SCIENTIFIC TRACTS. 
 
 VOL. II NO. XV . 
 
 THE BEE 
 
 The Bee tribe of insects is very large, embracing a vast 
 variety of species. The general characteristics of the 
 genus are four membranaceous wings, and the female 
 being armed with a sting. This genus is called by natu- 
 ralists opes, and there are no other genera of insects 
 which comprehend agreater number or variety. In this 
 article our attention will be directed to but one species, 
 the common honey or domesticated bee. 
 
 Almost from time immemorial this useful little insect 
 has attracted th(3 attention and the admiration of man. 
 Treatises respecting its habits, and the mode of its culti- 
 vation, are frequently found from the pens of the ancient 
 classic writers. And their poetry is interspersed with 
 imagres and illustrations drawn from their domestic econ- 
 omy. The bee is found in almost every country, and sips 
 honey alike from the flower which blooms in the city and 
 the wilderness. 
 
 In the warmer latitudes where a meridian sun adorns 
 the landscape with almost perpetual bloom, this little in- 
 sect finds its most congenial . home. It revels amid the 
 luxuriant vegetation of the tropics with but little care 
 from the hand of culture, and the abundant produce 
 of its industry affords one of the richest luxuries. 
 
 The skill, the industry, and the wonderful order preserv- 
 ed by these little animals, have excited much astonishment, 
 and their history is replete with interest and instruction. 
 The sagacity which they manifest is perhaps surpassed 
 by that of no other animal. Their little empire is gov. 
 
 VOL. II. NO. XV. 29 
 
 C 
 
 iS33 
 
338 THE BEE. 
 
 erned by laws more unvaried than those of the Medes 
 and Persians, and even the most industrious of our spe- 
 cies may learn a lesson from the persevering diligence of 
 this little insect. The skill in workmanship, which the 
 arrangement and construction of their cells exhibit, is 
 truly wonderful. And the amount of honey which they 
 collect in one season, shows with what unwearied dili- 
 gence they pursue their toils. * When the day is fine and 
 the sun shining brightly, the habitation of these marvel- 
 lous little creatures exhibits the aspect of a populous 
 and busy city. The gates are crowded with hundreds of 
 industrious workers — some on the wing in search of 
 sustenance ; others returning from the field laden with 
 food — some earnestlv enijaored in buildinop — some in 
 tending the young — others employed in cleansing their 
 habitation — while four or five may be seen dragging out 
 the corpse of a companion, and, as it would appear, scru- 
 pulously paying the last honors to the dead. At one mo- 
 ment the entrances of the little city are comparatively 
 free ; at another, crowds of its inhabitants may be seen 
 struggling at the gates, making the best of their way to 
 escape from the rain, which by some peculiar sensation 
 they have discovered to be at hand. It can therefore ex- 
 cite no wonder that the habits of these interesting insects 
 should have attracted the attention of some of the 
 best observers of ancient and of modern times.' Prob- 
 ably honey was long used before bees were domesticated. 
 Innumerable swarms were continually depositing their 
 precious stores in the groves of Palestine, so that the land 
 was said to flow with milk and honey. History does not 
 inform us when these industrious little insects were 
 brought from their native grove to labor for man. But 
 now in all parts of the civilized world the cheerful hum 
 of the bee is heard in the farm yard. Long and careful 
 examination of their habits has swept away fabulous stories 
 engendered by imagination, and has brought to light the 
 real history of the bee, replete with interest and wonder. 
 
 THE STRUCTURE OP THE BEE. 
 
 In every hive or swarm of bees there are three classes. 
 1. A female, or queen bee. 2. Males, or drones, which 
 
THE BEE. 339 
 
 do no work. 3. The common working bees, which are 
 supposed to be of no sex. These three classes are so 
 ditterent from each other that they are very easily distin- 
 guished. I'here is but one queen bee in each swarm 
 and she is the prolific mother of many thousands. She is 
 larger in every respect than the common working bee, 
 and longer, though not so large in the trunk as the male. 
 The queen bee is distinguished from the working bee 
 simply by the size. There is a little difference in color 
 but this is so small that it is not easily distinguished. 
 The belly of the queen bee is of a lighter color than 
 that of the working bee, but that is a part of the body 
 which is not often exposed. When a hive is killed, by 
 spreading the bees upon white paper, the queen by her 
 size and color may be easily found. The queen has a 
 sting similar to the working bee. The male bee is larg- 
 er than the laborers, and is considerably thicker than the 
 queen. His proboscis appears not to be formed for col- 
 lecting honey for it is much shorter than that of the work- 
 ing bee. He is never found abroad on flowers, and is not 
 provided with a sting. There are but few males in the 
 hive, some state the number to be four or five hundred ; 
 others suppose it to be much less. 
 
 The class of laboring bees, is the largest in number, 
 there being in a common hive seven or eight thousand. 
 Their organization demands a more minute description. 
 
 'In examiningthe structureof the common working bee, 
 the first remarkable part that offers is the trunk, which serves 
 to extract the honey from flowers. It is not formed like 
 that of other flies, in the manner of a tube, by which the 
 fluid is to be sucked up, but like a brush broom to sweep, 
 or a tongue to lick it away. The animal is furnished 
 also with teeth which serve it in making wax. This sub- 
 stance is gathered from flowers. Like honey it consists 
 of that dust, or farina, which contributes to the fecunda- 
 tion of plants, and is moulded into wax by the little ani- 
 mal at leisure. Every bee when it leaves the hive to 
 collect this precious store, enters into the cup of the flow- 
 er, particularly such as seem charged with the greatest 
 quantities of this yellow farina. As the animal's body is 
 covered over with hj^ir, it rolls itself within the flower, and 
 
 4348 
 
 ■-1 
 
340 THE BEE. 
 
 soon becomes quite covered with the dust, which it soon 
 after brushes off, with its two hind legs, and kneads into 
 two little balls. In the thighs of the hind legs there are 
 two cavities edged with hair, and into these as into a bas- 
 ket the animal sticks its pellets. Thus employed the 
 bee flies from flower to flower, increasing its store and 
 adding to its stock of wax, until the ball upon ea h thif,'h 
 becomes as big as a grain of pepper. By this time, hav- 
 ing got a sufiicient load, it returns, making the best of its 
 way to the hive. 
 
 The belly of the bee is divided into six rings v/hich 
 sometimes shorten the body by slipping one over the other. 
 It contains within it, beside the intestines, the honey bag, 
 the venom bag, and the sting. The honey bag is as 
 transparent as crystal, containing the honey that the bee 
 has drawn from the flowers, of which the greater part is 
 carried to the hive, and poured into the cells of the 
 honey comb, while the remainder serves for the bee's 
 own nourishment ; for during summer it never touches 
 what has been laid up for the winter. The sting which 
 serves to defend this lit le animal from its enemies, is 
 composed of three parts ; the sheath and two darts which 
 are extremely small and penetrating. Both of the darts 
 have several small parts or barbs like those of a fish- 
 hook, which render the sting more painful and make the 
 darts rankle in the wound ; still however this instrument 
 would be very slight did not the bee poison the wound. The 
 sheath which has a sharp point, makes the first impression 
 which is followed by that of'the darts, and then the venomous 
 liquor is poured in. The sheath sometimes sticks so fast 
 in the wound that the animal is obliged to leave it behind, 
 by which the bee soon after dies, and the wound is con- 
 siderably inflamed. It might at first appear well for 
 mankind if the bee were without its sting ; but upon 
 recollection it will be found that the little animal would 
 then have too many rivals in sharing its labor. A hun- 
 dred other lazy animals, fond of honey and hating labor, 
 would intrude upon the sweets of the hive, and the treat 
 sure would be carried off" for want of armed guardians to 
 protect it. The concentric rings which compose the 
 belly of the bee are of a hard horny substance and im- 
 
THR BEE. 341 
 
 pervious to the sting. Thus encased in coat of mail, 
 they often engage for a long time in bloodless battles. 
 The intervals however between the rings of the belly are 
 vulnerable. In this point their attention is directed to 
 their battles. And the bee which succeeds in thrusting 
 its sting between these rings, lays his antagonist in an 
 instant lifeless at his feet. 
 
 GENERATION. 
 
 * How numerous soever the multitude of bees may ap- 
 pear in one swarm, yet they all owe their origin to a sin- 
 gle parent, which is called the queen bee. It is indeed 
 surprising that a single insect should in one summer give 
 birth to above twenty thousand young. But upon open- 
 ing her body the wonder will cease, as the number of 
 eggs appearing at one time amounts to five thousand. 
 This animal whose existence is of such importance to 
 her subjects, may easily be distinguished from the rest, 
 by her size, and the shape of her body. On her safety 
 depends the whole welfare of the commonwealth, and the 
 attentions paid her by all the rest of the swarm evidently 
 show the dependence her subjects have upon her securi- 
 ty. If this insect be carefully observed she will be seen 
 at times attended with a numerous retinue, marching from 
 cell to cell, plunging the extremity of her body into 
 many of them and leaving a small egg in each. 
 
 When the queen bee has deposited the number of eggs 
 necessary, in the cells, the working bees undertake the 
 care of the rising posterity. They are seen to leave off 
 their usual employments, to construct proper receptacles 
 for eggs, or to complete those already formed. They 
 purposely build little cells extremely solid, for the young, 
 in which they employ a great deal of wax. Those de- 
 signed for lodging the males, as was already observed, 
 are larger than the rest, and those for queen bees, largest 
 of all. There is usually but one egg deposited in every 
 ce-I. When the fecundity of the queen is such that it ex- 
 ceeds the number of cells, already prepared, there are 
 sometimes three or four eggs crowded together in the 
 same apartment. But this is an inconvenience which 
 
 VOL. II. NO. XV.. 29* 
 
34*2 THE BEEr 
 
 the working bees will by no means suffer. They seem 
 sensible thai two young ones, stuffed up in the same cell, 
 when they grew larger would but embarrass and at last 
 destroy each other. They therefore take care to leave a 
 cell to every egg, and remove or destroy the rest. 
 
 The single egg that is left remaining, is fixed to the 
 bottom of the cell, and touches it but in a single point, 
 A day or two after it is deposited, the worm is excluded 
 from the shell of the egg, having the appearance of a 
 maggot rolled up in a ring, and lying softly on a bed of 
 whitish colored jelly, upon which also the little animal 
 begins to feed. In the meantime, the instant it appears, 
 the working bees attend it with the most anxious and 
 paternal tenderness. They furnish it every hour with a 
 supply of this white substance, on which it feeds and 
 lies, and watch the cell with unremitted care. They are 
 nurses that have greater affection for the offspring of 
 others, than many parents have for their own children. 
 They are constant in visiting each cell, and seeing that 
 nothing is wanting; pre[)aring the white mixtin-e, which 
 is nothing but a composition of honey and wax, in their 
 own bowels, with which they feed them, thus attended 
 and plentifully fed, the worm in less than six days' time 
 comes to its fill growth, and no longer accepts the food 
 offered it. When the bees perceive that it has no further 
 occasion for feeding, they perform the last offices of ten- 
 derness, shut the little animal up in the cell, walling up 
 the mouth of its apartment with wax; there they leave 
 the worm to itself having secured it from every external 
 injury. 
 
 The worm is no sooner left enclosed but from a state of 
 inaction it begins to labor, extending and shortening its 
 body and by this means liiiin.i? the walls of its apartment 
 with a silken tapestry which it spins in the manner of 
 caterpillars before they underiro their last transformation. 
 
 When their cell is thus prepared, the animal is soon 
 after transformed into an aurelia: but differing from that 
 of the common caterpillar, as it exhibits not only the legs, 
 but the wincrs of the future bee, in its present state of in- 
 activity. Thus, in about twenty or one and twenty days 
 after the egg was laid, the bee is completely formed, and 
 
THE BEE. 343 
 
 fitted to undergo the fatigues of its state. When all i< i 
 parts have acquired their proper strength and consistence, 
 the young animal opens its prison, by piercing with its 
 teeth the waxen door that confines it. When just freed 
 from its cell, it is as yet moist, and incommoded with the 
 spoils of its former situation : but the officious bees are 
 soon seen to flock round it, and to lick it clean on all 
 sides with their trunks; while another band with equal 
 assiduity, are observed to feed it with honey ; others 
 again begin immediately to cleanse the cell that has just 
 been left, to carry the ordures out of the hive, and to fit 
 the place for a new inhabitant. The young bee soon re- 
 pays their care by its industry ; for as soon as ever its ex- 
 ternal parts become dry it discovers its natural appetites 
 for labor, and industriously begins the task, which it 
 pursues unremittingly through life. The toil of man is 
 irksome to him, and he earns his substance with pain ; 
 but this little animal seems happy in its pursuits, and finds 
 delis^ht in all its employments. 
 
 When just freed from the cell, and properly equipped 
 by its fellow bees for duty, it at once issues from the hive, 
 and instructed only by nature, goes in quest of flowers, 
 chooses only those that yield it a supply, rejects such as 
 are barren of honey, or have been already drained by 
 other adventurers ; and when loaded, is never at a loss to 
 find its way back to the common habitation. After this 
 first sally, it begins to gather the mealy powder that lies 
 on every flower, which is afterwards converted into wax ; 
 and with this the very first day it returns with two large 
 balls stuck to its thifrhs.' 
 
 The fertility of the queen mother is prodigious. It is 
 said that during one season a single female will lay from 
 70,000, to 100,000 eggs. Two or three dij^tinct colonies 
 are often formed in one summer. It appears from repeat- 
 ed experiments, that the love of offspring is the great 
 motive which spurs the.m on to labor. Take away from a 
 hive the queen bee, and you put all effectual stop to in- 
 dustry. Not a single cell is constructed ; not a particle 
 of honey is stored up. Reaumur* tried this experiment 
 
 • A celebrated French philosopher born at Focbelle, in 1683. 
 He wrote largely upon insects, and his works upon philosophy and 
 
^44 THE BBE. 
 
 in various ways. He divided a swarm, leaving the queen 
 bee, with one part, and leaving the other part without a 
 female. Both |)arts were placed in commodious hives, 
 but those without a queen appeared to surrender them- 
 selves to indolence and despair. The brightest day could 
 lure but kw of them to the fields. Those who went, re- 
 turned with no stores to the hive ; their only object appear- 
 ed to be, to satisfy the immediate cravings of hunger. 
 Inaction and famine spread fatal diseases tlirough their 
 desolate dwelling, and every morning found the bottom of 
 the hive covered with the lifeless remains of those who 
 had fallen during the night. Daily their numbers dimin- 
 ished, and at the close of three weeks scarcely one thou- 
 sand were left alive, and the whole of these were one 
 morning found dead in the bottom of the hive. There 
 is something truly tragical in their mournful history. 
 
 That part of the swarm however with whom the queen 
 bee was left, immediately commenced persevering and 
 vigorous efforts in the construction of cells for the young 
 and for depositing honey. The laborers were continual- 
 ly returning with their little thighs laden with the rich 
 treasure, and tlie whole hive assumed the aspect of cheer- 
 fulness and of thriving industry. The prospect of off- 
 spring appeared to animate all. From repeated experi- 
 ments of this nature Reaumur concludes, that * we are 
 only sure of one principle of action among bees — the love 
 for their queen, or rather the numerous posterity to which 
 she is to give birth. Each bee is actuated either by a sen- 
 sation which has in view the welfare of all, or by the love 
 of posterity. Whether they construct cells or most care- 
 fully polish them, or labor to gather a harvest of honey, 
 it is never directly for themselves. This may appear 
 somewhat paradoxical to those who have remarked that 
 at the end of the winter, the bees consume the honey 
 they had stored up in the spring and summer. But the 
 experiments just detailed show, that the moment they 
 lose the hope of a numerous progeny, they cease to gath- 
 er the food which is necessary for their own preservation ; 
 
 physics, have given him a high rank among the literati of the 
 world. He died 1757. 
 
THE BEE. 345 
 
 life seems to them of no value, when unsupported by this 
 hope, and so they choose to die. The love of offspring 
 appears to he therefore the all moving principle.' The 
 same experiment has been tried by others and always 
 with similar results. 
 
 After the egg of the common working bee is deposit- 
 ed, three days elapses before it assumes the vermicular 
 state. After remaining in this state five days the cell is 
 closed up with a covering of wax. When thus covered 
 and protected, the enibryo insect is not idle, but labors 
 diligently at the distaff, spinning the cocoon. This is a 
 labor of ihirtysix hours. In three days it changes to a 
 nymph and passes six days in this form. And it is not 
 until the twentieth day from the time tlie esg was laid, 
 that it attains the fly state. The progress of the royal 
 worm through the various stages of its infancy is rather 
 more rapid. In sixteen days from the time that the egg 
 was deposited on its princely couch, the perfect state of 
 queen is attained. The male worm or drone is meta- 
 morphosed into a fly on the twentyfourth day after the 
 egg is laid. ' One of the most astonir^hing facts connect- 
 ed with the economy of bees, is the manner in which, 
 when deprived of their queen, they proceed to repair 
 their loss; for this purpose they construct several of these 
 royal cells, and taking a common worker worm out of the 
 common celis, they put it into a royal one, feed the in- 
 sect with royal food, which is more pungent than that 
 destined for worker grubs, and in a few days instead of a 
 worker they have a queen. This extraordinary discov- 
 ery made by Shiruch, has been confirmed by Huber, 
 and is now admitted by all naturalists. In many parts of 
 Germany, and more especially in Sasatia and Saxony, 
 the peasants availing themselves of this discovery, are 
 enabled to multiply their swarms of bees at pleasure; 
 they shut up a few hundred working bees, with a piece 
 of honey comb, containing common grubs, three or four 
 days old ; the worker bees immediately set about de- 
 stroying some of the common cells ; construct royal cells 
 in their state ; deposit the grubs in those cells and ad- 
 minister to them food proper for grubs destined to become 
 queens. This experiment is constantly repeated and 
 
34G 
 
 THE BEE. 
 
 never found to fail. In the proper time a number of 
 young queens is produced. The supernutiieraries are des- 
 troyed ; atid at length only one survives to govern the 
 hive. Thus wonderfully does nature provide for the 
 preservation of the species — the life of thousands of these 
 insects depending on that of a queen. In order to 
 guard against the possibility of extermination, she has 
 taught the bee the miracle of converting the whole of 
 the instincts and organization of one kind into those of 
 another, by the simple means of providing a different and 
 a more pungent kind of food for the subject of its mar- 
 vellous experiment. There seems, however, to be a 
 natural provision for this cliange ; for it is found that all 
 the workers are imperfect females, whose organs are not 
 developed ; the food simply furthers this development. 
 But whether we look to the design or the means used, or 
 the circumstances under which it is affected, it is one of 
 the most striking facts in the whole rancre of natural 
 history. 
 
 CONSTRUCTIOiV OF CELLS. 
 
 The skill in architecture which these little insects 
 display, even surpasses what would be anticipated from 
 previous manifestation of sagacity. One would suppose 
 that their native instinct would guide them to a uniform 
 mode of constructing their cells. But they are not thus 
 restricted. Governed by circumstances, they appear to 
 take into consideration the form and size of the hive and 
 to arrange and construct their cells in a manner most 
 suitable to the existino; case. Indeed no man in the 
 plan of his own commodious house, can give more deci- 
 sive evidence of study and design than is exhibited in 
 the interior arrangements of the dwellings of the bees. 
 Their little city is laid out into numerous convenient 
 streets and lanes, and their blocks of buildings are never 
 permitted to project into the high-way, or to run in zig- 
 zag lines, obstructing the throngs of laborers who are 
 continually passing and repassing in the performance of 
 their appropriate duties. What is called the honeycomb, 
 is composed of two layers of six sided cells, united by 
 
THE BEE. 347 
 
 their bases. The combs are longer or shorter as best 
 suits their convenience. 'Reaumur suspected from the 
 hexagonal form of tiie cells, and the uniform inclination 
 of the base, that this was the most economical form which 
 could be adopted with respect to the quantity of wax 
 necessary. \Vithout intimating his object, he presented 
 for scjlution the following problem to Koenig, a celebra- 
 ted analyst, " among all the hexagonal tubes with pyramid- 
 dal bases, composed of three similar and equal rhombs, 
 to determine that which can be constructed with the 
 least possible quantity of matter." Koenig worked out 
 the problem, and re[)lied that if three rhombs were so in- 
 clined to each other that the great angles measured 109'^ 
 26' and the little angles 70^34', this construction would 
 require the least quantity of matter. Reaumur found 
 by accurate measurement, that the great angles gave 
 lOO'^SS'and the little one 70° 32' l' How surprisingly 
 is the wisdom of God manifested in endowinor these in- 
 sects with a wisdom surpassing that of many of even the 
 wisest of the human family. 
 
 It is stated by Iluber, that the principle of a division 
 of labor is adopted very extensively in all the opera- 
 tions of the hive. In constructing cells, different parts 
 of the labor are performed by different bees. Some ap- 
 pear to be highly accomplished architects, who plan and 
 build the edifice. They are also the nurses and protec- 
 tors of the young. Others seem to labor in more hum- 
 jjle employments, and merely bring the raw material. 
 
 The wax is not a simple substance which the bees col- 
 lect ready formed, but it is a secretion from their own 
 bodies. The wax workers having fed plentifully upon 
 the delicious nectar which they find in the cups of al- 
 most every flower, remain in a state of repose for about 
 twentyfour hours, during which time the wax is formed 
 and secreted in layers or scales beneath the belly. These 
 scales they take hold of with the little pincers with which 
 their legs are furnished, and peel off. The bee then 
 kneads the detached scale with its tongue and deposits it 
 in the proper place for the formation of the cells. Another 
 and another does the same. A little block of wax being 
 thus collected, an architect takes the work under his own 
 
348 THE BEE. 
 
 care, and with his tongue for a trowel, he moulds his 
 materials into the proper form, and with unwearied dili- 
 gence smooths and polishes his beautiful edifice. Though 
 the labor, for these little insects, is immense, yet the work 
 progresses with great expedition, for all are diligent in 
 contributing their mite. One wax worker after another 
 deposites his tiny burden, and there are many busy laborers 
 on the alert fashioning the raw material into tiie proper 
 form. The hive of the bee affords a most beautiful illus- 
 tration of what may be accomplished by persevering 
 industry. 
 
 Goldsmith, who has given fascination to every subject 
 his pen has touched, thus vividly describes this inter- 
 esting department of the bee's labor. 
 
 * If we examine their cells they will be found formed in 
 the exactest |)r()portion. It was sajd by Pappus, an 
 ancient geometrician, that of all other figures hexa- 
 gons were the most convenient, for when placed touch- 
 ing each other the most convenient room would be given 
 and the smallest lost. The cells of the bees are perfect 
 hexagons. These, in every honey-comb, are double, 
 opening on either side, closed at the bottom. The bot- 
 toms are composed of little triangular panes, which when 
 united together terminate in a point and lie exactly 
 upon the extremities of other panes of the same shape 
 in opposite cells. These lodgings have spaces like streets 
 between them large enough to give the bees a free pass- 
 age in and out, and yet narrow enough to preserve 
 the necessary heat. The mouth of every cell is defend- 
 ed by a border, which makes the door a little less than 
 the inside of the cell. It serves to strengthen the whole. 
 These ceils serve for different purposes : for laying up 
 their young ; for their wax, which in winter becomes 
 a part of their food ; and for their honey, which makeg 
 their principal subsistence. 
 
 Their teeth are the instruments by which they model 
 and fashion their various buildings and give them such 
 symmetry and perfection. They begin at the top of the 
 hive and several of them work at a time at the cells, 
 which have two faces. If they are stinted with regard to 
 
THE BEE. 349 
 
 time they give the new cells but half the depth, which 
 they ought to have, leaving them imperfect till they have 
 sketched out the number of cells necessary for the pre- 
 sent occasion. The construction of their combs costs 
 them a great deal of labor. They are made by insensi- 
 ble additions, and not cast at once in a mould as some are 
 apt to imagine. There seems no end to their shaping, 
 finishing and turning them neatly up. The cells for 
 their young are most carefully formed. Those designed 
 for lodging the drones are lower than the rest, and that 
 for the queen bee the largest of all. The cells in which 
 the young brood are lodged, serve at different times for 
 containing honey ; and this proceeds from an obvious 
 cause : every worm before it is transformed into an aure- 
 lia, hangs its old skin on the partition of its cell, and thus 
 while it stre: gthens the wall diminishes the capacity of its 
 late apartment. The same cell in a single summer is often 
 tenanted by three or four worms in succession, and the 
 next season by three or four more. Each worm takes 
 particular care to fortify the pannelsof its cell by hang- 
 ing up its spoils there. Thus the partitions being lined 
 six or eight deep, become at last too narrow for a new 
 brood, and are converted into store-houses for honey. 
 Those cells, where nothing but honey is deposited, are 
 much deeper than the rest. When the harvest of honey 
 is so plentiful that they have not sufficient room for it, 
 they either lengthen their combs or build more, w i ch 
 are much larger than the former. Sometimes they work 
 at three combs at a time, for when there are three 
 work-houses, more bees may be thus employed without 
 embarrassing each other. 
 
 SWARMING OF BEES. 
 
 The departure of a colony from the parent hive to seek 
 their fortunes and a home for themselves, is a most sin- 
 gular and interesting })henomena. Different opinions 
 have been expressed upon this subject by naturalists, who 
 have paid much attention in investigating the habits of 
 the bee. Early in the spring the front of the hive is 
 often seen for several days, perfectly covered with bees, 
 
 VOL. II. NO. XV. 30 
 
350 
 
 THE BEE. 
 
 as though the interior was too narrow for the thronging 
 population. They appear moving about as in a state of 
 indecision, till finally on some pleasant morning, a queen 
 Bee followed by seven or eight thousand subjects, emerges 
 from the hive, and after fluttering about for a few mo- 
 ments, as though bidding their home a lingering adieu, 
 or waiting for any stragglers who may be disposed to 
 join their party, they take a high and rapid flight in a 
 direct line in search of a new abode. It has generally 
 been supposed that the young swarm, headed by the 
 youthful queen, compose this colony. But it is now 
 pretty well established that it is a promiscuous assem- 
 blage of old and young bees, headed by the old queen, 
 and that she leaves the sceptre of the hive to her youthful 
 daughter, who at the moment of her birth becomes her 
 enemy and rival. 
 
 There is a most deadly animosity subsisting between 
 the female bees- Sometimes there are as many as twenty 
 royal cells in a hive, in each of which the queen deposits 
 an egg, which does not differ in appearance from those 
 placed in the other cells. In size it is a little larger. 
 The instinctive animosity of the queen mother does not 
 however manifest itself against her female progeny, till 
 the worm is transformed into a nymph. Still the working 
 bees appear to be conscious of the danger to which their 
 young females are exposed from maternal malice, and a 
 strong body guard is continually stationed at each royal 
 cell. The sight of these cells appears to give the queen 
 mother the excitement of delirium. She rushes with 
 infuriated haste to the yet unopened cradles of her chil- 
 dren, her submissive subjects retiring before her, and 
 unchecked she barbarously murders her offspring. But 
 her impetuosity is too great to be long continued. Hav- 
 ing torn away from two or three of the cells the thick 
 coating of wax, which protects the infant queens, she 
 becomes exhausted, and is unable to proceed any farther, 
 in her inhuman employment. The excitement, however, 
 which she has manifested, is communicated to others 
 and soon spreads through the hive. All seem to be in up- 
 roar and confusion, and the old queen driven away by jea- 
 lousy or fear, and followed by a large portion of her sub- 
 
THE BEE. 
 
 351 
 
 jects, rushes from the hive, and leaves her empire to the 
 undisputed possession of lier hated daughters. It is said 
 that in every instance it is the old queen which leads the 
 first swarm. 
 
 The multiplication of bees is so immense that it is 
 absolutely a matter of necessity that large parties should 
 continually emigrate. It is said that the young ones 
 remain at home as long as the hive is sufficiently large, to 
 accommodate them. The provision of nature to accom- 
 plish this end is singular. To see passion and cruelty 
 raging through all the brute creation, is one of those 
 mysteries which remain as yet unfolded. We should 
 have anticipated an affectionate, or at least a peaceful 
 and a good natured departure. But it is the hatred of 
 the mother for her daughters which drives the queen 
 from her hive, and she goes imbrued with the blood of 
 her children. We can see the wisdom of the object to be 
 attained but the means, by which God has seen fit to have 
 this object accomplished, are to us dark and mysterious. 
 The cruelty which is raging through the animal creation, 
 is one of the unfathomable mysteries of earth. 
 
 For several days before the young ones swarm, it is 
 not unusual to see them hanging in thick and black clus- 
 ters about the hive, as if there were not sufficient room 
 for them within. This is undoubtedly the case, yet in 
 wet weather they contrive to stow themselves away, 
 though the lanes and alleys of their little city must be 
 greatly crowded, by this immense population. 
 
 About six or seven thousand compose the average num- 
 ber of a swarm. In this number there is but one female, 
 the queen bee, several males or drones, who do not work, 
 and the common laboring bees. Before leaving the hive 
 they supply themselves liberally with food as though pre- 
 paring for a long journey. They usually set off from the 
 hive about the middle of the day, and often immediately 
 after a shower. In what manner they communicate'their 
 ideas so as to move simultaneously, it is difficult to 
 imagine, but they are clearly actuated by some common 
 principle. They hover a few moments about the hive as 
 though waiting for any tardy straggler, and then with 
 rapid wing turn from home, the wide world before them. 
 
852 THE BEE. 
 
 They take their flight high in the air, and sometimes 
 proceed to a great distance. Often every effort of the 
 owner of the hive to stop the swarm is unavailing, and 
 they depart never to be seen again. More frequently 
 however they light upon the limb of a tree or some other 
 such object at no great distance from the hive. It is 
 said that any noise which will drown the hum of their 
 leader, will so confuse them that they are compelled 
 immediately to alight. Hence you often perceive a 
 swarm of bees pursued with all the noises which shovels 
 and tongs, tin pans, &:-c, can produce. If they are not in- 
 duced to alight, and collect into a new hive, they seek 
 out some hollow tree, and there commence the formation 
 of comb. If the orifice is too large, they build a thick 
 coating of comb until it is made of suitable dimensions. 
 As soon as they have selected their habitation they im- 
 mediately begin to make their combs, for they carry the 
 materials for this purpose from their parent hive. Hav- 
 ing repaired their new habitation without delay, they com- 
 mence their industrious labors. Every department of 
 business thrives under their harmonious and well organ- 
 ized efforts. In warm weather one strong hive has been 
 known to send off four swarms in eighteen days. 
 
 DOMESTIC HABITS. 
 
 " Bees generally perform their labors in a peaceful man- 
 ner without interfering with each other's rights. But 
 sometimes they prefer to obtain their honey by stealth 
 rather than by honest labor. Occasionally the inhabitants 
 of two hives, will wage against each other most implacable 
 war. The whole summer is passed in cruel and deadly 
 contest, and the ground in front of the hives may be 
 seen covered with the bodies of the slain. I have watch- 
 ed these furious battles with amazement. Two bees 
 would meet with all the spite and fury imaginable in 
 such little creatures. With mouth and sting they would 
 make most vigorous efforts. Apparently unmindful of 
 everything else, they would mount high into the air, in 
 the contest, or roll over in the dust in deadly embrace. 
 Their stings might be seen glancing from the coat of 
 
THE BEE. 353 
 
 mail, with which their bodies are encased, till one suc- 
 ceeds in suffocating the other by pressing its chest, or 
 adroitly thrusts its sting between the scales of its body 
 and thus instantly deprives it of life. In this insect 
 commonwealth, generally so well governed, murder passes 
 unpunished, and their private disputes are immediately 
 settled by an appeal to arms. ' On those fine spring days 
 in which the sun is beautiful and warm, duels may often 
 be seen to take place between two inhabitants of the same 
 hive, the offspring of the same mother. The causes which 
 bring division into so united a society have not been hither- 
 to ascertained. In some cases the quarrel appears to have 
 begun within, and the combatants may be seen coming 
 out of the gates eager ' for blows.' Sometimes a bee j>eac- 
 ably settled on the outside of the hive, or walking about, is 
 rudely jostled by another, and then the attack commences, 
 each endeavoring to obtain the most advantageous position: 
 They turn, pirouette, throttle each other ; and such is their 
 bitter earnestness that Reaumur has been enabled to 
 come near enough to observe them witli a lens, without 
 causing a separation. After rolling about in the dust, the 
 victor, watching the time when its enemy uncovers his 
 body, by elongating it in the attempt to sting, thrusts its 
 weapon between the scales, and the next instant its an- 
 tagonist stretches out its quivering limbs and expires. 
 A bee cannot be killed so suddenly, except by crushing, 
 as by the sting of another bee. Sometimes the stron- 
 ger insect produces the death of the vanquished by 
 squeezing its chest. After this feat has been done, 
 the victorious bee constantly remains, says Reaumur 
 near his victim, standing on his four front legs and rub- 
 bing the two posterior ones together. Sometimes the en- 
 emy is killed in the hive ; then the victor always car- 
 ries the corpse out of the city and leaves it. These 
 combats are strictly duels, not more than two being con- 
 cerned in them ; and this is even the case when armies 
 of bees meet in combat.' 
 
 Highly as we may applaud the industry of the bee, its 
 honesty after all, is rather questionable. In moral in- 
 
 YOL. II. NO. XV. 30* 
 
354 THE BEE. 
 
 tegrity it must be confessed they are at times very lax. 
 Like piratic coasters, these relentless insects, will some- 
 times overtake a rich merchantman of a humblebee, and 
 they will not let him depart till they have relieved him of 
 his rich stores. It is indeed amusing, — though you can- 
 not help compassionating the poor bumblebee, — to see 
 four or five of these nimble highway robbers, mauling 
 and pommelling their awkward and clumsy victim, till 
 they have compelled him to relinquish every panicle of 
 the honey, he has been so laboriously gathering. They 
 then liberate him to return to his labors under the dis- 
 couraging anticipation of being again in like manner 
 pilfered of whatever he may collect. 
 
 Though the honey bee appears to have no antipathy 
 to fraud, he is the inveterate enemy of idleness. The 
 lazy drones. are permitted to live during the summer 
 months, when every flower is laden with its sweet trea- 
 sures, but as soon as autumn comes, and the bees must 
 be sustained during the winter upon what they have 
 been able to collect in the summer, the then useless 
 drones are murdered. They seem to adopt most rigidly 
 the sentiment, * If any one will not work neither let 
 him eat.' The drones are born in April or May. For 
 a few weeks, they live in genteel luxuriance, but in Au- 
 gust they are indiscriminately massacred. Huber who has 
 with great diligence and perseverance studied the hab- 
 its of this insect observed one day the commencement and 
 the termination of this cruel slaus^hter. As the drones are 
 unarmed they have no safety but in flight. The rage of 
 the whole hive seemed to be simultaneously roused. 
 The drones fled in terror ; but overpowered by numbers 
 escape became impossible, and they were all soon stretch- 
 ed lifeless upon the bottom of the hive. And what is 
 very remarkable, in six different hives, this work of ex- 
 termination was going on at the same hour. It is not 
 unusual for some of the workers also to be included in 
 the list of proscription ; obnoxious in consequence of old 
 age or some other cause unknown to us, their associates 
 put them out of existence. 
 
 ' Among other virtues possessed by bees, cleanliness is 
 one of the most marked : they will not suffer the least 
 
THE BEE. 355 
 
 filth in their abode. It sometimes happens that an ill 
 advised slug, or an ignorant snail, chooses to enter the 
 hive, and has even the audacity to walk over the comb ; 
 the presumptuous and foul intruder is quickly killed. 
 But his gigantic carcase is not so speedily moved. Una- 
 ble to transport the corpse out of their dwelling, and fear- 
 ing the noxious smells arising from corruption, the bees 
 adopt an efficacious mode of protecting themselves ; they 
 embalm their offensive enemy by covering him over with 
 propolis; both Muraldi and Reaumur have seen this. 
 The latter observed that a snail had just entered a hive 
 and fixed itself to the glass side, just as it does against 
 walls, until the rain shall invite it to thrust out its head 
 beyond its shell. The bees it seems did not like the 
 interloper, and not being able to penetrate the shell with 
 their sting, took a hint from the snail itself, and instead 
 of covering it all over with propolis, the cunning econo- 
 mists fixed it immovably by cementing merely the edge 
 of the orifice of the shell to the glass with their resin, and 
 thus it became a prisoner for life, for rain cannot dissolve 
 this cement, as it does that which the insect itself uses.' 
 
 BEE HUNTING. 
 
 In many parts of the world bees are found in great 
 numbers in the woods. In the unbroken forests of our 
 own country honey is found in great abundance, and 
 there are men called bee hunters, who make a living by 
 obtaining the treasures of their hives. In the forest of 
 Maine, it is not an uncommon amusement for young lads 
 to go through the woods in quest of bees. A boy will 
 take a small box of honey in his hand and a little flour in 
 a paper, and walk along till he finds upon some wild flow- 
 er a honey bee. He opens his box, and the bee allured 
 by the fragrance of the honey, immediately seeks a sup- 
 ply from its abundance. While the bee is feeding the 
 boy carefully sprinkles upon it a little flour. As soon as 
 the bee has obtained its load, it sets out in a direct line 
 for the hive. The boy watches the direction of its flight 
 and quietly sits down and waits its return. By and by 
 the bee returns, bringing others with him. The boy 
 
356 THE BEE. 
 
 identifies the insect, by the flour which he has sprinkled 
 upon its back, and judges of the distance of the hive, by 
 the time it has taken the bee to go to it, and return. An 
 experienced bee hunter, will in this manner judge with 
 great accuracy. The boy having thus ascertained the 
 direction of the hive, and having formed some estimate 
 of its distance, proceeds till he supposes he has gone 
 far enough, and then if he does not find the hive he 
 again seeks a bee and repeats the experiment. Perhaps 
 the next bee he finds flies in a very different direction 
 from the first. This informs him that the second bee 
 belongs to some other hive. And thus he has the trace 
 of two hives. By one or two such experiments he is al- 
 most invariably conducted to the treasure for which he is 
 in search. Having found the hive, he marks the place and 
 returns home. * Sometimes the honey hunters, set a 
 plate of honey or sugar upon the ground, and in a short 
 time this is discovered by the wild bees. Having caught 
 two or three of those that have taken their fill, the hun- 
 ter first releases one, which rising into the air, flies 
 straight to the nest. He now walks at right angles to 
 the course of the bee, for a few hundred yards, and then 
 lets another go, which also after rising, flies to the nest. 
 Observing with his pocket compass, the angle where the 
 two lines formed by the two courses of the bees meet, 
 there he knows will be the sp.jt, at which the nest is 
 placed.' 
 
 A few years ago I was in the north-western part of the 
 state of Maine, and hearing of a party who were going 
 out to take a nest, which l»ad previously been found, I 
 accompanied them. Four or five men with axes and 
 pails, and materials for striking fire, set out in a damp 
 and cloudy afternoon. Af^er groping our way over 
 stumps and logs and through thick woods for about a mile, 
 we came to an old and partially decayed tree of unusual 
 size. One of the men pointing towards the top of the 
 tree, said, " there's the nest." About thirty feet from the 
 ground I could just perceive a few bees hovering about 
 the hole through which they found their way into the 
 hollow of the decayed tree. Having decided in what 
 
THE BEE. 357 
 
 direction it wouM be best to fell the tree, two men com- 
 menced with their axes at its root. As one stroke suc- 
 ceeded another the bees seemed a little alarmed, but they 
 did not come down to offer any resistance. While two 
 were cutting down the tree, others were collecting large 
 strips of birch-bark for torches. Just as the tree was 
 ready to fall two or three stood ready with their birch- 
 bark flambeaux, and at the moment the tree fell, they ran 
 to the hole from which the bees were rushing, and burnt 
 them down as fast as possible. The bees however were 
 in spite of their torches, flying thickly about, and making 
 a most desperate resistance. All the men were stung 
 more or less, but they did not seem to mind the bees 
 more than a swarm of flies. Very soon the ground was 
 covered with the poor little insects crawling about with 
 their wings singed off. The bees seemed now perfectly 
 satisfied that resistance was in vain, and with a prudence 
 which was perfectly amazing, they gave up the contest. 
 The men very soon split open the tree and exposed the 
 honey to view. The comb was still covered with thou- 
 sands of the insects, who were endeavoring to save all 
 that they could from the dreadful ruin of their happy 
 home. Much as I loved honey I could not restrain a 
 feeling of sincere compassion. And I would gladly 
 have seen the tree again erected, and the bees in the un- 
 troubled enjoyment of their well earned stores. A man 
 would take up a large piece of comb, and with his bare 
 hand, brush off the thousand of bees collected upon it. 
 Soon the honey was all deposited in the pails, and our 
 party returned triumphantly home with their booty. The 
 poor bees were left, some to seek another home, and 
 others to linger and die in protracted agonies on the 
 ground. In this way immense quantities of honey are 
 every year taken. And this is generally the only reward 
 the bee receives for the lonof labors of the summer. In 
 the autumn we suffocate them with the fumes of sulphur, 
 and ourselves revel upon the sweets which they had col- 
 lected for their winter stores. 
 
358 THE BEE. 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF BEES. 
 
 Tt is agreed by the most judicious observers, that the 
 apiary, or place where bees are kept, should face the 
 south, and be situated in a place neither too hot nor too 
 much exposed to the cold; that it be near the mansion 
 house, on account of the convenience of watching them ; 
 but so situated as not to be exposed to noisome smells, 
 or the din of men or cattle ; that it be surrounded with 
 a wall, which however should not rise above three feet 
 high; that if possible a running stream be near.them; 
 or if that cannot be, that water be brought near them in 
 troughs, as they cannot produce either combs, honey or 
 food for their maggots without water ; and that the gar- 
 den in which the apiary stands be well furnished with 
 such plants as afford bees plenty of good pasture. Furse, 
 broom, mustard, clover, heath, &c, have been found ex- 
 cellent for this purpose. Hives have been made of dif- 
 ferent materials, and in different forms, according to the 
 fancy of different ages and countries. Not only straw, 
 which experience now proves to be rather preferable to 
 anything else, but wood, horn, glass, &.c, have been used 
 for the construction of them. Single box hives, however, 
 when properly made, answer very well, and when painted 
 last long. They have several advantages above straw 
 hives ; they are quite cleanly and stand upright ; they are 
 proof against mice and are cheaper in the end, for one 
 box will last as long as three of them. They are how- 
 ever rather colder in winter ; but a proper covering will 
 prevent all danger from that quarter. Straw hives are 
 easiest obtained at first, and have been used and recom- 
 mended by the best of bee-masters. If the swarm be 
 early and large, it will require a large hive, but if other- 
 wise, the hive should be proportionally less. If the 
 bees appear to want more room it can easily be enlarged 
 by putting a roll or two below it ; but if it be heavy 
 enough for a stock-hive, it will do although it should not 
 be quite full of combs. Any person (says Mr Bonner) 
 who intends to erect an apiary, must take particular care 
 to have it filled with proper inhabitants. He must be 
 particularly attentive to this, as all his future profit and 
 
THE BEE. 359 
 
 pleasure, or loss and vexation, will in general depend 
 upon it. He must, therefore, pay the utmost attention to 
 the choice of his stock-hives ; for the man who takes 
 care to keep good stock-hives will gain considerable by 
 them, but he who keeps bad ones will, besides a great 
 deal of trouble and little or no success, soon become a 
 broken bee-master. In September every stock-hive 
 ought to contain as much honey as will supply the bees 
 with food till June following, and as many bees as will 
 preserve heat in the hive, and therefore resist the severity 
 of a cold winter, and act as so many valiant soldiers, to 
 defend the community from the invasion of foreign ene- 
 mies in the spring. They should be full of combs, and 
 well stored with bees and honey, and should weigh at least 
 30 pounds each ; if heavier, so much the better ; for light 
 hives run a great risk of perishing by famine, unless the 
 bees are well supplied with food, whereas a well chosen 
 hive of 30 pounds weight, allowing 12 pounds for the 
 empty hive, comb, bees, &/C will contain IS pounds of 
 honey, which will supply the bees with food till June ,• a 
 time when it may be presumed they will find abundance 
 of provision for themselves among the flowers. When a 
 choice can be obtained, the youngest hive should always 
 be preferred, because old hives are liable to vermin and 
 other accidents. But although a hive should be four or 
 five years old, it should not be rejected, if it possess 
 these two essential qualities, plenty of bees, and plenty 
 of honey. 
 
AGENTS 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 SCIENTIFIC TRACTS 
 
 Portland, 
 
 Ilallowell, 
 
 Augusta, 
 
 Bangor, 
 
 Belfast. 
 
 Eastport, 
 
 Norway, 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Samuel Caiman. 
 
 C. Spaiddljiff. 
 
 Brinmiiade &. Dale, 
 
 B. Jfoarse, 
 
 J\r. p. Hawes. 
 I 11. S. Fdvur, 
 \ B P'olsurn. 
 
 ji.ia Ba> ton. 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 Dover, \ ^"^"'"''f ^- ^"«^' 
 
 Hanover, Thuniaa J\lann. 
 
 Concord, Horatio Hill S; Co. 
 
 Keene, Oenrge Tddtn. 
 
 Portsmouth, Jvkv W. Skeyard, 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Burlington, C. Goodrich, 
 
 Brattleboro', 6eo. H. Peck. 
 
 Windsor, Si^neou Ids. 
 
 Montpelier, J. S. IValinn. 
 
 Bellows Falls, James I. Cutler 8f Co. 
 
 Rutland, Hawkes S[ White. 
 
 Middlebury, Jonathan Hagar. 
 
 ~ ' B. Burt '■2d. 
 
 L. L. Diitcher, 
 Charles JVhipple. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Whipple Sf Lawrence. 
 Charles Whipple. 
 T. B.S{ E L. White. 
 S. Butler 8f Son. 
 M. J^einman. 
 J. S. if C. .adams. 
 Dorr if Howlaiid. 
 Thomas Dickman. 
 Merriam, Little Sf Co, 
 New Bedford, " Wm C Tabor. 
 Methuen, J. W. Carlton fy Co. 
 
 Brookfield, K. Mrrriaw i{ Co. 
 Plymouth, W. S. Bartelet, 
 Lowell, Meaeham &. Mathcwsov 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Providence, l^^V't^V'T,' 
 * I .fi. S. UrcKwith 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Hartford, H. ^ F.J. Huntington 
 
 New Haven, ./3. 11. Maltby 
 
 Castleton, 
 St Albans, 
 Chester, 
 
 Salem, 
 
 Newburyport, 
 
 Northampton' 
 Andover, 
 Amherst, 
 Worcester, 
 
 Springfield, \ 
 
 Norwich, Thomas Robinson. 
 
 Middlotown, Edwin Hunt. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 New York, Charles S. Francis. 
 
 Albany, Little ^ Cummings. 
 
 Canandaigua, Bemis if W ird. 
 Troy, W. S. Parker. 
 
 Utica, Edicard Vernon, 
 
 Rochester, E. Peck 8f Co. 
 
 Butlalo, R. W. Haskins. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 Newark, Wm Worts. 
 
 Trenton, D. Fenton. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 Philadelpliia, Thoinns T dsh, 
 
 MARYLAND, 
 Baltimore, Toy if Lucas. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 Washington, Thompson if Hovians. 
 Georgetown, James Thomas, 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Fredericksburg, Wm. F. Gray, P. J^I. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Cincinnati, \ ^^'/J'^^'^^f"'*^'-"*^ 
 ' I CD. Bradjord ^ Co, 
 
 Columbus, / JV. Whitinir. 
 
 KENIUCKY. " 
 Louisville, Morton & Smith. 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 Nashville, Eichbaum & JVorvell. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 Natches, F. Beaumont. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Charleston, j SfSf^.^S"' 
 Cherau, Dr Maynard. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 Raleigh, Turner if Hughes. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 Mobile, Odiorne if Smith. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 New Orleans, Mary Carroll, 
 
 MICHIGAN TERRITORY. 
 Detroit, George L. Pfhitney. 
 
 CANADA. 
 Montreal, H. H. Cunningham, 
 
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 ENGLAND. 
 London John JUarden. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY CARTER AND HENDEE. 
 Corner of Washington and School Streets. 
 
 R. BUTTS, PRINTER. 
 
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 CENTS — payable ia advance. 
 
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