the heads of many who presented themselves for tha purpose, and to describe and hit off their characters with astonishing accuracy. It was soon proposed, however, that he should examine some present who had been previously examined by him, and who had Mr. F’s charts of their char- acter in their pockets, in order to compare the former des- criptions of character with those that should then be given. “ Mr. F. declined notthis most scrutinizing test, and proceed- ed with the examination of two gentlemen, numbering their several organs in a scale from l to 20 ; and as each number was pronounced, the corresponding one on the chart was also pronounced by a gentleman appointed for the purpose ; • and the result was, that in thus rapidly naming off the rela- tive size of some 50 or 60 organs, more than one-half agreed exactly with those previously written down on the two charts ; and among the whole, only one number differed materially.* “ It was then proposed that Mr. F. should cover his eyes , and then examine; and, although it deprived him of the im- portant assistance (to which, too, he had always been accus- tomed) of sight , in connexion with touch , Mr. F. faltered not, but boldly proceeded to gratify the audience in any man- ner, whether reasonable or unreasonable, that they might choose; and, to the utter astonishment of all, a number or characters thus rapidly hit off, leaped out from the mint so strongly and elegantly stamped, that all their acquaintances would have known them at the first glance, even had they, like the phrenologist, been blindfolded. It seemed more like magick than any thing else. “ Towards the close of the examination, several very divert . ing cases occurred. One gentleman was accused by Mr. F. of possessing great energy of character and moral courage , which qualities called into requisition, in no small degree, his combativeness. The gentleman arose, and declared to the audience, that Mr. F. had sketched his character very accurately, except in this particular ; but, as for combative ness , he had it not : and to prove that he was right, he wee on with so energetick and combative a speech, as soon to cor> vince all present, that he , and not Mr. F., had mistaken his * In a similar test at Mr. Fowler’s office, the writer of this rotlce saw Mr. F. martc a second chart for a gentleman, on which 34 of the 35 numbers agreed c<* vr.th the first chart, and the other number differed but slightly. PY FACTS, 309 awn chaitLCte'* This ludicrous and happ\ circun stance elicited tremendous applause for the phrenologist. Another gentleman examined, seemed to insinuate to thei audience, that he possessed not the mechanical ingenuity at- tributed to him by Mr. F. By after confessions, however, it appeared, that the tinkering propensity of the gentleman, (though not a mechanick by profession ,) has caused him to amass a great variety of tools , and that he has been guilty of indulging his mechanical ingenuity with considerable success, in drawing' — which comes under Mr. F.’s description of con - structivencss. “ But the most satisfactory case of all, was yet to come. Mr. F. had frequently desired some one to come forward whose character was very prominent , or well-known to the audience for some striking and peculiar qualities , and was now requested to blindfold himself again, with the expecta- tion of being gratified in this particular. Accordingly, a gentleman, {Captain Bossier,) was prevailed upon to submit to examination, who is more distinguished for certain bold and strong characteristicks, than any other in our city. The phrenologist was completely successful. He gave the char- acter in bold and graphick style, and with an accuracy that could scarcely have been equalled by any one of his numer- ous acquaintances present. The conviction of skill and truth on the part of the phrenologist, went home so power- fully to the minds of the audience, that their applauses sev- eral times interrupted the examination. “But there was, at least, one skeptick who yet remained in- corrigible; and this was a man, who, the writer is informed, is notorious for his over-weening fondness for ‘ the root of all evil.’ This worshipper of Midas could not be persuaded but that Mr. F. had previous knowledge of the head just examined, and therefore desired his own to be brought in contact with the magica* touchstone. But no sooner did the inspired fingers of Mr. F. play upon the golden bumps of our money-loving hero, than his acquisitive character burst forth before the audience in so strong relief, as utterly to shock the incredulity of its owner, who soon begged for 4 quarters,’ and was let off — to the great diversion of all present. AUDITOR.” From Mr. Candler of Ba timore, a strong opponent to phrenology, the writer had the following statement. While the character of Wm. Gwynn Jones, who is now in the Pen? S10 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED tentiary in B., for purloining money from the Post* office in that city, but who was, at the time the observation waa made, a member of a Christian church, and co-editor of a daily paper in the city, had the confidence of the publick and had been promoted to several important stations cf trust, a phrenologist said to him, “ Mr. Jones, if I did not know you to be an honest and an honourable man, 1 should think you a rogue, for you have no organ of conscien., and love money well enough to take what does not belong to you ” — Though this remark passed unnoticed at the time, yet, a few weeks after, when he was found guilty of stealing, forgery, and lying, the remark of the phrenologist was recollected and turned to the account of phrenology. While the writer was on board a James-River steamboat bound for Richmond, Va., something being said of phrenol ogy, Mr. Pegram of Richmond, desired him to examine the head of a new acquaintance of his on board. The first re- mark was, “ he has no conscience , not a particle ;” the next, “ he is secret, mysterious, and artful, and has great practical talent.” To Mr. P. he represented himself as a wealthy plant- er from the South ; pretended that his trunk and money had been stolen from him, &c. Accordingly, on arriving at R. Mr. P. ordered for him a suit of clothes, introduced him to some of his friends, from whom he received presents, and advanced him $1300, in cash, for which he received a check of the gentleman on a Washington Bank ; and, finally, Mr. P. gave him $70, with which to pay for his clothes op taking them from the tailor’s. This money the rogue peck eted, and taking the clothes without paying for them, disap- peared The check was wo# cashed , of course; and a sub- sequent inquiry proved, that the southern planter was a con- summate villain, a gambler, and a thief — without “any con- science.” At the time of the examination, Mr. P. was too thick with his new friend, and too skeptical on the subject of phrenology to regard these forewarnings. In the town of P., Va., L. N. Fowler examined the head of a young lady who had extraordinary approbat., self-e., and firm., very large amat., adhes., combat., destruct., secret., acquis., and cautious., large conscien., benev., and intellectual faculties, and an active temperament. She was both vain and proud in the extreme, and absolutely stubborn ; was secret, ■ly. and deceptive in a high degree ; - ould steal, and whee Mked why she stole, rep ied, “because I can’t help it SY FACTS, 8H Though Vy the influence of conscien. ana intellect, she ac knowledged her fault, and strove against them, yet she would still steal, would falsify, and then plead guilty. She had a most violent temper, and with all her raging passions, display- ed unusual intellect. In Portsmouth, Va.* the writer saw a lad about 14 years old, in whom acquis, is immensely large, so much so as to project beyond the other organs, secret, large, conscien. small, the upper portion of the forehead low, narrow, and retiring, and cautious, extremely large. His entrance to this pieasant village, was greeted by this hopeful youth in the character of an importunate beggar, with the pretence that nis sick mother was in a starving condition, and wanted a little money to get her some bread. He begged long and most earnestly, setting up several pleas, all of which proved (o be utterly false; and when a piece of money was finally rendered, he seized it with the utmost avidity, clapped it to his mouth in ecstasy, and immediately renewed his request for more, accompanied with other pretences. A second and a third piece of money were received with equal transports of delight, and his suit for more, still renewed. In his hat were to be seen old nails, bits of paper, and an abundance of shells, &c., which his acquis, had hoarded up. Every day at low tide he might be seen wading through the mud knee deep, and at high tide, again at his begging in the manner just described ; and when he could make money by it, he showed himself quite an adept at lying. Of course, the main interest of this case, turns upon the fact, that the traits of character displayed by the lad, perfectly correspond with his phrenological developments. The writer’s publick examinations in P., seemed very much to astonish the citizens on account of their accuracy, and to convince them of the truth of phrenology. After the first lecture, one gentleman, in behalf of several, came to ask if the examiner did not know Capt. Jarvis, the gentleman examined, and when answered in the negative, replied, •‘then, sir, I am perfectly satisfied of the truth of phrenology.” An elderly lady in P., was described as possessing, among other things, extraordinary imitative power, which manifest- ed itself not only in drawing, needlework, (fee., but even in mimickry. Her brother remarked, that he could not have delineated her character with greater accuracy, except that he had never seen the least signs of her talent for mimickrt/ SI2 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED Soon, however, it was proved, that, in early life, she w&fi unsurpassed among her acquaintances, for her talent at “ taking off” the peculiarities of individuals, and for relating anecdotes and stories. Baker. — The Hon. Judge Baker, who is distinguished in that part of the country for his profound knowledge of law, his ability to collect, analyze, and clearly present, facts and arguments, for his discrimination and practical talent, as well as for his highmindedness, weight of character, uo« bending integrity, and the nobler traits of human nature, possesses a high head, large self-e., firm., ven., and conscien.; veiy large benev., compar., event , individ., and local, and large cans., form, size, order, and lang. — the very organs indicative of these characteristicks. The following remarks were made by one of the editors of a Norfolk paper, but with an especial reference to an ex- amination of his son. “ In our presence, Mr. Fowler has examined the heads of several individuals with the bent of whose dispositions we were somewhat familiar, and we must confess our surprise at the accuracy, as well as the facility, of his delineations of their characters, with which it was impossible for him to have made an acquaintance through any other medium than his skill in phrenology.” In L N. Fowler examined the head of a female who was considered deranged on the subject of religion, and who was a religious melancholick and despondent. The organs of cautious, and conscien. were developed in an extraordinary degree, and so sensitive to the touch, that she complained bitterly of the pain caused by the application of the hand to either of these portions of the head. Ven. was also very large, and hope and self-e. small. At a lecture in Petersburgh, Va., the instructer of the school taught in the lecture-room, proposed a pupil for examination, who was described as possessing extraordinary construct., im- itat., form, ideal., and colour, and, consequently, as unsurpass ed in his talent to draw, paint, and use tools with dexterity, and, also, to mimick. So extraordinary were these developments, that the teacher was appealed to for the correctness of the description ; and he replied, that he had seen no manifestation of such talents, but thought that phrenology was at fault with respect to them ; but when the appeal was made to the of the hr r , there were a dozen voices in con BY FACTS. 313 firmmion of what had been stated, each one telling- what the lad had made, or drawn, or painted, and all agreeing that his mimickry of the peculiarities and oddhies of others, con- stituted one of their principal diversions. Among other proofs, a painting of Minerva executed by him, was cited as a remarkable specimen of juvenile talent. Cherry.— Among the many exemplifications of phre- nology, none are more worthy of notice than the head of Mr, Cherry. It is very large, and in it, caus. and compar. are prodigiously great; the perceptive faculties only moder- ate, concent., firm., self-e., hope, cautious., consci. benev., ideal., and mirth., either large or very large, ven. small, and marvel, very small. The writer saw, and the world will doubtless one day see, evidences of a deep, philosophical, and original genius in his inventions, as prodigious, indeed, as are his organs of caus. and compar. His large concent, obliges him, whenever he becomes interested in any particu- lar subject or thing, to dwell upon it until it is completed, and frequently prevents him from attending to lessons of in- terest and instruction, because he cannot draw off his mind from subjects that have previously taken possession of his thoughts. The writer, in company with several distinguished citi zens of Williamsburgh, Va., visited the Lunatick Asylum in that place, where the first subject presented, possessed ex- traordinary amat., very large adhes., firm., concent., benev., and lang., and small acquis, and secret. Disappointed love was the principal cause of his derangement; and, in accord- ance with his small secret, and very large benev. and lang., he was constantly talking about his amours, his sweethearts, &c. He was generally kind in a very high degree, hut, ivhen his firm, was excited, he was obstinate and even mulish. The gentleman’s name is James Roon. Of another, it was remarked, that he had extraordinary firm., self-e., adhes., and benev., and was, therefore, by turns, very stubborn or very obliging— that he had large individ. and full event., with but small caus.; and, consequently, that he could do what he was told to do, but could not un- derstand the application of means to ends. The keeper of the asylum replied, “ It is exactly so, throughout.” In the head of John Kinchelloe, self-e. projected prodi- giously, so much so, that the writer’s remarks upon him f turned mainly upon this organ. He appeared exceedingly 14 Il4 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUS1 RATED ostentatious; told the company that he was a vastly gieatei man, as to talents, than any other in America ; was to be tfaa next president : had the destiny of the world in his hands ; and when one of the company remarked, that he was from Richmond, he replied, that he had special business wiih tha Governour and Common Council of that city. Six or eight other cases equally striking, were d3pieled with such accuracy as to astonish and surprise the keeper beyond measure, who, previous to this visit, had been not only an entire skeptick in phrenology, but a prominent op poser to it. Arthur Tribble possessed very large combat., destruci., and cautious., and was surly, savage, and so dangerous that he was kept manacled. Another, in whom acquis, was very large, had his hat full of old nails, shells, and such othei trumpery as he could pick up in the yard. Love of money caused his insanity. The keeper accounted for the correctness with which the first subject was described, by supposing that those who accompanied the examiner, had previously related to him the history of the man, and, accordingly, after that, he se- lected several himself of whom he knew the examiner could have heard nothing, which, as he afterwards declared, were described with as great correctness, as he could have done after a daily observation of their conduct for from sis to twelve years. Each of the professors, and several of the students, of Williamsburgh College, are living witnesses of the truth of phrenology, and furnish admirable illustrations of its prin- ciples; but having already dwelt quite too long upon these “ facts,” a decent respect for our readers, requi es that we should omit a particular enumeration ot tkem. Lay. — On a visit to Batavia, N. 1l\ in the autumn of 1835, the narrator, O. S. Fowler, was introduced by Mr. Kirkham to G. W. Lay, Esq'., member of Congress from Genesee Co.; and being forcibly struck with ihe extraor- dinary developement of many of his phrenologiaal organs, particularly those of the perceptive faculties, he proceeded, with the permission of Mr. L., to give a description ot his leading traits of character and talents. He described nim as possessing ar extraordinary memory of facts and circum- stances, and even of their minute particulars and derails, a# well as of persons, places, the relative position ot orjecta BY FACTS. 1 . ki cf expressions; as having a passionate fondness ibt earning, oratory, elegance, and for travelling and viewing natural scenery; as possessing a superiour professional and business tact, a very shrewd and critical turn of mind, a happy talent for comparing, illustrating, and analyzing, a keen, quick perception of the ludicrous, and a great deal of tact, point, and sarcasm, accompanied with an ability to use vp his opponent ; as highminded and manly, pre-eminently ambitious and enterprising, and always aspiring to some- thing great and commanding; as spirited, energetick, and prompt, a happy speaker, excellent in making a bargain, highly honourable, but not over scrupulous and conscien- tious. These remarks were deduced from the following combinations. Mr. Lay’s head is above the common size, and his temperament, active. He has very large compar., ideal., hope, individ., local., and event., and the residue of the perceptive faculties are large, together with his combat., de- struct., secret., acquis., self-e., approbat., firm., benev., mirth., cans., amat., adhes., philopro., and cautious., and his con- scien. is only moderate or full. He is, therefore, possessed of uncommon natural talents, is very social and obliging, and incapable of doing any thing degrading or unworthy the character of a gentleman. At a publick examination in the same place, the wri- ter discovered, among other things, extreme combat . , ana dcstruct., with small benev., in one of the subjects exam- ined, and, accordingly, described him as exceedingly cruel , disposed to delight in barbarity , and given to the outbreak- ings of a most brutal temper. In confirmation of this state ment, J. Churchill, Esq., remarked to one of the authors, (S. Kirkham,) that he was skeptical upon the subject of phrenology until he heard the character of this individual described; but that the character of the man (which he un- derstood most perfectly, having been brought up with him) was so extraordinary, particularly in reference to his revolt- ing and horrid cruelty of disposition, and had been so accu- rately hit off by the phrenologist (who must have been an utter stranger to him) as to change his mind in regard to the science. In illustration, Mr. C. further remarked, that he had frequently known the said individual, when a voum, to catch squirrels and chop their feet off, and then let them run, merely for the sport of it! At ether times, he would make an incision in the skin of a squirrel, and with a quill 316 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED inflate the skin of the little animal, and then let it run again At other times, again, he would pluck the feathers from oirds, amputaf 2 their limbs , and devise and execute various ether kinds of tortures upon animals of various descriptions, ^nd then appear to be m perfect raptures of diabolical de light whilst witnessing the writhings, contortions and other expressions of agony in his innocent victims. This case suggests two points of inquiry not unworthy die candid attention of disbelievers in phrenology. 1 . It presents us with two individuals, brought up under the same rooi, but possessing dispositions widely different ; the one, Uiough not inferiour in talents to the other, even from a cimu, delights in cruelty and bloody deeds, and at the age of thirty, becomes a drunken vagabond and a grovelling wretch ; the other, revolts at cruelty and despises every base pursuit, and at thirty, is a lawyer and a respectable member of so- ciety. Now, whence springs this difference of character? Is it the effect of education alone? or has nature something to no with it? And, 2. let it spring from whatever source it may, wherein is phrenology responsible, for merely ascer- taining the fact, and pointing out the difference, when guided solely by the external signs upon the head? Phrenology responsible for the traits of character it discovers in men ? %V hat absurdity ! nay, what stupidity! Does the phrenolo- gist create the “ bumps,” or the disposition which cultivates diem, and which causes their increase f On such a principle df reasoning, we might, and with equal propriety, arraign phrenology for not discovering as much metaphysical talent in the dog as in a philosopher, and for not finding as large an organ of local, in the latter as in the former. In the possession of the Lyceum in Fredericktown, AM. ts the cast of the scull of a murderer, who was hung some «hree years since, in which combat, and destruet. are swelled out in an extraordinary degree, and all the other selfish propensities appear very large. He was not only guilty of murder, but even when a boy, used to amuse himself by cutting off the feet of pigs, and then applying to them the lash, in order to see them attempt to run. and by other simi- lar acts cf cruelty and torture. At a public lecture in Prattsburgh, N. Y., six individuals were selected for examination by a rank opponent to phre- nology ; but, inasmuch as the writer had once lived in the place, he was requested to be blindfolded, lest be should judge B\ FACTS. Zil from a previous knowledge of their charade's. The fir^l subject presented, was a violent opposcr of relig on, infidel in his belief, violent in his temper, stubborn, and witliai a great mechanical genius; and such he was described to be throughout. The next was described as highly conscien- tious, talented, religious, eminently pacifick, &c. and, in the main, directly opposite to the first. After their examination, Deacon Linsley, who knew both perfectly well, and who, till that time, had been a disbeliever in phrenology, observed, that, since these two individuals, whose characters were di- rectly opposite in almost every particular, had been examined in succession, and the points of difference between them correctly pointed out, and that, too, when the examiner was olindfolded, and, consequently, unable to judge of character except from the shape of the head, phrenology must be a true index of character. What is still more, one of these gentlemen had been examined the preceding evening, and both descriptions precisely agreed. Spaulding. — Among others selected for examination on the same occasion, was the Rev. Henry tl. Spaulding, Mis- sionary to the Indians that are located west of the Missis- sippi. After his extreme firmness and high moral qualities, particularly his very large benev., or disinterested and strong desire to do good to his fellow-men, had been described, t passing h.’s hand along the arch of the eyebrow, the writer felt a deep depression where the organ of colour is located, and, struck with surprise, he exclaimed, “this gentleman has no organ of colour, and can hardly tell white from black.” After the lecture was over, Mr. S. observed, that, as hod been stated, he was utterly unable to distinguish colours ; that, ex- cept black and white, all colours and shades of colours looked alike to him, and all appeared of a dingy, indistinct hue; that his wife would never trust him to purchase any article of clothing whatever, because he seemed to be utterly desti- tute of all power of distinguishing, and even of discerning, them. This fact we deem an important one. The eye- sight of this gentleman, is perfectly good ; he reads correctly, u&es words with facility, thinks and writes with unusual power, seldom forgets faces, and is a superiour scholar; yet his power of distinguishing colours, is almost whc.ily wani ing. We ask, then, whether the same mental power which perceives colours , also perceives forms, and places and the fore 3 of arguments? If so, why should tne first of theses SIS PHRENOLOGY PRO VED AND ILLL'Sl RATED faculties be wholly wanting in the Rev. Mr. S., and the last of them be unusually strong in him? Will anti-phrenologicaJ metaphysicians have the kindness just to explain these simple and common phenomena ? Lin slew — Deacon Linsley is certainly one of the most devoted and consistent Christians — the most fervent and de- vout in his addresses to the throne of grace, the most meek and penitent, and forgiving of men. Accordingly, his head is not only very high, but it is also very deep from the supe- riour anterior to the superiour posterior portion, and greatly arched by the extraordinary development of his benev. and veil. His intellectual faculties generally, are large : hence his uncommon share of good sense, mingled with his piety. Hisphilopro. and adhes. are very large; and hence the suc- cess with which, for many years, he has superintended Sab- bath-schools and Bible-classes. When the writer was a boy, he was wont to listen to the marvellous stories of one of his fellow-townsmen, who al- ways magnified every thing he related, especially if it per- tained to himself, till it appeared to be something really great, singular, and wonderful. Accordingly, on revisiting his native town, he sought his old story teller, and found that in his head, the organs of marvel., hope, approbat., and lang., were largely developed. From a mere boy, one of his brothers was remarkable for his propensity to throw stones , and, more especially, for his adroitness and skill at it, as he was able in this manner, to kill birds, squirrels, &c. As he grew up, he was equally famous for going aloft at country “raisings,” &c.; and, ac- cordingly, was found to possess very large weight, whilsl the writer, whose education, in this respect, has been the same, is nearly destitute both of the organ, and of the fa- culty, of weight. The same is true of colour. One of his fellow-townsmen, who had always been noted tor his disbelief in the doctrines of the Christian religion well as for his strenuous opposition to it, was found to possess very small marvel, and ven., and small conscien. New York City. — But, next to Washington, New York furnishes facts and demonstrations as perfectly conclu- sive in proof and illustration of phrenology as anychymical or anatomical demonstrations. At the first publick lecture delivered in this city, in the autumn >f 1836, two cf the authors, O. S. and L N. Fow« BY FACTS. 319 lei weie present, and the first person who submitted to an examination, was examined by one of the lecturers in the absence of the other, and then by the other ; and (it being a striking case) the same description, not only in the main, but, also, in the details, was given by both. The next individual was described as possessing an ex • cessive development of amat ., with very large selfish pro- pensities and sentiments, and a fair share of intellect. As much was said of his amat. as propriety would permit, and the whole examination turned upon this organ, his combat., and destruct., and small conscien. A few days after, the Rev. Mr. Walter, pastor of the church from which this in- dividual had been cut of£ stated to the writer, that, in conse- quence of his amours witn the wives of others, he had broken up several families, and was then living with the wife of another man (since divorced;) that the violence of his temper was ungovernable ; and that he appeared to have no compunctions of conscience. He added, that several of his church members who heard the examination, stated that it was so characteristick as perfectly to astonish them. Smith. — At their second lecture in N. Y., Mr. S. B. Smith, late a Romish Priest, and now editor of the “ Down* fall of Babylon,” was selected for examination. He was found to possess a large head, developed mainly in the coro- nal region, with very large firm., self-e., benev., form, order, cans, and compar., large hope, conscien., combat., adhes., mirth, ideal., imitat., lang., calcu., size, local., and cautious., only moderate destruct., time, and secret., and small mar- vel. The inference was, that he possessed commanding talents joined with great energy and efficiency of character; resistance, and moral courage in a pre-eminent degree, with- out harshness or a desire to injure even his enemies; that he must be a publick man and distinguished in his sphere ; an original and profound thinker, and a logical reasoner ; a distinguished scholar, and possessed of integrity; very cau- tious and judicious, and yet, enterprising ; a theologian and moral reasoner of the first class, and possessed of extraor- dinary form, or power of recollecting faces, detecting typo- graphical errours, &c. ; a first-rate critick, and perfectly systematiek, nay, almost “old-maidish” about having things in order. But his superiour talents as a moral and theolog- ical reascncr , were dwelt upon as his great forte — his leading iharactoii stick. At the time the examination, Mr. S #2*9 1’flREXOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED was utterly unknown to the writers, and as far as they hava since learned his history and character, the coincidence be- tween them and the publick description given, is palpable and striking throughout, and some portions cf it so much so as to be incapable of amendment or improvement. The hardships which he has endured, the opposition and perse- cution which he has met with, the heart of a Christian hero, and the high moral character, which he has displayed in his ready renunciation of a religion which he felt to be wrong, and that, when, by so doing, he knew he should draw down upon his devoted head the anathemas and the vengeance of the whole Romish church, his incredulity in not believing Romish dogmas, the clearness of his argu- ments presented in the “Downfall,” (due allowance being made for that enthusiasm which is begotten by dwelling so long upon a highly exciting subject,) the anecdote of Mr. H R. Piercy, (see note to p. 222.,) the “Synopsis” translated by him — these things, one and all, show a perftct coincidence between the description of his character, of which the pre- ceding is a mere abstract, and his real character and talents as evinced both in his publick and private life 1 — see relative size of his organs in the Table. (See note on p. 322.) Brown. — At a subsequent lecture, Mr. Goold Brown- author of a Grammar, was examined, and described as pos- sessing a high degree of critical acumen, and a happy talent for comparing, analyzing, and illustrating, and especially as a verbal critick and linguist; as somewhat eccentrick in his manners, rigidly exact and honest, and somewhat dogmat- ical ; but, withal, as possessing rather an extravagant organ of love of approbation and popularity, which would make him rather boastful, and fond of telling what great things he had done, &c. ; and, in confirmation of the correctness of these statements, many anecdotes have since been related to the writers, O. S. and L. N. Fowler. At another lecture in N. Y., a well -dressed .ad was brought forward. The first remark made of him, was, that he possessed an extraordinary organ of secict., such a de- velopment, indeed, as the examiner had seldom, if ever, seen; that, consequently, he was cunning, artful, sly, deceit* fill, equivocating, and evasive; that it was often next to im possible to extort the truth from him, and tiia, nothing could be known from what he said, that his acquis, was ilso very large, and conscicn. small, and, consequently that he wa t a BY t ACTS. 321 rogue , and wottld steal , as well as lie, and >n inTeut un- wonted dexterity, not only in stealing, but also in concealing the plunder; that he had no compunctions of conscience, sind could not be made to feel guilty ; that he was not at ail benevolent, but the reverse; that his reasoning powers were very deficient, and yet, that he was quick to observe, and had an extraordinary memory of facts, and very large lang. or “gift of the gab;” small combat, and large cautious., and was, therefore, a coward ; and that he possessed an extraor- dinary fondness for children. The following is a statement of his character, the principal part of which was made at the time, before the audience, by the individual who brought him forward, and the rest subse- quently communicated to the authors by the same gentleman. “This lad, who is about thirteen years old, was born in Cana- da; when about five years old, was found to be so very fond of children, that he was frequently employed by gentlemen to amuse their children, and even infants, from which he was taught by his mother , (as he savs,) to steal the coins about ‘heir necks, and such other things as he could lay his hands upon ; that, on the occurrence of a fire, he stole money from the pocket of a person, and blacked it, pretending that he had fou7id it, yet, as it was a pocket-piece, it was easily identified ; that for a long time he had been in the habit of taking small sums from a shoemaker in Greenwich-st. N. Y., with whom he is now living as an apprentice; that when one theft after another was detected and proved upon him, he would so- lemnly declare, and call his God to witness, that each one was the last ; that he would frequently protest, by all that was good or great, that he told the truth, and soon after- wards declare, that what he had before said, was wholly false, but that what he now swore to, was certainly true ; that he was very adroit in meeting charges against him, and always ready with an excuse for his wickedness ; (small eonscien. ;) that, to prevent suspicion, he would often accuse other boys of stealing apples from a poor woman who sold them in the streets, and pretend to pity her, when lie himself stole them every day, and had laid up half a trunk full ; that he would falsify even when nothing could he gained by it; that he was an arrant coward, and would quail before the stem look of his playmates, and always run if they threatened him; that his judgment was extremely limited, and yet showed great tact in learning tc do some things; that ha J22 FHRENGLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED was admirable in pleading his own case, and was, withal * AiiDerstitious Catholick (his ven. and marvel., being large.) For the truth of the foregoing particulars, we refer to Mr. Rufus Dawes, co-editor of the N. Y. Mirror, and to the crowded audience who witnessed the examination in Clin- ton Hall, as well as to a cast of the head of this hopeful youth, which they keep for sale at their office in the same piace : — see relative size of his organs in the Table. Chan and Eng. — The Siamese Twins, Eng and Chan, furnish another striking example of the truth of phrenological science. It is well known that their traits of character, in- cluding their feelings, passions, abilities, dispositions, modes of thinking, of acting, and so forth, are so much alike as frequently to start the pretense, and induce the belief, that they possess but one mind , or, at least, that, in consequence of the wonderful, -physical connexion of their bodies, there exists between them a similar union of mind, or such a one as to cause both minds to think, feel, and act simultaneously and alike. Although this is a mere pretence, yet the founda- tion of it remained to be developed and explained by phre- nology. In the autumn of 1836, at the Washington Hotel, N. Y., their heads were examined by the narrators, O. S. Fowler and S. Kirkham, when, to their surprise and admi- ration, they were found to be most wonderfully and strik- ingly alike , not only in size and general outline, but even in the minute development of nearly all the phrenological organs . * The following note from the gentleman who prints the “Downfall” for Mr. S.j will confirm several points of character contained in the foregoing statement “Mr. Smith is so very particular and over-exact to have even every little thing done with the utmost precision, as to give my workmen a great deal of extra labour, and to provoke from them a nickname designating his ‘old-maidish’ peculiarities. Asa proof reader , although Mr. S. has but recently turned his attention to the busi- ness, yet, by the force of what seems to be an innate talent, he excels many who nave had much more practice. He is one of the firmest men I have ever seen ; and when he thinks he is right, nothing can turn him : (firm, and self-e.) Ilia cautiousness is almost equally as striking as his order and firmness. “ Before I heard Mr. Fowler’s description of Mr. Smith’s character, I had nc faith in phrenology, but this satisfied my mind of the correctness of the science; for I considered the description accurate and striking throughout, so much sc that ft could not be bettered by any of the gentleman’s most intimate acquaintances: and this opinion I expressed to Mr. Le Roy Sunderland at the time, who was sitting beside me. H. R. PIERCY ” Several other individuals made remarks similar to those of Mr. P. Among them Mrs Smith and Mr. Carey, teacher in the deaf and dumb asylum of N. Y. The approbation of the audience, and the testimony of all who knew Mr. S., waa f eneral and unequivocal as to the examination being a perfect transcript of the tie and character of this distinguished gentleman. We will take the liberty to refer those of our readers who wish to satisfy then* selves ti “ the Synopsis of the Moral Theology of the Chur'.h of Rome,” pub lished by Mr where the reasoning organs of Mr. S. are displayed to admire lioo. BY FaO'IS. S2S Some small difference, indeed, in the development of some few of the organs, does exist; butrthen it is so slight as to be detected only by the most minute and accurate observa lion. Among all the heads ever examined by the authors, such an agreement of size, shape, and temperament, or any thing approaching to it, in any two, they never before wit nessed or heard of; and hence, the striking coincidence be tween the characters and dispositions of the tevo brothers 30 longer remains a mystery ; for, in addition to the general, natural law, (which operates in this case,) that “ like causes produce like effects,” from the necessity of the case, their training , habits , and education , have been alike, more per fectly so than that of any other two individuals that evei lived. But notwithstanding this, it has been stated, that a slight difference in the development of some few of their organs, was pointed out by the phrenologists, and the conse- quent difference in their characters, specified. In relation to this point, as well as to all the points of agreement , both the young gentlemen, and the gentleman who accompanied them, fully confirmed and corroborated the statements of the ex- aminers. Again we appeal to our opponents to f answer the question. If phrenology is not a true science, how could these nice distinctions and discriminations of difference in character, have been thus accurately pointed out merely by an examination of the physical form of the head? And again : If the disposition and talents of individuals, depend solely on education or training, how could any difference in these respects, exist between these twins? At a publick lecture in Clinton Hall, a gentleman exam- ined, was described as possessing, in an unusual degree, the mathematical and reasoning organs, and, also, philopro., but as subject to a depression of spirits, or “ the blues.” His char- acter had been previously written out by his friends, and, when read to the audience, it not only confirmed the cor- rectness of the phrenological examination, but showed that, cn account of the predominance of those traits of character po inted out by the phrenologist, the gentleman had been so lected as a proper test of the science. A son of Dr. Barber, professor of Elocution, &c., was also examined, and his traits of character minutely specified ; and, after the examination, almost every point stated, was confirmed and illustrated by anecdotes of the lad as related by his father. 324 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED Often. — —But of all the publick tests of phrenology, pes naps no other one ever made so extensive and decided an im- pression in its favour, as the examination of Benjamin Offers, a listinguished infidel lecturer, which took place in Clinton Hall on the evening of the 28th Jan., 1837. As this exam- ination was made in the presence of, at least, one thousand spectators, who are living witnesses of the truth of the fol- lowing account of it, the authors trust that its accuracy will not be doubted by the general reader. In acceptance of a previous challenge in which the ex- aminers had invited the publick tc “ test the science in any and every way which their incredulity or ingenuity might suggest, by choosing their own subjects for 'publick examina- tion , or otherwise,’ 3 an elderly gentleman of very ordinary dress and general appearance, came forward : and in order lo give the audience the opportunity of the double test of hearing a description of the character given by each of the examiners in the absence of the other, L. N. Fowler retired from the room accompanied by a gentleman, whilst O. S. F. proceeded with the examination. About the first thing stated by the examiner, was r that the gentleman’s conscien. was moderate, his ven. small, and his marvel, almost wholly wanting ; and, consequently, that he must be a total skeplick, particularly in regard to reli- gion, especially revealed religion, and all the popular forms and doctrines connected with it. He also stated that his combat., destruct., self-e., firm., adhes., and knowing and reasoning organs, particularly his corn-par., were very large, and his cautious, and secret., small; and hence, that he was much inclined to debate, and ready, on all occasions, to de- clare his disbelief, and advance and defend his opinions His event., Jang., mirth., and imitat., were likewise described as very large; and hence the inference was drawn, that, although his general appearance did not seem to justify the conclusion, yet he must be a publick speaker , and as such, quite distinguished — that, in debate, be was considered a great reasoner, and would display a great command of words, facts, and arguments; that he employed much action, and was unsurpassed in his powers of ridicule , particularly in employing severe epithets and ludicrous and sarcastick com- paiisons. But among many other things, his beriev. was dwelt upon as one of his strongest traits of character, and his Lcquis. was stated to be so small as to prevent his eve* BY FACTS. 325 Becoming- rich, lie was represented is kind nearted, oblig- ing, and generous to a fault, but, at the same time, (smaL conscien.,) as not always actuated by moral principle, or the right and the wrong in the case, and as having little or no feeling of the guilt or sinfulness of any of his acts. For some points of this character, see first paragraph under conscien. moderate, p. 131, also 8 lines at the bottom of the same page, 11 lines at the top of the next, the last 5 of the same paragraph, the first paragraph on p. 135, and be- nev. large, and very large, p. 155, — together with the rela- tive size of his organs in the Table of Measurements. After the first examination had closed, L. N. Fowler w«s called in, and proceeded with an examination of the same head; and so perfectly, ow every point, did his description of the character and talents of the man, agree with the first description, that the old charge of collusion was again brought up, although the fact was, that neither of the exam- iners had any previous knowledge of the individual, nor in- tercourse with each other during the examination ; and this point was proved at the time, to the entire satisfaction of every candid hearer. After the close of the second examination, Mr. Vail (a lec- turer in Tammany-Hall) arose, and remarked, that “the gen- tleman just examined, was Mr. Offen, the celebrated lecturer in Tammany Hall ; that he had known him intimately for eight or nine years; and that, as far as he was enabled to judge, he must pronounce the descriptions of character and talents given by the phrenologists, as remarkably correct throughout , excepting that he thought the elder brother had not given Mr. O. quite credit enough for his conscientious- ness, but that, with the modified and plainer description of the same trait of character as given by the younger brother, he was satisfied.” Mr. V. then went minutely into l is character, taking it up, point after point, and illustrated most strikingly, and confirmed, each as stated by the phrenolo- gists. Among other things, he said that, “though a poor man, Mr. O. was a very benevolent man ;” and in proof :f it, he begged leave to state the fact, that “Mr. O. li red ou2 of the city, and near a common, upon which unfeeling prr- eons were in the habit of turning old and worn-out horses U starve, and that, out of pity , Mr. O. was in the habit of 1 - ing up these horses and feeding them at his own expend. 5 ' Finally, Mr. Offen arose and confirmed the correctness of S26 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED the descrip ions given by the examiners, and remarked, that* Although hitherto skeptical in regard to the truth of phre- nology, yet the remarkable accuracy with which they had delineated the various features of his character, had changed his mind in regard to it, so far, at least, as to compel him to believe that there was much truth in it.” But touching their description of his low conscien ., he seemed not to be fully satisfied. He therefore continued: “The phrenolo- gists have stated that I have many friends. This, I believe, is true. They have also said that I have many enemies. This may be true; but I ought not to have them, for I never wronged a man in my life" O. S. Fowler then took occasion to remark, that “ He con- sidered this declaration of Mr. O. as proof demonstrative of his possessing a low conscience, for, he was sure, that every man who has a large one, will be ready to condemn himself and acknowledge that he has often done wrong to his fellow- men.” — See conscien. large, p. 126, and conscien. small and very small, p. 132, 133. In a subsequent conversation, Mr. O. stated to the writer, that, from his earliest recollection, he had known no standard of moral rectitude and no code of moral principle or of vir- tue, except that which tended to relieve human suffering, or to augment human happiness; and, moreover, that he regard- ed that, and that alone , as sinful, the effect of which was to prevent the enjoyment, or to increase the sufferings, of his fellow-men. Of abstract justice, right, or duty, he had no conception ; yet he could never be an atheist. Whether there was, or was not, a future state of existence, he did not know ; Out if such a thing does exist, he , and all others composing it, should be happy. He said that he was perfectly astonished at the description of his standard of moral principle. He also added, that he was, for many years, a deacon of an evan- gelical church. Frances Wright. — However striking many of the pre* ceding facts may be, the authors feel confident, that none of them surpass in individual interest, or as proofs of the truth of phrenology, the phrenological development* of the cele- brated lady whose name heads this paragraph — now, Mad - am Darusemont . As hers is one of the most remarkable characters of the present day, and as her phrenological de- velopments throughout, are found perfectly to agree with her peculiari ies of c.V *scter and dispooinun, this may b« BY FACTS. 327 ionsxlerea one cf the best tests of the truth of phrenological science that can be produced or desired. But there is one circumstance which renders this case particularly gratifying to the phrenologist ; and that is, the character and talents of Madam Darusemont are so well known , that the greatest skepticlc in phrenology, has not “ a loop left to hang a doubt upon,” concerning the perfect coincidence between her char- acter and her phrenological developments, as presented in the Table of Measurements. On a visit to this lady in the present year, (1837,) the fol lowing observations were made with the greatest care, by O. S. Fowler and S. Kirkham, and noted down at the time ; so that their correctness may be fully relied upon. The head of this distinguished individual is considerably tioove the ordinary size, and her temperament such as to combine the highest activity, with great strength and power. But her head is developed in such a manner as to present a character decisively masculine , combining great boldness and energy, with unusual intellectual power. In other words, her head is much larger and wider in the basiliar region, than it is in the coronal ; and, again, the posterior portion of the coronal region, is much larger than the frontal, notwithstanding her forehead is large, and fully developed throughout; but the lower and middle portions of it, are relatively much larger than the upper and lateral portions. In phrenological lan guage, the perceptive and semi-perceptive faculties, together with compar., are really very great, whilst caus., though large, is relatively smaller. The authors do not recollect ever to have seen, in a woman, so much intellect urged onward by so prodigiously great propelling powers ; and hence her acknowledged talents, combined with masculine energy, which have gained for her a fame throughout the world. As to her individual organs, amat. is large and adhes. very large, whilst philopro. is only full ; and, accordingly, the greatest objection to her theory against matrimony, is, that it does not sufficiently provide for children * Concent, is small; and hence the intensity of her mental operations* and the rapidity with which her mind passes from one sub- ject to another Combat, is very large, and destruct. large; and hence, with her large mirth, and very large compar., * At the time the authors visited Madam Darusemont, she had left her owZy child tend a young one, too) behind her in France, and her husband had gone back for it 828 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED her point and severity, her withering sarcasms, and the spirit and fire which are breathed into almost every sentence she utters; and hence, also, that disposition to resist, attack, combat debate, and defend, which forms one of the most prominent points of her character. Acquis, is almost wholly wanting; and hence the utter disregard of property as such, and the loose and vague ideas upon the subject of 'personal ownership , which constitute a part of her new code of morals. Hence, too, the facility with which she joined Robert Owen in his Community scheme, as tested on the banks of the Wabash. In further illustration of this trait of character, it is said that she has never appropriated to her own use, one cent of the avails of her lectures or of her writings : see p. 95. Her cautious, is moderate; and a want of prudence and discretion, it will readily be seen, has, more or less, charac- terized her publick career. Secret, is very small ; and hence the directness, and plainness, and ingenuousness with which, on all occasions, she speaks out just what she thinks and feels: so that, let the world say what they may of .her, they cannot call her a hypocrite. Approbat. is weak ; and this manifests itself in her utter indifference, both in appear- ance and in fact, to what is thought or said of her, in her dis- regard to reproach, and to being considered singular ; and this, united with her combat, and destruct., causes her to glory in encountering opposition. Her large self-e. and firm., united with her combat, and destruct., and her deficient ven., give her that daring boldness, independence, self-confi- dence, unbending perseverance, highmindedness, and even arrogance of character, and determined resolution, and ac knowl edged efficiency , which shine so conspicuously in her publick career : see p. 120. All the moral organs, with the exception of benev. and hope, are so deficient, that the coronal portion of her head is narrow and flattened. Benev. is largely developed; and doubtless she has at heart, the good of society and the advancement of hu- man happiness; and she certainly considers herself a phi - lanthi opist ; but ven. is deficient, and marvel, is so very small that no traces of it can possibly be discovered — smaller, if possible, than in any other head which the authors have ever seen; hence her disbelief in any thing which she does not see demonstrated to her senses. Even the existence of a Su preme Being she questions, “because,” she says, “she can BGt sae such a being, nor know any thing of him by any c# BY FACTS. 32 $ hex senses. Her conscien. is only moderate or small ; and hence the looseness of her moral code, her imperfect reason- ings upon moral subjects, and her want of moral acumen; which are very evident to every conscientious reader of the productions of her pen. Hope is full ; and, without it, no one would undertake what she, unaided and alone, has at- tempted to accomplish. Hence, also, with her self-e., her unbounded confidence in her own abilities and strength. She professes to have come to America this last time, for the express purpose of enlightening our benighted minds in morals and religion, and to instruct our ignorant statesmen m a knowledge of the true principles of our republican gov- ernment. and to show them what measures they must adopt m order to save the ark of liberty from destruction ! Her ideal., imitat., lang., individ., event., and compar., are all large or very large; and hence her acknowledged elo- quence; which is really of the highest order. Her individ., event., and compar., are all very large, and nearly all her ether intellectual faculties are large; and hence her intel- lectual greatness ; her acknowledged superiority as a scholar; her extensive information about matters and things in gene- ral ; the copiousness, appropriateness, and elegance of her historical and scientifick illustrations ; and her great talent for collecting statistical information, &c. Caus. is less than compar.; and, accordingly, she exhibits more of a practical, literary, matter-of-fact talent, than of deep, logical argument — more of clearness, perspicuity, and force of illustration, than of close inductive reasoning-more of facts, analyzed and systematized, than of profundity and depth of intellect. Her reasonings upon first principles, in short, cannot be relied upon : see Table. Bennet. — Phineas Bennet, the distinguished inventer of the new method of generating steam for the steam-engine, furnishes a proof of the truth of phrenology so convincing, and so clear an illustration of the practical application and utility of the principles of the science, that, to omit to mention his phrenological developments, would be doing injustice to the science. His head is of the largest size, being seven inches and three-eights in diameter where the hat fits to it, but, in consequence of the extraordinary development of the 'perceptive faculties and of construct., it is much larger a » tie lower down. His development of firm, is most astonishingly great, S30 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED Belf-e., very considerable, and of concent., greater, perhaps, tha;a the authors have ever seen elsewhere. On a close inspection, his forehead appears really massive. Though generally uniform, it is most developed in the region of the perceptive faculties. His construct, is wonderfully great, so as very much to widen and deepen that portion of the head in which it is located. His form is really prodigious, calcu. very large, size extraordinary, and compar. and caus. but little inferiour, whilst hope is scarcely full: see p. 162. His firm., self-e., and concent., are sufficient to give him that astonishing perseverance and connectedness and determi- nation of purpose which, in spite of poverty, the reproaches o' his friends, the jeers of his enemies, and the apparently insur mountable difficulties that, one after another, arose before him, held him for fourteen successive years upon one single inven- tion — an invention that will annually save the world many mil- lions of dollars in the expense of fuel and labour, and render him as immortal as his illustrious predecessor Robert Fulton. His concent, inspired him with patience , and enabled him to concentrate all his powers upon this one point; his construct, and perceptive faculties, with his caus. and compar., gave to these lastnamed qualities an inventive and mechanical direc tion; his indifferent hope allowed him fully to mature and per- fect his plan, instead of enticing him to some other pursuit or invention, whilst his self-e. inspired him with the requisite self- confidence to push forward his designs without encouragement from others; his deficient imitat. neither enabled or disposed him to take any hint or pattern from any other machine, whilst his inventive powers were thus left free to produce something wholly original. Now, any materially different organiza- tion, would have prevented so glorious a result. This organi- zation, then, taken in connexion with his invention, is cer- tainly wonderful to contemplate. Mr. B. was brought to the office of the writers by Col. Haskett, and furnished with a chart by L. N. Fowler, before he had even heard of such a man or his invention ; but a friend of Cok Haskett’s, on seeing the chart given, was forcibly struck with its accuracy, particu- larly in reference to his concent., adding, that if Mr. B. ever became interested in any subject, nothing could divert hia mind from it until he had finished the thing in hand. The relative size of his organs as given at the time referred to, may be seen in the Table of Measurements, p. 347. Con- ecinn. is veJy large in hie head; and. with the first monef B¥ FACTS, SSI received from the success of his machine, he immediately proceeded to pay up all those debts he had unavoidably com tracted during his progress, and to amply compensate those whoffiad done him favours, before he thought about himself. Mr. B. is also ascertained to be the inventer of the Amer ICfin Automaton Chess-player, by which the Messrs. H. are laid to have made a handsome fortune. Mr. B. stated that after deep and long study upon his machine, fee generally experienced a severe pain in the region of the forehead and of the temples, and in showing where it was lo- cated, placed his hand upon construct ., caus ., and compar : see “increase of the organs by exercise,” pp. 365 to 370. We again ask our opponents to account for this coincidence between so remarkable a character and the corresponding phrenological developments; and, if they are not satisfied with our observations, to make observations for themselves. Wynans. — Akin to Mr. B. is Mr. Wynans of New York, who has distinguished himself, both in this country and in Eng- land. as a machinist. Four years since, he invented and ap- plied to the Manchester and Liverpool Rail-Road, an improve- ment called the out-side bearing , which was immediately adopted, both in this country and in Europe. The amount of power gained by it, is said to be very great. He is also the au- thor of several other scarcely less important inventions, and is now erecting a very large establishment in N. Y. for making greatly improved locomotive engines, orders for which he has received, not only from many of the principal rail-road com* panies in this country, but several from Europe. His loco- motives are much less expensive, and much more efficient, than those generally in use. He also invented those very large eight-wheel cars v hich are coming into so general use, and are both much less expensive, and much more con- venient, than their predecessors. It may not be improper to add, that, for several seasons, he has been employed, at one and the same time, by four different rail-road companies, and is paid fifteen hundred dollars annually by each, simply and solely to give advice , without being obliged often to leave his other business on this account, such is his reputation as a machinist. This gentleman, with his lady, entered the office of the writer in Clinton Hall, perfect strangers; and the first re- mark made of him, was, “ that his mechanical genius and talent were, beyond all question, not only the ruling feature 9f his character, but greater than in one man in ten thousand S32 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND iLI USTRATEIf This was inferred from his extraordinary development f all the organs that constitute both an inventor and a machinist of the first class — that is, from his extraordinary construct, Jmitat., form, size, weight, order, calcu., local., compar., caus. f and ideal. Now, let the reader contemplate all these united in one an 1 the same individual, whose talents as an inventer and machinist have just been stated, and let him recollect, that all these organs were described as giving those very powers just enumerated, and that, too, in a degree no less striking than they are actually found to exist — described both by the writer, O. S. Fowler, and afterwards by L. N. Fowler, who did not hear the first description, but whose de- scription, according to the testimony of Mr. W., and also of hia lady, did not differ from the first either in these, or in any other, points of his character, and then say whe-ther phrenol ogy is not deserving of belief. Let it be observed, also, that in Mr. P _ imitat. is deficient, while in Mr. W., it is developed in a most astonishing de- gree, forming a ridge almost as prominent upon his head as the finger would form upon a plain surface. Accordingly, the invention of Mr. B. is wholly original — being through out, entirely unlike any other ; whilst those of Mr. W. con sist mainly of improvements upon the inventions of others, This will serve to illustrate the influence of imitat. upon the character, as well as upon construct. Mr. W. has very large ideal., whilst Mr. B. has much less ; and hence the former embellishes by his improvements, whilst the latter confines his whole attention to the mechan cal power alone. Stephens. — Robert L. Stephens possesses a large head and an unusually active temperament, together with those organs strongly developed which give ambition and energy of character. Fie has, also, very large construct., caus., com- ! )ar., imitat., individ., form, size,- local., ideal., and hope, and arge calcula. and order. Hence his extraordinary median* ical ingenuity, as displayed in his improved methods of con- structing steamboats, &c. His philopro. is very large; and hence his extreme fondness for pets, and especially for horses. Powers. — Mr. Powers, a very celebrated artist in Wash ington, D. C., possesses extraordinary form, size, weight, ideal., imitat., caus., compar.. and co #truct., and has partic- ularly distinguished himself for the*fvectness of his marble^ miniature busts of Judge Marshall, «M^oun. and other grea: BY FACTS. m imm cflL^ nation — in which busts he displays us for tn t size % and imitat., with surprising success. Mr. P., the cievei artist who produced that admirable piece of workmanship known as Ellen Tree, possesses a prodi- gious head in point of size, and, in it, very large ideal., imitat., form, size, and all the other requisites of an artist of the first class; and such he was pronounced to be by one of the au thors before he was known to him. Ames. — A young man of plain, unassuming manners, and, as the vulgar phrase is, somewhat “countrified 55 in his a-ppearan :e, entered the office of the writers some time in Jan. of the present year, (1837,) and desired a phrenological ex- amination. He was described by L. N. Fowler and S. Kirk- ham, neither of whom had ever seen him, or heard of him, before, as possessing, among other things, extraordinary powers of memory and observation , together with prodi- giously great calculation . S. Kirkham, in particular^ dwelt upon his organ of calcu. as of very uncommon size — as alto- gether larger than any thing of the kind he had ever seen, ex- cept in the boy Michael - — in the Blind Asylum of N. Y., (whose extraordinary powers of calculation, very nearly, if not quite, equal those of Zera Colburn, and will be hereafter spoken of,) and remarked that, in shape and size , the organ in this young man, exactly resembled that in the lad, as well as in the portraits of Zera Colburn. But not only was calculation developed in a most extraor dinary degree, but also nearly all of the perceptive faculties, particularly form, size, weight, individ., local., and event., to- gether with fair cans, and large compar. ; and, accordingly, he was described as having the greatest imaginable curiosity to see every thing in nature, and an ability to remember, most accurately and perfectly , the shape, size, location, and appearance of every thing he ever cast his eyes upon, as well as everything he had ever heard or read — as having uncom- mon talents for geometry, trigonometry, surveying, engineer- ing, &c. After the examination, at the request of S. Kirkham, the young man stated, that his name was Nathan Ames — that, »n regard to his memory, he did not know that he had ever forgotten any thing — that he commenced the study of arith- metick at t lie age of 1 7, and went through with vulgar arith - metick in five vreeks — that the next winter he went to school again seven weeks, during which ti produce an extraordinary intellectual character. BY FACTS. as? As phenologists, the writers have nothing to do with the propriety or impropriety of this most zealous and most e re- cent rick gentleman's “measures” or “modes of procedure;” but they feel bound to say, that his phrenological develop- ments plainly indicate a genius of rare talents and uncom- mon mental power — a popular speaker, and publick debater who, for vigour of thought, and force and clearness of argu- ment and illustration, for intensity, point, and pathos in his appeals to the feelings and the heart, as well as for singularity and sarcasm, in short, fcr soul-stirring and overwhelming eloquence, has few equals. His combat, and compar. are very large; and hence that torrent of striking similes , allegories , and illustrations , which he pours forth in his discourses ; and hence, too, the cause of their being so frequently drawn from scenes of war and stirring strife, in which the contending hosts of the Almighty and of Satan are drawn up in battle array Add to these his very large mirth, and imitat., and we have opened up the phrenological fountain from which flow those wonderfully striking and sometimes ludicrous comparisons and descrip- tions which offend so many of his graver brethren, and which he acts out in a manner still more comical. His conscien., J ]rm., and lupe, are all very large, which, with his very large combat., and only full cautious., give him that moral boldness, that energy and enthusiasm , and almost reckless daring, which so strongly characterize his expressions and modes of proce- dure. His very large caus., combined with his still larger conscien., gives him that clear perception of moral truths, and that great ability to reason upon them ; which will readily be acknowledged by all of his hearers similarly or- ganized. Add to these his large ven. and very large benev., and we may fairly infer that his motives are good. His ap- probate is also very large, which throws a sprinkling of am Dition into his composition ; and against this enemy of hid spi ritual warfare, he acknowledged that he was obliged strongly to contend. His adhes. and philopro. are both uncommonly large; and hence, go where he will, he is sure to draw around him tn interesting group of devoted friends from among the “ little snes” in community; and hence, also, his unwearied efforts to convert these to the faith of the Gospel. His concent, is small; and hence his intensity of mental conceptions, and ifee great variety of thoughts and topieks which he often in 16 838 PHRENOLOGY PROVED ANI ILLUSTRATED troduces into one discourse. Marvel, is small, which, bined with his very large caus., induces him constantly u resort to means by which to accomplish his ends, ami t& adopt the “ new-measure” doctrine of relying more upon human agency and effort, than upon divine interposition, in the conversion of men- — the great bone of contention between him and the “ old-school” divines. In Mrs. B. marvel is large and ven. very large; in accordance with which, she was described as differing from her husband in this respect, and as relying more upon divine agency for the advance- ment of religion in the world. On retiring from the room of Mr. B., the writer fell in with the Rev. J. Leavitt, editor of the N. Y. Evangelist, and, in reply to his inquiries re- specting the developments of Mr. and Mrs. B., the writer mentioned this difference in respect to their marvel. Mr. L. then stated, that, in the morning of that day, he witnessed a striking illustration of this difference in their character. The circumstance was this: in conversing about some important thing that was to be done, Mr. B.’s caus. was very active in devising the ways and means by which to accomplish it; to which Mrs. B.’s marvel, replied, “ Let God do his own work, and in his own way.” To conclude, Mr. B.’s head is very uneven; and hence his extravagances and eccentricities of character: see Table of Developments, p. 346. Finney. — The Rev. C. G. Finney has a very large head, and a most favourable temperament; that is, one in w'hich the bilious and nervous predominate, accompanied with a good share of the sanguine. His head is, moreover, ol great height and length, measuring six inches from the opening of the ear to firm., ven., benev.. and compar., and eight and one-eighth inches from indirid. to philopro. and being seven and three- eighths inches in average diameter. His forehead is both high and broad. His firm, and self-e. are really prodigious, whilst his ap- probat. ard secret, are small; hence that independence, weight, and force of character, and that boldness, directness, and even bluntness of speech, employed in addressing even strangers upon the subject of religion, and which, in the ^arly part of his career, brought down upon him the charge of arrogance and impudence. Hence, also, his unyielding perseverance , which, as weM as independence, has characteri- sed his whol» course in /ife. His cautious, is large; and* BY FACTS 339 without great prudence, no on© could have obtained so com- manding an influent in the church as this gentleman now sways. His acquis is very small ; and his disregard for money is such, that he takes very little interest even in the pecuniary atfairs of his own family. Imitat. is very large, and ideal, only full; and hence that incessant, and often powerful, though not very graceful , action which accom- panies his delivery. His compar. is immense; hence that wonderful flow of appropriate, clear, striking, and pointed comparisons and il- lustrations which abound in all his discourses. His caus. ia also very large ; and if any one, even though prejudiced against the man, can read his sermons, or hear him preach, and not acknowledge that his discourses display a rich vein of original and powerful thought, an uncommon depth, and strength, and force of argument, and a wonderful copiousness and clearness of illustration, the writers beg leave to place a low estimate upon his judgment. In short, nearly all of his intellectual faculties are uncommonly large ; and hence the extent of his information, and his extraordinary powers of mind, by which he has distinguished himself, uot only in the pulpit, but also at the bar. His lang., in particular, is very large ; and his command of words, equally great. This, together with his very large individ., event., compar., and imitat., gives him his almost unrivalled talent for narra- tion and description. His form is also very large ; and it is a fact, that if he see a person but once, he never forgets him. His combat, and destruct. are only full, whilst his marvel, is moderate: see Table of Developments, p. 346. The writers again appeal to the candid, reflecting reader, and ask him to look at the unusually high and fully devel oped head, and, especially, forehead, of this great man — they say, great, because they believe, that, without a great mind and uncommon force of character, no one could force himsell into notice, and cut so bold and commanding a figure in the World as he has done — and compare them, or his phrenologi- cal developments as given in the Table, with the peculiar kind , as well as amount, of talent which he has displayed throughout his publick career, and then say whether this gentleman does not furnish as strong a proof of the truth of phrenology, as any one fact can furnish in favour of any on© science. Dewey. — In order to satisfy his mind in regard to tfea 340 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED merits of phrenology, the Re r. Orvil Dewey, author jf “ The Old and New World,” submitted his head for examination; and, without knowing him or his profession, he was de- scribed by L. N. Fowler as having immense caus., compar., ideal., benev., and adhes., and a general development of both tne intellectual and moral feelings, together with strong pro- pelling power, and a very large and a very active brain. It was inferred, also, that his developments would be likely to make him an orthodox clergyman. Mr. D. then stated, that this was the only mistake that had been made in the descrip- tion, but added, that he had been a thorough going orthodox, and, as such , studied for the ministry. A more finely bal- anced head, presenting extraordinary reasoning powers, and those faculties which indicate classical taste, and purity both of style and of motives, is very seldom found. Rev’ds. Kirk, Beman, Maffet, Walter, and a host of others, equally distinguished with those just described, who have sought for truth by testing practical phrenology, are living evidences of the correctness find applicability of its princi- ples; but the authors lack space in which to describe them. Webb. — James Watson Webb furnishes another specimen of the truth of phrenology, which we fancy that our oppo- nents will find it very difficult to gainsay. His head in very large, its average diameter being seven inches and three- eighths. Add to this, one of the very largest developments of firm, ani hope which the authors have ever seen, with large combat., approbat., and intellectual Acuities generally, and we have the elements of that energy of character, and ambi- tion and enterprise, for which he is known throughout Chris- tendom. Benev., adhes., and amat., are developed in a most extraordinary degree ; and we are confident, that, if his ene- mies can testify to the strength and endurance of his opposi- tion and hatred, hi $ friends can also bear witness to the still greater strength and tenacity of his attachments and benevo- lent feelings. But his conscien. and ven. are small, and marvel, so very small as to appear entirely wanting. Hence, his known skepticism, if not opposition^ religion; and he is free to acknowledge that honour , (very large approbat.,) rather than conscientious scruples, is his rule of action. Hig forehead is high, deep, and broad, and, withal, the various organs are well balanced. Whether his mental manifesta- tions correspond with his phrenological developments, or not, the publick are left to judge for themselves : see Table, p. 347 by Facts. 34! Le«igett.-W. Leggett, editor of the Plaindeale who will, of course, excuse our 'plain dealing with him, two years since was brought by a friend, to the office of the writer, with the lequcst that his strongest trait of character might be pointed nut. “ Stubbornness ,” was the immediate reply. After a most hearty laugh on the part of his friend, and the interro- gation of Mr. L , “ do you not know me, sir?” his friend asked, if there was nothing more. “ Here is very large combat.,” was the answer. Now, if we add to these, his large self-e. and conscien., we present a most perfect and striking coinci- dence between his phrenological developments, and that high- minded, independent, fearless, determined, and uncompromi- sing course which this gentleman has thus far pursued. His moral courage none will question. See p. 126. All of his perceptive, and nearly all of his semi-perceptive, faculties are very large; hence his prodigious talents for collecting information ; and, if to these, we add his large com par., we arrive at his extraordinary powers of analysis and critical acumen. But his caus. is relatively smaller ; and hence his arguments are distinguished more by acute- ness and point, than by profundity and depth. Noati. — -Who that has been delighted with the descrip- tive, the humorous, the masterly effusions of the graphick pen of Mordecai M. Noah, can look at his bold and commanding forehead, and especially his very large mirth, and lang., and not be forcibly impressed with the striking coincidence be- tween them and his peculiarly gifted mental manifestations ? or who can look at his extremely large development of be- nev. — a trait equally conspicuous in his character — and not acknowledge that, at least, in this instance, phrenology tells the truth ? Cobb. — Lyman Cobb, the distinguished American lexi- cographer, possesses a rare head, and one that presents many striking proofs of the truth of phrenological science ; but our /units will allow us only to glance at a few of his lead- ing developments. In the first place, his head is largr., and his temperament highly favourable for activity and endurance. Ilis domes* tick and social organs, except amat., are all large or very large, which, combined with his very large benev. and small geifish faculties, impart to his affections and attachments a purity, strength, and ardour, seldom equalled in the gentler £cx. His hope is so large as to make hfrti quite sanguine 842 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED in his expectations; his firm, is very large; which makes him stable and decided when he has made up his mind, and quite persevering in the accomplishment of his purposes; ani his combat, and destruct. are sufficient to give him great energy of character. But the most prodigious and interest- ing development in his head, is his conscien . : although his firm, is very large, yet this organ rises above it on each side. In a phrenological view, therefore, we might reasonably suppose, that, in making this head, the Almighty designed to present to the world a perfect specimen of an honest man . His self-e. is moderate, his approbat. large, and his cau- tious. very large ; hence his excessive diffidence, modesty, and amiability of character ; and these, combined with his excessive conscien., make him feel too unworthy, and cause him to allow others to encroach upon his rights and privi leges. His very large benev., joined with his moderate ac- quis., makes him liberal to excess, especially towards his friends. His reasoning faculties are of a high order; his critical acumen, unsurpassed. His form is very large; and this, aided by his very large order and large size and local., ena- bles him instantly to detect a typographical errour or an inaccuracy in spelling by a mere glance of the eye — see Table of Developments, p. 347. Halleck. — Of all the distinguished men examined by the authors, they have found few, if any, w r hose phrenologi- cal developments present more points of interest than those ef the nation’s favourite poet, Fitz Green Halleck. His head is large, and very strongly and most favourably develop- ed ; but, what is yet of more importance to him, is, his temper- ament is still more favourable than his phrenological devel- opments : and to this he doubtless owes no small share ol his undying fame. His domestick and social organs are all large, andadhes. very large, which, united with his very large firm, and large conscien., render his attachments of the most ardent, pure, sincere, and enduring kind. His very large combat, combined with his large cautious., gives him great en- ergy, united with circumspection and prudence: and if we add to these his very large self-e., hope, ideal., and benev., and his lar^ mirth., we combine the elements of a lofty, glowing, and refined imagination, of sanguine expectations, if enthusiast! :k, and, at the same time, delicate, and mosl BY FACTS. 343 pympdth?tick feelings, and of a nobleness and elevation of soul united with independence of character, together with, a rich vein of pleasant humour, mingled with irony. Hij intellectual faculties are nearly all large or very large, which, united with his high self-e. and his large moral fac- ulties and propelling powers, enable him to take very accu- rate, very liberal, and very comprehensive views of subjects. According to his phrenological developments, he is a close observer, as well as deep thinker. His talents are quite va- ried, being strong at many points. He is a natural scholar of the first order, and, by habit, “ a good and ripe one.” His critical acumen is very great, but not superiour to his taste. His powers of description are of a high order, but not more so than his social qualities. He is naturally a gentleman, and is actuated by a noble ambition, unalloyed by selfish mo- tives. On the 24th of April,' 1837, S. Kirkham and O. S. Fowler visited the House of Refuge, the Asylum for the Blind, and the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, in the city of N. Y., for the purpose of making phrenological observations. In the firstnamed institution, the first subject they examined, was a lad named Kelly, in whose head caus. and compar. are developed in the most extraordinary manner they have ever seen. Caus., in particular, forms two large protuberance s ) each being very nearly equal in size to that of half a goose egg. He also has fair conscien. and perceptive faculties, without any thing else remarkable. Accordingly, he was described as possessing, for a lad, enormous judgment, and prodigious ability to learn, or to compre- hend subjects and principles, together with a decent share of honesty and kind feeling. This description was confirmed by Mr. Hart, the courteous superintendent of the institution, who remarked, that when the lad came there, he could read but very little, but that his capacity for learning and grasping every subject presented to his mind, was so great, that, in five months, he had ascended from the lowest class to the highest, and had become the best scholar in the institution. The next .subject examined, was a youth of about 16, who was de- scribed as having very large secret., acquis., firm., and self-e., large combat, and destruct., small adhes., ven., approbat., and cautious., and small reasoning organs, with tolerable perceptive faculties; and. consequently, as being a notorious Imr and thief ^ a hardhearted, reckless, impudent, sullen, stubborn wretch, with no kindness or goodness about him — as having, in short, the worst head the exami- ners had ever seen, placed upon the shoulders of a youth, and one that presented a perfect specimen of “the villanous.y low forehead” described by the immortal bard. To the correctness of this severe description, Mr. H. also gave his full assent, and stated that the fellow would steal every thing he could lay his hands upon , and that he could discover no good trait or redeeming quality in him, on account of which, he was obliged to keep him almost constantly confined in a cell. After’ this, he narrators examined some fifteen or twenty boys La 344 PHRENOLOGY PROVED AND ILLUSTRATED. the teachers’ room of the same institution, and without finding one tolerable head among them. Most of them possess moderate or small reasoning organs, benev., ven., conscien., approbat., and adhes., with fuii or large perceptive faculties and firm., and large or very large combat., destru't., acquis., and secret. — the whole exhibiting a melan- choly picture o: the phrenological developments of a set of young rogues. But to this disagreeable picture, the writers saw a most pleasinf contrast on visiting the Asylum for the Blind. The first striking (and very striking it is, too) general fact in proof of phrenology, thai they here observed, was, that nearly all the girls and boys that hav< been blind from infancy , present, for children and youth, enormously large corn-par. and cans ., and moderate perceptive or gams. This sin gular fact is perfectly explicable on phrenological principles, but on no others. Not having been able to see, these youth have not beeu able to exercise and cultivate the perceptive faculties; whereas, on this very account, they have had much more time, and have been nat- urally led, to think, which would call into exercise, and consequent- ly develop, in an extraordinary degree, the reasoning organs : and t heir known intelligence , and uncommon reasoning powers, perfectly agree with their developments. In contrast with the youth in the House of Refuge, they also generally present large moral organs, es- pecially conscien ., large cautious, and domestick feelings, but moderate or small selfish organs. In this institution the writers also saw the blind bey Michael Ma- guire, so noted for his great calculating powers. His organ of calcu. is prodigiously developed , corresponding fully with his astonishing •computing powers, to test which, the narrators put to him several questions, such as requiring him to give the product of 788 multi- plied by 788, the quotient of 894349 divided by 28, &c., to each of which sums, without slate or pencil, he gave a correct answer in less than a minute. But if these cases (and many others which they have not space for) are wonderful proofs of the truth of phrenology, still stronger evidences of its correctness, if possible, were presented at the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. Here, again, in the heads of one hundred and sixty young misses and masters, caus. and compar. are generally develop- ed in an uncommon degree ; but the most astonishing of their phren- ological developments, is their imitat. Nearly all of them have the organ large , and very many have it bumped up above the surrounding organs, to one-half, and frequently three-fourths, the thickness of a mom's finger. In other words, they show a development of the organ thr&t or four times as large as it appears in youth generally — an irrefutable proof that the organs increase by exercise ; for these youth exercise the faculty of imitat. to an enormous e:dent, and possess an ability to imi- tate, mimick, represent, and act out, altogether astonishing to those who witness its display, and utterly inconceivable and incredible to such as have not witnessed its manifestation. Since, then, we have no reason to suppose, that these children were born with any thing more than an ordinary endowment of imitat., we can explain the stubborn fact here sta ted only by admitting that phrenology is h ue. Th$ same fact also teaches us the immense influence which habit , tion , or training , exert > upon the character and talents. TABLE OF DEVELOPMENTS. Webster. 1 >> a 3 c 3 15 O j Van Bureu. j It. M. Johnson, t 1 L. Woodbury. R.M. Whitney. Preston. 6 w 1 >* £ Size of the Head. 6+ 5 51 51 5 51 6 6 5 6 Decree of Activity. 4 6+ 61 6 5 4 5 5 6 5 1. Amativeness. 5+ 4 5 6 5 6 6 5 3 5* 2 . Philoprogenitiv’s 6 6 5* 5 6 5 6 5 3. Adhesiveness. 6 6 6* 5* 6 5 5* 6 6 6 4. Inhabitiveness. 5 6 4 4 6 5 5 5. Concentrativen’s 4* 4 4 4 2* 5 5 4 5 6. Combativeness. 5+ 51 6 6 5 4 6 4 5+ 6 7. Destructiveness. 5+ 4 5 5 4 5 51 5 51 5 3. Alimentiveness. 6 4 4 5* 5 6 6 5 5* 5 9. Acquisitiveness. 2* 2 2* 6 2 51 6 1 i 0. Secretiveness. 3* 3 2* 6 2 51 6 4 4 2* l 1. Cautiousness. 5* 5+ 5 6* 6 6 5 4 5 4 12. Approbativeness 5 5 6 6 5 6 5 5 4 13. . Self-Esteem. 6 5+ 51 6 3 6 61 5 5 6 14. Firmness. 6 6 6 6 5 6 61 6 6 6 15. Conscientiousn’s 5* 4 4- 5 5 2 4 5 2 16. Hope. 5* 5+ 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 17. Marvelousness. 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 IS. Veneration. 5 5 4 2 2 2 5 2* 19. Benevolence. 6 6 6 5 6 5 4 6 5 6 20. Constructiven’s. 2 4 2 5 5 5 21. Ideality. 5+ 5 6 5* 4 5 5 5 6 22. Imitation. 4* 6+ 4 4 5 5 5 6* 23. Mirthfulness. 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 24. Individuality. 4 6 6 5 5 4 6 61 5 4 25. Form. 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 26. Size. 5 6 6 4 5 4 6 6 6 27. Weight. 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 28. Colour. 4 3 2 4 2 29. Order. 5 51 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 30. Calculation. 5* 5 51 5 5 5 5 5 31. Locality. 5 6 6 5 6 5 6 61 6 5 32. Eventuality. 4 6 6 4 4 3 6 61 6 5 33. Time. 2 5 4 2 5 34. Tune. 3 4 5 35. Language. 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 61 6 5 36. Causality. 6+ 5 51 51 6 3 5 4 5 6 37. Comparison. 6+ >1 61 51 6 6 6 6 61 6 * The authors a: i not fully confident in relation to the organs thus marked, * Plus, or more* jadicating that the organs are somewhat larger. - Minus, or 15* S46 TABLE OF THE DEVELOPMENTS Gov. Tyler. j Gov. King. B.Tucker, p.69. Brown, p. 298. Prof. Eaton. Chan. Kent. Booth. O. Dewey. jj ! Offen. jj [So ’C & b Finney. | 1 a 3 « Bize of Head. 5 6* 6 6 5 5 5 6 5 5 6 5 Deg. Activity. 5 5 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 1. Amat. 5 5 5 6 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 2 2. Philopro. 5 6 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 4 6 6 3. Adhes. 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 64 6 6 4. Inhab. 5 6 2 5 6 5. Concent. 5 6 2 3 4 2 r, C. 2 2 4 2 6. Combat. 6 3 6 4 5 6 5 5 6 5 6 7. Destruct. 4 3 5 3 4 6 5 3 5 3 5 8. Aliment. 6 3 5 2 5 5 5 6 2 9. Acquis. 4* 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 10. Secret. 9 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 4 3 11. Cautious. 5 6 4 44 5 5 5 4 3 5 4 12. Approbat. 3 5 3 2 6 6 4 6 3 2 2 6 13. Self-e. 6 6 6 6 3 5 6 5 5 54 6+ 3 14. Firm. 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 5 5 6 64 6 15. Conscien. 3* 6 5 2 5 5 5 6 3 2 6 6< 16. Hope. 5 6 3 2 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 17. Marvel. 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 18. Ven. 2 5 4 5 5- 4 4 3 . 2 5 5 19. Benev. 6t 6 6+ 6 6 6 54 6 64 6~ 6 6 20. Construct. 2 6 4* 4 4 2 21. Ideal. 6 4 5 5 4 5 6 6 6 6 4 5 22. Imitat. 5 2 5 6 4 5 6 5 6 5 6 6 23. Mirth. 6 5 6 5 4 5 5 5 64 5 5 6< 24. Individ. 6 6 3 61 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 25. Form. 6 6 4 6+ 64 5 4 4 5 5 64 5 26. Size. 5 6 2 6+ 5 4 3 5 5 6 5 27. Weight. 5 2 5 6 5 3 3 5 28. Colour. 64 3 5 4 3 3 p u 29. Order. 5 G* 6 5 6 5 5 4 5 6 30. Calcu. 5 2 6 6 5 2 5 5 5 5 31. Local. 6 6 3 61 6 6 4 4 6 5 6 4 3?. Event. 6 5* 3 6+ 6 G 4 6 jt 6 5 33. Time. 2 2 6 3 2 34. Tune. 2 1 5 2 35. Lang. 6 4 3 5 6 6 5 5 6 5 6 4 36. Caus. 5 5+ 61 5 4 5 6 6 6 5 6 6 37. Compar. 6 6 6+ 6 6 6 6 i 6 6 6 6+ OF DISTINGUISHED INDIVIDUALS. 347 | Dr. Miiledoler. 1 "3 o £ h P S3 § 6 » h t» U > U u X S "x U 'rt G £ s pi rj G. Smith. j Gibbs, pirate, Johnson, murd. j Tardy, pirate. Jackson, murd. .-T ^ ^ >> ■ N & J? w X 6~ e £ £ fc Aurelia Chase, j 32£2* 3 1 I Size of Head. 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 4 5 3 4 5 Deg. Activity. 6 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 3 1. Amat. 5 6 5 6 6+ 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 2. Phi lop ro. 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 6 6 1 6 6 3. Adhes- 6 6 6 6 5 4 4 5 6 5 6 6 4. Inhab. 5 5 4 5 4 5 6 5 6 1 5 6 5. Concent. 4 5 2 3 2 6 5 3 5 1 2 4 6. Combat. 6 & 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 7. Destruet. 4 5 5 3 61 6 6+ 5 3 6 6 5 8. Aliment. 3 5+ 4 3 6 5 6+ 5 4 5 5 6 9. Acquis. 4 4 3 2 61 6 6+ 5 ' 4 4 5 5 10. Secret. 4 4 5 2 61 6 6+ 5 4 61 5 5 11. Cautious. 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 6 5 61 5 5 32. Approbat. 4 6* 6 4 6 4 2 5 6 6 6 5 13. Self-e. 6 3 3 6 6 5* 5 3 6 2 6 4 14. Firm. 6 6 61 6 6 6 5 5 6 4 6 * 15. Conseien. 4 4 6+ 5 2 4 2 3 5 6 4 4 16. Hope. 6 6 5 5 4 4 2 3 5 5 4 4 17. Marvel. 2 5 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 5 6 4 18. Ven. 4 5 5 6 4 5 1 5 4 5 6 5 19. Benev- 5 6 64 6 4 5 4 4 5 3 3 5 20. Construct. 5* 5 2 5 3 5 4 41 3 3 4 21. Ideal. 6 5+ 6 5 4 4 5 3 5 4 3 3 22 . Imitat. 5 6 6 5 5 3 4 3 5 4 3 2 23. Mirth, 5 6 5 4 4 3 5 3 5 4 4 2 24. Individ. 6 6 4 6 5 6 5 5 6 6 5 5* 25. Form*. 5 5 5 6 5 6 6 5 6 5 5 5 26. Size. 5 51 5 6 5 5 5 4 6 5 4 27. Weight. 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 3 6 5 4 4 28. Colour. 4 5 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 2 29. Order. 6 5 5 4 4 3 5 4 5 3 4 & 30. Calcu. 5 5 5 4 4 3 5 3 5 3 3 2 31. Local. 6 6 5 5 5- 5 5« 5 5 6 4 5 32. Event- 6 6 4 3 4 3 3 4 5 6 5 4 33. Time. 3 5 3 3 2 3 4 2 5 4 3 4 34. Tune. 2 3 3 4 4 5* 2 4 6 5 4 35. Lang- 5 64 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 4 3 5 36. Caus. 5 6 6 6 4 4 3 4 6 3 3 4 27. Compar. 6 61 6 6 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 i $ OBJECTION? TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 343 ( EJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. Tiie following discussion between O. S. Fowler and Yin- ex, originally appeared in the “ Baltimore Chronicle,” in lie summer of 183.5. At the suggestion of the editor of the 4 U. S. Telegraph,” and with the hope of more effectually removing the popular, though groundless, objections to this useful and sublime science, it was afterwards published, with some slight alterations and additions, in a pamphlet form — in which form 3000 copies have been sold: and, after some hesitation and debate, the authors have concluded to intro- duce it into the present work without materially altering its original plan. Their apology for this step, is, that this me hod secures the interest and spirit of presenting argu- ments nearly in the form of dialogue , and thus of relieving the reader from the dryness and tediousness of a more prosing and didactick method. Literary merit and elegance of dic- tion are .ess aimed at 'than perspicuity of style and force of Argument. For the Chronicle Proposal for a Phrenological Discussion, Mr. Barnes — As phrenology has many enthusiastick vo taries, and also violent opposers, and is sharing largely the attention of all classes in the community, a properly con- ducted discussion on this subject, may, perhaps, furnish somo very interesting matter for your paper. If, therefore, you feel disposed to open your columns to such a discussion, the pole-star of which shall be truth, rather than victory , please to give the following an insertion. There are those that see many, and very strong, reasons for believing ^hat phrenology is true, who yet stumble at some seemingly insurmountable objections to it. There are others, especially among professors of religion, who, fearing that its tendency is to infidelity and fatalism, and being ap- prehensive that its influence is immoral and irreligious, have honest and deep-rooted prejudices against it. There are others, again, who ridicule and scout tiie very idea of the truth *if such a science, as “the hallucination of a moon* 350 DISAGREEMENT AMONG PHRENOLOGISTS strucK imagination.”* * Now, if any one, or more than on«, of either, or of all, the abovenamed classes, or of any other class of objectors or opposers to phrenology, will state then objections to it, in as strong, yet concise, terms, as they please, in the columns of the Chronicle, they will be answered through the same medium by the subscriber. O. S. FOWLER. P. S. As for those fun-lovers, who propagate their hu- morous anecdotes at the expense of phrenology, merely from their love of jokes — why, do let them enjoy their frolick, as we indulge other sportive, but harmless, insects. And let those, also, who endeavour to put down phrenology by ridi- cule instead of argument, proceed ; for they thus merely betray the weakness of their cause, inasmuch as ridicule is the last resort of a weak and vanquished opponent. O. S. F. REPLY OF VINDEX.f “Mu. Editor — I am willing to accept Mr. Fowler’s challenge to anti-phrenologists, contained in yesterday’s paper, provided I can understand his opinions upon certain points. As each phrenologist has a system of his own, I should like to understand what Mr. F.’s system is, and for that purpose I propound tne following questions: “Is there an organ for each faculty of the mind I “ Are there as many nerves leading from the junction of the spinal marrow and brain, to the surface of the brain, as there are phrenolo- gical organs, or are there more? “ Is not the scull subject to bony excrescences, which are liable u be mistaken for phrenological organs ? “ Can a phrenologist tell decisively whether a man is a liar, a thief, or a murderer, without reference to physiognomy ? “Is an organ increased in size by activity, and can that increase be seen upon the cranium? “ When these questions are answered, I shall have some founda lion to commence a series of arguments against this system. VINDEX” ANSWER TO VINDEX. Sir. — In asserting that “each phrenologist has a system of his own,” you assume what is not correct; for, in regard to the fundamental principles of the science, there is perfect unanimity among phrenologists, except on some points that Bie considered by all as not yet fully settled. It is not true that * Dr. Annan, before the Medical Faculty of Maryland. * Vindex is lu tnJictiUous, but a real , opponent, or rather number of oppone«U OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 351 ‘ eaidi phrenologist has a system )f his own,” any more than it is that every physician has a medical system of his own, every divine, a theological system, every botanist, a botanical system, and every naturalist, a zoological system t )t his own ; although, it is true, that different phrenologists nave different methods of explaining the same thing, and that some carry out certain points farther than others, be- cause they have more extensively investigated them. In the naming and numbering of some of the organs, and in their analysis of some of the faculties, phrenologists ao somewhat differ ; but in the arrangement and application of facts , and in their views of the fundamental principles of the science, there is, at the present time, greater unanimity among them than among the teachers of any other doctrines or science within my knowledge. Instead, then, of there having been a revolution in the phrenological system, there has been only some little change in its nomenclature. But what science has not undergone even greater changes than this ? Yours, &c. O. S. FOWLER REPLY OF VINDEX. “My assertion that each phrenologist has a system of his own, it f unded in fact. In Spurzheim’s works on phrenology and physiog- nomy. he distinctly admits, that there was a difference of opinion be- tween Dr. Gall and himself on certain material points, which led to their separation.. In Combe’s Phrenology, we find several pages ta- ken lip in opposition to Spurzheim, on the organ of Inhabitiveness, and on other points, which Mr. F. can ascertain by perusing these works. The only fundamental principle phrenologists agree upon with great unanimity, is, that the brain is the seat of feeling and of thought — a principle which few of their opponents will dispute. VINDEX” ANSWER TO VINDEX. You assert, that “between Combe and Spurzheim there are differences on other points than that of the organ of In- habit] veness.” Combe himself says, “ To the best of my knowledge, there is no material point of doctrine on which Spurzheim and I differ, except on the organ of Inhabitive* ness:” (Preface to Combe’s System of Phrenology.) Now, whether Mr. Combe or you are right, I leave to the decision of those who peruse the works of Combe and Spurzheim. The probability is, that Mr. Combe knows as much about 8 52 DISAGBEEMENT AMONG PHRENOLOGISTS. this matter, at least, as yourself, and that he would not know ingly misrepresent it, especially when such a misrepresenta* tion could so easily be detected. You alsc say, that “the only fundamental principle upon which phrenologists agree, is, that the brain is the seat of thought and of feeling — a principle which few of their op- ponents will dispute.” Now, sir, I do not say that your asser- tion is false, but simply ask, if all phrenologists do not agres m maintaining, and that with “ great unanimity,” not only that the brain is the organ of the mind, but also that the mind is a plurality of faculties — that each faculty is exercised, not by means of the whole brain, but by means of a particular por tion of it — that the vigorous exercise of any of these faculties, causes a corresponding exercise of its partic ular organ, and that this exercise of the organs causes their enlargement — that the size of these organs is reciprocally as the power of theii faculties — that, consequently, the traits of character, and pe- culiarities of talents, are always both indicated, and accompa nied by, certain protuberances of the brain , and, of course, of the scull, so that the various qualities of intellect and feeling can be discovered by the size and shape of the head? And are not these principles as fundamental as the one you men- tion? If you answer this question in the affirmative, you will contradict yourself; if in the negative, the concur- ring testimony of all phrenologists, and also of all who are acquainted with the facts in the case, will contradict you. It is true, that, as this science is advancing with unparal- leled rapidity, some suppose that they have made improve- ments, which the limited observation of others does not allow them either to admit or to deny. This remark will explain most of the points of difference between Gall and Spurzheim, but does not show the existence of any opposition of views. Gall originated the science, whilst Spurzheim improved ana systematized it. For example; Dr. Gall observed that a certain portion of the head was very large in inveterate thieves, and, as was very natural, named it the organ of Theft . Dr. Spurzheim discovered that two organs were located in this region, one of which gave a disposition to hoard up, and the other, to secrete, and accordingly named them acquis, and secret. In adroit thieves, both organs are found, and hence the imperfect observation of Dr. Gall. T' s discrepance wag occasioned by a new discovery, and do , not at all invali OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 35S date the truth of phrenology. The same is true of every material difference with which I am acquainted between the two authors, except that about the analysis and naming of the organs. Gall discovered the organs when in excess, and, consequently, named them from the phenomena displayed in their abase ; and, as his chief attention was directed to the discovery of the organs, and the observation of facts, of course he paid but little attention to their analysis. Gall having made his discoveries, and collected a great abundance of ma- terials in support of them, and thus laid a deep and imperish- able foundation for the most beautiful and stupendous of the sciences, Spurzheim enters the field, makes a few valuable discoveries, and, by his extraordinary powers of discrimina- tion, analyzes the faculties , and erects a magnificent super- structure, which is destined to be the admiration of all coming ages, as the richest boon ever yet bequeathed by man to his fellow-men. In doing this, it was necessary to change the names of some of the organs. To this, Gall, as was natu- ral, at first objected, but gradually yielded point after point, till, at his death, there was much less disagreement between these two great men than there had formerly been. To my question, “ Do I understand you to urge this as an objection against phrenology?” you wisely make no reply; for, had you answered in the negative, I should have re- plied, then why adduce it? — if in the affirmative, I should have replied, if your argument proves any thing , it proves too much; for it equally proves that the sciences of ehymis- try, of botany, of mineralogy, of mechanicks, of electricity, of intellectual and moral philosophy, and even of matke - maticks and astronomy, are all untrue: for, to this day, the ablest mathematicians contend about the question, whether or not the circle can be completely squared, notwithstanding this is one of the oldest, and one of the demonstrative , sciences. But does this prove, that the sublime principles of astronomy are untrue, or that two and two do not make four? Just as much as a disagreement among phrenologists disproves phrenology. Between Franklin and Du Fay there was a fundamental difference about electricity — the latter main- taining that there were two electric k fluids; theformerthat there was but one; but does this prove that such a thing as HU elect rick fluid does not exist, or even that its supposed laws are merely “the hallucination of a moon-struck imag inatinn ? }i 85 4 ANATOMY OF THE BRA Tf. Touching this point, I will here introduce ail extract tro® a letter to Dr. Maxwell Me Do wall, of Baltimore, in reply to an article published in the May number of the Baltimore Literary and Religious Magazine, not merely because I con- sider it in point, but because I have strong reasons to believe, that this same Dr. Me Do wall was one of the authors of Vindex. “You urge the disagreement among phrenologists as your most weighty objection against its doctrines. Suppose, then, that the objection were a hundred-fold stronger than it really is, and you, sir, are the very last person who ought to urge it against phrenology, since it bears with a thousand - fold more force against the very science you teach and prac- tise. Who does not know, not only that there are severa. conflicting systems of medical science, but, also, that scarcely any two individuals can agree, either as to the nature or the remedy of many diseases ? ‘ First cast the beam out of your own eye/ and then you may attempt to ‘cast the mote out of your brother’s eye.’ Many of the differences among physicians are fundamental , and heaven-wide ; and yet, is there no truth at all in any part of the healing art? But, upon the ground you take, there is none at all. If this ar gument is a sound one, by it the truth of every thing can be disproved, and especially every thing pertaining to reli- gion; for different men take different views of almost every popular subject of belief.” THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. in reply to your question, “Are there as many nerves leading from the junction of the spinal marrow and the brain, to the surface of the brain, as there are phrenological organs, or are there more?” I will simply observe, that, to my knowledge, no such nerves have been discovered ; yet, for all that, they may exist. But this is by no means a ma- terial point, for we never rely upon the dissection of an or- gan for the discovery, or even the proof of its functions. ] shall therefore discuss the anatomy of the brain no farthei thar. it is necessary for me to do in replying to the objections that may be fairly brought against phrenology upon this ground. Yours, &c. ‘ O. S. FOWLER. “ Mr. F. is more willing to give the consideration of the anato my of the brain, than I am. As our readers mo, practical r'>en tksy OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANS can easily learn what has been observed by practical an there is any theory in considering the subject, it is on the pa. F., who argues that the fact of none of the nerves of the different gans having, to his knowledge, been discovered, is no proof that such nerves do not exist. Now, when an affirmative is stated, it must be proved b y facts, otherwise it is only a theory. It is not incumbent on Us to prove that such nerves do not exist — that they have not been iiisccvered is sufficient proof of that fact. We all know that the nerves of the organs of seeing, hearing, smelling, &c., have been discovered, and their course has been traced to various portions of the brain. “ It is well known that nerves have been discovered of the organs of seeing, hearing, smelling, &c. These are corporeal organs. Mr. F. calls all the organs, as laid down by phrenology, corporeal organs. Now, if that be true, why have not nerves been discovered leading from each organ to the base of the brain ? Mr. F., in his second number, says— ‘ No such nerves have, to my knowledge, yet been discovered.’ Why have they not been discovered? Would not such a discovery prove the fundamental principles of phrenology better than mere conjecture ? Are the nerves so small as not to be discov- ered by a microscope ? They must be small indeed, for Lyonet has detected not less than four thousand and sixty-one nerves in the mero karve or caterpillar of a cossus, or insect approaching to a butterfly. V INDEX.” You charge me with assuming the existence of the nerves of the organs, from their non- discovery — with arguing on that assumption, and with calling on you to disprove it. Now, sir, I neither assume nor deny their existence, nor do I predicate any argument whatever upon it. I simply say, that the point is not material, and assign the reason. Your argument is this: no such nerves have been discovered; therefore, no eucii nerves exist — consequently, phrenology is not true. This syllogism lacks foundation. You must first prove, that these nerves are a sine qua non — an indispensable requi- site to the truth of phrenology. You assume this: I deny it. Until you prove this point, your whole argument has not the weight of a feather ; for it is an essential one. After you have proved it, (which you will find a very difficult task,) you will be obliged to prove that the non -discovery of such organs, establishes their non-existence ; which you certainly cannot do. They may exist, and yet not be discoverable; not from their smallness, but from the nature of their substance Mid texture. The “ nerves of the larve,” which you mention, are nerves of motion; and, as the function of these nerves differs ao widely from the function of the nerves of the organs, (on supposition that such nerves exist,) it is prima facie evh ience, that their nature and texture as widely differ- Their 856 ANaTOMY OF THE BRAI& discovery, then, may be, and might be expected to be, alio* gether impossible by human instrumentality, inasmuch ag their function is so subtle. You plainly intimate, that I am afraid to iiscuss theanat- omy of the brain — that phrenology is lame here— that I wish to cover this lameness under the plea that our readers will take little interest in the discussion of its theories. In this, sir, you are greatly mistaken. Do I not state that I am ready “ to answer any objections which may be urged against phre- nology on anatomical principles?” Why then charge me with being “more willing to give up the anatomy of the brain than yourself?” No, sir, so far from being lame here, phrenology is most at home in this field, and perfectly invulne- rable; and, so far from washing to evade this point, I am even anxious to take it up. State your anatomical objections, then, and see if I leave them unanswered. It is not for me to prove that anatomy does not contradict phrenology, but for 'uou to prove that it does. When you do this, you will do what no man has yet done. But I mistake, or yours will be emphatically a Herculean task, if you undertake to point out any discrepance between the anatomy of the brain and phrenology. Almost every expert anatomist adopts that mode of dissecting the brain w T hich w^as discovered by the discoverers of phrenology, and along with it. Medical schools and medical authors are universally adopting the phrenological anatomy of the brain ; and the best dissec- tions of the brain, are those that proceed upon phrenological principles. I was recently informed by Dr. Monkur, an anatomical dis- sector in the Washington Medical College of Maryland, that phrenology had thrown more light on the anatomy of the brain, than all other discoveries. Horner, a standard medi- cal author, on the 76th page of his anatomy, says, “Theirs (Drs. Gall and Spurzheim’s) is a very improved and simpli- fied method of studying the anatomy of the brain, and of the nervous system.” “ It is an obvious matter of fact, and, for the most part, as susceptible of demonstration as the contents of the thorax.” The whole world have long since been chad tenged to show^ the least contradiction between anatomy and phrenology. The ablest anatomists of Christendom ha/e tri- ed it, and failed. If you try it, sir, you wall also fail. The fact is, that the science of anatomy is founded in nature — phrenriogy is also founded in nature; eiwl, therefore, each OBJECTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY ANSWERED. 357 mil support the other. This is evident from the fict, that the only clear and rational anatomy of the brain, is that which was discovered by phrenologists, by means of phrenol- ogy, and along ivith, it , thereby proving that they are both the twin sisters of truth and nature. If, then, you attempt to disprove phrenology by anatomy, you will only spit in the wind, and, of course, in your own face. True, you say, unfortunately for your argument, “ It is known that the nerves of the organs of seeing, hearing, smell ing, &c., have been discovered, and that their course has been traced to various pa rts of the brain.” It is also known that these nerves have been traced exclusively (am I not rights) to the rase of the brain — the very part allotted by phrenol- ogy to those functions which are common to men and ani- mals. This part of the brain, as well as these nerves, is common to men and animals. The base of the brain, or that part to which these nerves have been traced, is the same part in which phrenology has discovered the organs of the animal functions in man, and comprehends the whole of the animal brain. The organs of the sentiments peculiar to man, together with the reasoning organs, are chiefly want- ing in the animal brain, but occupy a large portion of the human brain. To this portion of the human brain, none of the nerves of the animal functions have been traced. This fact, so far from disproving phrenology, is wholly inexplica- ble on any other than phrenological principles, and goes far to establish these principles. Unless phrenology is true, why is it that the animal portion of the- brain , in animals, accord- ing to phrenology, is alone developed? Unless phrenology is true, why is it that the nerves of the animal functions ori- ginate in the animal portion of the brain ? Unless phrenol- ogy is true, why is it that, in the part of the human brain al- lotted by phrenology to the moral and reasoning organs, where such nerves are not only not necessary, but would be cut of place, no such nerves are to be found ? I put these questions home to you, and ask how they can be satisfactori- ly answered, only by admitting that between anatomy and phrenology there exists a striking coincidence. The only Statement, then, which you have made respecting the anat- toiny of the brain, bears strongly, if not conclusively against you. and as conclusively in favour of phrenology. Bo it is with every anatomical argument which anli-phrax> m EXCRESCENCES, logical anatomists have yet adduced, or, I venture to pay. can adduce. EXCRESCENCES. In answer to your third question, “ whether the scull la not liable to bony excrescences which may be mistaken fo? phrenological organs,” I will simply remark, that, although the scull does present such excrescences as the mastoid pro- cesses, the occipital spine, and. perhaps, some others, yet, since we know their location and their usual form, and since they seldom cover the whole of any organ, an expert phrenol- ogist is no more liable to mistake these for phrenological organs, than an equally expert physician is to mistake a dis- ordered stomach for an affection of the liver. A quack may mistake in both cases, yet there is no necessity for mistaking in either, REPLY OF VINDEX. “ The writer of this has seen bony excrescences in parts of the scull, where ‘cautious.,’ ‘ firm.,’ ‘ hope,’ and ‘ ideal.,’ are located. In some cases there were cavities of three-quarters of an inch, and as broad as any phrenological organ. Yet no phrenologist, however expert , could have discovered that they were mere excrescences. VINDEX.” In common with most other anti-phrenologists, you carp a great deal about the “ bony excrescences" just as though, because the scull is liable to an occasional excrescence, there could be no truth in the fundamental principles of phrenolo- gy. Suppose the scull were wholly covered with these ex- crescences, the phrenological organs might exist, and perform their functions, just as well with, as without, them. If, tken, your argument were stronger by a hundred-fold than it is, it would not at all invalidate the truth of the principles of phrenology: and this is the point we are now discussing On the supposition that such excrescences were numerous they would, to be sure, throw in the way of correct phre nological observations, a difficulty proportionate to theil size and number : and this is the most your argument cas claim. But, so far from these excrescences being numerous, ex cept the regular processti. which are well known scarcer] MEMORY. m eoe occurs on an average, upon a dozen hearts, or in nearly 450 organs, ('here being 38 organs on each side of the head.) And even when an excrescence does occur, it is, at least, ten chances to one, if it covers the ichole of one organ, bui generally a part of several ; and a hundred more chances to one, if its shape corresponds exactly with that of the organs covered, and then still another hundred, if it is just as large. So that the necessary chance of errour is as one to 45,uU0,O00. And suppose this difficulty to be a thousand times greater than my estimate, the necessary chance for mistaking an excres- cence for an organ, is as forty -Jive thousand to one. And even then , it is hardly supposable that two excrescences should occur on precisely opposite sides of the same head , so that one side would correct the other. Why, then, should I waste words on so diminutive an argument ? The same general remarks will apply to the “ cavities,” only we must allow for the fact, that these are still more easi- ly detected. In my publick examinations in this city, I have detected three cavities, occasioned by blows upon the head ; in New York, at least, two ; in Albany and Troy, several ; one in Brattleboro’, Yt. ; and a number in other places : and in all my examinations, I know of but one mistake occasioned by cavities, and that was in this city ; but by a subsequent ex- amination, the errour was at once corrected. That these excrescences occasionally throw some difficul- ty in the way, especially of the unpractised phrenologist, 1 readily admit; but their shape is so irregular, and their knotty appearance differs so widely from the regular swell of the phrenological organs, that the phrenologist must be comparatively a tyro in observation, whatever he may be in theory, who mistakes the one for the other. The difficulty seems to be far greater in theory than it really is in prac- tice, especially to those who look at it through the magni- fying glass of prejudice.— The frontal sinuses will be subse- quently considered. I will here take the liberty of introducing a couple of par- agraphs from a publick discussion which took place in Wash- ington, D. C., with Dr. Joseph M. Munding, of that city. “ You affirm, sir, that ‘the bumps may be caused as well by blows from without, as by the actual shape of the brain, 7 and say that I ‘ never make any difference between these two kinds of protuberances. 7 This statement, sir, allow me to say, is entirely erroneous, for I can, and do , at onc£ detect $60 R EIZ.7 10 35JECTZ£S3. the difference. At the Baptist Church, the citizens of W. ueard me state unhesitatingly, that a certain head which was examined, had sustained a severe injury from a blow; and also heard, bv the gentleman examined, a confirmation of my decision. “ Besides, sir, you perhaps need be reminded, that blows upon the head generally produce cavities instead of bumps. By what mechanical process a breaking in of the scull causes a 4 bumpj I am really at a loss to divine. Blows generally produce irregular cavities , whilst the phrenological organs are regular sic ells of a given shape, and alike in both hemi- spheres of the brain ; and yet you say, that ‘ l ascribe to each of them the same influence upon the mind. 5 This statement of yours, in common with many others, betrays gross igno- rance of the whole subject of debate. And yet you say, that this point is so plain, and so clear against me, ‘that it re quires no farther argument. 5 55 MEMORY. You ask, sir, “ whether there is an organ For each facul- ty of the mind. 55 1 answer, yes, so far as these faculties have, as yet, been discovered. You then say, as “Mr. F. admits, that there is an organ for each faculty of the mind, will he state where the faculty of memory is located, and what name phrenologists have given to it 1” Pray, sir, what am I to understand by the faculty of mem- ory ? i deny that the mental phenomena called memory, are performed by a single faculty of the mind. There are almost as many different kinds of memory as there are dif- ferent minds, and these kinds of memory differ as much from each other as the head does from the foot — as much as rea- eon does from feeling. What, then, do you mean by the term memory l — Memory of what ? — of faces, places, ideas, sto- ries, friends, enemies, size, words? — memory of wiiat? Fust describe the kind of memory which is the subject of your inquiry, and I will describe its location and its name. Do you not see, sir, that you have put your question too soon ? You should have first demonstrated, that the phenom- ena of memory are the product of a distin:t mental faculty, «md then nave demanded the phrenological name and loca- tion of that faculty. Memory is simply the reminiscence of the operations SlEjSORY. ©f the faculties. One faculty has to do wit a words, aa* ether with ideas and principles, a third with facts, &c. and each faculty recollects those things with which it has to do. If, then, that faculty which has to do with prin- ciples, (cans.,) is stronger in that one than that which has ta fo with incidents, (event.,) he will remember principles a a much better than he does facts, as his caus. is stronger than his event. : and so of every other faculty. I repeat— describe the kind of memory you mean, and I will point out to you its local habitation and its name; or bring me a child, and I will tell you what kinds of memory it possesses, and where the different kinds are located. But &sk me, “ where (in the head) the faculty of memory is loca- •ed, ; * and I must answer you as the yankee answered the question, where he was born : “ why, 5 * said he, “ at Barnstable Bay, Cape Cod, and all along shore.” Memory of something is located, at least, all over the forehead. Understand me to introduce the Yankee answer, not because I wish to ridicule you, or your question ; for it is put to me daily, and is proper enough — but because it is too indefinite to admit of a definite reply. The same is true of every other faculty of every other system of mental philosophy : and this very point shows both the weakness and the obscurity of all other sys- terns of mental philosophy, and the inimitable beauty, clear- ness, and simplicity of phrenology. Suppose, for example, I should racy . or without any material variation from the first de« gcription given: and in this latter form, I am prepared ha meet the question in t'h e affirmative. But. suppose tha* I should sometimes v^ry in my descriptions of the same char ££ter. Would this wholly disprove yhrt'wlogy , or merely . INJECTION'S ANSWERED. 36b piove, that, as a practical phrenologist, I am not infallibly but sometimes more “expert” and accurate than at others? INCREASE OF THE ORGANS BY EXERCISE. Again you ask, “ Is an org^n int reaseci in size oy com stant activity, and can that increase bo observed by an exami- nation of heads V' To both parts of this question I answer m the affirmative ; and this increase can be measured by in- struments, or seen on busts taken at different periods of life. And this theory is in perfect accordance with the whole pro- cess of nature, and with the fundamental principles of phys- iology. You ask, if I “mean that the mental organs are corpo- real ?” The brain is certainly a corporeal organ. Corpo- real means, belonging to the body. The brain belongs to the body, and is therefore a corporeal organ, and, of course, governed by the same laws of increase and decrease that govern other corporeal organs. It is also the mental organ, or the organ of the mind. Y r ou say, “ it is not true that the violent action of the body , increases the action of the mind — and that exercise does not increase, nor inactivity diminish, .he size of the veins and arteries.” I say it is true, and ap- peal both to the personal experience, and to the observation, of every reader, whether, when his body is vigorous and ac- tive, his mind is not proportionally so; and whether, when his body is sluggish or drowsy, his mind also is not equally so; and whether the shaking of a drowsy child does not quicken his mental, as well as corporeal, action? Never give a child any exercise, and see how fast his veins and ar- teries will grow. Y 7 ou say, “ the muscles of a blacksmith’s arm are first hardened, and then increased.” I reply, that the two processes of hardening and increasing, are simulta- neous. You say, that “ comparisons drawn from material objects, do not apply to the immaterial mind.” I answer, that the brain, about which we are arguing, is just as much material as is the blacksmith’s arm, and is governed by the same laws, one of which is, that its exercise causes its in erease, It is for you to prove either that the powerful action ff the mind does not produce a corresponding action of its Oorporeul organ, the brain, or else that exercise, while it in- Teases the size .>1 every other organ of the body. does no INCREASE OF THE ORGANS. 3u6 increase the size of the brain All analogy is point feknh against you, and in my favour. You say ; “ that a mental organ is increased in size by constant ac- 'ivity, and .hat this increase can be observed by examinaion, requires to t/e proved. Assertion alone is not sufficient. There is not a sin* gle case recorded by phrenologists, of ahead’s having undergone any change so as to prove that one organ has increased or diminished in size, compared with the otl^er organs in the same head. It is now forty years since Gall first unfolded his theory to the world ; and if any change had taken place in the relative size of the organs, we should have been informed of it long before this.” It is a universal principle of nature , that every “ organ is increased in size by constant activity,” md the increase of the brain can be determined just as well as that of any other corporeal organ. If “ assertion alone is not suffi- cient,” analogy and physical demonstration are ^//-sufficient. Your “ assertion alone is not sufficient” against such evi- dence. It has been observed by hatters, that literary men generally require larger hats than labouring men, even though their bodies are smaller. The reason of this differ- ence is obvious. By exercising their intellects, and not pro- portionally their bodies, educated men, of necessity, excrcist their brains, and thus cause them to grow proportionally faster than their bodies; while the opposite holds true with regard to working men : and without a variation in nature’s laws, the fact could not be otherwise. Your gratuitous assertion, that “phrenologists have never recorded a case of a single organ’s having increased or dimin- ished in size when compared with the other organs in the same head, although they have had the observation of forty years,” is contradicted by facts. While lecturing in Boston, Dr. Spurzheim was accustomed to exhibit two casts of the same head, the first of which was taken when the individual was of mature age, but before he had devoted much attention to a mechanical occupation ; the other, twenty years after- wards, at which time the same individual, by his mechanical inventions and skill, had become noted throughout Europe as one of the greatest machinists of the age. Deville of London, has a multitude of casts, several of which were l iken from the same head at different periods of life, and when the pursuits of these individuals required the exercise of different classes of faculties, which show a com pnrative increase of the faculties exercised, ind a decrease o( Jfif ?REASi ,< 1IE ORGANS BY EXE.IC1&£. 367 fee faculties not exercised. A gentleman in England had a cast of his head taken annually for live successive years Meanwhile he stimulated some of the phrenological faculties and avoided exercising others. Every successive cast show- ed an increase of those organs that were exercised, and a de- crease of those that were restrained. The first and la^t casts differed from each other so much, that they would hardly have been recognised as casts of the same head. I had this fact from a gentleman (an editor) who had examin- ed the busts alluded to. Many more examples might be quoted ; and yet you say, that “ phrenologists have never re- corded a case of the kind.” If you have not read all the ptuenological works, why do you make this assertion ? If you have, why misrepresent them in this manner ? This proves that you know comparatively nothing of the doctrines you oppose. Ignorance of this subject is, however, common o all anti-phrenologists. Several instances, both of increase and decrease, have fallen under my own observation. While examining the head of a gentleman in Philadelphia, I noticed that the or- gans on one side of it, were larger than those on the other. He then stated that, for two years, that side of the head on which the organs were smaller, had not perspired, while the other had perspired very freely. This proves that the organs on that side which had not perspired, had not been active, and that those of the other, had been. It follows, then, either that the smaller organs had become so in consequence of their inactivity, or else, that in consequence of their activity, he larger ones had outgrown them. Either supposition proves that a mental organ is increased by constant activity, and decreased by inaction. Dr. Spurzheim examined the aead of a distinguished female, whose life had been chief* V occupied with books, and severe application to the ab- stract sciences. Her phrenological organs of causal., corn- par., mirth., ideal., lang., and event., were large, anc. her ob- serving organs, small. In order to exercise a new class of ‘acuities, the organs of which are located about the eye, she was advised to leave her abstract studies, and take up bota- ny, mineralogy, phrenology, &c. This she accordingly did wkh all her might, and in three months there was a percepti- ble increase of the organs thus exercised. i am also perfectly certain, that since I commenced the oracticra of phrenology several of my own organs which 563 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. have thereby been called into constant activity, have raj perceptibly increased, while others that are now exercised comparatively less than before, are proportionally smaller. For example ; the organ of size, which, when I commenced the practice of phrenology, I observed to be on a par with the other perceptive organs, and which, since that time, ha* been called into almost constant activity, now protrudes fa) above all tne others in the arch of the eye. Upon the return of my brother, L. N. Fowler, from i phrenological tour of eighteen months in the west and south during which time he was almost constantly employed ir examining heads, which, of course, required the equally con slant exercise of his organs of size, individ., form, local, event., compar., and lang., I observed that these organs, es- pecially size, compar., and lang., had very much increased. In the heads of sailors who have long followed the seas, the organs of form , weight, and local., are generally very large. Size and order are also commonly found very large ‘ hut the organ of weight, in particular, is so uniformly de- veloped to a very great extent, that, from this circumstance alone, especially when taken in conjunction with form and local., experienced seafaring men can generally be selected from others. In men of this description, among the hundreds I have examined, I have never seen one instance of a defi- ciency of these organs. Now, their occupation calls these organs into almost constant exercise : and is it irrational to suppose, that this exercise causes in them this much larger development of these organs than is found in men in general, who exercise them less? The organ of amat. is very small in children ; but it in- creases during the years of youth and manhood in proportion to the increased strength of its corresponding passion ; and diminishes again in old age. I have observed, also, that this organ is much larger in married, than in unmarried, per sons. In the spring of 1835, I visited the deaf and dumbasylura of N. Y. city, and, to say that the organ of imitat., as devel oped in the heads of the pupils of this institution, was twice as large as it is usually found, would by no means come up o the truth. Such a development of this organ the author had never seen before ; and, what is most extraordinary is, b n r as very large in all the pupils. To tlvi question, “ How is it possible for you to teaefe INCREASE OF THE ORGANS B V EXERCISE. 869 fliese unfortunate beings, who can neither bear nor talk, to communicate their ideas and feelings with a readiness and larility almost equal to those who can both talk md hear V 3 Mr. Cary, one of the instructors, replied, “ We teach our pupils to express themselves in those gestures and actions which are the ’natural offspring of their feelings.” I wit messed one of their debating performances, in which the one who was addressing the rest, was all life and animation, and made use of the most natural and powerful gesticulation . &ee them at their meals, or at their sports, and all their corn munications consist of their ideas acted out. Mr Cary brought one forward, who was noted for his wonderful power of imitating a man shooting fowls. Another specimen of imitative power at all to be compared with this, or another such an organ of imitat. as this youth possessed, i hare never seen. That this organ and its corresponding faculty are not m so high a degree innate , is evident from the fact, that they are so much larger in these youth than in others. Hence, this increase of the organ in proportion to the exercise of thfc faculty, and this extraordinary power of tne faculty, which corresponds with the increased size of the organ, bring us to the obvious conclusion, that the reciprocal increase of the two, stands in the relation of cause and effect. Again ; in the institution for the blind in the city of New York, the manifestation in the pupils, of much smaller or- gans of the perceptive than of the reflective faculties, is so plain as not to be mistaken by the most superficial observer. Now, why is this? Evidently because, in consequence of a destitution of sight, they cannot exercise their perceptive faculties, and, therefore, these remain unincreased ; and, on the same account, the reflective receive the greater exercise, and, consequently, become uncommonly large. This point, then, I shall take the liberty to consider as established, both by analogy, and by physical demonstration, namely, that the exercise of particular menial faculties f causes the exercise , and consequent enlargement , of corres * ponding portions of the brain , and, of CDurse, an increase of the scull above them : (see p. 22-24 ;) so that the strength of particular mental faculties can be determined by the size of their cerebral organs , and the size of these organs by* the form of the scull. This I conceive to be not only one of tb* least explored, but one of the most important, departments ot &70 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED thjs i\ valuable science ; and, if this is correct, of what moment* ous importance — of what immense utility, a knowledge of phre« nology might be to parents and teachers. They might cul- tivate or restrain— might stimulate or ailay, such organs aa the case demanded, and thus make their children almost any thing they choose. Not, however, that the nature of child- ren could thus be changed ; but excesses could be prevented, and the hand of the parent directed to the identical point of excess or deficiency. Yes, sir, phrenology is destined to be of greater practical utility to mankind than any — I had al most said, than every other science — greater than any finite mind can imagine. And yet, you oppose it! But you are pardonable; for, as has been shown, you do it ignorantly. Yours, &c. " O. S. FOWLER. PHRENOLOGY NOT DEPENDENT UPON PHYSIOGNOM ?. You ask, “By examining the cranium, can a phrenolo gist pronounce decisively whether a man is a liar, a thief, or a murderer, without reference to physiognomy? I an swer, just as well without physiognomy as with it. I will also refer you to the certificates given by the keepers of most of the prisons in Europe, which affirm that Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, in every attempt, classified the prisoners with perfect accuracy, according to their crimes. I will also ac- company you to any prison you please, and pronounce cor- rectly upon the class of crimes committed by given individu- als, or yield the argument. The subjoined notes are select- ed, from many other similar cases, as in point.* * From the Pittsburg Times. * bers, and thieves. Dr. Spurzheim directly avows that the Creator has sanctioned the perpetration of robbery and murder, by furnish- ing organs and propensities for the commission of these crimes.” When stated in form, your objection amounts to this : The trading doctrine of phrenology is, that mora, actions and ffATALXSM. as moral conduct are the result of, or, at least, conform tc, am agree with, the physical form of the cranium. This cos formity, then, must be in the relation of cause and effect- necessary, and not accidental. Therefore, every moral age& must be ruled by this relation, and has no power to deviate from it, which amounts to a full denial of free agency ; and when fully illustrated, the objection amounts to this : Since God creates one individual with those organs very large which, when thus developed, manifest themselves in steal- ing, lying, quarreling, fighting, murder, licentiousness, or vice of any kind, such individual is compelled , by these physical organs which his Creator has given him, to commit these crimes; and, since he cannot help himself, nor resist the instinctive operations of his organs any more than he can avoid being hungry when deprived of food, or sleepy when deprived of rest, or seeing objects when they are pre- sented to his organs of vision, he is, therefore, not accounta- ble or blameable, and, consequently, not punishable, for bis actions. On the other hand, since God creates another man with a large development of the organs which indicate kind- ness, nobleness, and high moral and intellectual qualities, no thanks to him that he is kind, virtuous, just, praiseworthy, intelligent, &c., for, he is obliged to be so by his physical organization, over which he can exercise no control, or govern by any act of personal volition. A blood-thirsty Nero, or a Caligula, and a philanthropick Howard, are each alike virtuous and alike vicious, because each acts in perfect conformity to the physical development of his men- tal organs ; and, as God created and designed him to act. Another, by being created destitute of the organs of ven., conscien., benev., &c., in consequence of this natural defect in his organization, cannot worship his God, cannot resist temptation, or exercise gratitude or penitence, cannot deal justly or exercise the feeling of benevolence or of mercy ; and, therefore, ought not to be blamed, much less punished , for not doing what he is physically incapable of doing. What! the infinitely just and benevolent Creator to give a man no eyes , and then punish him for not seeing , or to give him an appetite for food, and then punish him for being hungry ! To admit the truth of phrenology, therefore, is to destroy all free-agency, and all power of voluntary choice, and, with them, all moral accountability, all virtue, all vies, and, con wequently, all liability to rewards or punishment^ both ia $82 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. this life and in another state of existence; for the Create determines the physical organization of man, and this deter- mines their whole character, and, in conjunction with cir cumstances, causes them to feel and act in a given wa 3 . Hence, the whole doctrine of human agency and accounta- bility is annihilated, and the adorable Deity is made the ne- cessary author of all sin, and yet this same Deity punishes innocent and helpless man, both for doing what he obliges him to do, and also for not doing what he has given him no poiver to perform. Inasmuch as this objection forms the great gun of the op- position to phrenology — the terrifick scare-crow which has frightened many, and particularly religious people, so that they dare not even look at the arguments and facts in the case, and inasmuch as it appears to be a very plausible ob- jection, and one which, to my own mind, has never been sat- isfactorily answered by other phrenologists, I shall endea- vour to reply to it more at large than to any objections hith- erto noticed. Permit me, then, to beg your careful attention to the following distinct arguments. First, — That certain vicious propensities do exist. and are very strong , is an absolute matter of fact — a fact which every where stares every observer of human na- ture full in the face. One man is cruel and ferocious, and another mild and tender-hearted ; one is talented, and another foolish ; one is timid, and another brave, &c. See middle of p. 315 and 316; also, description of the lad in Lansing- burgh, p. 261, contrasted with that of the benevolent girl, p. 262: see, likewise, description of the young lady, p. 280, of Mr. Brown, p. 298, of Franklin Gibson, p. 304, of the young lady, p. 310, of the lad, p. 311, of the lad described upon p. 320; of Col. Knapp, Webster, Clay, &c A gentleman recently entered my office, and desired me to tell him the whole truth. At the close of the examina- tion, he remarked, that the description was perfect, only that one marked , one predominant , trait of character had been omitted. “ And I can tell you what that is, sir,” said I : “you have a very strong propensity to steal.” “You aie right, sir,” he replied ; “ yet you and I are the only persons that know it. Notwithstanding all my efforts to rid myself of it, the propensity still exists, and is well ni^h irresistible.” A lad was recently brought -ne, whom I describe 1 ! as a FATALISM 883 8f violence and outrage — that the drunkard is responsible, not for having aliment., but for exercising it in an inordinate love of liquor, &c. ; — and, in the second place, that, as far as these several states of mind, or, indeed, any state of mind which manifests itself in depraved action, are either volunta- ry , or self-induced , or capable of being avoided by any act personal volition, so far th? guilt falls upon the doer of tha 390 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. sinful deed ; but that, as far as they are brought upon him by necessity , or by the agency of others, so far these agents are responsible for these states of mind, and for the effects which they produce. It is further evident, that, by creating us with any given amount of the organ of cautious., God does not thereby make us so timid as to deprive us of reason; by giving us aliment, in any given degree, he does not necessa- rily oblige us to become gluttons or drunkards ; but that he made man, in common with all his other works, perfect, and exalted him far above all other creatures in this lower world, and yet, he caused one man to differ from another, thereby qualifying one man for one station or sphere of action, and another for another sphere. Hence, so far from being re- sponsible for the wicked actions of men, the Deity has done all that infinite wisdom and infinite goodness, aided by infinite power, could do, to guard them against committing sin, and to make them holy, and thereby happy. As a phrenologist, then, I distinctly admit, and maintain, these two propositions : first, that the very same act of creative power which calls man into existence, also gives to every individual a constitu- tional, a sui generis , character, which innate, mental quali- ties form the basis of all his feelings, capabilities, actions, and mental operations, and that this creative act constitutes the leading agency or influence which the Deity exerts over the character of men ; and, secondly, that there are causes within the reach of human agency — causes within the reach of parents, of teachers, of every human being as soon as he is capable of exercising moral actions and moral feelings, which, when applied to the natural charaeteristicks of man, exert an important influence upon all the feelings, capabili- ties, actions, and mental operations of every member of the human family, and that the product of this influence consti- tutes the human agency and accountability which our feel- ings assure us exist. Hence, then, accordingto phrenology, divine agency anti human agency both co operate in bringing about every transaction and every mental operation of eve^y individual of the human race — divine agency in creating the primary faculties from which these actions originate, and in distribu- ting them in certain degrees, and human agency in modify mg these innate faculties, and in directing them to different objects, according as education, external circumstances, and personal volition, may determine. ¥ TALISM. 393 Now, I contend, that this is the only view of free agency which does not, of necessity, involve in it palpable absurdi* tj. Unless we adopt this, or a similar, view of the union and co-operation of human and divine agency, we must necessarily subscribe to one of these two doctrines, namely, either that all the motives, feelings, and actions of men are the offspring exclusively of human agency, or that they are entirely controlled by divine agency; but the first of these doctrines, as already shown, would be downright atheism, and the last, rank fatalism. Touching your objection, then, you must necessarily choose whether you will be an atheist , a fatalist , or a phrenologist. in the cultivation of the ground, and in all we have to do with physical nature, we take precisely the same views of this subject as are here taken, and our practice accords with them. God has created the earth, the sun, and the atmos phere, vapour, heat, &c., and in their application to the growth of vegetation, &c., he varies them according to certain fixed laws. So far, then, clivine agency causes the growth of the vegetable creation ; and yet, in regard to the products of a given piece of ground, it is often left for human agency to decide, at least, in part, what they shall be — whether it shall bring forth wheat, or corn, or grass, or garden vegetables ; and, moreover, the degree of perfection to which their growth shall be carried. This view of free agency presented by phrenology, then, is in perfect keeping with those common-sense notions of tilling the earth which are founded upon the universal ex- perience of mankind. Human agency greatly- modifies the action of those causes which quicken vegetation, by making one field bring forth one kind of produce, and an adjoining field, which is subject to the same divine agency, bring forth substances of a very different kind. How this subject of free agency has appeared to you, or to others, I will not pretend to decide; but, for my single self, I can truly say, that it was always obscured to my men- tal vision by an impenetrably dark cloud of mist in which it was shrouded by the theorizing of the metaphysicians and the speculating of the theologians, until phrenology kindly stepped in and dispersed this cloud by the influence of its lucid rays: and if phrenology does not demonstrate tie precise point of union between these two agencies, it does v le^st, snow that such a union is both ratic nal and necessary 598 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. Fourthly, — But the following I con reive to be ths most conclusive, as it is the final, reply to your objection. It is a fundamental doctrine in phrenology, that every fac- ulty IS ORIGINALLY GOOD, and that THE LEGITIMATE EX- ERCISE of every faculty, is virtuous. The plain inference from these propositions, is, then, that all vice gi sin must proceed, either from the excessive exercise, or ths perversion , of good faculties. To illustrate this point, let us take, for example, the crime of murder , which is, doubt- less, the worst manifestation of depravity that human nature presents. Now, when analyzed, the faculty of destruct., from which this crime mainly proceeds, is found to be simply a propensity to destroy and inflict pain. See p. 82. With- out such a faculty, it is obvious, that man could not maintain even his existence , much less promote his comfort and hap piness, in this world, for he could not subdue the earth and cultivate it — he could not destroy those noxious plants, ven- omous reptiles, and savage beasts which would successfully contend for dominion with him, and, at once, conquer and exterminate him. Without this faculty, he could not punish the guilty, or make himself feared ; but would be so tame and powerless as to be trampled upon with impunity, and be constantly liable to suffering and death. When, therefore, the faculty of deslruct. is directed to the proper and legitimate objects of its function — when it is exercised in the defence of our natural rights — in the promotion of good order, and the protection of good government — in the defence of the weak and oppressed against the encroachments of the power- ful, &c., its exercise is not only necessary, but praiseworthy and virtuous , as much so, in fact, as that of benev. or con- scien., or any other faculty: but when it oversteps these bounds, and breaks forth in acts of violence, cruelty, rage, malice, revenge, murder, &c., its exercise becomes perverted, and is most odious and sinful * * One of the strongest arguments of Dr. John Mason Good against phrenology ia, i.hat, “if these faculties are originally good, the more powerful they are the bet- ter; whereas, their very powerful actions, which, according to this doctrine, ought to be regarded as their greatest natural perfection, are usually found tn manifest themselves in depraved and vicious feelings and conduct.” The ohjec* tion of the learned Doctor is not without foundation ; for phrenologists have given aim just cause to bring it forward, by having turned their attention mainly to ex- treiric developments of the organs and manifestations of the faculties, and by hav- ing neglected to describe their medium developments. This ervour they hava fallen into by not doing what many find far.lt with the authors for doing viz. prac<- fcaing c general examination if heads FATALISM. 399 But to show more clearly, that the proper exercise of de- gtruct. is virtuous and commendable, let us suppose that you hear of a starving" fa mi. y, situated in the midst of a deep and gloomy forest, which forest is infested with gangs of robbers and beasts of prey. Your benev. prompts you to relieve the distresses of this family by carrying them food;, but you know that, unless you go well armed, the undertaking will be hazardous and liable to failure, nay, that your life will be the forfeit. To prevent such a disaster, therefore, you arm yourself, if you please, with a sword. Now, be your sword ever so sharp, or the arm that wields it, ever so powerful, and it does not follow, that you are necessarily obliged to thrust it into every man you may chance to meet. No: your duty is to let your sword rest in its scabbard, until yourself or your food is attacked, and then the longer, the stronger, and the sharper your sword, and the more vigor- ous and powerful the arm that wields it in slaying those savage beasts or barbarous men that would interrupt you in the exercise of humanity and benevolence, the better. So with your faculty of destruct., for be it ever so active or pow- erful, you are not thereby obliged to vent the malignant man- ifestation of it upon every innocent man you meet. No ; but let it remain quiet, until the cause of justice, of huma- nity, of benevolence, of virtue, demands its exercise, and then the more energetick and powerful the faculty, the better. In fact, the peace and good order of society absolutely de- mand that the violator of its just laws, should be punished; but punishment to the guilty cannot be awarded, except through the instrumentality of destruct. Was there ever a more virtuous and praiseworthy deed — one more just in it- self, beneficial in its results, or acceptable in the sight of H eaven, than that of our patriotiek and heroick ancestors in drawing the sword of liberty, and letting it fall so heavily upon our country’s foes in the days of the Revolution ? Yet, in this noble and glorious act, destruct . shone most conspic- uously, though directed, it is true, by conscien., firm,, in- hab., philopro., adhes., self-e., caus., &c. It is chiefly by the proper exercise of destruct., aided by amat., that the husband or the father protects his wife or his daughter from brutal violence ; and yet, the perverted exer- cise of throe same passions, is mainly concerned in commit- ring brutal violence upon woman. Nay, the vigorous exer* «00 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. cise of destruct. is manifested even in the divine charac.et and government; and for man to be just or benevolent without the aid of this faculty, joined with combat., is often impossible. There is, in short, just as much virtue in pun- ishing the guilty, as in relieving the distressed; or, in othe! words, in the legitimate exercise of destruct., as in that of be- nev. ; and, vice versa , as much iniquity in the improper ex- ercise of benev., as in that of destruct. But it would be un- courteous to my readers to multiply examples to prove the correctness of a principle which is as clear to the eye of reason, as the existence of the sun is to the natural eye, name- ly, that virtue and vice, as connected with destruct., combat., amat., or any other faculty of the mind, consist, 7iot at all in the nature of these faculties, nor in the degree of strength with which they are manifested, but solely in the objects to vvhich they are directed, and in the character of their mani- festation. This same general principle is applicable, and with equal force, to the operations of any and of all the other faculties. We might take, for example, acquis., which gives a desire to accumulate property. Without it, who would cultivate the earth, promote manufactures and the arts, engage in com- merce, or even provide for the wants of the morrow? It is by the exercise of this faculty mainly , that most of the com- forts, as well as the luxuries, of life are brought within our reach; for, after all, it is more from instinct, than reason, that mankind are taught to lay up property : and, without the aid of wealth, how could we educate our children, sup- ply the wants of the poor and needy, relieve the sufferings of the distressed, propagate religion, advance science and the arts, and carry forward those ten thousand schemes for pro- moting the happiness of our fellow-beings which are dictated by philanthropick enterprise? Yet, this same propensity which, in its proper manifestation, is productive of so benefi- cial results, in its perverted exercise, leads to covetousness, cheating, extortion, and even stealing. The manifestations of combat., secret , aliment., amat., self-e., &c., are likewise either good or bad, virtuous or vicious, commendalle or rep- rehensible, not from the nature of these faculties, but ac- cording to the time, place, character, objects, and direction or their manifestations. Thus we perceive, not only that every faculty of the mind is originally good, and nat one is as good and useful as aa FATA 1,13 M. 401 ath e? t but, also, that any faculty is capable of leing turned either to a good or a bad account, according as it is trained and directed by the personal volition and external circum- stances of the individual: and hence we infer .he personal responsibility of every man. Every faculty, whether small, moderate, or large, in every state and stage of its develop- ment, is liable to be perverted, in which case its manifesta- tion becomes immoral, or it may be exercised in harmony with the laws of nature and of moral justice, in which case its manifestation will be virtuous. The reasoning faculties, for instance, in all stages of their development, are capable of being employed to prove and propagate either truth or errour, either morality or immoral- ity, either Christianity or infidelity — cither in the ennobling pursuits of science and philosophy, or in the grovelling pur- suit of devising ways and means by which to gratify an in- ordinate love of gain, or the sensual or baser appetites and passions. Yen. may be equally exercised either in a bigot ed and blind adoration of a pagan Idol, or in a pure and de- vout worship of Jehovah. Benev. is capable of being exer- cised either in relieving the distresses of those who are the proper objects of charity, or in screening from justice those who have violated moral law, and ought, therefore, to be pun- ished. Conscien., even, may be so perverted as to sanction the most revolting and horrid crimes, such as confining innocent victims in dungeons, burning them at the stake, and torturing prisoners taken in war. In proof of this, look at the inhuman cruelties exercised by one religious sect upon another in times of persecution. Look at the bloody butcheries and savage cru- elties of the various Indian tribes, which are often practised upon innocent women and children. But are we to suppose that they who practise such barbarities, are destitute of con* scien. ? Certainly not. We know that the former often be lieve that, in committing such atrocities, they are “doing God service and phrenologically we know, too, that the latter possess a higher development of conscien. than civili- sed, and even Christianized, men. As a proof cf this, in his perfectly savage state, we know that the Indian will rarely, if ever, tell a falsehood. Although the acts resulting from the proper manifestation of the propensities, are not of so ennobling and elevated a character as those arising from the legitimate exercise of the intellect *ia 1 and moral faculties, yet, they are altogether as OBJECTIONS ANSWEREI. ftK virtuous. Nay, more. A good endowment of the proper sities is in dispensable/ requisite to a virtuous character ; for* without such an endowment, and with ever so high a develop* ment of the intellectual and moral faculties, one would be too inefficient and too tame to fulfil all the duties of a benev- olent, an intellectual, or a moral character : his moral light would be “put under a bushel.” The feeling called love flows mainly from adhes. ; and adhes. is one of the propen- titles : yet, who ever supposed, that what we so much ad- mire, and still more strongly eulogize, as “ the pure and ho- ly love of woman,” is a less virtuous feeling than her benev. or her devotion ? And, on the other hand, would we not con- sider the absence of this feeling in her, as great a defect as the absence of conscien., of benev., or of good sense? Hence, it is evident, that, by giving us aliment., God does not compel us to become gluttons and drunkards, but that he has merci- fully bestowed upon us this faculty for the legitimate pur- pose of enabling us to sustain our bodies by the use of food : that, by giving us acquis, he does not compel us to rob and steal ; by giving us destruct., he does not oblige us to mur- der, and so on ; but, that all our faculties are primarily good, and their legitimate exercise, vir.mus. If, then, these faculties are, in their nature, good, and their proper exercise, virtuous, it follows, that it is our duty to ex- ercise them ; and, of course, that we render ourselves culpa- ble by neglecting their proper exercise. If, for instance, we neglect to perform an act of humanity, or of charity, when we have the means to do it, and clearly see it to be our duty, we are as much to blame as for committing a 'positive act of injustice or violence upon a fellow-creature. As it is essential to the argument, and, also, a cardinal doctrine in phrenological theology, I may be pardoned for r epeating the proposition under con. ideration, namely, That all the faculties of the mind are primarily good , and theii legitimate exercise , not o?ily sinless , but even virtuous ; and, therefore, that all sin and all guilt have their origin , nr, l in the nature of the faculties themselves, but in the charac- ter of their manifestations , or in their immoral exercise. According to this view of the subject, then, God nev- er made a bad head , or, he never created a man who must necessarily be a sinner. In fact, to deny this, wouJd be M charging Go I foolishly,” and denouncing his “ greatest FATALISM. 403 work 51 as imperfect and, moreover, making; him out to be •*the author of sin.” “ What ! then,” I conceive you are ready to exclaim, “ does phrenology deny the doctrine of original sin, and of innate depravity, as derived from our first parents, and, consequent- ly of the redemption of the human race by the death and surfering of the Redeemer?” If, by “ innate depravity, and original sin,” you mean a constitutional depravity of the pri- mary faculties of man’s mind, as I understand phrenology, it, in common with every principle of moral justice, of divine perfection, and of common sense, does deny such a dogma, fa their nature, organization, and adaptation, the flowers of the field, the plants of the valley, the beasts c f the forest, the fish of the sea, the fowls of the air, the sun in the firmament, the stars in the sky, nay, all the works of God, proclaim that the perfection of the Great Architect is stamped upon every thing which he has made. And no less so does the corpo- real part of man ; and, since the all-wise Creator has impart- ed perfection to the organization and adaptation of our phys- ical frame, can we, for a moment, suppose that he created the immortal mind less perfect ? Analogy teaches us, that, in as much as animate nature excels, in the wisdom and per- fection of its constitution and formation, inanimate matter — in as much as man excels all the other works of God in his lower creation, and in as much as mind excels matter, in just the same degree are we to expect superiour perfection in the constitutional formation of the hunran mind. To maintain that the nature of man’s mind is depraved in its primary faculties, and that all his sinfulness and guilt have their ori- gin in this depravity, is to destroy, at once, his individuav responsibility, and charge upon God all the sin, and all the consequent misery, that have taken, or will take, place either in this world or in a future state of being: and this is fatal- ism in all its horrid deformity — a doctrine no less revolting than blasphemous. That human depravity, in some form, and in a greater or iess degree, is coextensive with the existence of the human race, or, at least, as far back as the fall of Adam, is a fact wrdch I readily afc.it. If you ask, 5 What, then, are the origin and procuring cause of this depravity — since you de- ny that they are in the original constitution of the human mind?” I answer, that, if phrenology cannot fully explain the whole matter, it can. at least, point out one of ‘.he causes 404 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. of this depravity ; and that one is found in the depraved phyp iology of mankind, proceeding from a perverted education and training of both their physical and their mental powers. Most of the diseases, sickness, and pain we suffer, both men- tal and corporeal, also proceed from the same cause, and not from any imperfection in the or ganization and original constitution of our bodies — not from any necessary or legiti- mate action of our corporeal organs, but from our violating the natural and wholesome laws of our physical nature. And this perversion of the laws of our physical, intellectual, and moral nature, has a direct influence upon our offspring, so that the child often inherits from his parents, to a greater or less extent, not only his physical, but his moral and intel- lectual, character, just as he frequently inherits the health or the diseases of his parents and ancestors. Hence we per ceive, that God is no more the cause of our bodily infirmi ties, pain, sickness, and suffering, than he is of our mentaJ weaknesses and aberrations ; for, in the formation and com struction of our corporeal frame, a wisdom and perfection are displayed which show that he has done all that could have been done to prevent disease and suffering.* To depraved human nature, the doctrine of constitutional and original depravity, seems to be immensely gratifying since it answers as a sort of “ scape goat,” upon the head of which to pile up all our sins. But I do not see any thing in phrenology which teaches that, in our day, man is born with a different or less perfect moral or physical nature than that given to Adam when he came from the hand of his Ma- ker, excepting always the degeneration and variation which our species, or different portions of it, have undergone by the perversion of the laws of our physical nature ahead}?- allu- ded to : and I do not see how it could have been otherwise without destroying man’s personal responsibility : and if w^e take from him his personal responsibility, he is no longer accountable for his conduct. But that man is personally res- ponsible, and, therefore, accountable , “ for the deeds done in the body,” phrenology clearly demonstrates. I have already shown, that man becomes guilty by perverting his orignally * The writer designs shortly to prepare for the \ vess, a worK upon the connes Ion between man’s physiology and his mental powers, and kindred subjects, era bracing, among other tilings, an inquiry into the cajses of the greater ilsintocie tu as it is, and suggesting remedies for these evils as pointed out by phrenology the work will form a kind of sequel to the present volume. FATALISM. 403 £ood facilities — dial he often prostitutes his reason, his mora, feeling-, and all the noblest, powers of his nature, to the has# and grovelling- gratification of his depraved and sensual de- sires and appetites, whereas, were he to act in perfect har- mony with the laws of his nature— that is, his undegenera- led nature, or such a corporeal and mental organization and constitution as God originally gave to our first parents — he would be virtuous and happy. According to this view of the subject, then, so far from de- stroying the free agency of man, and diminishing his res- ponsibility and his guilt for indulging in sinful feelings and wicked deeds, phrenology establishes the former, and great- ly enhances the latter. It not only, does not make God the author of sin, but it charges home upon the sinner himself the whole weight of his guilt, with a power and with a force that can scarcely be derived from any other source. Hence, so far from leading to fatalism , phrenology fur- nishes to the Christian, even, an argument against those who urge against his religion this objection. Let us sup- pose, for instance, the following discussion to take place between a Christian and an infidel. The infidel brings for- ward a most depraved character, say the pirate Gibbs, who not only murdered thirty human beings with his own hand, hut also caused the death of four hundred* more, and, more- over, ravished, and then inhumanly butchered, many help- loss and imploring females that fell into his power; and, to fill up the measure of his depravity, to the day of his execu- tion, seemed to delight in recounting these revolting barbar- ities ; and then says to the Christian, “ According to your doctrines, did not God create this abominably wicked wretch, and that, too, with all his wicked propensities?” “ Yes,” must be the reply. “ And, according to your Bible, does not God eternally punish him for these very crimes which arc the legitimate offspring of his originally depraved nature? 13 “ He certainly does,” says the Christian. “ That is, accord- ing to your creed,” says the infidel, “ God first creates men with depraved natures, and then punishes them for being what he made (hem ! Surely, the licentious Jupiter of the Heathen is far preferable to the unjust and tyrannical God of the Christian. Away with a doctrine and a Deity so ab- horrent to every principle of common sense and common justice.” If th3 Christian appeal to the authority of Revelation ta 406 OBJECTIONS. ANSWERED. help him out of the difficulty, the infidel resists the appeal by rejecting the Bible as an absurd fable; and let the Chris- tian exert his utmost ingenuity, and turn whichever way he will, he still finds it impossible entirely to wrench this weapon from the hand of his antagonist. But here phrenology steps :n, and completely shields Christianity from the blows of infi- delity, by saying, “ It is true that God gave to Gibbs very large destruct., acquis., amat., &c. ; but so far as the Deity ig concerned, these faculties were created pure and sinless ; and, had they been properly cultivated and directed, their mani festations would have been virtuous, and productive of good to mankind. But by means of the power delegated to Gibbs, instead of exerting these faculties in accordance with the be nevolent designs of his Maker, in the promotion of the wel fare and happiness of his fellow men, he basely prostituted them to the worst of purposes. But he had no right thus to prostitute and pervert these originally good faculties ; and, for doing this, he alone is guilty , and, of course, pun- ishable.” And now, sir, either my reasoning faculties, or my self- complacency, greatly deceive me, if these four arguments, either singly or conjointly, do not fairly meet, and fully an- swer, your main objection to phrenology, namely— the first by throwing the objection back upon yourself to answer as bearing against matters of fact as you admit them to exist — the second, by showing, that, so far as the objection lies against phrenology, it also lies against God’s imparting any mental qualities to man — the third, by proving that the ex - ercise of the various faculties, causes the exercise, and con- sequent enlargement , of their respective organs, and that the deficiency of any of the organs is mainly owing to neglect in the exercise of their respective faculties — and, the fourth, by showing that the nature and constitution of all the facul- ties, are originally good , and their legitimate manifestation, virtuous , and, consequently, that vice and immorality origin- ate in the perverted exercise of these good faculties. Here, then, I dismiss this subject, and, at the same time, lake leave of several other points of your article ; for, if thh your great gun can be completely silenced, and even turn- ed against fatalism, surely, all the small arms wnich can be brought to bear upon ph enology, can be spiktd without difficulty, MATERIALISM. MATERIALISM. Another important objection to phrenology, and one *ery dosed y related to that just answered, is, that this science es- tablishes the doctrine of materialism, it is urged that, by snaking mind so much dependant upon, and under the influ- ence of organized matter, and by showing that, from one end of the animal kingdom to the other, (see pp. 7 to 10, and 26 to 34,) the mental and corporeal manifestations are recipe rocal , phrenology proves a connexion between mind and matter, so direct and intimate, that it can be explained only by admitting, that mind is nothing more or less than a con- dition , or property , or emanation of matter peculiarly organ- ized and endowed with vitality; and, consequently, that when vitality ceases in such matter, the mind that inhabited it, also ceases to exist, and, therefore, cannot be immortal. That the sympathy and connexion between mind and mat- ter, are very intimate, and that organized matter has a con- trolling influence upon the manifestations of intellect and feelings, no one who has investigated the subject, will pre- sume to deny; any mors than he will that the laws which govern this sympathy, are universal in thtir application to animate beings. It is a matter of fact, that we know nothing either of the character or of the operations of mind in this world, only as they are manifested by means of corporeal organs. The mantled cheek, the lowering brow, the curled lip, the speak- ing tongue, the sparkling eye, the look of joy, of love, of af- fection, of sorrow, of suffering, of benignity, of intelligence, of indignation, as expressed in the countenance, all bespeak the inward workings of the mind, whose mandate they obey : and, if we derange or disturb the corporeal organization through which the mind manifests itself, we equally derange or disturb the mind itself. Let the body be vigorous and active, and the mind will be equally so ; whereas, if weakness, or lassitude, or nervous affection prostrate the corporeal powers, the mental powers will proportionally sink. If inflammation seize the brain, the mind is excited to raging madness ; but when the orain is again restored to healthy action, the healthy action of the mind is also restored. In short, if the corporeal functions are deranged in any May, the mental functions are equally 4i*turbed: see p. 18. Hunger end many kinds of diseasa 403 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED create peevishness and i ascibility; a surfei. clogs the wheel* Dt thought and feeling: dyspepsy produces melancholy and gloomy forebodings ; a draught of ardent spirit stimulates the feelings, and sometimes the intellect; unrequited love causes the mind to droop, and frequently the body to pine away ; and a few grains of arsenick or opium are sufficient to drive both reason and feeling from their throne. Facts this kind might be multiplied ad libitum ; but these are doubtless sufficient to illustrate the sympathy and connexion which exist between mind and matter. Now, if t he doctrine of materialism follows from the fac£ that organized matter has a controlling influence over mind, it must be true, and we may as well refuse to believe wnat we constantly see and feel , as to disbelieve this doctrine. The whole question, then, seems to resolve itself into this — wheth- er or not the connexion of mind arid matter necessarily in- volves the doctrine of materialism. But, decide this question as we may, this much is certain, that phrenology is no more liable to the charge of material- ism, than is every system both of physicks and metaphysicks extant. If phrenology is chargeable with materialism, the science of anatomy, of medicine, of physiology, of natural and moral philosophy, and, in short, of every thing which treats of the human body or mind, is equally chargeable with supporting the same doctrine ; for they, one and all, equally with phrenology, admit, and even demonstrate, this* same great principle of the intimate connexion and relation be- tween the physical organization and the manifestations of thought and feeling. Nay, even the Bible itself is charge- able with this heresy of materialism. But, if there is any more materialism in the proposition, that one portion of the brain is employed to perform one class of mental functions, mid another portion, another class, than there is in the propo sition, that the whole brain is brought into action by every operation of the mind, then , indeed, is phrenology guilty, but not otherwise. AH systems of physiology support the doctrine, that the brain is the corporeal instrument by means of which the mind perfa rms its various functions; and this doctrine con- stitutes the data, and the only data, upon which the charge of materialism, as urged against phrenology, is founded. Hence, so far as the objection h^ < any force, it virtually lie* against the existence r f any connexion between, not only the MATERIALISM. m b?am and flu operations of the mind, but between any par nans of matter whatever and the mind. But it has already been shown, that we know nothing of the existence or ope- rations of mind in this life, as a separate entity , or a thing that exists or acts apart from organized or animate matter; but of its existence and operation in connexion with organi- zed and animate matter, we do know , just as well as know that matter itself exists. It is not, however, incumbent on me here to discuss the question of materialism in the abstract , but merely as appli- cable to phrenology. Since, therefore, I have clearly proved that this doctrine is not applicable to phrenology as such — that it has no more to do with the principles of this science than it has with those of any and every other science which treats of the physiology and mental economy of man, I con- ceive that I have fairly met, and fully answered, this ob- jection. But this objection is not urged by infidelity against the Christian religion so much as it is by professing Christians against phrenology. They argue that “ Materialism is false, because it is contrary to divine Revelation ; bu* that phrenol ogy leads to materialism; and, therefore, phrenology must be untrue.” But let those who are zealous for the truth of the Christian religion, beware, lest, by proving materialism upon phrenology, they thereby prove it upon themselves, and thus fall into the snare which they had set for phrenolo- gists. They infer that, if phrenology is true, it necessarily implies the truth of the doctrine of materialism, and, conse- quently, overthrows Christianity. Now, if, after all, phre- nology should become (as it unquestionably will) fully es- tablished, materialists and infidels will prove their doctrines by the very arguments furnished by Christians themselves. They will reason thus: “According to your own argu meats, if phrenology is true, it establishes the truth of mate- rialism, infidelity, fatalism, &c. : phrenology is demonstrably true; therefore the doctrines of materialism, infidelity, fatal- ism, &c., are undeniable.” And thus, even though their ar- guments are sophistical, Christians will be “ condemned out of their own mouth,” or else driven to the disagreeable alter- native of admitting that their arguments are fallacious, and the offspring of religious bigotry. It is an old trick of agitators a. id bigots to raise the hua and cry of infidelity, atheism, materialism, heresy, and so 18 " 410 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED. forth, against new doctrines in religion, and new distove/U* in philosophy and science. Not only were Anaxagoras, Soc- rates, Galileo, Columbus, Locke, and a host of other worthies, the effulgence of whose genius has lighted up the intellectual and moral world, obliged to contend with the same kind of opposition, but the great Reformers, and even our Saviour and St. Paul, were assailed with the same sort of weapons. But I am not so easily alarmed as to be driven from my pur- pose by a little dust kicked up by those who are too bigoted to look at a new science lest its doctrines corrupt their morals, nor so easily persuaded as to yield to an objection which 1 find to be directly at war with facts. I shall, therefore, de- liberately walk forward in the train of facts which light up my way, fearless of the goal to which they may conduct me. In reference to the doctrine of materialism, I have only tc add, that phrenology itself furnishes evidence sufficient to satisfy my mind, that it is utterly false. This evidence is chiefly furnished by the faculties of ven. and hope. I believe that the legitimate and leading function of the first, is to teach us to worship a God, and that this proves the existence of a Deity, and, consequently, of a being whose mind acts independently of organized matter ; and I believe that the leading office of the last, is to point out to us a hereafter by leading us to hope for it and to expect it, and, consequently, that it proves the existence of a future state of being. But these points will be presented more at large in the chaptei upon the Theology of phrenology. REGENERATION, OR A CHANGE OF HEART. As the objection, that the principles of phrenology are op- posed to what many believe to be the Scripture doctrine of a change of heart , is tolerably well stated in the following letter, published in the Morning Star, we allow Dr. Mallison, as the representative of all who urge this objection against phrenology, to state it in their behalf. “New York,' Oct. 18, 183& “ To the Messrs. Fowlers. “ Sirs, — At your next lec.ure, I wish you to explain, according to the principles of phrenology, how any material or radical change in a man’s moral character, disposition, or conduct, can take place. For example ; we frequently see the infidel and irreligious man, sud- denly anc" radically change his sentiments and practices in life, and Decome pious, r evo ential, am dcvoflcoal. Now, according to th* A CHANGE OF HEART. 41 s {principles of you; system, it seems to follov T , that, in reality, there ere no such char ges, and that they are wholly imaginary or hypocrit- ical, or else, that there must be a corresponding change of the phren< ological organs, namely, a sudden diminution of one class of organ.;, and an equally sudden enlargement of another class, whose functions are directly opposite. “ That men do often experience these changes, is evident to every one ; but that the bumps of the cranium, are subject to such suddes growth and depression, is certainly most doubtful : and, if these or gens do not correspond with a man’s changes in conduct and dispo sition, how can they have any reciprocal relation to his true char acterl D. J. MALLISON, M. D” Admitting this doctrine of a change of character and con duct called regeneration, as believed in and taught by ortho dox Christians, to be correct , and the first question to be con- sidered in relation to its bearings upon the doctrines of phre- nology, is, in what does this change consist ? From even a superficial view of the subject, it is evident, that it does not consist either in a substitution of one primary mental faculty for an other opposite faculty, or in a change of the original nature and character of the faculties, or of their proportion- al strength; for, if the subject of this change possesses a strong and original intellect before conversion, he has just as strong and as original an intellect after conversion ; but, if he is weak-minded before, he still remains so. Even his leading peculiarities of mind, thought, and feeling, remain unaltered. If, before conversion, he possesses a remarkably retentive memory of incidents, of faces, of dates, of principles, and of places, his memory of these things is equally tenacious after- wards ; but, if his memory of any of these things is weak be- fore, it is equ all) 7 so afterwards. If, before, he is remarkable for his mechanical, or any other, talents, he is uniformly found to possess the very same talents, and in the same de- gree, afterwards. If he is possessed of a superiour musical talent before he meets with this change, he possesses the very same talent, and in the same degree of excellence, aftei this &vent. In what, then, does this change consist? Simply and solely in a change of the direction of these respective facul- ties , , or of the objects upon which they are exercised., and noi in a change of their nature and character , or of their rela- tive power. For example; if the person converted, has a great talent for musick, the effect of his conversion is to change the direction of this faculty : thus, before conversion, It was chiefly exercised in singing songs, lively airs, &'e.< OBJECTIONS AM3Y7E3E0. 412 whereas, it is now chiefly exercised up^n pieces of sacred inti- sick. If, before conversion, his reasoning powers are great, but exercised principally upon political, philosophical, or scien- fcifick subjects, they are afterwards equally powerful, but di- rected mainly to religious and theological subjects. Benev. which was before manifested in relieving the physical suf- fering, and promoting the temporal wants and earthly hap- piness, of his fellow-men, is now directed to a different and Dr more elevated object, namely, the salvation and eternal happiness of his fellow-men. And so of every other feeling, faculty, and talent, of the individual. Now, in as much as the relative power of the faculties themselves, remains unchanged, though directed to different objects, there is no call for an alteration in the proportionate size of the organs , and, of course, no need of a sudden dimi- nution of one class of organs, and an equally sudden enlarge- ment of another class. But, if this change of heart did ne- cessarily involve a change of the nature and the constitution of the primary mental powers, the inevitable conclusion would be, that these faculties were not well-made at the first, and, therefore, require remodelling , or, rather, re-creating which would necessarily imply imperfection on the part of the Creator; and, not only so, but this radical change in the nature of the faculties themselves, would certainly destroy the identity of the person converted, thus making him, not a new , but another , being. Again, if this conversion were to change the relative power of the primary faculties, the same inferences hold good. Whilst, then, the nature of the faculties themselves, remains unchanged, and their proportionate strength the same as it was before, the amount of it is, that divine grace simply gives to the faculties as they i iginally or previously were, a new direction. An illustration will, perhaps, make the point clear. \ steamboat, which is made perfect and beautiful throughout, h beingpropelled down a river, by the power of steam. The rud- der is turned, and the same boat is now propelled up the l ive?, by the same power , and by means of the same apparatus. But the boat is not changed, or transformed ; for it is, by sup- position, made perfect ; nor is the nature of the steam changed, nor the character or proportionate strength of any one thing abaut the boat. This is not necessary. The boat is perfect Its direction, merely , is altered; and that by means of the A CHANGE OF HEART. 413 <50 operation of the power of the boat and Uat of her com* cmnder. So it is in the matter of conversion, The s inner is sailing’ smoothly down the rapid current of sin and worldly pleasure, towards the opening gulf of endless perdition. Di- vine a gea:y arrests him, and changes, not the nature of the thinking faculties themselves, but merely the direction of the thoughts produced — not the nature of the propelling powers themselves, but the drift and current of the feelings that flow from those powers, b) setting before them a different object to stimulate and occupy those powers. The analogy of the steamboat, does not, of course, hold good throughout ; for man is a moral agent, the steamboat, a mere machine. It, however, holds good as far as I have occasion to apply it. Men are depraved, not because they have depraved faculties , but because they make a depravea use of good faculties', see last proposition under the last ob- jection, p. 403. Y ou allude to a “ sudden ” change. So far as the change is sudden, it is not a change, either of faculties , or of their relative strength. This change of the proportionate strength of the faculties is always gradual. The man whose besetting sin before conversion, was an inordinate craving for money, has the same craving afterwards, with this differ- ence merely, that, by the grace given him at conversion, it is restrained from breaking out into overt acts of wickedness. The same is true of the passionate man, of the ambitious man, &c. Paul speaks of carrying on a “ warfare against the lusts of the flesh:” and the Bible everywhere- holds out the idea that victory over our depraved propensities, must be gradual, and can be obtained only by long- continued and la- borious effort — by watching and praying, and severe self denial. Christian experience is compared to the “ rising light, which,” from a feeble gleaming, “ groweth brighter and brighter till the p( rfect day” — 41 to a grain ot mustard seed, which,” from the smallest of seeds, “ becomes a great rce plainly implying, that, as far as the relative strength if the faculties is changed, so far the change is gradual. I would ask any true Christian, if he is not obliged to hold in with a strong rein, those propensities that predomi- nated before his conversion; and, if a long time is not requi- site effectually to subdue “those sins that most easily beset him.” so that their instinctive promptings are not plainly felt By the ime, then that he has subdued his proper 18 * 414 OBJECTIONS ANSWERED titles, or altered th 3 relative strength of his faculties , the organs will have time to adjust themselves accordingly: see pp. 365, to 370 If I mistake not, then, I have clearly shown, that the doc trines and principles of phrenology, are not at all mconsist* ent with the doctrine of regeneration ; and, also, that phre- nology enables us to tell what hind of Christians particular individuals are. PHRENOLOGICAL FLATTERY. It is farther objected to phrenology, or, rather, to phreno- logical deductions of character, that “ The science as employ- ed in practice, generally makes men better than they really are; and thus flatters their vanity and self-conceit, and, con- sequently, tends to diminish their efforts for improvement.” By the application of phrenological principles, we are en- abled to ascertain and describe only the natural talents, feel- ings, dispositions, and capabilities of individuals, including also, the modifications of these feelings and talents as far as cultivation has produced a change in their external signs or organs ; but a correct description drawn from such data, can- not properly be called flattery. To make it flattery, the de- scription should give to individuals a greater amount of talent, of intellect, or of moral feeling, than they really possess ; but this it does not do, except in the hands of unskilful or dis- honest practitioners, for whose acts phrenology cannot be justly held responsible. It is freely admitted, however, that phrenology often as- cribes to individuals a far greater amount of certain talents, propensities, or feelings, than they think they possess, or than they have manifested. But, in doing this, 'phrenology is not at fault ; for the fact in the case not unfrequently happens to be. that, from the force of circumstances, defects in education, cr from some other cause, these qualities of mind, which really exist as described, have not been manifested in guch a manner as to display their real strength and powti, bat have remained neglected and unknown, and, consequent- ly, unappreciated. The diamond, however, is the same, ' whether it sparkle in the diadem of royalty, or slumber on .he cross of the pilgrim.” Who does not know, that the dis- tinctions and honours obtained in human ife, more frequently depend upon adventitious and favourable circumstances, than upon nativs genius and real worth? Let an individual who FH RENO LOGICAL FLATTERS. 415 l§ possessed of only respectable talents, be thrown into cir. cumstances which shall give these talents high cultivatioi and polish, and he will often cut a far greater figure in the world than another who possesses talents of the highest or tier, but who is chained down in obscurity by the force of urn hvourable circumstances. Hence we might expect, that, if hrenology reveals the true character, it will often be con learned. for overrating , and, at other times, for underr ating the capabilities and talents of individuals. But one prominent ground of the objection under consid- eration, is, that men do not know themselves ; that is, they frequently entertain very erroneous notions concerning their own talents, disposition, and capabilities, especially with re* ference to some 'particular traits of character ; and, what makes the point still worse for phrenology to settle in a sat isfactory manner to all the parties that may be concerned or interested in an examination, is, not merely that the individ ual examined may have wrong notions of many of his own mental qualities, but that his friends and neighbours even, frequently entertain views on these same points, widely dif- ferent from his own, and widely different from each other So that, there is nothing more common than for the decisions of phrenology upon particular traits of character, to be oppo- sed by the parties concerned, to be disputed upon among themselves, and, finally, after investigation, to be conclusively established in favour of phrenology: see pp. 79, 263. The causes of this ignorance of human character which so extensively prevails in the world, are numerous. I shall allude to only two or three of them. The first is, that all our systems of mental philosophy heretofore published, are so obscure, contradictory, and defective, as to render it im- possible for any one, not excepting even their very authors, to obtain from them clear views of their own mental facul- ties — -to learn from them what constitute the various facul- ies of the human mind, their analysis different functions, nd modes of operation. Secondly, we live in a highly artificial state of society , j/articularly we who profess to be highly civilized . In so- ciety as it is now constituted, the great strife seems to be, not to improve , but to conceal and pervert, nature ; so that men (and especially women) are little more what they seem to be, than artifi :ia ] ffuit is like real fruit The theatre of huinaa 416 OBJ^CTxON 1 ’ ANSWERED. life has be;ome a masquerade, where each attempts to act fog part in disguise. TV illustrate this point, let us suppose that a very u prig hi and conscientious man engages in business, m the mercas> tile line, if you please. He proceeds, for a while, to deal m the most honest and honourable manner, but directly finds that he is surrounded by those who employ “the tricks of trade,” and begins to think that, unless he fall in with their usages, he will be ruined in his business. He then stops a moment to reason with his conscience — and more especially with his acquis . ; and he finds that it is an almost universal practice to recommend a bad article as a good one, (particu- larly among the retailers ,) and to lie it on to the customer ; also, to take advantage of the ignorance of the customer, by selling him an article for fifty or a hundred per cent more than it is really worth ; and to practise a thousand other dirty tricks with impunity. His conscience loudly rings the alarm, and tells him it is wicked, it is base, it is mean. But the consideration of gain, the universality of the practice, and what he considers the necessity of the case, at length get the upper hands, and so far stifle the warnings of conscien., that he gradually slides into this slimy and hell-ripening course. Now, at such a stage of his career, phrenology would be apt to attribute to him a higher degree of conscien. than he dis- plays in his practice ; for, as yet, the organ has not had time to dimmish in proportion to the letting down of the man’s character. — This case may serve to illustrate ten thousand others, not only with respect to the organ of conscien., but also in regard to all the other organs. On the other hand, the phrenologist may sometimes be found fault with for describing an individual’s character as worse than it is, when, in reality, the only reason that he has not displayed his vicious propensities in {heir full force, is, they have been restrained merely by surrounding circrnn stances, or, perhaps, the witness who bears testimony in th^ case, is not so intimately acquainted with the individual as to know his real character. Hence, I have invariably found, that, the judgment, &c., being equal, the more intimate the acquaintance between the person examined and him who bears testimony to the correctness of the examination, th* more perfectly will he agree with the phreno’cgieal re- cede reasonings — that perceptive intellect must observe the data before the reflective powers can draw correct conclusions ; and therefore, that ihech relical phrenology, like speculative metaphysics, is valueless. Hence, be- fore the community in general, or even the educated portion of it, will listen to the arguments adduced in its support, or imbibe the beneficial principles upon which it is based, they require to see its truth practically demonstrated. And it is fortunate for phrenology that this is the case, because it is to this experimental tribunal alone that she makes her appeal. Practical phrenology also enables every individual who wishes to test the truth of the science in his own person , to place his real character and talent® side by side with his phrenological developments, and by comparing the two together, to ascertain its truth or erroneousness. But the two following questions will place practical phrenology in its true light, and their answer decide its merits. First. Is the uniformity between the phrenological antecedent and consequent, or between the condition and its accompanying mental mani- festation, fixed, and certain , and unifoi'm ? Second. Can these condi tions, or at least the leading ones, be observed during life ? Every philoso- pher and every phrenologist must answer the first in the affirmative, ov abandon the science as anti-Baconian. The second, Gall and Spurzheim aave answered affirmatively in the very discovery of the science, and in pronouncing upon the characters and talents of men wherever they went. Practical phrenology is therefore sustained. It is indeed the Alpha md the Omega of the entire science — both the foundation and the super- structure of the whole edifice, and nothing but this same despised practical phrenology can either improve or advance it a single iota. Nothing else ran prevent the science from becoming as theoretical, and speculative, and spiritless as metaphysics now are — nothing else adapt it to the common mind or to the present age — nothing else add to its facts or keep it to the of nattjke — the only great storehouse of truth. Why then phrenology 1 rather hail it as the onty bulwark and anchor PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY DEFENDED. We admit, indeed, that through its medium, many mistakes, occasioned by the carelessness, or inexperience, or obtuseness of the examiner, or h y tm imperfect acquaintance with those examined, are saddled upon it, which is thus made a scape-goat for the sins of them all. The phrenologist may also find mechanical, or oratorical, or other powers, of which the commit nity in general, and even the individual himself, may be ignorant. Had a phrenologist ascribed to Patrick Henry before his debut, those transcendent powers of eloquence which he afterwards evinced, he would have been scouted as an impostor, and but for the circumstances which called them out, they might never have developed themselves. Mankind undoubtedly possess much more talent, and moral feeling, and integrity than they mani- fest in action. But the phrenologist tells what they possess by nature , not what they exhibit, and hence is often considered wrong when he is in fact right. On the other hand, he may sometimes ascribe bad qualities to those who may have artfully succeeded in wearing plausible exteriors. But it is the envy, and even animosity existing among men, and th? consequent partiality with which they judge each other that constitute b / far the greatest difficulty which he encounters. If he ascribes to an indi- vidual superior talents, or high moral worth, an evil-eyee neighbour, or a •^arm political opponent, will consider the examination a total failure, be- cause it did not make him out a real rascal ; whilst a friend will regard it as perfectly correct throughout. When both friend and foe, and also the individual himself all agree, and the science itself, not its imperfect practi- tioner, comes in contact with them all, then, and not till then, should an occasional failure be considered a sufficient loop to hang a doubt upon ; provided its decisions are in the main correct. For several years past the author has been accustomed to put phrenology to the severest of all tests, namely, that of making examinations blindfolded. To this many judicious phrenologists have strenuously, and perhaps justly, objected, alleging that the examiner imperiously demands at least the perfect use of ail his senses, and also a knowledge of the temperament. Examining without the eyes is indeed like running a race upon one foot, impeding his progress, and rendering him liable to stumble ; but let it ha remembered that he has a mass of incredulity and prejudice to contend against; that Ills other hits are attributed to his shrewdness and knowledge of human nature, physiognomy, &c. ; that by these blindfolded tests only esm this class of objectors be reached ; and that, if successful, they are felt **> be conclusive and final, leaving no grounds of appeal, no room for evasion. If decidedly marked subjects are brought forward, and on no account should any others he selected, the natural character, besides being strongly indicated upon the head, will burst forth spontaneously in action and ex- pression, disdaining all artificial restraints, so that no mistakes need occur. In such cases the author never fails to hit the true character, and finds them to be productive of deeper and more universal conviction than any other means he can employ. But these philosophizing, anti practical phrenologists still farther object to this “examining heads,” and “ charging fifty cents per caput,” alleging that it lowers down the dignity of this high-toned and pre-ein nently philaii* thropio science, by prostituting it to the degrading level of a mere catch- CHARGING FOR EXAMINATIONS 42i tenk, and could live upon the interest of their money they might indeed iflbrd to spend their time in prosecuting this noble science gratis. But e 7 ery man must live by his calling, and the practical phrenologist no more compromises the dignity of his science by requiring pay for services ren derod, than the lawyer degrades the law by requiring his fee, or the phy- sician by sending in his bill. But to charge “ fifty cents per lecture,” and “ five dollars for the couree 3 i; and to require “three hundred subscribers” beforehand at that, and to hold phrenological works twenty-five per cent, higher than other books, not onb» does not compromise the dignity of the science, but is even deemed neces- sary by some in order to impart dignity to it : whilst to take pay for examining heads, furnishing a chart, and indicating upon it the relative size of one’s phrenological developments, greatly “alters the case,” anil savours strongly of quackery and humbuggery. But the fact is that to require pay for examining the head no more degrades the science than to take pay for books or lectures. It is this taking pay, no matter for what, that does the mischief ; and the more the pay the greater the evil. But is it not highly probable that these objections originate in the ob jectors’ inability to examine heads, and their consequent jealousy of those who possess so valuable a talent 1 When in Boston, the immortal Spurzheim expressed the opinion that the time would come when phrenology^, in common with medicine and law, would become a regular profession, having not only its professorships in our seats of learning, but its regular practitioners in our cities and villages, w r ho would be consulted by parents touching the education and choice of occupations adapted to their children, and by persons employing apprentices, servants, &c., as much as the physician now is in sickness. This very state of things this practical phrenology is now producing. No one, however, can regard with deeper indignation, or hold in higher contempt than the writer does, this getting a smattering of phrenology, and going about the country merely to make money. This practice has become a very common, but is a most despicable one, and constitutes one of the greatest barriers which obstructs the onward progress of this noble science. But the season for such empiricism has nearly gone by. Such pretenders cannot now, as formerly, rely upon the mere noveltjr of phre- nology for their success, and hence are fast becoming unable to defray ex- penses ; and judicious minds will not hold the science responsible for their blunders. But to say the least, this examining heads affords a great amount of in- nocent amusement, and a very interesting subject of conversation and dis- cussion ; and, more than any and every other method which could be devised, is calculated to promulgate the science by', bringing it in a tangible *n