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CICERO. 
 
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ALLEN $ GREENOUGIES LATIN SERIES 
 
 
 
 fV 
 
 SELECT 
 
 
 # 
 
 Orations of, Cicero 
 
 CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED, COVERING 
 THE ENTIRE PERIOD OF HIS 
 PUBLIC LIFE 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 J. H. AND W. F. ALLEN and J. B. GREENOUGH 
 
 \ 
 
 REVISED AND ILLUSTRATED EDITION, WITH A 
 SPECIAL VOCABULARY PREPARED BY 
 PROFESSOR GREENOUGH 
 
 BOSTON, U.S.A. : 
 
 GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 
 
 1890. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by 
 J. H. and W. F. Allen and J. B. Greenough, 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington 
 
 Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. 
 
 Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A. 
 
List of Writing's. 
 
 XVII 
 
 5 (b. c. 43). Protest against treating with Antony: he should be 
 declared a public enemy; 6. Appeal to the people: the embassy to 
 Antony would be in vain; 7. Protest against those who clamored 
 for peace : Antony must not be suffered to escape ; 8. The war against 
 Antony is justum bellum : his partisans should be required to submit 
 before the 1st of March ; 9. Eulogy of Sulpicius, who had died 
 while on the mission to Antony; 10. Thanks to Pansa, and praise 
 of M. Brutus ; 11. That Asia should be assigned to Cassius, to con- 
 duct the war against Trebonius ; 12. Declining to serve, with P. 
 Servilius, on an embassy to Antony; 13. There can be no peace 
 with Antony: praise of Sex. Pompey; 14. Thanksgiving proposed, 
 and honors to the dead, after the defeat of Antony at Bononia. 
 
 The titles of Cicero’s other writings are as follows : — 
 
 De Inventione Rhetorica, 2 Books. 
 
 De Oratore, 3 Books. 
 
 De Claris Oratoribus {Brutus). 
 
 Orator. 
 
 Topica. 
 
 De Partitions Oratoria. 
 
 De Optimo Genere Oratorum. 
 
 [Rhetoricorum (Ad Herennium , Incerti Auctoris), 4 Books, j 
 Academicarum Qllestionum, 2 Books. 
 
 De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 5 Books. 
 Tusculanarum Qu^estionum, 5 Books. 
 
 De Natura Deorum, 3 Books. 
 
 De Divinatione, 2 Books. 
 
 De Fato. 
 
 De Re Publica. 
 
 De Legibus, 3 Books. 
 
 De Officiis, 3 Books. 
 
 De Senectute (Cato Major). 
 
 De Amicitia (. Lcelius ). 
 
 Paradoxa. 
 
 Tlyleus, sive De Universitate (Translation from Plato). 
 Phenomena (Translation from Aratus, in verse). 
 
 Epistol^e ad Familiares (Ad Diversos ), 16 Books. 
 
 ,, ad Atticum, 16 Books. 
 
 ,, ad Quintum Fratrem, 3 Books. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS. 
 
 B. C. 
 
 106. Birth of Cicero. 
 
 ioi. Marius defeats the Cimbri and Teutones. 
 
 90. Social or Marsic War. (Cicero serves the following year.) 
 
 88. Flight of Marius. Sulla in the East. 
 
 87. Marius at Rome. Massacre of Antonius and others. 
 
 82. Sulla Dictator : Proscriptions : Aristocratic Constitution. 
 
 80. Courts restored. Defence of Roscius. 
 
 78. Cicero in Athens and Asia. Civil war of Lepidus and Catulus. 
 76. Sertorian war. (Sertorius killed in 72.) 
 
 75. Cicero Quaestor in Sicily. 
 
 73. War of Spartacus. Lucullus in the East. 
 
 70. Cicero conducts Impeachment of Verves . Judicia restored tc 
 the Equites : power of Tribunes re-established. 
 
 66. Cicero Praetor : Oration for the Manilian Law ; for Cluentius . 
 64. Birth of young Cicero : marriage of Tullia. 
 
 63. Cicero Consul : Conspiracy of Catiline . 
 
 62. Return of Pompey from the East. Defence of Archias. 
 
 61. Trial of Clodius : Cicero’s strife with him in the Senate. 
 
 60. Coalition of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. 
 
 59. Consulship of Caesar: Clodius made Tribune. 
 
 58. Clodian Laws : exile of Cicero : Caesar in Gaul. 
 
 57. Cicero recalled from exile : five years’ control of the Corn 
 Markets decreed to Pompey. 
 
 56. Defence of Sestius. Second marriage of Tullia: contest with 
 Clodius, respecting Cicero’s estate. 
 ss . Crassus in the East : Caesar’s command renewed. 
 
 54. Death of Julia : Cicero with Caesar in Gaul. 
 
 ^3. Destruction of Crassus and his army : Cicero made Augur. 
 
 52' Clodius killed : Defence of Milo : Pompey marries Cornelia. 
 
 Cicero Proconsul in Cilicia, with an army of 14,600. 
 
 50. Cicero returns to Italy. Thanks for his conduct in command. 
 49.* Caesar forbidden to retain his army: crosses the Rubicon; 
 
 acquires Spain. Pompey crosses into Greece. 
 
 48. Battle of Pharsalus : death of Pompey. Caesar in Africa. 
 Cicero returns to Italy. 
 
 47. Caesar Dictator : war in Africa : Cicero in Rome. 
 
 46. Cato dies at Utica: Caesar’s triumph and reforms: war in 
 Spain : Cicero divorced from Terentia. Defence of Marcel- 
 las and Ligarius. . 
 
 45. Caesar returns from Spain : Death of Tullia : Caesar is Cicero s 
 guest at Puteoli. Tusculan Questio?is y etc . 
 
 44. Assassination of Caesar. Octavius in Italy: Threats of An- 
 tony : The Philippic Orations , 1-4. 
 
 43. Philippics 5-14 ’• Triumvirate of Octavianus, Antony, and Le- 
 pidus : Proscription : Cicero murdered, Dec. 7. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEW OF THE ROMAN 
 FORUM, 1885. 
 
 In this view of the Roman Forum, the ruin with eight . Ionic 
 columns in the very middle is the Temple of Saturn, built in the 
 time of the Empire, but on the site of the earlier Temple of Saturn, 
 which served during the Republic as the Aeranum , or Treasury. 
 The three Corinthian columns at its left belong to the Temple of 
 Vespasian, also a structure of the Empire. Between these two tem- 
 ples is seen the Arch of Septimius Severus, probably occupying part 
 of the space of the earlier Senaculum , or gathering-place of the 
 senators. The Curia, or Senate-house, probably occupied the posi- 
 tion of the church of San Adriapo, the bare gable-front with two 
 cupolas over it, just to the right of the arch. 
 
 At the extreme right, about half-way down the picture, is a ruin 
 of three columns, identified with the Temple of Castor, which 
 marks one end of the Forum, the Temple of Saturn being at the 
 other end. On this side of the Temple of Castor are the founda- 
 tions of the Basilica Julia. The Sacred Way ran along the front of 
 this basilica and the Temple of Castor, separating them from the 
 Forum, which is the space stretching from these two buildings to 
 the row of modern buildings to the right of the church of San 
 Adriano. In the distance, just at the left of the Temple of Castor, 
 is the Arch of Titus ; left of this, against the sky, the great rums 
 of the Colosseum, about a third of a mile distant from the Forum. 
 
 The height of land upon which stand the Arch of Titus and the 
 group of buildings with a tower at its left (the church of Santa 
 Francesca Romana), is the Velia. It was here that Valerius Publi- 
 cola built his house, alto atque munito loco (Livy, ii. 7). The Velia 
 is a tongue of land connecting Mt. Palatine with the Esquiline, and 
 separating the valleys of the Forum and the Colosseum. 
 
cnt.x 
 
 \ Mcf 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This selection is especially intended to exhibit Cicero’s pffi> 
 lie career as completely as the limits of a text-book would 
 permit. Its motive is, therefore, chiefly historical and politi- 
 cal, what is merely of grammatical or antiquarian interest being 
 kept subordinate. On the other hand, considerable attention 
 has been paid to the logical and rhetorical qualities of these 
 celebrated discourses, which have long held the second if not 
 the first place in all literature as illustrations of the art of ora- 
 tory. As matter of biographical interest, and especially for 
 the side-light they throw on Roman manners, we should have 
 been glad to include the Cluentius and the Murena ; but for 
 our purpose we have omitted, we think, little that was to be 
 desired. And, for this purpose, we consider the chronological 
 order of the orations, as here kept, to be of the utmost im- 
 portance, — essential, indeed, to the training of a correct his- 
 torical judgment either of the events or of the man. 
 
 The orations for Roscius and Sestius are considerably abridged 
 on account of their length and some special difficulties. They 
 are inserted for their exceptional value in reference to the ora- 
 tor’s career, and they are especially recommended to students 
 for that reason. The Sestius has been chosen in preference to 
 the Post Reditum or the Pro Domo Sua, partly on the ground 
 of its unquestioned genuineness, but chiefly on account of its 
 
VI 
 
 Preface . 
 
 greater weight and importance as a political study, while it 
 exhibits the same remarkable phase of passion, animosity, and 
 injured pride, marking the same transition from Cicero’s earlier 
 to his later career. The hot and unscrupulous, though vacillat- 
 ing, partisanship of the later period, in sharp contrast to the 
 general amenity and complacency of the earlier, is hardly to 
 be understood or pardoned without the view thus given of the 
 deep mortification and resentment he felt at his own political 
 overthrow from the plots of Clodius and the coldness or deser- 
 tion of his former political allies. 
 
 Such portions of the orations here given as are not needed 
 in the regular school course — especially the celebrated pas- 
 sages from the Verrine Orations — are recommended as exer- 
 cises in reading at sight As the student of Cicero ought to 
 be considerably advanced in his ability to read, the editors 
 venture further to urge upon teachers that their pupils should 
 be encouraged to read the text in the order of the words as 
 they are written in Latin , with attention to the emphasis as 
 indicated by that order ; and, as far as possible, to take in the 
 sense immediately from the Latin without translating. It is 
 obvious that translation is impossible without a previous under- 
 standing of the sense ; and yet most learners endeavor to trans- 
 late without any such understanding. There is no question 
 that this preposterous course is chargeable with much of the 
 mechanical condition of early classical study, and with much 
 of the prejudice against classical study in general. Unless one 
 really learns to read a foreign language, — that is, to follow 
 easily its flow of thought in the order of words prescribed by 
 the genius of that language, — it is certainly true that he can 
 
Preface . 
 
 Vll 
 
 get all there is to be got much better out of a translation, as 
 the champions of illiteracy have lately begun to maintain. 
 
 The Notes in this edition have been wholly recast, and many 
 of them rewritten, especially those on the political constitution 
 and antiquities of Rome, which have been corrected from the 
 latest authorities. In their present form they give, it is hoped, 
 a fairly complete, as well as accurate, view of the political con- 
 dition of the later Republic, together with its constitutional 
 theory and practice. 
 
 The text of Baiter and Kayser has been strictly followed, as 
 a new textics receptus , even where the editors would personally 
 prefer a different reading. They have, however, rejected the 
 doubled i in the genitive of the second declension, which must 
 have been unknown to Cicero. 
 
 Cambridge, Mass., May, 1886. 
 
mhbbi 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Frontispiece, Bust of Cicero 11 
 
 Preface v 
 
 Life of Cicero X1 
 
 List of Orations and Writings xlv 
 
 Chronological Table of Events 
 
 The Roman Forum in 1885 xx 
 
 Description xx * 
 
 Plan of the Roman Forum xxiv > xxv 
 
 Defence of Roscius 1 
 
 Impeachment of Verres 
 
 The Plunder of Syracuse 43 
 
 Crucifixion of a Ro?nan Citizen 5 1 
 
 Pompey’s Military Command ( Pro Lege Manilla) .... 57 
 
 The Conspiracy of Catiline ^4 
 
 1. Invective against Catiline 8 5 
 
 2. Character of the Conspiracy 97 
 
 3. How the Conspiracy was Suppressed 109 
 
 4. Sentence of the Conspirators 122 
 
 The Citizenship of Archias . r 34 
 
 Cicero’s Exile and Return {Pro P. Sestio) r 47 
 
 Defence of Milo l ^9 
 
 The Pardon of Marcellus 210 
 
 Plea for Ligarius 221 
 
 The Struggle against Antony {Philip pic a y. iv.). ... 234 
 
 Notes 1 
 
 Vocabulary 1 
 
LIFE OF CICERO. 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero ranks as the first prose writer 
 in Roman literature, and in fame as the second orator of the 
 world. His public life, lasting nearly forty years, covers 
 the entire period from Sulla’s dictatorship to the fall of the 
 Republic ; and for all this time his orations are by far the 
 most important and interesting documents that exist. 
 
 The events of Cicero’s life, so far as they are necessary 
 to an understanding of his career as orator and statesman, 
 are these. He was born b. c. 106 — the same year with 
 Pompey, and six years before Julius Caesar — at Arpinum, 
 a town in the Volscian territory, about fifty miles east of 
 Rome, the birthplace also of Caius Marius. His father, a 
 wealthy citizen of equestrian rank, removed to the capital 
 in order to give his sons, Marcus and Quintus, the best 
 education possible. Here the young Cicero studied law 
 with the great jurist, Quintus Mucius Scasvola, the augur, 
 and, after his death, with his yet more distinguished kins- 
 man of the same name ; and was intimate with the eminent 
 orators Lucius Licinius Crassus and Marcus Antonius, 
 grandfather of the triumvir. He studied rhetoric and phi- 
 losophy with the best Greek teachers ; and from the poet 
 Archias in particular, whom he afterwards defended in one 
 of his most graceful orations, he derived that taste for 
 literature which distinguished him among all the public 
 men of his day. 
 
 Cicero arrived at manhood just at the time when the 
 fearful civil convulsions were beginning, which ended only 
 with the overthrow of the Republic. He served a short 
 campaign in the Social War (b. c. 89) ; but remained in 
 obscurity through the horrors of the civil war that followed, 
 
Xll 
 
 Life of Cicero . 
 
 devoting himself to his private studies. He appears to have 
 welcomed the triumph of Sulla (b. c. 82) as an earnest of 
 order and good government ; but was soon disgusted with 
 the despotic rule of the dictator, and placed himself in that 
 attitude of moderate opposition to the oligarchy to which 
 he was, on the whole, faithful through life. No person 
 dared oppose Sulla in any political measure ; but in the 
 administration of justice even the tyrant was obliged, for 
 decency’s sake, to listen to words of truth and boldness. 
 The defence of Roscius, Cicero’s first public oration (b. c. 
 80), may rank, in a political point of view, with Erskine’s 
 defence of Hardy, or the generous eloquence of the advocate 
 Berryer in the time of Napoleon III. Of its results the 
 orator himself says, that “ it received such commendation, 
 that there was no case which did not seem worthy of his 
 advocacy.” (Brut. § 312.) 
 
 After this brilliant success, Cicero spent two years in 
 travel and study in Greece and Asia. Then returning to 
 Rome, he held (b. c. 75) the office of Quaestor, which made 
 him a member of the Senate. This office he exercised in 
 the western half of Sicily. Meantime the political dissen 
 sions, which had been suspended during the rule of Sulla, 
 broke out afresh. A democratic agitation began, which 
 continued steadily increasing, till it culminated thirty years 
 later in another civil war. Sulla’s aristocratic constitution 
 was repealed in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus 
 (b. c. 70), by the restoring of judicial power to the middle 
 class ( equites ). In this year Cicero conducted the cele- 
 brated impeachment of Verres, in which he gained the 
 signal success of forcing that corrupt ex-magistrate into 
 exile, without waiting the result of the trial. The legislation 
 of this year identified Pompey with the popular party ; and 
 Cicero attached himself to the interests of that ambitious 
 and successful general, giving him timely aid — in the 
 speech for the Manilian Law — in obtaining the command 
 against Mithridates in the East. The same year (b. c. 66 ) 
 Cicero held the praetorship, having been curule aedile three 
 
Life of Cicero . 
 
 xiii 
 
 years before ; and he was carried, partly by his own pre- 
 eminent merits, partly by the wave of moderate reform, 
 into the consulship (b. c. 63), at the age of forty-three. 
 
 Cicero was now at the highest point of his success and 
 fame, the recognized head of a moderate party, which 
 aimed to preserve the old institutions of the State, while 
 tempering them with a more liberal policy. But he lacked 
 the qualities of a successful political leader. He was vain, 
 hesitating, lacking self-control, decision, and dignity of 
 character. As a u new man,” he never had the full confi- 
 dence of the senatorial families ; while his tastes were too 
 much shaped by his Greek training, his mind too delicately 
 organized, his ambition too much controlled by sentiment 
 and theory, — we may say, by the sense of right, — to give 
 him a hold upon the crowd that filled the Forum and 
 carried the Comitia. The leading act of his administration 
 — the suppression of Catiline’s Conspiracy — had, by the 
 illegal death of the conspirators, made him the object of 
 marked hostility to the popular party. The democratic 
 movement became too strong for his feeble grasp, and 
 developed into a destructive radicalism, headed by unscru- 
 pulous gamblers and demagogues, which had its natural 
 sequence in civil war and imperialism. 
 
 Five years after his consulship (b. c. 58, the same year 
 with Caesar’s first campaign in Gaul), Cicero was forced 
 into exile. Though he was recalled the following year, 
 with every mark of honor, it was to find orderly government 
 almost at an end. The magnificent defence of Milo — a 
 speech which, as it now stands, was never delivered — was 
 his last protest against the reign of force that daily became 
 more imminent in Rome. The two following years he 
 served as Proconsul in Cilicia, and returned, with the com- 
 plimentary title of imperator , to find all things ripe for civil 
 war. Pompey, both because he hated Caesar, and because 
 there was no one else to take the place, drifted into the 
 position of leader and general of the conservative party. 
 With great misgiving and reluctance, after trving in vain 
 
XIV 
 
 Life of Cicero . 
 
 his efforts as reconciler, Cicero joined that party in the fatal 
 campaign of Pharsalia (b. c. 48). 
 
 When Pompey was dead, and the senatorial party finally 
 crushed, Cicero submitted, with apparent good will, to 
 the dictatorship of Caesar, whose personal friend he had 
 always claimed to be. But his letters show him at this time 
 disappointed, peevish, jealous, and weak. It was, however, 
 the period of his greatest industry and fertility as a writer. 
 A long succession of dialogues and treatises attests his 
 efforts to distract his mind from the miseries of his political 
 failure and defeat. After the death of Caesar, which he 
 perhaps witnessed with his own eyes, — at any rate rejoiced 
 at,* — he appeared once more in public life, the standard- 
 bearer in the brave battle waged by the Senate against 
 Mark Antony. During this struggle he was a warm parti- 
 san of Brutus and Cassius, “ the liberators.” He proclaimed 
 openly his satisfaction at Caesars death ; hoped to win the 
 confidence of the young Caesar Octavianus (afterwards Au- 
 gustus) ; and took part against Antony, as a public enemy, 
 in the celebrated orations called Philippics. When the 
 cause was lost by the treachery of Octavianus, when he and 
 Lepidus joined Antony, and their triumvirate was victorious, 
 Cicero was one of the first victims marked for proscription. 
 He was murdered near his Formian villa, on the road be< 
 tween Rome and Naples, in December, b. c. 43, at the age 
 of sixty-three. 
 
 The following list gives the titles and subjects of all oi 
 Cicero’s orations (excepting fragments) which have sur- 
 vived : — 
 
 b. c. 81. Pro P. Quinctio : Defence of Quinctius in a prose- 
 cution by Sex. Nsevius, to recover the profits of a partnership in 
 some land in Gaul, inherited from his brother, C. Quinctius. 
 
 b. c. 80. Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino : Defence of Roscius on a 
 charge of parricide brought by Erucius as professional prosecutor, 
 at the instigation of Chrysogonus. 
 
 * Quid mihi attulerit ista domini mutatio, praeter iastitiam quam oculis cepi justo 
 interitu tyranni? — Ad Att., xiv. 14. 
 
List of Orations . 
 
 xv 
 
 b. c. 80. Pro Roscio Comoedo : Defence of the actor Roscius 
 from the claim of C. Fannius Chserea to half the profits of certain 
 lands taken as the value of a slave held by them in partnership, 
 and killed by C. Flavius. 
 
 b. c. 75. Pro M. Tullio : Plea for damages for an assault made 
 by a rival claimant on Tullius’s estate. 
 
 b. c. 70. In Cjecilium (“ Divinatio ”) : Plea on the technical 
 right of Cicero to conduct the prosecution against Verres. 
 
 In C. Verrem : Impeachment of Verres for plunder and 
 
 oppression in Sicily. Six Orations. — 1. The general charge 
 (“ Actio Prima ”) ; 2. De Prcetura Urbana : earlier political 
 
 crimes of Verres; 3. De Jurisdictions Siciliand : his adminis- 
 tration in Sicily ; 4. De Frumento : peculation and fraud as to 
 the supplies of grain ; 5. De Signis : the plunder of works of 
 Art; 6. De Suppliciis : cruelties of his government. 
 
 Pro M. Fonteio : Defence of Fonteius’s administration 
 
 of Gaul during Pompey’s campaign against Sertorius, about 
 
 B. C. 75. 
 
 Pro A. C/ECINA : Defence against ^Fbutius of Caecina’s 
 
 right to an estate received by inheritance from his wife Caesennia, 
 widow of a rich money-lender, M. Fulcinius. 
 
 b. c. 66. Pro Lege Manilia, vet De Imperio Cn. Pompei : 
 Defence of the proposal of Manilius, to invest Pompey with the 
 command of the war against Mithridates. 
 
 Pro A. Cluentio Habito: Defence of Cluentius against 
 
 the charge of poisoning his step-father Oppianicus, brought by 
 the younger Oppianicus, instigated by Sassia, the mother of Clu- 
 entius. 
 
 b. c. 63. De Lege Agraria : Against the Agrarian Law of 
 Rullus. Three orations: the first delivered in the Senate, and 
 the others before the People. 
 
 Pro C. Rabirio : Defence of Rabirius on the charge of 
 
 killing Saturninus, about b. c. ioo. 
 
 In L. Catilinam : On the Conspiracy of Catiline. Four 
 
 orations: the first and last delivered in the Senate, the second 
 and third before the People. 
 
 Pro L. Murena: Defence of Murena on a charge of 
 
 bribery brought by Sulpicius, the defeated candidate for the con- 
 sulship. (Following prior defences made by Hortensius and 
 Crassus.) 
 
 b. c. 62. Pro P. Cornelio Sulla : Defence of Sulla from the 
 charge of sharing in Catiline’s conspiracy. 
 
 b. c. 61. Pro A. Licinio Archia : Defence of the claim of the 
 poet Archias to Roman citizenship. 
 
XVI 
 
 List of Orations . 
 
 b. Co 59. Pro L. Valerio Flacco : Defence of Flaccus on a 
 charge of maladministration as proprcetor in Asia. 
 
 b. c. 57. Post Reditum : Thanks for Cicero’s recall from exile. 
 Two Orations: 1. I?i Senatu ; 2. Ad Quirites. 
 
 Pro Domo Sua : Appeal to the pontifices against the 
 
 alienation of Cicero’s estate by Clodius. 
 
 De Haruspicum Responsis : Invective against the impie- 
 ties of Clodius. 
 
 b. c. 56. Pro P. Sestio : Defence of Sestius, a partisan of 
 Cicero, on a charge of assault, the attack having been made on 
 Sestius by the dependants and partisans of Clodius. 
 
 In P. Vatinium (“ Interrogatio ”) : A personal attack on 
 
 Vatinius, one of the witnesses against Sestius. 
 
 — — Pro M. C^elio : Defence of the character of Caelius (a 
 dissolute young friend of Cicero), against a vindictive charge of 
 stealing and poisoning, brought by Atratinus, at the instigation 
 of Clodia. 
 
 De Provinciis Consul aribus : Advocating the recall of 
 
 Piso and Gabinius, and the retaining of Caesar in the procon- 
 sulate of Gaul. 
 
 Pro Cornelio Balbo : Defence of Balbus (a citizen of 
 
 Gades) in his right of Roman citizenship, granted by Pompey. 
 
 b. c. 55. In L. Calpurnium Pisonem : Retaliation for an attack 
 made by Piso after his return from the proconsulate of Macedonia. 
 
 Pro Cn. Plancio : Defence of Plancius on the charge of 
 
 corrupt political bargaining, brought by M. Junius Laterensis, the 
 defeated candidate for ,/Edile. 
 
 b. c. 54. Pro C. Rabirio Postumo : Defence of Rabirius, in a 
 prosecution to recover money alleged to have been received from 
 Ptolemy, King of Egypt, in corrupt partnership with Gabinius. 
 
 b. c. 52. Pro T. Annio Milone: Defence of Milo on the charge 
 of the murder of Clodius. 
 
 b. c. 46. Pro M. Marcello : Speech of thanks to Caesar for 
 the pardon of Marcellus. 
 
 Pro Ligario : Petition of pardon for Ligarius, charged 
 
 with conducting the war in Africa against Caesar. 
 
 b. c. 45. Pro Rege Deiotaro : Defence of Deiotarus, King of 
 Galatia, charged with attempting the murder of Caesar. 
 
 In M. Antonium : Orationes Philippicce XIV. — 1. Reply to an 
 invective of Antony: exhortation to the consuls Antony and Dola- 
 bella; 2. Reply to a bitterer invective: a review of Antony’s public 
 and private life; 3. Urging the support of Octavianus (Augustus) 
 and D. Brutus against Antony, now in Hither Gaul; 4. Exposition 
 to the people of the acts of the Senate, and praise of D. Brutus; 
 
CICERO'S SELECT ORATIONS. 
 
 DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS. 
 
 B.C. 8o. 
 
 Sextus Roscius was a rich and respected citizen of Ameria, a 
 town ( municipium ) of Umbria, about fifty miles north of Rome. 
 He had a taste for city life, and spent most of his time at Rome, 
 where he was on intimate terms with some of the highest families, 
 especially the Metelli and Scipios. Meantime his son Sextus, who 
 certainly lacked his father’s cultivated tastes, and was accused by 
 his enemies of rudeness and clownishness, had the care of the 
 extensive family estates at Ameria. 
 
 Sometime during the dictatorship of Sulla, — probably in the 
 autumn of 81 b.c., — the elder Roscius was murdered one evening 
 as he was returning from a dinner party. The murder was no 
 doubt procured, or at least connived at, by one Titus Roscius 
 Magnus, his fellow-townsman and enemy. However that may be, 
 the name of the murdered man was put upon the proscription-list 
 by Chrysogonus, jx freedman and favorite of Sulla, who bought his 
 confiscated estates at auction at a nominal price. Three of these 
 estates (there were thirteen in all) he transferred to a certain Titus 
 Roscius Capito, another townsman and enemy of the deceased, and 
 a leading man at Ameria ; the remainder he put in charge of 
 Magnus as his agent. The younger Sextus, a man of forty, thus 
 robbed of his patrimony, had recourse to his father’s friends in 
 Rome for protection and help ; when the three conspirators, fearing 
 that they might be compelled to disgorge, resolved to secure them- 
 selves by accusing him of his father’s murder. This they did through 
 a professional prosecutor ( accusator ) named Erucius, who undertook 
 the legal formalities of the prosecution. 
 
 The aristocratic friends of Roscius, not daring to brave the 
 creature of the dictator, but not wishing to leave their guest-friend 
 
2 
 
 Defence of Roscius . 
 
 [Rose. Am. 
 
 ( hospes ) undefended, prevailed upon Cicero, then young and ambi- 
 tious, to defend him. Even for so young and obscure a man, this 
 was an act that called for disinterested courage ; and nothing in 
 Cicero’s career is more to his credit. By the successful conduct 
 of this case, he obtained the well-merited rank of a leader among 
 the rising advocates of Rome. The defence of Roscius is the first 
 of Cicero’s public orations or pleas ; and it is criticised by himself 
 in the Orator , chap. 30. 
 
 /^REDO ego vos, Judices, mirari quid sit quod, 
 cum tot summi oratores hominesque nobilissimi 
 sedeant, ego potissimum surrexerim, qui neque aetate 
 neque ingenio neque auctoritate sim cum his, qui sed- 
 5 eant, comparandus. Omnes hi, quos videtis adesse, 
 in hac causa injuriam novo scelere conflatam putant 
 oportere defendi, defendere ipsi propter iniquitatem 
 temporum non audent ; ita fit ut adsint propterea 
 quod officium sequuntur, taceant autem idcirco quia 
 10 periculum vitant. 
 
 2. Quid ergo ? Audacissimus ego ex omnibus ? 
 Minime. At tanto officiosior quam ceteri? Ne istius 
 quidem laudis ita sim cupidus, ut aliis earn praerep- 
 tam velim. Quae me igitur res praeter ceteros impu- 
 15 lit, ut causam Sex. Rosci reciperem ? Quia, si quis 
 horum dixisset, quos videtis adesse, in quibus summa 
 auctoritas est atque amplitudo, si verbum de re pub- 
 lica fecisset, — id quod in hac causa fieri necesse 
 est, — multo plura dixisse quam dixisset putaretur : 
 20 3 . ego etiamsi omnia quae dicenda sunt libere dix- 
 ero, nequaquam tamen similiter oratio mea exire 
 atque in volgus emanare poterit. Deinde, quod cete- 
 rorum neque dictum obscurum potest esse, propter 
 nobilitatem et amplitudinem, neque temere dicto con- 
 25 cedi, propter aetatem et prudentiam : ego si quid 
 liberius dixero, vel occultum esse, propterea quod 
 nondum ad rem publicam accessi, vel ignosci adu- 
 lescentiae poterit, — tametsi non modo ignoscendi 
 
vi. i6.] 
 
 Who was the elder Roscius f 
 
 3 
 
 ratio, verum etiam cognoscendi consuetudo jam de 
 civitate sublata est. 
 
 4. Accedit ilia quoque causa, quod a ceteris forsi- 
 tan ita petitum sit ut dicerent, ut utrumvis salvo officio 
 facere se posse arbitrarentur : a me autem ei con- 5 
 tenderunt, qui apud me et amicitia et beneficiis et 
 dignitate plurimum possunt, quorum ego nec bene- 
 volentiam erga me ignorare, nec auctoritatem as- 
 pernari, nec voluntatem neglegere debeam. His 
 de causis ego huic causae patronus exstiti, non elec- io 
 tus unus qui maximo ingenio, sed relictus ex omnibus 
 qui minimo periculo possem dicere ; neque uti satis 
 firmo praesidio defensus Sex. Roscius, verum uti ne 
 omnino desertus esset. 
 
 vi. 5. Sex. Roscius, pater hujusce, municeps Am- 15 
 erinus fuit, cum genere et nobilitate et pecunia non 
 modo sui municipi verum etiam ejus vicinitatis facile 
 primus, turn gratia atque hospitiis florens hominum 
 nobilissimorum. Nam cum Metellis, Serviliis, Sci- 
 pionibus erat ei non modo hospitium, verum etiam 20 
 domesticus usus et consuetudo ; quas (ut aequum est) 
 familias honestatis amplitudinisque gratia nomino. 
 Itaque ex omnibus suis commodis hoc solum filio 
 reliquit : nam patrimonium domestici praedones vi 
 ereptum possident, fama et vita innocentis ab hospiti- 25 
 bus amicisque paternis defenditur. 6. Is cum omni 
 tempore nobilitatis fautor fuisset, turn hoc tumultu 
 proximo, cum omnium nobilium dignitas et salus in 
 discrimen veniret, praeter ceteros in ea vicinitate earn 
 partem causamque opera, studio, auctoritate defendit : 30 
 etenim rectum putabat pro eorum honestate se pug- 
 nare, propter quos ipse honestissimus inter suos nu- 
 merabatur. Posteaquam victoria constituta est, ab 
 armisque recessimus, — cum proscriberentur homi- 
 nes, atque ex omni regione caperentur ei qui adver- 35 
 sarii fuisse putabantur, — erat ille Romae frequens ; 
 
4 
 
 Defence of Roscius . 
 
 [Rose. Am. 
 
 in foro et in ore omnium cotidie versabatur, magis ut 
 exsultare victoria nobilitatis videretur, quam timere ne 
 quid ex ea calamitatis sibi accideret. 
 
 7. Erant ei veteres inimicitiae cum duobus Rosciis 
 5 Amerinis, quorum alterum sedere in accusatorum 
 subselliis video, alterum tria hujusce praedia possi- 
 dere audio. Quas inimicitias si tarn cavere potuisset, 
 quam metuere solebat, viveret. Neque enim, judices, 
 injuria metuebat. Nam duo isti sunt T. Roscii, quo- 
 io rum alteri Capitoni cognomen est, iste qui adest Mag- 
 nus vocatur, homines hujus modi : alter plurimarum 
 palmarum vetus ac nobilis gladiator habetur, hie autem 
 nuper se ad eum lanistam contulit ; quique ante hanc 
 pugnam tiro esset, [quod sciam,] facile ipsum magis- 
 15 trum scelere audaciaque superavit. vn. 8. Nam cum 
 hie Sex. Roscius esset Ameriae, T. autem iste Ros- 
 cius Romae, — cum hie films adsiduus in praediis esset, 
 cumque se voluntate patris rei familiari vitaeque rus- 
 ticae dedisset, iste autem frequens Romae esset, — 
 20 occiditur ad balneas Palacinas rediens a cena Sex. 
 Roscius. Spero ex hoc ipso non esse obscurum, ad 
 quern suspitio malefici pertineat : verum id, quod ad- 
 huc est suspitiosum, nisi perspicuum res ipsa fecerit, 
 hunc adfinem culpae judicatote. 
 
 25 9. Occiso Sex. Roscio, primus Ameriam nuntiat 
 
 Mallius Glaucia quidam, homo tenuis, libertinus, cli- 
 ens et familiaris istius T. Rosci, et nuntiat domum 
 non filii, sed T. Capitonis inimici ; et cum post horam 
 primam noctis occisus esset, primo diluculo nuntius 
 30 hie Ameriam venit. Decern horis nocturnis sex et 
 quinquaginta milia passuum cisiis pervolavit, non 
 modo ut exoptatum inimico nuntium primus adferret, 
 sed etiam cruorem inimici quam recentissimum telum- 
 que paulo ante e corpore extractum ostenderet. 
 
 35 10 * Quadriduo quo haec gesta sunt, res ad Chryso- 
 
 gonum in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertur. Mag- 
 
VIII. 23-3 
 
 His Estates are seized . 
 
 5 
 
 nitudo pecuniae demonstratur ; bonitas praediorum, 
 (nam fundos decern et tris reliquit, qui Tiberim 
 fere omnes tangunt), hujus inopia et solitudo com- 
 memoratur. Demonstrant, cum pater hujusce Sex. 
 Roscius, homo tarn splendidus et gratiosus, nullo 5 
 negotio sit occisus, perfacile hunc hominem incautum 
 et rusticum, et Romae ignotum, de medio tolli posse. 
 
 Ad earn rem operam suam pollicentur. Ne diutius 
 teneam, judices, societas coitur. viii. 11 . Cum nulla 
 proscriptionis mentio fieret, cum etiam qui antea 10 
 metuerant redirent, ac jam defunctos sese periculis 
 arbitrarentur, nomen refertur in tabulas Sex. Rosci, 
 studiosissimi nobilitatis. Manceps fit Chrysogonus. 
 Tria praedia vel nobilissima Capitoni propria tradun- 
 tur, quae hodie possidet; in reliquas omnes fortunas 15 
 iste T. Roscius, nomine Chrysogoni, quemadmodum 
 ipse dicit, impetum facit. [Haec bona emuntur duo- 
 bus milibus nummum.] 
 
 12. Haec omnia, judices, imprudente L. Sulla facta 
 esse certo scio ; neque enim mirum, — cum eodem 20 
 tempore et ea quae praeterita sunt et ea quae videntur 
 instare praeparet, cum et pacis constituendae rationem 
 
 et belli gerendi potestatem solus habeat, cum omnes 
 in unum spectent, unus omnia gubernet, cum tot tan- 
 tisque negotiis distentus sit ut respirare libere non 25 
 possit — si aliquid non animadvertat, cum praesertim 
 tarn multi occupationem ejus observent tempusque 
 aucupentur, ut, simul atque ille despexerit, aliquid 
 hujusce modi moliantur. Hue accedit, quod quamvis 
 ille felix sit, sicut est, tamen [in] tanta felicitate nemo 30 
 potest esse, in magna familia qui neminem neque 
 servum neque libertum improbum habeat. 
 
 13 . Interea iste T. Roscius, vir optimus, procurator 
 Chrysogoni, Ameriam venit; in praedia hujus inva- 
 
 lit ; hunc miserum, luctu perditum, qui nondum etiam 35 
 omnia paterno funeri justa solvisset, nudum eicit ; 
 
6 
 
 Defence of Roscius . 
 
 [Rose. Am. 
 
 domo atque focis patriis disque penatibu$ praecipitem, 
 judices, exturbat; ipse amplissimae pecuniae fit domi- 
 nus. Qui in sua re fuisset egentissimus, erat, ut fit, 
 insolens in aliena. Multa palam domain suam aufere- 
 5 bat, plura clam de medio removebat \ non pauca suis 
 adjutoribus large effuseque donabat; reliqua consti- 
 tuta auctione vendebat : quod Amerinis usque eo 
 \isum est indignum, ut urbe tota fletus gemitusque 
 fieret. ix. 14 . Etenim multa simul ante oculos versa- 
 io bantui . mors homims florentissimi Sex. Rosci crude- 
 lissima, filii autem ejus egestas indignissima, cui de 
 tanto patrimonio praedo iste nefarius ne iter quidem 
 ad sepulcrum patrium reliquisset, bonorum emptio 
 flagitiosa, possessio, furta, rapinae, donationes. Nemo 
 15 erat qui non ardere ilia omnia mallet, quam videre in 
 Sex. Rosci viri optimi atque honestissimi bonis jac- 
 tantem se ac dominantem T. Roscium. 15 . Itaque 
 decurionum decretum statim fit, ut decern primi profi- 
 ciscantui ad L. Sullam, doceantque eum qui vir Sex. 
 20 Roscius fuerit ; conquerantur de istorum scelere et 
 injuriis ; orent ut et illius mortui famam et filii inno- 
 centis fortunas conservatas velit. Atque ipsum decre- 
 tum, quaeso, cognoscite. 
 
 \^Decretum Decurionum .] 
 
 2 5 Legati in castra veniunt. Intellegitur, judices, id 
 quod jam ante dixi, imprudente L. Sulla scelera haec 
 et flagitia fieri. Nam statim Chrysogonus et ipse ad 
 eos accedit et homines nobilis adlegat, ab eis qui pete- 
 rent ne ad Sullam adirent, et omnia Chrysogonum 
 30 quae vellent esse facturum pollicerentur. 16. Usque 
 adeo autem file pertimuerat, ut mori mallet quam de 
 his rebus Sullam doceri. Homines antiqui, qui ex sua 
 natura ceteros fingerent, cum file confirmaret sese 
 nomen Sex. Rosci de tabulis exempturum praedia 
 35 vacua filio traditurum, cumque id ita futurum T. Ros- 
 cius Capito, qui in decern legatis erat, appromitteret, 
 
x. 29.] A Charge of Parricide is laid . 
 
 7 
 
 crediderunt : Ameriam re inorata reverterunt. Ac 
 primo rem differre cotidie ac procrastinare isti coepe- 
 runt ; deinde aliquanto lentius, nihil agere atque delu- 
 dere ; postremo — id quod facile intellectual est — 
 insidias vitae hujusce [Sex. Rosci] parare, neque 
 sese arbitrari posse diutius alienam pecuniam domino 
 incolumi obtinere. 
 
 x. IT, Quod hie simul atque sensit, de amicorum 
 ccgnatorumque sententia Romam confugit, et sese ad 
 Caeciliam [Nepotis filiam], quam honoris causa nom- 
 ino, contulit, qua pater usus erat plurimum ; in qua 
 muliere, judices, etiam nunc (id quod omnes semper 
 existimaverunt) quasi exempli causa vestigia antiqui 
 offici remanent. Ea Sex. Roscium inopem, ejectum 
 domo atque expulsum ex suis bonis, fugientem latronum 
 tela et minas, recepit domum, hospitique oppresso jam 
 desperatoque ab omnibus opitulata est. Ejus virtute, 
 fide, diligentia factum est, ut hie potius vivus in reos 
 quam occisus in proscriptos referretur. 
 
 18 . Nam postquam isti intellexerunt summa diligen- 
 tia vitam Sex. Rosci custodiri, neque sibi ullam caedis 
 faciundae potestatem dari, consilium ceperunt plenum 
 sceleris et audaciae, ut nomen hujus de parricidio 
 deferrent , ut ad earn rem aliquem accusatorem vete- 
 vem compararent, qui de ea re posset dicere aliquid, 
 in qua re nulla subesset suspitio ; denique ut, quoniam 
 crimine non poterant, tempore ipso pugnarent. Ita 
 loqui homines : quod judicia tarn diu facta non essent, 
 condemnari eum oportere, qui primus in judicium 
 adductus esset ; huic autem patronos propter Chryso- 
 gani gratiam defuturos ; de bonorum venditione et de 
 ista societate verbum esse facturum neminem ; ipso 
 nomine parricidi et atrocitate criminis, fore ut hie 
 nullo negotio tolleretur, cum ab nullo defensus esset. 
 Hoc consilio atque adeo hac amentia impulsi, quern 
 ipsi cum cuperent non potuerunt occidere, eum jugu- 
 landum vobis tradiderunt. 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 l S 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
8 
 
 Defence of Roscius . 
 
 [Rose. Am 
 
 xi. 19. Quid primum querar ? aut unde potissimum, 
 judices, ordiar ? aut quod aut a quibus auxilium 
 petam ? Deorumne immortalium, populine Romani, 
 vestramne, qui summam potestatem habetis, hoc 
 5 tempore fidem implorem ? Pater occisus nefarie, 
 domus obsessa ab inimicis, bona adempta, possessa, 
 direpta, fili vita infesta, saepe ferro atque insidiis 
 appetita, — quid ab his tot maleficiis sceleris abesse 
 videtur? Tamen haec aliis nefariis cumulant atque ad- 
 io augent : crimen incredibile confingunt, testis in hunc 
 et accusatores hujusce pecunia comparant. Hanc 
 condicionem misero ferunt, ut optet, utrum malit cer- 
 vices Roscio dare, an, insutus in culeum, per summum 
 dedecus vitam amittere. Patronos huic defuturos pu- 
 iStaverunt: desunt : qui libere dicat, qui cum fide de- 
 fendat, — id quod in hac causa est satis, — quoniam 
 quidem suscepi, non deest profecto, judices. 
 
 xm. 20. Tres sunt res, quantum ego existimare pos- 
 sum, quae obstent hoc tempore Sex. Roscio : crimen 
 20 adversariorum, et audacia, et potentia. Criminis 
 confictionem accusator [Erucius] suscepit ; audaciae 
 partis Roscii sibi poposcerunt ; Chrysogonus autem, 
 is qui plurimum potest, potentia pugnat. De hisce 
 omnibus rebus me dicere oportere intellego. Quid 
 25 igitur est ? Non eodem modo de omnibus, ideo quod 
 prima ilia res ad meum officium pertinet, duas autem 
 reliquas vobis populus Romanus imposuit. Ego cri- 
 men oportet diluam ; vos et audaciae resistere, et 
 hominum ejus modi perniciosam atque intolerandam 
 30 potentiam primo quoque tempore exstinguere atque 
 opprimere debetis. 
 
 21 . Occidisse patrem Sex. Roscius arguitur. Sce- 
 lestum, di immortales ! ac nefarium facinus, atque ejus 
 modi, quo uno maleficio scelera omnia complexa esse 
 35 videantur. Etenim si, id quod praeclare a sapientibus 
 dicitur, voltu saepe laeditur pietas, quod supplicium 
 
xiv. 4i-] What Motive for the Crime ? 
 
 9 
 
 satis acre reperietur in eum qui mortem obtulerit 
 parenti, pro -quo mori ipsum, si res postularet, jura 
 divina atque humana cogebant? In hoc tanto, tarn 
 atroci, tarn singulari maleficio, quod ita raro exstitit 
 ut, si quando auditum sit, portenti ac prodigi simile 5 
 numeretur, quibus tandem tu, C. Eruci, argumentis 
 accusatorem censes uti oportere? Nonne et audaciam 
 ejus qui in crimen vocetur singularem ostendere, et 
 mores feros, iumanemque naturam, et vitam vitiis 
 flagitiisque omnibus deditam, [et] denique omnia ad 10 
 perniciem profligata atque perdita? quorum tu nihil in 
 Sex. Roscium, ne obiciendi quidem causa, contulisti. 
 
 xiv. 22. ' Patrem occidit Sex. Roscius.’ Qui homo? 
 Adulescentulus corruptus et ab hominibus nequam 
 inductus ? annos natus major quadraginta. Vetus 15 
 videlicet sicarius, homo audax et saepe in caede ver- 
 satus ? at hoc ab accusatore ne dici quidem audistis. 
 Luxuries igitur hominem nimirum, et aeris alieni 
 magnitudo, et indomitae animi cupiditates ad hoc sce- 
 lus impulerunt ? De luxuria purgavit Erucius, cum 20 
 dixit hunc ne in convivio quidem ullo fere interfuisse. 
 Nihil autem umquam cuiquam debuit. Cupiditates 
 porro quae possunt esse in eo qui, ut ipse accusator 
 objecit, ruri semper habitant, et in agro colendo vixe- 
 rit? — quae vita maxime disjuncta a cupiditate est, et 25 
 cum officio conjuncta. 
 
 23 . Quae res igitur tantum istum furorem Sex. Ro- 
 scio objecit ? ' Patri ’ inquit ? non placebat.’ Quam ob 
 causam? Necesse est enim earn quoque justam et mag- 
 nam et perspicuam fuisse : nam, ut illud incredibile est, 30 
 mortem oblatam esse patri a filio sine plurimis et max- 
 imis causis, sic hoc veri simile non est, odio fuisse pa- 
 renti filium, sine causis multis et magnis et necessariis. 
 Rursus igitur eodem revertamur, et quaeramus quae 
 tanta vitia fuerint in unico filio, quare is patri displi- 35 
 ceret. At perspicuum est nullum fuisse. Pater igitur 
 
IO 
 
 
 Defence of Roscius . [Rose. Am. 
 
 amens, qui odisset eum sine causa quem procrearat. 
 At is quidem fuit omnium constantissimus. Ergo 
 illud jam perspicuum profecto est, si neque amens 
 pater neque perditus filius fuerit, neque odi causam 
 5 patri neque sceleris fllio fuisse. 
 
 xxii. 24 . De parricidio causa dicitur : ratio ab accm 
 satore reddita non est, quam ob causam patrem filius 
 occiderit. Quod in minimis noxiis, et in his levioribus 
 peccatis quae magis crebra et jam prope cotidiana 
 to sunt, maxime et primum quaeritur, — quae causa 
 malefici fuerit, — id Erucius in parricidio quaeri non 
 putat oportere. In quo scelere, judices, etiam cum 
 multae causae convenisse unum in locum atque inter 
 se congruere videntur, tamen non temere creditur, 
 15 neque levi conjectura res penditur, neque testis in- 
 certus auditur, neque accusatoris ingenio res judicatur : 
 cum multa antea commissa maleficia, cum vita hominis 
 perditissima, turn singularis audacia ostendatur necesse 
 est, neque audacia solum, sed summus furor atque 
 20 amentia. 25 . Haec cum sint omnia, tamen exstent 
 oportet expressa sceleris vestigia, — ubi, qua ratione, 
 per quos, quo tempore maleficium sit admissum ; quae 
 nisi multa et manifesta sunt, profecto res tarn scelesta, 
 tarn atrox, tarn nefaria credi non potest. Magna est 
 25 enim vis humanitatis ; multum valet communio san- 
 guinis ; reclamitat istius modi suspitionibus ipsa natura ; 
 portentum atque monstrum certissimum est, esse ali- 
 quem humana specie et figura, qui tantum immanitate 
 bestias vicerit, ut propter quos hanc suavissimam 
 30 lucem aspexerit, eos indignissime luce privarit, cum 
 etiam feras inter sese partus atque educatio et natura 
 ipsa conciliet. 
 
 xxm. 26 . Non ita multis ante annis, aiunt T. 
 Caelium quendam Tarracinensem, hominem non ob- 
 35 scurum, cum cenatus cubitum in idem conclave cum 
 duobus adulescentibus filiis isset, inventum esse mane 
 
xxvi. 7 2 -] Parricide: the Crime and its Penalty . n 
 
 jugulatum. Cum neque servus quisquam reperiretur, 
 neque liber, ad quern ea suspitio pertineret, id aetatis 
 autem duo filii propter cubantes ne sensisse quidem 
 se dicerent, nomina filiorum de parricidio delata sunt. 
 Quid poterat tam esse suspitiosum? Neutrumne sen- 
 sisse? Ausum autem esse quemquam se in id con- 
 clave committere, eo potissimum tempore, cum ibidem 
 essent duo adulescentes filii, qui et sentire et defen- 
 dere facile possent ? 27 . Erat porro nemo in quern ea 
 
 suspitio conveniret. Tamen cum planum judicibus 
 esset factum, aperto ostio dormientis eos repertos esse, 
 judicio absoluti adulescentes et suspitione omni liberati 
 sunt. Nemo enim putabat quemquam esse, qui, cum 
 omnia divina atque humana jura scelere nefario pollu- 
 isset, somnum statim capere potuisset ; propterea quod, 
 qui tantum facinus commiserunt, non modo sine cura 
 quiescere, sed ne spirare quidem sine metu possunt. 
 
 28 . Quare hoc quo minus est credibile nisi ostendi- 
 tur, eo magis est, si convincitur, vindicandum. Itaque 
 cum multis ex rebus intellegi potest majores nostros 
 non modo armis plus quam ceteras nationes, verum 
 etiam consilio sapientiaque potuisse, turn ex hac re vel 
 maxime, quod in impios singulare supplicium invene- 
 runt : insui voluerunt in culeum vivos, atque in flumen 
 deici. O singularem sapientiam, judices ! Nonne 
 videntur hunc hominem ex rerum natura sustulisse 
 et eripuisse, cui repente caelum, solem, aquam ter- 
 ramque ademerint : ut qui eum necasset, unde ipse 
 natus esset, careret eis rebus omnibus, ex quibus 
 omnia nata esse dicuntur? 29 . Noluerunt feris corpus 
 obicere, ne bestiis quoque, quae tantum scelus attigis- 
 sent, immanioribus uteremur : non sic nudos in flu- 
 men deicere, ne, cum delati essent in mare, ipsum 
 polluerent, quo cetera, quae violata sunt, expiari pu- 
 tantur. Denique nihil tam vile neque tam volgare 
 est cujus partem ullam reliquerint. Etenim quid est 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 i5 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
12 
 
 Defence of Roscius. 
 
 [Roscv Am. 
 
 tarn commune auam spiritus vivis, terra mortuis, mare 
 fluctuantibus, litus ejectis? Ita vivunt, dum possunt, 
 ut ducere animam de caelo non queant. Ita moriun- 
 tur, ut eorum ossa terra non tangat. Ita jactantur 
 5 fluctibus, ut numquam adluantur. Ita postremo eici- 
 untur, ut ne ad saxa quidem mortui conquiescant. 
 30. Tanti malefici crimen, cui maleficio tam insigne 
 supplicium est constitutum, probare te, Eruci, censes 
 posse talibus viris, si ne causam quidem malefici pro- 
 io tuleris? Si hunc apud bonorum emptores ipsos accu- 
 sares, eique judicio Chrysogonus praeesset, tamen 
 diligentius paratiusque venisses. Utrum quid aga- 
 tur non vides, an apud quos agatur? Agitur de 
 parricidio, quod sine multis causis suscipi non potest ; 
 is apud homines autem prudentissimos agitur, qui intel- 
 legunt neminem ne minimum quidem maleficium sine 
 causa admittere. 
 
 xxvii. 31 . Esto : causam proferre non potes. Tam- 
 etsi statim vicisse debeo, tamen de meo jure decedam, et 
 20 tibi quod in alia causa non concederem in hac conce- 
 dam, fretus hujus innocentia. Non quaero abs te qua 
 re patrem Sex. Roscius occiderit : quaero quo modo 
 occiderit. Ita quaero abs te, C. Eruci, quo modo ; 
 et sic tecum agam, ut meo loco vel respondendi vel 
 25 interpellandi tibi potestatem faciam, vel etiam, si quid 
 voles, interrogandi. 
 
 32 . Quo modo occidit? Ipse percussit, an aliis 
 occidendum dedit? Si ipsum arguis, Romae non 
 fuit : si per alios fecisse dicis, quaero servosne an libe- 
 30 ros? si ■per liberos, quos homines? indidemne Ame- 
 ria, an hosce ex urbe sicarios? si Ameria, qui sunt 
 hi? cur non nominantur? si Roma, unde eos nove- 
 rat Roscius, qui Romam multis annis non venit, neque 
 umquam plus triduo fuit? ubi eos convenit? qui- 
 35 cum locutus est? quo modo persuasit? ' Pretium 
 dedit.’ Cui dedit? per quern dedit? unde aut quan- 
 
xxviii. 76.] His Rustic Life and Character . 13 
 
 turn dedit? Nonne his vestigiis ad caput malefici per- 
 veniri solet? Et simul tibi in mentem veniat facito, 
 quem ad modum vitam hujusce depinxeris : hunc 
 
 hominem ferum atque agrestem fuisse ; numquam 
 cum homine quoquam conlocutum esse ; numquam 
 in oppido constitisse. 
 
 33. Qua in re praetereo illud, quod mihi maximo 
 argumento ad hujus innocentiam poterat esse, in rus- 
 ticis moribus, in victu arido, in hac horrida incultaque 
 vita istius modi maleficia gigni non solere. Ut non 
 omnem frugem neque arborem in omni agro reperire 
 possis, sic non omne facinus in omni vita nascitur. 
 In urbe luxuries creatur ; ex luxuria exsistat avaritia 
 necesse est, ex avaritia erumpat audacia ; inde omnia 
 scelera ac maleficia gignuntur. Vita autem haec 
 rustica, quam tu agrestem vocas, parsimoniae, dili- 
 gentiae, justitiae magistra est. 
 
 34. Verum haec missa facio. Illud quaero, — is 
 homo, qui, ut tute dicis, numquam inter homines 
 fuerit, per quos homines hoc tantum facinus tarn oc- 
 culte, absens praesertim, conficere potuerit. Multa 
 sunt falsa, judices, quae tamen argui suspitiose pos- 
 sunt ; in his rebus si suspitio reperta erit, culpam 
 inesse concedam. Romae Sex. Roscius occiditur, 
 cum in agro Amerino esset filius. Litteras, credo, 
 misit alicui sicario, qui Romae noverat neminem. 
 ? Arcessivit aliquem.’ Quem aut quando? ' Nuntium 
 misit.’ Quem aut ad quem? 'Pretio, gratia, spe, 
 promissis induxit aliquem.’ Nihil horum ne confingi 
 quidem potest, et tamen causa de parricidio dicitur ! 
 
 35. Reliquum est ut per servos id admiserit. O di 
 immortales ! rem miseram et calamitosam, quod in 
 tali crimine quod innocenti saluti solet esse, ut servos 
 in quaestionem polliceatur, id Sex. Roscio facere non 
 licet. Vos, qui hunc accusatis, omnis ejus servos 
 habetis. Unus puer, victus cotidiani minister, ex tanta 
 
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 familia Sex. Roscio relictus non est. Te nunc appello, 
 P. Scipio, te, Metelle. Vobis advocatis, vobis agen- 
 tibus, aliquotiens duos servos paternos in quaestionem 
 ab adversariis Sex. Roscius postulavit. Meministisne 
 5 T. Roscium recusare? Quid? ei servi ubi sunt? 
 Chrysogonum, judices, sectantur : apud eum sunt in 
 honore et pretio. Etiam nunc ut ex eis quaeratur ego 
 postulo, hie orat atque obsecrat. Quid facitis? cur 
 recusatis? Dubitate etiam nunc, judices, si potestis, 
 io a quo sit Sex. Roscius occisus, — ab eone, qui propter 
 illius mortem in egestate et in insidiis versatur, cui ne 
 quaerendi quidem de morte patris potestas permittitur, 
 an ab eis qui quaestionem fugitant, bona possident, 
 in caede atque ex caede vivunt. 
 
 J S xliii. 36. Venio nunc ad ill ud nomen aureum 
 [Chrysogoni] , sub quo nomine tota societas latuit : de 
 quo, judices, neque quo modo dicam neque quo modo 
 taceam reperire possum. Si enim taceo, vel maximum 
 partem relinquo ; sin autem dico, vereor ne non ille 
 20 s °lus, id quod ad me nihil attinet, sed alii quoque plu- 
 res laesos se esse putent. Tametsi ita se res habet, ut 
 mihi in communem causam sectorum dicendum nihil 
 magno opere videatur ; haec enim causa nova profecto 
 et singularis est. 
 
 25 37. Bonorum Sex. Rosci emptor est Chrysogonus. 
 
 Primum hoc videamus : ejus hominis bona qua ratione 
 venierunt, aut quo modo venire potuerunt? Atque hoc 
 non ita quaeram, judices, ut id dicam esse indignum, 
 hominis innocentis bona venisse ; si enim haec audi- 
 30 entur ac libere dicentur, non fuit tantus homo Sex. Ro- 
 scius in civitate, ut de eo potissimum conqueramur. 
 Verum [ego] hoc quaero : qui potuerunt ista ipsa lege, 
 quae de proscriptione est, — sive Valeria est, sive Cor- 
 nelia, non enim novi nec scio, — verum ista ipsa lege 
 35 bona Sex. Rosci venire qui potuerunt? Scriptum 
 enim ita dicunt esse, ut eorum bona veneant, qui j>ro~ 
 
xliv. 129.] Illegal Sale of the Estates . 
 
 15 
 
 serif ti sunt — quo in numero Sex. Roscius non est — 
 aut eorimi qui in adversariorum fraesidiis oecisi sunt . 
 Dum praesidia ulla fuerunt, in Sullae praesidiis fuit ; 
 postea quam ab armis recessum est, in summo otio 
 rediens a cena Romae occisus est. Si lege, bona quo- 
 que lege venisse fateor ; sin autem constat, contra 
 omnis non modo veteres leges verum etiam novas 
 occisum esse, bona quo jure aut quo more aut qua 
 lege venierint quaero. 
 
 XLIV. 38. In quem hoc dicam quaeris, Eruci? Non 
 in eum quem vis et putas ; nam Sullam et oratio mea 
 ab initio et ipsius eximia virtus omni tempore purgavit. 
 Ego haec omnia Chrysogonum fecisse dico, ut emen- 
 tiretur, ut malum civem Roscium fuisse fingeret, ut 
 eum apud adversaries occisum esse diceret, ut his de 
 rebus a legatis Amerinorum doceri L. Sullam passus 
 non sit. Denique etiam illud suspicor, omnino haec 
 bona non venisse : id quod postea, si per vos, judices, 
 licitum erit, aperietur. 
 
 39. Opinor enim esse in lege, quam ad diem pro- 
 scriptiones venditionesque fiant : [nimirum] Kalendas 
 Juntas . Aliquot post mensis et homo occisus est, et 
 bona venisse dicuntur. Profecto aut haec bona in 
 tabulas publicas nulla redierunt, nosque ab isto nebu- 
 lone facetius eludimur quam putamus ; aut, si redie- 
 runt, tabulae publicae corruptae aliqua ratione sunt : 
 nam lege quidem bona venire non potuisse constat. 
 Intellego me ante tempus, judices, haec scrutari, et 
 prope modum errare, qui, cum capiti Sex. Rosci med- 
 eri debeam, reduviam curem. Non enim laborat de pe- 
 cunia ; non ullius rationem sui commodi ducit; facile 
 egestatem suam se laturum putat, si hac indigna sus- 
 pitione et ficto crimine liberatus sit. 
 
 40. Verum quaeso a vobis, judices, ut haec pauca 
 quae restant ita audiatis, ut partim me dicere pro me 
 ipso putetis, partim pro Sex. Roscio. Quae enim 
 
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 mihi indigna et intolerabilia videntur, quaeque ad 
 omnis, nisi providemus, arbitror pertinere, ea pro me 
 ipso ex animi mei sensu ac dolore pronuntio ; quae ad 
 huius vitae [casum] causam [que] pertineant, et quid 
 , hie pro se dici velit, et qua condicione contentus sit, 
 iam in extrema oratione nostra, judices, audietis. 
 xlv. 41 . Ego haec a Chrysogono, mea sponte, remoto 
 Sex. Roscio, quaero : primum, qua re civis optimi 
 
 bona venierint; deinde, qua re homims ejus, qm 
 io neque froscriftus neque apud adversaries occisus est, 
 bona venierint, cum in eos solos lex scripta si , em , 
 quare aliquanto post earn diem venierint, quae ies 
 in lege praefinita est; deinde, cur tantulo venierint. 
 Quae omnia si, quern ad modum solent liberti nequam 
 i c et improbi facere, in patronum suum voluent confeire, 
 nihil egerit : nemo est enim qui nesciat propter mag- 
 nitudinem rerum multa multos furtim imprudente E. 
 
 Sulla commisisse. .... , 
 
 42 . Placet igitur in his rebus aliquid imprudentia 
 2 o praeteriri ? Non placet, judices, sed necesse est. 
 Etenim si Juppiter optimus maximus, cujus nutu et 
 arbitrio caelum terra mariaque reguntur, saepe ventis 
 vehementioribus aut immoderatis tempestatibus aut 
 nimio calore aut intolerabili frigore homimbus nocuit, 
 25 urbis delevit, fruges perdidit, quorum nihil pernici 
 causa divino consilio, sed vi ipsa et magmtudine 
 rerum factum putamus ; at contra, commoda quibus 
 utimur lucemque qua fruimur spiritumque quern duci- 
 mus ab eo nobis dari atque impertiri videmus, — quid 
 3 o miramur L. Sullam, cum solus rem publicam regeret, 
 orbemque terrarum gubernaret, impenque majestatem 
 quam armis receperat legibus confirmaret, aliqua am- 
 madvertere non potuisse? Nisi hoc mirum est, quod 
 vis divina adsequi non possit, si id mens humana 
 
 35 adepta non sit. . . , 
 
 43. Vereor, judices, ne quis impentior existimet me 
 
XLVIII. I40.] 
 
 Sulla and his Party . 
 
 17 
 
 causam nobilitatis victoriamque voluisse laedere : tam- 
 etsi raeo jure possum, si quid in hac parte mihi non 
 placeat, vituperare ; non enirn vereor ne quis alienum 
 me animum habuisse a causa nobilitads existimet. 
 xlvii. Sciunt ei qui me norunt, me pro mea tenui 
 infirmaque parte, — postea quam id quod maxime 
 volui fieri non potuit, ut componeretur, — id maxime 
 defendisse, ut ei vincerent qui vicerunt. Quis enim 
 erat, qui non videret humilitatem cum [dignitate de] 
 amplitudine contendere? Quo in certamine perditi 
 civis erat non se ad eos jungere, quibus incolumibus, 
 et domi dignitas et foris auctoritas retineretur. Quae 
 perfecta esse et suum cuique honorem et gradum red- 
 ditum gaudeo, judices, vehementerque laetor ; eaque 
 omnia deorum voluntate, studio populi Romani, con- 
 silio et imperio et felicitate L. Sullae, gesta esse 
 intellego. 
 
 44 . Quod animadversum est in eos qui contra omni 
 ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere ; quod 
 viris fortibus, quorum opera exim-ia in rebus gerendis 
 exstitit, honos habitus est, laudo. Quae ut fierent, 
 idcirco pugnatum esse arbitror, meque in eo studio 
 partium fuisse confiteor. Sin autem id actum est, et 
 idcirco arma sumpta sunt, ut homines postremi pecu- 
 niis alienis locupletarentur, et in fortunas uniuscujus- 
 que impetum facerent, et id non modo re prohibere 
 non licet, sed ne verbis quidem vituperare, turn vero 
 in isto bello non recreatus neque restitutus, sed sub- 
 actus oppressusque populus Romanus est. Verum 
 longe aliter est ; nihil horum est, judices : non modo 
 non laedetur causa nobilitatis, si istis hominibus re- 
 sistetis, verum etiam ornabitur. 
 
 xlviii. 45. Quapropter desinant aliquando dicere 
 male aliquem locutum esse, si qui vere ac libere locu- 
 tus sit ; desinant suam causam cum Chrysogono com- 
 municare: desinant, si ille laesus sit, de se aliquid 
 
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 detractum arbitrari ; videant ne turpe miserumque sit 
 eos, qui equestrem splendorem pati non potuerunt, 
 servi nequissimi dominationem ferre posse. Quae 
 quidem dominatio, judices, in aliis rebus antea versa- 
 5 batur ; nunc vero quam viam munitet, quod iter adfec- 
 tet videtis, — ad fidem, ad jusjurandum, ad judicia 
 vestra, ad id, quod solum prope in civitate sincerum 
 sanctumque restat. Hicine etiam sese putat aliquid 
 posse Chrysogonus? Hie etiam potens esse volt? O 
 10 rem miseram atque acerbam ! Neque, mehercules, 
 hoc indigne fero, quod verear ne quid possit; verum 
 quod ausus est, quod speravit sese apud tabs viros ali- 
 quid posse ad perniciem innocentis, id ipsum queror. 
 xlix. 46 . Idcircone exspectata nobilitas armis atque 
 15 ferro rem publicam reciperavit, ut ad libidinem suam 
 liberti servolique nobilium bona, fortunas -possessiones- 
 que nostras vexare possent? Si id actum est, fateor 
 me errasse qui hoc maluerim ; fateor msanisse qui cum 
 Mis senserim. Tametsi inermis, judices, sensi. Sin 
 20 autem victoria nobilium ornamento atque emolumento 
 rei publicae populoque Romano debet esse, turn vero 
 optimo et nobilissimo cuique meam orationem gratissi- 
 mam esse oportet. Quod si quis est qui et se et causam 
 laedi putet cum Chrysogonus vituperetur, is causam 
 25 ignorat; se ipsum probe novit. Causa emm splendi- 
 dior fiet, si nequissimo cuique resistetur. . Hie lmpio- 
 bissimus Chrysogoni fautor, qui sibi cum illo rationem 
 communicatam putat, laeditur, cum ab hoc splendoie 
 
 causae separatur. a . . 
 
 50 47. Verum haec omnis oratio, ut jam ante dixi, mea 
 
 est, qua me uti res publica et dolor meus et istorum 
 iniuria coegit. Sex. Roscius horum nihil indignum 
 putat, neminem accusat, nihil de suo patrimomo quen- 
 tur Putat homo imperitus morum , agricola et rusticus, 
 35 ista omnia, quae vos per Sullatn gesta esse dicitis, more, 
 lege, jure gentium facta. Culpa liberatus et cnmine 
 
L. 146.] 
 
 His A ppeal to Chrysogonus. 
 
 19 
 
 nefario solutus, cupit a vobis discedere. Si hac indigna 
 suspitione careat, animo aequo se carere suis omnibus 
 commodis dicit. Rogat oratque te, Chrysogone, si 
 nihil de patris fortunis amplissimis in suam rem con- 
 vertit, si nulla in re te fraudavit, si tibi optima fide sua 
 omnia concessit, adnumeravit, appendit, si vestitum 
 quo ipse tectus erat, anulumque de digito suum tibi 
 tradidit, si ex omnibus rebus se ipsum nudum neque 
 praeterea quicquam excepit, ut sibi per te liceat inno- 
 centi amicorum opibus vitam in egestate degere. l. 
 48. ‘ Praedia mea tu possides, ego aliena misericordia 
 vivo : concedo, et quod animus aequus est, et quia 
 necesse est. Mea domus tibi patet, mihi clausa est : 
 fero. Familia mea maxima tu uteris, ego servum 
 habeo nullum : patior et ferendum puto. Quid vis 
 amplius? Quid insequeris? Quid oppugnas? Qua 
 in re tuam voluntatem laedi a me putas? Ubi tuis 
 commodis officio? Quid tibi obsto?’ Si spoliorum 
 causa vis hominem occidere, quid quaeris amplius? 
 Si inimicitiarum, quae sunt tibi inimicitiae cum eo, 
 cujus ante praedia possedisti quam ipsum cognovisti? 
 Si metus, ab eone aliquid metuis, quem vides ipsum 
 ab se tarn atrocem injuriam propulsare non posse? Sin 
 quod bona quae Rosci fuerunt tua facta sunt, idcirco 
 hunc illius filium studes perdere, nonne ostendis id te 
 vereri, quod praeter ceteros tu metuere non debeas, ne 
 quando liberis proscriptorum bona patria reddantur? 
 
 49. Facis injuriam, Chrysogone, si majorem spem 
 emptionis tuae in hujus exitio ponis, quam in eis rebus 
 quas L. Sulla gessit. Quod si tibi causa nulla est 
 cur hunc miserum tanta calamitate adfici velis, si tibi 
 omnia sua praeter animam tradidit, nec sibi quicquam 
 paternum ne monumenti quidem causa clam reservavit, 
 per deos immortalis, quae ista tanta crudelitas est? 
 Quae tarn fera immanisque natura? Quis umquam 
 praedo fuit tarn nefarius, quis pirata tam barbarus, ut, 
 
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 20 Defence of Roscius . 
 
 cum integram praedam sine sanguine habere posset, 
 cruenta spolia detrahere mallet? 50 . Scis hunc nihil 
 habere, nihil audere, nihil posse, nihil umquam contra 
 rem tuam cogitasse ; et tamen oppugnas eum quern 
 aeque metuere potes, neque odisse debes, nec quicquam 
 jam habere reliqui vides quod ei detrahere possis. 
 Nisi hoc indignum putas, quod vestitum sedere in 
 judicio vides, quem tu e patrimonio tamquam e nau- 
 fragio nudum expulisti ; quasi vero nescias hunc et ali 
 io et vestiri a Caecilia, [Baliarici filia, Nepotis soioie,] 
 spectatissima femina, quae cum clarissimum patrem, 
 amplissimos patruos, ornatissimum fratrem haberet, 
 tamen, cum esset mulier, virtute perfecit ut, quanto 
 honore ipsa ex illorum dignitate adficeretur, non mi- 
 15 nora illis ornamenta ex sua laude redderet. 
 
 li. 51. An quod diligenter defenditur, id tibi indig- 
 num facinus videtur? Mihi crede, si pro patris hujus 
 hospitiis et gratia vellent omnes hujus hospites adesse, 
 et auderent libere defendere, satis copiose defende- 
 20 retur ; sin autem pro magnitudine injuriae, proque eo 
 quod summa res publica in hujus periculo temptatur, 
 haec omnes vindicarent, consistere mehercule vobis 
 isto in loco non liceret. Nunc ita defenditur, non sane 
 ut moleste ferre adversarii debeant, neque ut se po- 
 25 tentia superari putent. 52 . Quae domi gerenda sunt, 
 ea per Caeciliam transiguntur ; fori judicique rationem 
 M. Messala, ut videtis, judices, suscepit. Qui, si jam 
 satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Ro- 
 scio diceret: quoniam ad dicendum impedimento est 
 30 aetas et pudor qui ornat aetatem, causammihi tradidit, 
 quem sua causa cupere ac debere intellegebat ; ipse 
 adsiduitate, consilio, auctoritate, diligentia perfecit, ut 
 Sex. Rosci vita., erepta de manibus sectorum, senten- 
 tiis judicum permitteretur. Nimirum, judices, pro hac 
 35 nobilitate pars maxima civitatis in armis fuit ; haec 
 acta res est, ut ei nobiles restituerentur in civitatem, 
 
LII. 152.] 
 
 His Appeal to the Court . 
 
 21 
 
 qui hoc facerent quod facere Messalam videtis, — qui 
 caput innocentis defenderent, qui injuriae resisterent, 
 qui quantum possent in salute alterius quam in exitio 
 mallent ostendere ; quod si omnes qui eodem loco nati 
 sunt facerent, et res publica ex illis et ipsi ex invidia 5 
 minus laborarent. 
 
 lii. 53. Verum si a Chrysogono, judices,non impe- 
 tramus, ut pecunia nostra contentus sit, vitam ne petat, 
 
 — si ille adduci non potest, ut, cum ademerit nobis 
 omnia quae nostra erant propria, ne lucem quoque 10 
 hanc, quae communis - est, eripere cupiat, — si non 
 satis habet avaritiam suam pecunia explere, nisi etiam 
 crudelitati sanguis praebitus sit, — unum perfugium, 
 judices, una spes reliqua est Sex. Roscio, eadem quae 
 rei publicae, vestra pristina bonitas et misericordia. 15 
 Quae si manet, salvi etiam nunc esse possumus ; sin 
 ea crudelitas, quae hoc tempore in re publica versata 
 est, vestros quoque animos — id quod fieri profecto non 
 potest — duriores acerbioresque reddidit, actum est, ju- 
 dices : inter feras satius est aetatem degere, quam in 20 
 hac tanta immanitate versari. 54. Ad eamne rem vos 
 reservati estis, ad eamne rem delecti, ut eos condem- 
 naretis, quos sectores ac sicarii jugulare non po- 
 tuissent? Solent hoc boni imperatores facere, cum 
 proelium committunt, ut in eo loco quo fugam hostium 25 
 fore arbitrentur milites conlocent, in quos, si qui ex 
 acie fugerint, de improviso incidant. Nimirum simili- 
 ter arbitrantur isti bonorum emptores, — vos hie, tabs 
 viros, sedere, qui excipiatis eos qui de suis manibus 
 effugerint. Di prohibeant, judices, ut hoc, quod ma- 30 
 jores consilium publicum vocari voluerunt, praesidium 
 sectorum existimetur. 
 
 55. An vero, judices, vos non intellegitis nihil aliud 
 agi nisi ut proscriptorum liberi quavis ratione tollan- 
 tur, et ejus rei initium in vestro jurejurando atque in 35 
 Sex. Rosci periculo quaeri? Dubiumne est ad quern 
 
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 22 Defence of Roscius. [Rose. Am. 
 
 maleficium pertineat, cum videatis ex altera parte sec- 
 torem, inimicum, sicarium eundemque accusatorem 
 hoc tempore ; ex altera parte egentem, probatum suis 
 filium, in quo non modo culpa nulla, sed ne suspitio 
 5 quidem potuit consistere? liii. 56 . Numquid huic 
 aliud videtis obstare [Roscio] , nisi quod patris bona 
 venierunt? Quodsi id vos suscipitis, et earn ad rem 
 operam vestram profitemini, si idcirco sedetis, ut ad 
 vos adducantur eorum liberi quorum bona venierunt, 
 io cavete, per deos immortalis, judices, ne nova et multo 
 crudelior per vos proscriptio instaurata esse videatur. 
 Illam priorem, quae facta est in eos qui arma capere 
 potuerunt, tamen senatus suscipere noluit, ne quid 
 acrius quam more majorum comparatum esset publico 
 15 consilio factum videretur. Hanc vero, quae ad eorum 
 liberos atque ad infantium puerorum incunabula perti- 
 net, nisi hoc judicio a vobis reicitis et aspernamini, 
 videte, per deos immortalis, quem in locum rem publi- 
 cam perventuram putetis. 
 
 20 57. Homines sapientes et ista auctoritate et potestate 
 
 praeditos, qua vos estis, ex quibus rebus maxime res 
 publica laborat, eis maxime mederi convenit. Vestrum 
 nemo est quin intellegat populum Romanum, qui quon- 
 dam in hostis lenissimus existimabatur, hoc tempore 
 25 domestica crudelitate laborare. Hanc tollite ex civitate, 
 judices. Hanc pati nolite diutius in hac re publica 
 versari. Quae non modo id habet in se mali, quod tot 
 civis atrocissime sustulit, verum etiam hominibus le- 
 nissimis ademit misericordiam consuetudine incommo- 
 30 dorum. Nam cum omnibus horis aliquid atrociter fieii 
 videmus aut audimus, etiam qui natura mitissimi su- 
 mus, adsiduitate molestiarum sensum omnem humani- 
 tatis ex animis amittimus. 
 
IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES. 
 
 B.C. 70. 
 
 Caius Verres, a man of noble birth, but notorious for his 
 crimes and exactions in the civil war and in the offices he had held 
 since, was city praetor ( prcetor urbamis) B.c. 74. At the close 
 of his term of office, he went, in accordance with the law, as pro- 
 praetor, to govern the province of Sicily. By reason of the dis- 
 turbed condition of Italy, from the revolt of Spartacus, he was not 
 relieved at the end of a year, as the law required, but continued 
 two years longer in the government of the province, when he was 
 succeeded by Lucius Caecilius Metellus. During these three years 
 he was guilty of the most abominable oppressions and exactions ; 
 and, as soon as they were relieved of his presence, the Sicilians 
 brought a prosecution against him in the court of Repetundce (for 
 the trial of cases of Extortion), presided over by the praetor Mani- 
 us Acilius Glabrio. To conduct the prosecution, they had recourse 
 to Cicero, who already stood high among Roman advocates, and 
 who was personally known and trusted by them on account of his 
 honorable administration of the quaestorship in their island. Cicero 
 willingly took charge of the case, the more so as the counsel for 
 Verres was Hortensius, the leading lawyer of his time, against 
 whom he was eager to measure his strength. 
 
 Although the cruelty and rapacity of Verres were notorious, yet 
 his relations to the Roman nobility gained him the same support 
 at home which recently, under somewhat similar circumstances, 
 was afforded to Governor Eyre in England, on his return from 
 Jamaica. Not only Hortensius, but Curio, a man of excellent 
 reputation, with members of the eminent families of Scipio and 
 Metellus, stood firmly by him. The only hope of Verres was in 
 preventing a fair and speedy trial. First he tried to obtain a prose- 
 cutor who should be in collusion with him, and would not push him 
 too hard. For this purpose one Caecilius was put forward, an in- 
 significant person, but a native of Sicily. Cicero’s first speech in 
 the case was therefore before the praetor Glabrio in person, to show 
 that he, rather than Caecilius, should be allowed to conduct the 
 case. This it was not hard to do, and he set out at once for Sicily 
 to collect evidence, for which purpose he was allowed one hundred 
 
24 
 
 Impeachment of Verves . 
 
 [Verr. I. 
 
 and ten days. He was, however, so industrious and skilful in this, 
 that he returned in fifty days, thus completely foiling the next 
 plan of the opposition, which was to bring on a trumped-up action 
 before the court, which should have precedence of that against 
 Verres, merely to consume time. Cicero returned, with ample evi- 
 dence, even before his rival had left Italy. The trial was now fixed 
 for Aug. 5, B.C. 70, in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus. 
 
 Meantime (in the latter part of July) the elections were held for 
 the next year, — as was the custom in Rome, several months before 
 the newly-elected magistrates entered upon their offices ; the 
 successful candidate, under the title of designatus , enjoyed a dig- 
 nity almost equal to that of an actual magistrate, although with no 
 real power (see ch. ix.). In these elections Cicero was designated 
 sedile ; but his rival Hortensius was chosen consul, with Quintus 
 Metellus Creticus, Verres’ fast friend, as his colleague. More than 
 this, Marcus Metellus, brother of Quintus, was chosen praetor, and 
 the lot fell to him to preside the next year in the court of Repetun- 
 dce . If now the trial could be put over till the next year, when 
 Hortensius and the two Metelli would be in the three most influen- 
 tial positions in the State, Verres felt quite sure of getting clear. 
 Neither did it seem as if this would be very hard to bring about ; 
 for the last six months of the Roman year were so full of festivals 
 and other days in which the courts could not sit, that the case would 
 be liable to constant interruptions and delays. This would have 
 been a sore disappointment to Cicero, for, by good luck in drawing 
 the names, and sagacity in challenging, he had a jury that he could 
 trust, and he was not willing to run the risk of a change. 
 
 Under these circumstances Cicero made the second speech of the 
 Verrine group — that which is known as the Actio Prima. In this 
 he proved so conclusively the guilt of the defendant and his hope 
 to escape by bribery, and at the same time showed himself so de- 
 termined to urge the case through before the New Year, that he 
 hardly had any need to produce his witnesses. Hortensius soon 
 threw up his case, and Verres went into exile, with a name for ever 
 associated with extortion and misgovernment. Full restitution of 
 the plunder was, however, not obtained : a compromise was made, 
 by which a less sum was paid in satisfaction of the claims. The 
 five speeches known as the “Accusation” {Actio Secundd) were 
 never delivered, but were written out and published in order to put 
 on record the facts which the orator had gathered with so much pains. 
 
n. 30 Character and Motive of the Trial . 
 
 25 
 
 UOD erat optandum maxime, judices, et quod 
 
 unum ad invidiam vestri ordinis infamiamque 
 judiciorum sedandam maxime pertinebat, id non 
 humano consilio, sed prope divinitus datum atque 
 oblatum vobis summo rei publicae tempore videtur. 5 
 Inveteravit enim jam opinio perniciosa rei publicae, 
 vobisque periculosa, quae non modo apud populum 
 Romanum, sed etiam apud exteras nationes, omnium 
 sermone percrebruit : his judiciis quae nunc sunt, 
 pecuniosum hominem, quamvis sit nocens, nemi- 10 
 nem posse damnari. 2. Nunc, in ipso discrimine 
 ordinis judiciorumque vestrorum, cum sint parati qui 
 contionibus et legibus hanc invidiam senatus inflam- 
 mare conentur, [reus] in judicium adductus est [C. 
 Verres], homo vita atque factis omnium jam opini- 15 
 one damnatus, pecuniae magnitudine sua spe et prae- 
 dicatione absolutus. 
 
 Huic ego causae, judices, cum summa voluntate et 
 exspectatione populi Romani, actor accessi, non ut 
 augerem invidiam ordinis, sed ut infamiae communi 20 
 Succurrerem. Adduxi enim hominem, in quo recon- 
 ciliare existimationem judiciorum amissam, redire in 
 gratiarn cum populo Romano, satis facere exteris 
 nationibus, possetis ; depeculatorem aerari, vexatorem 
 Asiae atque Pamphyliae, praedonem juris urbani, la- 25. 
 bem atque perniciem provinciae Siciliae. 3 . De quo si 
 vos vere ac religiose judicaveritis, auctoritas ea, quae 
 in vobis remanere debet, haerebit; sin istius ingentes 
 divitiae judiciorum religionem veritatemque perfrege- 
 rint, ego hoc tamen adsequar, ut judicium potius rei 3 ° 
 publicae, quam aut reus judicibus, aut accusator reo, 
 defuisse videatur. 
 
 11. Equidem, ut de me confitear, judices, cum mul- 
 tae mihi a C. Verre insidiae terra marique factae sint, 
 quas partim mea diligentia devitarim, partim amico- 35 
 rum studio officioque repulerim ; numquam tamen 
 
2 6 
 
 [Verr. . 
 
 J 1 
 
 - • ■ e 
 
 Impeachment of Verres. 
 
 neque tantum periculum mihi adire visus sum, neque 
 tanto opere pertimui, ut nunc in ipso judicio. 4 . Neque 
 tantum me exspectatio accusationis meae, concursus- 
 que tantae multitudinis (quibus ego rebus vehemen- 
 5 tissime perturbor) commovet, quantum istius insidiae 
 nefariae, quas uno tempore mihi, vobis, M\ Glabrioni, 
 populo Romano, sociis, exteris nationibus, ordini, no- 
 mini denique senatorio, facere conatur : qui ita dictitat, 
 eis esse metuendum, qui quod ipsis solis satis esset 
 io surripuissent ; se tantum eripuisse, ut id multis satis 
 esse possit ; nihil esse tarn sanctum quod non violari, 
 nihil tarn munitum quod non expugnari pecunia possit. 
 
 5. Quod si quam audax est ad conandum, tarn 
 esset obscurus in agendo, fortasse aliqua in re nos 
 15 aliquando fefellisset. Verum hoc adhuc percommode 
 cadit, quod cum incredibili ejus audacia singularis 
 stultitia conjuncta est. Nam, ut apertus in corripien- 
 dis pecuniis fuit, sic in spe corrumpendi judici, per- 
 spicua sua consilia conatusque omnibus fecit. Semel, 
 20 ait, se in vita pertimuisse, turn cum primum a me 
 reus factus sit; quod, cum e provincia recens esset, 
 invidiaque et infamia non recenti, sed vetere ac diu- 
 turna flagraret, turn, ad judicium corrumpendum, 
 tempus alienum offenderet. 6 . Itaque, cum ego diem 
 2 5 in Siciliam inquirendi perexiguam postulavissem, in- 
 venit iste, qui sibi in Achaiam biduo breviorem diem 
 postularet, — non ut is idem conficeret diligentia et 
 industria sua quod ego meo labore et vigiliis consecu- 
 tus sum, etenim ille Achaicus inquisitor ne Brundisi- 
 3 ° um quidem pervenit ; ego Siciliam totam quinquaginta 
 diebus sic obii, ut omnium populorum privatorumque 
 literas injuriasque cognoscerem ; ut perspicuum cuivis 
 esse posset, hominem ab isto quaesitum esse, non qui 
 reum suum adduceret, sed qui meum tempus obsideret. 
 35 hi. 7. Nunc homo audacissimus atque amentissimus 
 hoc cogitat. Intellegit me ita paratum atque in- 
 
 3 
 
IV. 10.] 
 
 How he thinks to Escape. 
 
 27 
 
 structum in judicium venire, ut non modo in auribus 
 vestris, sed in oculis omnium, sua furta atque flagitia 
 defixurus sim. Videt senatores multos esse testis 
 audaciae suae; videt multos equites Romanos frequen- 
 tis praeterea civis atque socios, quibus ipse insignis 5 
 injurias fecerit. Videt etiam tot tarn gravis ab ami' 
 cissimis civitatibus legationes, cum publicis auctori- 
 tatibus convenisse. 8. Quae cum ita sint, usque 
 eo de omnibus bonis male existimat, usque eo sena- 
 toria judicia perdita profligataque esse arbitratur, ut 10 
 hoc palam dictitet, non sine causa se cupidum pecuniae 
 fuisse, quoniam in pecunia tantum praesidium experia- 
 tur esse : sese (id quod difficillimum fuerit) tempus 
 ipsum emisse judici sui, quo cetera facilius emere 
 postea posset; ut, quoniam criminum vim subterfugere 15 
 nullo modo poterat, procellam temporis devitaret. 
 
 9 . Quod si non modo in causa, verum in aliquo ho- 
 nesto praesidio, aut in alicujus eloquentia aut gratia, 
 spem aliquam conlocasset, profecto non haec omnia 
 conligeret atque aucuparetur ; non usque eo despice- 20 
 ret contemneretque ordinem senatorium, ut arbitratu 
 ejus deligeretur ex senatu, qui reus fieret ; qui, dum 
 hie quae opus essent compararet, causam interea 
 ante eum diceret. 10. Quibus ego rebus quid iste 
 speret, et quo animum intendat, facile perspicio. 25 
 Quam ob rem vero se confidat aliquid perficere posse, 
 hoc praetore, et hoc consilio, intellegere non possum. 
 Unum illud intellego (quod populus Romanus in rejec- 
 tione judicum judicavit), ea spe istum fuisse praeditum 
 ut omnem rationem salutis in pecunia constitueret ; 3c 
 hoc erepto praesidio, ut nullam sibi rem adjumento 
 fore arbitraretur. 
 
 iv. Etenim quod est ingenium tantum, quae tanta 
 facultas dicendi aut copia, quae istius vitam, tot vitiis 
 flagitiisque convictam, jampridem omnium voluntate 35 
 judicioque damnatam, aliqua ex parte possit defen- 
 
28 
 
 Impeachment of Verres. 
 
 [Verr. 1. 
 
 dere? 11. Cujus ut adulescentiae maculas ignominias- 
 que praeteream ; quaestura [primus gradus honoris] 
 quid aliud habet in se, nisi [Cn. Carbonem spoliatum] 
 a quaestore suo pecunia publica nudatum et proditum 
 5 consulem? desertum exercitum ? relictam provinciam? 
 sortis necessitudinem religionemque violatam? Cujus 
 legatio exitium fuit Asiae totius et Pamphyliae : quibus 
 in provinciis multas domos, plurimas urbis, omnia fana 
 depopulate est, turn cum [in Cn. Dolabellam] suum 
 io scelus illud pristinum renovavit et instauravit quaesto- 
 rium ; cum eum, cui et legatus et pro quaestore fuisset, 
 et in invidiam suis maleficiis adduxit, et in ipsis peri- 
 culis non solum deseruit, sed etiam oppugnavit ac 
 prodidit? 12 . Cujus praetura urbana aedium sacrarum 
 15 fuit publicorumque operum depopulatio ; simul in jure 
 dicundo, bonorum possessionumque, contra omnium 
 instituta, addictio et condonatio. Jam vero omnium 
 vitiorum suorum plurima et maxima constituit monu- 
 menta et indicia in provincia Sicilia ; quam iste per 
 20 triennium ita vexavit ac perdidit, ut ea restitui in anti- 
 quum statum nullo modo possit ; vix autem per multos 
 annos, innocentisque praetores, aliqua ex parte recre- 
 ari aliquando posse videatur. 13 . Hoc praetore, Si- 
 culi neque suas leges, neque nostra senatus-consulta, 
 25 neque communia jura tenuerunt. Tantum quisque 
 habet in Sicilia, quantum hominis avarissimi et libi- 
 dinosissimi aut imprudentiam subterfugit, aut satietati 
 superfuit. 
 
 v. Nulla res per triennium, nisi ad nutum istius, 
 30 judicata est : nulla res cujusquam tarn patria atque 
 avita fuit, quae non ab eo, imperio istius, abjudica- 
 retur. Innumerabiles pecuniae ex aratorum bonis 
 novo nefarioque instituto coactae ; socii fidelissimi in 
 hostium numero existimati ; cives Romani servilem 
 35 in modum cruciati et necati ; homines nocentissimi 
 propter pecunias judicio liberati ; honestissimi atque 
 
VI. I5-] 
 
 His Crimes in Sicily . 
 
 29 
 
 integerrimi, absentes rei facti, indicta causa damnati 
 et ejecti ; portus munitissimi, maximae tutissimaeque 
 urbes piratis praedonibusque patefactae ; nautae mili- 
 tesque Siculorum, socii nostri atque amici, fame ne- 
 cati ; classes optimae atque opportunissimae, cum 
 magna ignominia populi Romani, amissae et perditae. 
 14. Idem tste praetor monumenta antiquissima, partim 
 regum locupletissimorum, quae illi ornamento urbi- 
 bus esse voluerunt, partim etiam nostrorum impera- 
 torum, quae victores civitatibus Siculis aut dederunt 
 aut reddiderunt, spoliavit, nudavitque omnia. Neque 
 hoc solum in statuis ornamentisque publicis fecit ; 
 sed etiam delubra omnia, sanctissimis religionibus 
 consecrata, depeculatus est. Deum denique nullum 
 Siculis, qui ei paulo magis adfabre atque antiquo 
 artificio factus videretur, reliquit. In stupris vero et 
 flagitiis, nefarias ejus libidines commemorare pudore 
 deterreor : simul illorum calamitatem commemorando 
 augere nolo, quibus liberos conjugesque suas integras 
 ab istius petulantia conservare non licitum est. 
 
 15. At enim haec ita commissa sunt ab isto, ut non 
 cognita sint ab hominibus? Hominem arbitror esse ne - 
 minem, qui nomen istius audierit, quin facta quoque 
 ejus nefaria commemorare possit ; ut mihi magis 
 timendum sit, ne multa crimina praetermittere, quam 
 ne qua in istum fingere, existimer. Neque enim mihi 
 videtur haec multitudo, quae ad audiendum convenit, 
 cognoscere ex me causam voluisse, sed ea, quae scit, 
 mecum recognoscere. 
 
 vi. Quae cum ita sint, iste homo amens ac perditus 
 alia mecum ratione pugnat. Non id agit, ut alicujus 
 eloauentiam mihi opponat ; non gratia, non auctoritate 
 cujusquam, non potentia nititur. Simulat his se rebus 
 confidere, sed video quid agat (neque enim agit 
 occultissime) : proponit inania mihi nobilitatis, hoc 
 est, hominum adrogantium, nomina ; qui non tarn me 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 J S 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 3o 
 
 35 
 
■' •• r - ' — m — — I 
 
 30 Im-peachment of Verres. [Verr. I. 
 
 impediunt quod nobiles sunt, quam adjuvant quod 
 noti sunt. Simulat se eorum praesidio confidere, cum 
 interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur. 
 
 16 . Quam spem nunc habeat in manibus, et quid mo- 
 S liatur, breviter jam, judices, vobis exponam : sed prius, 
 ut ab initio res ab eo constituta sit, quaeso, cognoscite. 
 Ut primum e provincia rediit, redemptio est hujus 
 judici facta grandi pecunia. Mansit in condicione 
 atque pacto usque ad eum finem, dum judices rejecti 
 10 sunt. Postea quam rejectio judicum facta est — quod 
 et in sortitione istius spem fortuna populi Romani, 
 et in reiciendis judicibus mea diligentia, istorum 
 impudentiam vicerat — renuntiata est tota condicio. 
 17. Praeclare se res habebat. Libelli nominum ves- 
 15 trorum, consilique hujus, in manibus erant omnium. 
 Nulla nota, nullus color, nullae sordes videbantur his 
 sententiis adlini posse : cum iste repente, ex alacri 
 atque laeto, sic erat humilis atque demissus, ut non 
 modo populo Romano, sed etiam sibi ipse, condem- 
 20 natus videretur. Ecce autem repente, his diebus pau- 
 cis comitiis consularibus factis, eadem ilia vetera 
 consilia pecunia majore repetuntur ; eaedemque ves- 
 trae famae fortunisque omnium insidiae per eosdem 
 homines comparantur. Quae res primo, judices, per- 
 2 5 tenui nobis argumento indicioque patefacta est : post, 
 aperto suspitionis introitu, ad omnia intima istorum 
 consilia sine ullo errore pervenimus. 
 
 vii. 18 . Nam, ut Hortensius, consul designatus, do- 
 mum reducebatur e Campo, cum maxima hequentia 
 3 ° ac multi tudine, fit obviam casu ei multitudini C. 
 Curio ; quern ego hominem honoris [potius quam 
 contumeliae] causa nominatum volo. Etenim ea di- 
 cam, quae i lie , si commemorari noluisset, non tanto in 
 conventu, tarn aperte palamque dixisset : quae tamen 
 35 a me pedetentim cauteque dicentur ; ut et amicitiae 
 nostrae, et dignitatis illius, habita ratio esse intellegatur. 
 
VIII. 21.] 
 
 His Partisans are Elected . 
 
 3i 
 
 1©. Videt ad ipsum fornicem Fabianum in turba Ver- 
 rem : appellat hominem, et ei voce maxima gratu- 
 latur : ipsi Hortensio, qui consul erat factus, pro- 
 pinquis necessariisque ejus, qui turn aderant, verbum 
 nullum facit : cum hoc consistit ; hunc amplexatur ; 5 
 nunc jubet sine cura esse. ‘ Renuntio,’ inquit, ‘ tibi, 
 te hodiernis comitiis esse absolutum.’ Quod cum tam 
 multi homines honestissimi audissent, statim ad me 
 defertur : immo vero, ut quisque me viderat, narrabat. 
 Aliis illud indignum, aliis ridiculum, videbatur : ridi- 10 
 culum eis qui istius causam in testium fide, in criminum 
 ratione, in judicum potestate, non in comitiis consu- 
 laribus, positam arbitrabantur : indignum eis, qui al- 
 tius aspiciebant, et hanc gratulationem ad judicium 
 corrumpendum spectare videbant. 20. Etenim sic 15 
 ratiocinabantur, sic honestissimi homines inter se et 
 mecum loquebantur : aperte jam et perspicue nulla 
 esse judicia. Qui reus pridie jam ipse se condemna- 
 tum putabat, is, postea quam defensor ejus consul est 
 factus, absolvitur ! Quid igitur? quod tota Sicilia, 20 
 quod omnes Siculi, omnes negotiatores, omnes publicae 
 privataeque litterae Romae sunt, nihilne id valebit? 
 nihil, invito consule designate ! Quid, judices? non 
 ciimina, non testis, non existimationem populi Ro- 
 mani sequentur ? Non: omnia in unius potestate ac 25 
 moderatione vertentur. 
 
 viii. Vere loquar, judices: vehementer me haec 
 res commovebat. Optimus enim quisque ita loque- 
 batur : iste quidem tibi eripietur : sed nos non tene- 
 bimus judicia diutius. Etenim quis poterit, Verre 30 
 absoluto, de transferendis judiciis recusare? 21. Erat 
 omnibus molestum : neque eos tam istius hominis 
 peiditi subita laetitia, quam hominis amplissimi nova 
 gratulatio, commovebat. Cupiebam dissimulare me 
 id moleste ferre : cupiebam animi dolorem vultu 35 
 
 tegere, et taciturnitate celare. Ecce autem, illis ipsis 
 
32 
 
 [Verr. I. 
 
 Impeachment of Verves . 
 
 diebus, cum praetores designati sortirentur, et M. 
 Metello obtigisset, ut is de pecuniis repetundis quae- 
 reret; nuntiatur mihi, tantam isti gratulationem esse 
 factam, ut is domum quoque pueros mitteret, qui uxori 
 5 suae nuntiarent. 22. Sane ne haec quidem mihi res 
 placebat : neque tamen , tanto opere quid in hac sorte 
 metuendum mihi esset, intellegebam. Unum illud ex 
 hominibus certis, ex quibus omnia comperi, reperie- 
 bam : fiscos compluris cum pecunia Siciliensi, a quo- 
 io dam senatore ad equitem Romanum esse translatos . 
 ex his quasi decern fiscos ad senatorem ilium relictos 
 esse, comitiorum meorum nomine : divisores omnium 
 tribuum noctu ad istum vocatos. 23 . Ex quibus qui- 
 dam, qui se omnia mea causa debere arbitrabatur, 
 15 eadem ilia nocte ad me venit : demonstrat, qua iste 
 oratione usus esset : commemorasse istum, quam libei- 
 aliter eos tractasset [etiam] antea, cum ipse piaeturam 
 petisset, et proximis consularibus praetoriisque comi- 
 tiis: deinde continuo esse pollicitum, quantam vellent 
 20 pecuniam, si me aedilitate dejecissent. Hie alios 
 negasse audere ; alios respondisse, non putare id 
 perfici posse : inventum tamen esse fortem amicum, 
 ex eadem familia, Verrem, Romilia, ex optima 
 divisorum disciplina, patris istius discipulum atque 
 25 amicum, qui, HS quingentis milibus depositis, id se 
 perfecturum polliceretur : et fuisse turn non nullos, 
 
 qui se una facturos esse dicerent. Quae cum ita 
 essent, sane benevolo animo me, ut magno opere cave- 
 rem praemonebat. 
 
 30 xx. 24 . Sollicitabar rebus maximis uno atque eo per- 
 exiguo tempore. Urgebant comitia ; et in his ipsis 
 oppugnabar grandi pecunia. Instabat judicium : ei 
 quoque negotio fisci Sicilienses minabantur. Agere 
 quae ad judicium pertinebant libere, comitiorum metu 
 35 deterrebar : petitioni toto animo servire, propter judi- 
 ' cium non licebat. Minari denique divisoribus ratio 
 
IX. 27 .] 
 
 His Friends are in Office . 
 
 33 
 
 non erat, propterea quod eos intellegere videbam 
 me hoc judicio districtum atque obligatum futururn. 
 
 25 . Atque hoc ipso tempore Siculis denuntiatum esse 
 audio, primum ab Hortensio, domum ad ilium ut veni- 
 rent : Siculos in eo sane liberos fuisse ; qui quam ob 5 
 1 em arcessei entur cum intellegerent, non venisse. 
 Interea comitia nostra, quorum iste se, ut ceterorum 
 hoc anno comitiorum, dominum esse arbitrabatur, 
 haberi coepta sunt. Cursare iste homo potens, cum 
 filio blando et gratioso, circum tribus : paternos ami- 10 
 cos, hoc est divisores, appellare omnes et convenire. 
 Quod cum esset intellectum et animadversum, fecit 
 animo libentissimo populus Romanus, ut cujus divi- 
 tiae me de fide deducere non potuissent, ne ejusdem 
 pecunia de honore deicerer. 15 
 
 26 . Postea quam ilia petitionis magna cura liberatus 
 sum, animo coepi multo magis vacuo ac soluto, nihil 
 aliud nisi de judicio agere et cogitare. Reperio, ju- 
 dices, haec ab istis consilia inita et constituta, ut, 
 quacumque posset ratione, res ita duceretur, ut apud 20 
 M. Metellum praetorem causa diceretur. In eo 
 esse haec commoda : primum M. Metellum amicis- 
 simum ; deinde Hortensium consulem non [solum, sed] 
 etiam Metellum, qui quam isti sit amicus attendite : 
 dedit enim praerogativam suae voluntatis ejus modi, 25 
 ut isti pro praerogativis earn reddidisse videatur. 
 
 27 . An me taciturum tantis de rebus existimavistis? 
 et me, in tanto rei publicae existimationisque meae 
 penculo, cuiquam consulturum potius quam officio et 
 dignitati meae? Arcessit alter consul designatus Si- 30 
 culos: veniunt non nulli, propterea quod L. Metellus 
 esset praetor in Sicilia. Cum iis ita loquitur : se 
 consulem esse ; fratrem suum alterum Siciliam pro- 
 vinciam obtinere, alterum esse quaesiturum de pecuniis 
 repetundis ; Verri ne noceri possit multis rationibus 35 
 esse provisum. 
 
 3 , 
 
34 
 
 Impeachment of Verres. 
 
 [Verr. I. 
 
 x. 28. Quid est, quaeso, Metelle, judicium corrum- 
 pere, si hoc non est? testis, praesertirn [Siculos], timi- 
 dos homines et adflictos, non solum auctoritate deter- 
 rere, sed etiam consulari metu, et duorum praetorum 
 5 potestate? Quid faceres pro innocente homine et pro- 
 pinquo, cum propter hominem perditissimum atque 
 alienissimum de officio ac dignitate decedis, et com- 
 mittis, ut, quod ille dictitat, alicui, qui te ignoret, 
 verum esse videatur? 29. Nam hoc Verrem dicere 
 .o aiebant, te non fato, ut ceteros ex vestra familia, sed 
 opera sua consulem factum. Duo igitur consules et 
 quaesitor erunt ex illius voluntate. ‘ Non solum eftu- 
 giemus ’ inquit ‘ hominem in quaerendo nimium dili- 
 gentem, nimium servientem populi existimationi, M’. 
 is Glabrionem : accedet etiam nobis illud. Judex est 
 M. Caesonius, conlega nostri accusatoris, homo in 
 rebus judicandis spectatus et cognitus, quern minime 
 expediat esse in eo consilio quod conemur aliqua 
 ratione corrumpere : propterea quod jam antea, cum 
 20 judex in Juniano consilio fuisset, turpissimum illud 
 facinus non solum graviter tulit, sed etiam in medium 
 protulit. Hunc judicem ex Kal. Januariis non habebi- 
 rnus. 30. Q^. Manlium, et Q^ Cornificium, duos se- 
 verissimos atque integerrimos judices, quod tnbum 
 25 plebis turn erunt, judices non habebimus. P. Sulpi- 
 cius, judex tristis et integer, magistratum ineat oportet 
 Nonis Decembribus. M. Crepereius, ex acerrima ilia 
 equestri familia et disciplina ; L. Cassius ex familia 
 cum ad ceteras res turn ad judicandum severissima ; 
 30 Cn. Tremellius, homo summa religione et diligentia, 
 
 tres hi, homines veteres, tribuni militaies sunt desig- 
 
 nati : ex Kal. Januariis non judicabunt. Subsortiemur 
 etiam in M. Metelli locum, quoniam is huic ipsi quaes- 
 tioni praefuturus est. Ita secundum Kalendas Janua- 
 35 rias, et praetore et prope toto consilio commutato, 
 mao-nas accusatoris minas, magnamque exspecta- 
 
35 
 
 xi. 33 ] The Danger of Delay . 
 
 tionem judici, ad nostrum arbitrium libidinemque 
 eludemus.’ 
 
 31 . Nonae sunt hodie Sextiles : hora vm. convenire 
 coepistis. Hunc diem jam ne numerant quidem. 
 Decern dies sunt ante ludos votivos, quos Cn. Pom- 5 
 peius facturus est. Hi ludi dies quindecim auferent : 
 deinde continuo Romani consequentur. Ita prope xl. 
 diebus interpositis, turn denique se ad ea quae a no- 
 bis dicta erunt responsuros esse arbitrantur : deinde 
 se ducturos, et dicendo et excusando, facile ad ludos 10 
 Victoriae. Cum his plebeios esse conjunctos ; secun- 
 dum quos aut nulli aut perpauci dies ad agendum fu- 
 turi sunt. Ita defessa ac refrigerata accusatione, rem 
 infegram ad M. Metellum praetorem esse venturam : 
 quern ego hominem, si ejus fidei diffisus essem, judi- 15 
 cem non retinuissem. 32 . Nunc tamen hoc animo 
 sum, ut eo judice quam praetore hanc rem transigi 
 malim ; et jurato suam quam injurato aliorum tabellas 
 committere. 
 
 xi. Nunc ego, judices, jam vos consulo, quid mihi 20 
 faciendum putetis. Id enim consili mihi profecto 
 taciti dabitis, quod egomet mihi necessario capiendum 
 intellego. Si utar ad dicendum meo legitimo tempore, 
 mei laboris, industriae, diligentiaeque capiam fructum ; 
 et [ex accusatione] perficiam ut nemo umquam post 25 
 hominum memoriam paratior, vigilantior, compositior 
 ad judicium venisse videatur. Sed, in hac laude indus- 
 triae meae, reus ne elabatur summum periculum est. 
 Quid est igitur quod fieri possit ? Non obscurum, opi- 
 nor, neque absconditum. 33 . Fructum istum laudis, qui 30 
 ex perpetua oratione percipi potuit, in alia tempora 
 reservemus : nunc hominem tabulis, testibus, privatis 
 publicisque litteris auctoritatibusque accusemus. Res 
 omnis mihi tecum erit, Hortensi. Dicam aperte : si 
 te mecum dicendo ac diluendis criminibus in hac 35 
 causa contendere putarem, ego quoque in accusando 
 
36 
 
 Impeachment of Verres. 
 
 [Verr. I. 
 
 atque in explicandis criminibus operam consumerem ; 
 nunc, quoniam pugnare contra me instituisti, non tam 
 ex tua natura quam ex istius tempore et causa [mali- 
 tiose], necesse est istius modi rationi aliquo consilio 
 5 obsistere. 34. Tua ratio est, ut secundum binos ludos 
 mihi respondere incipias ; mea, ut ante primos ludos 
 comperendinem. Ita fit ut tua ista ratio existimetur 
 astuta, meum hoc consilium necessarium. 
 
 xn. Verum illud quod institueram dicere, mihi rem 
 io tecum esse, hujus modi est. Ego cum hanc causam 
 Siculorum rogatu recepissem, idque mihi amplum et 
 praeclarum existimassem, eos velle meae fidei diligenti- 
 aeque periculum facere, qui innocentiae abstinentiae- 
 que fecissent; turn suscepto negotio, majus quiddam 
 15 mihi proposui, in quo meam in rem publicam vo- 
 luntatem populus Romanus perspicere posset. 35 . Nam 
 illud mihi nequaquam dignum industria conatuque 
 meo videbatur, istum a me in judicium, jam omnium 
 judicio condemnatum, vocari, nisi ista tua intolera- 
 20 bilis potentia, et ea cupiditas qua per hosce annos in 
 quibusdam judiciis usus es, etiam in istius hominis 
 desperati causa interponeretur. Nunc vero, quoniam 
 haec te omnis dominatio regnumque judiciorum tanto 
 opere delectat, et sunt homines quos libidinis infami- 
 25 aeque suae neque pudeat neque taedeat, qub quasi 
 de industria, in odium offensionemque populi Romani 
 inruere videantur, — hoc me profiteor suscepisse, mag- 
 num fortasse onus et mihi periculosissimum, verum 
 tamen dignum -in quo omnis nervos aetatis industri- 
 3° aeque meae contenderem. 
 
 36 . Quoniam totus ordo paucorum impiobitate et 
 audacia premitur et urgetur infamia judiciorum, pio- 
 fiteor huic generi hominum me inimicum accusatorem, 
 odiosum, adsiduum, acerbum adversarium. Hoc mihi 
 35 sumo, hoc mihi deposco, quod agam in magistratu, 
 quod agam ex eo loco ex quojme populus Romanus 
 
XII. 39-] 
 
 Corruption of the Courts . 
 
 37 
 
 ex Kal. Januariis secum agere de re publica ac de ho- 
 minibus improbis voluit : hoc munus aedilitatis meae 
 populo Romano amplissimum pulcherrimumque polli- 
 ceor. Moneo, praedico, ante denuntio ; qui aut depo- 
 nere, aut accipere, aut recipere, aut polliceri, aut 5 
 sequestres aut interpretes corrumpendi judici solent 
 esse, quique ad hanc rein aut potentiam aut impuden- 
 tiam suam professi sunt, abstineant in hoc judicio 
 manus anitnosque ab hoc scelere nefario. 
 
 xm. 37 . Erit turn consul Hortensius cum summo 10 
 imperio et potestate ; ego autem aedilis, hoc est, paulo 
 amplius quam privatus. Tame’n hujus modi haec res 
 est, quam me acturum esse polliceor, ita populo Ro- 
 mano grata atque jucunda, ut ipse consul in hac causa 
 prae me minus etiam (si fieri possit) quam privatus 15 
 esse videatur. Omnia non modo commemorabuntur, 
 sed etiam, expositis certis rebus, agentur, quae inter 
 decern annos, postea quam judicia ad senatum trans- 
 lata sunt, in rebus judicandis nefarie flagitioseque facta 
 sunt. 38 . Cognoscet ex me populus Romanus quid 20 
 sit, quam ob rem, cum equester ordo judicaret, annos 
 prope quinquaginta continuos, in nullo judice [equite 
 Romano judicante] ne tenuissima quidem suspitio 
 acceptae pecuniae ob rem judicandam constituta sit : 
 quid sit quod, judiciis ad senatorium ordinem transla- 25 
 tis, sublataque populi Romani in unum quemque ves- 
 trum potestate, Qc Calidius damnatus dixerit, minoris 
 HS triciens praetorium hominem honeste non posse 
 damnari : quid sit quod, P. Septimio senatore dam- 
 nato, Hortensio praetore, de pecuniis repetundis 30 
 lis aestimata sit eo nomine, quod file ob rem judican- 
 dam pecuniam accepisset ; 39 . quod in C. Herennio, 
 quod in C. Popilio, senatoribus, qui ambo peculatus 
 damnati sunt; quod in M. Atilio, qui de majestate 
 damnatus est, hoc planum factum sit, eos pecuniam 35 
 ob rem judicandam accepisse ; quod inventi sint sena- 
 
3 » 
 
 Impeachment of Verres . 
 
 [Verr. I. 
 
 tores, qui, C. Verre praetore urbano sortiente, exirent 
 in eum reum, quem incognita causa condemnarent ; 
 quod inventus sit senator, qui, cum judex esset, in 
 eodem judicio et ab reo pecuniam acciperet quam judi- 
 5 cibus divideret, et ab accusatore, ut reum condemna- 
 ret? 40o Jam vero quomodo illam labem, ignominiam, 
 calamitatemque totius ordinis conquerar? hoc factum 
 esse in hac civitate, cum senatorius ordo judicaret, 
 ut discoloribus signis juratorum hominum sententiae 
 io notarentur? Haec omnia me diligenter severeque ac- 
 turum esse, polliceor. 
 
 xiv. Quo me tandem animo fore putatis, si quid 
 in hoc ipso judicio intellexero simili aliqua ratione 
 esse violatum atque commissum? cum planum fa- 
 15 cere multis testibus possim, C. Verrem in Sicilia, 
 multis audientibus, saepe dixisse, 6 se habere homi- 
 nem potentem, cujus fiducia provinciam spoliaret : 
 neque sibi soli pecuniam quaerere, sed ita triennium 
 illud praeturae Siciliensis distributum habere, ut se- 
 20 cum praeclare agi diceret, si unius anni quaestum 
 in rem suam converteret ; alterum patronis et defen- 
 soribus traderet ; tertium ilium uberrimum quaestuo- 
 sissimumque annum totum judicibus reservaret.’ 
 
 41. Ex quo mihi venit in mentem illud dicere (quod 
 25 apud M\ Glabrionem nuper cum id reiciundis judici- 
 bus commemorassem, intellexi vehementer populum 
 Romanum commoveri), me arbitrari, fore uti natio- 
 nes exterae legatos ad populum Romanum mitterent, 
 ut lex de pecuniis repetundis judiciumque tolleretur. 
 30 Si enim judicia nulla sint, tantum unum quemque abla- 
 turum putant, quantum sibi ac liberis suis satis esse 
 arbitretur : nunc, quod ejus modi judicia sint, tantum 
 unum quemque auferre, quantum sibi, patronis, advo- 
 catis, praetori, judicibus, satis futurum sit: hoc pro- 
 35 fecto infinitum esse : se avarissimi hominis cupiditati 
 satisfacere posse, nocentissimi victoriae non posse. 
 
XV. 4S-] 
 
 yustice to be vindicated. 
 
 39 
 
 42. O cotnmemoranda judicia, praeclaramque existi- 
 mationem nostri ordinis ! cum socii populi Romani 
 judicia de pecuniis repetundis fieri nolunt, quae a 
 majoribus nostris sociorum causa comparata sunt. 
 An iste umquam de se bonam spem habuisset, nisi 5 
 de vobis malam opinionem animo imbibisset? Quo 
 majore etiam (si fieri potest) apud vos odio esse de- 
 bet, quam est apud populum Romanum, cum in ava- 
 ritia, scelere, perjurio, vos sui similis esse arbitretur. 
 
 xv. 43. Cui loco (per Deos immortalis !) , judices, io 
 consulite ac providete. Moneo praedicoque — id quod 
 intellego — tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse, ut 
 odio, invidia, infamia, turpitudine, totum ordinem 
 liberetis. Nulla in judiciis severitas, nulla religio, 
 nulla denique jam existimantur esse judicia. Itaque 15 
 a populo Romano contemnimur, despicimur : gravi 
 diuturnaque jam flagramus infamia. 44. Neque enim 
 ullam aliam ob causam populus Romanus tribuniciam 
 potestatem tanto studio requisivit; quam cum poscebat, 
 verbo illam poscere videbatur, re vera judicia posce- 20 
 bat. Neque hoc Q^Catulum, hominem sapientissimum 
 atque amplissimum, fugit, qui (Cn. Pompeio, viro 
 fortissimo et clarissimo, de tribunicia potestate refer- 
 ente), cum esset sententiam rogatus, hoc initio est 
 summa cum auctoritate usus : ‘ Patres conscriptos 25 
 
 judicia male et flagitiose tueri : quod si in rebus jucli- 
 candis, populi Romani existimationi satis facere vol- 
 uissent, non tanto opere homines fuisse tribuniciam 
 potestatem desideraturos.’ 45. Ipse denique Cn. 
 Pompeius, cum primum contionem ad Urbem consul 30 
 designatus habuit, ubi (id quod maxime exspectari 
 videbatur) ostendit se tribuniciam potestatem restitu- 
 turum, factus est in eo strepitus, et grata contionis ad- 
 murmuratio. Idem in eadem contione cum dixisset 
 ‘ populatas vexatasque esse provincias ; judicia autem 35 
 turpia ac flagitiosa fieri ; ei rei se providere ac consu- 
 
4 ° 
 
 Impeachment of Verrcs . 
 
 [Verr. I. 
 
 lere velle ; 5 turn vero non strepitu, sed maximo cla- 
 more, suam populus Romanus significavit voluntatem. 
 
 xvi. 46 . Nunc autem homines in speculis sunt : ob- 
 servant quem ad modum sese unus quisque nostrum 
 S gerat in retinenda religione, conservandisque legibus. 
 Vident adhuc, post legem tribuniciam, unum senatorem 
 hominem vel tenuissimum esse damnatum : quod tarn- 
 etsi non reprehendunt, tamen magno opere quod lau- 
 dent non habent. Nulla est enim laus, ibi esse integrum, 
 io ubi nemo est qui aut possit aut conetur corrumpere. 
 
 47. Hoc est judicium, in quo vos de reo, populus Ro- 
 manus de vobis judicabit. In hoc homine statuetur, 
 possitne, senatoribus judicantibus, homo nocentissi- 
 mus pecuniosissimusque damnari. Deinde est ejus 
 15 modi reus, in quo homine nihil sit, praeter summa 
 peccata maximamque pecuniam ; ut, si liberatus sit, 
 nulla alia suspitio, nisi ea quae turpissima est, resb 
 dere possit. Non gratia, non cognatione, non aliis 
 recte factis, non denique aliquo mediocri vitio, tot tan- 
 20 taque ejus vitia sublevata esse videbuntur. 
 
 48 . Postremo ego causam sic agam, judices : ejus 
 modi res, ita notas, ita testatas, ita magnas, ita manifes- 
 tas proferam, ut nemo a vobis ut istum absolvatis per 
 gratiam conetur contendere. Habeo autem certam 
 25 viam atque rationem, qua omnis illorum conatus in- 
 vestigare et consequi possirn. Ita res a me agetur, ut 
 in eorum consiliis omnibus non modo aures hominum, 
 sed etiam oculi [populi Romani] interesse videantur. 
 
 49. Vos aliquot jam per annos conceptam huic ordini 
 30 turpitudinem atque infamiam delere ac tollere potestis. 
 Constat inter omnis, post haec constituta judicia, qui- 
 bus nunc utimur, nullum hoc splendore atque hac 
 dignitate consilium fuisse. Hie si quid erit offensum, 
 omnes homines non jam ex eodem ordine alios magis 
 35 idoneos (quod fieri non potest), sed alium omnino ordi- 
 nem ad res judicandas quaerendum arbitrabuntur. 
 
XVIII. 53-] 
 
 Appeal to the Court. 
 
 4 1 
 
 xvn. 50. Quapropter, primum ab Dis immortali- 
 bus, quod sperare mihi videor, hoc idem, judices, 
 opto, ut in hoc judicio nemo improbus praeter eum qui 
 jampridem inventus est reperiatur : deinde si plures 
 improbi fuerint, hoc vobis, hoc populo Romano, judi- 
 ces, con'firmo, vitam (mehercule) mihi prius, quam 
 vim perseverantiamque ad illorum improbitatem per- 
 sequendam defuturam. 
 
 51. Verum, quod ego laboribus, periculis, inimici- 
 tiisque meis, turn cum admissum erit dedecus severe 
 me persecuturum esse polliceor, id ne accidat, tu tua 
 auctoritate, sapientia, diligentia, M’. Glabrio, potes 
 providere. Suscipe causam judiciorum : suscipe cau- 
 sam severitatis, integritatis, fidei , religionis : suscipe 
 causam senatus, ut is, hoc judicio probatus, cum po- 
 pulo Romano et in laude et in gratia esse possit. 
 Cogita qui sis, quo loco sis, quid dare populo Ro- 
 mano, quid reddere majoribus tuis, debeas : foe tibi 
 paternae legis [Aciliae] veniat in mentem, qua lege 
 populus Romanus de pecuniis repetundis optimis ju- 
 diciis severissimisque judicibus usus est. 52. Circum- 
 stant te summae auctoritates, quae te oblivisci laudis 
 domesticae non sinant ; quae te noctis diesque com- 
 moneant, fortissimum tibi patrem, sapientissimum 
 avum, gravissimum socerum fuisse. Qua re si [Gla- 
 brionis] patris vim et acrimoniam ceperis ad resistendum 
 hominibus audacissimis ; si avi [Scaevolae] prudentiam 
 ad prospiciendas insidias, quae tuae atque horum fomae 
 comparantur ; si soceri [Scauri] constantiam, ut ne quis 
 te de vera et certa possit sententia demovere ; intelle- 
 get populus Romanus, integerrimo atque honestissimo 
 praetore, delectoque consilio, nocenti reo magnitudi- 
 nem pecuniae plus habuisse momenti ad suspitionem 
 criminis, quam ad rationem salutis. 
 
 xviii. 53. Mihi certum est, non committere ut in 
 hac causa praetor nobis consiliumque mutetur. Non 
 
 5 
 
 ro 
 
 *5 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
4 2 
 
 Impeachment of Verres. 
 
 [Verr. I. 
 
 patiar rem in id tempus adduci, ut [Siculi], quos ad- 
 huc servi designatorum consulum non moverunt, cum 
 eos novo exemplo universos arcesserent, eos turn lictores 
 consulum vocent; ut homines miseri, antea socii atque 
 5 amici populi Romani, nunc servi ac supplices, non 
 modo jus suum fortunasque omnis eorum imperio 
 amittant, verum etiam deplorandi juris sui potestatem 
 non habeant. 54 . Non sinam profecto, causa a me 
 perorata, [quadraginta diebus interpositis,] turn nobis 
 io denique responded, cum accusatio nostra in oblivionem 
 diuturnitate adducta sit: non committam, ut turn haec 
 res judicetur, cum haec frequentia totius Italiae Roma 
 discesserit ; quae convenit uno tempore undique, comi- 
 tiorum, ludorum, censendique causa. Hujus judici 
 15 et laudis fructum, et oftensionis periculum, vestrum ; 
 laborem sollicitudinemque, nostram ; scientiam quid 
 agatur, memoriamque quid a quoque dictum sit, 
 omnium puto esse oportere. 
 
 55. Faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis qui nunc 
 20 principes nostrae civitatis sunt ante factum, ut testibus 
 utar statim : illud a me novum, judices, cognoscetis, 
 quod ita testis constituam, ut crimen totum explicem ; 
 ut, ubi id [interrogando] arguments atque oratione fir- 
 mavero, turn testis ad crimen adcommodem : ut nihil 
 25 inter illam usitatam accusationem atque hanc novam 
 intersit, nisi quod in ilia tunc, cum omnia dicta sunt, 
 testes dantur; hie in singulas res dabuntur ; ut illis 
 quoque eadem interrogandi facultas, argumentandi 
 dicendique sit. Si quis erit, qui perpetuam orationem 
 3° accusationemque desideret, altera actione audiet : nunc 
 id, quod facimus — ea ratione facimus, ut malitiae illo- 
 rum consilio nostro occurramus — necessario fieri intel- 
 legat. Haec primae actionis erit accusatio. 56 . Dici- 
 mus C. Verrem, cum multa libidinose, multa crude- 
 35 liter, in civis Romanos atque in socios, multa in deos 
 hominesque nefarie fecerit turn praeterea quadringen- 
 
LII. 116.] 
 
 The Plunder of Syracuse . 
 
 43 
 
 tiens sestertium ex Sicilia contra leges abstulisse. Hoc 
 testibus, hoc tabulis privatis publicisque auctoritatibus 
 ita vobis planum faciemus, ut hoc statuatis, etiam si 
 spatium ad dicendum nostro commodo, vacuosque dies 
 habuissemus, tamen oratione longa nihil opus fuisse. 5 
 Dixi. 
 
 The Plunder of Syracuse . 
 
 [Actio Secunda, Lib. IV. ch. 52-60.] 
 
 lii. Unius etiam urbis omnium pulcherrimae atque 
 ornatissimae, Syracusarum, direptionem commemora- 
 bo et in medium proferam, judices, ut aliquando totam 
 hujus generis orationem concludam atque definiam. 10 
 Nemo fere vestrum est quin quern ad modum captae 
 sint a M. Marcello Syracusae saepe audierit, non num- 
 quam etiam in annalibus legerit. Conferte hanc pacem 
 cum illo bello, hujus praetoris adventum cum illius 
 imperatoris victoria, hujus cohortem impuram cum 15 
 illius exercitu invicto, hujus libidines cum illius conti- 
 nentia : ab illo, qui cepit, conditas, ab hoc qui consti- 
 tutas accepit, captas dicetis Syracusas. 
 
 2. Ac jam ilia omitto, quae disperse a me multis in 
 locis dicentur ac dicta sunt: forum Syracusanorum, 20 
 quod introitu Marcelli purum caede servatum esset, id 
 adventu Verris Siculorum innocentium sanguine re- 
 dundasse : portum Syracusanorum, qui turn et nostris 
 classibus et Karthaginiensium clausus fuisset, eum 
 isto praetore Cilicum myoparoni praedonibusque patu- 25 
 isse : mitto adhibitam vim ingenuis, matres familias 
 violatas, quae turn in urbe capta commissa non sunt 
 neque odio hostili neque licentia militari neque more 
 belli neque jure victoriae : mitto, inquam, haec omnia, 
 quae ab isto per triennium perfecta sunt : ea, quae 30 
 conjuncta cum illis rebus sunt, de quibus antea dixi, 
 cognoscite. 
 

 44 Impeachment of Verres . [Verr. V. 
 
 3 . Urbem Syracusas maximam esse Graecarum, 
 pulcherrimam omnium saepe audistis. Est, judices, 
 ita ut dicitur. Nam et situ est cum munito turn ex 
 omni aditu, vel terra vel mari, praeclaro ad aspectum, 
 5 et portus habet prope in aedificatione aspectuque urbis 
 inclusos : qui cum diversos inter se aditus habeant, 
 in exitu conjunguntur et confluunt. Eorum conjunc- 
 tione pars oppidi, quae appellatur Insula, mari dijunc- 
 ta angusto, ponte rursus adjungitur et continetur. 
 io liii. 4. Ea tanta est urbs, ut ex quattuor urbibus 
 maximis constare dicatur : quarum una est ea quam 
 dixi Insula, quae duobus portubus cincta, in utriusque 
 portus ostium aditumque projecta est, in qua domus 
 est, quae Hieronis regis fuit, qua praetores uti solent. 
 15 In ea sunt aedes sacrae complures, sed duae quae 
 longe ceteris antecellant : Dianae, et altera, quae 
 fuit ante istius adventum ornatissima, Minervae. In 
 hac insula extrema est fons aquae dulcis, cui nomen 
 Arethusa est, incredibili magnitudine, plenissimus pis- 
 20 cium, qui fluctu totus operiretur, nisi munitione ac 
 mole lapidum dijunctus esset a mari. 5 . Altera au- 
 tem est urbs Syracusis, cui nomen Achradina est : in 
 qua forum maximum, pulcherrimae porticus, ornatis- 
 simum pn^taneum, amplissima est curia templumque 
 25 egregium Jovis Olympii ceteraeque urbis partes, quae 
 una via lata perpetua multisque transversis divisae 
 privatis aedificiis continentur. Tertia est urbs, quae, 
 quod in ea parte Fortunae fanum antiquum fuit, Ty- 
 cha nominata est, in qua gymnasium amplissimum est 
 30 et complures aedes sacrae : coliturque ea pars et habi- 
 tatur frequentissime. Quarta autem est, quae quia 
 postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur : quam 
 ad summam theatrum maximum : praeterea duo tem- 
 pla sunt egregia, Cereris unum, alterum Liberae sig- 
 35 numque Apollinis, qui Temenites vocatur, pulcherri- 
 mum et maximum : quod iste si portare potuisset, non 
 dubitasset auferre. 
 
LV. 122.] 
 
 Marcellus the Conqueror . 
 
 45 
 
 liv. 6. Nunc ad Marcellum revertar, ne haec a me 
 sine causa commemorata esse videantur : qui cum 
 tarn praeclaram urbem vi copiisque cepisset, non puta- 
 vit ad laudem populi Romani hoc pertinere, hanc 
 pulchritudinem, ex qua praesertim periculi nihil osten- 5 
 deretur, delere et exstinguere. Itaque aedificiis omni- 
 bus, publicis privatis, sacris profanis, sic pepercit, 
 quasi ad ea defendenda cum exercitu, non oppugnan- 
 da venisset. In ornatu urbis habuit victoriae rationem, 
 habuit humanitatis. Victoriae putabat esse multa Ro- 10 
 mam deportare, quae ornamento urbi esse possent, 
 humanitatis non plane exspoliare urbem, praesertim 
 quam conservare voluisset. 7 . In hac partitione orna- 
 tus non plus victoria Marcelli populo Romano appeti- 
 vit quam humanitas Syracusanis reservavit. Romam 15 
 quae apportata sunt, ad aedem Honoris et Virtutis 
 itemque aliis in locis videmus. Nihil in aedibus, nihil 
 in hortis posuit, nihil in suburbano : putavit, si urbis 
 ornamenta dornum suam non contulisset, domum suam 
 ornamento urbi futuram. Syracusis autem permulta 20 
 atque egregia reliquit : deum vero nullum violavit, 
 nullum attiafit. Conferte Verrem : non ut hominem 
 cum homine comparetis, ne qua tali viro mortuo fiat 
 injuria, sed ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum 
 et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis, adventum et 25 
 comitatum cum exercitu et victoria conferatis. 
 
 lv. 8. Aedis Minervae est in Insula, de qua ante 
 dixi : quam Marcellus non attigit, quam plenam atque 
 ornatam reliquit : quae ab isto sic spoliata atque di- 
 repta est, non ut ab hoste aliquo, qui tamen in bello 3° 
 religionum et consuetudinis jura retineret, sed ut a 
 barbaris praedonibus vexata esse videatur. Pugna 
 erat equestris Agathocli regis in tabulis picta : his 
 
 autem tabulis interiores templi parietes vestiebantur. 
 Nihil erat ea pictura nobilius, nihil Syracusis quod 35 
 magis visendum putaretur. Has tabulas M. Marcel- 
 

 46 Impeachment of Verves . [Verr. V. 
 
 lus cum omnia victoria ilia sua profana fecisset, 
 tamen religione impeditus non attigit : iste, cum ilia 
 jam propter diuturnam pacem fidelitatemque populi 
 Syracusani sacra religiosaque accepisset, omnes eas 
 5 tabulas abstulit : parietes, quorum ornatus tot saecula 
 manserant, tot bella effugerant, nudos ac deformatos 
 reliquit. 9 . Et Marcellus, qui, si Syracusas cepisset, 
 duo templa se Romae dedicaturum voverat. is id, quod 
 erat aedificaturus, iis rebus ornare, quas ceperat, no- 
 10 luit : Verres, qui non Honori neque Virtuti, quern ad 
 modum ille,, sed Veneri et Cupidini vota deberet, is 
 Minervae templum spoliare conatus est. Ille deos 
 deorum spoliis ornari noluit : hie ornamenta Minervae 
 virginis in meretriciam domum transtulit. Viginti 
 15 et septem praeterea tabulas pulcherrime pictas ex 
 eadem aede sustulit : in quibus erant imagines Siciliae 
 regum ac tyrannorum, quae non solum pictorum artifi- 
 cio delectabant, sed etiam commemoratione hominum 
 et cognitione formarum. Ac videte quanto taetrior 
 20 hie tyrannus Syracusanus fuerit quam quisquam supe- 
 riorum : cum illi tamen ornarint templa deorum 
 
 immortalium, hie etiam illorum monumenta atque 
 ornamenta sustulerit. 
 
 lvi. 10 . Jam vero quid ego de valvis illius templi 
 25 commemorem? Vereor ne, haec qui non viderint, 
 omnia me nimis augere atque ornare arbitrentur : 
 quod tamen nemo suspicari debet, tarn esse me cupi- 
 dum, ut tot viros primarios velim, praesertim ex judi- 
 cum numero, qui Syracusis fuerint, qui haec viderint, 
 30 esse temeritati et mendacio meo conscios. Confirmare 
 hoc liquido, judices, possum, valvas magnificentiores, 
 ex auro atque ebore perfectiores, nullas umquam ullo in 
 templo fuisse. Incredibile dictu est quam multi Graeci 
 de harum valvarum pulchritudine scriptum reliquerint. 
 35 Nimium forsitan haec illi mirentur atque efferant. 
 Esto : verum tamen honestius est rei publicae nostrae, 
 
LVII. 126.] 
 
 Verres the Plunderer . 
 
 47 
 
 judices, ea quae illis pulchra esse videantur imperato- 
 rem nostrum in bello reliquisse, quam praetorem in 
 pace abstulisse. Ex ebore diligentissime perfecta 
 argumenta erant in valvis : ea detrahenda curavit 
 * omnia. 11. Gorgonis os pulcherrimum, cinctum an- 5 
 guibus, revellit atque abstulit : et tamen indicavit se 
 non solum artificio, sed etiam pretio quaestuque duci. 
 Nam bullas aureas omnes ex iis valvis, quae erant 
 multae et graves, non dubitavit auferre : quarum iste 
 non opere delectabatur, sed pondere. Itaque ejus 10 
 modi valvas reliquit, ut quae olim ad ornandum tem- 
 plum erant maxime, nunc tantum ad cludendum factae 
 esse videantur. Etiamne gramineas hastas — vidi 
 enim vos in hoc nomine, cum testis diceret, commo- 
 veri, quod erat ejus modi, ut semel vidisse satis esset ; 15 
 in quibus neque manu factum quicquam neque pulchri- 
 tudo erat ulla, sed tantum magnitudo incredibilis, de 
 qua vel audire satis esset, nimium videre plus quam 
 semel — etiam id concupisti? 
 
 Lvii. 12. Nam Sappho, quae sublata de prytanio 20 
 est, dat tibi justam excusationem, prope ut conceden- 
 dum atque ignoscendum esse videatur. Silanionis 
 opus tam perfectum, tarn elegans, tam elaboratum 
 quisquam non modo privatus, sed populus potius habe- 
 ret quam homo elegantissimus atque eruditissimus, 25 
 Verres? Nimirum contra dici nihil potest. Nostrum 
 enim unus quisque — qui tam beati quam iste est non 
 sumus, tam delicati esse non possumus — si quando ali- 
 quid istius modi videre volet, eat ad aedem Felicitatis, 
 ad monumentum Catuli, in porticum Metelli ; det 30 
 operam ut admittatur in alicujus istorum Tusculanum ; 
 spectet forum ornatum, si quid iste suorum aedilibus 
 commodarit : Verres haec habeat domi, Verres orna- 
 mentormn fanorum atque oppidorum habeat plenam do- 
 mum, villas refertas ? Etiamne hujus operari studia ac 35 
 delicias, judices, perferetis? qui ita natus, ita educa- 
 
48 Impeachment of Verres . [Verr. V, 
 
 tus est, ita factus et animo et corpore, ut multo apposi- 
 tior ad ferenda quam ad auferenda signa esse videatur. 
 13. Atque haec Sappho sublata quantum desiderium 
 sui reliquerit dici vix potest. Nam cum ipsa fuit egre- 
 5 gie facta, turn epigramma Graecum pernobile incisum 
 est in basi : quod iste eruditus homo et Graeculus, 
 qui haec subtiliter judicat, qui solus intellegit, si unam 
 litteram Graecam scisset, certe non tulisset. Nunc 
 enim, quod scriptum est inani in basi, declarat quid 
 10 fuerit, et id ablatum indicat. 
 
 14. Quid? signum Paeanis ex aede Aesculapii prae- 
 clare factum, sacrum ac religiosum, non sustulisti? 
 quod omnes propter pulchritudinem visere, propter reli- 
 gionem colere solebant. Quid? ex aede Liberi sim- 
 15 ulacrum Aristaei non tuo imperio palam ablatum est? 
 Quid? ex aede Jovis religiosissimum simulacrum Jo- 
 vis Imperatoris, pulcherrime factum, nonne abstulisti? 
 Quid? ex aede Liberae, f parinum caput illud pulcher- 
 rimum, quod visere solebamus, num dubitasti tollere? 
 20 Atque ille Paean sacrificiis anniversariis simul cum 
 Aesculapio apud illos colebatur : Aristaeus, qui [ut 
 Graeci ferunt, Liberi filius] inventor olei esse dicitur, 
 una cum Libero patre apud illos eodem erat in templo 
 consecratus. 
 
 25 lviii. 15. Jovem autem Imperatorem quanto honore 
 in suo templo fuisse arbitramini? Conicere potestis, 
 si recordari volueritis quanta religione fuerit eadem 
 specie ac forma signum illud, quod ex Macedonia cap- 
 turn in Capitolio posuerat Flamininus. Etenim tria 
 30 ferebantur in orbe terrarum signa Jovis Imperatoris 
 uno in genere pulcherrime facta : unum illud Macedo- 
 nicum, quod in Capitolio vidimus; alterum in Ponti 
 ore et angustiis ; tertium, quod Syracusis ante Verrem 
 praetorem fuit. Illud Flamininus ita ex aede sua sus- 
 35 tulit, ut in Capitolio, hoc est, in terrestri domicilio 
 Jovis poneret. Quod autem est ad introitum Ponti, 
 
lix. 132.] How these Treasures are Prized. 
 
 49 
 
 id, cum tam multa ex illo mari bella emerserint, 
 tam multa porro in Pontum invecta sint, usque ad 
 hanc diem integrum inviolatumque servatum est. Hoc 
 tertium, quod erat Syracusis, quod M. Marcellus ar- 
 matus et victor viderat, quod religioni concesserat, s 
 quod cives atque incolae Syracusani colere, advenae 
 non solum visere, verum etiam venerari solebant, id 
 Verres ex templo Jovis sustulit. 
 
 16 . Ut saepius ad Marcellum revertar, judices, sic 
 habetote : plures esse a Syracusanis istius adventu 10 
 deos, quam victoria Marcelli homines desiderates. 
 Etenim ille requisisse etiam dicitur Archimedem ilium, 
 summo ingenio hominem ac disciplina, quern cum 
 audisset interfectum, permoleste tulisse : iste omnia, 
 quae requisivit, non ut conservaret, verum ut asporta- 15 
 ret requisivit. 
 
 lix . 17. Jam ilia quae leviora videbuntur ideo prae- 
 teribo, — quod mensas Delphicas e marmore, cra- 
 teras ex aere pulcherrimas, vim maximam vasorum 
 Corinthiorum ex omnibus aedibus sacris abstulit Syra- 20 
 cusis. Itaque, judices, ei qui hospites ad ea quae vi- 
 senda sunt solent ducere, et unum quidque ostendere, 
 quos illi mystagogos vocant, conversam jam habent 
 demonstrationem suam. Nam, ut ante demonstrabant 
 quid ubique esset, item nunc quid undique ablatum sit 25 
 ostendunt. 
 
 18. Quid turn? mediocrine tandem dolore eos adfec- 
 tos esse arbitramini? Non ita est, judices : primum, 
 quod omnes religione moventur, et deos patrios, quos 
 a majoribus acceperunt, colendos sibi diligenter et 30 
 retinendos esse arbitrantur : deinde hie ornatus, haec 
 opera atque artificia, signa, tabulae pictae, Graecos 
 homines nimio opere delectant. Itaque ex illorum 
 querimoniis intellegere possumus, haec illis acerbis- 
 sima videri, quae forsitan nobis levia et contemnenda 35 
 esse videantur. Mihi credite, judices. — tametsi vos- 
 
[Verr. V. 
 
 Mam 
 
 0 m 
 
 7 
 
 , .. w,.'* , 
 
 50 hnfeachment of Verres. 
 
 met ipsos haec eadem audire certo scio, — cum mul- 
 tas acceperint per hosce annos socii atque exterae 
 nationes calamitates et injurias, nullas Graeci homines 
 gravius ferunt ac tulerunt, quam hujusce modi spolia- 
 5 tiones fanorum atque oppidorum. 
 
 19 . Licet iste dicat etnisse se, sicuti solet dicere, cre= 
 dite hoc mihi, judices : nulla umquam civitas tota Asia 
 et Graecia signum ullum, tabulam pictam, ullum deni- 
 que ornamentum urbis, sua voluntate cuiquam vendh 
 10 dit, nisi forte existimatis, postea quam judicia severa 
 Romae fieri desierunt, Graecos homines haec vendi- 
 tare coepisse, quae turn non modo non venditabant, 
 cum judicia fiebant, verum etiam coemebant ; aut nisi 
 arbitramini L. Crasso, Scaevolae, C. Claudio, po- 
 15 tentissimis hominibus, quorum aedilitates ornatissimas 
 vidimus, commercium istarum rerum cum Graecis 
 hominibus non fuisse, eis qui post judiciorum dissolu- 
 tionem aediles facti sunt fuisse. 
 
 lx. 20. Acerbiorem etiam scitote esse civitatibus 
 20 falsam istam et simulatam emptionem, quam si qui 
 clam surripiat aut eripiat palam atque auferat. Nam 
 turpitudinem summam esse arbitrantur referri in tabu- 
 las publicas, pretio adductam civitatem (et pretio par- 
 vo) ea quae accepisset a majoribus vendidisse atque 
 25 abalienasse. Etenim mirandum in modum Graeci 
 rebus istis, quas nos contemnimus, delectantur. Itaque 
 majores nostri facile patiebantur, haec esse apud illos 
 quam plurima : apud socios, ut imperio nostro quam 
 ornatissimi florentissimique essent ; apud eos autem, 
 30 quos vectigalis aut stipendiaries fecerant, tamen haec 
 relinquebant, ut illi quibus haec jucunda sunt, quae 
 nobis levia videntur, haberent haec oblectamenta et 
 solacia servitutis. 
 
 21. Quid arbitramini Reginos, qui jam cives Ro- 
 35 mani sunt, merere velle, ut ab eis marmorea Venus 
 ilia auferatur? quid Tarentinos, ut Europam in tauro 
 
cxi. 160.] Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen. 51 
 
 amittant? ut Satyrum, qui apud illos in aede Vestae 
 est? ut cetera? quid Thespienses, ut Cupidinis sig- 
 num [propter quod unum visuntur Thespiae] ? quid 
 Cnidios, ut Venerem marmoream? quid, ut pictam, 
 Coos? quid Ephesios, ut Alexandrum ? quid Cyzice- 5 
 nos, ut Ajacem aut Medeam? quid Rhodios, ut Ialy- 
 sum? quid Athenienses, ut ex marmore Iacchum aut 
 Paralum pictum aut ex aere Myronis buculam? Lon- 
 gum est et non necessarium commemorare quae apud 
 quosque visenda sunt tota Asia et Graecia : verum 10 
 illud est quam ob rem haec commemorem, quod existi- 
 mare hoc vos volo. mirum quendam dolorem accipere 
 eos, ex quorum urbibus haec auferantur. 
 
 Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen. 
 
 [Actio Secunda, Lib. V., ch. 61-66.] 
 
 Quid nunc agam ? Cum jam tot boras de uno gen- 
 ere ac de istius nefaria crudelitate dicam, — cum prope 15 
 omnem vim verborum ejus modi, quae scelere istius 
 digna sint, aliis in rebus consumpserim, neque hoc 
 providerim, ut varietate criminum vos attentos tene- 
 rem, — quem ad modum de tanta re dicam? Opinor, 
 unus modus atque una ratio est. Rem in medio 20 
 ponam, quae tantum habet ipsa gravitatis, ut neque 
 mea (quae nulla est) neque cujusquam, ad inflamman- 
 dos vestros animos, eloquentia requiratur. 
 
 2. Gavius hie, quem dico, Consanus, cum in illo nu- 
 mero civium Romanorum ab isto in vincla conjectus 25 
 esset, et nescio qua ratione clam e lautumiis profugis- 
 set, Messanamque venisset, — qui tarn prope jam Ital- 
 iam et moenia Reginorum civium Romanorum videret, 
 ct ex illo metu mortis ac tenebris, quasi luce libertatis 
 et odore aliquo legum recreatus, revixisset, — loqui 30 
 
* -*v, 
 
 52 Impeachment of Verves . [Verr. VI 
 
 Messanae et queri coepit, se civem Romanum in 
 vincla esse conjectum ; sibi recta iter esse Romani ; 
 Verri se praesto advenienti futurum. 
 
 3 . Non intellegebat miser nihil interesse, utrum haec 
 5 Messanae, an apud istum in praetorio loqueretur. 
 
 Nam (ut ante vos docui) hanc sibi iste urbem delege- 
 rat, quam haberet adjutricem scelerum, furtorum re- 
 ceptricem, flagitiorum omnium consciam. Itaque ad 
 magistratum Mamertinum statim deducitur Gavius : 
 10 eoque ipso die casu Messanam Verres venit. Res ad 
 eum defertur : esse civem Romanum, qui se Syracusis 
 in lautumiis fuisse quereretur : quern, jam ingredientem 
 in navem, et Verri nimis atrociter minitantem, ab se 
 retractum esse et asservatum, ut ipse in eum statueret 
 15 quod videretur. 
 
 4 . Agit hominibus gratias, et eorum benevolentiam 
 erga se diligentiamque conlaudat. Ipse, inflammatus 
 scelere et furore, in forum venit. Ardebant oculi : 
 toto ex ore crudelitas eminebat. Exspectabant omnes, 
 
 20 quo tandem progressurus aut quidnam acturus esset’, 
 cum repente hominem proripi, atque in foro medio 
 nudari ac deligari, et virgas expediri jubet. Clama- 
 bat ille miser, se civem esse Romanum, municipem 
 Consanum ; meruisse cum L. Raecio, splendidissimo 
 25 equite Romano, qui Panhormi negotiaretur, ex quo 
 haec Verres scire posset. Turn iste, se comperisse 
 eum speculandi causa in Siciliam a ducibus fugitivo- 
 rum esse missum ; cujus rei neque index, neque ves- 
 tigium aliquod, neque suspitio cuiquam esset ulla. 
 30 Deinde jubet undique hominem vehementissime 
 verberari. 
 
 5 . Caedebatur virgis in medio foro Messanae civis 
 Romanus, judices ; cum interea nullus gemitus, nulla 
 vox alia illius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque pla- 
 
 35 garum audiebatur, nisi haec, Civis Romanus sum! 
 Hac se commemoratione civitatis omnia verbera de- 
 
lxiii . 164.] Gavins is Scourged and Tortured . 53 
 
 pulsurum, cruciatumque a corpore dejecturum, arbi- 
 trabatur. Is non modo hoc non perfecit, ut virgarum 
 vim deprecaretur ; sed, cum imploraret saepius, usur- 
 paretque nomen civitatis, crux — crux, inquam — infe- 
 lici et aerumnoso, qui numquam istam pestem vide- 5 
 rat, comparabatur. 
 
 lxiii. 6. O nomen dulce libertatis ! O jus eximium 
 nostrae civitatis ! O lex Porcia, legesque Semproniae ! 
 
 O graviter desiderata, et aliquando reddita plebi Ro- 
 manae, tribunicia potestas ! Hucine tandem omnia i 0 
 reciderunt, ut civis Romanus, in provincia populi Ro- 
 mani, in oppido foederatorum, ab eo qui beneficio po- 
 puli Romani fascis et securis haberet, deligatus in 
 foro virgis caederetur? Quid? cum ignes ardentes- 
 que laminae ceterique cruciatus admovebantur, si te 15 
 illius acerba imploratio et vox miserabilis non inhibe- 
 bat, ne civium quidem Romanorum, qui turn aderant, 
 fletu et gemitu maximo commovebare? In crucem 
 tu agere ausus es quemquam, qui se civem Romanum 
 esse diceret? 7 . Nolui tarn vehementer agere hoc 20 
 prima actione, judices : nolui. Vidistis enim, ut ani- 
 mi multitudinis in istum dolore et odio et communis 
 periculi metu concitarentur. Statui egomet mihi 
 turn modum orationi meae, et C. Numitorio, equiti 
 Romano, primo homini, testi meo ; et Glabrionem, id 25 
 quod sapientissime fecit, facere laetatus sum, ut re- 
 pente consilium in medio testimonio dimitteret. Et- 
 enim verebatur ne populus Romanus ab isto eas poe- 
 nas vi repetisse videretur, quas veritus esset ne iste 
 legibus ac vestro judicio non esset persoluturus. 30 
 
 8. Nunc, quoniam exploratum est omnibus quo 
 loco causa tua sit, et quid de te futurum sit, sic tecum 
 agam : Gavium istum, quern repentinum speculatorem 
 fuisse dicis, ostendam in lautumias Syracusis abs te esse 
 conjectum. Neque id solum ex litteris ostendam Syra- 35 
 cusanorum, ne possis dicere me, quia sit aliquis in 
 
54 
 
 - 
 
 ■ • • 
 
 Impeachment of Verres . [Verr. VI. 
 
 litteris Gavius, hoc fingere et eligere nomen, ut hunc 
 ilium esse possim dicere ; sed ad arbitrium tuum testis 
 dabo, qui istum ipsum Syracusis abs te in lautumias 
 conjectum esse dicant. Producam etiam Consanos, 
 5 municipes illius ac necessarios, qui te nunc sero doce- 
 ant, judices non sero, ilium P. Gavium, quem tu in 
 crucem egisti, civem Romanum et municipem Con- 
 sanum, non speculatorem fugitivorum fuisse. 
 
 lxiv . 9. Cum haec omnia, quae polliceor, cumulate 
 io tuis patronis plana fecero, turn istuc ipsum tenebo, 
 quod abs te mihi datur : eo contentum me esse dicam. 
 Quid enim nuper tu ipse, cum populi Romani clamore 
 atque impetu perturbatus exsiluisti, quid, inquam, locu- 
 tus es? Ilium, quod moram supplicio quaereret, ideo 
 15 clamitasse se esse civem Romanum, sed speculatorem 
 fuisse. Jam mei testes veri sunt. Quid enim dicit 
 aliud C. Numitorius? quid M. et P. Cottii, nobilissimi 
 homines, ex agro Tauromenitano? quid Q^ Lucceius, 
 qui argentariam Regii maximam fecit? quid ceteri? 
 20 Adhuc enim testes ex eo genere a me sunt dati, non 
 qui novisse Gavium, sed se vidisse dicerent, cum is, 
 qui se civem Romanum esse clamaret, in crucem age- 
 retur. Hoc tu, Verres, idem dicis ; hoc tu confiteris 
 ilium clamitasse, se civem esse Romanum ; apud te 
 25 nomen civitatis ne tantum quidem valuisse, ut dubita- 
 tionem aliquam crucis, ut crudelissimi taeterrimique 
 supplici aliquam parvam moram saltern posset adferre. 
 
 10. Hoc teneo, hie haereo, judices. Hoc sum conten- 
 tus uno ; omitto ac neglego cetera ; sua confessione 
 3 ° induatur ac juguletur necesse est. Qui esset ignora- 
 bas ; speculatorem esse suspicabare. Non quaero qua 
 suspitione : tua te accuso oratione. Civem Romanum 
 se esse dicebat. Si tu, apud Persas aut in extrema 
 India deprehensus, Verres, ad supplicium ducerere, 
 35 quid aliud clamitares, nisi te civem esse Romanum? 
 Et, si tibi ignoto apud ignotos, apud barbaros, apud 
 
LX VI. 13.] 
 
 The Claim of Citizenship . 
 
 ss 
 
 homines in extremis atque ultimis gentibus positos, 
 nobile et inlustre apud omnis nomen civitatis tuae pro- 
 fuisset, — ille, quisquis erat, quern tu in crucem rapie- 
 rs? qui tibi esset ignotus, cum civem se Romanum 
 esse diceret, apud te praetorem, si non effugium, ne 5 
 moram quidem mortis, mentione atque usurpatione 
 civitatis, adsequi potuit? 
 
 lxv. 11. Homines tenues, obscuro loco nati, navi- 
 gant ; adeunt ad ea loca quae numquam antea vide- 
 runt ; ubi neque noti esse eis quo venerunt, neque 10 
 semper cum cognitoribus esse possunt. Hac una ta- 
 men fiducia civitatis, non modo apud nostros magistra- 
 tus, qui et legum et existimationis periculo continentur, 
 neque apud civis solum Romanos, qui et sermonis et 
 juris et multarum rerum societate juncti sunt, fore se 15 
 tutos arbitrantur ; sed, quocumque venerint, hanc sibi 
 rem praesidio sperant futuram. 12. Tolle hanc spem, 
 tolle hoc praesidium civibus Romanis ; constitue nihil 
 esse opis in hac voce, Civis Romanics sum / posse im- 
 pune praetorem, aut alium quemlibet, supplicium quod 20 
 velit in eum constituere qui se civem Romanum esse 
 dicat, quod eum quis ignoret ; jam omnis provincias, 
 jam omnia regna, jam omnis liberas civitates, jam 
 omnem orbem terrarum, qui semper nostris hominibus 
 maxime patuit, civibus Romanis ista defensione prae- 25 
 cluseiis. Quid si L. Raecium, equitem Romanum, 
 qui turn in Sicilia erat, nominabat? etiamne id mag- 
 num fuit, Panhormum litteras mittere? Adservasses 
 hominem ; custodiis Mamertinorum tuorum vinctum, 
 clausum habuisses, dum Panhormo Raecius veniret ; 30 
 cognosceret hominem, aliquid de sumrno supplicio re- 
 mitteres. Si ignoraret, turn, si ita tibi videretur, hoc 
 juris in omnis constitueres, ut, qui neque tibi notus 
 esset, neque cognitorem locupletem daret, quamvis 
 civis Romanus esset, in crucem tolleretur. 35 
 
 lxvi. 13. Sed quid ego plura de Gavio? quasi tu 
 
56 Impeachment of Verves . [Verr. VI. 
 
 Gavio turn fueris infestus, ac non nomini, generi, juri 
 civium hostis. Non illi (inquam) homini, sed causae 
 communi libertatis, inimicus fuisti. Quid enim attinu- 
 it, cum Mamertini, more atque instituto suo, crucem 
 5 fixissent post urbem, in via Pompeia, te jubere in ea 
 parte. figere, quae ad fretum spectaret; et hoc addere 
 — quod negare nullo modo potes, quod omnibus audien- 
 tibus dixisti palam — te idcirco ilium locum deligere, ut 
 ille, quoniam se civem Romanum esse diceret, ex cruce 
 10 Italiam cernere ac domum suam prospicere posset? 
 Itaque ilia crux sola, judices, post conditam Messanam, 
 illo in loco fixa est. Italiae conspectus ad earn rem ab 
 isto delectus est, ut ille, in dolore cruciatuque moriens, 
 perangusto fretu divisa servitutis ac libertatis jura co- 
 15 gnosceret ; Italia autem alumnum suum servitutis ex- 
 tremo summoque supplicio adfixum videret. 
 
 14. Facinus est vincire civem Romanum; scelus 
 verberare ; prope parricidium necare : quid dicam in 
 crucem tollere? verbo satis digno tarn nefaria res ap- 
 20 pellari nullo modo potest. Non fuit his omnibus iste 
 contentus. Spectet (inquit) patriam : in conspectu le - 
 gum libertatisque moriatur . Non tu hoc loco Gavium, 
 non unum hominem nescio quern, [civem Romanum,] 
 sed communem libertatis et civitatis causam in ilium 
 25 cruciatum et crucem egisti. Jam vero videte hominis 
 audaciam. Nonne eum graviter tulisse arbitramini, 
 quod illam civibus Romanis crucem non posset in foro, 
 non in comitio, non in rostris defigere? Quod enim 
 his locis, in provincia sua, celebritate simillimum, re- 
 30 gione proximum potuit, elegit. Monumentum sceleris 
 audaciaeque suae voluit esse in conspectu Italiae, ves- 
 tibulo Siciliae, praetervectione omnium qui ultro citro- 
 que navigarent. 
 
 mm — ■ ■ 
 
POMPEY'S MILITARY COMMAND . 
 
 {For the Manilian Laze.) 
 
 b.c. 66. 
 
 The last serious resistance made to the Roman power in the 
 East was by Mithridates VI., king of Pontus, whose dominions 
 embraced the whole eastern coast of the Black Sea (Pontus Euxi- 
 nus), including the kingdom of Bosporus (Crimea) on the one hand, 
 and Paphlagonia on the other ; while the king of Armenia was 
 closely allied to him by marriage. He was the most formidable 
 enemy encountered by Rome after Hannibal, and there were three 
 several wars between them. The first was conducted by Sulla (b.c. 
 88-84), who gained great successes, and obliged Mithridates to pay 
 a large sum of money ; the second (83-82) was a short and unim- 
 portant affair, in which Murena was worsted. The third broke out 
 B.c. 74, and was conducted successfully by Lucius Licinius Lucullus, 
 the ablest general of the aristocracy, who was distinguished for the 
 severe justice of his administration in Asia Minor, and was an 
 amiable and cultivated man, but of very luxurious habits. 
 
 When the war had continued for several years, the democratic 
 faction ( ftopulares ) took advantage of some temporary reverses sus- 
 tained by Lucullus, and the unpopularity of his administration, to 
 revoke his command, and give to the consul of B.c. 67, M\ Acilius 
 Glabrio, — the same who presided at the trial of Verres, — the east- 
 ern war as his province. The law was proposed by the tribune A. 
 Gabinius, one of the most active demagogues of the time. Another 
 law, proposed by the same politician, required the Senate to appoint 
 a commander of consular rank, with extraordinary powers for 
 three years, by land and sea, to suppress the piracy which infested 
 every part of the Mediterranean, having its chief seat in Cilicia. 
 It was understood as a matter of course that Gnaeus (or Cneius) 
 Pompey, who had been living in retirement since his consulship, 
 B.c. 70, would receive this appointment. Pompey accomplished his 
 task with the most brilliant success, and in three months had the 
 seas completely cleared. (See below, chap, xn.) 
 
 Meantime Glabrio had shown himself wholly incompetent to con- 
 duct the war against Mithridates, and early in B.c. 66, the Tribune 
 Caius Manilius, “ an utterly incompetent and worthless man,” pro- 
 
58 Pompey's Military Command. [Manil. 
 
 posed a law extending Pompey’s command over the entire East. 
 Power like this was quite inconsistent with the republican institu- 
 tions of Rome, and with the established authority of the Senate ; 
 the law was of course opposed by the leaders of the aristocracy 
 ( optunates ), led by Hortensius and Catulus. Cicero was now pra- 
 tor. He was no democrat of the school of Gabinius and Caesar ; 
 on the other hand he had no hereditary sympathies with the Sen- 
 ate, and he probably failed to recognize the revolutionary character 
 of the proposition, but considered merely its practical advantages : 
 he therefore supported it with ardor. This was his first political 
 speech. Before this time he had been a public-spirited lawyer ; from 
 this time on he was essentially a politician, and it is not hard to see 
 how unfavorably his character was influenced by contact with the 
 corrupt politics of that day. 
 
 The Manilian Law was passed, and Pompey fulfilled the most 
 sanguine expectations of his friends. He brought the Mithridatic 
 War to an end, organized the Roman power throughout the East, 
 and returned home B.c. 61, with greater prestige and glory than had 
 ever been reached by any Roman before him. 
 
 Q UAMQ 1 JAM mihi semper frequens conspectus 
 vester multo jucundissimus, hie autem locus ad 
 agendum amplissimus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est 
 visus, Quirites, tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper 
 5 optimo cuique maxime patuit, non mea me voluntas 
 adhuc, sed vitae meae rationes ab ineunte aetate sus- 
 ceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum antea per aetatem 
 nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, 
 statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio, elabo- 
 10 ratum industria adferri oportere, omne meum tempus 
 amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi. 2 . Ita 
 neque hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab eis qui ves- 
 tram causam defenderent, et meus labor, in privatorum 
 periculis caste integreque versatus, ex vestro judicio 
 15 fructum est amplissimum consecutus. Nam cum 
 propter dilationem comitiorum ter praetor primus cen- 
 turiis cunctis renuntiatus sum, facile intellexi, Qui- 
 rites, et quid de me judicaretis, et quid aliis praescri- 
 
n. 5.] 
 
 The Mithridatic War . 
 
 59 
 
 beretis. > Nunc cum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, 
 quantum vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis, et 
 ad agendum facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigi- 
 lanti ex forensi usu prope cotidiana dicendi exercitatio 
 potuit adferre, certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, 5 
 apud eos utar qui earn mihi dederunt, et si quid in 
 dicendo consequi possum, eis ostendam potissimum, 
 qui ei quoque rei fructum suo judicio tribuendum esse 
 duxerunt. 3 . Atque illud in prirnis mihi laetandum 
 jure esse video, quod in hac insolita mihi ex hoc loco 10 
 ratione dicendi causa talis oblata est, in qua oratio de- 
 esse nemini possit. Dicendum est enim de Cn. Pom- 
 pei singulari eximiaque virtute : hujus autem orationis 
 difficilius est exitum quam principium invenire. Ita 
 mihi non tarn copia quam modus in dicendo quaeren- 15 
 dus est. 
 
 11. 4 . Atque, — ut inde oratio mea proficiscatur, unde 
 haec omnis causa ducitur, — -bellum grave et periculo- 
 sum vestris vectigalibus ac sociis a duobus potentissi- 
 mis regibus infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum *o 
 alter relictus, alter lacessitus, occasionem sibi ad occu- 
 pandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitrantur. Equitibus 
 Romanis, honestissimis viris, adferuntur ex Asia coti- 
 die litterae, quorum magnae res aguntur in vestris 
 vectigalibus exercendis occupatae : qui ad me, pro 25 
 necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine, causarn 
 rei publicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt : 
 
 5 « Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos 
 exustos esse compluris ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod 
 finitimum est vestris vectigalibus, totum esse in hosti- 3° 
 um potestate ; L. Lucullum, magnis rebus gestis, ab eo 
 bello discedere ; huic qui successerit non satis esse 
 paratum ad tantum bellum administrandum ; unum ab 
 omnibus sociis et civibus ad id bellum imperatorem 
 deposci atque expeti, eundem hunc unum ab hostibus 35 
 metui, praeterea neminem. 
 
6 o 
 
 Pompeys Military Command. [Manil. 
 
 6. Causa quae sit videtis : nunc quid agendum sit 
 . ' considerate. Primum rnihi videtur de genere belli, 
 deinde de magnitudine, turn de imperatore deligendo 
 esse dicendum. Genus est belli ejus modi, quod max- 
 5 ime vestros animos excitare atque inflammare ad per- 
 sequendi studium debeat : in quo agitur populi Romani 
 gloria, quae vobis a majoribus cum magna in omnibus 
 rebus turn summa in re militari tradita est; agitur 
 s'alus sociorum atque amicorum, pro qua multa majo- 
 io res vestri magna et gravia bella gesserunt ; aguntur 
 certissima populi Romani vectigalia et maxima, quibus 
 amissis et pacis ornamenta et subsidia belli requiretis ; 
 aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus est a vobis et 
 ipsorum et rei publicae causa consulendum. hi. 7. Et 
 isquoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter ceteras 
 gentis atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis ilia 
 macula [Mithridatico] bello superiore concepta, quae 
 penitus jam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Ro- 
 mani nomine, — quod is; qui uno die, tota in Asia, tot in 
 20 civitatibus, uno nuntio atque una significatione [littera- 
 rum] civis Romanos necandos trucidandosque denota- 
 vit, non modo adhuc poenam nullam suo dignam 
 scelere suscepit, sed ab illo tempore annum jam ter- 
 tium et vicesimum regnat, et ita regnat, ut se non Ponti 
 2 5 neque Cappadociae latebris occultare velit, sed emer- 
 gere ex patrio regno atque in vestris vectigalibus, hoc 
 est, in Asiae luce versari. 8 . Etenim adhuc ita nostri 
 cum illo rege contenderunt imperatores, ut ab illo in- 
 signia victoriae, non victoriam reportarent. Trium- 
 3° phavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena de Mithridate, 
 duo fortissimi viri et summi imperatores ; sed ita tri- 
 umpharunt, ut ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. Ve- 
 rum tamen illis imperatoribus laus est tnbiiqnda quod 
 egerunt, venia danda quod reliquerunt, prbpterea quod 
 35 ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam res publica, Murenam 
 Sulla revocavit. 
 
v. ii.] Earlier Conduct of the War . 61 
 
 iv. 9 . Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non 
 
 ad oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad eomparationem novi 
 contulit : qui [postea] cum maximas aedificasset ornas- 
 setque classis exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque 
 ex gentibus potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanis 5 
 finitimis suis bellum inferre simularet, usque in Hispa- 
 niam legatos ac litteras misit ad eos duces quibuscum 
 turn bellum gerebamus, ut, cum duobus in locis dis- 
 junctissimis maximeque diversis uno consilio a binis 
 hostium copiis bellum terra marique gereretur, vos 10 
 ancipiti contentione districti de imperio dimicaretis. 
 40. Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertorianae 
 atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamenti ac ro- 
 boris habebat, Cn. Pompei divino consilio ac singu- 
 lari virtute depulsum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. 15 
 Lucullo summo viro est administrata, ut initia ilia 
 rerum gestarum magna atque praeclara non felicitati 
 ejus, sed virtuti, haec autem extrema, quae nuper 
 acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae tribuenda esse 
 videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio loco, et ita 20 
 dicam, Quirites, ut neque vera laus ei detracta ora- 
 tione mea neque falsa adficta esse videatur : 11. de 
 vestri imperi dignitate atque gloria — quoniam is est 
 exorsus orationis meae — videte quern vobis animum 
 suscipiendum putetis. 25 
 
 v. Majores nostri saepe mercatoribus aut navicula- 
 riis nostris injuriosius tractatis bella gesserunt : vos, tot 
 milibus civium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tem- 
 pore necatis, quo tandem animo esse debetis? Legati 
 quod erant appellati superbius, Corinthum patres vestri 30 
 totius Graeciae lumen exstinctum esse voluerunt : vos 
 eum regem inultum esse patiemini, qui legatum populi 
 Romani consularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omni 
 supplicio excruciatum necavit? Illi libertatem immi- 
 nutam civium Romanorum non tulerunt : vos ereptam 35 
 yitam neglegetis? Jus legationis verbo violatum illi 
 
62 Pompcfs Military Command. [Manil. 
 
 persecuti sunt: vos legatum omni supplicio interfec- 
 tum relinquetis? 12. Videte ne, ut illis pulcherrimum 
 fuit tantam vobis imperi gloriam tradere, sic vobis tur- 
 pissimum sit, id quod accepistis tueri et conservaxe 
 5 non posse. 
 
 Quid? quod salus sociorum summum in periculum 
 ac disci imen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis? 
 Regno est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi 
 Romani atque amicus ; imminent duo reges toti Asiae 
 10 non solum vobis inimicissimi, sed etiam vestris sociis 
 atque amicis ; civitates autem omnes cuncta Asia atque 
 Graecia vestrum auxilium exspectare propter periculi 
 magnitudinem coguntur ; imperatorem a vobis certum 
 deposcere, cum praesertim vos alium miseritis, neque 
 15 audent, leque se id facere sine summo periculo posse 
 arbitrantur. 13. Vident et sentiunt hoc idem quod vos, 
 — unum virum esse, in quo summa sint omnia, et eum 
 propter esse, quo etiam carent aegrius ; cujus adventu 
 ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum bellum 
 20 venerit, tamen impetus hostium repressos esse intelle- 
 gunt ac retardatos. Hi vos, quoniam libere loqui non 
 licet, tacite rogant, ut se quoque, sicut ceterarum pro- 
 vinciarum socios, dignos existimetis, quorum salutem 
 tali viro commendetis; atque hoc etiam magis, quod 
 25 ceteros in provinciam ejus modi homines cum imperio 
 mittimus, ut etiam si ab hoste defendant, tamen ipso- 
 lum adventus in urbis sociorum non multum ab hos- 
 tili expugnatione differant. Hunc audiebant antea, 
 nunc praesentem vident, tanta temperantia, tanta man- 
 30 suetudine, tanta humanitate, ut ei beatissimi esse vide- 
 autur, apud quos ille diutissime commoratur, 
 
 vi. 14. Qua re si propter socios, nulla ipsi injuria la- 
 cessiti, majores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, 
 cum Aetolis, cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos 
 35 studio convenit injuriis provocatos sociorum salutem 
 una cum imperi veslri dignitate defendere, praesertim 
 
 ft 
 
 i 
 
vn. 17.] Importance of the Province. 
 
 63 
 
 cum de maximis vestris vectigalibus agatur? Nam 
 ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia, Quirites, tanta 
 sunt, ut eis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix contend 
 esse possimus: Asia vero tarn opima est ac fertilis, ut 
 et ubertate agrorum et varietate fructuum et magnitu- 5 
 dine pastionis et multitudine earum rerum quae expor- 
 tantur, facile omnibus terris antecellat. Itaque haec 
 vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pacis 
 dignitatem retinere voids, non modo a calamitate, sed 
 etiam a metu calamitads est defendenda. 15. Nam in 10 
 ceteris rebus cum venit caiamitas, turn detrimentum 
 accipitur ; at in vectigalibus non solum adventus mali, 
 sed etiam metus ipse adfert calamitatem. Nam cum 
 hostium copiae non longe absunt, etiam si inruptio 
 nulla facta est, tamen pecuaria relinquitur, agri cul- 15 
 tura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio conquiescit. Ita 
 neque ex portu neque ex decumis neque ex scriptura 
 vectigal conservari potest : qua re saepe totius anni 
 fructus uno rumore periculi atque uno belli terrore 
 amittitur. 16 . Quo tandem igitur animo esse existimatis 20 
 aut eos qui vectigalia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exer- 
 cent atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis copiis 
 propter adsint? cum una excursio equitatus perbrevi 
 tempore totius anni vectigal auferre possit? cum pub- 
 licani familias maximas, quas in saltibus habent, quas 25 
 in agris, quas in portubus atque custodiis, magno pe- 
 riculo se habere arbitrentur? Putatisne vos illis rebus 
 frui posse, nisi eos qui vobis fructui sunt conservari- 
 tis non solum (ut ante dixi) calamitate, sed etiam 
 calamitads formidine liberatos. 30 
 
 vn. 17. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, 
 quod mihi ego extremum proposueram, cum essem de 
 belli genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium 
 Romanorum pertinet, quorum vobis pro vestra sapien- 
 tia, Quirites, habenda est ratio diligenter. Nam et 35 
 publicani, homines honestissimi atque ornatissimi, suas 
 
6 4 
 
 Pomp ay's Military Command. 
 
 [Manil. 
 
 ratione, et copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, quo- 
 rum ip.;orum per se res et fortunae vobis curae esse 
 debent. Etenim si vectigalia nervos esse rei publicae 
 semper duximus, eum certe ordinem, qui exercet ilia, 
 
 5 firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte esse dicemus. 
 18. Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque 
 industrii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos 
 absentibus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea pro- 
 vincia pecunias magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur 
 io humanitatis vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium 
 calamitate prohibere, sapientiae videre multorum civi- 
 um calamitatem a re publica sejunctam esse non posse. 
 Etenim primum illud parvi refert, nos publica his amis- 
 sis [vectigalia] postea victoria recuperare. : Neque enim 
 15 isdem redimendi facultas erit proptal^tdamitatem, ne- 
 que aliis voluntas propter timoremL^TO.TJeinde quod 
 nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithtydates initio belli 
 Asiatici docuit, id quidem certe calamitate docti memo- 
 ria retinere debemus. Nam turn, cum in Asia res 
 magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione 
 impedita, fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in 
 civitate multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures 
 secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo peri- 
 culo prohibete rem publicam, et mihi credite id quod 
 23 ipsi videtis : haec tides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, 
 quae Romae, quae in foro versatur, implicata est cum 
 illis pecuniis Asiaticis et cohaeret. Ruere ilia non 
 possunt, ut haec non eodem labefacta motu concidant. 
 Qua re videte num dubitandum vobis sit omni studio 
 30 ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nominis vestri, 
 salus sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortunae plurimo- 
 rum civium conjunctae cum re publica defendantur. 
 
 viii. 20. Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de 
 magnitudine pauca dicam. Potest hoc enim dici, belli 
 35 genus esse ita necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse 
 ita magnum ut sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime 
 
rx. 22. I 
 
 The Praise of Lucullus . 
 
 6S 
 
 elaborandum est, ne forte ea vobis quae diligentissime 
 providenda sunt, contemnenda esse videantur. Atque 
 ut omnes intellegant me L. Lucullo tantum impertire 
 laudis, quantum forti viro et sapienti homini et magno 
 imperatori debeatur, dico ejus adventu maximas Mith- 5 
 ridati copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque instructas 
 fuisse, urbemque Asiae clarissimam nobisque amicis- 
 simam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege 
 maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, 
 quam L. Lucullus virtute, adsidujtate, consilio, sum- 10 
 mis obsidionis periculis liberavit : 21. ab eodem im- 
 peratore classem magnam et ornatam, quae ducibus 
 Seitoiianis ad Italiam studio atque odio inflammata 
 raperetur, superatam esse atque depressam ; magnas 
 hostium praeterea copias multis proeliis esse deletas, 15 
 patefactumque nostris legionibus esse Pontum, qui 
 antea populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset ; 
 binopen atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant domi- 
 cilia regis, omnibus rebus ornatas ac refertas, cete- 
 rasque urbis Ponti et Cappadociae permultas, uno aditu 20 
 adventuque esse captas ; regem, spoliatum regno patrio 
 atque avito, ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentis sup- 
 plicem contulisse ; atque haec omnia salvis populi 
 Romani sociis atque integris vectigalibus esse gesta. 
 Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, Quirites, ut 25 
 hoc vos intellegatis, a nullo istorum, qui huic obtrec- 
 tant legi atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter ex hoc 
 loco esse laqdjatum. 
 
 ix. 22. Requiretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, 
 cum haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellurn. 30 
 Cognoscite, Quirites. Non enim hoc sine causa quae- 
 n videtur. Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates 
 profugit, ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam pro- 
 fugisse dicitur, quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui 
 membia in eis locis, qua se parens persequeretur, 35 
 dissipavisse, ut eorum conlectio dispersa, maerorque 
 
66 Pom fey's Military Command. L Manil - 
 
 patrius, celeritatem persequendi retardaret. Sic Mith- 
 ridates fugiens rnaximam vim auri atque aigenti pul- 
 cherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a majoiibus 
 acceperat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas 
 5 in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. 
 Haec dum nostri conligunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse 
 e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio 
 maeror, hos laetitia tardavit. 23 . Hunc in illo timore 
 et fuga Tigranes rex Armenius excepit, diffidentem- 
 io que rebus suis confirmavit, et adflictum erexit, peidi- 
 tumque recreavit. Cujus in regnum postea quam L. 
 Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam gentes con- 
 tra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Eiatenim 
 metus injectus eis nationibus, quas numquam populus 
 15 Roman, us neque lacessendas bello neque temptandas 
 putavitAerat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, 
 quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fani lo- 
 cupletissimi et religiosissimi diripi/ndi causa in eas oras 
 nostrum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes mul- 
 20 tae atque magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu con- 
 citabantur. Noster autem exercitus, tametsi urbem ex 
 Tigrani regno ceperat, et proeliis usus erat secundis, 
 tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac desiderio suo- 
 rum commovebatur. 
 
 25 24 . Hie jam plura non dicam. Fuit emm lllud ex- 
 
 tremum, ut ex eis locis a militibus nostris leditus 
 magis maturus quam processio longior quaereretui. 
 Mithridates autem et suam manum jam confirmarat, [et 
 eorum] qui se ex ipsius regno conlegerant, et magms 
 30 adventiciis auxiliis multorum regum et nationum juva- 
 batur. Jam hoc fere sic fieri solere accepimus, ut 
 regum adflictae fortunae facile multorum opes adlici- 
 ant ad misericordiam, maximeque eorum qui aut reges 
 sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut eis nomen regale magnum 
 35 et sanctum esse videatur. 25 . Itaque tantum victus 
 efficere potuit, quantum incolumis numquam est ausus 
 
X. 28.] 
 
 The Return of Lucullus. 
 
 67 
 
 optare. Nam cum se in regnum suum recepisset, non 
 fuit eo contentus, quod ei praeter spem acciderat, — ut 
 illam, postea quam pulsus erat, terrain umquam attinge- 
 ret, — sed in exercitum nostrum clarum atque victorem 
 impetum fecit. Sinite hoc loco, Quirites, sicut poetae 5 
 solent, qui res Romanas scribunt, praeterire me nos- 
 tram calamitatem, quae tanta fuit, ut earn ad auris 
 [Luculli] imperatoris non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex 
 sermone rumor adferret. 26 . Hie in illo ipso malo gra- 
 vissimaque belli offensione, L. Lucullus, qui tamen ali- 10 
 qua ex parte eis incommodis mederi fortasse potuisset, 
 vestro jussu coactus, — qui imperi diuturnitati modum 
 statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, — partem mili- 
 tum, qui jam stipendiis confecti erant, dimisit, partem 
 M\ Glabrioni tradidit. Multa praetereo consulto, sed 15 
 ea vos conjectura perspicite, quantum illud bellum fac- 
 tum putetis, quod conjungant reges potentissimi, reno- 
 vent agitatae nationes, suscipiant integrae gentes, nov- 
 us imperator noster accipiat, vetere exercitu pulso. 
 
 x. 27 . Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua 20 
 re esset hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, mag- 
 nitudine periculosum. Restat ut de imperatore ad 
 id bellum deligendo ac tantis rebus praeficiendo 
 dicendum esse videatur. 
 
 Utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium atque innocen- 25 
 tium copiam tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis delibera- 
 tio difficilis esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac 
 tanto bello praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero — cum 
 sit unus Cn. Pompeius, qui non modo eorum hominum 
 qui nunc sunt gloriam, sed etiam antiquitatis memo- 30 
 riam virtute superarit — quae res est quae cujusquam 
 animum in hac causa dubium facere possit? 28 . Ego 
 enim sic existimo, in summo imperatore quattuor has 
 res inesse oportere, — scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, 
 auctoritatem, felicitatem. Quis igitur hoc homine 35 
 scientior umquam aut fuit aut esse debuit? qui e ludo 
 
68 
 
 Pomfiey's Military Command. [Manil. 
 
 atque e pueritiae disciplinis bello maximo atque acer- 
 rimis hostibus ad patris exercitum atque in militiae 
 disciplinam profectus est ; qui extrema pueritia miles 
 in exercitu fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte adulescen- 
 5 tia maximi ipse exercitus imperator ; qui saepius cum 
 hoste conflixit quam quisquam cum inimico concerta- 
 vit, plura bella gessit quam ceteri legerunt, plures pro- 
 vincias confecit quam alii concupiverunt j cujus adules- 
 centia ad scientiam rei militaris non alienis praeceptis 
 io sed suis imperiis, non offensionibus belli sed victoriis, 
 non stipendiis sed triumphis est erudita. Quod de- 
 nique genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium non exercu- 
 erit fortuna rei publicae? Civile, Africanum, Trans- 
 alpinum, Hispaniense, [mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex 
 15 bellicosissimis nationibus,] servile, navale bellum, varia 
 et diversa genera et bellorum et hostium, non solum 
 gesta ab hoc uno, sed etiam confecta, nullam rem esse 
 declarant in usu positam militari, quae hujus viri scien- 
 tiam fugere possit. 
 
 20 xi. 29 . Jam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest 
 oratio par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo 
 dignum aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum pos- 
 sit adferre? Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes im- 
 peratoriae, quae volgo existimantur, — labor in negotiis, 
 25 fortitudo in periculis, industria in agendo, celeritas in 
 conficiendo, consilium in providendo : quae tanta sunt 
 in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus, 
 quos aut vidimus aut audivimus, non fuerunt. 30 . Tes- 
 tis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla hujus vir- 
 30 tute et subsidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est 
 Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non ter- 
 rore belli, sed consili celeritate explicavit. Testis est 
 Africa, quae, magnis oppressa hostium copiis, eorum 
 ipsorum sanguine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per 
 35 quam legionibus nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum 
 internecione patefactum est. ^Testis est Hispania, quae 
 
X11 - 33-] His Earlier Victories : the Pirates. 69 
 
 saepissime plurimos hostis ab hoc superatos prostra- 
 tosque conspexit. Testis est iterum et saepius Italia, 
 quae cum servili bello taetro periculosoque premeretur, 
 ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit : quod bellum ex- 
 spectatione ejus attenuatum atque imminutum est, 5 
 adventu sublatum ac sepultum. 31. Testes nunc vero 
 jam omnes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac na- 
 tiones, denique maria omnia cum universa, turn in sin- 
 gulis oris omnes sinus atque portus. Quis enim toto 
 mari locus per hos annos aut tarn firmum habuit prae- 10 
 sidium ut tutus esset, aut tam fuit abditus ut lateret? 
 Quis navigavit qui non se aut mortis aut servitutis 
 periculo committeret, cum aut hieme aut referto prae- 
 donum mari navigaret? Hoc tantum bellum, tam 
 turpe, tam vetus, tam late divisum atque dispersum, 15 
 quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatori- 
 bus uno anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore 
 confici posse? 32 . Quam provinciam tenuistis a prae- 
 donibus liberam per hosce annos? quod vectigal vobis 
 tutum fuit? quern socium defendistis? cui praesidio 20 
 classibus vestris fuistis? quam multas existimatis in- 
 sulas esse desertas? quam multas aut metu relictas 
 aut a praedonibus captas urbis esse sociorum? 
 
 xii. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro? Fuit 
 hoc quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani, longe a 25 
 domo bellare, et propugnaculis imperi sociorum for- 
 tunas, non sua tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare 
 per hos annos clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercitus 
 vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa trans- 
 miserint? Qui ad vos ab exteris nationibus venirent 30 
 captos querar, cum legati populi Romani redempti 
 sint? Mercatoribus tutum mare non fuisse dicam, 
 cum duodecim secures in praedonum potestatem per- 
 venerint? 33 . Cnidum aut Colophonem aut Samum, 
 nobilissimas urbis, innumerabilisque alias captas esse 35 
 commemorem, cum vestros portus, atque eos portus 
 
70 
 
 Pompey's Military Command. [Manil. 
 
 quibus vitam ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum fuisse 
 potestatem sciatis? i|An vero ignoratis portum Cajetae 
 celeberrimum ac plenissimum navium inspectante 
 praetore a praedonibus esse direptum? ex Miseno 
 5 autem ejus ipsius liberos, qui cum praedonibus antea 
 ibi bellum gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos? 
 Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum atque illam la- 
 bem atque ignominiam rei publicae querar, cum, pro- 
 pe inspectantibus vobis, classis ea, cui consul populi 
 io Romani praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque 
 oppressa est? Pro di immortales ! tantamne unius 
 hominis incredibilis ac divina Virtus tarn brevi tempore 
 lucem adferre rei pqblicae potuit, ut vos, qui modo 
 ante ostium Tiberinum classem hostium videbatis, ei 
 1 5 nunc nullam intrg Oceani ostium praedonum navem 
 esse audiatis? 34. Atqhe haec qua celeritate gesta 
 sint quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo prae- 
 tereunda non sunt. Quis enim umquam aut obeundi 
 negoti aut consequendi quaestus studio tarn brevi tem- 
 20 pore tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficeie potuit, quam 
 celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus naviga- 
 vit? Qui nondum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Si- 
 ciliam adiit, Africam exploravit ; inde Sardinian! cum 
 classe venit, atque haec tria frumentaria subsidia rei 
 2 S publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque munivit; 
 35. inde cum se in Italian! recepisset, duabus Hispan- 
 iis et Gallia [transalpina] praesidiis ac navibus confir- 
 mata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam 
 omnemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo maria maxi- 
 30 mis classibus firmiSsimisque praesidiis adornavit ; ipse 
 autem ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo 
 die totam ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam ad- 
 junxit ; omnes, qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim 
 capti interfectique sunt, partim unius hujus se imperio 
 35 ac potestati dediderunt. Idem Cretensibus, cum ad 
 eum usque in Pamphyliam legatos deprecatoresque 
 
xiii. 38.] llis Qualities in Administration. 71 
 
 misissent, spem deditionis non ademit, obsidesque im- 
 peravit. Ita tantum bellum, tam diuturnum, tain 
 longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac 
 nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme 
 apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate con- 
 fecit. 
 
 xiii. 36. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus 
 imperatoris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante com- 
 memorare coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt? 
 Non enim bellandi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto 
 imperatore quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes exim- 
 iae hujus administrae comitesque virtutis. Ac primum, 
 quanta innocentia debent esse imperatores? quanta 
 deinde in omnibus rebus temperantia? quanta fide? 
 quanta facilitate? quanto ingenio? quanta humani- 
 tate? Quae breviter qualia sint in Cn. Pompeio consi- 
 deremus : summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea 
 magis ex aliorum contentione qnam ipsa per sese co- 
 gnosci atque intellegi possunt. 3T. Quem enim impera- 
 torem possumus ullo in numero putare, cujus in exer- 
 citu centuriatus veneant atque venierint? Quid hunc 
 hominem magnum aut amplum de re publica cogitare, 
 qui pecuniam, ex aerario depromptam ad bellum 
 administrandum, aut propter cupiditatem provinciae 
 magistratibus diviserit, aut propter avaritiam Romae 
 in quaestu reliquerit? Vestra admurmuratio facit, 
 Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini* qui haec fecerint : 
 ego autem nomino neminem ; qua re irasci mihi nemo 
 poterit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque 
 propter hanc avaritiam imperatorum quantas calami- 
 tates, quocumque ventum est, nostri exercitus ferant 
 quis ignorat? 38. Itinera quae per hosce annos in 
 Italia per agros atque oppida civium Romanorum nos- 
 tri imperatores fecerint recordamini : turn facilius sta- 
 tuetis quid apud exteras nationes fieri existimetis. 
 Utrum pluris arbitramini per hosce annos militum 
 
 5 
 
 IO 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 2 5 
 
 3 ° 
 
 35 
 
smmm 
 
 vmm iiimiiimwitiji 
 
 72 
 
 Pompcys Military Command. [Manil. 
 
 ■ ■! 
 
 ii 
 
 vestrorum armis hostium urbis, an hibernis sociorum 
 civitates esse deletas? Neque enim potest exercitum 
 is continere imperator, qui se ipse non continet, neque 
 severus esse in judicando, qui alios in se severos esse 
 5 judices non volt. 39 . Hie miramur hunc hominem 
 tantum excellere ceteris, cujus legiones sic in Asiam 
 pervenerint, ut non modo manus tanti exercitus, sed 
 ne vestigium quidem cuiquam pacato nocuisse dicatur? 
 Jam vero quern ad modum milites hibernent cotidie 
 10 sermones ac litterae perferuntur : non modo ut sump- 
 turn faciat in militem nemini vis adfertur, sed ne cupi- 
 enti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis enim, non 
 avaritiae perfugium majores nostri in sociorum atque 
 amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. 
 
 15 xiv. 40 . Age vero : ceteris in rebus quali sit tempe- 
 rantia considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et 
 tarn incredibilem cursum inventum putatis? Non 
 enim ilium eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudita quae- 
 dam gubernandi aut venti aliqui novi tam celeriter in 
 20 ultimas terras pertulerunt; sed eae res quae ceteros 
 remorari solent, non retardarunt : non avaritia ab in- 
 stitute cursu ad praedam aliquam devocavit, non libido 
 ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad delectationem, non 
 nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non denique labor ipse 
 25 ad quietem ; postremo signa et tabulas ceteraque orna- 
 menta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tollenda 
 esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existi- 
 maviM , 41 . Itaque omnes nunc in eis locis Cn. Pom- 
 peium sicut aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de 
 50 caelo delapsum intuentur. Nunc denique incipiunt cre- 
 dere fuisse homines Romanos hac quondam continen- 
 tia, quod jam \nqtionibus exteris incredibile ac falso 
 memoriae prodimm videbatur. Nunc imperi vestri 
 splendor illis gentibus lucem adferre coepit. Nunc in- 
 35 tellegunt non sine causa majores suos, turn cum ea 
 temperantia magistrates habebamus, servire populo 
 
xv. 44] His Justice , Moderation , Dignity. 
 
 73 
 
 \f 
 
 Romano quam imperare aliis maluisse. Jam vero ita 
 iadles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberae queri- 
 moniae de aliorum injuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui 
 dignitate prindpibus excellit, fadlitate infimis par esse 
 videatur. 42. Jam quantum consilio, quantum dicendi 5 
 gravitate et copia valeat, — in quo -ipso inest quaedam 
 dignitas imperatoria, — vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco 
 ,saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero ejus quantam inter socios 
 existimari putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium gene- 
 rum sanctissimam judicarint? Humanitate jam tanta 10 
 est, ut difficile dictu sit utrum hostes magis virtutem 
 ejus pugnantes timuerint, an mansuetudinem victi di- 
 lexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc tantuin 
 bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memo- 
 riae bella conficienda divino quodam consilio natus 15 
 esse videatur ?j 
 
 xv. 43. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis 
 administrandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, 
 certe nemini dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator 
 plurimum possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad 20 
 bella administranda quid hostes, quid socii de impera- 
 toribus nostris existiment quis ignorat, cum sciamus 
 homines in tantis rebus, ut aut contemnant aut metuant 
 aut oderint aut ament, opinione non mjhus et fama 
 quam aliqua ratione certa com mover?? Quod igitur 25 
 nomen umquam in orbe terrarum clamis fuit? cujus 
 res gestae pares? de quo homine vos, — id quod maxi- 
 me facit auctoritatem, — tanta et tarn praeclara judicia 
 fecistis? 44. An vero ullam usquam esse oram tarn 
 desertam putatis, quo non illius diei fama pervaserit, 30 
 cum universus populus Romanus, referto foro comple- 
 tisque omnibus templis ex quibus hie locus conspici 
 potest, unum sibi ad commune omnium gentium bellum 
 Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depoposcit? Itaque — ut 
 plura non dicam, neque aliorum exemplis confirmem 35 
 quantum [hujus] auctoritas valeat in bello — ab eodem 
 
74 
 
 Pomfiey's Military Command . [Manil. 
 
 Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla 
 sumantur'vjqui quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepo- 
 situs est imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex 
 summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta 
 5 est unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix in sum- 
 ma ubertate agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset. 
 45. Jam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, de 
 quo vos paulo ante invitus admonui, — cum socii pertim- 
 uissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum 
 io praesidium provincia non haberet, — amisissetis Asiam, 
 Quirites, nisi ad ipsum discrimen ejus temporis divini- 
 tus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones fortuna populi Ro- 
 mani attulisset. Hujus adventus et Mithridatem insolita 
 inflammatum victoria continuit, et Tigranem magnis 
 15 copiis minitantem Asiae retardavit. Et quisquam 
 dubitabit quid virtute perfecturus sit, qui tantum auc- 
 toritate perfecerit? aut quam facile imperio atque^ 
 exercitu socios et vectigalia conservaturus sit, qui ipso 
 nomine ac rumore defenderit? xvi. 46. Age vero, 
 20 ilia res quantam declarat ejusdem hominis apud hostis 
 populi Romani auctoritatem, quod ex locis tarn longin- 
 quis tamque diversis tarn brevi tempore omnes huic se 
 uni dediderunt? quod a communi Cretensium legati, 
 cum in eorum insula noster imperator exercitusque es- 
 25 set, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras venerunt, 
 eique se omnis Cretensium civitates dedere velle dixe- 
 runt? Quid? idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem 
 Cn. Pompeium legatum usque in Hispaniam misit? 
 eum quern Pompeius legatum semper judicavit, ei 
 30 quibus erat [semper] molestum ad eum potissimum 
 esse missum, speculatorem quam legatum judicari 
 maluerunt. Potestis igitur jam constituere, Quirites, 
 hanc auctoritatem, multis postea rebus gestis magnis- 
 que vestris judiciis amplificatam, quantum apud illos 
 35 reges, quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse 
 existimetis. 
 
xvii. 5o. 
 
 The Fortune of Poufey. 
 
 75 
 
 ' 47. Reliquum est ut de felicitate (quam praestare de 
 se ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de 
 altero possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate 
 deorum) timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic exis- 
 timo : Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris 
 magnis imperatoribus non solum propter virtutem, sed 
 etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata atque 
 exercitus esse commissos. Fuit enim profecto quibus- 
 dam summis viris quaedam ad amplitudinem et ad 
 gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendas divinitus 
 adjuncta fortuna. De hujus autem hominis felicitate, 
 de quo nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione dicendi, 
 non ut in illius potestate fortunam positam esse dicam, 
 sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, 
 ne aut invisa dis immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata 
 esse videatur*fi48. Itaque non sum praedicaturus quan- 
 tas ille res domi militiae, terra marique, quantaque 
 felicitate gesserit ; ut ejus semper voluntatibus non mo- 
 do cives adsenserint, socii obtemperarint, hostes obe- 
 dierint, sed etiam vend tempestatesque obsecundarint : 
 Hoc brevissime dicam, neminem umquam tarn impu- 
 dentem fuisse, qui ab dis immortalibus tot et tantas res 
 tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas di immortales 
 ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi proprium 
 ac perpetuum sir, Quirites, cum communis salutis 
 atque imperi turn ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, 
 velle et optare debetis. 
 
 f 49. Qua re, — cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut 
 neglegi non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime 
 sit administrandum ; et cum e'i imperatorem praefi- 
 cere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis 
 virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia fortuna, — dubita- 
 tis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod vobis ab dis 
 immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in rem publicam 
 conservandam atque amplificandam conferatis? xvii. 
 50. Quod si Romae Cn, Pompeius privatus esset hoc 
 
76 
 
 Pompey" s Military Command . [Manil. 
 
 tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus 
 atque mittendus : nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilita- 
 tes haec quoque opportunitas adjungatur, ut in eis ipsis 
 locis adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab eis qui habent 
 5 accipere statim possit, quid exspectamus? aut cur non 
 ducibus dis immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summacum 
 salute rei publicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum 
 regium committamus? 
 
 51. At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publi- 
 io cae, vestris beneficiis amplissimis adfectus, Q^Catulus, 
 itemque summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, 
 ingeni praeditus, Hortensius, ab hac ratione dis- 
 sentiunt. Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos multis 
 locis plurimum valuisse et valere oportere confiteor; 
 
 15 sed in hac causa, tametsi cognoscitis auctoritates con- 
 trarias virorum fortissimorum et clarissimorum, tamen 
 omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac ratione exquTr<re pos- 
 sumus veritatem, atque hoc facilius, quocb \if omnia 
 quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, eidem isti^vera esse con- 
 20 cedunt, — et necessarium bellum esse et magnum, et in __ 
 uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 52 .^ Quid igi- 
 tur ait Hortensius? Si uni omnia tribuenda sint dig- 
 nissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen omnia 
 x \ deferri non oportere. Obsolevit jam ista oratio, re 
 25 multo magis quam verbis refutata. Warn tu idem, 
 Hortensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singulari fa- 
 cultate dicendi et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. m 
 
 Gabinium, graviter ornateque dixisti, cum is de uno 
 imperatore contra praedones constituendo legem pro 
 30 mulgasset, et ex hoc *ipso loco permulta item contra 
 earn legem verba fecisti. 53 . Quid? turn, per deos 
 immortalis ! si plus apud populum Romanum auctori- 
 tas tua quam ipsius populi Romani salus et vera causa 
 valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae 
 35 imperiuffiTeneremus? An tibi turn imperium hoc esse 
 videbatur, cum populi Romani legati quaesto»*es prae- 
 
XIX. 56.] 
 
 Terror of the Piratic War . 
 
 77 
 
 toresque capiebantur? cum ex omnibus provinces com- 
 meatu et private et publico prohibebamur ? cum ila 
 clausa nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rein 
 transmarinam neque publicam jam obire possemusf 
 xviii. 54 . Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, — non 5 
 dico Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenu- 
 isse dicitur; non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum 
 classe ac maritimis rebus valuenint; non Rhodiorum, 
 quorum usque ad nostram memoriam disciplina navalis 
 et gloria remansit , — sed quae civitas umquam antea 10 
 tarn tenuis, quae tarn parva insula fuit, quae non portus 
 suos et agros et aliquam partem regionis atque orae 
 maritimae per se ipsa defenderet? At (hercule) aliquot 
 annos continuos ante legem Gabiniam ille populus Ro- 
 manus, cujus usque ad nostram memoriam nomen in- 15 
 victum in navalibus pugnis permanserit, magna ac 
 multo maxima parte non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis 
 atque imperi caruit. 55. Nos, quorum majores Antio- 
 chum regem classe Persenque superarunt, omnibusque 
 navalibus pugnis Karthaginiensis, homines in mariti- 20 
 mis rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, vicerunt, 
 ei nullo in loco jam praedonibus pares esse poteramus : 
 nos, qui antea non modo Italiam tutam habebamus, sed 
 omnis socios in ultimis oris auctoritate nostri imperi sal- 
 vos praestare poteramus, — turn cum insula Delos, tarn 25 
 procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo omnes undi- 
 .que cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta 
 rafctiis, parva, sine muro, nihil timebat, — eidem non 
 modo provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portu- 
 bus nostris, sed etiam Appia jam via carebamus ; et eis 30 
 temporibus non pudebat magistrates populi Romani in 
 hunc ipsum locum escendere, cum eum nobis majores 
 nostri exuviis nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reli- 
 quissent. 
 
 xix. 56. Bono te animo turn, Hortensi, populus 35 
 omanus et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere 
 
7 3 Pom fey's Military Command. [Manil. 
 
 existimavit ea quae sentiebatis : sed tainen in salute 
 communi idem populus Romanus dolori suo maluit 
 quam auctoritati vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una 
 lex, unus vir, unus annus non modo nos ilia miseria 
 ac turpitudine liberavit, sed etiam effecit, ut aliquando 
 vere videremur omnibus gentibus ac nationibus teria 
 marique imperare. 57 . Quo mihi etiam indignius vi- 
 detur obtrectatum esse adhuc, — Gabinio dicam anne 
 Pompeio, an utrique, id quod est verius? — ne legaretur 
 ro A. Gabinius Cn. Pompeio expetenti ac postulanti. 
 Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum 
 quern velit, idoneus non est qui impetret, cum ceteri 
 ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias quos 
 voluerunt legatos eduxerint; an ipse, cujus lege salus 
 i 5 ac dignitas populo Romano atque omnibus gentibus 
 constituta est, expers esse debet gloriae ejus imperato- 
 ris atque ejus exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac penculo 
 est constitutes? 58 . An C. Falcidius, Metellus, 
 Q. Caelius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus, quos omms 
 20 honoris causa nomino, cum tribum plebi fuissent, anno 
 proximo legati esse potuerunt : in uno Gabinio sunt 
 tam diligentes, qui in hoc bello, quod lege Gabinia 
 geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, quern per 
 vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo jure esse deberet. 
 25 De quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. 
 Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me profateor 
 relaturum. Neque me impediet cujusquam inimicum 
 edictum, quo minus vobis fretus vestrum jus beneh- 
 ciumque defendam ; neque praeter intercessionem q flfc- 
 3 o quam audiam, de qua (ut arbitror) isti ipsi, qui minan- 
 tur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat considerabunt. Mea 
 quidem sententia, Quirites, unus A. Gabinius belli 
 maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn ; J >om P- ei J ) socms 
 ascribitur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum sus- 
 35 cipiendum vestris suffragiis detulit, alter delatem sus- 
 ceptumque confecit. 
 
XXL 6x.] 
 
 The Opinion of Catulus . 
 
 79 
 
 XX. 59. Reliquum est ut de Q^, Catuli auctoritate et 
 sententia dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis 
 quaereret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si 
 quid eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, — 
 cepit magnum suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum 5 
 omnes una prope voce in [eo] ipso vos spem habituros 
 esse dixistis. Etenim tabs est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit 
 ac tam difficilis, quam ille non et consilio regere et in- 
 tegritate tueri et virtute conficere possit. Sed in hoc 
 ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, quod, quo minus 10 
 certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, hoc magis 
 res publica, dum per deos immortalis licet, frui debet 
 summi viri vita atque virtute. 60 . ‘ At enim ne quid 
 novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta majorum.’ 
 Non dicam hoc loco majores nostros semper in pace ><; 
 consuetudini, in bello utilitati paruisse ; semper ad no- 
 vos casus temporum novorum consiliorum rationes ad- 
 commodasse : non dicam duo bella maxima, Punicum 
 atque Hispaniense, ab uno imperatore esse confecta, 
 duasque urbis potentissimas, quae huic imperio maxi- 20 
 me minitabantur, Karthaginem atque Numantiam, ab 
 eodem Scipione esse deletas : non commemorabo nuper 
 ita vobis patribusque vestris esse visum, ut in uno C. 
 Mario spes imperi poneretur, ut idem cum Jugurtha, 
 idem cum Cimbris, idem cum Teutonis bellum admin- 2% 
 istraret. 61. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novi con- 
 stitui nihil volt Catulus, quam multa sint nova 
 summa Catuli voluntate constituta recordamini. 
 xxi. Quid tam novum quam adulescentulum priva- 
 tum exercitum difficili rei publicae tempore conficere r 30 
 Confecit. Huic praeesse? Praefuit. Rem optima 
 ductu suo gerere? Gessit. Quid tam praeter consue- 
 tudinem quam homini peradulescenti, cujus aetas a 
 senatorio gradu longe abesset, imperium atque exerci- 
 tum dari, Siciliam permitti, atque Africam bellumque 3S 
 in ea provincia administrandum ? Fuit in his provin- 
 
go Pompey's Military Command. [Manil. 
 
 ciis singulari innocentia, gravitate, virtute : bellum in 
 Africa maximum confecit, victorem exercitum depoi- 
 tavit. Quid vero tam inauditum quam equitem Ro- 
 manum triumphare? At earn quoque rem populus 
 5 Romanus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio 
 visendam et concelebrandam putavit. 62 . Quid tarn 
 inusitatum quam ut, cum duo consules clarissimi fortis- 
 simique essent, eques Romanus ad bellum maximum 
 formidolosissimumque pro consule mitteretur? Missus 
 io est. Quo quidem tempore, cum esset non nemo in 
 senatu qui diceret non oportere mitti hommem priva- 
 tum pro consule , L. Philippus dixisse dicitur non se 
 ilium sua sententia pro consule , sed pro consulibus 
 mittere. Tanta in eo rei publicae bene gerendae spes 
 t 5 constituebatur, ut duorum consulum munus unius adu- 
 lescentis virtuti committeretur. Quid tam singulare 
 quam ut ex senatus consulto legibus solutus consul 
 ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum per leges 
 capere licuisset? quid tam incredibile quam ut iterum 
 20 eques Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet? 
 Quae in omnibus hominibus nova post hominum me- 
 moriam constituta sunt, ea tam multa non sunt quam 
 haec, quae in hoc uno homine videmus. 63 . Atque 
 haec tot exempla, tanta ac tam nova, profecta sunt in 
 25 eundem hominem a Q^ Catuli atque a ceterorum ejus- 
 dem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum auctoritate. 
 
 V xxii. Qua re videant ne sit periniquum et non ferun- 
 dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pornpei dignitate a 
 vobis comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis.de 
 30 eodem homine judicium populique Romani auctorita- 
 tem improbari; praesertim cum jam suo jure populus 
 Romanus in hoc homine suam auctoiitatem vel con- 
 tra omnis qui dissentiunt possit defendere, propterea 
 quod, isdem istis reclamantibus, vos unum ilium ex 
 35 omnibus delegistis quern bello praedonum praeponere- 
 tis. 64 . Hoc si vos temere fecistis, et rei publicae pa- 
 
'cxm. 66.] 
 
 The Wounds of the Allies. 
 
 81 
 
 rum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis consiliis 
 regere conantur. Sin autem vos plus turn in re publica 
 vidistis, vos eis repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos dignita- 
 tem huic imperio, salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, ali- 
 quando isti principes et sibi et ceteris populi Romani s 
 universi auctoritati parendum esse fateantur. Atque in 
 hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris ilia 
 virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae 
 quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. 
 Difficile. est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnisque interiorum 10 
 nationum ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil 
 aliud nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam 
 si qui sunt pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen 
 eos esse tabs propter multitudinem cupidorum homi- 
 num nemo arbitratur. 65 . Difficile est dictu, Quirites, 15 
 quanto in odio simus apud exteras nationes propter 
 eorum, quos ad eas per hos annos cum imperio misi- 
 mus, libidines et injurias. Quod enim fanum putatis 
 in illis terris nostris magistratibus religiosum, quam 
 civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac 20 
 munitam fuisse? Urbes jam locupletes et copiosae 
 requiruntur, quibus causa belli propter diripiendi cupi- 
 ditatem inferatur. 66. Libenter haec coram cum Q^ 
 Catulo et Hortensio, summis et clarissimis viris, 
 disputarem. Noverunt enim sociorum volnera, vident 25 
 eorum calamitates, querimonias audiunt. Pro sociis 
 vos contra hostis exercitum mittere putatis, an hostium 
 simulatione contra socios atque amicos? Quae civitas 
 est in Asia quae non modo imperatoris aut legati, sed 
 unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus capere possit? 30 
 xxiii. Qua re, etiam si quern habetis qui conlatis sig- 
 nis exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen 
 nisi erit idem, qui [se] a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eo- 
 rum conjugibus ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum 
 atque oppidorum, qui ab auro gazaque regia manus, 35 
 oculos, animum cohibere possit, non erit idoneus qui 
 
 6 
 

 82 
 
 Pompeys Military Command. [Manil. 
 
 ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque mittatur. 67 . Ecquam 
 putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse quae locuples sit. 
 ecquam esse locupletem quae istis pacata esse videa- 
 tur? Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non so- 
 5 lum propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter 
 animi continentiam requisivit. Videbat emm prae- 
 tores locupletari quot annis pecunia publica praeter 
 paucos ; neque eos quicquam aliud adsequi, classium 
 nomine, nisi ut detrimqntis accipiendis majore adhci 
 10 turpitudine videremurN Nunc qua cupiditate homines 
 in provincias, quibus jacturis et quibus condiciombus 
 proficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti, qui ad unum de- 
 ferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur? Quasi vero Cn. 
 Pompeium non cum suis virtutibus turn etiam alienis 
 15 vitiis magnum esse videamus. 68 . Qpa re nolite dubi- 
 tare quin huic uni credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos 
 unus inventus sit, quern socii in urbis suas cum exerci- 
 
 tu venisse gaudeant. . . 
 
 Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirites, con- 
 20 firmandam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum om- 
 nium maximarumque rerum peritissimus, P. bervilius, 
 cuius tantae res gestae terra marique exstiterunt, ut 
 cum de bello deliberetis, auctor vobis gravior nemo 
 esse debeat; est C. Curio, summis vestris beneficns 
 25 maximisque rebus gestis, summo ingenio et prudentia 
 praeditus ; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplis- 
 simis vestris honoribus summum consilium, summam 
 gravitatem esse cognovistis ; est C. Cassius, integritate, 
 virtute, constantia singulari. Qua re videte ut horum 
 30 auctoritatibus illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, respon- 
 dere posse videamur. 
 
 XXIV. 69 . Quae cum ita sint, C. Manih, primum 
 istam tuam et legem etvoluntatem et sententiam laudo 
 vehementissimeque comprobo : deinde te hortor, u 
 
 35 auctore populo Romano maneas in sententia, neve 
 cujusquam vim aut minas pertimescas. Primum in te 
 
xxiv. 7i.] Cicero’s Motive and Purpose. 83 
 
 satis esse animi perseverantiaeque arbitror : deinde 
 cum tantarn multitudinem cum tanto studio adesse 
 videamus, quantam iterum nunc in eodem homine 
 praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut de re aut de 
 perficiendi facultate dubitemus?' Ego autem quicquid 5 
 est in me studi, consili, laboris, ingeni, quicquid hoc 
 beneficio populi Romani atque hac potestate praetoria, 
 quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne 
 ad hanc rem conficiendam tibi et populo Romano pol- 
 liceor ac defero : 70 . testorque omnis deos, et eos max- 10 
 ime qui huic loco temploque praesident, qui omnium 
 mentis eorum qui ad rem publicam adeunt maxime 
 perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere cujusquam, 
 neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam mihi per hanc causam 
 conciliari putem, neque quo mihi ex cujusquam ampli- 15 
 tudine aut praesidia periculis aut adjumenta honoribus 
 quaeram; propterea quod pericula facile, ut hominem 
 praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, honorem 
 autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem 
 ilia nostra laboriosissima ratione vitae, si vestra volun- 20 
 tas feret, consequemur. 71 . Quam ob rem quicquid 
 in hac causa mihi susceptum est, Quirites, id ego 
 omne me rei publicae causa suscepisse confirmo ; tan- 
 tumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam gratiam quae- 
 sisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates partim 25 
 obscuras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non necessa- 
 rias, vobis non inutilis suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc 
 honore praeditum, tantis vestris beneficiis adfectum 
 statui, Quirites, vestram voluntatem et rei publicae dig- 
 nitatem et salutem provinciarum atque sociorum meis 30 
 omnibus commodis et rationibus praeferre oportere. 
 
THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE . 
 
 B.C. 63. 
 
 During the absence of Pompey in the East (see the preceding 
 Introduction), the politics of the city were kept in a constant fer- 
 ment by the strife of parties. The violence and corruption of the 
 time seemed to afford a fit opportunity for some daring enterprise. 
 This opportunity was seized by Lucius Sergius Catilina. He was a 
 man of noble birth, of middle age, and of the vilest character ; an 
 intimate friend of Verres, and like him distinguished for his infa- 
 mous career in Sulla’s army. He expected, probably, to make him- 
 self tyrant, as Dionysius and Agathocles — men no better than he — 
 had done in Syracuse ; but it was suspected at the time, and is 
 believed by many at the present day, that he was, after all, only a 
 tool of Caesar and Crassus, the leaders of the democratic party. 
 
 Catiline’s plan was to make use of the consulship as a stepping- 
 stone to the tyranny ; and with this end he desired to be a candi- 
 date for this office, for the year b.c. 65. He was shut out, however, 
 both that year and the next, by a charge of repetundce : of this he 
 was at last acquitted, in season to present himself for the year 
 B.c. 63. There was a very exciting canvass, which resulted in the 
 election of Cicero by an overwhelming majority, while a confede- 
 rate of Catiline, Caius Antonius — son of the distinguished orator, 
 and uncle of the triumvir — was elected as his colleague. Catiline, 
 nothing daunted, offered himself again for the following year, but 
 was again defeated, mainly through the exertions of the consul Ci- 
 cero, who had completely gained over his weak and greedy colleague 
 Antonius. The rich province of Macedonia had fallen to Cicero 
 by lot, for his proconsular year ; but he transferred this to Anto- 
 nius, on condition of his cooperation against Catiline. . . 
 
 Catiline would now wait no longer, but prepared for an immedi- 
 ate outbreak. As a private citizen he lost the advantages which 
 the holding of the consulship would have given him, and the only 
 member of the conspiracy who held a magistracy was the vain and 
 indolent Lentulus, prater and of consular rank. In the course 
 of October, B.c. 63, a body of troops was collected at Faesulae (now 
 Fiesole , close to Florence), a town in the north of Etruria ; this 
 was under the command of the centurion Caius Manlius, Catiline 
 
Invective against Catiline . 
 
 85 
 
 I- 3 ] 
 
 himself remaining in the city to direct operations there. Cicero, 
 meantime, had managed to keep track of the conspiracy in all its 
 details ; and, when Catiline had the effrontery to appear in his seat 
 in the Senate, he burst upon him with a fiery invective, the first 
 of the four “ Orations against Catiline.” Probably none of his 
 speeches is better known than this, or conveys a better impression 
 of his power as an orator. 
 
 i. Invective against Catiline . 
 
 In the Senate, Nov. 8. 
 
 Q UO usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia no- 
 stra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos elu- 
 det? Quern ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? 
 Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis 
 vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum 5 
 omnium, nihil hie munitissimus habendi senatus locus, 
 nihil horum ora voltusque moverunt? Patere tua 
 consilia non sends? constrictam jam horum omnium 
 scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non vides? Quid 
 proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos 10 
 convocaveris, quid consili ceperis, quem nostrum igno- 
 rare arbitraris? 
 
 2. O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, 
 consul videt : hie tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero 
 etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consili particeps, 15 
 notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque 
 nostrum. Nos autem, fortes viri, satis facere rei pub- 
 licae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad 
 mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis jam pridem 
 oportebat ; in te conferri pes .em quam tu in nos [jam 20 
 diu] machinaris. 3. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Sci- 
 pio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter 
 labefactantem statum rei publicae privatus interfecit: 
 Catilinam, orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare 
 cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam ilia nimis 25 
 antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Mae- 
 
86 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 [Catil. 1. 
 
 Hum novis rebus studentem manu sua occidit. Fuit, 
 fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut viri fortes 
 acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam acerbis- 
 simum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus consul- 
 5 turn in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. Non deest 
 rei publicae consilium, neque auctoritas hujus ordinis : 
 nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. 
 
 ii. 4. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius 
 consul videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. 
 to Nox nulla intercessit : interfectus est propter quasdam 
 seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, 
 avo, majoribus ; occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius 
 consularis. Simili senatus consiilto C. Mario et L. 
 Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica: num 
 is unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum plebis et 
 C. Servilium praetorem [mors ac] rei publicae poena 
 remorata est? At nos vicesimum jam diem patimur 
 hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim 
 hujusce modi senatus consultum, veium inclusum in 
 20 tabulis, tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex sena- 
 tus consulto confestim te interfectum esse, Catilina, 
 convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad 
 confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres consciipti, 
 me esse clementem : cupio in tantis lei publicae peii- 
 25 culis me non dissolutum videri ; sed jam me ipse ineitiae 
 nequitiaeque condemno. /• Castra sunt in Italia con- 
 tra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata . 
 crescit in dies singulos liostium numcrus \ eoium au~ 
 tem castrorum imperatorem duccmc[U6 hostium inti a 
 30 moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestinam ali- 
 quam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te 
 jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero, credo, 
 erit verendum mihi ne non hoc potius omnes boni 
 serius a me, quam quisquam crudelius factum esse 
 35 dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse 
 oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. 
 
m. 8.J His Plans are blown and watched. 87 
 
 Turn denique interficiere, cum jam nemo tam impro- 
 bus, tam perditus, tam tui similis inveniri poterit, qui 
 id non jure factum esse fateatur. 6. Quam diu quis- 
 quam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives ; et vives ita 
 ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne s 
 commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum 
 te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc 
 fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. 
 
 hi. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius 
 exspectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coetus ne- IO 
 faiios, nec privata domus parietibus continere voces 
 conjurationis [tuae] potest? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt 
 omnia? Muta jam istam mentem : mihi crede, obli- 
 viscere caedis atque incendiorum. Teneris undique : 
 luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia, quae jam 15 
 mecum licet recognoscas. 7. Meministine me ante 
 diem xii. Kalendas Novembris dicere in senatu, fore 
 in armis certo die — qui dies futurus esset ante diem 
 vi. Kal. Novembris — C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem 
 atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, 20 
 non modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, 
 verum id quod multo magis est admirandum — 
 dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu caedem te optimatium 
 contulisse in ante diem v. Kalendas Novembris, turn 
 cum multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui con- 25 
 servandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum 
 causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo ipso die,,"?''"'" 
 meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum, commo- 
 vere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu dis- 
 cessu ceterorum, nostra tamen qui remansissemus 30 
 caede, te contentum esse dicebas? 8. Quid? cum te 
 Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum 
 nocturno impetu esse confideres, sensistine illam colo- 
 mam meo jussu [meis] praesidiis custodiis vigiliis 
 esse mumtam ? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, 35 
 quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam 
 planeque sentiam. 
 
Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. I. 
 
 iv. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam su- 
 periorem : jam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad 
 salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te 
 priore nocte venisse inter falcarios — non agam ob- 
 S scure — in M. Laecae domum ; convenisse eodem 
 compluris ejusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. Num 
 negare audes? quid taces? convincam, si negas. 
 Video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una 
 fuerunt. 9. O di immortales ! ubinam gentium su- 
 io mus? in qua urbe vivimus? quam rem publicam 
 habemus? Hie, hie sunt, in nostro nuinero, patres 
 conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimo- 
 que consilio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de 
 hujus urbis atque adeo de orbis terraium exitio cogi - 
 is tent. Hos ego video [consul] etde republica sententiam 
 rogo, et quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum 
 voce volnero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam ilia nocte, 
 Catilina : distribuisti partis Italiae ; statuisti quo quem- 
 que proficisci placeret ; delegisti quos Romae relinque- 
 20 res, quos tecum educeres ; descripsisti urbis partis ad 
 incendia : confirmasti te ipsum jam esse exiturum ; 
 dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego 
 viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani qui te ista 
 cura liberarent, et sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lu- 
 25 cem me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 
 10. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro di- 
 misso, comperi : domum meam majoribus praesidiis 
 munivi atque firmavi ; exclusi eos quos tu ad me sajm 
 tatum miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam 
 30 multis ac summis viris ad me id temppris venturos esse 
 praedixeram. 
 
 v. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. 
 Egredere aliquando ex urbe : patent portae : proficis- 
 cere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana 
 35 castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si_ 
 minus, quam plurimos : purga urbem. Magno me 
 
VI. 13 ] He is bidden to leave the City. 
 
 89 
 
 me tu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque te murus 
 intersit. Nobiscum versari jam diutius non potes : non 
 feram, non patiar, non sinam. 11. Magna dis immor- 
 talibus habenda est, atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, anti- 
 quissimo custodi hujus urbis, gratia, quod hanc tarn s 
 taetram, tarn horribilem tamque infestam rei pubiicae 
 pestem totiens jam eflugimus. Non est saepius in uno 
 homine summa salus periclitanda rei pubiicae. Quam 
 diu mihi consuli designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non 
 publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. 10 
 Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in 
 campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti, com. 
 pressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et 
 copiis, nullo tumultu publice corfgitato : denique, quoti- 
 enscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam 15 
 videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei 
 pubiicae esse conjunctam.^ h. Nunc jam aperte rem 
 publicam universam petis : templa deorum immorta- 
 lium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam [deni- 
 que] totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Qua re, 20 
 quoniam id quod est primum, et quod hujus imperi 
 disciplinaeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum 
 audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius, et ad 
 communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, 
 residebit in re publica reliqua conjuratorum manus. 25 
 Sin tu, quod te jam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur 
 ex urbe tuoium comitum magna et perniciosa sentina 
 r ei pubiicae^ , j 
 
 13. Quid est, Catilina? num dubrfas id me impe- 
 rante facere, quod jam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex 30 
 urbe jubet consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in 
 exsilium? Non jubeo ; sed, si m 4 -C 0 nsulis, suadeo. 
 
 Vvi. Quid est enim, Catjlma, quod te jam in hac urbe 
 cielectare possit? in qua nemo est extra istam conjura- 
 tionem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo 35 
 qui n on oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non 
 
90 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 [Catil. I. 
 
 inusta vitae tuae est? Quod privatarum rerum dede- 
 cus non haeret in fama? quae libido ab oculis, quod 
 facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto 
 corpore afuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quem corrupte- 
 5 larum inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum 
 aut ad libidinem facem praetulisti? 14 . Quid vero? 
 nuper cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis do- 
 mum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere 
 hoc scelus cumulasti? quod ego praetermitto et facile 
 io patior sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris im- 
 manitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 
 Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnis 
 impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio, 
 quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, 
 i 5 non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, 
 sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nos- 
 trum vitam salutemque pertinent. 15 . Potestne tibi 
 haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse jucun- 
 dus, cum scias horum esse neminem qui nesciat te 
 20 pridie Kalendas Januarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus 
 stetisse in comitio cum telo? manum consulum et prin- 
 cipum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse? sce- 
 leri ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem 
 [tuum], sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac 
 25 jam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non 
 multa commissa — quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens 
 consulem interficere conatus es ! quot ego tuas peti- 
 tiones, ita conjectas ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva 
 quadam declinatione et (ut aiunt) corpore effugi ! [Ni- 
 30 hil agis,] nihil adsequeris, [nihil moliris,] neque tamen 
 conari ac velle desistis. 16 . Quotiens tibi jam extorta 
 est ista sica de manibus ! quotiens vero excidit casu 
 aliquo et elapsa est ! [Tamen ea carere diutius non 
 potes,] quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac 
 35 devota sit nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in con- 
 sulis corpore defigere. 
 
vii. i8.J General Fear and Hate of him. 91 
 
 vii. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim 
 jam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, 
 quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. 
 Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta 
 frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? 5 
 Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis 
 exspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo judicio taci- 
 turnitatis oppressus? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista 
 subsellia vacuefacta sunt? quod omnes consulares, qui 
 tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque 10 
 adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum nudam atque in- 
 anem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo tibi ferendum 
 putas? it. Servi (mehercule) mei si me isto pacto me- 
 tuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam 
 relinquendam putarem : tu tibi urbem non arbitraris? 15 
 et, si me meis civibus injuria suspectum tarn graviter 
 atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium 
 quam infestis omnium oculis conspici mallem. Tu, cum 
 conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium 
 justum et jam diu tibi debitum, dubitas qyorum men- 20 
 tis sensusque volneras, eorum aspectum ^Taesentiam- 
 que vitare? Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui, 
 neque eos ulla ratione placare posses, tu (opinor) ab 
 eorum oculis aliquo concederes. Nunc te patria, quae 
 communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit, 25 
 et jam diu te nihil judicat nisi de parricidio suo cogi- 
 tare : hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere, nec judi- 
 cium sequere, nec vim pertimesces? 
 
 18 . Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit, et quodam modo 
 tacita loquitur : ‘ Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus ex- 30 
 stitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium sine te : tibi uni mul- 
 torum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum 
 impunita fuit ac libera : tu non solum ad neglegendas 
 leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas per- 
 fringendasque valuisti. "HSuperiora ilia, quamquam 35 
 ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli ; nunc vero 
 
9 2 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline . 
 
 [Catil. I. 
 
 me totam esse in metu propter unura te, quicquid in- 
 crepuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me 
 consilium iniri posse quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non 
 est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede, atque hunc mihi 
 timorem eripe : si est verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, 
 ut tandem aliquando timere desinam. vm. 19 - Haec 
 si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare 
 debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid, 
 quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti? quod vitandae 
 IO suspitionis causa, ad M’. Lepidum te habitare velle 
 dixisti? a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus 
 es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum 
 a me quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo 
 posse isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in 
 15 periculo essem quod isdem moenibus contineremur, 
 ad Q^. Metellum praetorem venisti : a quo repudiatus 
 ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. Marcellum de- 
 migrasti ; quern tu videlicet et ad custodiendum [te] 
 diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et 
 10 ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam 
 longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere, 
 qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit? 20. Quae 
 cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo 
 non potes, abire in aliquas terras, et vitam istam, 
 25 multis suppliciis justis debitisque ereptam, fugae soli- 
 tudinique mandare? 
 
 6 Refer 5 inquis 4 ad senatum : ’ id enim postulas, et, si 
 hie ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtempe- 
 raturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret 
 3 o a meis moribus ; et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi 
 de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina ; libera rem 
 publicam metu ; in exsilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, 
 proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina? ecqmd attendis? 
 ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, 
 35 tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quo- 
 rum voluntatem taeitorum perspicis? 21. At si hoc 
 
IX. 23-] 
 
 >/V 
 
 93 
 
 All Good Men wish him gone. 
 
 idem huic adulescenti optimo P. Sestio, si fortissimo 
 viro M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli, hoc ipso 
 in templo, senatus jure optimo vim et manus intulisset. 
 De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant : cum 
 patiuntur, decernunt : cum tacent, clamant. 'Neque hi 5 
 solum, — quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita 
 vilissima, — sed etiam illi equites Romani, honestissimi 
 atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui circum- 
 stant senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et 
 studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potu- 10 
 isti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu manus ac tela 
 contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec, quae vas- 
 tare jam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad portas 
 prosequantur. 
 
 rx. 22. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res i 5 
 frangat? tu ut umquam te corrigas? tu ut ullam fu- 
 gam meditere? tu ut exsilittm cogites? Utinam tibi 
 istam mentem di immortales duint ! tametsi video, si 
 mea voce perterritus ire in exsilium animum induxeris, 
 quanta tempestas invidiae nobis — si minus in praesens 20 
 tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in pos- 
 teritatem — impendeat : sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit 
 privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur. 
 Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut legum poenas per- 
 timescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non est 25 
 postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut 
 pudor umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut 
 ratio a furore revocarit. 23 . Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam 
 dixi, proficiscere ; ac, si mihi inimico (ut praedicas) 
 tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium : vix 30 
 feram sermones hominum si id feceris ; vix molem 
 istius invidiae, si in exsilium jussu consulis ieris 
 sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae 
 mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu : 
 confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos civis, secerne 33 
 te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latro- 
 
94 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 [Catil I. 
 
 cinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad 
 tuos isse videaris. 
 
 24 . Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam 
 esse praemissos qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestola- 
 5 rentur armati? cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum 
 Manlio diem? a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam 
 quam tibi ac tuis omnibus confido perniciosam ac funes- 
 tam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum 
 constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? Tu ut ilia 
 io carere diutius possis, quam venerari ad caedem profi- 
 ciscens solebas, a cujus altaribus saepe istam impiam 
 dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti ? 'x. 25 . Ibis 
 tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista tua cupiditas 
 effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi haec 
 15 res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup- 
 tatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas 
 exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo 
 otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. 
 Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna 
 20 verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam improborum ma- 
 num. 26 . Hie tu qua laetitia perfruere ! quibus gau- 
 '- 5s ”'-diis exsultabis ! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum 
 in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum 
 quemquam neque videbis ! Ad hujus vitae studium 
 25 meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores tui, — jacere humi 
 non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad 
 facinus obeundum ; vigilare non solum insidiantem som- 
 no maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes 
 ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, 
 30 frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tem- 
 pore confectum esse senties. 27 . Tantum profeci turn, 
 cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius temptare 
 quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut 
 id quod est a te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium po- 
 35 tius quam bellum nominaretur. 
 
 xi Nunc, ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam 
 
xii. 2g.] Appeal of the Commonwealth. 95 
 
 prope justam patriae querimoniam detester ac depre- 
 cer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea 
 penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim 
 si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, 
 si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica, loquatur : ‘ M. 5 
 Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum, quern esse hostem com- 
 peristi, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspec- 
 taii imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem 
 sceleris, principem conjurationis, evocatorem servorum 
 et .civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non 10 
 emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? 
 Non hunc in. vincula duci, non ad mortem rap-i, non 
 summo supplicio mactari imperabis? 28 . Quid tan- 
 dem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam 
 privati in hac re publica perniciosos civis morte mul- 15 
 taverunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum sup- 
 plicio rogatae sunt? At numquam in hac urbe qui a 
 re publica defecerunt civium jura tenuerunt. An in- 
 vidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo 
 Romano refers gratiam, qui te hominem per te cogni- 20 
 turn, nulla commendatione majorum, tam mature ad 
 summum imperium per omnis lidnorum gradus extulit, 
 si propter invidiae aut alicu|_u*s 'periculi metum salutem 
 civium tuorum neglegis.fy% Sed si quis est invidiae 
 metus, num est vehementius K severitatis ac fortitudinis 25 
 invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda? An 
 cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta 
 ardebunt, turn te non existimas invidiae incendio con- 
 flagraturum ? ’ 
 
 xii. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus, et 30 
 eorum hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus, pauca 
 respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu judicarem, 
 patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usu- 
 ram horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. 
 Etenim si summi et clarissimi viri Saturnini et Graccho- 35 
 rum et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non 
 
9 6 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 [Catil. I. 
 
 modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, 
 certe verenduro mihi non erat ne quid hoc parricida 
 civium interfecto invidiae rnihi in posteritatem redun- 
 daret. Quod si ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen 
 - hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute partam glo- 
 3 riam, non invidiam putarem. 30. Quamquam non 
 nulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non 
 videant, aut ea quae vident dissimulent : qui spem Cat- 
 enae mollibus sententiis aluerunt, conjurationemque 
 io nascentem non credendo corroboraverunt : quorum 
 
 auctoritatem secuti multi non solum improbi, verum 
 etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter 
 et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, 
 quo intendit, in Manliana casfra pervenerit, neminem 
 i S tam stultum fore qui non videat conjurationem esse 
 factam, neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. 
 Hoc autem uno interfecto, intellego hanc rei publicae 
 pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum compiimi 
 posse. Quod si se ejecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, et 
 20 eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos adgregant, 
 exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta 
 rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malo- 
 
 rum omnium. ... 
 
 xm. 31. Etenim jam diu, patres conscnpti, in his 
 25 periculis conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio 
 quo pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et auda- 
 ciae maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. 
 Quod si ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur 
 fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse 
 30 relevati ; periculum autem residebit, et erit inclusum 
 penitus in venis atque in visceribus rei publicae. Ut 
 saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febn- 
 que jactantur, si aquam gelidam bibermt, primo rele- 
 vari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque 
 35 adflictantur ; sic hie morbus, qui est in re publica, rele- 
 vatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis vivis ingra- 
 
97 
 
 XI11- 33 ] Character of the Conspiracy . 
 
 vescet. 32. Qua re secedant improbi, secernant se a 
 bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique [id] 
 (quod saepe jam dixi) discernantur a nobis : desinant 
 insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal prae- 
 toris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et 5 
 faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare : sit denique 
 inscriptum in fronte unius cujusque quid de re publica 
 sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, patres conscripti, tantam 
 in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis 
 auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, ig 
 tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae 
 profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vindi- 
 cata esse videatis. 
 
 33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publi- 
 cae salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum 15 
 exitio qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque junxe- 
 runt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, 
 Juppiter, qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis [a Rom- 
 ulo] es constitutus, quern Statorem hujus urbis atque 
 imperi vere nominamus, hunc et hujus socios a tuis 20 
 ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita 
 fortunisque civium [omnium] arcebis, et homines bono- 
 rum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum 
 foedere inter se ac nefaria societate conjunctos, aeter- 
 nis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. 25 
 
 [ 
 
 2 . Character of the Conspiracy. 
 
 Before the People, Nov. 9. 
 
 When Cicero had finished his speech and taken his seat, Cati- 
 line attempted to reply, but was interrupted by the cries and re- 
 proaches of the Senators. With a few threatening words, he rushed 
 from the house, and left the city the same night, for the camp of 
 Manlius. The next morning the consul assembled the people, and 
 announced to them the news, in the triumphant speech which follows. 
 
 7 
 
9 8 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline . 
 
 [Catil. II. 
 
 10 
 
 x, i. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, 
 furentem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae 
 nefarie molientem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro flam- 
 maque minitantem, ex urbe vel ejecimus, vel emisi- 
 5 mus, vel ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. 
 Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla jam permcies a 
 monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra moe- 
 nia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum hu- 
 jus belli domestici ducem sine controversia vicimus. 
 Non enim jam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur : 
 non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique 
 intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco llle 
 motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam jam cum 
 hoste nullo impediente bellum [justum] geremus. Sine 
 , 5 dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum 
 ilium ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrocinium con- 
 jecimus. 2. Quod vero non cruentum mucronem (ut 
 voluit) extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, quod ei 
 ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumis civis, 
 20 quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium 
 maerore esse adflictum et profligatum putatis. Jacet 
 ille nunc prostratusque est, et se perculsum atque ab- 
 jectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad 
 hanc urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget : 
 2 5 quae quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem 
 
 evomuerit forasque projecerit. 
 
 II 3 . Ac si quis est tabs, qualis esse omms oporte- 
 bat, qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphal oratio 
 mea, me vehementer accuset, quod tam capitalem hos- 
 30 tem non comprehenderim potius quam emiserim, non 
 est ista mea culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse . 
 Catilinam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum jam pridem 
 oportebat, idque a me et mos majorum et hujus imperi 
 severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos 
 35 fuisse putatis qui quae ego deferrem non crederent? 
 [quam multos qui propter stultitiam non putarent?] 
 
in. 6.] 
 
 His Cowpanions in Gmlt. 
 
 99 
 
 quam multos qui etiam defenderent? [quam multos 
 qui propter improbitatem faverent?] Ac si illo sub- 
 lato depelli a vobis omne periculum judicarem, jam 
 pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, 
 verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. 4 . Sed cum 5 
 viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam turn 
 probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, 
 fore ut ejus socios invidia oppressus persequi non pos- 
 sem, rem hue deduxi, ut turn palam pugnare possetis, 
 cum hostem aperte videretis. Quem quidem ego hos- 10 
 tem quam vehementer foris esse timendum putem, 
 licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam moleste fero, quod 
 ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnis 
 secum suas copias eduxisset ! Tongilium mihi eduxit, 
 quem amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium et Mi- 15 
 nucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nul- 
 lum rei publicae motum adferre poterat : reliquit quos 
 viros ! quanto aere alieno ! quam valentis ! quam no- 
 bilis ! in. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Galli- 
 canis legionibus, et hoc dilectu quem in agro Piceno 20 
 et Gallico Q^. Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a 
 nobis cotidie comparantur, magno opere contemno, 
 conlectum ex senibus desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex 
 rusticis decoctoribus, ex eis qui vadimonia deserere 
 quam ilium exercitum maluerunt : quibus ego non modo 25 
 si aciem exercitus nostri, verum etiam si edictum prae- 
 toris ostendero, concident. Hos, quos video volitare 
 in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in senatum 
 venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mal- 
 lem secum milites eduxisset : qui si hie permanent, 30 
 mementote non tam exercitum ilium esse nobis quam 
 hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos. At- 
 que hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quicquid cogi- 
 Itant me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 
 
 6. Video cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, 35 
 quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has 
 
IOO 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline . 
 
 [Catil. II. 
 
 urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposce- 
 rit : omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse 
 sentiunt : patefeci in senatu hesterno die : Catilina ipse 
 pertimuit, profugit : hi quid exspectant? Ne illi ve- 
 S hementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem 
 perpetuam sperant futuram. 
 
 iv. Quod exspectavi, jam sum adsecutus, ut' vos 
 omnes factam esse aperte conjurationem contra rem 
 publicam videretis : nisi vero si quis est qui Catilinae 
 io similis cum Catilina sentire non putet. Non est jam 
 lenitati locus : severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum 
 etiam nunc concedam : exeant, proficiscantur; ne pati- 
 antur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. De- 
 monstrabo iter : Aurelia via profectus est : si adcelerare 
 15 volent, ad vesperam consequentur. 7 . O fortunatain 
 rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentinam urbis ejecerit! 
 Uno (mehercule) Catilina exhausto, levata mihi et re- 
 creata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut sceleris 
 fingi aut cogitari potest quod non ille conceperit? Quis 
 20 tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis 
 sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subjector, 
 quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adul- 
 ter, quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor juventutis, 
 quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum 
 25 Catilina non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? quae cae- 
 des per hosce annos sine illo facta est? quod nefarium 
 stuprum non per ilium? 8. Jam vero quae tanta um- 
 quam in ullo homine juventutis inlecebra fuit, quanta in 
 illo? qui alios ipse amabat turpissime, aliorum amori 
 30 flagitiosissime serviebat: aliis fructum libidinum, aliis 
 mortem parentum non modo impellendo, verum etiam 
 adjuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non 
 solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem nume- 
 rum perditorum hominum conlegerat ! Nemo non 
 35 modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius 
 Italiae oppressus aere alieno fuit, quern non ad hoc 
 incredibile sceleris foedus asciverit. 
 
v. ii.] All Scoundrels throng to join him . 
 
 IOI 
 
 v. 9 . Atque ut ejus diversa studia in dissimili ratione 
 perspicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo 
 ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae esse 
 fateatur ; nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non 
 ejusdem prope sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idem 5 
 tamen, stuprorum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefac- 
 tus, frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis perferendis, fortis 
 ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia atque 
 instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque consumeret. 
 
 10. Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe 10 
 exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, O nos 
 beatos ! O rem publicam fortunatam ! O praeclaram 
 laudem consulatus mei ! Non enim jam sunt mediocres 
 hominum libidines, non humanae ac tolerandae auda- 
 ciae: nihil cogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi 15 
 rapinas. Patrimonia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas 
 obligaverunt : res eos jam pridem, fides nuper deficere 
 coepit : eadem tamen ilia, quae erat in abundantia, 
 libido permanet. Quod si in vino et alea comissationes 
 solum et scorta quaererent, essent illi quidem despe- 20 
 randi, sed tamen essent ferendi : hoc vero quis ferre 
 possit, inertis homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultis- 
 simos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientis vigi- 
 lantibus? qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, complexi 
 mulieres impudicas, vino languidi, conferti cibo, sertis 25 
 redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris, eructant ser- 
 monibus suis caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. 
 
 11. Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod, et 
 poenam jam diu improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini 
 debitam aut instare jam plane, aut certe appropinquare. 3° 
 Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, 
 sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa sae- 
 cula propagarit rei publicae. Nulla est enim natio 
 quam pertimescamus» nullus rex qui bellum populo Ro- 
 mano facere possit 53 "Omnia sunt externa unius virtute 35 
 terra marique pacata : ddmestieum bellum manet; in- 
 
102 Conspiracy of Catiline . [Catil. II. 
 
 tus insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum est, intus 
 est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum 
 scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem 
 profiteor, Quirites : suscipio inimicitias hominum per- 
 5 ditorum. Quae sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione 
 sanabo ; quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem 
 civitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant, aut quiescant, 
 aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea 
 quae merentur exspectent. 
 
 io vi. 12. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in 
 exsilium ejectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo 
 adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquun- 
 tur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permo- 
 destus vocem consulis ferre non potuit : simul atque 
 15 ire in exsilium jussus est, paruit. Quid? ut hesterno 
 die, Quirites, cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, 
 senatum in aedem Jovis Statoris convocavi, rem om- 
 nem ad patres conscriptos detuli : quo cum Catilina 
 venisset, quis eum senator appellavit? quis salutavit? 
 20 quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem, ac non po- 
 tius ut importunissimum hostem? Quin etiam principes 
 ejus ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille 
 accesserat, nudam atque inanem reliquerunt. 13. Hie 
 ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo civis in exsilium 
 25 eicio, quaesivi a Catilina in nocturno conventu ad 
 M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissi- 
 mus, conscientia convictus, primo reticuisset, patefeci 
 cetera : quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam con- 
 stituisset, quern ad modum esset ei ratio totius belli 
 3 ° descripta, edocui. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, 
 quaesivi quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo jam pridem 
 pararet, cum arma, cum securis, cum fascis, cum tubas, 
 cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui 
 ille etiam sacrarium [scelerum] domi suae fecerat, sci- 
 35 rem esse praemissam. 14 . In exsilium eiciebam, quern 
 jam ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, 
 
vii. 1 6 .] ff e will soon a^ear in Arms . 
 
 103 
 
 Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra 
 posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et 
 ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et 
 ille ejectus in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in 
 haec castra conferet. 5 
 
 vii. O condicionem miseram non modo adminis- 
 trandae, verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! 
 Nunc si L. Catilina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis 
 circumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, senten- 
 tiam mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faci- 10 
 endi abjecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad 
 fugam atque in exsilium converterit, — non ille a me 
 \spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perter- 
 ^ J: ^ us mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, 
 sed indemnatus, innocens, in exsilium ejectus a consule 15 
 ' vi etjninjs esse dicetur ; et erunt qui ilium, si hoc fece- 
 rit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissi- 
 mum consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari 
 velint ! 15. Est mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus invidiae 
 
 falsae atque iniquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a 20 
 vobis hujus horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depel- 
 latur. Dicatur sane ejectus esse a me, dum modo eat 
 in exsilium. Sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Num- 
 quam ego a dis immortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae 
 meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exerci- 25 
 turn hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis : sed tri- 
 duo tamen audietis ; multoque magis illud timeo, ne 
 mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim 
 potius quam quod ejecerim. Sed cum sint homines 
 qui ilium, cum profectus sit, ejectum esse dicant, eidem 30 
 si interfectus esset quid dicerent? 16. Quamquam isti, 
 qui Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, non tarn hoc 
 queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum tarn 
 misericors, qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massil- 
 iensis ire malit. Ille autem, si (me hercule) hoc quod 35 
 agit numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem 
 
Conspiracy of Catiline . [Catil. II. 
 
 / 
 
 
 se interlici mallet quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, 
 cum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogi- 
 tationemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma pro- 
 fectus est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam 
 
 viii. it. Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquimur, et 
 de hoste qui jam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, quia 
 (quod semper volui) murus interest, non timeo : de eis 
 qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum 
 ig^sunt, nihil dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo 
 fieri possit, non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi 
 ipsos, placare rei publicae, neque id qua re fieri non 
 possit, si me audire volent, intellego. Exponam enim 
 vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus hominum istae 
 15 copiae comparentur : deinde singulis medicinam con- 
 sili atque orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam. 
 
 18 . Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno 
 majores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore ad« 
 ducti dissolvi nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum 
 
 
 
 
ix. 2o.] Spendthrifts , Debtors , Sulla's Veterans . 105 
 
 ix. 19. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam 
 premuntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspec- 
 tant, rerum potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re pub- 
 lica desperant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. 
 Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, — unum scilicet et 5 
 idem quod reliquis omnibus, — ut desperent id quod 
 conantur se consequi posse : primum omnium me ipsum 
 vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae ; deinde mag- 
 nos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam 
 in maxima multitudine, magnas praeterea copias mil- 10 
 itum ; deos denique immortalis huic invicto populo, 
 clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi, contra tantam 
 vim sceleris praesentis auxilium esse laturos.^ Quod 
 si jam sint id, quod cum summo furore cupiunt, adepti, 
 num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine civium, quae 15 
 mente conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se con- 
 sules ac dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros? 
 Non vident id se cupere, quod si adepti sint, fugitivo 
 alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse? 
 
 20. Tertium genus est aetate jam adfectum, sed ta- 20 
 men exercitatione robustum ; quo ex genere iste est 
 Manlius, cui nunc Catilina succedit. Sunt homines ex 
 eis coloniis quas Sulla constituit : quas ego universas 
 civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sen- 
 tio ; sed tamen ei sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis ac re- 25 
 pentinis pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque jactarunt. 
 
 Hi dum aedificant tamquam beati, dum praediis lectis, 
 familiis magnis, conviviis apparatis delectantur, in tan- 
 tum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint, 
 Sulla sit [eis] ab inferis excitandus : qui etiam non 30 
 nullos agrestis, homines tenuis atque egentis, in ean- 
 dem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos 
 ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direpto- 
 rumque pono. Sed eos hoc moneo : desinant furere 
 ac proscriptiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim 35 
 illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, ut jam ista 
 
106 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. II. 
 
 non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi pas- 
 surae esse videantur. 
 
 x. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et 
 turbulentum, qui jam pridem premuntur, qui numquam 
 S emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo 
 negotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno 
 vacillant; qui vadimoniis, judiciis, proscriptione bo- 
 norum defatigati, permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in 
 ilia castra conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego non tam mili- 
 io tes acris quam infitiatores lentos esse arbitror. Qui 
 homines primum, si stare non possunt, conruant; sed 
 ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem proximi 
 sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, quam ob rem, si 
 vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter velint ; aut 
 15 cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si 
 soli pereant, arbitrentur. 
 
 22. Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, 
 denique omnium facinorosorum : quos ego a Catilina 
 non revoco ; nam neque ab eo divelli possunt, et pere- 
 20 ant sane in latrocinio, quoniam sunt ita multi ut eos 
 career capere non possit. Postremum autem genus 
 est non solum numero, verum etiam genere ipso atque 
 vita, quod proprium Catilinae est, — de ejus dilec- 
 tu, immo vero de complexu ejus ac sinu ; quos pexo 
 25 capillo, nitidos, aut imberbis aut bene barbatos videtis, 
 manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amictos non togis, 
 quorum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi labor in ante- 
 lucanis cenis expromitur. 23 . In his gregibus omnes 
 aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes impuri impudicique 
 30 versantur. Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum 
 amare et amari, neque saltare et cantare, sed etiam 
 sicas vibrare et spargere venena didicerunt ; qui nisi 
 exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina perierit, scitote 
 hoc in re publica semir arium Catilinarum futurum. 
 35 Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt? Num suas 
 secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi? Quern ad 
 
xl 25 .] Cut-throats , Debauchees : the Contrast . 107 
 
 modum autem illis carere poterunt, his praesertim jam 
 noctibus? Quo autem pacto illi Apenninum atque 
 illas pruinas ac nivis perferent? nisi idcirco se facil- 
 ius hiemem toleraturos putant, quod nudi in conviviis 
 saltare didicerunt. 5 
 
 xi. 24 . O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, 
 cum hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem 
 praetoriam ! Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn 
 praeclaras Catilinae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque 
 exercitus. Et primum gladiatori illi confecto et saucio 10 
 consules imperatoresque vestros opponite ; deinde con- 
 tra illam naufragorum ejectam ac debilitatam manum 
 florem totius Italiae ac robur educite. Jam vero urbes 
 coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt Catilinae 
 tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, or- 15 
 namenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia 
 atque egestate conferre debeo. 25 . Sed si, omissis his 
 rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille, — senatu, 
 equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta 
 Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris nationibus, — si, 20 
 his rebus omissis, causas ipsas quae inter se confli- 
 gunt contendere velimus, ex eo ipso quam valde illi 
 jaceant intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte 
 pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudicitia, illinc 
 stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, 25 
 illinc scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc furor; hinc hones- 
 tas, illinc turpitudo ; hinc continentia, illinc libido ; 
 denique aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, 
 [virtutes omnes,] certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ig- 
 navia, temeritate, [cum vitiis omnibus] ; postremo 30 
 copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens 
 sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium 
 rerum desperatione confligit. In ejus modi certamine 
 ac proelio, nonne, etiam si hominum studia deficiant, 
 di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtu- 35 
 tibus tot et tanta vitia superari? 
 
108 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catxl. II. 
 
 xn. 26 . Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quern ad 
 modum jam antea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque 
 defendite : mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo 
 tumultu satis esset praesidi, consultum atque pro visum 
 5 est. Coloni omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me 
 facti de hac nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbis 
 suas finisque defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille 
 ijianum certissimam fore putavit, — quamquam animo 
 meliore sunt quam pars patriciorum, — potestate ta- 
 io men nostra continebuntur. Q^. Metellus, quern ego 
 hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Picenumque prae- 
 misi, aut opprimet hominem, aut omnis ejus motus 
 conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus con- 
 stituendis, maturandis, agendis, jam ad senatum re- 
 15 feremus, quem vocari videtis. 
 
 27. Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo 
 qui contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a 
 Catilina relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, 
 quia sunt cives, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea 
 20 lenitas si cui adhuc solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, 
 ut id quod latebat erumperet. Quod reliquum est, 
 jam non possum oblivisci meam hanc esse patriam, 
 me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum 
 aut pro his esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, 
 25 nullus insidiator viae : si qui exire volunt, conivere 
 possum. V Qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cujus ego 
 non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve con- 
 tra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse con- 
 sules vigilantis, esse egregios magistratus, esse fortem 
 30 senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quem vindicem 
 nefariorum ac manifestorum scelerum majores nostri 
 esse voluerunt. 
 
 xiii. 28 . Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut 
 maximae res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tu- 
 35 multu, bellum intestinum ac domesticum post hominum 
 memoriam crudelissimum et maximum, me uno togato 
 
i. i.] How the Conspiracy was suppressed . 109 
 
 duce et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic adminis- 
 trate, Quirites, ut, si ullo modo fieri poterit, ne impro- 
 bus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam sui sceleris 
 sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si impen- 
 dens patriae periculum me necessario de hac animi 5 
 lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, quod in 
 tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, ut 
 neque bonus quisquam intereat, paucorumque poena 
 vos omnes salvi esse possitis. 29 . Quae quidem ego 
 neque mea prudentia neque humanis consiliis fretus 10 
 polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis et non dubiis deo- 
 rum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego ducibus 
 in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus ; qui jam 
 non procul, ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste 
 atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque 15 
 auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos 
 vos, Quirites, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, 
 quam urbem pulcherrimiH flbrentissimamque esse vol- 
 uerunt, hanc, omnibus hostium copiis terra marique 
 superatis, a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere 20 
 defendant. 
 
 
 
 3. How the Conspiracy was suppressed . 
 
 Before the People, Dec. 3. 
 
 Now that Catiline had been driven into open war, the conspir- 
 acy within the city was in the hands of utterly incompetent men- 
 Lentulus, who claimed the lead by virtue of his consular rank, was 
 vain, pompous, and inefficient. The next in rank, Cethegus, was 
 energetic enough, but rash and bloodthirsty. The consul easily 
 kept the run of events, and at last succeeded in getting them to 
 commit themselves in writing, when he had no difficulty in secur- 
 ing the documents, and arresting the conspirators. How this was 
 accomplished is told in the third oration. 
 
 i. 1 . Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium 
 vestrum, bona, fortunas, conjuges liberosque vestros, 
 
no 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 [Catil. III. 
 
 atque hoc domicilium clarissimi imperi, fortunatissi- 
 mam pulcherrimamque urbem, hodierno die deorum 
 immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, con- 
 siliis, periculis meis, e flamma atque ferro ac paene 
 S ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conservatam ac 
 restitutam videtis. 2. Et si non minus nobis jucundi 
 atque inlustres sunt ei dies quibus conservamur, 
 quam illi quibus nascimur, — quod salutis certa lae- 
 titia est, nascendi incerta condicio ; et quod sine sensu 
 10 nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, — profecto, quo- 
 niam ilium qui hanc urbem condidit ad deos immor- 
 talis benevolentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos 
 posterosque vestros in honore debebit is qui eandem 
 hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. Nam 
 15 toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac moenibus subjectos 
 prope jam ignis circumdatosque restinximus ; idemque 
 gladios in rem publicam destrictos rettudimus, mucro- 
 nesque eorum a jugulis vestris dejecimus. 3 . Quae 
 quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt 
 20 per me, vobis jam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et 
 quanta et qua ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, 
 vos qui ignoratis et exspectatis scire possitis. 
 
 Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex 
 urbe, cum sceleris sui socios, hujusce nefarii belli acer- 
 25 rimos duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et 
 providi, Quirites, quern ad modum in tantis et tarn 
 
 \ absconditis insidiis salvi esse possemus. 11. Nam 
 turn, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam, — non enim 
 jam vereor hujus verbi invidiam, cum ilia magis sit 
 30 timenda, quod vivus exierit, — sed turn, cum ilium 
 exterminari volebam, aut reliquam conjuratorum ma- 
 num simul exituram, aut eos qui restitissent infirmos 
 sine illo ac debilis fore putabam. 4 . Atque ego, ut 
 vidi quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos 
 35 sciebam eos nobiscum esse, et Romae remansisse, in 
 eo omnis dies noctisque consumpsi, ut quid agerent, 
 
in. 6.] 
 
 At the Mulvian Bridge . 
 
 hi 
 
 quid molirentur, sentirem ac viderem ; ut, quoniam 
 auribus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudinem 
 sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita 
 comprehenderem, ut turn demum animis saluti vestrae 
 provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. s 
 Itaque, ut comperi legatos Allobrogum, belli Transal- 
 pini et tumultus Gallici excitandi causa, a P. Lentulo 
 esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis, eo- 
 demque itinere cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam 
 esse missos, comitemque eis adjunctum esse T. Vol- IO 
 turcium, atque huic ad Catilinam esse datas litteras, 
 facultatem mihi oblatam putavi, ut — quod erat difficilli- 
 mum, quodque ego semper optabam ab dis immortali- 
 bus tota res non solum a me, sed etiam a senatu et a 
 vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. 5. Itaque hesterno i S 
 die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum praetores, fortissi- 
 mos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me 
 vocavi; rem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi.^ Illi 
 autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egre- 
 gia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora nego- 2 o 
 tium susceperunt, et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad 
 pontem Mulvium pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis 
 yillis ita bipartite fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons 
 interesset. , Eodem autem et ipsi sine cujusquam 
 suspitione multos fortis viros eduxerant, et ego ex 25 
 praefectura Reatina compluris delectos adulescentis, 
 quorum opera utor adsidue in re publica praesidio, 
 cum gladiis miseram. 6. Interim, tertia fere vigilia 
 exacta, cum jam pontem Mulvium magno comitatu 
 legati Allobrogum ingredi inciperent, unaque Voltur- 3 o 
 cius, fit in eos impetus ; educuntur et ab illis gladii et 
 a nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota solis, ignorabatur 
 a , 'eteris. 
 
 hi. Turn, interventu Pomptini atque Flacci, pugna 
 [quae erat commissa] sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque 35 
 erant in eo . comitatu, integris signis praetoribus tra- 
 
1X2 Conspiracy of Catiline . [Catil. Ill, 
 
 duntur; ipsi comprehensi ad me, cum jam dilucesce- 
 ret, deducuntur. Atque horum omnium sceleium 
 improbissimum machinatorem Cimbrum Gabinium sta- 
 tim ad me, nihil dum suspicantem, vocavi ; deinde item 
 s arcessitus est L. Statilius, et post eum C. Cethegus; 
 tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo quod in litteiis 
 dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte vigila- 
 rat. 7. Cum summis ac clarissimis hujus civitatis 
 viris (qui audita reVrequentes ad me mane convene- 
 io rant) litteras a m& prius aperiri quam ad senatum de- 
 ferrem placeret, — ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere 
 a me tantus tumultus injectus civitati videretur, ne- 
 gavi me esse facturum, ut de periculo publico non ad 
 consilium publicum rem integram deferrem. Etenim, 
 , s Quirites, si ea quae erant ad me delata reperta non 
 essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar, in tantis rei publicae 
 periculis, esse mihi nimiam diligentiam pgrtjmescen- 
 dam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegi. ' 
 
 8. Atque interea stafim, a dmonitu Allobrogum, C. Sul- 
 20 picium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus 
 
 Cethegi si quid telofum esset efFerret : ex quibus die 
 maximum sicarum nU nerum et gladiorum extulit. 
 
 IV. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis : fidem publi- 
 cam jussu senatus dedi : hortatus sum, ut ea quae sci- 
 25 ret sine timore indicaret. Turn die dixit, cum vix se 
 ex magno timore recreasset, ab Lentulo se habere 
 ad Catilinam mandata et litteras, ut servorum prae- 
 sidio uteretur, ut ad urbem quam primum cum exercitu 
 accederet : id autem eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex 
 30 omnibus partibus quern ad modum description dis- 
 tributumque erat incendissent, caedemque infinitam 
 Vivium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et fugientis 
 exciperet, et se cum his urbanis ducibus conjungeiet. 
 
 9. Introducti autem Galli jus jurandum sibi etlitteias 
 35 ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data 
 
 esse dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse 
 
v. II-] Testimony of the Gauls: the Letters. 
 
 1 13 
 
 praescriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum 
 mitterent ; pedestris sibi copias non defuturas. Len- 
 tulum autem sibi confirmasse, ex fatis Sibyllinis harus- 
 picumque responsis, se esse tertium ilium Cornelium, 
 ad quem legnum hujus urbis atque imperium perve- 5 
 niie esset necesse 5 Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse ; 
 eundemque dixisse fatalem hunc annum esse ad inter- 
 itum hujus urbis atque imperi, qui esset annus deci- 
 mus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitoli autem 
 incensionem vicesimus. 10. Hanc autem Cethego cum 10 
 ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et 
 aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem incendi 
 placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 
 
 . v - Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri jus- 
 simus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primum 15 
 ostendimus Cethego signum : cognovit. Nos linum 
 incidimus : legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allo- 
 brogum senatui et populo, sese quae eorum legatis con- 
 fhmasset factuium esse ; orare ut item illi facerent quae 
 sibi eorum legati recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui 20 
 paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud 
 ipsum et ant deprehensa, respondisset, dixissetque se 
 semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse, 
 recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abjectus conscientia 
 repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius : cognovit 25 
 et signum et manum suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in 
 eandem fere sententiam : confessus est. Turn ostendi 
 tabellas Lentulo, et quaesivi cognosceretne signum. 
 Adnuit. ‘ Est vero,’ inquam, ‘ notum quidem signum, 
 imago avi tui, clarissimi viri, qui amavit unice patriam 30 
 et civis suos; quae quidem te a tanto scelere etiam 
 muta revocare debuit.’ 11. Leguntur eadem ratione ad 
 senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid 
 de his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque file 
 pnmo quidem negavit ; post autem aliquanto, toto jam 35 
 mdicio exposito atque edito, surrexit ; quaesivit a Gal- 
 
 8 
 
. , • .- • •• 
 
 £ Iz j > Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. III. 
 
 lis quid sibi esset cum eis, quam ob rem domum suam 
 venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi brevi- 
 ter constanterque respondissent, per quem ad eum 
 quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab eo nihilne 
 5 secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, turn ille subito, 
 scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset ostendit. 
 Nam cum id posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem 
 omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium 
 illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam 
 propter vim sceleris manifesti atque deprehensi impu- 
 dentia, qua superabat omnis, improbitasque defecit. 
 
 12. Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque ape- 
 riri jubet, quas sibi a Lejitulo ad Catilinam datas esse 
 dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Len- 
 i 5 tulus tamen et signum et manum suam cqgpovjt. 
 Erant autem [scriptae] sine nomine, sed ita : £>uis sun 
 scies ex eo quem ad te niisi. Cura ut vir sis , ct co- 
 gita quem in locum sis jrogressus ; vide ecquid tibt 
 jam sit necesse , et cura lit omnium tibi auxiha adjun- 
 20 gas, etiam infimorum. Gabinius deinde introductus, 
 cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad extre- 
 mum nihil ex eis quae Galli insimulabant negavit. 
 
 13 . Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa 
 sunt argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, sig- 
 2 r na, manus, denique unius cujusque confessio ; turn 
 multo certiora ilia, — color, oculi, voltus, taciturmtas. 
 Sic enim obstupuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic fur- 
 tim non numquam inter sese aspiciebant, ut non jam 
 ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur. 
 
 30 vi Indiciis expositis atque editis, senatum consului 
 de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt 
 a principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas 
 senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quomam 
 nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memo- 
 35 ria vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuent exponam. 
 
 14. Primum mihi gratiae verbis ampfissimis aguntur, 
 
VI. ISO 
 
 Action of the Senate . 
 
 115 
 
 quod virtute, consilio, providentia mea res publica 
 maximis periculis sit liberata : deinde L. Flaccus et C. 
 Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum opera forti fidelique 
 usus essem, merito ac jure laudantur; atque etiam* 
 viro forti, conlegae meo, laus impertitur, quod eos qui 5 
 hujus conjurationis participes fuissent a suis et a rei 
 publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censuerunt, 
 ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset, in cus- 
 todiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Sta- 
 tilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in 10 
 custodiam traderentur ; atque idem hoc decretum est 
 in L. Cassium, qui sibi procurationem incendendae 
 urbis depoposcerat, in M. Ceparium, cui ad soJlicL 
 tandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse erat indica- 
 tum, in P. Furium, qui est ex eis colonis quos Faesulas 15 
 L. Sulla deduxit, in Annium Chilonem, qui una 
 cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum sollb 
 citatione versatus, in P. Umbrenuin, libertinum homi- 
 nem, a quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos 
 esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate senatus est usus, 20 
 Quirites, ut ex tanta conjuratione, tantaque hac mul- 
 titudine domesticorum hostium, novem hominum per- 
 ditissimorum poena re publica conservata, reliquorum 
 mentis sanari posse arbitraretur. 15. Atque etiam 
 supplicatio dis immortalibus pro singulari eorum me- 25 
 rito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum post 
 hanc urbem conditam togato contigit. Et his verbis 
 decreta est : quod urbem incendiis , caede civis , Italiam 
 hello liberassem . Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris con- 
 teratur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, haecuna 30 
 conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, quod 
 faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. 
 Nam P. Lentulus — quamquam patefactis indiciis, 
 confessionibus suis, judicio senatus non modo prae- 
 toris jus, verum etiam civis amiserat — tamen magis- 35 
 tratu se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, Claris- 
 
ii 6 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. III. 
 
 simo viro, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo 
 nihil nomination erat decretum, praetorem occideret, 
 ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo libe- 
 raremur. 
 
 5 vii. 16. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi 
 periculosissimique belli nefarios duces captos jam et 
 comprehensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnis Catili- 
 nae copias, omnis spes atque opes, his depulsis urbis 
 periculis concidisse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe 
 io pellebam, hoc providebam animo, Quirites, — remoto 
 Catilina, non mihi esse P. Lentuli somnum, nec L. 
 Cassi adipes, nec C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem 
 pertimescendam. Ille erat unus timgadus ex istis 
 omnibus, sed tarn diu, dum urbis moenibus contine- 
 15 batur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat : appel- 
 lare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat: erat ei 
 consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque 
 manus neque lingua deerat. Jam ad certas res con- 
 ficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos ha- 
 20 bebat. Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum 
 putabat : nihil erat quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, 
 vigilaret, laboraret. Frigus, sitim, famem, ferre po- 
 terat. 17. Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam auda- 
 cem, tam paratum, tam callidum, tam in scelere 
 2 5 vigilantem, tam in p erditis rebus diligentem, nisi ex 
 domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium compulis- 
 sem, — dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, — non facile 
 hanc tantam molem mali a cervicibus vestris depulis- 
 sem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset, neque 
 3° tanto ante exsili ac fati diem rei publicae denuntiavis- 
 set; neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae suae 
 testes manifesti sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae 
 nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in privata 
 domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum, quam 
 35 haec tanta in re publica conjuratio manifesto inven- 
 ta atque deprehensa est. Quod si Catilina in urbe 
 
viii. 2o.] The Deliverance : Signs and Omens . 117 
 
 ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, 
 omnibus ejus consiliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut 
 levissime dicam, di micand um nobis cum illo fuisset ; 
 neque nos umquam, cum ille in urbe hostis esset, 
 tantis periculis rem publicam tanta pace, tanto otio, 5 
 tanto silentio liberassemus. 
 
 viii. 18 . Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt 
 a me administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque 
 consilio et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque 
 cum conjectura consequi possumus, quod vix vide- 10 
 tur humani consili tantarum rerum gubernatio esse 
 potuisse ; turn vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem 
 et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos paene oculis videre 
 possemus. Nam ut ilia omittam, — visas nocturno 
 tempore ab occidente faces, ardoremque caeli, ut ful-15 
 minum jactus, ut terrae motus relinquam, ut omittam 
 cetera, quae tarn multa nobis consulibus facta sunt, 
 ut haec, quae nunc hunt, canere di immortales vide- 
 rentur, — hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, neque prae- 
 termittendum neque relinquendum est. 20 
 
 19. Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato 
 consulibus, compluris in Capitolio res de caelo esse 
 percussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt, 
 et statuae veterum hominum dejectae, et legum aera 
 liquefacta : tactus est etiam ille qui hanc urbem con- 25 
 didit Romulus, quern inauratum in Capitolio, parvum 
 atque lactentem, uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse 
 meministis. Quo quidem tempore cum haruspices 
 ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes atque incendia et 
 legum interitum et bellum civile ac domesticum, et 30 
 totius urbis atque imperi occasum appropinquare 
 dixerunt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione placati, suo 
 numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 20 Itaque illorum 
 responsis turn et ludi per decern dies facti sunt, neque 
 res ulla quae ad placandos deos pertineret praeter- 35 
 missa est ; idemque jusserunt simulacrum Jovis facere 
 
1x8 Conspiracy of Catiline. [Catil. III. 
 
 majus, et in excelso conlocare, et (contra atque antea 
 fuerat) ad orientem convertere ; ac se sperare dix- 
 erunt, si illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et 
 forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae 
 5 clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque imperi, 
 inlustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano perspici 
 possent. Atque [illud signum] conlocandum consules 
 illi locaverunt ; sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque 
 superioribus consulibus, neque nobis ante hodiernum 
 io diem, conlocaretur. 
 
 ix. 21. Hie quis potest esse tam aversus a vero, tam 
 praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia 
 quae videmus, praecipueque hanc urbem, deorum im- 
 mortalium nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim 
 is cum esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum 
 rei publicae comparari, et ea per civis, — quae turn 
 propter magnitudinem scelerum non nullis incredibilia 
 videbantur, — ea non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus, 
 verum etiam suscepta esse sensistis. Illud vero nonne 
 20 ita praesens est, ut nutu Jovis Optimi Maximi factum 
 esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per forum 
 meo jussu et conjurati et eorum indices in aedem 
 Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum sta- 
 tueretur? quo conlocato atque ad vos senatumque con- 
 25 verso, omnia [et senatus et vos] quae erant cogitata 
 contra salutem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. 
 22. Quo etiam majore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, 
 qui non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam 
 deorum templis atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefa- 
 3° rios ignis inferre conati. Quibus ego si me restitisse 
 dicam, nimium mihi sumam, et non sim ferendus. 
 Ille, ille Juppiter restitit : ille Capitolium, ille haec 
 templa, ille cunctam urbem, ille vos omnis salvos esse 
 voluit. Dis ego immortalibus ducibus hanc mentem, 
 35 Quirites, voluntatemque suscepi, atque ad haec tanta 
 indicia perveni. Jam vero [ilia Allobrogum sollici- 
 
x - 25 -} Thanksgiving to the Gods. 1 19 
 
 tatioj ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tam 
 dementer tantae res creditae et ignotis et barbaris 
 [commissae'TTtterae] numquam essent profecto, nisi ab 
 dis immortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium esset 
 ereptum. Quid vero? ut homines Galli, ex civitate 5 
 male pacata, quae gens una restat quae bellum populo 
 Romano facere posse et non nolle videatur, spem 
 imperi ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi a patriciis 
 hominibus oblatam neglegerent, vestramque salutem 
 suis opibus anteponerent, id non divinitus esse factum 10 
 putatis? praesertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo 
 superare potuerint? 
 
 x. 23 . Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia 
 pulvinaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies 
 cum conjugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe i S 
 honores dis immortalibus justi habiti sunt ac debiti, 
 sed profecto justiores numquam. Erepti enim estis 
 ex crudelissimo ac miserrimo i nteritu ; erepti sine 
 caede,. sine sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione. 
 Togati me uno togato duce et imperatore vicistis. 20 
 24 . Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnis civilis dissen- 
 siones : non solum eas quas audistis, sed eas quas 
 vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. 
 Sulpicium oppressit; [ejecit ex urbe] C. Marium, 
 custodem hujus urbis, multosque fortis viros partim 25 
 ejecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. Octavius 
 consul armis expulit ex urbe conlegam : omnis hie 
 locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. 
 Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario : turn vero, claris- 
 simis viris interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. 30 
 Ultus est hujus victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla : 
 ne dici quidem opus est quanta diminutione civium, 
 et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M. Lepi- 
 dus a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro Q^ Catulo : attulit 
 non tam ipsius interitus rei publicae luctum quam 35 
 ceterorum. 25. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones 
 
120 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline . 
 
 [Catil. III. 
 
 erant ejus modi, quae non ad delendam, sed ad com- 
 mutandam rem publicam pertinerent. Non illi nullam 
 esse rem publicam, sed in ea quae esset, se esse prin- 
 cipes ; neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac 
 5 urbe florere voluerunt. [Atque illae tamen omnes 
 dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei publicae quae- 
 sivit, ejus modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concor- 
 diae, sed internecione civium dijudicatae sint.] In hoc 
 autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo crudelis- 
 io simoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria 
 cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit 
 a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut 
 omnes, qui salva urbe salvi esse possent, in hostium 
 numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quirites, ut salvi 
 15 omnes conservaremini ; et cum hostes vestri tantum 
 civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infinitae 
 caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma 
 obire non potuisset, et urbem et civis integros incolu- 
 misque servavi. 
 
 N 20 xi. 26 . Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum 
 V^g^ego a vobis praemium virtutis , nullum insigne honoris, 
 nullum monumentum laudis postulo, praeterquam 
 hujus diei memoriam sempiternam. In animis eggu. 
 vestris omnis triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta ho- 
 25 noris, monumenta gloriae, laudis insignia condi et 
 conlocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, 
 nihil taciturn, nihil denique ejus modi, quod etiam 
 minus digni adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Qui- 
 rites, res nostrae alentur , sermonibus crescent, lit- 
 30 terarum monumentis inveterascent et conroborabun- 
 tur ; eandemque diem intellego, quam spero aeternam 
 fore, propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad me- 
 moriam consulatus mei ; unoque tempore in hac re 
 publica duos civis exstitisse, quorum alter finis vestri 
 35 imperi non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, 
 alter ejusdem imperi domicilium sedisque servaret. / 
 
xn - 2 9-j Appeal to the Citizens. 121 
 
 xii. 27. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessi 
 non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum 
 qui externa bella gesserunt, — quod mihi cum eis 
 vivendum est quos vici ac subegi, isti hostis aut in- 
 terfectos aut oppressos reliquerunt, — vestrum est, 5 
 Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt, mihi 
 mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim 
 hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne 
 vobis nocere possent ego providi ; ne mihi noceant 
 vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi 10 
 quidem ipsi nihil ab istis jam noceri potest. Mag- 
 num enim est in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in 
 perpetuum c omparatu m est ; magna in re publica 
 dignitas, quae me semper tacita defendet ; magna vis 
 conscientiae, quam qui neglegunt, cum me violare 15 
 Solent, se [ipsi] indicabunt. 28. Est etiam nobis is 
 animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae ce- 
 damus, sed etiam omnis improbos ultro semper laces- 
 samus. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum hostium, 
 depulsus a vobis, se in me unum convertit, vobis 20 
 erit videndum , Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos 
 esse velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint in- 
 vidiae periculisque omnibus : mihi quidem ipsi, quid 
 est quod jam ad vitae fructum possit adquiri, cum 
 praesertim neque in honore vestro, neque in gloria vir- 25 
 tutis, quicquam videam altius, quo mihi libeat ascen- 
 dere? 29. Illud profecto perficiam, Quirites, ut ea quae 
 gessi in consul atu privatus tuear atque ornem : ut si 
 qua est invidia conservanda re publica suscepta, lae- 
 dat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me 3 ° 
 in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae 
 gesserim, curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse 
 vMeantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam jam nox est, vene- 
 rati Jovem, ilium custodem hujus urbis ac vestrum, 
 in vestra tecta discedite ; et ea, quamquam jam est 35 
 periculum depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte 
 
122 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline . 
 
 [Catil. IV. 
 
 custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis diutius 
 faciendum sit, atque ut in perpetua pace esse pos- 
 sitis, providebo. 
 
 4. Sentence of the Conspirators . 
 
 In the Senate, Dec. 5. 
 
 Two days later the Senate was convened, to determine what was 
 to be done with the prisoners. It was a fundamental principle ot 
 the Roman Constitution that no citizen should be put to death 
 without the right of appeal to the people. Against the view of 
 Caesar, which favored perpetual confinement, Cicero urged the 
 very lame argument that, by the fact of taking up arms against the 
 Republic, they had forfeited their citizenship, and the law therefore 
 did not protect them. This view prevailed, and the conspirators 
 — Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and Caeparius — were 
 strangled by the public executioners. 
 
 This was one of those acts of excessive vigor and severity which 
 a man who feels himself deficient in decision of character — as 
 Cicero was, at bottom — will sometimes force himself to commit. 
 Had he had the strength to maintain himself as a leader in public 
 affairs, it need not have hurt him in the end. As it was, he was 
 soon pushed aside by men of genuine executive power, Pompey 
 and Caesar, and was made to suffer severely for his illegal act. 
 
 i. 1. Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium ves- 
 5 trum ora atque oculos esse conversos. Video vos non 
 solum de vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id 
 depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est 
 mihi jucunda in malis et grata in dolore vestra erga 
 me voluntas : sed earn, per deos immortalis, deponite ; 
 10 atque obliti salutis meae, de vobis ac de vestris liberis 
 cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, 
 ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores cruciatusque per- 
 ferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, 
 dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque Romano 
 15 dignitas salusque pariatur. 2. Ego sum ille consul, 
 
lETSJ Cicero's Position and Responsibility . 123 
 
 patres conscripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas 
 continetur, non campus consularibus auspiciis conse- 
 cratus, non curia, summum auxilium omnium gen- 
 tium, non domus, commune perfugium, non lectus ad 
 quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris [sella 5 
 curulis] umquam vacua mortis periculo atque in- 
 sidiis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa 
 concessi, multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore 
 sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mei di im- 
 mortales esse voluerunt, ut vos populumque Roma- 10 
 num ex caede miserrima, conjuges liberosque vestros 
 virginesque Vestalis ex acerbissima vexatione, templa 
 atque delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam omnium 
 nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello 
 et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur 15 
 fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. Lentulus suum nomen, 
 inductus a vatibus, fatale ad perniciem rei publicae 
 fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad 
 salutem populi Romani prope fatalem exstitisse? 
 
 11. 3 . Qua re, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, 2o 
 prospicite patriae, conservate vos, conjuges, liberos for- 
 tunasque vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque 
 defendite : mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. 
 Nam primum debeo sperare omnis deos, qui huic 
 urbi praesident, pro eo mihi ac mereor relaturos esse 25 
 gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo para- 
 toque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors forti viro 
 potest accidere, neque immatura consulari, nec misera 
 sapienti. Nec tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris 
 carissimi atque amantissimi praesentis maerore non 3° 
 movear, horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me cir- 
 cumsessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum 
 saepe revocat exanimata uxor, et abjecta metu filia, et 
 parvolus filius, quern mihi videtur amplecti res publica 
 tamquam obsidem consulatus mei, neque ille, qui ex- 35 
 spectans hujus exitum diei adstat in conspectu meo 
 
124 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline . 
 
 [Catil. IV. 
 
 gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in earn partem, 
 uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua 
 oppresserit, potius quam et illi et nos una rei publicae 
 peste pereamus. 
 
 5 4 . Qua re, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem 
 
 rei publicae, circumspicite omnis procellas, quae im- 
 pendent nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum 
 tribunus plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod 
 agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, 
 io quod C. Memmium occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque 
 in vestrae severitatis judicium adducitur : tenentur ei 
 , qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium caedem, 
 ad Catilinam accipiendum, Romae restiterunt; tenen- 
 tur litterae, signa, manus, denique unius cujusque 
 15 confessio ; sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, 
 Catilina arcessitur; id est initum consilium, ut inter- 
 feeds omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi 
 Romani nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperi 
 calamitatem relinquatur. 
 
 20 hi . 5 . Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi 
 sunt, vos multis jam judiciis judicavistis : primum 
 quod mihi gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea 
 virtute atque diligentia perditorum hominum conjura- 
 tionem patefactam esse decrevistis ; deinde quod P. 
 25 Lentulum se abdicare praetura coegistis ; turn quod 
 eum et ceteros, de quibus judicastis, in custodiam 
 dandos censuistis ; maximeque quod meo nomine 
 supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus 
 ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die praemia 
 30 legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis amplis- 
 sima. Quae sunt omnia ejus modi, ut ei qui in custo- 
 diam nominatim dati sunt sine ulla dubitatione a vobis 
 damnati esse videantur. 
 
 6. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, 
 35 tamquam integrum, et de facto quid judicetis, et de 
 poena quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt con- 
 
IV. 8.] 
 
 What shall be the Sentence ? 
 
 I2 5 
 
 sulis. Ego magnum in re publica versari furorem, et 
 nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala jam pridem 
 videbam ; sed hanc tantam, tam exitiosam haberi con- 
 jurationem a civibus numquam putavi. Nunc quic- 
 quid est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclinant atque 
 sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem est. Quan- 
 tum facinus ad vos delatum sitvidetis. Huic si paucos 
 putatis adfinis esse, vehementer erratis. Latius opin- 
 ione disseminatum est hoc malum : manavit non solum 
 per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpis, et obscure 
 serpens multas jam provincias occupavit. Id opprimi 
 sustentando ac prolatando nullo pacto potest. Qua- 
 cumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum esU 
 iv. 7 . Video adhuc duas esse sententias : unam D. 
 Silani, qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, 
 morte esse multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis 
 
 s 
 
 15 
 
 poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acer- 
 bitates amplectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et 
 pro rerum magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. 
 Alter eos qui nos omnis, [qui populum Romanum,] 20 
 vita privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui 
 populi Romani nomen exstinguere, punctum temporis 
 frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat oportere ; 
 atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos civis in 
 hac re publica esse usurpatum recordatur. Alter in- 25 
 tellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus non esse supplici 
 causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae, aut 
 laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque earn sapientes 
 numquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter oppetive- 
 runt. Vincula vero et ea sempiterna certe ad singu- 30 
 larem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Municipiis 
 dispertiri jubet. Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem si 
 imperare velis, difficultatem si rogare. Decernatur 
 tamen, si placet, g. Ego enim suscipiam, et (ut spero) 
 reperiam qui id quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, 35 
 non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adjungit 
 
126 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline . 
 
 [Catil. IV 
 
 gravem poenam municipibus, si quis eorum vincula 
 ruperit : horribilis custodias circumdat, et dignas sce- 
 lere, hominum perditorum ; sancit ne quis eorum 
 poenam quos condemnat, aut per senatum aut per 
 5 populum, levare possit; eripit etiam spem, quae sola 
 hominem in miseriis consolari solet ; bona praeterea 
 publicari jubet; vitam solam relinquit nefariis ho- 
 minibus, quam si eripuisset, multos uno dolores animi 
 atque corporis et omnis scelerum poenas ademisset. 
 io Itaque, ut aliqua in vita formido improbis esset posita, 
 apud inferos ejus modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia 
 impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intelle- 
 gebant, eis remotis, non esse mortem ipsam pertimes- 
 cendam. 
 
 15 v. 9 . Nunc, patres conscripti, ego mea video quid 
 • intersit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quo- 
 niam hanc is in re publica viam quae popularis habe- 
 tur secutus est, fortasse minus erunt — hoc auctore et 
 cognitore hujusce sententiae — mihi populares impetus 
 20 pertimescendi : sin illam alteram, nescio an ampliusmihi 
 negoti contrahatur. Sed tamen meorum periculorum 
 rationes utilitas rei publicae vincat. Habemus enim a 
 Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et majorum/ ejus ampli- 
 tudo postulabat, sententiam tamquam obsrdem perpe- 
 25 tuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellectual est quid 
 interesset inter levitatem contionatorum^f animum vere 
 popularem, saluti populi consulentem. ^10. Video de 
 istis, qui se popularis haberi volunt, abesse non. nemi- 
 nem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum sen- 
 30 tentiam ferat. At is et nudius tertius in custodiam 
 civis Romanos dedit, et supplicationem mihi decrevit, 
 et indices hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. Jam 
 hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori 
 gratulationem, indici praemium decrevit, quid de tota re 
 35 et causa judicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem 
 Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis constitutam ; qui 
 
vi. i2.] They have forfeited Citizenship. 
 
 127 
 
 l 
 
 autem rei publicae sit hostis, eum civetn nullo modo 
 esse posse ; denique ipsum latorem Semproniae legis 
 jussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem 
 ipsum Lentulum, largitorem et prodigum, non putat, 
 cum de pernicie populi Romani, exitio hujus urbis 5 
 tarn acerbe, tarn crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari 
 posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenis- 
 simus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris vincu- 
 lisque man dare , et sancit in posterum, ne quis hujus 
 s upplicioy levando se jactare, et in perniciem populi 10 
 Romani posthac popularis esse possit : adjungit etiam 
 publicationem bonorum, ut omnis animi cruciatus et 
 corporis etiam egestas ac mendicitas consequatur. 
 
 vi. 11. Quam ob sive hoc statueritis, dederitis 
 
 mihi comitem ad contionem populo carum atque ju- 15 
 cundum ; sive Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile 
 me [atque vos] crudelitatis vituperatione exsolveritis, 
 atque obtinebo earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quam- 
 quam, patres conscripti, quae potest esse in tanti sce- 
 leris immanitate p uniend a crudelitas? Ego enim de 20 
 meo sensu judiqo. Nam ita mihi salva re publica vo- 
 biscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehe- 
 mentior sum, non atrocitate animi moveor — quis est 
 enim me mitior? — sed singulari quadam humanitate 
 et misericordia. Videor enim mihi videre hanc urbem, 25 
 lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, 
 subito uno incendio concidentem. Cerno animo se- 
 _p.ulta in patria miseros atque insepultos acervos civium. 
 Versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi, et furor 
 in vestra caede bacchantis. 12. Cum vero mihi pro- 30 
 posui regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse ex fatis se spe- 
 rasse confessus est, purpuratum esse huic Gabinium, 
 cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, turn lamentationem 
 matrum familias, turn fugam virginum atque puero- 
 rum ac vexationem virginum Vestalium perhorresco ; 35 
 et quia mihi vehementer haec videntur misera atque 
 
128 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline . 
 
 [Catil. IV, 
 
 V v 
 
 miseranda, idcirco in eos qui ea petfficere voluerunt me ^ 
 severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenin^ quaero, si 
 quis pater familias, liberis suis a servo inte^fectis, uxore 
 occisa, incensa dorn^q, sppplicium de servo non quam 
 5 acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac miseri- 
 cors, an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse videa- 
 tur ? Mihi vero irftportunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore 
 et cruciatu nocSntis suum dolorem cruciatuinque le- 
 nierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, — qui nos, qui con- 
 i° juges, qui liberos nostros trucl^are voluerunt ; qui 
 singulas unius cujusque nostrum domos et hoc univer- 
 sum rei publicae domicilium delere conatisunt; qui 
 id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis hujus 
 urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperi conlocarent, — 
 
 15 si vehenjentissimi fuerimus, misericordes habebimur : 
 sin remigsfores esse voluerimus, summae nobis crudeli- 
 tatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda est. 
 
 13. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et aman- 
 tissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius visus est, 
 
 20 cum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesen- 
 tem et audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum 
 suum jussu consulis interfectum, filiumque ejus impu- 
 berem, legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum 
 esse dixit. Quorum quod simile factum ? quod initum 
 25 delendae rei publicae consilii^n? Largitionis voluntas 
 turn in re publica versata est, et partium quaedam 
 contentio. Atque eo tempore hujus avus Lentuli, vir 
 clarissimus, armatus Gracchum est persecutus. Ille 
 etiam grave turn volnus accepit, ne quid de summa re 
 3° publica deminueretur : hie ad evertenda rei publicae 
 fundamenta Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, Catili- 
 nam vocat, attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego, et 
 ceteros civis djn^rfide^idos Gabinio, urbem inflam- 
 mandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam diripien- 
 35 damque Catilinae. Vere&mini, censeo, ne in hoc 
 scelere tarn immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe 
 
vn. 1 5-] No Penalty can be too Severe . 
 
 129 
 
 statuisse videamini N^multo magi s est ve rendum ne 
 remissione poenae crudeles in patriam, quam ne se- 
 veritate animadversionis nimis vehementes in acer- 
 bissimos hostis, fuisse videamur. 
 
 vn. 14 . Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dis- 5 
 slmulare non possum. Jaciuntur enim voces, quae 
 perveniunt ad auris meas, eorum qui vereri videntur 
 ut habeam satis praesidi ad ea quae vos statueritis 
 hodierno die transigunda. Omnia et provisa et parata 
 et constituta sunt, patres conscripti, cum mea summa 10 
 cura atque diligentia, turn multo etiam majore populi 
 Romani ad summum imperium retinendun} et ad 
 communis fortunas conservandas voluntate. Omnes£^ 
 adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium denique 
 astatum : plenum est forum, plena templa circum fo- is 
 rum, pleni omnes aditus hujus tempi! ac loci. Causa 
 est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in 
 qua omnes sentirent unum atque idem, praeter eos 
 qui, cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus 
 potius quam soli perire voluerunt. 15. Hosce ego 20 
 homines excipio et secerno libenter, neque in impro- 
 borum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero^'O 
 habendos puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales ! qua fre- 
 quentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem 
 dignitatemque consehtiunt ! Quid ego hie equites Ro- 25 
 manos cofhmemorem? qui vobis ita summam ordinis 
 consilique concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore rei publi- 
 cae certent ; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione 
 hujus ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revocatos 
 hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec causa conjungit : 30 
 quam si conjunctionem, in consulatu confirmatam meo, 
 perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis 
 nullum posthac malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam 
 rei publicae partem esse venturum. Pari studio defen- 
 dundae rei publicae convenisse video tribunos aerarios, 35 
 fortissimos viros ; scribas item universos, quos cum 
 
 9 
 
130 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 [Catil. IV. 
 
 casu hie dies ad aerariura frequentasset, video ab ex- 
 spectatione sortis ad salutem communem esse conver- 
 ses . 16 . Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiara 
 
 tenuissimorum. Quis est enim cui non haec templa, 
 
 S aspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec 
 ipsa et [hoc] commune patriae solum, cum sit carum 
 turn vero dulce atque jucundum ? 
 
 x viii. Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, liberti- 
 norum hominum studia cognoscere, qui, sua virtute 
 io fortunam hujus civitatis consecuti, hanc suam patriam 
 judicant, — quam quidam hie nati, et summo loco nati, 
 non patriam suam sed urbem hostium esse judicave- 
 runt. Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque com 
 memoro, quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res 
 is publica, quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, 
 ad salutem patriae defendendam excitavit ? Servus 
 est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit servitutis, 
 qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec 
 stare cupiat, qui non quantum audet et quantum potest 
 20 conferat ad salutem voluntatis, vt. Qua re si quem 
 vestrum forte commovet hoc, quod auditum est, leno- 
 nem quendam Lentuli concursare circum tabernas, 
 pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium atque 
 imperitorum, — est id quidem coeptum atque tempta- 
 2 S turn ; sed nulli sunt inventi tam aut fortuna miseri aut 
 voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque 
 operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile ac 
 lectulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum 
 vitae suae salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima 
 30 pars eorum qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero — id enim 
 potius est dicendum — genus hoc universum, amantis- 
 simum est oti. Etenirn omne instrumentum, omnis 
 opera atque quaestus frequentia civium sustentatur, 
 alitur otio : quorum si quaestus occlusis tabernis minui 
 35 solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit ? 
 
 18 . Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi 
 
Romani praesidia non 
 
 os ne populo Romano 
 
 131 
 
 deesse videamini providete. ix. Habetis consulem ex 
 plurimis periculis et insidiis'atque ex media morte, non 
 ad vitam suam, sed ad salutern vestram reservatum. 
 Omnes ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, 5 
 voluntate, voce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et telis 
 impiae conjurationis vobis supplex manus tendit patria 
 communis ; vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis 
 arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ilium 
 ignem Vestae sempiternum, vobis omnium deorum 10 
 templa atque delubra, vobis muros atque urbis tecta 
 commendat. Praeterea de vestra vita, de conjugum 
 vestrarum atque liberorum anima\ de fortunis omnium, 
 de sedibus, de focis vestris, hodierno die vobis judican- 
 dum est. ^ 19 . Habetis ducem metnorem vestri, oblitum 15 
 sui, quae non semper facultas datur : habetis omnis 
 ordines, omnis homines, univer^um) populum Roma- 
 num — id quod in qfvili causa hodierno die primum 
 videmus — unum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate 
 quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta virtute 20 
 stabilitam libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auc- 
 tas exaggeratasque fortunas, una nox paene delerit. 
 
 Id ne umquam posthac non modo non confici, sed ne 
 cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die provi- 
 dendum est. Atque haec non ut vos, qui mihi studio 25 
 paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum ; sed ut mea 
 vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, officio 
 functa consulari videretur. 
 
 x. 20. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de 
 me pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est conjurato- 30 
 rum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimi- 
 corum multitudinem suscepisse video : sed earn judico 
 esse turpem et infirmam et abjectam. Quod si ali- 
 quando alicujus furore et scelere concitata manus ista 
 plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publicae dignitas, me 35 
 tamen meorum factorum atque consiliorum numquam, 
 
132 
 
 Conspiracy of Catiline . 
 
 [Catil. IV. 
 
 patres conscripti, poenitebit. Etenim mors, quam ilii 
 fortasse minitantur, omnibus est parata : vitae tantam 
 laudem^ quanta vos me vestris decretis honestastis, 
 nemo est adsecutus. Ceteris enim semper bene gesta, 
 
 5 mihi uni conservata re publica, gratulationem decre- 
 vistis. 21. Sit Scipio ille clarus, cujus consilio atque 
 virtute Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia dece- 
 dere coactus est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, 
 qui duas urbis huic imperio infestissimas, Karthaginem 
 io Numantiamque, delevit ; habeatur vir egregius Paulus 
 ille, cujus currum rex potentissimus quondam et nobi- 
 lissimus Perses honestavit; sit aeterna gloria Marius, 
 qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit ; 
 anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cujus res gestae atque 
 is virtutes isdem quibus solis cursus regionibus ac ter- 
 . minis continentpr : erit profecto inter horum laudes 
 aliquid loci noatrae glorias, — nisi forte majus est pate- 
 facere nobis , prdvincias quo exire possimus, quam 
 curare ut etianj illi qui absunt habeant quo victores 
 20 revertantum ,22. Quamquam est uno loco condicio 
 melior externae victoriae quam domesticae, — quod 
 hostes alienigenae aut oppressi serviunt, aut recepti 
 in amicitiam beneficio se obligatos putant ; qui autem 
 ex numero civium, dementia aliqua depravati, hostes 
 25 patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rei 
 publicae reppuleris, nec vi coercere nec beneficio 
 placare possis. Qua re mihi cum perditis civibus 
 aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro 
 bonorumque omnium auxilio, memoriaque tantorum 
 30 periculorum, — quae non modo in hoc populo, qui 
 servatus est, sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac 
 mentibus semper haerebit, — a me atque a meis facile 
 propulsari posse confido. Neque ulla profecto tanta 
 vis reperietur, quae conjunctionem vestram equitum- 
 35 que Romanorum, et tantam conspirationem bonorum 
 omnium, confringere et labefactare possit. 
 
XI. 24.] 
 
 Appeal to the Senators . 
 
 133 
 
 xi. 23 . Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, 
 pro provincia, quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceteris- 
 que laudis insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis 
 vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis 
 hospitiisque provincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus 5 
 non minore labore tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur 
 omnibus rebus, pro meis in vos singularibus studiis, 
 proque hac quam perspicitis ad conservandam rem 
 publicam diligentia, nihil a vobis nisi hujus temporis 
 totiusque mer consulatus memoriam postulo : quae dum 10 
 erit vestris fixa mentibus, tutissimo me muro saeptum 
 esse arbitrabor. Quod si meam spem vis improborum 
 fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis parvum 
 meum filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidi non solum 
 ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si ejus, qui 15 
 haec omnia suo solius periculo conservarit, ilium filium 
 esse memineritis. 24 . Quapropter de summa salute 
 vestra populique Romani, de vestris conjugibus ac 
 liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis atque templis, de 
 totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, 20 
 de salute Italiae, de universa re publica, decernite dili- 
 genter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum con- 
 sulem qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet, et ea 
 quae statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum 
 praestare possit. 25 
 
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARC II I AS. 
 
 B.C. 62. 
 
 The case of Archias, though not a public one, yet had its origin 
 in the politics of the time. The aristocratic faction, suspecting 
 that much of the strength of their opponents was derived from the 
 fraudulent votes of those who were not citizens, procured in b.c. 65 
 the passage of the Lex Papia , by which “ all the strangers, who pos- 
 sessed neither Roman nor Latin burgess-rights, were ejected from 
 the capital ” (Mommsen). Archias, a native of Antioch, but for 
 many years a Roman citizen, a friend of Lucius Lucullus, was 
 accused in b.c. 62, by a certain Gratius, under this law, on the 
 ground that he was not a citizen. The case was tried before 
 the praetor Quintus Cicero, brother of the orator. 
 
 It was a very small matter to disprove the charge, and com- 
 pletely establish Archias’s claims to citizenship. The greater part 
 of the speech, therefore, is made up of an eulogy upon the poet, 
 and upon poetry and literature in general. It is, for this reason, 
 one of the most agreeable of Cicero’s orations, and perhaps the 
 greatest favorite of them all. 
 
 S I QUID est in me ingeni, judices, quod sentio 
 quam sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, 
 in qua me non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut 
 si hujusce rei ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis 
 5 ac disciplina profecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aeta- 
 tis meae tempus abhorruisse, earum rerum omnium vel 
 in primis hie A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope 
 suo jure debet. Nam quoad longissime potest mens 
 mea respicere spatium praeteriti temporis, et pueritiae 
 10 memoriam recordari ultimam, inde usque repetens 
 hunc video mihi principem et ad suscipiendam et ad 
 ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse. 
 Qiiod si haec vox, hujus hortatu praeceptisque con- 
 formata, non nullis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id 
 15 accepimus quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare pos- 
 semus, huic profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, 
 
III. 4.] 
 
 Character of the Plea. 
 
 I 35 
 
 et opem et salutem ferre debemus. 2. Ac ne quis a 
 nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia quaedam in 
 hoc facultas sit ingeni, neque haec dicendi ratio aut 
 disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus um- 
 quam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes, quae ad 5 
 humanitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune 
 vinculum, et quasi cognatione quadam inter se con- 
 tinentur. 
 
 11. 3 . Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me 
 in quaestione legitima et in judicio publico — cum res IO 
 agatur apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum 
 virum, et apud severissimos judices, tanto conventu 
 hominum ac frequentia — hoc uti genere dicendi, 
 quod non modo a consuetudine judiciorum, verum 
 etiam a forensi sermone abhqrreat; quaeso a vobis, i 5 
 ut in hac causa mihi detis hanc veniam, adcommo- 
 datam huic reo, vobis (quem ad modum spero) non 
 molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo 
 homine dicentem, hoc concursu hominum literatissi- 
 morum, hhc vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore 20 
 exercente judicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis 
 ac litterarum paulo loqui liberius, et in ejus modi per- 
 sona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in judi- 
 ciis periculisque tractata est, uti prope novo quodam 
 et inusitato genere dicendi. 4 . Quod si mihi a vobis 25 
 tribui concedique sentiam, perficiam profecto ut hunc 
 A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, cum sit 
 civis, a numero civium, verum etiam si non esset, 
 putetis asciscendum fuisse. 
 
 hi. Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias, 30 
 atque ab eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanita- 
 tem informari solet se ad scribendi studium contulit, 
 primum Antiochiae — nam ibi natus est loco nobili — 
 celebri quondam urbe et copiosa, atque eruditissimis 
 hominibus liberalissimisque studiis adfluenti, celeriter 35 
 antecellere omnibus ingeni gloria contigit. Post in 
 

 
 136 
 
 Citizenship of Archias. 
 
 [Arch. 
 
 ceteris Asiae partibus cunctaeque Graeciae sic ejus 
 adventus celebrabantur, ut famara ingeni exspectatio 
 hominis, exspectationem ipsius adventus admiratioque 
 superaret. 5 . Erat Italia tunc plena Graecarum artium 
 5 ac disciplinarum, studiaque haec et in Latio vehemen- 
 tius turn colebantur quam nunc eisdem in oppidis, et 
 hie Romae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non 
 neglegebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Regini 
 et Neapolitani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt; 
 10 et omnes, qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant judicare, 
 cognitione atque hospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac 
 tanta celebritate famae cum esset jam absentibus notus, 
 Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus est 
 primum consules eos, quorum alter res ad scriben- 
 15 dum maximas, alter cum res gestas turn etiam studium 
 atque auris adhibere posset. Statim Luculli, cum 
 praetextatus etiam turn Archias esset, eum domum 
 suam receperunt. Sic etiam hoc non solum ingeni 
 ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae atque virtutis, ut 
 20 domus, quae hujus adulescentiae prima fuit, eadem 
 esset familiarissima senectuti. 6. Erat temporibus 
 illis jucundus Metello illi Numidico et ejus Pio filio ; 
 audiebatur a M. Aemilio ; vivebat cum Q^, Catulo et 
 patre et filio ; a L. Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero et 
 25 Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum 
 domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficie- 
 batur summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant 
 qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum 
 etiam si qui forte simulabant. iv. Interim satis longo 
 30 intervallo, cum esset cum M. Lucullo in Siciliam pro- 
 fectus, et cum ex ea provincia cum eodem Lucullo 
 decederet, venit Heracliam : quae cum esset civitas 
 aequissimo jure ac foedere, ascribi se in earn civita- 
 tem voluit ; idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, 
 35 turn auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus 
 impetravit. 
 
v 9] His Technical Right as Citizen. 137 
 
 t. Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis: Si qui 
 foederatis civitatibus ascripti fuissent; si turn, cum 
 lex ferebatur , m Italia domicilium habuissent; et 
 si sexaginta diebus apud praetorem essent professi. 
 Cum hie domicilium Romae multos jam annos habe- 5 
 ret, professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum fami- 
 liarissimum suum. 8. Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate 
 ac lege dicimus, nihil dico amplius : causa dicta est, 
 Quid enim horum infirmari, Grati, potest? Hera- 
 cliaene esse turn ascriptum negabis? Adest vir summa IO 
 auctoritate et religione et fide, M. Lucullus, qui se non 
 opinari sed scire, non audisse sed vidisse, non inter- 
 fuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Heraclienses legati, 
 nobilissimi homines : hujus judici causa cum mandatis 
 et cum publico testimonio [venerunt] ; qui hunc ascrip- I5 
 turn Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas desideras 
 Heracliensium publicas: quas Italico bello incenso ta- 
 bulario interisse scimus omnis. Est ridiculum ad ea 
 quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non 
 possumus ; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum 2 o 
 memoriam flagitare; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri 
 religionem, integerrimi municipi jus jurandum fidem- 
 que, ea quae depravari nullo modo possunt repudiare, 
 tabulas, quas idem dicis solere corrumpi, desiderare. 
 
 »• An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot annis 25 
 ante civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortu- 
 narum suarum Romae conlocavit? At non est pro- 
 fessus. Immo vero eis tabulis professus, quae solae 
 ex ilia professione conlegioque praetorum obtinent pub- 
 licarum tabularum auctoritatem. v. Nam — cum Appi 3c 
 tabulae neglegentius adservatae dicerentur; Gabini, 
 quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas, post damnationem 
 calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resignasset — Me- 
 tellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque omnium, 
 tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem et 35 
 ad judices venerit, et unius nominis litura se commo- 
 
138 
 
 Citizenship of Archias. 
 
 [Arch. 
 
 turn esse dixerit. In his igitur tabulis nullam lituram 
 in nomine A. Licini videtis. 
 
 10. Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate 
 dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus 
 5 fuerit ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et 
 aut nulla aut humili aliqua arte praeditis gratuito civi- 
 tatem in Graecia homines impertiebant, Reginos credo 
 aut Locrensis aut Neapolitanos aut Tarentinos, quod 
 scenicis artificibus largiri solebant, id huic summa 
 10 ingeni praedito gloria noluisse ! Quid ? cum ceteri 
 non modo post civitatem datam, sed etiam post legem 
 Papiam aliquo modo in eorum municipiorum tabulas 
 inrepserunt, hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis in quibus 
 est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse voluit, 
 15 reicietur ? 11. Census nostros requiris scilicet. Est 
 
 enim obscurum proximis censoribus hunc cum claris- 
 simo imperatore L. Lucullo apud exercitum fuisse ; 
 superioribus, cum eodem quaestore fuisse in Asia ; 
 primis Julio et Crasso nullam populi partem esse cen- 
 20 sam. Sed — quoniam census non jus civitatis confir- 
 mat, ac tantum modo indicat eum qui sit census [ita] se 
 jam turn gessisse pro cive — eis temporibus quibus tu 
 criminaris ne ipsius quidem judicio in civium Roma- 
 norum jure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit 
 25 nostris legibus, et adiit hereditates civium Roma- 
 norum, et in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. 
 Lucullo pro consule. vi. Quaere argumenta, si qua 
 potes : numquam enim hie neque suo neque amicorum 
 judicio revincetur. 
 
 30 12. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc 
 
 homine delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et 
 animus ex hoc forensi strepitu reficiatur, et aures con- 
 vitio defessae conquiescant. An tu existimas aut sup- 
 petere nobis posse quod cotidie dicamus in tanta 
 35 varietate rerum, nisi animos nostros doctrina excola- 
 mus; aut ferre animos tantam posse contentionem, 
 
VI. 140 
 
 The Utility of Letters. 
 
 139 
 
 nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? Ego vero fateor 
 me his studiis esse deditum : ceteros pudeat, si qui se 
 ita litteris abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex eis neque ad 
 communem adferre fructum, neque in aspectum lu- 
 cemque proferre : me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos 5 
 ita vivo, judices, ut a nullius uraquam me tempore aut 
 commodo aut otium meum abstraxerit, aqt voluptas 
 avocarit, aut denique somnus retardant ? Sfe. Qua re 
 quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis mihi jure sus- 
 censeat, si, quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, to 
 quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum 
 ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et cor- 
 poris conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tem- 
 pestivis conviviis, quantum denique alveolo, quantum 
 pilae, tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda 15 
 sumpsero ? Atque hoc ideo mihi concedendum est 
 magis, quod ex his studiis haec quoque crescit oratio 
 et facultas; quae, quantacumque in me est , numquam 
 amicorum periculis defuit. Quae si cui levior videtur, 
 ilia quidem certe^uae summa sunt, ex quo fonte 20 
 hauriam sentio. 14 . Nam nisi multorum praeceptis 
 multisque litteris mihi ab adulescentia suasissem, nihil 
 esse in vita magno opere expetendum nisi laudem 
 atque honestatem, in ea autem persequenda omnis 
 cruciatus corporis, omnia pericula mortis atque exsili 25 
 parvi esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute vestra in 
 tot ac tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligatorum 
 hominum cotidianos impetus objecissem. Sed pleni 
 omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena ex- 
 .# emplorum vetustas : quae jacerent in tenebris omnia, 30 
 nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas nobis 
 imagines — non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad 
 imitandu n — fortissimorum virorum expressas scrip- 
 tores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt ? Quas ego mihi 
 semper ifF^administranda re publica proponens, ani- 35 
 mum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum ex- 
 cellentium conformabam. 
 
140 
 
 Citizenship of Archias . 
 
 [Arch. 
 
 vii. 15 . Quaeret quispiam : 6 Quid? illi ipsi summi 
 viri, quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doc- 
 trina, quam tu effers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt?’ Dif- 
 ficile est hoc de omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est 
 5 certe quod respondeam. Ego multos homines excel- 
 lent animo ac virtute fuisse, et sine doctrina naturae 
 ipsius habitu prope divino per se ipsos et moderatos et 
 gravis exstitisse, fateor : etiam illud adjungo, saepius 
 ad laudem atque virtutem naturam sine doctrina quam 
 10 sine natura valuisse doctrinam. Atque idem ego con- 
 tendo, cum ad naturam eximiam atque inlustrem acces- 
 serit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, turn illud 
 nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere. 
 16 . Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri vide- 
 15 runt, divinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, 
 L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissi- 
 mos ; ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus doc- 
 tissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem : qui profecto si 
 nihil ad percipiendam [colendam] virtutem litteris adju- 
 varentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent 
 \ Quod si non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex 
 his studiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen (ut opinor) 
 hanc animi adversionem humanissimam ac liberalissi- 
 mam judicaretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt 
 25 neque aetatum omnium neque locorum : haec studia 
 adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas 
 res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, 
 delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobis- 
 cum, peregrinantur, rusticantur?) 
 
 30 17. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu 
 
 nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, 
 etiam cum in aliis videremus. viii. Quis nostrum tarn 
 animo agresti ac duro fuit, ut Rosci morte nuper non 
 commoveretur? qui cum esset senex mortuus, tamen 
 35 propter excellentem artem ac venustatem videbatur 
 omnino mori non debuisse. Ergo file corporis motu 
 
IX. 1 9.] 
 
 The Poet's Claim to Honor. 
 
 H 1 
 
 tantum araorem sibi conciliarat a nobis omnibus : nos 
 animorum incredibilis motus celeritatemque ingenio- 
 rum neglegemus ? 18. Quotiens ego hunc Archiam 
 
 vidi, judices, — utar enim vestra benignitate, quoniam 
 me in hoc novo genere dicendi tam diligenter atten- 5 
 ditis, — quotiens ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scripsis- 
 set nullam, magnum numerum optimorum versuum de 
 eis ipsis rebus quae turn agerentur dicere ex tempore ! 
 Quotiens revocatum eandem rem dicere, commutatis 
 verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero adcurate cogita- 10 
 teque scripsisset, ea sic vidi probari, ut ad veterum 
 scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc ego non dili- 
 gam? non admirer? non omni ratione defendendum 
 putem ? 
 
 Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque ac- 15 
 cepimus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et prae- 
 ceptis et arte constare : poetam natura ipsa valere, et 
 mentis viribus excitari, et quasi divino quodam spiritu 
 inflari. Qua re suo jure noster ille Ennius sanctos 
 appellat poetas, quod quasi deorum aliquo dono atque 20 
 munere commendati nobis esse videantur. 19. Sit 
 igitur, judices, sanctum apud vos, humanissimos ho- 
 mines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla umquam bar- 
 baria violavit. Saxa et solitudines voci respondent, 
 bestiae saepe immanes* cantu flectuntur atque consis- 25 
 tunt : nos, instituti rebus optimis, non poetarum voce 
 moveamur? Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt 
 suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyr- 
 naei vero suum esse confirmant, itaque etiam delubrum 
 ejus in oppido dedicaverunt : permulti alii praeterea 30 
 pugnant inter se atque contendunt. ix. Ergo illi 
 alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem etiam expetunt : 
 nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus noster est, 
 repudiabimus ? praesertim cum omne olim studium 
 atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi 35 
 Romani gloriam laudemque celebrandam ? Nam et 
 
 
142 
 
 Citizenship of Archias. 
 
 [Arch. 
 
 Cimbricas res adulescens attigit, et ipsi illi C. Mario, 
 qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, jucundus fuit. 
 
 2orNeque enim quisquam est tam aversus a Musis, 
 qui non mandari versibus aeternum suorum laborum 
 5 facile praeconium patiatur. TThemistoclem ilium, sum™ 
 mum Athenis virum, dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quae- 
 reretur, quod acroama aut cujus vocem libentissime 
 audiret : Ejus, a quo sua virtus optime praedicare- 
 tur. Itaque ille Marius item eximie L. Plotium dilexit, 
 ro cujus ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat posse celebiari. 
 21. Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque difficile 
 et in multa varietate terra marique versatum, totum ab 
 hoc expressum est : qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, 
 fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi 
 15 Romani nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus 
 aperuit Lucullo imperante Pontum, et regiis quondam 
 opibus et ipsa natura et regione vallatum : populi Ro- 
 mani exercitus, eodem duce, non maxima manu innu- 
 merabilis Armeniorum copia? fudit : populi Romani 
 20 laus est urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum ejusdem 
 consilio ex omni impetu regio atque totius belli ore ac 
 faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam : nostra semper 
 feretur et praedicabitur, L. Lucullo dimicante, cum 
 interfectis ducibus depressa hostium classis, et incredi- 
 25 bilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis : nostra sunt 
 tropaea, nostra monimenta, nostri triumphi. Quae 
 quorum ingeniis efferuntur, ab eis populi Romani fama 
 celebratur. 22. Carus fuit Africano superiori^noster 
 Ennius, itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is 
 30 esse constitutus ex marmore. At eis laudibus certe 
 non solum ipse qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani 
 nomen ornatur. In caelum hujus proavus Cato tollitur : 
 magnus honos populi Romani rebus adjungitui. Om- 
 nes denique illi IVIaxiim, iVI a reel li , Fulvii, non sine 
 35 communi omnium nostrum laude decorantur. x. Eigo 
 ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem, majores 
 
X. 25-J 
 
 Fa?ne is conveyed by Letters. 
 
 I 43 
 
 nostri in civitatem receperunt : nos hunc Heraclien- 
 sem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in hac autem legibus 
 constitutum, de nostra civitate eiciemus? 
 
 23. Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex 
 Graecis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer s 
 errat: propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus 
 fere gentibus, Latina suis finibus, exiguis sane, con- 
 tinentur. Qua re si res eae quas gessimus orbis 
 terrae regionibus definiuntur, cupere debemus, quo 
 manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem gloriam i 0 
 famamque penetrare ; quod cum ipsis populis de quo- 
 rum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, turn eis certe, 
 qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum et 
 periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. 24 . Quam 
 multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander i S 
 secum habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in 
 Sigeo ad Achillis tumulum astitisset : O fortunate 
 
 inquit adulescens , qui tuae virtutis Homerum frac- 
 conem inveneris! Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exsti- 
 tisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus ejus contexerat, 20 
 nomen etiam obruisset. Qijid? noster hie Magnus, 
 qui cum virtute fortunam adaequavit, nonne Theopha- 
 nem Mytilenaeum, scriptorem rerum suarum, in con- 
 done militum civitate donavit ; et nostri ilii fortes viri, 
 sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae com- 25 
 mod, quasi participes ejusdem laudis, magno illud 
 clamore approbaverunt ? 
 
 25. Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus 
 non esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur 
 perficere non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos donaret et 30 
 Gallos, credo hunc petentem repudiasset: quem nos 
 in contione vidimus, cum ei libellum malus poeta de 
 populo subjecisset, quod epigramma in eum fecisset, 
 tantummodo alternis versibus longiusculis, statim ex 
 eis rebus quas tunc vendebat jubere ei praemium 35 
 tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scriberet. 
 
144 
 
 Citizenship of Arckias. 
 
 [Arch. 
 
 Qui sedulitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen 
 praemio dignam, hujus ingenium et virtutem in scri- 
 bendo et copiam non expetisset? 26. Quid? a Q^ 
 Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos 
 donavit, neque per se neque per Lucullos impetravis- 
 set? qui praesertim usque eo de suis rebus scribi 
 cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae natis poetis, pingue quid- 
 dam sonantibus atque peregrinum, tamen auris suas 
 dederet. 
 
 io xi. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum (quod ob- 
 scurari non potest) sed prae nobis ferendum : trahi- 
 mur omnes studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime 
 gloria ducitur. Ipsi illi philosophi, etiam in eis libellis 
 quos de contemnenda gloria scribunt, nomen suum 
 15 inscribunt : in eo ipso, in quo praedicationem nobilita- 
 temque despiciunt, praedicari de se ac nominari vo- 
 lunt. 27. Decimus quidem Brutus, summus vir et 
 imperator, Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus templorum 
 ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum. Jam 
 20 vero ille, qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Ful- 
 vius, non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. 
 Qua re in qua urbe imperatores prope armati poeta- 
 rum nomen et Musarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non 
 debent togati judices a Musarum honore et a poetarum 
 
 25 salute abhorrere. . . 
 
 28. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, jam me vobis, judi- 
 ces, indicabo, et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis 
 acri fortasse verum tamen honesto vobis, confitebor. 
 Nam quas res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul 
 30 pro salute hujusce imperi et pro vita civium proque 
 universa re publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus 
 atque inchoavit : quibus auditis, quod mihi magna 
 res et jucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum ador- 
 navi. Nullam enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum 
 35 periculorumque desiderat, praeter hanc laudis et glo- 
 riae : qua quidem detracta, judices, quid est quod in 
 
XII. 3 I-J 
 
 Fame the Motive of Virtue. 
 
 r 45 
 
 hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo [et tam brevi] tantis 
 nos in laboribus exerceamus ? 29 . Certe si nihil ani- 
 
 mus praesentiret in posterum, et si quibus regionibus 
 vitae spatium circumscriptum est, eisdem omnis cogi- 
 tationes terminaret suas ; nec tantis se laboribus fran- 5 
 geret, neque tot curis vigiliisque angeretur, nec totiens 
 de ipsa vita dimicaret. Nunc insidet quaedam in 
 optimo quoque virtus, quae noctis ac dies animum 
 gloriae stimulis concitat, atque admonet non cum vitae 
 tempore esse dimittendam commemorationem nominis io 
 nostri, sed cum omni posteritate adaequandam. 
 
 xn. 30 . An vero tam parvi animi videamur esse 
 omnes, qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis 
 laboribusque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum 
 spatium nullum tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum 15 
 duxerimus, nobiscum simul moritura omnia arbitre- 
 mur? An statuas et imagines, non animorum simu- 
 lacra sed corporum, studiose multi summi homines 
 reliquerunt ; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum nos- 
 trarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis 20 
 ingeniis expressam et politam? Ego vero omnia quae 
 gerebam, jam turn in gerendo spargere me acdissemi- 
 nare arbitrabar in orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam. 
 Haec vero sive a meo sensu post mortem afutura est, 
 si ve — ut sapientissimi homines putaverunt — ad ali- 25 
 quam mei partem pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogi- 
 tatione quadam speque delector. 
 
 31 . Qua re conservate, judices, hominem pudore 
 eo, quem amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate 
 turn etiam vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id 30 
 convenit existimari, quod summorum hominum inge- 
 niis expetitum esse videatis ; causa vero ejus modi, 
 quae beneficio legis, auctoritate municipi, testimonio 
 Luculli, tabulis Metelli comprobetur. v Quae cum ita 
 sint, petimus a vobis, judices, si qua non modo hu- 35 
 mana, verum etiam divina in tantis ingeniis com- 
 
 10 
 
I . 
 
 4 
 
 Citizenship of Arcliias. 
 
 mendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos, qui vestros 
 imperatores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper 
 ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque 
 domesticis periculis aeternum se testimonium laudis 
 5 daturum esse profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui 
 semper apud omnis sancti sunt habiti itaque dicti, 
 sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate vestra 
 levatus potius quam acerbitate violatus esse videatui . 
 32. Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter 
 io simpliciterque dixi, judices, ea confido probata esse 
 omnibus. Quae autem remota a mea judicialique 
 consuetudine, et de hominis ingenio et communiter de 
 ipsius studio locutus sum, ea, judices, a vobis spero 
 esse in bonam partem accepta ; ab eo qui judicium 
 15 exercet, certo scio. 
 
 w 1 
 
 •jiiF l 
 
CICERO'S EXILE AND RETURN. 
 
 ( Extract fro7n the Defence of Sestius .) 
 
 b. c. 56. 
 
 The year b. c. 6o is marked by the coalition between Caesar, 
 
 Pompey, and Crassus, — sometimes called the First Triumvirate, * 
 
 of which the immediate result was the election of Caesar to the 
 consulship for the following year. During the existence of this 
 coalition, the Senate was almost wholly stripped of power. The 
 chief act of Caesar’s administration was his iniquitous law for 
 dividing the fertile and populous territory of Campania among 
 needy citizens of Rome ; which was carried with such a degree of 
 mob violence, that Bibulus, Caesar’s colleague, after vainly resist- 
 ing it, shut himself up in his house, leaving affairs of state to their 
 own course. Cicero had refused to serve as one of the Board ( viginti 
 viri) for executing this law, and thus brought upon himself the re- 
 sentment of the party in power ; whose leaders, while claiming to be 
 his personal friends, gave him no support in the attacks which 
 were presently made upon him. His most active enemy was Publius 
 Clodius, a man of patrician birth (of the great Claudian house, 
 whence his name Clodius), who, in order to hold the plebeian 
 office of Tribune, caused himself to be adopted as son into a 
 plebeian family. As Tribune, early in b. c. 58, he introduced a bill 
 (apparently never passed) aimed at Cicero, making it penal to put 
 to death a Roman citizen without trial. Upon this, Cicero and his 
 friends as many, it is said, as 20,000 — went into mourning. The 
 consuls, Gabinius and Piso, refused to interfere. Pompey would 
 not meet or see his eloquent advocate. Caesar, just departing for 
 his campaigns in Gaul, waited till he should be assured of Clodius’s 
 triumph. As the affair was just coming to blows, Cicero withdrew 
 into voluntary exile, which was followed, the next day, by a decree 
 ( finvilegium ) forbidding him by name the use of fire or water 
 --the regular formula for a sentence of banishment— anywhere 
 within four hundred miles of Rome. 
 
 The year of his exile Cicero spent mostly in Thessalonica, with 
 his friend Plancius, quaestor of Macedonia, the same whom he 
 afterwards defended on a charge of bribery. In the summer of the 
 following year he was restored, - by the late but earnest efforts 
 
148 
 
 Cicero’s Exile and Return. 
 
 [Sestius, 
 
 of Pompey, by the vows of Italy, by the resolutions of the Senate, 
 by the courage and energy of the tribune Annius Milo” (Veil. 
 Paterc.). The consuls of this year, Lentulus and Metellus, with 
 eight of the tribunes, actively favored Cicero’s recall. But it was 
 violently resisted by Clodius, who attempted to prevent it by an 
 appeal to terror ; and the disorders which followed led the way to 
 that period of party passion and mob rule, which culminated in the 
 civil war and the dictatorship of Julius Caesar. The most full and 
 authentic account of these disorders is contained in Cicero’s de- 
 fence of Publius Sestius, a colleague of Milo in the tribuneship, 
 who was brought to trial on a charge of assault (de vi). The fol- 
 lowing extracts include nearly a third of this great speech. 
 
 F UERAT ille annus jam in re publica, judices, cum 
 in magno motu et multorum timore intentus est 
 arcus in me unum, si cut volgo ignari rerum loqueban- 
 tur ; re quidem vera in universam rem publicam, tra- 
 5 ductione ad plebem furibundi hominis ac perditi, mihi 
 irati, sed multo acrius oti et communis salutis inimici. 
 Hunc vir clarissimus mihique multis repugnantibus 
 amicissimus, Cn. Pompeius, omni cautione, foedere, 
 exsecratione devinxerat nihil in tribunatu conti a me 
 10 esse facturum. Quod ille nefarius, ex omnium sce- 
 lerum colluvione natus, parum se foedus violaturum 
 arbitratus est, nisi ipsum cautorem alieni periculi suis 
 propriis periculis terruisset. 2. Sed fuit profecto quae- 
 dam ilia rei publicae fortuna fatalis, ut ille caecus atque 
 15 amens tribunus plebis nancisceretur, quid dicam? 
 consules ? hocine ut ego nomine appellem eversores 
 hujus imperi, proditores vestrae dignitatis, hostis bo- 
 norum omnium? — qui ad delendum senatum, adfli- 
 gendum equestrem ordinem, exstinguenda omnia jura 
 20 atque instituta majorum se illis fascibus ceterisque 
 insignibus summi honoris atque imperi ornatos esse 
 arbitrabantur. Quorum (per deos immortalis!) si 
 nondum scelera volneraque inusta rei publicae voltis 
 recordari, voltum atque incessum animis intueroini. 
 25 Facilius eorum facta occurrent mentibus vestris, si ora 
 ipsa oculis proposueritis. 
 
ix. 2o.] The Consuls Gabtmus and P/so. 149 
 
 3. Alter unguentis adfluens, calamistrata coma, de- 
 spiciens conscios stuprorum ac veteres vexatores aeta- 
 tulae suae, puteali et faeneratorum gregibus inflatus, — 
 a quibus compulsus olim, ne in Scyllaeo illo aeris 
 alieni tamquam [in] fretu ad columnam adhaeresceret, 5 
 in tribunatus portum perfugerat, — contemnebat equites 
 Romanos, minitabatur senatui, venditabat se operis, 
 atque ab eis se ereptum, ne de ambitu causam diceret, 
 praedicabat, ab isdemque se etiam invito senatu pro- 
 vinciam sperare dicebat : eamque nisi adeptus esset, JO 
 se incolumem nullo modo fore arbitrabatur. 
 
 4. Alter, O di boni ! quam taeter incedebat ! quam 
 truculentus ! quam terribilis aspectu ! — unum aliquem 
 te ex barbatis illis, exemplum imperi veteris, imagi- 
 nem antiquitatis, columen rei publicae diceres intueri : 15 
 vestitus aspere nostra hac purpura plebeia ac paene 
 fusca ; capillo ita horrido, ut Capua, in qua ipsa turn 
 imaginis ornandae causa duumviratum gerebat, Se- 
 plasiam sublaturus videretur. Nam quid ego de super- 
 cilio dicam, quod turn hominibus non supercilium, sed 20 
 pignus rei publicae videbatur ? [Tanta erat gravitas in 
 oculo, tanta contractio frontis, ut illo supercilio annus 
 die niti tamqtiam vade videretur] . 5 . Erat hie omnium 
 sermo : ‘ Est tamen rei publicae magnum firmumque 
 subsidium ; habeo quern opponam labi illi atque caeno ; 25 
 voltu, me dius fidius, conlegae sui libidinem levitatem- 
 que franget; habebit senatus in hunc annum quern 
 sequatur ; non deerit auctor et dux bonis.’ Mihi deni- 
 que homines praecipue gratulabantur, quod habiturus 
 essem, contra tribunum plebis furiosum et audacem, 3 ° 
 cum amicum et adfinem, turn etiam fortem et gravem 
 consulem. 
 
 6. Atque eorum alter fefellit nerninem. Quis enim 
 clavum tanti imperi tenere, et gubernacula rei publicae 
 tractare in maximo cursu ac fluctibus, posse arbitra- 35 
 retur hominem emersum subito ex diuturnis tenebris 
 
I S° 
 
 Cicero's Exile and Return . 
 
 [Sestius, 
 
 lustrorum ac stuprorum, vino, ganeis, lenociniis adul- 
 teriisque confectum? cum is praeter spem in altissimo 
 gradu alienis opibus positus esset, qui non modo tem- 
 pestatem impendentem intueri temulentus, sed ne lu- 
 5 cem quidem insolitam aspicere posset? 7 . Alter multos 
 plane in omnis partis fefellit. Erat enim hominum 
 opinioni nobilitate ipsa, blanda conciliatricula, com- 
 mendatus. Omnes boni semper nobilitati favemus, et 
 quia utile est rei publicae nobilis homines esse dignos 
 IO majoribus suis, et quia valet apud nos clarorum homi- 
 num et bene de re publica meritorum memoria etiam 
 mortuorum. Quia tristem semper, quia taciturnum, 
 quia subhorridum atque incultum videbant, et quod 
 erat eo nomine, ut ingenerata familiae frugalitas vide- 
 15 retur, favebant, gaudebant, et ad integritatem majo- 
 rum spe sua hominem vocabant, materni generis obliti. 
 8. Ego autem — vere dicam, judices — tantum esse in 
 homine sceleris, audaciae, crudelitatis, quantum ipse 
 cum re publica sensi, numquam putavi. Nequam esse 
 20 hominem et levem et [falsa opinione] errore hominum 
 ab adulescentia commendatum sciebam. Etenim ani- 
 mus ejus voltu, flagitia parietibus tegebantur ; sed haec 
 obstructio nec diuturna est, neque obdueta ita ut curi- 
 osis oculis perspici non possit. 
 
 25 9. Videbamus genus vitae, desidiam, inertiam : in- 
 
 clusas ejus libidines qui paulo propius accesserant in- 
 tuebantur : denique etiam sermones ansas dabant, qui- 
 bus reconditos ejus sensus tenere possemus* Laudabat 
 homo doctus philosophos nescio quos, neque eorum 
 i° tamen nomina poterat dicere : sed tamen eos laudabat 
 maxime qui dicuntur praeter ceteros esse auctores et 
 laudatores voluptatis — cujus et quo tempore et quo 
 modo non quaerebat ; verbum ipsum omnibus animi 
 et corporis sensibns devorabat : eosdemque praeclare 
 35 dicere aiebat, sapientis omnia sua causa facere ; rem 
 publicam capessere hominem bene sanum non opor- 
 
xiv. 32.] The Crime: the General Mourning, 151 
 
 tere; nihil esse praestabilius otiosa vita, plena et con- 
 ferta voluptatibus ; eos autem, qui dicerent dignitati 
 esse serviendum, rei publicae consulendum, offici ra- 
 tionem in omni vita, non commodi esse ducendam, 
 adeunda pro patria pericula, volnera excipienda, mor- 5 
 tem oppetendam, vaticinari atque insanire dicebat. 
 
 10. Ex his adsiduis ejus cotidianisque sermonibus, et 
 quod videbam quibuscum hominibus in interiore parte 
 aedium viveret, et quod ita domus ipsa fumabat lit mul- 
 ta ejus sermonis indicia redolerent, statuebam sic, boni IO 
 nihil ab illis nugis esse exspectandum, mali quidem 
 certe nihil pertimescendum. Sed ita est, judices, ut, 
 si gladium parvo puero aut si imbecillo seni aut debili 
 dederis, ipse impetu suo nemini noceat, sin ad nudum 
 vel fortissimi viri corpus accesserit, possit acie ipsa et 15 
 ferri viribus volnerare ; sic cum hominibus enervatis 
 atque exsanguibus consulatus tamquam gladius esset 
 datus, qui per se pungere neminem umquam potuissent, 
 ei summi imperi nomine armati totam rem publicam 
 contrucidaverunt. Foedus fecerunt cum tribuno plebis 20 
 palam, ut ab eo provincias acciperent quas ipsi vel- 
 lent ; exercitum et pecuniam quantam vellent ea lege, 
 si ipsi prius tribuno plebis adflictam et constrictam 
 rem publicam tradidissent : id autem foedus meo 
 sanguine ici posse dicebant. Qua re patefacta — 2 5 
 neque enim dissimulari tantum scelus poterat nec 
 latere — promulgantur uno eodemque tempore roga- 
 tiones ab eodem tribuno de mea pernicie et de provin- 
 ciis consulum nominatim. . . . 
 
 11. Erat igitur in luctu senatus ; squalebat civitas, 3° 
 publico consilio veste mutata ; nullum erat Italiae 
 municipium, nulla colonia, nulla praefectura, nulla 
 Romae societas vectigalium, nullum conlegium aut 
 concilium aut omnino aliquod commune consilium, 
 quod turn non honorificentissime de mea salute decre- 35 
 visset : cum subito edicunt duo consules, ut ad suum 
 
 w 
 
152 
 
 Ciceros Exile and Return. [Sestius, 
 
 vestitum senatores redirent. Quis umquam consul 
 senatum ipsius decretis parere prohibuit ? Quis tyran- 
 nus miseros lugere vetuit ? Parumne est, Piso — ut 
 omittam Gabinium — quod tantum homines fefellisti, 
 
 5 ut neglegeres auctoritatem senatus, optimi cujusque 
 consilia contemneres, rem publicam proderes, con- 
 sular nomen adfligeres ? Etiamne edicere audebas, 
 ne maererent homines meam, suam, rei publicae ca- 
 lamitatem? ne hunc suum dolorem veste significarent? 
 I0 Sive ilia vestis mutatio ad luctum ipsorum, sive ad 
 deprecandum valebat, quis umquam tarn crudelis fuit 
 qui prohiberet quemquam aut sibi maerere aut ceteris 
 supplicare ? 12 . Quid? sua sponte homines in ami- 
 
 corum periculis vestitum mutare non solent ? Pro te 
 15 ipso, Piso, nemone mutabit ? ne isti quidem, quos 
 [legatos] non modo nullo senatus consulto, sed etiam 
 repugnante senatu tibi tute legasti ? Ergo hominis 
 desperati et proditoris rei publicae casum lugebunt 
 fortasse qui volent : civis florentissimi benevolentia 
 20 bonorum et optime de salute patriae meriti periculum 
 conjunctum cum periculo civitatis lugere senatui non 
 licebit ? Eidemque consules (si appellandi sunt con- 
 sules, quos nemo est quin non modo ex memoria, sed 
 etiam. ex fastis evellendos putet), pacto jam foedere 
 25 provinciarum, producti in circo Elaminio in contionem 
 ab ilia furia ac peste patriae, maximo cum gemitu ves- 
 tro ilia omnia voce ac sententia sua comprobaverunt. 
 Isdem consulibus sedentibus atque inspectantibus lata 
 lex est, Ne ausfcia valerent , ne quis obnuntiaret , ne 
 3 ° quis legi inter cederet : ut omnibus fastis diebus legem 
 ferri liceret ut lex Aelia , lex Fufa ne valeret . qua 
 una rogatione quis est qui non intellegat universam rem 
 publicam esse deletam ? 13. Isdemque consulibus in- 
 
 spectantibus, servorum dilectus habebantur pro tribu- 
 35 nali Aurelio nomine conlegiorum, cumvicatim homines 
 conscriberentur, decuriarentur, ad vim, ad manus, ad 
 
xvii. 3 ^*] Appeal to Violence and Terror . 153 
 
 caedem, ad direptionem incitarentur. Isdemque consu- 
 libus arma in templum Castoris palam comportabantui . 
 gradus ejusdem templi tollebantur; armati homines 
 forum et condones tenebant; caedes lapidationesque 
 fiebant. Niillus erat senatus, nihil reliqui magistra- 5 
 tus ; unus omnem omnium potestatem armis et latro- 
 ciniis possidebat, non aliqua vi sua, sed cum duo con- 
 sules a re publica provinciarum foedere retraxisset, 
 insultabat, dominabatur, [aliis pollicebatur,] terrore ac 
 metu multos, pluris etiam spe et promissis tenebat. i 0 
 14. Quae cum essent ejus modi, judices, — cum sena- 
 tus duces nullos ac pro ducibus proditores aut potius 
 apertos hostis haberet, equester ordo reus a consuli- 
 bus citaretur, Italiae totius auctoritas repudiaretur, alii 
 nominatim relegarentur, alii metu et periculo terre- 15 
 rentur, arma essent in templis, armati in foro, eaque 
 non silentio consulum dissimularentur, sed et voce et 
 sententia comprobarentur, cum omnes urbem nondum 
 excisam et eversam, sed jam captam atque oppres- 
 sam videremus, — tamen his tantis malis tanto bono- 20 
 rum studio, judices, restitissemus : sed me alii metus 
 atque aliae curae suspitionesque moverunt. 15. Ex- 
 ponam enim hodierno die, judices, omnem rationem 
 facti et consili mei, neque huic vestro tanto studio 
 audiendi nec vero huic tantae multitudini, quanta mea 2 5 
 memoria numquam ullo in judicio fuit, deero. Nam 
 si e go — in causa tarn bona, tanto studio senatus, con- 
 sensu tarn incredibili bonorum omnium, tarn parato, 
 tota denique Italia ad omnem contentionem expedita 
 — cessi tribuni plebis, despicatissimi hominis, furori, 3 
 contemptissimorum consulum levitatem audaciamque 
 pertimui, nimium me timidum, nullius animi, nullius 
 consili fuisse confiteor. 
 
 16. Erat autem mihi contentio non cum victore exer- 
 citu, sed cum operis conductis et ad diripiendam urbem 35 
 concitatis. Habebam inimicum non C. Marium, ter- 
 
*54 
 
 Cicero's Exile and Return. 
 
 [Sestius, 
 
 rorem hostiurn, spem subsidiumque patriae, sed duo 
 importuna prodigia, quos egestas, quos aeris alieni 
 magnitudo, quos levitas, quos improbitas tribuno ple- 
 bis constrictos addixerat. Quos homines si — id quod 
 5 facile factu fuit, et quod fieri debuit, quodque a me 
 optimi et fortissimi cives flagitabant — vi armisque 
 superassem, non verebar ne quis aut vim vi depul- 
 sam reprehenderet, aut perditorum civium [vel potius 
 domesticorum hostium] mortem maereret. it. Sed me 
 xo ilia moverunt. Omnibus in contionibus ilia furia cla- 
 mabat se quae faceret contra salutem meam facere 
 auctore Cn. Pompeio, clarissimo viro mihique et nunc 
 et quoad licuit amicissimo. M. Crassus, quocum 
 mihi omnes erant amicitiae necessitudines, vir fortissi- 
 15 mus, ab eadem ilia peste infestissimus esse meis for- 
 tunis praedicabatur. C. Caesar, qui a me nullo meo 
 merito alienus esse debebat, inimicissimus esse meae 
 saluti ab eodem cotidianis contionibus dicebatur. His 
 se tribus auctoribus in consiliis capiendis, adjutoribus 
 20 in re gerenda esse usurum dicebat : ex quibus unum 
 habere exercitum in Italia maximum ; duo, qui privati 
 turn essent, et praesto esse et parare, si vellent, exerci- 
 tum posse, idque facturos esse dicebat. 18 . Nec mihi ille 
 judicium populi, nec legitimam aliquam contentionem, 
 25 nec disceptationem aut causae dictionem, sed vim, arma, 
 exercitus, imperatores, castra denuntiabat. Quid ergo? 
 inimici oratio, vana praesertim, tam improbe in claris- 
 simos viros conjecta me movit ? Me vero non illius 
 oratio, sed eorum taciturnitas, in quos ilia oratio tam 
 30 improba conferebatur : qui turn, quamquam ob alias 
 causas tacebant, tamen hominibus omnia timentibus 
 tacendo loqui, non infitiando confiteri videbantur. Illi 
 autem alio turn timore perterriti [quod acta ilia atque 
 omnis res anni superioris labefactari a praetoribus, in- 
 35 firmari a senatu atque principibus civitatis putabant], 
 tribunum popularem a se alienare nolebant, suaque 
 
xx. 46.] Why he shuns an Affeal to Force . 155 
 
 sibi propiora esse pericula quam mea loquebantur. 
 19. Sed tamen et Crassus a consulibus meam causam 
 suscipiendam esse dicebat, et eorum fidem Pompeius 
 implorabat, neque se privatum publice susceptae cau- 
 sae defuturum esse dicebat. Quem virum studiosum 
 mei, cupidissimum rei publicae conservandae [domi 
 meae], certi homines [ad earn rem positi] monuerunt, 
 ut esset cautior, ejusque vitae a me insidias apud me 
 domi positas esse dixerunt ; atque hanc ejus suspitio- 
 nem alii litteris mittendis, alii nuntiis, alii coram ipsi 
 excitaverunt, ut ille, cum a me certe nihil timeret, ab 
 illis ne quid meo nomine molirentur sibi cavendum 
 putaret. Ipse autem Caesar, quem maxime homines 
 ignari veritatis mihi esse iratum putabant, erat ad 
 portas, erat cum imperio ; erat in Italia ejus exercitus, 
 inque eo exercitu ipsius tribuni plebis, inimici mei, 
 fratrem praefecerat. 
 
 20. Unum enim mihi restabat illud, quod forsitan non 
 nemo vir fortis et acris animi magnique dixerit : 4 Re- 
 stitisses, repugnasses, mortem pugnans oppetisses.’ De 
 quo te, te, inquam, patria, testor, et vos, penates patrii- 
 que dei, me vestrarum sedum templorumque causa, me 
 propter salutem meorum civium, quae mihi semper 
 fuit mea carior vita, dimicationem caedemque fugisse. 
 Etenim si mihi in aliqua nave cum meis amicis navi- 
 ganti hoc, judices, accidisset, ut multi ex multis locis 
 praedones classibus earn navem se oppressuros mini- 
 tarentur, nisi me unum sibi dedidissent, si id vectores 
 negarent, ac mecum simul interire quam me tradere 
 hostibus mallent, jecissem ipse me potius in profun- 
 dum, ut ceteros conservarem, quam illos mei tarn cupi- 
 dos non modo ad certam mortem, sed in magnum vitae 
 discrimen adducerem. 21. Cum vero in hanc rei pub- 
 licae navem, ereptis senatui, gubernaculis, fluitantem in 
 alto tempestatibus seditionum ac discordiarum, armatae 
 tot classes, nisi ego essem unus deditus, incursurae 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
156 Cicero's Exile and Return. [Sestius, 
 
 viderentur, — cum proscriptio, caedes, direptio denun- 
 tiaretur ; cum alii me suspitione periculi sui non 
 defenderent, alii vetere odio bonorum incitarentur, alii 
 inviderent, alii obstare sibi me arbitrarentur, alii ul- 
 5 cisci dolorem aliquem suum vellent, alii rem ipsam 
 publicam atque hunc bonorum statum otiumque odis- 
 sent, et ob hasce causas tot tamque varias me unum 
 deposcerent, — depugnarem potius cum summo non 
 dicam exitio, sed periculo certe vestro liberorumque 
 10 vestrorum quam [non] id, quod omnibus impendebat, 
 unus pro omnibus susciperem ac subirem? 
 
 22. ‘ Victi essent improbi.’ At cives, at ab eo pri- 
 vato, qui sine armis etiam consul rem publicam conser- 
 varat. Sin victi essent boni, qui superessent? nonne 
 15 ad servos videtis rem publicam venturam fuisse? An 
 mihi ipsi, ut quidam putant, fuit mors aequo animo 
 oppetenda? Quid? turn mortemne fugiebam? an erat 
 res ulla quam mihi magis optandam putarem? aut ego 
 illas res tantas in tanta improborum multitudine cum 
 20 gerebam, non mihi mors, non exitium ob oculos ver- 
 sabatur? non haec denique a me turn tamquam fata 
 in ipsa re gerenda canebantur? 23 . An erat mihi in 
 tanto luctu meorum, tanta dijunctione, tanta acerbi- 
 tate, tanta spoliatione omnium rerum, quas mihi aut 
 2 5 natura aut fortuna dederat, vita retinenda? Tam 
 eram rudis, tam ignarus rerum, tam expers consili aut 
 ingeni? nihil audieram? nihil videram? nihil ipse 
 legendo quaerendoque cognoveram? Nesciebam vitae 
 brevem esse cursum, gloriae sempiternum? cum esset 
 3° omnibus definita mors, optandum esse ut vita, quae 
 necessitati deberetur, patriae potius donata quam 
 reservata naturae videretur? Nesciebam inter sapi- 
 entissimos homines hanc contentionem fuisse, ut alii 
 dicerent animos hominum sensusque morte restingui, 
 35 alii autem turn mentis maxime sapientium ac fortium 
 virorum, cum ex corpore excessissent, sentire ac vi- 
 
xxn. 50.] His Exile has saved the State. 
 
 iS7 
 
 gere? Quorum alterum fugiendum non esse, carere 
 sensu : alterum etiam optandum, meliore esse sensu. 
 
 24 . Haec ego et multa alia cogitans hoc videbam, si 
 causam publicam mea mors peremisset, neminem um- 
 quam fore qui auderet suscipere contra improbos civis 
 salutem rei publicae. Itaque non solum si vi interis- 
 sem, sed etiam si morbo exstinctus essem, fore puta- 
 bam ut exemplum rei publicae conservandae mecum 
 simul interiret. Quis enim umquam — me a senatu 
 populoque Romano tanto omnium bonorum studio non 
 restituto, quod certe, si essem interfectus, accidere non 
 potuisset — ullam rei publicae partem cum sua minima 
 invidia auderet attingere? Servavi igitur rem publi- 
 cam discessu meo, judices : caedem a vobis liberisque 
 vestris, vastitatem, incendia, rapinas meo dolore luctu- 
 que depuli, et unus bis rem publicam servavi, semel glo- 
 ria, iterum aerumna mea. 25. Neque enim in hoc me 
 hominem esse infitiabor umquam, ut me optimo fratre, 
 carissimis liberis, fidissima conjuge, vestro conspectu, 
 patria, hoc honoris gradu, sine dolore caruisse glorier. 
 Quod si fecissem, quod a me beneficium haberetis, 
 cum pro vobis ea, quae mihi essent vilia, reliquissem? 
 Hoc meo quidem animo surami in patriam amoris mei 
 signum esse debet certissimum, quod, cum abesse ab 
 ea sine summo dolore non possem, hunc me perpeti 
 quam illam labefactari ab improbis malui. 
 
 26. Memineram, judices, divinum ilium virum, at- 
 que ex isdem quibus nos radicibus natutn ad salutem 
 hujus imperi, C. Marium, summa senectute, cum vi 
 prope justorum armorum profugisset, primo senile 
 corpus paludibus occultasse demersum, deinde ad 
 infimorum ac tenuissimorum hominum [Minturnis] mi- 
 sericordiam confugisse ; inde navigio perparvo, cum 
 omnis portus terrasque fugeret, in oras Africae deser- 
 tissimas pervenisse. 27. Atque ille vitam suam, ne 
 inultus esset, ad incertissimam spem et ad rei publicae 
 
 5 
 
 io 
 
 IS 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
158 Cicero's Exile and Return . [Sestius, 
 
 fatum reservavit : ego, qui (quern ad modum multi 
 in senatu me absente dixerunt) periculo rei publicae 
 vivebam, quique ob earn causam consularibus litteris 
 de senatus sententia exteris nationibus commendabar, 
 5 nonne, si meam vitam deseruissem, rem publicam 
 prodidissem? in qua quidem nunc me restituto vivit 
 mecum simul exemplum fidei publicae. Quod si 
 immortale retinetur, quis non intellegit immortalem 
 hanc civitatem futuram? 28. Nam externa bella 
 10 regum, gentium, nationum jam pridem ita exstincta 
 sunt, ut praeclare cum eis agamus, quos pacatos 
 esse patiamur. Denique ex bellica victoria non fere 
 quemquam est invidia civium consecuta. Domes- 
 ticis malis et audacium civium consiliis saepe est re- 
 15 sistendum, eorumque periculorum est in re publica 
 retmenda medicina : quam omnem, judices, perdidis- 
 setis, si meo interitu senatui populoque Romano dolo- 
 ris sui de me declarandi potestas esset erepta. Qua 
 re moneo vos, adulescentes, atque hoc meo jure prae- 
 20 cipio, qui dignitatem, qui rem publicam, qui glonam 
 spectatis, ne, si quae vos aliquando necessitas ad rem 
 publicam contra improbos civis defendendam vocabit, 
 segniores sitis, et recordatione mei casus a consiliis 
 fortibus refugiatis. 29. Primum, non est periculum ne 
 2 5 quis umquam incidat in ejus modi consules, praesertim 
 si erit eis id quod debetur persolutum. Deinde num- 
 quam jam, ut spero, quisquam improbus consilio et 
 auxilio bonorum se oppugnare rem publicam dicet illis 
 tacentibus, nec armati exercitus terrorem opponet to- 
 3 ° gatis ; neque erit justa causa ad portas sedenti impera- 
 tori, qua re suum terrorem falso jactari opponique pati- 
 atur. Numquam denique erit tarn oppressus senatus, 
 ut ei ne supplicandi quidem ac lugendi sit potestas ; 
 tarn captus equester ordo, ut equites Romani a consule 
 35 relegentur. Quae cum omnia atque etiam multo alia 
 majora, quae consulto praetereo, accidissent, videtis 
 
xxiv. 54 -] The Consuls have their Rezvard , 159 
 
 me tamen in meam pristinam dignitatem, brevi tem- 
 pore doloris interjecto, rei publicae voce esse re- 
 vocatum. 
 
 30. Sed (ut revertar ad illud quod mihi in hac omni 
 est oratione propositum, omnibus malis illo anno sce- 
 lere consulum rem publicam esse confectam) primum 
 illo ipso die, qui mihi funestus fuit, omnibus bonis 
 luctuosus, — cum ego me e complexu patriae con- 
 spectuque vestro eripuissem, et metu vestri periculi, 
 non mei, furori hominis, sceleri, perfidiae, telis minis- 
 que cessissem, patriamque, quae mihi erat carissima, 
 propter ipsius patriae caritatem reliquissem ; cum 
 meum ilium casum tarn horribilem, tarn gravem, tarn 
 repentinum non solum homines, sed tecta urbis ac tem- 
 pla lugerent, nemo vestrum forum, nemo curiam, nemo 
 lucern aspicere vellet, — illo, inquam, ipso die, die 
 dico? immo hora atque etiam puncto temporis eodem, 
 mihi reique publicae pernicies, Gabinio et Pisoni pro- 
 vincia rogata est. 31. Pro dei immortales, custodes et 
 conservatores hujus urbis atque imperi ! quaenam ilia 
 in re publica monstra, quae scelera vidistis ! Civis erat 
 expulsus is, qui rem publicam ex senatus auctoritate 
 cum omnibus bonis defenderat, et expulsus non alio 
 aliquo, sed eo ipso crimine. Erat autem expulsus 
 sine judicio, vi, lapidibus, ferro, servitio denique con- 
 citato : lex erat lata vasto ac relicto foro et sicariis ser- 
 visque tradito ; et ea lex, quae ut ne ferretur, senatus 
 fuerat veste mutata. 32. Hac tanta perturbatione civi- 
 tatis ne noctem quidem consules inter meum interitum 
 et suam praedam interesse passi sunt : statim me per- 
 culso ad meum sanguinem hauriendum, et spirante 
 etiam re publica ad ejus spolia detrahenda advolave- 
 runt. Omitto gratulationes, epulas, partitionem aerari, 
 beneficia, spem, promissa, praedam, laetitiam pauco- 
 rum in luctu omnium. Vexabatur uxor mea : liberi 
 ad necem quaerebantur : gener, et Piso gener a Pi- 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
i6o 
 
 Cicero’s Exile and Return. 
 
 [Sestius, 
 
 sonis consulis pedibus supplex reiciebatur : bona di- 
 ripiebantur, eaque ad consules deferebantur : domus 
 ardebat in Palatio : consules epulabantur. Quod si 
 meis incommodis laetabantur, urbis tamen periculo 
 5 commoverentur. . . . 
 
 33. Hie aliquando, serius quam ipse vellet, Cn. 
 Pompeius, invitissimis eis qui mentem optimi ac fortis- 
 simi viri suis consiliis fictisque terroribus a defensione 
 meae salutis averterant, excitavit illam suam non sopi- 
 io tarn, sed suspitione aliqua retardatam consuetudinem 
 reipublicae bene gerendae. Non est passus ille vir — 
 qui sceleratissimos civis, qui acerrimos hostis, qui maxi- 
 mas nationes, qui reges, qui gentis feras atque inaudi- 
 tas, qui praedonum infinitam manum, qui etiam servitia 
 15 virtute victoriaque domuisset, qui omnibus bellis terra 
 marique compressis imperium populi Romani orbis 
 terrarum terminis definisset — rem publicam everti 
 scelere paucorum, quam ipse non solum consiliis, sed 
 etiam sanguine suo saepe servasset. 34 . Accessit ad 
 20 causam publicam : restitit auctoritate sua reliquis re- 
 bus : questus est de praeteritis. Fieri quaedam ad 
 meliorem spem inclinatio visa est. Decrevit senatus 
 frequens de meo reditu Kalendis Juniis, dissentiente 
 nullo, referente L. Ninnio, cujus in mea causa num- 
 25 quam fides virtusque contremuit. De meo reditu octo 
 tribuni promulgaverunt. Ex quo intellectum est non 
 inihi absenti ^crevisse amicos, in ea praesertim for- 
 tuna, in qua non nulli etiam, quos esse putaveram, non 
 erant, sed eos voluntatem semper eandem, libertatem 
 30 non eandem semper habuisse. Nam ex novem tribu- 
 nis, quos tamen habueram, unus me absente defluxit, 
 qui cognomen sibi ex Aeliorum imaginibus adripuit, 
 quo magis nationis ejus esse quam generis videretur. 
 
 35. Abiit ille annus: veniunt Kalendae Januariae. 
 35 Vos haec melius scire potestis ; equidem audita dico : 
 quae turn frequentia senatus, quae exspectatio populi, 
 
xxxiv. 74*] 
 
 Cotta moves his Recall . 
 
 161 
 
 qui concursus legatorum ex Italia cuncta, quae virtus, 
 actio, gravitas P. Lentuli consulis fuerit, quae etiam 
 conlegae ejus moderatio de me ; qui cum inimicitias 
 sibi mecum ex rei publicae dissensione susceptas esse 
 dixisset, eas se patribus conscriptis dixit et temporibus 5 
 rei publicae permissurum. 36 . Turn princeps rogatus 
 sententiam L. Cotta dixit — id quod dignissimum re 
 publica fuit — nihil de me actum esse jure, nihil more 
 majorum, nihil legibus ; non posse quemquam de civi- 
 tate tolli sine judicio ; de capite non modo ferri sed 10 
 ne judicari quidem posse nisi comitiis centuriatis ; vim 
 fuisse illam, flammam quassatae rei publicae pertur- 
 batorumque temporum jure judiciisque sublatis ; magna 
 rerum permutatione impendente, declinasse me pau- 
 lum, et spe reliquae tranquillitatis praesentis fluctus 15 
 tempestatemque fugisse : qua re, cum absens rem pub- 
 licam non minus magnis periculis quam quodam tem- 
 pore praesens liberassem, non restitui me solum, sed 
 etiam ornari a senatu decere. Disputavit etiam multa 
 prudenter, ita de me ilium amentissimum et profliga- 20 
 tissimum hostem pudoris et pudicitiae scripsisse quae 
 scripsisset, eis verbis, rebus, sententiis, ut, etiam si 
 jure esset rogatum, tamen vim habere non posset: 
 qua re me, qui nulla lege abessem, non restitui lege, 
 sed revocari senatus auctoritate oportere. 37 . Hunc 2 5 
 nemo erat quin verissime sentire diceret. Sed post 
 eum rogatus Cn. Pompeius, approbata laudataque 
 Cottae sententia, dixit sese oti mei causa, ut omni 
 populari concitatione defungerer, censere ut ad se- 
 natus auctoritatem populi quoque Romani beneficium 3 ° 
 erga me adjungeretur. Cum omnes certatim, aliusque 
 alio gravius atque ornatius de mea salute dixisset, 
 fieretque sine ulla varietate discessio, surrexit (ut sci- 
 tis) Atilius hie Gavianus, nec ausus est, cum esset 
 emptus, intercedere : noctem sibi ad deliberandum 35 
 postulavit. Clamor senatus : querellae, preces, socer 
 
 11 
 
162 
 
 Cicero's Exile and Return . 
 
 [Sestius, 
 
 ad pedes abjectus. Ille se adfirmare postero die mo- 
 ram nullam esse facturum. Creditum est : discessum 
 est. Illi interea deliberatori merces, longa interposita 
 nocte, duplicata est. Consecuti dies pauci omnino 
 5 Januario mense per quos senatum haberi liceret : sed 
 tamen actum nihil nisi de me. 
 
 38 . Cum omni mora, ludificatione, calumnia senatus 
 auctoritas impediretur, venit tandem concilio de me 
 agendi dies vm. Kalendas Februarias. Princeps ro- 
 io gationis, vir mihi amicissimus, Q^. Fabricius, templum 
 aliquanto ante lucem occupavit. Quietus eo die Ses- 
 tius, is qui est de vi reus : actor hie defensorque causae 
 meae nihil progreditur ; consilia exspectat inimicorum 
 meorum. Quid illi, quorum consilio P. Sestius in 
 IS judicium vocatur, quo se pacto gerunt? Cum forum, 
 comitium, curiam multa de nocte armatis hominibus 
 ac servis plerisque occupavissent, impetum faciunt in 
 Fabricium ; manus adferunt, occidunt non nullos, vol- 
 nerant multos. 39 . Venientem in forum, virum opti- 
 20 mum et constantissimum , M. Cispium, tribunum plebis, 
 vi depellunt : caedem in foro maximam faciunt : uni- 
 versique, destrictis gladiis et cruentis, in omnibus fori 
 partibus fratrem meum [virum optimum, fortissimum 
 meique amantissimum] oculis quaerebant, voce posce- 
 25 bant. Quorum ille telis libenter in tanto luctu ac desi- 
 derio mei [non repugnandi, sed moriendi causa] corpus 
 obtulisset suum, nisi suam vitam ad spem mei leditus 
 reservasset. Subiit tamen vim illam nefariam conscele- 
 ratorum latronum, et, cum ad fratris salutem a populo 
 30 Romano deprecandam venisset, pulsus e rostris in co- 
 mitio jacuit, seque servorum et libertorum corporibus 
 obtexit, vitamque turn suam noctis et fugae praesidio, 
 
 non juris judiciorumque defendit. 40 . Meministis turn, 
 
 judices, corporibus civium Tiberim compleri, cloacas 
 35 refarciri, e foro spongiis effingi sanguinem, ut omnes 
 tantam illam copiam et tam magnificum apparatum 
 
xxxvi. 78.] Bloody Fight in the Forum . 163 
 
 non privatum aut plebeium, sed patricium et praetorium 
 esse arbitrarentur. 
 
 Nihil neque ante hoc tempus neque hoc ipso turbu- 
 lentissimo die criminamini Sestium. 4 Atqui vis in 
 foro versata est.’ Certe : quando enim major? La- 
 pidationes persaepe vidimus : non ita saepe, sed nim- 
 ium tamen saepe gladios. Caedem vero tantam, tantos 
 acervos corporum exstructos, nisi forte illo Cinnano 
 atque Octaviano die, quis umquam in foro vidit? qua 
 ex concitatione animorum? Nam ex pertinacia aut 
 constantia intercessoris oritur saepe seditio, culpa at- 
 que improbitate latoris oblato commodo aliquo impen- 
 ds aut largitione ; oritur ex concertatione magistra- 
 tuum ; oritur sensim ex clamore primum, deinde aliqua 
 discessione contionis : vix, sero et raro ad manus per- 
 venitur. Nullo vero verbo facto, nulla condone advo- 
 cata, nulla lata lege, concitatam nocturnam seditionem 
 quis audivit? 41. An veri simile est, ut civis Romanus 
 aut homo liber quisquam cum gladio in forum descen- 
 derit ante lucem, ne de me ferri pateretur, praeter eos 
 qui ab illo pestifero ac perdito civi jam pridem rei pub- 
 licae sanguine saginantur? Hie jam de ipso accusa- 
 tore quaero, qui P. Sestium queritur cum multitudine 
 in tribunatu et cum praesidio magno fuisse, num illo 
 die fuerit? Certe non fuit. Victa igitur est causa rei 
 publicae, et victa non auspiciis, non intercessione, non 
 suffragiis, sed vi, manu, ferro. Nam si obnuntiasset 
 [Fabricio] \s praetor qui se servasse de caelo dixerat, 
 accepisset res publica plagam, sed earn quam accep- 
 tam gemere posset : si intercessisset conlega Fabricio, 
 laesisset rem publicam, sed [rem publicam] jure laesis- 
 set. Gladiatores tu novicios, pro exspectata aedilitate 
 suppositos, cum sicariis e carcere emissis ante lucem 
 immittas? magistratus templo deicias? caedem maxi- 
 mam facias? forum spurces? et, cum omnia vi et armis 
 egeris, accuses eum qui se praesidio munierit, non ut 
 te oppugnaret, sed ut vitam suam posset defendere? 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 i5 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
164 
 
 Cicero's Exile and Return . [Sestius, 
 
 42 . Atqui ne ex eo quidem tempore id egit Sestius, 
 ut a suis munitus tuto in foro magistratum gereret, rem 
 publicam administraret. Itaque fretus sanctitate tribu- 
 natus, cum se non modo contra vim et ferrum, sed 
 
 5 etiam contra verba atque interfationem legibus sacratis 
 esse armatum putaret, venit in templum Castoris, ob- 
 nuntiavit consuli : cum subito manus ilia Clodiana, in 
 caede civium saepe jam victrix, exclamat, incitatur, 
 invadit; inermem atque imparatum tribunum alii gla- 
 I0 diis adoriuntur, alii fragmentis saeptorum et fustibus : 
 a quibus hie, multis volneribus acceptis, [ac] debilitato 
 corpore et contrucidato, se abjecit exanimatus ; neque 
 ulla alia re ab se mortem nisi opinione mortis depulit. 
 Quern cum jacentem et concisum plurimis volneribus, 
 15 extremo spiritu exsanguem et confectum viderent, de- 
 fetigatione magis et errore quam misericordia et modo 
 aliquando caedere destiterunt. * 
 
 43. Adiit ad rem publicam [tribunus plebis] Milo, — 
 de cujus laude plura dicam, non quo aut ipse haec dici 
 
 20 quam existimari malit, aut ego hunc laudis fructum 
 praesenti libenter impertiam, praesertim cum verbis 
 consequi non possim ; sed quod existimo, si Milonis 
 causam accusatoris voce conlaudatam probaro, vos in 
 hoc crimine parem Sesti causam existimaturos. Adiit 
 25 igitur T. Annius ad causam rei publicae sic, ut civem 
 patriae recuperare vellet ereptum. Simplex causa, 
 constans ratio, plena consensionis omnium, plena con- 
 cordiae. Conlegas adjutores habebat : consulis alterius 
 summum studium, alterius animus paene placatus ; 
 3° de praetoribus unus alienus ; senatus incredibilis vo- 
 luntas, equitum Romanorum animi ad causam excitati, 
 erecta Italia. Duo soli erant empti ad impediendum : 
 qui si homines despecti et contempti tantam rem sus- 
 tinere non potuissent, se causam quam suscepeiat 
 35 nullo labore peracturum videbat. Agebat auctoritate, 
 agebat consilio, agebat per summum ordinem, agebat 
 
XLII. 90.] 
 
 Milo and Clodius. 
 
 i6 5 
 
 exemplo bonorum et fortium civium. Quid republica, 
 quid se dignum esset, quis ipse esset, quid sperare, 
 quid majoribus suis reddere deberet, diligentissime 
 cogitabat. 44. Huic gravitati hominis videbat ille 
 gladiator se, si moribus ageret, parem esse non 
 posse. Ad cotidianam caedem, incendia, rapinas se 
 cum exercitu suo contulit : domum oppugnare, itine- 
 ribus occurrere, vi lacessere et terrere coepit. Non 
 movit hominem summa gravitate summaque constantia. 
 Sed — quamquam dolor animi, innata libertas, prompta 
 excellensque virtus fortissimum virum hortabatur, vi 
 vim oblatam, praesertim saepius, ut frangeret et refu- 
 taret — tanta moderatio fuit hominis, tantum consilium, 
 ut contineret dolorem, neque eadem se re ulcisceretur 
 qua esset lacessitus ; sed ilium, tot jam in funeribus rei 
 publicae exsultantem ac tripudiantem, legum, si posset, 
 laqueis constringeret. 45. Descendit ad accusandum. 
 Quis umquam tarn proprie rei publicae causa? nullis 
 inimicitiis, nullis praemiis, nulla hominum postulatione 
 aut etiam opinione id eum umquam esse facturum. 
 Fracti erant animi hominis : hoc enim accusante, pris- 
 tini illius sui judici turpitudinem desperabat. Ecce 
 tibi consul, praetor, tribunus plebis nova novi generis 
 edicta proponunt : Ne reus adsit , ne citetur , ne quae- 
 ratur , ne wientionen / i omnino cuiquam judicum aut 
 judiciorum facer e liceat . Quid ageret vir ad vir- 
 tutem, dignitatem, gloriam natus, vi sceleratorum 
 hominum conroborata, legibus judiciisque sublatis? 
 Cervices tribunus plebis privato, praestantissimus vii 
 profligatissimo homini daret? an causam susceptam 
 adfligeret? an se domi contineret? Et vinci turpe puta- 
 vit, et deterreri, et latere. Perfecit ut, quoniam sibi in 
 ilium legibus uti non liceret, illius vim neque in suo 
 neque in rei publicae periculo pertimesceret. 
 
 46. Quo modo igitur hoc in genere [praesidi com- 
 parati] accusas Sestium, cum idem laudes Milonem? 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 3° 
 
 35 
 
1 66 
 
 Cicero's Exile and Return . [Sestius, 
 
 An qui sua tecta defendit, qui ab aris, focis, ferrum 
 flammamque depellit, qui sibi licere volt tuto esse in 
 foro, in templo, in curia, jure praesidium comparat ; 
 qui volneribus, quae cernit cotidie toto corpore, mone- 
 5 tur ut aliquo praesidio caput et cervices et jugulum 
 ac latera tutetur, — hunc de vi accusandum putas? 
 
 47. Quis enim nostrum, judices, ignorat ita naturam 
 rerum tulisse, ut quodam tempore homines, nondum 
 neque naturali neque civili jure descripto, fusi per 
 io agros ac dispersi vagarentur, tantumque haberent 
 quantum manu ac viribus per caedem ac volnera aut 
 eripere aut retinere potuissent? Qui igitur primi vir- 
 tute et consilio praestanti exstiterunt, ei, perspecto 
 genere humanae docilitatis atque ingeni, dissipatos 
 15 unum in locum congregarunt, eosque ex feritate ilia 
 ad justitiam atque ad mansuetudinem transduxerunt. 
 Turn res ad communem utilitatem quas publicas ap- 
 pellamus ; turn conventicula hominum, quae postea 
 civitates nominatae sunt; turn domicilia conjuncta, 
 20 quas urbis dicimus, invento et divino jure et humano ut 
 moenibus saepserunt. 48 . Atque inter hanc vitam per- 
 politam humanitate et illam immanem nihil tarn inter- 
 
 25 valeat necesse est, — id est, judicia, quibus omne jus 
 continetur. Judicia displicent aut nulla sunt : vis do- 
 minetur necesse est. Hoc vident omnes. Milo et vidit 
 et fecit [ut jus experiretur, vim depelleret]. Altero 
 uti voluit, ut virtus audaciam vinceret ; altero usus 
 30 necessario est, ne virtus ab audacia vinceretur. Eadem- 
 que ratio fuit Sesti, si minus in accusando — neque 
 enim per omnis fuit idem fieri necesse — at certe in 
 necessitate defendendae salutis suae, praesidioque con- 
 tra vim et manum comparando. . . . 
 
 35 49 . Reditus vero meus qui fuerit quis ignorat? quern 
 
 ad modum mihi advenienti tamquam totius Italiae at- 
 
 est quam jus atque vis. Horum utro uti nolumus, 
 altero est utendum. Vim volumus exstingui : jus 
 
lxix. 144.] His Welcome back to Italy . 
 
 167 
 
 que ipsius patriae dextram porrexerint Brundisini, — 
 cum ipsis Nonis Sextilibus idem dies adventus mei fuis- 
 set reditus que, qui natalis idem carissimae filiae, quam 
 ex gravissimo turn prirnum desiderio luctuque conspexi ; 
 idem etiam ipsius coloniae Brundisinae ; idem (ut sci- 
 tis) aedis Salutis : cumque me domus eadem optimo- 
 rum et doctissimorum virorum, M. Laeni Flacci et 
 patris et fratris ejus, laetissima accepisset, quae proxi- 
 mo anno maerens receperat et suo praesidio periculo- 
 que defenderat ; cumque itinere toto urbes Italiae festos 
 dies agere adventus mei videbantur ; viae multitudine 
 legatorum undique missorum celebrabantur ; ad urbem 
 accessus incredibili hominum multitudine et gratula- 
 tione florebat ; iter a porta, in Capitolium ascensus, 
 domum reditus erat ejus modi, ut summa in laetitia 
 illud dolerem, civitatem tarn gratam tarn miseram 
 atque oppressam fuisse. 
 
 50. Sed me repente, judices, de fortissimorum et 
 clarissimorum civium dignitate et gloria dicentem et 
 plura etiam dicere parantem, horum aspectus in ipso 
 cursu orationis repressit. Video P. Sestium — meae 
 salutis, vestrae auctoritatis, publicae causae defenso- 
 rem, propugnatorem, actorem — reum. Video hunc 
 praetextatum ejus filium oculis lacrimantibus me intu- 
 entem. Video Milonem, vindicem vestrae libertatis, 
 custodem salutis meae, subsidium adflictae rei publi- 
 cae, exstinctorem domestici latrocini, repressorem 
 caedis cotidianae, defensorem templorum atque tecto- 
 rum, praesidium curiae, sordidatum et reum. Video 
 P. Lentulum, cujus ego patrem deum ac parentem 
 statuo fortunae ac nominis mei et fratris rerumque 
 nostrarum, in hoc misero squalore et sordibus : cui 
 superior annus idem et virilem patris et praetextam 
 populi judicio togam dederit, hunc hoc anno in hac 
 toga rogationis injustissimae subitam acerbitatem 
 pro patre fortissimo et clarissimo cive deprecantem. 
 
 5 
 
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 25 
 
 30 
 
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1 68 
 
 Cicero's Exile and Return . 
 
 [Sestius. 
 
 51 . Atque hie tot et talium civium squalor, hie luctus, 
 hae sordes susceptae sunt propter unum me : quia me 
 defenderunt, quia meum casum luctumque doluerunt, 
 quia me lugenti patriae, flagitanti senatui, poscenti 
 5 Italiae, vobis omnibus orantibus reddiderunt. Quod 
 tantum est in me scelus? Quid tanto opere deliqui illo 
 die, cum ad vos indicia, litteras, confessiones commu- 
 nis exiti detuli, cum parui vobis? Ac si scelestum est 
 amare patriam, pertuli poenarum satis. Eversa domus 
 io est, fortunae vexatae, dissipati liberi, raptata conjux, 
 frater optimus, incredibili pietate, amore inaudito, 
 maximo in squalore volutatus est ad pedes inimicis- 
 simorum. Ego pulsus aris, focis, dis penatibus, 
 distractus a meis, carui patria, quam, ut levissime 
 15 dicam, certe dilexeram : pertuli crudelitatem inimico- 
 rum, scelus infidelium, fraudem invidorum. 
 
 52 . Si hoc non est satis, quod haec omnia deleta vi- 
 dentur reditu meo, multo mihi, multo (inquam), judi- 
 ces, praestat in eandem illam recidere fortunam, quam 
 20 tantam importare meis defensoribus et conservatoribus 
 calamitatem. An ego in hac urbe esse possim, his 
 pulsis qui me hujus urbis compotem fecerunt? Non 
 ero, non potero esse, judices. Neque hie umquam 
 puer, qui his lacrimis qua sit pietate declarat, amisso 
 25 patre suo propter me, me ipsum incolumem videbit; 
 nec quotienscumque me viderit, ingemescet ac pestem 
 suam ac patris sui se dicet videre. Ego vero hos in 
 omni fortuna, quaecumque erit oblata, complectar ; 
 nec me ab eis quos meo nomine sordidatos videtis 
 30 umquam ulla fortuna divellet ; neque eae nationes, 
 quibus me senatus commendavit, quibus de me gratias 
 egit. hunc exsulem propter me sine me videbunt. 
 
DEFENCE OF MILO . 
 
 B. C. 52. 
 
 During the absence of Caesar in Gaul, and after the disastrous 
 campaign of Crassus in the East (b. c. 54), Pompey remained in 
 Rome, with an influence which would have amounted to absolute 
 power, if he had been a man of more political sagacity, and had 
 known his own mind better. The reaj leader of the popular party 
 at this time was Clodius, a man of versatile and brilliant gifts, of 
 high birth but infamous life, a bitter and unscrupulous partisan in 
 politics ; wfci&'ffter the death ° f Oassns, the unnatural coalition 
 was di -• drifted easily into the ranks of the oli- 
 garchy, attached him. The strife of par- 
 ties, which^^r^fe the time of Cicero’s recall, soon raged 
 
 with more viole^j^ythan ever. The organized mob, headed by Clo- 
 dius, was resisted by a troop of professional bullies and prize-fight- 
 ers ( gladiatores ), purchased and led by Milo. This was greatly 
 praised in him as a mark of public spirit. (De Off. ii. 17.) His 
 hearty partisanship, his lavish use of money, his personal courage, 
 his headstrong temper, and his friendly relations with many mem- 
 bers of the aristocracy, made him a recognized leader ; while Cicero 
 himself was personally grateful to him for his bold and unhesitating 
 defence at the time of his darkest fortunes. 
 
 Under the auspices of these two leaders, the old political strife 
 was turned into a contest of bludgeons. The disorders were so 
 great, that the year B. c. 53 was half over before consuls were 
 elected — who should have been chosen six months before the be- 
 ginning of the year. The next year began with the same disorder, 
 and with no consuls. Milo was a candidate for the consulship, but 
 his election had been successfully resisted by Clodius. On the 18th 
 of January, the quarrel came to a bloody crisis. Milo had set out 
 from Rome, towards nightfall, with a large retinue, including his 
 troop of armed guards or dependants, for Lanuvium, a village about 
 twenty miles S.E. of Rome, where he held an office of some local 
 dignity. He was met on the Appian Way, a few miles out, by Clo- 
 dius, returning on horseback, with thirty armed attendants, from one 
 of his estates. As they passed each other, their mob of followers 
 came to blows. Clodius was wounded, and driven into a shop or 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 170 
 
 tavern by the wayside. Here Milo, not to leave so dangerous an 
 enemy alive, followed him up ; and Clodius with a dozen others, 
 including the owner of the tavern, was killed. The meeting was 
 probably accidental on both sides. But each had openly threatened 
 the other’s life : each party violently charged the other with pre- 
 meditated assault, and actual or intended murder. Anarchy broke 
 loose in Rome. The funeral of Clodius was an occasion of riot 
 and conflagration. Other disorders followed. Quiet was only re- 
 stored at last by the appointment of Pompey as “ consul without 
 colleague,” who for about six months held the city under a sort of 
 martial law. 
 
 A special court was organized early in the year, to try all cases 
 arising out of the brawl in the Appian Way. The trial of Milo, 
 before this court, on the charge of assault ah# Took place 
 about the 10th of April. Cicero uhd^'fi^ 9 dl| d^fep^both from 
 political motives and from personaT^e^te ^^fe^oweWas guarded 
 by armed troops— a strange sight then in ^c^ne^^lfom the vio- 
 lence of the mob which raged outside. Cicero, whose nerves were 
 shaken by the uproar, lost his self-command, and spoke “ not with 
 his usual firmness.” Milo was ' condemned by thirty-eight votes 
 out of fifty-one, and went into exile at Marseilles. Cicero, dissatis- 
 fied with the speech ^actually delivered, as taken down by short-hand, 
 wrote out at his leisure the master-piece of eloquence and specious 
 argument which follows. 
 
 E TSI vereor, judices, ne turpe sit pro fortissimo 
 viro dicere incipientem timere, minimeque de- 
 ceit, cum T. Annius ipse magis de rei publicae salute 
 quam de sua perturbetur, me ad ejus causam parem 
 5 animi magnitudinem adferre non posse, tamen haec 
 novi judici nova forma terret oculos, qui, quocumque 
 inciderunt, consuetudinem fori et pristinum morem 
 judiciorum requirunt. Non enim corona consessus 
 vester cinctus est, ut solebat ; non usitata frequentia 
 10 stipati sumus : 2. non ilia praesidia, quae pro templis 
 omnibus cernitis, etsi contra vim conlocata sunt, non 
 adferunt tamen [oratori] aliquid, ut in foro et in judi- 
 cio, quamquam praesidiis salutaribus et necessariis 
 saepti sumus, tamen ne non timere quidem sine aliquo 
 
ii. 4*] The Crowd : the Military 
 
 io 
 
 timore possimus. Quae si opposita 
 cederem tempori, judices, nec inter t 
 rum existimarem esse oratori locum, 
 et reficit Cn. Pompei, sapientissimi et 
 consilium, qui profecto nec justitiae suae 
 quern reum sententiis judicum tradidisset, eun 
 militum dedere, nec sapientiae, temeritatem co 
 tae multitudinis auctoritate publica armare. 3 . Quam 
 ob rem ilia arma, centuriones, cohortes non periculum 
 nobis, sed praesidium denuntiant; neque solum ut 
 quieto, sed etiam ut magno animo simus hortantur ; 
 neque auxilium modo defensioni meae, verum etiam 
 silentium pollicentur. ^Reliqua vero multitudo, quae 
 quidem est civium, tota nostra est; neque eorum quis- 
 quam, quos undique intuentis, unde aliqua fori pars 15 
 aspici potest, et hujus exitum judici exspectantis 
 videtis, non cum virtuti Milonis favet, turn de se, 
 de liberis suis, de patria, de fortunis hodierno die 
 decertari putat.^ 
 
 11. Unum genus est adversum infestumque nobis, 20 
 eorum quos P. Clodi furor rapinis et incendiis et omni- 
 bus exitiis publicis pavit : qui hesterna etiam condone 
 incitati sunt, ut vobis voce praeirent quid judicaretis. 
 Quorum clamor si qui forte fuerit, admonere vos debe- 
 bit, ut eum civem retineatis, qui semper genus illud 25 
 hominum clamoresque maximos prae vestra salute ne- 
 glexit. 4 . Quam ob rem adeste animis, judices, et 
 timorem si quern habetis deponite. Nam — si umquam 
 de bonis et fortibus viris, si umquam de bene meritis civi- 
 bus potestas [vobis] judicandi fuit, si denique umquam 3 ° 
 locus amplissimorum ordinum delectis viris datus est, 
 ut sua studia erga fords et bonos civis, quae voltu et 
 verbis saepe significassent, re et sententiis declararent 
 — hoc profecto tempore earn potestatem omnem vos 
 habetis, ut statuatis utrum nos, qui semper vestrae 35 
 auctoritati dediti fuimus, semper miseri lugeamus, an, 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 rditissimis civibus, aliquando per 
 •am fidem, virtutem, sapientiamque 
 Quid enim nobis duobus, judices, 
 id magis sollicitum, magis exercitum 
 l potest, qui, spe amplissimorum praemi- 
 rem publicam adducti, metu crudelissimorum 
 iciorum carere non possumus ? Equidem ceteras 
 tempestates et procellas in illis dum taxat fluctibus 
 contionum semper putavi Miloni esse subeundas, quia 
 io semper pro bonis contra improbos senserat ; in judicio 
 vero, et in eo consilio in quo ex cunctis ordinibus 
 amplissimi viri judicarent, numquam existimavi spem 
 ullam esse habituros Milonis inimicos, ad ejus non 
 modo salutem exstinguendam, sed etiam gloriam per 
 15 tabs viros infringendam. 6. Quamquam in hac causa, 
 judices, T. Anni tribunatu, rebusque omnibus pro sa- 
 lute rei publicae gestis ad hujus criminis defensionem 
 non abutemur. Nisi oculis videritis insidias Miloni a 
 Clodio factas, nec deprecaturi sumus ut crimen hoc 
 20 nobis propter multa praeclara in rem publicam merita 
 condonetis, nec postulaturi, ut si mors P. Clodi salus 
 vestra fuerit, idcirco earn virtuti Milonis potius quatn 
 populi Romani felicitati adsignetis. Sed si illius in- 
 sidiae clariores t hac luce fuerint, turn denique obse- 
 25 crabo obtestaborque vos, judices, si cetera amisimus, 
 hoc saltern nobis ut relinquatur, ab inimicorum audacia 
 telisque vitam ut impune liceat defendere. 
 
 in. 7 . Sed ante quam ad 6am orationem venio quae 
 est propria vestrae quaestionis, videntur ea esse re- 
 30 futanda, quae et in senatu ab inimicis saepe jactata 
 sunt, et in condone ab improbis, et paulo ante ab ac- 
 cusatoribus, ut omni errore sublato, rem plane quae 
 veniat in judicium videre possitis. Negant intueri 
 lucem esse fas ei qui a se hominem occisum esse fate- 
 35 atur. In qua tandem urbe hoc homines stultissimi 
 disputant ? nempe in ea quae primum judicium de 
 
I 73 
 
 iv. io.] Death M^Wubiie Enemies Lawful. 
 
 io 
 
 i5 
 
 capite vidit M. Horati, fortissimi viri, qui nondum li- 
 bera civitate, tamen populi Romani comitiis liberatus 
 est, cum sua manu sororem esse interfectam fateretur. 
 
 8 . An est quisquam qui hoc ignoret, cum de homine 
 occiso quaeratur, aut negari solere omnino esse factum 5 
 aut recte et jure factum esse defendi ? Nisi vero ex- 
 istimatis dementem P. Africanum fuisse, qui cum a 
 C. Carbone [tribuno plebis seditiose] in contione in- 
 terrogaretur quid de Ti. Gracchi morte sentiret, re- 
 spondent jure caesum videri. Neque enim posset aut 
 Ahala ille Servilius, aut P. Nasica, aut L. Opimius, 
 aut C. Marius, aut me consule senatus, non nefarius 
 haberi, si sceleratos civis interfici nefas esset. Itaque 
 hoc, judices, non sine causa etiam fictis fabulis doc- 
 tissimi homines memoriae prodiderunt, eum qui patris 
 ulciscendi causa matrem necavisset, variatis hominum 
 sententiis, non solum divina, sed etiam sapientissimae 
 deae sententia liberatum. 9. Quod si duodecim tabulae 
 nocturnum furem quoquo modo, diurnum autem, si se 
 telo defenderet, interfici impune voluerunt, quis est 20 
 qui, quoquo modo quis interfectus sit, puniendum pu- 
 tet, cum videat aliquando gladium nobis ad hominem 
 occidendum ab ipsis porrigi legibus. 
 
 iv. Atqui si tempus est ullum jure hominis necandi, 
 quae multa sunt, certe illud est non modo justum, ve- 
 rum etiam necessarium, cum vi vis inlata defenditur. 
 Pudicitiam cum eriperet militi tribunus militaris in 
 exercitu C. Mari, propinquus ejus imperatoris, inter- 
 fectusab eo est, cui vim adferebat. Facere enim pro- 
 bus adulescens periculose quam perpeti turpiter maluit. 3 ° 
 Atoue hunc ille summus vir scelere solutuii^fcfcfclo 
 liberavit. 10. Insidiatori vero et latron* 
 inferri injusta nex ? Quid comitpfi 
 dii volunt ? quos habere cex 
 nullo pacto liceret. Est 
 
 25 
 
m 
 
 Defence of MilMk 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 legimus, verum ex natura ipsa adripuimus, hausimus, 
 expressimus; ad quam non docti sed facti, non insti- 
 tuti sed imbuti sumus, — ut, si vita nostra in aliquas 
 insidias, si in vim et in tela aut latronum aut inimi- 
 5 corum incidisset, omnis honesta ratio esset expedi- 
 endae salutis. 11. Silent enim leges inter arma ; nec 
 se exspectari jubent, cum ei qui exspectare velit, 
 ante injusta poena luenda sit, quam justa repetenda. 
 Etsi persapienter et quodam modo tacite dat ipsa lex 
 io potestatem defendendi, quae non hominem occidi, 
 sed esse cum telo hominis occidendi causa vetat ; ut, 
 cum causa non telum quaereretur, qui sui defendendi 
 causa telo esset usus non hominis occidendi causa 
 habuisse telum judicaretur. Quapropter hoc maneat 
 15 in causa, judices : non enim dubito quin probaturus 
 sim vobis defensionem meam, si id memineritis quod 
 oblivisci non potestis, insidiatorem jure interfici posse. 
 
 v. 12. Sequitur illud, quod a Milonis inimicis sae- 
 pissime dicitur, caedem in qua P. Clodius occisus 
 20 est senatum judicasse contra rem publicam esse 
 factam. Illam vero senatus non sententiis suis so- 
 lum, sed etiam studiis comprobavit. Quotiens enim 
 est ilia causa a nobis acta in senatu ! quibus adsensi- 
 onibus universi ordinis, quam nec tacitis nec occultis ! 
 2 5 Quando enim frequentissimo senatu quattuor aut sum- 
 mum quinque sunt inventi qui Milonis causam non 
 probarent? Declarant hujus ambusti tribuni plebis 
 illae intermortuae condones, quibus cotidie meam po- 
 tentiam invidiose criminabatur, cum diceret senatum 
 non quod sentiret, sed quod ego vellem decernere. 
 Qucjjj^^m si potentia est appellanda — potius quam 
 agna in rem publiqam merita mediocris 
 ctoritas, aut propter hos officiosos 
 ud bonos gratia, — appel- 
 nos utamur pro salute 
 rditorum. 
 
 30 
 
vi. 1 5-] Motive and Nature of the Trial. 175 
 
 13. Hanc vero quaestionem, etsi non est iniqua, num- 
 quam tamen senatus constituendam putavit. Erant 
 enim leges, erant quaestiones vel de caede vel de vi ; 
 nec tantum maerorem ac luctura senatui mors P. Clodi 
 adferebat, ut nova quaestio constitueretur. Cujus enim 5 
 de illo incesto stupro judicium decernendi senatui po- 
 testas esset erepta, de ejus interitu quis potest credere 
 senatum judicium novum constituendum putasse? Cur 
 igitur incendium curiae, oppugnationem aedium M. 
 Lepidi, caedem hanc ipsam contra rem publicam se- I0 
 natus factam esse decrevit? quia nulla vis umquam est 
 in libera civitate suscepta inter civis non contra rem 
 publicam. 14. Non enim est ilia defensio contra vim 
 umquam optanda, sed non numquam est necessaria. 
 Nisi vero aut ille dies quo Ti. Gracchus est caesus, aut 15 
 ille quo Gaius, aut quo arma Saturnini offressa sunt , 
 etiam si e re publica oppressa sunt, rem publicam ta- 
 men non volnerarunt. vi. Itaque ego ipse decrevi, 
 cum caedem in Appia factam esse constaret, non 
 eum qui se defendisset contra rem publicam fecisse, 20 
 sed, cum inesset in re vis et insidiae, crimen judicio 
 reservavi, rem notavi. Quod si per furiosum ilium 
 tribunum senatui quod sentiebat perficere licuisset, 
 novam quaestionem nullam haberemus. Decernebat 
 enim, ut veteribus legibus, tantum modo extra ordi- 25 
 nem, quaereretur. Divisa sententia est, postulante 
 nescio quo : nihil enim necesse est omnium me flagitia 
 proferre. . Sic reliqua auctoritas senatus empta inter- 
 cessione sublata est. 
 
 15. At enim Cn. Pompeius rogatione sua et de re et 3° 
 de causa judicavit : tulit enim de caede quae in Appia 
 via facta esset, in qua P. Clodius occisus esset. Quid 
 ergo tulit? nempe ut quaereretur. Quid porro quaeren- 
 dum est? Factumne sit? at constat. A quo? at paret. 
 Vidit igitur, etiam in confessione facti, juris tamen 35 
 defensionem suscipi posse. Quod nisi vidisset posse 
 
 \ 
 
176 
 
 Defence of Milo . 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 absolvi eum qui fateretur, cum videret nos fateri, 
 neque quaeri umquam jussisset, nec vobis tam hanc 
 salutarem in judicando litteram quam illam tristem 
 dedisset. Mihi vero Cn. Pompeius non modo nihil 
 5 gravius contra Milonem judicasse, sed etiam statuisse 
 videtur quid vos in judicando spectare oporteret. Nam 
 qui non poenam confessioni, sed defensionem dedit, is 
 causam interitus quaerendam, non interitum putavit. 
 16 . Jam illud ipse dicet profecto, quod sua sponte fecit, 
 I0 Publione Clodio tribuendum putarit an tempori. 
 
 vii. Domi suae nobilissimus vir, senatus propug- 
 nator, atque illis quidem temporibus paene patronus, 
 avunculus hujus judicis nostri, fortissimi viri, M. Cato- 
 nis, tribunus plebis M. Drusus occisus est. Nihil de 
 I5 ejus morte populus consultus, nulla quaestio decreta a 
 senatu est. Quantum luctum in hac urbe fuisse a nos- 
 tris patribus accepimus, cum P. Africano domi suae 
 quiescenti ilia nocturna vis esset inlata? Quis turn 
 non gemuit? \ Quis non arsit dolore, quern immor- 
 20 talem, si fieri posset, omnes esse cuperent, ejus ne 
 necessariam quidem exspectatam esse mortem y Num 
 igitur ulla quaestio de Africani morte lata est? certe 
 nulla. IT. Quid ita? quia non alio facinore clari ho- 
 mines, alio obscuri necantur. Intersit inter vitae digni- 
 25 tatem summorum atque infimorum : mors quidem inlata 
 per scelus isdem et poenis teneatur et legibus. Nisi 
 forte magis erit parricida, si qui consularem patrem 
 quam si quis humilem necarit : aut eo mors atrocior 
 erit P. Clodi, quod is in monumentis majorum suorum 
 3° sit interfectus^ — hoc enim ab istis saepe dicitur ; pro- 
 inde quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua 
 populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sui posteri latroci- 
 narentur ! 
 
 18 . Itaque in eadem ista Appia via cum ornatissi- 
 35 mum equitem Romanum P. Clodius M. Papirium 
 occidisset, non fuit illud facinus puniendum, homo 
 
177 
 
 viii . 2i.] idiots mnd Crimes of Clod ins. 
 
 enim nobilis m suis monumentis equitem Romanum 
 occiderat : nunc ejusdem Appiae nomen quantas tra- 
 goedias excitat ! Quae cruentata antea caede honesti 
 atque innocentis viri silebatur, eadem nunc crebro 
 usurpatur, postea quam latronis et parricidae sanguine 
 imbuta est. Sed quid ego ilia commemoro? Com- 
 prehensus est in templo Castoris servus P. Clodi, quem 
 ille ad Cn. Pompeium interficiendum collocarat : ex- 
 torta est ei cmjfitenti sica de manibus : caruit foro 
 postea Pompeius, caruit senatu, caruit publico : janua 
 se ac parietibus, non jure legum judiciorumque 
 texit. 19 . Num quae rogatio lata, num quae nova 
 quaestio decreta est? Atqui si res, si vir, si tempus 
 ullum dignum fuit, certe haec in ilia causa summa 
 omnia fuerunt. Insidiator erat in foro conlocatus, 
 atque in vestibulo ipso senatus ; ei viro autem mors 
 parabatur, cujus in vita nitebatur salus civitatis ; eo 
 porro rei publicae tempore, quo, si unus ille occidisset, 
 non haec solum civitas, sed gentes omnes concidissent. 
 Nisi vero quia perfecta res non est, non fuit poenienda : 
 proinde quasi exitus rerum, non hominum consilia 
 legibus vindicentur. Minus dolendum fuit re non per- 
 fecta, sed poeniendum certe nihilo minus. 20. Quo- 
 tiens ego ipse, judices, ex P. Clodi telis et ex cruentis 
 ejus manibus effugi ! ex quibus si me non vel mea vel 
 rei publicae fortuna servasset, quis tandem de interitu 
 meo quaestionem tulisset? 
 
 viii. Sed stulti sumus qui Drusum, qui Africanum, 
 Pompeium, nosmet ipsos cum P. Clodio conferre aude- 
 amus. Tolerabilia fuerunt ilia : P. Clodi mortem 
 aequo animo ferre nemo potest. Luget senatus, mae- 
 ret equester ordo, tota civitas confecta senio est, squa- 
 lent municipia, adflictantur colotiiae, agri denique ipsi 
 tam beneficum, tam salutarem, tarn mansuetum civem 
 desiderant. 21. Non fuit ea causa, judices, profecto, 
 non fuit, cur sibi censeret Pompeius quaestionem feren- 
 
 S 
 
 io 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 

 
 
 Defence of Milo. [Milo, 
 
 
 dam ; sed homo sapiens atque alta et divina quadam 
 mente praeditus multa vidit : fuisse ilium sibi inimicum, 
 familiarem Milonem ; in communi omnium laetitia, si 
 etiam ipse gauderet, timuit ne videretur infirmior fides 
 5 reconciliat^S gratiae ; multa etiam alia vidit, sed illud 
 maxime, quamvis atrociter ipse tulisset, vos tamen 
 fortiter judicatures. Itaque delegit ex florentissimis 
 ordinibus ipsa lumina : neque vero, quod non nulli dic- 
 titant, secrevit in judicibus legendis amicos meos. Ne- 
 io que enim hoc cogitavit vir justissimus ; neque in bonis 
 viris legendis id adsequi potuisset, etiam si cupisset. 
 Non enim mea gratia familiaritatibus continetui:, quae 
 ]^te patere non possunt, propterea quod^consuetudmes 
 ,x eu>y vTfkus non possunt esse cum multis ; sed, si quidpossu- 
 15 mus, ex eo possumus, quod res publica nos conjunxit 
 cum bonis : ex quibus ille cum optimos viros legeret, 
 idque maxime ad fidem suam pertinere arbitraretur, 
 non potuit legere non studiosos mei. 22. Quod vero 
 te, L. Domiti, huic quaestioni praeesse maxime voluit, 
 20 nihil quaesivit [aliud] nisi justitiam, gravitatem, hu- 
 manitatem, fidem. Tulitut consularem necesse esset . 
 credo, quod principum munus esse ducebat resistere 
 et levitati multitudinis et perditorum temeritati. Ex 
 consularibus te creavit potissimum : dederas enim 
 
 25 quam contemneres popularis insanias jam ab adu- 
 lescentia documenta maxima. 
 
 ix. 23 . Quam ob rem, judices, ut aliquando ad cau- 
 sam crimenque veniamus, — si neque omnis confessio 
 facti est inusitata, neque de causa nostra quicquam 
 3° aliter ac nos vellemus a senatu judicatum est, et lator 
 ipse legis, cum esset controversia nulla facti, juris 
 tamen disceptationem esse voluit, et ei lecti judices 
 isque praepositus est quaestioni, qui haec juste sapien- 
 terque disceptet, — reliquum est, judices, ut nihil jam 
 35 quaerere aliud debeatis, nisi uter utri insidias fecerit. 
 Quod quo facilius argumentis perspicere possitis, rem 
 
IX. 26.] 
 
 Clodius resolves to kill him . 
 
 179 
 
 gestam vobis dum breviter expono, quaeso, diligenter 
 attendite. 
 
 24. P. Clodius cum statuisset omni scelere in prae- 
 tura vexare rem publicam, videretque ita tracta esse 
 comitia anno superiore, ut non multos mensis praetu- 
 ram gerere posset, — qui non honoris gradum specta- 
 ret, ut ceteri, sed et L. Paulum conlegam effugere 
 vellet, singulari virtute civem, et annum integrum ad 
 dilacerandam rem publicam quaereret, — subito reliquit 
 annum suum, seseque in annum proximum transtulit : 
 non (ut fit) religione aliqua, sed ut haberet, quod ipse 
 dicebat, ad praeturam gerendam, hoc est, ad ever- 
 tendam rem publicam, plenum annum atque integrum. 
 25. Occurrebat ei mancam ac debilem praeturam futu- 
 ram suam consule Milone : eum porro summo consensu 
 populi Romani consulem fieri videbat. Contulit se 
 ad ejus competitores, sed ita, totam ut petitionem ipse 
 solus etiam invitis illis gubernaret, tota ut comitia suis, 
 ut dictitabat, umeris sustineret. Convocabat tribus, se 
 interponebat, Collinam novam dilectu perditissimorum 
 civium conscribebat. Quanto ille plura miscebat, tan- 
 to hie magis in dies convalescebat. Ubi vidit homo 
 ad omne facinus paratissimus fortissimum virum, in- 
 imicissimum suum, certissimum consulem, idque intel- 
 lexit non solum sermonibus, sed etiam suffragiis pop- 
 uli Romani saepe esse declaratum, palam agere coepit, 
 et aperte dicere occidendum Milonem. 26. Servos 
 agrestis et barbaros, quibus silvas publicas depopula- 
 te erat Etruriamque vexarat, ex Apennino dedux- 
 erat, quos videbatis. Res erat minime obscura. Ete- 
 nim palam dictitabat consulatum Miloni eripi non 
 posse, vitam posse. Significavit hoc saepe in senatu, 
 dixit in condone. Quin etiam M. Favonio, fortissimo 
 viro, quaerenti ex eo qua spe fureret Milone vivo, re- 
 sponds triduo ilium aut summum quadriduo esse peri- 
 turum : quam vocem ejus ad hunc M. Catonem statim 
 Favonius detulit. 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
i 8 o 
 
 Defence of Milo . 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 x. 27 . Interim cum sciret Clodius — neque enim erat 
 difficile scire — iter sollemne, legitimum, necessarium 
 ante diem xm. Kalendas Februarias Miloni esse Lanu- 
 vium ad flaminem prodendum, [quod erat dictator 
 5 Lanuvi Milo,] Roma subito ipse profectus pridie est, ut 
 ante suum fundum, quod re intellectual est, Miloni in- 
 sidias conlocaret. Atque ita profectus est, ut contionem 
 turbulentam, in qua ejus furor desideratus est, [quae 
 illo ipso die habita est,] relinqueret, quam nisi obire 
 I0 facinoris locum tempusque voluisset, numquam reli- 
 quisset. 28 . Milo autem cum in senatu fuisset eo die, 
 quoad senatus est dimissus, domum venit; calceos et 
 vestimenta mutavit; paulisper, dum se uxor (ut lit) 
 comparat, commoratus est; dein profectus id tem- 
 , 5 poris cum jam Clodius, si quidem eo die Romam 
 venturus erat, redire potuisset. Ob viam fit ei Clodius, 
 expeditus, in equo, nulla raeda, nullis impediments ; 
 nullis Graecis comitibus, ut solebat ; sine uxore, quo 
 numquam fere : cum hie insidiator, qui iter illud ad 
 20 caedem faciendam apparasset, cum uxore veheretur in 
 raeda, paenulatus, magno et impedito et muliebri ac 
 delicato ancillarum puerorumque comitatu. 29 . b it o 
 viam Clodio ante fundum ejus hora fere undecima, aut 
 non multo secus. Statim complures cum telis in hunc 
 25 faciunt de loco superiore impetum : adversi raedanum 
 occidunt. Cum autem hie de raeda rejecta paenula de- 
 siluisset, seque acri animo defenderet, illi qui erant cum 
 Clodio, gladiis eductis, partim recurrere ad raedam, 
 ut a tergo Milonem adorirentur ; partim, quod hunc 
 30 jam interfectum putarent, caedere incipiunt ejus servos, 
 L post erant : ex quibus qui animo fldeh m domtnum 
 et praesenti fuerunt, partim occisi sunt, paitim, cu 
 ad raedam pugnari viderent, domino su “™ e P r °' 
 hiberentur, Milonem occisum et ex ipso Clodio au^ 
 35 rent et re vera putarent, fecerunt id servi Miloms 
 dicam enim aperte, non derivandi crimmis causa, sed 
 
xi. 3 2 -] He kills Clodius in Self-defence . 181 
 
 ut factum est — nec imperante nec sciente nec prae- 
 sente domino, quod suos quisque servos in tali re 
 facere voluisset. 
 
 xi. 30. Haec, sicuti exposui, ita gesta sunt, judices. 
 Insidiator superatus est, vi victa vis, vel potius oppressa 5 
 virtute audacia est. Nihil dico quid res publica con- 
 secuta sit, nihil quid vos, nihil quid omnes boni : nihil 
 sane id prosit Miloni, qui hoc fato natus est, ut ne se 
 quidem servare potuerit, quin una rem publicam vosque 
 servaret. Si id jure fieri non potuit, nihil habeo 10 
 quod defendam. Sin hoc et ratio doctis, et necessi- 
 tas barbaris, et mos gentibus, et feris etiam beluis 
 natura ipsa praescripsit, — ut omnem semper vim, 
 quacumque ope possent, a corpore, a capite, a vita 
 sua propulsarent, — non potestis hoc facinus impro- 15 
 bum judicare, quin simul judicetis omnibus, qui in . 
 latrones inciderint, aut illorum telis aut vestris sen- 
 mntiis esse pereundum. 31. Quod si ita putasset, certe 
 d$fcabilius Miloni fuit. dare jugulum P. Clodio, non 
 tonal ab illo neque turn primum petitum, quam jugu- 20 
 lari a vobis, quia se non jugulandum illi tradidisset. 
 
 hoc nemo vestrum ita sentit, non illud jam in ju- 
 flfeium venit, occisusne sit (quod fatemur), sed jure 
 Si»iSnjuria, quod multis in causis saepe quaesitum est. 
 Mfidias factas esse constat, et id est quod senatus con- 2 5 
 I iAttiilrem publicam factum judicavit : ab utro factae sint 
 tnaertum est. De hoc igitur latum est ut quaereretur. 
 
 3 it senatus rem non hominem notavit, et Pompeius 
 ire non de facto quaestionem tulit. xn. Num quid 
 
 r aliud in judicium venit, nisi uter utri insidias 3° 
 
 feojprit? Profecto nihil: si hie illi, ut ne sit impune ; 
 Sfcille huic, ut scelere solvamur. 
 
 r ? 32. Quonam igitur pacto probari potest insidias Mi- 
 loni fecisse Clodium 0 Satis est in ilia quidem tarn 
 audaci, tarn nefaria belua, docere smagnam ei causam, 35 
 magnam spem in Milonis morte propositam, magnas 
 
182 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 Defence of Milo. 
 
 utilitates fuisse. Itaque illud Cassianum cui bono fue- 
 rit in his personis valeat ; etsi boni nullo emolumento 
 impelluntur in fraudem, improbi saepe parvo. Atqui 
 Milone interfecto Clodius haec adsequebatur, non modo 
 5 ut praetor esset non eo consule quo sceleris nihil facere 
 posset ; sed etiam ut eis consulibus praetor esset, qui- 
 bus si non adjuvantibus at coniventibus certe, speraret 
 posse se eludere in illis suis cogitatis furoribus : cujus 
 illi conatus, ut ipse ratiocinabatur, nec cuperent re- 
 I0 pritnere si possent, cum tantum beneficium ei se debere 
 arbitrarentur ; et, si vellent, fortasse vix possent fran- 
 gerq hominis sceleratissimi conroboratam jam vetustate 
 audaciam. 
 
 33. An vero, judices, vos soli ignoratis? vos hospites 
 15 in hac urbe versamini? vestrae peregrinantur aures, 
 neque in hoc pervagato civitatis sermone versantur, 
 quas ille leges — si leges nominandae sunt ac non 
 faces urbis, pestes rei publicae — fuerit impositui*^ 
 nobis omnibus atque inusturus? Exhibe, quaeso, Sej^ 
 20 Clodi, exhibe librarium illud legum vestrarum, quts# 
 te aiunt eripuisse e domo et ex mediis armis turbaqust 
 nocturna tamquam Palladium sustulisse, ut praeclaroift 
 videlicet munus atque mstrumentum tribunatus :aaflt 
 aliquem, si nactus esses, qui tuo arbitrio tribunatumie 
 2 5 gereret, deferre possesi Atque per ... an hujuSiSte 
 legis quam Clodius a se inventam gloriatur, mentfl©- 
 nem facere ausus esset vivo Milone, non dicam consul*® 
 De nostrum enim omnium — non audeo totum diceial, 
 Videte quid ea viti lex habitura fuerit, cujus pericuhsafc 
 3° etiam reprehensio est. Et aspexit me illis quidsp, 
 oculis, quibus turn solebat cum omnibus omnia mitwiii 
 batur. Movet me quippe' lumen curiae ! xm. Quit®® 
 tu me tibi iratum, Sexte, putas, cujus inimicissimtim 
 multo crudelius etiam poenitus es, quam erat humani- 
 35 tatis meae postulare? Tu P. Clodi cruentum cadaver 
 ejecisti domo ; tu in publicum abjecisti ; tu spoliatum 
 
xiii. 35 *] He loses by the Death of Clodius . 183 
 
 imaginibus, exsequiis, pompa, laudatione, infelicissi- 
 mis lignis semiustilatum, nocturnis canibus dilani- 
 andum reliquisti. Qua re, etsi nefarie fecisti, tamen 
 quoniam in meo inimico crudelitatem exprompsisti 
 tuam, laudare non possum, irasci certe non debeo. 5 
 •j 34 o Audistis , judices , quantum Clodi interiwexxX. 00 
 cidi Milonem : convertite animos nunc vicissim ad 
 Milonem. Quid Milonis intererat interfici Clodi- 
 um? Quid erat cur Milo non dicam admitteret, sed 
 optaret? ‘Obstabat in spe consulatus Miloni Clo- 10 
 dius.’ At eo repugnante fiebat, immo vero eo liebat 
 magis ; nec me suffragatore meliore utebatur quam 
 Clodio. Valebat apud vos, judices, Milonis erga me 
 remque publicam meritorum memoria ; valebant pre- 
 ces et lacrimae nostrae, quibus ego turn vos mirifice 15 
 moveri sentiebam ; sed plus multo valebat periculorum 
 impendentium timor. Quis enim erat civium qui sibi 
 solutam P. Clodi praeturam sine maximo rerum no- 
 varum metu proponeret? Solutam autem fore vide- 
 batis, nisi esset is consul, qui earn auderet possetque 20 
 constringere. Eum Milonem unum esse cum sentiret 
 universus populus Romanus, quis dubitaret suftlragio 
 suo se metu, periculo rem publicam liberare? At 
 nunc, Clodio remoto, usitatis jam rebus enitendum est 
 Miloni, ut tueatur dignitatem suam : singularis ilia et 25 
 huic uni concessa gloria, quae cotidie augebatur fran- 
 gendis furoribus Clodianis, jam Clodi morte cecidit. 
 Vos adepti estis, ne quern civem metueretis : hie exer- 
 citationem virtutis, suffragationem consulatus, fontem 
 perennemkqgloriae suae perdidit. Itaque Milonis con- 3° 
 sulatus, qui ^vivo Clodio labefactari non poterat, mor- 
 tuo ideninue temptari coeptus est. Non modo igitur 
 nihil prodest, sed obest etiam Clodi mors Miloni. 
 
 35 . ‘At valuit odium, fecit iratus, fecit inimicus, fuit 
 ultor injrrriae, poenitor doloris sui.’ Quid? si haec 35 
 non dico majora fuerunt in Clodio quam in Milone, 
 
Defence of Milo. 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 184 
 
 sed in illo maxima, nulla in hoc? quidvoltis amplius? 
 Quid enim odisset Clodium Milo, segetem ac mate- 
 riem suae gloriae, praeter hoc civile odium, quo omnis 
 improbos odimus? Ille erat ut odisset, primum defen- 
 5 sorem salutis meae, deinde vexatorem furoris, domito- 
 rem armorum suorum, postremo etiam accusatorem 
 suum : reus enim Milonis lege Plotia fuit Clodius, 
 quoad vixit. Quo tandem animo hoc tyrannum ilium 
 tulisse creditis? quantum odium illius, et in homine 
 I0 injusto quam etiam justum fuisse? 
 
 xiv. 36 . Reliquum est ut jam ilium natura ipsius 
 consuetudoque defendat, hunc autem haec eadem 
 coarguat. Nihil per vim umquam Clodius, omnia per 
 vim Milo. Quid? ego, judices, cum maerentibus vobis 
 15 urbe cessi, judiciumne timui? non servos, non arma, 
 non vim? Quae fuisset igitur justa causa restituendi 
 mei, nisi fuisset injusta eiciendi? Diem mihi, credo, 
 dixerat, multam inrogarat, actionem perduellionis m- 
 tenderat : et mihi videlicet in causa aut mala aut mea, 
 20 non et praeclarissima et vestra, judicium timendum fuit. 
 Servoruin et egentium civium et tacinorosorum armis 
 meos civis, meis consiliis periculisque servatos, pro me 
 obici nolui. 37. Vidi enim, vidi hunc ipsum Q;. Hor- 
 tensium, lumen et ornamentum rei publicae, paene 
 25 interfici servorum manu, cum mihi adessetj qua in 
 turba C. Vibienus senator, vir optimus, cum hoc cum 
 esset una, ita est mulcatus, ut vitam amiserit. Itaque 
 quando illius postea sica ilia, quam a Catilina acce- 
 perat, conquievit? Haec intentata nobis est ; huic ego 
 30 vos obici pro me non sum passus ; haec insidiata 
 Pompeio est ; haec istam Appiam, monimentum sui 
 nominis, nece Papiri cruentavit; haec eaden longo 
 intervallo conversa rursus est in me : nuper quidem, 
 ut scitis, me ad regiam paene confecit. • v 
 35 38 . Quid simile Milonis? cujus vis omnis haec sem- 
 
 per fuit, ne P. Clodius, cum in judicium detrahi non 
 
xv. 4o*] He had often sfared Clodius's Life . 185 
 
 posset, vi oppressam civitatem teneret. Quem si 
 interficere voluisset, quantae quotiens occasiones, quam 
 praeclarae fuerunt ! Potuitne, cum domum ac deos 
 penatis suos illo oppugnante defenderet, jure se 
 ulcisci? Potuitne, civi egregio et viro fortissimo, P. 
 Sestio, conlega suo, volnerato? Potuitne, Q^Fabricio, 
 viro optimo, cum de reditu meo legem ferret, pulso, 
 crudelissima in foro caede facta? Potuitne, L. Caecili, 
 justissimi fortissknique praetoris, oppugnata domo? 
 Potuitne illo die, cum est lata lex de me ; cum totius 
 Italiae concursus, quem mea salus concitarat, facti 
 illius gloriam libens agnovisset, ut, etiam si id Milo 
 fecisset, cuncta civita's earn laudem pro sua vindicaret? 
 ‘ xv. 39. At quod erat tempus? Clarissimus et for- 
 tissimus consul, inimicus Clodio, [P. Lentulus,] ultor 
 sceleris illius, propugnator senatus, defensor vestrae 
 voluntatis, patronus publici consensus, restitutor salutis 
 meae ; septem praetores, octo tribuni plebei, illius 
 adversarii, defensores mei ; Cn. Pompeius, auctor et 
 dux mei reditus, illius hostis, cujus sententiam senatus 
 [omnis] de salute mea gravissimam et ornatissimam 
 secutus est, qui populum Romanum est cohortatus, qui 
 cum de me decretum Capuae fecisset, ipse cunctae 
 Italiae cupienti et ejus fidem imploranti signum dedit, 
 ut ad me restituendum Romam concurrerent ; omnium 
 denique in ilium odia civium ardebant desiderio mei, 
 quem qui turn interemisset, non de impunitate ejus, sed 
 de praemiis cogitaretur. 40 . Tamen se Milo continuit, 
 et P. Clodium in judicium bis, ad vim numquam voca- 
 vit. Quid ? privato Milone et reo ad populum accusante 
 P. Clodio, cum in Cn. Pompeium pro Milone dicentem 
 impetus factus est, quae turn non modo occasio, sed 
 etiam causa illius opprimendi fuit ! Nuper vero cum 
 M. Antonius summam spem salutis bonis omnibus 
 attulisset, gravissimamque adulescens nobilissimus rei 
 publicae partem fortissimo suscepisset, atque illam 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
i86 
 
 Defence of Milo. 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 beluam, judici laqueos declinantem, jam inretitam 
 teneret, qui locus, quod tempus illud, di immortales, 
 fuit! cum se ille fugiens in scalarum tenebris abdi- 
 disset, magnum Miloni fuit conficere illam pestem 
 5 nulla sua invidia, M. vero Antoni maxima gloria? 
 41. Quid? comitiis in campo quotiens potestas fuit! 
 cum ille in saepta ruisset, gladios destringendos, 
 lapides jaciendos curavisset ; dein subito, voltu Milonis 
 perterritus, fugeret ad Tiberim, vos et omnes boni vota 
 io faceretis, ut Miloni uti virtute sua liberet. 
 
 xvi. Quern igitur cum omnium gratia noluit, hunc 
 voluit cum aliquorum querellar' quern jure, quem loco, 
 quern tempore, quem impune non est ausus, hunc 
 injuria, iniquo loco, alieno tempore, periculo capitis, 
 iS non dubitavit occidere? 42. praesertim, judices, cum 
 honoris amplissimi contentio et dies comitiorum subes- 
 set, quo quidem tempore — scio enim quam timida sit 
 ambitio, quantaque et quam sollicita sit cupiditas con- 
 sulates —omnia, non modo quae reprehendi palam, 
 20 sed etiam obscure quae cogitari possunt timemus, 
 rumorem, fabulam fictam, levem perhorrescimus, ora 
 omnium atque oculos intuemur. Nihil est enim 
 tam molle, tarn tenerum, tam aut fragile aut flexi- 
 bile, quam voluntas erga nos sensusque civium, 
 25 qui non modo improbitati irascuntur candidatorum, 
 sed etiam in recte factis saepe fastidiunt. 43. Hunc 
 igitur diem campi speratum atque exoptatum sibi pro- 
 ponens Milo, cruentis manibus scelus et facinus prae 
 se ferens et confitens, ad ilia augusta centuriarum 
 3 ° auspicia veniebat? Quam hoc non credibile in hoc ! 
 quam idem in Clodio non dubitandum, cum se ille 
 interfecto Milone regnaturum putaret! Quid? (quod 
 caput est [audaciae], judices) quis ignorat maximam 
 inlecebram esse peccandi impunitatis spem ? In utro 
 35 igitur haec fuit? in Milone, qui etiam nunc reus est 
 facti aut praeclari aut certe necessarii, an in Clodio, 
 
187 
 
 IO 
 
 15 
 
 xvii. 46 ] How Clodius laid his Plans . 
 
 qui ita judicia poenamque contempserat, ut eum nihil 
 delectaret quod aut per naturam fas esset, aut per 
 leges liceret. 
 
 44. 'Sed quid ego argumentor? quid plura disputo? 
 Te, Qc Petili, appello, optimum et fortissimum civem : 
 te, M. Cato, testor, quos mihi diyina quaedam sors 
 dedit judices. Vos ex M. Favonio audistis Clodium 
 sibi dixisse, et audistis vivo Clodio, periturum Milonem 
 triduo. Post diem tertium gesta res est quam dixerat. 
 Cum ille non dubitarit aperire quid cogitaret, vos 
 potestis dubitare quid fecerit? xvn. 45. Quern ad 
 modum igitur eum dies non fefellit? Dixi equidem 
 modo. Dictatoris Lanuvini stata sacrificia nosse ne- 
 goti nihil erat. Vidit necesse esse Miloni proficisci 
 Lanuvium illo ipso quo est profectus die. Itaque 
 antevertit. At quo die? Quo, ut ante dixi, fuit insa- 
 nissima contio ab ipsius mercenario tribuno plebis 
 concitata : quern diem ille, quam contionem, quos . A 
 
 clamores, nisi ad cogitatum facinus approperareL,! 
 numquam reliquisset. Ergo illi ne causa quidem 20 
 itineris, etiam causa manendi : Miloni manendi nulla 
 [facultas], exeundi non causa solum, sed etiam neces- 
 sitas fuit. Quid? si, ut ille scivit Milonem fore eo die 
 in via, sic Clodium Milo ne suspicari quidem po*uit? 
 
 46 . Primum quaero qui id scire potuerit? quod vosf^s 
 idem in Clodio quaerere non potestis* Ut enim ne- 
 minem alium nisi T. Patinam, familiarissim arm suum, 
 rogasset, scire potuit illo ipso die Lanuv* a dictatore 
 Milone prodi flaminem necesse esse. Sed erant per- 
 multi alii, ex quibus id facillimof ccire posset: [omnes 3° 
 scilicet Lanuvini.] Milo de Ciodi reditu unde quae 
 sivit? Quaesierit sane — videie quid *Vobis 
 servum etiam, ut Q^ Arrius, ? mens amicu 
 ruperit. Legite testimonia testium 
 
i88 
 
 Defence of Milo. 
 
 [MlLOj 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 Clodius eadem hora Interamnae fuerat et Romae, — 
 P. Clodium illo die in Albano mansurum fuisse ; sed 
 subito ei esse nuntiatum Cyrum architectum esse rnoi- 
 tuum, itaque repente Romam constituisse proficisci. 
 Dixit hoc comes item P. Clodi, C. Clodius. 
 
 xviii. 47. Videte, judices, quantae res his testimo- 
 niis sint confectae. Primum certe liberatur Milo non 
 eo consilio profectus esse, ut insidiaretur in via Clodio : 
 quippe, si ille obvius ei futurus omnino non erat. 
 Deinde — non enim video cur non meum quoque 
 a gam negotium — scitis, judices, fuisse qui in hac 
 rogatione suadenda dicerent Milonis manu caedem 
 esse factam, consilio vero majoris alicujus. Me videli- 
 cet latronem ac sicarium abjecti homines et perditi 
 describebant. Jacent suis testibus [ei] qui Clodium 
 negant eo die Romam, nisi de Cyro audisset, fuisse 
 rediturum. Respiravi, liberatus sum ; non vereor ne, 
 quod ne suspicari quidem potuerim, videar id cogitasse. 
 .48. Nunc persequar cetera. Nam occurrit lllud : ‘ Igi- 
 20 tur ne Clodius quidem de insidiis cogitavit, quomam 
 fuit in Albano mansurus.’ Si quidem exiturus ad 
 caedem e villa non fuisset. Video enim ilium, qui 
 dicatur de Cyri morte nuntiasse, non id nuntiasse, sed 
 Milonem appropinquare. Nam quid de Cyro nuntia- 
 25 ret, quern Clodius Roma proficiscens reliquerat mori- 
 entem? Una fui, testamentum simul obsignavi cum 
 Clodio : testamentum autem palam fecerat, et ilium 
 
 heredem e* me scripserat. Quern- pridie hora tertia 
 animam efflant°m .jreliquisset, eum mortuum postiidie 
 3° hora decima deniqu? ^i. nuntiabdtur? 
 
 xix. 49. Age, sit ifa , factum. Quae causa cur 
 am properaret? chi' in noctem se coniceret? 
 ferebat festinhtionis, quod heres erat? Pri- 
 ‘1 cur properato opus esset : deinde, si 
 ndem j;rat quod ea nocte consequi 
 i postridie Romam mane 
 
xx - 53-] Why did Cl o dins return that Night ? 189 
 
 venisset? Atque ut illi nocturnus ad urbem adventus 
 vitandus potius quam expetendus fuit, sic Miloni, cum 
 insidiator esset, si ilium ad urbem nocte accessurum 
 sciebat, subsidendum atque exspectandum fuit. 50. 
 Nemo ei neganti non credidisset, quern esse omnes 
 salvum etiam confitentem volunt. Sustinuisset hoc 
 crimen primum ipse ille latronum occultator et recep- 
 tor locus, cum neque muta solitudo indicasset neque 
 caeca nox ostendisset Milonem ; deinde ibi multi ab 
 illo violati, spoliati, bonis expulsi, multi haec etiam 
 timentes in suspitionem caderent, tota denique rea 
 citaretur Etruria. 51. Atque illo die certe Aricia 
 rediens devertit Clodius ad Albanum. Quod ut sci- 
 ret Milo ilium Ariciae fuisse, suspicari tamen debuit 
 eum, etiam si Romam illo die reverti vellet, ad villam 
 suam, quae viam tangeret, deversurum. Cur neque 
 ante occurrit, ne ille in villa resideret, nec eo in loco 
 subsedit, quo ille noctu venturus esset? 
 
 Video adhuc constare, judices, omnia : — Miloni 
 etiam utile fuisse Clodium vivere, illi ad ea quae con- 
 cupierat optatissimum interitum Milonis ; odium fuisse 
 illius in hunc acerbissimum, nullum hujus in ilium; 
 consuetudinem illius perpetuam in vi inferenda, hujus 
 tantum in repellenda ; 52. mortem ab illo denuntiatam 
 Miloni et praedicatam palam, nihil umquam auditum 
 ex Milone ; profectionis hujus diem illi notum, reditus 
 illius huic ignotum fuisse; hujus iter necessarium, 
 illius etiam potius alienum ; hunc prae se tulisse 
 illo die Roma exiturum, ilium eo die se dissimulasse 
 rediturum ; hunc nullius rei mutasse consilium, ilium 
 causam mutandi consili finxisse ; huic, si insidiaretur, 
 noctem prope urbem exspectandam, illi, etiam si hunc 
 non timeret, tamen accessum ad urbem nocturnum 
 fuisse metuendum. 
 
 xx. 53. Videamus nunc (id quod caput est) locus 
 ad insidias ille ipse, ubi congress^ sunt, utri tandem 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
[Milo, 
 
 jp 0 Defence of Milo. 
 
 fuerit aptior. Id vero, judices, etiam dubitandum et 
 diutius cogitandum est? Ante fundum Clodi, quo in 
 fundo propter insanas illas substructiones facile homi- 
 num mille versabantur valentium, edito adversari atque 
 c excelso loco, superiorem se fore putarat Milo, et ob 
 earn rem eum locum ad pugnam potissimum elegerat. 
 an in eo ioco est potius exspectatus ab eo qui ipsius 
 loci spe facere impetum cogitarat? Res loq uitur ipsa, 
 judices, quae semper valet plurimum. 54 . Si haec 
 I0 non gesta audiretis, sed picta videretis, tamen appare- 
 nt uter esset insidiator, uter nihil cogitaret mali, cum 
 alter veheretur in raeda paenulatus, una sederet uxor. 
 Quid horum non impeditissimum ? vestitus an vehic- 
 ulum an comes? Quid minus promptum ad pug- 
 K nam, cum paenula inretitus, raeda impeditus, uxore 
 paene constrictus esset? Videte nunc ilium, primum 
 egredientem e villa, subito : cur? vespen : quid ne- 
 cesse est? tarde : qui convenit, praesertim id tempo- 
 ris? Devertit in villa m Pompei. Pompeium ut vide- 
 20 ret? sciebat in Alsiensi esse: villam ut perspiceretr 
 miliens in ea fuerat. Quid ergo erat? morae et ter- 
 giversationes : dum hie veniret, locum relinquere 
 
 noluit. .... • -1,/r-i 
 
 xxi. 55. Acre nunc ; iter expediti latroms cum Milo- 
 
 25 nis impediments comparate. Semper ille antea cum 
 uxore, turn sine ea ; numquam nisi in raeda, turn in 
 equo ; comites Graeculi, quocumque ibat, etiam cum 
 in castra Etrusca properabat, turn nugarum in comitatu 
 nihil. Milo, qui numquam, turn casu pueros sjrap io- 
 3 o niacos uxoris ducebat et ancillarum greges. Me, qui 
 semper secum scorta, semper exoletos, semper lupas 
 duceret, turn neminem, nisi ut virum a viro lectum 
 esse diceres. Cur igitur victus est? Quia non sem- 
 per viator a latrone, non numquam etiam latro a viatore 
 35 occiditur: quia, quamquam paratus in imparatos Clo- 
 dius, tamen mulier inciderat in viros. 56 . Mec veio 
 
xxii. 58.] Why Clodius was defeated . 
 
 191 
 
 sic erat umquam non paratus Milo contra ilium, ut non 
 satis fere esset paratus. Semper [ille] et quantum 
 interesset P. Clodi se perire, et quanto' illi odio esset, 
 et quantum ille auderet cogitabat. Quam ob rem 
 vitam suam, quam maximis praemiis propositam et 5 
 paene addictam sciebat, numquam in pericuLum sine 
 praesidio et sine custodia proiciebat. Adde casus, 
 adde incertos exitus pugnarum Martemque commu- 
 nem, qui saepe spoliantem jam et exsultantem evertit 
 et perculit ab abjecto : adde inscitiam pransi, poti, osci- I0 
 tantis ducis, qui cum a tergo hostem interclusum reli- 
 quisset, nihil de ejus extremis comitibus cogitavit, in 
 quos incensos ira vitamque domini desperantis cum 
 incidisset, haesit in eis poenis, quas ab eo servi fideles 
 pro domini vita expetiverunt. ^ 
 
 57 . Cur igitur eos manu misit? Metuebat scilicet ne 
 indicaretur, ne dolorem perferre non possent, ne tor- 
 mentis cogerentur occisum esse a servis Milonis in 
 Appia via P. Clodium confiteri. Quid opus est tortore? 
 quid quaeris? Occideritne? occidit. Jure an injuria? 20 
 nihil ad tortorem : facti enim in eculeo quaestio est, ju- 
 ris in judicio. dxxn. Quod igitur in causa quaerendum 
 est, indagamus hie : quod tormentis invenire vis, id 
 fatemur. Manu vero cur miserit, si id potius quaeris, 
 quam cur parum amplis adfecerit praemiis, nescis 25 
 inimici factum reprehendere. 58 . Dixit enim hie 
 idem, qui omnia semper constanter et fortiter, M. 
 Cato, et dixit in turbulepta contione, quae tamen hujus 
 auctoritate placata est, non libertate solum, sed etiam 
 omnibus praemiis dignissimos fuisse, qui domini caput 30 
 defendissent. Quod enim praemium satis magnum est 
 tarn benevolis, tam bonis, tarn fidelibus servis, propter 
 quos vivit? Etsi id quidem non tanti est, quam quod 
 propter eosdem non sanguine et volneribus suis crude- 
 lissimi inimici mentem oculosque satiavit. Quos nisi 35 
 manu misissety tormentis etiam dedendi fuerunt conser- 
 
192 
 
 Defence of Milo. 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 vatores domini, ultores sceleris, defensores necis. Hie 
 vero nihil habet in his malis quod minus moleste ferat, 
 quam, etiam si quid ipsi accidat, esse tamen illis meri- 
 tum praemium persolutum. 
 
 5 59. Sed quaestiones urgent Milonem, quae sunt ha- 
 
 bitae nunc in atrio Libertatis. Quibusnam de servis? 
 rogas? de P. Clodi. Quis eos postulavit? Appius. 
 Quis produxit? Appius. Unde? ab Appio. Di 
 boni! quid potest agi severius? [De servis nulla 
 10 legs quaestio est in dominum nisi de incestu, ut fuit in 
 Clodium.] Proxime deos accessit Clodius, propius 
 quam turn cum ad ipsos penetrarat, cujus de moite 
 tamquam de caerimoniis violatis quaeritur. Sed tamen 
 majores nostri in dominum [de servo] quaeri noluerunt, 
 15 non quin posset verum inveniri, sed quia videbatur in- 
 dignum esse et [domini] morte ipsa tristius. In reum 
 de servo accusatoris cum quaeritur, verum inveniri 
 potest? 60 . Age vero, quae erat aut qualis quaestio? 
 ‘Heus tu, Rufio’ (verbi causa) ‘cave sis mentiaris. 
 20 Clodius insidias fecit Miloni? ’ ‘ Fecit : ’ ‘ certa crux.’ 
 
 < Nullas fecit : ’ ‘ sperata libertas.’ Quid hac quaestione 
 certius? Subito abrepti in quaestionem, tamen sepa- 
 rantur a ceteris et in areas coniciuntur, ne quis cum 
 eis conloqui possit. Hi centum dies penes accusato- 
 25 rem cum fuissent, ab eo ipso accusatore producti sunt. 
 Quid hac quaestione dici potest integrius, quid incor- 
 ruptius? 
 
 xxiii. 61 . Quod si nondum satis cernitis, cum res 
 ipsa tot tam Claris argumentis signisque luceat, pura 
 30 mente atque Integra Milonem, nullo scelere imbutum, 
 nullo metu perterritum, nulla conscientia exammatum 
 Romam revertisse, recordamini (per deos immortahs .) 
 quae fuerit celeritas reditus ejus, qui ingressus in 
 forum ardente curia, quae magnitudo ammi, qui vol- 
 35 tus, quae oratio. Neque vero se populo solum, sed 
 etiam senatui commisit; neque senatm modo, ^ed 
 
XXIV. 64.] 
 
 Milo's Conduct afterwards . 
 
 193 
 
 etiam publicis praesidiis et armis ; neque his tantum, 
 verum etiam ejus potestati, cui senatus totam rem pub- 
 licam, omnem Italiae pubem, cuncta populi Romani 
 arma commiserat : cui numquam se hie profecto tra- 
 didisset, nisi causae, suae confideret, praesertim omnia 5 
 audienti, magna metuenti, multa suspicanti, non nulla 
 credenti. Magna vis est conscientiae, judices, et 
 magna in utramque partem, ut neque timeant qui 
 nihil commiseri U, et poenam semper ante oculos ver- 
 sari putent qufpeccarint. IO 
 
 62 . Neque vero sine ratione certa causa Milonis 
 semper a senatu probata est. Videbant enim sapien- 
 tissimi homines facti rationem, praesentiam animi, 
 defensionis constantiam. An vero obliti estis, judices, 
 recenti illo nuntio necis Clodianae, non modo inimico- 15 
 rum Milonis sermones et opiniones, sed non nullorum 
 etiam imperitorum? Negabant eum Romam esse red- 
 iturum. 63 . Sive enim illud animo irato ac percito 
 fecisset, ut incensus odio trucidaret inimicum, arbitra- 
 bantur eum tanti mortem P. Clodi putasse, ut aequo 20 
 animo patria careret, cum sanguine inimici explesset 
 odium suum ; sive etiam illius morte patriam liberare 
 voluisset, non dubitaturum fortem virum quin, cum suo 
 periculo salutem populo Romano attulisset, cederet 
 aequo animo [legibus], secum auferret gloriam sempi- 2 5 
 ternam, nobis haec fruenda relinqueret, quae ipse 
 servasset. Multi etiam Catilinam atque ilia portenta 
 loquebantur : 4 Erumpet, occupabit aliquem locum, bel- 
 lum patriae faciet. 5 Miseros interdum civis optime de 
 re publica meritos, in quibus homines non modo res 3 ° 
 praeclarissimas obliviscuntur, sed etiam nefarias sus- 
 picantur ! 64 . Ergo ilia falsa fuerunt, quae certe vera 
 
 exstitissent, si Milo admisisset aliquid quod non posset 
 honeste vereque defendere. 
 
 xxiv. Quid? quae postea sunt in eum congesta, 35 
 quae quemvis etiam mediocrium delictorum conscien- 
 
 13 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 [Milo 
 
 tia perculissent, ut sustinuit, di immortales ! Sustinuit? 
 immo vero ut contempsit ac pro nihilo putavit, quae 
 neque maximo animo nocens neque innocens nisi for- 
 tissimus vir neglegere potuisset ! Scutorum, gladio- 
 5 rum, frenorum, pilorumque etiam multitudo deprehendi 
 posse indicabatur; nullum in urbe vicum, nullum 
 angiportum esse dicebant, in quo Miloni conducta non 
 esset domus; arma in villam Ocriculanam devecta 
 Tiberi, domus in clivo Capitolino^ scutis referta, 
 
 IO plena omnia malleolorum ad urbis incendia comparato- 
 rum : haec non delata solum, sed paene credita, nec 
 ante repudiata sunt quam quaesita. 65. Laudabam 
 equidem incredibilem diligentiam Cn. Pompei, sed 
 dicam ut sentio, judices. Nimis multa audire cogun- 
 15 tur, neque aliter facere possunt, ei quibus tota com- 
 missa est res publica. Quin etiam fuit audiendus popa 
 Licinius nescio qui de Circo maximo, servos Miloms, 
 apud se ebrios factos, sibi confessos esse de interfi- i 
 ciendo Pompeio conjurasse, dein postea se gladio per- 
 20 cussum esse ab uno de illis, ne indicaiet. Pompeio 
 in hortos nuntiavit ; arcessor in primis ; de amicorum 
 sententia rem defert ad senatum. Non poteram in 
 
 illius mei patriaeque custodis tanta suspitione non 
 
 25 fessionem servorum audiri, volnus in latere, quod 
 acu punctum videretur, pro ictu gladiatoris probari. j 
 
 timebat, non ea solum quae timenda erant, sed omnia, 
 ne vos aliquid timeretis. Oppugnata domus C. Cae- 
 3° saris, clarissimi et fortissimi viri, p^ m,,Uaa nnrtis 
 horas nuntiabatur. Nemo audierat 
 nemo senserat : tamen audiebatur. 
 
 Pompeium, praestantissima virtute 
 suspicari : diligentiam, tota republica 
 35 nulla m putabam. Frequentissimo 
 Capitolio senator inventus est qui IV 
 
 metu exanimari ; sed mirabar tamen credi popae, con- 
 
 66. Verurn, ut intellego, cavebat magis Pompeius quam 
 
 
xxv. 68.] Pom-pey has nothing to fear from Milo . 195 
 
 esse diceret. Nudavit se in sanctissimo templo, quo- 
 niam vita talis et civis et viri fidem non faciebat, ut eo 
 tacente res ipsa loqueretur. 
 
 /xxv. 67 . Omnia falsa atque insidiose ficta comperta 
 sunt. Cum tamen, si metuitur etiam nunc Milo, non 5 
 jam hoc Clodianum crimen timemus, sed tuas, Cn. 
 Pompei — te enim jam appello, et ea voce ut me 
 exaudire possis — tuas, tuas, inquam, suspitiones per- 
 horrescimus : si Milonem times ; si hunc de tua vita 
 nefarie aut nunc cogitare aut molitum aliquando ali- IO 
 quid putas ; si Italiae dilectus (ut non nulli conquisi- 
 tores tui dictitarunt) , si haec arma, si Capitolinae 
 cohortes, si excubiae, si vigiliae, si dilecta juventus 
 quae tuum corpus domumque custodit contra Milonis 
 impetum armata est, atque ilia omnia in hunc unum 15 
 instituta, parata, intenta sunt, — magna in hoc certe 
 vis et incredibilis animus, et non unius viri vires atque 
 opes judicantur, si quidem in hunc unum et praestan- 
 tissimus dux electus et tota res publica armata est. 
 
 68. Sed quis non intellegit omnis tibi rei publicae 20 
 partis aegras et labantis, ut eas his armis sanares et 
 confirmares, esse commissas? Quod si locus Miloni 
 datus esset, probasset profecto tibi ipsi neminem um- 
 quam hominem homini cariorem fuisse quam te sibi ; 
 nullum se umquam periculum pro tua dignitate fugisse ; 25 
 cum ipsa ilia taeterrima peste se saepissime oro tua • 
 
 gloria contendisse ; tribunatum suum ad sa 
 quae tibi carissima fuisset, consiliis tuis 
 
 se a te postea defensum in periculo capitis, aajutum in 
 petitione praeturae ; duos se habere semper amicissi- 30 
 mos sperasse, te tuo beneficio, me suo. Quae si non 
 probaret, si tibi ita penitus inhaesisset ista suspitio 
 nullo ut evelli modo posset, si denique Italia a dilectu, 
 urbs ab armis sine Milonis clade numquam esset 
 conquietura, ne ille haud dubitans cessisset patria, is 35 
 qui ita natus est et ita consuevit : te, Magne, tamen 
 antestaretur, quod nunc etiam facit. 
 
196 Defe7ice of Milo . [Milo, 
 
 xxvi. 69 . Vide quam sit varia vitae commutabilisque 
 ratio, quam vaga volubilisque fortuna, quantae infi- 
 delitates in amicis, quam ad tempus aptae simulationes, 
 quantae in periculis fugae proximorum, quantae timi- 
 5 ditates. Erit, erit illud profecto tempus, et inlucescet 
 aliquando ille dies, cum tu — salutaribus, ut spero, 
 rebus tuis, sed fortasse motu aliquo communium tern- 
 porum, qui quam crebro accidat experti scire debemus 
 — et amicissimi benevolentiam et gravissimi hominis 
 10 fidem et unius post homines natos fortissimi viri mag- 
 nitudinem animi desideres. TO. Quamquanx quis hoc 
 credat, Cn. Pompeium, juris publici, moris majorum, 
 rei denique publicae peritissimum, cum senatus ei com- 
 miserit ut videret Ne quid res 'publica detrimenti caj)- 
 15 eret (quo uno versiculo satis armati semper consules 
 fuerunt, etiam nullis armis datis), hunc exercitu, hunc 
 dilectu dato, judicium exspectaturum fuisse in ejus 
 consiliis vindicandis, qui vi judicia ipsa tolleret? Satis 
 judicatum est a Pompeio, satis, falso ista conferri in 
 20 Milonem, qui legem tulit, qua, ut ego sentio, Milonem 
 absolvi a vobis oporteret, ut omnes confitentur, liceret. 
 Ti. Quod vero in illo loco atque illis publicorum prae- 
 sidiorum copiis circumfusus sedet, satis declarat se non 
 terrorem inferre vobis — quid enim minus illo dignum 
 25 quam cogere ut vos eum condemnetis, in quern ani- 
 madvertere ipse et more majorum et suo jure posset? 
 sed praesidio esse, ut intellegatis contra hesternam 
 illam contionem licere vobis quod sentiatis libere 
 judicare. 
 
 30 xxvix. 72 . Nec vero me, judices, Clodianum crimen 
 movet, nec tarn sum demens tamque vestri sensus 
 ignarus atque expers, ut nesciam quid de morte Clodi 
 sentiatis. De qua, si jam nollem ita diluere crimen, ut 
 dilui, tamen impune Miloni palam clamare ac mentiri 
 35 gloriose liceret : 4 Occidi, occidi, non Sp. Maelium, qui 
 annona levanda jacturisque rei familiaris, quia nitnis 
 
/ 
 
 xxvii. 1 74 -] The Crimes of Clodius recited. 
 
 197 
 
 ampljecti plebem videbatur, in suspitionem incidit 
 regnj appetendi ; non Ti. Gracchum, qui conlegae 
 magi|stratum per seditionem abrogavit, quorum inter- 
 fectories impleverunt orbem terrarum nominis sui glo- 
 sed eum — auderet enim dicere, cum patriam 5 
 
 na 
 
 
 periqulo suo liberasset — cujus nefandum adulterium 
 in pulvinaribus sanctissimis nobilissimae feminae com- 
 preh;enderunt ; 73 . eum cujus supplicio senatus sollem- 
 nis religiones expiandas saepe censuit ; eum quern cum 
 sorore germana nefarium stuprum fecisse L. Lucullus 10 
 juratus se quaestionibus habitis dixit comperisse ; eum 
 qui civem quern senatus, quern populus Romanus, quern 
 omnes gentes urbis ac vitae civium conservatorem 
 judiparant, servorum armis exterminavit ; eum qui 
 regna dedit, ademit, orbem terrarum quibuscum voluit 15 
 parfitus est; eum qui, plurimis caedibus in foro factis, 
 sin^ ulari virtute et gloria civem domum vi et armis 
 compulit ; eum cui nihil umquam nefas fuit, nec in 
 faciiore nec in libidine ; eum qui aedem Nympharum 
 incqndit, ut memoriam publicam recensionis tabulis 20 
 publicis impressam exstingueret ; 74 . eum denique, 
 cuiljam nulla lex erat, nullum civile jus, nulli 
 possessionum termini; qui non calumnia litium, non 
 injustis vindiciis ac sacramentis alienos fundos, sed 
 castris, exercitu, signis inferendis petebat ; qui non 2 5 
 sohm Etruscos — eos enim penitus contempserat — 
 sed hunc P. Varium, fortissimum atque optimum 
 civem, judicem nostrum, pellere possessionibus armis 
 caftrisque conatus est ; qui cum architectis et decem- 
 [is villas multorum hortosque peragrabat ; qui 3 ° 
 ^■iculo et Alpibus spem possessionum terminarat 
 [rum; qui, .cum ab equite Romano splendido et f 
 [i, M. Paconio, non impetrasset ut sibi insulam in 
 labu Prilio venderet, repente luntribus in earn insulam 
 materiem, calcem, caementa, arma convexit, domino- 35 
 que trans ripam inspectante, non dubitavit exstruere 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 
 198 
 
 aedificium in alieno ; 75 . qui huic T. Furfanio, -- cui 
 viro, di immortales ! quid enim ego de muliebcula 
 Scantia, quid de adulescente P. Apinio dicam? quo- 
 rum utrique mortem est minitatus, nisi sibi hortorum 
 5 possessione cessissent, — sed ausum esse Furfanio 
 dicere, si sibi pecuniam, quantam poposcerat, non 
 dedisset, mortuum se in domum ejus inlaturum, qua 
 invidia huic esset tali viro conflagrandum ; qui Appium 
 fratrem, hominem mihi conjunctum fidissima gratia, 
 10 absentem de possessione fundi dejecit ; qui parietem 
 sic per vestibulum sororis instituit ducere, sic agere 
 fundamenta, ut sororem non modo vestibulo privaret, 
 sed omni aditu et limine. 
 
 xxvin. 76 . Quamquam haec quidem jam tolerabilia 
 15 videbantur, etsi aequabiliter in rem publicam, in pri- 
 vates, in longinquos, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos 
 inruebat ; sed nescio quo modo jam usu obduruerat et 
 percalluerat civitatis incredibilis patientia. Quae vero 
 aderant jam et impendebant, quonam modo ea aut de- 
 20 pellere potuissetis aut ferre? Imperium ille si nactus 
 esset, — omitto socios, exteras nationes, reges, tetrar- 
 chas ; vota enim faceretis, ut in eos se potius immitte- 
 ret quam in vestras possessiones, vestra tecta, vestras 
 pecunias : — pecunias dico? a liberis (me dius fidius) et 
 2 5 a conjugibus vestris numquam ille effrenatas suas libid- 
 ines cohibuisset. Fingi haec putatis, quae patent, quae 
 nota sunt omnibus, quae tenentur? servorum exercitus 
 ilium in urbe conscripturum fuisse, per quos totam 
 rem publicam resque privatas omnium possideret? 77 . 
 3 ° Quam ob rem si cruentum gladium tenens clamaret 
 T. Annius : 6 Adeste, quaeso, atque audite, cives : P. 
 Clodium interfeci ; ejus furores, quos nullis jam legi- 
 bus, nullis judiciis frenare poteramus, hoc ferro et hac 
 dextera a cervicibus vestris reppuli, per me ut unum 
 35 jus, aequitas, leges, libertas, pudor, pudicitia in civitate 
 maneret ! ’ esset vero timendum, quonam modo id 
 
tfxix. 79.] Milo might well have slain him , 
 
 199 
 
 ferret civitas ! Nunc enim quis est qui non probet, 
 qui non laudet, qui non unum post hominum memo- 
 riam T. Annium plurimum rei publicae profuisse, 
 maxima laetitia populum Romanum, cunctam Italiam, 
 nationes omnis adfecisse et dicat et sentiat? Non s 
 queo vetera ilia populi Romani gaudia quanta fuerint 
 judicare : multas tamen jam summorum imperatorum 
 clarissimas victorias aetas nostra vidit, quarumt nulla 
 neqye tam diuturnam attulit laetitiam nec fantam. 
 
 78 ; Mandate hoc memoriae, judices. Spero multa vos IO 
 liberosque vestros in re publica bona esse visuros : in 
 eis singulis ita semper existimabitis, vivo P. Clotfm 
 nihil eorum vos visuros fuisse- In spem maximam, 
 et (quern ad modum confido) verissimam sumus ad- 
 ductqhunc ipsum annum, hoc ipso summo viro con- 
 sale, compressa hominum licentia, cupiditatibus fractis, 
 legibuslet judiciis cortstitu'tis, salutarem civitati fore. 
 Num quis est igitur tam demens, qui hoc P. Clodio 
 vivo contingere potuisse arbitretur? Quid? ea quae 
 tenetis, privata atque vestra, dominante homine furioso 20 
 quod jus perpetuae possessionis habere potuissent? 
 :;;.xxixr. Non, timeo, judices, ne odio inimicitiarum 
 mearum inflammatus libentius haec in ilium evomere 
 viriear quam verius. Etenim si praecipuum esse de- 
 ttM^,i^men ita communis erat omnium ille hostis, 25 
 ut,in ocanmuni odio paene aequaliter versaretur odium 
 meum. . Non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, 
 in illo sceleris, quantum exiti fuerit. 79. Quin 
 ” idite,, judices. Nempe haec est quaestio de 
 
 Mpgite animis — ljberae sunt enim 30 
 cogittrtrQiiassirtet quae volunt sic intuentur ut 
 c'iitomusb'«^ft«[ • i 48 lemus — fingite igitur cogita- 
 f'one Slfeagin^lSP h«|)o)s condicionis meae, si possim 
 etittere ut Milonerh afesolvatis, sed ita, si P. Clodius 
 revixerit. 'Quid voltu extimuistis? quonam modo ille 35 
 vo n ’»vUa adliceret, quos mortuus inani cogitatione per- " 
 
200 
 
 Defence of Milo. 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 cussit? Quid ! si ipse Cn. Pompeius, qui ea virtute ac 
 fortuna est ut ea potuerit semper quae nemo praeter 
 ilium, si is, inquam, potuisset aut quaestionem de morte 
 P. Clodi ferre aut ipsum ab inferis excitare, utrum 
 5 putatis potius facturum fuisse ? Etiam si propter ami- 
 citiam vellet ilium ab inferis evocare, propter rem 
 publicam non fecisset. Ejus igitur mortis sedetis ulto- 
 res, cujus vitam si putetis per vos restitui posse, nolitis ; 
 et de ejus nece lata quaestio est, qui si lege eadem re- 
 io viviscere posset, lata lex numquam esset. Hujus ergo 
 interfector si esset, in confitendo ab eisne poenam 
 timeret quos liberavisset? 80 . Graeci homines deorum 
 honores tribuunt eis viris qui tyrannos necaverunt. 
 Quae ego vidi Athenis ! quae aliis in urbibus Graeciae ! 
 15 quas res divinas talibus institutas viris ! quos cantus, 
 quae carmina ! prope ad immortalitatis et religionem 
 et memoriam consecrantur. Vbs tanti conservatorem 
 populi, tanti sceleris ultorem non modo honoribus nullis 
 adficietis, sed etiam ad supplicium rapi patiemiru? 
 20 Confiteretur, confiteretur, inquam, si fecisset, et magno 
 animo et libenter fecisse se libertatis omnium causa, 
 quod esset ei non confitendum modo, verum etiam 
 praedicandum. 
 
 xxx. 81 . Etenim si id non negat ex quo nihil petit nisi 
 25 ut ignoscatur, dubitaret id fateri ex quo etiam prae- 
 mia laudis essent petenda? nisi vero gratius putat esse 
 vobis sui se capitis quam vestri defensorem fuisse, cum 
 praesertim [in] ea confessione, si grati esse ve i l ed^ 
 honores adsequeretur amplissimos. Si L tactu«elWb>fe 
 30 non probaretur — quamquam $85 pbtbtei© 
 
 cuiouam non probari? — sed tam^ok^tigs 'JoritiikMt 
 viri virtus civibus grata cecidiafei^ artithWes 
 
 stantique cederet ex ingrata 
 ingratius quam laetari ceteros, fugere eum solum prop- 
 35 ter quern ceteri laetarentur? 82 . Quamquam hoc 
 ^Amimo semper omnes fuimus in patriae prodito''bus 
 
xxxi. 84.] He deserves well of the State . 201 
 
 opprimendis, ut, quoniam nostra futura esset gloria, 
 periculum quoque et invidiam nostram putaremus. 
 Nam quae mihi ipsi tribuenda laus esset, cum tantum 
 in consulatu meo pro vobis ac liberis vestris ausus 
 essem, si id, quod conabar sine maximis dimication- 
 ibus meis me esse ausurum arbitrarer? Quae mulier 
 sceleratum ac perniciosum civem interficere non au- 
 deret, si periculum non timeret? Proposita invidia, 
 morte, poena, qui nihilo segnius rem publicam defendit, 
 is vir vere putandus est. Populi grati est praemiis 
 adficere bene mejitos de re publica civis ; viri fortis ne 
 suppliciis quidem moveri ut fortiter fecisse paeniteat. 
 83. Quam ob rem uteretur eadem confessione T. An- 
 nius qua Ahala, qua Nasica, qua Opimius, qua Marius, 
 qua nosmet ipsi ; et, si grata res publica esset, laeta- 
 retur: si ingrata, tamenj in gravi fortuna conscientia 
 sua niteretur. 
 
 r ' 
 
 Sed hujus benefici gratiam, judices, fortuna populi 
 Romani et vestra felicitas et di immortales sibi deberi 
 putant. Neci vero quisquam aliter arbitrari potest, 
 nisi qui nullam vim esse ducit numenve divinum ; 
 quern neque imperi nostri magnitudo neque sol ille 
 nec caeli signorumque motus nec vicissitudines rerum 
 atque ordines movent, neque (id quod maximum 
 est) majorum sapientia, qui sacra, qui caerimonias, 
 qui auspicia et ipsi sanctissime coluerunt, et nobis suis 
 posteris prodiderunt. xxxi. 84. Est, est profecto ilia 
 vis : neque in his corporibus atque in hac imbecillitate 
 nostra inest quiddam quod vigeat et sentiat, et non 
 inest in hoc tanto naturae tarn praeclaro motu. Nisi 
 forte idcirco non putant, quia non apparet nec cernitur : 
 proinde quasi nostram ipsam mentem qua sapimus, 
 qua providemus, qua haec ipsa agimus ac dicimus, 
 videre aut plane qualis aut ubi sit sentire possimus. 
 Ea vis igitur ipsa, quae saepe incredibilis huic urbi 
 felicitates atque opes attulit, illam perniciem exstinxit 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
202 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 Defence of Milo . 
 
 ac sustulit ; cui primum mentem injecit, ut vi irritare 
 ferroque lacessere fortissimum virum auderet, vincere- 
 turque ab eo, quern si vicisset habiturus esset impuni- 
 tatem 6t licGntiam sGrnpitGinam. 
 
 5 85 . Non est humano consilio, ne mediocri quidem, 
 
 iudices, deorum immortalium cura, res ilia perfecta. 
 Religiones me hercule ipsae, quae illam beluam cadere 
 viderunt, commosse se videntur, et jus in illo suum 
 retinuisse. Vos enim jam, Albani tumuli atque luci, 
 io vos, inquam, imploro atque obtestor ; vosque, Albano- 
 rum obrutae arae, sacrorum populi Romani sociae et 
 aequales, quas ille praeceps amentia, caesis prostra- 
 tisque sanctissimis lucis, substructionum insanis moli- 
 bus oppresserat. Vestrae turn [arae] vestrae religiones 
 15 viguerunt; vestra vis valuit, quam ille omni scelere 
 polluerat. Tuque ex tuo edito monte, Latiaris sancte 
 Juppiter, cujus ille lacus, nemora finisque saepe omni 
 nefario stupro et scelere macularat, aliquando ad eum 
 poeniendum oculos aperuisti. Vobis illae, vobis vestro 
 20 in conspectu serae, sed justae tamen et debitae poenae 
 solutae sunt. 86. Nisi forte hoc etiam casu factum 
 esse dicemus, ut ante ipsum sacrarium Bonae deae, 
 quod est in fundo T. Sergi Galli, in primis honesti et 
 ornati adulescentis, ante ipsam, inquam, Bonam deam, 
 25 cum proelium commisisset, primum illud volnus ac- 
 ciperet, quo taeterrimam mortem obiret ; ut non ab- 
 solute judicio illo nefario vidpetur, sed ad hanc 
 insignem poenam reservatus. yOcxx!!. Nec vero non 
 eadem ira deorum hanc ejus satellitibus injecit arnen- 
 3° tiam, ut sine imaginibus, sine cantu atque ludis, sine 
 exsequiis, sine lamentis, sine laudationibus, sine funere, 
 oblitus cruore et luto, spoliatus illius supremi diei cele- 
 britate, cui cedere inimici etiam solent, ambureretur 
 abjectus. Non fuisse credo fas clarissimorum virorum 
 35 formas illi taeterrimo parricidae aliquid decons adferre, 
 neque ullo in loco potius mortem ejus lacerari quam in 
 quo vita esset damnata. 
 
xxxiii. 89.] Crimes and Madness of Clodius. 
 
 203 
 
 87 . Dura (me dius fidius) mihi jam Fortuna populi 
 , Romani et crudelis videbatur, quae tot annos ilium 
 in hanc rem publicam insultare pateretur. Polluerat 
 stupro sanctissimas religiones, senatus gravissima de- 
 creta perfregerat, pecunia se a judicibus palam redem- 5 
 erat, vexarat in tribunatu senatum, omnium ordinum 
 consensu pro salute rei publicae gesta resciderat, 
 
 ' me patria expulerat, bona diripuerat, domum incende- 
 rat, liberos, conjugem meam vexarat, Cn. Pompeio 
 nefarium bellum indixerat, magistratuum privatorum- I0 
 que caedis effecerat, domum mei fratris incenderat, 
 vastarat Etruriam, multos sedibus ac fortunis ejece- 
 rat. Instabat, urgebat. Capere ejus amentiam civitas, 
 Italia, provinciae, regna .non poterant. Incidebantur 
 jam domi leges, quae nos servis nostris addicerent. 15 
 Nihil erat cuju.o'uam, quod quidem ille adamasset, 
 quod non hoc anno suum fore putaret. 88. Obstabat 
 ejus cogitationibus nemo praeter Milonem. Ilium 
 ipsum, qui obstare poterat, novo reditu in gratiam 
 quasi devinctum arbitrabatur : Caesaris potentiam 20 
 
 suam esse dicebat : bonorum animos in meo casu 
 
 contempserat : Milo unus urgebat. 
 
 xxxiii. Hie di immortales, ut supra dixi, mentem 
 illi perdito ac furioso dederunt, ut huic faceret insidias. 
 Aliter perire pestis ilia non potuit : numquam ilium 2 5 
 res publica suo jure esset ulta. Senatus (credo) prae- 
 torem eum circumscripsisset. Ne cum soiebat quidem 
 id facere, in privato eodem hoc aliquid profecerat. 
 
 89 . An consules in praetore coercendo fortes fuissent? 
 Primum, Milone occiso habuisset suos consules : deinde 3° 
 quis in eo praetore consul fortis esset, per quern tri- 
 bunum virtutem consularem crudelissime vexatam esse 
 rneminisset? Oppressisset omnia, possideret, teneret : 
 lege nova [quae est inventa apud eum cum reliquis 
 legibus Clodianis] servos nostros libertos suos fecisset : 35 
 postremo, nisi eum di immortales in earn mentem 
 
204 
 
 Defence of Milo. 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 impulissent, ut homo effeminatus fortissimum virum 
 conaretur occidere, hodie rem publicam nullam habe- 
 retis. 90 . An ille praetor, ille vero consul, — si inodo 
 haec templa atque ipsa moenia stare eo vivo tam diu et 
 S consulatum ejus exspectare potuissent, — ille denique 
 vivus mali nihil fecisset, qui mortuus, uno ex suis satel- 
 litibus [Sex. Clodio] duce, curiam incenderit? Quo 
 quid miserius, quid acerbius, quid luctuosius vidimus? 
 Templum sanctitatis, amplitudinis, mentis, consili 
 IO publici, caput urbis, aram sociorum, portum omnium 
 gentium, sedem ab universo populo concessam uni 
 ordini, inflammari, exscindi, funestari? neque id fieri 
 a multitudine imperita — quamquam esset miserum id 
 ipsum — sed ab uno? Qui cum tantum ausus sit ustor 
 15 pro mortuo, quid signifer pro vivo non esset ausus? In 
 curiam potissimum abjecit, ut earn mdrtuus incenderet, 
 quam vivus everterat. 91. Et- sunt qui de via Appia 
 querantur, taceant de curia! et qui ab eo spirante ; 
 forum putent potuisse defendi, cujus non restitent 
 20 cadaveri curia ! Excitate, excitate ipsum, si potestis, 
 a mortuis. Frangetis impetum vivi, cujus vix susti- 
 netis furias insepulti? Nisi vero sustinuistis eos qui : 
 cum facibus ad curiam cucurrerunt, cum falcibus 
 ad Castoris, cum gladiis toto foro volitarunt. Caedi ■ 
 25 vidistis populum Romanum, contionem gladiis distur- > 
 bari, cum audiretur silentio M. Caelius, tnbunus 
 plebis, vir et in re publica fortissimus, et fin suscepta 
 causa firmissimus, et bonorum voluntati et auctoritati 
 senatus deditus, et in hac Milonis sive invidia sive 
 30 fortuna singulari, divina et incredibili fide. 
 
 xxxxv. 92 . Sed jam satis multa de causa : extra 
 causam etiam nimis fortasse multa. Quid restat nisi 
 ut orem obtesterque vos, judices, ut earn misericoi- 
 diam tribuatis fortissimo viro, quam ipse non implorat, 
 
 35 ego etiam repugnante hoc et imploro et exposco. 
 Nolite, si in nostro omnium fletu nullam lacrimam 
 
xxxiv. 94 *] He bids Farewell to the City . 205 
 
 aspexistis Milonis, si voltum semper eundem, si vocem, 
 si orationem stabilem ac non mutatam videtis, hoc 
 minus ei parcere : haud scio an multo sit etiam adju- 
 vandus magis. Etenim si in gladiatoriis pugnis et 
 infimi generis hominum condicione atque fortuna timi- 5 
 dos atque supplices et ut vivere liceat obsecrantis 
 etiam odisse solemus, fortis atque animosos et se acriter 
 ipsos morti offerentis servare cupimus, eorumque nos 
 magis miseret qui nostram misericordiam non requirunt 
 quam qui illam efflagitant, — quanto hoc magis in for- I0 
 tissimis civibus facere debemus? 93. Me quidem, ju- 
 dices, exanimant et interimunt hae voces Milonis, quas 
 audio adsidue et quibus intersum cotidie. 4 Valeant,’ 
 inquit, 4 valeant cives mei : sint incolumes, sint floren- 
 tes, sint beati : stet haec urbs praeclara mihique patria 15 
 carissima, quoijao^niodo erit merita de me. Tranquilla 
 re publida me#8H r 'e». quoniam mihi cum illis non licet, 
 sine me ipsi, se<b propter me tamen perfruantur. Ego 
 cedam atque 3&fe®&4si mihi bona re publica frui non 
 licuerit, at carebo mala, et quam primum tetigero 20 
 bene moratam et liberam civitatem, in ea conquiescam. 
 
 94 . O frustra,* inquit, ‘ mihi suscepti labores ! O spes 
 lallaces et cogitationes inanes meae ! Ego cum tribu- 
 nus plebis re publica oppressa me senatui dedissem, 
 quern exstinctum accepbram, equitibus Romanis, quo- 2 5 
 mm vires erant debiles, 'bonis viris, qui omnem auc- 
 toritatem Clodianis a(rn$xs abjecerant, mihi umquam 
 bonorum praesidium defuturum putarem? ego cum 
 te mecum enim saepissime loquitur — 6 patriae 
 reddidissem, mihi putarem in patria non futurum 3° 
 locum? Ubi nunc senatus est, quern secuti sumus? 
 ubi equites Romani illi [illi], ? inquit, 4 tui? ubi studia 
 municipiorum? ubi Italiae voces? ubi denique tua 
 ilia, M. Tulli, quae plurimis fuit auxilio, vox atque 
 defensio? mihine ea soli, qui pro te totiens morti me 35 
 obtuli, nihil potest opitulari?’ 
 
Defence of Milo. 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 
 206 
 
 Y 
 
 xxxv. 95. Nec vero haec, judices, ut ego nunc, 
 flens, sed hoc eodem loquitur voltu quo videtis. Ne- 
 gat enim, negat ingratis civibus fecisse se quae 
 fecerit ; timidis et omnia circumspicientibus pericula 
 5 non negat, Plebem et infimam multitudinem, quae 
 P. Clodio duce fortunis vestris imminebat, earn, quo 
 tutior esset vestra vita, se fecisse commemorat ut non 
 modo virtute flecteret, sed etiam tribus suis patrimoniis 
 deleniret ; nec timet ne, cum plebem muneribus pla- 
 10 carit, vos non conciliarit meritis in rem publicam 
 singularibus. Senatus erga se benevolentiam tempo- 
 ribus his ipsis saepe esse perspectam, vestias vero et 
 vestrorum ordinum occursationes, studia, sermones, 
 quemcumque cursum fortuna dederit, se secum abla- 
 15 turum esse dicit. 96 . Meminit etiam sibi vocem prae- 
 conis modo defuisse, quam minime de^rarit ; populi 
 vero cunctis suffragiis, quod unum. ciipifcrit, se consu- 
 lem declaratum : nunc denique, contra se sint 
 
 futura, sibi facinoris suspitionemj i:acti crimen 
 
 20 obstare. Addit haec, quae certe ver<a fcunt : fortis et 
 sapientis viros non tarn praemia sequi solere recte 
 factorum, quam ipsa recte facta; se nihil in vita nisi 
 praeclarissime fecisse, si quidem nihil sit praestabilius 
 viro quam periculis patriam liberare ; beatos esse quibus 
 25 ea res honori fuerit a suis civibpt&^eT. nec tamen eos 
 miseros qui beneficio civis supsd\4fdrint ; sed tamen ex 
 omnibus praemiis virtutis, si etsaebhabenda ratio prae- 
 miorum, amplissimum esse pmemium gloriam : esse 
 banc unam quae brevitatem vitae posteritatis memoria 
 30 consolaretur ; quae efficeret ut absentes adessemus, 
 mortui viveremus ; hanc denique esse, cujus gradi- 
 bus etiam in caelum homines viderentur ascendere. 
 98 . ‘ De me,’ inquit, ‘ semper populus Romanus, sem- 
 per omnes gentes loquentur, nulla umquam obmute- 
 35 scet vetustas. Quin hoc tempore ipso, cum omnes a 
 meis inimicis faces invidiae meae subiciantur, tamen 
 
xxxvi. ioo.] Cicero makes Milo's Cause his own . 207 
 
 omni in hominum coetu gratiis agendis et gratulatio- 
 nibus habendis et omni sermone celebramur.’ Omitto 
 Etruriae festos et actos et institutos dies : centesima 
 lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodi, et (o'pinor) altera. 
 Qua fines imperi populi Romani sunt, ea“ non solum 5 
 fama jam de illo, sed etiam laetitia peragravit. Quam 
 ob rem f Ubi corpus hoc sit non,’ inquit, 6 laboro, qup- 
 niam omnibus in terris et jam versatur et semper 
 habitabit nominis mei gloria.’ 
 
 xxxvi. 99. Haec tu mecum saepe his absentibus, IO 
 sed isdem audientibus haec ego tecum, Milo: 4 Te 
 quidem, cum isto animo es, satis laudare non possum ; 
 sed, quo est ista magis divina virtus, eo majore a te 
 dolore divellor. Nec vero, si mihi eriperis, reliqua 
 est ilia tamen ad consolandum querella, ut eis irasci 15 
 possim, a quibus tantum volnus accepero. Non enim 
 iiiimicfeinei eripienb *ed amicissimi ; non male 
 
 al:quawd[o«#£ .aeqaieriti, sed semper optime.’ Nullum 
 1 iqu^opPiqijrtd^B, mihi tantum dolorem inuretis — * 
 etsi qafe^&q^t^esse tantus? — sed ne hunc quidem 20 
 ipsum, utdfehviscar quanti me semper feceritis. Quae 
 si vos cepit oblivio, aut si in me aliquid offendistis, cur 
 non id meo capite potius luitur quam Milonis? Prae- 
 clare enim vixero, si quid mihi accident prius quam 
 hoc tantum mali videro. 100. Nunc me una consolatio 2 5 
 sustentat, quod tibi, T. Anni, nullum a me amoris, 
 nullum studi, nullum pietatis officium defuit. Ego 
 inimicitias potentium pro te appetivi ; ego meum saepe 
 corpus et vitam objeci armis dnimicorum tuorum ; 
 ego me plurimis pro te supplicem abjeci ; bona, for- 3 ° 
 tunas meas ac liberorum meorum in communionem 
 tuorum temporum contuli hoc denique ipso die, si 
 quae vis est parata, si quae dimicatio capitis futura, 
 deposco. Quid jam restat? Quid habeo quod faciam 
 pro tuis in me meritis, nisi ut earn fertunam, quaecum- 35 
 que erit tua, ducam meam? Non recuso, non abnuo ; 
 
208 
 
 [Milo, 
 
 Defence of Milo. 
 
 vosque obsecro, judices, ut vestra beneficia, quae in 
 me contulistis, aut in hujus salute augeatis, aut in 
 ejusdem exitio occasura esse videatis. 
 
 xxxvii. 101. His lacrimis non movetur Milo. Est 
 5 quodam incredibili robore animi. Exsilium lbi esse 
 putat, ubi virtuti non sit locus ; mortem naturae fi- 
 nem esse, non poenam. Sed hie ea mente qua natus 
 est. Quid vos, judices? quo tandem animo eritis? 
 Memoriam Milonis retinebitis, ipsum eicietis? et erit 
 ,o dignior locus in terris ullus qui hanc virtutem excipiat, 
 quam hie qui procreavit? Vos, vos appello, fortissimi 
 viri, qui multum pro re publica sanguinem effudistis : 
 vos in viri et in civis invicti appello periculo, centurio- 
 nes, vosque milites : vobis non modo mspectantibus, 
 
 15 sed etiam armatis et huic judicio praesidentibus, haec 
 tanta virtus ex hac urbe expelletur, exterminabitur, 
 proicietur? 102. O me miser'am l liKtdicem ! 
 
 Revocare tu me in patriam, hos : 
 
 ego te in patria per eosdem retinere Qil ld 
 
 20 respondebo liberis meis, qui te parenM^-^eafon pu- 
 tant? Quid tibi, Quinte frater, qui nunc abtes, consorti 
 mecum temporum illorum ? Mene non potuisse Milo- , 
 nis salutem tueri per eosdem, per quos nostram llle { 
 servasset? At in qua causa non potuisse? quae est 
 25 grata gentibus .... non potuisse f eis-qui maxime , 
 P. Clodi morte acquierunt : quo deprecante? me. 
 
 103. Quodnam ego concepi tantum scelus, aut quod 
 in me tantum facinus admisi, judicesjicum ilia indicia 
 communis exiti indagavi, patefeci, protuli, exstinxi? 
 
 30 Omnes in me meosque redundant ex fonte illo dolores. 
 Quid me reducem esse voluistis? an ut inspectante me 
 expellerentur ei per quos essem restitutus? Nolite, 
 obsecro vos, acerbiorem mihi pati reditum esse, quam 
 fuerit ille ipse discessus. Nam qui possum putare me 
 35 restitutum esse, si distrahar ab his, per quos restitutus 
 sum? 
 
xxxvm. io5j Last Appeal to the Court. 209 
 
 xxxviii. Utinam di immortales fecissent — pace tua, 
 patria, dixerim ; metuo enim ne scelerate dicam in te 
 quod pro Milone dicam pie — utinam P. Clodius non 
 modo viveret, sed etiam praetor, consul, dictator esset, 
 potius quam hoc spectaculum viderem ! 104. O di 5 
 
 immortales ! fortem et a vobis, judices, conservandum 
 virum ! ‘ Minime, minime,’ inquit. ‘ Immo vero poe- 
 nas ille debitas luerit : nos subeamus, si ita necesse 
 est, non debitas.’ Hicine vir, patriae natus, usquam 
 nisi in patria morietur? aut, si forte, pro patria ? IO 
 Hujus vos animi monumenta retinebitis, corporis in 
 Italia nullum sepulcrum esse patiemini? Hunc sua 
 quisquam sententia ex hac urbe expellet, quem omnes 
 urbes expulsum a vobis ad se vocabunt? 105. O ter- 
 rain illam beatam, quae hunc virum exceperit : hanc 15 
 ingratam, si ejecerit; miseram, si amiserit ! 
 
 Sed finis sit: neque enim prae lacrimis jam loqui 
 possum, et hie se lacrimis defendi vetat. Vos oro 
 obtestorque, judices, ut in sententiis ferendis, quod 
 sentietis id audeatis. Vestram virtutem, justitiam, 20 
 fidem, mihi credite, is maxime probabit, qui in judi- 
 cibus legendis optimum et sapientissimum et fortis- 
 simum quemque elegit. 
 
THE PARDON OF MAR CELL US. 
 
 B. C. 46. 
 
 Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul b. c. 51) had been an 
 honest but active and bitter partisan of the Senate in the struggle 
 which finally broke out in civil war. It was he who introduced the 
 several decrees which set a limit to Caesar’s power, and put him in 
 the attitude of a public enemy After the defeat at Pharsalia, and 
 the death of Pompey, he still refused to make terms with the vic- 
 tor, but remained in voluntary exile at Mitylene. When, contrary 
 to the general fear, no massacre or proscription followed Caesar’s 
 victory, his friends were encouraged to hope for a full pardon ; 
 and, in the summer of B. c. 46, in a meeting of the Senate, Caesar 
 was openly entreated in his behalf. In reply, the dictator reminded 
 the senators of the intense and persistent hostility of Marcellus ; 
 but added, that he would not stand in the way if the Senate desired 
 his restoration. The senators were then, in regular form, called up 
 for the expression of their wishes ; and, when it came to Cicero’s 
 name, he expressed the formal thanks of the body in the following 
 speech. It is remarkable — especially in contrast to the language 
 which Cicero used two years later — for the tone of its eulogy of 
 Csesar, and for the hope it expresses of an era of good feeling and 
 a restored republic. 
 
 Marcellus set out for Rome, but never arrived. He was assas- 
 sinated at the Piraeus, and buried in the Academy near Athens. 
 (See the letter of Sulpicius, Fam. iv. 12.) 
 
 D IUTURNI silenti, patres conscripti, quo eram his 
 temporibus usus — non timore aliquo, sed par- 
 tim dolore, partim verecundia — finem hodiernus dies 
 attulit, idemque initium quae vellem quaeque sentirem 
 5 meo pristino more dicendi. Tantam enitn mansuetu- 
 dinem, tam inusitatam inauditamque clementiam, tan- 
 tum in summa potestate rerum omnium modum, tam 
 denique incredibilem sapientiam ac paene divinam, 
 tacitus praeterire nullo modo possum. 2. M. enim 
 10 Marcello vobis, patres conscripti, reique publicae red- 
 dito, non illius solum, sed etiam meam vocem et 
 
n - 5 *] The Greatness of Ccesar’s Triumph . 211 
 
 auctoritatem et vobis et rei publicae conservatam ac 
 restitutam puto. Dolebam enim, patres conscripti, et 
 vehementer angebar, virum talem, cum in eadem 
 causa in qua ego fuisset, non in eadem esse fortuna ; 
 nec mihi persuadere poteram, nec fas esse ducebam, 5 
 versari me in nostro vetere curriculo, illo aemulo atque 
 imitatore studiorum ac laborum meorum, quasi quo- 
 dam socio a me et comite, distracto. 
 
 Ergo et mihi meae pristinae vitae consuetudinem, 
 
 C. Caesar, interclusam aperuisti, et his omnibus ad 10 
 bene de [omni] re publica sperandum quasi signum 
 aliquod sustulisti. 3 . Intellectum est enim mihi qui- 
 dem in multis, et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo 
 ante [in] omnibus, cum M. Marcellum senatui rei- 
 que publicae concessisti, commemoratis praesertim 15 
 offensionibus, te auctoritatem hujus ordinis dignita- 
 temque rei publicae tuis vel doloribus vel suspitionibus 
 anteferre. Ille quidem fructum omnis ante actae vitae 
 hodierno die maximum cepit, cum summo consensu 
 senatus, turn judicio tuo gravissimo et maximo. Ex 20 
 quo profecto intellegis quanta in dato beneficio sit 
 laus, cum in accepto sit tanta gloria. Est vero for- 
 tunatus ille, cujus ex salute non minor paene ad 
 omnis quam ad ipsum ventura sit laetitia pervenerit. 
 
 4 . Quod quidem ei merito atque optimo jure contigit. 2 5 
 Quis enim est illo aut nobilitate aut probitate aut 
 optimarum artium studio aut innocentia aut ullo laudis 
 genere praestantior? 
 
 11. Nullius tantum flumen est ingeni, nullius dicendi 
 aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam 3° 
 exornare, sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas 
 possit. Tamen adfirmo, et hoc pace dicam tua, nul- 
 lam in his esse laudem ampliorem quam earn quam 
 hodierno die consecutus es. 5. Soleo saepe ante 
 oculos ponere, idque libenter crebris usurpare sermo- 35 
 nibus, omnis nostrorum imperatorum, omnis exterarum 
 
212 
 
 The Pardon of Marcellus. 
 
 [Marc. 
 
 gentium potentissimorumque populorum, omnis cla- 
 rissimorum regum res gestas, cum tuis nec contentio- 
 num magnitudine nec numero proeliorum nec varietate 
 regionum nec celeritate conficiendi nec dissimilitudine 
 5 bellorum posse conferri ; nec vero disjunctissimas 
 terras citius passibus cujusquam potuisse peragrari, 
 quam tuis non dicam cursibus, sed victoriis lustratae 
 sunt. 6. Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, 
 ut ea vix cujusquam mens aut cogitatio capere possit, 
 jo amens sim : sed tamen sunt alia majora. Nam belli— 
 cas laudes solent quidam extenuare verbis, easque 
 detrahere ducibus, communicare cum multis, ne pro- 
 priae sint imperatorum. Et certe in armis militum 
 virtus, locorum opportunitas, auxilia sociorum, classes, 
 15 commeatus multum juvant : maximam vero partem 
 quasi suo jure Fortuna sibi vindicat, et quicquid pros- 
 pere gestum est, id paene omne ducit suum. 7. At 
 vero hujus gloriae, C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante 
 adeptus, socium habes neminem : totum hoc quantum- 
 20 cumque est (quod certe maximum est) totum est, in- 
 quam, tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil 
 praefectus, nihil cohors, nihil turma decerpit : quin 
 etiam ilia ipsa rerum humanarum domina, Fortuna, 
 in istius societatem gloriae se non offert : tibi cedit ; 
 25 tuam esse totam et propriam fatetur. Numquam enim 
 temeritas cum sapientia commiscetur, neque ad con- 
 silium casus admittitur. 
 
 hi. 8. Domuisti gentis immanitate barbaras, multi- 
 tudine innumerabilis, locis infinitas, omni copiarum 
 30 genere abundantis : sed tamen ea vicisti, quae et 
 
 naturam et condicionem ut vinci possent habebant. 
 Nulla est enim tanta vis, quae non ferro et viribus 
 debilitari frangique possit. Animum vincere, ira- 
 cundiam cohibere, victoriam temperare, adversarium 
 35 nobilitate, ingenio, virtute praestantem non modo ex- 
 tollere jacentem, sed etiam amplificare ejus pristmam 
 
iv. ii.] True Glory of CcesaVs Victory . 213 
 
 dignitatem, haec qui facit, non ego eum cum summis 
 viris comparo, sed simillimum deo judico. 9. Itaque, 
 
 C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur illae 
 quidem non solum nostris, sed paene omnium gentium 
 litteris atque linguis, nec ulla umquam aetas de tuis 5 
 laudibus conticescet. Sed tamen ejus modi res nescio 
 quo modo etiam cum leguntur, obstrepi clamore mili- 
 tum videntur et tubarum sono. At vero cum aliquid 
 clementer, mansuete, juste, moderate, sapienter fac- 
 tum — in iracundia praesertim, quae est inimica con- 10 
 silio, et in victoria, quae natura insolens et superba 
 est — audimus aut legimus, quo studio incendimur, 
 non modo in gestis rebus, sed etiam in fictis, ut eos 
 saepe, quos numquam vidimus, diligamus ! 10. Te 
 
 vero, quem praesentem intuemur, cujus mentem sen- 15 
 susque et os cernimus, ut, quicquid belli fortuna reli- 
 quum rei publicae fecerit, id esse salvum velis, quibus 
 laudibus efferemus? quibus studiis prosequemur? qua 
 benevolentia complectemur ? Parietes (me dius fidius) 
 ut mihi videtur hujus curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, 20 
 quod brevi tempore futura sit ilia auctoritas in his ma- 
 jorum suorum et suis sedibus. iv. Equidem cum C. 
 Marcelli, viri optimi et commemorabili pietate praediti, 
 lacrimas modo vobiscum viderem, omnium Marcello- 
 rum meum pectus memoria obfudit, quibus tu etiam 25 
 mortuis, M. Marcello conservato, dignitatem suam 
 reddidisti, nobilissimamque familiam jam ad paucos 
 redactam paene ab interitu vindicasti. 11. Hunc tu 
 igitur diem tuis maximis et innumerabilibus gratula- 
 tionibus jure antepones. Haec enim res unius est pro- 30 
 pria C. Caesaris : ceterae duce te gestae magnae illae 
 quidem, sed tamen multo magnoque comitatu. Hujus 
 autem rei tu idem es et dux et comes : quae quidem 
 tanta est, ut tropaeis et monumentis tuis adlatura 
 finem sit aetas, — nihil est enim opere et manu fac- 35 
 turn, quod non [aliquando] conficiat et consumat 
 
214 
 
 [Marc. 
 
 The Pardon of Marcellus. 
 
 vetustas : — 12 . at haec [tua justitia et lenitas animi] 
 florescet cotidie magis, ita ut quantum tuis operibus 
 diuturnitas detrahet, tantum adferat laudibus. Et 
 ceteros quidem omnis victores bellorum civilium jam 
 5 ante aequitate et misericordia viceras : hodierno vero 
 die te ipsum vicisti. Vereor ut hoc, quod dicatn, per- 
 inde intellegi possit auditum atque ipse cogitans sen- 
 tio : ipsam victoriam vicisse videris, cum ea quae ilia 
 erat adepta victis remisisti. Nam cum ipsius victoriae 
 io condicione omnes victi occidissemus, clementiae tuae 
 judicio conservati sumus. Recte igitur unus invictus 
 es, a quo etiam ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta 
 est. 
 
 v. 13 . Atque hoc C. Caesaris judicium, patres con- 
 15 scripti, quam late pateat attendite. Omnes enim, qui 
 ad ilia arma fato sumus nescio quo rei publicae misero 
 funestoque compulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur erroris 
 humani, scelere certe liberati sumus. Nam cum M. 
 Marcellum deprecantibus vobis rei publicae conserva- 
 20 vit, me et mihi et item rei publicae, nullo deprecante, 
 reliquos amplissimos viros et sibi ipsos et patriae red- 
 didit : quorum et frequentiam et dignitatem hoc ipso 
 in consessu videtis. Non ille hostis induxit in curiam, 
 sed judicavit a plerisque ignoratione potius et falso 
 25 atque inani metu quam cupiditate aut crudelitate hel- 
 ium esse susceptum. 14. Quo quidem in bello semper 
 de pace audiendum putavi, semperque dolui non modo 
 pacem, sed etiam orationem civium pacem flagitan- 
 tium repudiari. Neque enim ego ilia nec ulla umquam 
 30 secutus sum arma civilia ; semperque mea consilia 
 pads et togae socia, non belli atque armorum fuerunt. 
 Hominem sum secutus privato consilio, non publico ; 
 tantumque apud me grati animi fidelis memoria valuit, 
 ut nulla non modo cupiditate, sed ne spe quidem, 
 35 prudens et sciens tamquam ad interitum ruerem vo- 
 luntarium. 15 . Quod quidem meum consilium minime 
 
vi. 1 9 -] Ccesar would 'prefer Peace to Victory . 215 
 
 obscurum fuit. Nam et in hoc ordine integra re 
 multa de pace dixi, et in ipso bello eadem etiam cum 
 capitis mei periculo sensi. Ex quo nemo jam erit tarn 
 injustus existimator rerum, qui dubitet quae Caesaris 
 de bello voluntas fuerit, cum pacis auctores conservan- 
 dos statim censuerit, ceteris fuerit iratior. Atque id 
 minus mirum fortasse turn, cum esset incertus exitus 
 et anceps fortuna belli : qui vero victor pacis auctores 
 diligit, is profecto declarat se maluisse non dimicare 
 quam vincere. 
 
 vi. 16. Atque hujus quidem rei M. Marcello sum 
 testis. Nostri enim sensus ut in pace semper, sic turn 
 etiam in bello congruebant. Quotiens ego eum et 
 quanto cum dolore vidi, cum insolentiam certorum 
 hominum turn etiam ipsius victoriae ferocitatem exti- 
 mescentem ! Quo gratior tua liberalitas, C. Caesar, 
 nobis, qui ilia vidimus, debet esse. Non enim 
 jam causae sunt inter se, sed victoriae comparandae. 
 
 17. Vidimus tuum victoriam proeliorum exitu termina- 
 tam : gladium vagina vacuum in urbe non vidimus. 
 Quos amisimus civis, eos Martis vis perculit, non ira 
 victoriae ; ut dubitare debeat nemo quin multos, si fieri 
 posset, C. Caesar ab inferis excitaret, quoniam ex 
 eadem acie conservat quos potest. Alterius vero 
 partis nihil amplius dicam quam (id quod omnes ve- 
 rebamur) nimis iracundam futuram fuisse victoriam. 
 
 18. Quidam enim non modo armatis, sed interdum 
 etiam otiosis minabantur ; nec quid quisque sensisset, 
 sed ubi fuisset cogitandum esse dicebant : ut mihi 
 quidem videantur di immortales, etiam si poenas a 
 populo Romano ob aliquod delictum expetiverunt, qui 
 civile bellum tantum et tarn luctuosum excitaverunt, vel 
 placati jam vel satiati aliquando, omnem spem salutis 
 ad clementiam victoris et sapientiam contulisse. 
 
 19. Qua re gaude tuo isto tarn excellenti bono, et 
 fruere cum fortuna et gloria, turn etiam natura et mo- 
 
 5 
 
 to 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
216 The Pardon of Marcellus. [Marc. 
 
 ribus tuis : ex quo quidern maximus est fructus jucun- 
 ditasque sapienti. Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsi 
 persaepe virtuti, tamen plerumque felicitati tuae gratu- 
 labere : de nobis, quos in re publica tecum simul 
 5 esse voluisti, quotiens cogitabis, totiens de maximis 
 tuis beneficiis, totiens de incredibili liberalitate, totiens 
 de singulari sapientia tua cogitabis : quae non modo 
 summa bona, sed nimirum audebo vel sola dicere. 
 Tantus est enim splendor in laude vera, tanta in mag- 
 io nitudine animi et consili dignitas, ut haec a virtute 
 donata, cetera a fortuna commodata esse videantur. 
 20. Noli igitur in conservandis bonis viris defetigari 
 — non cupiditate praesertim aliqua aut pravitate lap- 
 sis, sed opinione offici stulta fortasse, certe non im- 
 15 proba, et specie quadam rei publicae : non enim tua 
 culpa est si te aliqui timuerunt, contraque summa 
 laus, quod minime timendum fuisse senserunt. 
 
 vii. 21. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querelam et 
 atrocissimam suspitionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi 
 20 magis quam cum omnibus civibus turn maxime nobis, 
 qui a te conservati sumus, providenda est : quam etsi 
 spero falsam esse, tamen numquam extenuabo verbis. 
 Tua enim cautio nostra cautio est, ut si in alterutro 
 peccandum sit, malim videri nimis timidus quam pa- 
 25 rum prudens. Sed quisnam est iste tarn demens? De 
 tuisne? — tametsi qui magis sunt tui quam quibus tu 
 salutem insperantibus reddidisti? — an ex hoc numero, 
 qui una tecum fuerunt? Non est credibilis tantus in 
 ullo furor, ut quo duce omnia summa sit adeptus, 
 3° hujus vitam non anteponat suae. An si nihil tui cogi- 
 tant sceleris, cavendum est ne quid inimici? Qui? 
 omnes enim, qui fuerunt, aut sua pertinacia vitam 
 amiserunt, aut tua misericordia retinuerunt ; ut aut 
 nulli supersint de inimicis, aut qui fuerunt sint ami- 
 35 cissimi. 22. Sed tamen cum in animis hominum 
 tantae latebrae sint et tanti recessus, augeamus sane 
 
viii. 25.] The Wounds of War must be healed . 217 
 
 suspitionem tuam ; simul enim augebimus diligentiam. 
 Nam quis est omnium tarn ignarus rerum, tarn rudis 
 in re publica, tarn nihil umquam nec de sua nec de 
 communi salute cogitans, qui non intellegat tua salute 
 contineri suam, et ex unius tua vita pendere omnium? 
 Equidem de te dies noctisque (ut debeo) cogitans, 
 casus dumtaxat humanos et incertos eventus valetu- 
 dinis et naturae communis fragilitatem extimesco ; do- 
 leoque, cum res publica immortalis esse debeat, earn 
 in unius mortalis anima consistere. 23. Si vero ad 
 humanos casus incertosque motus valetudinis sceleris 
 etiam accedit insidiarumque consensio, quern deum, si 
 cupiat, posse opitulari rei publicae credamus? 
 
 viii. Omnia sunt excitanda tibi, C. Caesar, uni, 
 quae jacere sends, belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse 
 fuit, perculsa atque prostrata : constituenda judicia, 
 
 revocanda fides, comprimendae libidines, propaganda 
 suboles : omnia, quae dilapsa jam diffluxerunt, severis 
 legibus vincienda sunt. 24. Non fuit recusandum in 
 tanto civili bello, tanto animorum ardore et armo- 
 rum, quin quassata res publica, quicumque belli even- 
 tus fuisset, multa perderet et ornamenta dignitatis et 
 praesidia stabilitatis suae ; multaque uterque dux fa- 
 ceret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. 
 Quae quidem tibi nunc omnia belli volnera sananda 
 sunt, quibus praeter te nemo mederi potest. 25. Itaque 
 illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam vocem 
 invitus audivi : 6 Satis diu vel naturae vixi vel gloriae.’ 
 Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae, addo etiam, si placet, 
 gloriae: at, quod maximum est, patriae certe parum. 
 Qua re omitte istam, quaeso, doctorum homi'num in 
 contemnenda morte prudentiam : noli nostro periculo 
 esse sapiens. Saepe enim venit ad auris meas, te 
 idem istud nimis crebro dicere, tibi satis te vixisse. 
 Credo: sed turn id audirem, si tibi soli viveres, aut si 
 tibi etiam soli natus esses. Omnium salutem civium 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
2l8 
 
 Pardon of Marcellus. 
 
 [Marc. 
 
 cunctamque rem publicam res tuae gestae complexae 
 sunt : tantum abes a perfectione maximorum operum, 
 ut fundamenta nondum quae cogitas jeceris. Hie tu 
 modum vitae tuae non salute rei publicae, sed aequi- 
 5 tate animi definies? Quid, si istud ne gloriae tuae 
 quidem satis est? cujus te esse avidissimum, quam- 
 vis sis sapiens, non negabis. 26 . Parumne igitur, 
 inquies, magna relinquemus? Immo vero aliis quam- 
 vis multis satis, tibi uni parum. Quicquid est enim, 
 io quamvis amplum sit, id est parum turn, cum est ali- 
 quid amplius. Quod si rerum tuarum immortalium, 
 C. Caesar, hie exitus futurus fuit, ut devictis adversa- 
 riis rem publicam in eo statu relinqueres in quo nunc 
 est, vide, quaeso, ne tua divina virtus admirationis 
 15 plus sit habitura quam gloriae: si quidem gloria est 
 inlustris ac pervagata magnorum vel in suos vel in 
 patriam vel in omne genus hominum fama meritorum. 
 
 ix. 27 . Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est : hie restat 
 actus, in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publicam con- 
 20 stituas, eaque tu in primis summa tranquil litate et 
 otio perfruare : turn te, si voles, cum et patriae quod 
 debes solveris, et naturam ipsam expleveris satietate 
 vivendi, satis diu vixisse dicito. Quid est enim [om- 
 nino] hoc ipsum diu, in quo est aliquid extremum? 
 25 quod cum venit, omnis voluptas praeterita pro nihilo 
 est quia postea nulla est futura. Quamquam iste tuus 
 animus numquam his angustiis, quas natura nobis ad 
 vivendum dedit, contentus fuit : semper immortalitatis 
 amore flagravit. 28 . Nec vero haec tua vita ducenda 
 3° est, quae corpore et spiritu continetur. Ilia, inquam, 
 ilia vita est tua, quae vigebit memoria saeculorum om- 
 nium, quam posteritas alet, quam ipsa aeternitas semper 
 tuebitur. Huic tu inservias, huic te ostentes oportet, 
 quae quidem quae miretur jam pridem multa habet : 
 35 nunc etiam quae laudet exspectat. Obstupescent pos- 
 teri certe imperia, provincias, Rhenurn, Oceanum, 
 
x - 3 2 •] The Judgments of Posterity. 219 
 
 Nilum, pugnas innumerabilis, incredibilis victorias, 
 monimenta, munera, triumphos audientes et legentes 
 tuos. 29. Sed nisi haec urbs stabilita tuis consiliis et 
 institutis erit, vagabitur modo tuum nomen longe atque 
 late : sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non habe- 5 
 bit. Erit inter eos etiam qui nascentur, sient inter nos 
 fuit, magna dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum 
 res tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requirent, 
 idque vel maximum, nisi belli civilis incendium salute 
 patriae restinxeris, ut illud fati fuisse videatur, hoc 10 
 consili. Servi igitur eis etiam judicibus, qui multis 
 post saeculis de te judicabunt, et quidem haud scio an 
 incorruptius quam nos. Nam et sine amore et sine 
 cupiditate et rursus sine odio et sine invidia judicabunt. 
 
 30 , Id autem etiam si turn ad te, ut quidam fa'lso pu- 15 
 tant, non pertinebit, nunc certe pertinet esse te talem, 
 ut tuas laudes obscuratura nulla umquam sit oblivio. 
 
 x. Diversae voluntates civium fuerunt, distractaeque 
 sententiae. Non enim consmis solum et studiis, sed 
 armis etiam et castris dissidebamus. Erat enim ob- 20 
 scuritas quaedam; erat certamen inter clarissimos du- 
 ces : multi dubitabant quid optimum esset, multi quid 
 sibi expediret, multi quid deceret, non nulli etiam 
 quid liceret. 31 . Perfuncta res publica est hoc misero 
 fatalique bello : vicic is, qui non fortuna inflammaret 25 
 odium suum, sed bonitate leniret; neque omnis quibus 
 iratus esset, eosdem [etiam] exsilio aut morte dignos 
 judicaret. Arma ab aliis posita, ab aliis erepta sunt. 
 Ingratus est injustusque civis, qui, armorum periculo 
 liberatus, arumum tamen retinet armatum ; ut etiam 30 
 ille melior sit qui in acie cecidit, qui in causa animam 
 profudit. Quae enim pertinacia quibusdam, eadem 
 aliis constantia videri potest. 32. Sed jam omnis 
 fracta dissensio est armis, exstincta aequitate victoris : 
 restat ut omnes unum velint, qui modo habent aliquid 35 
 non solum sapientiae, sed etiam sanitatis. Nisi te, C. 
 
220 
 
 The Pardon of Marcellus. 
 
 Caesar, salvo, et in ista sententia qua cum a'ntea turn 
 hodie vel maxime usus es manente, salvi esse non pos- 
 sumus. Qua re omnes te, qui haec salva esse volu- 
 mus, et hortamur et obsecramus, ut vitae tuae et saluti 
 s consulas ; omnesque tibi, ut pro aliis etiam loquar 
 quod de me ipse sentio, quoniam subesse aliquid putas 
 quod cavendum sit, non modo excubias et custodias, 
 sed etiam laterum nostrorum oppositus et corporum 
 
 pollicemur. 
 
 io xi. 33 . Sed, ut unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur 
 oratio, — maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Cae- 
 sar, majores etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sen- 
 tiunt, quod ex omnium precibus et lacnmis sentire 
 potuisti : sed quia non est omnibus stantibus ne- 
 
 IS cesse dicere, a me certe dici volunt, cui necesse est 
 quodam modo, et quod fieri decet — M. Marcello a te 
 huic ordini populoque Romano et rei publicae red- 
 dito — fieri id intellego. Nam laetari omms non de 
 unius solum, sed de communi omnium salute sentio. 
 20 34 . Quod autem summae benevolentiae est, quae mea 
 erga ilium omnibus semper nota tuit, ut vix C. Mar- 
 cello, optimo et amantissimo fratri, praeter eum qui- 
 dem cederem nemini, cum id sollicitudine, cura, labore 
 tam diu praestiterim, quam diu est de illius salute du- 
 25 bitatum, certe hoc tempore, magmis curis, molestns, 
 doloribus liberatus, praestare debeo- Itaque, C. Cae- 
 sar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut omnibus .me rebus a te non 
 conservato solum, sed etiam ornato, f.amen ad tua in 
 me unum innumerabilia merita, quod fieri jam posse 
 30 non arbitrabar, maximus hoc tuo facto cuimulus acces- 
 serit. \ 
 
PLEA FOR LIGARIUS. 
 
 B. C. 46. 
 
 Though the case of Ligarius is of no importance in itself, the 
 speech of Cicero in his defence ranks among the first of his ora- 
 tions in rhetorical merit ; and is interesting, besides, for the glimpse 
 it gives of the state of feeling in Rome during Caesar’s dictatorship. 
 
 Quintus Ligarius had held a subordinate position in Africa, in 
 the Pompeian army under P. Attius Varus, in the first year of 
 the Civil War. In this capacity it had fallen to him to prevent 
 the landing of L. /Elius Tubero, whom the Senate had sent to take 
 command in Africa, but to whom Varus refused to give up the post. 
 When then the war was over, Caesar spared the life of Ligarius, 
 but kept him in exile, until a personal application was made by his 
 brother for his recall. Quintus Tubero (afterwards a distinguished 
 jurist) came forward to oppose this, on the ground that Ligarius had 
 not merely taken sides in the Civil War, but had stood with Juba and 
 the foreign enemies of Rome against his native country. The case 
 was argued in the Forum before Caesar himself, sitting in judgment 
 as Dictator. Caesar, with characteristic magnanimity, gave Ligarius 
 a full pardon. This Ligarius requited, a year and a half later, by 
 joining in the plot for Caesar’s murder. 
 
 OVUM crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem non 
 
 auditum propinquus meus ad te Tubero de- 
 tulit, Ligarium in Africa fuisse ; idque C. Pansa, 
 praestanti vir ingenio, fretus fortasse familiaritate ea 
 quae est ei tecum, ausus est confiteri. Itaque quo me 5 
 vertam nescio. Paratus enim veneram, cum tu id neque 
 per te scires neque audire aliunde potuisses, ut igno- 
 ratione tua ad hominis miseri salutem abuterer. Sed 
 quoniam diligentia inimici investigatum est quod late- 
 bat, confitendum est, opinor, praesertim cum meus 10 
 necessarius Pansa fecerit ut id integrum jam non 
 esset ; omissaque controversia, omnis oratio ad miseri- 
 cordiam tuam conferenda est, qua plurimi sunt con- 
 servati, cum a te non liberationem culpae, sed errati 
 
222 
 
 Plea for Ligarius. 
 
 [Ligar. 
 
 veniam impetravissent. 2. Habes igitur, Tubero, quod 
 est accusatori maxime optandum, confitentem reum ; 
 sed tamen hoc confitentem, se in ea parte fuisse qua 
 te, qua virum omni laude dignum, patrem tuum. Ita- 
 5 que prius de vestro delicto confiteamini necesse est, 
 quam Ligari ullam culpam reprehendatis. 
 
 enim Ligarius, cum esset nulla belli suspitio, 
 legatus in Africam [cum] C. Considio profectus est. 
 Qua in legatione et civibus et sociis ita se probavit, ut 
 io decedens Considius provincia satis facere hominibus 
 non posset, si quemquam alium provinciae praefecis- 
 set. Itaque Ligarius, cum diu recusans nihil profe- 
 cisset, provinciam accepit invitus : cui sic praefuit in 
 pace, ut et civibus et sociis gratissima esset ejus in- 
 15 tegritas ac fides. 3 . Bellum subito exarsit, quod qui 
 erant in Africa ante audierunt geri quam paran. Quo 
 audito, partim cupiditate inconsiderata, partim caeco 
 quodam timore primo salutis, post etiam studx sui, 
 quaerebant aliquem ducem ; cum Ligarius, domum 
 20 spectans, ad suos redire cupiens, nullo se imphcari 
 negotio passus est. Interim P. Attius Varus, fi ul 
 praetor Africam obtinuerat, Uticam vemt. Ad _eum 
 statim concursum est. Atque ille non mediocn cu- 
 piditate adripuit imperium, — si illud imperium esse 
 25 potuit, quod ad privatum clamore multitudims impe- 
 ritae, nullo publico consilio, deferebatur. 4. Itaque 
 Ligarius, qui omne tale negotium cuperet effugere, 
 paulum adventu Vari conquievit. 
 
 11. Adhuc, C. Caesar, Q^ Ligarius omm culpa 
 30 vacat. Domo est egressus non modo nullum ad 
 bellum, sed ne ad minimam quidem suspitionem bel 1 . 
 legatus in pace profectus est : in provincia pacatissima 
 ita se gessit, ut ei pacem esse expediret. Profectio 
 certe animum tuum non debet offendere : num igi m 
 35 remansio? Multo minus. Nam profectio voluntatem 
 habuit non turpem, remansio necessitatem etiam ho- 
 
III. 7.] 
 
 The Clemency of Caesar. 
 
 223 
 
 nestam. Ergo haec duo tempora carent crimine : 
 unum cum est legatus profectus, alterum, cum ecflagi- 
 tatus a provincia praepositus Africae est. 5. Tertium 
 tempus est quod post adventum Vari in Africa restitit, 
 quod si est criminosum, necessitatis crimen est, non 5 
 voluntatis. An ille, si potuisset ullo modo evadere, 
 Uticae quam Romae, cum P. Attio quam cum con- 
 cordissimis fratribus, cum alienis esse quam cum suis 
 maluisset? Cum ipsa legatio plena desideri ac sol- 
 licitudinis fuisset propter incredibilem quendam fra- 10 
 trum amorem, hie aequo animo esse potuit, belli 
 discidio distractus a fratribus? 
 
 6. Nullum igitur habes, Caesar, adhuc in Liga- 
 rio signum alienae a te voluntatis. Cujus ego causam 
 animadverte, quaeso, qua fide defendam : prodo meam. 15 
 O clementiam admirabilem atque omnium laude, prae- 
 dicatione, litteris, monumentisque decorandam ! cum 
 M. Cicero apud te defendit alium in ea voluntate 
 non fuisse, in qua se ipsum confitetur fuisse ; nec tuas 
 tacitas cogitationes extimescit, nec quid tibi de alio 20 
 audienti de se ipso occurrat reformidat. hi. Vide 
 quam non reformidem : vide quanta lux liberalitatis et 
 sapientiae tuae mihi apud te dicenti oboriatur. Quan- 
 tum potero, voce contendam ut [hoc] populus Roma- 
 nus exaudiat. 7 o Suscepto bello Caesar, gesto etiam 25 
 ex parte magna, nulla vi coactus, judicio ac voluntate, 
 ad ea arma profectus sum quae erant sumpta contra 
 te. Apud quern igitur hoc dico? Nempe apud eum, 
 qui, cum hoc sciret, tamen me, ante quam vidit, rei 
 publicae reddidit ; qui ad me ex Aegypto litteras misit, 3° 
 ut essem idem qui fuissem ; qui cum ipse imperator 
 in toto imperio populi Romani unus esset, esse me 
 alterum passus est; a quo, hoc ipso C. Pansa mihi 
 hunc nuntium perferente, concessos fascis laureatos 
 tenui, quoad tenendos putavi ; qui mihi turn denique se 35 
 salutem putavit reddere, si earn nullis spoliatam orna- 
 
224 
 
 [Ligar. 
 
 Plea for Ligarius. 
 
 mentis dedisset. 8. Vide, quaeso, Tubero, ut qui de 
 meo facto non dubitem, de Ligari non audeam con- 
 fiteri. Atque haec propterea de me dixi, ut mihi 
 Tubero, cum de se eadem dicerem, ignosceret : cujus 
 5 ego industriae gloriaeque faveo, vel propter propin- 
 quam cognationem, vel quod ejus ingenio studnsque 
 delector, vel quod laudem adulescentis propinqui ex- 
 istimo etiam ad meum aliquem fructum redundare. 
 
 9. Sed hoc quaero : Quis putat esse crimen fuisse in 
 io Africa? Nempe is, qui et ipse in eadem Africa esse 
 voluit, et prohibitum se a Ligario queritur, et certe 
 contra ipsum Caesarem est congressus armatus. Qipd 
 enim tuus Me, Tubero, destrictus in acie Pharsalica 
 gladius agebat? Cujus latus Me mucro petebat? Qiji 
 15 sensus erat armorum tuorum? quae tua mens, oculi, 
 manus, ardor animi? quid cupiebas? quid optabas. 
 Nimis urgeo : commoveri videtur adulescens : ad me 
 
 revertar : isdem in armis fui. _ . 
 
 xv. io. Quid autem aliud egimus, Tubero, nisi ut 
 2° quod hie potest nos possemus? Quorum igitur lmpu- 
 nitas, Caesar, tuae clementiae laus est, eorum ipsorum 
 ad crudelitatem te acuit oratio. Atque in hac causa 
 non nihil equidem, Tubero, etiam tuam, sed multo 
 magis patris tui prudentiam desidero, quod homo, cum 
 2 5 ingenio turn etiam doctrina excellens, genus hoc cau- 
 sae quod esset non viderit. Nam si vidisset, quovis 
 profecto quam isto modo a te agi maluisset. 
 
 Arguis fatentem. Non est satis : accusas eum qui 
 causam habet aut (ut ego dico) meliorem quam tu, 
 30 aut (ut tu vis) parem. u. Haec admirabilia : sed pro- 
 dio-i simile est quod dicam. Non habet earn vim ista 
 accusatio ut Q^. Ligarius condemnetur, sed ut necetur. 
 Hoc egit civis Romanus ante te nemo. Externi isti 
 mores usque ad sanguinem incitari [solent] odio, aut 
 35 levium Graecorum, aut immanium barbarorum. Nam 
 quid agis aliud? Romae ne sit? ut domo careat? ne 
 
V. I S .] 
 
 Malignity of the Charge. 
 
 225 
 
 cum optimis fratribus, ne cum hoc T. Broccho avun- 
 culo, ne cum ejus filio consobrino suo, ne nobiscum 
 vivat? ne sit in patria? Num est? num potest magis 
 carere his omnibus quam caret? Italia prohibetur ; 
 exsulat. Non tu ergo eum patria privare, qua caret, 5 
 sed vita vis. 12. At istud ne apud eum quidem dicta- 
 torem, qui omnis quos oderat morte multabat, quis- 
 quam egit isto modo. Ipse jubebat occidi nullo postu- 
 late ; praemiis etiam invitabat : quae tamen crudelitas 
 ab hoc eodem aliquot annis post, quem tu nunc cru- IO 
 delem esse vis, vindicata est. v. ‘ Ego vero istud non 
 postulo,’ inquies. Ita me hercule existimo, Tubero. 
 Novi enim te, novi patrem, novi domum nomenque 
 vestrum ; studia generis ac familiae vestrae virtutis, 
 humanitatis, doctrinae, plurimarum artium atque opti- 15 
 marum, nota mihi sunt. 13 . Itaque certo scio vos non 
 petere sanguinem, sed parum attenditis. Res enim 
 eo spectat, ut ea poena, in qua adhuc Ligarius est, 
 non videamini esse contend. Quae est igitur alia 
 praeter mortem? Si enim est in exsilio, sicuti est, 20 
 quid amplius postulatis? An, ne ignoscatur? Hoc 
 vero multo acerbius multoque est durius. Quod nos 
 [domi] petimus precibus, lacrimis, strati ad pedes, 
 non tarn nostrae causae fidentes quam hujus huma- 
 nitati, id ne impetremus oppugnabis, et in nostrum 2 5 
 fletum inrumpes, et nos jacentis ad pedes supplicum 
 voce prohibebis? 14 . Si, cum hoc domi faceremus, — 
 quod et fecimus et, ut spero, non frustra fecimus, — 
 tu repente inruisses et clamare coepisses : ' C. Caesar, 
 cave ignoscas, cave te fratrum pro fratris salute obse- 30 
 crantium misereat,’ nonne omnem humanitatem exu- 
 isses? Quanto hoc durius, quod nos domi petimus, 
 id te in foro eppugnare, et in tali miseria multorum 
 perfugium misericordiae tollere ! Dicam plane, Cae- 
 sar, quod sentio. 15 . Si in [hac] tanta tua fortuna 35 
 lenitas tanta non esset, quam tu per te, per te inquam, 
 
[Ligar. 
 
 226 P lca f or Ligar ms. 
 
 obtines ,_ intellego quid loquar, — acerbissimo luctu 
 redundaret ista victoria. Quam multi eniin essent de 
 victoribus qui te crudelem esse vellent, cum etiam de 
 victis reperiantur ! quam multi qui, cum a te ignosci 
 r nemini vellent, impedirent clementiam tuam, cum 
 etiam hi, quibus ipse ignovisti, nolint te esse in alios 
 misericordem. 16 . Quod si probate Caesan possemus 
 in Africa Ligarium omnino non fuisse, si honesto et 
 misericordi mendacio saluti civi calamitoso esse velle- 
 ,0 mus, tamen hominis non esset, in tanto discnmine et 
 periculo civis, refellere et redarguere nostrum menda- 
 cium; et, si esset alicujus, ejus certe non esset, qui in 
 eadem causa et fortuna fuisset. Sed tamen aliud est 
 errare Caesarem nolle, aliud nolle miseren. Tunc 
 IC diceres, 'Caesar, cave credas : fuit in Alnca, tulit 
 arma contra te.’ Nunc quid dicis? ' Cave ignoscas. 
 Haec nec hominis nec ad hominem vox est: qua qui 
 apud te, C. Caesar, utitur, suam citius abiciet humam- 
 tatem quam extorquebit tuam. 
 
 20 vi n. Ac primus aditus et postulatio Tuberoms 
 haec, ut opinor, fuit: velle se de Ligari scelere 
 dicere. Non dubito quin admiratus sis, vel quod de 
 nullo alio [quisquam], vel quod is qui in eadem causa 
 fuisset, vel quidnam novi [sceleris] adferret. Scelus tu 
 25 illud vocas, Tubero? Cur? isto enim nomine ilia adhuc 
 causa caruit. Alii errorem appellant, aln timorem ; 
 qui durius, spem, cupiditatem, odium, pertinaciam ; 
 qui gravissime, temeritatem : scelus praeter te adhuc 
 nemo. Ac mihi quidem, si proprium et verum nomen 
 30 nostri mali quaeritur, fatalis quaedam calamitas inci- 
 disse videtur, et improvidas hominum mentis occupa- 
 visse, ut nemo mirari debeat humana consilia divina 
 necessitate esse superata. 18 . Liceat esse miseios: 
 quamquam hoc victore esse non possumus. Sed non 
 35 loquor de nobis : de illis loquor qui occiderunt. hue- 
 rint cupidi, fuerint irati, fuerint pertinaces : sceleris 
 
vn. 2i.] Hozv Ccesar has used his Victory. 
 
 227 
 
 vero crimine, furoris, parricidi liceat Cn. Pompeio 
 mortuo, liceat multis aliis carere. Quando hoc quis- 
 quam ex te, Caesar, audivit? aut tua quid aliud arma 
 voluerunt, nisi a te contumeliam propulsare? Quid 
 egit tuus invictus exercitus, nisi ut suum jus tueretur 
 et dignitatem tuam? Quid? tu, cum pacem esse cu- 
 piebas, idne agebas, ut tibi cum sceleratis, an ut cum 
 bonis civibus conveniret? 19. Mihi vero, Caesar, tua 
 in me maxima merita tanta certe non viderentur, si me 
 ut sceleratum a te conservatum putarem. Quo modo 
 autem tu de re publica bene meritus esses, cum tot 
 sceleratos incolumi dignitate esse voluisses? Seces- 
 sionem tu illam existimavisti, Caesar, initio, non 
 bellum ; neque hostile odium, sed civile discidium, 
 utrisque cupientibus rem publicam salvam, sed partim 
 consiliis, partim studiis a communi utilitate aberran- 
 tibus. Principum dignitas erat paene par, non par 
 fortasse eorum qui sequebantur : causa turn dubia, 
 quod erat aliquid in utraque parte quod probari posset ; 
 nunc melior ea judicanda est, quam etiam di adjuve- 
 runt. Cognita vero dementia tua, quis non earn 
 victoriam probet, in qua occiderit nemo nisi armatus? 
 
 vn. 20. Sed — ut omittam communem causam, veni- 
 amus ad nostram — utrum tandem existimas facilius 
 fuisse, Tubero, Ligarium ex Africa exire, an vos in 
 Africam non venire? ‘ Poteramusne,’ inquies, ‘cum 
 senatus censuisset?’ Si me consulis, nullo modo. 
 Sed tamen Ligarium senatus idem legaverat. At- 
 que ille eo tempore paruit, cum parere senatui ne- 
 cesse erat : vos tunc paruistis, cum paruit nemo qui 
 noluit. Reprehendo igitur? Minime vero. Neque 
 enim licuit aliter vestro generi, nomini, familiae, 
 disciplinae. Sed hoc non concedo, ut, quibus rebus 
 gloriemini in vobis, easdem in aliis reprehendatis. 
 21. Tuberonis sors conjecta est ex senatus consulto, 
 cum ipse non adesset, morbo etiam impediretur. Sta- 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
228 
 
 Plea for Ligarius. 
 
 [Ligar. 
 
 tuerat excusare. Haec ego novi propter omnis neces- 
 situdines quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuberone . domi una 
 eruditi, militiae contubernales, post adfines, in omni 
 denique vita familiares : magnum etiam vinculum, 
 5 quod isdem studiis semper usi sumus. Scio igitur 
 Tuberonem domi manere voluisse : sed ita quidam 
 
 agebat, ita rei publicae sanctissimum nomen oppo- 
 nebat, ut, etiam si aliter sentiret, verborum tamen 
 ipsorum pondu’s sustinere non posset. . 22. Cessit 
 10 auctoritati amplissimi viri, vel potius paruit. Una est 
 profectus cum eis, quorum erat una causa: tardius 
 iter fecit ; itaque in Africam venit jam occupatam. 
 Hinc in Ligarium crimen oritur, vel ira potius. Nam 
 si crimen est [ilium] voluisse, non minus magnum est 
 15 vos Africam, arcem omnium provinciarum, natam ad 
 bellum contra hanc urbem gerundum, obtinere volu- 
 isse, quam aliquem se maluisse. Atque is tamen ali- 
 quis Ligarius non fuit. Varus imperium se habere 
 dicebat : fascis certe habebat. 23 . Sed quoquo modo 
 20 se illud habet, haec querella Tubero, vestra, quid 
 valet? 'Recepti in provinciam non sumus. Quid, 
 si essetis? Caesarine earn tradituri fuistis, an contra 
 Caesarem retenturi? vm. Vide quid licentiae, Cae- 
 sar, nobis tua liberalitas det, vel potius audaciae. Si 
 25 respondent Tubero, Africam, quo senatus eum sorsque 
 miserat, tibi patrem suum traditurum tuisse, non dubi- 
 tabo apud ipsum te, cujus id eum facere mterfuit, 
 gravissimis verbis ejus consilium reprehendere. Non 
 enim, si tibi ea res grata fuisset, esset etiam probata. 
 
 30 24. Sed jam hoc totum omitto, non tam ne offendam 
 
 tuas patientissimas auris, quam ne Tubero quod num- 
 quam cogitavit facturus fuisse videatur. Vemebatis 
 igitur in Africam, provinciam unam ex omnibus huic 
 victoriae maxime infestam, in qua erat rex potentissi- 
 35 mus, inimicus huic causae, aliena voluntas, conventus 
 firmi atque magni. Quaero : quid factun fuistis? 
 
ix. 27-] His Eneinies in the same Fault . 229 
 
 quamquam quid facturi fueritis dubitem, cum videam 
 quid feceritis? Prohibiti estis in provincia vestra 
 pedem ponere, et prohibiti summa injuria. 25 . Quo 
 modo id tulistis? acceptae injuriae querellam ad quem 
 detulistis? Nempe ad eum, cujus auctoritatem secuti 5 
 in societatem belli veneratis. Quod si Caesaris causa 
 in provinciam veniebatis, ad eum profecto exclusi pro- 
 vincia venissetis. .Venistis ad Pompeium. Quae est 
 ergo apud Caesarem querella, cum eum accusetis, a 
 quo queramini prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem 10 
 gerere bellum? Atque in hoc quidem vel cum men- 
 dacio, si voltis, gloriemini per me licet, vos provin- 
 ciam fuisse Caesari tradituros. Etiam si a Varo et a 
 quibusdam aliis prohibiti estis, ego tamen confiteor 
 culpam esse Ligari, qui vos tantae laudis occasione 15 
 privaverit. 
 
 ix. 26 . Sed vide, quaeso, Caesar, constantiam or- 
 natissimi viri [Tuberonis], quam ego, quamvis ipse 
 probarem, ut probo, tamen non commemorarem, nisi 
 a te cognovissem in primis earn virtutem solere lau- 20 
 dari. Quae fuit igitur umquam in ullo homine tanta 
 constantia? Constantiam dico? nescio an melius pa- 
 tientiam possim dicere. Quotus enim istud quisque 
 fecisset, ut, a quibus partibus in dissensione civili non 
 esset receptus, esset etiam cum crudelitate rejectus, 2 5 
 ad eos ipsos rediret? Magni cujusdam animi atque 
 ejus viri est, quem de suscepta causa propositaque 
 sententia nulla contumelia, nulla vis, nullum pericu- 
 lum possit depellere. 27. Ut enim cetera paria Tube- 
 roni cum Varo fuissent, — honos, nobilitas, splendor, 3 ° 
 ingenium, quae nequaquam fuerunt, — hoc certe 
 praecipuum Tuberonis, quod justo cum imperio ex 
 senatus consulto in provinciam suam venerat. Hinc 
 prohibitus non ad Caesarem, ne iratus, non domum, 
 ne iners, non in aliquam regionem, ne condemnare 35 
 causam illam quam secutus erat, videretur : in Mace- 
 
230 
 
 Plea for Ligarius. 
 
 [Ligar. 
 
 doniam ad Cn. Pompei castra venit, in earn ipsam 
 causam aqua erat rejectus injuria. 28 . Quid? cum ista 
 res nihil commovisset ejus animum ad quern veneratis, 
 languidiore (credo) studio in causa fuistis ; tantum 
 5 modo in praesidiis eratis, animi vero a causa abhor- 
 rebant: an, ut fit in civilibus bellis .... nec in 
 vobis magis quam in reliquis ; omnes enim vincendi 
 studio tenebamur. Pacis equidem semper auctor fui, 
 sed turn sero : erat enim amentis, cum aciem videres, 
 io pacem cogitare. Omnes, inquam, vincere volebamus : 
 tu certe praecipue, qui in eum locum veneras, ubi 
 tibi esset pereundum nisi vicisses. Quamquam, ut 
 nunc se res habet, non dubito quin hanc salutem ante- 
 ponas illi victoriae. x. 29 . Haec ego non dicerem, 
 15 Tubero, si aut vos constantiae vestrae aut Caesarem 
 benefici sui paeniteret. Nunc quaero utrum vestras 
 injurias an rei publicae persequamini : si rei publicae, 
 quid de vestra in ilia causa perseverantia responde- 
 bitis? si vestras, videte ne erretis, qui Caesarem ves- 
 20 tris inimicis iratum fore putetis, cum ignoverit suis. 
 
 Itaque num tibi videor in causa Ligari esse occupa- 
 tus? num de ejus facto dicere? Quicquid dixi, ad 
 unam summam referri volo, vel humanitatis, vel cle- 
 mentiae, vel misericordiae tuae. 30 . Causas, Caesar, 
 25 egi multas equidem tecum, dum te in foro tenuit ratio 
 honorum tuorum, certe numquam hoc modo : ‘ Ignos- 
 cite, judices : erravit, lapsus est, non putavit ; si um- 
 quam posthac ’ — ad parentem sic agi solet : ad judices, 
 ‘ Non fecit, non cogitavit : falsi testes, fictum crimen. 
 30 Die te, Caesar, de facto Ligari judicem esse ; quibus 
 in praesidiis fuerit quaere : taceo, ne haec quidem 
 conligo, quae fortasse valerent etiam apud judicem . 
 ‘ Legatus ante bellum profectus, relictus in pace, bello 
 oppressus, in eo ipso non acerbus, jam est totus animo 
 35 ac studio tuus.’ Ad judicem sic, sed ego apud pa- 
 rentem loquor : ‘ Erravit, temere fecit, paenitet : ad 
 
23 1 
 
 XL 33-] How the Case should be judged. 
 
 cleraentiam tuam confugio, delicti veniam peto, ut 
 ignoscatur oro.’ Si nemo impetravit, adroganter : si 
 plurimi, tu idem fer opem, qui spem dedisti. 31 . An 
 sperandi Ligario causa non sit, cum mihi apud te locus 
 sit etiam pro altero deprecandi? Qiiamquam nec in 5 
 hac 01 atione spes est posita causae, nec in eorum 
 studiis qui a te pro Ligario petunt, tui necessarii, 
 xi. Vidi enim et cognovi quid maxime spectares, cum 
 pro alicujus salute multi laborarent : causas apud te 
 rogantium gratiosiores esse quam voltus ; neque te I0 
 spectare quam tuus esset necessarius is qui te oraret, 
 sed quam illius, pio quo laboraret. Itaque tribuis tu 
 quidem tuis ita multa, ut mihi beatiores illi videantur 
 interdum qui tua liberalitate fruuntur, quam tu ipse, 
 qui illis tam multa concedas. Sed video tamen apud 15 
 te causas, ut dixi, valere plus quam preces ; ab eisque 
 te moveri maxime, quorum justissimum videas dolo- 
 rem in petendo. 
 
 32. In Ligario conservando multis tu quidem 
 gratum facies necessariis tuis, sed hoc, quaeso, con- 20 
 sidera, quod soles. Possum fortissimos viros, Sabinos, 
 tibi probatissimos, totumque agrum Sabinum, florem 
 Italiae ac robur rei publicae, proponere. Nosti opti- 
 mos homines. Animadverte horum omnium maesti- 
 tiam et dolorem : hujus T. Brocchi (de quo non dubito 25 
 quid existimes) lacrimas, squaloremque ipsius et fili 
 vides. 33. Quid de fratribus dicam? Noli, Caesar, 
 putare de unius capite nos agere. Aut tres tibi Ligarii 
 retinendi in civitate sunt, aut tres ex civitate extermi- 
 nandi : [nam] quodvis exsilium his est optatius quam 30 
 patria, quam domus, quam di penates, uno illo exsu- 
 lante. Si fraterne, si pie, si cum dolore faciunt, 
 moveant te horum lacrimae, moveat pietas, moveat 
 germanitas : valeat tua vox ilia, quae vicit. Te enim 
 dicere audiebamus nos omnis adversarios putare, nisi 35 
 qui nobiscum essent ; te omnis qui contra te non es- 
 
232 
 
 Plea for Ligarius. 
 
 [Ligar. 
 
 IO 
 
 sent, tuos. Videsne igitur hunc splendorem omnium, 
 hanc Brocchorum domum, hunc L. Marcium, C. Cae- 
 setium, L. Corfidium, hos omnis equites Romanos, qui 
 adsunt veste mutata, non solum notos tibi, verum etiam 
 probatos viros, qui tecum fuerunt? Atque his iras- 
 cebamur, hos requirebamus, his non nulli etiam mina- 
 bamur. Conserva igitur tuis suos, ut, quern ad modum 
 cetera quae dicta sunt a te, sic hoc verissimum repe- 
 ri 2itur« 
 
 xn * 34. Quod si penitus perspicere posses concor- 
 diam Ligariorum, omnis fratres tecum judicares fuisse. 
 An potest quisquam dubitare quin, si Q. Ligarius in 
 Italia esse potuisset, in eadem sententia fuent futurus, 
 in qua fratres fuerunt? Quis est qui horum consen- 
 I5 sum conspirantem et paene conflatum in hac prope ae- 
 qualitate fraterna [non] noverit? qui hoc non sentiat, 
 quidvis prius futurum fuisse, quam ut hi fratres dive 
 sas sententias fortunasque sequerentur? Voluntate 
 igitur omnes tecum fuerunt: tempestate abreptus es 
 2 o unus, qui si consilio id fecisset, esset eorum similis, 
 quos tu tamen salvos esse voluisti. 35. Sed lent ad 
 bellum, dissenserit non a te solum, verum etiam a ira- 
 tribus : hi te orant tui. Equidem, cum tuis omnibus 
 negotiis interessem, memoria teneo qualis T. Eiganus 
 25 quaestor urbanus fuerit erga te et dignitatem tuam. 
 Sed parum est me hoc meminisse : spero etiam te (qui 
 oblivisci nihil soles nisi injurias, quomam hoc est 
 animi, quoniam etiam ingeni tui) te aliquid de hujus 
 illo quaestorio officio, etiam de aliis quibusdam quaes- 
 30 toribus reminiscentem, recordan. 36. Hie igitui i. 
 Ligarius, qui turn nihil egit aliud — neque emm laec 
 divinabat — nisi ut tui eurn studiosum et bonum virum 
 judicares, nunc a te supplex fratns _ salutem peti . 
 quam hujus admonitus officio cum utnsque his dede- 
 35 ris, tris fratres optimos et integerrimos non solum sibi 
 ipsos, neque his tot talibus vins, neque nobis neces 
 sariis tuis, sed etiam rei publicae condonavens. 
 
233 
 
 XII. 38.] How C cesar has used his Victory. 
 
 37. Fac igitur, quod de homine nobilissimo et cla- 
 rissimo fecisti nuper in curia, nunc idem in foro de 
 optimis et huic omni frequentiae probatissimis fratri- 
 bus. Ut concessisti ilium senatui, sic da hunc populo, 
 cujus voluntatem carissimam semper habuisti ; et, si 5 
 ille dies tibi gloriosissimus, populo Romano gratissimus 
 fuit, noli, obsecro, dubitare, C. Caesar, similem illi 
 gloriae laudem quam saepissime quaerere. Nihil est 
 tam populare quam bonitas, nulla de virtutibus tuis 
 plurimis nec admirabilior nec gratior misericordia est. m 
 38 . Homines enim ad deos nulla re propius accedunt 
 quam salutem hominibus dando. Nihil habet nec 
 fortuna tua majus quam ut possis, nec natura melius 
 quam ut velis, servare quam plurimos. Longiorem 
 orationem causa forsitan postulet, tua certe natura 15 
 breviorem. Qua re cum utilius esse arbitrer te ipsum 
 quam me aut quemquam loqui tecum, finem jam fa- 
 ciam : tantum te admonebo, si illi absenti salutem 
 dederis, praesentibus his omnibus te daturum. 
 
THE STRUGGLE AGAINST ANTONY. 
 
 b. c. 43- 
 
 Julius Cesar was assassinated on the Ides of March (March 
 ic> b. c. 44, by a band of conspirators, headed by Marcus Junius 
 Brutus and Caius Cassius Longinus. The conspirators fancied that 
 if the dictator were out of the way the Republic could be restore . 
 But the success of Ctesar had made any return to the republic 
 impossible. Nor had the conspirators made any provision for 
 their own safety, much less for getting control of the government. 
 The only question was, who should succeed to the power of the 
 murdered dictator. And the only persons who had any chance of 
 doing so were Mark Antony, Caesar’s surviving colleague in the 
 consulship, and the young Caius Caesar Octavianus, Caesars grand 
 nephew, adopted son, and heir, afterwards the emperor Augustus 
 Antony had come into possession of Caesar’s papers and es a es, 
 caused his “acts” to be legally confirmed, seized the public fun s 
 abolished the office of dictator, and secured as large a share of 
 authority as he could. He was a man of inordinate ambition, con- 
 trolled only by an equally unbounded self-indulgence, u er y wi 
 out principle or scruple, and (if we may trust the character of him 
 drawn by Cicero) a monster of profligacy and crime He had 
 married for his third wife Fulvia, widow of Publius Clodms an 
 shared, with her, that tribune’s vindictive hate of Cicero. His c ^ 
 league, Publius Cornelius Dolabella, Cicero s son-in-law, had been 
 appointed by Caesar to succeed him as consul, an assum 
 office at his death. He dallied with the conspirators, suppress 
 the violence of the mob that threatened them, and might have had 
 some pretensions to the power, with the support of the aristocracy, 
 but was easily outgeneralled or bought off by Antony. Lepi us 
 who had a military command, and in whom the aristocracy had some 
 hope was also gained over by Antony. Octavianus, now twen y 
 years old, hastened from Epirus to claim his inheritance, and ta e 
 part in the conflict which he saw approaching. He was a young 
 man of precocious talent, of cool and wary temper, of ambition 
 equal to Antony’s, and of a political sagacity which, through 
 lono- life, seems never to have been at fault. 
 
 Neither of the two chief claimants was strong enough alone to 
 be quite independent of the other ; though at first they stood in the 
 
2 35 
 
 The Struggle against Antony. 
 
 attitude of rivals, and in their antagonism there seemed still some 
 hope for the republic. Each endeavored to secure the countenance 
 of the Senate, and to gain control over the public armies ; and 
 each succeeded in attaching to himself a considerable force, while 
 neither was strong enough to hold the capital against the other. 
 
 Meanwhile Cicero, who at first hailed the death of Cssar as the 
 restoration of the republic, lost courage, and set out in July for 
 Greece. Detained, however, by contrary winds, and receiving 
 more favorable news from Rome, he returned to the city at the end 
 of August, to find that all his hopes were void. Still, he made an 
 effort at conciliation, in a speech in the Senate, on the 2d of Sep- 
 tember. In this he replied severely to an attack made upon 
 him by Antony the day before, but still took pains to leave the 
 door open for a restoration of good-will. It was to no purpose. 
 Antony replied, September 19, with such bitterness — directly 
 charging Cicero with the murder of Clodius and of Caesar — that 
 it was clear he meant there should be no alternative but civil war. 
 Cicero did not venture to answer him in the Senate ; but replied, 
 ten weeks later, in a pamphlet — by many regarded as his master- 
 piece — as bitter and uncompromising as the consul’s attack. 
 From its likeness in tone to the famous invectives of Demos- 
 thenes, this was called a “ Philippic ; ” and the term has been 
 extended to the entire series of fourteen orations against An- 
 tony, commencing with that of September 2, and ending with the 
 triumphant speech (given below) with which his political career 
 closed. 
 
 The winter was spent in attempts at negotiation, every stage 
 illustrated by the running commentary of Cicero’s Philippics. At 
 last, in the spring of B. c. 43, diplomacy was at an end. Actual 
 hostilities broke out first in Cisalpine Gaul (North Italy), where 
 Decimus Brutus — who had taken command of that province, ac- 
 cording to Caesar’s will — held the town of Mutina {Modena) to 
 resist Antony; Octavianus, with his independent force, having 
 also ranged himself on the side of the Senate. The consuls, Aulus 
 Hirtius and C. Vibius Pansa, had after some hesitation vigorously 
 taken up the same cause. In April the consuls met Antony in two 
 battles, on the 15th at Bononia (. Bologna ), on the 27th near 
 Mutina. In both battles Antony was defeated ; but in the first the 
 consul Pansa was mortally wounded, and in the second Hirtius was 
 killed. It was on the reception of the news of the victory at 
 
236 
 
 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 
 
 Bononia, while Pansa’s fate was unknown, that Cicero, in the 
 Senate, delivered his fourteenth and last Philippic. 
 
 The rejoicings were soon at an end. Octavianus found that his 
 own interests were best served by uniting with Antony against the 
 Senate. These two — with Lepidus as a third triumvir — came 
 easily into possession of supreme power. A remorseless proscrip- 
 tion followed, in which the most illustrious victim was Cicero, sac- 
 rificed to Antony’s resentment, the vindictive hate of Fulvia, and 
 
 the cold ingratitude of Octavianus. 
 
 Of the fourteen Philippics, the Second is by far the most famous. 
 
 It is a long and elaborate invective, — in some parts exceeding y 
 bitter and coarse, - reviewing the domestic and political career of 
 Mark Antony, charging him with every personal vice and almos 
 every public crime. In its allusions to the public acts of Cae- 
 sar its hostility is uncompromising, vindictive, often scornfu . 
 The revival of the title “perpetual dictator” seems to have inspired 
 Cicero with hatred, horror, and fear ; and his real hostility was no 
 longer disguised after Caesar’s death. This oration contains the 
 celebrated portrait of him, interesting as the only extant testimony, 
 publicly spoken at the time, of one who was at once contemporary, 
 peer, and rival: — 
 
 Fuit in illo ingenium , ratio , memoria , httera, cura, cogitatio, 
 diligentia. Res bello gesserat, quamvis rei publico: calamitosas at 
 tamen magnas. Multos annos regnare meditatus , magno labore, 
 mult is periculis, quod cogitarat effecerat. Muneribus, mommen- 
 tis congiariis , epulis multitudinem imperitam delemerat : suos 
 pramiis, adversaries dementia specie devinxerat. Quid multa l 
 attulerat jam liber ce civitatjpartim metu partim patientia, consue- 
 tudinem serviendi. Sed ex plurimis malts, qua ab illo ret pubhea 
 sunt inusta, hoc tamen boni est, quod didicit jam pojulus Romanus 
 quantum cuique crederet, quibus se committeret, a quibus caveret. 
 
 The Fourteenth Philippic has a unique interest as the last ree 
 voice of the Roman Senate, and from its ill-timed confidence in the 
 future emperor. It is also interesting as an example of labored and 
 stately panegyric on patriots fallen in battle, after the manner of the 
 Greeks, and from the formal resolution of thanks and honor wit 
 which it closes. Its immediate occasion was a resolution of P. 
 Servilius, that the citizens should lay aside the military garb, an 
 that a public thanksgiving should be celebrated in honor of the 
 
 victory. 
 
u. 4.] When will the Victory be Complete f 237 
 
 I, ut ex litteris quae recitatae sunt, patres conscripti, 
 
 sceleratissimorum hostium exercitum caesum fu- 
 sumque cognovi, sic id quod et omnes maxime opta- 
 mus, et ex ea victoria quae parta est consecutum 
 arbitramur, D. Brutum egressum jam Mutina esse 5 
 cognovissem, propter cujus periculum ad saga issemus, 
 propter ejusdem salutem redeundum ad pristinum ves- 
 titum sine ulla dubitatione censerem. Ante vero quam 
 sit ea res, quam avidissime civitas exspectat, adlata, 
 laetitia frui satis est maximae praeclarissimaeque pug- i 0 
 nae : reditum ad vestitum confectae victoriae reservate. 
 Confectio autem hujus belli est D. Bruti salus. 
 
 2. Quae autem est ista sententia, ut in hodiernum 
 diem vestitus mutetur, deinde eras sagati prodeamus? 
 Nos vero cum semel ad eum quem cupimus optamus- 15 
 que vestitum redierimus, id agamus, ut eum in per- 
 petuum retineamus. Nam hoc quidem cum turpe est, 
 turn ne dis quidem immortalibus gratum, ab eorum 
 aris, ad quas togati adierimus, ad saga sumenda dis- 
 cedere. 3 . Atque animadverto, patres conscripti, quos- 20 
 dam huic favere sententiae, quorum ea mens idque 
 consilium est, ut, cum videant gloriosissimum ilium 
 D. Bruto futurum diem, quo die propter ejus salutem 
 redierimus, hunc ei fructum eripere cupiant, ne me- 
 moriae posteritatique prodatur propter unius civis 25 
 periculum populum Romanum ad saga isse, propter 
 ejusdem salutem redisse ad togas. Tollite hanc : nul- 
 lam tam pravae sententiae causam reperietis. Vos 
 vero, patres conscripti, conservate auctoritatem ves- 
 tram, manete in sententia, tenete vestra memoria, quod 3° 
 saepe ostendistis, hujus totius belli in unius viri fortis- 
 simi et maximi vita positum esse discrimen. 
 
 11. 4 . Ad D. Brutum liberandum legati missi prin- 
 cipes civitatis, qui illi hosti ac parricidae denuntiarent 
 ut a Mutina discederet. Ejusdem D. Bruti conser- 35 
 vandi gratia consul sortitu ad bellum profectus A. 
 
238 
 
 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 
 
 Hirtius, cujus imbecillitatem valetudinis animi virtus et 
 spes victoriae confirmavit. Caesar, cum exercitu per 
 se comparato cum primum pestibus rem publicam libe- 
 rasset, ne quid postea sceleris oreretur, profectus est ad 
 5 eundem Brutum liberandum, vicitque dolorem aliquem 
 domesticum patriae caritate. 5. Quid C. Pansa egit 
 aliud dilectibus habendis, pecunia comparanda, sena- 
 tus consultis faciendis gravissimis in Antonium, nobis 
 cohortandis, populo Romano ad causam libertatis vo- 
 IO cando, nisi ut D. Brutus liberaretur? A quo populus 
 Romanus frequens ita salutem D. Bruti una voce 
 depoposcit, ut earn non solum commodis suis, sed 
 etiam necessitati victus anteferret. Quod sperare nos 
 quidem debemus, patres conscripti, aut inibi esse aut 
 ij jam esse confectum. Sed spei fructum rei convenit 
 et evento reservari, ne aut deorum immortalium bene- 
 ficium festinatione praeripuisse, aut vim fortunae stul- 
 
 titia contempsisse videamur. 
 
 6. Sed quoniam significatio vestra satis declarat quid 
 20 hac de re sentiatis, ad litteras veniam, quae sunt a 
 consulibus et a propraetore missae, si pauca ante quae 
 ad ipsas litteras pertineant dixero. hi. Imbuti gladii 
 sunt, patres conscripti, legionum exercituumque nostro- 
 rum, vel madefacti potius duobus duorum consulum, 
 25 tertio Caesaris proelio. Si hostium fuit ille sanguis, 
 summa militum pietas : nefarium scelus, si civium. 
 Quo usque igitur is, qui omnis hostis scelere superavit, 
 nomine hostis carebit? nisi mucrones etiam nostrorum 
 militum tremere voids, dubitantis utrum in cive an in 
 30 hoste figantur. 7. Supplicationem decernitis ; hostem 
 non appellatis. Gratae vero nostrae dis immortalibus 
 gratulationes erunt, gratae victimae, cum interfecta sit 
 civium multi tudo ! ‘ De improbis’ inquit ' et audaci- 
 
 bus.’ Nam sic eos appellat clarissimus vir : quae sunt 
 35 urbanarum maledicta litium, non inustae belli mter- 
 necivi notae. Testamenta (credo) subiciunt aut eiciunt 
 
IV. 10.] 
 
 Antony's Cruelties at Parma . 
 
 239 
 
 vicinos, aut adulescentiflos circumscribunt : [his enim 
 vitiis adfectos et talibus malos aut audacis appellare 
 consuetudo solet.] 8. Bellum inexpiabile infert quat- 
 tuor consulibus unus omnium latronum taeterrimus. 
 Gerit idem bellum cum senatu populoque Romano. 
 Omnibus — quamquam ruit ipse suis cladibus — pes- 
 tem, vastitatem, cruciatum, tormenta denuntiat. Do- 
 labellae ferum et immane facinus, quod nulla barbaria 
 posset agnoscere, id suo consilio factum esse testatur : 
 quaeque esset facturus in hac urbe, nisi eum hie ipse 
 Juppiter ab hoc templo atque moenibus reppulisset, 
 declaravit in Parmensium calamitate, quos optimos 
 viros honestissimosque homines, maxime cum aucto- 
 ritate hujus ordinis populique Romani dignitate con- 
 junctos, crudelissimis exemplis interemit propudium 
 illud et portentum, L. Antonius, insigne odium om- 
 nium hominum vel (si etiam di oderunt quos oportet) 
 deorum. 9. Refugit animus, patres conscripti, eaque 
 dicere reformidat quae L. Antonius in Parmensium 
 liberis et conjugibus effecerit. Quas enim turpitudines 
 Antoni libenter [cum dedecore] subierunt, easdem per 
 vim laetantur aliis se intulisse. Sed vis calamitosa est, 
 quam illis intulerunt : libido flagitiosa, qua Antonio- 
 rum oblita est vita. Est igitur quisquam, qui hostis 
 appellare non audeat, quorum scelere crudelitatem Kar- 
 thaginiensium victam esse fateatur? iv. Qua enim in 
 urbe tarn immanis Hannibal capta quam in Parma 
 surrepta Antonius? Nisi forte hujus coloniae et cete- 
 rarum, in quas eodem est animo, non est hostis putan- 
 dus. 10 . Si vero coloniarum et municipiorum sine ulla 
 dubitatione hostis est, quid tandem hujus censetis ur- 
 bis, quam ille ad explendas egestates latrocini sui 
 concupivit? quam jam peritus metator et callidus 
 decempeda sua Saxa diviserat? Recordamini, per 
 deos immortalis ! patres conscripti, quid hoc biduo 
 timuerimus a domesticis hostibus, rumoribus impro- 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 G 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
240 
 
 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 
 
 bissimis dissipatis. Quis liberes, quis conjugem aspi- 
 cere poterat sine fletu? quis domum? quis tecta? quis 
 larem familiarem? Aut foedissimam mortem omnes 
 aut miserabilem fugam cogitabant. Haec a quibus 
 5 timebantur, eos hostis appellare dubitamus? Gravius 
 si quis attulerit nomen, libenter adsentiar : hoc volgari 
 contentus vix sum, leviore non utar. 
 
 u . Itaque cum supplicationes justissimas ex eis 
 litteris quae recitatae sunt decernere debeamus, Ser- 
 10 viliusque decreverit, augebo omnino numerum dierum, 
 praesertim cum non uni sed tribus ducibus sint decer- 
 nendae. Sed hoc primum faciam, ut imperatores 
 appellem eos, quorum virtute, consilio, felicitate, maxi- 
 mis periculis servitutis atque interitus liberati sumus. 
 15 Etenim cui viginti his annis supplicatio decreta est, ut 
 non imperator appellaretur, aut minimis rebus gestis 
 aut plerumque nullis? Quam ob rem aut supplicatio 
 ab eo qui ante dixit decernenda non fuit, aut usitatus 
 honos pervolgatusque tribuendus eis, quibus etia.m novi 
 20 singularesque debentur. v. 12. An si quis Hispano- 
 rum aut Gallorum aut Threcum mille aut duo milia 
 occidisset, eum hac consuetudine quae increbuit 1m- 
 peratorem appellaret senatus : tot legionibus caesis, 
 tanta multitudine hostium interfecta — hostium dico? ita 
 2 5 inquam, hostium, quamvis hoc isti hostes domestici 
 no li nt — clarissimis ducibus supplicationum honorem 
 tribuemus, imperatorium nomen adimemus? Quanto 
 enim honore, laetitia, gratulatione in hoc templum 
 ingredi debent illi ipsi hujus urbis liberatores, cum 
 3° hesterno die propter eorum res gestas me ovantem et 
 prope triumphantem populus Romanus in Capitolium 
 domo tulerit, domum inde reduxerit? 13 . Is emm 
 demum est (mea quidem sententia) justus triumphus 
 ac verus, cum bene de re publica meritis testimonium 
 35 a consensu civitatis datur. Nam sive in commum 
 craudio populi Romani uni gratulabantur, magnum 
 
vi. 1 6.] 
 
 False Charges against Cicero . 
 
 241 
 
 judicium ; sive uni gratias agebant, eo majus ; sive 
 utrumque, nihil magnificentius cogitari potest. 
 
 6 Tu igitur ipse de te? ’ dixerit quispiam. Equidem 
 invitus, sed injuriae dolor facit me praeter consue- 
 tudinem gloriosum. Nonne satis est ab hominibus 5 
 virtutis ignaris gratiam bene merentibus non referri? 
 Etiam in eos qui omnis suas curas in rei publicae 
 salute defigunt, impietatis crimine invidia quaeretur? 
 
 14. Scitis enim per hos dies creberrimum fuisse sermo- 
 ns me Parilibus, qui dies hodie est, cum fascibus IO 
 descensurum. In aliquem credo hoc gladiatorem aut 
 latronem aut Catilinam esse conlatum, non in eum qui 
 ne quid tale in re publica fieri posset effecerit. An [ut] 
 e S 0 ’ ( l u ^ Catilinam haec molientem sustulerim, ever- 
 terim, adflixerim, ipse exsisterem repente Catilina? i 5 
 Quibus auspiciis istos fascis augur acciperem? quate- 
 nus haberem? cui traderem? Quemquamne fuisse 
 tarn sceleratum qui hoc fingeret, tarn furiosum qui 
 crederet? Unde igitur ista suspitio, vel potius unde 
 iste sermo? vi. 15. Cum, ut scitis, hoc triduo vel 20 
 quadriduo tristis a Mutina fama manaret, inflati laeti- 
 tia atque insolentia impii cives unum se in locum, 
 ad illam cuiiam furiis potius suis quam rei publicae 
 infelicem congregabant. Ibi cum consilia inirent de 
 caede nostra, partirenturque inter se qui Capitolium, 25 
 qui rostra, qui urbis portas occuparent, ad me concur- 
 sum futurum civitatis putabant. Quod ut cum invidia 
 mea fieret, et cum vitae etiam periculo, famam istam 
 fascium dissipaverunt : fascis ipsi ad me delaturi fue- 
 runt. . Quod cum esset quasi mea voluntate factum, 30 
 turn in me impetus conductorum hominum quasi in 
 tyrannum parabatur : ex quo caedes esset vestrum om- 
 nium consecuta. Quae res patefecit, patres conscripti, 
 sed suo tempore totius hujus sceleris fons aperietur. 
 
 16 . Itaque P. Apuleius, tribunus plebis, meorum 35 
 omnium consiliorum periculorumque jam inde a con- 
 
 16 
 
242 
 
 The Struggle against Antony. [ Phil - XIV - 
 
 sulatu meo testis, conscius, adjutor, dolorem ferre non 
 potuit doloris mei. Contionem habuit maximam, 
 populo Romano unum atque idem sentiente. In qua 
 contione cum me pro summa nostra conjunctione et 
 S familiaritate liberare suspitione fascium vellet, una 
 voce cuncta contio declaravit nihil esse a me umquam 
 de re publica nisi optime cogitatum. Post hanc ha- 
 bitam contionem duabus tribusve hons, optatissimi 
 nuntii et litterae venerunt: ut idem dies non modo 
 10 iniquissima me invidia liberarit, sed etiam celebenima 
 populi Romani gratulatione auxerit. 
 
 17. Haec interposui, patres conscripti, non tarn ut 
 pro me dicerem — male enim mecum ageretur, si 
 parum vobis essem sine defensione purgatus quam 
 15 ut quosdam nimis jejuno animo et angusto monerem, 
 id quod semper ipse fecissem, uti excellentmm civmm 
 virtutem imitatione dignam, non invidia putarent. 
 Magnus est in re publica campus, ut sapienter diceie 
 Crassus solebat, multis apertus cursus ad laudem. 
 20 vxi. Utinam quidem illi principes viverent, qm me 
 post meum consulatum, cum eis ipse cederem, pnn- 
 cipem non inviti videbant ! Hoc vero tempore, in 
 tanta inopia constantium et fortium consulanum, quo 
 me dolore adfici creditis, cum alios male sentire, alios 
 25 nihil omnino curare videam, alios parum constanter 
 in suscepta causa permanere, sententiamque suam non 
 semper utilitate rei publicae, sed turn spe turn timore 
 moderari? 18. Quod si quis de contentione principa- 
 ls laborat, quae nulla esse debet, stultissime facit, si 
 30 vitiis cum virtute contendit: ut enim cursu cursus, sic 
 in viris fortibus virtus virtute superatur. Tu, S1 e 
 
 re publica optime sentiam, ut me vincas, ipse pessime 
 senties? aut, si ad me bonorum concursum fieri vide- 
 bis, ad te improbos invitabis? Nollem, primum rei 
 35 publicae causa, deinde etiam dignitatis tuae. v e si 
 principals ageretur, quern numquam expetivi, quid 
 
VIII. 22.] 
 
 The Part Cicero has taken. 
 
 2 43 
 
 tandem mihi esset optatius ? Ego enim maiis senten- 
 tiis vinci non possum, bonis forsitan possim et libenter. 
 
 19. Haec populum Romanum videre, animadvertere, 
 judicare quidam moleste ferunt. Poteratne fieri ut 
 non proinde homines de quoque, ut quisque mereretur, 5 
 judicarent? Ut enim de universo senatu populus 
 Romanus verissime judicat, nullis rei publicae tem- 
 poribus hunc ordinem firmiorem aut fortiorem fuisse, 
 sic de uno quoque nostrum et maxime, qui hoc loco 
 sententias dicimus, sciscitantur omnes, avent audire 10 
 quid quisque senserit : ita de quoque, ut quemque 
 meritum arbitrantur, existimant. Memoria tenent me 
 ante diem xm. Kalendas Januarias principem revo- 
 candae libertatis fuisse : me ex Kalendis Januariis ad 
 hanc horam invigilasse rei publicae : 20. meam do- I5 
 
 mum measque auris dies noctisque omnium praeceptis 
 monitisque patuisse : meis litteris, meis nuntiis, meis 
 cohortationibus omnis qui ubique essent ad patriae 
 praesidium excitatos : meis sententiis a Kalendis Jan- 
 uariis numquam legatos ad Antonium : semper ilium 20 
 hostem, semper hoc bellum, ut ego, qui omni tempore 
 verae pacis auctor fuissem, huic essem nomini pesti- 
 ferae pacis inimicus : 21. idem P. Ventidium, cum alii 
 tr. pi. f volusenum, ego semper hostem. Has in sen- 
 tentias meas si consules discessionem facere voluis- 25 
 sent, omnibus istis latronibus auctoritate ipsa senatus 
 jam pridem de manibus arma cecidissent. 
 
 viii. Sed quod turn non licuit, patres conscripti, id 
 hoc tempore non solum licet, verum etiam necesse est, 
 
 — eos qui re sunt hostes [verbis notari], sententiis 30 
 nostris hostis judicari. 22. Antea cum hostem ac bel- 
 lum nominassem, semel et saepius sententiam meam 
 de numero sententiarum sustulerunt : quod in hac 
 causa jam fieri non potest. Ex litteris enim C. Pansae 
 A. Hirtii consulum, C. Caesaris pro praetore, de 3S 
 honore dis immortalibus habendo sententias dicimus. 
 
244 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 
 
 Supplicationem modo qui decrevit, idem imprudens 
 hostis judicavit : numquam enim in civili bello suppli- 
 catio decreta est. Decretam dico? ne victoris quidem 
 litteris postulata est. 23 . Civile bellum consul Sulla 
 5 gessit : legionibus in urbem adductis, quos voluit ex- 
 pulit ; quos potuit occidit : supplicationis mentio nulla. 
 Grave bellum Octavianum insecutum est : supplicatio 
 [Cinnae] nulla victori. Cinnae victoriam imperator 
 ultus est Sulla : nulla supplicatio decreta a senatu. Ad 
 io te ipsum, P. Servili, nutn misit ullas conlega litteras 
 de ilia calamitosissima pugna Pharsalia? Num te de 
 supplicatione voluit referre? Profecto noluit. At misit 
 postea de Alexandria, de Pharnace. Pharsaliae vero 
 pugnae ne triumphum quidem egit. Eos enim civis 
 15 pugna ilia sustulerat, quibus non modo vivis, sed etiam 
 victoribus, incolumis et florens civitas esse . posset. 
 24 . Quod idem contigerat superioribus bellis civilibus. 
 Nam mi hi consuli supplicatio nullis armis sumptis, non 
 ob caedem hostium, sed ob conservationem civium, 
 20 novo et inaudito genere decreta est. Quam ob rem 
 aut supplicatio re publica pulcherrime gesta postulan- 
 tibus nostris imperatoribus deneganda est, quod praeter 
 A. Gabinium contigit nemini ; aut, supplicatione de- 
 cernenda, hostis eos de quibus decernitis judicetis 
 25 necessc est. 
 
 IX. Quod ergo ille re, id ego etiam verbo, cum 
 imperatores eos appello : hoc ipso nomine et eos qui 
 jam devicti sunt, et eos qui supersunt, hostis judico 
 [cum victores appello imperatores]. 25 . Quo modo 
 30 enim potius Pansam appellem? etsi habet honoris 
 nomen amplissimi. Quo Hirtium? Est ille quidem 
 consul, sed alterum nomen benefici populi Romani est, 
 alteram virtutis atque victoriae. Quid? Caesarem, 
 deorum beneficio rei publicae procreatum, dubitemne 
 35 appellare imperatorem? qui primus Antoni immanem 
 et foedam crudelitatem non solum a jugulis nostris, 
 
x. 28.] The Consuls Pansa and Hirtius. 
 
 2 45 
 
 sed etiam a membris et visceribus avertit. Unius 
 autem diei quot et quantae virtutes, di immortales, 
 fuerunt! 26 . Princeps enim omnium Pansa proeli 
 faciendi et cum Antonio confligendi fuit : dignus im- 
 perator legione Martia, digna legio imperatore. Cujus 5 
 si acerrimum impetum cohibere Pansa potuisset, uno 
 proelio confecta res esset. Sed cum libertatis avida 
 legio effrenatius in aciem hostium inrupisset, ipseque in 
 primis Pansa pugnaret, duobus periculosis volneribus 
 acceptis, sublatus e proelio, rei publicae vitam reser- io 
 vavit. Ego vero hunc non solum imperatorem sed 
 etiam clarissimum imperatorem judico, qui, cum aut 
 morte aut victoria se satis facturum rei publicae spo- 
 pondisset, alterum fecit, alterius di immortales omen 
 avertant ! 15 
 
 x. 27 . Quid dicam de Hirtio ? qui, re audita, 
 e castris duas legiones eduxit incredibili studio atque 
 virtute; quartam illam, quae relicto Antonio se olim 
 cum Martia legione conjunxit, et septimam, quae, 
 constituta ex veteranis, docuit hoc proelio militibus 20 
 eis qui Caesaris beneficia servassent, senatus populique 
 Romani carum nomen esse. His viginti cohortibus, 
 nullo equitatu, Hirtius ipse aquilam quartae legionis 
 cum inferret, qua nullius pulcriorem speciem impe- 
 ratoris accepimus, cum tribus Antoni legionibus equi- 2 5 
 tatuque conflixit, hostisque nefarios, huic Jovis Optimi 
 Maximi ceterisque deorum immortalium templis, urbis 
 tectis, libertati populi Romani, nostrae vitae sanguini- 
 que imminentis prostravit, fudit, occidit, ut cum admo- 
 dum paucis, nocte tectus, metu perterritus, princeps 3 ° 
 latronum duxque fugerit. O solem ipsum beatissi- 
 mum, qui, ante quam se abderet, stratis cadaveribus 
 parricidarum, cum paucis fugientem vidit Antonium ! 
 
 28. An vero quisquam dubitabit appellare Caesarem 
 imperatorem? Aetas ejus certe ab hac sententia ne- 35 
 minem deterrebit, quando quidem virtute superavit 
 
246 
 
 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 
 
 aetatem. Ac mihi semper eo majora beneficia C. 
 Caesaris visa sunt, quo minus erant ab aetate ilia pos- 
 tulanda. Cui cum imperium dabamus, eodem tempore 
 etiam spem ejus nominis deferebamus : quod cum esset 
 S consecutus, auctoritatem nostri decreti rebus gestis 
 suis comprobavit. Hie ergo adulescens maximi animi, 
 ut verissime scribit Hirtius, castra multarum legionum 
 paucis cohortibus tutatus est, secundumque proelium 
 fecit. Ita trium imperatorum virtute, consilio, felici- 
 10 tate uno die locis pluribus res publica est conservata. 
 xi. 39. Decerno igitur eorum trium nomine quin- 
 quaginta dierum supplicationes : causas, ut honorifi- 
 centissimis verbis consequi potuero, complectar ipsa 
 sententia. 
 
 15 Est autem fidei pietatisque nostrae declarare fortis- 
 simis militibus, quam memores simus quamque grati. 
 Quam ob rem promissa nostra, atque ea quae legioni- 
 bus bello confecto tributuros nos spopondimus, ho- 
 dierno senatus consulto renovanda censeo : aequum 
 20 est enim militum, talium praesertim, honorem con- 
 iungi. 30 . Atque utinam, patres conscripti, [civibus] 
 omnibus solvere nobis praemia liceret ! Quamquam 
 nos ea quae promisimus studiose cumulate reddemus. 
 Sed id quidem restat (ut spero) victoribus, quibus 
 2 5 senatus fides praestabitur : quam quoniam difficillimo 
 rei publicae tempore secuti sunt, eos numquam opor- 
 tebit consili sui paenitere. Sed facile est bene agere 
 cum eis a quibus etiam tacentibus flagitan videmur : 
 illud admirabiliis et majus maximeque propnum se- 
 3° natus sapientis est, grata eorum virtutem memoria 
 prosequi, qui pro patria vitam piomderunt. 
 
 31. Quorum de honore utinam mihi plura in mentem 
 venirent! Duo certe non praeteribo, quae maxime 
 occurrunt: quorum alterum pertinet ad virorum fortis- 
 35 simorum gloriam sempiternam, alterum ad lemendum 
 maerorem et luctum proximorum. 
 
xn - 33 ] Praise of the Patriot Soldiers. 
 
 2 47 
 
 xn. Placet igitur mihi, patres conscripti, legionis 
 Martiae militibus, et eis qui una pugnantes occiderunt, 
 monumentum fieri quam amplissimum. Magna atque 
 incredibilia sunt in rem publicam hujus merita legio- 
 nis. Haec se prima latrocinio abrupit Antoni ; haec 3 
 tenuit Albam ; haec se ad Caesarem contulit ; hanc 
 imitata quarta legio parem virtutis gloriam consecuta 
 est. Quarta victrix desiderat neminem : ex Martia 
 non nielli in ipsa victoria conciderunt. O fortunata 
 mors, quae naturae debita pro patria est potissimum I0 
 reddita ! 32 . Vos vero patriae natos judico : quorum 
 
 etiam nomen a Marte est, ut idem deus urbem hanc 
 gentibus, vos huic urbi genuisse videatur. In fuga 
 foeda mors est : in victoria gloriosa. Etenim Mars 
 ipse ex acie fortissimum quemque pignerari solet. Illi 
 igitur impii, quos cecidistis, etiam ad inferos poenas 
 parricidi luent : vos vero, qui extremum spiritum in 
 victoria effiidistis, piorum estis sedem et locum conse- 
 cuti. Brevis a natura nobis vita data est : at memoria 
 bene redditae vitae sempiterna. Quae si non esset 20 
 longior quam haec vita, quis esset tam amens qui 
 maximis laboribus et periculis ad summam laudem 
 gloriamque contenderet? 33. Actum igitur praeclare 
 vobiscum, fortissimi, dum vixistis, nunc vero etiam 
 sanctissimi milites, quod vestra virtus neque oblivione 25 
 eorum qui nunc sunt, nec reticentia posterorum se- 
 pulta esse poterit, cum vobis immortale monimentum 
 suis paene manibus senatus populusque Romanus ex- 
 struxerit. Multi saepe exercitus Punicis, Gallicis, 
 Italicis bellis clari et magni fuerunt, nec tamen ullis 30 
 tale genus honoris tributum est. Atque utinam majora 
 possemus, quando quidem a vobis maxima accepimus ! 
 Vos ab urbe furentem Antonium avertistis : vos redire 
 molientem reppulistis. Erit igitur exstructa moles 
 opere magnifico incisaeque litterae, divinae virtutis 35 
 testes sempiternae: numquamque de vobis eorum, qui 
 
248 
 
 The Struggle against Antony. L Phil - XIV ' 
 
 aut videbunt vestrum monimentum aut audient, gra- 
 tissimus sermo conticescet. Ita pro mortali condicione 
 vitae imrnortalitatem estis consecuti. 
 
 xiii. 34. Sed quoniam, patres conscripti, gloriae 
 5 munus optimis et fortissimis civibus monimenti honore 
 persolvitur, consolemur eorum proximos, quibus op- 
 tima est haec quidem consolatio : parentibus, quod 
 tanta rei publicae praesidia genuerunt; libens, quod 
 habebunt domestica exempla virtutis ; conjugibus, 
 ,0 quod eis viris carebunt, quos laudare quam lugeie 
 
 praestabit; fratribus, quod in se ut corporum, sic vir- 
 
 tutum similitudinem esse confident. Atque utmam 
 his omnibus abstergere fletum sententiis nostris con- 
 sultisque possemus, vel aliqua tabs eis adhtben pub- 
 ,5 lice posset oratio, qua deponerent maerorem atque 
 luctum, gauderentque potius, cum multa et vana im- 
 penderent hominibus genera mortis, id genus quod 
 esset pulcherrimum suis obtigisse, eosque nec mhuma- 
 tos esse nec desertos, quod tamen ipsum pro patna 
 20 non miserandum putatur, nec disperse bustis humiii 
 sepultura crematos, sed contectos publicis operibus 
 atque muneribus, eaque exstructione quae sit ad me- 
 moriam aeternitatis ara Virtutis. 35. Quam ob rem 
 maximum quidem solarium erit propinquorum eodem 
 25 monimento declarari et virtutem suorum, et populi 
 Romani pietatem, et senatus fidem, et crudelissimi 
 memoriam belli : in quo nisi tanta militum virtus ex- 
 stitisset, parricidio M. Antoni nomen populi Romani 
 occidisset. Atque etiam censeo, patres conscripti, 
 30 quae praemia militibus promisimus nos re publica 
 recuperata tributuros, ea vivis victoribusque cumulate, 
 cum tempus venerit, persolvenda ; qui autem ex eis 
 quibus ilia promissa sunt pro patna occiderunt, eorum 
 parentibus, liberis, conjugibus, fratribus eadem tnbu- 
 35 enda censeo. 
 
xiv. 38.] Resolution of Thanks and Honor . 
 
 xiv. 36. Sed, ut aliquando sententia complectar, ita 
 censeo : 
 
 Cum C. Pansa consul, imperator, initium cum hostibus 
 confligendi fecerit, quo proelio legio Martia admirabili incre- 
 dibilique virtute libertatem populi Romani defenderit, quod 
 idem legiones tironum fecerint ; ipseque C. Pansa consul, 
 imperator, cum inter media hostium tela versaretur, volnera 
 acceperit ; cumque A. Hirtius consul, imperator, [proelio 
 audito,] re cognita, fortissimo praestantissimoque animo 
 exercitum castris eduxerit, impetumque in M. Antonium 
 exercitumque hostium fecerit, ejusque copias occidione Occi- 
 dent, suo exercitu ita incolumi ut ne unum quidem militem 
 desiderarit ; 37. cumque C. Caesar pro praetore, imperator, 
 consilio diligentiaque sua castra feliciter defenderit, copias- 
 que hostium quae ad castra accesserant profligarit, occiderit ; 
 — ob eas res senatum existimare et judicare eorum trium 
 imperatorum virtute, imperio, consilio, gravitate, constantia, 
 magnitudine animi, felicitate, populum Romanum foedissima 
 crudelissimaque servitute liberatum. Cumque rem publicam, 
 urbem, templa deorum immortalium, bona fortunasque om- 
 nium liberosque conservarint dimicatione et periculo vitae 
 suae, uti ob eas res, bene fortiter feliciterque gestas, C 
 Pansa A. Hirtius consules, imperatores, alter ambove, aut 
 (si aberunt) M. Cornutus, praetor urbanus, supplicationes 
 per dies quinquaginta ad omnia pulvinaria constituat. 
 38. Cumque virtus legionum digna clarissimis imperatoribus 
 exstiterit, senatum, quae, sit antea pollicitus legionibus exer- 
 citibusque nostris, ea summo studio re publica recuperata 
 soluturum. Cumque legio Martia princeps cum hostibus 
 conflixerit, atque ita cum majore numero hostium conten- 
 derit, ut cum plurimos caederent, caderent non nulli, cum- 
 que sine ulla retractatione pro patria vitam profuderint ; cum- 
 que simili virtute reliquarum legionum milites pro salute 
 et libertate populi Romani mortem oppetiverint, senatui 
 placere ut C. Pansa A. Hirtius consules, imperatores, alter 
 ambove, si eis videatur, eis qui sanguinem pro vita, libertate, 
 fortunis populi Romani, pro urbe, templis deorum immor- 
 talium profudissent, monimentum quam amplissimum lo- 
 candum faciundumque curent : quaestores^z^ urbar.os ad 
 
25 ° 
 
 The Struggle against Antony. [Phil. XIV. 
 
 earn rem pecuniam dare, attribuere, solvere jubeant, ut 
 exstet ad mernoriam posteritatis sempiternam scelus crude- 
 lissimorum hostium militumque divina virtus ; utique, 
 quae praemia senatus militibus ante constituit, ea solvan- 
 tur eorum qui hoc bello pro patria occiderunt parenti- 
 bus, liberis, conjugibus, fratribus ; eisque tribuantur quae 
 militibus ipsis tribui oporteret, si vivi vicissent, qui morte 
 
NOTES. 
 

DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS. 
 
 Argument. 
 
 [Omitted portions in brackets.] 
 
 Chap. I. Exordium . Cicero’s reasons for undertaking the case. — 
 [2. Political aspect of the trial, showing {a ) why others refused to undertake 
 it; (< b ) why the jury ought to be especially cautious.] — Narratio. 6. The 
 murder. — 7. Circumstances pointing to Magnus as the procurer : Chrysogo- 
 nus is informed, and a conspiracy made with him by Capito and Magnus. 
 — 8. Proscription and sale of the property : Chrysogonus buys it up for a 
 nominal sum. Sex. Roscius is dispossessed. — 9. Amerians take up his 
 cause and apply to Sulla, but are staved off by Capito, wbr ^ 'as on the 
 committee. — 10. Roscius flies to his friends at Rome : th‘ 
 
 ty), 
 
 1 sim i s Pi ra * ors 
 
 commence the prosecution. — 11. Commiseration of his cli, Sim ^ Position, 
 with review of the circumstances. — 13. Partitio : ( a ) the ch< '££) the 
 
 reckless villany of the two T. R.; (r) influence of Chrysog,^ MoT ^ e ~ 
 fensio : (I.) 14. The crime is not in accordance with the charactci of the 
 defendant : no motive can be shown : no enmity between father and son. 
 
 I 5 “ I 7 * His rustic employment: this is no evidence of ill-will. — 19. Al- 
 leged intention to disinherit: no proof. — 20. No case is made out: hence 
 the accuser (Erucius) is attacked for bringing such a charge. — 21. The 
 case rests only on the negligence of the Court, and supposed friendless- 
 ness of the defendant. — 22. For the conspirators’ manner changed when 
 they found there would be a real defence. — Recapitulation : no motive 
 existed : enormity of the crime, and severity of its punishment. — 23-26. 
 Instances from real life and fiction. — 27, 28. No means of committing the 
 crime. [29. Again : the accuser’s presumption in trying to force a con- 
 viction. (II.) 30. Countercharge : T. Roscius the probable murderer: in 
 his case there are motives. — 31. It was for his advantage. — 32. He was 
 the murdered man’s enemy. — 33. He had opportunities (compare the 
 two cases). — 34. His acts after the murder: hasty message to Capito; 
 his character. — 36. His testimony at the trial. — 37. Speedy announce- 
 ment to Chrysogonus — apparently from the Roscii, for they have received 
 
 
4 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 the reward and possess the property. - 38, 39- Capito’s perfidy to the 
 committee. — 41. Magnus refuses the slaves for question. — 42. Influence 
 of Chrysogonus.]-(III.) 43- Chrysogonus the purchaser: the sale was 
 illegal, for proscriptions had ceased. - 44-47- Lawlessness and insolence 
 of Chrysogonus : Sulla is artfully excused.- 4 8 . No political necessity of 
 conviction. -49. Responsibility of the attack on Chrysogonus is Ciceros. 
 Roscius asks only his fife. - Peroratio : 50-51. Simulated nppeal to Chry- 
 sogonus, to stir sympathy of the jury: incidental mention of the power 
 fuf friends of the defendant. - 52, 53- But if Chrysogonus does not spare 
 him, he appeals confidently to the Court. 
 
 The grammars cited are those of Allen and Greenough (§), Gilder - 
 sleeve (G.), and Sarhness (H.). 
 
 P 2 Section 1. Credo . . . periculum vitant. This para- 
 graph may be analyzed as an example of the involved periodic style 
 
 5 Lain Jriters. The main clause is credo e 8 Oi the res. of he 
 sentence is all the object of credo in the indirect discourse (5 33« , 
 r 6 ct • ’ 5 ^ 2 j The main verb of the indir. disc, is mirari 
 
 (•changed "n miramini), with vos in the accusative as its sub- 
 let T ject of mirari is the indirect question quid sit quod, 
 etc ' er ng all the rest, changed from a direct question quid 
 est’q ,-tc Again, the subject of sit is all that fo lows, being 
 r .... 4th quod (§ 333 i G. 525 i H. 540- iv.), of which surrex- 
 erim is the main verb, and all the other clauses are modifiers. - 
 The clause cum . . . sedeant is a kind of adverbial modifier of 
 surrexerim, while the clause qui . . . sim . . . comparandus is 
 Zl of adjective modifier of ego the subject «f «™re»n- and 
 aui sedeant is a kind of adjective modifier of his.- omnes m, 
 etc l an independent sentence, but is connected m thought with 
 the’ preceding, P and explains the fact at which the J urors are sap ‘ 
 posed to be surprised, i.e. / suppose you wonder, etc., but the fact 
 
 is, etc. (See §§ 345- /> 346.) 
 
 The learner will notice, if he has not already learned the fact, that m 
 
 “ '• ,he P '*“ :fTh“»u 
 
Defence of Roscius, 
 
 5 
 
 disentangle. The sentence would read, “ I SUPPOSE (conceding some- 
 thing he will presently contradict or explain) you (who do not, as I do, 
 know or think of the state of things) wonder why it is that, etc., but the 
 fact is ” (implied as the antithesis of the emphatic credo) . Again, omnes 
 is emphatic; i.e. “ I am not the only one, but all would speak if it were 
 not for circumstances” he proceeds to mention. Even videtis has an 
 emphatic position : “ who, as you see , are in attendance.” Again, putant 
 oportere defendi, i.e. “think (though they do nothing) ought to be 
 averted by a defence, but to make the defence themselves f etc. 
 
 Line i. ego : not emphatic itself, but only expressed to set off 
 vos, which is. The Latin is so fond of putting pronouns in anti- 
 thesis, that one is often (as here) expressed on purpose. — judices : 
 not judges , but rather jurors . They were persons selected by law 
 to try facts (under the presidency of a praetor or judex quaestionis), 
 and varied in number from a single one to fifty or more. 
 
 In the year B.C. 149, an important reform was introduced into the crimi- 
 nal procedure of Rome, by establishing a Quaestio Perpetua, or standing 
 Criminal Court, for trial of cases of extortion by provincial governors; 
 the object of the suit was res repeter e (to recover property), and the 
 court was known as the Quaestio Rerum Repetundarum , or simply Repe- 
 tundarum . Until B.c. 122, it was presided over by the Praetor Pere- 
 grinus; after this time, by a special Praetor Repetundarum, A second 
 court of murder — de Sicariis et Venejicis — was (according to Momm- 
 sen) established shortly after, by Caius Gracchus, and perhaps others fol- 
 lowed. The whole system was revised by Sulla, and eight or ten separate 
 courts were established, embracing the entire field of criminal offences. 
 Six of these (. Repetundae , Ambitus , Peculatus , Majestas , de Sicariis et 
 Venejicis , and probably Falsi) were presided over by six of the eight 
 praetors, — the praetor urbanus and peregrinus having civil jurisdiction; 
 the assignment was made by lot. For the rest of the courts, citizens 
 of aedilician rank (ex-aediles) were appointed, under the title Judex 
 Quaestionis. The title of a president of a court, whether Praetor or Judex 
 Quaestionis, was Quaesitor. 
 
 These new and remodelled courts went into operation in B.c. 80, and the 
 case of Roscius was the first that came before them. His trial was before 
 the Quaestio inter Sicarios , under the presidency of the praetor, Marcus 
 Fannius. The judices , or jury, in all these courts, had been originally 
 selected from the Senators; Caius Gracchus had transferred the right to the 
 Equites , or wealthy middle class; Sulla restored it to the Senators, but 
 ten years later (b.c. 70) a new arrangement was made (see Verr. i. 15). 
 
Notes: Cicero. 
 
 quid sit quod, why it is that. Here quod . . . surrexerim is a 
 clause of fact, taking the subj. on account of the indirect questio 
 -summi oratores, homines nobilissimi : notice the inver 
 
 (chiasmus, § 344-/; G. 684; H. S^ 2 )- rendered 
 
 2. cum with sedeant (§ 326; G. 587 5 H. 5H) : » to be rende ed 
 
 when or while, with just a hint of the concess. though. Smce Sulla s 
 victory had restored the aristocracy to power, it might be expected 
 that men of rank (nobilissimi) would have courage to come forward 
 to defend Roscius : their presence showed their sympathies. g • 
 emphatic, as opposed to the orators and men of rank. - potassx- 
 mum, rather than any other (§ 92- 2).-aetate: Cicero was now 
 
 bU 4 2 auctoritate, influence, particularly that derived from rank, or 
 Jce.-sim: in direct disc, this might be either subj. to indicate 
 the character of Cicero, or indie, to denote a mere fact about im 
 but here necessarily subj. on account of the indirect question (§ 342 , 
 G. 666 ; H. 529. ii.). — sedeant, sit still, instead of rising to speak . 
 
 in the same construction as sim. . . 
 
 5. hi: strongly demonstrative and accompanied, perhaps, wit 
 
 o o-psture — these men here . . , 7 
 
 6. injuriam, injustice— novo scelere (abl. of means), ^ 
 strange charge of parricide. - conflatam, got up, implying 
 
 "'^^oportfre! 'this verb is always impersonal ; its subject here is 
 the clause injuriam defendi. The verb defe : ^ 
 to defend, but to strike down, hence to ward off or averU P ■ 
 agrees with the subject of audent (§ 19S G „ 2 9 , H . 4 2) 
 defendere is a complementary infinitive (§ 271 ; G. 424 , • 533T 
 
 near, on account of (literally, near) these 
 
 distinguish carefully from praeterea, which is Pieter 
 
 prae) ea, along by (beyond and so besides) these t ^^^ 
 
 they attend: opposed to taceant, hence the position The friends 
 
 of any party to a suit (called advocate) attended court to give him 
 
Defence of Rescues . 
 
 7 
 
 the weight of their influence (compare Caes. B.G. i. 4). Hence 
 the English word suit , which originally meant following of wit- 
 nesses and friends. 
 
 9. officium, duty , arising from their relations to the murdered 
 man, who had stood in the relation of hospitium with some of 
 the highest families. 
 
 Sect. 2. ergo, at : for the force of these conjunctions, see Gr. 
 § 156* b and e. — audacissimus, i.e. is it that I have more effrontery 
 than any of the rest ? 
 
 12. ofliciosior, with a stronger sense of duty. — lie . . . quidem, 
 
 not . . . either , enclosing, as usual, the emphatic word (§ 15 1. e ). 
 
 istius, i.e. which is in your thoughts (§ 102. c\ G. 291 ; H. 450 1 ). 
 
 13. sim, conjunctivus modestiae (§ 31 1. £ ; G. 252. R. ; H. 486). 
 
 aliis, dat. (§ 229; G. 346; H. 386. 2). — praereptam : prae gives 
 here the force of getting the start of others in snatching it (com- 
 pare prevent , from prae-venio') . 
 
 14. me : emphatic, so much so as to throw igitur out of its place 
 
 (§ 344; G. 681; H. 561). 
 
 15. Rosci: gen. (§ 40. b). The contracted form of the genitive 
 of nouns in ius or ium is here given throughout. — reciperem, 
 undertake a case offered ; suscipere is to take up of one’s own motion. 
 (For the mood, see § 319; G. 557; H. 500. ii. : tense, 287. a; G. 
 51 1, R. 2 ; H. 4951). 
 
 17. amplitudo, position , from birth, wealth, office, or the like. 
 
 de re public a, on politics. 
 
 18. id quod, a thing which (§ 200. e\ G. 616. r. 2 ). 
 
 19. dixisset: as a part of the case supposed in si fecisset, this 
 must also be in the subjunctive (see next note). — putaretur, apo- 
 dosis of fecisset (§ 308; G. 599 5 H. 5°7)> while the whole from 
 si verbum, etc., is the apodosis of si quis dixisset. Translate, 
 if any one had spoken , in case he had made any allusion to politics , 
 he would , etc. 
 
 Sect. 3 . ego, etc., but in my case , even if /, etc. — si dixero 
 . . . poterit: for the form of condition, see § 307. G. 236 s ; 
 H. 508 2 . 
 
 21. similiter, in like manner , i.e. as if a man of rank had spoken. 
 — exire, etc., i.e. this speech would not be quoted and talked over, 
 nor on the other hand distorted and misinterpreted. 
 
8 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 22. emanate, leak out (cf. manere). - volgus = vulgus (see 
 
 ^ deinde quod: the second reason, corresponding to quia 
 
 above. — ceterorum, opposed to ego below. 
 
 The learner is greatly assisted (as, indeed, the Romans themselves 
 must have been) in the understanding of a sentence like this, by noticing 
 the way in which one word is set off against another. Thus, besides the 
 case just mentioned, dictum obscurum esse is opposed to dicto concedi ; so 
 ■propter nobilitatem is opposed to propter aetatem, and occultum, etc., to 
 ijrnosci, etc. At the same time, occultum is parallel with obscurum, and 
 isnosci with concedi. These antitheses are indicated in various ways, 
 _ by emphatic and similar or chiastic position, as here ceterorum 
 precedes neque, and ego precedes siquid, though the connective is usually 
 placed first; (£) by particles, as the correlative neque . . . neque, and vet 
 
 . . . vel. 
 
 23 dictum is a noun limited by ceterorum ; dicto is also a 
 noun, though modified by an adverb (see examples under § 207. c; 
 G.438. R. 1 ; H. 548. N. 2 ). 
 
 24. concedi (impersonal, § 230; G. 208; H. 534. 1.), allowed, or 
 but up with. 
 
 27 nondum . . accessi, I have not yet gone into public life, 
 i.e. become candidate for any office. Cicero began his political 
 career five years later, with the quaestorship. 
 
 28. tametsi, although, in its so-called “corrective 1 use,— -tie 
 concession coming after the general statement, as a kind of limi- 
 tation of it. — ignoscendi ratio, the idea of pardon. As Latin 
 has few abstract nouns, their place is supplied in various other 
 ways. The thought is, not only pardoning, but even official inves- 
 tigation (cognoscendi) has ceased in the state (in consequence of 
 the stormy times of Sulla). But this thought can hardly be ex- 
 pressed in any other way than by the general word ratio with a 
 genitive, which we may translate as above. [Notice the order : the 
 
 idea of pardon 11 ; ratio ignoscendi would mean “the idea of par- 
 
 don”]. 
 
 “This is boldly said, at a time when the tyrant Sulla was in power. 
 Sulla never pardoned, and inquiry in legal form was out of fashion; at 
 least such a trial as an innocent man could rely on e egis a ion 
 Sulla had excluded the Equites from the office of judices ; and the Se 
 
Defence of Roscius . 
 
 9 
 
 tors, who were his tools, were the class from which judices were now 
 taken.” (Long.) It should be observed, however, that during the period 
 in which the equites were in possession of the courts, they showed them- 
 selves — in spite of Cicero’s assertion (see Verr. i. 13) — quite as corrupt 
 as the Senators. The fact is, each class was under a special temptation to 
 pass unjust judgments, since the provincial governors belonged to the 
 Senatorial order, and the farmers of revenue (the conflicting interest) to 
 the Equestrian. 
 
 3 . Sect. 4 . accedit, there is in addition: used as a kind of 
 passive of addo. — ilia, this: see § 102. b (at the end). — quod, 
 that (§ 333; G. 525; H. 540. iv.). — a ceteris, from the others , 
 i.e. the nobles. (For the use of the prep., see § 239. c. Rem.; 
 
 G. 333. R. 2 ; H. 374. n. 4 ) 
 
 4. petitum sit, subj. by § 311. G. 459. r. ; H. 485. N. 1 : it is, 
 strictly, subj. of indir. question after forsitan {= fors sit an, it is 
 a chance whether).— ut dicerent (sc. causam), that they should 
 plead: a subst. clause (§ 331. a; G. 546; H. 498), subject of peti- 
 tum sit : the others have been asked to, etc. ; dicere causam is the 
 technical expression for the counsel {to argue or defend a case), 
 as well as for the defendant {to be brought to trial). — ut . . . arbi- 
 trarentur, a clause of result, correlative with ita (§ 319; G. 556; 
 
 H. 500). — utrumvis, lit. either [of the two] you please: here, 
 simply, either at their option (speak or not). — salvo officio (abl. 
 abs.), without breach of duty. 
 
 5. arbitrarentur ; imperf. following petitum sit (§§ 286, 287. a ; 
 G. 51 i.R. 2 ; H. 495 * *•)• — a me (opposed to a ceteris) contenderunt, 
 have urged it upon me: preserve the antithesis by inserting, b's,i as 
 to myself which is implied in the position of a me. — ei (simply 
 correlative to qui, § 102. d), men: not a demonstrative, like hie, 
 etc. The noble friends of Roscius are here meant, 'who would de- 
 sire his cause to be well conducted. 
 
 6. apud me : the position still keeps the antithesis, where in Eng- 
 lish we abandon it, so also in the case of ego, in line 7. 
 
 7. plurimum possunt, have the greatest weight. 
 
 9. debeam, subj. of characteristic (§ 320; G. 633; H. 503).— 
 his de causis, it is for these reasons that , etc. 
 
 10. ego: expressed to continue the emphasis of a me. — his: 
 
IO • 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 emphatic, referring to the reasons just mentioned ; ego, as opposed 
 to the others present. — causae, dat. (§ 235. a\ G. 343, H. 392). 
 
 — patronus, advocate (the word advocati meaning friends, as 
 above). The term patronus, protector , — properly the correlative 
 of cliens, a dependent, — was transferred to the counsellor, as the 
 defender of his client; all the more easily, as the practice of the 
 law was in the hands of the nobles, who were obliged to defend 
 their friends and dependents gratis. [It should be noticed that 
 ' cliens is never used in the modern sense of client in law, correla- 
 tive to counsellor : the Roman cliens was necessarily a poor man, 
 or one in humble station, or a foreigner.] — electus, relictus : this 
 antithesis (in position and sound as well as sense) suggests at once 
 that ingenio is in the same construction as periculo, and that 
 possem dicere must be supplied. 
 
 1 1 . unus, as the one man . 
 
 12. uti : older form for ut.— uti ne : in purpose clauses (§ 3 l 7 ? 
 G c4.ni • H. 495.R. 1 ) the double form is often used instead of ne alone. 
 
 Sect’ 5. municeps (munus-capio), lit. sharing public duties, 
 and so, citizen of a municipium or free Italian town with Roman 
 citizenship. — Amerinus, of Ameria (§ 214. a ; G. 360; H. 33 U- 
 
 A native Italian town which had lost its original independence, and was 
 absorbed in the Roman state, ceased to be a civitos and became a mum 
 cipium; its citizens now possessed Roman citizenship as well as that of 
 their own town. This Roman citizenship was possessed in various de- 
 grees. Some towns lost all rights of self-government, without receiving 
 any political rights at Rome in their place; that is, their political existence 
 was extinguished, and their citizens became mere passive citizens 
 Rome, with civil rights, but no political ones. A second class of towns 
 retained their corporate existence, with the rights of local self-government, 
 but without the grant of Roman citizenship. The con ^° n h “ e ‘ 
 hshed was called jus Caeritum, because the Etruscan town of Caer e u as 
 taken as the type. The most favored class retained all powers of self- 
 government, with magistrates of their own election, at the same ime 
 being full citizens of Rome. All furnished their contingent to the Roman 
 army and were under the civil jurisdiction of the Roman prmtor; but 
 they paid no taxes except for their own local concerns. 
 
 I7 . vicinitatis: i.e. probably the whole territory of Ameria, 
 extending to the Tiber. 
 
Defence of Roscius. 
 
 II 
 
 20. hospitium, guest friendship . This was a relation between 
 individuals of different cities or states, at a time when there were 
 no international relations ; it included the duties of hospitality and 
 protection, was transmitted from father to son, and was vouched 
 for by a ticket (tessera). 
 
 21. domesticus . . . consuetudo, intercourse and companion - 
 ship in their homes. 
 
 22. honestatis gratia (so honoris causa, § 17 ), with all ho?ior : 
 it seems to have been held a liberty to mention the name of any 
 person of quality ; and it is generally done in some such form of 
 compliment. 
 
 23. hoc solum, i.e. the hospitium. 
 
 24. domestici, of his own house. 
 
 25. ereptum possident, have plundered and now hold (§ 292. R. ; 
 G. 667. R. 1 ; H. 549 s ) ; possidere does not signify to own, in the 
 modern sense, but only to hold or occupy. — innocentis, i.e. filii. 
 
 Sect. 6. cum, introducing the general situation ; turn, the par- 
 ticular circumstance. — omni tempore, at all times, as opposed to 
 the time of the civil war ; notice the emphatic position. 
 
 27. nobilitatis fautor, i.e. of Sulla’s party. — hoc tumultu, this 
 last disturbance (euphemistic) : i.e. the final scenes of the civil war 
 of Marius and Sulla, which Cicero will not call bellum. 
 
 28. in discrimen veniret, was at stake: subj. of characteristic 
 (at a time when, etc.). 
 
 30. opera, etc., labor , zeal , influence. 
 
 31. rectum, render no more than right (thus giving the emphasis 
 of its position). — se pugnare, simply to fight (§ 330 . /*; G. 52 7. 
 R. 3 ) : object of putabat, while rectum is in pred. apposition 
 (§ 186. c ; G. 334; H. 373. n. 2 ). — honestate, honestissimus, refer 
 respectively to the rank and dignity of these great families, and 
 the credit which his connection with them gave him in his own 
 neighborhood. 
 
 33. victoria, i.e. of Sulla’s party. — constituta est, praescribe- 
 
 rentur : the first is of absolute , the second of relative time (§ 323 ; 
 G. 562), describing the period by its characteristics (§ 320). 
 
 34. proscriberentur : the number of the proscribed in Sulla’s 
 time was 4,700. 
 
12 
 
 Notes : Cicero. 
 
 « Whoever killed one of these outlaws was not only exempt from pun- 
 ishment, like an executioner duly fulfilling his office, but also obtained for 
 the execution a compensation of 12,000 denarii (nearly $2,400); any 
 one, on the contrary, who befriended an outlaw, even his nearest relative, 
 was liable to the severest punishment. The property of the proscribed 
 was forfeited to the state, like the spoil of an enemy; their children and 
 grandchildren were excluded from a political career, and yet, so far as of 
 senatorial rank, were bound to undertake their share of senatorial bur- 
 dens” (Mommsen). At first only the names of those who had justly for- 
 feited their lives were proscribed; afterwards it became easy for friends 
 and favorites of the dictator (as Chrysogonus, attacked in the oration for 
 Roscius) to put upon the list the names of innocent men, and even of 
 men already dead, so as to work confiscation of their property. These 
 proscriptions nominally ceased June 1, B.c. 81. 
 
 36. erat Romae, i.e. he did not stay away, as one would who 
 feared the proscription. — frequens : adjective for adverb (§ 191 ; 
 G. 324. R. 6 ; H. 443). 
 
 4 . Sect. 7. erant, see § 343. b . — inimicitiae : plural of the 
 abstract, signifying causes or occasions of enmity (§ 75 * ^)- 
 
 5. accusatorum : prosecutions might be brought by private per- 
 sons (as by Cicero against Verres) : these Roscii took their places 
 as prosecutors along with Erucius ( coadjutor es, subscriptores'). 
 
 8. neque enim, nor , you see. 
 
 9. isti (§ 102. c ), i.e. of the party of prosecution. 
 
 10. Capitoni (§ 231. G. 322; H. 387) : following cognomen. 
 
 12. palmarum, prizes : sarcastically said of his acts of violence, 
 as of so many victories in gladiatorial fights. — nobilis, famous 
 (as of artists, actors, etc.), - hie, the one here present (Magnus) ; 
 eum, referring to the one just mentioned, the absent one (Capita).. 
 
 13. lanistam, a professional trainer ox “ coach" : used sarcasti- 
 cally, like palmarum, above. 
 
 14. quod sciam, so far as I know, sc. id (adv. acc. § 240. b\ 
 G. 331. R. 2 ; H. 3 78): i.e. he must have been a mere apprentice 
 (tiro) at the trade ; this is the first of his actual murders that I 
 know of. 
 
 Sect. 8. hie, this man (with a gesture), i.e. here at my si e, 
 iste, that one , i.e. there on the accusers’ bench. 
 
Defence of Roscius , 
 
 13 
 
 17. cum . . . esset, parenthetical. 
 
 19. iste, T. Roscius: the repetition of the words frequens, etc., 
 brings out the point that he was likeliest to be the murderer. 
 
 20. Palacinas : the reading is uncertain, and the place unknown. 
 
 22. suspltio : this word is not formed immediately from the verb- 
 stem of suspicio, but the true derivative ending is -tio (§§ 163. b , 
 10. c ), and the long vowel seems to indicate contraction. 
 
 23. res ipsa, the fact itself, 
 
 24. hunc, i.e. my client. — judicatote (§ 269. d\ G. 262; H. 
 487 2 ) : the second or longer form of the imperative is regular where 
 the action is not to be performed immediately, especially when a 
 future appears in protasis (§§ 269. d, 307 ; G. 597 ; H. 508 4 ). 
 
 Sect. 9 . Ameriam nuntiat, brings the news to Ameria: the 
 accus. of end of motion (§ 258. b\ G. 410; H. 380. ii.). 
 
 26. quidam, one, 
 
 28. horam primam : the night from sunset to sunrise was 
 divided into twelve hours. 
 
 30. nocturnis, i.e. when the travelling would be more difficult 
 and slow, though the hours would be longer in the late autumn or 
 winter, when the murder is thought to have been committed. But 
 the time is uncertain. 
 
 31. cisiis, a two-wheeled wagon, like a gig or chaise. The plural 
 form shows that there were relays of carriages. 
 
 Sect. 10. quadriduo, i.e. in the same space of four days : we 
 should say within four days from the time when , etc. 
 
 36. in castra : the idea of motion, vividly conceived, suggests 
 the acc. of place as well as person ; we should say, TO Sulla in his 
 camp at V. (§ 259. h). — Volaterras: a very ancient and impor- 
 tant town of Etruria, on a high and very steep hill, about 30 miles 
 S. W. of Florence. “Here some of the Etruscans and of those 
 proscribed by Sulla made a stand and were blockaded for two years, 
 and then surrendered on terms” (Strabo). — defertur : this word 
 implies an intentional conveying of the information, in the manner 
 of a formal report, or charge. 
 
 5 . fundos, different estates , i.e. lands or buildings, whether in 
 town or country. — tris = tres (§ 84. b) : the acc. termination in Is 
 remained in this and a few other words for a considerable time after 
 
14 
 
 Notes : Cicero. 
 
 the form in es became more common. — Tiberim (§§ 55. d, 56. a, 1): 
 the river must add greatly to the value of these estates, whether for 
 transportation or irrigation. 
 
 5. splendidus, eminent : the regular complimentary epithet ot 
 equites, and persons of similar rank ; gratiosus, in favor : referring 
 to his relations with great families. — negotio, difficulty. 
 
 7. de medio tolli, put out of the way. — ne teneam , not to 
 detain you : a purpose clause after some verb of saying, etc., which 
 
 is, as usual, omitted (§ 317. c\ G. 688; H. 499- 2 N -> 
 
 a usual, j / 7 *4.1 
 
 0 societas, partnership. — coitur : coire, as governing ie 
 
 accusative (§ 238. b ; G. 33° 5 H. 372), here takes the passive. 
 
 Sect. IX. cum, etc.: the proscriptions ceased June 1, B.c. m ; 
 the murder was committed some months after this date (see below, 
 
 § n! jam (with reference to time preceding), already (§ 151. b): 
 nunc (referring only to the moment itself), now. — defunctos, rid 
 
 of , sc. esse. , 
 
 13. studiossisimi, devoted to the party of Sulla, and so no 1 ) 
 
 to be proscribed.— manceps (manu capio), purchaser of con- 
 fiscated goods and the like. 
 
 1 6. iste, yonder, on the accusers’ benches. —nomine, i.e. as 
 
 °I7 impetum facit, makes a raid upon, implying violence, as of 
 a charge in battle. — duobus milibus nummum, i.e. about $100 
 (§ 378) ; they are estimated in ch. ii. to have been worth $300,000 
 
 ( S Sect' 12 . imprudente, without the knowledge (frudens = 
 ftrovidens). 
 
 20 certo scio, Tam well aware (§ 151. c). — neque emm, nega- 
 tive of et enim (§ 156. d), introducing a point obvious or indis- 
 putable, for, you see. — mirum, predicate of the clause si . . . 
 
 animadvertat, below (§ 333. R-)- . , , 
 
 22. praeparet, must provide for : cum is causal, though to be 
 rendered when. — pacts . . . rationem, i.e. the ordering of the new 
 constitution. 
 
 25. distentus, pulled different ways. 
 
 26. si aliquid (more emphatic than si quid) non animadvertat, 
 
 if there is something he does not notice : protasis with mirum, a ove. 
 
Defence of Roscius. 
 
 IS 
 
 28. ut . . . moliantur, that as soon as he takes off his eyes they 
 may get up something of this sort: clause of purpose (§317; G. 
 545 ; H. 497. ii.) ; despexerit, perf. subj. (§ 342; G. 666; H. 529. 
 ii.), for fut. perf. (§ 286, end; G. 514, rule). 
 
 29. hue accedit, add to this . (Compare accedit ilia , etc., § 4 , 
 where the meaning is, there is in addition , etc. ; here the difference 
 in position gives the meaning, in addition to this .) — quamvis felix 
 sit (§ 313. a; G. 608; H. 515. iii .) , however fortunate he ?nay be : 
 Sulla was so impressed with his own good fortune, that he assumed 
 the agnomen Felix, implying, by the ancient notion, peculiar favor of 
 the gods. (See Manil. § 47 .) 
 
 31. familia, household of slaves and dependents (see under § 35). 
 — qui habeat, as to have (§ 320. a ; G. 634 ; H. 500. i.). 
 
 32. libertum , freedman : he still remained attached to his former 
 master as patronus , often lived in his family, did various services 
 for him, and stood towards him in a relation somewhat like that of 
 a son under the patria potest as. Towards others he was a liberti- 
 nus , fully free, but with some political disqualifications ; towards his 
 former master he was a libertus. 
 
 Sect. 13. vir optimus, sarcastic. ^ 
 
 35. qui . . . solvisset (§ 320 ; G. 634 ; H. 500. i.), though he had 
 not yet, etc. 
 
 36. justa, the due rites of burial: these ended with a sacrifice on 
 the ninth day ( novemdialia ) after the death or burial. — eicit= eji- 
 cit : in the compounds of jacio, the combination ji is written with 
 a single letter (§ 10. d). 
 
 6 . pecuniae, property . — dominus, master in the sense of 
 owner. 
 
 3. qui . . . fuisset, since he had been , etc. — ut fit, as generally 
 happens. 
 
 4. insolens, here extravagant , etc. — domum suam (§ 258. 
 b, e\ G. 410. R. 1 ; H. 380 2 ), to his house. — auferebat (§ 277. c\ 
 G. 224; H. 469 1 ), began to, etc. 
 
 7 . auctione, verbal from augeo, i.e. increasing the bids. — usque 
 eo, to that degree. 
 
 8. urbe tota, § 258. /; G. 386; H. 425. ii. 2 
 
 Sect. 14. 12. iter, right of way : this was usually reserved in 
 
i6 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 case of the sale of any estate on which was a family burial-place : 
 by the proscription this right was cut off. 
 
 13. bonorum emptio, the technical term denoting purchase at 
 public sale . — furta refers to clam ; rapinae to palam, above. 
 
 Sect. 15 . decurionum : these were members of the municipal 
 senate, or council. — decern primi : these may have been a stand- 
 ing board, or a special committee. Committees of ten of the Roman 
 Senate, as well as committees and boards of ten of municipal towns, 
 are frequently mentioned, and particular men are referred to in in- 
 scriptions as belonging to such a body. T. Roscius Capito (see 
 § 16 ) was one of this body. 
 
 19. qui vir, what sort of man . 
 
 21. ut . . . velit, that he will consent . 
 
 22. decretum : the decree was here read to the court, but is not 
 given in the published speech. 
 
 25. id quod, as (§ 200. e\ G. 616. R. 2 ). 
 
 28. nobills, acc. plur. (§ 84. b). — ab eis qui peterent (§ 317 ; 
 G. 545 1 ; H. 497. i.), to beg of them: eis refers to the decern primi. 
 
 29. ne . . . adirent, obj. of peterent. 
 
 30. vellent, § 341. a^ G. 5°9 2 5 H. 5 2 4 * 
 
 Sect. 16 . antiqui, of the old stamp . — ex sua natura, after 
 their own nature . 
 
 33. ceteros, subj. of esse understood, depending on fingerent, 
 
 imagined . — confirmaret, assured them . 
 
 36. appromitteret, promised in addition. 
 
 7 re inorata, without having pleaded their case: the primary 
 meaning of oro implies not entreaty , but statement or argument 
 (cf. orator).— reverterunt: the active form of this verb is found 
 only in the tenses of the perfect stem ; otherwise it is deponent. 
 
 2. isti, i.e. Chrysogonus and Capito. 
 
 3. lentius, more slackly. — nihil agere, do nothing, refrain from 
 action. — deludere, make fools of the Amerians, i.e. treat them 
 
 with contempt. # . 
 
 4. id quod, etc., as we may easily infer: this point is an infer- 
 ence, not like the rest, an attested fact. b 
 
 5 neque, and not , the negative qualifying posse : and judge 
 that they can no longer , etc. In Latin the connective attracts the 
 negative. 
 
Defence of Roscius . 
 
 1 7 
 
 Sect. 17 . hie, my client. — cognatorum (co-gnatus), blood- 
 relations: these were accustomed to hold a consilium , or formal 
 deliberation, on important family affairs. 
 
 io. Caeciliam, see § 50 . 
 
 12. id quod, etc., i.e. she showed on this occasion (nunc) the 
 generous traits all expected in her. 
 
 13. quasi . . . causa, as a 7 nodel. — antiqui officii, old-fashioned 
 fidelity : officium means the performance of duties as well as the 
 duties themselves. 
 
 15. domo (§2 58. G. 41 1 ; H. 412. ii. 1 ), without the prep., 
 
 while bonis requires ex. 
 
 18. vivus . . . referretur, brought alive to trial , rather than 
 murdered and put on the proscription-list. 
 
 Sect. 18 . consilium ceperunt : this phrase is equivalent to a 
 verb of determining, and so has the clause ut . . . pugnarent for 
 its object (§ 331. d\ G. 424; H. 501. ii.). 
 
 23. nomen deterrent, i.e. lay a formal charge before the president 
 of the proper court. — de parricidio, § 220. b ; G. 377. r . 2 ; H. 410. ii. 3 
 
 24. veterem, old in the trade : the reign of terror through which 
 Rome had just passed had given ample practice. 
 
 25. de ea re, etc., in a case in which , etc. 
 
 26. suspitio, ground of suspicion. 
 
 27. crimine (abl. of means), on the charge itself. — poterant: 
 indicative as being Cicero’s reason, not theirs. — tempore : partly 
 the character of the time in general ; partly the fact that the courts 
 were now first reopened, after their reorganization by Sulla. 
 
 28. loqui : the thought of the conspirators is put in indir. disc., 
 the verb being implied in consilium ceperunt. — tarn diu, during 
 the long troubles. 
 
 29. eum, any one. — oportere, was sure to ;qui primus: this 
 was the first case that came before the Quaestio inter Sicarios . 
 
 30. adductus esset : for fut. perf. of direct disc. — huic : op- 
 posed to the indefinite qui primus. 
 
 31. gratiam, favor or influence, i.e. with Sulla. 
 
 33. fore ut, etc. : the most usual form for the fut. infin. pass. ; 
 the supine with iri is rare. 
 
 34. tolleretur, got out of the way : a derivative meaning from 
 the original sense of lift. — nullo : for the abl. of nemo, which is 
 never used. 
 
j g Notes : Cicero. 
 
 35. atque adeo, or rather.- quern: the antecedent is eum, 
 
 ^T'jugulandum (§ 294 - d\ G. 43* 5 H. 544- N.»). Le. for judicial 
 murder. 
 
 8 Sect. 19. unde, where : i.e. the point whence the argument 
 proceeds. — potissimum (superl. of potius, as it rathest), best 
 
 (rather than anywhere else). 
 
 4. summam : i.e. of rendering a verdict. 
 
 , fidem: i.e. the protection required by good faith. — pater, 
 etc : these nominatives are in no grammatical construction, but are 
 simply a list of crimes (see § 292. a\ G. 667. R.“). 
 
 7. infesta, in peril. , , , 
 
 9. nefariis, abl. of instr. after cumulant : but translate, upon 
 
 these they heap up other tnfanues. 
 
 11. hujusce (emphatic instead of ejus, the regular pronoun of 
 
 reference, § 102. his own . . . . , 
 
 12. condicionem, terms (or dilemma)-, as containing the idea 
 
 of a bargain, it is followed by ut (§ 331 .^; G. 559'. 497- “•)• 
 
 cervices : this word is used by early writers only in the plura . 
 
 13 insutus in culeum : the old punishment of parricide was to 
 be “ beaten with blood-red rods, then sewed into a sack, with a 
 dog, a cock, a viper, and an ape, and thrown into the deep sea 
 
 ^^.' patronos : Cicero’s modesty will not allow him to call him- 
 self a patronus (cf. note on § 4). . „ . v thp 
 
 15. qui dicat, purpose-clause (§ 317 5 G. 545 7 H. 497 . 1 -}* 
 antecedent is the subj. of deest, below. 
 
 Sect. 20. quantum, so far as (adverbial acc.). 
 
 19. crimen, the criminal charge : with the other means used to 
 convict the accused the advocate has nothing to do. 
 
 21 . confictionem, the getting up . 
 
 24 quid igitur est? hem then t The whole task imphed in 
 oportere is too large to be attempted in a single plea. He has 
 only to argue the case on the charge: the jury must see that reck- 
 less audacity and coercion shall have no effect with them. 
 
 “0 primo queue tempore. Hu v.ry firs, ofifisri.mty s.nce 
 the violence and disorder of the civil war. 
 
"^0-^i^Urv /tK'VW AA^vtkO “ 
 
 ">T^° ^U^t W' 
 
 IP^W^JZ^JI- j 
 
 '^'**'*’’-^£-'W"0 
 
 VH- v . 
 
Defence of Roscius, 
 
 19 
 
 Sect. 21 . quo uno maleficio, that in this one crime . — - voltu f 
 by a look , showing a lack of filial affection (pietas). 
 
 9, 2. si . . . cogebant, would compel it if the case should re- 
 quire (see § 307./; G. 598. R. 1 ; H. 511 1 ) : a future protasis, relative 
 to the time of cogebant, which is past. 
 
 5. auditum sit, fut. cond. completed (§ 307. c ; G. 236. R. 2 ; H. 
 509). 
 
 6. tu (emphatic), you, a professional prosecutor. 
 
 7. censes : the word used to express deliberate judgment, after 
 discussion, etc. 
 
 9. mores, character, as resulting from habits of life ; naturam, 
 natural disposition. 
 
 11. tu, emphatic, as opposed to accusers generally. 
 
 12. lie . . . causa, i.e. not even as a plausible charge. — contu- 
 listi, brought against, alleged. 
 
 Sect. 22. qui homo? what sort of man? — adulescentulus, 
 
 some young fellow : the diminutive emphasizes the contrast in age. 
 
 14. nequam, modifying hominibus. 
 
 15. major, anomalous for the more usual plus or amplius (§ 247. 
 c\ G. 31 1. R. 4 ; H. 417. 1. N. 2 ). 
 
 16. videlicet, no doubt (ironical). 
 
 20. de luxuria, ablative of charge (§ 220. b\ G. 377. R. 2 ; H. 
 410. ii.). — objecit : the accuser made it a point in his charge, that 
 the accused was of a gloomy and morose temper, shunning all 
 society. 
 
 26. officio, sense of duty, and consequent discharge of it. 
 
 Sect. 23 . justam, sufficient or wellgrounded. 
 
 30. illud, this, in appos. with the clause immediately following, 
 i.e. the point previously treated ; hoc, the new point now introduced. 
 
 34. eodem, to the same point as that treated in the preceding 
 section. 
 
 10. qui odisset, in that he hated (according to their argument). 
 
 2. constantissimus, ?nost consistent. 
 
 3. illud refers to causam fuisse. — jam, by this thne. 
 
 Sect. 24 . 9. jam prope cotidiana, i.e. which have come to be 
 
 an almost everyday affair . 
 
20 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 13. convenisse . . ,. videntur, seem to have converged upon one 
 spot and to agree together : the phrase inter se may express any 
 sort of reciprocal relation (§ 196. f\ G. 212; H. 448. N.). The 
 figure here is of a band of conspirators, or the like. 
 
 16. ingenio , power, in putting the case. 
 
 Sect. 25. expressa vestigia, distinct footprints . — ratione, 
 manner , i.e. the whole plan of the act. 
 
 23. res . . . credi : notice that credo takes the acc. of the thing. 
 
 27. esse, that there should be, etc. 
 
 31. feras, i.e. even in the case of wild beasts (notice the emphatic 
 position). 
 
 Sect. 26. ita, so very . 
 
 34. Tarracinensem, of Tarracina (Anxur), a colony on the 
 Latian coast, 40 miles from Rome, — non obscurum, respectable. 
 
 1 1 , servus : here used as an adjective (cf. § 188. d\ G. 284. R. ; 
 
 H. 441 3 ). 
 
 2. id aetatis, i.e. too old for the sound sleep of childhood. 
 
 3. propter, near by. — autem, on the other hand . 
 
 5. neutrumne sensisse, the idea that , etc. (infin. of exclam.). 
 
 7 . potissimum, of all others . 
 
 Sect. 27. conveniret, could naturally fall. 
 
 16. non modo . . . possunt, not only cannot, etc. (§ 149- e \ G - 
 484. R. 1 ; H. 552 2 ) : the verb is sufficiently negatived by ne. 
 
 Sect. 28. multis = many other (implied in the generalizing 
 cum followed by turn). 
 
 23. singulare, special . 
 
 26. rerum natura, the universe, represented by air ( caelum ), fire 
 ( solem ), water, and earth, the elements “ from which all things are 
 said to be produced.'” 
 
 Sect. 29. obicere, cast forth to. — ne bestiis . . . uteremur, 
 
 lest we should find the very beasts more savage (immanioribus, in 
 predicate apposition). 
 
 32. sic nudos, naked as they were. — ipsum, even that. 
 
 34. violata, defiled. — expiari : sea-water, as well as running 
 water, was regarded as having a purifying quality, a notion pre 
 vailing in various religions, and found in the forms of abluUon, 
 baptism, and the like. 
 
Defence of Roscitts. 
 
 21 
 
 35. tam . . . volgare, so cheap or so common. 
 
 36. etenim : i.e. it needs no argument to show, etc. 
 
 12. ejectis, to waifs. — ita, in such a way . 
 
 Sect. 30 . crimen, accusation. 
 
 9. talibus viris, “ to this intelligent jury.” — causam, motive. 
 
 10. emptores, i.e. men having the strongest interest in his con- 
 viction, with Chrysogonus himself as their presiding officer. 
 
 11. judicio, the trial. 
 
 12. venisses, you should have come (§ 2 66. e\ G. 266. R. 3 ; H. 
 483. 2 n.). — utrum . . . an, i.e. which is it — the nature of the ques- 
 tion or the character of the court [another compliment to the jury] 
 — that you do not see ? 
 
 17. admittere, commit. 
 
 Sect. 31 . esto, well then (to quit that point). — causam pro- 
 ferre, to allege a motive. 
 
 29. vicisse debeo, / ought to have now gained the case , i.e. by 
 my past argument : ought to have conquered (in the past) is vine ere 
 debui (§ 288. a\ G. 424; H. 537 1 ). 
 
 20. in alia causa, in another case , an implied condition to c on- 
 ce derem. 
 
 21. qua re, why ; quo modo, how. 
 
 23. ita, sic, i.e. I will deal with you on these terms. 
 
 24. meo loco, in my place , i.e. in the time allotted to the defence : 
 this was determined for each party by the praetor. — respondendi, 
 i.e. at the end of a question ; interpellandi, in the middle of any 
 question, to answer a part; interrogandi, asking questions in turn. 
 
 Sect. 32 . ipsum, sc. percussisse. 
 
 29. per alios, for abl. of means, when persons are intended (§ 246. 
 b\ G. 403; H. 415 1 . n. 1 ). 
 
 30. indidemne Ameria, from Ameria there? 
 
 31. hosce sicarios, these cut-throats of ours . 
 
 34. convenit, i.e. to bargain for the murder. 
 
 36. unde, i.e. on whom did he draw for the money? All such 
 banking business being in a manner public, the sum could be traced, 
 as by cheques, etc., in modern times. 
 
22 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 13 . caput, fountain-head . 
 
 2. tibi, dat. for poss. (§ 235. a; G. 343. R. 2 ; H. 389). — veniat, 
 with facito (fac) for simple imperat. (§ 331-/. R - i G - 546 . R. 8 ; 
 H. 489. 2). The fut. form of the imperat. is used, because it is a 
 point for the accuser to reflect upon (§ 269. d\ G. 262 ; H. 487 2 ). 
 
 4. ferum atque agrestem, rude and clownish (not simply 
 rustic ). 
 
 6. in oppido constitisse, to have stayed in any town: oppidum 
 is distinguished both from urbs, the great city , and vicus, a country 
 village , or mere hamlet : it would be a place of some society and 
 cultivation. 
 
 Sect. 33 . poterat, might, i.e. if I chose to use it (§ 311.*; 
 G. 599. r. 2 ; H. 51 1 1 ). 
 
 g. victu arido, dry or meagre way of life. — inculta, uncouth . 
 
 11. possis, potential subjunctive (§ 31 1. a,\ G. 602; H. 485)- 
 
 13. in urbe (emphatic), i.e. not in the country, where Roscius 
 was. 
 
 14. erumpat, burst forth : a strong word on account of audacia, 
 
 reckless daring. 
 
 15. autem, on the other hand . — agrestem, boorish . 
 
 16. parsimoniae, thrift (in a good sense). 
 
 Sect. 34 . missa facio, I let that pass (missa agreeing with ea, 
 understood, obj. of facio) ; such phrases are often used colloquially 
 or with emphasis, for the simple verb (§ 292. d\ G. 537). — illud 
 quaero, this is what I want to know. 
 
 20. per quos : these words are the interrogative expression with 
 which the clause grammatically begins ; is homo is put first for 
 emphasis. 
 
 22. suspitiose, i.e. so as to look suspicious. 
 
 23. in his rebus, but in these circumstances of the case (emphatic 
 position). — suspitio, culpam : i.e. in so clear a case I will not ask 
 proof of guilt; any suspicious circumstance will be enough. 
 
 25. credo, I suppose : ironical, as usual when thus used paren- 
 thetically. 
 
 30. causa dicitur, lit. the case is argued by the defendant : i.e. he 
 is put on trial. 
 
 Sect. 35. quod [innocenti] relates to id, having in appos. the 
 clause ut . . . polliceatur. 
 
Defence of Roscius . 
 
 23 
 
 34. quaestionem, question in the technical sense, i.e. examina- 
 tion by torture, the regular legal way of examining slaves. In a 
 few special classes of cases, the slaves of the accused could be 
 tortured in order to get evidence against their master (see Milo, ch. 
 xxii.). The master might, however, of his own accord, offer them 
 for torture ( polliceri ) : in this case Roscius had lost his slaves, 
 and so was deprived of that privilege. 
 
 36. unus puer, as much as a single slave; the apparently unem- 
 phatic position of non making the whole more effective. — minister, 
 i.e. to wait upon him. 
 
 14 . familia : this word, in its primary meaning, properly em- 
 braced the entire body of free persons, clients and slaves, under the 
 patriarchal rule of the paterfamilias. In time, the meaning was 
 divided, applying either (1) to the family proper — the paterfamilias , 
 with his wife, children, etc. ; (2) to a body (or gang) of slaves. 
 The latter is the meaning here. The word is also often used to 
 designate a group of kinsfolk having a common name, — as Metel- 
 lus, Scipio, Cicero, Caesar. 
 
 2. Scipio, Metelle : these were, probably, P. Scipio Nasica, 
 father of Metellus Scipio (a leader on Pompey’s side in the civil 
 war), and his cousin, Q. Metellus Nepos, brother of Oecilia (§ 50 ), 
 and father of the Celer and Nepos referred to in the orations against 
 Catiline. — advocatis, called in (as friends of the accused); 
 agentibus, taking active part. The demand seems to have been 
 formal, and these friends were present to attest it. 
 
 3. aliquotiens, several times. 
 
 4. meministisne, don't you remember f 
 
 5. T. Roscium, i.e. Magnus. 
 
 6 . sectantur, are in the train of. 
 
 Sect. 36 . aureum: the Greek name Chrysogonus means gold-born. 
 
 16. latuit : because his was the only name that appeared. 
 
 20. alii quoque, i.e. other purchasers of confiscated estates. 
 
 22. sectorum : these were the purchasers of confiscated property 
 in the lump, who afterwards divided it (seco) to sell again in detail. 
 The word also means both cut-throat and cut-purse , and was perhaps 
 used here to imply, by the double meaning, that these men connived 
 at the death of the proscribed. 
 
24 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 Sect. 37. venierunt, were sold (§ 136. b ). 
 
 30. tantus homo, such ct great person : a hint that more impor- 
 tant men than he had suffered. In fact, all the really eminent vic- 
 tims of the civil war had perished before the proscription. 
 
 . Valeria : the law by which Sulla was made - perpetual dicta- 
 tor and invested with absolute power of life and death (b.c. 82) : 
 it was proposed by L. Valerius Flaccus as interrex. Laws were 
 designated by the gentile name of their proposer : all laws, for 
 example, carried by L. Cornelius Sulla were known as Leges Cor - 
 neliae. — Cornelia : this appears to have been enacted some time 
 after the lex Valeria , in order to regulate the details of the proscrip- 
 tion. Cicero^s ignorance of the. law is no doubt affected. 
 
 34. novi, I know the thing or person } scio, I know the fact . 1 
 am not acquainted with the law , and do not know which it is. 
 
 proscripti sunt: the indie, must mean those already pro- 
 scribed when the law was passed. Future cases would be referred 
 to by the subj. or fut. perf. (see Verr. ii. ch. xli. xlii.> 
 
 2. in . . . praesidiis, among the armed forces, etc., i.e. in arms, 
 bona, the property . 
 
 7 . veteres, those of the regular code ; novas, those of the Sullan 
 revolution. 
 
 Sect. 38. in eum, i.e. Sulla. Here it is necessary for the ora- 
 tor to proceed with great caution : even if not himself present, Sulla 
 would watch jealously the first case before his own criminal court. 
 
 12. ab initio, from the beginning of this trial; omni tempore, 
 in his whole career. 
 
 13. ut . . passus non sit, clauses in appos. with haec omnia . 
 for the change of tense, see § 279. d\ G. 513 ; H. 495. vi. 
 
 15. apud adversarios, in the enemies' ranks = in praesidiis, 
 
 see above. 
 
 18. postea: the passage referred to appears to have been lost 
 out of the oration, probably in the gap in ch. xlv. The scholiast 
 represents Chrysogonus as saying that he had used the property in 
 building a villa at Veii. 
 
 Sect. 39. Kal. Junias, acc. in the same constr. as diem.— 
 aliquot post mensls, see introd. (p. i, above). 
 
 24 . tabulas, the records of confiscated property, which belonge 
 
Defence of Roscius. 25 
 
 to the State. — nulla, not at all (§ 191 ; G. 324. R. 6 ; H. 457 3 ). — 
 redierunt = relata sunt. — nebulone, knave. 
 
 25. facetius, more neatly : in the case supposed, the proscription 
 would be a mere trick, and the property would be taken without 
 even the forms of law. 
 
 26. corruptae, tampered with. 
 
 28. ante tempus, prematurely. 
 
 30. reduviam curem, treat a sore finger (a proverbial expres- 
 sion) : i.e. in a case of life and death, I deal only with some trifling 
 ailment. 
 
 31. non rationem ducit, he does not take account (a mercantile 
 phrase). 
 
 Sect. 40. partim pro me, partly in my own name. To avoid 
 entangling the case of his client with politics, Cicero makes himself 
 responsible for all that might have a political bearing : he was a 
 known partisan of the nobility, and could afford to speak freely. 
 
 16 . ad omnls pertinere, concerns all. 
 
 3. sensu ac dolor q , feeling and pain, i.e. painful feeling. The 
 adjective idea is enforced by dwelling on it in the form of another 
 noun ( hendiadys ). — jam, with the fut ., presently. 
 
 Sect. 41. ego, opposed to Roscio. 
 
 12. diem, feminine (§ 73). 
 
 13. praefinita, fixed in advance , as the limit (finio). — tantulo, 
 
 so little. — patronum, i.e. Sulla. (See note on libertus, § 12.) 
 
 15. conferre, throw the responsibility . 
 
 17. imprudente, without the knowledge of. — egerit, will effect ; 
 fut. perf. for fut. (§ 281. R. ; G. 236. R. 1 ; H. 473). 
 
 Sect. 42. placet, do I like ? i.e. do I think it right ? — impru- 
 dentia, want of foresight. 
 
 21. etenim si, etc. The comparison is strained, and rather 
 offensive to good taste ; but it is curious as showing the ancient 
 notions as to the origin of evil, and at the same time Sulla’s rela- 
 tion to the State as “ lord protector.” (Compare the oration for 
 Marcellus.) 
 
 25. pernicii for perniciei (§ 74. a). 
 
 26. vi ipsa rerum, by the very violence of the elements , — the 
 agents or powers which he has to control. 
 
2 6 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 34. possit, adepta sit, informal indirect disc., as the thought of 
 the person surprised. — si . . . sit, clause with mirum (§ 333. R.). 
 
 17 . Sect. 43. tametsi, and yet. 
 
 2. meo jure, with perfect right (as belonging to that party) : jure 
 alone would mean justly ; meo limits it to the speaker’s own case. 
 The passage that follows is interesting, as showing the way in which 
 Cicero regarded the general issues of the civil war, and the excesses 
 of the victorious party. 
 
 5. pro me a, etc., to the extent of my poor and feeble ability. 
 
 7. ut componeretur, that reconciliation shoidd be made : a clause 
 of result in appos. with id (§ 332; G. 559; H. 501. iii.). 
 
 8. qui vicerunt, who did (in fact) conquer: the subjunctive here 
 would mean, whatever party might conquer. 
 
 9. humilitatem, not merely low rank , but meanness and vulgar- 
 ity; dignit at e, personal worth, from birth and services; amplitu- 
 dine, rank or position — prominence in the state. With all his 
 arrogance, blood-thirstiness, and narrow conservatism, Sulla was, 
 after all, the representative of orderly government against anarchy 
 and mob-law. 
 
 12. retineretur, woidd be preserved (fut. cond. § 307. f\ G. 598; 
 H. 510. N. 1 ), the protasis being quibus incolumibus. — quae, i.e. 
 the reinstating of the nobility. 
 
 Sect. 44. quod ... in eos, that those have been punished (a 
 mild expression for proscription). 
 
 19. non debeo, / have no right. — in eo studio partium, in 
 
 favor of that party : studium is the regular word for partisan favor. 
 
 23. id actum est, this was the object : the clause ut . . . facerent 
 is in appos. with id. 
 
 24. postremi, the lowest in class or character. 
 
 Sect. 45. male : to speak ill is to utter abuse or calumny. 
 
 35. causam communicare, identify their cause with that of, etc. 
 
 18 . equestrem, referring to the struggle for the judicia (§ 11 ), 
 and the extensive sympathy of the equites with the party of Marius. 
 Compare note to Verr. § 1 . 
 
 3. servi: Chrysogonus was a freedman of Sulla. — dominatio- 
 nem, mastery or tyranny. 
 
Defence of Roscius . 
 
 77 
 
 4. versabatur, displayed itself '. 
 
 5. quam viam munitet, whither it is paving a way : road- 
 building, both literally and figuratively among the Romans, was 
 spoken of by the engineering term munire. 
 
 6. adfidem: i.e. after getting possession of the political power, 
 these low-born fellows were aiming at the courts, the one security 
 of public faith and good government. — jusjurandum : the jurors 
 were under oath to give a righteous judgment. 
 
 8. hicine, § 101. a, N. 
 
 10. neque . . . possit : Cicero does not wish to encourage them 
 by supposing that they can do anything in this case. — verear : 
 subj. because it is not a real reason, but one introduced only to be 
 contradicted (§ 341. d, R. ; G. 541. R. 1 ; H. 529. ii.). 
 
 Sect. 46 . exspectata, so long waited for. 
 
 16. servoli, diminutive of contempt. — bona, estates ; fortunas 
 (more generally), wealth . — id actum est, this was the object. 
 
 19. senserim, sided with them : this verb, with its noun senten- 
 tia, often refers to political opinions. — inermis : i.e. had he taken 
 up arms, his regret would have been deeper. 
 
 22. cuique, to every man in proportion as he is, etc. (§ 93* 0* 
 
 25. probe novit : note the strong sarcasm. 
 
 27. rationem, interests : so that what touches one touches the 
 other. 
 
 28. laeditur, etc., is injured by being separated, etc. Mommsen 
 puts cum before laeditur, in which case it means, “by owning 
 himself injured he cuts himself off,” etc. 
 
 Sect. 47. mea, emphatic : he will avoid prejudice to his client, 
 by assuming the responsibility of these words. 
 
 31. istorum, those men's. 
 
 34. morum, the ways of doing business. 
 
 35. more, in the regular way. 
 
 36. jure gentium: the “law common to all nations” (Maine), 
 as opposed to jus civile , or law of the state. It is thus used as 
 nearly equivalent to natural right . 
 
 19 , a nobis, i.e. once clear of guilt, and acquitted of a shocking 
 crime, he will leave you unmolested. 
 
 3. rogat: a feigned appeal to his persecutors. 
 
28 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 4. in suam rem : in a former passage, allusion is made to a 
 charge that Roscius had fraudulently kept back part of his father’s 
 property. 
 
 6. concessit, etc., has given up [the immovable property], 
 counted and weighed [the rest]. By particularizing and dwelling 
 upon different kinds of property, a stronger impression is produced. 
 
 7. anulum, probably the gold ring indicating his rank as eques. 
 
 8. neque . . . excepit, and has reserved nothing else besides his 
 naked self. 
 
 Sect. 48 . quod, quia, § 321 ; G. 539; H. 516. i. 
 
 19. hominem, i.e. the owner. 
 
 26. praeter ceteros : i.e. even if other purchasers had to refund, 
 he the favorite had no cause to fear. 
 
 27. p atria, of their fathers . — ne quando : i.e. some time when 
 there comes a political reaction. 
 
 Sect. 49 . facis injuriam, i.e. you act tmreasonably . — majorem 
 spem : Cicero artfully suggests that Chrysogonus has no confidence 
 that Sulla’s constitution will last; hence he wishes to remove a 
 dangerous claimant in case of another overturn. 
 
 33. monumenti, memorial , or keepsake . 
 
 20. cruenta (pred.) : the thought is strengthened by the use 
 of words only appropriate to an actual killing and stripping of the 
 dead. 
 
 Sect. 50 . rem tuam, your interests . 
 
 9. quasi nescias, as if y ou did not know (§ 312. R. ; G. 604). 
 
 11. spectatissima, most estimable : the friends of Roscius are 
 
 purposely exalted, in order to influence the Court.* — cum haberet, 
 though she had. 
 
 13. cum esset, though she was, etc. — femina, mulier : observe 
 
 * Csecilia is called in § 17 daughter of Nepos; but the statement here is probably cor- 
 rect. Q. Csecilius Metellus Balearicus was one of the four sons of Metellus Macedonicus 
 — two of consular rank, the third consul, and the fourth candidate for the consulship — 
 who accompanied the bier of their distinguished father (b.c. 115). The description of 
 father, uncles, and brother applies, therefore, perfectly in this case; but Nepos, son of 
 Balearicus and (as we assume) the ornatissimum fratrem referred to, had no brothers 
 that are known, and on the other hand had two sons, — neither of whom, however, was 
 old enough at this time to deserve this epithet. Both were active in the time of Catiline’s 
 conspiracy. Celer was consul b.c. 60, the younger Nepos in 57. Csecilia, daughter of 
 Balearicus, married App. Claudius, and was mother of Cicero's bitter enemy Clodius. 
 
Defence of Roscius . 
 
 29 
 
 the distinction between the words, the latter being always used 
 when speaking of the tenderness of the feminine nature. — quanto : 
 the usual correlative is supplied by non minora full as great. 
 
 Sect. 51 . quod, the fact that . 
 
 17. pro hospitiis, in accordance with his father's friendly rela- 
 tions and personal influence (see above, § 1) . 
 
 20. pro eo quod, in view of the fact that. — sin . . . vindica- 
 rent, i.e. if all were disposed to right this wrong: hinting that the 
 accusers would be in danger of violence. 
 
 21. summa res publica, i.e. the existence of the state itself. 
 
 22. haec, these outrages. 
 
 23. nunc, opposed to the preceding suppositions. — sane, cer- 
 tainly. 
 
 Sect. 52 . quae domi : i.e. the protection of Roscius, supply of 
 money, providing of witnesses, etc. 
 
 26. fori . . . rationem, the business of forum and court, i.e. the 
 preliminaries of the trial. 
 
 27. ut videtis, i.e. Messala* is here in court. 
 
 32. adsiduitate, constant presence , probably at the preliminary 
 proceedings. 
 
 33. sectorum, see note to § 36 . 
 
 34. hac nobilitate, i.e. such nobles as he. 
 
 35. haec res, the present state of things was broiight about. 
 
 36. ei nobiles, i.e. the nobles expelled by Marius and Cinna. 
 
 21 . Sect. 53 . propria, his own; communis, co 7 mnon to all. 
 — pristina, as of the olden time. 
 
 17. versata est, has prevailed. 
 
 18. id quod, etc., which surely can never be. 
 
 19. actum est, all is over. 
 
 Sect. 54 . ad eamne rem, is it for this that , etc. ; condemna- 
 retis : for the tense, see §§286, 28 7.#; G. 511. r. 2 ; H. 495. i. ; so 
 potuissent, have not been able. 
 
 27. nimirum, doubtless. 
 
 3 1 . consilium : the jury, or body of judices, was called consilium. 
 
 * This is supposed to have been the one who was consul b.c. 53 (not the consul of 61). 
 In this case he was father of the distinguished orator and soldier of the reign of Augustus. 
 As appears from this passage, he was too young to undertake the case himself. 
 
30 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 By calling them a public council , their dignity and importance are 
 enhanced. 
 
 Sect. 55 . an vero, or can it be true that, etc. In this use of 
 an, the first question is omitted (§ 21 1. b\ G. 459), and the second 
 is often a reductio ad absurdum, as here. The full thought is, Do 
 you not agree with me, or can it really (vero) be, etc. 
 
 34. agi, is at stake : aliquid agere is to aim at something. — ut 
 . . . tollantur, be got rid of, in one way or another. 
 
 36. periculo, often used of defendants. 
 
 22 . sectorem . . . accusatorem, i.e. T. Roscius Magnus, at 
 
 once purchaser, enemy, cut-throat, and accuser. 
 
 3. probatum suis, vouched for by his friends. 
 
 Sect. 56. suscipere noluit : the law by which the proscriptions 
 were instituted was passed by the people, without the intervention 
 of the Senate. 
 
 14. more majorum, i.e. that every capital judgment was subject 
 to an appeal to the people in the comitia centuriata. 
 
 Sect. 57 . quibus : the antecedent is eis. 
 
 26. pati nolite, do not suffer. 
 
 28. hominibus, etc. (dat. §§ 225, 229), has taken from the gentlest 
 of men the sense of mercy , through familiarity with distresses. 
 
 IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES. 
 
 Argument. 
 
 Chap. I . The jurors are congratulated on the opportunity of restoring 
 the good name of the senatorial courts : character of the defendant. 
 
 2, 3. Attempts of Verres to avoid the trial : he places all his hope in 
 bribery. — 4, 5. His crimes in administration, of pillage, extortion, and 
 cruelty, are open and flagrant. — 6. His attempt to contract in advance 
 for acquittal. — 7, 8. His hopes in the election of Hortensius as consul 
 and Metellus as praetor. —9, 10. Cicero’s anxiety. The great effort to have 
 the case tried before Metellus, which was to be effected by delaying the 
 trial till after the holidays. — 11, 12. Cicero proposes to display his case at 
 once, without argument, and so prevent its being laid over : he will meet 
 
Impeachment of Verves. 
 
 31 
 
 the domineering Hortensius on that issue. — 13-15* The senatorial com- 
 pared with the equestrian courts; their corruption and ill repute. Loss 
 of confidence in Roman justice; ruin and misery of the provinces. — 
 
 16. The court itself is on trial: acquittal can have but one meaning. — 
 
 1 7. Appeal to Glabrio to prevent bribery. — 18. The Sicilians must not be 
 baffled. Way in which Cicero proposes to conduct the prosecution : he 
 will introduce witnesses at once, without previous argument. List of the 
 charges, including the plunder of 4,000,000 sesterces from the Sicilians. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 25 . Sect. 1 . erat optandum (§ 31 1. c\ G. 246. r. 1 ; H. 511. 
 N . 3 not necessarily implying a protasis contrary to fact), what was 
 chiefly to be wished. — quod . . . pertinebat, the one thing which 
 most tended (or, was of chief importance ). 
 
 2 . invidiam infamiamque, odmm and ill repute , from the parti- 
 san use of the courts by the Senators (see Rose. Am. § 3 ). These 
 points are here emphasized, as being of quite equal importance with 
 the conviction or acquittal of Verres. In fact, the trial turns more 
 on the character of the court than on the guilt of the accused, which 
 was notorious. — vestri ordinis, i.e. the senatorial, from which the 
 judices were at this time taken. (See note on judices, R. A. § 1.) 
 The word Or do (used first in a military sense, as meaning a “ rank ” 
 or “ grade ” of prominence) came to signify, loosely, any recognized 
 body of citizens — as freedmen, publicans, clerks ; it was more espe- 
 cially used of the two powerful classes of the Roman Aristocracy, 
 the Senatorial and the Equestrian, which struggled with each other 
 for power during the last century of the Republic. 
 
 The Roman Aristocracy . 
 
 Senatorial Order. — Strictly speaking, the Or do Senatorius was 
 only another name for the Senate, the members of which, by virtue of 
 their life tenure of office, and their esprit de corps , formed a united body, 
 and were raised above the rest, so as to be an “ Order ” in the state. The 
 list of senators, regularly numbering 300, was formerly made up by the 
 Censors from among those who had held high magistracies : after the 
 time of Sulla, every person who held the qusestorship — the lowest grade 
 of the regular magistracy (see note, §11) — was entitled to a seat in the 
 Senate. The number therefore fluctuated, running up to five or six hun- 
 dred. The elections were so largely under the control of the Senate and 
 
32 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 the magistrates, that it was very hard for any person not belonging to the 
 nobility (i.e. a descendant of an ex-magistrate : see note on § 15) to be 
 chosen to any office : when any such person, novus homo , entered the Sen- 
 ate, — such as Cato the Censor, Marius, and Cicero, — he belonged of 
 course to the Senatorial Order, and, though he was not himself a noble, 
 his posterity would be noble. Such cases, however, were so rare, — the 
 nobles being almost exclusively elected to magistracies which made them 
 Senators, — that it may be laid down as a general truth, that the Senatorial 
 Order and the Nobility were identical, and “ new men” became necessarily 
 identified with the class to which their posterity would belong, rather 
 than that from which they came. This double relation of Cicero— a 
 member of the Senate, but sprung from the Equestrian order — goes a 
 great way to explain what is inconsistent and vacillating in his political 
 career. 
 
 Equestrian Order.— The title Equites was properly applied to the 
 members of the eighteen centuries equitum equo publico; to whom a 
 horse was assigned by the State, together with a certain sum of money 
 yearly for its support. Those who served equo publico must have a for- 
 tune of 400,000 sesterces ($20,000), and the horses were assigned by the 
 censors, as a rule, to the young men of senatorial families. The cen- 
 turiae equitum were therefore composed of young noblemen [see “ Celsi 
 Ramnes,” Hor. A. P. v. 342]. When they entered the Senate, they were 
 (in the later years of the republic) obliged to give up the public horse; 
 on becoming Senators, therefore, they voted in the centuries of the first 
 class, not with the Equites (see note on Assemblies, § 18). This aristo- 
 cratic body had, however, long before this period, ceased to serve in the 
 field; they formed a parade corps (somewhat like the Royal Guards in 
 England), from which active officers of the legion, iribuni y were taken. 
 When the Roman equites ceased to serve as cavalry, troops of horse were 
 demanded of the allies; and in the time of Caesar we find that the Roman 
 legion consisted exclusively of infantry, the cavalry being made up of aux- 
 iliaries. (See “Caesar’s Gallic War ” (A. & G.), Notes, pp. 1 7 > 35 *) 
 
 During the time that the equites equo publico still served in the field as 
 cavalry, another body grew up by their side, of equites equo privato : that 
 is, persons of the equestrian census, who had a property of 400,000 ses- 
 terces, who had not received a horse from the state, but who volunteered 
 with horses of their own. This body consisted mainly of young men of 
 wealth, who did not belong to noble (that is, senatorial) families. No 
 very distinct line was, however, drawn between the two classes, until the 
 Lex Judiciaria of Caius Gracchus (b.c. 123), which prescribed that the 
 
Impeachment of Verves . 
 
 33 
 
 judices should no longer be taken from the Senators, but from those who 
 possessed the equestrian census, and at the same time were not members 
 of the Senate (see note on judices , R. A. § i). This law did not formally 
 exclude nobles who were not members of the Senate; but the entire body 
 of nobility was so far identified in spirit and interest with this body, that 
 an antagonism immediately grew up between them and this new judicial 
 class. A principal cause of the antagonism was, that members of the Senate 
 were prohibited from being engaged in any trade or business ; while, as 
 has been shown above, the Senate, by its control over the elections, virtually 
 filled its own vacancies, of course from the ranks of the nobility. 
 
 Since rich men of non-senatorial families were thus excluded from a 
 political career, while Senators were excluded from a business life, there 
 were formed during the last century of the republic two powerful aristocra- 
 cies, — the nobles, or Senatorial order, a wealthy governing aristocracy of 
 rank, and the Equestrian order, an aristocracy of wealth, the counterpart 
 of the moneyed aristocracy of our day. The name Ordo Equestris was 
 derived from the fact of its members possessing the equestrian census : 
 that is, that amount of property which would have entitled them to a 
 public horse. From the ranks of the nobility were taken the oppressive 
 provincial governors; the equestrian order furnished the publicatii , the 
 equally oppressive tax-gatherers. It is easy to see, therefore, that neither 
 the law of Gracchus, which placed the Court of Repetundae in the exclu- 
 sive power of the Equestrian order, nor that of Sulla, which gave it to the 
 Senators exclusively, was calculated to protect the provincials against 
 extortion. 
 
 The Equestrian order, ordo equestris , is therefore not merely distinct 
 from the centuriae equitum , but strongly contrasted with them. The one 
 is the wealthy middle class, the other the young nobility. The term equites 
 is sometimes applied to both, although the strictly correct term for the 
 members of the Equestrian order was judices. 
 
 4. consilio, foresight. — datum, oblatum, refer respectively to 
 optandum (as corresponding with our wishes) and pertinebat (as 
 suited to gain the end proposed). 
 
 5. summo, most critical : the year of the consulship of Pompey 
 and Crassus (b.c. 70). 
 
 6. inveteravit (emphatic position), there has come to be deeply 
 rooted. — opinio, notion or idea (not so strong as opinion , which is 
 
 sententia) . 
 
34 
 
 Notes : Cicero. 
 
 io. neminem = never , more emphatic than nullum, and often so 
 used, especially by early writers. 
 
 Sect. 2. contionibus et legibus, harangues and bills (pro- 
 posed laws). The proposition of the law which took the exclusive 
 control of the courts from the Senators was even now pending, and 
 it was enacted before the case was decided. 
 
 19. actor, com / pl a t nan t , i.e. agent or attorney for conducting the 
 suit in personal processes jin personam) . 
 
 20. ordinis, the body , i.e. the Senate, from which the judices 
 were at this time taken. The right of judicium was restored to the 
 equites by the Aurelian law {lex Aurelia) . — communi, i.e. so far as 
 it affected the whole state. 
 
 21. reconciliare, etc., win back the lost repute. 
 
 24. depeculatorem, etc. : for a more complete statement of 
 these charges, see chapters iv., v. 
 
 25. juris urbani, i.e. as praetor urbanus . — labem, pest. 
 
 Sect. 3 . vos, opposed to ego, below. — religiose, according 
 
 to your oath. — judicaveritis, fut. perf. (§ 307. c ; G. 236; H. 
 
 473)- 
 
 29. religionem veritatemque ; here, feeling of obligation and 
 regard for the truth. (Notice that the Latin, having a poor vocab- 
 ulary, is obliged to use one word for all the phases or sides of an 
 idea.) 
 
 30. judicium, etc., i.e. the fault will be with the court, not with 
 the prosecutors. 
 
 33. equidem, i.e. for my own part. — quas partim, some of 
 which (partim is properly adverbial accus. § 148. c). 
 
 35. devitarim, subjunctive as a part of the concession (§ 34 2 > G. 
 666; H. 529. ii.) contained in cum . . . sint. 
 
 26 . neque . . . neque, following numquam, do not destroy 
 the negative, but are more emphatic than aut . . . aut. 
 
 Sect. 4 . istius, frequently used of an opponent (§ 102. c). 
 
 6. Glabrioni, the praetor presiding. 
 
 7. ordini . . . senatorio, i.e. the senatorial order , nay , the very 
 name of senator. 
 
 8. dictitat, constantly repeats (§ 167. b). 
 
 9. esse metuendum (for erat met. in dir. disc., § 288. b\ G. 
 
Impeachment of Verves . 
 
 35 
 
 277; H. 51 1. N. 3 ), i.e. those would have to fear if the case were 
 theirs, hut he , etc. — quod, i.e. only what . 
 
 12. pecunia belongs to both clauses, as is indicated by their 
 parallelism. 
 
 Sect. 5 . esset, imperfect subj. in protasis of a continued con- 
 dition lasting till now (§ 308. a). 
 
 15. fefellisset, he would have deceived us , — i.e. done something 
 we did not find out. 
 
 16. cadit: present indicative of time lasting till now (§ 276. a\ 
 G. 221 ; H. 467). 
 
 18. corrumpendi judicii, of bribing the court. 
 
 24. tempus . . . offenderet, he hit an unfavorable time ; because 
 popular sentiment was so roused and exasperated in regard to the 
 corruption of the courts. 
 
 Sect. 6. in Siciliam ... in Achaiam, i .z. for going into , etc. 
 — invenit qui, he found some one who : for the circumstances, see 
 introd. The fictitious case was not brought against Verres. 
 
 29. Brundisium, Brindisi , the port whence the greater part of 
 Italian travel, now as then, embarks for the East. 
 
 31. obii, went throughout. — populorum, communities. The 
 political system of the ancients was composed of an indefinite num- 
 ber of petty communities, all possessing a certain degree of inde- 
 pendence. (See the beginning of note on municeps, R. A. § 5 ). 
 
 34. qui . . . obsideret, to block my opportunity. 
 
 Sect. 7 . nunc : i.e. now that his former scheme has failed. 
 
 27 . socios, allies: citizens of communities which, although 
 embraced within the boundaries of Roman provinces (see note, § 
 11), had nevertheless, for special reasons, been allowed to retain a 
 nominal independence, with their own laws and magistrates. 
 
 5. cives, citizens , travelling or doing business in the provinces, 
 or provincials who had received the citizenship. 
 
 7. auctoritatibus, documents, i.e. credentials, or (more proba- 
 bly) official testimony relating to the acts of Verres. 
 
 Sect. 8. bonis : here, as generally in Cicero, used in a partisan 
 sense, the aristocracy. 
 
 10. judicia, courts . 
 
 12. experiatur, in apparent violation of the sequence of 
 
36 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 tenses : the imperf. would make it refer to the time of getting the 
 money. 
 
 13. tempus: the present scheme of the defence is by corrupt 
 means to stave off the judgment to a more advantageous time (see 
 chapters vi.-viii.). 
 
 15. posset, imperf. referring to the time of the purchase, 
 criminum vim, the force of the charges . — poterat, indie., the 
 reason being Cicero’s. (The whole passage is an instructive exam- 
 ple of the freedom of a living language from its own trammels. 
 Rules are made for the language, not language for the rules.) 
 
 Sect. 9. non modo, not merely . 
 
 18. eloquentia, gratia : even sophistical arguments and personal 
 influence were respectable means of escape to a criminal who had 
 no case [causa). 
 
 19. profecto, I am sure. — aucuparetur.yisA for (lit. set nets 
 or birds). 
 
 21. ut . fieret, as to have some chosen to be put on trial (see 
 § 6) : the Senate itself was insulted, by selecting one of its members 
 to be set up as a mah of straw, that Verres might get clear. 
 
 23. hie, i.e. Verres. — causam diceret, stand trial. 
 
 Sect. 10. quibus rebus, from this (ablative of means with 
 perspicio). 
 
 27. consilio, “ panel ” i.e. the body of jurors (see R.A. § 54. n.). 
 
 28. in rejectione judicavit, decided at the challenging ( throw- 
 ing out ”) of the jury : i.e. on seeing the kind of men challenged by 
 the two sides respectively. The regular number to be challenged 
 was three ; but Verres, as senator, was permitted to challenge more. 
 
 29. ea spe : words of this class, used with a demonstrative, allow 
 a substantive clause of result (justified by the demonstrative ea) in- 
 stead of the more regular indir. disc, (compare § 320; G. 633; H. 
 501 . iii.), as in ut . . . constitueret and ut ... arbitr aretur, which follow. 
 
 28 . Sect. 11. adulescentiae, i.e. before he entered public 
 life. quaestura, queestorship, the first grade of political honor. 
 
 The Qusestors were at this time twenty in number, two having charge of 
 the treasury and archives in the city, while the others were assigned to the 
 several military commanders and provincial governors, to serve as quarter- 
 masters and paymasters. Aspirants for honors were required to serve as 
 
Impeachment of Verves . 
 
 37 
 
 quaestors before presenting themselves for the praetorship, which was, 
 again, a requirement for the consulship. The office of curule aedile was 
 regularly held — as by Cicero — between the quaestorship and praetor- 
 ship. That this was not necessary, however, as is often assumed, is 
 proved by the fact that there were ^ six praetors, but only two curule 
 aediles. (See Mommsen Rom. Staatsrecht , vol. i. p. 443-) 
 
 3. Carbonem : Carbo was the leader of the Marian faction after 
 the death of Marius and Cinna. He was consul b.c. 82, the year of 
 Sulla’s return and victory. Verres was his quaestor, and went over 
 to the enemy with the money-chest, when he saw which side was 
 likely to prevail. 
 
 6. necessitudinem religionemque : the quaestor was originally 
 nominated specially by the consul; and the peculiarly close and 
 sacred relation ( necessitudo ) existing between them was known as 
 pietas , — a sentiment of filial affection. (See Lange, Rom . Alt. 
 vol. i. p. 633.) The designation by lot ( sors ) was also held to be a 
 token of divine will, and therefore sacred ( religio ). 
 
 7. legatio : for the office of legatus, see note on Manilian Law , 
 § 11 . Verres when legatus, acting as quaestor, served Dolabella 
 much as he had served Carbo : not that either of these infamous 
 commanders deserved better treatment. — Asiae : the province of 
 this name, the old kingdom of Pergamus, embraced the western part 
 of Asia Minor. The province of Dolabella (b.c. 80-79) was Cilicia. 
 His extortions and those of Verres were in the adjoining regions of 
 Pamphylia, Pisidia, and parts of Asia. The word totius is there- 
 fore a rhetorical exaggeration. 
 
 The term provincia was primarily used to designate the special field of 
 operations assigned (by lot, agreement, or designation of the Senate) to 
 a consul or other military commander. When a foreign territory was con- 
 quered and reduced to subjection to Rome, the government of it was 
 assigned to one of the praetors, or the imperium of a consul or praetor 
 was extended {prorogatum ) for a second year for this purpose. The 
 officer whose command was thus extended was called pro-consul or pro- 
 praetor. After the time of Sulla, all provinces were so governed. The 
 foreign state thus organized as a Roman dependency was called by the old 
 name, provincia ; and this special use of the word is more familiar in 
 classic writers than its original meaning. Of the states here mentioned. 
 
38 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 Asia was an organized province, while Cicilia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia 
 were provinces only in the early sense of the word : Cilicia, however, was 
 the regular provincia , or special command, of a pro-praetor whose field 
 of operations was western Cilicia ( Cilicia Aspera) , with the adjoining 
 coast-line of Pamphylia, and mountain region of Pisidia. Cilicia was 
 not formally organized as a province until B.c. 64. — As governor of a 
 province in the later sense of the word, the pro-praetor exercised direct 
 rule only over those portions of the country which had been subjugated 
 by Rome, while the geographical limits of his province included also 
 allied and independent communities, civitates sociae and liberae (see 
 Kuhn, Verfassung des Rom. Reichs. vol. ii. p. 14)? some °f which P aid 
 tribute, while others were tribute-free ( immunes ), as well as legally exempt 
 from his authority in matters of administration. Practically, however, 
 even these last were under his almost unlimited control, just as the nomi- 
 nally independent states in British India are really subject to Great Britain. 
 
 1 1 . pro quaestore, acting qucestor : when there was a vacancy 
 in a provincial quaestorship, the commander might appoint any per- 
 son to perform its functions. (Mommsen, R. S. vol. i. p. 187.) 
 
 12 . adduxit : Dolabella was bad enough, but he had to bear the 
 added infamy of Verres’ outrageous acts, and after all Verres saved 
 himself by turning against him (oppugnavit) , appearing as witness 
 in his trial for extortion. 
 
 Sect. 12. praetura urbana: this is the topic of the first ora- 
 tion of the accusatio . 
 
 There were at this time eight praetores , whose office it was to preside 
 over the administration of justice; after the expiration of their year of 
 office, they went as pro-praetores to govern provinces. Verres held the 
 first and most important of the praetorships, that of praetor urbanus, who 
 had the charge of civil cases between Roman citizens; the praetor per e- 
 grinus had civil cases in which aliens were a party; the other six presided 
 over the Quaestiones perpetuae , or permanent criminal courts (see note, 
 R. A. § 1). The praetor urbanus, having charge of all civil cases be' 
 tween citizens, had almost unlimited power of plunder, and this was used 
 by Verres without scruple. His colleague, the praetor peregrinus , filled 
 several books with cases in which he interfered (as colleagues had a right 
 to do) in order to oblige Verres to administer justice in accordance with 
 his own rules. The functions of the praetor were summed up in these 
 words DO (_ judicem , vindicias ), dico (Jus), addico ( s rem , etc.). 
 
Impeachment of Verves. 
 
 39 
 
 14. aedium, etc. The public buildings were regularly under the 
 charge of the aedile, not of the praetor : the cases referred to here 
 were certain flagrant instances of corruption and extortion arising 
 out of contracts for public buildings, in which the praetor had it 
 exceptionally in his power to interfere for his own advantage. 
 
 15. in jure dicundo : jus dicere (Jurisdiction , declaring the 
 law , was the primary function of the praetor ; bonorum addictio is 
 the adjudging of property to the claimant; condonatio (“ grant”) is 
 the giving it up to the defendant : in the case of Verres both are 
 presumed to be unlawful. — instituta, precedents. The edicts of 
 the praetors made up a body of common law, not absolutely bind- 
 ing, however, for their successors. 
 
 23. posse, virtually a future infinitive (cf. § 288 .f\ G. 240. R. 3 ). 
 
 Sect. 13. suas leges : the native institutions of the several 
 communities, so far as they were allowed to retain them. — senatus 
 eonsulta, decrees (or executive orders) of the Senate. 
 
 The Senate had originally only advisory powers. It had, therefore, 
 strictly speaking, no authority to make laws or to enforce their execution; 
 and its votes were simply eonsulta , i.e. matters agreed upon as advisable, 
 while its power was auctoritas. When the Senate came, in the 3 d cent. 
 B.C., to be the actual (though not formal) governing power in the State, 
 these eonsulta became ordinances , in which the Senate directed the ad- 
 ministration of the whole empire, though it still had no power to pass laws, 
 and was itself subject to the laws. The organization of a new province, 
 for example, was an executive measure, put in force not by a law of the 
 people, but by an ordinance of the Senate; and in this ordinance was 
 embodied the entire authority of Rome over the province, except so far as 
 this was prescribed by general laws. 
 
 25. communia jura, the same as jus gentiu 7 n , those laws com- 
 mon to all mankind (see note on jus gentium , R. A. § 47). The 
 terms leges , eonsulta fur a, include the three sources of provincial 
 law. — tenuerunt, retained. — tantum, [only] so much. 
 
 27. subterfugit, escaped his notice. 
 
 31. ab eo, away from him , i.e. the possessor. 
 
 32. aratorum, cultivators (whether tenants or proprietors), who 
 paid tithes ( decumae ) to the state. 
 
40 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 The territory of conquered communities in the provinces was partly 
 given or sold to individuals or allied states, as private property (ager pri- 
 vatus ), paying a tax ( vectigal ) of a tenth of the products ( decuma); 
 partly retained as public domain (ager publicus ), which was let by the 
 censors, generally for a long term of years, sometimes on a heritable lease. 
 In Sicily the original proprietors received back their old estates on these 
 terms, paying tithes, decumae , just as the proprietors of ager privatus did, 
 from whom therefore they differed only in right of property, not in 
 amount of tax or mode of payment. All these are included by Cicero 
 under the general term aratores , which is used in a popular, not a techni- 
 cal sense. (Marquardt, Rom. Staatsverwaltung , ii. 182, n .) The collec- 
 tion of the tenth, as well as of other indirect revenues, was farmed out by 
 auction to publicani , of the Equestrian order; these paid a round sum 
 into the treasury, for the chance of squeezing a larger amount in detail 
 out of the provincials. From these aratores Verres had required a sup- 
 ply of grain, as he was entitled to do, and then commuted the demand for 
 cash, valuing the grain at five or six times its market value. (Csecil. x.) 
 
 33. socii: these were the provincial states which retained inde- 
 pendent self-government, either by treaty or by special enactment : 
 to this class in Sicily belonged Messana and Tauromenium. 
 
 35. cruciati et necati : a Roman citizen could not legally re- 
 ceive any punishment touching life or limb, except by judgment of 
 his peers in Rome. Thus, Jesus was crucified by the Roman gov- 
 ernor under the ordinary provincial law applying to Jews; while 
 Paul, a Roman citizen of the free city Tarsus, appealed to Caesar, 
 and was sent to Rome for trial. (See extract from Verr. vi. pp. 
 51-56: “ Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen. 1 ’) 
 
 36. judicio, i.e. by mock trial . 
 
 29 . rei facti, accused (rei from reus). The details of these 
 charges are given in the five orations of the Accusatio ,* it would 
 require too much space to repeat them here. — indicta, unpleaded. 
 
 2. ejecti, expelled from the country. 
 
 5. optimae, best in themselves ; opportunissimae, most valua- 
 ble in the circumstances. 
 
 Sect. 14 . regum, the famous kings of Syracuse, — Biero, 
 Agathocles, etc. 
 
 9. imperatorum : Marcellus, who conquered Syracuse, and 
 
Impeachment of Verves. 
 
 41 
 
 Scipio Africanus the elder, who had Sicily as his province, and 
 crossed over from there for the conquest of Carthage. 
 
 14. deum, i.e. statue of a god. 
 
 17. commemorare, complem. infin. for subjunctive with ne or 
 quominus (§ 271. a\ G. 548. R. 1 ; H. 505. ii. 2 ). 
 
 Sect. 15. at enim (a supposed objection), but , you may say. 
 
 28. cognoscere, learn ; recognoscere, review. 
 
 In Chap. vi. the orator returns to the charge of bribery. He has shown 
 at close of Chap. iii. that Verres had been disappointed in the character of 
 the jury; the two following chapters show that no favor could be expected 
 from an honest jury in so patent a case. He now reviews the several 
 schemes of bribery, leading at last to the final plot of staving off the trial 
 till the next year. 
 
 32. eloquentiam, etc., see note on § 9 ; gratia and auctoritate 
 refer to his counsel, Hortensius ; potentia, to the noble family of 
 the Metelli. — inania nomina, empty names. 
 
 33, simulat, proponit : notice the emphatic position of these 
 verbs, as opposed to what Verres is really doing. 
 
 30 . nobiles, noble by birth ; noti, well known, or notorious. 
 
 The Roman Nobility has been shown (see note, § 1) to have been in 
 the main identical with the Senatorial Order. It was in point of fact an 
 hereditary rank, although based directly upon the holding of office. Who- 
 ever held any curule office-— that is, Dictator, Consul, Interrex, Praetor, Magis- 
 ter Equitum, or Curule ^Edile — secured to his posterity the jus imaginum ; 
 that is, the right to place in the hall and carry at funeral processions a wax 
 mask of this ancestor, as well as of any other deceased members of the 
 family of curule rank. All patricians were, as a matter of course, nobles : 
 the nobility which governed Rome during the last three centuries of the 
 republic was, therefore, composed of the entire patriciate, and those 
 plebeian families, members of which had held curule office. Among 
 patrician families were those of Caesar, Sulla, Scipio, Lepidus; the most 
 eminent of the plebeian nobility were Metellus, Catulus, Lucullus, Crassus, 
 Gracchus. 
 
 Sect. 16. redemptio, a contract with another party for buying 
 up the court. 
 
42 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 8. in condicione, by the terms : until the jury was made up, the 
 bargain could not be absolutely concluded ; and when the character 
 of the jury was known, the contractor renounced ( renuntiavit ) the 
 bargain. 
 
 io. rejectio : after Cicero’s careful challenging, the lot had for- 
 tunately given a trustworthy jury. 
 
 12. istorum, the partisans of Verres. 
 
 Sect. 17. praeclare, admirably well for the cause of justice. 
 — libelli, lists. 
 
 1 6. color : in a former case, in which Hortensius had been coun- 
 sel, in order to make sure that the bribed jurors voted as they had 
 agreed, colored ballots were given to them. 
 
 17. sententiis : this is the word regularly used for a formal and 
 official expression of opinion in the Senate {vote') or in a court of jus- 
 tice {verdict). — cum (inversion : § 325. b), whereupon. — ex alacri, 
 from being, etc. 
 
 20. his diebus paucis, a few days ago:" the consular and other 
 elections were held this year, as usual, towards the end of July. 
 
 23. famae and fortunis, dat. after insidiae comparantur. — 
 per eosdem homines, the same professional bribers 5 the redemf- 
 tor , etc., referred to in § 16 . 
 
 26. aperto, etc., when the door to suspicion had once been 
 opened. 
 
 Sect. 18. reducebatur : the successful candidate was escorted 
 home by his friends after the election. 
 
 29 . Campo : higher magistrates were elected in the comitia cen- 
 turiata , which were in form a military organization of the people. 
 As the military command, imperium , could not lawfully be exer- 
 cised in the city (except by special permission of the Senate, for 
 the purpose of celebrating a triumph), these comitia met in the 
 Campus Martius , or military exercise-ground, north of the city. 
 This is the space covered by the principal part of modern Rome. 
 
 There were at this time two principal Assemblies, both of them having 
 as their basis the ihirty-five local tribes into which the whole people were 
 divided for administrative purposes: — 1. The Comitia Centuriata , or 
 great comitia, which was established at the foundation of the republic 
 upon the basis of the military organization of Servius Tullius. At a later 
 period it was reorganized upon the basis of the tribes; and, although 
 
Impeachment of Verves . 
 
 43 
 
 there is no precise statement as to either the time or the manner of this 
 reorganization, there is little doubt as to either. It must have been 
 between the First and Second Punic Wars, and in the following manner. 
 The old division of the people into five classes, according to wealth, being 
 retained, for each tribe there were now formed two centuries of each 
 class, — one of seniores (above 45), one of juniores , — making in all 350 
 centuries. To these were added 18 centuries of equites (the young men 
 of senatorial families, see note § 1), guilds of smiths, carpenters, horn- 
 blowers and trumpeters, and a century of freedmen and capite censi 
 (those who had no property) — 373 in all. Each century had one vote, 
 determined by the majority of its voters. These comitia were regularly 
 presided over by the consul; they elected all the higher magistrates, and 
 had full power of making laws, as well as judicial power in criminal cases, 
 so far as this had not been transferred to the Quaestiones Perpetuae. — 2. 
 Legislation had, however, practically passed into the hands of the tribal 
 assembly ( Comitia Tributa). There were two distinct assemblies which 
 passed under this name: (#) the Comitia Tributa proper, an assembly of 
 the entire people according to the thirty-five tribes, each tribe having one 
 vote, which elected the inferior magistrates (curule sedile, qusestor, etc.), and 
 was presided over by the praetor; (b ) the far more important tribal assembly 
 of the plebeians exclusively, presided over by the Tribune of the People. 
 Strictly speaking, this latter was not comitia , inasmuch as it was not com- 
 posed of the whole people, populus , — the patricians being excluded from 
 it. But the patricians were now reduced to a few noble families, whose 
 members would not have cared to take part in this democratic assembly even 
 if they had been permitted; and by the Hortensian Law, B.C. 287, acts of 
 this assembly, plebiscita , received the validity of laws. This plebeian assem- 
 bly elected the plebeian magistrates (tribunes, plebeian sediles) ; it was also 
 the principal organ for making laws. 
 
 31 . Curio : C. Scribonius Curio was one of the leaders of the 
 aristocratic party, always a good friend of Cicero. — honoris causa, 
 see note upon R. A. § 5. 
 
 36. ratio, consideration . 
 
 31. Sect. 19. fornicem Fabianum, the Fabian Arch , erected 
 B.C. 109 by Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus, — one of the earliest 
 triumphal arches in Rome. It stood at the southern end of the 
 Forum, and served as an entrance to it. 
 
 6. renuntio, the word regularly used to announce the result of 
 an election. 
 
44 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 9. defertur means a formal announcement by some one person ; 
 narrabat, told , as a piece of news. — immo vero, nay , rather. 
 
 11. criminum ratione, the nature of the charges. 
 
 13. positam, resting on. 
 
 Sect. 20. ratiocinabantur, reasoned: the imperf. describing a 
 state of mind, and one existing in different persons. 
 
 17. aperte, manifestly , notoriously. 
 
 20. quod, the fact that. 
 
 21. negotiatores, Roman citizens doing business in Sicily. — 
 publicae, official , from cities of Sicily (as auctoritates , above). 
 
 24. existimationem, opinion , i.e. as made up on their estab- 
 lished tests in court. 
 
 25. unius, i.e. Hortensius. 
 
 26. moderatione, control. 
 
 29. quidem (concessive), it is true : this criminal may be res- 
 cued, but such a thing will not be allowed to happen again ; the 
 judicial power will be given to other hands. — nos, we Senators. 
 
 Sect. 21. hominis amplissimi, i.e. Curio. The congratula- 
 tions of so respected a man showed the significance of the fact. 
 
 34. cupiebam dissimulare, etc., / was anxious to conceal the 
 fact, etc. 
 
 32 . sortirentur, allotted. The particular offices (posts) of 
 coordinate magistrates were assigned by lot, for which the regular 
 word is obtingere (“ fall to”). 
 
 2. Metello : a brother of Q. Metellus Creticus, consul elect, and 
 of L. Metellus, praetor in Sicily.* 
 
 4. factam, offered. — pueros, slaves. 
 
 Sect. 22. sane, you may be sure. — ne haec quidem, etc., 
 this thing did not please me either. 
 
 6. neque intellegebam : i.e. his confidence in the integrity of 
 Metellus was so great, that he did not even yet see through the 
 tricks of the defence. 
 
 8. certis, trusty. — reperiebam : the imperfect denotes a succes- 
 sion of items of information. 
 
 * There were three principal branches of the powerful family of Metelli: — i. that of 
 Metellus Pius, the colleague of Sulla; 2. that of Nepos (second cousin of Pius), whose 
 sister, Csecilia, was the friend of Roscius; 3. that of Creticus, the friend of Verres (of 
 uncertain relation to the others). See foot-note, page 28. 
 
Impeachment of Verves . 
 
 45 
 
 9. fiscos, wicker baskets , used for carrying money. The word 
 came to mean treasure-chest, or private treasury; and, when the 
 empire was established, it was applied to the emperor’s privy-purse. 
 Hence the English fiscal . — Siciliensi, i.e. that extorted in Sicily. 
 
 10. senatore, etc. The senator, a man of the same class as 
 Verres, put the money to be used in the elections and trial into the 
 hands of an eques , one of the class that had the management of all 
 such financial operations. He retained, however, say {quasi) ten 
 baskets, to be used directly to defeat Cicero’s election as aedile. 
 
 12. nomine, on account of. — divisores, managers. The money 
 to be used at elections was put into the hands of sequestres (election 
 agents), who themselves made use of divisores to approach the 
 voters personally. On this occasion, the exigency was so great that 
 Verres himself ( istum ) called the divisores to his house, without 
 the mediation of sequestres. 
 
 Sect. 23 . omnia debere, was bound to do anything for me. 
 
 18. proximis, the last. 
 
 21. negasse audere, said they did not dare. 
 
 22. fortem, staunch (ironical), in allusion to audere. 
 
 23. Romilia, sc. tribu. — ex optima disciplina, from the best 
 school (ironical), i.e. that of Verres’ father. 
 
 25. H S. (see §§ 377-380) : the defeat of Cicero would, therefore, 
 cost nearly $25,000. 
 
 Sect. 24 . A lively description of the embarrassment in which 
 Cicero was placed at the end of July by the election and the trial, 
 both coming on together. 
 
 33. agere deterrebar, from doing (§ 271. a) freely what , etc., / 
 was deterred by, etc. 
 
 35. petitioni, canvass. 
 
 36. ratio, good policy. 
 
 33 . Sect. 25 . hoc ipso tempore, in the midst of all this. — 
 denuntiatum esse, that a message was sent. This compound im- 
 plies a peremptory and threatening message. 
 
 4. primum corresponds to arcessit, etc., § 27 , below. 
 
 5. sane liberos, pretty independent, i.e. in refusing to come. 
 If he had been consul, instead of merely consul-elect, they would 
 have had to come. 
 
46 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 9 . cursare, ran hither and thither. 
 
 11 . appellare et convenire, accost and confer with. 
 
 Sect. 26. M. Metellum (see § 21), the friend of Verres, who 
 had obtained the presidency of the court of Repetundae for the next 
 year. — eo, in this thing , i.e., postponing the trial. 
 
 25. praerogativam, an earnest. In the comitia centunata, it was 
 determined by lot which century should first cast its vote. The 
 vote of this century, called praerogativa (prae-rogo), was regarded 
 as an omen or earnest of the result which it was likely to decide. 
 Hence the word is here used of the effective support given to 
 Metellus at the polls by Verres. The praerogativa which Q. Me- 
 tellus gave to Verres, in return for the praerogativae of the comitia, 
 is described in the next section. 
 
 Sect. 27. alter consul : Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus (see § 21). 
 
 The three brothers, fast friends of Verres, were so situated as to promise 
 the greatest help the next year, when Quintus would be consul, and 
 Marcus praetor, presiding over the court of Repetundae , while Lucius was 
 already pro-praetor in Sicily. Certain of the Sicilians, therefore, complied 
 with the summons of Metellus, although they had disregarded that of 
 Hortensius. The object of Metellus was to induce the Sicilians to with- 
 draw the suit, or at any rate to refrain from appearing as witnesses. 
 
 34. Sect. 28. alienissimum, no kin of yours. 
 
 8. dictitat, says incessantly (see next section). alicui depends 
 upon videatur (§ 232. c). 
 
 Sect. 29. ceteros, etc. : the Metelli seemed born to hold office. 
 The poet Naevius wrote, a hundred and fifty years before : — - 
 
 Fato Metelli Romae hunt consules. 
 
 To this Cicero alludes in the word fato. 
 
 14 - populi existimationi, reputation with the people . 
 
 13 . illud, what follows. He here points out the changes in the 
 jury which must follow from changes in the government with the 
 new year. 
 
 16. conlega, colleague of Cicero : i.e. as aedilis designatus . 
 
 18 . expediat, subj. of charact. (§ 320; G. 633; H. 503 . i.). 
 
 20. Juniano consilio, the jury of Junius. This was a case four 
 
Impeachment of Verves . 
 
 47 
 
 years before, in which wholesale and unblushing bribery had been 
 proved ; so that the presiding praetor, Junius, as well as the entire 
 consilium (body of jurors), had been stamped with infamy. Caeso- 
 nius, a member of the jury, had been proof against corruption. 
 
 22 . ex Kal. Jan., after the New Year; for at that time he would 
 be transferred to another office. 
 
 Sect. 30. Non. Dec. (Dec. 5) : on this day the new quaestors 
 entered on their office. 
 
 28 . L. Cassius : the family characteristic here stated was pro- 
 verbial ( Cassiani judices ). 
 
 31. tribuni militares, at this time legion-commanders. 
 
 The legion — consisting, when full, of 6,000 men — was commanded by 
 six tribuni , two at a time commanding for a term of two months. 
 (Mommsen, R. S. i. p. 79.) The 24 tribunes of the four regular legions 
 were elected in the comitia tributa; the others were deputed by the com- 
 manders. After the time of Caesar, a legatus was appointed over the six 
 tribunes, as chief officer of the legion. 
 
 32. non judicabunt, will not serve as jurors . — subsortiemur, 
 i.e. we shall draw another to fill his place . This is the regular use 
 of sub in similar compounds : as suppectus , subrogatus, etc. 
 
 35. prope toto : the jury, therefore, apparently consisted of no 
 more than twelve or fifteen. 
 
 35 - Sect. 31. Nonae, etc.: it was, therefore, about 3 p.m. 
 of the 5th of August (see Gr. § 376). 
 
 5. votivos, in fulfilment of a vow. These games were in cele- 
 bration of Pompey’s victory over Sertorius. 
 
 7. continuo, directly after . 
 
 8 . turn denique, not till then . 
 
 The votive games would occupy from Aug. 16 to Sept. 1 (August had at 
 this time only 29 days) ; Sept. 4 began the Ludi Romani , continuing till 
 the 19th. The intervening days (Sept. 2, 3) were of no account for the 
 trial, so that it could not be resumed before Sept. 20, a suspension of 34 
 days {prope quadragintai). The Ludi Victoriae (Oct. 27 to Nov. 1) 
 were established by Sulla in honor of his victory. The Ludi Plebeii 
 (Nov. 4 to 17) were established in the time of the dissensions of the 
 orders early in the Republic, in imitation of the Ludi Magni or Ro?nani> 
 and were presided over by the plebeian aediles. 
 
48 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 12. perpauci : the month of December was full of festivals. 
 
 13. rem integram, i.e. from the beginning. The points of the 
 prosecution would have been forgotten, the public interest would 
 have cooled down, and the jury would be almost wholly new. The 
 case must therefore be taken up de novo. 
 
 Sect. 32. nunc, opposed to si diffisus essem, above. 
 
 18. jurato (abl. abs.), on oath. The jndices were on oath; the 
 praetor , not. Metellus might therefore be trusted to vote honestly 
 as juror, but not to preside impartially. 
 
 23. legitimo tempore : he had a right to use twenty days for 
 developing the points of the prosecution. 
 
 Sect. 33 . perpetua oratione, a continuous argument, before 
 bringing up the witnesses. This is what we possess in the five 
 speeches of the Accusatio , which, in the usual order of proceeding, 
 would have been delivered before bringing up the witnesses, but 
 which were in fact never delivered at all. 
 
 31. percipi, reaped: the regular term for gathering crops.— 
 potuit, might have been . 
 
 32. publicis, official , i.e. of cities. — -tabulis, records ; auctorita- 
 tibus, docimients . 
 
 33. res omnis. Here, before stating his plan, Cicero goes off 
 on another digression against Hortensius, which shows clearly one 
 of his principal motives in undertaking the prosecution. 
 
 35. diluendis, refuting (dissolving, washing away). 
 
 36 . explicandis, unfolding. 
 
 2. nunc, as it is. 
 
 3. ex tua natura: Hortensius, like M. Metellus, was personally 
 an amiable and honorable man, though pledged to a bad cause. — 
 malitiose, in bad faith. 
 
 4 . rationi, schetne , course, looking to the means ; consilio, plan, 
 action , looking to the end. Cicero contrasts them more than once. 
 
 Sect. 34. binos ludos, i.e. Pompey’s games and the Roman. 
 
 7. comperendinem, adjourn over ( perendie ), i.e. close my case. 
 
 After opening the case (as in the present speech), the usual course was 
 for the prosecutor to present his proofs and arguments in a connected 
 speech, or series of speeches {perpetua oratio), to which the counsel for 
 the defence could answer, and then the witnesses would be brought for- 
 
Impeachment of Venues . 
 
 49 
 
 ward. The case was now really complete; but it was required at this point 
 comperendinare , i.e. adjourn over the second day, in order, by a new trial, 
 to make sure that justice was done. For this actio secunda, as it was 
 properly called, a very short time only was necessary. The comperendi- 
 natio was therefore a sign that the trial was near its close. Cicero’s 
 determination to bring this about before Pompey’s games — i.e. within ten 
 days — settled the case in his favor; for, as has been shown, the only hope 
 of the defence lay in putting off the trial. 
 
 8. necessarium, unavoidable : id refers to eos velle, etc. 
 
 n. amplum et praeclarum, an honor and distinction (translat- 
 ing as nouns). 
 
 13. periculum, trial (from the same stem found in experior). — 
 innocentiae, purity of administration in Sicily : an almost techni- 
 cal word for using with moderation the immense power in the hands 
 of a Roman official in the provinces. 
 
 Sect. 35 . potentia, domineering . 
 
 23. regnum judiciorum, lording it over the courts . — nunc, 
 opposed to the time of videbatur. — homines, the corrupt Sena- 
 torial jurors. 
 
 27. inruere, etc., bent on making themselves hateful and offensive. 
 — hoc, i.e. to break down Hortensius’s control, and the corruption 
 of a few senators. 
 
 29. nervos aetatis, the sinews of my youth. Cicero was now 36. 
 
 Sect. 36 . ordo, the Senate. 
 
 34. odiosum, filled with hate, unrelenting. 
 
 35. magistratu, the aedileship of the coming year. 
 
 36. loco: the Rostra, the elevated place in the Forum adorned 
 with beaks of ships, from which the magistrates addressed the 
 people. 
 
 37 . secum agere, the technical expression for transacting 
 business in the comitia is agere cum populo [or plebe~\ . The refer- 
 ence here is to the office of curule aedile, which he would hold after 
 the first of January. One of the most important functions of this 
 magistrate was the administration of criminal justice (de ho 7 ninibus 
 impr obis'), which was conducted before the public assembly upon an 
 appeal taken from a formal judgment. (Mommsen, R. S. i. 464.) 
 
50 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 2. munus aedilitatis meae, service of my atdileship. 
 
 Munus is, properly, any duty or service imposed upon a citizen as his 
 share of the public burdens (cf. moenia, murus, in the Vocabulary). The 
 word is, however, as well as honor, often used of offices, in regard to which 
 honor refers to the dignity conferred, munus to the duties incumbent upon 
 the official. It is especially used of public games, and there is a suggestion 
 of that meaning here. 
 
 The Aidiles (from aedes, a temple) were four magistrates, who had the 
 general superintendence of the police of the city, criminal jurisdiction with 
 the power of imposing fines, the care of the games, public buildings, etc. 
 They did not form a Board (l Collegium, ), but were of two grades, two 
 being necessarily plebeians ; while the other two, the curule ccdiles, ranked 
 with the higher magistrates, and might be patricians. The redileship 
 was not a necessary step in a political career, but it was eagerly sought, 
 between the qutestorship and the prsetorship, by ambitious men, for the 
 reason that the superintendence of the public games gave great opportu- 
 nity for gaining popular favor. A certain sum was appropriated from the 
 public treasury for these games; but an tedile who wished to rise to 
 higher positions, and not to be thought mean, took care to add a good 
 sum from his own pocket. 
 
 4. deponere, deposit with the sequestres (see note § 22) ; by in- 
 terpretes (go-betweens) is probably meant the dtvisores. 
 
 5. accipere, take the money ; recipere, undertake to do anything 
 (upon request or the like). — polliceri, offer. 
 
 8 . abstineant, hold off. 
 
 Sect. 37 . erit, will be (it is true) : notice the emphatic posi- 
 tion, opposing it to the clause with tamen. 
 
 1 1 . imperio et potestate, military and civil power. All magis- 
 trates possessed potestas, — power in general, but not including 
 military power ; only the consul and praetor (of the regular magis- 
 trates) the imperium — military or sovereign power, as of a general 
 in the field, but limited in the city by special privileges of Roman 
 citizens. 
 
 16. commemorabuntur, will be talked over ; agentur, made 
 ground of action. 
 
 17. certis rebus, well ascertained facts. — agentur, wid be dis- 
 cussed. — inter decern annos, i.e. since Sulla’s Lex Judiciana . 
 
Impeachment of Verves . 
 
 51 
 
 Sect. 38. quinquaginta, i.e. from the law of Caius Gracchuc, 
 b.c. 123, to that of Sulla, b.c. 80. 
 
 23. ne tenuissima quidem suspitio : one of the exa 0 gerations 
 of the advocate. 
 
 The condition of the courts at the t ir- w spoken of (about B.C. 93) is 
 thus described by Mommsen: “Tlie commission regarding exactions 
 
 [Court of Repetundae\ was converted from a shield of the provincials into 
 their worst scourge : the most notorious robber escaped with impunity, if 
 he only indulged his fellow-robbers and did not refuse to allow part of the 
 sums exacted to reach the jury; but any attempt to respond to the equita- 
 ble demands of the provincials for right and justice sufficed for condemna- 
 tion.” If the courts were really worse in B.c. 70 than they had been in 
 90, it was simply because the times were worse. 
 
 26. sublata, taken away. — populi Romani, etc., i.e. the power 
 of the people to control the senatorial order. This refers to the 
 suspension of the tribunician power by Sulla (see note § 44). 
 
 27. Q. Calidius, praetor, B.C. 79; condemned for extortion in 
 Spain. 
 
 It seems that Calidius, being condemned de repetundis , with bitter 
 irony assailed the bribed jurors on account of the smallness of the bribe 
 for which he was condemned, saying that it was not respectable ( honestum ) 
 to condemn an ex-prsetor for so small a sum. The allusion shows that the 
 corruption was notorious and universal. 
 
 28. H. S. triciens (see § 379 ), 3,000,000 sestertii, — $150,000 
 (nearly). — praetorium : an ex-magistrate always preserved the 
 dignity of the office he had held, — as consularis , praetorius , aedi- 
 licius. — honeste, in an honorable manner. 
 
 29. P. Septimio (Scaevola), condemned B.c. 72; the damages 
 were placed higher than they would have been, because of his con- 
 nection with the odious consilium Junianum (see § 29). The 
 amount extorted was estimated in a separate process (litis aesti- 
 matio) ; and the money taken in bribery was included in the reck- 
 oning. 
 
 Sect. 39. peculatus, embezzlement , and majestas (sc. minuta), 
 treason (anything affecting the dignity or the power of the state), 
 were under the jurisdiction of two of the Quaestiones perpetuae of 
 
 Sulla. 
 
52 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 The fact of bribery came out on these trials for extortion, peculation, 
 ana treason, and made the punishment heavier. Evidence under Roman 
 law was . t confined to the immediate issue, but might bear on other 
 crimes of tne acciiced. as now in France. All the offenders here men- 
 tioned were apparently con- -ted with the infamous judicium Junianum. 
 (See Or. pro Cluentio , ch. xxx., 
 
 38 . sortiente, drawing the jury. — exirent, etc., were drawn 
 for [the case of] a defendant , to conde7nn him without a hearing. 
 
 Sect. 40. jam vero, and finally (introducing the climax of 
 
 all). illam, i.e. the one next described: hoc factum esse , etc. — 
 
 discoloribus signis, see note on color, § 17. 
 
 io. acturum esse, will attend to. 
 
 12. si quid . . . violatum, etc., if l shall know of any like viola- 
 tion , etc. 
 
 1 6. hominem, i.e. Hortensius ; cujus, obj. gen. 
 
 19. secum . . . agi, he was doing very well. 
 
 21. in rem suam, into his own pocket. — patronis, see note, Rose. 
 Am. § 4. 
 
 Sect. 41. apud Glabrionem, i.e. in the preliminary proceedings. 
 — reiciundis judicibus (locat. abl.), at the time of challenging 
 (making up the jury). 
 
 29. toller etur, should be abolished . 
 
 36. victoriae, i.e. in the courts. They can satiate the avarice of 
 any man, but cannot give enough to clear him when guilty. 
 
 39 - Sect. 42. comparata sunt, were established . 
 
 Sect. 43. loco, point, in the argument. 
 
 Sect. 44. tribuniciam potestatem : the overgrown power of 
 the tribunes of the people had been greatly abridged by Sulla, but 
 restored by a law of Pompey early in this year, B.c. 70 . 
 
 The Tribuni Plebis (or Plebi) f ten in number, were the magistrates of 
 that portion of the people (a state within the state) known as the Plebs. 
 The Plebeians at this epoch, however, composed the whole people, with the 
 exception of the few families of the patrician aristocracy (such gentes as 
 the Cornelian, Julian, TEmilian, Claudian). Not being magistrates of the 
 city or the whole people, but only of a single class, the Tribunes did not 
 possess the imperium , had no real executive power, a,nd were not magis- 
 
Impeachment of Verves. 
 
 53 
 
 trates in the strict sense of the term. On the other hand, their persons 
 were held sacred, and they had two very important and wide reaching 
 powers: i. That of interfering, jus inter cedendi (“veto”), to arrest 
 almost any act of another magistrate; it thus practically extended to legis- 
 lation, elections, and ordinances of the Senate, these being all under the 
 direction of magistrates. 2. To hold the assembly of the plebs , organized 
 by tribes. In this assembly, known as comitia tributa , the plebeian magis- 
 trates (tribunes and plebeian aediles) were chosen, and laws were passed, 
 plebi scita , which of course were originally binding only upon the plebs , 
 but which, by the Hortensian Law, B.c. 287, received the force of leges 
 (see note, § 18). Fines were likewise imposed by this assembly. Out of 
 these original powers had been developed a very extensive criminal juris- 
 diction, which made the tribunes and aediles the chief prosecuting officers 
 of the republic, the tribunes acting in cases of a political character. 
 This order of things continued until the time of Sulla, when the adminis- 
 tration of criminal justice was entrusted to the standing courts, quaestiones 
 perpetuae , established by him. This criminal jurisdiction appears to be 
 the power referred to in this passage. Sulla took away from the tribunes 
 much of their power, making also the legislative action of the plebeian 
 assembly depend upon the initiation of the Senate. But these provisions 
 were abolished by Pompey, the people fancying that the corruptions of 
 the courts could be remedied by restoring this power to the tribunes. The 
 tribunes also had authority to convene the Senate and preside over it. 
 
 20. verbo, in name ; re vera, in fact ; illam, the tribunician 
 power. — Catulum : Q. Lutatius Catulus was the best and most 
 eminent man of the aristocracy. 
 
 22. fugit, has escaped . 
 
 23. referente, bringing forward , the technical expression for 
 bringing a matter before the Senate for action. 
 
 In case of proposing a law, it was necessary, first of all, ferre ad 
 populum , then, referre ad Senatum , for ratification, which ratification 
 could be refused only on religious or constitutional grounds; but, in order 
 to guard against any unfair use of this power, it was established that the 
 ratification should come before the action of the comitia. The order of 
 proceedings was, then, first to lay the matter ( referre ) before the Senate, 
 then bring it (ferre) before the people. — Momm. Rom. Forsch. i. p. 245. 
 
54 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 25. patres \et\ conscriptos (the conjunction is often omitted 
 in such combinations) : patres were the patrician members of the 
 Senate ; conscripti , the plebeians enrolled in that originally patri- 
 cian body. 
 
 28. fuisse desideraturos, would have missed (§ 337. N. ; G. 
 659* ; H. 527. iii.). 
 
 Sect. 45 . contionem habuit, made a speech : contio means, 
 strictly, an assembly, for the purpose of listening to discussion 
 merely. — ad urbem, i.e. in the Campus Martius. Pompey was 
 elected in his absence, and while still clothed with the military im- 
 perium ; he could not therefore enter the city to meet the citizens, 
 but called them to him outside the walls. 
 
 31. ubi, in which . 
 
 33. in eo, at that point. 
 
 40 . strepitu, confused noise . — clamore, shouts. — volunta- 
 tem, i.e. what they felt. 
 
 Sect. 46 . in speculis, on the watch. 
 
 5. religione, regard for oath. 
 
 6. tribunicium, i.e. reinstating the tribunes. — unum senato- 
 rem : there does not seem to be any reproach in this, as if it were 
 only one: rather, one , it is true ; but, under the circumstances, that 
 means nothing. 
 
 7. vel tenuissimum, a man of no means. 
 
 Sect. 47 . hoc est judicium, i.e. this will be a test. — nihil 
 sit, i.e. there is no disturbing influence. 
 
 Cicero was mistaken in the hope here expressed, that an honest verdict 
 in this case might yet prevent a reorganization of the courts. The 
 Aurelian law, passed shortly after this time, provided that the judices 
 should be taken, one-third from the Senators, the rest from the equestrian 
 order; one-half of the equestrians (one-third of the whole) being required 
 to have held the office of Tribunus ^rarius, that is, President of one of 
 the 35 local tribes. The title ararius was due to the fact that the duties 
 of these officers were largely financial. This regulation remained in force 
 until the dictatorship of Caesar, B.c. 45, when this third decuria, of Tribuni 
 ^rarii, was abolished. 
 
 Sect. 48 . agam, conduct. 
 
 22. res, facts. — manifestas, a technical word, denoting direct 
 proof, not circumstantial evidence. 
 
Impeachment of Verrcs. 
 
 55 
 
 23. a vobis contendere, urge tipon you. 
 
 26. consequi, get hold of. 
 
 27. eorum, i.e. the defence. 
 
 Sect. 49 . vos, opposed to former juries, which have occasioned 
 the scandal. 
 
 31. post haec, etc., since the reorganization of the courts by 
 Sulla. 
 
 32. utimur, have the benefit of. — splendore, personal distinction , 
 from wealth and exploits ; dignitate, dignity , from rank and office. 
 
 33. consilium, body of jurors (“panel ”). — offensum, slip (a 
 mild word). 
 
 41 . Sect. 50 . opto, pray. Observe the adroit union of com- 
 pliment and threat in this passage, which at the same time forms 
 the transition to the appeal to the praetor presiding. 
 
 Sect. 51 . is, referring to the Senate. 
 
 17. qui sis, what sort of a man you are. 
 
 18. reddere, pay back: he owes his life and position to his 
 ancestors. 
 
 29. legis Aciliae: this (probably B.c. 101) provided that there 
 should be neither ampliatio (further hearing) nor comperendinatio 
 (see note § 34 ) in cases of repettmdae. All earlier laws were super- 
 seded by the Cornelian law of Sulla. 
 
 Sect. 52 . summae auctoritates, strongest influences , espe- 
 cially family traditions, etc. 1 
 
 32. nocenti reo, etc., for the criminal , his great wealth is of 
 more weight for a suspicion of guilt, than for any way of safety. 
 
 Sect. 53 . mihi certum est, for my part (emph.) / am re- 
 solved. — non committere, not to allow , in the sense of bringing 
 it to pass by mistake or fault. — ut mutetur, to be changed (§ 332. e). 
 — nobis (eth. dat.), our. 
 
 1 The elder Glabrio married Mucia, daughter of P. Mucius Scsevola, “the founder of 
 scientific jurisprudence in Rome,” who was consul b.c. 133, the year of the legislation 
 and death of Tiberius Gracchus, and showed himself not disinclined to a moderate 
 reform, and at any rate opposed to the violent course of the aristocracy on that occasion. 
 He was grandfather of the younger Glabrio. The father-in-law was M. jEmilius Scau- 
 rus, for many years ftnnceps senatus , a man distinguished for dignity and moderation, 
 but not characterized by any very great qualities, and not free from the corruption of the 
 times. 
 
56 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 42 . novo exemplo , an unheard-of manner. 
 
 3. lictores : each consul was attended by twelve lictors, who had 
 the power of arresting and coercing. The consul elect, of course, 
 had no such attendants, but could only send messages by his slaves. 
 
 6. eorum : this word connects the Metelli, etc., with Verres in the 
 original conspiracy. — jus suum, their [lost] rights. 
 
 7. potestatem: a hint that not only their liberties, but their 
 
 lives, were in peril. 
 
 Sect. 54. comitiorum, etc. The trial came just between the 
 election and the games of Pompey. At the same time censors, 
 for the first time since Sulla’s domination, were in office, and were 
 making a registry of property and voters, to which citizens from all 
 
 parts of Italy were obliged to report. 
 
 14. censendi, of being registered : not strictly passive, but used 
 loosely of the act of taking the census , to which they contributed by 
 being there. — vestrum, nostram, and omnium are predicate 
 
 after esse. . 
 
 16. quid agatur depends on the verbal noun scientiam, as the 
 
 next clause on memoriam. 
 
 18. omnium, i.e. not the inhabitants of Rome alone. 
 
 Sect. 55. principes : these were the two distinguished brothers, 
 L and M. Lucullus. — testibus : the case was usually argued first. 
 22. ita testes constituam, etc.: this is the criminum ratio 
 
 19 \ crimen totum, the impeachment as a whole ; crimen 
 
 (below), the special charge of extortion , stated formally in the next 
 section. 
 
 27. dantur, are offered (see note § 34). -in singulas res , to 
 each point. — illis, the counsel for the defence. 
 
 30. altera actione, i.e. after the comperendinatio : in this sense 
 the speeches of the Accusatio are correctly called Actio Secunda. 
 
 33. haec, etc., this is all the Accusatio there will be in the first 
 
 Action. 
 
 Sect. 56. quadringentiens sestertium (§ 379) > 40,000,000 
 sestertii, = $2,000,000 (nearly). 
 
 43 - fuisse (for fuerat, § 308. b ; G. 599. R- 2 ; H. 4 7 6 ~)> there 
 would 'have been. — Dixi, I have done : a formal ending, particular y 
 appropriate to so unexpectedly brief a speech. 
 
The Plunder of Syracuse . 
 
 57 
 
 THE PLUNDER OF SYRACUSE. 
 
 The passage which follows is from the fourth oration of the Accusatio, 
 the most famous of all, known as the De Signis, for the reason that it 
 treats chiefly of the works of art stolen by Verres. Cicero has been 
 describing the plundering of many temples and public buildings; and in 
 this passage he recounts in detail the case of one chief city, Syracuse, as a 
 climax. Syracuse was far the largest and richest of all the Greek cities of 
 Italy and Sicily. It was a colony of Corinth, founded B.C. 734, and in 
 course of time obtained the rule over the whole eastern part of Sicily. 
 Syracuse remained independent, with a considerable territory, after the 
 western part of the island (far the largest part) passed under the power 
 of Rome in the First Punic War; but in the Second Punic War 
 (b.C. 212) it was captured by Marcellus, and ever after was subject to 
 Rome. It was at this time the capital of the province. 
 
 Sect. i. unius etiam, still one more , connects the incident here 
 related with the one described just before. 
 
 9. in medium proferam, publish. — aliquando, at last (imply- 
 ing impatience). 
 
 13. annalibus, chronicles : there were as yet no regular histories. 
 — hanc, illo, indicate nearness and remoteness of time (§ 102. a , b). 
 
 15. imperatoris : this title, which properly belonged to every 
 possessor of the military imperium, was by usage assumed by the 
 commander only after his first considerable victory. — cohortem, 
 train of courtiers, etc. : the provincial magistrates, representing the 
 Roman imperium, had many of the insignia of royalty. 
 
 This is a brilliant antithesis : nevertheless, the orator exaggerates, as on 
 so many occasions. “Not only did Marcellus stain his military honor by 
 permitting a general pillage of the wealthy mercantile city, in the course 
 of which Archimedes and many other citizens were put to death; but the 
 Roman Senate lent a deaf ear to the complaints which the Syracusans 
 afterwards presented regarding that celebrated general, and neither re- 
 turned to individuals their property nor restored to the city its freedom.” 
 (Mommsen.) 
 
 Sect. 2. locis, i.e. in the other speeches of the Accusatio. — 
 forum : every ancient town had its central market place {forum, 
 or ayopa) , an open space, used for trading, public assemblies, and 
 
58 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 the administration of justice. The same feature exists in European 
 towns at the present day. 
 
 24. clausus fuisset : Marcellus had been obliged to starve out 
 the city. 
 
 25. Cilicum: Cilicia was the chief seat of the organized bands 
 of pirates who ruled the Mediterranean at this time (see oration for 
 Manilian Law). 
 
 36. illis rebus, i.e. the plunder of temples, etc. 
 
 44. Sect. 3. maxim am : 
 
 the circuit of its walls was 
 about 180 stadia — more than 
 25 miles. 
 
 3. ex omni aditu limits 
 praeclaro ad aspectum, glo- 
 rious to the sight. (For descrip- 
 tions of Syracuse, see Cic. de 
 Rep. iii. 31 ; Livy, xxv. 24.) 
 
 5. in aedificatione, etc., i.e. 
 enclosed by the buildings of the 
 city. Ancient harbors (as at 
 Athens) were often at a con- 
 siderable distance. 
 
 7. conjunguntur : Ortygia 
 (the site of the original town) 
 had an independent harbor on 
 each side connected by a nar- 
 row channel. 
 
 8. insula, i.e. Ortygia. 
 
 9. continetur, is made continuous. 
 
 Sect. 4 . quattuor : the heights of Epipolae, west of the town, 
 were sometimes reckoned as a fifth city. — Hiero II., King of Syra- 
 cuse (b.c. 270 to about 216), was during most of his reign a stead- 
 fast ally of Rome. 
 
 16. Dianae : the Quail, oprv£, was sacred to Diana (Artemis) ; 
 hence the name Ortygia. 
 
 18. istius, i.e. of Diana. 
 
 19. Arethusa: fabled to have fled beneath the sea from the 
 
The Plunder of Syracuse. 
 
 59 
 
 pursuit of the river-god Alpheus (see Ovid, Met. v. 573 641). 
 Another fresh-water fountain rises in the harbor, about eighty feet 
 from the shore. 
 
 20. munitione, construction : used of any embankment (compare 
 munire viam, e tc.). 
 
 Sect. 5 . Achradina, the plain and table-land just north of Orty- 
 gia : the name is supposed to have been derived from the wild pear- 
 trees, &xpa5es, which still abound there. 
 
 23. porticus, arcades . 
 
 24. prytaneum, the building in which the city was conceived to 
 have its home. Here was the hearth, sacred to Vesta, whence 
 colonists carried the sacred fire to kindle a new hearth in the 
 prytaneum of their new home. It was also used for courts of jus- 
 tice, public banquets, etc. — curia, senate house , the building where 
 the administration of public affairs was conducted. 
 
 25. urbis, i.e. Achradina. 
 
 26. perpetua, running its whole length . 
 
 27. continentur, are lined in continuous row . 
 
 28. Tycha, Latin-Doric form of T vxv, For tuna. 
 
 29. gymnasium, the place for exercise and baths, with porticos, 
 groves, and halls, somewhat like the thermce of Rome under the 
 Empire, only that the Greeks gave more attention to physical and 
 intellectual exercises, and less to the luxuries of bathing. 
 
 32. coaedificata, built up. — Neapolis, “ the new city.” — quam 
 ad summam, at the highest point of which. 
 
 45 . Sect. 6 . Marcellum : Marcus Claudius Marcellus, of a 
 noble plebeian family (all other families of the Claudian gens were 
 patrician), was the ablest general the Romans had in the early years 
 of the Second Punic War, but illiterate and cruel ; called “ the 
 Sword of Rome.” He was killed in battle, B.c. 208. 
 
 9. ornatu, adornments. — habuit rationem, had regard for (com- 
 pare Livy, xxv. 31). 
 
 10. victoriae, the right of victory ; humanitatis, the part of 
 humanity. 
 
 11. deportare : the Romans, like Napoleon, were in the habit of 
 carrying off with them whatever works of art and other treasures 
 might redound to the reputation of their city. 
 
6o 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 Sect. 7 . Honoris, Virtutis : it was a characteristic of the Ro- 
 man religion to worship and build temples to abstractions. The 
 temple of Virtus was built, and that of Honor restored, by Marcellus. 
 The two were worshipped in a single shrine. 
 
 17. in aedibus, etc., i.e. his own house, garden, and suburban 
 estate. 
 
 20. ornamento, i.e. as being free from stolen treasures. 
 
 21. deum nullum: translate, to render the position, of the gods 
 not one (i.e. not a single statue) . 
 
 25. juris dictionem, the special function of the praetor. 
 
 26. comitatum, train . 
 
 Sect. 8. religionum, things sacred ; consuetudinis, i.e. things 
 hallowed by use. 
 
 33. Agathocli, tyrant of Syracuse, b.c. 317-289. 
 
 46 . profana fecissent : the Romans had a formula by which 
 they called away ( evocare ) and gained over to their side the tutelary 
 deities of any cities that they were besieging. Of course, the 
 temples of these gods then lost all their sanctity, and became pro- 
 fane buildings. The true name of Rome and that of its tutelar 
 divinity were said to be kept as a mystery, lest they should become 
 known to an enemy, who might thus disarm the city of its protector. 
 The formula is given as follows by Macrobius, Saturn, iii. 9 : — 
 
 Si deuSy si dea est f cui populus civitasque [ Carthaginiensis~\ est in tu- 
 tela , teque maxime ille qui urbis hujus populique tutela?7i recepisti , precor 
 venerorque veniamque a vobis petOy ut vos populu?n civitatemque \_Cartha- 
 ginienseni\ deseratis, loca templa sacra urbemque eorum relinquatiSy absque 
 his abeatis , eique populo \civitati\ metum formidinem oblivionem inicia- 
 tisy proditique Romam ad me meosque veniathy nostraque vobis loca templa 
 sacra urbs acceptior probatiorque sit , mihique populoque Ro?nano militi- 
 busque meis praepositi sitis, ut sciamus intellegamusque . Si ita feceritiSy 
 voveo vobis templa ludosque facturum . 
 
 Sect. 9. in quibus erant, upon which were represented . — ima- 
 gines, portraits. 
 
 16. Siciliae regum, i.e. those rulers of Syracuse and other cities 
 who had exercised dominion beyond their own cities. 
 
 19. cognitione formarum, acquaintance with their features . 
 
The Plunder of Syracuse . 
 
 61 
 
 Sect. 10. valvis, folding doors, as found especially in temples. 
 
 27. tam . . . cupidum, that I a 7 n so eager (in appos. with quod). 
 
 35. illi, i.e. the Greeks, as too fond of art. 
 
 47. argumenta, subjects or stories (in relief). 
 
 Sect. 11 . Gorgonis, the head of Medusa, a favorite subject of 
 ancient art. 
 
 13. gramineas hastas, bamboo stalks. 
 
 14. in hoc nomine, at this ite 7 n (i.e. wondering why they were 
 mentioned). — commoveri, startled. 
 
 15. satis esset (§§ 286, 287. d ; G. 51 1. R. 1 ; H. 495. i.) : i.e. 
 they were only curiosities. 
 
 19. id merely repeats hastas. 
 
 Sect. 12. nam explains (ironically) why he asks the last ques- 
 tion. Those bamboos, etc., have no excuse ; but the Sappho was 
 so fine, etc. 
 
 22. Silanionis : an artist of the time of Alexander the Great. 
 
 24. potius, etc., rather thaii this most tasteful a 7 id cultivated man , 
 Verres. 
 
 26. nimirum, of course. — nostrum, of us (emph.), opp. to Verres . 
 
 28. delicati, pampered. 
 
 29. eat, must go (§ 266; G.256 3 ; H. 484). — ad aedem Felici- 
 tatis : the temple of Felicitas was adorned with the spoils of con- 
 quered Corinth. Catulus had adorned his temple of Fortuna , and 
 Metellus his portico, with splendid works of art. 
 
 31. istorum, Verres and his friends. — Tusculanum, villa at 
 Tusculum (about 15 miles south-east of Rome), where the wealthy 
 Romans, Hortensius among the rest, had splendid country-houses. 
 
 32. forum ornatum, i.e. on festal days (see Livy, ix. 40). 
 
 33. commodarit, lent : such works of art were often placed 
 temporarily on the forum. 
 
 35. operarii, mere day-laborer : in allusion, perhaps, to the works 
 of art that Verres had had manufactured under his own eye. — 
 studia, fine tastes ; delicias, luxurious pleasures. 
 
 48. ad ferenda, etc., to carry (as a porter) than to carry off 
 (as a connoisseur) : a sarcasm on Verres’ coarse and sturdy build. 
 
 Sect. 13 . pernobile, very famous. 
 
62 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 6. Graeculus, in contemptuous allusion to his pretence of taste. 
 
 7. subtiliter judicat, is a fine connoisseur . 
 
 8. nunc, now (as it is), opposed to si . . . tulisset. 
 
 Sect. 14. Paeanis, Apollo, as god of healing. 
 
 15. Aristaei, son of Apollo, discoverer of the olive, and of 
 various improvements in husbandry. The gloss Libert films (line 
 22) is incorrect : patre does not mean his father , but is a common 
 attribute of Liber, as well as of Mars and other gods. 
 
 18. parinum (corrupt and meaningless) : the common reading is 
 parvum : perhaps the old conjecture Farium, of Parian marble , is 
 best. 
 
 Sect. 15. Jovem : the statue was of Zei)s ovpios , god of favora- 
 ble weather, identified from some fancied resemblance with Jupiter 
 imp er at or. 
 
 26. suo: the emphatic position continues the emphasis on 
 
 Jovem . 
 
 29. Flamininus : T. Quinctius Flamininus, who defeated Philip 
 of Macedon at Cynoscephalae, B.c. 197.* 
 
 32. in Ponti ore : the Thracian Bosporus, the strait extending 
 from Constantinople to the Black Sea, about 17 miles. 
 
 33. Capitolus: the Capitol, or Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 
 had three cellae, or chapels, sacred to the Capitolian triad, — Jupiter, 
 Juno, and Minerva. This was now the most illustrious temple, 
 “the earthly abode,” of Jupiter. 
 
 49 . armatus, i.e. when such robbery might be deemed excusable. 
 
 6. incolae, residents : i.e. persons of foreign birth, who made 
 Syracuse their home, without having obtained citizenship ; advenae, 
 visitors . 
 
 Sect. 16. adventu, by his coming . In fact, however, the chief 
 plunder was two or three years after his arrival. 
 
 11. desideratos, missing. 
 
 Sect. 17. mensas Delphicas, tables with three legs, like the 
 Delphic tripod ; vasa Corinthia were made of a kind of bronze, of 
 peculiar beauty and very costly. 
 
 * There may be some confusion here with T. Quinctius Cincinnatus, who brought a 
 bust of Jupiter Imperator from Prseneste to Rome, and placed it in the Capitohne temple. 
 At any rate, it was destroyed in the burning of the Capitol, B.C. 83. (Comp. Liv. vi. 20.) 
 
The Plunder of Syracuse. 
 
 63 
 
 Sect. 18. fanorum, shrines : this word is of the same root (fa) 
 as fatum, nefas , etc., and indicates whatever is consecrated by signs 
 (the expressions of Divine will) to religious purposes. (Hartung, 
 Rel. der Rom. i. p. 137.) It is, therefore, the consecrated spot, 
 rather than the temple or altar erected Upon it. 
 
 50 . Sect. 19. desierunt, ceased , i.e. by the transference of 
 the courts to the Senators. 
 
 14. Crasso : Lucius Crassus, the famous orator, and Quintus 
 Scaevola, pontifex maxima s, the famous jurist and statesman, were 
 close friends, and colleagues in nearly every office. They were curule 
 aediles, B.c. 103, and gave the first exhibition of lion-fights. The 
 splendor of their aedileship was the work of Crassus, a man of ele- 
 gant and luxurious tastes, while Scaevola was moderate and simple 
 in his habits. — Claudio. This was (according to Drumann) a 
 brother of Claudia, the wife of Tiberius Gracchus. In his aedileship, 
 B.c. 99, he exhibited fights of elephants. 
 
 15. commercium : Crassus and Claudius would have bought 
 these objects if anybody could have done it. (Supply commercium 
 with fuisse.) 
 
 Sect. 20. referri, be entered , has for subject pretio . . . abali- 
 enasse. 
 
 26. rebus istis, things of that sort . 
 
 27. apud illos, i.e. the Greeks generally. 
 
 28. socios (see note on provincia, Verr. i. § 11). 
 
 Sect. 21. Reginos : Rhegium, Reggio , was a very ancient Greek 
 city, at the point of Italy nearest Sicily, It was a colony of Chalcis, 
 probably founded in the eighth century B.C., and became a Roman 
 municipium after the Social War, b.c. 90-91. 
 
 35. merere velle, would take. — ilia, that famous (§ 102 . b). 
 
 36. Tarentinos : Tarentum was the largest Greek city in Italy, 
 a colony of Sparta, founded in the eighth century b.c., subjugated 
 by Rome just after the invasion of Pyrrhus, b.c. 272. 
 
 51 - Satyrum. The satyrs were divinities of nature, inhabiting 
 the woods, represented with pointed and hairy ears, knobs upon 
 the forehead, etc. 
 
 8. buculam, the celebrated bronze cow of Myron. 
 
Notes : Cicero * 
 
 64 
 
 The towns here mentioned as centres of Greek art are the following : — 
 Thespice, a city of Boeotia, always allied with Athens : the statue of Eros 
 (Cupid) was one of the most famous works of Praxiteles; Cnidus , a 
 Dorian town in Asia Minor: the statue of Venus there was accounted one 
 of the finest of all the works of Praxiteles; Cos, an island on the coast of 
 Asia Minor: here was the picture of Venus by Apelles; Ephesus, one of 
 the chief Ionian towns of Asia Minor : it was now at the height of its 
 splendor and commercial greatness; Cyzicus , a Greek city, on a penin- 
 sula, on the southern coast of the Propontis (sea of Marmora) ; Rhodes, 
 then the chief commercial city of the East, and a powerful independent 
 state j lalysus was a native here; Athens: the works of art here men- 
 tioned at Athens were by the most famous artists, — Scopas, Protogenes, 
 and Myron. 
 
 longum est, it would be tedious (§ 3 1 1 . ^ ; G. 246. R. 1 ; H. 4 7 ^ 5 )- 
 
 CRUCIFIXION OF A ROMAN CITIZEN. 
 
 The fifth speech of the Accusatio is entitled De Suppliciis , be- 
 cause it details the cruelties of Verres. The passage here given is 
 one of the most graphic and celebrated. 
 
 Sect. 1 . nunc, opposed to the time of the actio prima , which 
 he has just referred to. — uno genere, this one class , i.e. bloody 
 executions, as contrasted with the variety of charges , below. — tot 
 horas dicam, § 276. a ; G. 221 ; H. 467. iii.“. 
 
 18. tenerem, § 287. a\ G. 511. R. 2 ; H. 495. i. 
 
 19. opinor, Pve an idea, — expressing the same shade of mean- 
 ing as I guess, / fancy. 
 
 20. rem, the facts (emphatic, as appears from its position). — in 
 medio, before you. 
 
 Sect. 2 . Consanus, of Consa (Compsa), a town in Samnium. 
 
 in mo numero : Cicero has been describing the treatment of a 
 
 number of fugitives from the insurrectionary army of Sertorius in 
 Spain, who had made their way to Sicily after the death of Sertorius, 
 B.c. 72, and the overthrow of his faction by Pompey. 
 
 *26. nescio qua, § 334*; G. 469* *- 2 ; H. 455 2 - — lautumiis, 
 the stone-pits (ancient quarries) at Syracuse, used as a prison. 
 
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen . 65 
 
 27. Messanam, the present Messina , the point of Sicily nearest 
 Italy. 
 
 Messana was at first called Zankle (sickle), from the shape of the 
 tongue of land which forms the harbor. It was one of the group of 
 Grecian colonies founded in the eighth century B.C. The name was 
 changed three centuries later, in honor of the Greek Messene. It was one 
 of the very few privileged towns, civitates foederatae , of Sicily (see note on 
 aratorum, Verr. i. § 13). It was specially favored by Verres, and, as is 
 represented by Cicero, was an accomplice of his iniquities. 
 
 28. Reginorum : Rhegium is almost in sight of Messana. 
 
 30. odore, breath . 
 
 52 . recta, sc. via. 
 
 2. sibi, etc., note the emphasis: “ that he was going straight to 
 Rome, and when Verres came would be ready for him.” 
 
 Sect. 3 . in praetorio, the house (or palace ) of the praetor , as an 
 imperial magistrate. 
 
 6. ante, Lib. iv. chap. n. 
 
 7. adjutricem, accomplice . 
 
 8. consciam, confidant. 
 
 9. Mamertinum. The city of Messana had been treacherously 
 taken possession of by a body of mercenaries, who called them- 
 selves Mamertini (children of Mars), about B.c. 282. Although 
 the name of the city was not changed, yet its citizens were from 
 this time called Ma7nertini. — defertur, is reported (officially) . 
 
 14. ipse, Verres. 
 
 Sect. 4 . exspectabant, were on the watch to see. 
 
 20. quo tandem, how far : tandem (as also nam) gives a sense 
 of wonder to the question, which cannot be preserved in English 
 in an indirect question. 
 
 22. expediri, to be got ready , by untying the fasces (rods and 
 axe), which were the badge of the praetor’s imperium. 
 
 24. meruisse, (sc. stipendia), served as a soldier. 
 
 25. Panhormi (all harbor), the present Paler77io : in spite of its 
 Greek name, this was originally a Phoenician settlement. — nego- 
 tiaretur, was in business , i.e. as head or agent of some house en- 
 gaged in speculation (cf. Verr. i. § 20). This kind of business was 
 generally carried on by Roman equites , and on a large scale. 
 
 w 
 
66 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 27. fugitivorum, escaped slaves , whose insurrection had made 
 the frightful servile war of Spartacus, B.c. 73 - 7 1 * 
 
 Sect. 5 . civitatis, citizenship . 
 
 34. dolorem , cries of pain. 
 
 36. commemoratione, claim . 
 
 53. cruciatum, the special punishment of slaves. 
 
 2. perfecit, gained (by his prayers). 
 
 4. infelici, ill-omened. , 
 
 5 . pestem, cursed instrument. — aerumnoso, overwhelmed with 
 calamity. 
 
 Sect. 6. lex Forcia, which forbade the scourging of citizens 
 (see Liv. x. 9). — leges Semproniae (of Caius Gracchus), which 
 gave the right of appeal in capital cases, even against the military 
 imperium. In civil life it had existed ever since the foundation of 
 the republic. (Mommsen, Hist, of Rome, iii. p. 140. See Catil. iv. 
 5 ; Rabir. 4). 
 
 10. tribunicia potestas, see note Verr. i. § 44 . — hucine, § 101. 
 a , N. ; G. 102. R. 1 ; H. 186 1 . 
 
 12. beneficio, favor , in conferring authority upon him. 
 
 1 5 . admovebantur, were applied. 
 
 Sect. 7. agere, treaty statui modum, I set a limit. 
 
 25. Glabrionem, subj. of facere. — consilium, jury : he feared 
 that mob rule would get the start of a legal verdict. 
 
 29. repetisse, inflicted: lit. exacted ; punishment being regarded 
 as a forfeit. — veritus esset has for its subject populus Romanus. 
 
 Sect. 8. quid . . . sit, what will happen to you. — istum, i.e. 
 whom you misrepresent. 
 
 33. repentinum, of a sudden, having never been such a thing 
 before. — speculatorem, spy. 
 
 35. neque, etc., and this I will show , etc. Notice in Latin the 
 close affinity of the negative with the connective. 
 
 54 . ad arbitrium tuum, at your discretion . 
 
 5. municipes, fellow-townsmen. — necessarios, see note on 
 necessitudinem , Verr. i. § 11 . — sero, too late (for you, but not too 
 late for the court). 
 
 6. judices, obj. of doceant. 
 
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen. 67 
 
 Sect. 9. patronis, see note, R. A. § 4 . — istuc ipsum, that 
 single fact . 
 
 12. nuper tu ipse, here Cicero draws on his fancy for his facts. 
 
 14. ideo, for this reason, i.e. quod, etc. 
 
 1 6. jam, i.e. after you have said that. 
 
 18. Tauromenitano : Tauromenium was an allied city of Sicily, 
 between Messana and Syracuse. 
 
 19. argentariam [rem], banking business. 
 
 20. ex eo genere, i.e. non qui, etc. 
 
 Sect. 10 . induatur, etc. (§ hi. N. 1 ; G. 210; H. 377), tie him- 
 self up and strangle himself (as in a noose). 
 
 55 . usurpatione, claim . 
 
 Sect. 11 . quo = ad quos. 
 
 1 1 . cognitoribus, vouchers . 
 
 13. legum existimationis, obj. gen. with periculo ; continen- 
 tur, restrained. 
 
 14. sermonis . . . societate, by fellowship in language , rights , 
 and interests . 
 
 Sect. 12 . tolle, a sort of protasis (§ 310. b ; G. 600 ; H. 487 3 ), 
 of which the apod, is jam . . . praecluseris, below. 
 
 20. quod velit, any he pleases (§ 320). — quod . . . ignoret, 
 
 because one may not know him. 
 
 23. liberas civitates, the allied states in the provinces, which 
 were not strictly under the jurisdiction of the praetors. 
 
 27. magnum fuit, woidd it have been, etc. (§ 31 1. £ ; G. 246. R. 1 ). 
 
 28. adservasses, you should have kept. — dum veniret, till he 
 should come. 
 
 31. cognosceret, should he know (equivalent to a condition with 
 si ; compare Greenough’s “ Analysis of the Latin Subjunctive,” pp. 
 10, 11, note). 
 
 34. locupletem : this word refers more commonly, though not 
 originally, to landed property, and very likely has this meaning 
 here. 
 
 56 . Sect. 13 . fretum, the strait of Messina, which separates 
 Sicily from Italy. 
 
 15. alumnum , foster-child i.e. adopted citizen. 
 
68 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 Sect. 14 . parricidium : for the peculiar horror with which this 
 crime was regarded by the Romans, see note, R. A. § 19 . 
 
 28. in comitio : the comitium was an open space north of the 
 Forum, on higher ground (see Plan of Forum) ; it was used for the 
 most ancient comitia , the curiata (in which the people were assem- 
 bled by the thirty hereditary curiae ), for hearing lawsuits, and for 
 contiones . The Curia , or Senate-house, was situated upon the 
 Comitium. — defigere, plant . — quod, i.e. that point which . 
 
 29. celebritate, as a crowded thoroughfare. 
 
 30. potuit, sc. fieri. 
 
 32. praetervectione, etc., on the track of all who sail to and fro 
 by the Straits of Messina, the necessary route to Greece. 
 
 THE MANILIAN LAW, 
 
 Argument. 
 
 Chap. i. Exordium : Why this is Cicero’s first appearance before a 
 political assembly. — Narratio. 2. Statement of the case: Mithridates and 
 Tigranes have made war on the Roman domain. The war is demanded 
 by the dignity and safety of the State. — Confirmatio. I. 3, 4. Conduct of 
 Mithridates: his preparations for war; massacre of Roman citizens; suc- 
 cess of former commanders. — 5 * P resen t tameness of the Roman people 
 contrasted with their ancient pride. The allies, whose safety is at stake, 
 demand Pompey as commander. — 6. The chief revenues are at stake, 
 endangered by mere suspicion of calamity.— 7. The general financial 
 ruin resulting from disaster to the publicani. — II. 8. Magnitude of the 
 war: objection that, though important, it is not formidable: successful 
 campaign of Lucullus. — 9. But Mithridates has gained new strength; 
 fresh nations are roused, and the Roman army is disheartened; possible 
 disaster. — III. 10. Who then should be appointed? Military experience 
 of Pompey. — II, 12. His successes, especially in the Piratic war. State 
 of things in that war, even in the neighborhood of Rome. 13, 14- His 
 moral qualities : blamelessness, humanity, self-restraint, easy manners. 
 
 15. His prestige and influence, especially as derived from the Piratic war. 
 — 16. His reputation in the East, largely resulting from his brilliant 
 'fortune. — 17. Moreover, he is on the spot. — Confutatio. Objection of 
 Hortensius, that all power ought not to be given to one man. 18. Re- 
 futed by the precedent of the Gabinian Law. — 19. (Incidentally, Gabmius 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 69 
 
 should be assigned to Pompey as legatus.') — 20. Objection of Catulus, 
 that the proposition is against precedent. — 21. Evaded by referring to 
 other violations of precedent in Pompey’s case. — 22. Appeal to the 
 people against these objections. Peculiar qualities are needed, which 
 exist in him. — 23. His especial virtue of moderation and self-restraint. — 
 Peroratio . 24. Cicero advocates his cause purely from devotion to the 
 commonwealth. 
 
 The speech on the Manilian Law is pronounced by Halm to give a 
 better example of the systematic plan of a deliberative oration than any 
 other of antiquity. It was delivered in a contio , or public meeting of 
 Roman citizens, held for debate or address merely. The contio could be 
 called by any magistrate who had any matter to lay before the people, and 
 was held regularly in the Comitium or the Forum. (See note on Verr. v. 
 § 14.) After a rogatio (proposition of a law) had been offered, the contio 
 was called, in order that the voters might hear the arguments on both 
 sides; and only such persons might speak as were allowed by the presid- 
 ing magistrate. After the rogatio had been thus discussed, the comitia 
 (see note on Verr. i. § 18) voted upon it, Yes or No. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 58 . Sect. 1 . frequens conspectus vester, the sight of 
 you in full assembly. — hie locus, the Rostra. 
 
 3. agendum, taking public action (see note, R. A. § 55 ). — am- 
 plissimus, dignified (of the magistrates’ power) ; ornatissimus, 
 honorable (of private glory as an orator). 
 
 4. Quirites y fellow-citizens : the name by which the Romans were 
 addressed when acting in a civil capacity. — hoc aditu, this avenue : 
 i.e. addressing them on political questions. 
 
 5. optimo cuique (§93. c), i.e. such as the magistrate would 
 permit. 
 
 6. rationes, plan : the plural indicating the details which would 
 enter into it. 
 
 In the structure of this opening sentence, notice the antithetic bal- 
 ancing of one word or clause against another, which marks the Latin 
 periodic style (see § 346). It consists of two parts, — the first Concessive, 
 introduced by quamquam ; the second Adversative, introduced by tamen. 
 So, in the first, conspectus balances locus , which is brought into relief by 
 autem (“ and again ”) ; while ad agendum amplissimus and ad dicendum 
 
70 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 ornalissimus are balanced in like manner against each other. In the 
 second, the relative clause qui . . . patuit (virtually concessive) is, as 
 usual, embodied in the main clause, bringing the relative as near as possi- 
 ble to its antecedent aditu; voluntas and rationes are set in antithesis by 
 sed; while the main verb, prohibuerunt , as usual, comes last. The logical 
 form of the whole is, “ Though political speaking has advantages, yet I 
 have been prevented,” etc. 
 
 By stating first the leading thought ( hoc aditu , etc.), and putting the 
 verb at the end, Latin is able to make the main clause active, thus partly 
 disguising the antithesis. But here, as elsewhere, it is of great help in 
 reading to observe these two rules: (i) that Latin puts first the main 
 idea, the key to the whole; and (2) that it constantly deals in antitheses, 
 often forcing them when they do not naturally occur (as in amplissimus 
 and ornatissimus ), each thought or expression having its pendant, like 
 ornaments which go in pairs. (See note on the opening sentence of the 
 oration on Roscius, p. 1.) 
 
 7. cum, while. — antea, i.e. until he was old enough, or skilful 
 enough, to take a part in politics. 
 
 8. auctoritatem : the position itself of the speaker carried weight, 
 — i.e. as being a public adviser of the people. 
 
 9. statuerem, made it a principle . — perfectum ingenio, i.e. 
 the fruit of fully developed mental power. — elaboratum, laboriously 
 wrought , needing more practice than youth could give. 
 
 1 1 . temporibus, occasions or exigencies (a* common word to de- 
 note the condition of an accused person). A Roman lawyer was 
 not regarded as doing a service for hire, but was expected to defend 
 his friends gratuitously. He was, indeed, prohibited from receiving 
 pay. No bargain was made, but it was understood that the obliged 
 party gave a liberal present, in some form or other, to his patronus. 
 
 Sect. 2 . ita, accordingly , referring to the idea contained in 
 transmittendum. 
 
 12. neque . . . et : here the first clause is really concessive; it 
 may be rendered while . . . yet. 
 
 14. caste, with clean hands ; integre, in good faith to the client. 
 — judicio, i.e. their action in electing him. The term judicium is 
 applied to any act that amounts to a formal expression of judgment, 
 even though not a technical decision. 
 
 ic. fructum, reward , i.e. the several grades of office he had 
 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 7 1 
 
 already filled : he was now praetor. — amplissimum (emphatic by 
 position), the richest . 
 
 1 6. dilationem, adjournment: there were many things which 
 could break up an assembly and put off the business, especially 
 unfavorable auguries, the announcement of which was a favorite 
 device of politicians. — praetor primus : the eight praetors were 
 regarded as colleagues, and determined their several functions — as 
 urbanus , peregrinus , or president of quaestiones perpetuae — by lot. 
 Praetor primus means, therefore, only that Cicero was the first of 
 the eight who got a majority. If any failed of the requisite number 
 of votes, he must be voted for again ; and if the proceedings were 
 broken off (as, for example, by unfavorable auspices), the whole 
 election began anew, including those already chosen. Hence Cicero 
 was thrice declared elected (ter renuntiatus sum). 
 
 1 8. quid aliis, etc., i.e. to win like distinction. 
 
 59 . 2. nunc, opposed to the time referred to in § 1. — honori- 
 bus, see note, Verr. i. § 36 . 
 
 3. ad agendum (loosely) , for speaking. — vigilanti, wide-awake. 
 
 4. forensi usu, the practice of the forum (where the courts were 
 held). 
 
 8. quoque, i.e. as well as to military or public acts. 
 
 Sect. 3 . atque, and further (emphatic). — laetandum (§ 135. 
 d), a thing to be glad of. 
 
 10. mihi following insolita (§ 232. a ; G. 352 ; H. 388 : ). 
 
 11. ratione, style , i.e. as affected by his new position on the ros- 
 tra. — oratio, language ; orationis, argument (abstracts from oro, 
 in its original sense of to speak). 
 
 13. singulari, unparalleled (as compared with the excellence of 
 others) ; eximia, exalted (as compared with absolute perfection). — 
 virtute, good qualities , generally. 
 
 15. copia, ample material. 
 
 Sect. 4 . atque (the strongest of the copulas), and now , to come 
 to the point. 
 
 19. vectigalibus ac sociis .tributaries and allies (of which latter 
 some were tributary and others not). 
 
 20. infertur, used of offensive war. — Tigrane : he was king of 
 Armenia, and son-in-law of Mithridates. 
 
72 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 Armenia, the mountain region east of Asia Minor, was never thoroughly 
 incorporated in the empire of Alexander, and after his death became an 
 independent kingdom. Tigranes, by help of Mithridates, enlarged his 
 dominions by conquest, and built a new and splendid capital, Tigrano- 
 certa. The two allied kings seemed about to get the mastery of the whole 
 East; but the defeat of Tigranes by Lucullus (b.c. 69), with the capture 
 and destruction of his capital, reduced his short-lived empire to less than 
 its former dimensions. 
 
 21. relictus, i.e. before the contest was fully decided. Tigranes, 
 on the other hand, had been only harassed (lacessitus), not seri- 
 ously attacked. 
 
 22. Asiam : i.e. the province of this name, occupying the western 
 half of Asia Minor, and bordering on the dominions of Mithridates. 
 — equitibus, etc., keep the emphasis by changing the construction : 
 Roman equites are daily receiving , etc. 
 
 24. quorum . . . occupatae, whose large properties , invested in 
 managing your revenues, are endangered. The revenues were 
 farmed out to societates (companies) of publicani , who were mem- 
 bers of the equestrian order (see § 14 ). 
 
 26. necessitudine, close relation : Cicero was of an equestrian 
 
 family. 
 
 Sect. 5 . Bithyniae : this territory had been bequeathed to the 
 Roman republic by Nicomedes III. (b.c. 74). 
 
 29. exustos, burnt to ashes. — Ariobarzanis, king of Cappa- 
 docia, which had been overrun by Mithridates. 
 
 31. Lucullum (see Introd.) : Lucullus was related to both branches 
 of the family of Metellus, and married Clodia, sister of the notorious 
 Publius Clodius. It was chiefly this mischievous demagogue, who 
 was serving with his brother-in-law, that stirred up the dissensions 
 and mutinies which robbed Lucullus of the fruits of his victories. 
 
 32 discedere, is on the point of withdrawing. — huic qui suc- 
 cesserit, his successor , Glabrio.-non satis paratum, not ade- 
 quately furnished. . 
 
 34. sociis, i.e. of Asia; civibus, Romans engaged in business 
 
 there. — imperatorem, in pred. appos. with unum. 
 
 60 . Sect. 6 . agitur, is at stake. 
 
 1 1. certissima, because the province of Asia was the richest and 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 73 
 
 most fruitful of all, and so sure to bring a large price from the 
 publicani. 
 
 12. ornamenta, requisites (from orno, equip). 
 
 Sect. 7 . civls Romanos, etc. This massacre (b.c. 88), in 
 which 80,000 persons perished, was intended by Mithridates as a 
 step to the entire expulsion of the Roman power from Asia. — sig- 
 nificatione litterarum, signal by letter. 
 
 27. luce, contrasted with latebris. — versari, to move freely. 
 
 Sect. 8. etenim, for (you will notice). 
 
 29. triumphavit de, not triumphed over , but had a triumph for 
 a victory over. The word is repeated in emphatic antithesis to the 
 clause sed . . . regnaret : a triumph was (to be sure) enjoyed by , 
 etc. 
 
 The triumphus was the solemn procession in which the imperator 
 entered the city at the head of his victorious army, ascended the Capito- 
 line, and performed sacrifice to Jupiter Capitolinus. The victory must 
 have been a considerable one (5,000 of the enemy must have fallen), won 
 by the commander himself in a war waged against foreign enemies. 
 Triumphs were therefore never celebrated for victories in a civil war. 
 
 32. regnaret, i.e. they left him his kingdom. — verum tamen, 
 
 but still. 
 
 33. quod egerunt , for what they have done: quod implies the 
 antecedent propter id, or a similar phrase. 
 
 35. res publica, the public interest. Sulla hastened to make an 
 unsatisfactory peace, that he might return and restore order in Italy. 
 
 61 . Sect. 9 . autem, now (opposing Mithridates to the Roman 
 generals). — reliquum, that followed. 
 
 5. Bosporanis, people of Bosporus. 
 
 The kingdom of Bosporus (so named from the Cimmerian Bosporus, the 
 entrance to the Sea of Azof) was a flourishing Grecian state, embracing 
 the Crimea and adjoining lands: capital, Panticapceum (Kertsch). This 
 region was then, as now, a chief source of the supply of wheat for Europe. 
 It was seized by Mithridates, who placed his son Machares as ruler there. 
 
 7. ad eos duces, i.e. Sertorius and his comrades. — de imperio, 
 for supremacy. 
 
74 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 Sertorius was the ablest general of the Marian faction in the civil wars. 
 After the victory of Sulla, and the complete overthrow of his own party 
 elsewhere, he continued to hold Spain, where he attempted a new republic, 
 entering into alliance with Mithridates and other enemies of Rome. 
 
 Sect. 10 . alterius corresponds to altera, below. 
 
 13. firm amen ti, outward support ; rob oris, intrinsic strength. 
 
 14. Cn. Pompei : in fact, neither Pompey (“ the boy ”) nor Me- 
 tellus Pius (“ the old woman”) was able to subdue Sertorius, who 
 was treacherously assassinated (b.c. 72). 
 
 17. rerum gestarum, deeds . 
 
 18. haec extrema, these late disasters . 
 
 19. tribuenda, attributable . 
 
 Sect. 11 . animum, feeling. — putetis, i.e. from your point of 
 view. 
 
 30. superbius, too haughtily . 
 
 In B.c. 148, the Roman ambassadors required the Achaean League to 
 give up all its recent acquisitions ; at which the incensed populace insulted 
 the ambassadors and drove them away. In the war that followed, Corinth 
 was captured by Mummius and destroyed, while Greece was made into a 
 province by the name of Achaia. 
 
 32. legatum consularem, Manius Aquilius, colleague of Marius 
 in the consulship (b.c. ioi). 
 
 Aquilius — a man of some distinction, who had earned a triumph in his 
 consulship by suppressing the second slave revolt in Italy, B.c. 100 
 was chief of a board of commissioners sent to Asia for the purpose of 
 restoring to their thrones the kings of Bithynia and Cappadocia, who had 
 been driven from their kingdoms by Mithridates. In this capacity he 
 violated the obligations of his ambassadorial office by commanding the 
 army against Mithridates in conjunction with Lucius Cassius, governor of 
 the province ; but was taken prisoner (B.C. 88), and put to death by 
 molten gold poured down his throat. He was not, of course, protected 
 by the jus legationis , which he had violated ; and Cicero here merely 
 undertakes to work upon the passions of his hearers. 
 
 62 . Sect. 12 . videte, see to it = see whether it be not. — 
 ut, as , correl. with sic. — illis, i.e. your ancestors. 
 
 5. non posse, subj. of sit. 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 75 
 
 6. quid? a regular formula of transition: again . — periculum ac 
 discrimen, # dangerous crisis : the former word signifying the trial ; 
 the latter, the decision. The Latin language, or any other in the 
 hands of a skilful master, is fond of presenting the same idea from 
 several points of view ; and our impression of the tautology comes 
 from lack of knowledge of the meaning of the words. 
 
 12. exspectare, look to. 
 
 13. certum } a particular. 
 
 13. sine summo periculo, i.e. by offending Lucullus and Glabrio. 
 
 Sect. 13 . propter, at hand. — quo, abl. of difference with 
 aegrius. — adventu ipso, by his mere coming. 
 
 19. maritimum : the war against the pirates had just been finished 
 by Pompey with great glory. 
 
 22. ceterarum provinciarum : the Gabinian law gave Pompey 
 power over the entire Mediterranean, and the coasts fifty miles in- 
 land. The province of Bithynia, and most of Asia, were therefore 
 excluded (not Greece, however 5 but Graecia in § 12 may mean the 
 Greek cities in Asia). The Manilian law extended this power over 
 the entire East. 
 
 23. quorum . . . commendetis, worthy for you to , etc. 
 
 25. ejus modi homines, men of that stamp : the expression is 
 none too strong for the average type of provincial governors. 
 
 Sect. 14 . The events here alluded to are the following : — 
 
 Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, was defeated by Scipio Asiaticus 
 at Magnesia, B.C. 190. Philip V., king of Macedonia, was defeated by 
 Flamininus, at Cynoscephalse, B.C. 197. The ^Etolians had helped Rome 
 against Philip, and then joined Antiochus against her. They were obliged 
 to submit after the battle of Magnesia. Carthage had been forced into a 
 third war in B.C. 149, and was taken and destroyed by Scipio ACmilianus 
 in B.C. 146. Notice, however, that it is the motive of these wars {propter 
 socios) , not the events themselves, that make the argument here. 
 
 63 . agitur, etc., it is a question of your richest revenues . 
 
 The province of Asia, like Sicily (see note on aratorum f Verr. i. § 13), 
 paid the tenth of all products, decumae. The collection of this was farmed 
 out by the censors to companies of publicani. This method was instituted 
 by Caius Gracchus, in order to gain over to his side the equestrian order, 
 
76 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 to which the publicans belonged. All other provinces regularly paid a 
 stipendium, or fixed tax, which they raised themselves. (See, on the 
 whole subject, " Roman Provincial Administration,” by W. T. Arnold.) 
 
 The description given below of Asia Minor is no longer true, since bad 
 government and bad cultivation (particularly the destruction of its forests) 
 have exhausted its remarkable natural wealth. 
 
 2. tanta, so great [only]. 
 
 3. vix contenti, i.e. they will hardly pay the costs of their own 
 defence. 
 
 5 . agrorum, whence the tithes of grain, etc. 
 
 6. pastionis, pasture land , let to publicans, who paid a tax called 
 scriptura (so called from the register that was made of the number 
 of the cattle grazing on the pastures). — exportantur : the port or ia 
 were tolls and customs’ duties paid upon goods both exported and 
 imported : the rate was 2 \, or (in Sicily) 5 per cent ad valorem . 
 
 Sect. 15. inruptio, inroad. 
 
 15 . pecuaria, etc.: parallel with the classification of vectigalia, 
 given before : portu, etc., repeat them inversely. 
 
 Sect. 16. exercent, manage, refers to the societates publicano- 
 rum , who took contracts for collecting the revenues ; exigunt, col- 
 lect, to the agents and slaves who attended to the details of the 
 collection. 
 
 23 . excursio, cavalry-raid . 
 
 25 . familias, see note, R. A. § 35. It must be remembered that 
 the Roman slaves were not merely rude Gauls and Thracians, but 
 educated Greeks and Asiatics. They served in noble families as 
 secretaries, stewards, and tutors ; and would naturally be employed 
 by the great tax-collecting corporations as agents and servants. — 
 saltibus, mountain pastures . Here again we have allusion to three 
 classes of revenue: scriptura (in saltibus), decumae (in agris), 
 portoria (in portubus). 
 
 26. custodiis, coast-guards , stationed to prevent smuggling, at 
 the custom-houses and toll-houses. 
 
 28. posse, will be able , in connection with conservaritis (fut. 
 perf.). 
 
 Sect. 17. ne . . . quidem, not . . . either. 
 
 33. quod pertinet, which bears upon y etc. The antecedent is 
 
 genere. 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 77 
 
 35. nam et corresponds to deinde (§ 18 ). 
 
 36. honestissimi, respectable ; ornatissimi, well-provided, i.e. 
 with the requisites for their enterprise, being men of wealth. 
 
 64 . rationes, business enterprises ; copias, fortunes . — in 
 illam provinciam, i.e. the farming of revenues. 
 
 2. ipsorum, etc for their own sake . 
 
 5. ceterorum ordinum, i.e. the senators and commonalty. 
 
 Sect. 18 . ex ceteris ordinibus appears here to refer to humbler 
 men, who carried on business in the provinces, as well as, perhaps, 
 to senators who had money loaned there. 
 
 8. eorum (redundant) limits partim. 
 
 9. conlocatas, invested. 
 
 13. primum answers to deinde, § 19 . — illud parvi refert, etc., 
 
 it is of slight consequence that we can afterwards win back by vie - 
 tory : publica either agrees with vectigalia, or may be taken abso- 
 lutely, omitting the doubtful word vectigalia ; his, i.e. the publicani. 
 
 15. redimendi, leasing the revenues : the word regularly used for 
 taking a contract by bid. 
 
 Sect. 19 . memoria, loc. abl. (§ 254. a\ G. 387 ; H. 425 1 * 2 ). 
 
 19. cum amiserant (statement of fact in absolute time, § 325. a ; 
 G. 582 ; H. 521. ii. 1 ), when (as you remember), etc. 
 
 20. solutione . . . concidisse (description of a financial panic), 
 when payments were suspended , credit fell. Similar panics in 
 recent times may help us conceive the political importance of com- 
 merce in antiquity. 
 
 22. ut non trahant, without dragging. 
 
 24. prohibete : this verb is used, like defendere, in the sense 
 either of ward off , or of defend. 
 
 25. ratio pecuniarum, system of money transactions . 
 
 26. in foro, see Verr. vi. § 4 . — versatur, centres. 
 
 27. pecuniis, finances. — ruere, be ruined. — ilia, haec, used of 
 distance in place. 
 
 29. num . . . sit, whether you ought to hesitate : dubitandum, 
 impersonal, and followed (as usu^l in this sense) by the infinitive. 
 
 Sect. 20. potest (emphatic position), etc., it may be said 
 (in answer to my argument). — belli genus, i.e. the war, in its 
 character . 
 
78 
 
 Notes : Cicero. 
 
 65 . elaborandum est, i.e. / must , etc. 
 
 6 . ornatas, equipped ; instructas, organized . 
 
 8. obsessam, invested ; oppugnatam, attacked by the active 
 operations of siege. This was B.c. 74* 
 
 Sect. 21. ad Italiam : the fleet which Mithridates was despatch- 
 ing to Italy, with a contingent furnished by Sertorius, was defeated 
 by Lucullus near the island Lemnos. — studio, zeal for one party ; 
 odio, hate for the other. 
 
 1 6. Pontum, i.e. the Euxine Sea. 
 
 17. ex omni aditu, at every approach . 
 
 18. Sinopen, Amisum, towns on the north coast of Asia Minor. 
 In fact, they both made a very stubborn resistance.— uno aditu, etc., 
 may be meant only to apply to the “ numerous other cities/’ 
 
 20. aditu, approach ; adventu, arrival. (See note, § 12.) 
 
 22. alios reges * his son Machares, king of Bosporus, and his 
 son-in-law Tigranes, king of Armenia. (“All Cicero’s talk about 
 the campaign of Lucullus is so vague that it is impossible to extract 
 a fact out of it.” — Long.) 
 
 28. salvis, i.e. without harming the allies : integris, without im- 
 pairing the revenues. 
 
 Sect. 22. requiretur, the question will be asked (emph.). 
 
 31. primum : the corresponding particles are omitted; the next 
 point begins at § 23. 
 
 33. Ponto : on whose eastern shore was Colchis, the scene of the 
 adventures of the Argonauts and the golden fleece. 
 
 34. quam praedicant, who , as they tell. (The usual sign of 
 indir. disc., that , cannot be used with a relative in English.) 
 
 35. persequeretur, was likely to follow. The same form would 
 be used without praedicat, as informal indir. disc. (§ 34°) • 
 
 36. conlectio dispersa, the scattered gathering , giving vividly 
 the idea of his wandering about to pick them up. 
 
 66 . vim auri, etc., the immense treasures which Mithridates 
 had accumulated in his several fortresses came into the hands of 
 Lucullus : not money simply, but works of art, etc. 
 
 3. quas et . . . et = quas par tim . . . par tim. 
 
 6. dum with pres. (§ 276. e\ G. 572; H. 467 4 ). 
 
 7. ilium, hos, denote distance and nearness of time . Render, to 
 keep the emphasis, he was detained by. etc. 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 79 
 
 Sect. 23. Tigranes : he did not, however, welcome his father- 
 in-law, but for some time treated him coldly and suspiciously. 
 
 io. confirmavit, reassured. — * is nationibus, near Armenia. 
 
 14. quas numquam : the Romans had no designs upon these 
 nations, which therefore had no cause to revolt. 
 
 16. opinio, notion. — fani: “ The temple of the Persian Nanaea, 
 or Anaitis, in Elymais or the modern Luristan [that part of Susiana 
 nearest to the Euphrates], the most celebrated and the richest 
 shrine in the whole region of the Euphrates.'” (Mommsen.) Such 
 a rumor would at once fire the population of the whole East. 
 
 21 . urbem: Tigranocerta, the new capital of Tigranes, situated 
 in the south-west part of his kingdom, near the river Tigris. The 
 city was destroyed by Lucullus. 
 
 24. commovebatur, was affected. After all his successes, Lu- 
 cullus had made somewhat the same mistake as Napoleon in his 
 Russian expedition, and had found himself in an awkward situation, far 
 from his base of operations, and in the midst of infuriated enemies. 
 
 Sect. 24. hie, on this point. — extremum, the last thing to be 
 expected. 
 
 32. opes . . . misericordiam, a short expression for “win over 
 to pity and draw out their resources.” 
 
 34. ut . . . videatur, a result-clause following qui . . . regno, 
 which implies the motive. 
 
 67 . Sect. 25. ut . . . attingeret, in appos. with eo follow- 
 ing contentus. (It should regularly be quod with the indie., but 
 the form appears to be determined by acciderat.) 
 
 5 . poetae : Naevius, who wrote a Bellum Punicum, and Ennius, 
 author of Annates , recounting events of Roman history. Both 
 lived in the third century B.C. 
 
 7 . calamitatem : defeat of Triarius (b.C. 67), who was leading 
 reinforcements to Lucullus. Only a severe wound of Mithridates 
 saved the Roman army from utter destruction. 
 
 9 . sermone, common talk. 
 
 Sect. 26. offensione, disaster (a mild word). — tamen, i.e. 
 though it was so disastrous. 
 
 12 . vestro jussu, i.e. the Gabinian law (see Introd.). — imperii: 
 the military imperium was held by the highest grades of magis- 
 
8o 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 trates, and could be extended after the term of office by the Senate. 
 The holder of a command thus extended ( prorogatum ) was called 
 proconsul or propraetor. — diuturnitati : Lucullus had now held 
 command seven years, from B.c. 74. 
 
 13. vetere exemplo, by old precedent. 
 
 14. stipendiis, properly, pay ; here, campaigns . 
 
 18. agitatae : i.e. by apprehensions as well for their independence 
 as for their religion. — integrae gentes, the other Asiatic nations 
 that would be drawn into the war. 
 
 Sect. 27 . satis . . . videor, / have shown , as I think, at sufficient 
 length. (Latin prefers the single personal clause to our impersonal 
 parenthetical form, “I, as it seems.”) 
 
 21. esset, is (imperfect by sequence of tenses). 
 
 25. utinam haberetis, I wish you had (§ 267 ; G. 254 ; H. 483). 
 
 280 nunc vero, but now (opposed to the hopeless wish, utinam). 
 
 — cum sit, where there is (subj. of charact., as, in general, when- 
 ever cum is followed by the subjunctive). 
 
 29. unus, but one. — Pompeius, etc. This wonderful exaggera- 
 tion, which puts the exploits of Pompey above those of Alexander, 
 Hannibal, Scipio, and other generals of antiquity, probably suited 
 well enough the temper of the assembly. 
 
 31. virtute, excellence (not valor only). 
 
 34. scientiam, etc. : see the illustration of these qualities in 
 the following sections, down to § 48 . 
 
 68. Sect. 28 . bello, etc., abl. of circumstance. 
 
 2. ad patris exercitum : Pompey, then seventeen years old, 
 served with his father, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, consul, B.c. 89, the last 
 year of the Social War. — summi imperatoris : his father, who 
 commanded on the side of the Senate against Cinna, B.C. 87. 
 
 5. imperator : in B.c. 83 the young Pompey raised an army — 
 largely from his father’s immense estates in Picenum — and joined 
 Sulla, who complimented him as imperator , although he had not 
 yet held even the quaestorship. 
 
 6. quisquam : for the use of this word after comparative as well 
 as negative constructions, compare the French ne after que (than). 
 
 — inimico, a private adversary (e.g. before a court). 
 
 10. imperiis. The first civil office held by Pompey was the con- 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 81 
 
 sulship (b.c. 70) : all his former offices he exercised as a simple 
 eques equo publico (see note, Verr. i. § 1 ). When the censors, in 
 his consulship, held the transvectio equitum, or formal inspection of 
 the equites equis publicis , and asked him the usual question whether 
 be had served all his campaigns, “All,” he answered, “and all 
 under my own imperium .” 
 
 13. civile, the war of Cinna and Sulla. — Africanum, the war 
 with Hiarbas of Numidia ; Transalpinum, certain hostilities in Gaul, 
 on his way to Spain ; Hispaniense, the war of Sertorius ; servile : 
 Pompey, on his return from Spain (b.c. 71), fell in with and cut to 
 pieces the remnants of the troops of Spartacus ; navale, the war 
 with the pirates, in which Pompey was at present engaged. 
 
 Sect. 30. Bicilia. After Sulla’s final victory in Italy, in which 
 he was materially aided by the young Pompey, he intrusted to him 
 the subjugation of Sicily and Africa, where Carbo, with the remnants 
 of his power, had taken refuge. 
 
 69 . iterum : in extirpating the last remains of the insurrection 
 of Spartacus; saepius must include his earlier campaigns in Italy, 
 in Sulla’s time. The whole passage is a rhetorical exaggeration. 
 
 Sect. 31. omnes orae, etc. There was no extravagance in this : 
 the suppression of piracy was the most glorious part of Pompey’s 
 career. 
 
 15. tam vetus : the piratical forces were made up of the wreck 
 of those numberless armies beaten and broken up in the wars of the 
 past half-century or more. When the lesser states lost their inde- 
 pendence, their bravest men would often prefer the outlaw freedom 
 of piracy to personal slavery, or even to political subjugation. In 
 fact, the pirate state in Cilicia made a sort of independent republic, 
 unrecognized and defiant. 
 
 Sect. 32. 26. propugnaculis, outworks. 
 
 29. Brundisio : i.e. the short passage to Greece. — legati : the 
 case is not known ; probably not an ambassador, but a military aid. 
 The plural is perhaps used rhetorically for the singular. 
 
 33. duodecim secures, twelve lictors, who carried axes in bun- 
 dles of rods ( fasces ), the symbol of the military imperium. The 
 praetors in Rome were attended by two lictors; as governors of 
 provinces, they had six : here, two prcztors. 
 
82 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 Sect. 33. Cnidum, etc. : all of these were important cities, 
 although none of them were of the first rank. 
 
 36. vestros portus : i.e. those of Cajeta, Misenum, and Ostia, 
 mentioned below. 
 
 70. vitam ac spiritum, i.e. ports of entry are the breath of 
 life to a state like Rome, which must import its daily supplies of 
 food. 
 
 2. potestatem : acc., because it is implied that they fell into their 
 power. — Cajetae, now Gaeta , a port on the southern coast of 
 Latium : who was the praetor here referred to is not known. 
 
 4. Miseno, the northern promontory of the Bay of Naples : it 
 had a fine harbor, which, under the empire, became the principal 
 naval station of the Tuscan Sea. 
 
 5. liberos, a rhetorical use of the plural for the singular, also 
 illustrating the masculine form for either sex : it was a daughter of 
 the distinguished orator Marcus Antonius, who had celebrated a 
 triumph for a victory over the pirates, b.c. 102. 
 
 7. Ostiense : Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, was the seaport 
 of Rome : the harbor, however, was choked up with sand, and early 
 in the empire it was necessary to construct another artificial harbor 
 in its place. It is not known who was the consul here referred to. 
 
 9. consul : the dignity of the commander showing the importance 
 of the fleet. 
 
 10. esset, subj. of charact. 
 
 11. tantam . . . lucem : the position of these words emphasizes 
 those enclosed by them. 
 
 15. Oceani ostium, the Strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 Sect. 34. sunt, agreeing directly with haec, instead of est with 
 the indir. question as subject (compare acc. of anticip. § 334. c ; G. 
 470; H. 529. ii. 2 ). 
 
 21. tanti belli, etc., the sweep of so great a war sped over the sea. 
 
 Sect. 35. The geographical allusions may be explained as 
 follows : — 
 
 Hispaniis : Spain was occupied by Rome, in the time of the Second 
 Punic War, and made into two Provinces : H. Citerior, extending to the 
 Iberus (afterwards enlarged so as to comprise half the peninsula) , H. 
 Ulterior, the territory beyond. — Gallia : Gallia Transalpina (or Narbo- 
 
The Maniliau Law . 
 
 83 
 
 nensis), the whole southern coast of Gaul, was made into a province, 
 B . C . 1 20. — Illyrici Maris : Illyria was always a chief seat of piracy: it 
 had been dependent upon Rome since B.C. 178. — Achaiam : this term 
 was usually applied to the Peloponnesus, so that by Grsecia is here intended 
 Hellas proper. The independence of Greece ceased with the capture of 
 Corinth by Mummius, B.C. 146, when the province of Macedonia was 
 organized, comprising the entire peninsula; still the chief part of Greece 
 remained nominally free, and no regular province was organized until the 
 time of Augustus, when it was made into the province of Achaia. Duo 
 maria , the Adriatic Sea ( Mare Superuni ), and the Tyrrhenian {Mare 
 Inferuni). — Ciliciam : Cilicia aspera , the western part, had been, since 
 B.C. 103, the regular post of a praetor or propraetor (see Verr. i. § 11). 
 Pompey completed the conquest of the whole country, and organized it 
 as a province, B.C. 64. — Cretensibus : Quintus Metellus, the proconsul 
 (the friend of Verres), had reduced Crete nearly to submission, deriving 
 from this his cognomen Creticus. The Cretans, alienated by his harshness, 
 sent to Pompey, that he, rather than Metellus, might receive their surren- 
 der, which Pompey was very willing to do. Civil war nearly broke out 
 between the two commanders in consequence. Pompey, however, who 
 had his hands full in Asia, withdrew from the field and left the honors to 
 his rival. 
 
 71. quo . . . premebantur, of which war . . . felt the weight . 
 
 Sect. 36. quid ceterae? how with the others ? 
 
 12 . administrae, handmaids . 
 
 13. innocentia : the word especially used to denote cleanness of 
 hands in the governor of a province (see Verr. i. § 34 ). 
 
 15. quae, subj. of sint (neuter, as referring to different genders) ; 
 translate these. 
 
 Sect. 37. putare (in its earlier meaning of reckon), etc., count 
 as such . — centuriatus : the office of centurion. Two centurions 
 commanded each manipulus of 120 men. The Legion was divided 
 into thirty maniples ; and after the time of Marius, also into ten 
 cohorts of three maniples each : under the empire the maniple was 
 divided into two centuriae, each commanded by a centurion. The 
 centurions were advanced from the ranks by appointment of the 
 commander : hence venire. 
 
 23. aerario : the treasury was in the Temple of Saturn, under 
 the superintendence of the two city quaestors. The actual manage- 
 
8 4 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 ment of the funds was in the hands of a large body of clerks, scribae , 
 who formed a permanent collegium, 
 
 24. provinciae, sc. retinendae : for which he desired the influ- 
 ence of the magistrates. Nothing is known as to the circumstances 
 here hinted at. 
 
 26. in quaestu, on speculation . — facit ut, etc., shows that you 
 know (compare note, § 24). 
 
 Sect. 38. recordamini, protasis (§ 310. b\ G. 600; H. 487 s ). 
 
 35. quid existimetis, in dir. disc, it would be the same form, as 
 dubitative subj, (§ 268 ; G. 251 ; H. 486. ii.). 
 
 72. urbls, acc. — hibernis : notice the strong antithesis ; so- 
 ciorum limits civitates. 
 
 2. neque enim, etc for lam sure it is impossible that , etc. 
 
 4. judicando : a great part of the imperator’s business would be 
 deciding cases of extortion by the publicani , who were of the same 
 class ( equites ) that held the judicial power in Rome. By favoring 
 them, he might purchase immunity for himself, if brought to trial on 
 a similar charge. 
 
 Sect. 39 . manus, vestigium: i.e. not only was there no inten- 
 tional violence, but no unintended evils followed in its train. 
 
 9. jam, here simply a particle of transition, made emphatic by 
 vero : that which follows refers to the winter quarters. 
 
 10 . sermones, reports , by way of common talk. — ut . . . faciat, 
 to incur expense in entertaining officers and soldiers. 
 
 12. enim : the connection is, “and in this he follows old custom, 
 for , etc. — hiemis .from winter (obj. gen.) ; avaritiae, for avarice 
 (subj. gen.). 
 
 Sect. 40. celeritatem, speed ; cursum, extent of travel, 
 
 17. non . . . quaedam . . . aliqui, it was not that some , etc. 
 
 18. remigum : galleys, worked by oars and independent of the 
 wind, were generally used as war vessels. In the Mediterranean 
 (particularly in the Barbary states) their use was continued till a 
 very late day; and for some purposes they are still employed. 
 Their trained crews of rowers gave them a speed hardly less than 
 that of steam-vessels. 
 
 23 . amoenitas, used of objects of sight, beauty of scenery, etc. 
 
 24. labor, toil , always with the sense of effort and fatigue. 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 85 
 
 25 . signa, statues', tabulas, pictures (on wood). 
 
 Sect. 41. hac continentia, i.e. such as his. 
 
 32 . jam videbatur, was now getting to seem . 
 
 33. nunc: notice the emphatic repetition (“ anaphora”). 
 
 36. servire quam imperare, a rhetorical exaggeration for pre- 
 ferring the condition of subject allies to nominal independence. 
 The language may also refer to such cases as that of Attalus, king 
 of Pergamus, who left his kingdom by bequest to Rome, B.c. 133. 
 
 73 - Sect. 42. consilio, etc., compare § 36. 
 
 6 . ipso, of itself 
 
 7 . hoc loco, the Rostra. 
 
 8. fidem vero, etc. : render, and as to his good faith , etc., chang- 
 ing the construction so as to keep the emphasis. So quam, etc., 
 when the enemy esteemed it , etc. (contrasting hostes with socios) . 
 
 12. pugnantes, in battle ; victi, in defeat . 
 
 Sect. 43. auctoritas — reputation. 
 
 18. imperio militari, distinguished from the imperium domi , or 
 the authority of the consul and praetor within the city, which was 
 subject to intervention and appeal. 
 
 23. ut . . . ament, clause of result, following commoveri. 
 
 28. judicia, i.e. by conferring offices and commands. 
 
 Sect. 44 . illius diei, i.e. of the proposal of the Lex Gabinia , 
 which conferred upon Pompey the command against the pirates. 
 
 33. commune, i.e. against pirates, enemies of all mankind. 
 
 35. aliorum exemplis, i.e. it is not necessary to cite the examples 
 of others ; his own history furnishes enough. 
 
 74. Sect. 45. proelio, the defeat of Triarius (see § 25). 
 
 6. potuisset : the condition is concealed in in summa ubertate , 
 etc. 
 
 10 . provincia, i.e. Asia. 
 
 1 1 . discrimen, the turning point . 
 
 12 . ad eas regiones, i.e. only into the neighborhood , as Pompey’s 
 authority did not reach the seat of war. This force is given by the 
 preposition ad : in would mean into. 
 
 Sect. 46. ilia res, in appos. with quod . . . dediderunt. 
 
 23 . Cretensium. The towns of the same region or race were 
 
86 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 often united in leagues or confederacies, chiefly for religious pur- 
 poses. After the Roman conquest, such communia were sometimes 
 left in existence, and even new ones were organized, and these were 
 invested with some subordinate political function. The existence 
 of a commune Cretensium is known from inscriptions. (For the 
 incident here referred to, see § 35 .) 
 
 27. ad eundem, i.e. rather than Quintus Metellus Pius (referred 
 to by ei quibus), who also had a command in Spain. Nothing is 
 known of any such embassy, but from the apologetic tone of what 
 follows, it may be inferred that there was no great honor in the 
 affair. 
 
 29. eum quern, one who . — ei quibus, while they , etc., i.e. those 
 jealous of Pompey’s reputation. 
 
 75 . Sect. 47. felicitate : in this quality is implied a special 
 favor of the gods, which it would be presumptuous to arrogate to 
 one’s self, although Sulla had done so by assuming the cognomen 
 Felix (see R. A. § 12 ). 
 
 5. Maximo: Quintus Fabius Maximus, “the shield of Rome”; 
 Marcello: Marcus Claudius Marcellus, “the sword of Rome,” 
 both in the Second Punic War. — Scipioni : either Africanus the 
 elder, or yEmilianus : from § 60 it might appear to be the latter. — 
 Mario : Caius Marius, who vanquished Jugurtha, subdued the 
 Cimbri and Teutones, and afterwards (b.c. 88) engaged in civil 
 war with Sulla. 
 
 7. saepius, repeatedly : Marius was consul seven times. 
 
 8. fuit (emphatic), there really has been ; fortuna is also em- 
 phatic. 
 
 15. invisa, i.e. presumptuous. 
 
 Sect. 48. non sum praedicaturus : this affectation of silence 
 
 is called praeteritio. 
 
 24. proprium ac perpetuum, secured to him for ever . 
 
 25. cum (the general) . . . turn (the particular), not less . . . than 
 for the man hhnself \ 
 
 Sect. 49. cum, etc., a recapitulation. 
 
 33. quin conferatis, § 319. d\ G. 550; H. 501. ii. 2 . 
 
 76 . Sect. 50 . erat deligendus, § 308. b ; G. 246. R. 1 ; H.511. 
 
The Manilian Law. 
 
 87 
 
 2 . nunc, as it is. 
 
 4. eis qui habent, i.e. Lucullus, Glabrio, and Marcius Rex. 
 
 Sect. 51. at enim (objection), but, you will say. — adfectus, 
 — enjoying. 
 
 19. Catulus : Quintus Lutatius Catulus, at this time the leader of 
 the senatorial party ; an estimable man and an experienced states- 
 man, but no soldier. The benejicia amplissima are the successive 
 offices that had been conferred upon him. 
 
 12 . Hortensius, the leading lawyer of the time (see oration 
 against Verres). 
 
 16 . virorum, etc., see § 68 . 
 
 Sect. 52. obsolevit, etc., is out of date. 
 
 28. Gabinium, see Introd. ; and compare the oration Post Redi- 
 tum , chap. v. 
 
 29 . promulgasset, had given notice of. 
 
 30. ex hoc ipso loco, i.e. in the public discussion of the law, 
 before the vote, in the contio (see § 1 ). Laws did not require any 
 ratification by the Senate. The expression of opinion by Hortensius 
 must therefore have been in an informal discussion, after the pro- 
 mulgation of the law. 
 
 Sect. 53. hanc, i.e. which we have now. 
 
 35. an implies a strong negative (§ 21 1. b\ G. 459; H. 353. N. 4 ). 
 
 36. legati, etc. (see §§ 32, 33). 
 
 77. commeatu, etc., i.e. by the embargo on their trade. — 
 neque jam, no longer. 
 
 Sect. 54. Atheniensium : the Athenian empire of the sea, in 
 the fifth century B.C., resulted from the great victories in the Per- 
 sian War. 
 
 7. Karthaginiensium : the maritime power of Carthage was at 
 its height in the third century b.c. 
 
 8. Rhodiorum : the city of Rhodes was the chief naval power 
 of the Mediterranean during the last three centuries before Christ : 
 its power was broken B.c. 42, at its capture by Cassius. 
 
 Sect. 55. Antiochum : Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, 
 defeated at Magnesia, B.c. 190. 
 
 19. Persen : Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, defeated at 
 Pydna, B.c. 168. 
 
88 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 20. Karthaginiensis : Carthage was mistress of the sea at the 
 time when the wars with Rome began 5 but in the First Punic War 
 she was beaten at her own weapons. 
 
 22. ei repeats 110s ■. 'we , i.e. that nation. — prae stare, warrant. 
 
 25. Delos, a very small island in the Algean Sea, sacred as the 
 birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. It has an excellent harbor, and 
 this, added to its peculiar sanctity, gave it high importance. It was 
 the nominal seat of the confederacy of which Athens was the head, 
 after the Persian Wars, and had at all times a flourishing commerce. 
 In the time of Cicero it was the great slave market of the world, 
 10,000 slaves being sometimes sold here in a single day. 
 
 30. Appia Via, the principal highway of Italy, running from 
 Rome to the next town in importance, Capua, and afterwards 
 extended to Brundisium. It was begun by Appius Claudius Caecus, 
 in his censorship, B.c. 312. — jam, at length. 
 
 ^ 1 . pudebat : notice the tense. No special case is referred to, 
 but it is implied that any magistrate ought to have felt shame, see- 
 ing that the beaks of ships, rostra, were the trophy over a naval 
 power. 
 
 78 . Sect. 57 . ne legaretur: see §317; G. 545 s ; H. 497. 
 
 A legatus, in the military sense, was a person delegated by the Senate 
 to accompany a commanding officer, or the governor of a province. The 
 appointment was generally made on the nomination, or with the concur- 
 rence, of the commander. The legatus performed independent duties, 
 such as are now performed by officers detailed from the regular line, and 
 was only like a staff-officer in his close and confidential connection with 
 the chief. He might be assigned to military or other duties by the com- 
 mander, and Caesar introduced the practice of appointing one as special 
 commander of each legion. The regular number of legati was two or 
 three, but Pompey received 15 by the Gabinian law, to whom 10 more 
 were afterwards added. Sometimes the legatus was a man of higher rank 
 and greater experience than the commander himself, as notably in the case 
 of P. Scipio Africanus, who thus attended his brother Lucius in Asia. 
 
 10. expetenti, earnestly requesting ; postulanti, demanding (as 
 a right). 
 
 Sect. 58 . C. Falcidius, etc. : it is usually said that there was a 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 89 
 
 law prohibiting any person from receiving an appointment under a 
 law proposed by himself. Mommsen, however {Rom. St. ii. 545, 
 n. 5), holds that this was not the obstacle; but that, being tribune 
 when the law was passed, he could not qualify for the place, and, 
 when he ceased to hold this office, the fifteen places were already 
 filled. 
 
 20. honoris causa, see note on Rose. Am. § 5 . — plebi, old gen. 
 
 22. diligentes, scrupulous . 
 
 26. me . . . relaturum, I pledge myself to bring it before the 
 Senate . 
 
 To bring business before the Senate {referre ad Senatuni) was in 
 Cicero’s power as prsetor. There would be no legal hindrance to Gabin- 
 ius being legatus under the Manilian law, although there had been under 
 the law proposed by himself ( lex Gabinia'). The praetor could, however, 
 be forbidden by the edict of the consul (who possessed major potestas) 
 from bringing forward any business which was not on the order of the 
 day. If, in spite of the edict, he should persist, as he threatens, the act 
 would nevertheless be valid. The intercession of a tribune, however, he 
 would be obliged to respect. 
 
 28. edictum: the official proclamation or announcement of a 
 magistrate ; not, however, of a tribune, whose act was intercession 
 which could stop any political action. 
 
 31. considerabunt, i.e. hesitate before they set themselves against 
 the will of the people. 
 
 33. socius : not as legatus (if it referred to an official position, 
 adscribetur would be used, as referring to the future), but simply 
 as partner in his former honor and credit, — the whole being an 
 argument for giving him the office now. 
 
 79. Sect. 59. cum quaereret : compare cum dixistis, just 
 below (§ 325; G. 582, 586; H. 521 2 ). 
 
 3. si . . . esset, if anything should happen to him , — a common 
 euphemism, then as now. 
 
 10. quo minus . . . hoc magis, § 250. R. ; G. 400 ; H. 423. 
 
 Sect. 60 . at enim, see § 51 . 
 
 14. exempla, precedents ; instituta, established customs. 
 
 t6 . paruisse, adcommodasse : i.e. they disregarded precedents 
 
90 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 in great emergencies, — a course which thus became itself a con- 
 trolling and ruinous precedent. 
 
 17. temporum, depends on casus, consiliorum on rationes 
 (chiastic order). 
 
 18. non dicam fpraeteritio ), / will not speak of, 
 
 19. ab uno imperatore : Scipio Africanus the younger (/Emili- 
 anus), who captured Carthage (b.C. 146) and Numantia (b.c. 133). 
 At this time it was a law that no person should be consul twice. 
 
 23. C. Mario: Marius was chosen consul five years in succes- 
 sion, to carry on the wars here referred to. 
 
 Sect. 61. quam . . . nova: here certainly the orator makes a 
 point. For the several circumstances, see notes on §§ 28-30. 
 
 29. privatum, i.e. not a magistrate. 
 
 30. conficere, make up , the technical expression for recruiting an 
 army. 
 
 34. a senatorio gradu : the Senate could not be entered until 
 after holding the quaestorship, the legal age for which was thirty at 
 least, and regularly thirty-six, while Pompey was at this time (B.c. 
 82) only twenty-three. 
 
 36. in ea provincia, i.e. Africa (Momm. Rom. St. i. p. 47 °)* 
 fuit, etc., to render the force of the passage, say, he was in com- 
 mand , ajid showed the qualities described. 
 
 80 . exercitum deportavit : this was one of the essential con- 
 ditions of the triumph. 
 
 3. equitem, i.e. having never held a magistracy, and so not being 
 a member of the Senate. 
 
 4. triumphare : the honor of a triumph was properly accorded 
 only to commanders who possessed the imperium in virtue of hold- 
 ing a regular magistracy (Momm. Rom . St. i. p. 109). Pompey s 
 imperium was held irregularly, by special appointment of the Sen- 
 ate : both his triumphs, therefore, in B.C. 80 and Ji, were irregular, 
 which accounts for the vehement opposition they met. 
 
 Sect. 62. duo consules: i.e. Mamercus Lepidus and Decimus 
 Brutus, B.C. 77 . Instead of either of these being sent to Spain as 
 proconsul the next year, against Sertorius, Pompey, a simple eques> 
 was designated for that service. 
 
 10. quidem, by the way • — non nemo, a man or two . 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 9 l 
 
 12. Philippus, a prominent member of the aristocracy (consul, 
 B.c. 91), distinguished for his wit; a man of liberal temper, but a 
 vehement partisan. (For an entertaining anecdote of him, see 
 Horace, Ep. i. 7 *) 
 
 13. pro consulibus, in place of both consuls . 
 
 When it was desired to retain the services of a magistrate after his 
 term of office had expired, his imperium was extended {prorogatum} by 
 the Senate, and was held by him pro consule or pro praetore , that is, as 
 having the power of the magistracy, while no longer actually a magistrate. 
 It was only the military i?7iperium that was prorogued : its authority did 
 not extend within the walls of Rome, and of course the proconsul possessed 
 none of the civil powers of the consul within the city, as, for instance, 
 the right of calling together the Senate or an assembly of the people 
 (Momm. Rom. St. i. pp. 143 and 155). Sometimes a private citizen, like 
 Pompey, was invested with the imperium , and called proconsul; but this 
 irregular proconsulship did not rank with the prorogued imperium of a 
 regular magistrate, and did not entitle to the honois of a triumph. 
 
 14. mittere, for mitto of dir. disc. The simple present, along 
 with sententia , seems a regular form of giving one’s opinion in the 
 Senate. 
 
 15. duorum, another exaggeration: only one of these would at 
 any rate have gone as proconsul. — ex senatus consulto : another 
 irregularity, for the co77iitia were the law-making power, and of 
 course had the sole power of exempting from the laws. 
 
 17. legibus solutus, exempted from the operation of the laws , 
 i.e. those limiting the age of magistrates ( leges annales). 
 
 18. magistratum: the legal age of a consul was forty-three, and 
 that of a praetor forty. Pompey was consul B.C. 70, at the age of 
 thirty-six, which was the regular age for the quaestorship. 
 
 19. iterum : Pompey celebrated his second triumph Dec. 31, B.c. 
 7 1, and the next day entered upon the consulship. 
 
 Sect. 63 . auctoritate, i.e. since they were then prominent 
 members of the Senate. 
 
 29. comprobatam : i.e. the people, in electing Pompey consul, 
 had only followed the example of the Senate in conferring these 
 repeated honors. 
 
 30. j u dicium, fomnal decisio 7 i , i.e. in the Gabinian law. 
 
92 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 35. delegistis : this is not literally correct. The Gabinian law 
 merely prescribed that an ex-consul should receive this command : 
 the Senate selected the man. In fact, however, it was a law made 
 for a particular man, and the Senate would not have ventured to 
 appoint any other. 
 
 81 . Sect. 64 . parum (same root as parvus), too little , or 
 ill. — sin : the protasis extends to attulistis. 
 
 6. auctoritati, § 230; G. 208; H. 385. i. 
 
 7. Asiatico et regio : the two adjectives enhance the impres- 
 sion of the difficulty of the war, by emphasizing its distance and 
 the dignity of the enemy. 
 
 13. pudore, respect for others; temperantia, self-restraint . 
 
 Sect. 65 . jam : i.e. it has now gone so far that, etc. 
 
 22. requiruntur, are in demand : pretexts of war are sought for, 
 with cities that are hardly known of ; inferatur, may be fastened . 
 
 Sect. 66. libenter, etc., I should be glad to argue this face to 
 face , etc. 
 
 27. hostium simulation^ under the guise of enemies: i.e. as if 
 they were. 
 
 30. animos ac spiritus, pride and insolence. 
 
 31. conlatis signis, i.e. in actual warfare. 
 
 33. nisi erit idem, unless he shall also be one. 
 
 36. animum, desires. — idoneus qui mittatur, (§ 320. /; G. 
 556; H . 503) , fit to be sent. 
 
 82 . Sect. 67 . pacatam: that is, hostilities have not ceased 
 so long as there has been any money to be extorted. 
 
 6. praetores, i.e. proprcetors : for, after the time of Sulla, the 
 praetors regularly remained at Rome during their term of office. 
 The most notorious case of such dishonesty was M. Antonius Cre- 
 ticus, son of the orator, and father of the triumvir. 
 
 7. public a, assigned to them for the support of their fleets and 
 armies. 
 
 11. jacturis, expenses , in buying their places. — condicionibus, 
 bargains , with creditors, etc. 
 
 13. quasi non videamus (§ 312. R. ; G. 604; H. 513. ii.), as if 
 we did not see. 
 
The Manilian Law . 
 
 93 
 
 Sect. 68 . dubitare quin, hesitate . The usual construction in 
 this sense would be with the infin. The exception is allowed, 
 because the subj. with dubitare quin makes a kind of indir. disc. 
 (Their thought, in direct disc., would be credamus, shall we trust? 
 which remains unchanged except in person.) 
 
 19. auctoritatibus, i.e. the opinion of influential men. 
 
 20. est vobis auctor,/^ have as authority . 
 
 Servilius Vatia Isauricus, one of the most reputable men of the time, 
 cos. B.C. 79: he held the proconsulship of Cilicia, B.C. 7^""75» i n which 
 time he gained great successes over the pirates, and obtained his agnomen , 
 Isauricus, from the capture of Isaura, the mountain fortress of the Isau- 
 rians. It was probably his intimate knowledge of the region and the kind 
 of warfare, that led him to support this vigorous measure. 
 
 24. Curio, see Verr i. § 18. 
 
 26. Lentulus : Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, cos. B.C. 72 ; 
 not to be confounded with Lentulus Sura, cos. B.C. 71, the accom- 
 plice of Catiline. 
 
 28. Cassius: for the character of this family, see note on Verr. 
 
 §30- 
 
 S3 . Sect. 69. de re . . . facultate : the cause itself \ or the 
 power of carrying it through . 
 
 7. potestate praetoria, official influence as prcetor ,* more official 
 than auctoritas . 
 
 10. defero, put at your service . 
 
 Sect. 70. templo: i.e. the rostra . The term templum was 
 applied to any place consecrated by regular auspices ( augur ato ). 
 As the public assembly was held augurato , the place of holding it 
 must be consecrated. 
 
 12. ad remp. adeunt, are engaged in public affairs (see § 153)* 
 
 14. neque quo, nor because (§ 341. d , R. ; G. 541. R. 1 ; H. 5 16 2 ). 
 
 16. honoribus, i.e. public office, which he proposes to earn, not 
 by the arts of a demagogue, but by fidelity as an advocate. 
 
 17. pericula relates to the simultates in the next section. It was 
 not possible for him to espouse this democratic measure so earnestly, 
 without incurring coolness at least on the part of the aristocracy. — 
 ut, so far as . 
 
94 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 Sect. 71 . ego : expressed not as itself emphatic, but to give 
 emphasis to the whole expression : / give you my word , etc. 
 
 23. tantum . . . abest ut videar, / am so far from seeming 
 (§ 332. d; G. 556. R. 1 ; H. 502 3 ).— hoc honore, the praetorship. 
 
 31. oportere, lam bound (me is obj. of oportere, of which the 
 subj. is praeferre, etc.). 
 
 CATILINE I. 
 
 Argument . 
 
 CHAP. I. Propositio . Catiline’s audacity in appearing in the Senate 
 when his guilt is known. — 2. Weakness of the consuls in allowing him 
 to live. — 3 , 4. Contrast, in the cases of Gracchus, Mselius, and Saturninus. 
 
 4. The Senatorial decree is suspended in Catiline’s case, till all shall be 
 
 satisfied of his guilt. His plans enumerated. — Hortatio. 5. He is 
 exhorted to go out and join his confederates. The plots against Cicero 
 have been thwarted; but now they aim at the State. — 6, 7. Catiline has 
 no inducement to remain where all good men hate and shrink from him. 
 — 8. He has offered to go into custody : let him depart : the Senate shows 
 by silence its approval of Cicero’s words. — 9, 10. Though he insolently 
 refuses to depart, yet his defeat as candidate for the consulship has made 
 him from a conspirator into a public enemy. — Peroraiio. n. The State 
 remonstrates against the consul’s lenity. — 12. But it is a gain to force him 
 into exile, and thus draw the conspiracy to a head.— 13. For his death 
 would only palliate the evil. So let him go, taking with him the ruin of 
 his plot, the hate of men, and the wrath of the gods. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 8 5 . Sect. 1 . etiam (et jam), still. — eludet, mock. 
 
 3. quern ad finem, almost equivalent to quamdiu, but implying 
 some shock or crisis which must follow. — sese jactabit, insolently 
 display itself. . 
 
 4. nihil (adv. acc.) not at all. — Palatii, one of the strongest 
 positions in the city, commanding the Forum, and so most likely 
 to be seized by the conspirators. 
 
 The Palatium, an isolated hill, of a rudely quadrangular shape, was 
 the original seat of the city of Rome, Roma Quadrata, from which the city 
 spread gradually over the other hills. In the last years of the republic, 
 
Catiline /. 
 
 95 
 
 the Palatine became the fashionable place for residences. Here was 
 Cicero’s house as well as Catiline’s. On the brow of the hill towards the 
 Sacred Way stood the temple of Jupiter Stator, in which the Senate was 
 now assembled. The ruins of this temple have lately been discovered. 
 It was because of its nearness to his house, as well as because of the 
 strength of its position, that the consul selected this temple for the meet- 
 ing of the Senate on this occasion. Under the Empire the Palatine became 
 the seat of the imperial residence, and its name, palace , has passed in 
 this sense into most modern languages. 
 
 5 . bonorum, see § 21 . 
 
 6. locus: the regular place of meeting for the Senate was the 
 Curia Hostilia ; on special occasions it met in other places, but 
 always in a consecrated place ( templum ; see Manil. Law, § 70). 
 
 7. horum (with a gesture), the senators present. — Disfea- 
 tures ; voltus, expression (a sort of hendiadys = expression of their 
 features ). 
 
 8. non: observe the abruptness or force given by omitting the 
 interrog. particle ne. — constrictam teneri, is held fast hound . 
 
 10. proxima, superiore : for what was done on the night of 
 Nov. 6 , see § 4 ; as to proxima, last night , we do not meet with 
 anything but general assertions. 
 
 Sect. 2 . O tempora, etc., what a time l what a state of things! 
 (mores = customs of the timei) 
 
 14. immo, nay more : immo here negatives only the form of the 
 preceding, as not strong enough. 
 
 18. videmur, etc. = think we satisfy . — vitemus, subj. of indir. 
 disc. — ad mortem : the consuls originally possessed full powers of 
 judgment in criminal cases, including punishment by death. These 
 highest powers of the imperium were suspended within the city 
 by laws which gave the right of appeal to the people (see note on § 
 28 ), but the Senate could revive it in cases of danger by the formula 
 Videant consules ne quid respublica detrimenti capiat , — a proceed- 
 ing analogous to the proclamation of martial law. This action the 
 Senate had taken Oct. 21, nearly three weeks before. 
 
 20. oportebat, implied cond. (§311.^; G. 246. R. 1 ; H . 5 1 1 . N. 3 ) : 
 the imperf. is used with jam pridem, where in English we might 
 expect the pluperf. (§ 277. b\ G. 221 ; H. 469 s ). 
 
 Sect. 3. an vero properly belongs both to interfecit and per- 
 
Notes: Cicero. 
 
 96 
 
 feremus, but in sense only to the latter, the other clause coming in 
 almost as dependent : while [we see that] Scipio , etc. . . . shall we 
 endure , etc. — vir amplissimus, pontifex maximus : observe how 
 these words strengthen the force of the example. 
 
 P. Scipio Nasica Serapio was leader of the “ mob of gentlemen ” that 
 murdered Tiberius Gracchus, B.C. 133. He held the office of Pontifex 
 Maximus, president of the board ( collegium ) of pontifices, which had 
 the general superintendence of the State religion. Since in all ancient 
 states the political constitution was based on the State religion, the ponti- 
 fices exercised great political power. They were the earliest jurists; and 
 the office of their head, the pontifex maximus, was, in Rome, on the 
 whole, the first position in dignity and influence. He was appointed by 
 the Board from their own number. But, in the last two centuries of the 
 republic, it was established that the person to be so appointed should be 
 designated by popular election. This election was confined to the minority 
 (seventeen) of the thirty-five tribes, designated by lot ; an absolute choice 
 by the people being regarded as inadmissible in religious offices. 
 
 Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, a young man of high rank and great 
 personal purity of character, attempted to carry through some important 
 reforms, particularly touching the tenure of the public lands, B.C. 133. 
 Requiring more time to make his legislation effective, he attempted 
 illegally to secure his own re-election as tribune; when he was attacked 
 and killed by a mob of senators headed by Scipio Nasica. 
 
 23. privatus: Nasica was at this time only a private citizen of 
 consular rank. He afterwards went into exile, and was made Ponti- 
 fex Maximus in his absence. The word privatus is opposed to 
 nos consules, and the contrast is rhetorically exaggerated. 
 
 25. ilia, that case, plural for singular, as frequently in Greek. 
 
 26 Ahala, the magister equitum of the famous Cincinnatus : e 
 
 killed without law the eques Mrnlius, on suspicion of his aiming at a 
 dangerous power by his lavish gifts of corn (B.C. 439)* 
 
 86 novis rebus (the classic expression for a violent change 
 of government), revolution .* dat. after studentem. -fuit, there 
 was, etc., implying that it is so no longer, 
 
 4. habemus (emph.) = it is not that we lack, etc. -senatus 
 consultum : i.e. lit videant consules, etc. The consultum of the 
 Senate was its ordinance, regularly passed and promulgated, ; ,d 
 
Catiline I 
 
 97 
 
 recognized as valid. If it was invalid by reason of informality or 
 intercession of a tribune, it was called senatus auctoritas y and might 
 still be drawn up in form (as a “ resolution”), and would still have 
 a certain modified authority. 
 
 5. vehemens, severe , as regards Catiline ; grave, carrying weight, 
 as regards the consuls. 
 
 6. rei publicae (dat. with deest) : we know well enough what 
 to do — we have authority enough : it is the execution in which we 
 are remiss. 
 
 Sect. 4. decrevit (emphatic), there was once a decree , etc. 
 This word is used (as well as censeo, placet) to express the intent 
 of the Senate ; the consultum, ordinance , or any separate article 
 of it, might, as regarded its purport, be called decretum . 
 
 Lucius Opirnius was consul B.C. 121, when Caius Gracchus, the younger 
 brother of Tiberius, was attempting to carry through a series of measures 
 far more revolutionary than those of his brother. The Senate, the cham- 
 pion of the existing order of things, took alarm, and intrusted the consul 
 with absolute power. In the tumult that ensued, some 3,000 were said to 
 have lost their lives, including Gracchus and his leading associate Fulvius. 
 
 The father of the Gracchi was Tiberius Gracchus, one of the most 
 eminent statesmen of his day, distinguished for integrity and humanity, as 
 well as ability and culture. Their mother was Cornelia, daughter of Scipio 
 Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. Ancestors on both sides were dis- 
 tinguished in the Second Punic War, and the brothers were likewise con- 
 nected by kinship and marriage with many of the noblest families of 
 Rome. 
 
 The case of Marius was in B.C, 100, the year of his sixth consulship. 
 He was secretly in league with the revolutionists, — Saturninus and Servilius 
 Glaucia, corrupt demagogues, unworthy imitators of the noble Gracchi. 
 When it came to the point, however, the courage of Marius failed him : he 
 deserted his accomplices* and joined the Senate in crushing the revolt. 
 
 10. interfectus est (emph.), i.e. death was promptly inflicted. 
 
 13. Mario, dat. after permissa. 
 
 16. rei publicae, poss. gen., the punishment being looked on as 
 something belonging to the party avenged, and taken from the 
 other party. 
 
 17. remorata est, governing Saturninum, etc., i.e. did Saturni • 
 
9 8 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 nus and Servilius have to wait one day , etc. : but here the punish- 
 ment is oddly regarded as waiting for them . — vicesimum : strictly 
 speaking, it was now (Nov. 6) the 19th day by Roman reckoning 
 from Oct. 21. — horum, the senators. 
 
 19. hujusce modi, i.e. like those others. 
 
 20. tabulis, brazen tablets, on which the laws, etc., were in- 
 scribed. The edict is said to be shut up in them (until put in 
 force), like a sword hid in its scabbard. 
 
 21. interfectum esse (§ 288. d\ G. 275; H. 537 2 ). But, after 
 all, it would have been hardly possible, even with the extraordinary 
 power granted to the consuls, to put the conspirator to death with- 
 out some overt act of treason. 
 
 23. cupio, I am anxious (emphatic) : a concession, opposed by 
 sed, below. 
 
 25. dissolutum, hasty , as having one’s actions out of the control 
 of law, reason, etc. — ipse : Latin in such cases emphasizes the 
 subject ; English, the object. 
 
 Sect. 5 . faucibus, narrow pass, leading north from Etruria, 
 through the Apennines. — conlocata, § 291. R. ; G. 242 ; H. 471.N. 1 . 
 
 28. in dies singulos, day by day. 
 
 32. jam, at once. 
 
 33. erit verendum, etc. This confused sentence may be most 
 easily rendered (connecting non and potius with verendum ; and 
 remembering that credo is, in this parenthetical use, ironical) : 1 
 shall not, I suppose, have more reason to fear , etc.; i.e. of course 
 (iron.) I shall be accused of cruelty rather than slackness. — boni 
 (sc. dicant) : here, as usual, the well-intentioned , i.e. those who 
 held the speaker’s views. — ego, opposed to omnes boni. 
 
 87. denique, i.e. then, and not before. — jam, at length. 
 
 Sect. 6 . ita ut vivis,jitst as you are [now] living. 
 
 7. etiam, besides the forces on guard. 
 
 8. speculabuntur, referring to the spies in the interest of the 
 government, who were in the very heart of the conspiracy. Of 
 these the chief was Fulvia, mistress of one of the conspirators. 
 
 9 . quid, etc., what is there for you to wait for more? 
 
 10. nox, privata domus : the time and place of meeting. 
 
 12. inlustrantur refers to tenebris ; erumpunt to parietibus. 
 
Catiline /. 
 
 99 
 
 16. recognoscas, review (with licet: § 331. f, R. ; G. 609; H. 
 515. iii.) • 
 
 Sect. 7. dicere, § 288. G. 277. r. ; H. 537 — fore (subj.C. 
 Manlium) : the rising in arms is put first, as being the main thing ; 
 the person is less important. — num, etc., was / mistaken in, etc., 
 lit. did the fact escape me ? 
 
 23. idem (nom.) has the force of also. — optimatium, i.e. of 
 the senatorial party. 
 
 24. in ante diem, § 259. e; G. app. ; H. 642 4 . 
 
 25. sui conservandi (§ 298. a \ G. 429 1 ; H. 542. N. 1 ) : this pas- 
 sage is neatly turned, to save their self-respect by attributing their 
 flight to that discretion which is the better part of valor. 
 
 29. cum dicebas, equivalent to saying (compare § 290. c\ G. 582). # 
 
 30. tamen, opposed to discessu : though the rest were gone. 
 
 Sect. 8. Praeneste (Palestrina), an important town of Latium, 
 
 about twenty miles from Rome, in a very commanding situation. 
 Its possession would have given Catiline an important military post. 
 It was a chief stronghold of the Marian party in the Civil War. 
 
 33. sensistine, did yoti not find ? The negative meaning occa- 
 sionally found in this enclitic is probably its original one. — colo- 
 niam : Praeneste proudly declined the Roman franchise, and retained 
 its nominal independence until the time of the Social War. Sulla 
 established a military colony there by way of punishment. 
 
 Colonies sent out by Rome were of three classes: — 1. Roman colonies, 
 in which a small garrison of soldiers (usually 300 in number) was estab- 
 lished as a governing aristocracy. The native population was held by 
 them in a harsh subjection. — 2. Latin colonies, in which the colonists, 
 whether native Romans or not, formed a quasi-independent community. 
 They were usually quite numerous, went with their families, and did not 
 possess Roman citizenship; but, on the other hand, the right of coining 
 money and other rights of sovereignty. These Latin colonies, together 
 with the original Latins, formed the nomen Latinum , and stood towards 
 Rome in the relation of civitates foederatae. Therefore Roman citizens 
 who went into exile could sojourn in these towns as if they formed no part 
 of Italy. This was called jus exsilii. — 3. Military colonies, founded first 
 by Sulla, as a means of rewarding his veterans. They differed from the two 
 earlier classes in being established not by a board of commissioners, but 
 by a single military chief. 
 
IOO 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 34. praosidiis, the garrison manning the walls ; custodiis, senti- 
 nels at the gates ; vigiliis, night-guard . 
 
 35. agis, etc. : notice the climax. 
 
 88 . noctem superiorem, night before last , i.e. Nov. 6 : priore 
 (below) refers to the same. 
 
 3. quam te, § 336. b . R. ; G. 638 ; H. 524 1 . 
 
 4. inter falcarios, i.e. the street of the scythemakers. 
 
 Sect. 9 . gentium, § 216. # 4 ; G. 371. R. 4 ; H. 397 4 . 
 
 10. quam rem publicam, what sort of a state ? 
 
 11. hie, hie, here , right here. 
 
 12. sanctissimo, venerable. 
 
 13. qui : the antecedent is the understood subject of sunt. 
 
 14. atque adeo, and in fact . 
 
 16. oportebat, see § 2 and note. 
 
 1 7. igitur (resumptive), as I said. 
 
 18. quemque, each of the conspirators. 
 
 19. placeret (sc. te), for indie.; relinqueres, subj. of purpose. 
 
 23. equites : these were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius. 
 
 Sect. 10 . salutatum, supine. 
 
 30. id temporis (§ 216. a s ; G. 371 ; H. 397 3 )> that very time. 
 
 35. desiderant, have been wanting (§ 276. a ; G. 221 ; H. 467 2 )- 
 
 — si minus (sc. omnes), if not. 
 
 89 . Sect. 11 . atque, and particularly . — huic, i.e. in whose 
 temple we are met. — Stator (sto), the one who causes to stand 
 firm. The temple to Jupiter Stator was vowed by Romulus when 
 his troops were giving way, and built upon the spot where their 
 flight was stayed. The remains of this temple have been recently 
 discovered on the Palatine, near the Arch of Titus. (See note, § 1). 
 
 7. in uno, etc., risked upon one man (i.e. Catiline). 
 
 II, proximis: the consular election was usually held in July; but 
 this year, on account of the disturbed condition of things, did not 
 take place until Oct. 28, when Manlius was in fact already in arms. 
 Catiline’s successful competitors were D. Silanus and L. Murena. 
 
 14. nullo . . . concitato, without exciting (the most common 
 way of expressing this idiom in Latin). 
 
 16. videbam, 1 saw all along (§ 277 ; G. 222 ; H. 469 s ). 
 
Catiline I. 
 
 IOI 
 
 Sect. 12. nunc jam, now at length . 
 
 21. hujus imperii, i.e. which / possess ; that conferred upon the 
 consuls by the special act of the Senate. Without this, they pos- 
 sessed an imperium , it is true, but restricted by laws. 
 
 26. tu, opposed to comitum. 
 
 28. rei publicae limits sentina somewhat in the sense of an 
 adjective, — political rabble. Or, keeping the original figure, we 
 might say, bilge-water of the ship of state. 
 
 Sect. 13 . faciebas, were on the point of doing. 
 
 31. hostem, a public enemy , over whom the consul would have 
 that right. 
 
 32. me consulis, ask my advice. 
 
 33. jam, longer. — domestic ae, of the household . 
 
 90 . privatarum rerum, in private life, i.e. intercourse with 
 others out of the family. 
 
 4. quern . . . inretisses, i.e. after entangling, etc. 
 
 5. ferrum . . . facem : i.e. arm him for acts of violence, or in- 
 flame him to deeds of lust. 
 
 Sect. 14 . quid vero, and say. 
 
 7. novis nuptiis, etc. : this crime is mentioned by no other 
 writer, and is perhaps one of the orator’s exaggerations. — alio . . . 
 scelere : Sallust mentions, as a common matter of belief, that Cati- 
 line killed his own son, in order to gratify his new wife, Aurelia 
 Orestilla, “ a woman praised for nothing but beauty.” 
 
 12. ruinas : this charge was undoubtedly correct. The con- 
 spiracy was mainly composed of men of ruined fortunes, who hoped 
 to better themselves in the general scramble of a revolution. 
 
 13. Idibus : the Kalends and Ides — the beginning and middle 
 of the month — were the usual terms for the payment of debts. 
 Catiline’s failure in his consular canvass had probably stirred up his 
 creditors to push him for payment. 
 
 Sect. 15 . cum, causal, though to be rendered when. 
 
 20. prid. Kal. On the 1st of January, b.c. 65, the consuls Cotta 
 and Torquatus entered upon their office. It was the intention of 
 Catiline to take advantage of their inauguration to murder the new 
 consuls and seize the government. The plot got whispered about, 
 and its execution was put off to Feb. 5, when it failed again through 
 
102 
 
 Notes ; Cicero . 
 
 Catiline’s over-haste. The act of Dec. 31 seems to have been in 
 preparation for the rising. 
 
 21. cum telo (a technical expression), weapon in hand.— manum, 
 a band (of assassins). 
 
 23. mentem aliquam, change of mind . 
 
 25. aut . . . aut, etc., either obscure or few . — non multa, etc. : 
 i.e. they were too well known to need recapitulation, and too 
 numerous to admit of it. 
 
 26. commissa, which you have perpetrated . 
 
 27. interficere : 44 Cicero charges the man with frequent attempts 
 to murder him since he has been elected consul, but he does it in 
 such a way as not to convince us that he is speaking the truth ” 
 (Long). 
 
 27. petitiones, thrusts , the word regularly used for the attack ot 
 a gladiator. 
 
 28. ita conjectas, etc., so aimed that they seemed impossible to be 
 shunned . 
 
 29. corpore (a proverbial expression), i.e. dodging with the 
 body. 
 
 Sect. 16 . tibi (dative of reference), etc. = wrested from your 
 hands. 
 
 34. quae quidem, etc., / know not by what rites it has been con- 
 secrated and set apart , that you think , etc. 
 
 91 . vita, i.e. that you should desire to prolong it (see § 15 ). 
 
 3. quae nulla (§ 216. e\ G. 368. R. 2 ), nothing of which. 
 
 5. necessariis : this word is used of any special relation, as that 
 of kinsman, client, guest, comrade, member of the same order, etc. 
 (see note on necessitudinem , Verr. i. § 11 ). 
 
 8. quid quod, what of this — that , etc. 
 
 9. consulares : these voted as a class, and probably sat together. 
 Catiline, as a praetorius , no doubt sat in their neighborhood. 
 
 12. ferendum is the pred. of the clause quod . . . reliquerunt. 
 Sect. 17 . servi, emphatic, displacing si. 
 
 16. injuria, unjustly , wrongfully . 
 
 17. carere aspectu, be deprived of seeing. 
 
 24. aliquo concederes, would retire somewhere. nunc, op- 
 posed to si, etc. 
 
Catiline L 
 
 103 
 
 26. te nihil cogitare, that you think of nothing (depending on 
 
 judicat). 
 
 Sect. 18. quae (i.e. patria) . . . agit, she pleads with you. 
 
 31. tibi uni, on your account alone : all this is rhetorical ex- 
 aggeration. 
 
 32. sociorum, i.e. the allied cities of the province of Africa, 
 which Catiline governed as propraetor, B.c. 67. 
 
 34. leges et quaestiones, probably both as praetor in Rome and 
 as propraetor in Africa. — neglegendas implies only evasion ; ever- 
 tendas, violence. 
 
 35. superiora ilia, those former crimes of yours. 
 
 92 . me . . . abhorreat, subj. of est ferendum. — quicquid 
 increpuerit, at the least noise. 
 
 3. abhorreat, is inconsistent with. 
 
 4. hunc . . . eripe, rescue me from, etc., lit., snatch it from me 
 (§ 229; G. 346; H. 386 2 ). 
 
 6. aliquando, some tune or other (implying impatience). 
 
 Sect. 19. in custodiam dedisti, i.e. in free custody, on parole. 
 This appears to have been late in October, when Catiline was prose- 
 cuted on the Lex Plautia de vi. 
 
 10. M.’ Lepidum, the consul of b.c. 66. 
 
 11. ad me: “a proposal,” says Long, “ which might be viewed 
 either as evidence of his innocence or his impudence.” 
 
 14. parietibus, loc. abl. ; moenibus, abl. of means. Observe 
 the emphasis of the contrast. — qui . . . essem, subj. as implying 
 the reason (§ 320). 
 
 16. Metellum: Q. Metellus Celer, consul b.c. 60; he did good 
 service in the campaign against Catiline. He was nephew of 
 Caecilia, the friend of Roscius (see note R. A. § 50). 
 
 17. virum optimum, that excellent man (ironical). 
 
 19. sagacissimum, keen-scented ; fortissimum, energetic and 
 fearless. 
 
 21. videtur debere, does it seem that he oitght (‘‘does he seem 
 to owe it”)? 
 
 Sect. 20. refer: Halm conjectures that the members of the 
 Senate were secretly trying to persuade Catiline to go into volun- 
 tary exile, when all prosecutions would be dropped. 
 
 W 
 
104 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 28 . placere has for subj., te . . . exsilium. 
 
 29. abhorret, is contrary to : because the Senate had no power 
 
 to pronounce such a judgment. 
 
 33. ecquid (adverbial), at all. 
 
 36. tacitorum, i.e. their silence gives consent to my words. 
 
 03 Sect. 21. Sestio : whom Cicero afterwards defended in 
 
 one of his greatest orations (see p. 148). 
 
 2. M. Marcello : a prominent member of the aristocracy, con- 
 su f BC ;i • not to be confounded with the person of the same 
 name mentioned § 19 - He took a leading part in the civil war 
 against Cesar, and was afterwards defended by Cicero (see p. 210). 
 — consuli, though consul. 
 
 3 in templo, i.e. notwithstanding the sacredness of the place, 
 jure optimo, with perfect right. -vim et manus , violent hands . 
 
 4. cum quiescunt, while they keep silence ; i.e. b> t leir si ence 
 
 (^videlicet ^car alluding to his demand to have the matter sub- 
 mitted to the Senate. 
 
 10 voces, cries of the crowd outside. 
 
 12 haec (with a gesture), all that is round us, the city, etc. 
 
 I4 . prosequantur, escort. It was the custom for those who were 
 going into voluntary exile to be thus accompanied to t e gate y 
 theif friends. If Catiline would depart, the whole Senate would 
 be so glad to be rid of him as to forget his crimes and pay him this 
 
 h °SECT (lr 22 ! C te frangat, i.e. break down your stubbornness (purpose 
 clause after loquor ; though it may be an exclam, with ut). 
 
 18. duint, § 128. e*\ G. 191 3 ; H. 240 3 . 
 
 22. est tanti, it is worth the cost (§ 252. a ; G. 379 > • 4 5 J- 
 
 S1 Sect! 23. iiiimico, a private enemy, thus attributing to Cicero 
 personal and private motives of opposition^ 
 
 20. si vis, if you desire. — recta (sc. via), straightway. 
 
 36. latrocinio, partisan warfare, as opposed to regular war 
 
 ( justum helium). 
 
 94. 
 
 Sect. 24. quamquam, and yet (cf. tametsi, § 22). 
 
Catiline I. 
 
 I0 5 
 
 4 . Forum Aurelium, a small place on the Via Aurelia, about 
 fifty miles from Rome. The Via Aurelia was the road which led 
 along the sea-coast of Etruria, by which Catiline left the city the 
 following night. The word Forum, market-place , was used for a 
 class of towns without municipal organization, within the ager 
 Romanics (or territory of the city of Rome), usually built along a 
 public highway, and bearing the name of their founder — as Forum 
 Appii on the Appian Way. — Beloch, Der Italische Bund, p. 108. 
 
 6. aquilam : the silver eagle had been adopted by Marius as the 
 standard of the legion, and the eagle in question was said to have 
 been actually used in the army of Marius. The place in the camp 
 where the eagle was kept was consecrated: hence the word 
 sacrarium . 
 
 9. ut possis, exclam. clause with ut (§ 332. c ; G. 560 ; H. 486. ii.N.). 
 
 Sect. 25. haec res, i.e. leaving the city and taking arms. 
 
 17 . non modo, to say nothing of . 
 
 19. atque connects perditis and derelictis ; ab connects for- 
 tuna and spe to derelictis. — conflatam, run together (like molten 
 metal). 
 
 Sect. 26. hie, i.e. in this band. — bacchabere, will revel. 
 
 25. meditati sunt, have practised ; feruntur, are talked about. 
 
 27 . facinus, deed of violence , contrasted with stuprum, de- 
 bauchery ; just as bonis otiosorum, property of peaceful citizens , 
 is with somno maritorum, the repose of husbands. 
 
 29. ubi ostentes, opportunity to display (a place where, etc.). 
 
 Sect. 27. reppuli: the consul who presided over the election 
 had it in his power to exercise great influence. That of Cicero on 
 this occasion was perfectly legitimate, in maintaining order and 
 checking Catiline’s adherents. — exsul, consul: observe the play 
 upon words. 
 
 34. latrocinium : rebellion is regularly described by words which 
 ally it with disorder or highway robbery ; as, tumultus, etc. 
 
 95 . querimoniam, i.e. for not having suppressed the con- 
 spiracy more vigorously. — detester ac deprecer (construed with 
 a me, above), remove by protest and plea. 
 
 5. M. Tulli (voc.) : the regular way of formal address ; the use 
 of the family name ( Cicero ) is more familiar. 
 
 
io6 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 9. evocatorem servorum, a summoner of slaves, i.e. to enlist 
 under him. 
 
 13. mactari, § 331. # 2 ; G. 54 6- R - 2 ? H. 535 * 
 
 Sect. 28 . 17. rogatae sunt: the magistrate who proposed a 
 
 law formally asked the people whether they would accept it ; hence 
 ro go was the word regularly used for this act, and the proposition 
 itself was called rogatio. The leges in question, Valeria , Porcia , 
 and Sempronia (of Caius Gracchus), protecting the life and liberty 
 of citizens, had been npt merely asked {rogatae'), but passed 
 ( jussae ) ; not merely proposed {latae), but carried {perlatae). The 
 word rogatae appears to be used here to emphasize the part which 
 the people had in their establishment. 
 
 19. praeclaram . . . gratiam, you show a 7 ioble gratiUide (cf. 
 
 habere gr a tiam and agere gratias). 
 
 21. tarn mature: Cicero says of himself that he was the only 
 novus ho 7 no \nulla commendatione majoru 77 i\ on record, who both 
 sought and gained the consulship the first year the law permitted 
 it. He had been equally fortunate in the quaestorship and praetorship. 
 
 Sect. 29 . inertiae, sc. invidia, the reproach . 
 
 25. num est, pray is (implying strong negation). 
 
 26. an belongs with non existimas. 
 
 28. conflagraturum, will be consuTned , suggested by ardebunt. 
 
 31. idem sentiunt, have the same views, — mentibus, thoughts . 
 
 36. superiorum, before them . 
 
 96 . maxime, ever so much . 
 
 5. p’artam (from pario), acquired (a very common meaning).— 
 ut . . . putarem, result-clause explaining hoc. 
 
 Sect. 30 . videant, subj. of charact. (not coord, with dicerent). 
 
 9. aluerunt, indie, of fact. 
 
 13. regie, despotically : the Roman idea of king and kingly gov- 
 ernment was associated with Tarquinius Superbus. Here the word 
 also implies the assumption of unlawful power {= tyrannice) , as 
 well as its abuse. 
 
 14. quo (§ 201. h) : the antecedent is in castra. 
 
 20. eodem, to the same place . 
 
 21. adulta, full-grown , as opposed to stirps, the stock, and 
 semen, the seed . 
 
Catiline II. 
 
 107 
 
 Sect. 31 . jam diu : the conspiracy was ready to break out B.c. 65 
 (see note on § 15 ). 
 
 25. versamur, have lived. — nescio quo pacto, somehow or other 
 
 (§ 334- *5 G. 4^9- R * 2 ; H - 455 2 > 
 
 31. visceribus, vitals (properly the great interior organs, as the 
 
 heart, lungs, etc.). 
 
 36. reliquis vivis, abl. absolute. 
 
 97 . muro, implying that they have left the city. 
 
 4. circumstare, hang around , for the purpose of intimidation : 
 the praetor urbanus had his tribunal on the Forum. 
 
 12. patefacta, laid bare ; inlustrata, set in full light ; oppressa, 
 crushed; vindicata, punished. 
 
 Sect. 33 . o minibus, prospects. 
 
 18. Juppiter: addressing the image in the temple of Jupiter 
 Stator, where the Senate were now assembled. 
 
 22. arcebis, a mild imperative (§ 269./; G. 265 1 ; H. 487 4 ). 
 
 CATILINE II. 
 
 Argument . 
 
 Chap. I. Pars I. Catiline is gone: the city breathes again; there is now 
 open war, and no longer a concealed intestine conflict. — 2. Excuse for let- 
 ting him go : all were not convinced. Now, his guilt is manifest. — 3. His 
 force is not formidable: what remains is closely watched. — 4. All have 
 been forced to declare themselves. Joy at his departure : he has been a 
 leader in every vice and crime. — 5. Pars II. His associates are desperate 
 but contemptible : character of this domestic war. — 6. Odium of his ban- 
 ishment deprecated : in fact, he went to his own. — 7. He will not go into 
 exile, but to the camp of Manlius, and will seek to cast odium on the 
 consul. — 8-10. Pars III. The real fear is from those who remain, viz. : 
 (a) Rich but embarrassed profligates; (b) poor debtors: these two classes 
 have nothing to gain from violence; (c) Sulla’s veterans, who will not be 
 allowed to repeat those times; (d) ruined men, hoping for any change; 
 ( e ) criminals, who might better be fought in the field; (/) profligates and 
 debauchees, men of Catiline’s own stamp. — 11. Superiority of the patriot 
 
io8 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 forces arrayed against them. — Peroratio . 12. Review of the situation: 
 warning to the ill-disposed. — 13. The work shall be done without shock 
 to the public order; the gods will lend their help. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 98 . Sect. 1 . ejecimus, expelled (with violence) ; emisimus, 
 let [him] go. The words vel . . . vel {or, if you like') imply that the 
 same act may be called by either name. 
 
 5. ipsum, of his own accord . — verbis prosecuti may apply as 
 well to kind words of dismissal as to invective. 
 
 6. abiit, simply, is gone ; excessit, has retreated before the 
 storm ; evasit, has escaped by stealth ; erupit, has broken forth 
 with violence, — a climax of expression, but nearly identical in sense. 
 
 8. moenibus (dat. following comparibitur), against , etc.— atque 
 (adding with emphasis), and so. — hunc quidem, him at any rate. 
 
 9. sine controversia, without dispute — tmquestionably . 
 
 10. versabitur, will be busy. 
 
 11. campo, foro, curia, parietes, observe the narrowing climax. 
 
 12. loco motus est, a military expression (hence the simple 
 abl., § 243. c) : he has lost his vantage-ground. 
 
 14. nullo, etc., i.e. his defenders till now could screen him by 
 forms of law. — justum, regular, in due form . 
 
 Sect. 2. cruentum (pred.), reeking with blood . 
 
 18. vivis nobis (abl. abs.), leaving us alive . 
 
 19. civls, acc. plur. 
 
 21. jacet, etc., lies prostrate. 
 
 23. retorquet oculos begins the figure of a wild beast, which is 
 continued in faucibus. — profecto, no doubt. 
 
 25. quae quidem, which really . 
 
 Sect. 3 . quails omnis, acc. plur. — oportebat, § 31 1. c\ G. 
 246. R. 1 ; H. 51 1. N. 3 
 
 28. qui . . . accuset, as to accuse (§ 320; G. 633 ; H. 503. ii.).— 
 hujus imperii, see note on Cat. i. § 12. 
 
 31. interfectum esse : notice the emphasis. 
 
 34. res public a, the public interest. 
 
 99 . Sect. 4. cum viderem, seeing : its obj. is fore ut . . . 
 possem (§ 288./; G. 240. r. 1 ; H. 537 3 ), which is apod, of si mul- 
 tassem. 
 
Catiline II. 
 
 109 
 
 6. ne . . . probata : nearly equivalent to cum ne vos quidem . . . 
 probar etis ; implying that if they do not sustain the act, much less 
 will the people at large. 
 
 8. fore ut, the result would be that , etc. 
 
 9. ut . • . possetis explains hue. 
 
 10. videretis, § 342; G. 666; H. 529. ii. — quern quidem. 
 
 whom , by the way . 
 
 12. quod . . . exierit, § 333; G. 525 ; H. 540. iv., but subjunct. 
 on account of the implied indirect discourse. 
 
 14. mihi, eth. dat. (§ 236; G. 351 ; H. 389) : as if, “ I f notice.” 
 
 1 5 in praetexta : the toga praetexta , with a broad purple border, 
 was worn by boys as well as magistrates: this means, therefore, 
 that Tongilius was still a boy. 
 
 16. aes alienum, etc., i.e. petty debts run up in cook-shops and 
 the like ; not like the heavy mortgages spoken of afterwards. 
 
 1 7. reliquit: notice the emphasis. — quos viros : for a charac- 
 terization of these, see the next division of this oration. 
 
 Sect. 5 . pra e, in comparison with. — Gallicanis, i.e. those sta- 
 tioned in Gaul, — Cisalpine Gaul, the northern part of Italy. The 
 ager Gallicus below was that strip of sea-coast, north of Picenum, 
 formerly occupied by the Senones, but at this time reckoned a part 
 of Umbria. 
 
 21. Q. Metellus (Celer) : see note on Cat. i. § 19 . 
 
 23. luxuria = high-livers. 
 
 24. vadimonia (meton.) deserere, desert their bondsmen : i.e. 
 leave them in the lurch in their creditors’ suits. 
 
 25. edictum praetoris, in effect like a sheriff's warrant. Any 
 official order of a magistrate was an edictum. 
 
 27. hos, as opposed to those he did take out. 
 
 28. stare ad curiam is said of equites ; in senatum venire, of 
 senators. 
 
 29. purpura : the Roman toga was of unbleached wool : it was a 
 mark of effeminacy and foppishness for any men but magistrates to 
 wear colors in public. 
 
 30. eduxisset, § 331./, R.; G. 546. R. 8 ; H. 4992. — si . . . per- 
 manent, a future condition. 
 
 32. pertimescendos, i.e. he will keep an eye on them. 
 
 35. video, i.e. I know perfectly well. 
 
I IO 
 
 Notes : Cicero, 
 
 100 . Sect. 6. superioris noctis, two nights before the last. 
 4. ne, surely: an affirmative particle sometimes wrongly spelt nae. 
 
 9. nisi vero, ironical (as usual), introducing a reductio ad absur- 
 dum . (The si only doubles that in nisi.) 
 
 10. non . . . jam, no longer. 
 
 14. Aurelia via, see Cat. i. § 24 . 
 
 15. ad vesperam, towards evening. 
 
 Sect. 7. sentinam, refuse (see Cat. i. § 12 ). — ejecerit, § 307. 
 c\ G. 598. r. 2 ; H. 509. 
 
 17. exhausto, drained off (as sentina) . — recreata, invigorated. 
 
 20. tota Italia, § 258./; G. 386; H. 425 s . 
 
 21. subjector, forger j circumscriptor, swindler ; perditus, 
 
 scoundrel. 
 
 Sect. 8. alios, etc., some . . . others . 
 
 101 . Sect. 9 . ut . . . possitis, § 317. c. — diversa studia. 
 
 In another passage (Cad. xiii.) Cicero ascribes to Catiline: “ Cum 
 tristibus severe , cum remissis jucmide , cum s embus graviter , cum 
 juventute comiter , cum facinorosis audaciter , libidinosis luxu- 
 
 riose vivereC — in dissimili ratione, in different directions.— 
 ludo, the regular training-school . 
 
 4. scaena, i.e. among the actors of the baser sort. 
 
 6. tamen, i.e. in contrast to the usual effeminacy of these profli- 
 gates. exercitatione, abl. of means: trained by the practice of 
 
 debaucheries and crimes to endure , etc. 
 
 7. frigore . . . perferendis, abl. with adsuef actus. fortis, an 
 
 able fellow. 
 
 8. istis, his hangers-on. - — subsidia, etc., i.e. means which might 
 be, etc. 
 
 Sect. 10 . audaciae, acts of audacity. 
 
 17. obligaverunt, encumbered. — res, property ; fides, credit. 
 20. quidem (concessive), no doubt. 
 
 24. mihi (eth. dat.) = forsooth. 
 
 Sect. 11 . instare plane, is close at hand. 
 
 35. unius: Pompey, of course, now returning from his triumphs 
 in the East. 
 
 102 . quacumque ratione, so., fieri potest. 
 
Catiline II. 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 6. resecanda erunt, shall need pruning . 
 
 Sect. 12. etiam, still (after all that has been done). 
 
 ii. quod, obj. of adsequi, if I could effect it (pointing to ipsos, 
 etc.), i.e. their expulsion. 
 
 13. enim, i.e. the idea is absurd, as implied in the irony following. 
 
 15. quid, tell me: that is, it was really the act of the Senate 
 that drove him out. — hesterno die qualifies convocavi. 
 
 Sect. 13 . in proximam : Cicero certainly said nothing definite 
 as to the night of Nov. 7, although he wishes to make it appear 
 that he had. — ei, dat. of agent (§ 232. a ; G. 206 ; H. 388). 
 
 30. teneretur, was caught . 
 
 32. pararet, for plup. (see Cat. i. § 2, end). — securls, fascis : 
 the use of these signified that Catiline intended to assume the 
 authority and imperium of consul. 
 
 33. aquilam : see Cat. i. § 24 . 
 
 Sect. 14 . eiciebam, conative imperf. (§ 277. c ; G. 224 ; H. 469 *). 
 
 103 . suo nomine, i.e. not by Catiline’s order: the whole is, of 
 course, ironical. 
 
 3. nunc, even now . 
 
 4. Massiliam : Marseilles , an ancient Greek city of Gaul, always 
 faithful and friendly to Rome. It was a favorite place of sojourn 
 for Romans who went into voluntary exile. 
 
 6. condicionem, terms . 
 
 9. pertimuerit, take alarm. 
 
 Sect. 15 . est tanti, it is worth my while. 
 
 22. sane (concessive), for all me. 
 
 28. aliquando, one day. — ilium emiserim . . . ejecerim : let 
 
 him go . . . drove him out . 
 
 31. si interfectus, etc.: adroitly excusing his lenity to those 
 who would have wished harsher measures. 
 
 Sect. 16 . quamquam (corrective), and yet. 
 
 33. nemo, not a man. 
 
 34. misericors : his going to Manlius was his inevitable ruin, 
 and yet, for all their pity, they desired this. 
 
 36. latrocinantem, in partisan warfare. 
 
 104 . Sect. 17 . sibi, for their own good. 
 
I 12 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 12. placare, gain over. 
 
 14. ex quibus generibus : u a similar picture, 11 says Long, may 
 be drawn of any great city.” 
 
 15. comparentur, are made up. 
 
 16. si quam, sc. adferre. 
 
 Sect. 18 . est eorum, consists of those (pred. gen.). 
 
 19. dissolvi, sc. a possessionibus : although they might pay their 
 debts, they will not make up their minds to do so. 
 
 20. species, look. — honestissima, very respectable . 
 
 22. argento , plate. 
 
 23. sis, § 311. 0; G. 250; H. 485. — fidem, credit. 
 
 26. tabulas novas, new accounts , i.e. a sweeping alteration of 
 debts, such as that, B.C. 86, “ which reduced every private claim to 
 the fourth part of its nominal amount, and cancelled three-fourths 
 
 in favor of the debtors” (Momm.). 
 
 28. auctionariae : a forced sale would give them new accounts 
 by reducing their debts 5 but the second tabulae (understood) refers 
 to placards advertising the sale of their goods. The whole is a 
 coarse jest. 
 
 30. quod, obj. of facere, relating to the forced sale. — neque, 
 and not , connects facere and certare. 
 
 31. certare cum usuris (§ 248.^), struggle to meet the interest . 
 — fructibus is abl. of means. 
 
 33. uteremur, we should find them. 
 
 35. vota facturi, likely to offer prayers. 
 
 105 . Sect. 19 . quamquam premuntur : a man must be 
 rich in Rome to be active in politics. 
 
 5. scilicet, in fact. 
 
 13. praesentis agrees with deos : will be at hand , and , etc. 
 
 14. jam, at once. 
 
 18. non vident, don't they see ? (§ 210. b\ G. 455 ; 35 l8 ) ,- y 
 
 adepti sint, corresponding in time to the fut. perf. indie. fugi- 
 tivo, i.e. one of their own slaves ; for, when law is overthrown, 
 brute force will control all. 
 
 Sect. 20 . ex eis coloniis : Sulla rewarded his veterans (120,000 
 in number) by grants of land, partly in municipia already existing 
 partly by founding new colonies. 
 
Catiline II. 
 
 ii3 
 
 23. universas, as a whole / civium esse, consist of, etc. 
 
 25. ei sunt coloni, these are colonists of this sort (as opposed to 
 the general character of the colonies). — beati, wealthy. 
 
 27. lectis, choice. 
 
 28. apparatis, splendid. 
 
 30. Sulla, etc., they must raise Sulla from the dead: they can 
 have no such hope in Catiline. 
 
 31. agrestls, farmers, not Sulla’s colonists. 
 
 36. illorum temporum, i.e. the times of proscription. — inustus, 
 branded. 
 
 106 . Sect. 21 . sane, rather. 
 
 8. vacillant, stagger under. — vadimoniis, etc., the three steps 
 in bankruptcy, — bail, judgment, and sale of property ; proscnptio 
 is properly the public notice that property is for sale. 
 
 10. infitiatores, swindlers , i.e. debtors who deny their obligations. 
 
 11. stare, keeping their feet. 
 
 Sect. 22 . career, the Tullianum, a dungeon near the Forum, 
 now existing. It was properly a jail, for temporary detention, as 
 imprisonment was not recognized in Rome as a form of punishment. 
 
 22. numero ,in order ; genere, rank. 
 
 25. imberbis, a mark of effeminacy ; bene barbatos, a practice 
 regarded by respectable Romans as affected, and so foppish ; talar- 
 ibus, down to the heel ; velis, veils , rather than the substantial 
 toga, which was of unbleached wool. 
 
 Sect. 23 . saltare et cantare : these accomplishments were 
 
 hardly regarded as respectable in the better classes. 
 
 32. spargere, i.e. in food or drink: poisoning has in all ages 
 been carried to a high art in Italy. 
 
 107 . his noctibus : although this was spoken Nov. 9, yet 
 the Roman year was at this time in such a state of confusion, 
 that the true date was probably some time in December, just 
 when the winter was setting in. 
 
 Sect. 24 . cohortem praetorium, body-guard . 
 
 12. debilitatam, broken down. 
 
 13. urbes coloniarum, etc. : the colonies and municipia included 
 
 l 
 
Notes: Cicero. 
 
 1 14 
 
 their walled cities, urbes , in their territory. These well-manned 
 walls would be more than a match for Catiline’s rude works. 
 
 15. ornamenta, outfit or equipment of all sorts. 
 
 Sect. 25. ex eo ipso, from the very comparison. 
 
 23. jaeeant, lie helpless. 
 
 31. bona ratio, good counsel ; perdita, desperate. 
 
 108 . Sect. 26. custodiis vigiliisque : see note, Cat. i. § 8. 
 
 4. consultum, etc., provident measures have been taken. 
 
 5. coloni municipesque : see note on municipes, R. A. § 5. 
 A colony differed from a municipium in being founded by Roman 
 (or Latin) citizens, who retained from the first their citizenship, 
 either in whole or in part. At the time of Cicero all practical 
 difference between the two classes of towns had been done away ; 
 but the colonies always retained a certain precedence in rank. 
 
 15. vocari videtis : the members of the Senate had their gather- 
 ing place (senaculum) adjoining the curia , and were summoned by 
 heralds ( praecones ) from this into the building. If any were absent, 
 the heralds were sent to their houses. The curia and senaculum 
 could be seen from the place of assembly on the Forum, and the 
 heralds were no doubt noticed going their rounds. 
 
 16. atque adeo, or rather. 
 
 Sect. 27. monitos volo, § 292. d. — etiam atque etiam, again 
 and again . 
 
 20. solutior, too . remiss . 
 
 21. quod, etc., as for the rest. 
 
 23. horum and his relate to the citizens by whom he is surrounded, 
 and imply a gesture. 
 
 Sect. 28. togato : as the toga was the garb of peace, this word 
 means in peace , or as a statesman , instead of a military commander. 
 
 109 . manifestae, overt . 
 
 6. illud, in appos. with ut . . . possitis : / will secure that you 
 shall all be safe. 
 
 Sect. 29. quam urbem . . . hanc, this city which (§ 200. b ; G. 
 618 ; H. 445 9 ) ; or repeat, that city. 
 
Catiline III . 
 
 US 
 
 CATILINE III. 
 
 Argument . 
 
 Chap. i. Exordium. The citizens are congratulated on their safety. 
 — Nar ratio. 2, 3. The conspirators’ plans have been watched; the Gallic 
 embassy seized with letters, which, with the treasonable leaders, are brought 
 before the Senate. — 4. Testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls. — 5. Forced 
 confession of Cethegus, Lentulus, and Gabinius. — 6. The Senate decrees 
 the custody of the traitors and a general thanksgiving. — 7. Now all is 
 safe: Catiline alone was to be feared, and only while in the city. — 
 8, 9. The Divine aid manifest in sundry omens; chiefly in the madness of 
 the traitors in confiding their counsels to the Gauls. — Peroratio. 10. Ex- 
 hortation to keep the thanksgiving : this bloodless victory compared with 
 others more costly. — 11. Cicero claims no reward but a grateful remem- 
 brance. — 12. But he is less fortunate than victors in foreign war, since the 
 conquered are still citizens. The State shall be his reward and defence. 
 
 Sect. 1 . vitam, lives: the plural could not be used in Latin 
 (§ 75- 3 5 but compare a , b, e). — bona, estates (landed property) ; 
 fortunas, goods (personal property). 
 
 110. Sect. 2 . salutis, preservation. 
 
 11. ilium: Romulus, who, after his death, was considered to be 
 a god, and identified with the Sabine god of war, Quirinus. urbi, 
 etc., dat. following subjectos. 
 
 18. eorum, i.e. the swords. 
 
 Sect. 3 . vobis, opposed to in Senatu. 
 
 22. exspectatis, are waiting to hear . 
 
 23. ut, since. 
 
 24. cum reliquisset, having left . 
 
 28. cum eiciebam: notice the tense (at the time / was engaged 
 in driving out, etc., also volebam, below), as compared with erupit 
 (burst forth , once for all). Notice, also, the difference in mood (at 
 the time , etc.), compared with cum reliquisset (not referring to 
 time at all, but to circumstance : having left behind , etc.). 
 
 29. ilia, sc. invidia . 
 
 31. exterminari (terminus), put out of the boundaries . 
 
 32. restitissent, in dir. disc, restiterint (fut. perf.). 
 
Notes : Cicero . 
 
 1 16 
 
 HI. Sect. 4. oratio, argument ; fidem facer et, gain credence . 
 ut . . . comprehenderem, that I might get hold of the matter. 
 
 6. Allobrogum : the Allobroges were a Gallic nation, between 
 the Rhone and the Alps (in the modern Dauphine and Savoy) ; 
 subdued B.C. 12 1, and united with the province Narbonensis. They 
 were restless under their new masters (see § 22), and inclined to 
 take up with Catiline’s movement. Their ambassadors had come 
 to complain of certain exactions of their provincial governor. — 
 belli, i.e. when out of the range of the Roman jurisdiction; tumul- 
 tus, rebellion , i.e. when nearer home, 
 
 7. Lentulo, see Introd. : he was consul B.C. 71, but was expelled 
 from the Senate the next year, with sixty-three others, on account 
 of his character, and now held the praetorship with the view of 
 beginning the course of honors over again. 
 
 9. litteris, a letter (see § 79. c). 
 
 15. manifesto deprehenderetur, taken in the act: the words 
 apply strictly to the criminals themselves. 
 
 Sect. 5. praetores: although the regular duties of the prae- 
 tors were judicial, yet they possessed the imperium , and in virtue 
 of this could command troops in the absence of the consuls, or 
 under their authority. 
 
 19. qui sentirent, as men who, etc. 
 
 22. pontem Mulvium, the bridge over the Tiber, about two 
 miles above the city, by which the principal roads (the Flaminian 
 and Cassian) led into north Italy. 
 
 23. inter eos, i.e. between the two divisions. 
 
 26. praefectura : the title given to the lowest class of Italian 
 towns which had lost their political independence. 
 
 Roman colonies and municipia (see note, R. A. § 5)> being integral 
 parts of the civitas Rom ana , had no independent administration of justice, 
 but were under the authority of the praetor urbanus , who sent a praefec- 
 t us jure dicundo to act in his name. For this purpose it was usual to group 
 several towns together, and the groups thus formed were called praefec- 
 turae. After the Social War, which resulted in giving full citizenship to 
 the inhabitants of all the Italian towns, these praefecturae were dissolved. 
 Jurisdiction in crimes and in the most important civil cases came directly to 
 the praetor in Rome, while cases of inferior importance were left to the 
 
Catiline IIL 
 
 ii 7 
 
 municipal magistrates, — duumviri in the older colonies, quattuorviri in 
 the municipia and Sulla’s colonies. There still remained, however, a num- 
 ber of small towns which, while receiving full Roman citizenship, did not 
 receive full rights of local self-government, but continued to have justice 
 administered by prefects sent from Rome. The Italian towns, therefore, 
 in the last century of the republic, fell into three classes, — coloniae } muni- 
 cipia and praefecturae. Beloch, Der italische Band \ p. 132. 
 
 26. Reatina : Reate was a very ancient town of the Sabines, 
 about forty miles north-east of Rome. Cicero was the patronus 
 (see note R. A. § 4) of Reate ; that is, acted as its attorney and 
 legal counsel : which accounts for his having this body-guard of 
 young men from that place. Besides, these simple mountaineers 
 still retained something of the old Italian virtues, and therefore were 
 well fitted for this service. 
 
 Sect. 6 . tertia vigilia : the night, from sunset to sunrise, was 
 divided into four equal watches ; this time was about 3 a.m. 
 
 32. res, the occasion of the attack. — ignorabatur, etc. Though 
 the Allobroges had played the conspirators false, and knew that the 
 consul had his plans ready, they did not know what these plans 
 were, and therefore were as much taken by surprise as Volturcius 
 himself. Even the troops would appear not to have known what 
 special enterprise they were engaged in. 
 
 112. ipsi, the men (as opposed to the letters). 
 
 3. machinatorum : Gabinius had been the go-between in this 
 case ; he and Statilius had had it in charge to burn the city (Sail. 
 Cat. 43, 44). 
 
 4. dum, as yet. 
 
 6. venit : having been summoned like the others. 
 
 7 . praeter, etc., since Lentulus was notoriously lazy. 
 
 Sect. 7. viris, dat. after placeret, which has for subject lit- 
 teras . . . deferrem. 
 
 13. esse facturum governs the clause ut . . . deferrem: it may 
 be rendered : I said I would not fail to lay before the public council 
 a matter touching the public danger before it had been tampered with 
 
 (integram). 
 
 14 . et enim si, for if , you see. 
 
1 1 8 
 
 Notes : Cicero. 
 
 Sect. 8. si quid . . . esset, whatever weapons there were. 
 
 23. introduxi, sc. in Senatum. — fidem publicam, assurance of 
 safety : he was to be used as State’s evidence. 
 
 25. vix = at length with difficulty. 
 
 27. servorum : in the memory of the terrible servile insurrec- 
 tions in Sicily, and especially that of Spartacus in Italy, less than 
 ten years before, this would shock and terrify his hearers beyond 
 measure. — ut . . . uteretur (§ 331. a ; G. 546 ; H. 498. ii.)> obj. of 
 the verb implied in mandata, etc. 
 
 29. id, in a sort of apposition with ut . . . accederet. 
 
 31. erat, § 336. b\ G. 630. R. 1 ; H. 524 s . 
 
 113, Sect. 9. equitatum: the Roman cavalry was chiefly 
 composed of Gallic and other auxiliaries (see note on the Eques- 
 trian Order, Verr. i. § 1 ). 
 
 2. defuturas depends on the verb implied in praescriptum. 
 
 3. sibi (copias) refers to the conspirators ; sibi (confirmasse) 
 to the envoys of the Allobroges. — f atis : the books bought by Tar- 
 quinius Superbus of the Cumaean Sibyl. They were kept in charge 
 of a board, collegium , the quindecimviri sacris faciundis , and con- 
 sulted in cases of great public emergency. They appear to have 
 been the source of the introduction of Grecian rites and forms of 
 worship in Rome (Marquardt, Rom. Alt. iv. p. 51). — haruspicum : 
 the haruspices were Etruscan soothsayers, who interpreted the 
 will of the gods, chiefly from the entrails of animals sacrificed. 
 They were a private class, of low standing, and are not to be con- 
 founded with the augurs, who were a board of Roman noblemen, 
 of high rank, who interpreted the auspices according to the native 
 Roman rules, chiefly by the flight of birds, by lightning, etc. 
 
 6. Cinnam, etc. : L. Cornelius Cinna was colleague of Marius, 
 and ruled Rome after his death, B.c. 86. L. Cornelius Sulla ruled 
 Rome B.C. 82-79 (see § 24 ). 
 
 7. fatalem, destined. 
 
 9. virginum : the Vestal Virgins, six in number, maidens of 
 high rank, consecrated to chastity and the service of Vesta. They 
 were peculiarly sacred, and were highly privileged. Violation of 
 their vow of chastity was incest us, and was regarded as a prodigium 
 of very bad omen. Of the incident referred to here nothing fur- 
 
Catiline III. 
 
 1 19 
 
 ther is known. — Capitolii : the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (see 
 note, Verr. iv. § 15) was burned during the rule of the Marian fac- 
 tion, B.C. 83. 
 
 Sect. 10 . Saturnalibus : a very ancient festival, in honor of 
 Saturnus, the god of seed-sowing, celebrated Dec. 19. During this 
 festival every serious business was suspended ; and it was so com- 
 plete a holiday that slaves feasted at the same tables with their 
 masters. No better opportunity could be found for the outbreak of 
 an insurrection than this season of unrestrained jollification. 
 
 14. tabellas, tablets of wood : wax was spread on the inside, and 
 on this the writing was scratched with a stilus. When used for 
 letters, the tablets were tied about with a linen thread, linum , and 
 sealed. 
 
 17. ipsius manu : the ambassadors had made sure to get all the 
 conspirators committed in writing except Cassius, who alone had 
 the sagacity to keep out of it. 
 
 18. senatui : the Gallic tribes were governed by an aristocracy, 
 having a council or senate as its mouth-piece. — sese, etc. : in dir. 
 disc .^faciam quae vestris legatis confirmavi. 
 
 20. sibi recepissent, had taken upon themselves. 
 
 21. tamen : i.e. notwithstanding the staggering evidence against 
 him. 
 
 23. semper . . . fuisse, had always been a fancier of good 
 cutlery . 
 
 29. est vero, etc., i.e. you may well recognize it : it is, etc. 
 
 30. avi tui : Cornelius Lentulus, cos. b.c. 162. He was princeps 
 senatus , that is, designated by the censors as first man of the Sen- 
 ate : an honorary office, held ordinarily by patricians (Momm. Rom. 
 Forsch. i. p. 92). 
 
 32. debuit (§ 288. a , R. ; G. 424; H. 537 a ), ought to have 
 recalled. (The joining of such opposites as muta and revocare is 
 called oxymoron , or par ado x.) 
 
 Sect. 11 . eadem ratione = to the same purport. — si . . . vel- 
 let, subj. of indir. disc, (direct, si vultis) ; feci potestatem, / gave 
 him leave. 
 
 114 . per quem, i.e. who had conducted them. 
 
 6. esset, is (imperf. by seq. of tenses, § 287. d\ H. 495. v.). 
 
120 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 Sect. 12 . quis sim, etc. This letter is given with slight varia- 
 tions by Sallust. 
 
 19 . jam, still. 
 
 20. infimorum, i.e. slaves ; see note, § 8 . 
 
 Sect. 13. ilia, the following (§ 102. b). 
 
 27. furtim, stealthily (“ like thieves”). 
 
 29. indicare, inform against. 
 
 32. a principibus, the leading men : the voting was in the order 
 of dignity (see note, Cat. iv. § 1 ). — sententiae : the views of 
 individual senators. 
 
 34. perscriptum : the vote in the Senate merely determined the 
 substance of the ordinance, which was afterwards written out in 
 regular form by the secretaries, under the direction of the presiding 
 officer. (See the form as given on p. 249 of the text.) 
 
 Sect. 14* verbis amplissimis, in the most ample terms . — 
 gratiae aguntur, thanks are rendered. 
 
 115 . conlegae, C. Antonius : see Introd. Cat. 1. 
 
 j-gi publicae consiliis, the public counsels . i.e. his own as 
 
 consul. 
 
 8. cum se abdicasset, after abdicating. Lentulus could not 
 properly be called to account during his magistracy, and was there- 
 fore compelled to abdicate (see below). 
 
 12 . L. Cassium, etc.: these last mentioned had not yet been 
 arrested, but Ceparius was caught in his flight and brought back. 
 
 14. pastores: Apulia was, as now, used chiefly for pasturage. 
 In the summer, when these broad plains were dried up, the flocks 
 were driven to the mountain pastures of Samnium and Lucania. 
 These pastoral regions have always been the home of a lawless and 
 restless population, prone to brigandage. 
 
 Sect. 15. supplicatio, a day of prayer, proclaimed by the 
 Senate, either in thanksgiving, gratulatio, as in the present case, or 
 in entreating favor of the gods. Another class, obsecratio, was 
 directed by the Sibylline books (see note, § 9), in order to ward off 
 some impending calamity. — eorum, i.e. the gods. 
 
 26. meo nomine (a mercantile phrase), on my account. 
 
 27. togato, as a civilian: the toga was the regular dress of the 
 Roman in time of peace. None other was authorized to wear it. 
 
Catiline III. 
 
 1 2 I 
 
 and the Roman was further required always to wear it when acting 
 in a civil capacity. 
 
 29. liberassem : in the decree, liberavit . 
 
 30. hoc interest, there is this difference. — bene gesta, as well 
 as conservata, agrees with re publica. 
 
 33. jus, rights. — tamen : he was allowed to resign instead of 
 being put to death without resigning (as in the case below). 
 
 36. quae . . . fuerat, what had not been a scruple to Marius = a 
 scruple which had not prevented M. from (quominus, etc.). 
 
 116 . quo minus occideret, to prevent his killing, following 
 religio (§ 319. d). — C. Glauciam, see note Cat. i. § 4 . 
 
 2. nominatim : i.e. the authority was conferred in general terms, 
 by the formula Vide ant, etc. 
 
 3. privato, as a private citizen. 
 
 Sect. 16 . pellebam, was attempting , etc. : see Cat. i., passim. 
 
 14. tam diu, so long only. 
 
 1 7. consilium = ability to plan. 
 
 18. jam habebat, already had in hand: he had reduced con- 
 spiracy to a science. 
 
 Sect. 17 . hunc ego : two pronouns are often put together thus 
 for antithesis. 
 
 24. callidum, experienced. 
 
 28. depulissem , pushed aside : the image is of averting a crush- 
 ing weight (molem), just ready to fall. 
 
 29. non ille, etc.: i.e. as Cethegus did. — Saturnalia, i.e. so 
 distant a date. 
 
 30. tanto ante : this praise of Catiline’s sagacity is hardly con- 
 sistent with his successive schemes of conspiracy, repeatedly foiled 
 for now three years (see Cat. i. § 15 ). — rei publicae, dat. after 
 
 denuntiavisset. 
 
 32. testes, in appos. with both signum and litterae. 
 
 35. manifesto, flagrant. 
 
 117. hostis (pred. appos.), as an enemy. 
 
 Sect. 18 . quod . . . potuisse (parenthetical), because , etc. 
 
 10. cum (correl. with turn vero), while we can guess it, yet still 
 more we can almost see it with our own eyes. 
 
122 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 ii. consilii limits gubernatio in the predicate: to belong to 
 human wisdom ; turn (below) answers to cum. 
 
 15. faces, etc.: these omens are such as the Romans observed 
 and noted carefully. Livy’s history is full of them. 
 
 19. praetermittendum, inadvertently; relinquendum, inten- 
 tionally. 
 
 Sect. 19 . Cotta et Torquato, consuls B.c. 65, the year in 
 which Catiline’s conspiracy was first intended to break out. — aera : 
 the laws were engraved on bronze tables. Some of these are still 
 extant. 
 
 25. ille . . . Romulus : there is a bronze statue of the wolf suck- 
 ling the infants in the Capitoline Museum at Rome, which bears 
 marks either of lightning seaming one of its hind legs, or of some 
 defect in the casting. Mommsen (Vol. i. p. 608) holds it to be the 
 same with that here mentioned, and it is certainly not unlikely. 
 
 33. flexissent : in dir. disc, flexerint, following appropinquare, 
 which has a future sense. 
 
 Sect. 20. illorum, the haruspices . — idem (plur.), they also . 
 
 118 . contra atque, opposite to what (§ 156. a ; G. 31 1 c ; H. 459 s ). 
 
 3. solis . . . conspiceret : it has been much disputed whether 
 the Capitolium , or temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, was on the north- 
 eastern or south-western summit of the Capitoline Hill. This pas- 
 sage affords a conclusive argument in support of the view that it 
 was on the south-western point of the hill. A statue here, facing 
 east, would also face (< conspiceret ) the forum and comitium, which 
 would not be the case with one upon the north-eastern point. 
 
 7. conlocandum locaverunt : the regular expression for giving 
 out a contract (§ 294. d\ G. 431 ; H. 544. N. 2 ). 
 
 8. illi, of year before last. 
 
 9. consulibus and nobis, abl. abs. expressing the date. 
 
 Sect. 21 . praeceps, headstrong ; mente captus, insane . 
 
 12. haec omnia, i.e. the universe. 
 
 15. ita is in appos. with caedes . . . comparari. 
 
 16. rei publicae (dat.), against the State. 
 
 22. in aedem Concordiae : one of the principal temples at the 
 northern end of the Forum, where the Senate had held its session 
 on this day. It was built by the consul L. Opimius, b.c. 12 i, after 
 
Catiline III. 
 
 123 
 
 his bloody victory over C. Gracchus. One would almost think it a 
 piece of satire. 
 
 Sect. 22. quo: abl. of cause: wherefore. — si dicam, if / 
 should say (§ 307. b ; G. 598 ; H. 509). 
 
 31. non ferendus, intolerable for arrogance. 
 
 36. ilia, etc. : these words in brackets are a manifest gloss. 
 
 I I9i gens relates here to the Gauls as a whole, not to the Allo- 
 broges in particular. 
 
 8. ultro, voluntarily. — patriciis : the patricians were the origi- 
 nal citizens of Rome ; and the plebeians, the mass , were their 
 clients or dependants, foreign residents, and emancipated slaves. 
 When the plebeians, after a contest of more than a hundred years, 
 obtained an equality of political rights, the original patrician fami- 
 lies still continued to be an hereditary aristocracy, with no political 
 privileges, but with the exclusive right to certain positions of mere 
 honor and dignity, such as the princeps senatus (see note, § 10 ) 
 and certain priestly offices. All patricians were of course members 
 of the new nobility. Of the conspirators, Catiline, Lentulus, and 
 Cethegus were patricians. (See note on p. 31, above.) 
 
 Sect. 23. pulvinaria, shrines : properly cushions , upon which 
 the statues of the gods were laid, when a feast was spread before 
 them. This was called lectisternium , and was usually connected 
 with the supplicatio (see note, § 15). Only certain gods, chiefly 
 Grecian, had pulvinaria , and the rite was established by direction 
 of the Sibylline books (see note, § 9). — celebratote : the future 
 imperative is used on account of its reference to a set time in the 
 future. 
 
 20. duce, in actual command; imperatore, holding the sover- 
 eign power, whether actually commanding that particular operation 
 or not. — illos dies : the supplicatio lasted several days. 
 
 Sect. 24. P. Sulpicium [Rufum], a young man of remarkable 
 eloquence, a leader in the reforming party among the aristocracy, 
 one of the speakers in Cicero’s De Oratore. He was tribune B.c. 
 88, and his quarrel with C. Caesar was the first act of the Civil War. 
 By his proposition, the command in the Mithridatic War was trans- 
 ferred from Sulla to Marius ; and when Sulla refused to obey, and 
 marched upon the city, Sulpicius was one of the first victims. 
 
124 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 27. conlegam : Lucius Cornelius Cinna (see note, § 9 ). They 
 were consuls B.C. 87, after the departure of Sulla for the East, and 
 in their dissensions the civil war broke out afresh. The victory of 
 Cinna recalled Marius from exile. 
 
 30. lumina : among these were Octavius ; C. Caesar (see above), 
 and his brother Lucius ; Q. Catulus, father of the opponent of the 
 Manilian law (see below) ; M. Antonius, the great orator; and the 
 pontifex maximus , Q. Scaevola (see note, Verr. v. § 19 ). 
 
 31. ultus est : to preserve the emphasis, render, the cruelty , etc.* 
 was avenged by Sulla (see note, R. A. § 6 ). 
 
 33. dissensit, there was a quarrel between , etc. — M. Lepidus, 
 father of the triumvir, was consul B.C. 78 (after Sulla’s death), with 
 Q. Catulus, son of the one murdered by Cinna. The scheme of 
 Lepidus to revive the Marian party resulted in a short civil war, in 
 which he was defeated by his colleague and killed. 
 
 35. ipsius : he was the victim of his own violence, and therefore 
 less regretted. 
 
 120. Sect. 25. commutandam rem publicam, a change of 
 government. 
 
 5 . tamen, i.e. while those were only political disturbances, yet 
 cost a great many lives, this attempt to destroy the commonwealth 
 has been put down with little loss. 
 
 10 . quale bellum, a war such as. 
 
 13 . omnes, etc., everybody except the desperate. 
 
 15 . tantum, so 7 nuch only . 
 
 Sect. 26. mutum, du 7 nb : such as a statue, for example. 
 
 31. eandem diem, etc., the same period of time — eternal as 1 
 hope — is extended at once to the safety of the city , etc 
 
 34. duos civis, Pompey and himself. 
 
 121. Sect. 27. nihil noceri potest, no harm can be done. 
 
 Sect. 28. in honor e vestro : honor is used here, as usual, to 
 
 denote external honors (offices) conferred by the people. Holding 
 the consulship, he had nothing higher to look forward to. 
 
Catiline IV. 
 
 125 
 
 CATILINE IV. 
 
 Argument. 
 
 Chap. i. Exordium. The question of the traitors’ doom must be set- 
 tled without regard to Cicero’s interest or his household ; his act is its own 
 reward. — Propositio. 2, 3. Desperate nature of the conspirators’ guilt : it 
 is manifest already by clear proof, and condemned already by the action 
 of the Senate. — 4. The two opinions: that of Silanus, for death; of 
 Caesar, for perpetual imprisonment. — -5. The latter will be least invidious 
 to Cicero : its extreme severity. — Contentio. 6. But in either there can be 
 no cruelty : severity to them is mercy to the people. What if the con- 
 spiracy had succeeded ! The city to be given over to plunder and confla- 
 gration. — 7. The general excitement and alarm. The guilty are to be 
 regarded no longer as citizens, but as public enemies. — 8. All classes 
 of citizens — even freedmen and slaves — desire the safety of the city. — 
 9. Responsibility resting on the Senate : the Consul will not fail them. — 
 Peroratio. 10. He cares nothing for himself : his fame is sure. The war 
 he has taken up is without end; but the harmony of the State shall be 
 unbroken. — ■ 1 1. Let then remember his political sacrifices; but vote only 
 for the welfare and safety of the State. 
 
 As this is the first deliberative oration, delivered in the Senate, con 
 tained in this collection, it will be well to describe the course of a sena- 
 torial debate. 
 
 The Senate could be called together by any magistrate possessing the 
 civil imperium (regularly the Consul), also by the Tribunes of the Peo- 
 ple : the magistrate who summoned it also presided, and laid before it 
 ( referre ) the business for which it was summoned. He might at this 
 point give his own judgment. Then he proceeded to ask ( rogare ) the 
 Senators individually their opinions ( sententia ). The order was to ask in 
 turn the consulares, praetorii, and aedilicii ; that is, those who sat in the 
 Senate in virtue of having held these offices respectively. It has been 
 disputed whether the senatores pedarii — i.e. those who had held no 
 curule office — had the jus sententiae , or right to debate. There are, 
 however, numerous instances of their having taken part in discussion. If 
 the annual election had already taken place, — which was usually in July, 
 six months before the new magistrates assumed their offices, — the magis- 
 trates elect, designali, were called upon before their several classes. The 
 
126 
 
 Notes : Cicero. 
 
 princeps Senatus (see note, Cat. iii. § io) was called upon first of all, 
 when there were no consules designati. The presiding officer had it, indeed, 
 in his power to vary the order, and honor or slight any senator by calling 
 upon him extra ordinem. 
 
 The business was as a rule laid before the Senate in general terms, not 
 in any special form for action : each Senator could, as he chose, give his 
 judgment in full, by argument (sententiam dicer e'), or simply express 
 his assent to the judgment of another (verbo assentiri ). It was also 
 possible for a senator, when thus called on, to give his opinion on any 
 other subject not included in the questions referred ; but no senator had 
 a right to introduce any matter formally by motion, as with us. The vote 
 was taken by going on one side or other of the house {discessio) . When 
 a majority had decided in favor of any sententia , it was written out in 
 proper form by the secretaries ( scribae ), under the direction of the presi- 
 dent, in the presence of some of its principal supporters (adesse scri - 
 bundo ), and promulgated. 
 
 In the present case,— what sentence should be passed upon the captured 
 conspirators, — the consul elect, D. Junius Silanus, had advised that they 
 be put to death : and C. Julius Caesar, as praetor elect, that they be kept in 
 custody. At the end of the discussion, Cicero as presiding consul gave his 
 views in this speech. (For the speeches of Caesar and Cato, see Sallust, 
 Catiline, ch. 51, 52.) 
 
 Sect. 1. si haec, i.e. if the consulship has been given me on 
 these terms. 
 
 123 . Sect. 2. aequitas : the praetor, who administered jus- 
 tice between citizens, had his tribunal upon the Forum. 
 
 2. campus : the comitia centunata , in which the higher magis- 
 trates were elected (see note, Verr. i. § 18), were held in the Cam- 
 pus Martius , north of the city, just outside the walls, the level 
 space in which the modern city is chiefly situated. — auspiciis, 
 ablative : as it was only through the auspices taken for the comitia 
 that the Campus was consecrated. 
 
 The Roman commonwealth was regarded as resting directly upon the 
 will of the gods, expressed in signs sent by them, auspicia. The magis- 
 trates alone were authorized to consult the auspices (jpectid), which was 
 done by special formalities; and the auspices, when observed, were inter- 
 preted by a special board (< collegium ) of priests called Augurs. All 
 
Catiline IV. 
 
 127 
 
 important public acts were done auspicato , that is, under authority of the 
 auspices ; the right of interpreting these was therefore a source of great 
 political influence to the board of augurs, which was composed of men of 
 the highest rank and distinction. Cicero himself became a member of this 
 board ten years after his consulship. The rules of interpretation were 
 developed into a special science called jus augurium. Most public acts 
 of any kind must be performed auspicato , especially the holding of all 
 public assemblies in which business was transacted. Thus the Campus 
 was “ consecrated by auspices ” every time that the comitia centuriata 
 were held. The enclosure upon the Campus, called saepta or ovile , in 
 which the assembly met, was, like the Curia , or Senate-house, and the 
 rostra , or speaker’s stand, specially set apart and consecrated as a templum 
 (see note, Manil. § 70). 
 
 3. auxilium : the Roman Senate, having the management of 
 foreign affairs, was at this time a great court of appeal for subject 
 or friendly nations. 
 
 5. sella curulis, the seat used by the curule magistrates, — king, 
 interrex, dictator, magister equitum, consul, praetor, censor, and 
 curule aedile. It was like a modern camp-stool without back or 
 sides, with crossed legs of ivory, so that it could be folded up and 
 carried with the magistrate wherever he went. 
 
 14. foedissima, horrible , with the added idea of polluting things 
 sacred. 
 
 17. fatale, see note, Cat. iii. § 9 . 
 
 Sect. 3 . pro eo ac mereor, in proportion as / deserve. — rela- 
 turos gratiam, will reward (“ return favor” : cf. habere , agere). 
 
 28. immatura : because an ex-consul had reached the highest 
 point of Roman ambition. — misera : the philosophy of the ancients 
 professed to make them despise death (see Plato, Apologia , and 
 Cicero, Tusc. Quaest. i.). 
 
 29. ille ferreus qui, so iron-hearted as. — fratris : his brother 
 Quintus, younger than he, and at this time praetor elect. He served 
 with credit in Caesar’s Gallic campaigns. 
 
 32. neque . . . non, nor can it be but that, etc. — uxor, etc,: 
 his wife Terentia ; his daughter Tullia (daughters took the gentile 
 name of the father, see § 80. c ), married to C. Calpurnius Piso ; his 
 son Marcus, now two years old. 
 
 34. amplecti, take in its arms. 
 
128 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 124 . gener: Piso was not yet a member of the Senate, and 
 was probably standing in the lobby. — mo veor (emphatic),/ am 
 affected . 
 
 2. uti sint, [to wish] that , etc. (the verb being implied in 
 moveor) ; pereamus is in the same construction as sint. 
 
 Sect. 4. incumbite, bend your energies, a figure taken from 
 rowing. 
 
 6. circumspicite, watch for . 
 
 7. Gracchus, etc., see notes, Cat. i. §§ 3 , 4 . 
 
 10. Memmium: C. Memmius, one of the most upright men of 
 his time, and a candidate for the consulship against Glaucia, was 
 murdered by instigation of Glaucia and Saturninus (b.c. 100). This 
 led to the separation of Marius from these demagogues, and, on 
 their forcible resistance, they were put to death. 
 
 11. tenentur, are in custody. 
 
 14. signa, seals \ ; manus, handwriting (see Cat. iii.). 
 
 Sect. 5. judiciis : their acts (here recounted) were their ver- 
 dict on the conspirators’ guilt. 
 
 22. gratias egistis ; compare relaturos, § 3 . — singularibus 
 verbis, in unprecedented terms . 
 
 Sect. 6. sed : i.e. though you have in fact decided. 
 
 35. tamquam integrum, as if you had not already expressed 
 your judgment . — judicetis, censeatis : respecting the facts, they 
 acted as a Court; respecting the punishment, as a State Council. 
 
 36. ilia consulis, I will say in advance what belongs [me as] 
 the consul: i.e. declare the need of instant action ; what action, 
 it is for the Senate to determine. 
 
 125 . jam pridem videbam, had long seen. 
 
 8. adfinis, implicated. 
 
 11. provincias, especially Spain, with which Cn. Piso had had 
 relations. It had not yet become fully reconciled since the overthrow 
 of Sertorius, only eight years before. 
 
 12. sustentando, forbearance ; prolatando , procrastination. 
 
 Sect. 7. haec (with a gesture), all this , i.e. city* citizens, and 
 
 government. 
 
 18. amplectitur, adopts. 
 
 19. versatur in, exhibits. 
 
Catiline IV. 
 
 129 
 
 22. punctum temporis,/br a moment . 
 
 26. mortem, etc., the Epicurean doctrine, espoused by Caesar. 
 
 3 1 . municipiis dispertiri, sc. eos in custodiam. 
 
 32. iniquitatem, unfairness , as it might expose them to danger, 
 and it would be unjust to choose among so many ; difficultatem, 
 embarrassment, since they might decline the service. 
 
 Sect. 8. adjungit, he (Caesar) adds to his proposal. 
 
 126 . sancit, ordains under penalties. 
 
 4. per senatum, by an executive decree ; per populum, by law. 
 
 8. uno, sc. dolore. 
 
 10. itaque, etc., an artful way of making the punishment of 
 death seem less cruel : since death is a relief, these myths had been 
 invented to give it terror. — videlicet, no doubt. 
 
 Sect. 9 . mea, § 222. a\ G. 381 ; H. 408 2 . 
 
 17. hanc . . . viam, this course in politics (Caesar’s well-known 
 course). — popularis, not popular, but devoted to the people, demo- 
 cratic: Caesar was now the recognized leader of the party. 
 
 18. auctore (abl. abs.), proposer ; cognitore, sponsor (a legal 
 term). 
 
 23. majorum : none of Caesar’s ancestors were men of any dis- 
 tinction, although some distant relations of the same name were 
 prominent in public affairs in the time of Sulla (see note, Cat. iii. 
 § 24 ). It was, however, one of the oldest patrician families. 
 
 24. obsidem : he is pledged at all events to defend the State as 
 against the conspirators. 
 
 26. levitatem, want of principle, i.e. of the steady purpose, or 
 stability of character, implied in gravitas. — contionatorum, 
 demagogues . 
 
 27. saluti, i.e. not voluntati : their interests, not their capricious 
 wishes. 
 
 Sect. 10 . non neminem, one or another . 
 
 Here Cicero turns from Caesar, a genuine democrat, to some self- 
 seeking demagogue, whom he does not name. No doubt all his hearers 
 knew whom he meant; and we are told that it was Q. Metellus Nepos, 
 brother of Celer (see Cat. i. § 19), a fugleman of Pompey and an enemy 
 of Cicero. He was elected tribune the next year — entering upon his 
 
130 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 office upon the Ides, Dec. 13; and when Cicero, on New Year’s day, 
 on laying down his office, was about to address the people, Metellus 
 forbade it, “ declaring it unfit that the murderer of Roman citizens should 
 address an assembly of free men. Amidst the uproar which this act ex- 
 cited, Cicero could only exclaim, with a solemn adjuration, that he had 
 served the State , and the general acclamations of the people overwhelmed 
 every opposing whisper.” (Merivale.) 
 
 29. de capite : this was properly only in the power of the comi- 
 tia centuriata. 
 
 31. dedit, decrevit, adfecit : i.e. gave his vote for these acts. 
 
 33. qui has for antecedent the subject of judicarit. 
 
 34. re, the matter (in general) ; causa, the issue to be decided. 
 
 35. C. Caesar: the full name gives emphasis; he does no.J hesi- 
 tate to pass a judgment upon them, equally affecting the caput , — 
 i.e. not only the life, but the civil existence, — which was protected 
 by the Sempronian law. 
 
 36. Semproniam, see note, Verr. vi. 6. 
 
 127 , ipsum latorem, C. Gracchus : he was put to death not 
 jussu populi , but in virtue of the dictatorial authority intrusted to 
 the consuls by the Senate. But a violation of the law in his case 
 did not excuse another on the part of Cicero. 
 
 4. largitorem, etc. : i.e. however lavish , — a symptom of court- 
 ing the popular favor. 
 
 6 . etiam, still. 
 
 10. se jactare, show himself off (as a friend of liberty). 
 
 Sect. 11 . obtinebo, make it appear that it (this opinion). 
 
 21. ita . . . liceat ut,^ may I enjoy, etc., as I am [in fact] moved 
 by no malignity . 
 
 Sect. 12. cum vero : here vero introduces (as often) the most 
 striking point. The others are bad enough, but when , etc. 
 
 32. purpuratum, a courtier ,* huic (dat. of ref.), of his . 
 
 35. Vestalium, see note, Cat. iii. § 7 . 
 
 128 . si quis, in case any. 
 
 11. universum, common , i.e. belonging to all. The city, as the 
 seat of empire, is contrasted with each man’s private domicile. 
 
Catiline IV. 
 
 131 
 
 13. id egerunt, have aimed at this: the ut-clause is in appos. 
 
 with id. 
 
 Sect. 13 . nisi vero, etc., unless , indeed , any one thought (a 
 reductio ad absurdum , as usual with this phrase) . 
 
 L. Caesar (consul B.C. 64) was a distant relative of the Dictator, son 
 of Lucius Caesar (consul B.C. 90, the year of the Social War), the author 
 of the law giving citizenship to the Italian allies (see note, Arch. § 7). 
 The sister of Lucius Caesar (the younger) was married to Lentulus, and 
 his mother, Fulvia, was daughter of M. Fulvius Flaccus, the leading 
 adherent of C. Gracchus. When Gracchus and Flaccus found themselves 
 (B.C. 1 21) drawn into a collision with the Senate, they sent the young 
 son of Flaccus with a proposition of compromise. The Senate, however, 
 refused to listen to any terms, threw the messenger in prison, — where he 
 was afterwards strangled, — and moved upon the insurgents with all the 
 power of the State. In the contest that followed, both leaders, and 
 several thousands of their partisans, lost their lives. It was to these 
 events that L. Caesar appealed, in justifying his vote in condemnation of 
 his brother-in-law Lentulus. 
 
 19. nudius tertius, day before yesterday . 
 
 22. ejus refers to avum. 
 
 23. legatum : of course the informal messenger of insurgents 
 could have no claim to the title ambassador , or to the privileges 
 which attached to the title, in ancient as well as modern times. 
 
 24. quorum limits factum : understand with simile some word 
 describing the present conspiracy ( what act of theirs is like this f'). 
 
 25. largitionis . . . versata est, a disposition for lavish grants 
 then prevailed in the public policy, leading to violent class-jealousy. 
 
 The plans of C. Gracchus embraced not only a lex frumentaria , allow- 
 ing every citizen to buy a certain amount of corn from the State at less 
 than half its market rate, and a lex agraria, providing for the distribution 
 of public land among the poorer citizens; but also the establishment of 
 several colonies, both in Italy and the provinces, the object of which was 
 at once to provide poor citizens with land, and to relieve the city, by emi- 
 gration of a part of its proletariat. Of these colonies the only ones actually 
 established were Junonia, on the site of Carthage, and — after the death 
 of Gracchus — Narbo, Narbonne , in Gaul. 
 
i3 2 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 27. avus (see note, Cat. iii. § 10 ) : he was an active supporter of 
 the Senate on this occasion. 
 
 33. urbem inflammandam : according to Sallust, ch. 43, this 
 work was assigned to Gabinius and Statilius. 
 
 35. vereamini follows censeo (ironical), as if with ut omitted. 
 
 129 . Sect. 15 . consentiunt, show their agreement. 
 
 26. ita ut = only to ; lit., with this limitation that. suminam 
 ordinis consilique, superiority in rank , and precedence in counsel. 
 
 29. hujus ordinis (i.e. the Senate) limits dissensione in the 
 sense of cum hoc, etc. The long contest here alluded to (see note, 
 Verr. i. § 1 ) was at last compromised by the Aurelian law (see 
 note, id. § 47 ). 
 
 31. quam si, etc ., and if svekeep this union. — confirmo , I assure. 
 
 35. tribunos aerarios, deans of the tribes. The Roman people 
 were divided into thirty-five tribes, local and territorial, like wards. 
 These tribes were made the basis of the comitia centunata, as well 
 as the comitia tributa, and served also for general administrative 
 and financial purposes. From the latter the name tribuni aerarii 
 was given to their presiding officers. 
 
 36. scribas : the scribae quaestorii (treasury clerks) formed an 
 important and powerful corporation. As they were a permanent 
 body, while the quaestors (treasurers) were elected annually, they 
 had the real responsibility in the management of the treasury (see 
 Momm. Rom. St. i. p. 272). — universos, the whole body. 
 
 | 30 . sortis : the quaestors entered upon office on the Nones of 
 December (Dec. 5) ; all other patrician magistrates on the first of 
 January. The scribae had therefore come together in order to be 
 present while the quaestors drew lots for their provinces (note, 
 
 Verr. i. § 11 ). . . 
 
 Sect. 16 . ingenuorum, free-born . Freedmen, liber tini, were 
 always regarded as inferior in rank, if not in civil and political 
 rights. Even these, however, are shown in the next chapter to be 
 interested in the safety of the republic. 
 
 8. operae pretium est, it is worth while . 
 
 9 . sua virtute: manumission was very commonly bestowed, as 
 the reward of some peculiar merit in the slave. 
 
Catiline IV. 
 
 133 
 
 11. hie nati : i.e. opposed to the slaves, who were as a rule — 
 at least city slaves — not born in slavery, but brought from foreign 
 countries. 
 
 19. quantum . . . voluntatis, does not contribute whatever good- 
 will he dare and can to the com 7 non safety . 
 
 Sect. 17 . circum tabernas, i.e. among the handicraftsmen. 
 
 24. quidem (concessive), to be sure . 
 
 32. instrumentum, stock in trade. 
 
 34. quorum relates to eorum, four lines above. 
 
 35. incensis, sc. tabernis. — futurum fuit = fuisset (§ 308. d\ 
 
 G. 599. R. 8 ). 
 
 131 . Sect. 18 . praesidia, supports. 
 
 6. obsess a, beset. 
 
 9. arcem et Capitolium: the Capitoline was a saddle-shaped 
 hill, having the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus on one elevation, the 
 old citadel, arx , on the other. Which was which has been a point 
 of much dispute, but one of the arguments will be found in note, 
 Cat. iii. § 20, for the view which appears best supported — that the 
 Capitoliu7n proper, the height which contained the Capitoline 
 temple, was the south-westerly one. The difficulty arises in part 
 from the fact that the word Capitoliu 77 i is used in three different 
 senses — for the temple, the whole hill, and that part of the hill 
 containing the temple. 
 
 9. aras Penatium : the Penates were gods of the household and 
 the larder ( pe 7 ius ), worshipped by every paterfa 7 nilias in his own 
 atriuTn. The State, being developed from the family, had likewise 
 its Penates, which were fabled to have been brought by ^Eneas from 
 Troy, and established at Lavinium, whence they were transferred to 
 Alba Longa, and afterwards to Rome. Their temple was on the 
 Velia, the low hill connecting the Palatine and Esquiline. 
 
 10. ignem Vestae : the temple of Vesta ( aedes , not teTnplum , 
 not having been consecrated by the augurs) was on the Sacra Via , 
 towards the Palatine, — a small round building. Adjoining it was 
 the regia , th j residence of the Pontifex Maxwius , afterwards given 
 by Augustus to the Vestal Virgins. 
 
 Sect. 19 . in civili causa, in a political question. 
 
 20. quantis . . . delerit : this clause will be best turned into 
 
134 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 English by translating the participles, f undatum, etc., as verbs, 
 and delerit as a relative clause, — with how great toil this empire 
 was established , which one night , etc. 
 
 132 , Sect. 20. gesta, abl. abs. with re publica. 
 
 Sect.' 21. Scipio : the elder Africanus, who brought the Second 
 Punic War to a triumphant close by the battle of Zama, B.c. 202. 
 By “ carrying the war into Africa,” he forced Hannibal to retire 
 
 from Italy. 
 
 8. alter Africanus: the younger, surnamed ZEmihanus. He 
 
 was son of L. ^milius Paulus (mentioned below), and adopted by 
 the son of the elder Africanus. He captured Carthage B.c. 146, 
 
 and Numantia, in Spain, B.c. 133. 
 
 10. Paulus : father of the younger Africanus, and, like his son, 
 the most eminent and upright man of his generation. He brought 
 the Third Macedonian War to a close by the battle of Pydna, b.c. 
 168, and led King Perseus captive in his triumphal procession. 
 
 i’i. currum [triumphalem] : the captives did not go with or be- 
 hind the triumphal chariot, but preceded it in the procession. 
 
 13 . bis liberavit : by the victories over the German invaders, 
 over the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (b.C. 102), and the Cimbn at 
 Campi Raudii (b.C. 10 i). 
 
 14. Pompeius : it should be remembered that Pompey was now 
 in the East, in the midst of his career of conquest, and that his 
 return was looked for with expectancy by all parties. Cicero took 
 every means to win the confidence of the great general, and gain 
 him over to his views in public affairs; but to no purpose. After 
 some wavering, he associated himself with Caesar, thus giving the 
 Senate a blow from which it never recovered, and preparing the 
 way for his own downfall. 
 
 Sect. 22 . quamquam, and yet . — uno loco, in one respect . 
 
 22. oppressi serviunt, are crushed and enslaved . 
 
 |20 ( Sect. 23. pro imperio, in place ofi i.e. «U these would 
 
 be gained by a foreign command. 
 
 2. neglexi, i.e. by turning it over to his colleague Aniomus (see 
 Introd. Cat. i.). — triumpho : by thus surrendering his province, 
 
Oration for Archias. 
 
 135 
 
 he renounced all thought of gaining a triumph, the highest honor 
 to which a Roman could aspire. 
 
 4. clientelis hospitiisque : the relation of cliens to patronus 
 was that of a subordinate to a superior, carrying with it services on 
 the one side and protection on the other ; the hospites were, on the 
 other hand, equals, and their connection was one of mutual aid 
 and friendship. Foreign states and citizens were eager to form 
 such ties with influential Romans, and they were equally advanta- 
 geous to the Roman. Of course a provincial governor had peculiar 
 opportunities for this. 
 
 5. urbanis opibus, the means afforded by a city life. Such ties 
 would be more easily formed by a sojourn in the province ; but 
 their value to the provincial consisted in the opportunities for 
 protection and assistance which a Roman statesman possessed in 
 the city, and which, in a political career, would be especially open 
 to him. 
 
 7. pro meis studiis, in reward of my efforts. 
 
 14. satis praesidii, in appos. with the clause si . . . memineritis. 
 
 Sect. 24 . eum . . . qui, a consul who, etc. (§ 102. d). — per se 
 ipsum praestare, warrant [so far as he may] on his own part. 
 
 ORATION FOR ARCHIAS. 
 
 Argument. 
 
 Chap. i. Exordium. Claim of Archias to Cicero’s services, both 
 from personal reasons and as a man of letters. — 2. Apology for the 
 unusual character of his plea. — Narratio. 3. Early career of Archias: he 
 is enrolled as a citizen of Heraclia. — Confirmatio. 4. His technical 
 claim : his registry, acts of citizenship, domicile. — 5. Argument from the 
 public records. — 6. The case is now closed. But there are other reasons 
 why, as a man of letters, he should be admitted. The great service of 
 these pursuits to the statesman. — 9. Testimony of famous men in the 
 past. — 8, 9. All men recognize the poet’s claims: examples. — 10. Greek 
 is a surer passport to fame than Latin. Men inferior to Archias have 
 been thus honored. — 11, 12. Fame is the strongest motive to acts of 
 public virtue. — Peroratio. 1 3. Appeal to the court : summary of Archias’ 
 claim. 
 
Notes: Cicero. 
 
 136 
 
 FAGE 
 
 134 . Sect. 1 . hujusce rei, i.e. dicendi. 
 
 4. ratio, theoretic acquaintance , contrasted with exercitatio, 
 practice . 
 
 7. A. Licinius : following the custom of naturalized foreigners, 
 as well as freedmen, Archias had taken the gentile name of his 
 noble friends and patrons, the Luculli. Cicero’s motive in always 
 speaking of him by his Roman name is obvious. 
 
 10. inde usque, from as far back as that . 
 
 11. principem, master. 
 
 14. a quo relates to huic, which is dat. after ferre; quo relates 
 
 to id : surely , to the man himself from whom we have received that 
 whereby, etc. 
 
 15. ceteris, every body else , whom he could assist (cf. opem) ; 
 alios, those few others whom he could save (cf. salutem). 
 
 135 . Sect. 2 . a nobis, that I speak in this way. — neque, 
 and not . 
 
 4. ne nos quidem, etc., not even I have devoted myself to 
 oratory alone. 
 
 Sect. 3 . quaestione legitima, a court established by law (i.e. 
 
 the Lex Papia, see Introd.). 
 
 10. publico, as distinguished from private cases. 
 
 12. severissimos : this old Roman severity was not likely to be 
 conciliated by Cicero’s prai§es of literature. 
 
 15. forensi sermone is not used here in its restricted meaning, 
 suited to the courts , but, as political speeches were delivered, and 
 business transacted, on the Forum, it means rather the ordinary 
 style of discourse. — abhorreat, differs widely. 
 
 20. hoc praetore : Q. Cicero was himself a poet and man of 
 critical taste. — loqui and uti have me understood as subj. 
 
 Sect. 4 . Antiochiae : Antioch was the largest and most impor- 
 tant of the cities of the Roman Empire in Asia. It was founded by 
 Seleucus Nicator, first king of Syria, about B.c. 300. 
 
 34. urbe, see § 184* G. 412. R. 2 ; H. 3^3 4 * 
 
 36. contigit, sc. ei, i.e. Archias. — post, afterwards . 
 
 136 . Sect. 5 . tunc , at that time . This was the long period 
 of comparative quiet between the Gracchan disturbances (b.c. 133- 
 
Oration for Arc! lias. 
 
 137 
 
 1 21) and the tribunate of Drusus (b.c. 91, see note, § 9 ), followed 
 by the Social War and the civil wars of Marius and Sulla. 
 
 6. Latio : not the geographical Latium merely, but including all 
 towns which at that time possessed Latin citizenship ; that is, the 
 Latin colonies, such as Venusia, the birth-place of the poet Horace. 
 
 8. Tarentini et Regini : see note, Verr. vii. § 21 . 
 
 9. Neapolitani : Neapolis, Naples, was a Greek city, founded by 
 Cumae, but not as an independent civitas , therefore merely called 
 the new-town (of Cumae). 
 
 12. absentibus : people at a distance. 
 
 13. Mario et Catulo (coss. B.c. 102) : of these, Marius was 
 renowned for his exploits, while Catulus was a good officer, and also 
 a man of culture. He was father of the Catulus who opposed the 
 passage of the Manilian Law. 
 
 14. eos, i.e. men of that stamp. 
 
 16. Luculli : Lucius, the one who fought against Mithridates, 
 and his brother Marcus : both of them belonged to the highest 
 ranks of the aristocracy, and were men of distinguished taste and 
 culture. 
 
 17. praetextatus : Roman boys wore the toga praetexta, i.e. 
 with a broad purple border, which was also worn by magistrates. 
 On entering upon manhood, at about the age of sixteen, the prae- 
 texta was laid aside, and the toga virilis , a plain robe of unbleached 
 wool, was assumed. The shape of the toga seems to have been 
 an elongated semicircle, but its dimensions varied much at different 
 periods. 
 
 18. sic etiam hoc : the sentence is incomplete. Read, This 
 quality of genius \was so marked ] that, etc. 
 
 Sect. 6 . Metello Numidico : the most distinguished member 
 of this family (see note, Verr. i. § 21 ), cousin of Balearicus (see 
 R. A. § 50 ). He was predecessor of Marius in the war against 
 Jugurtha, and from this service in Numidia received his agnomen. 
 
 23. Aemilio, sc. Scauro : see note, Verr. i. § 52 . — Catulo : 
 see note, § 5 . 
 
 24. L. Crasso : the most distinguished orator of his time, a man 
 of genius and culture (see note, Verr. v. § 19 ) : he died B.c. 91. 
 
 25. Drusum (M. Livius), tribune, b.c. 91, in which year he 
 attempted to carry through a series of moderate reforms, in which 
 
I WUSStM 
 
 l Notes : Cicero. 
 
 he was aided by Crassus and other eminent men. He met with the 
 most bitter opposition, especially from L. Philippus (see Manil. § 
 62), and was at last assassinated. — Octavios: see Cat. iii. § 23. 
 — Catonem: probably father of the famous Cato of Utica.— 
 Hortensiorum : the orator Hortensius was distinguished for the 
 elegance of his taste and the luxuriousness of his life. 
 
 29. si qui = “ those (if there were any) who,” etc. 
 
 30. cum M. Lucullo: probably on some private business, as 
 Lucullus was at this time not much over twenty years old. 
 
 32. Heracliam: an important Greek city, on the southern coast 
 of Lucania. In the war with Pyrrhus it fought on the side of the 
 Romans, and entered (b.c. 278) into an alliance of the closest and 
 most favorable character (aequissimo jure ac foedere'). 
 
 137 . Sect. 7. Silvani, etc.: the Lex Plautia-Papiria of 
 
 B. c. 89.* The law is quoted in indir. disc., but the main clause is 
 left out, being embraced in data est, etc. 
 
 The most thoughtful Romans had long been of the conviction that it 
 was necessary to extend the citizenship to the Italian allies, and thus in- 
 clude these vigorous and sound communities within the Roman system. 
 
 C. Gracchus first proposed reforms in this direction, and they were the 
 most important part of the scheme of Drusus (b.c. 91), who for this pur- 
 pose entered into close political relations with leading Italians. When his 
 death destroyed all hope of peaceful reform, the Italians had recourse to 
 arms, in the Social or Italian War (b.c. 90-89); and, although they were 
 unsuccessful in the field, the objects they had aimed at were gained. The 
 Lex Julia, of L. Cresar (cos. B.C. 90), bestowed the citizenship upon all 
 who had remained faithful (including all the Latins, see note, § 5) ; and 
 the Lex Plautia-Papiria, of the tribunes M. Plautius Silvanus and C. 
 Papirius Carbo (not to be confounded with his infamous cousin Gnaeus, the 
 Marian leader after the death of Cinna), extended it to other Italian com- 
 munities. These towns now exchanged their independence for Roman 
 citizenship, and became incorporated with the Roman republic; though 
 many of them, as Heraclea, hesitated about making the change, and did 
 it with great reluctance. They lost all rights of independent government 
 (such as that of coining money, the jus exsilii, etc.). Latin became the 
 official language; justice was administered by Roman law; and in most 
 cases their government was organized on the model of Rome, having duum •• 
 
Oration for Archias. 
 
 139 
 
 viri for consuls, and a curia for the Senate. The passage here given 
 from the Plautian-Papirian law contains its application to citizens of foreign 
 birth, like Archias. 
 
 3. ferebatur, was proposed . It was not left possible for any 
 aliens to take advantage of the law by obtaining Italian citizenship 
 for this purpose. — domicilium : domicile , or permanent residence. 
 
 4 . essent professi, had declared their intention . — Q. Metellum 
 [Pium], praetor, b.c. 89: the most eminent living member of this 
 family, and one of the leaders of the aristocracy. 
 
 Sect. 8 . tabulas, archives. The tabularium , as at Rome, was 
 the building where the archives were kept. 
 
 22. municipii : since the bestowal of the Roman citizenship, the 
 Italian civitates had become Roman municipia (see note, R. A. § 5). 
 
 Sect. 9. civitatem datam : i.e. by the law before cited. 
 
 29. conlegio : since the praetors were elected as a body, their 
 special functions being determined by lot, they may be regarded as 
 a collegium , or “board,” in those few cases in which they are re- 
 garded as a whole, and their special and individual powers do not 
 come into consideration (Momm. Rom . St. i. p. 63). In this case 
 it would seem that the names might be entered with any one of 
 the praetors. 
 
 30. Appii (Claudii : the name Appius was confined to the Claud- 
 ian gens), husband of Caecilia, the friend of Roscius (see note, R.A. 
 § 50), and father of the infamous Clodius. Claudius and Gabinius 
 alone are mentioned as colleagues of Metellus, probably because 
 the provinces of all the other praetors carried them away from Italy ; 
 for, before the time of Sulla, when it was made their duty to remain 
 in the city during their term of office, and govern provinces only as 
 pro-prcetors (see note, Verr. i. § 12), it was the custom for all but 
 the praetor urbanus , the praetor per egrinus, and the praetor repe- 
 tundaruin to administer a province during their year of office as 
 praetors. 
 
 32. damnationem : he was condemned some years later for ex- 
 tortion on complaint of the Achaeans. 
 
 35. L. Lentulum : nothing further is known of him ; he probably 
 presided over a court fudices) to determine cases involving citizen- 
 ship under the new law. 
 
140 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 138 . Sect. 10. multis and praeditis are dat. after impertie- 
 bant ; arte, abl. after praeditis. 
 
 7. Graecia, i.e. Graecia Magna, the Greek cities of Italy. — credo 
 (ironical), I suppose. 
 
 8 . Locrensis : Locri Epizephyrii, a Greek city near Rhegium. — 
 quod relates to id, which is governed by largiri understood ; huic, 
 Archias. 
 
 10. ingenii limits gloria, which depends on praedito. 
 
 11. civitatem datam, i.e. by the Lex Plautia-Papiria ; legem 
 Papiam, see Introduction. 
 
 13. illis, sc. tabulis, i.e. of Tarentum, Rhegium, and Neapolis. 
 
 Sect. 11. census : the list of citizens made out by the censors. 
 
 The censors were two in number, elected from men of consular dignity, 
 originally at a minimum interval of four years (Momm. Pom. Chron. p. 
 164), afterwards once in five years, — the interval called a lustrum , — and 
 holding office for eighteen months. They ranked as magistratus majores , 
 but did not possess the imperium, and had no power to convene either 
 the Senate or an assembly of the people. Their functions were— 1, to 
 inspect the registry of citizens of every class and order (see note, § 28) ; 
 2, to punish immorality, by removal from the Senate, the equestrian cen- 
 turies, or the Tribe (see note, Verr. i. § 18), — nota censoria, infamia, 
 ignominia; 3. the general superintendence of the finances (giving out 
 contracts for collecting the revenues, see note, Verr. i. § 13), and of the 
 public works. In the intervals of the censorship, these last were under 
 the care of the aediles (see note, Verr. i. § 36). Sulla tacitly abolished the 
 office of censor, but it was revived in the consulship of Pompey and Cras- 
 sus, B.C. 70 (see note, Verr. i. § 54). The censors between the passage 
 of the Lex Plautia-Papiria and the case of Archias were : — 
 
 B.C. 89. Lucius Caesar and Publius Crassus. 
 
 B.C. 86. Q. Marcius Philippus and M. Perperna. 
 
 B.C. 70. Lucius Gellius and Gnaeus Lentulus. 
 
 B.C. 65. The elected censors, Catulus and Crassus, could come to no 
 agreement, and abdicated. They are therefore not mentioned here. 
 
 15. est obscurum (ironical), it is not generally known. 
 
 16. proximis, the last (Gellius and Lentulus). 
 
 17. apud exercitum, in the war against Mithridates : see oration 
 for Manilian Law. 
 
Oration for Archias. 14 1 
 
 18. ill Asia: this was in the first Mithridatic war, in which 
 Lucullus served as quaestor to Sulla. 
 
 20. quoniam, etc. : i.e. even in the census lists there might be 
 
 fraudulent names. 
 
 24. esse versatum (sc. eum), had availed himself of: this 
 clause is the obj. of criminaris. — testamentum, etc., acts which 
 no foreigner could do. 
 
 26. in beneficiis,etc. : his name was reported for a gratuity, i.e. 
 on the ground of some special merit. 
 
 Sect. 12 . suppeditat, he supplies. Its obj. is the clause ubi 
 
 . . . conquiescant. 
 
 33. suppetere has for subject the clause quod . . . rerum. 
 
 36. contentionem, strain. 
 
 |3Q b ad communem fructum, to the general advantage. 
 
 6. nullius tempore, the needs of no one ; i.e. as a client. 
 
 7. aut otium, either , etc. 
 
 Sect. 13 . ceteris follows conceditur ; temporum limits 
 quantum, which relates to tantum. — ceteris (dat. after concedi- 
 tur), alii : i.e. everybody spends time on his own business or recre- 
 ation ; some on dissipation and gaming. 
 
 13. tempestivis conviviis, early dinners , i.e. beginning by 
 daylight, or in business hours, — a mark of luxury and idleness. 
 
 18. quae, i.e. the ability to speak. 
 
 20. ilia, i.e. the moral character resulting from the praecepta , 
 mentioned below : obj . of hauriam. 
 
 Sect. 14 . honestatem, honor. 
 
 26. parvi, of slight account. 
 
 31. accederet, were brought to them , were thrown upon them. 
 
 32. imagines, portraits . 
 
 140 . Sect. 16 . Africanum, Scipio the younger (^milianus) : 
 C. Lselius was his most intimate friend, a man of fine culture. L. 
 Furius Philo was also a great friend of literature. 
 
 18. Catonem : M. Porcius Cato, called the Censor, was one of 
 the leading men of Rome in the first half of the second century 
 b.c. : a shrewd, hard-headed Roman, full of prejudices, and priding 
 
142 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 himself on his blunt manners. He was a distinguished antiquarian, 
 and wrote books on antiquities and agriculture. 
 
 18. senem : he gives the name to Cicero’s dialogue on Old Age 
 ( Cato Major). 
 
 24. ceterae, sc. animi adversiones. 
 
 27. adversis [rebus], dat. with praebent. 
 
 Sect. 17 . Roscii : Q. Roscius, the most eminent actor of his 
 time, defended by Cicero in a speech which is still extant. 
 
 141 . Sect. 18 . novo genere : the praise of letters is an inno- 
 vation upon the formal proceedings of the court. 
 
 9. revocatum [hunc], subj. of dicere. 
 
 15. sic accepimus, we have learned this (ceterarum . . . inflari). 
 
 19. Q. Ennius, almost the earliest name in Roman literature. 
 He was a native of Rudias in Magna Graecia, but wrote in Latin 
 (born b.c. 239). His principal work was the Annates , an epic poem 
 upon Roman history. He also wrote tragedies and other works. 
 
 Sect. 19 . Homerum, etc. : Colophon, Chios, and Smyrna were 
 Ionian cities of Asia Minor ; Salamis an island near Athens. The 
 names of the cities thus claiming Homer are given in the following 
 hexameter verse : — 
 
 Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athene. 
 
 142 . Cimbricas res : the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, 
 who invaded Italy and were at length defeated by Marius : the latter, 
 B.c. 102; the former, 101. 
 
 2. durior : Marius was a rude and illiterate soldier. 
 
 Sect. 20 . Themistoclem : the great Athenian statesman and 
 general, who won the battle of Salamis, in the second Persian inva- 
 sion (b.c. 480), and afterwards, by his skilful policy, raised Athens 
 to its greatest height of power. 
 
 9. L. Plotium, a Roman teacher of rhetoric. 
 
 Sect. 21 . For the statements in this section, see oration for 
 Manilian Law. 
 
 20. ejusdem, i.e. Lucullus. 
 
 22. nostra, as ours (pred.), agreeing with pugna. 
 
 26. quae, these things (just mentioned) : quorum limits ingeniis, 
 and refers to eis. 
 
Oration for A r chi as. 
 
 M3 
 
 Sect. 22. Africano superiori : the conqueror of Hannibal. 
 
 29. in sepulcro Scipionum : this tomb, on the Appian Way, 
 has been discovered, and in it a bust of peperino (not marble), 
 which has by some been supposed to be that of Ennius, referred to 
 here. It now stands upon the sarcophagus of Scipio in the Vatican 
 museum. Perhaps, however, in here means on. 
 
 32 . hujus: M. Porcius Cato, called Uticensis , from his killing 
 himself at Utica after Caesar’s victory. Cato the Censor was his 
 great-grandfather. 
 
 34. Maximi, etc. : Q. Fabius Maximus, “the shield of Rome,” 
 in the Second Punic War; M. Marcellus, “the sword of Rome” 
 (see note, Verr. v. § 6 ) ; Q. Fulvius Flaccus, a distinguished officer 
 in the same war. — ilium, Ennius. 
 
 143 , Heracliensem : Heraclia (see note, § 6 ) is here scorn- 
 fully compared with the insignificant Rudiae. 
 
 Sect. 23. Graeca leguntur, Greek is read. 
 
 9. quo ( whither ) relates to eodem; cupere governs the clause 
 quo . . . penetrare : we ought to desire that wherever , etc. 
 
 n. populis, dat. after ampla, a noble thing for them. 
 
 Sect. 24. Sigeum, a promontory near Troy. 
 
 21 . Magnus, i.e. Pompey. 
 
 23 . Mitylenaeum : Mitylene was an /Eolian city in the island 
 Lesbos, the home of the famous lyric poets Alcaeus and Sappho. 
 
 Sect. 25. civitate donaretur, § 225 .d\ G. 348; H. 384. ii. 2 . 
 
 30. donaret, sc. civitate. 
 
 31. quem, subj. of jubere, below. 
 
 32. de populo, of the people , i.e. of low birth. 
 
 33. quod fecisset, which he had made as an epigram (poetical 
 address) to him. 
 
 34 . tantummodo, i.e. this was its only poetical merit. 
 
 35. eis rebus : i.e. confiscated goods. Apparently a commander 
 could take out from the booty anything he desired to bestow upon a 
 soldier as a reward (hence praemiuni) ; and here the confiscated 
 goods are treated in the same manner. 
 
 144 , Sect. 26. Cordubae, at Cordova in Spain: later the 
 birth-place of Seneca and Lucan. 
 
144 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 8 . pingue atque peregrinum, clumsy and oiitlandish. 
 
 11. prae nobis ferendum, to be emphasized. 
 
 12. optimus quisque, § 93. c. 
 
 15 . in eo ipso, in the very act. 
 
 1 6. predicari, nominari, impersonal. 
 
 Sect. 27. Brutus : D. Junius Brutus (cos. B.c. 138) conquered 
 the Lusitanians (of Portugal). 
 
 18. Attii : L. Accius (Attius), a tragic poet, distinguished for 
 vigor and sublimity, born B.c. 170 : he lived long enough for Cicero 
 in his youth to converse with him. 
 
 20. Fulvius : M. Fulvius Nobilior (cos. B.c. 189) subdued HTolia. 
 He was distinguished as a friend of Greek literature, and built, from 
 the spoils of war, a temple to Hercules and the Muses. 
 
 22. prope armati, having scarce laid aside their arms. 
 
 24 . togati, see note, Cat. iii. § 15. 
 
 Sect. 28. quas res, i.e. the suppression of Catiline’s conspiracy. 
 
 33. adornavi, I supplied him with materials (i.e. facts). 
 
 ( 45 . Sect. 30. parvi animi (gen. of quantity), mean-spirited. 
 
 1 7 . imagines, busts (see note, Verr. v. § 15). 
 
 24. afutura est ( absum ), shall be void to my sense. 
 
 Sect. 31. vetustate : i.e. long continued friendship (see § 5). 
 — convenit, it is fitting , i.e. id existimari. 
 
 EXILE OF CICERO. 
 
 Argument of the Oration for Sestius. 
 
 [Omitted portions in brackets.] 
 
 Chap, [i, 2. Exordium. Good citizens are exposed to attacks of the 
 lawless: Cicero will undertake their defence. — Narratio . I. 3-6. Past 
 life and services of Sestius, especially during Catiline’s conspiracy.] — 7. 
 Clodius goes over to the plebs , to forward his attack on Cicero. — 8-16. The 
 consuls, Gabinius and Piso, his tools: their character; they abandon the 
 state to Clodius. — 11 - 13 . General grief at the attack on Cicero: [Sestius 
 is accused as his friend]. — 14-16. Clodius’s reign of terror: why Cicero 
 yielded to the storm. — 17, 18. The Triumvirate; their studious neutrality. 
 — 19-23. Should he have resisted? His enemies were fellow-citizens. 
 
Exile of Cicero. 
 
 145 
 
 He feared not death; but his example was needed to encourage resistance. 
 rjl, 24, 25. Acts after his departure : assignment of provinces; censo- 
 rial power abolished; club-law. — 26-28. Foreign affairs : confiscation of 
 Ptolemy’s kingdom; Cato, Cicero’s friend, sent out to consummate the 
 villany —29. Contrast in former examples. — 30. The consuls are a party 
 to the crime and disgrace.] - III. 3*- At length Pompey takes up Cicero’s 
 cause: decrees of the Senate and public feeling in his favor. 32. Eight 
 tribunes propose his recall; Lentulus espouses his cause. — 33, 34- The 
 new year : the new consuls are his friends; Senators speak in his behalf. 
 _ 35-37. A law is proposed for his return; riot and violence in the 
 Forum; Sestius abstains from force; he is attacked and left for dead. 
 
 38. Had Sestius been killed, he would have been honored and avenged. 
 
 — 39. The story of violence. — 40, 41. Action of Milo, who is assailed by 
 Clodius, and defends himself with armed guards. — [42. Sestius had the 
 same right to defend himself. -43- Wretched state, when such things are 
 necessary!— 44. Milo is prosecuted by Clodius for illegal violence : he is 
 not suffered to retaliate. - IV. 45. 46- The two classes {nationes) in the 
 State. The optimates : they are the true national party ; their defence is an 
 honorable service.— 47- Violence of their opponents : the better sort are 
 more lukewarm. - 48, 49- Formerly there were genuine party differences 
 (the Gracchi) : now only personal struggles, maintained by hired ruffians. 
 
 — 50. The optimates are the true party of the country. — 51. This is shown 
 in the comitia. — 52. The populares are really enemies of the people.— 
 53,54. This is shown in the elections and public games. — 55“59- Po P u “ 
 lar feeling testified for Cicero and his friends in the theatres and gladia- 
 torial shows.] V. 60. In this state of popular feeling, Cicero cannot refuse 
 to return. — 61-63. The Senate and Pompey advocate his recall: also 
 other leading men; the Italians; his return is a perpetual triumph; all 
 classes join in the enthusiasm. - [63, 64. The optimates are not a class by 
 birth, as Vettius claims: he, though a noble, leads in the opposition]. 
 Peroratio. 65, 66. Young men are exhorted to stand by the Senate : those 
 who do this are optimates, whatever their birth. — 66-68. This glory costs 
 envy and hatred; but patriotism has its reward. — 69. Appeal to the jury 
 to save Sestius if they wish Cicero saved, with whose cause his own is 
 identified. 
 
 148 . fuerat . . . cum, that year had passed in which , etc. : the 
 year of Cesar's consulship, and of the plebeian adoption of Clo- 
 dius. The words immediately preceding are, Sed necesse est, ante ■ 
 
146 
 
 Notes : Cicero. 
 
 quam de tribunatu P. Sestii dicere incipiam , me totum superior is 
 anni reipublicae naufragium exponere ; in quo colligendo, ac refici - 
 enda salute commum , omnia reperientur P . Sestii dicta, facta, con- 
 silia versata . (For the tense, compare § 279. a ; G. 228 1 ; H. 476, 
 and notice the emphasis in fuerat.) — ignari rerum, inexperienced. 
 
 4. re quidem vera, but in truth. — traductione, transfer . This 
 word seems to imply some fling at the irregularity of the proceed- 
 ing by which Clodius, a man of forty, was adopted as son by a 
 youth of twenty. The correct legal term is transitio. 
 
 A patrician who wished to hold the plebeian office of tribune, which 
 was the great engine of political power, might make a formal renunciation 
 of the privileges of his rank : in this case, being no longer a patrician, he 
 of course belonged to the commonalty, or plebs. This was called transitio 
 ad plebem (Momm. Rom. Forsch. i. p. 124), and the formal act by which 
 it took place was called detestatio sacrorum (renunciation of the sacred 
 rites). Clodius attempted this simple process B.c. 60, but was prohibited 
 for some reason by the consul, Metellus Celer, and the next year became 
 a member of the plebs by adoption into a plebeian family. 
 
 It was a common practice in Rome, if a family was in danger of becom- 
 ing extinct, to adopt a young man of some other family, who now stood to 
 his adoptive father precisely as his own son; and although it might be 
 that he was not cognatus (blood relation), yet he was recognized as agnatus 
 (descendant in the male line. See Maine, Ancient Law, p. 125). The 
 most familiar example of this is Scipio Africanus the younger, whose agno- 
 men, yEmilianus, indicates that he was by birth a member of the yEmilian 
 gens. If the person adopted was sui juris , that is, had been freed from 
 the p atria potest as of his father, by his father’s death or in any other way, 
 the adoption was called adrogatio. It was an act of great formality, and 
 the circumstances must first be examined by the pontifices , to make sure 
 that the sacra of the person adopted should suffer no loss, and that the 
 person adopting had no hope of legitimate heirs. The act must then be 
 submitted to the Comitia of the curiae,— an ancient division of the people, 
 originally purely patrician, but afterwards embracing plebeians also (Momm. 
 Rom. Forsch. i. p. 140). This assembly had been superseded for all prac- 
 tical purposes by those of the centuries and tribes (see note, Verr. i. § 18), 
 but was still kept up for a few formal acts, as this of adrogatio , and the 
 annual law conferring the imperium — lex curiata de imperio. It was so 
 far a mere formality that for the latter purpose the thirty Curiae were repre- 
 
Exile of Cicero . 
 
 147 
 
 sented by thirty bailiffs ( lictores ] ). When the curiae met merely to witness 
 an act, as a will, or detestatio sacrorum , the assembly was held in the Curia 
 Calabra on the Capitoline, and was called comitia calata. 
 
 The consul Csesar, being also pontifex maximus , managed the whole 
 affair for his tool, Clodius; and the adoption was clearly and ostentatiously 
 a farce. A senator of nearly forty was adopted by a young married man 
 of twenty named Fonteius — obviously in complete violation of the spirit 
 of the institution. Hence, and by reason of some other gross informali- 
 ties, Cicero sedulously speaks of it as invalid, from which it would result 
 that the tribunate of Clodius was illegal, and all his laws null and void. 
 
 Again, if it had been a genuine adrogatio , Clodius must have taken the 
 name of his adoptive father, while in the case of transitio ad plebem the 
 patrician name was preserved. The fact that Clodius kept his name, 
 proves that the ceremony of adoption was only a subterfuge, resorted to 
 on account of some scruple of Metellus. 
 
 6. acrius . . . inimici = a far bitterer enemy of peace , etc. (§ 234. 
 d\ G. 356. R- 1 ; H. 391. ii. 4 ). 
 
 7. multis repugnantibus, while many opposed. 
 
 8. Pompeius : as one of the coalition, Pompey had presided, as 
 augur, at the auspices of the adoption, and so laid Clodius under 
 personal obligation. — cautione, etc., security , pledge , and protest 
 (under oath). 
 
 10. esse facturum, indir. disc, after the verb implied above.— 
 quod . . . foedus . . . nisi, etc., which bargain that villain , born of 
 the rottenness of every crime , thought he could not violate enough , 
 without alarming by his own perils the very man (Pompey) who 
 had taken security (cautorem) against another's danger. 
 
 Sect. 2 . fuit (emphatic), there was , surely. — consules, i.e. 
 those of the next year : A. Gabinius, proposer of the Gabinian Law 
 (see Introd. to Manil. Law), and L. Calpurnius Piso, father-in-law of 
 Caesar. 
 
 16. hocine ut, exclam, question (§ 332. c\ G. 560; H. 486. ii. n.). 
 
 18. ad delendum, etc., only for the sake of etc. 
 
 21. insignibus, i.e. the sella curulis, toga prcetexta , etc. 
 
 149 . Sect. 3 . alter, i.e. Gabinius, the same who is praised in 
 the speech for the Manilian Law (§ 58 ). — adfluens, dripping . — 
 calamistrata, frizzled : the calamistrum is a crimping-iron. 
 
148 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 2. conscios, etc., translate, the partners of his vices and the old 
 corrupters of his youth. 
 
 3. puteali . . . inflatus : A puteal was an enclosure erected upon 
 a spot struck by lightning : it received its name ( well-curb ) from its 
 being open at the top like a well. Such a puteal stood near the 
 eastern end of the Forum, and near it a tribunal for the adminis- 
 tration of justice was erected by L. Scribonius Libo (probably praetor 
 peregrinus , B.c. 204), from which it was called Puteal Libonis. A 
 circular foundation, probably to be identified with this, has recently 
 been uncovered between the temple of Vesta and that of Castor. 
 (This puteal is not to be confounded with that under which the 
 razor and whetstone of Attius Navius were buried, which was upon 
 the Comitium.) This passage may be explained to mean, puffed up 
 by his intimacy with the tribunal , and the hosts of usurers ; refer- 
 ring to the desperate indebtedness, of which Gabinius (as Cicero 
 would insinuate) was rather proud. 
 
 4. Scyllaeo, the dangerous rock in the Sicilian strait (fretu) : as 
 if one should say, foundering in that maelstrom of debt. — aeris 
 alieni, lit. other men's money. 
 
 5. columnam, the columna Maenia at the western end of the 
 Forum, near the Mamertine prison. Here the triumviri capitales , 
 or police commissioners, exercised judgment, and upon it the names 
 of fraudulent debtors were posted. 
 
 Gabinius had escaped the Scylla of the puteal and the Charybdis of the 
 Columna , only by running into the harbor of the tribunate (b.c. 67). The 
 Gabinian Law of his tribunate served to repair his broken fortunes, and 
 start him in his political career. In another passage Cicero declares that 
 it was only the success of his law against the pirates that saved Gabinius 
 from turning pirate himself. After his consulship, Gabinius went as pro- 
 consul to Syria, and on his return, B.c. 54, was accused of majestas , ambi- 
 tus , and repetundae. He was condemned on the last count, and went 
 into exile. 
 
 6. tribunatus (gen.) : because a magistrate was not liable to 
 arrest. 
 
 7. operis, artisans , of the lowest class. 
 
 8. ab eis ereptum ne, etc., rescued by them — i.e. by their votes 
 
Exile of Cicero . 149 
 
 in the comitia — so as not (§ 319. a ; G. 543. R. 2 ; H. 49 ^) to stand 
 trial for bribery . 
 
 9. invito senatu, in spite of the Senate. 
 
 By a law of C. Gracchus, the Senate determined in advance the prov- 
 inces of the two consuls, who then drew lots for them. A law, therefore, 
 like the Gabinian and Manilian, or that which gave Caesar his proconsul- 
 ship of Gaul, infringed on the legitimate authority of the Senate. By the 
 law here referred to, Gabinius got the rich province of Syria, in place of 
 Cilicia, — a province which would have demanded more work and given 
 less opportunity to plunder. 
 
 n. incolumem, safe from bankruptcy. 
 
 Sect. 4 . alter, i.e. Piso. 
 
 14. barbatis = old-fashioned . The old Romans wore long 
 beards: the custom of shaving came in about B.c. 300. — exem- 
 plum, specimen. 
 
 15. columen, prop. — diceres , you would say : properly a future 
 apodosis (dicas) thrown back into the past (§ 31 1. c. R.). 
 
 16. nostra, the dull ( fusca ) native dye in his praetexta and latus 
 clavus (the broad stripe up and down the front of the tunic), as 
 opposed to the imported murex, which was fashionable and costly. 
 
 18. imaginis, etc., a sneer at his ambition for the jus imaginum 
 (see Verr. i. 15 ), which he could earn only in some such subordi- 
 nate office. — duumviratum, see note on Or. for Arch. § 7 . — 
 Seplasiam, a place ( platea ) at Capua, where hair-dressers had 
 their shops, and cosmetics were sold. So shock-headed a magis- 
 trate would certainly, it was feared, abolish the business. 
 
 20. supercilium frown, as if a sign of dignity. 
 
 21. pignus : with an eyebrow like that, the republic was surely 
 safe ! 
 
 22. oculo : sundry allusions seem to show that Piso had a defect 
 in one eye. If so, Cicero was not the man to spare the sneer. 
 
 Sect. 5 . tamen, after all. 
 
 25. labi atque caeno, pestilent and dirty fellow . 
 
 26. me dius fidius, sc. juvet. The god of faith was an old 
 Latin deity, commonly invoked in oaths. His Sabine name, Semo 
 Sancus, has the same meaning. 
 
150 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 31. adfinem: Piso was a relative of Cicero’s son-in-law, C. Piso 
 Frugi, a promising young man, who died during Cicero’s exile. 
 
 Sect. 6. alter, i.e. Gabinius. — quis arbitraretur, who could 
 have supposed that such a man could hold the tiller and manage the 
 helm ? 
 
 36. diuturnis tenebris, daylight darkness . 
 
 150 . lustrorum ac stuprorum, dens of infamy : lustrum is 
 
 a lair of wild beasts. 
 
 3. alienis, i.e. of the triumvirs. — non modo, etc., not only too 
 tipsy to see the coming storm, but even to open his eyes to the un- 
 wonted daylight . (In this expression ne negatives both clauses.) 
 After carousing all night, he must needs sleep all day. 
 
 Sect. 7 . plane, etc., utterly in every way . 
 
 7. blanda consiliatricula, a flattering commendation , in appos. 
 with nobilitate, high birth . The Calpurnii were plebeian, but of a 
 very ancient and noble house. 
 
 1 1 . etiam mortuorum, even when dead . 
 
 12. tristem, austere ; subhorridum , rather rough. 
 
 14. eo nomine . . . frugalitas : one of the family names of the 
 Pisos was Frugi, which means thrifty . 
 
 16. vocabant, encouraged . — materni generis: Piso’s mother 
 was Calventia, daughter of a Gaul who had come to Rome as a 
 trader. 
 
 Sect. 8. ipse . . . sensi, I, as well as the state , have found (by 
 experience) . 
 
 20. levem, unprincipled (opp. to gravis: see note on Cat. iv. 
 § 9). — falsa, i.e. his good reputation arose from a false judgment. 
 
 21. sciebam, [though] I knew all along, 
 
 23. obstructio, veil; properly, a wall built to hide (as the “ cur- 
 tain” of a fort). 
 
 24. perspici, seen through. 
 
 Sect. 9 . videbamus, i.e. we all saw, contrasted with qui . . . 
 intuebantur. — inclusas (i.e. in-doors), secret . 
 
 29. philosophos nescio quos, philosophers, so-called : i.e. Epi- 
 cureans, whom Cicero never loses an opportunity to flout. 
 
 32. cujus, i.e. voluptatis. 
 
 33. verbum, the very name of it. 
 
Exile of Cicero . 1 5 1 
 
 35. sapientis (acc.) . . . facere, that the wise do all things for 
 their own advantage . 
 
 36. bene sanum, a man of sense. The Epicureans held that a 
 wise man ought not to engage in public affairs ; while the Stoics 
 taught that philosophy should be used in the service of the state. 
 
 151 . eos qui dicerent, i.e. the Stoics. 
 
 6. vaticinari atque insanire dicebat, he called [such persons, 
 eos] preachers and fools. 
 
 Sect. 10. fumabat . . . redolerent, smoked so [with the kitchen 
 fires] that he could smell the odor of his discourse : the philosophy t 
 of the stews ! 
 
 10. statuebam sic, / came to this conclusion. — boni, mali (the 
 antithesis is strengthened by quidem), though nothing good , yet 
 nothing bad . 
 
 1 1. ab illis nugis , from those follies of his. 
 
 13. imbecillo, infirm ; debili, feeble. 
 
 15. vel, even. — acie et viribus, edge and temper. 
 
 2 \. ut . . . acciperent, the regular form for the terms of a bar- 
 gain (§ 331. d‘ G. 546; H. 497. ii.). In fact, Gabinius obtained 
 the province of Syria, and Piso of Macedonia. — quas vellent, 
 which they should wish (subj. by attraction from future). 
 
 22. ea lege, si, on this condition , that. 
 
 24. tradidissent, for fut. perf. of dir. disc. — foedus . . . ici : 
 when a treaty was made, it was ratified by slaying an animal as sac- 
 rifice. The technical expression was ferire or icere (hence foedus 
 ictuni) . 
 
 27. rogationes, bills , proposed for the acceptance of the people. 
 
 28. tribuno, Clodius. — de mea pernicie, etc. : the word nomi- 
 nal im applies only to the consular provinces. The rogatio which 
 was aimed at Cicero did not mention him by name, but in general 
 terms imposed the punishment aquae et ignis interdictio (cutting off 
 from the necessaries of life) upon any magistrate who had inflicted 
 or should inflict the punishment of death upon any Roman citizen 
 unless convicted by due process of law, which could only be in the 
 comitia centuriata. (The omitted passage contains some incidents 
 of the act of Cicero’s banishment, especially the insolent conduct 
 of Gabinius.) 
 
152 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 Sect. 11 . squalebat, veste mutata, put on mourning clothes. 
 
 It was the custom of the Romans to express their sympathy for one 
 in danger by wearing ragged and mean apparel. 
 
 32. municipium, see R. A. § 5 . 
 
 33. societas vectigalium : see note, Manil. § 4 . conlegium . 
 this word is often used for those magistrates who stood to each 
 other in a collegiate relation, that is, with equal and undivided 
 powers ; especially the tribunes. In this case, however, are meant 
 what we should call incorporated societies, which were persons in 
 the eye of the law: these were essentially religious, — the great 
 priestly colleges of augurs, fe dales, etc., and a great number of a 
 private nature, principally semi-religious burial societies (cf. § 13 ). 
 
 34. concilium : this was the technical expression for any assem- 
 bly of a portion of the people : thus the plebeian assembly of the 
 tribes, usually called comitia tributa , was in strictness of speech 
 concilium plebis. — consilium (see note, R. A. § 54 ), the general 
 word including all bodies that take common action ; in particular, a 
 body of persons learned in law, who sat with the president of a 
 court to advise him upon legal questions. — honorificentissime, in 
 terms of highest honor. 
 
 36. cum edicunt, § 325. b\ G. 582. R. 3 ; H. 521. ii. 2. 1 ut ad 
 suum, etc., i.e. put off mourning. 
 
 152 . ipsius, its own (i.e. of the Senate; to which alone the 
 word decretum applies) : suis would have referred to consul. 
 
 3. parnmne est quod fefellisti, etc., is it not enough that you 
 have so deceived 7 nen, but you must also defy , etc. 
 
 6. consulare nomen. i.e. in the person of Cicero, a consulans. 
 
 10. sive . . . valebat, whether that change of dress amounted to a 
 sign of their sorrow , or to entreaty. 
 
 Sect. 12. sua sponte, i.e. from private feeling only. 
 
 16. legatos legasti, appointed as legati (see note, Manil. § 57 ). 
 
 17. ergo . . . licebit, r<7 then, etc. Supply and or while between 
 the two clauses; the connective being regularly omitted in Latin in 
 
 this form of speech. # . 
 
 19. fortasse, i.e. in case there should be occasion for it; with a 
 hint that there will be. — civis, etc., a citizen (Cicero) most hon- 
 
 ored by the favor of the good. 
 
Exile of Cicero . 
 
 T 53 
 
 24 . ex fastis evellendos, expunged from the fasti . These were 
 the official lists of magistrates. — foedere provinciarum, see § 19. 
 
 25. in circo Flaminio : this was just north of the Capitoline 
 hill, therefore outside of the walls. Contiones (see note, Man. Law, 
 Arg.) were usually held in the comitium. This was called by Clo- 
 dius outside of the city, in order that Caesar might be present ; since, 
 as being proconsul and clothed with the military imperium , he 
 could not enter the city. 
 
 25. furia, etc., Clodius. — vestro : i.e. of the judices, men of 
 senatorial and equestrian rank. 
 
 27. voce ac sententia ( hendiadys ), their loudly expressed opinion. 
 
 29. auspicia : as in the Roman polity every action depended on 
 the auspices , or expressed will of the gods, for its validity, and the 
 magistrates alone possessed the right to look for them ( specho ), 
 any magistrate possessing the auspices could, unless prohibited by 
 edict (see below), stop legislation by announcing to the presiding 
 magistrates unfavorable omens in the sky ( obnuntiare ), or even, as it 
 appears, by declaring his intention of watching for them ( servare de 
 caelo ). This means could be used even against the comitia tributa. 
 
 The Senate and higher magistrates sometimes defended the passage of 
 their laws from this interference, by prohibiting any magistrate servare de 
 caelo on the day of the comitia ; and the whole process was regulated by 
 the JE\i an and Fufian laws (about B.c. 150). The precise purport of these 
 laws is not known, but the present passage is one of our principal sources 
 of information in regard to them. Obnuntiatio was the sole means by 
 which the patrician magistrates could control the legislation of the tribunes. 
 This seems to have been distinctly put in their hands by the yElian and 
 Fufian laws, and taken away from them by the Clodian law, which also 
 appears to have limited in some way the power of the tribunes to prevent 
 legislation by “interceding” (see note, Verr. i. § 44 ). Thus Clodius was 
 relieved from the interference of his colleagues, as well as of the patrician 
 magistrates (consul, praetor, curule aedile, and quaestor — so called, not as 
 being held by patricians exclusively, which they were not, but as being of 
 patrician origin). 
 
 30. intercederet, the technical word for the interference (veto) 
 of the tribunes. — omnibus fastis diebus, on any legal business 
 day . 
 
 
154 
 
 Notes : Cicero. 
 
 The dies fasti w ere the days on which it was lawful (fas) for the preetor 
 to hold his court. There were 237 of these in the year (consisting, before 
 Caesar’s reform, of 355 days). Of these 237 there were 194 on which it 
 was allowable to hold public assemblies. These were called dies comiti - 
 ales , and the other 43, being dies fasti non comitiales , were known espe- 
 cially as dies fasti. All the other days of the year, 1 18, were nefasti , either 
 wholly or in part; that is, no public business could be performed upon 
 them, although a few of these had certain hours free for business. The 
 dies nefasti included the festival and sacred days, as well as days of ill 
 omen. The Clodian law seems to have provided that the dies fasti should 
 also be dies comitiales (see note, Verr. i. § 3 1 )- 
 
 31. lex Aelia, a law of Q. ^lius (cos. b.c. 148); Fufia, of the 
 tribune Fufius ; providing for the above legal methods of delaying 
 public business. Both these laws were regarded as important safe- 
 guards against hasty and partisan legislation. 
 
 Sect. 13 . pro tribunali, in front of the tribunal , a raised plat- 
 form or judgment-seat. The Aurelian tribunal was near the eastern 
 end of the Forum. 
 
 33. deletam: i.e. by the abolition of the constitutional means 
 of preventing vindictive or passionate and hasty legislation. 
 
 35. nomine conlegiorum, see note, § 11. 
 
 The associations here spoken of are the collegia compitalicia , organiza- 
 tions whose object was to conduct the sacred rites of the compita (cross- 
 roads). The whole territory was divided into districts ,—pagi in the 
 country, and vici in the city; and each district had its local sacra , held 
 at its central compitum , and addressed to its lares f or local divinities. 
 The collegia which had charge of these, though nominally religious, were 
 turned into “ street-clubs,” under the control of pothouse politicians. 
 They were “ nothing else than a formal organization — subdivided accord- 
 ing to streets, and with almost a military arrangement — of the whole free 
 and slave proletariate of the capital ” (Momm.). These clubs were sup- 
 pressed by the Senate, B.C. 64, and were now revived by Clodius, to aid 
 him in his schemes. 
 
 vicatim, by wards (via, or districts). — decuriarentur, were 
 grouped in squads , a word of military origin. The decuria, how- 
 ever, was a common name for the divisions of collegia , without 
 military or numeral reference. 
 
Exile of Cicero. 
 
 155 
 
 153. templum Castoris, on the south side of the Forum, near 
 the eastern end, — apparently used as a stronghold by Clodius. 
 The three columns now standing there belonged to it. 
 
 3. tollebantur, were just being taken up, to prepare for siege. 
 
 4. forum et contiones : the Forum was the usual place of assem- 
 bly for the tribal comitia, the comitium for contiones (see note, § 39 ). 
 _ nullus, nihil (pred counted for nothing. — possidebat, held 
 in keeping. — cum . . . retraxisset, when he had got away both 
 consuls from public duty by the bargain about the provinces. 
 
 Sect. 14. quae cum, etc., and while these things were so. ac, 
 
 and in fact. 
 
 13. equester ordo, etc., an indictment was brought against the 
 whole equestrian order. This refers to a passage (omitted) which 
 describes Gabinius as threatening this Order for the support it had 
 given Cicero against Catiline. 
 
 14. Italiae, see §11. 
 
 15 . relegarentur, were got out of the way : i.e. Cato, on pretext 
 of an honorable mission to Cyprus. 
 
 20. tamen . . . restitissemus, still, with so great zeal on the part 
 of good men , / should have resisted ; but , etc., — the condition 
 being implied in moverunt. 
 
 Sect. 15. rationem, motive . 
 
 25 . nec deero, nor will / disappoint. — causa tam bona, i.e. 
 to defeat the illegal violence of Clodius. 
 
 28. parato agrees with consensu. 
 
 31. levitatem audaciamque, reckless audacity . (A few lines, 
 here omitted, consider the examples of Metellus and Marius.) 
 
 Sect. 16. autem : i.e. if I yielded only to that fear, I own that 
 I was weak 5 but there was something further. 
 
 36. C. Marium : this refers to the case of Metellus Numidicus, 
 whose exile Cicero compares with his own. He went into exile in 
 Marius 1 sixth consulship, B.C. 100, rather than subscribe to an 
 unconstitutional law carried by Saturninus with the support of the 
 consul. 
 
 | 54 . importuna, inhuman. — quos refers to prodigia by 
 
 synesis (§ 187* d\ G. 202 . R. 1 ; H. 445 5 )* 
 
 3. le vitas, want of principle, the opposite of gravit as. tri- 
 
1 5 6 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 buno . . . addixerat, had bound hand and foot in service to the 
 tribune . The word addicere means literally to assign as bond- 
 slave to a master, — the act of a court of justice, equivalent to 
 imprisonment for debt. 
 
 4. si . . . superassem non verebar ne, etc., / did not fear lest , 
 in case l should be victorious , etc. The apodosis is really contained 
 in reprehenderet ; but the construction is that of the future pro- 
 tasis (§ 307./). As the protasis contrary to fact is a development 
 from this, by throwing it back into past time, the two are almost 
 equivalent, as here. 
 
 Sect. 17 . sed ilia, etc., but this (which follows) is what influ- 
 enced me . Here sed is opposed to the sentence above, quos ho- 
 mines, etc. 
 
 12. auctore (abl. abs.), with the support of. 
 
 13. quoad licuit, i.e. till the laws against Cicero were passed. 
 This passage is interesting, as showing the personal relations 
 claimed by Cicero with the members of the coalition. But his 
 letters show that in fact a strong and unfriendly jealousy existed 
 between him and Crassus, and that for Caesar he felt a political 
 antipathy, deepened by fear of his genius and daring. 
 
 18. his auctoribus usurum, these he should follow as advisers , 
 and employ as assistants. 
 
 20. ex quibus, etc., one of whom [he said] had , etc. In fact 
 Caesar was at this time just making his first levies for the campaign 
 in Gaul. (In a relative clause like this, the subj. would be more 
 usual ; but, as an independent proposition, the relative is equivalent 
 to a demonstrative, with the regular construction of indir. disc.). 
 
 22. praesto, within call. 
 
 Sect. 18 . legitimam, by process of law. 
 
 25. causae dictionem , putting on trial. 
 
 27. tam improbe conjecta, so unblushingly foisted upon the 
 political leaders. 
 
 29. eorum taciturnitas : the unfriendly silence of Cicero’s 
 political rivals, who now “ left him naked to his enemies,” was the 
 sharpest mortification he endured in his public career. 
 
 30. conferebatur has a similar meaning with conjecta, above. 
 
 32. non infitiando confiteri, by not denying , to confess them- 
 selves partisans of Clodius. — illi, the chiefs of the coalition. 
 
Exile of Cicero . 
 
 T57 
 
 33. acta ilia, etc., the acts of Caesar as consul, which were said 
 to be illegal because of religious informality, and were in danger 
 of being set aside by the judicial officers (praetors) and the Senate. 
 
 34. labefactari, infirmari (conative present), were sought to be 
 undermined and held void. 
 
 36. popularem, a party term. 
 
 155 . propiora esse, touched them more nearly . 
 
 Sect. 19 . a consulibus, to avoid ambiguity; with the dative 
 it might be construed, said to the consuls. 
 
 3. fidem = protection. — neque se . . . dicebat, and said that 
 he would not. 
 
 4. public e, by official act. 
 
 8. vitae (dat. of indir. obj. following the act implied in insidias), 
 plots against his life. 
 
 10. coram, in person. 
 
 11. ab illis, meo nomine, i.e. he really feared that some designs 
 against him might be attempted by Cicero’s enemies, who would 
 hope to cast the charge on him. 
 
 15. cum imperio, the technical term for being in military 
 command. 
 
 17. fratrem: Caius Clodius, an elder brother of Publius. This 
 would be claimed as an evidence of Caesar’s personal support. 
 
 Sect. 20. non nemo, one and another. 
 
 19. fortis, etc., of firm, energetic , and lofty temper. — restitis- 
 ses, you should have made a stand (hortat. subj. § 266. e ; G. 266. 
 r. 3 ; H. 483 s ). The dramatic form is here used, following dixerit, 
 in preference to the simpler ut resisterem, in appos. with illud, 
 and depending on restabat. 
 
 24. dimicationem caedemque = a bloody conflict. — fugisse, 
 
 shunned. 
 
 26. hoc, in appos. with ut . . . dedidissent. 
 
 28. vectores, the crew. 
 
 29. negarent, mallent : the imperf. here denotes continued 
 action as opposed to the momentary action in accidisset. If Cicero 
 were telling an actual fact, he would say, Accidit ut, etc.; vectores 
 negabant, malebant ; and this difference in tense is preserved in the 
 contrarv-to-fact construction. 
 
Notes : Cicero . 
 
 32. non modo, etc., i.e. not merely if certain death, but even 
 if great peril, etc. : see the application of the figure, at the end 
 
 of § 21 . 
 
 Sect. 21. fluitantem, drifting . 
 
 36. incursurae, § 293. b\ G. 279 ; H. 549 3 . 
 
 156 . depugnarem, should I have resisted (§ 268) ; depug- 
 nem would be, shall I (ought I to) contend ? Transferred to the 
 past, it becomes as above. 
 
 8. summo exitio, I will not say absolute rum , but at least , etc. 
 Sect. 22. victi essent, what the supposed vir fortis would say. 
 
 at cives, i.e. the conquered would still be my fellow-citizens 
 
 (compare Cat. iii. § 27 ; iv. § 22 ). ab eo, etc., i.e. he who before, 
 when in office, had crushed the conspiracy without fighting, would 
 have now been in arms as a private citizen. 
 
 14. qui superessent, who would [now] survive f 
 
 15 . venturam fuisse, for venisset of dir. disc. 
 
 17. turn, at the time of his exile : was it death / fled from then f 
 19. illas res, the acts of his consulship : cum in this passage is 
 displaced by the emphatic words. 
 
 21. non haec . . . canebantur, was not this predicted by me at 
 the very moment of my action ? (Cat. iv. chap, x.) 
 
 Sect. 23. rudis, ignorant ; ignarus rerum, inexperienced.— 
 tarn, i.e. as to fear death. 
 
 31. donata, a free gift. 
 
 33. alii . . . alii, two common opinions among ancient thinkers: 
 compare Cat. iv. § 7, and Plato’s Apology of Socrates. 
 
 35 . mentis (acc.), subj. of sentire. 
 
 36. excessissent, for perf. def. of direct discourse. 
 
 157 . Sect. 24. exemplum, i.e. an example of one who had 
 preserved the state, so that there would be nothing in future to 
 encourage a statesman of public spirit. 
 
 9. quis . . . auderet : the protasis is contained in me . . . non 
 
 restituto (§ 310. a\ G. 594 2 7 549 2 )* 
 
 12 . cum sua minima invidia, at the risk of ever so little odium 
 
 against him (§ 190. b\ G. 363. R. ; H. 396. iii. n.-). 
 
 13. servavi : notice the emphatic position. 
 
159 
 
 Exile of Cicero. 
 
 SECT. 25. hoc honoris gradu, i.e. his rank as consulans. 
 
 22. cum reliquissem, subj. on account of the implied supposi- 
 tion : in case / had left. 
 
 23. hoc, in appos. with quod . . . malui. 
 
 25. hunc [dolorem], etc., this grief I chose to endure , etc. 
 
 Sect. 26. isdem radicibus = a fruit of the same tree: i.e. 
 
 from the same birthplace ( Arpinum ). 
 
 32. Minturnis, at Minturnce , a town at the mouth ot the Lins 
 
 (a gloss, explanatory of the preceding). 
 
 When Sulla returned to the city, B.C. 88, and put Sulpicius to death, 
 Marius escaped and concealed himself in the marshes of Minturme,— a 
 seaboard town on the borders of Latium and Campania. Here he was 
 captured and thrown into prison, where a Cimbrian slave was directed o 
 kill him- “but the German trembled before the flashing eyes of the old 
 conqueror, and the axe fell from his hands when the general with his 
 haughty voice demanded whether he dared to kill Cams Manus ( - 
 
 The magistrates of Minturnae, struck with shame, set him free, and enabled 
 him to escape to Africa, whence he was recalled in triumph by Cinna the 
 next year, to riot in the blood of his fellow-citizens. 
 
 Sect. 27. atque ilia . . . ego, and [while] he, etc. 
 
 158 . periculo rei publicae (like the English), at the peril of 
 the state , i.e. as its only defence from peril. 
 
 3. consularibus litteris, since men of that rank had given him 
 
 these letters missive. 
 
 7 . fidei publicae, official fidelity . — luod si, etc., if this contin- 
 ues to be an example. 
 
 Sect. 28. regum, with kings : the externa bella are regarded 
 as warlike efforts of kings and peoples now quite crushed (exstincta) . 
 
 13. invidia: as if that were the only thing to deter an honora- 
 ble ambition. (Here Cicero mentally compares his own case with 
 Caesar’s). 
 
 14. praeclare, etc., we treat them handsomely in suffering them 
 to become our subjects . 
 
 15. periculorum, obj. gen. after medicina. 
 
 20 . rem publicam spectatis, look forward to public life. — 
 segniores, any less active. 
 
 
i6o 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 Sect. 29. si eis . . . persolutum, if the due penalty is visited on 
 them. 
 
 26. numquam jam, never again . 
 
 31 . suum terrorem, the dread of him . 
 
 35. relegentur, banished (see § 14). 
 
 159. Sect. 30. esse confectam, was ruined. (The form of 
 indir. disc, is used after oratione, instead of quod with the indie, 
 denoting the fact.) Compare note, § 20. 
 
 12 . caritatem, affection for . 
 
 14. tecta ac templa: i.e. the usual crowds did not appear. 
 
 18 . mihi . . . rogata est, ruin to me and the state, and a province 
 to the consuls , was enacted. 
 
 Sect. 31. monstra scelera, prodigies of crime. 
 
 24. eo ipso crimine, on this very ground (that he had defended 
 the state). 
 
 25. servitio concitato, by stirring up the slaves (see note, Cat. 
 
 iii. § 8). 
 
 26. lex : the law which banished Cicero. — vasto . . . tradito : 
 i.e. the Forum, where the comitia tributa met, was forsaken by good 
 citizens, and the assembly was overawed by armed men. 
 
 Sect. 32. inter esse, intervene. 
 
 32. spolia: see next sentence. 
 
 33. partitionem aerarii : the proconsuls regularly received their 
 outfit by vote of the Senate; but on this occasion the Clodian 
 law appropriated large sums for them. 
 
 34. beneficia: not those referred to in Arch. § 11, but offices 
 and appointments. 
 
 35. vexabatur : Terentia, Cicero’s wife, was driven from her 
 home, and his house on the Palatine, as well as some of his villas, 
 destroyed. This appears to have been an act of pure mob-law, not 
 the legitimate exercise of any tribunician power. — liberi: his only 
 children were his daughter Tullia (now twenty-one years old) and 
 his son Marcus, a child of seven. 
 
 36. Piso gener : and he a Piso . 
 
 160 . deferebantur : both consuls took possession of works of 
 art and other articles of value in Cicero’s houses. 
 
Exile of Cicero . 
 
 161 
 
 5. commoverentur, they should have been moved (hort. subj. 
 § 266. e\ G. 266. R. 3 ; H. 48s 2 ). An omitted passage speaks of 
 Cato’s mission, or honorable banishment, to Cyprus. 
 
 Sect. 33 . vellet, could have wished : i.e. if it had been possible 
 to do anything. 
 
 7. invitissimis eis, much against the will of those who , etc. 
 
 12. qui . . . definisset: Pompey is here described by allusions 
 to his exploits (see Or. on Manilian Law). 
 
 18. quam servasset (as above) : but the whole situation is charac- 
 terized, rather than the state itself = when he had preserved it. 
 
 Sect. 34. accessit, he joined . 
 
 20. reliquis, what remained to be done (opp. to praeteritis). — 
 inclinatio, tendency. 
 
 24. L. Ninnio, a tribune of the people : the tribunes also had 
 the jus vocandi Senatus and referendi. The Senate was favorable 
 to the proposed act, but it was prevented by the intercession of 
 y£lius Ligus: this tribune sided with Clodius, leaving eight who 
 were favorable to Cicero’s recall. The promulgation, spoken of 
 below, did not take place until Oct. 29, and then after all it never 
 came to a vote. 
 
 25. contremuit, was shaken. 
 
 26. promulgaverunt, proposed a law : the promidgatio took 
 place the 24th day, in trinum nundinum , before the Comitia were 
 held (Mom. Rom. Chron. p. 243). 
 
 27. decrevisse, had fallen off (decresco). — in ea fortuna, in 
 that kind of fortune (misfortune). — fortuna, sc. mea. 
 
 28. quos esse, sc. amicos. 
 
 31. tamen, as it was. — habueram, i.e. at the time of his fall. — 
 defluxit,/^// away. 
 
 32. Aeliorum : Ligus appears not to have belonged rightfully to 
 this gens , in which Ligus was a common family name : the Liguri- 
 ans, from whom his cognomen was taken, had the reputation of 
 being rude and perfidious. 
 
 Sect. 35. Kal. Jan., B.C. 57: P. Lentulus Spinther and Q. 
 Metellus Nepos, consuls. Lentulus was favorable to Cicero, and 
 Nepos — an old enemy of his — was a mere hanger-on of Pompey, 
 who had now broken off with Clodius. Lentulus brought the case 
 before the Senate on New Year’s day. 
 
Notes: Cicero. 
 
 162 
 
 35. equidem (here, as often, equivalent to ego quidem), but /. 
 
 161 . Sect. 36 . Cotta: L. Aurelius Cotta (cos. b.c. 65). He, 
 in his praetorship, B.C. 70, had proposed the compromise by which 
 the courts were reorganized (see note, Verr. i. § 47 ). For the 
 order of business in the Senate, see note, Cat. iv. Int. 
 
 8 . more majorum, by precedent. 
 
 9. non posse, it was not possible. 
 
 10. ferri, of a law; judicari, of a legal procedure. 
 
 1 1 . comitiis centuriatis : the Clodian laws, it will be remem- 
 bered, had been passed in the comitia tributa. 
 
 15. reliquae tranquillitatis, of future tranqtiillity . 
 
 23. vim habere, etc., i.e. the law was void, and therefore need 
 not be repealed. 
 
 Sect. 37. hunc, subj. of sentire : that he had very just views 
 (answering to the sententia of Cotta, given above). 
 
 29. defungerer, get clear of. 
 
 30. beneficium : i.e. by a law expressing their good will. Pom- 
 pey apparently did not venture to treat the acts as absolutely void, 
 but contrived this evasive measure. 
 
 33. discessio, division (see introd. note to Cat. iv.). 
 
 34. Gavianus : a nickname of the tribune Sex. Atilius Serranus, 
 in allusion to his low birth. — cum esset emptus, though he had 
 been bought : the manner in which Cicero speaks of this shows the 
 demoralized state of politics at that time. 
 
 36. socer : his name was Cn. Oppius. 
 
 102 . postero die, i.e. the next on which the Senate could sit. 
 • — mo ram, hindrance. 
 
 2. discessum est, they adjotirned. 
 
 4. pauci omnino, only a few in all. 
 
 6. tamen : though time pressed, yet no other action was taken. 
 
 Sect. 38 . ludificatione, quibbling: properly, a feint, ox false 
 movement , intended to deceive an enemy (a military term), 
 calumnia, chicanery . 
 
 8. concilio, in counsel , construed with agendi, which limits dies. 
 A concilium, it will be remembered, was an assembly of a portion 
 
Exile of Cicero. 
 
 163 
 
 of the people, and was therefore in strictness the correct term for 
 the plebeian assembly of the tribes, which is usually called comitia 
 tributa . 
 
 9. princeps, the chief supporter . 
 
 10. Q. Fabricius: he, as well as Sestius, was a tribune.— 
 templum, consecrated place — Rostra: see note, Manil. § 70. 
 
 12. hie, Sestius. 
 
 13. nihil progreditur, takes no step forward . 
 
 16. multa de nocte, early in the morning (when there was still 
 much of the night left). 
 
 18. manus adferunt, come to blows . 
 
 Sect. 39. tamen, opposed to the implied fact that he had not 
 exposed himself to violence (telis obtulisset corpus ') . 
 
 30. in comitio (see note, Verr. vi. § 14) : the assembly was 
 properly held in the comitium , or elevated spot set apart for pub- 
 lic purposes. As this was found too small for large gatherings, 
 the market-place proper, on the other side of the rostra , was used, 
 and the speaker, in the last years of the republic, faced away from 
 the comitium towards the market-place. 
 
 Sect. 40. compleri, § 288. b\ G. 277. R. ; H. 537 
 
 35. refarciri, choked . 
 
 36. copiam, etc., this armed array . 
 
 163. patricium et praetorium : of Clodius’ brother, Appius 
 Claudius, the praetor. 
 
 8. Cinnano, etc. : see Cat. iii. § 24. 
 
 10. animorum, passions. — pertinacia, wilful obstinacy , con- 
 st antia., judicious firmness . 
 
 n. intercessoris : i.e. a tribune, interceding to prevent the 
 passage of a law. 
 
 12. latoris, the proposer of a law. — commodo, advantage in 
 the law vetoed. 
 
 13. concertatione, conflict among magistrates of equal power. 
 
 35. discessione, division. 
 
 Sect. 41. multitudine, a throng of followers; praesidio, an 
 armed band. 
 
 26. auspiciis, etc. (see note, § 12) refers to obnuntiasset. 
 
 31, jure laesisset: i.e. both of these procedures, however mis- 
 
 
164 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 chievous, would still have been legally and formally correct — like 
 filibustering in Congress. 
 
 32. novicios, raw . — aedilitate : Clodius was aedile the next 
 year, B.C. 56. 
 
 36. eum, Sestius. 
 
 164 . Sect. 42 . id egit, aimed at this . 
 
 5. interf ationem, interruption . — legibus : i.e. the original law 
 of the tribuneship, and also the Appuleian law, making it a viola- 
 tion of majestas to interrupt a tribune in the discharge of his office. 
 
 6. obnuntiavit consuli, i.e. Metellus. The object is not known. 
 
 10. saeptorum, railings , or temporary enclosures for voting. 
 
 13. opinione mortis, the notion that he was dead. 
 
 16. modo, moderation. 
 
 Sect. 43 . Milo : T. Annius, whom Cicero afterwards defended 
 for the murder of Clodius (see the next following Oration). 
 
 19. non quo, § 341. d, R. ; G. 541. R. 1 ; H. 516 2 . — impertiam, 
 bestow, sc. ei. 
 
 25. sic, with this design . 
 
 27. constans ratio, a rational and consistent measure. — plena 
 . . . concordiae, having the full and harmonious consent of all 
 parties . 
 
 28. consulis alterius, Lentulus ; alterius, Metellus. 
 
 30. unus, Appius Claudius. 
 
 32. duo soli : Numerius Rufus and Sex. Atilius Serranus, tribunes. 
 
 33. qui si, and if they. 
 
 36. summum ordinem, the Senate. 
 
 165 . Sect. 44 . ille gladiator, that ruffian (Clodius). — si 
 moribus ageret, if he made it a question of character . 
 
 14. dolorem, indignation. 
 
 1 6. tripudiantem : the tripudium was strictly a religious dance. 
 
 Sect. 45 . pristini judicii : in the year B.C. 62, Clodius had 
 been guilty of a daring act of impiety, in violating the mysteries of 
 the worship of the Bona Dea ; but had been acquitted by a venal 
 jury (note, Or. for Milo, § 13 ). 
 
 23. consul, Metellus; praetor, Appius Claudius; tribunus, 
 Atilius. The effect of this new edict — although general in its 
 
Exile of Cicero . 
 
 i65 
 
 nature — was, as was intended, to protect Clodius from prosecution. 
 
 24. ne reus, etc. The edicts were, in fact, that no proceedings 
 should be had till after the allotment of places to the praetors. 
 
 26. quid ageret, what was he to do? 
 
 31. adfligeret? should he cast down (i.e. by abandoning it) ? 
 
 32. perfecit ut, etc. : i.e. he surrounded himself, as Clodius had 
 done, with a band of cut-throats. 
 
 Sect. 46. hoc in genere, in this sort. 
 
 166. cernit toto corpore, i.e. risks at every point. 
 
 Sect. 47. quis ignorat, etc. This passage is interesting, as 
 one of the few glimpses we have of ancient opinion respecting the 
 foundation of civil society. — ita tulisse, has so decreed. 
 
 9. naturali jure, the law of nature ; civili, that of organized 
 society. 
 
 17. res publicas, institutions. 
 
 Sect. 48. nihil tam interest, nothing makes so much difference. 
 
 23. horum, etc., whichever we refuse , we must employ the other. 
 
 24. volumus, in effect a condition, though in form a statement. 
 28. altero . . . altero, i.e. law and force: an ingenious apology 
 
 for Milo’s acts of violence. 
 
 3 1 . ratio, method , or principle. 
 
 After all these efforts had failed, the restoration of Cicero was 
 carried quietly, on the 4th of August, by a Lex Cornelia , proposed 
 by the consul P. Cornelius Lentulus, in the comitia centuriata. 
 For the circumstances alluded to in the following section, see 
 Cicero’s Letter to Atticus (Att. iv. 1 ), who was then in Epirus. 
 
 167. Sect. 49. filiae, see § 32. 
 
 5. coloniae : Brundisium, a very ancient Greek port (B pevrlaiov), 
 was established as a Roman colony Aug. 5, B.c. 242. 
 
 6. aedis Salutis : this temple, on the Quirinal hill, was dedi- 
 cated on the same day, B.c. 303. 
 
 Sect. 50. P. Lentulum : this was the young son of the consul 
 of B.c. 57. He had the year before assumed the toga virilis , and 
 also, by election into the college of augurs, the toga praetexta. 
 The squalor and sordes here referred to were on account of a prop- 
 osition to abrogate the proconsular imperiwn of the elder Lentu- 
 
1 66 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 lus, who had been commissioned as governor of Cilicia, to restore 
 to his throne the exiled King Ptolemy Auletes of Egypt, father of 
 the famous Cleopatra. This proposition, which was vehemently 
 disputed, never came to a vote ; but a year or two later Ptolemy 
 was restored. From the next section it would appear that Cicero 
 attributed much of this opposition against Lentulus to his constant 
 support of himself. 
 
 34. hac toga, the squalid garment he then had on. 
 
 168 . Sect. 51. illo die: the arrest of the conspirators, 
 on Dec. 3, b.c. 63 (see Cat. iii.). 
 
 Sect. 52. hie puer, the young Lentulus. 
 
 29 . meo nomine, on my account . 
 
 DEFENCE OF MILO. 
 
 Argument . 
 
 Chap, i, 2. Exordium. The new form of trial: public sympathy is 
 with the defendant — except the Clodian hirelings. Question not of fact, 
 but of right. — Confutatio. 3, 4. Homicide is not always a crime; it is espe- 
 cially justifiable in defence against violence. — 5, 6. Judgment of the Senate 
 and of Cicero himself. — 7, 8. The action of Pompey : his motive in constitut- 
 ing the court. — Narratio. 9, 10. The question is, Which laid the plot against 
 the other? History of the controversy. Why Clodius desired Milo’s 
 death, and how he planned to meet him; the encounter on the Appian Way. 
 
 Confirmatio. I. 12-14. Which was gainer by the other’s death? which 
 
 was likelier to commit the crime? the two men compared. — 15, 16. Milo 
 had before spared Clodius: why kill him now? — 17-19. How Clodius 
 knew of Milo’s journey, and informed himself of his setting out : pretext 
 of the death of Cyrus. — 20, 21. Comparison of the conditions: Milo was 
 on strange ground, and unprepared. — 22. Why Milo manumits his slaves : 
 it was a generous and right act. The testimony of Clodius* slaves goes 
 for nothing. — 23-26. Milo’s after acts: the false charges against him, 
 especially of plotting against Pompey : the pretended hostility of Pompey 
 explained away. — II. 27-30. Yet if he had killed Clodius purposely, all 
 would have approved. The crimes of Clodius : would any have him re- 
 stored to life? If Milo had slain him, he might have claimed glory for the 
 
Defence of Milo. 
 
 167 
 
 deed. — 31—33. It was the act of the gods, who first made Clodius mad, 
 that he might rush on his destruction. — Peroratio. 34-38. Milo’s calm 
 resignation; the State’s ingratitude. He is upheld by the consciousness 
 of right, and the sympathy of the good. His services to Cicero, who ap- 
 peals to the jurors in his own name : Milo would hardly permit this appeal 
 to their compassion. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 170 . Sect. 1 . fortissimo: this word implies a steady cour- 
 age, rather than the violent temper which distinguished Milo. — 
 
 perturb etur de, alarmed for . 
 
 6. novi judicii : the court was ordained by the comitia tributa , 
 on motion of Pompey, as the first act of his consulship : one of 
 the conditions being, that after three days had been allowed for 
 the hearing of witnesses, two hours should be reserved for the prose- 
 cution, and three for the defence. 
 
 Sect. 2 . pro templis, see plan of Forum. — non . . . non 
 adferunt aliquid, do not fail to bring something (of terror or con- 
 straint). 
 
 12. ut . . . possimus, so that we cannot even be relieved of fear 
 (non timere) without some fear. — foro, judicio : because these 
 especially require peace, and are opposed to the very idea of armed 
 conflict. 
 
 171 . si . . . putarem, Cicero assumes, in spite of the plain fact, 
 that the authorities (including Pompey) are on the side of Milo. 
 
 3. me recreat, I am reassured ; reficit, revived (emphatic 
 position). 
 
 6 . tradidisset, had submitted . 
 
 8. publica, official. 
 
 Sect. 3 . ilia arma, etc. On the first day of the trial, when 
 M. Marcellus began to cross-examine one of the witnesses against 
 Milo, he was so terrified by the rush of the mob, that he took 
 refuge on the praetor’s bench. Pompey, alarmed by the same dis- 
 turbance, came down next day with an armed guard, and the trial 
 was allowed to proceed without disturbance. 
 
 10. praesidium, protection. — quieto, i.e. free from actual fear. 
 
 12. auxilium, help, against actual violence ; silentium, freedom 
 from interruption even by words. 
 
Notes: Cicero , 
 
 1 68 
 
 13. quae quidem est civium, so far at least as it consists of 
 citizens (alluding to the gladiators in the pay of Clodius) . 
 
 14. neque quisquam, etc., and there is no one of those whom you 
 see looking on, who does not at once favor , etc. 
 
 19. decertari, that the conflict is, 
 
 22. hesterna contione, yesterday's harangue . The day before, 
 after the court adjourned, one T. Munatius Plancus (see § 12) had 
 harangued the crowd, urging them to be on hand next day, and 
 not suffer Milo to escape. On this day, the last of the trial, says 
 Asconius, shops were closed throughout the city ; Pompey posted 
 guards in the Forum and all its approaches ; he himself sat, as on 
 the day before, in front of the Treasury, girt with a select body of 
 troops. When Cicero began to speak, “ he was received by an 
 outcry of the party of Clodius, who could not be restrained even by 
 terror of the surrounding soldiery. 1 ’ 
 
 21. eorum, namely , of those (gen. of material, § 214. e ; G. 367* R* ; 
 H. 401). 
 
 23. praeirent, dictated . — judicaretis, indir. quest. } but if direct 
 would still be in the subj. (quid judicetis? what are you to decide? 
 § 268; G. 251 ; H. 486. ii.). 
 
 24. quorum si, and if from them, 
 
 25. retineatis : the penalty was banishment, by which he lost 
 his rights as citizen. 
 
 26. neglexit, thought as nothing. 
 
 Sect. 4. adeste animis, have presence of mind, 
 
 31. locus, opportunity, — amplissimorum ordinum : the couit 
 was made up of senators, equites , and tribuni aerarii (see Verr. i. 
 
 §49). delectis : the whole body of jurors (360) was selected; 
 
 though the particular jury (of 5 1 ) was drawn by lot. 
 
 33. re et sententiis, by act and verdict. 
 
 36. dediti, devoted. — omnem, complete, — nos, see below. 
 
 172 . Sect. 5 . nobis duobus, than we twofi.e, the orator 
 and his client. 
 
 4. exercitum, tormented. 
 
 6. ad rem publicam, into public life. — crudelissimorum : exile 
 was the worst, apparently, that Milo had to fear. Here Cicero 
 alludes to his own experience of it. 
 
Defence of Milo. 169 
 
 7. ceteras, i.e. the ordinary turmoils which a politician must 
 expect to meet, from which the courts should be a refuge. 
 
 8. dum taxat (usually written together as an adverb), at any rate. 
 
 10. senser at, had taken ground. 
 
 11. ex cunctis ordinibus, see note, Verr. i. § 47 . 
 
 15. tails viros, such men (as you). It was admitted, says Asco- 
 nius, that no body of jurors had ever been more illustrious or just 
 than those who composed this court. 
 
 Sect. 6. quamquam, and yet (corrective). 
 
 16. tribunatu, see Oration for Sestius, § 43 (87). 
 
 17. ad . . . defensionem,/^r the rebuttal of this charge. 
 
 18. abutemur, take unfair advantage : these acts of Milo’s trib- 
 uneship, it will be remembered, were in the personal interest of 
 Cicero. — insidias a Clodio : Cicero was the only one of Milo’s 
 advocates who ventured on this line of defence, which so brings 
 out the interest and ability of his speech. It required some assur- 
 ance to speak of Milo as acting in self-defence ! 
 
 22. fuerit for fuit, on account of adsignetis. 
 
 24. turn denique, then only. 
 
 25. cetera, all else. 
 
 Sect. 7 . ad earn orationem, to that line of argument. 
 
 29. est propria, properly belongs. 
 
 30. in senatu : a shocking detail of Milo’s brutalities in connec- 
 tion with this murder — including the wanton slaughter of many of 
 Clodius’ men, and the cutting up a slave by piecemeal under pre- 
 tence of extorting testimony — had been made by Q. Metellus 
 Scipio in the Senate. 
 
 32. rem, the real case. 
 
 33. negant : of course this supposed denial is a caricature of 
 the real argument employed. 
 
 35. tandem = / should like to know. 
 
 36. nempe, why , precisely. — primum, i.e. the first capital trial. 
 
 173 . M. Horatii : the famous story of the three Horatii and 
 the three Curiatii. When Horatius was condemned to death for 
 the murder of his sister, he was acquitted on appeal to the people ; 
 and this incident passed as the origin of provocatio, or appeal to 
 the people from the decision of a magistrate (see note, Verr. vi. § 6). 
 
Notes: Cicero . 
 
 170 
 
 — nondum libera, under the kings: it was in the reign of Tulius 
 Hostilius, b.c. 668. 
 
 2. comitiis : sc. curiatis (see note, Sest. § 10 ). The comitia 
 centuriata and tributa were not established till long after this time. 
 
 Sect. 8. an, why l 
 
 6. recte, right in conscience ; jure, in law. 
 
 7. P. Africanum, i.e. Ahnilianus : he was cousin (by adoption) 
 and brother-in-law of Gracchus, and friendly to the spirit of his 
 reforms, although not sympathizing with his violent course. 
 
 8. C. Carbone: a bad member of a bad family; lather of the 
 proposer of the Lex Plautia-Papiria (see note, Arch. § 7 ), who was 
 the most respectable representative of the family: uncle of the 
 infamous Cn. Papirius Carbo, the Marian leader. C. Carbo was a 
 mere demagogue, a violent supporter of Gracchus, and probably 
 the murderer of Scipio Ahnilianus : he afterwards went over to 
 the opposite party, and was one of the bitterest antagonists of C. 
 Gracchus. Two years after the death of C. Gracchus, he was 
 attacked so vehemently by the young orator L. Crassus, that he 
 took his own life (it is said, by swallowing cantharides). 
 
 10. aut . . . aut : i.e. these are cases in which homicide is lawful. 
 
 11. Ahala, etc. (see Cat. i. §§ 3 , 4 ) : but these acts were so far 
 from being approved at the time, that in every case here mentioned 
 the chief actor was forced into exile. 
 
 14. fictis fabulis, properly, mythical dramas : the reference is to 
 the Eumenides of ^Eschylus, which treats of the expiation of the 
 guilt of Orestes, son of Agamemnon, at the court of Areopagus in 
 Athens. Six judges pronouncing for condemnation and six for 
 acquittal, Pallas gives her casting-vote for mercy. — doctissimi, the 
 greatest poets. 
 
 15. memoriae tradiderunt, have left on record. 
 
 Sect. 9 . duodecim tabulae, the Twelve Tables. 
 
 The “Twelve Tables” were the code which formed the basis of Roman 
 law, drawn up B.c. 451 by an elected board of ten commissioners, decem- 
 viri. The decemvirs superseded for the time the regular magistrates, 
 plebeian as well as patrician ; and it appears to have been intended that 
 this should be a permanent change in the form of government, which 
 should place patricians and plebeians on an equality. The experiment 
 
i;t 
 
 Defence of Milo. 
 
 failed, — through the arrogance of the Board, and especially the infamous 
 adjudication of the decemvir Appius Claudius, in the case of the free-born 
 maiden Virginia, — and the old institutions were restored in two years. 
 The codification of the laws, however, made by the decemvirs, continued 
 in force, and was the starting-point of the legal education of every 
 Roman, and of all later development of Roman law. (Maine, “ Ancient 
 Law,” p. 32.) 
 
 19. nocturnum, etc., this permission was obsolete in the time of 
 Cicero, and the necessity of killing had to be proved, as nowadays. 
 
 quo quo modo, no matter how. 
 
 21. quis, one. 
 
 23. porrigi, offered. 
 
 24. atqui, and now. 
 
 25. vi vis . . . defenditur, offered violence is repelled by force. 
 
 27. pudicitiam eriperet, tried to rob of his honor. tribunus : 
 
 C. Lusius, son of Marius’ sister. This was a stock-instance among 
 rhetoricians, in arguing the just limits of self-defence. 
 
 31. scelere solutum, acquitted of guilt. 
 
 Sect. 10 . vero, i.e. a still stronger case. 
 
 33. comitatus, body-guard , which would seem to have been a 
 common thing among these gentlemen of Rome, as among the 
 partisan chieftains of the Middle Age. 
 
 34. volunt, mean. 
 
 35. nullo pacto, under no circumstances. 
 
 | 74 1 adripuimus, caught] hausimus , imbibed] expressimus, 
 
 wrought out ; imbuti, steeped. 
 
 omnis . . . esset, any way should be honorable, (lex, as a 
 word of decreeing, takes ut with subj. : § 331* a\ G. 546; H. 501.) 
 Sect. 11 . silent : notice the emphatic position. 
 
 7. velit, subj. because of sit. 
 
 8. ante . . . quam, § 262; G. 576; H. 5 20.-etsi: i.e. there is 
 no need to appeal to the law of nature. 
 
 9. ipsa lex : a law of Sulla, forbidding not only murder, but 
 going armed with intent to murder. 
 
 10. non hominem occidi: i.e. this is not the point which the 
 
 law (in that clause) forbids. 
 
 14. judicaretur: the subject is antecedent of qui. The argu- 
 
172 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 ment is, that the judicial interpretation excepts the case of self- 
 defence ; though the words hominem occidere are expressly used in 
 the law. 
 
 17. insidiatorem : here he hints that Clodius will be found to 
 have forfeited his life to the law just cited. 
 
 Sect. 12 . sequitur illud, the next thing is this. 
 
 20. contra rem publicam factum, a technical phrase, like “a 
 breach of the peace.” 
 
 21. illam vero, etc., nay , but the Senate approved it (the killing 
 of Clodius). 
 
 24. nec tacitis, loudly ; nec occulte, in plain terms . 
 
 27. declarant, i.e. it is shown by. — hujus ambusti tribuni, this 
 fire-scorched tribune , i.e. T. Munatius Plancus (note, § 3). 
 
 28. intermortuae, still-born , or stifled by the smoke of the burn- 
 ing Senate-house at the time of Clodius’ funeral (see note, § 13). 
 This conflagration had caused such a reaction in the public mind, 
 that Milo, who had nearly abandoned his case, was encouraged to 
 return to Rome to stand trial, and even to renew his canvass for the 
 consulship. 
 
 31 . potentia, unlawful domination. 
 
 32. aut auctoritas aut gratia, influence from public acts or pri- 
 vate favor. 
 
 33 . ofliciosos, serviceable , in the way of forensic advocacy. 
 
 35 . sane, if you like ; or, for aught I care. 
 
 175. Sect. 13. vero, in reference to the statement at the be- 
 ginning of § 12 . — hanc quaestionem, this special court , consti- 
 tuted for this case (note, § 1 , compare R. A. § 1 ). 
 
 2 . erant, there were already. 
 
 6. de illo incest o stupro, that incestuous outrage , the violation 
 of the mysteries of the Bona Dea (b.c. 62). 
 
 An annual service was solemnized (see § 86) to the Bona Dea — the 
 Earth-Goddess of fertility — at the house of a consul or praetor, in which 
 the Vestal Virgins took part, together with matrons of the highest rank in 
 the city. The ceremonies were so strictly private that no man, not even 
 the magistrate at whose house they took place, was suffered to be present. 
 On this occasion the mysteries were celebrated at Caesar’s house as praetor. 
 
Defence of Milo. 
 
 1 73 
 
 Caesar, bein gpontifex maximus , resided in the Regia (the official residence 
 of that dignitary), the remains of which are thought to have been recently 
 discovered near the temple of Vesta. Clodius, who was the accepted lover 
 of Pompeia, Caesar’s wife, introduced himself in female dress; but was dis- 
 covered, and escaped through the help of a housemaid. The scandal was 
 frightful. A new ceremony was ordered by the priests. Caesar, whose 
 strong partisan Clodius was, affected to believe no harm, but presently 
 divorced Pompeia, saying, loftily, that Caesar’s wife must be above suspi- 
 cion. The Senate — since the existing quaestiones perpetuae had each its 
 own rigidly-defined sphere — proposed a special court de pollutis sacris, 
 in which the jurors should be designated by the praetor, not determined by 
 lot. But the comitia which was to decide the question was broken up by 
 a mob; and afterwards the Senate was obliged to accept a compromise, 
 which secured a court containing a sufficient number of venal jurors, by 
 whom Clodius was acquitted, 31 to 25. This celebrated trial, in which 
 Cicero had part, as witness to disprove an alibi (see § 46), was the origin 
 of the inexpiable feud between him and Clodius. 
 
 9. incendium curiae. The body of Clodius, left in the high- 
 way, had been picked up and sent to Rome, where its wounds were 
 exposed to public gaze, till, in the fury of the time, it was dragged 
 to the Senate-house. Here a funeral-pile was made of desks, benches, 
 and other furniture, and in the conflagration the Senate-house itself, 
 with several other buildings, was destroyed. 
 
 10. Lepidi : M. Himilius Lepidus (afterwards triumvir with Octa- 
 vianus and Antony) had been appointed interrex , a formality neces- 
 sary to give regularity to the forms of election when there were no 
 consuls. 
 
 Whenever there was a suspension of legal authority, by vacancy of the 
 chief magistracy, it was understood that the auspicia — which were regu- 
 larly in possession of the magistrates — were lodged with the patrician 
 members of the Senate, until new magistrates should be inaugurated. 
 The renewal of the regular order of things was begun by the patrician 
 senators coming together and appointing one of their own number as in- 
 %terrex. He held office for five days, as chief magistrate of the Common- 
 wealth and possessor of the auspicia; then created a successor, who might 
 hold the comitia for the election of consuls. In the present case, the 
 tribunes had prevented the appointment of an irtterrex for several weeks. 
 After the death of Clodius, Lepidus was appointed, and the mob demanded 
 
174 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 that he should hold the comitia at once for the election of consuls. This 
 he refused, on the ground that the first inter rex had no such power; when 
 his house was besieged during the five days of his interregnum , and at 
 last stormed and plundered. The mob battered in his door, destroyed the 
 household furniture, including his wife’s marriage-bed (the lectus genialis , 
 which stood in the hall), the family images, and the tapestries of the hall; 
 and were only stayed at last by the armed force of Milo. 
 
 Sect. 14 . e re publica, in the interest of the commonwealth. 
 
 18. decrevi, notavi, / voted , I marked, i.e. as deserving punish- 
 ment, leaving the person of the criminal to the decision of the 
 court (§ 31 ). These words refer to Cicero’s acts and votes in the 
 Senate. 
 
 2 i. crimen: the charge against the particular person; rem, the 
 
 act itself. 
 
 23. tribunum, Plancus. — licuisset : the action was stayed by 
 
 the tribune’s intercessio. 
 
 24. decernebat, it was on the point of deciding (§ 277. c\ G. 
 224 ; H. 469. ii. 1 ). 
 
 25. extra ordinem, out of turn : i.e. they should have precedence 
 of the regular docket. 
 
 26. divisa sententia est, i.e. the points were taken up separately. 
 
 Pompey had proposed his law de vi, establishing a special court. In 
 opposition to this, a resolution was offered in the Senate ( a ) that the dis- 
 turbances were against the good of the republic, and (b) should be pro- 
 ceeded against by the regular courts, only out of turn. The division of 
 the question demanded by the tribune Q. Fufius Calenus {nescio quo) 
 allowed the first clause to pass, but stopped the second by the tribunician 
 veto ( etnpta intercessione) . Then, in due time, Pompey’s law was passed; 
 while an empty resolution of the Senate, disapproving of acts of vio- 
 lence, could be used to damage the case of its own champion, as appears 
 from § 12. 
 
 27. nescio quo ; Calenus is not named, probably as being pres- 
 ent (compare note, R. A. § 5 ). 0 
 
 Sect. 15 . re, the facts of the fray; causa, the case of the ac- 
 cused person. 
 
 33. nempe, etc., simply investigation should be made. — quid 
 porro, etc., what , then , was to be investigated f 
 
Defence of Milo. 
 
 175 
 
 176. hanc salutarem litteram, this saving letter (hanc, be- 
 cause in favor of his client). Each juror inscribed on his ballot 
 A (absolve) for acquittal, or K ( condemno ) for conviction. 
 
 Sect. 16. Publio Clodio : the name is given in full to empha- 
 size the person. — tempori, the troubled time, which demanded the 
 investigation. 
 
 13. Catonis: M. Porcius Cato (the Younger), a stern champion 
 of the Senate, who, when Caesar had destroyed the hopes of his 
 party, killed himself at Utica, — hence called Uticensis. 
 
 14. Drusus : M. Livius Drusus (son of Marcus) was murdered 
 by some unknown person on returning home from an exciting politi- 
 cal debate (b.c. 91). 
 
 17 . Africano, i.e. ^Emilianus. He was actively opposed to the 
 plans of C. Gracchus for the division of the Latian lands ; and, 
 while the controversy was at its hottest, was found dead in his bed, 
 with marks (it was thought) of strangulation. His wife, sister of 
 the tribune, and Gracchus himself, lay under some suspicion of the 
 crime, which was probably the act of Carbo (see note to § 8). 
 
 19. quem immortalem, etc. Scipio died at the age of fifty-six. 
 — dolor e, indignation. 
 
 Sect. 17. quia, etc., i.e. it is question of persons. 
 
 25. summorum, infimorum, simply high and low. — quidem ,yet. 
 
 29. monumentis, memorial: i.e. the road itself. The Appian 
 Way was constructed B.c. 312, by the censor Ap. Claudius Caecus, 
 an ancestor of Clodius. This circumstance is skilfully used to tell 
 against Clodius, rather than in his favor. 
 
 31. ille, the famous (§ 102. b). 
 
 Sect. 18. M. Papirium : this was one of Clodius’ earliest ex- 
 ploits. Papirius, a friend of Pompey, was killed in a brawl about a 
 son of Tigranes, held as hostage at Rome, whom Clodius was trying 
 to rescue and send back for a great ransom to Asia, having by a 
 trick got him out of the hands of his custodian. 
 
 177. templo Castoris, where the Senate was then holding 
 session. The circumstance took place in the year of Clodius’ trib- 
 unate (b.c. 58), while Pompey was in the Senate. “ He instantly 
 went home and stayed there.” 
 
 10 . caruit, stayed away from . 
 
176 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 Sect. 19 . certe haec, surely all these (res, vir, tempus). 
 
 14. summa, in the highest degree . 
 
 17. eo tempore, i.e. during the violences which followed the 
 exile of Cicero (see oration for Sestius). 
 
 21. proinde quasi, just as if, etc. That is, the overt act must 
 be judged by its obvious intent : of course no tribunal (except an 
 inquisition) would attempt to try men for their intentions (consilia), 
 but an attempt to kill would be punishable. 
 
 Sect. 20 . adflictantur : cf. “stricken down” by grief. This 
 whole exaggerated description is probably in lively contrast with 
 the fact. 
 
 Sect. 21. non fuit, etc., there was no such cause . 
 
 36. ferendam, to be proposed to the people. 
 
 178 . reconciliatae : Pompey had lately renewed friendly rela- 
 tions with Clodius. 
 
 7. ior titer, firmly. — delegit: the choice of the judices was left 
 to Pompey, just as the Senate had ordered it to be left to the praetor 
 in the trial of Clodius (see note, § 13 ). 
 
 9. secrevit, set aside . 
 
 12. continetur, is limited. 
 
 13. consuetudines victus, the associations of daily life . 
 
 15. res public a, public business. 
 
 Sect. 22 . quod, in that (§ 333. a ; G. 538. R. ; H. 503. N. 1 ). 
 
 19. Domiti: L. Domitius Aenobarbus (consul, B.c. 54), a leader 
 against Caesar in the civil war : a haughty and cruel noble, which 
 was the character of this house down to its extinction, in the em- 
 peror Nero. 
 
 21. consularem, i.e. the presiding officer. 
 
 25. ab adulescentia : Sallust calls Caesar adulesQentulus , “ quite 
 young,” at the age of thirty-seven ; but the word here is of course 
 an exaggeration. 
 
 26. documenta maxima: in his praetorship (b.c. 58), Domitius 
 had roughly cut his way through a crowd of the followers of Clodius, 
 killing many of them. The crowd had gathered, under the tribune 
 Cn. Manlius, to uphold a law giving the suffrage to freedmen. 
 
 Sect. 23 . quam ob rem : in reference to the foregoing intro- 
 ductory argument. 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 1 77 
 
 28. si neque, etc. : a recapitulation. 
 
 30. vellemus, § 267. c\ G. 254. R. 2 ; H. 484. 
 
 35. uter utri, which against the other (colloq. which against 
 which). 
 
 179 . Sect. 24 . in praetura : Clodius was candidate for this 
 office, as Milo for the consulship. 
 
 4. tracta, delayed . 
 
 5. non multos mensls : really, less than six. 
 
 Originally the term of office was a full year; and if the magistrates 
 entered upon their office at an irregular time, whether by reason of an 
 interregnum (see note, § 13) or from any other cause, they still held for 
 a full year, and thus this irregular commencement of the official year became 
 for a time its regular commencement. Afterwards the date of the official 
 year was fixed, and any interregnum was deducted from the time of the 
 actual magistrates. Thus, B.c. 53, the magistrates were not elected until 
 July, and could therefore hold office only until January, less than six 
 months. 
 
 6. qui non spectaret, seeing that he did not look , etc. (§ 320. e\ 
 G. 637; H. 503. ii.). 
 
 10. annum suum, his regular year . By the lex Villia annalis 
 an interval of two years must pass between the several patrician 
 magistracies. As Clodius had been curule aediie in B.C. 56, he 
 might have been praetor in the broken year 53. 
 
 11. religione aliqua >from some religious scruple , as it is generally 
 (ut fit). 
 
 Sect. 25 . mancam, lame-handed , crippled . 
 
 16. fieri, was getting to be, or sure to be. — contulit se, went over. 
 
 17. petitionem, canvass. 
 
 19. convocabat (imperf.), not officially, but in the course of his 
 canvass. — se interponebat, played the go-between among the sev- 
 eral tribes. 
 
 20. Collinam novam, a new Colline tribe. Of the thirty-five 
 tribes, the four city tribes ranked lowest, because the freedmen 
 and poor citizens were placed in them ; and of these the Colima was 
 least reputable of all. It was through the collegia compitalicia , or 
 local clubs, that Clodius worked upon the city tribes ; and, by the 
 
i78 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 exaggerated expression that he registered an entirely new Collina, 
 it appears to be meant that the new and perhaps fraudulent names 
 that he got upon the list outnumbered the genuine voters. — ille, 
 Clodius ; hie, Milo (as generally in this speech). 
 
 23. paratissimus, perfectly ready (as he was). 
 
 25. suffragiis : there were several attempts to elect magistrates, 
 which failed through the obstructive tricks familiar to Roman poli- 
 ticians. 
 
 Sect. 26. silvas publicas : probably some depredations oi 
 Clodius in Etruria, where he had extensive estates. Perhaps it had 
 something to do with renting the public pastures (Manil. § 14). 
 
 32. significavit, hinted at. 
 
 180 . Sect. 27. sollenme, annual , or at regular seasons.— 
 
 legitimum, established by law. 
 
 Lanuvium was an old town of Latium, about twenty miles south-east of 
 Rome. It contained a temple of Juno Sospita, a local divinity, so famous 
 that, when Lanuvium became a municipium of Rome, this sanctuary was, 
 by special arrangement, received into the Roman religious system. The 
 flamen, or special priest, of Juno Sospita must be inaugurated by the chief 
 magistrate ( dictator ) of the municipium . Milo, of Lanuvian origin, a 
 municeps of the town, now held this office. (It will be noticed that the 
 title dictator , which at Rome meant an extraordinary magistrate with 
 kingly power, was given in several Latin towns to their regular republican 
 chief magistrate.) 
 
 Sect. 28. quoad, etc., the Senate adjourned on this day about 
 the fourth hour (between ten and eleven a.m.). 
 
 12 . calceos : the senator wore shoes adorned with a crescent- 
 shaped ornament (lunula) ; his tunic was also distinguished by the 
 broad purple stripe in front (latus clavus). When travelling, a 
 Roman put off his toga and badges of office, and put on a heavy 
 travelling cloak (paenula) and other easy garments. 
 
 16. obviam fit : this was just beyond Bovillae (Albano), a village 
 about nine miles from Rome. 
 
 17 . raeda, a four-wheeled family carriage. 
 
 18. Graecis comitibus, singers, dancers, etc. (see § 55).— 
 uxore : the wife of Clodius was afterwards married to Mark Antony ; 
 that of Milo was Fausta, daughter of Sulla. 
 
179 
 
 Defence of Milo. 
 
 21. paenulatus : the paenula went on over the head, like a 
 Mexican poncho, and so confined the arms. 
 
 22. comitatu : this troop of singing boys and maidens was, no 
 doubt, to glorify the village procession next day at Lanuvium. 
 
 Sect. 29. hora undecima : this would be about half-past four 
 p.m. In reality, as we learn from other sources, it was neaily two 
 hours earlier ; and Milo had stopped at an inn in Bovillae, in order 
 (as was charged) to make sure of not missing his enemy. 
 
 25. adversi occidunt, they attack and kill . 
 
 31. animo fideli, faithful ; praesenti, ready (presence of mind). 
 
 35. re vera, really. — fecerunt quod quisque . . . voluisset . 
 this sentence is greatly admired as “a way of putting things.” 
 
 36. derivandi, etc., to divert the charge, from Milo to the slaves. 
 
 181- Sect. 30. prosit, hortative subjunctive, used as often in 
 a concession. 
 
 9. quin servaret, without saving ; cf. quin judicetis, without 
 judging (below). 
 
 Sect. 31. optabilius fuit, it would have been preferable (§ 3 1 1 • 
 G. 246. R. 1 ; H. 51 1- n. 3 ). 
 
 20. semel, once only. 
 
 25. id, i.e. the plot laid. 
 
 27. latum est ut, etc., i.e. this is the intent of Pompey’s law 
 (see note, § 14). 
 
 31. ut ne sit, subj. of purpose (purpose of the investigation). 
 
 34. in ilia, in the case of the , etc. 
 
 182. Sect. 32. illud Cassianum, that noted saying of Cas- 
 sius. L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla (cos. b.c. 127) was one of the 
 most upright men of his time, distinguished as a quaesitor (pre- 
 siding officer) of special trials. — cui bono, for whose advantage 
 (§ 233 ; G. 350 ; H. 390. i.) ; not for what advantage , as it is often 
 wrongly given in English. 
 
 2. personis, parties : the persona is properly the mask , which 
 indicates by its features the character in a play. 
 
 3. atqui, etc., now , by the killing of Milo , etc. 
 
 4. adsequebatur, was going to gain. 
 
 5. non eo consule, without one as consul. 
 
l8o 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 7 . quibus . . . coniventibus : these competitors of Milo were 
 P. Plautius Hypsaeus and Q. Metellus Scipio, — the latter an 
 adopted son of Metellus Pius, but unworthy either of the family 
 (Scipio) in which he was born, or of that into which he entered. 
 He took a leading part on Pompey’s side in the civil war, and was 
 defeated by Caesar at Thapsus, b.c. 46. 
 
 8. eludere, give the slip . 
 
 10. tantum beneficium : they would owe their election to him 
 (see § 25). 
 
 Sect. 33. hospites, strangers (see note, R. A. § 5). 
 
 15. peregrinantur, etc., are your ears gone abroad ? 
 
 18. fuerit impositurus, ind. quest, for -turns fuit=imposuisset. 
 
 20. Clodi : Sex. Clodius, client and confidential agent of the 
 demagogue. 
 
 21. eripuisse e domo, i.e. from P. Clodius 1 house, in the riots 
 after his death. No attack, however, was made upon his house. 
 
 22. Palladium : the image of Pallas, kept in the citadel of Troy, 
 and taken thence by a nocturnal enterprise of Ulysses and Diomed. 
 The sanctity and adventures of this portfolio suggest the comparison. 
 
 25. per: the words of adjuration are omitted. — hujus legis : a 
 proposed law of Clodius, by which the freedmen were to be dis- 
 tributed among all the thirty-five tribes (see note, § 25). Sex. 
 Clodius, the son of a freedman, is shrewdly hinted at as author 
 of the law. 
 
 28. de nostrum omnium — this break is called aposiopesis. 
 Cicero would have said caede, but affects to be alarmed at the threat- 
 ening look with which Sex. Clodius hears his allusion ( aspexit me 
 illis oculis'). 
 
 32. lumen curiae, in allusion to the burning of the Senate- 
 house (see note, § 12 ). He dare not say more ! 
 
 34. poenitus [= punitus] es (often deponent in Cicero) : noth- 
 ing was more horrible to the ancients than the loss of due funeral 
 rites. The burning of Clodius 1 body by the mob deprived him of all 
 the honors to which he was entitled. 
 
 183 . imaginibus (see note, Verr. i. § 15) : a Claudius should 
 have a long line of most distinguished images. — pompa, procession ; 
 laudatio, funeral oration , by a near kinsman. These were among 
 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 1 8 1 
 
 the essential rites of burial. — infelicissimis, ill-omened , as the 
 conflagration of a riot (compare infelix arbor, the gibbet). 
 
 Sect. 34. obstabat, the supposed remark of an opponent. 
 
 11. repugnante eo, in spite of him. — fiebat, was coming to be 
 (see note on fieri, § 25). — immo vero, nay, rather. 
 
 12. utebatur , found. 
 
 13. valebat (emphatic), what had weight with you was. 
 
 22. quis dubitaret? who could [then] hesitate t (§ 268; G. 251 ; 
 H. 485). 
 
 24. usitatis jam rebus, by the customary means. 
 
 28. ne quem, i.e. a result aimed at, though not strictly a purpose . 
 
 Sect. 35. at, etc., but (you say) his hate prevailed ; he did it in 
 rage, as a personal foe, etc. 
 
 35. poenitor —punitor. 
 
 184. nulla, none at all. 
 
 2. quid odisset? why should Milo have hated ? 
 
 3. civile, political (such as a good citizen must feel). 
 
 4. ille erat ut odisset, in his case there was ground for hate. 
 
 7. reus Milonis : prosecutions could be entered in the standing 
 courts by private persons (see note, R. A. § 7). — lege Plotia (or 
 Plautia) : probably by M. Silvanus, tribune, B.c. 89 (see note, 
 Arch. § 7). This law appears to have been the basis of all later 
 legislation de vi. 
 
 Sect. 36. cum . . . cessi : Cicero gives his own case as an 
 example of Clodius’ way of acting. 
 
 17. diem dixerat = reum fecerat. 
 
 Diem dicere was the term used of a magistrate who brought a criminal 
 charge before the public assembly. Such a charge could not be sprung 
 upon the accused person without notice ; but a day must be set (diei dictio) 
 for the trial. The tribal assembly could only impose fines (hence multam 
 inrogarat ) : so with the quaestiones perpetuae , which, with the single ex- 
 ception of parricide (see R. A. § 28), punished only with fines or banish- 
 ment (see Pauly, Realen. vol. vi. p. 351). Capital charges against Roman 
 citizens, such as perduellio (treason), must regularly be brought before the 
 centuriate assembly. Only a magistrate could summon ( diem dicere) 
 before either comitia, or propose a fine ( multam inrogare), while private 
 persons could prosecute {reum facere) in a quaestio perpetua. 
 
182 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 1 8 . multam inrogarat, had claimed a fine . — perduellionis, 
 
 treason . 
 
 19. videlicet, ironical. 
 
 21 . servorum . . . nolui, compare Sest. § 20 . 
 
 Sect. 37 . vidi enim, / with my own eyes. Cicero here 
 artfully recounts other violent acts of Clodius, in the form of reasons 
 which moved him, — killing two birds with one stone. — Horten- 
 sium, Cicero’s early rival, and opponent in the case of Verres. 
 
 26. Vibienus: probably a lapse of Cicero’s memory. He was 
 killed in the riots after the death of Clodius. 
 
 29. haec, huic, haec : notice the emphatic repetition {anaphora'). 
 
 34. ad regiam : the old palace of Numa, on the Sacra Via , at 
 the point where it reached the Forum. It adjoined the temple of 
 Vesta, and was occupied by the pontifex maximus (at this time 
 Caesar : see note on §13). When Augustus was made Pont. Max. 
 he gave the Regia to the Vestal Virgins. The occasion here re- 
 ferred to was probably an election riot in the preceding year. 
 
 Sect. 38. quid, etc., what like deed of Milo's f 
 
 36. detrahi non posset, on account of the disturbances and 
 lawlessness of the time. 
 
 185 . potuitne, couldn't he? 
 
 4. deos penatTs, see note, Cat. iii. § 18. — illo oppugnante : 
 
 this was an attack not by a mob, but by an armed band, made 
 upon Milo’s house, built on a spur of the Palatine, Nov. 12, b.c. 
 57, the year of Cicero’s return. 
 
 6. Fabricio : see Sest. §§ 38-41. 
 
 8. Caecilii, praetor, B.c. 57. He was attacked while presiding 
 over the games of Apollo, in July. 
 
 10. lata lex, i.e. the law proposed for his recall (Sest. § 49). 
 
 11 . facti, i.e. Cicero’s recall. 
 
 Sect. 39. consensus, universal feeling. 
 
 18. praetores, all except Appius Claudius, brother of Clodius; 
 tribuni, see note, Sest. § 43. 
 
 19 . auctor, the responsible originator (Sest § 33) ; dux, cham- 
 pion, who led it to a successful issue. 
 
 23. decretum : this word is sometimes used for the proclama- 
 tion of a magistrate, which was properly edictum. The decretum 
 
Defence of Milo. 
 
 183 
 
 was the ordinance of a collegimjt or council, especially of the Senate 
 (see note, Cat. i. § 4), but also of any municipal body. The decree 
 here referred to was passed by the municipal Senate (curia) of 
 Capua, upon Pompey’s proposition. 
 
 24. signum dedit ut, gave the signal for , etc. (equivalent to a 
 verb of command). 
 
 27. qui . . . ejus, of any one who , equivalent to a conditional 
 construction (see § 316; G. 594 1 ; H. 507. iii. 2 ). The imperfect 
 cogitaretur is used instead of the pluperf., on account of the 
 indefinite qui. (In present time it would be, Si quis inter emeriti 
 cogitetur. In past time, when it becomes contrary to fact, the same 
 relation between the tenses is retained.) 
 
 Sect. 40. bis : once for the attack on his house (ante, § 38) ; the 
 other occasion is unknown. 
 
 30. et reo : Clodius, as aedile (b.c. 56), had laid a charge against 
 Milo (dixit die 7 n Miloni) for employing gladiators to bring about 
 by intimidation the law for Cicero’s recall. 
 
 35. gravissimam . . . partem, a most important part in political 
 affairs . 
 
 186. in scalarum tenebris, the stairway of a bookseller’s 
 shop, as Cicero says (Phil. ii. 9) in his reply to the charge of Antony 
 that he had caused the death of Clodius. The affair took place 
 B.c. 53, when Antony, at this time a friend of Cicero, was candi- 
 date for the quaestorship. 
 
 5. nulla sua invidia, witji no odium to himself. 
 
 Sect. 41. saepta, railings (voting-enclosures). 
 
 8. curavisset, had caused (§ 294. d\ G. 431 ; H. 544. n. 2 ). A 
 fragment of a lost oration says that the two consuls were knocked 
 down by stones. 
 
 10. liberet, might please. 
 
 12 . loco, with the advantage of ground (note, Cat. ii. § 1). 
 
 Sect. 42. contentio, striving after . — subesset, was close at 
 hand. 
 
 18. ambitio, the canvass (“going about” for votes ; hence, more 
 remotely, bribery). 
 
 20. obscure qualifies cogitari, but is displaced to oppose palam. 
 
 21. fabulam fictam, a got-up story (an election lie). 
 
 
1 84 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 23. molle, sensitive ; fragile, unstable ; flexibile, changeable . 
 Sect. 43 . august a . . . auspicia, rhetorical for comitia centuri • 
 ata quae auspicato fiunt . All the higher magistrates must be 
 elected at these comitia. 
 
 3 1 . idem = on the other hand. 
 
 32. regnaturum, would be an autocrat. 
 
 34. inlecebram peccandi, lure to wickedness. 
 
 187 . Sect. 44 . Petili, Cato : Petilius and Cato are addressed 
 personally, as prominent men sitting zsjudices. Such appeals would 
 not now be tolerated, but were consistent with ancient procedure. 
 
 7. Favonio : Favonius (see § 26 ) was a friend and great admirer 
 of Cato, and one of the conspirators against Caesar. He had taken 
 part with Cato in some proceedings against Clodius. 
 
 Sect. 45 . fefellit, i.e. in making this threat. 
 
 13. stata, on a fixed day. 
 
 17. mercenario tribuno : speeches were made this day by C. 
 Sallustius (the historian) and Q. Pompeius. Probably the latter is 
 here meant. 
 
 19. approperaret, were making haste (imperf. of continued 
 action). 
 
 Sect. 46 . qui . . . potuerit, how could he have known f 
 26. ut . . . rogasset, even though he had asked (§313; G. 610; 
 H. 515. iii.). 
 
 32. quaesierit sane, suppose (if y ou will) that he did ask. 
 quid largiar, how much I grant — how liberal I am. 
 
 188 . eadem hora : in the famous trial of the violation of the 
 mysteries (§ 13 ) Clodius had tried to prove an alibi , by showing, 
 from Causinius’ testimony, that he had spent that night at his 
 house at Interamna ( Terni , on the river Nar in Umbria, ninety 
 miles away) ; but was confuted by the evidence of Cicero, who testi- 
 fied that he had called upon him the same day, — a circumstance 
 that Clodius never forgot or forgave. 
 
 Sect. 47 . profectus esse, infin. depending on liberatur, is 
 proved (and so cleared ), as implying a verb of saying (§ 330. e\ 
 G. 651 ; H. 522). 
 
 9. quippe, of course. — futurus, expecting to be. 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 i85 
 
 10. meum, etc., make a point for myself \ 
 
 13. majoris, more important: this charge was afterwards brought 
 up against Cicero by Antony. 
 
 14. abjecti homines, C. Sallustius and Q. Pompeius. 
 
 1 5 . jacent, fall to the ground . 
 
 Sect. 48. occurrit, meets me . 
 
 20. ne . . . quidem, not Clodius either . 
 
 21. si quidem,/^, if. 
 
 24. quid nuntiaret ? why should he bring word? 
 
 26. obsignavi, indorsed. The names of witnesses were written 
 on the back of wills, etc., after they were closed and sealed. 
 
 27. palam, i.e. by naming the legatees in the presence of the 
 witness. Clodius need not hasten back to learn what he knew 
 already. 
 
 Sect. 49. age, well then ; sit, etc., suppose it were so (that the 
 messenger informed him about Cyrus). 
 
 34. properato, § 243. e\ G. 390; H. 414. N. 3 . 
 
 35. tandem, at any rate. 
 
 189 . exspectandum, i.e. near the city, so as to catch him by 
 night. 
 
 Sect. 50 . sustinuisset, would have borne . 
 
 7. latronum : highway robbery, with violence, was pretty com- 
 mon in the near neighborhood of Rome. 
 
 10. bonis, [landed] estates. — multi, etc.: here it is hinted that 
 the crimes of Clodius (who had estates in Etruria) had made him 
 many enemies (see note § 26 ). 
 
 Sect. 51 . devertit, turned aside to stop. — -quod ut, now 
 
 though . 
 
 1 7. ante, somewhere beyond the villa. 
 
 19. adhuc, thus far . 
 
 Sect. 52 . nihil umquam, etc. On the contrary, Cicero says 
 elsewhere (Att. iv. 3 ), speaking of the disorder that followed his 
 return from exile, “ If he [Clodius] comes in his way, I foresee 
 that he will be killed by Milo. He does not hesitate to do it; he 
 openly professes it ( prae se fert ).” Perhaps Cicero had forgotten it I 
 
 29. dissimulasse, concealed the fact. 
 
 31. causam finxisse, invented an excuse . 
 
Notes: Cicero. 
 
 1 86 
 
 190 . Sect. 53 . etiam, any longer . 
 
 3. substructions (see § 85), buildings , but with the idea of 
 walls, grading, and the like, made necessary by the great size of 
 the buildings fashionable among the Roman nobles (see Horace, 
 Od. III. 1). 
 
 4. versabantur, used to be employed . — adversarii, of Clodius. 
 
 8. res, circumstances . 
 
 Sect. 54. quid minus, sc. quam Milo . 
 
 16. ilium, the other . 
 
 18. tarde, etc., compare § 49 . — qui convenit, how does that suit 
 his character f 
 
 20. Alsiensi : his villa at Alsium, a town on the coast of Etruria. 
 
 Sect. 55. Graeculi, dimin. of contempt: “ Greeklings.” 
 
 28. in castra Etrusca, i.e. to Catiline’s camp, for which, says 
 Asconius, he had once really set out. — nugarum nihil, no nonsense , 
 such as buffoons and the like. 
 
 29. pueros symphoniacos, singing boys (see § 28). 
 
 30. uxoris ancillarum, his wife's waiting-maids . 
 
 32. virum a viro lectum, in allusion to a custom in the Roman 
 army of selecting men for dangerous service one at a time, each 
 new one being designated by the last. 
 
 36. mulier, scornfully said of Clodius (compare note, R. A. § 50 ). 
 
 191 . Sect. 56 . odio, § 233 ; G. 350; H. 390. i. 
 
 5. propositam, put up for sale ; addictam, knocked down (terms 
 of the auction room). 
 
 8. Martem communem, the impartiality of Mars . 
 
 10. pransi : th z prandium was the noon-day meal, generally quite 
 simple, of fruit and bread, but made by high-livers a full meal (or 
 European breakfast). 
 
 14. haesit, was caught, 
 
 15. expetiverunt : this illustrates the ancient mode of regard- 
 ing punishment, as a compensation exacted from the wrong-doer by 
 the person injured. (See Maine, “ Ancient Law,” p. 358.) 
 
 Sect. 57 . manu misit : only slaves could be forced to give 
 testimony by torture (R. A. § 35). As Milo had freed his, it was 
 claimed that he wished to destroy evidence. Manumission under 
 such circumstances was forbidden by later law. 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 187 
 
 22 . in causa, on the legal question . 
 
 23. indagamus hie : i.e. the legal aspect is to be considered 
 here. 
 
 25. nescis ,you know not how . 
 
 192. Sect. 59. quaestiones, examination (by torture) of 
 Clodius’ slaves. 
 
 6 . in atrio Libertatis. It was in this hall (probably near the 
 present Column of Trajan) that questions touching the liberation of 
 slaves were considered, and that torture was inflicted, — not merely 
 in mockery of the name, but to excite in the slave some hope of 
 freedom. 
 
 3. Appius : son of C. Claudius, an elder brother of Clodius. 
 
 9 . de servis : the passage in brackets seems necessary to the 
 sense. The exception de incestu — not the only exception, by the 
 way _is mentioned to bring the jest upon Clodius (compare note, 
 Cat. iii. § 9 ). 
 
 11. proxime, very near: i.e. by having his murder treated as 
 sacrilege, in respect to the question of slaves. (The whole passage 
 is an argument a fortiori . If the Romans excluded enforced testi- 
 mony of a master’s slaves when the truth could be arrived at, how 
 much more should it be excluded here, where the truth was impos- 
 sible on account of the temptation.) 
 
 12. ad ipsos, in the mysteries of the Bona Dea (see § 13). In 
 the very effective sarcasm of this passage, there is a pardonable 
 confusion between the quaestio in dominum (for incest by Clodius), 
 and the caerimonia violata (which is represented as sacrilege against 
 Clodius). 
 
 15. non quin, not but (§ 341. R; G. 541. R. 1 ; H. 5 1 6 2 ) . 
 
 Sect. 60. verbi causa, for example. 
 
 23. areas, cells , anciently (apparently) literal “ chests” of timber, 
 robustae . 
 
 26. integrius, sounder , more honest and impartial (of course 
 ironical) . 
 
 Sect. 61. ardente, still on fire. 
 
 35, populo, senatui, i.e. by appearing in his place among them. 
 
 193 - praesidiis, i.e. the special power with which Pompey 
 
1 88 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 was clothed as sole consul, which is further dwelt on in the follow- 
 ing (see § 65). 
 
 Sect. 62. imperitorum, strangers to his character (though well- 
 intentioned). 
 
 Sect. 63. illud, in appos. with ut . . . trucidaret. 
 
 27. portenta, monsters (his accomplices). 
 
 28. loquebantur, talked about , comparing Milo with Catiline, 
 and saying he would do likewise. 
 
 29. miseros, etc., wretched the lot , etc. 
 
 30. in quibus, in whose case . 
 
 Sect. 64. ilia, these surmises. 
 
 36. conscientia, an implied supposition contrary to fact (i.e. if 
 he had had such consciousness). 
 
 194 . maximo animo (protasis), one of the highest courage . 
 
 6. indicabatur, use the impers. form in English: it was shown 
 that, etc. — vicum, narrow street (properly a district or quarter ). 
 
 7. dicebant, they woidd say (repeated charges). 
 
 8. Ocriculanam, on the Tiber, in a corner of Umbria. — devecta 
 Tiberi, carried down the Tiber . 
 
 9. clivo Capitolino, the street which ran from the upper end of 
 the Forum to the Capitolium . 
 
 11. delata : deferre ad Senatum is to lay a piece of information 
 before the Senate ; referre, to bring a piece of business before it for 
 action. 
 
 Sect. 65. popa, an inferior priest who slew the sacrifices — 
 hardly more than a butcher — who also kept a popina , or restaurant 
 and grog-shop : hence, apud se ebrios. (According to Asconius, 
 this Licinius was a sacrificulus , a higher order of attendant, whose 
 business it was to perform certain purifying rites.) 
 
 17. Circo Maximo: this was the place for the great games, in 
 the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. The circus gave 
 its name to the district. 
 
 21. in hortos, see note, R. A. § 10. Here Pompey, it was said, 
 kept himself, out of fear of Milo. 
 
 Sect. 66 . tam celebri loco, in so thronged a locality . Caesar, 
 as Pontifex Maximus, inhabited the Regia (see note, § 37) on the 
 Sacra Via , in the busiest part of Rome. 
 
Defence of Milo. 189 
 
 36 . senator inventus est. “ Pompey was afraid of Milo, or 
 pretended to be j and he stayed mostly, not at home, but in his 
 gardens — even the upper ones, where a great guard of soldiers 
 camped around. Pompey, besides, had once adjourned the Senate 
 suddenly, saying that he feared Milo’s coming. Then at the next 
 session, P. Cornificius had said that Milo had a sword under his 
 tunic, fastened to his thigh, and demanded that he should bare his 
 thigh, which Milo did at once, lifting his tunic. Then Cicero called 
 out, that all the other charges against Milo were just like that” 
 (Asconius). 
 
 195 . Sect. 67. exaudire : Pompey was sitting not in the 
 court, but at the Treasury, a considerable distance off. 
 
 Sect. 68 . sed quis, but [this cannot be ; for] who , etc. 
 
 22. si locus : on account of his suspicions, says Asconius, Pom- 
 pey had refused to admit Milo — and no one else — when he came 
 to visit him. — te tuo, sc. in se; me suo, sc. in me . 
 
 27. tribunatum suum, see Or. for Sestius, § 43. 
 
 35. ne, assuredly . 
 
 36. ita natus, born for that very thing, to sacrifice everything for 
 his country. — Magne : it is uncertain when the title Magnus was 
 bestowed on Pompey ; Plutarch says by Sulla. Through his friends’ 
 flattery, it was adopted as a family name. — te antestaretur, would 
 appeal to your testimony . 
 
 196 . Sect. 69. infidelitates, [acts of] ill-faith . This and the 
 following plural abstracts are often best translated by the singular 
 in English, though Latin prefers the more concrete form of the 
 plural (§ 75. c\ G. 195. R. 5 ; H. 130 2 ). — motu aliquo : an antici- 
 pation of the approaching civil war. 
 
 Sect. 70. juris publici, etc., law, customs, politics. 
 
 14 . ne quid, etc., see note, Cat. i. § 2 . 
 
 16 . hunc simply repeats Pompeium, after the long parenthesis ; 
 ejus qui, of one who (by that supposition), i.e. Milo. (The whole 
 passage is an apodosis, depending on the supposition that Pompey 
 thought him guilty.) 
 
 1 7. dilectu : Pompey held the consulship in b.c. 55, but after its 
 expiration did not go into his province of Spain, but despatched 
 
Notes : Cicero. 
 
 190 
 
 thither his army under the command of legati , while he himseli re- 
 mained in Italy with proconsular power, — a very irregular pro- 
 ceeding. Immediately after the death of Clodius, the Senate gave 
 the interrex (see note, § 13 ), the tribunes, and the proconsul 
 (Pompey) the extraordinary power ne quid, etc. (see note, Cat. i. 
 
 § 2 ), and empowered Pompey to hold a levy of troops. — exspec- 
 taturum fuisse, would have , etc. (§ 337 ; G. 662 ; H. 527. iii.). 
 
 20. legem, the law for the investigation. 
 
 21. oporteret, liceret: ought , as I think; may well (legally), as 
 all allow. 
 
 Sect. 71 . animadvertere in, proceed against , i.e. punish . 
 The whole turning of Pompey’s unfriendly action in Milo’s favor by 
 Cicero is a stroke of art. 
 
 27. hesternam contionem, compare § 3 . 
 
 Sect. 72 . Clodianum crimen, this charge of Clodius’ murder. 
 
 34. palam clamare : this was the line of defence taken by Cato 
 and other friends of Milo ; in opposition to whom Cicero preferred 
 to disprove the charge ( diluere crimen). 
 
 35. Sp. Maelium, see note, Cat. i. § 3 . 
 
 - 36. jacturis, lavish expenditure . 
 
 197 . conlegae, i.e. Octavius. 
 
 Ti. Gracchus was firmly resisted by his colleague Octavius, who used all 
 the obstructive power of the tribunate to thwart his plans. Gracchus, 
 then, finding himself completely brought to a stand, proposed to the people 
 to deprive Octavius of his office. This, although a violent course of action, 
 and contrary to the spirit of the constitution, — which combined almost 
 unlimited power of the magistrate with complete responsibility at the end 
 of the term of office, — was still strictly legal (see Mommsen Rom. St. i. 
 
 P- S I 3 )- 
 
 5. auderet, i.e. in the case supposed. — cum . . . liberasset, 
 implying a supposition contrary to fact ; not merely the ordinary 
 subjunctive of relative time. 
 
 SECT. 73 . saepe censuit, see § 13 . 
 
 10. sorore, his third sister, wife of L. Lucullus, and so, legally, 
 one of his family. 
 
 11. quaestionibus habitis : this relates to the consilium of rela- 
 
Defence of Milo . 19 1 
 
 tives, held by the paterfamilias , or head of the family, in regard to 
 Clodia, to pass judgment upon crimes in the family. 
 
 12. civem quern . . . judicarant, i.e. Cicero himself. 
 
 15. regna dedit : the Galatian Brogitarus, son-in-law of King 
 Deiotarus, was complimented with the title of king by a law of 
 Clodius. — ademit, referring to the case of King Ptolemy of Cyprus, 
 spoken of in the oration for Sestius. 
 
 16 . partitus est : see Or. for Sest. § 10 . 
 
 17 . civem: this is usually referred to Pompey. But, though 
 Pompey was attacked by Clodius (see § 18), there was no blood- 
 shed : further, singulari virtute et gloria is a mild expression for 
 Cicero to use of Pompey on this occasion ; and, though ip is rather 
 exaggerated for the tribune Fabricius (see § 38), yet the circum- 
 stances precisely correspond. 
 
 19. aedem Nympharum, containing the censorial registers. It 
 appears to have been burnt in the disorders which preceded Cicero’s 
 exile. 
 
 Sect. 74. non calumnia litium : fraudulent and malicious law- 
 suits were too mild and dilatory a method of plunder. A powerful 
 noble, with his slaves and clients, had almost an army at his dis- 
 posal, and in the disorders of the present time this actually amounted 
 to private warfare, like that of the feudal nobles. The following 
 incidents illustrate this further. 
 
 24. sacramentis : a form of procedure in which a penalty or 
 forfeit {sacrament uni) was deposited by each party, to abide the 
 result of the suit. 
 
 26. Etruscos ; see note, § 26. 
 
 31. Janiculo et Alpibus : i.e. all Italy north of the Tiber. 
 
 32. splendido, the regular complimentary epithet of a Roman 
 eques. 
 
 34. Prilio : lago di Castiglione, a small sheet of water in Etruria. 
 
 — luntribus = lintribus. 
 
 35. materiem, timber ; caementa, building-st one ; arma, tools. 
 
 198 . Sect. 75. mortuum, a corpse . — qua invidia, etc., 
 by the odium of which (the presence of the dead body) a flame 
 [of calumny] would be kindled . Odium is often spoken of as a 
 flame (“inflamed with hate”). 
 
1 92 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 8. Appium : the oration for Sestius shows that App. Claudius 
 was not always on the best terms with the aristocracy ; in fact, the 
 Claudii were as a family characterized by original and radical opin- 
 ions (see Momm. Rom . Forsch . i. p. 285). 
 
 9. fratrem : Ap. Claudius Pulcher, an elder brother of Clodius, 
 Cicero’s predecessor in the province of Cilicia. 
 
 10. dejecit, ousted . 
 
 11. vestibulum, courtyard , or open space in front of the house. 
 — sororis, probably his second sister, wife of Q. Metellus Celer, who 
 lived next her brother on the Palatine. 
 
 Sect. 76. videbantur, were beginning to seem. — tolerabilia, 
 inevitable, and therefore bearable. — quidem, concessive. 
 
 15 . aequabiliter, without distinction . 
 
 17 . nescio quo modo, somehow or other . 
 
 18. vero, opposed to quidem. 
 
 20. potuissetis, i.e. if they had been realized. — imperium : all 
 this mischief he had perpetrated in virtue of holding the offices 
 of tribune and aedile. What would he do if he got the imperium , 
 by holding the praetorship, for which he was candidate ? 
 
 21. tetrarchas, a title of certain petty kings, especially in Galatia 
 (see § 73 : originally, but not always, kings of a fourth part of a 
 country). 
 
 23. possessiones, i.e. by his judicial authority as praetor. 
 
 27. tenentur, are proved. 
 
 Sect. 77. per me unum : ut is displaced by the emphasis 
 thrown upon me. 
 
 35. aequitas, equity , i.e. the administration of justice, disregard- 
 ing the strict letter of law. This was within the province of the 
 praetor urbanus (Maine, “ Ancient Law,” p. 55 )* 
 
 36. esset, ironical. 
 
 199 . nunc, as it is. 
 
 7. multas, aetas, both emphatic by the inversion. — imperato- 
 rum : now including Caesar, who at this time seemed to have com- 
 pletely subdued Gaul, and had just invaded Britain and Germany. 
 
 Sect. 78. in eis singulis [bonis], in the case of each one. 
 
 12. visuros fuisse, for vidissetis of dir. disc. (§ 337 ! G. 662; 
 H. 527. iii.). 
 
193 
 
 Defence of Milo. 
 
 17. judiciis : Pompey, in this year of his sole consulship, carried 
 several laws intended to secure the better administration of justice, 
 among other things limiting the time allowed to the lawyers’ argu- 
 ments. 
 
 22. odio inimicitiarum, the bitterness of private resentment. 
 
 23. libentius quam verius (§ 192 ; G. 314 ; H. 444 2 )» with more 
 alacrity than truth. 
 
 24. et enim si, etc., for even if it (my animosity) had good rea- 
 son to be extreme. 
 
 26. aequaliter versaretur = found its equal. 
 
 Sect. 79 . quin, nay , adds strength to the imperative. “Come 
 now, attend while I present the case in this light.” 
 
 29. nempe haec, this , you know . 
 
 31. sic intuentur, view as plainly. 
 
 32. cernimus, discern (distinguish by eyesight) ; videmus, see 
 (the general word). 
 
 33. meae, that / suggest. — imaginem, etc. = quae sit condicio 
 (apod, of si possim). 
 
 34. ita si, on condition that. 
 
 35. quid voltu extimuistis? why this look of terror f 
 
 36. vivus, if alive, — quos = when . . . you. 
 
 200. vellet, instead of plup. to denote continued action : “ had 
 had the disposition.” 
 
 8. si putetis, a conceivable supposition ; si posset, a condition 
 contrary to fact. 
 
 Sect. 80 . cantus, instrumental music; carmina, songs : for 
 example, the famous one on Harmodius and Aristogeiton. 
 
 16. prope ad religionem, almost to the sanctity. 
 
 Sect. 81 . si non negat, a general protasis to the whole that 
 follows. 
 
 25. dubitaret, sc. if he had done it. 
 
 26. nisi vero, ironical. 
 
 30. probaretur, approve itself. — poterat, § 311. G. 599. R. 3 : 
 H. 51 1. N. 3 . 
 
 3 1 . minus grata, not so agreeable. 
 
 34. propter quem, through whose means. 
 
 35. laetarentur, subj. as belonging to the supposed case. 
 
194 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 201- Sect. 82. ut putaremus, as to think . 
 
 12. paeniteat, regret. 
 
 Sect. 83. uteretur, i.e. si fecisset. Notice the art with which 
 this (probably the true state of the case) is put in the form of a false 
 supposition, in order to give Milo the benefit of both views of the 
 
 case. 
 
 18 . hujus beneficii,yhr this favor . — fortuna, destiny . 
 
 19 . vestra, i.e. of the optimates. — deberi putant, claim as due . 
 — felicitas, good luck, 
 
 21. divinum belongs with vim as well as numen. 
 
 22. ille, yonder. 
 
 24. maximum, greater than all. 
 
 25. majorum, the ancients , who were regarded as being nearer 
 the gods, their divine origin, and so better acquainted with the 
 secrets of the universe. 
 
 26. sanctissime coluerunt, piously practised . 
 
 Sect. 84. imbecillitat z, frail nature . 
 
 29 . quod vigeat, etc., that has life and sensation. et non 
 inest, while it does not exist. 
 
 33. haec ipsa, i.e. this very speech. 
 
 36 . perniciem, pest. 
 
 202. mentem injecit: “Whom the gods wish to destroy 
 they first make mad,” — a very old idea. 
 
 3 . habiturus esset, was destined to have. 
 
 Sect. 85. mediocri, ordinary. 
 
 7 . religiones, sanctuaries. 
 
 8 . commosse (commovisse) se, bestirred themselves. 
 
 9. retinuisse, reasserted. — Albani : Clodius’ Alban villa (see 
 §§ 46 , 51 ) must have been in the territory of Alba Longa, the 
 ancient capital of Latium, whose temples were spared and their 
 worship adopted by Rome (as that of the Lanuvian Juno had 
 been, see note, § 27), when the city was destroyed by Rome. From 
 what follows it would appear that some of these sanctuaries had 
 been demolished by Clodius in his building schemes (see § 53 ).— 
 tumuli, mounds , used for altars. 
 
 15. viguerunt, revived. 
 
 16. Latiaris : the temple of Jupiter, on the Alban Mount, was 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 195 
 
 the religious centre of the Latin confederacy (which in this was like 
 the Greek Amphictyony). It was a movable festival, feriae con - 
 ceptivae , celebrated by the consul, usually in April or May. 
 
 17 . lacus : there are several little lakes about the Alban Mount, 
 chief of which are those at Alba and Aricia, in the craters of extinct 
 volcanoes. — nemora : nanus (same root as vl^u) is originally an 
 open grove where cattle can graze : it is applied, as well as Incus , to 
 a consecrated grove. Of these the most famous in Italy was the 
 sanctuary of Diana on the Lacus Nemorensis ( L . Nemi) near Aricia. 
 
 Sect. 86 . nisi forte, compare nisi vero, above. 
 
 22. Bonae Deae, an Italian goddess whose very name is a mys- 
 tery. She probably represented the fruitful power of the earth, so 
 that her mysteries, celebrated on December 3 and 4 (see note, § 13 ) 
 corresponded to those of Demeter {Mother Earth) at Eleusis. 
 
 26. taeterrimam, i.e. the death of a highwayman. 
 
 28. nec vero non, nor can it be but. 
 
 30. imaginibus, waxen masks of ancestors, worn by persons in 
 the funeral procession, to represent the departed worthies ; cantu, 
 music ; ludis t games; exsequiis, procession ; funere, burial rites. 
 
 32. celebritate, throng (see § 33 , and note, R. A. § 13 ). 
 
 36. mortem ejus lacerari, that his dead body should be mangled. 
 
 203. Sect. 87. redemerat, had bought off . 
 
 8. domum . . . incenderat : b.C. 57. The other outrages here 
 enumerated have been already described, Sest. § 32 (54). 
 
 13. capere, contain . 
 
 14. incidebantur : he felt so sure of his power, that he was hav- 
 ing the laws engraved even before their passage. 
 
 15 . nos . . . addicerent : which should bind us over to our own 
 slaves (i.e. freedmen). The suffrage of the freedmen was a stand- 
 ing subject of controversy in Roman politics. They voted in the 
 four city tribes (see note, § 25 ), but many efforts were made to get 
 them into the rustic tribes ; and Clodius had promised, as praetor, 
 to bring forward a law with this object. 
 
 16 . adamasset, had taken a fancy to. 
 
 Sect. 88 . cogitationibus, plans. — ilium ipsum : i.e. Pompey, 
 whose return to Rome was just before the Clodian disturbances 
 began. 
 
196 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 23. hie, at this point. 
 
 27. circumscripsisset, kept him within the legitimate bounds of 
 his office (as praetor). 
 
 28. id, i.e. circumscribe . — in privato, i.e. when he held no 
 magistracy. 
 
 Sect. 89 . consular em, of an ex-consul (i.e. Cicero). 
 
 33. possideret, would [now] occupy , etc. 
 
 35. libertos suos : if he freed the slaves of others, they would 
 be his freedmen, and bound to him as clients (see note, R. A. § 12). 
 
 204 . Sect. 90 . templum, etc., the sanctuary of public purity , 
 grandeur , wisdom, and counsel. 
 
 10. aram, as the sacred place where treaties were made. — por- 
 
 tum, haven of refuge. 
 
 12. funestari, defiled by the presence of a corpse. 
 
 13. esset, would have been (§ 308. a\ G. 252 ; H. 480). 
 
 Sect. 91 . ab eo,from (i.e. against) him. 
 
 19. potuisse, for potuit (of dir. disc.), might have been . 
 
 20. excitate, su7nmon. 
 
 23. falcibus, hooks (like firemen’s hooks) to tear up the steps, 
 and turn the building into a fortress. 
 
 24. ad Castoris, see note, § 18 . 
 
 25. disturb ari, broken up. 
 
 26. M. Caelius, a young man esteemed by Cicero as of great 
 promise, and defended by him in a cause of some scandal, but who 
 afterwards turned out to be a wild and desperate demagogue (see 
 Brut. § 273). In the year B.C. 44 , after Caesar’s victory at Pharsalia, 
 both Caelius and Milo, in concert with each other, headed revolts 
 against Cmsar, and lost their lives ignominiously in Southern Italy. 
 (By silentio is meant that the contio was orderly and well disposed 
 before this attack of the Clodians.) 
 
 205 . Sect. 92 . haud scio an, § 210. f, r. ; G. 459; H. 529. 
 
 6. ut liceat depends on obsecrantis (acc.). 
 
 8. cupimus : in gladiatorial contests, if one combatant had the 
 other at his mercy, he waited the will of the people, who expressed 
 their wish to have his life spared by turning down their thumbs. If 
 most thumbs were turned up, he was put to death. 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 197 
 
 10. efflagitant, clamor for . 
 
 Sect. 93. exanimant, etc., these words of Milo dishearten and 
 depress me. 
 
 13. audio, hear of; intersum, bear witness to (literally, am in the 
 midst of). 
 
 18. propter me, through my means . 
 
 21. bene moratam, of good manners and morals. 
 
 Sect. 94 . mihi (§ 232. a.; G. 352 ; H. 388 *) : for this passage, 
 see Quint VI. i. 27. 
 
 23. tribunus, see Sest. § 43 . — dedissem, had devoted . 
 
 25. acceperam, had found. 
 
 27. Clodianis armis, i.e. on account of Clodius’ violence. 
 
 28. putarem, should / have thought ? (§ 268. R. ; G. 252 ; H. 
 485. N. 1 ). 
 
 206 . Sect. 95 . quo videtis, sc. eum esse. 
 
 5. plebem : this word, in the later republic, had lost its meaning 
 of a class contrasted with the hereditary aristocracy of the patricians, 
 and was applied to the lower classes in general. 
 
 8. tribus patrimoniis : Milo was by birth a member of the 
 Papian gens, but was adopted (see note, Sest. § 1 ) by his maternal 
 grandfather, C. Annius. This accounts for two patrimonies; the 
 third, Asconius thinks, was probably his mother’s. The orator 
 here makes a civic virtue out of Milo’s lavish bribery. 
 
 10. conciliarit, has won . 
 
 14. ablaturum, will bear away , i.e. the memory of them. 
 
 Sect. 96 . vocem praeconis, etc. : i.e. the election was practi- 
 cally decided, when the comitia were broken up by a mob. The 
 election could not therefore be formally and legally complete, and 
 no announcement could be made by the herald. 
 
 16. desiderarit, cared for. 
 
 19. facinoris suspitionem, etc. : the suspicion of a great crime, 
 not the indictment for this act. That is, as the last chapters have 
 shown, it was, in Cicero’s view, not Clodius’ death, but suspicion 
 of designs against Pompey and the state, that decided the case 
 against Milo. 
 
 22. recte facta, § 207. c\ G. 438. R. 1 ; H. 359. n. 4 
 
 Sect. 97. si . . . ratio, if regard is to be had. (The proper 
 
Notes: Cicero 
 
 198 
 
 apodosis, we should say, etc., is supplanted by the thing that would 
 be said ; and by this protasis and apodosis the tense of the rest of 
 the paragraph is changed.) 
 
 207 . Sect. 98 . Etruriae festos : holidays appointed by the 
 people of Etruria, the neighbors whom Clodius had cheated and 
 robbed, at the good news of his death. 
 
 3. et actos et institutos, in app. with festos : the celebrations 
 that have already taken place, and the anniversaries that have been 
 established. — centesima et altera, i.e. just one hundred days. 
 
 The length of interval was caused by the insertion this year of an inter- 
 calary month between February and March. This was in theory done 
 every other year, but was practically left to the caprice of the pontifices , 
 from which it resulted that the calendar had fallen into extreme confusion. 
 The calendar year was 67 days behind the true time; and the discrepancy 
 remained until the reform by Julius Caesar, B.C. 45 * The Roman year at 
 this time consisted of only 355 days, and the inserted month was alternately 
 of 20 and 22 days (see § 376). These were inserted, not at the end of 
 February, but alternately after the 24th and 23d of the month, so that the 
 intercalary month (Mercedonius) always contained 27 days (Momm. Rom. 
 Chr. p. 21). According to Asconius, the trial was April 8 (vi. Id.), and 
 the murder was Jan. 18 (xiii. Kal. Feb.), although both these dates were 
 disputed. Counting for January 11 days, the Mensis Intercalaris 27, 
 March 31, and April 8 days, we have 23 days left for February, which 
 would indicate the shorter intercalation, of 22 days. 
 
 5. qua . . . ea, wherever . . . there (abl. of way by which). 
 
 7. non laboro, I have no concern. 
 
 8. versatur, abides. 
 
 Sect. 99 . his, sc. judicibus. 
 
 12. cum . . . es, § 326. a ; G. 567 ; H. 5 1 7 2 * 
 
 13. quo . . . eo, § 250, and R. ; G. 400 ; H. 423. 
 
 2i. quae oblivio = forgetfulness of which (as regularly with adj. 
 pronouns, cf. ea gratia ). 
 
 Sect. 100 . pietatis, gratitude. 
 
 28. inimicitias, etc. “Such,” says Asconius, “were the con- 
 stancy and good faith of Cicero, that neither the popular enmity, 
 nor the suspicions of Pompey, nor the fear of coming danger it he 
 
Defence of Milo . 
 
 199 
 
 should be put on trial before the people, nor the arms openly taken 
 up against Milo, could deter him from his defence, when he might 
 have shunned all danger and popular wrath, and even won back the 
 good will of Pompey, by relaxing a little the zeal of his advocacy.” 
 
 208 . Sect. 102 . mene non potuisse, sc. respondebo. 
 
 25. gentibus: aline must have dropped out, part of which be- 
 longs with gentibus. Before non, the word must be quibus. 
 
 Sect. 103 . concepi, incurred. 
 
 28. ilia indicia, i.e. Catiline’s conspiracy. 
 
 34. fuerit, § 332. b\ G. 647. R. 4 ; H. 502 2 . — possum, virtually 
 future, and so used as apod, to a future protasis. 
 
 209 . dictator : in times of great public emergency, the Senate 
 could call upon the consuls to create a Dictator, who should possess 
 the undivided power of the old kings, but only for the period of six 
 months. The laws of appeal, and other safeguards of individual 
 liberty, had at first no force against this magistrate. In later times 
 dictators were no longer appointed, but the consuls were invested 
 with dictatorial power by the formula, ne videont , etc. (Cat. i. § 2). 
 Sulla, and afterwards Caesar, revived the name and authority of this 
 magistracy ; but, by holding it for life ( fterpetuo ), completely changed 
 its character, making it equivalent to absolute sovereignty. 
 
 The Magister Equitum , appointed by the Dictator, stood next in 
 command to him. 
 
 Sect. 104 . in Italia : since the Social War, the towns of Italy, 
 having received Roman citizenship, had lost the jus exsilii (see note, 
 Arch. § 5 ). 
 
 Sect. 105 . lacrimis defendi : this was a peculiarly Roman cus- 
 tom. Many a desperate case was gained in the Roman courts by 
 putting on mourning, and bringing out the wife and children of the 
 accused, in deep mourning and bathed in tears. 
 
 Not long after this trial, which ended in Milo’s conviction, he 
 was further tried in his absence for bribery ( ambitus ) and illegal 
 combinations ( de sodaliciis') , and on a second charge of assault 
 ( de vf), and was condemned on each count. Cicero sent him a 
 copy of his labored defence, and received a reply dryly thanking him 
 
200 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 for his effort, but expressing satisfaction that the speech was not 
 delivered; “for then, 1 ’ said he, “I should not now be eating the 
 excellent mullets of Marseilles. 1 ’ 
 
 In the Civil War, Milo perished in South Italy, while leading the 
 remnant of his troop of gladiators in resistance to Caesar, — “hit 
 with a stone from the wall 11 in an assault on the town of Cosa, in 
 Lucania (see Caesar, B. C. iii. 22). 
 
 ORATION FOR MARCELLUS. 
 
 Argument . 
 
 CHAP. i. Caesar’s clemency in victory is glorious for himself and honor- 
 able for Marcellus. — 2. Warlike glories depend on many outward circum- 
 stances : this glory is wholly his own. — 3* Conquest is a natural and 
 frequent thing : self-conquest is a divine attribute. Other praises are 
 drowned by the noise of war; this wins love and gratitude. — 4. This glory 
 none can claim to share. Victory itself is conquered when its rights are 
 renounced.— 5, 6. This is an earnest of Caesar’s patriotism. Cicero had 
 feared the victory of his own side: Caesar’s spirit was the nobler. 7. 
 There is nothing to fear from the pardoned : the State itself hangs upon 
 Caesar’s life. — 8. The wounds of civil wars are to be healed; he must live 
 to restore the republic. — 9. This glory still remains: unless the State is 
 restored, his other glories will have no abiding-place. — 10. All accept the 
 results, and wish his safety. — 1 1. Cicero is the mouthpiece of all in render- 
 ing thanks 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 210 . diuturni silentii: it was now more than six years since 
 the defence of Milo, which was followed almost immediately by 
 Cicero’s absence as proconsul in Cilicia, whence he returned only 
 on the eve of the Pharsalian campaign. — eram usus, have kept 
 (here pluperfect, as preceding attulit) . 
 
 2. timore (abl. of cause), fear of consequences; verecundia, 
 modesty , distrust of himself under the circumstances.. 
 
 4. vellem : not subj. of indir. question, but conjunct, modestiae 
 (§ 31 1. b\ G. 252; H. 485), thrown into past time by conn, of 
 tenses ; initium looks forward to a change of plan : hence the subj., 
 meaning what I may wish in the future (compare § 3°7-/l G ' 59 s ) • 
 
 5 . tantam mansuetudinem, etc. : no doubt these words express 
 
Oration for Marcellus. 
 
 201 
 
 the genuine and grateful surprise felt at Caesar’s clemency, so con- 
 trasted with the temper and purpose of his opponents. 
 
 7. rerum omnium, in every respect . 
 
 211. Sect. 2. quasi signum sustulisti, you have raised , as 
 it were , a signal . 
 
 Sect. 3. in multis, in me ipso, in the case of many , and in 
 my own. — paulo ante, just now. 
 
 15. commemoratis, see Introd. 
 
 17. suspitionibus : Caesar is said to have suspected Marcellus 
 of some designs of assassination. 
 
 Sect. 5 . usurpare, dwell on. 
 
 212. Sect. 6. Fortuna, see Manil. Law, § 47. 
 
 Sect. 7. centurio, the infantry officer (see note, Manil. § 37 ). 
 
 22. praefectus, the commander of the auxiliary cavalry. So 
 cohors and turma correspond to each other, as the infantry and 
 cavalry divisions. 
 
 At the present period the regular cavalry of the legion was quite insig- 
 nificant, and the horse of the Roman army consisted chiefly of auxiliaries, 
 — Gauls, Spaniards, Thracians, etc.; these were organized in alae of 300 
 or 400 men each, which were subdivided into tur?nae of 30. For this 
 reason we find here the Roman infantry officer combined with the auxiliary 
 cavalry officer, — corresponding to the real composition of the army. 
 
 Sect. 8. immanitate barbaras, barbarous and fierce: his con- 
 quests had first subdued the Gauls, Germans, and Britons. 
 
 29. locis infinitas: Caesar moved from Gaul B.C. 49 into Italy, 
 and the same year to Spain. In 48 he crossed over to Greece, and 
 thence to Egypt. In 47 he carried on war in Asia Minor, and in 
 46 gained the crowning victory of Thapsus in Africa. 
 
 213. Sect. 9 . illae quidem : the pronoun (as often in con- 
 cessive sentences), is inserted only to append quidem, adding 
 nothing to the sense. 
 
 8. tubarum, of clarions : the tuba was a long, straight horn, 
 used in infantry ; the lituus a curved one, used in cavalry. 
 
 Sect. 10. hujus curiae. The old Curia Hostilia, upon the 
 north side of the Comitium, was destroyed by fire in the riots after 
 
 
202 
 
 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 the death of Clodius, b.C. 52 (see Mil. § 33) ; but was rebuilt by 
 Faustus Sulla, son of the dictator. 
 
 23. C. Marcelli: cousin of Marcus (cos. B.C. 50). 
 
 25. obfudit, rushed upon. 
 
 Sect. IX. tropaeis et monumentis: the tropaea were memo- 
 rials of victory, consisting of armor of the conquered, arranged in 
 human form, and either erected by itself, or attached to some monu- 
 ment — as a column or arch. Of monuments, Caesar did not live to 
 carry out his plans fully; he built, however, a new enclosure for 
 assemblies, the Saepta Julia, and laid out a new forum for courts 
 of justice, the Forum Julium, north of the old Forum. 
 
 214 . Sect. 12 . florescet, § 205. b\ G. 283. r. 2 ; H. 463. — 
 operibus, dat. (§ 229). 
 
 4. victores : i.e. Cinna, Marius, and Sulla. 
 
 6. vereor ut, etc. (§ 331./; G. 552; H. 498. iii.), I fear this 
 which I say cannot be understood in the hearing quite as (perinde 
 atque) / feel it in the thinking. 
 
 10. occidissemus, might [by right of war] have fallen. 
 
 Sect. 13. quam late pateat, how far it reaches . 
 
 16. ilia, i.e. Pompey’s. 
 
 17 . tenemur, are convicted. 
 
 21. reddidit, restored , by confidence that no vengeance would 
 follow. 
 
 23. hostls, acc. plur. 
 
 Sect. 14. flagitantium : before the outbreak of the civil war, 
 Csesar sent C. Curio (son of C. Curio, Verr. i. § 18) to Rome with 
 offers of compromise, which were spurned by the Senate. 
 
 32. hominem, the 7nan (Pompey) : emphatic, not his measures. 
 — consilio, reasons. 
 
 33. grati animi (see Sest. § 33) : at the time of Cicero’s recall, 
 Pompey interested himself to go in person to several of the Italian 
 towns to encourage the general feeling in his favor ; and so atoned 
 in part for the tardiness of his support, and his earlier hesitating, 
 cold, and ungracious course. 
 
 215 . Sect. 15. integra re, before peace was broken. 
 
Oration for Marcellas* 
 
 203 
 
 2. cum capitis mei periculo, with danger of my life. It is 
 said that after Pompey’s defeat, the command was urged upon 
 Cicero by Cato; and on his refusal to conduct the war, young 
 Pompey would have stabbed him unless Cato had interfered. 
 
 4. existimator rerum, judge of things. 
 
 6. statim censuerit : Cicero was welcomed and kindly treated 
 by Caesar on his return to Italy, b.c. 47. The war was not finished 
 till the next year, hence incertus exitus , etc. 
 
 8. victor, when victorious (opposed to incertus, etc.). 
 
 Sect. 16 . certorum hominum : such senatorial leaders as 
 Metellus, Scipio, and Dolabella. Cicero says, in a letter to M. 
 Marius (Fam. vii. 3), “ Excepting the chief and a few besides, the 
 others — the leaders I mean — were so grasping in the campaign 
 and so cruel in their talk, that I shuddered at the [thought of] 
 victory. There was nothing good except the cause.” And to Atti- 
 cus (ix. 7), “It is their plan to stifle (s u ff ocare ) an< ^ 
 
 by famine, then ravage the fields, set fire, and not spare the money 
 of the rich.” Pompey, he says, would often say, Sulla potuit : ego 
 non potero? (ib. ix. 10). 
 
 18. inter se, with each other . 
 
 Sect. 18 . otiosis, the neutral. 
 
 29. ubi fuisset, which might have been a mere accident* 
 
 33. aliquando, at last. 
 
 34. contulisse ad, laid upon. 
 
 216 . Sect. 19 . quae, things which (the Stoic doctrine). 
 
 1 1 . commodata, loaned. 
 
 Sect. 20. praesertim belongs with lapsis. 
 
 14. opinione, notion. 
 
 16. si . . . timuerunt, subj. of est (cf. § 333. R. ; G. 469. R. 2 ; 
 H. 529. 1 N. 1 ). 
 
 17. senserunt, found by experience . 
 
 Sect. 21 . querelam, etc., that the partisans of Pompey wished 
 to kill him. 
 
 25. de tuis, i.e. his immediate companions; qui una, those on 
 the same side. 
 
 28. qui fuerunt, sc. inimici. 
 
 Sect. 22 . sane, by all means. 
 
204 
 
 Notes ; Cicero. 
 
 217 - ignarus, inexperienced ; rudis, raw ; nihil cogitans, in 
 
 considerate. 
 
 6. equidem,y^r my part. 
 
 7. dumtaxat, merely (even these) . 
 
 Sect. 23 . consensio, conspiracy . 
 
 16. constituenda judicia, etc. : the short period of Caesar’s 
 dictatorship was distinguished by a number of salutary enact- 
 ments, which were almost equivalent to a complete revision of the 
 constitution. 
 
 17. propaganda suboles : the waste of population by incessant 
 wars had already begun to alarm the best minds of Rome. It was, 
 in fact, the chief direct cause of the ruin of the Empire,, 
 
 18. diffluxerunt, have run wild (like vines). 
 
 Sect. 24 . sananda, to be healed (the result) ; mederi, to remedy 
 (the treatment). 
 
 Sect. 25 . doctorum, philosophers. 
 
 218 . cunctam, entire. 
 
 2. perfectione, completion. 
 
 Sect. 28 . immo, corrects the general expression parum magna. 
 
 12. futurus fuit, was to be. 
 
 Sect. 27 . hie actus, as in a play. 
 
 20. tu perfruare, enjoy it yourself 
 
 23. dicito, fut. as referring to the time designated by turn. 
 
 27. angustiis, narrow bounds. 
 
 Sect. 28 . [ut] inservias, § 331./, R. ; G. 546. R. 3 ; H. 502. 
 
 34. quae quidem, i.e. aeternitas. 
 
 36. certe, doubtless . 
 
 2 ( 9 . Sect. 28 . munera, gifts to the people, as monuments 
 and spectacles. 
 
 Sect. 29 . sedem, abiding-place ; domicilium, home. 
 
 8 . requirent, will miss. 
 
 10. illud, the war; hoc, the public safety. 
 
 1 1 . servi eis judicibus, pay regard to those judges . 
 
 Sect. 30 . non pertinebit, will have no concern for. 
 
 Sect. 31 . perfuncta est, has got through with. 
 
Oration for Ligarius . 205 
 
 28. arma, etc., arms have been laid down by some and wrested 
 from others . 
 
 Sect. 32. sanitatis, ordinary intelligence. 
 
 220 . Sect. 33. unde, with which (in Latin the beginning 
 is regarded as the source from which). 
 
 11. agimus, express ; habemus, feel. 
 
 Sect. 34. cum id praestiterim, while / have fulfilled it. — me 
 conservato, while / have been preserved. 
 
 29. quod . . . non arbitrabar, which I thought no longer possible. 
 
 ORATION FOR LIGARIUS. 
 
 Argument. 
 
 Chap. i. The charge and the circumstances. — 2. No crime, or sign of 
 ill-will to Caesar. — 3. Cicero himself was more culpable, yet is pardoned. 
 — 4. So Tubero, who is indebted to Caesar for his life, yet seeks that of 
 Ligarius. — 5. The clemency of Caesar is the refuge of all: he stays the 
 violence of his partisans. — 6. The political difference was not crime, but 
 error: so regarded by Caesar himself. — 7. Circumstances of the command 
 in Africa: Ligarius was not responsible. — 8, 9. If Tubero had been 
 admitted, he would have acted against Caesar; when refused, he went to 
 Pompey. — 10, 1 1. Cicero does not defend the cause, but pleads for mercy; 
 Caesar regards the case itself, not the man who pleads it. His friends 
 desire mercy for Ligarius. — 12. Final appeal : the divine quality of mercy. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 221 . propinquus, kinsman. It is not known what was the 
 relationship of Tubero to Cicero. He was a member of the Hilian 
 gens , — a family distinguished for its legal attainments; and Tubero 
 himself ranks high among the Roman jurists. The prosecutor, O. 
 Tubero, was son of L. Tubero, whom Ligarius had prevented from 
 landing in Africa ; a chief grievance was that the younger Tubero 
 was at the time sick on board. 
 
 The Roman state was developed out of the patriarchal state of society, 
 of which it retained many characteristic institutions, such as the patria 
 potestcis , the enormous power, even of life and death, possessed by the 
 
Notes: Cicero . 
 
 head of a family {paterfamilias') over those under his legal control,— 
 that is, all sons and descendants in the male line, and all unmarried daugh- 
 ters. Daughters, upon their marriage, passed from the potestas of the 
 father to the manus of the husband. 
 
 The gens was an enlarged family, which had outgrown the centralized 
 power of a paterfamilias, and the feeling of near relationship, but which 
 still held in theory to the belief in a common descent, and which main- 
 tained a gentile organization, possessed certain property in common, and 
 kept up the observance of certain sacra . The chief object of adoption 
 (note, Sest. § i) was the maintenance of these sacra . If a person died 
 intestate without heirs, his property went to his gens. . The fundamental 
 importance of the gens in the Roman patriarchal institutions appears in the 
 fact that the gentile name, always ending in ius (except in a few Etruscan 
 names in na, as Perpenna) was the nomen proper, while the family name 
 was only cognomen. Some persons, as C. Marius, had no family name; 
 but most gentes fell into a number of families, and sometimes even these 
 families were divided into branches, with distinctive names. Thus the 
 Cornelian gens contained the families of Scipio, Sulla, Cinna, Lentulus, 
 Dolabella, etc. ; while a branch of the Scipios retained for many genera- 
 tions the agnomen Nasica. Strictly speaking, there were no fully organ- 
 ized gentes except those of the patricians, as the Corneln, Juln, Fabn, 
 Claudii; but the plebeian nobility (see note, Verr. 1. § 15) develope 
 gentes of its own, which were quite analogous to those of the patricians. 
 Such were the Csecilii, Sempronii, Licinii, Livih 
 
 5 . quo me vertam, which way to turn. In later use the word 
 (verto) is found in a reflexive sense, as the corresponding word 
 with us. — necessarius : Cicero’s necessitudo to Pansa appears to 
 have consisted in their working together in behalf of Ligarius. . 
 
 n Pansa (C. Vibius ; cos. b.c. 43 ; see Phil, xiv.) : at this time 
 a leading supporter of Cmsar. This introduction is in a high degree 
 ironical. — ut . . . esset (obj. of fecerit), that it is no longer a new 
 
 case. 
 
 222 . Sect. 2. Considio: C. Considius Longus, propraetor 
 of Africa, B.C. 50, the year before the civil war. 
 
 10. satis facere, etc. : the governor of a province, on leaving 
 his province before the expiration of his term, could appoint any 
 officer he chose to govern pro praetor e in his place : such a lieuten- 
 
Oration for Ligarius . 
 
 207 
 
 ant exercised the imperium of his superior. It was usual, although 
 not required, in this case, to appoint the highest subordinate officer, 
 the quaestor; hence this apologetic expression of the orator (see 
 Momm. Rom . St. i. p. 178). Ligarius, it seems, was so highly 
 esteemed by the provincials that the governor could do no less 
 than appoint him. 
 
 14 . sociis, see note, Verr. i. § 13. 
 
 Sect. 3. cupiditate inconsiderata, headlong partisanship . 
 
 18. salutis and studii limit ducem ; the provincials, at first by 
 a sort of necessity for their own security, then with a growing zeal 
 espousing Pompey’s cause, craved a military leader. 
 
 19. cum = at which time (§ 325. b ; G. 582 ; H. 471 5 ). 
 
 22. praetor = propraetor. — obtinuerat : had held , in some 
 former year. Of course, therefore, he had no legitimate authority 
 in Africa at the present time, for the imperium must be conferred 
 by a special and very definite act : hence the expression si illud, etc. 
 
 Sect. 4 . qui cuperet, being one who wished. 
 
 32. in provincia pacatissima: Africa was one of the earliest 
 and most thoroughly conquered of the provinces : as is shown by 
 the fact that in the division of the Empire by Augustus, when he 
 took into his own hands the administration of provinces which 
 required a military force, Africa was left, with Asia, Achaia, Hither 
 Spain, Narbonnese Gaul, etc., under the authority of the Senate. 
 Africa, however, alone of the senatorial provinces, had a regular 
 military force, consisting of one legion. 
 
 33. pacem esse, subj. of expediret. — profectio, his going there. 
 
 223 . Sect. 5. criminosum, liable to accusation. 
 
 7. Uticae, a Phoenician city in Africa, older than Carthage, under 
 whose supremacy it was always restive. For this reason it helped 
 Rome against Carthage, and was rewarded with the gift of territory. 
 After Africa was made a Roman province, Utica was its capital. 
 
 Sect. 6. occurrat, indir. question depending on reformidat : 
 a construction very common in the comic poets. 
 
 Sect. 7. imperator. After the news of Pompey’s death (b.c. 
 48 ), Caesar was made dictator rei publicae constituendae , at the same 
 time receiving certain other special grants of power, and retaining 
 the imperium , which he had now held uninterruptedly for twelve 
 
208 
 
 Notes : Cicero. 
 
 years. Hence the exaggerated expression imperator unus ; for in 
 the original sense of this title (see note, Verr. v. 1 ), it could be 
 borne by as many officers as was necessary. It was not until t le 
 sprint of b.c. 45, some months after the delivery of this oration, 
 that Imperator became the title of a new magistrate, in whom the 
 imperium was vested for his life, and to be transmitted to his 
 descendants. This was the commencement of the Empire, though 
 the office was suspended from the death of Caesar till it was revived 
 by Augustus. From this time the old use of this title was rare. 
 
 33. alterum, second . 
 
 34. fascis laureates: the fasces were wreathed with laurel 
 when the commander, after victory, was greeted as imperator. 
 Cicero aspired to the honor of a triumph for successes over some 
 mountain robbers. 
 
 36. reddere, restore. (This infin. represents a conative present, 
 having a future force : hence dedisset for fut. perf. of dir. disc.) 
 
 224 . Sect. 8. ut, how. 
 
 6. cognationem, kinship by blood. Probably this is used rhe- 
 torically for adfmitatem, connection by marriage. 
 
 Sect. 9. fuisse, subj. of esse, 
 io. nempe, etc., why i one who , etc. 
 
 13 in acie Pharsalica : the decisive victory of Caesar over 
 Pompey, at Pharsalus, in Thessaly, was fought Aug. 9, b.c. 48. 
 
 14. petebat, aimed at. — qui sensus, i.e. on which side t 
 16. optabas ,pray for (stronger than cupiebas). 
 
 Sect. 10. equidem, to be sure , 
 
 30. ut tu vis, as you will have it. 
 
 Sect. 11. dicam = dicturus sum. 
 
 35. levium, unsteady ; immanium , ferocious, 
 
 225 Sect. 12. eum dictatorem : i.e. Sulla. The dictator, 
 as possessor of the full royal imperium , had judicial powers, although 
 their exercise, at this period, had fallen into disuse. 
 
 10. aliquot annis post, some years later . Sulla had provided by 
 law for the impunity of those who executed his proscriptions ; but 
 Csesar, as judex quaestionis de sicariis, b.c. 64, took pains to secure 
 the trial and conviction of more than one of these wretches. 
 
Oration for Ligarius. 209 
 
 14. studia virtutis, the devotion to virtue , etc ., of your race and 
 family . 
 
 Sect. 13. in qua, under which . 
 
 19. non videamini esse, are not , it seems . 
 
 Sect. 14. domi, z>z private. 
 
 34. tollere, away. 
 
 Sect. 15. per te : i.e. as contrasted with the bloodthirstiness 
 of some of his followers. 
 
 226. essent : following nisi, etc. (notice conn, of tenses). 
 
 Sect. 16. alicujus,yhr any one. 
 
 14. tunc, in that case (§ 310. a ; G. 594 s ; H. 507. N. 7 ). 
 
 19. extorquebit, will wrest from you. 
 
 Sect. 17. de nullo alio, etc. : i.e. why he selected Ligarius out 
 of all Pompey’s followers ; how one who had committed precisely 
 the same fault could have the audacity to bring the charge — or 
 was it perhaps that he had some new crime to accuse him of ? 
 (adferret is subj. as being a question ; the others are facts). — ilia 
 causa, Pompey’s. 
 
 27 . qui durius, who speak more harshly. 
 
 227. Sect. 18. mortuus, “ in his grave." 
 
 4. contumeliam : Caesar’s proconsular command in Gaul ended 
 March 1, B.c. 49. It was usual in such cases to continue in com- 
 mand until the next first of January, on the principle that every 
 tenure of office continued until a successor was appointed ; and, in 
 consequence of a law of Sulla, the consuls and praetors went to the 
 government of provinces immediately on the expiration of their 
 term of office in the city. A new law of Pompey’s, however, had 
 provided that five years should intervene between the magistracy 
 and the governorship, so that it would be easy to appoint a succes- 
 sor to Caesar at the legal expiration of his office. Further, Caesar 
 had been exempted by law from the necessity of presenting himself 
 in person as a candidate for the consulship of b.c. 48. His plan 
 was to be elected in his absence, to retain his proconsulship until 
 the day when he should assume the consulship again, and thus to 
 have no gap between the two offices. If there were a gap of a 
 single day, his enemies were on the watch to prosecute him, for 
 
210 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 various acts which were at any rate irregular. Their policy was to 
 abrogate his command, if possible, and at any rate to repeal the 
 law which allowed him to be a candidate while absent. The year 
 50 B.c. was consumed in fruitless negotiations and attempts at com- 
 promise ; when Pompey and the Senate at last cut off further de- 
 bate, refused all concessions to Caesar, and declared war. It was 
 this treatment which Cicero describes as contumelia . 
 
 6. pacem esse cupiebas : it seems certain that Caesar had, in 
 his desire for peace, carried his offers of compromise as far as was 
 possible for him to do safely in his position. 
 
 7 . ut tibi conveniret, that you should come to an understanding 
 
 (in appos. with id). 
 
 Sect. 19. esses, i.e. in that case. 
 
 12. secessionem : Pompey and most of the Senate retired at 
 Caesar’s approach, and escaped to Greece. 
 
 15 . utrisque cupientibus, where both wished. 
 
 j8. eorum qui sequebantur : almost the entire body of nobles 
 
 followed Pompey. 
 
 21. cognita . . . tua, now that your clemency is known. 
 
 Sect. 20. poteramusne, sc. non venire. 
 
 28. atque is almost = at qui. 
 
 Sect. 21. Tuberonis sors : in the assignment of the provinces. 
 228 . excusare, to excuse himself '. 
 
 3 . contubernales, in Cicero’s brief campaign in the Social War. 
 6. quidam, some friend: it is uncertain who. 
 
 Sect. 22. occupatam, i.e. by Attius Varus. 
 
 14 . voluisse, voluisse, maluisse, all have the clause Africam 
 obtinere depending on them, but it is expressed only with the 
 
 second. 
 
 15 . natam ad belluxn : a map of the Mediterranean will show 
 the formidable position of the province of Africa as against Italy. 
 
 1 7 . aliquem, some one else. 
 
 Sect. 23. tradituri fuistis, were you going to surrender t (hall- 
 way between the original meaning and that which it afterwards had, 
 of the apod, contrary to fact. The student should bear in mind 
 these transitions in meaning, as language is constantly changing, 
 and can never be strictly reduced to rules : traditurum fuisse (be- 
 
Oration for Ligarius. 
 
 21 1 
 
 low) is the regular construction of indir. disc. ; while the above 
 forms in direct disc, were only used as strict apodosis later). 
 
 27. cujus interfuit, whose interest it was. 
 
 Sect. 24. veniebatis, conative imperf. 
 
 34. maxime infestam : King Juba of Numidia was a zealous 
 adherent of Pompey, and Africa was the seat of the last struggle of 
 the Senate against Caesar. 
 
 35. huic causae, Caesar’s. — aliena voluntas, estranged feeling. 
 — conventus : an association of the citizens of a province, pos- 
 sessing certain corporate powers. 
 
 229 . Sect. 25, nempe, naturally enough. 
 
 6. in societatem, to take a share in. 
 
 8. venissetis, you should have come (not apod, but hortatory) ; 
 venistis (emphatic),/^ did come. 
 
 12. per me, for all me. 
 
 15. qui privaverit, in that he deprived you (subj. of char.). 
 
 Sect. 26. quamvis probarem, however much / might approve. 
 (The tense is attracted by the following apod, contrary to fact.) — 
 partibus, party. 
 
 26. ad eos ipsos, constr. (by synizesis') with partibus. 
 
 Sect. 27. nequaquam fuerunt: Varus was of an insignificant 
 family, while the Tuberos were members of the nobility. — justo, 
 regular , duly conferred. 
 
 34. ad Caesarem, sc. venit. 
 
 36. causam, side . 
 
 230 . Sect. 28. ejus, Pompey. 
 
 9. cum videres, second person of indef. subj. in a general con- 
 dition (§ 309. a \ G. 59 7. R. 3 ; H. 508 5 ). 
 
 12. esset, subj. of charact. ; but for that it would be indie. (erat) f 
 by § 308. b\ G. 599. R. 3 ; H. 511. n. 3 . 
 
 Sect. 29. in ilia causa, in upholding the side of Pompey. 
 
 22. ad unam summam, to one 7nain pouit. 
 
 Sect. 30. tecum, in company with you. Caesar was hardly less 
 distinguished as an orator than as a general and statesman. — equi- 
 dem emphasizes multas. — in foro : the Forum was the seat of 
 the administration of justice. 
 
212 
 
 
 IllMj 
 
 II 
 
 2I 2 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 26. honorum: i.e. the canvassing for office made it necessary 
 for him to appear as fatronus . 
 
 27. posthac, sc. fecerit. 
 
 31. ne haec quidem, i.e. the following. 
 
 32. valerent, might prevail (if I used them). 
 
 34. oppressus, forced into.— in eo ipso, i.e. in his conduct in 
 the war to which he was forced. 
 
 36. temere, thoughtlessly. 
 
 231 . ignoscatur, impersonal. 
 
 3. idem . . . qui Just as. 
 
 Sect. 31 . mihi, etc., i.e. not only have I been preserved, but, etc. 
 
 6. est posita, depends. 
 
 7. studiis, zealous efforts . 
 o. causas, the cases. 
 
 10. voltus : the tears and lamentations by which it was cus- 
 tomary to seek acquittal. 
 
 11. quam tuus necessarius, how clqsely connected with you. 
 
 12. quam illius, opposed to tuus. 
 
 14. fruuntur, concedas : the indie, refers to individual cases ; 
 the subj. characterizes Caesar himself, but the difference is slight. 
 
 17 justissimum, very natural. 
 
 Sect. 32. tu : only expressed to go with the concessive quidem. 
 
 21. Sabinos: Ligarius was of Sabine origin, and many of his 
 
 Sabine friends were here present. 
 
 22. florem, etc. : the Sabine territory among the mountains was 
 
 still the home of a hardy and virtuous population. 
 
 23. nosti: during the civil war, Caesar had found shelter from 
 Sulla among these kindly mountaineers. 
 
 26. squalorem, see note, Sest. § 11 . 
 
 Sect. 33 . quodvis, any whatever (emphatic). 
 
 34 vox, the expression which follows. 
 
 .35. nos, i.e. the party of Pompey. — nisi qui, except those who. 
 
 tecum fuerunt, on your side , i.e. as holding aloof from 
 the other'side. As neutrals, they were threatened by the Pompeians. 
 
 6. non nulli, some of us. 
 
 7. tuis suos, to your friends their friends . 
 
Oration for Ligarius . 
 
 213 
 
 Sect. 34. fuerit futurus, see note, § 23 . 
 
 15. conspirantem, harmonious (breathing together) ; conflatam, 
 identical (fused together). 
 
 17. ut . . . sequerentur, subst. clause (§ 332. b ; G. 313 ; H. 502 2 ). 
 
 19. tempestate, by stress of weather. 
 
 21. tamen, notwithstanding. 
 
 Sect. 35. ierit, etc. (concessive subj.), suppose he did go. 
 
 23. hi . . . tui (emphatic) = these beseech you , and they are your 
 friends. — equidem sets off the implied subj. ego against tu, 
 below. — cum interessem, having been concerned in. 
 
 25. quaestor urbanus, city treasurer (see note, Verr. i. § 11), 
 in which capacity he appears to have done a service to Caesar, who 
 was then in Gaul. 
 
 Sect. 36 . nihil egit aliud, had no other object. 
 
 31. haec, the present condition of things. 
 
 34. officio, brotherly kindness. 
 
 36. tot talibus, many and excellent as they are. 
 
 37. condonaveris : condonare is to grant something for the 
 sake of some one else. 
 
 233 . Sect. 37 . de homine nobilissimo, i.e. Marcellus. 
 
 2. in curia, before the Senate (see Introd. to Or. for Marcellus). 
 — foro : Ligarius had been accused; hence the form of trial in the 
 Forum. 
 
 9. populare, popular , but in a strictly political sense. — nulla, 
 etc., not one of your many virtues is more, etc., than mercy. 
 
 Sect. 38 . ut possis : a subst. clause of result (§ 332. b\ G. 
 313 ; H. 502 2 ), because an effect is implied in habet. 
 
 15. postulet, § 31 1. a\ G. 459. r. ; H. 485. 
 
214 
 
 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 THE LAST PHILIPPIC. 
 
 Argument . 
 
 Chap, i, 2. Rejoicing is premature, while Brutus is not safe; his rescue 
 has been the object from the beginning. — 3-5. Antony and his troops 
 should be held as public enemies : their cruelties at Parma, etc. : the city 
 itself has been allotted among them. Cicero would extend the time of 
 rejoicing, and salute the commanders as im per at ores, to which their deeds 
 entitle them. — 6, 7. Absurd charge against Cicero, of aiming at power. 
 The career of honors is open, and the people rate men according to their 
 
 deserts. 8. His former counsel, that Antony be declared a public enemy. 
 
 This is implied in the proposed supplicatio. — 9, 10. Exploits and eulogy 
 of Pansa and Hirtius. — II, 12. A supplicatio of fifty days is recommended 
 for the three commanders. Eulogy of the soldiers, the living and the 
 dead. Let a monument be erected to the dead, especially of the legion 
 of Mars. — 13. Let us console their relatives, and pay the promised reward 
 to the families of the dead, as well as to the survivors. — 14. Resolution 
 of thanks and honor. 
 
 rAua . 
 
 237 . Sect. 1. Si cognovissem (see note, R. A. § 1) : the 
 construction of this involved sentence is, If / knew that Brutus 
 was already gone from Mutina ( which we all greatly wish, and 
 think to be effected by the victory already gained ), as / do know, 
 from the documents just read, that the army of our worst enemy is 
 cut to pieces and fut to flight, I would vote without hesitation, etc. 
 D Brutus, one of Csesar’s murderers, had been assigned by him to 
 the government of Cisalpine Gaul, and took possession of the 
 province after Csesar’s death. In the summer, Antony procured 
 the passage of a law transferring this province to himself. Brutus, 
 supported by the Senate, refused to give it up, and upon this issue 
 hostilities broke out. Brutus was at this time besieged in Mutina 
 {Modena), and the consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, had moved to raise 
 the siege. — ex litteris, i.e. from the army-bulletins. 
 
 6. ad saga, etc., as we should say figuratively “to arms,” the 
 sagum being the type of anxiety and alarm, as the toga was of 
 security and peace. 
 
The Last Philippic. 
 
 215 
 
 As the toga was the garb of peace, so the sagutn was that of war. It 
 was a simple woollen cloak, fastened over one shoulder with a clasp or 
 buckle, fibula, while the toga had no fastening, but was wound in elaborate 
 folds about the body. The saguni was worn in the army, and also in the 
 city when, as now, there was civil war, or war near home. Ire ad saga 
 was a mark of a state of war; redire ad vestitum would come with peace. 
 
 9. ea res : the raising of the siege. 
 
 Sect. 2. sententia, proposition. 
 
 13. in hodiernum diem : i.e. for the day’s rejoicings. 
 
 16 . id agamus ut, let us do so with the intention to retain it. 
 
 17. turpe est : it were a mockery to show rejoicing and triumph, 
 when the gods had as yet granted only half their prayers. 
 
 Sect. 3. redierimus, sc. ad vestitum. 
 
 24. ne . . . prodatur : i.e. by changing the dress for the one day, it 
 will appear that it was not on account of Brutus that the change was 
 made ; for he was not yet safe. 
 
 27. tollite hanc, set aside this motive (a kind of protasis, § 310. b ; 
 G. 594 4 ; H. 487 s ). 
 
 28. pravae, perverse. 
 
 29. conservate, etc., maintain your dignity (by sustaining 
 Brutus). 
 
 Sect. 4. legati : this was in January. At the head of the 
 embassy was the distinguished jurist, Ser. Sulpicius Galba, who died 
 on the journey. The Ninth Philippic was spoken in commemora- 
 tion of him. 
 
 34. denuntiarent, order (with threats). — hosti, Antony. 
 
 238 . Hirtius, the consul (see Introd.). — imbecillitatem, 
 
 infirm condition. Cicero had said of him before, “ How feeble and 
 worn he was ! But the infirmity of his body did not check the 
 vigor of his soul.” 
 
 2. per se, through his own exertions. 
 
 3. liberasset : Octavianus had taken an active part in the autumn 
 in thwarting Antony’s plans. 
 
 5. dolorem aliquem domesticum, some private grief \ for the 
 
 death of his adoptive father. Cicero would imply that he was too 
 true a patriot to feel a real affection for the dictator. 
 
2l6 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 Sect. 5 . quid . . . egit, what object had Pansa f He had set out 
 for Mutina some weeks after his colleague. 
 
 8. faciendis, procuring. 
 
 13. necessitate victus, implying that the war brought distress 
 in the provision-market — quod, i.e. the liberation of Brutus from 
 
 siege. 
 
 14. inibi esse, on the very point of being achieved . 
 
 16. et connects rei and evento. 
 
 17. praeripuisse, seized prematurely , if the news proved true; 
 contempsisse, scorned, if it proved false. 
 
 Sect. 6. significatio vestra, the indication you have given. 
 
 21. propraetore: i.e. Caesar Octavianus, upon whom the Senate 
 
 had specially conferred this rank early in January. He was left in 
 sole command after the deaths of Hirtius and Pansa. — si . . . ante, 
 as soon as. 
 
 22. pertineant, § 341. *; G. 509 3 ; H. 503. -unbufa , stained; 
 madefacti, bathed. 
 
 23 exercituumque : this term is added, because the legions 
 contained only Romans, while the consular armies had also aux- 
 
 diaries. , _ . 
 
 24 duobus . . . proelio : the battle was begun by Pansa, who was 
 
 routed and mortally wounded - although the fatal character of his 
 
 wound was not yet known at Rome; then the fortune of the day 
 was retrieved by reinforcements led by Hirtius. Octavianus took 
 no part in this engagement, but repulsed an attack upon the camp. 
 
 25. hostium, civium: Cicero’s great point in the Philippics is 
 to make out that Antony — like Catiline — is no citizen, but a^pubhc 
 enemy In the argument that follows, he shows that the proposi- 
 tion of a supplicatio (see note, Cat. Hi. 15 ), which had never been 
 decreed except for a victory over foreign enemies, indorses this view 
 by treating Antony as an enemy. 
 
 26. nefarium scelus : observe the chiasmos. 
 
 28. nisi mucrones, etc., unless you wish their very sword-blades 
 to waver in doubt. 
 
 Sect. 7 . hostem: the proposition seems to have studiously 
 omitted calling Antony’s troops enemies : this Cicero objects to. 
 
 31. vero .forsooth, marks the irony. 
 
 33. improbis, criminal \ sc. civibus. 
 
The Last Philippic . 
 
 34. clarissimus vir : P. Servilius Vatia, the proposer of the 
 supplicatio, Caesar’s colleague in his second consulship, b.c. 48. 
 
 35. urbanarum, civil . — internecivi, to the death. — circum- 
 scribunt, swindle . 
 
 239 . Sect. 8. infert, of offensive war. — quattuor consuli- 
 bus, i.e. besides the two consuls, the two consuls elect, Plancus and 
 D. Brutus. 
 
 5. gerit, is actually carrying on. 
 
 6. suis cladibus, the evils he himself threatens. 
 
 7. Dolabellae facinus : Dolabella, Antony's colleague in the 
 consulship (b.c. 44), when on his way to the province of Syria, in 
 February 43, assaulted Smyrna by treachery, captured the propraetor 
 of Asia, C. Trebonius (one of the conspirators against Caesar), and 
 put him to death with indignities and torture. 
 
 11. hoc templo : i.e. that of Jupiter Capitolinus, where the Senate 
 was now met. 
 
 12. Parmensium : Parma had been captured by Antony, and 
 treated in the manner here described. 
 
 15. propudium et portentum, prodigy of wickedness. 
 
 16. L. Antonius, the youngest brother of Mark Antony (cos. 
 B.c. 41). 
 
 Sect. 9 . oblita, besmeared. 
 
 25. crudelitatem : the cruelty of the Carthaginians was pro- 
 verbial — at least among their enemies the Romans. 
 
 27. capta, taken by assault ; surrepta, surprised. 
 
 Sect. 10. hujus urbis : sc. eum esse : urbis limits quid in 
 the same sense as coloniarum limits hostis. 
 
 32. explendas, replenishing. — latrocinii, gang of robbers . 
 
 33. peritus metator et callidus, that tried and shrewd sur- 
 veyor. 
 
 34. Saxa, L. Decidius ; a Celtiberian by birth, originally a land- 
 surveyor, a creature of Caesar’s and now of Antony’s. The reference 
 here is to a law of Antony, passed in the June preceding, for the 
 establishment of colonies of veterans. 
 
 36. domesticis, within the walls. 
 
 240 . dissipatis, spread abroad. 
 
2 1 8 Notes : Cicero . 
 
 2. domum, home (actual abode) ; tecta, buildings (in general) , 
 larem, domestic hearth . 
 
 The Lares (regarded, at any rate later, as deified ancestors) are hardly to 
 be distinguished, as an object of worship, from the Penates, or household 
 gods (see note, Cat. iv. § 17). Each compitum, or cross-road, had its 
 lares, who were the object of the sacra of the collegia compitalicia (see 
 note,' Sest. § 13). The lar familiaris was the protector of the family, 
 and especially of the hearth. 
 
 6 . si quis attulerit . . . assentiar, if any would, propose, I would 
 
 accept. _ 
 
 Sect. 11 . decreverit, has moved. — omnino numerum, the 
 
 number in all. 
 
 15. cui, interrogative. — ut non, etc., without his being called, 
 etc., even though , etc. 
 
 18. decernenda non fuit, ought not to have been voted. 
 
 Sect. 12 . an adimemus, shall we then deprive f 
 22 quae increbuit : in the later days of the republic, the title 
 of imperator and the honor of triumph were granted upon much 
 less cause than in earlier times. 
 
 23. appellaret, would have styled (imperf. because of repeated 
 
 action). ... 
 
 30. ovantem: the ovatio was an inferior triumph, sometimes 
 
 granted by the Senate, in cases when the proportions or circum- 
 stances of the victory, or the rank of the commander, did not war- 
 rant the supreme honor of a triumph (see note, Man. § 8 ). The 
 general did not wear the purple embroidered robe, or the laurel 
 crown, but the ordinary toga praetexta, and a wreath of myrtle. 
 Moreover, he walked, or (in later times) rode on horseback, instead 
 of riding in a chariot. 
 
 Sect. 13 . is demum, that only. 
 
 35. sive, if either. 
 
 241 , gratias agebant, gave a vote of thanks. 
 
 3. tu 'igitur, sc. gloriaris. — dixerit, hortat. subj. (§ 266 c ; G. 
 2C7- H. 485. N. 1 ). — equidem, concessive. 
 
 6 ’ gratiam non referri, that a favor should not be returned. 
 Sect. 14 . Parilibus: the Parilia or Palilia (April 21) was one 
 
The Last Philippic . 
 
 219 
 
 of the most ancient Roman festivals, in honor of Pales, a goddess 
 of flocks. This day was regarded as the anniversary of the found- 
 ing of the city. — qui dies, etc., which occur this very day . — cum 
 fascibus descensurum, i.e. was coming down with the insignia of 
 usurped power, as if to assume the throne. 
 
 11. hoc esse conlatum, this [intention] was attributed . 
 
 13. ne quid, § 319. a ; G. 556. R . 4 ; H. 49 s - — ut : if this word 
 
 is retained, the expression is subj. of exclam. (§ 332. c ; G. 560; 
 H. 486. ii.) ; if omitted, a rhetor, question (§ 268 ; G. 251 ; H. 485). 
 
 15. existerem, etc., should turn out of a sudden another Cati- 
 line. (Imperf. as referring back to the time when his enemies said 
 ‘ 4 descendetL ) 
 
 16. quibus auspiciis, i.e. by what formal authority. augur, /, 
 an augur (emphatic) : i.e. an augur would know his science too 
 well for such an attempt. This was the latest of Cicero s official 
 honors, received ten years before ; and he fully appreciates the dig- 
 nity of the priestly craft. 
 
 While an augur had the power of interpreting the auspices, only magis- 
 trates had the power of taking them (see note, Cat. iv. 2) ; and augurs 
 were not in any sense magistrates. Further, any assumption of power 
 would be invalid unless confirmed by auspices. Cicero, though an augur, 
 was unable to take the first preliminary step to any usurpation of power. 
 A technical obstacle like this would not stand long in the way of a modern 
 usurper; but the stress here laid upon it illustrates the degree to which 
 the peculiar formalism of the Roman religion had become worked into the 
 Roman mind; and further, the power that lay in this adherence to form 
 towards protecting the institutions of the State. 
 
 17. trader em : the imferium , as well as the ausficia, descended 
 by regular succession, like ecclesiastical functions in the church, 
 quemquamne fuisse, § 274; G. 341 H. 539. iii. 
 
 20. sermo, mere talk , not even honest suspicion. 
 
 Sect. 15. illam curiam, i.e. the Pompeian: this was to the 
 north of the Capitoline, and was the scene of Caesar’s death: 
 hence the term infelicem. 
 
 23. furiis suis, their own madmen. (The Mss. have vinbus or 
 juris: Klotz’s conjecture partibus is adopted by Halm.) 
 
 26. ad me : as being now the leading man in the State. 
 
220 
 
 Notes: Cicero . 
 
 33 . quae is obj. and res subj. of patefecit. 
 Sect. 16. jam inde, ever since . 
 
 242 . optatissimi nuntii, etc. : i.e. of the victory at Mutina. 
 — liberarit, perf. as of an effect still continuing. 
 
 Sect. 17. male mecum ageretur, / should fare hardly. 
 
 14. purgatus, cleared. — jejuno, mean (“meagre”). 
 
 18. magnus . . . campus, a broad field is open m public life. 
 
 19. Crassus : the great orator, who died B.c. 91. apertus, 
 unobstructed. 
 
 20 . quidem, Pm sure. — principes : such men as Catulus, 
 Lucullus, Hortensius, Servilius (Isauricus), and Metellus Celer. 
 
 21. cum . . . cederem, when I myself was ready to yield to them. 
 23. quo dolore, interrogative. 
 
 26 . sententiam moderari, govern their views. 
 
 Sect. 18. principals (obj. gen.), supremacy . 
 
 30. cursus, speed. 
 
 32 . optime sentiam, have the noblest views. 
 
 34. nollem = I should be sorry to have you. 
 
 243 . et libenter, and should be glad to be. 
 
 Sect. 19. haec . . . ferunt, some persons take it very ill that 
 
 the Roman people see , etc. 
 
 4 . poteratne fieri, was it possible ? 
 
 6 . universo, as a whole. 
 
 13. xiii. Kal. Jan. (Dec. 20), the day when the third and fourth 
 Philippics were spoken, — one in the Senate and one in the Forum, 
 -declaring Antony a public enemy; ex Kal. Jan., when, in the 
 fifth Philippic, he urged that no negotiations should be had with 
 him. The campaign against Antony may be said to have begun 
 with the former ; but no active measures could be taken until the 
 new consuls entered upon office on the first of January. 
 
 Sect. 20. legatos : it was on the question of sending this 
 embassy (see note, § 4) that Cicero delivered the fifth Philippic. 
 
 20. ilium hostem, sc. appellari. (Observe the condensed em- 
 phasis, caused by omission of the verbs.) 
 
 Sect. 21. P. Ventidium: an officer of Antony’s army. He 
 
 
221 
 
 The Last Philippic. 
 
 afterwards gained some important successes over the Parthians, 
 b.c. 38. 
 
 24. f volusenum : the Mss. here are hopelessly corrupt. 
 
 25. discessionem : a vote by going to one part of the house 
 (pedibus ire in sententiam : see Introd. note, Cat. iv.). 
 
 Sect. 22 . semel et saepius, once and again. 
 
 33. sustulerunt, i.e. refused to put the question. The presiding 
 officer had the right to decide what questions should be put. 
 
 244 . impr udeiis, unawares , unconsciously . 
 
 Sect. 23. bellum Octavianum : the reaction, b.c. 87, by which 
 Sulla’s partisan, the consul Octavius, was expelled by his colleague 
 Cinna. 
 
 10. Servili, P. Servilius Vatia, colleague of Caesar, b.c. 48. 
 
 13. de Alexandria : for a victory over the Egyptians : de Phar- 
 nace, son of Mithridates, King of Pontus (both victories, b.c. 47). 
 
 Sect. 24. Gabinium (see Or. for Sestius) : he had claimed a 
 supplicatio, which the Senate steadily refused, for some successes 
 against Arab marauders in Syria. 
 
 26 . re, in effect ; verbo, in so many words . 
 
 Sect. 25. habet, has already. — honoris amplissimi : i.e. the 
 consulship. 
 
 32. alterum, i.e. consul ; alterum, imperator . 
 
 36. jugulis, i.e. our lives simply. 
 
 245 . a membris, etc. : Antony would not only cut their 
 throats, but treat their bodies with indignity, — as was, in fact, 
 afterwards done in the case of Cicero : perhaps even torture them, 
 like Dolabella. 
 
 Sect. 26. princeps, leader in. 
 
 5. legione Martia : this was one of two legions (the other was 
 the Quarto ) that had gone over from Antony to the Senate the 
 November previous. 
 
 Sect. 27. beneficia : i.e. grants of money and assignments of 
 land to Caesar’s veterans, as well as new enactments making mili- 
 tary service less onerous. 
 
 22. viginti cohortibus, i.e. two legions (see note, Manil. § 37 ). 
 

 222 Notes: Cicero. 
 
 24. qua . . . accepimus, than which we have heard of no nobler 
 
 example of a commander . . , 
 
 2 ; tribus: in point of fact, Antony had only two legions engaged ; 
 but full particulars had not yet reached Rome, and Cicero appears 
 to have thought that a third legion, the Alauda, which he had with 
 
 him was engaged in the fight. . , 
 
 1 a etas : Octavius was now twenty years old, an age at which 
 no person could regularly (by the lex annalis) hold the vnpenum. 
 
 246 Sect. 28. postulanda, to be expected . 
 n dabamus, conative imperfect. # 
 
 a eius nominis, that title ( imperator ), which is connected wit 
 f The title was not, however, conferred with the power, 
 
 taf followed some important success in the field, be, ng given by 
 acclamation of the soldiers. 
 
 7 castra, the camp of Hirtius. 
 
 Sect 29 decerno : note that this word does not mean decree, 
 but of ’a single senator, simply vote. - quinquaginta, an unprece- 
 dented number. Ten days’ sufflicatio had bee. a decreed for - 
 pey’s victories in Africa, and fifteen for Caesars defeat of the Bel 
 
 S1 2a conjnngi, joined with that of the commanders. 
 
 Sect. 30. cumulata, redoubled. 
 
 25. praestabitur, will be redeemed (“ fulfilled ”). 
 
 26. secuti sunt = relied on. . , 
 
 28. quibus, i.e. the living, whose silent presence is a rem n . 
 Sect. 31 . occurrunt, suggest themselves. 
 
 247 Albam, sc. Fucensem , a town among the mountains, in 
 the territory of the Marsi, which the Martian legion took and hel 
 
 after revolting from Antony. 
 
 5. se abrupit, compare § 26 and note. 
 
 8. desiderat, has lost. , , f 
 
 Sect 32 idem deus: Mars was the special patron god ot 
 
 Rome l a relation not inconsistent with the recognition of Jupiter 
 1. ’ and of all. The establishment of the worship of 
 
 Jupiter Gapholinus, as the central point of Roman religion, belongs 
 
The Last Philippic . 
 
 to that stage in the history of Rome — the period of the Tar- 
 quinian dynasty — when, from being a single Latin city, she became 
 the head of the Latin name. 
 
 15 . pignerari, claim as his own . 
 
 248. Sect. 34. bustis, burial-mounds. The bustum was 
 properly the heap of ashes left after the body had been consumed 
 with the rogus. The term was also applied to the mound erected 
 on the spot where the body was burned. 
 
 249. Sect. 37. alter ambove : the imperium of the two 
 consuls was absolutely equal, and the power of neither was impaired 
 by any field of action specially assigned, or any duty specially im- 
 posed upon the other. Any such special assignment of functions 
 was only made by mutual consent, and either had a legal right 
 to interfere in the other’s province. Of course, however, any such 
 interference was regarded as unwarranted, and, in practice, the two 
 colleagues either took turns in the administration, or agreed upon a 
 division of functions between them. 
 
 1 
 
INDEX. 
 
 The figures refer to the pages of the Notes. 
 
 iddicere , 156. 
 
 4 drogatio , 146. 
 
 Advocati , 6, 10. 
 
 AEdilis, 50. 
 
 Adoption, 146. 
 
 Africa, 207. 
 
 Ager G alliens , 109. 
 
 Ager Publicus , 40. 
 
 Agere cum populo , 49. 
 Agnalus , 146. 
 
 Allies (Italian), 138. 
 Antioch, 136. 
 
 Antithesis, 8, 70. 
 
 Appiu Via, 88 . 
 
 Aquilius, 74. 
 
 Aratores, 39, 40. 
 Aristocracy (Roman), 31 
 Armenia, 72. 
 
 Asia, 34, 75- 
 
 Assemblies, 42. 
 Auctoritas, 39, 97- 
 Augur ia, 71. 
 
 Augur es, 126, 219. 
 Auspicia , 125, 153, 173 ; 
 219. 
 
 Bona Dea, 164, 172, 
 187, 195 - 
 
 Bosporus, 73. Collegium ,118, 126, 139, 
 
 Bustum , 223. * 5 2 > x 54 » * 77 - 
 
 Coloniae , 99, 112, 114, 
 
 Csecilia, 28. I 3 ^- 
 
 Caelius, 196. Comitia, 42, 126, 132, 
 
 Caesar, 129, 130, 147, 146; ^6; 
 
 156,207; in Gaul, 209. tributa , 43 , 53 * 
 
 ilendar, 113. Comitium , 68, 153, 163. 
 
 Calendar, 113 
 Campus Martius , 42 
 126. 
 
 Capite Censi , 43 
 
 Commune , 85. 
 Cornperendinatio, 48. 
 
 Co 7 npitum , 154, 1 77 - 
 
 Capitolium, 62,122,133. Concilium, 152, 162. 
 
 Consilium , 29, 46, 152. 
 
 Carbo, 1 70. 
 
 Career , 113. 
 
 Cato, 141, 175. 
 Catulus, 87, 137. 
 Cavalry, 201. 
 Censor es, 56, 140. 
 Centuriae , 43 
 
 Consular is , 51. 
 Cons 7 iltum , 39, 97 - 
 Contio , 54, 69, 153, 168. 
 Crassus, 63, 156. 
 
 Crete, 83, 86. 
 
 59, 95> 201. 
 
 Centuriae Equitum, 33. Curule office, 41 
 Centurio, 83 - 
 
 Challenge (of jurors), 36. Decumae, 40, 75. 
 
 Cilicia, 58, 83. 
 
 Cinna, 124. 
 Citizenship, 40. 
 
 C liens, 10, 135. 
 Clodius, 72, 172, 184. 
 Cognatus , 146. 
 
 Decretwn , 182. 
 Detestatio sacrorwn, 
 
 146. 
 
 Decuria, 154- 
 Decuriones, 16. 
 
 Delos, 88. 
 
Index . 
 
 225 
 
 Dictator, 178, 199, 207, 
 208. 
 
 Dicer e causam, 9. 
 
 Die ere diem y 181. 
 Dilatio y 71. 
 
 Discessio, 126. 
 
 Dius Fidius y 149. 
 Divisor es y 45. 
 
 Drusus, 137, 138, 175. 
 Duumviri , 138. 
 
 Elections, 100. 
 
 Ennius, 142. 
 
 Equites y 5, 9, 32. 
 Evocatio deorum y 60. 
 Expiatio , 20. 
 
 Exsiliu?n y 138, 140. 
 
 Familia y 23, 76. 
 Fanum y 63. 
 
 Fasces y 81. 
 
 Fasti dies y 1 54. 
 
 Felicitas (temple of), 
 61. 
 
 Fiscus, 45. 
 
 Forum y 105, 227. 
 
 Forum Aurelium y 105. 
 Freedmen, 15, 132; 
 suffrage of, 195. 
 
 Gabinius, 148. 
 
 Galleys, 84. 
 
 Games, 47. 
 
 Gens, 206. 
 
 Gracchus, 32, 96, 97, 
 
 1 3D 190- 
 Greek towns, 64. 
 Gymnasia , 59. 
 
 Haruspices , 118. 
 
 Hospitium , II, 135. 
 Hispania , 82. 
 
 Imagines , 41, 180. 
 Imperator, 57, 207. 
 Imperiu? 7 i y 37, 42, 50, 
 
 79, 9L 95, I2 5, 20 7, 
 
 223. 
 
 Innocentia , 49. 
 Intercalate , 198. 
 
 Inter cessio, 153, 174. 
 Inter dictio, 15 1. 
 Interregnum , 177. 
 
 Inter rex, 173. 
 
 Judex Quaestionis, 5. 
 Judices, 5, 33. 
 Judicium , 34, 38, 43, 
 167, 193, 204; Junia ■ 
 num, 46, 52. 
 
 Juris dictio, 39. 
 
 augurium, 127. 
 Caeritum, 10. 
 
 Jus gentium, 27, 39. 
 Exsilii, 99, 138. 
 
 Lanuvium, 178. 
 
 Lares, 218. 
 
 Laws (title), 24. 
 Lectisternium, 123. 
 Legatus, 47, 74, 88. 
 Leges : A cilia, 55 ; ALlia, 
 154; Cornelia , 24, 
 165; Fufia , 154; £0- 
 binia, 75,89,92; y*/- 
 diciaria, 32; Porcia , 
 66; Plautia-Papiria , 
 138; Semproniae, 6 6 ; 
 Valeria, 24. 
 
 Legio, 47, 83. 
 
 Liber tini, 132. 
 
 Libertus , 15. 
 
 Lie tores, 81. 
 
 Zf/zV cestimatio, 5 1 . 
 Lucullus, 72, 79, 137. 
 Romani, etc., 47. 
 
 Majestas, 51. 
 Mamertini, 65. 
 Manumissio, 186. 
 Marcellus, 57, 104. 
 Marius, 86, 90, 97, 159. 
 Mars, 222. 
 
 Memmius, 128. 
 
 Messana, 65. 
 
 Metellus, 28, 44,46, 103, 
 
 I2 9, x 37, r 55- 
 Milo, fate of, 200. 
 Municipium, 10, 114, 
 ii6, 139, 178. 
 Munus, 50. 
 
 Necessitudo, 37. 
 
 Nobility, 31, 41. 
 
 Nomen, 105, 206. 
 
 Nomen Latinum , 99. 
 
 Obnuntiatio , 153. 
 Obsecratio, 120. 
 Oppidum, 22. 
 
 31 ; equestris , 33. 
 Ortygia, 58. 
 
 Ostia, 82. 
 
 Ovatio, 218. 
 
 Paenula , 178, 179. 
 Palatium , 94. 
 Palladium, 180. 
 
 Parilia, 218. 
 Parricidium, 18, 20. 
 
226 
 
 Index. 
 
 Pastor es, 120. 
 Paterfamilias , 23, 19 1, 
 206. 
 
 P atria Potest as, 15, 146, 
 205. 
 
 Patricii , 123. 
 
 Pair onus, 10, 135. 
 Penates , 133, 182. 
 Piratical State, 81. 
 Plebiscitum, 43. 
 
 Pompey, 80, 134, 147, 
 168, 174, 189- 
 
 Potestas , 5°. 
 
 Pontifex, 96, 173. 
 Praefectura, 1 1 6. 
 Praemium, 143. 
 Praeneste, 99. 
 Praerogativa, 46. 
 Praetexta (toga), 109, 
 
 i 37 » 149 . 2l8 - 
 
 Praetor es, 28, 38, 7 1 , 89, 
 92, I l6. 
 
 Princeps Senatus , 123, 
 126. 
 
 Proconsul, 91, 209. 
 Propraetor , 37, 92, 139, 
 208. 
 
 Prorogatio, 37, 80, 91. 
 p7‘oscriptio , 12, 209. 
 Provincia , 37, 75 - 
 Provocatio , 169. 
 Prytaneum , 59. 
 
 Public ani, 40, 75, 76. 
 Pulvinaria, 123. 
 Puteal, 148. 
 
 Quaestio (torture), 23. 
 
 Quaes tiones Perpetuae, Stator, 100. 
 
 5 , 38, 43, 71, 173 - Stipendium, 76. 
 Quaestor es, 36, 132- Sulla, 8, 15, 24, 26, 3 1 , 
 Quirites, 69. * 59 * 2 °8- 
 
 Sulpicius, 123. 
 
 Reate, 117* Supplicatio, 120, 123, 
 
 Referre {legem), 53, 79, 2l6 - 
 
 89, 125. 
 
 Regia, 182. 
 
 Rejectio judicum, 36. 
 Repetundae, 5, 33, 5 1 - 
 Rhegium, 63. 
 
 Rhodes, 87. 
 
 Rogatio, 69, 106. 
 
 Rogus, 223. 
 
 Sacramenium , 191* 
 Sagum, 215. 
 Saturnalia , 119. 
 Scsevola, 55, 63. 
 
 Scipio, 23 , 86, 96, 134, 
 
 141, 175- 
 
 Scribae, 126, 132. 
 Scriptura , 76. 
 Sectores, 23. 
 
 Sella Curulis, 1 27* 
 Senaculum, 114. 
 Senatus, 31, 39 > I2 5 - 
 
 Syracuse, 57, 58. 
 
 Tabellae , 119. 
 
 Tabulae Novae , 1 1 2. 
 Tabularium, 139. 
 Templum , 93. 
 
 Tempora , 70. 
 
 109,120, 137, 165. 
 Torture, 23, 40, 187. 
 Transitio ad plebem , 
 146. 
 
 T ra nsvectio Eq uitu m , 
 
 81. 
 
 Tribunus Aerarius, 54, 
 
 132. 
 
 Tribunus Militaris , 47. 
 Tribunus Plebis, 52, 1 6 1 . 
 Tribus, 132. 
 
 Triumphus , 73, 90. 
 Tropaea, 202. 
 Tusculanum, 61. 
 
 senatus, 
 
 Senatus consulta, 39,96. Twelve Tables, 170. 
 Sententia, 125. 
 
 Sertorius, 74. 
 
 Servare de caelo , 1 53 * 
 Servilius, 93. 
 
 Sibylline Books, 1 1 8. 
 Slaves, 76, 1 1 8, 187. 
 Socii, 40, 103. 
 
 Spectio, 126, 153. 
 
 Utica, 207. 
 
 Vectigalia, 40, 76. 
 Vesta, 133 - 
 Vestal Virgins, 118. 
 Vestis mutatio, 152 
 Volaterrae, 13. 
 
A., Aulus (wh. see). 
 
 a. d., ante diem (wh. see). 
 
 a, see ab. 
 
 ab (a, abs), [reduced case of 
 unc. stem, akin to Gr. car 6 , Eng. off, 
 of], adv. (only in comp.), and prep, 
 with abl., away from, from (cf. ex, 
 out of and de, down from, off from). 
 
 — Of place, with idea of motion, 
 from : rediens a cena. — With ex- 
 pressions of measure, off, away , at a 
 distance of: procul a nobis; a sena- 
 torio gradu longe abesse. — Of 
 time, from, since : a kal. J an. — Fig., 
 from (with more or less idea of mo- 
 tion) : abhostedefendere; abauro 
 manus cohibere; nrbs ab armis 
 conquiescere ; ab eo metuere (as 
 in Eng.) ; secerne te a bonis; a re- 
 publica deficere. — When the idea 
 is slightly different in Eng. : vacuus 
 ab ( destitute of) ; quaero a vobis 
 (I ask you); a scelere abhorrere 
 (de inconsistent with); postulare 
 ab ( ask of) ; a vobis contendere 
 (urge upon) ; ab isto poenas repe- 
 tere (see poena) . — Esp. with pas- 
 sives and words of similar import, by 
 (cf. accidere a Caesare, at the 
 hands of showing the origin of this 
 meaning). — Esp. also (prob. as the 
 place whence the impression comes), 
 on the side of on, at, on the part of: 
 a tergo interclusus (in the rear). 
 
 — In comp., away , off, \ apart. — Also 
 with negative force, not, un-. 
 
 abalieno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab- 
 alieno], I. v. a., (put away to an- 
 other), alienate . 
 
 abdico, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab-dico], 
 I. v. a., (assign away). — With reflex., 
 abdicate: se praetura (resign the 
 prcetorship) . 
 
 abdo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [ab-do 
 (put)], 3. v. a., put away, remove, 
 hide. — With reflex., conceal one's self, 
 hide, bury one's self (se litteris); 
 sol (hide its face at sunset). — With 
 in and acc. or abl., hide in, withdraw 
 to (take refuge among), withdraw 
 and hide away. — abditus, -a, -um, 
 p.p., hidden, remote, secluded. 
 
 abducb, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
 [ab-duco], 3. v. a., lead away, draw 
 away, take away, lead off, carry 
 away (of persons or things which 
 move of themselves). 
 
 abeo, -ii, -iturus, -ire, [ab-eo], irr. 
 v. n., go away, go off, retire, go (out 
 of sight or away) : abiit (he is gone, 
 without regard to cause or manner). 
 — Fig., pass, go by : abiit ille an- 
 nus (passed away). 
 
 aberro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ab- 
 erro], i.v. n., (wa?ider away or off), 
 go astray, wander away. — Fig., go 
 astray , deviate from : studia aber- 
 rantia a communi utilitate (at va- 
 riance with, not in harmony with ) . 
 
 abhorreo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [ab- 
 horreo], 2. v. n., shrink from. — Less 
 exactly and fig., be at variance with , 
 
2 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 be inconsistent with , be averse from , 
 be indisposed to : a tuo scelere; a 
 meis moribus ; a musarum honore ; 
 animi a causa (&? estranged front). 
 
 abicio, -jeci, -jectus, -icere, [ab- 
 jacio], 3. v. a., throw away , throw 
 down , throw (away from one’s self). 
 
 — Lit., cadaver in publicum 
 y&r/A) . — Esp. at one’s feet as a 
 suppliant, prostrate , throw one's self 
 
 — Fig., aside : humanitatem. 
 
 — abjectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
 downcast , overwhelmed , abject , bro- 
 ken , worthless, fallen. 
 
 abies, -ietis (-jetis), [?], F.,/r 
 or spruce (tree or wood), (prob. in- 
 cluding all short-leaved coniferse). 
 abjectus, see abicio. 
 abjicio, see better spelling abicio. 
 abjudico, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab- 
 judico], I. v. a., adjudge away , take 
 away (by legal decision). 
 
 abjungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun- 
 gere, [ab-jungo], 3. v. a., disjoin , 
 detach . 
 
 abnuo, -nui, -nutus, -nuiturus, 
 -nuere, [ab-nuo], 3. v. a. and n., 
 {refuse by a nod). — Less exactly, 
 refuse , decline . 
 
 abripio, -ripul, -reptus, -ripere, 
 [ab-rapio], 3. v. a., carry off (with 
 violence), drag away , off. 
 
 abrogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab-rogo, 
 in its political sense], 1. v. a.., pass a 
 vote to annul , or take a 7 vay : colle- 
 gae magistratum {deprive of). 
 
 abrumpo, -rupi, -ruptus, -rumpere, 
 [ab-rumpo], 3. v. a., break off. — 
 With reflex., break away , withdraw 
 (with violence), 
 abs, see ab. 
 
 abscido, -cidi, -cisus,-cidere,[abs- 
 caedo], 3. v. a., cut off, lop off, tear 
 off, tear away. 
 
 abscondo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, 
 
 [abs-condo], 3. v. a., hide away.— 
 absconditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
 hidden , obscure, far to seek . 
 absens, see absum. 
 absimilis, -e, [ab-similis], adj., 
 unlike . 
 
 absisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere, 
 [ab-sisto], 3. v.n., stand away, with- 
 draw. — Fig., leave off, keep aloof. 
 
 absolutio, -onis, [ab-solutio, cf. 
 absolvo], F., {a setting free), an ac- 
 quittal. — Also, a coi7ipletion. 
 
 absolvo, -vi, -utus, -vere, [ab- 
 solvo], 3. v. a., {loosen), acquit . — 
 Also, complete, perfect. 
 
 abstergeB, -tersi, -tersus, -tergere, 
 [abs-tergeo], 2. v. a., wipe off, wipe 
 away: fletum. 
 
 abstinentia, -ae, [abstinent + 
 ia], F., self-restraint (abstaining from 
 gratifying one’s passions) : innocen- 
 tia et abstinentia. 
 
 abstineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
 [abs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n .,hold off : 
 manus animosque {keep, withhold). 
 
 abstrabo, -traxi, -tractus, -tra- 
 here, [abs-traho], 3. v. a., drag off, 
 drag away. — Fig., draw away. 
 
 absum, -fui (afui), -futurus, -esse, 
 [ab-sum], irr. v. n., be away, be ab- 
 sent, be off (at a distance). — Fig.: 
 tantum abes a perfeetione; flagi- 
 tium a corpore {not be found on); 
 haec a meo sensu {be unperceived 
 by ). — Esp. impersonally, be so far 
 from, etc. : tantum abest ut videar 
 {so far am I from seeming). — ab- 
 sens, -ntis, p. as adj., in one's absence. 
 
 abundantia, -ae, [abundant + 
 ia], F., abundance. 
 
 abundo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [fab- 
 undo-], 1. v. n., overflow. — Fig., 
 abound. — Transf. (of the place, etc., 
 containing the thing), be strong in. 
 be rich in, abound in. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 3 
 
 abator, -usus, -utl, [ab-utor], 3. 
 v. dep., misuse, abuse, take advantage 
 of (by misuse). 
 
 ac, shorter form for atque (wh. 
 see). 
 
 accedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere. 
 [ad-cedo], 3. v. n., move towards , 
 draw near, approach, come up, come 
 near, come (to), advance to, advance. 
 
 — Fig., come to : huic causae ( take 
 up ) ; litterarumlumen(^m^^/^). 
 
 — Esp., be added, where often an ex- 
 planatory word is necessary in Eng. : 
 illud nobis (we shall have also this 
 advantage ') ; so with quod (there is 
 also the fact that, there is also the 
 reason that, or simply, moreover, then 
 again), 
 
 accelero (adc-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-celero], 1. v. a. and n., hasten 
 (towards something). 
 
 accessus, -us, [ad-fcessus, cf. 
 accedo], M., an approach. 
 
 accido, -cidi, no p.p,, -cidere, 
 [ad-cado], 3. v. n ,,fall upon, fall : 
 tela gravius (strike). — Fig., hap- 
 pen, occur, present itself, turn out, 
 arise, — Often euphemistically for 
 death, defeat, etc. : si quid ipsi (of 
 conviction) . 
 
 accido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [ad- 
 caedo], 3. v. a., cut into, partly cut. 
 
 accipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
 [ad-capio], 3. v. a., take, receive: 
 bellum (take up) . — Less exactly, 
 receive, suffer, meet with, experience : 
 injurias; dolorem. — Fig., accept, 
 learn, hear, get, take. 
 
 Accius (Attius), -i, [?], m., a 
 Roman family name. — Esp. L, Ac- 
 cius, a tragic poet, born B.c. 1 70. 
 
 accommodo, -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ac-commodo-, or ad-commodo-], 
 1. v. a., fit on, fit, put on, adjust . — 
 Fig., adapt, suit, conform, accommo- 
 
 date (testis ad crimen). — accom- 
 modatus, -a, -um, p.p ., fitted, adapt- 
 ed , well-suited. 
 
 accubo, -are, [ad-cubo], 1. v. n., 
 
 lie at, lie near. — Esp., recline (at 
 table). 
 
 accurate [old abl. of accura- 
 tus], adv., with care, carefully. 
 
 accusatid, -onis, [accusa + tio n , 
 F., an accusation, a prosecution, an 
 arraignment (speech of (prosecu- 
 tor). 
 
 accusator, -toris, [accusa + tor], 
 M., a prosecutor, an accuser, a con- 
 ductor of a prosecution. 
 
 accuso, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
 fcauso (cf.causor)], i.v.a ., accuse, 
 blame, find fault with. — Esp., con- 
 duct a prosecution against, prosecute, 
 accuse, arraign, be prosecutor . 
 
 acer, -cris, -ere, [V AC (cf. acus), 
 + ris (cf. -rus in purus)], adj., 
 sharp. — Fig., keen, active, violent, 
 energetic, spirited, severe, harsh : 
 homo; duces; familia; senten- 
 tiae; supplicia; acri animo (with 
 great spirit). 
 
 acerbe [old abl. of acerbus], 
 adv., bitterly. — Fig. (of the mind), 
 with bitterness, severely ; ferre (suf- 
 fer severely from, etc.). 
 
 acerbitas, -tatis, [acerbo + tas], 
 F., bitterness. — Fig., harshness, sever- 
 ity, bitter feeling. — Concrete in plur. 
 (with change of point of view in 
 Eng.), sufferings. 
 
 acerbus, -a, -um, [acer (treated 
 as stem)+ bus (cf. superbus)], adj., 
 bitter (to the taste). — Fig. (to the 
 mind), bitter, hard to bear , cruel , 
 harsh: res; supplicium. — Transf. 
 to the feeling subject, bitter, violent : 
 adversarius; animus; imploratio. 
 
 acer rime (acerrume), superb 
 of acriter. 
 
4 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 acervus, -i, [acer (as stem) + vus 
 (cf. torvus)], m., (pointed?), a 
 heap , # 
 
 Achaicus, -a, -um, [Gr. 5 A xaiTcos], 
 adj., 0/ Achcea, Achcean, — Grecian. 
 
 Achaius (Achajus), -a, -um, 
 [Gr. S A x«tos], adj. Achcean. — Fern, 
 as subst., Achcea, a province of 
 Greece. — Later, Greece , as a Roman 
 province. 
 
 Achilles, -is, (-el, -ei, -i), [Gr. 
 •Axi'A»?s]> M., Achilles, the hero of 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 Aclxradina, -ae, [Gr. ’A xpaSiVa], 
 F., a part of the city of Syracuse. 
 
 acies, -ei, [ v 'ac + ies (cf. series)] , 
 F., point , sharp edge , edge, sharpness 
 of the edge, keen glance, glare : auc- 
 toritatis (edge, fig.). — Esp., line, 
 battle line, array , army (as in bat- 
 tle array, cf. agmen), rank (of an 
 army in several ranks) : in acie ca- 
 dere (in battle array ) ; Pharsalica 
 (battle) . 
 
 Acilius, -i, [unc. stem + ius, prop, 
 adj.], M., a Roman gentile name. — 
 Esp. M\ Acilius Glabrio, who, as 
 tribune of the people, carried a se- 
 vere law against official extortion. 
 Hence, as adj., Acilian (lex). 
 
 acquiesco, -evi, no p.p., -escere, 
 [ad-quiesco], 3. v. n., acquiesce. 
 
 acquiro, see adquiro. 
 
 acriter, [aero + ter (prob. neut. 
 of -terus reduced)], adv ., sharply . 
 Fig., actively, sharply, violently, with 
 spirit. 
 
 acroama, -atis, [Gr. cucpoafi a], N., 
 an entertainment (musical or dra- 
 matical) . 
 
 actio, -onis, [as if V AG + ^°’ 
 prob. factiff o], F., a doing (includ- 
 ing all the performances expressed 
 by ago). — Esp., political action , 
 official conduct : Lentuli consults. 
 
 Also, a civil action, a prosecution : 
 perduellionis. — Also, a pleading 
 (of a case), a hearing (changing the 
 point of view). 
 
 actor, -toris, [y'AG + tor], M., a 
 doer (cf. actio). — Esp., a pleader 
 (of a case, on the side of the plain- 
 tiff), a prosecutor , an advocate (of 
 the plaintiff), an attorney : actor hie 
 defensor que causae meae. 
 
 actum, -I, [n. p.p. of ago], N., a 
 proceeding (official), an act. 
 
 actus, -tus, [V AG + ^ US ]> M, » a 
 driving, a doing. — Esp., an act (of 
 a play). 
 
 acuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [acu- (stem 
 of acus)], 3. v. a., sharpen. — Fig., 
 irritate , excite, spur on. — acutus, 
 -a, -um, p.p. as adj., sharpened, sharp , 
 acute. 
 
 acus, -us, [ V AC + us ] > F *> a n eedle - 
 ad [?], adv. (only in comp.), and 
 prep, with acc. With idea of motion, 
 to, towards , against. — Where the 
 idea of motion is more or less oblit- 
 erated, to, towards, for, at, on, against, 
 in, in regard to. — Of time, till, at, 
 or on : ad vesperam; quam ad diem 
 (up to, as a limit). — Esp., of place, 
 at (not exactly in nor on), around, 
 near: ad Achillis tumulum (by)', 
 ad rhedam (around) ; ad curiam ; 
 quam ad summam (at the summit 
 of which, city) ; ad inferos (in the 
 world below) ; ad urbem (near the 
 city, of a commander with the impe- 
 rium, who could not enter the walls) ; 
 ad populum (before the people, of 
 official action); ad senatorem il- 
 ium (at the house of, etc.) . — Also fig., 
 to, towards , for : fatale ad perni- 
 ciem (fated for) ; ad quietem ; ad 
 judicandum severus (in) ; momen- 
 tum ad suspicionem (cause for, 
 etc.) ; ad laudem contendere (strive 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 5 
 
 for). — Esp. with gerund to denote 
 purpose or tendency, to : audax ad 
 conandum (in). — Also, in respect 
 to , in accordance withy at: prae- 
 clarus ad aspectum (in appear- 
 ance) ; ad severitatem lenius (in 
 respect to) ; ad libidinem (at) ; ad 
 nutum. — In comp, as adv., to, in, 
 by, towards. 
 
 a. d., see ante. 
 
 adaequo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
 aequo] , i . v. a., make equal to : cum 
 virtute fortunam (match). — More 
 commonly neuter, become equal to, 
 equal. 
 
 adamd, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad-amo], 
 i . v. a., fall in love with , take a fancy 
 to, covet. 
 
 adaugeo, -auxi, -auctus, -augere, 
 [ad-augeo], 2. v. a., add to, in- 
 crease. 
 
 adc-, see acc-. 
 
 addico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, [ad- 
 dico], 3* v * a v adjudge , assign (by 
 legal decision) . — addictus, -a, -urn, 
 p.p. as adj. and subst., assigned (to 
 one in satisfaction of a debt), bound, 
 given over to, devoted. 
 
 addictio, -onis, [ad-dictio, cf. ad- 
 dico], F., an adjudging, an assign- 
 ment (by legal decision). 
 
 addo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [ad-do, 
 put and give'], 3. v. a., give to . — 
 Also, put to, add. 
 
 adduce, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
 [ad-duco], 3. v. a., lead to, draw to, 
 bring in (of persons), bring, draw 
 in (towards one), drive, force : in 
 eas or as exercitum; in judicium ; 
 in invidiam (bring, expose) ; in ob- 
 livionem (consign) ; in spem (raise); 
 pretio adducta civitas ; amore ad- 1 
 ducti (fascinated). — Fig., induce, 
 persuade, drive, lead. 
 
 1. adeo, -ii (-ivi), -iturus, -Ire, 1 
 
 [ad-eo], irr. v. a. and n., go to, visit, 
 get at, co 7 ?ie to, come up, go to (a 
 place), get in (to a place), advance 
 (somewhere), attack , approach (speak 
 with) : with or without ad (visit ). — 
 Fig., encounter, incur, go into , take : 
 periculum ; ad rem publicam (take 
 partin); hereditates (take). 
 
 2. adeo [ad-eo], adv., to that 
 point. — Less exactly, to that degree, 
 so much, so : usque adeo (to that de- 
 gree). — Weakened, in fact, at all, 
 exactly. — Esp. atque adeo, and in 
 fact, and even, or rather. 
 
 adeps, -ipis, [?], comm., fat . — 
 Plur., corpulence (of men). 
 
 adfabre (aff-), [old abl. of ad- 
 faber], adv., skilfully. 
 
 adfecto (aff-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-f facto, cf. adficio], 1. v. a., 
 (make for, cf. proficiscor), aim at, 
 pursue : iter (run a course) . 
 
 adfero (aff-), -tuli, - 15 tus, -ferre, 
 [ad-fero], irr. v. a., bring to, bruig. 
 
 — Fig., cause, produce , bring forth , 
 bring forward, allege , report, an- 
 nounce, bring about : moram; fa- 
 cultatis tantum (produce) ; lucem 
 (cause to shine, bring) ; vim (apply, 
 use); salutem; rei publicae mo- 
 tum ; medicinam (apply) ; vim (of- 
 fer); manus (lay upon). 
 
 adficio (aff-), -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
 [ad-facio], 3. v. a., do to, affect: 
 quonam modo vos (treat). — With 
 acc. and abl., affect with, inflict upon, 
 produce in, cause to, visit with, fill 
 with : praemiis (confer upon, honor 
 with); populum laetitia (fill with). 
 
 — In passive, suffer, receive, be in (a 
 condition), be afflicted by, suffer from: 
 calamitate; honore (receive); do- 
 lore (suffer); beneficiis (receive); 
 turpitudine (incur) ; supplicio (be 
 visited with) ; aetate adfectus 
 
6 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 {-worn) ; vitiis adfectus {possessed 
 
 by). , 
 
 adfig§, -fixi, -fixus, -figere, [acL- 
 figo], 3. v. a.,. fasten to, crucify. 
 adfingo, -finxi, -fictus, -fingere, 
 
 [ad-fingo], 3- v - a -> make u f in ad ~ 
 dition, invent more, counterfeit be- 
 
 sides. 
 
 adfinis, -e, [ad-finis], adj., bor- 
 dering on.— Fig., akin to (by mar- 
 riage). — Also, implicated (in any- 
 thing) : culpae. — As subst., kinsman 
 (by marriage) . 
 
 adfirmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
 firmo], 1. v. a., confirm , strengthen , 
 corroborate. — Hence, declare , as- 
 sert. _____ 
 
 adflicto (aff-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-flicto, cf. adfligo], 1. v.a., dash 
 against, dash upon, dash to the 
 ground.— Hence, overthrow, over- 
 whelm, wreck. — Fig., afflict (with 
 disease), prostrate. 
 
 adfligo (aff-), -ffixi, -fhctus, -fh- 
 gere, [ad-fligo], 3. v. a., dash upon.— 
 Hence, overthrow , wreck , overturn : 
 equestrem ordinem ( ruin); con- 
 sular e nomen; causam susceptam, 
 Catilinam. — adflictus, -a, -um, as 
 adj., cast down , broken , disheartened , 
 laid prostrate , ruined (fortunae), 
 
 overwhelmed. 
 
 adfluo (affl-), -fluxi, no p.p., -flu- 
 
 ere, [ad-fluo], 3- v * to ’" 
 
 Hence, with change of relation ,fiow 
 (with anything), abound in.— ad- 
 fluens, p. as adj., abounding in, full 
 of, replete with : urbs studiis ; un- 
 guentis (Gabinius) 
 
 adgrego (agg-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-fgrego], 1. v. a., unite together , 
 assemble , gather together. 
 
 adliaeresco, -ere, [ad-haeresco, 
 cf. adliaereo], 3. v. n., adhere to, 
 cling to. 
 
 adhibeo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [ad- 
 habeo] , 2. v. a., have in. — Hence, 
 call in, admit, bring with (one).— 
 
 Fig., employ , use: vim {offer, use , 
 employ) ; studium atque aures {af- 
 ford, lend, furnisK) ; orationem. 
 
 adhuc [ad-huc], adv., hitherto 
 (of place). — Of time, up to this 
 time, till now , to this day, thus far, 
 hitherto, so far . 
 
 adimo, -emi, -emptus, -imere, [ad - 
 emo, take), 3. v. a., take away (the 
 action regarded as done to some- 
 body), take from, deprive of, rob of 
 \remove from (a person), 
 v adipiscor, -eptus, -ipisci, [ad- 
 ^piscor], 3. v. dep., obtain, secure , 
 attain: gloriam {win, gain). 
 
 aditus, -us, [ad-itus, cf. adeo 
 (1)], M., approach, arrival, coming, 
 com i ng forwa rd, access. Concretely , 
 an avenue (of approach), access (ex- 
 cuse for approaching), means of ap- 
 proach, means of access, way of ap- 
 proach (in military sense), entrance: 
 laudis {road to glory) ; faciles adi- 
 tus ad eum privatorum {access) ; 
 omnium aditus tenebat. 
 
 adjumentum, -I, [ad-tjumen- 
 tum, cf. adjuvo], N., aid, assistance : 
 adjumento esse {be of assistance). 
 
 Concretely, an aid, a means (of 
 
 assistance)^ 
 
 adjungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun- 
 gere, [ad-jungo], 3. v. a ., join to 
 unite to, attach, unite with, add: 
 divinitus adjuncta fortuna {with 
 the addition of fortune from above). 
 
 adjutor, -toris, [ad-fjntor, cf. ad- 
 juvo], M., helper, assistant, abettor. 
 
 adjutrix, -icis, [ad-fjutrix, cf. 
 adjuvo], F, a helper (female, or 
 conceived as such in gender), an as- „ 
 sistant , an abettor. 
 
 adjuvo, -juvl, -jutus, -juvare, [ad- 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 % 
 
 * 
 
 juvo], i. v. a., assist help , 0/2, 
 
 #2^, ^ of advantage , be an assistance 
 to, give assistance: causam {sup- 
 port) . 
 
 adlego (all-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-lego], i. v. a., commission (for 
 some purpose), despatch , send (as 
 agents). 
 
 adlicio (all-), -lexi, -lectus, -li- 
 cere, [ad-lacio], 3. v. a., entice, al- 
 lure, draw, persuade: ad miseri- 
 cordiam. 
 
 adlino (all-), -levi, -litus, -linere, 
 [ad-lino], 3. v. a., besmear , smear 
 
 adlu§ (all-), -ui, no p.p., -luere, 
 [ad-luo], 3. v. a., wash (as of the 
 sea, etc.). 
 
 administer, -tri, [ad-minister], 
 M., a servant, an assistant, an abet- 
 tor, a tool (of persons) : scelerum. 
 
 administra, -ae, [ad-ministra], 
 F., a servant (female), an assistant, 
 a handmaid: virtutis. 
 
 administro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
 ministro-] , 1 . v. a. and n., serve. — 
 Also, manage, administer , carry on, 
 conduct : bellum, rem publicam. 
 
 admirabilis, -e, [ad-mirabilis, 
 cf. admiror], adj., admirable, mar- 
 vellous, astonishing. 
 
 admiratio, -onis, [ad-miratio, 
 cf. admiror], F., admiration, won- 
 der, surprise, astonishment : ipsius 
 adventus admiratioque {his arri- 
 val and the marvel at the man him- 
 self). 
 
 admiror, -atus, -ari, [ad-miror], 
 1. v. dep., be surprised, wonder at, 
 admire. — admirandus, -a, -um, as 
 adj., surprising. — admiratus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. in pres, sense, being sur- 
 prised. 
 
 admitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
 [ad-mitto], 3. v. a., let go to, admit, 
 
 let go: in Tusculanmn; ad con- 
 silium admittitur casus. — Fig., 
 allow (cf. com- and permitto) : in 
 se facinus {commit a crime) ; dede- 
 cus {permit to be incurred). — Also, 
 without in se, commit . 
 
 admodum [ad modum], adv., to 
 a degree. — Hence, very, very much , 
 greatly , exceedingly, so (very) much. 
 
 admoneo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [ad- 
 moneo], 2. v. a., warn, urge, re?nind. 
 
 admonitus, -tus, [ad-monitus, 
 cf. admoneo], M., a reminder, a 
 warning, a suggestion. 
 
 admoveo, -movi, -motus, -movere, 
 [ad-moveo], 2. v. a., move to, ap- 
 proach. — Less exactly, apply : ignes 
 ceterosque cruciatus. 
 
 admurmuratio, -onis, [ad-mur- 
 muratio], F., a murmur (at some- 
 thing), murmurs of intelligence (or 
 approval or displeasure). 
 
 adnumero (ann ) , -avi, -atus, 
 -are, [ad-numero], 1. v. a., count 
 out to. 
 
 adnuo (anil-), -nui, no perf. p., 
 -nuere, [ad-nuo], 3. v. n., nod to, nod 
 assent. — Less exactly, assent. 
 adolescens, see adulescens. 
 adolescentia,see adulescentia. 
 adolesco, -olevi, -ultus, -olescere, 
 [ad-olesco], 3. v. n., grow up (to 
 maturity), mature. — adultus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. as adj., grown up, mature. 
 — Fi g*,full grown, full developed. — 
 See also adulescens. 
 
 adorior, -ortus, -oriri, [ad-orior], 
 4. v. dep., {rise up against), attack, 
 assail. 
 
 adorno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
 orno], 1. v. a., adorn, furnish , pro- 
 vident out : maria classibus ; hunc 
 ad perficiendum {furnish with ma- 
 terial, etc.). 
 
 adparatus (app ), -tus, [ad-pa- 
 
 J i|i it 
 
 s 
 
 F 
 
 1 
 
 r s. 
 
8 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 ratus, cf. adparo],M., preparation. 1 
 — Concretely, preparations , equip- 
 ments , furnishings. 
 
 adpareo (app), -ui, -iturus, -ere, 
 [ad-pareo], 2. v. n., appear (see 
 pareo). 
 
 adparo (app-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-paro], 1. v. a., ( get for some pur- 
 pose ?) , prepare , arrange , make prep- 
 arations for (with a conception of 
 the object from Eng.) : bellum; 
 iter. — adparatus, -a, -um, p.p. as 
 adj ., prepared (with effort), splendid , 
 magnificent , elaborate. 
 
 adpello (app-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [fadpello- (ad-pello-, akin to pel- 
 lo)], 1. v. a., accost , address , call to , 
 appeal to , call upon : te nunc ap- 
 pello. — Also, call , .* quae ap- 
 
 pellatur Insula; sanctos po’etas. 
 
 adpendo (app-), -pendi, -pensus, 
 -pendere, [ad-pendo], 3. v. a., weigh 
 out to. 
 
 adpeto (app-), -ivi, -itus, -ere, [ad- 
 peto], 3. v. a. and n., seek to gain , 
 desire, aim at: plus ornatus; reg- 
 num; inimicitias ( voluntarily in- 
 cur') ; vita ferro appetita ( attempt- 
 ed ). — adpetens, -entis, p. as adj., 
 desirous , eager for , covetous : gloriae. 
 
 adpono (app-), -posui, -positus, 
 -ponere, [ad-pono], 3. v. a., place 
 near , put to, fit . — appositus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. as adj., suited fitted. 
 
 adporto (app-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-porto], 1. v. a., bring in , bring 
 (to some place). 
 
 adprobo (app-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-probo], 1. v. a., approve of 
 agree with (an opinion or action) . 
 
 adpromitto (app-), -misi, -mis- 
 sus, -mittere, [ad-promitto], 3. v. a. 
 and n., promise in addition, promise 
 as surety. 
 
 adpropero (app-), -avi, -atus, 
 
 -are, [ad-propero], 1. v. a. and n., 
 hasten towards , hasten in, hurry up, 
 hasten (to something). 
 
 adpropinquo (app-), -avi, no 
 p.p., -are, [ad-propinquo], 1. v. 11., 
 approach, co?ne nearer , come near, 
 be at hand. 
 
 adquird (acq-) , -quisivi, -quisitus, 
 -quirere, [ad-quaero], 3. v. a. and n., 
 
 ( get in addition ), acquire, gain: 
 adquirere ad fidem(§vzm in credit). 
 
 adripio (arr-), -ripui, -reptus, 
 -ripere, [ad-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch 
 up, seize, catch. 
 
 adroganter (arr-), [adrogant- 
 (stem of p. of adrogo) + ter], adv., 
 zvith presumption, presumingly, with 
 insolence. 
 
 adrogo (arr-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-rogo], 1. v. a., (ask in addition ), 
 claim, demand. — adrogans, -antis, 
 p. as adj., arrogant, presuming. 
 
 adscendo (asc-), -scendi, -scen- 
 sus, -scendere, [ad-scando], 3. v. a. 
 and n., climb up, climb, ascend, 
 fjiount , rise : ad caelum. 
 
 adscensus (asc-), -us, [ad-f scan- 
 sus, cf. ascendo], M., a climbing 
 up, an ascent, a going up. — Con- 
 cretely, a way up, a means of ascent. 
 
 adscisco (asc-), -scivi, -scitus, 
 -sciscere, [ad-scisco], 3- v * a, > attach 
 (by formal decree), adopt. — Less 
 exactly, attach to (one’s self), unite 
 zvith (one’s self). 
 
 adscribo (asc-), -scripsi, -scrip- 
 tus, -scribere, [ad-scribo], 3. v. a., 
 write down (somewhere) enroll, as- 
 sign (by enrolment) : civitatibus 
 (enroll as citizens of) . 
 
 adsensio (ass-), -onis, [ad-sensio, 
 cf. adsentior], F., ^^/. — Con- 
 cretely, an expression of assent . 
 
 adsentio, -sens!, -sensus, -sentire, 
 also deponent. — adsentior (ass-), 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 9 
 
 -sensus, -sentiri, [ad-sentio], 4. v. 
 dep., assent, give assent: voluntati- 
 bus ( defer to). 
 
 adsequor (ass-), -secutus, -sequi, 
 [ad-sequor], 3.V. dep ., follow after , 
 overtake. — Fig., attain , secure, gain, 
 accomplish (as an end). 
 
 adservo (ass-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-servo], 1. v. a., guard, keep, keep 
 under guard', hominem; tabulas. 
 
 adsido (ass-), -sedi, -sessurus, 
 -sldere, [ad-sido], 3. v. n. and a., 
 sit down (near or by something) . 
 
 adsidue (ass-), [old abl. of ad- 
 siduus], adv., diligently, constantly. 
 
 adsiduitas (ass-), -tatis, [adsi- 
 duo + tas], F., diligence, assiduity, 
 constancy, unremitting effort: mo- 
 lestiarum {constant pressure). 
 
 adsiduus (ass-), -a, -um, [ad- 
 fsiduus (y'SED-f uus, cf. residu- 
 us)], adj., ( sitting by), constant, con- 
 tinued, incessant, untiring, indefati- 
 gable : adversarius; adsiduus in 
 praediis {constantly employed). 
 
 adsigno (ass-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-signo], 1. v. a., assign , attribute. 
 
 adspectus (asp-), -tus, [ad-f spec- 
 tus, cf. adspicio], m., a looking at, 
 a sight, a view. — Transf., an appear- 
 ance, an aspect, a view (objectively), 
 adspernor, see better aspernor. 
 adspicio (asp-), -spexi, -spectus, 
 -spicere, [ad-f specio], 3. v. a. a*xd n., 
 look upon, look at, look, see : altius 
 {look, aim). 
 
 adst§ (ast-), -stiti, no p.p., -stare, 
 [ad-sto], 1. v. n., stand by, stand 
 near, stand (by or near). 
 
 adsuefacio (ass-), -feci, -factus, 
 -facere, [fadsue- (unc. case, akin to 
 suesco) -facio], 3. v. a., accustom , 
 train. — Pass., be accustomed. 
 
 adsum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [ad- 
 sum], irr. v. n., be near , be by, be 
 
 ! present, be at hand, be there {here), 
 appear, attend (at a place) : propter 
 {be near by); animis {be attentive). 
 
 — Esp., be by to assist, assist, defend. 
 
 — Also, be close by, impend. 
 adtendd, see attendo. 
 adtineo, see attineo. 
 adtingo, see attingo. 
 adtribuo, see attribuo. 
 advilescens, -entis, [p. of ado- 
 
 lesco], adj., young. — As noun, a 
 youth, young man. — With proper 
 names, the younger (Jr., to distin- 
 guish one from his father). 
 
 adulescentia, -ae, [adulescent- 
 + ia], F., youth. 
 
 adulescentulus, -i, [adulescent- 
 (as if adulescento-) + lus], m., 
 (often as adj.), a mere boy, very 
 young. 
 
 adulter, -eri, [ad-f ulter, cf. ulte- 
 rior, ultra, one who roams abroad ?], 
 
 M. , an adulterer, a paramour. 
 
 adulterium, -i, [adulter -f ium], 
 
 N. , adultery. 
 
 advena, -ae, [ad-f vena (y'v en 
 - fa)], M., a chance comer (as op- 
 posed to a native), a stranger, a 
 visitor. 
 
 advenio, -verb, -venturus, -venire, 
 [ad-venio], 4. v. n., come to, come, 
 arrive: Yerri advenienti {on his 
 arrival) . 
 
 adventicius, -a, -um, [fadven- 
 tico (adventu- or 6+ cus) + ius], 
 adj., coming by chance (cf. advena), 
 foreign, external, additional (to 
 one’s own resources). 
 
 adventus, -us, [ad-fventus (cf. 
 advenio and eventus)], m., a com- 
 ing, an arrival, an advent. 
 
 adversarius, -a, -um, [adverso- 
 (reduced) + arius, cf. onerarius], 
 adj., {turned toivards), opposed . — 
 As noun, an opponent, an adversary. 
 
IO 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 adversid, -orris, [ad-fversio-, cf. 
 adverto], F., a turning: animi 
 ( occupation , employment ). — See ani- 
 madversio. 
 
 adversus, prep., see adverto. 
 adverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, 
 [ad-verto], 3. v. a., turn towards : 
 animum {turn the attention , notice , 
 see animadverto) , against , 
 
 (to anything). — adversus, -a, 
 -urn, p.p. as adj., front , opposed, 
 
 opposite , eV* opposition , adverse : proe- 
 lium ( unsuccessful ); res adversae 
 ( adversity , want of success'). — ad- 
 versi {those in front). — adversus, 
 [petrified as adv. and prep., cf. ver- 
 sus], against. 
 
 advesperascit, -ere, [ad-vespe- 
 rascit], 3. v. impers., dark , ap- 
 
 proach evening. 
 
 advoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad- 
 voco], 1. v. a., c#// (to one), 
 mon. — advocatus, -i, p.p. as subst., 
 a witness (called in to some transac- 
 tion as witness and adviser) , a sup- 
 porter, a counsel (assisting one in a 
 suit but not a pleader, cf. patronus) . 
 
 advolS, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ad- 
 volo], 1. v. xv., fly to, fly at. — Also, 
 fig., fly, rush. 
 
 aedes, -is, [V IDH C cf - aestas) 
 
 + es (cf. honos) and -is (cf. or- 
 bis)], F., {a fireplace ?), a temple (a 
 regular edifice, cf. templum, a con- 
 secrated spot, and fanum, a shrine, 
 generally ancient) . — Also (only in 
 * plur.), a house, a dwelling. 
 
 aedificatio, -onis, [aedifica-f tio], 
 F., building: portus in aedifica- 
 tione aspectuque urbis inclusi {the 
 plan, the site). 
 
 aedificium, -i, [faedific- (cf. 
 artifex) + ium], n ., a building. 
 
 aedifico, -avi, -atus, -are,[taedifie- 
 (cf. artifex)], 1. v. a., build (of | 
 
 houses), erect, construct. — Less ex- 
 actly, of ships. 
 
 aedllis, -is, [aedi- (as stem of 
 aedes) + lis], m., belonging to a 
 templet, an cedile, an officer at Rome. 
 There were two classes of these offi- 
 cers, — the Curule, who had charge 
 of the public games and were impor- 
 tant civil magistrates, and the Ple- 
 beian, who had only the duties of 
 police commissioners. 
 
 aedilitas, -tatis, [aedile + tas], 
 F., cedileship (the office of aedile). 
 
 Aegaevis, -a, -um, [Aryalos], adj., 
 JEgcean (of the /Egaean Sea) : mare 
 {the rEgcean). 
 
 aeger, -gra, -grum, [unc. root 
 ( ? -y/iG, shake) + rus], adj., sick, dis- 
 abled. — Also, fig., suffering, afflicted, 
 enfeebled. 
 
 aegerrime, superl. of aegre. 
 
 aegre [abl. of aeger], adv., feebly. 
 — Hence, with difficulty, hardly , 
 scarcely, unwillingly (suffer from 
 doing something) . 
 
 Aegyptus, -i, [Afyuirros], F., 
 Egypt. 
 
 Aelius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gen- 
 tile name (strictly an adj.). — Esp., 
 Q. Mlius, cons. B.c. 148. —Plur., 
 the Ailii (members of the gens). 
 
 Aelius, -a, -um, [properly same 
 word as last], adj., ALlian (belong- 
 ing to the iElian gens). — Esp., AL- 
 lian (belonging to Q. Ailius) : lex 
 (a law regulating the auspices of the 
 conritia). 
 
 Aemilius, -i,[ ?, aemulo- (reduced) 
 + ius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
 
 Esp., Marcus ALmilius Scaurus, 
 
 cons. B.c. 1 1 5. 
 
 aemulus, -a, -um, [ ?, cf. aequus ?], 
 adj., envious, rivalling, emulous. — 
 Masc. and fern, as subst., a rival. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 aequabiliter, [aequabili + ter], 
 adv., uniformly , without distinction. 
 
 aequalis, -e, [aequo + alis], adj., 
 equal , uniform. 
 
 aequalitas, -tatis, F., equality. 
 aequaliter [aequali + ter (cf. 
 acriter)], adv., evenly , uniformly , 
 equally , 0/2 an equality. 
 
 aeque, [old abl. of aequus], adv., 
 equally , evenly , in the same way , 
 much, just (as). 
 
 aequitas, -tatis, [aequo + tas], 
 F., evemiess. — Hence (cf. aequus), 
 fairness , justice. — Esp., aequitas 
 animi ( evenness of mind ' content- 
 ment , resignation , equanimity '). 
 
 aequus, -a, -um, [?, perh. akin 
 to unus (foenos)], adj., 
 equal. — Hence, fair, just, equitable, 
 right: civitas aequissimo jure (on 
 a perfect equality as to rights'). — 
 Esp., aequus animus (equanimity, 
 contentment, resignation)', aequo 
 animo (with composure, with verb, 
 be resigned to, be satisfied to, be con- 
 tent to) ; aequus animus est (I am 
 content, resigned) ; aequo animo 
 paratoque (with resignation and 
 composure) ; aequo animo esse (be 
 undisturbed). 
 
 aerarius, -a, -um, [aer- (as stem 
 of aes) + arius (cf. onerarius)], 
 adj., (having to do with copper ). — 
 tribuni (see that word). — n. as 
 subst., the treasury (cf. aes). 
 
 aerumna, -ae, [?], F., hardship, 
 trouble, toil, suffering. 
 
 aerumnosus, -a, -um, [aerumna 
 + osus], adj., toilsome, painful, full 
 of suffering. 
 
 aes, aeris, [perh. akin to Eng. 
 iron], N., copper (for the arts, or as 
 money). — Hence, money. — Esp., 
 alienum(ak<$/, another man’s money). 
 — Also, bronze (of which copper is 
 
 I I 
 
 a chief ingredient) , a tablet (of bronze, 
 used for perpetuating official docu- 
 ments). 
 
 Aesculapius, -i, [’Ao7c\^nos],M., 
 the god of medicine among the an- 
 cients. 
 
 aestas, -tatis, [stem akin to aedes 
 + tas, or perh. aesta- (cf. juventa) 
 + tis (cf. virtus)], F., (heat), sum- 
 mer (the season for military opera- 
 tions). 
 
 aestimo, -avi, -atus, -are, [aesti- 
 mo- (aes-tumus, tu in tueor ? + 
 mus, cf. aeditumus)], 1. v. a., 
 value, estimate, assess (of damages, 
 by a process regular in Roman law). 
 
 aestus, -tus, [root of aedes + 
 tus], M., heat (plur. in same sense) : 
 aestu febrique (by the burning heat 
 of fever). — Hence, boiling, tide. 
 
 aetas, -tatis, [aevo- (stem of 
 aevum) + tas], f., age (of old or 
 young), youth, old age, life : aetate 
 adfectus (oppressed with years) ; 
 aetas atque robur (youth and 
 strength); aetatem degere (pass 
 one’s life); nervos aetatis (sinews 
 of youth) ; ab ineunte aetate (fro?n 
 early manhood); aetatis tempus 
 (time of life) . — Also, age (time, 
 generation). 
 
 aetatula, -ae, [aetat + ula (as 
 if aetato + la)], f ., youthful age, 
 early years (as a period of life). 
 
 aeternitas, -tatis, [aeterno+tas], 
 
 F., eternity, never-ending time, ever- 
 lasting ages. 
 
 aeternus, -a, -um, [aevo- (stem 
 of aevum) + ternus (cf. hester- 
 nus)], adj., eternal, lasting, never- 
 ending, everlasting. 
 
 Aetolia, -ae, [Aetola + ia, f. of 
 -ius], f., a region of Greece north 
 of the Gulf of Corinth, conquered by 
 M. Fulvius Nobilior in B.C. 189. 
 
12 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 Aetolus, -a, -um, [aItojAos], adj., 
 JEtolian (of HLtolia). — Plur., the 
 JEtolians (the people of the country), 
 aff-, see adf-. 
 
 Africanus, -a, -um, [Africa + 
 nus], adj., of Africa, African: hel- 
 ium (of various wars, esp. one fought 
 by Pompey against Domitius, a par- 
 tisan of Marius, in B.c. 81). Esp., 
 as surname of various Scipios, Af- 
 ricanus. — So, i. C. Scipio Africa- 
 nus the elder, procons. B.c. 210, the 
 conqueror of Hannibal; and 2. his 
 adopted grandson (son of TEmilius 
 Paullus) cons. B.c. I 47 > the destroyer 
 of Carthage and Numantia. 
 
 Africus, -a, -um, [Afro- (stem of 
 Afer) -4- cus], adj., of Africa . — 
 Africa, F. as subst., the country of 
 Africa. — Esp. in a limited sense, the 
 Roman province of that name, in- 
 cluding the territory of Carthage and 
 the regions to the west. 
 
 afuisse, afuturus, see absum. 
 
 Agathocles, -is, [' Ay a 6 oK\ri s'], M., 
 a tyrant of Syracuse (born B.c. 361) 
 who long waged an active warfare 
 against Carthage. 
 
 age, see ago. 
 
 ager, agri, [ V AG ( drive? ) + rus, 
 cf. Gr. aypos, acre , M.], land (culti- 
 vated),/^, country (opposed to 
 city) , territory (country ) , cultivated 
 lands, fields (as opposed to woods) : 
 fusi per agros (of rude men) ; uber- 
 tas agrorum (of the land, of the 
 soil) . — Esp., of the possession of a 
 particular city, land, territory, coun- 
 try. A state in ancient times con- 
 sisted of a fortified city or town (urbs, 
 oppidum), the dwelling-place or 
 refuge of all the citizens, and the 
 lands cultivated by them around. 
 Farms in the modern fashion were 
 not common. — Cf. per agros atque 
 
 opplda civium Romanorum; ager 
 Tauromenitanus; agerPicenus et 
 Gallicus. 
 
 agito, -avi, -atus, -are, [agito- (as 
 if stem of p.p. of ago)], 1 . v. a., drive, 
 chase. — Hence, rouse, stir up, excite, 
 vex, trouble. — Fig., turn over (in 
 mind) , propose , discuss, purpose. 
 
 agnosco, -novi, -nitus, -noscere, 
 [ad(g)nosco], 3. v. a., recognize (in 
 some relation to one’s self, cf. cog- 
 nosco), recognize as one's own , claim, 
 acknowledge. 
 
 ago, egi, actus, agere, [V AG ]> 
 
 3. v. a. and n., drive (apparently from 
 behind, cf. duco, lead). — With a 
 wide range of meaning, do (esp. of 
 official business, cf. conduct and carry 
 011), act, treat, discuss, plead, manage, 
 conduct , carry on, take part (in any 
 business), deal with, take up, handle, 
 take action. — In many phrases : cum 
 aliquo bene [male] agere (treat one. 
 well or ill ) ; secum praeclare agi 
 (that he is lucky)', mecum male 
 agitur (I fare hardly) ; agam cum 
 populo (lay before the people, of mag- 
 istrates, who had this right) ; agam 
 in magistrate (take up, deal with) ; 
 non agam obscure (I will not treat 
 the matter, etc.) ; sic tecum agam 
 (address, deal with, plead with) ; lta 
 quidam agebat (1 represent , urge, 
 argue) ; agere causam (plead) ; ad 
 agendum (to plead the case ) ; res 
 agetur (be treated)', locus amplis- 
 simus ad agendum (for public busi- 
 ness) ; aliquid agere (aiin at some- 
 thing, work for something) ; id actum 
 est (this is what was accomplished, 
 this was the end and aim) ; quid 
 agis? (what are you doing ? what are 
 you about? what are you aiming at?); 
 quid gladius agebat? (what was it 
 doing?); nihil agere (accomplish 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 13 
 
 nothing, also, be idle , do nothing pur- 
 posely ); magnae res aguntur ( great 
 intei'ests are at stake ) ; quid agitur 
 ( what is the question ?) ; res agitur 
 ( the question is, also, the case is tried , 
 the cause is heard); de quo nunc 
 agimus( 7 .r now in question ) ; si mo- 
 ribus ageret (if he should make it 
 a question of morals); actum est 
 (it is all over with us); de vec- 
 tigalibus agitur (the revenues are 
 at stake); quid potest agi severius ? 
 (hozv can the case be conducted, etc.) ; 
 quae turn agerentur (which were 
 then under discussion, going on) ; 
 negotium meum ago (attend to my 
 own interests); festos dies (cele- 
 brate); triumphum {enjoy, celebrate); 
 fundamenta (lay) ; gratias (render, 
 pay, express, cf. habeo and re- 
 fero) : in crucem (drag, nail) ; age, 
 age vero (come, come now, see , well) . 
 
 agrarii, -drum, [agro-], m. plur., 
 agrarian partisans . 
 
 agrestis, -e, [unc. stem (from 
 agro-) + tis (cf. caelestis)], adj., 
 of the fields, rustic . — Plur., rustics , 
 farmers. — Hence, barbarous, rude. 
 
 agricola, -ae, [agro + cola, cf. 
 incola], M., a farmer . 
 
 agricultnra (often as separate 
 words), -ae, [agro-cultura or agri 
 cultura], F., land tillage, farming, 
 agriculture. 
 
 Ahala, -ae, [?], m., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp. C. Servilius 
 Ahala, who, in B.C. 439, killed Sp. 
 Mselius on account of his popularity 
 and his good will to the lower classes, 
 shown by gifts of grain. 
 
 Ajax, -acis, [A fas], M., Ajax, the 
 name of two heroes of the Trojan 
 war * — Esp., the more famous one, 
 son of Oileus, who contended with 
 Ulysses for the arms of Achilles, and 
 
 was the subject of many literary and 
 artistic works. — Hence, of a statue 
 of him, as we say “ Powers’ Eve.” 
 ajo, [?], 3. def. v. n., say, assert: 
 aiunt (they say, they tell us). 
 
 alacer, -cris, -ere, [?], adj., active, 
 eager, energetic, spirited. 
 
 Alba, -ae, [f. of albus, the white 
 town], F., the name of several cities 
 in Italy. — Esp. : 1. Alba Fucensis, a 
 city of the Marsi; 2. Alba Longa, the 
 supposed mother city of Rome. 
 
 Albanus, -a, -urn, [Alba + nus], 
 a dj., °f Alba, Alban. — Neut. sing., 
 Albanum, -i, an estate near Alba 
 (in which region many Romans had 
 country-seats), an Alban villa. 
 
 alea, -ae, [?], f., a die (for play- 
 ing)* — Also, dice (as a game). 
 
 aleator, -toris, [alea + tor, cf. 
 viator], m., a dicer, a gamester. 
 
 Alexander, -dri, [ 3 AAe|a^5pos], 
 M., a common Greek name. — Esp., 
 Alexander the Great, son of Philip 
 of Macedon. 
 
 Alexandria (-ea),-ae, [’AAe£aV 
 fy>e*a], F., the name of several towns 
 named for Alexander the Great. — 
 Esp., the famous city built by Alex- 
 ander on the coast of Egypt. 
 
 alienigena, -ae, [alieno-fgena 
 (gen+a, cf. incola)], M ., a for- 
 eigner, foreign-born. 
 
 alieno, -avi, -atus, -are, [alieno-], 
 1. v. a., make another's. — Also, make 
 strange, estrange, alienate. 
 
 alienus, -a, -um, [unc. stem akin 
 to alius (prob. imitated from verb- 
 stems of second conjugation) + nus 
 (cf. egenus)], adj., another's, of 
 others, others' , other people' s : pecu- 
 niae; misericordia; in alieno (on 
 another's land). — Hence, strange, 
 foreign, estranged, unfavorable (cf. 
 suus), foreign to the purpose : tem- 
 
14 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 pus; ejectus ad silienos (strangers); 
 iter ( out of one' s way'). — Superl., as 
 noun, a perfecj stranger. 
 
 aliquando [unc. form, cf. quan- 
 do and aliquis], adv., at some time. 
 
 — Emphatically, at last (at some 
 time, though not before). 
 
 aliquanto, see aliquantus. 
 aliquantus, -a, -um, [ali- (re- 
 duced stem of alius) -quantus (cf. 
 aliquis)], adj., considerable— Neut., 
 as noun, a good deal , a considera- 
 ble part. — aliquanto (as abl. of 
 measure), by considerable , consider- 
 ably. 
 
 aliquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (quod), 
 [ali- (reduced stem of alius) -quis], 
 pron. (more forcible than quis ; not 
 definite, like quidam; not univer- 
 sal, like quisquam), some , some or 
 other , any . — Emphatic, some (con- 
 siderable), any (important). — As 
 noun, some one , any one , something, 
 anything. — Also, rarely, almost if 
 not quite equal to quis alius (cf. 
 derivation), some other ; abire in ali- 
 quas terras, I. Cat. 8 , 20. 
 
 aliquo [old dat. of aliquis], adv., 
 somewhither , somewhere (in sense of 
 whither). 
 
 aliquot [ali- (reduced stem of 
 alius) -quot], pron. indecl ., several, 
 some (more than one, but not con- 
 ceived as many), several persons. 
 
 aliquotiens [ali- (reduced stem 
 of alius) -quotiens], adv., several 
 times , a number of times. 
 
 aliter [ali- (i* educed stem of 
 alius) + ter (cf. acriter)], adv., 
 otherwise, differently : longe aliter 
 est ( the case is far otherwise ). 
 
 aliunde [ali-unde (cf. aliquis)], 
 adv., from another quarter , from 
 elsewhere, from some other quarter. 
 alius, -a, -ud, [unc. root. (cf. else) 
 
 + ius (V YA )]> ad S- P r0n -> another 
 (any one, not all), other , different, 
 else, another (of the second of three 
 or more). — Repeated (either in sep- 
 arate clauses or in same), one .. . 
 another , one another , one one (thing) 
 
 I . . . another another , some . . . others : 
 alius alia causa illata ( alleging 
 different reasons ) ; alius ex alio 
 ( from different, etc., one from one , 
 another from another) ; alius atque 
 (see atque). 
 
 allatus, see adfero. 
 allego, see adlego. 
 allicio, see adlicio. 
 allino, see adlino. 
 
 Allobrox, -ogis, [Celtic], M., one 
 of the Allobroges. — Plur., the Allo- 
 broges (the tribe of Gauls living in 
 Dauphiny or Savoy, about the upper 
 waters of the Rhone, subdued in 
 B.c. 1 21 by Fabius Maximus), 
 alluo, see adluo. 
 alo, alui, altus, alere, [V AL > cf * 
 adolesco], 3. v. a., cause to grow, 
 feed, nurse, support (supply with 
 food), foster, raise (of animals).— 
 Fig., foster , foment, feed, increase : 
 haec studia adulescentiam ( are 
 the food of) . 
 
 Alpes, -ium, [^/alp (Celtic form 
 of ALBHr cf. albus) + is], F. ph, 
 the Alps, more or less loosely used 
 of the whole mass of mountains be- 
 tween Italy (Cisalpine Gaul), Gaul, 
 and Germany. 
 
 Alsiensis, -e, [ Alsio+ ensis], adj., 
 of Alsium. — As subst., a villa near 
 Alsium (a town on the coast of 
 Etruria). 
 
 altaria, -ium, [?, alto+ aris], N. 
 ph, the temporary structure on the 
 altar for burning the victim ( ?).— 
 Less exactly, an altar. 
 
 alte [old abl. of altus], adv., high, 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 15 
 
 deeply , deep: altius aspicere {look 
 higher, look farther). 
 
 alter, -era, -erum, [ y'AL- (in 
 alius) + ter (for -terus, compara- 
 tive suffix)], pron. adj., the other (of 
 two), one (of two) : alter ambove 
 {one or both ). — In plur., the other 
 party. — Repeated (cf. alius), one 
 the other , one another (of two), one 
 . . . the other. — In plur., one party 
 . . . the other. — Also, the second \ an- 
 other (the second of three) : cente- 
 sima et altera {hundred and sec- 
 ond ). — Also (esp. with negatives), 
 another (beside one’s self, where all 
 are conceived as two parties, one’s 
 self and all the rest). 
 
 alternus, -a, -um, [alter- (as 
 stem) + nus], adj., alternate , recip- 
 rocal, mutual, alternating : versus 
 {every second) . 
 
 alteruter [alter-uter, cf. ali- 
 quis], -tra, -trum, -trius, pron. adj., 
 one of the two , one or the other. 
 
 altus, -a, -um, [p.p. of alo as 
 adj.], high. — From another point of 
 view, deep . — Neut. as noun, the sea, 
 the deep : in alto {in deep water, on 
 the sea). 
 
 alumnus, -I, [alo- (stem of alo) 
 + mnus (cf. Gr. -/uevos?), the fos- 
 tered'], M., a foster child, a nursling. 
 
 alveolus, -i, [alveo + lus], m., a 
 little basin. — Esp., a dice box , the 
 dice box (as a symbol of gaming), 
 amans, see amo. 
 amb- [akin to ambo, ct/j.(p\], prep, 
 only in comp., about. 
 
 ambitio, -onis, [amb-fitio, cf. 
 ambio], F., {a going round ). — 
 Esp., to canvass for office, a canvass- 
 ing. — Hence, ambition. 
 
 ambitus, -tus, [amb-itus, cf. 
 ambio], M., {a going round) . — Esp., 
 to canvass (cf. ambitio), but only 
 
 of illegal means of canvassing, bri- 
 bery (at elections), unlawful can- 
 vassing : de ambitu {on a charge 
 of this crime). 
 
 ambo, -ae, -o, (-drum), [akin to 
 amb-], num. adj., both (together, cf. 
 uterque, both separately). 
 
 amburo, -ussi, -ustus, -urere [amb- 
 uro], 3. v. a., burn around, scorch , 
 half burn. 
 
 ainens, -entis, [ab-mens], adj., 
 
 {having the mind away) , mad, crazy, 
 insane : audacissimus atque amen- 
 tissimus^y the greatest recklessness 
 and madness). 
 
 amentia, -ae, [ament + ia], f., 
 
 madness, frenzy, (mad) folly, in- 
 sanity. 
 
 Ameria, -ae, [?], f., an old city 
 of Umbria, about fifty miles up the 
 Tiber from Rome (now Amelia , but 
 only a ruin). 
 
 Amerinus, -a, -um, [Ameria (re- 
 duced) -f inus], adj., of Ameria. — 
 Plur. M., the people of Ameria. 
 
 amiciS, -icui (-ixi), -ictus, -icire, 
 [amb-jacio], 4. v. a., throw round 
 (of clothing), wrap about. — Also, 
 with object of the person, wrap, 
 throw around, clothe (with outside 
 garments) : velis amicti non togis 
 {clad, wrapped). 
 
 amicitia, -ae, [amico + tia], f., 
 
 friendship , friendly relations, alli- 
 ance (opposed to hospitium, wh. 
 s zz), personal friendship. 
 
 amicus, -a, -um, [unc. stem from 
 \/am (in amo) + cus (cf. pudicus, 
 posticus)], adj., friendly, well-dis- 
 posed. — As noun, M., a friend, an 
 ally. 
 
 amissus, p.p. of amitto. 
 
 Amisus, -I, [?], F., an important 
 commercial city of Pontus, on the 
 Sinus Amisenus, a bay of the Euxine. 
 
i6 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 amitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
 [ab-mitto], 3. v. a., let go (away), 
 let slip , let pass . — Hence, lose (esp. 
 of military losses) : classes amissae 
 et perditae ( lost , by negligence, and 
 ruined , by misdoing). 
 
 amo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], 1. v. a. 
 and n., love ; amans ( fond ). 
 
 amoenitas, -tatis, [amoeno + 
 tas], F., beauty (as of scenery and 
 the like), beautiful scenery , loveliness 
 (only of things pleasant to the eye). 
 
 amor, -oris, [V AM 0 n amo ) + 
 or (for -os)], M., love , affection . — 
 Also, toward things , fondness for, de- 
 light in. 
 
 ample [old abl. of amplus], adv., 
 widely , largely— amplius, compar., 
 farther , more, longer : quid vis am- 
 plius (in such cases it may be re- 
 garded either as adj. or adv., see 
 amplus) . 
 
 amplector, -plexus, -plecti, [amb- 
 plecto], 3. v. dep., ( twine around). 
 
 Hence, embrace , hold in one's 
 
 arms. — Fig., include , contain. — 
 Also, favor, court the favor of. 
 
 amplexor, -atus, -ari, [amplexo- 
 (stem of p.p. of amplector)], 1. v. 
 dep., embrace. 
 
 ainplifico, -avi, -atus, -are, [am- 
 plified-], 1. v. a., increase , enlarge , 
 extend, heighten, magnify. ^ 
 
 amplitudo, -inis, [amplo+tudo], 
 F., size, extent, greatness. — Esp., of 
 station or fame, greatness, dignity, 
 position, prominence. 
 
 amplus, -a, -urn, [?, perh. amb 
 + stem akin to plus, plenus], adj. 
 Of size and extent, lit. and fig., large, 
 wide, great, grand : curia. — Esp., 
 prominent, op consequence, splendid, 
 noble, distinguished, glorious : prae- 
 mia ( lavish , valuable ); fortunae; 
 patrui amplissimi ( most distin- 
 
 guished)-, homo (great); amplum 
 et praeclarum (a great and glo- 
 rious thing) ; munus (noble) ; locus 
 ad agendum (honorable); fructus 
 (splendid, valuable) ; magnum aut 
 amplum cogitare (have a great or 
 noble thought); beneficia amplissima 
 (highest) ; verba amplissima (strong- 
 est terms) ; laus amplior (higher). 
 
 — amplius, neut. comp, as noun or 
 adverb (see ample) (cf. plus), more, 
 a greater number, further , besides. 
 
 an [?], conj. introducing the sec- 
 ond member of a double question, 
 or, or rather : ab eone an ab eis 
 qui, etc., Gabinio anne Pompeio 
 (or ). — Often with the first member 
 only implied, or, (is it not so?) or, 
 (as an impossible alternative) or: 
 utrum . . . 2cn(whether . . . or ). — Esp., 
 haud scio an, nescio an, / know 
 not but, I am inclined to think, it 
 may be, probably, perhaps, very likely. 
 — an vero, see vero. 
 
 anceps, -cipitis, [amb-caput], 
 adj., (having a head on both sides), 
 double-headed. — Less exactly, two- 
 fold, double : contentio (i.e., with 
 two foes). — Hence, doubtful: for- 
 tuna (as looking both ways, and 
 hence undecided). 
 
 ancilla, -ae, [anculo-(anco+lus) 
 4. la], F., a maid-servant , a hand- 
 maid. 
 
 angiportus, -us (and-i), [fango- 
 ( ^/ang + us) + portus], M., a lane , 
 a narrow alley. 
 
 ango, anxi, nop-p^angere^-v/ANG, 
 cf. anxius, angustus], 3. v. a., throt- 
 tle. — Fig., distress, make anxious: 
 vehementer angebar (1 was much 
 distressed) ; tot curis vigiliisque 
 angi (distress one's self). 
 
 anguis, -is, [Vang (cf. ango) + 
 is], M. and F., a serpent. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 17 
 
 angulus, -i, [fango- (cf. angi- 
 portus) + lus], M., a corner , an 
 angle . 
 
 angustiae,-arum, [angusto+ia], 
 f. plur., narrows, straits : Ponti (i.e., 
 the Dardanelles). — Fig., straits (cf. 
 slang expression “ in a tight place”), 
 narrow boutids. 
 
 angustus, -a, -um, [angor (for 
 angos) + tus], adj., narrow , con- 
 fined : angustiora castra ( less ex- 
 tensive) ; montes ( confining , by 
 which one is hemmed in). — Fig., an- 
 imus (narrow). 
 
 anhelo, -avi, -atus, -are, [amb?- 
 halo], 1. v. a. and n., pant , breathe 
 heavily , breathe (with force). 
 
 aninia, -ae, [ani- (treated as root, 
 fr. V AN > M°™) + ma (f. of mus), cf. 
 animus], F., breath. — Hence, soul, 
 life: liberorum anima ( the lives). 
 
 — Plur., the soul (of man, ab- 
 stractly). 
 
 animadversio, -onis, [animo- 
 (?) adversio (cf. animadverto)], 
 F., a noticing, attention (to a thing). 
 
 — Hence, punishment. 
 animadverto, -vertl, -versus, ver- 
 
 tere (also animum adverto un- 
 contracted), [animum adverto], 
 3. v. a., turn the mind to, attend to: 
 in aliquem ( punish , cf. the domes- 
 tic “ attend to”). — Less exactly, ob- 
 serve, notice, learn. 
 
 animosus, -a, -um, [animo + 
 osus], adj., spirited, courageous. 
 
 animus, -i, [ani- (stem as root, 
 fr. y'AN, blow) + mus (cf. Gr. ave- 
 ixos, zvind)~\, M., breath , life , soul 
 (vital). — Usually (the above mean- 
 ings being appropriated to anima, 
 wh. see), soul (as thinking, feeling), 
 heart, mind, feelings , feeling, intel- 
 lect (but cf. mens), spirit, passion, 
 desire : concitatio animorum ( feel - 
 
 ings) ; animi ad causam excitati; 
 animum vincere (passions); ani- 
 morum motus (the activity of the 
 intellect) ; magnus animus (a great 
 soul, a man of great soul); animo 
 meliore (better disposed) ; quo ani- 
 mum intendit (at what he is aim- 
 ing) ; animis providere (anticipate, 
 provide in thought); cerno animo 
 (in my mind's eye); bono animo 
 (with good intent) ; virtutes animi 
 (moral virtues). — Also (in a good 
 sense, often in plur.), spirit, con- 
 stancy, courage , resolution : opes an- 
 imique (resources and spirit). — 
 Also : animus magnus (courage, 
 magnanimity, lofty spirit) ; animi 
 magnitudo (lofty spirit) . — Esp. (as 
 directly opposed to mens, wh. see), 
 the moral powers, will, desires , affec- 
 tions, etc., the heart, the feelings, 
 the disposition : animus et mens 
 (heart and mind) ; ex animi mei 
 sensu (the feelings of my heart ) . — 
 For animus aequus, see aequus; 
 for animum advertere, see ani- 
 madverto. 
 
 annalis, -e, [anno + alis], adj., 
 yearly. — As noun (sc. libri), an- 
 nals (books of history arranged in 
 years), history. 
 
 Annius, -I, [?], m., a Roman gen- 
 tile name. — Esp.: 1. T. Annius 
 Milo, a supporter of Cicero, defended 
 by him in the oration pro Milone ; 
 2. Q. Annius Chilo, a fellow-con- 
 spirator with Catiline. 
 
 anniversarius, -a, -um, [anni- 
 verso -f arius], adj ., yearly, return- 
 ing every year. 
 
 annona, -ae, [stem akin to annus 
 + na, cf. colonus, Pomona], f., 
 
 grain crop (of the year). — Flence, 
 grain market, price of grain : vili- 
 tas annonae (cheapness of grain) ; 
 
 
i8 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 annonam levare ( relieve the mar- 
 ket , lower the price of grain), 
 
 annus, -i, [?]> m., a year (as a 
 point of time, or as the course of the 
 year, or as a period). 
 
 ansa, -ae, [?], f., « handle.— 
 Also, fig., sermones ansas dabant 
 ( handles , to get hold of). 
 
 ante [old antid, abl. of fanti- 
 (cf. post and postis)], adv., before 
 (of place and time), in front, in ad- 
 vance, beforehand, first (before some- 
 thing else) : ante quam ( earlier 
 
 than , before , until , etc.) ; paulo 
 ante {a little while ago')', multis 
 ante annis {many years ago) ; jam 
 ante {already before, already).— 
 Prep., before (of place or time), in 
 advance of, in front of In dates : 
 ante diem (a. d.) {on such a day 
 before ); ante diem xii Kal. Nov. 
 {Oct. 2 1 st). — In comp., before (of 
 place, time, and succession). 
 
 antea [ante ea (prob. abl. or 
 instr., cf. ea, qua)], adv. (of time), 
 before, previously, once, formerly , 
 hitherto, once. 
 
 antecello, -ere, no perf., no p-p-, 
 [ante-cello], 3 * v * n ., surpass, excel. 
 
 antefero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, 
 [ante-fero], irr. v. a., place in ad- 
 vance, prefer. — Pass., be preferred, 
 be the first, have the superiority. 
 
 antelucanus, -a, -urn, [ante-luc 
 + anus], adj., before the light : cenae 
 {late, prolonged till dawn). 
 
 antepond, -posui, -positus, -po- 
 nere, [ante-pono], 3. v. a.,. place in 
 advance (cf. antefero), think of 
 more importance , prefer, place be- 
 fore, value more highly. 
 antequam, see ante, 
 antestor, -atus, -an, [amb(?> 
 testor], 1. v. dep., call to witness, ap- 
 peal to. 
 
 anteverto, -verti, -versus, -ver- 
 tere, [ante-verto] , 3. v. a., turn in 
 front (cf. antepono), prefer. — 
 Also, anticipate, get in advance of. 
 
 Antiochia (-ea), -ae, [’Am ox««], 
 f. The name of several ancient 
 cities of the East. — Esp., a city of 
 Syria founded by the son of Antio- 
 chus. 
 
 Antiochus, -i, [’A vrioxos'], M. 
 The name of several Eastern poten- 
 tates. — Esp., Antiochus the Great, 
 king of Syria, who had a long con- 
 test with the Romans and their al- 
 lies for supremacy in the East, but 
 was conquered in B.C. 190 by the 
 Scipios. 
 
 antiquitas, -tatis,[antiquo+tas] , 
 
 F., antiquity, ancient times. 
 
 antlquus, -a, -um, [fanti- (cf. 
 ante) + cus (cf. posticus)], adj., 
 old (existing from early times, not so 
 much in reference to present age as 
 to former origin, cf. vetus), ancient. 
 — Less exactly, former : status (of 
 a state that had existed only three 
 years before, but was of great an- 
 tiquity previous to that); ilia anti- 
 qua {those ancient examples) ; anti- 
 qui {the ancients). — Hence, of the 
 old stamp, old-fashioned: homines 
 (of men still living). 
 
 Antonius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp.: 1. Marcus 
 
 (Mark Antony), the famous trium- 
 vir; also, 2. his brother, Lucius, 
 cons. B.C. 41. 
 
 anulus (ann-), -i, [ano + Ins], 
 
 M., a ring. 
 
 Ap., Appius (wh. see). 
 Apenninus, -i, [Celtic], M., the 
 Apennines, the great range of moun- 
 tains which forms the backbone of 
 Italy. 
 
 aperio, -perui, -pertus, -penre, 
 
Vocabulary 0 
 
 19 
 
 [ab-pario {get off), cf. operio, 
 
 cover], 4. v. a., uncover, open . — 
 Fig., disclose, open, lay bare, lay 
 open. — apertus, -a, -um, p.p. as 
 adj., open, exposed, uncovered, unob- 
 structed, unprotected, without con- 
 ceal me?it. 
 
 aperte [old abl. of apertus], 
 adv., openly, unreservedly , without 
 concealment, plainly, clearly . 
 
 Apinius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., P. Apinius, a 
 young man robbed by Clodius. 
 
 Apollo, -inis, [?], m., the son of 
 Jupiter and Latona, and twin brother 
 of Diana, god of the sun, of divina- 
 tion, of poetry and music, and presi- 
 dent of the Muses. He was also god 
 of archery, of pestilence, and, on the 
 other hand, of healing. He is iden- 
 tified by Caesar with some Celtic di- 
 vinity. 
 
 apparatus, see adparatus. 
 appareo, see adpareo. 
 apparo, see adparo. 
 appelld, see adpello. 
 appendo, see adpendo. 
 appetd, see adpeto. 
 
 Appius, -a, -um, [Appius decl. 
 as adj.], adj., Appian, of Appius . — 
 Esp., referring to Appius Claudius 
 Caucus: via (the road from Rome 
 to Capua made by him) ; Appia 
 (without via in same sense). 
 
 Appius, -I, [?, prop, adj.], m., a 
 Roman first name. — Esp.: 1. Ap- 
 pius Claudius, cons. B.c. 54; 2. Ap- 
 pius Claudius , nephew of R Clodius, 
 and one of Milo’s accusers ; 3. A 
 brother of Clodius. 
 applied, see adplico. 
 appond, see adpono. 
 apportd, see adporto. 
 approbo, see adprobo. 
 appromitto, see adpromitto. 
 
 appropero, see adpropero. 
 appropinquo, see adpropin- 
 quo. 
 
 aptus, -a, -um, [y'AP (in apiscor) 
 + tus] , adj ., {fitted to) , suited, adapt- 
 ed, fit, apt. 
 
 apud [akin to ab and Gr. anrl], 
 prep., at, among, with, before , on 
 one s part, in relation to (a person), 
 in one's house {company, possession, 
 among) : apud Tenedum; adversa- 
 ries (i.e., in their ranks) ; inlustre 
 apud omnes nomen {with, among) ; 
 apud vos in honore {with, among ) ; 
 populum Romanum et exteras na- 
 tiones; apud Laecam {at the house 
 of). 
 
 Apulejus, -i, [Apulo + eius?], 
 M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., 
 Apuleius, a tribune of the people 
 who supported the cause of the sen- 
 ate against Antony. 
 
 Apulia, -ae, [Apulo + ia, f. of 
 F., that part of Italy east of 
 Campania and Samnium and north 
 of Lucania, famous chiefly for its 
 pastures. 
 
 aqua, -ae, [?], f., water, a water- 
 course : aqua atque igni interdi- 
 cere (a form of banishment among 
 the Romans). 
 
 aquila, -ae, [f. of aquilus, dark 
 gray, perh. remotely akin to aqua], 
 F., an eagle. — Esp., the standard of 
 the Roman legion, consisting of an 
 eagle on a staff, 
 ara, -ae, [?], f., an altar . 
 arator, -toris, [ara + tor], m., a 
 ploughman. — Also, a landholder (a 
 person who cultivated the public 
 lands, paying tithes for the privilege). 
 
 arbiter, -tri, [ad-f biter (Vbi, in 
 bito, -f trus, cf. -trum)], m., a wit- 
 ness ^ — Less exactly, a referee, an 
 arbitrator , 
 
20 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 arbitrates, -tus, [arbitral- fcus], 
 
 M., a decision: arbitratu ejus {at 
 
 his bidding ). 
 
 arbitrium, -I, [arbitro + ium 
 (cf. judicium)], N . , judgment, will , 
 bidding , pleasure (what one sees fit 
 to do or have done). 
 
 arbitror, -atus, -ari, [arbitro-], 
 
 I. v. dep., judge, think , suppose 
 (judge). 
 
 arbor, -oris, [?], F., a tree . 
 area, -ae, [arc- (in arceo) + a], 
 
 F., a chest , a box , # 
 
 arcus, -us, [?], M., a bow. 
 arceo, arcui, arctus, arcere, [farco- 
 (stem akin to area)], 2. v. a., con- 
 fine. — Hence, by a change of the 
 point of view, keep off, prevent, drive 
 away: a templis homines {defend 
 front ) . 
 
 arcesso, -slvi, -situs, -sere, [akin 
 to accedo, but the exact relation un- 
 certain], 3. v. a., summon , invite, 
 send for (persons), call in. 
 
 Archias, -ae, [’Apx^]* M., a poet 
 of Greek extraction, whose claim to 
 citizenship Cicero defended in a fa- 
 mous oration. 
 
 Archimedes, -is, [’A px^vs'], 
 M., the famous mathematician of 
 Syracuse, by whose assistance that 
 city was long defended against the 
 Romans. 
 
 architects, -I, [prob. corruption 
 * of apxtreKTwt'], M., ctn architect , a 
 builder. 
 
 ardeo, arsi, arsus, ardere, [prob. 
 arido-, cf. ardifer], 2. v. n., be hot, 
 be in a blaze, be on fire. -Tig-, be 
 excited, be in a blaze, burn, flash fire 
 (of the eyes). — ardens, -ntis, p., 
 red hot, blazing, flashing. 
 
 ardor, -5ris, [V ARD ( in ardeo ) 
 -f or], M., a blaze, heat, fire : caeli 
 
 {a blazing sky).— Fig., fire, fury : 
 
 animorum et armorum {fire . 0/ 
 passion and fury of arms ); animi 
 {excitement ) . 
 
 argentarius, -a, -um, [argento 
 + arius], adj., F. (sc. res), money y 
 business, banking business. Masc., 
 a banker , a money-changer. 
 
 argenteus, -a, -um, [argento + 
 eus], adj. of silver, silver (as adj.). 
 
 argentum, -i, [akin to arguo, 
 the shining metal], N., silver (the 
 metal).— Also, of things made of 
 the metal, silverware, silver. 
 
 argumentor, -atus, -ari, [argu- 
 ments-], I. v. dep., argue, reason. 
 
 argumentum, -i, [argu- (as if 
 stem of arguo) + mentum], N., an 
 argument, a proof (drawn from rea- 
 soning, as opposed to witnesses), an 
 inference , a subject (in art). 
 
 arguo, argui, argutus, arguere, 
 [prob. t argu- (stem akin to Argus 
 and argentum) + io (?)]> 3- v - a -> 
 make clear, prove. — Esp., accuse 
 (prove guilty), charge. 
 
 Arlcia, -ae, [?], F., a town of 
 Latium on the Appian Way, at the 
 foot of the Alban Mount (now Ric- 
 ci a ). Near by was a famous temple 
 of Diana. 
 
 aridus, -a, -um, [faro- (cf. areo) 
 + dus], adj., dry. — Less exactly, 
 meagre: victus. 
 
 Ariobarzanes, -is, [Persian], M., 
 a name of several Persian monarchs. 
 Esp., a king of Cappadocia, estab- 
 lished on his throne by the Romans, 
 several times driven out by Mith- 
 ridates and Tigranes, and finally re- 
 stored by Pompey, B.C. 65. 
 
 Aristaeus, -i, [' Apurratos], M., an 
 old divinity of Greece, patron of pas- 
 turage, bee-keeping, and oil-culture; 
 cf. Virg. Georg. IV. 3 l S et se< l * 
 
 arma, -orum, [V AR (/*> cf< ar ' 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 21 
 
 mus, the shoulder -joint) + mus], n. 
 plur., tools , (esp.) arms, equipment . 
 — Fig., arms (as symbol of war), 
 war, conflict, forces : isdem in armis 
 fui (on the same side , in a civil war) ; 
 tua quid arma voluerunt (your 
 armed campaign ). 
 
 armatus, -a, •tun, p.p. of anno. 
 
 Armenius, -a, -um, [’A previa 
 treated as adj.], adj., of Armenia 
 (the whole country south of Pontus 
 and Colchis, west of the Araxes and 
 the Caspian mts., east of Cappadocia, 
 north of the Niphates mts.).— Also, 
 used of Lesser Armenia, the part 
 west of the Euphrates. — Masc. plur., 
 the inhabitants of the country. 
 
 armo, -avi, -atus, -are, [armo- 
 (stem of arma)], i. v. a., equip , 
 arm. — Pass., in middle sense, arm 
 (one’s self). — armatus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. as adj., armed, in arms, equipped. 
 arripio, see adripio. 
 
 Arrius, -i, [?], m., a Roman gen- 
 tile name. — Esp., Q. Arrius, a friend 
 of Cicero. 
 
 arroganter, see adroganter. 
 
 arrogo, see adrogo. 
 
 ars, artis, [-y/AR + tis (reduced)], 
 
 F skill, art. — Also, a quality (espe- 
 cially a good one). — Plur., the arts, 
 the useful arts, branches of learning, 
 branches (of learning, implied). 
 
 artifex, -icis, [arti-ffex (fac as 
 stem)], m. and F., an artist. 
 
 artificium, -i, [artific- (stem of 
 artifex) -f ium], N., workmanship , 
 skill (of an artist), a skilful contriv- 
 ance, an artifice , a trick Also, a 
 
 trade (opposed to ars, a higher art). 
 — Concretely, a work of art : opera 
 atque artificia. 
 
 arx, arcis, [ y'ARC (in areeo, 
 area) + is (reduced)], f., a strong- 
 hold, a fortress , a citadel. 
 
 ascendo, see adscendo. 
 ascensus, see adscensus. 
 ascrlbd, see adscribo. 
 
 Asia, -ae, [’Acr/a], F., the country 
 now called Asia Minor. — - Esp., the 
 Roman province of Asia, embracing 
 Phrygia, Caria, Mysia, and Lydia. 
 
 Asiaticus, -a, -um, [Asia+ticus], 
 adj., of Asia, Asiatic : pecuniae (in 
 Asia, invested there), 
 aspectus, see adspectus. 
 aspere [old abl. of asper], adv., 
 roughly. 
 
 aspernor, -atus, -ari, [fasperno- 
 (stem akin to ab-sperno)], j.v. dep., 
 spurn. 
 
 aspicio, see adspicio. 
 asporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [abs- 
 porto], i. v. a., carry off, carry 
 away. 
 
 assidue, see adsidue. 
 assiduitas, see adsiduitas. 
 assiduus, see adsiduus. 
 assuefacio, see adsuefacio. 
 astutus, -a, -um, [astu + tus, cf. 
 barbatus], adj., cunning, crafty, 
 astute. 
 
 at [prob. form of ad], conj., but, 
 at least. — See also enim and vero. 
 
 Athenae, -arum, [ 5 A drjvcu'], f. pi., 
 Athens. 
 
 Atheniensis, -e, [Athena + en- 
 
 sis], adj., of Athens, Athenian. — 
 Plur., the Athenians. 
 
 Atilius, -i, [?], m., a Roman gen- 
 tile name. — Esp. : i. M. Atilius, a 
 Roman who, as judex, was found 
 guilty of receiving bribes; 2. Atilius 
 Gavianus, a tribune of the people 
 at the time of Cicero’s recall. 
 
 atque (ac), [ad-que], conj., and 
 (generally introducing some more 
 important idea), and even, and espe- 
 cially, and further, and moreover , 
 and now. — Also, as, than : par atque 
 
I 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 i 
 
 ( the same as); simul atque (as soon | 
 as) ; similis atque (just like ) ; 
 aliter ac (otherwise than , different 
 from what , etc.); contra atque 
 (different from , etc.); atque adeo 
 (« tz;/ in fact , or rather) ; 
 
 pro eo ac (according as); perinde 
 ac (just as) . 
 
 atqui [at-qui (old abl. or instr.)], 
 conj., (but somchozv ?), but yet , but, 
 still, now. 
 
 atrium, -i, [?, atro + ium], N., 
 the atrium (the hall of a Roman 
 house). — Also, * hall (of a temple, 
 prob. made in the fashion of a house). 
 
 atrocitas, -tatis, [atroci- (as if 
 stem of atrox) + tas], F., cruelty : 
 animi (savage disposition). Also, 
 of things, atrocity , enormity. 
 
 atrociter [atroci + ter], adv., 
 savagely , cruelly : aliquid atrociter 
 fieri (some atrocious cruelty) ; nimis 
 atrociter minitans (too violently) ; 
 atrociter ferre (pass a cruel law). 
 
 atrox, -ocis, [stem akin to ater + 
 cus (cf. colonus, aegrotus, and 
 verax)], adj., savage, cruel, — Also, 
 of things, atrocious , cruel , inhuman, 
 monstrous. 
 
 attends (adt-), -tend!, -tentus, 
 -tendere, [ad-tendo], 3- a. and n., 
 (stretch towards). — Esp., with ani- 
 inum, turn the attention to, attend 
 to, attend. — Also, without animum, 
 attend, notice : ecquid attendis (are 
 you paying any attention); me tarn 
 diligenter (listen to); parum at- 
 tenditis (you are too careless) . — at- 
 tentus, -a, -urn, p.p. as^adj ., attentive. 
 
 attenuo (adt-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ad-tenuo], i. v. a .,thin out. Fig., 
 
 lessen, diminish, reduce. 
 
 attined (adt-), -tinui, -tentus, 
 -tinere, [ad-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., 
 hold out towards . — Esp., reach , touch, 
 
 difference , 
 
 K 
 
 have to do with , make 
 he of importance. 
 
 attingo (adt-),-tigi, -tactus, -tin- 
 gere, [ad-tango], 3* v * a * an( ^ n *’ 
 touch, reach, set foot on, have to do 
 with, come in contact with : auctori- 
 tatem (aspire to ) ; Cimbricas res 
 (touch upon in literary composition). 
 
 Attius, -i, [Atto + ius], M., a 
 Roman gentile name. — Esp .,P. Al- 
 dus Varus, praetor in Africa in the 
 war between Caesar and Pompey. 
 
 attribuo (adt-), -bui, -butus, -bu- 
 ere, [ad-tribuo], 3. v. a., assign, ap- 
 propriate. 
 
 attuli, see adfero. 
 
 auctio, -onis, [aug (as root)+tio], 
 
 F., an increase. — Hence, (a raising 
 of bids), an auction. 
 
 auctionarius, -a, -urn, [auction 
 + arius], adj., of an auction, by auc- 
 tion: tabulae novae (liquidation 
 by forced sale). 
 
 auctor, -oris, [V AUG ( in au S eo ) 
 
 + tor], M ., a voucher (for any act 
 or statement), an authority , an ad- 
 viser : sceleris (leader); auctor 
 esse (approve, advise) ; auctore 
 populo (with the approval of, sup- 
 ported by); pacis (counsellors). 
 
 auctoritas, -tatis, [auctor- (as if 
 i-stem) + tas],F., influence, prestige, 
 authority (not political nor military, 
 cf. imperium and potestas, but 
 proceeding from official character). 
 Concretely, an expression of opin- 
 ion (as an authority) : cum publicis 
 auctoritatibus (with official expres- 
 sions of opinion, on the authority of 
 the state or city) ; summa cum auc- 
 toritate (with the greatest effect); 
 circumstant te summae auctonta- 
 tes (the strongest influences) ; auc- 
 toritates contrarias (weighty opin- 
 ions, etc.); auctoritas et gratia 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 23 
 
 (. prestige from official character, and 
 influence from private friendship and 
 the like). — In technical phrase sen- 
 atus ( the expressed opinion , having 
 no legal binding force, but carrying 
 weight from its official character). 
 
 aucupor, -atus, -ari, [aucup-], 
 i v. dep., hunt birds. — Fig., search 
 out , hunt for , watch for. 
 
 audacia, -ae, [audac -f ia], f., 
 daring, boldness, effrontery, reckless- 
 ness, reckless daring, deeds of daring, 
 desperate undertaking. 
 
 audax, -acis, [auda- (as if stem 
 of audeo) + cus (reduced)], adj., 
 daring (in a bad sense), reckless, 
 bold, desperate. 
 
 audeo, ausus, audere, [prob. 
 avido- (stem of avidus)], 2. v. a. 
 and n., dare, venture, risk , dare to 
 try (or do'). — ausus, -a, -urn, p.p. 
 in pres, sense, daring. 
 
 audid, -divi, -dltus, -dire, [prob. 
 akin to auris], 4. v. a., hear, hear 
 of, listen to: audita dico (what I 
 have heard ); multis audientibus 
 (in the hearing of, etc.). 
 
 aufero, abstull, ablatus, auferre, 
 [ab-fero], irr. v. a., carry off, carry 
 away , re?nove, take away. 
 
 auged, auxi, auctus, augere, 
 [\/aug (causative or fr. unc. noun- 
 stem)], 2. v. a., increase , magnify, 
 enhance , add to (something). — Pass., 
 be increased, increase. 
 
 augur, -uris, [?, avi+ unc. term.], 
 M., an augur (one of the official 
 soothsayers of the Roman state. 
 They formed a college which decided 
 all matters connected with the pub- 
 lic auspices, and these auspices were 
 very closely connected with the Ro- 
 man polity; in fact, no important 
 matter was ever begun without first 
 consulting them). 
 
 augustus, -a,-um, [?, perh. faug- 
 or- ( aug + or) + tus, but the 
 meaning is somewhat inconsistent 
 with this etym.], adj., consecrated 
 (either by augury or perhaps with 
 the same sense that lies in auctor, 
 auctoritas), venerable, august . 
 
 Aulus, -i, [?], m., a Roman prae- 
 nomen. 
 
 Aurelius, -I, [for Auselius, akin 
 to aurum, Aurora, and uro], M., 
 a Roman gentile name. 
 
 Aurelius, -a, -um, [same word as 
 preceding, declined as adj.], adj., of 
 Aurelius, Aurelian : Forum Aure- 
 lium (a market town on the Aure- 
 lian Way in Etruria, about 50 miles 
 from Rome) ; via (the old Aurelian 
 W ay, the great military road leading 
 from Rome along the coast of Etru- 
 ria) ; tribunal (a raised judgment- 
 seat near the east end of the Forum). 
 
 aureus, -a, -um, [auro + eus], 
 adj., of gold, golden, gold : nomen 
 (gilded, the name Chrysogonus, gold- 
 born) . 
 
 auris, -is, [akin to ear, stem f auri- 
 (cf. audio)], f., an ear: adhibere 
 (listening ears, attention ). 
 aurum, -I, [akin to uro],N ., gold. 
 auspicium, -I, [auspic-ium], n., 
 an augury (an observation of the 
 omens), auspices (in the plural). 
 
 aut [?, but cf. autem], conj., or 
 (regularly exclusive, cf. vel). — Re- 
 peated, either . . . or. 
 
 autem [?, akin to aut], conj., 
 but (the weakest degree of opposi- 
 tion, cf. sed), on the other hand, 
 however, then again, now (explana- 
 tory), again, whereas (in slight op- 
 position to something preceding), 
 and even (where not only has been 
 implied before). 
 
 auxilium, -i, [fauxili- (akin to 
 
24 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 augeo, cf. fusilis) + ium], N., as- 
 sistance, aid, remedy, relief, help : 
 ferre (to assist, to aid, to render 
 assistance ) ; adventicia auxilia (re- 
 inforcements, etc.); omnium aux- 
 ilia (the aid of all ) ; summum om- 
 nium gentium (source of help')-, 
 auxilia sociorum (auxiliaries, re- 
 inforcements, as opposed to the regu- 
 lar troops of the Romans). 
 
 avaritia, -ae, [avarS + tia], F., 
 greed, avarice, love of money, greed 
 of gain. 
 
 avarus, -a, -um, [fava- (stem 
 akin to aveo) + rus (cf. gnarus)], 
 adj., greedy of gain , miserly , avari- 
 cious: homo avarissimus (a man 
 of the greatest greedy of the greatest 
 avarice'). 
 
 aveo, -ere, no perf., no p.p., 
 [prob. t av ®- (V AV + us ) 3 ’ 2 * Vt a,> 
 desire , he eager. 
 
 aversus, -a, -um, see averto. 
 averto, -vertl, -versus, -vertere, 
 [ah-verto], 3. v. a., turn aside, di- 
 vert, turn away, avert: mentem 
 alicujus (deter) . — aversus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. as adj., averse to , indisposed to. 
 
 avide [old abl. of avidus], adv., 
 greedily , eagerly , with eagerness , with 
 avidity. 
 
 avidus, -a, -um, [favo- (cf. aveo 
 and avarus) + dus], adj., eager , 
 desirous. 
 
 avitus, -a, -um, [avo- (as if avi-) 
 
 4. tus], adj., of one's grandfather, of 
 one's ancestors, ancestral ■ 
 
 avoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab-voco], 
 1. v. a., call away, call off. 
 
 avunculus, -I, [avo- (as if avon-, 
 or perh. through it as intermediate 
 stem) -f cuius], M., an uncle (on 
 the mother’s side, cf. patruus). 
 
 avus, -i, [perh. akin to aveo], 
 M., a grandfather . 
 
 B. 
 
 bacchor, -atus, -ari, [Baccha-], 
 
 I. v. dep .yjoin in a bacchanal orgy. 
 
 — Less exactly, rave, run riot , revel. 
 
 Baliaricus (Bale-), -a, -um, 
 [Balearic cus], adj., of the Bale- 
 aric isles. — Esp., Baliaricus , as a 
 Roman surname applied to Csecilius 
 Metellus, who conquered these is- 
 lands (cf. Africanus). 
 
 balneum, -i, (phir., -ae or -a), 
 [corruption of fid\av€?ov~\, N. and F. 
 a bath Plur ., public baths. ^ 
 
 barbaria, -ae, [barbaro + ia], 
 
 F., savageness. — Also, a barbarous 
 nation (cf. heathendom). 
 
 barbarus, -a, -um, [prob. from 
 the inarticulate sound of foreign 
 speech], adj., strange, foreign, out- 
 landish. — Also, savage, uncivilized, 
 rude, barbarous, cruel. — Plur., bar- 
 barians, barbarous people. 
 
 barbatus, -a, -um, [barba + tus, 
 as if p.p* of denom. verb fbarbo, cf. 
 bearded ], adj., bearded. — Esp., as 
 an attribute of the old Romans, long- 
 bearded ancients, unshaven old wor- 
 thies. 
 
 | basis, -is, (-eos), [Ba<ns], F., a 
 pedestal. 
 
 beatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of beo], 
 adj., blessed, happy , fortunate. — Esp. 
 (in wealth), rich, well-to-do. . ^ 
 bellicosus, -a, -um, [bellico + 
 osus], adj., 7 varlike. 
 
 bellicus, -a, -um, [bell5 + cus], 
 adj., of war, in war. 
 
 bello, -avi, -atus, -are, [bello-J, 
 1. v. w., fight, make war: bellandi 
 virtus ( 1 excellence in war). 
 
 bellum, -1, [old duellum, from 
 duo, a strife between two ], N., war , 
 a war : bellum inferre {make war, 
 offensive); parare bellum (make 
 warlike preparations). 
 
 / 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 2$ 
 
 belua, -ae, [?], F., a wild beast . 
 — Fig., a brute , a monster, a wild 
 beast. 
 
 bene [abl. of bonus], adv., well: 
 bene gerere rem (be successful in , 
 etc., see gero) ; ad res bene geren- 
 das (for success in great exploits ) ; 
 bene sanum (thoroughly sound ) ; 
 bene sperare (have good hope). 
 
 beneficium, -I, [beneficd- (re- 
 duced) + ium (but perh. bene-ffici- 
 um, cf. officium)], n., well-doing , 
 a service , a favor , often rendered by 
 Eng. plur., services , favors shown , 
 services rendered: meo beneficio 
 (thanks to me ) ; in beneficiis (among 
 the beneficiaries ). — Esp., of the fa- 
 vors of the people as shown by elec- 
 tion to office: vestrum jus benefi- 
 ciumque (your rights and favors 
 conferred) ; hoc beneficium populi 
 Romani (this favor shown me by the 
 Roman people ). 
 
 beneficus, -a, -um, [bene + ficus 
 ( -y/FAC + us)], adj., beneficent. 
 
 benevolentia, -ae, [benevolent 
 + ia], F., good-will, kindness. 
 
 benevolus, -a, -um, [bene-f volus 
 ( -y/voL -f us)], adj., well-wishing, 
 kindly. 
 
 benignitas, -tatis, [benigno -f 
 tas], F., kindness, favor. 
 
 bestia, -ae, [?], f., a brute (as 
 opposed to man, cf. belua, a mon- 
 ster or ferocious beast), a beast. 
 
 bibo, bibi, bibitus, bibere, [ ?, ^/pa 
 reduplicated], 3. v. a. and n., drink . 
 
 biduum, -i, [fdvi-duum (akin 
 to dies)], N., two days * time, two 
 days. 
 
 bini, -ae, -a, [fdvi + nus], adj. 
 plur., two each, two sets of, two (of 
 things in pairs or sets). 
 
 biparti to [abl. of bipartitus], 
 
 adv., in two divisions. 
 
 bis [for dvis, unc. case-form of 
 duo (cf. cis, uls)], adv., twice. 
 
 Bithynia, -ae, [B iduvld], F., part 
 of Asia Minor on the Propontis. 
 
 blandus, -a, -um, [?], adj., coax- 
 ing, persuasive , fascinating. 
 
 bonitas, -tatis, [fbono + tas], 
 F., goodness, kuidness : praediorum 
 (fertility). 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, [?], adj., good: 
 bona ratio cum perdita (sound rea- 
 son with desperate counsels ) ; bono 
 animo esse (to be well disposed ); 
 optimum est (it is best) ; optimum 
 judicium facere (express so high an 
 opinion) ; Bona Dea (a goddess of 
 Rome worshipped by women in se- 
 cret). — Neut. as subst.,£w</, advan- 
 tage : tantum boni (such an advan- 
 tage). — Plur., goods, property , estate. 
 
 — Masc. plur .,good men (esp. of the 
 better class of citizens), honest men , 
 good citizens. 
 
 Bosporanus, -a, -um, [Bosporo 
 + anus], adj., of the Bosphorus . — 
 Plur., the people living on it. 
 
 brevis, -e, [for fbregus, ^/bragh 
 + us], adj., short (of space or time), 
 brief. 
 
 brevitas, -tatis, [fbrevi + tas], 
 
 F., shortness. 
 
 breviter [fbrevi + ter], adv., 
 briefly. 
 
 Brocchus, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 name. — Titus Brocchus , an uncle 
 of Milo. 
 
 Brunduslnus, -a, -um, [Brun- 
 dusio + inus], adj., of Brundusium. 
 
 — Plur., the people of Brundusium. 
 
 Brundusium (Brundis-), -i, [ ?], 
 
 N., a town of Apulia, the port of de- 
 parture for Greece. 
 
 Brutus, -i, [brutus, heavy], M., a 
 family name at Rome. — Esp. : 1 . 
 Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus , a 
 
26 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 iegatus of Caesar. He distinguished 
 himself in command of Caesar’s fleet 
 off the coast of Gaul, and afterwards 
 in the civil war on the side of Caesar. 
 But he joined the conspiracy against 
 Caesar with Marcus Brutus, and was 
 one of Caesar’s assassins. He was 
 afterwards killed in Gaul by order of 
 Antony. 2. Decimus Junius Brutus , 
 cons. B.c. 138, conqueror of Lusitania. 
 
 bucula, -ae, [bovi + cula], f., a 
 heifer . 
 
 bulla, -ae, [?], F., a bubble . — 
 Also, a knob , a boss. 
 
 \ bustum, -I, [?, perh. n. p.p. of 
 buro (cf. comburo)], N., a tomb. 
 
 C. 
 
 C, numeral for 100. 
 
 C., abbreviation for Gajus, usu- 
 ally called in English Caius. 
 
 cadaver, -eris, [ ?, unc. form akin 
 to cado], N., a corpse , a body (dead). 
 
 cado, cecidl, casurus, cadere, 
 [^/cad], 3. v. n., fall , be killed. — 
 Fig., happen , turn out , come to be. 
 — Also,/zz 7 , cease , come to nought. 
 
 Caecilia, -ae, [f. of following 
 word], F.,the name of several women 
 of the gens Ccecilia (see following 
 word). — Esp. : I. Ccecilia Metella , 
 a daughter of Q. Ccecilius Metellus 
 Baliaricus , and wife of Appius Clau- 
 dius Pulcher. 
 
 Caecilius, -i, [?, caeculo+ ius], 
 M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : 
 1. L. Ccecilius Rufus, praetor B.c. 57, 
 who was instrumental in procuring 
 the return of Cicero. 
 
 caecus, -a, -urn, [?], adj., blind 
 (also fig-)* — Also, dark. Esp., 
 Ccecus as a Roman name, see Clau- 
 dius. 
 
 caedes, -is, [fcaed (as root of 
 
 caedo) + is], F., murder , massacre, 
 slaughter , assassination, butchery , a 
 deadly affray : maximam facere 
 ( commit wholesale murder). 
 
 caedo, cecldi, caesus, caedere, 
 [prob. causative of cado, cf. fall, 
 fell], 3. v. a., strike , strike down , 
 beat (as with rods), beat (as of an 
 army),/*?// (of trees), cut down , slay. 
 
 Caelius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name.— -Esp. : 1. M. Ccelius, 
 a tribune of the people B.C. 52, and 
 a protege of Cicero, who exerted 
 himself in behalf of Milo; 2. Q. Cce- 
 lius Latiniensis , a tribune of the 
 people; 3. T. Ccelius, a gentleman 
 of Terracina, mysteriously assassi- 
 nated. 
 
 caelum, -i, [?], N., the sky, the 
 atmosphere, the air, the heavens, 
 heaven (as the abode of the gods) : 
 in caelum tollere ( extol to the skies) . 
 
 caementum, -i, [caed- (as root 
 of caedo) + mentum], N., loose 
 stones , rubble . 
 
 caenum, -i, [?], n., mud. — Ap- 
 plied to persons, man of filth. 
 
 caerimbnia, -ae, [?], f., a cere- 
 mony, a rite. 
 
 Caesar, -aris, [?], M., a family 
 name in the gens Julia. — Esp.: 1. 
 C. Julius C cesar, the conqueror of 
 Gaul; 2. L. Julius Ccesar, a kins- 
 man of the former, acting as his 
 Iegatus in Gaul; 3 * Ccesar, a 
 name given to Octavius (Augustus) 
 as adopted son of No. 1. 
 
 Caesonius, -i, [?, cf. Caesar], 
 M., a gentile name. — Esp., M. Cceso- 
 nius, a colleague of Cicero in the 
 sedileship, and one of the judices in 
 the case of Verres. 
 
 Cajeta, -ae, [?], F., a port on the 
 coast of Italy (now Ga'eta). 
 
 Cajus, see Gajus. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 27 
 
 Cal., see Calendae. 
 calamistratus, -a, -um, [cala- 
 mistro- (as if verb stem in -a, cf. 
 barbatus) -f- tus], adj ,,with curled 
 hair , crimped. 
 
 calamitas, -tatis, [?],f., disaster 
 (orig. to crops?), defeat , misfortune 
 (also euphemistically for death), ruin. 
 
 calamitosus, -a, -um, [calamita- 
 (ti?) -}- osus], adj., unfortunate: 
 res calamitosa est ( a matter of 
 misfortune ) . 
 
 calceus, -I, [calc + eus], m., a 
 
 shoe. 
 
 Calendae, see Kalendae. 
 Calidius, -I, [?, calidd -j- ius], 
 M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., 
 Q. Calidius , a Roman ex-prsetor, 
 condemned for extortion. 
 
 callidus, -a, -um, [fcallo- (cf. 
 caUum) + dus], adj., (fought ') , 
 shrewd \ cunning, skilful. 
 
 calor, -oris, [cal-(asrootof caleo) 
 + or], m., heat. 
 
 calumnia, -ae, [ ?, f calumno- 
 (cf. alumnus) + ia], f., trickery 
 (orig. in an accusation) , falsity. 
 
 calx, -cis, [?, cf. calculus], F., 
 (m.?), a stone . — Esp., lime. 
 
 campus, -I, [?], m., a plain.— 
 Esp., the Campus Martius (the 
 meeting-place of the Roman comitia, 
 just outside the city proper, in the 
 region now occupied by modern 
 Rome). — Fig., a field (of activity). 
 
 candidates, -a, -um, [candido- 
 (as if verb stem in -a) + tus (cf. 
 barbatus)], adj., clad in white . — 
 Hence, a candidate (because these 
 appeared in newly-whitened togas). 
 
 canis, canis, [?], m. and f., a 
 dog, a hound. 
 
 cano, cecinl, cantus, canere, 
 [^/CAN], 3. v. a. and n., sing, sound 
 (with voice or instrument). — Hence | 
 
 (because oracles and prophecies were 
 in vers €), prophesy, foretell, predict , 
 give warning beforehand. 
 
 canto, -avi, -atus, -are, [canto-], 
 1. v. a. and n., sing, play (on an 
 instrument) . 
 
 cantus, -tus, [^/can+ tus], m., 
 
 a song, a tune, singing, playing, 
 music. 
 
 capessd, -slvi, -situs, -sere, [akin 
 to capio with unc. form], 3. v. a., 
 seize, take hold of: rem publicam 
 {engage in politics ). 
 
 capillus, -i, [adj. form akin to 
 caput], M., the hair (collective). 
 
 capio, cepi, captus, capere, 
 
 [ \/CAp] , 3. v. a., take, capture, take 
 possession of, get, acquire, seize : 
 arma ( take up) ; urbes, legatos 
 (take captive)-, consilium (adopt) ; 
 magistratum (enter upon)', vim 
 (take up, adopt)', fructus (reap); 
 somnum (take, enjoy); mens ali- 
 quid (conceive) ; career aliquos 
 (hold, contain) ; amentiam civitas 
 (endure) ; vos oblivio (possess ) ; 
 captus equester ordo (taken cap- 
 tive); mente captus (stricken in 
 mind, insane). 
 
 capitalis, -e, [capit + alis], adj., 
 
 (relating to the head), chief, prin- 
 cipal : hostis (deadly, cf. “ arch 
 enemy ”). 
 
 Capitd, -onis, [capit + o], m., a 
 Roman name (cf. Naso, Cicero). 
 — Esp., T. Roscius Capito, an enemy 
 of Sex. Roscius. 
 
 Capitolinus, -a, -um, [Capitolio 
 -f inus], adj., of the Capitol: clivus 
 (the hill of the Capitol, the road lead- 
 ing up from the Forum to the top of 
 the Capitoline Hill) : cohortes (the 
 guards of the Capitol). 
 
 Capitolium, -i, [capit- (with 
 unc. terminations and connection)], 
 
28 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 N., the Capitoline Hill . — Also, the 
 Capitol , the temple of Jupiter on 
 
 this hill. , 
 
 Cappadocia, -ae, [KaTnraSoKio], 
 
 F., one of the districts of Asia Minor, 
 south of Pontus, west of the Eu- 
 phrates, north of the Taurus range, 
 and east of Phrygia. 
 
 Capua, -ae, [?], F., the chief city 
 of Campania, famed for its wealth 
 and luxury. 
 
 caput, capitis, [?], N., the head. 
 
 — Hence, life , existence (as a citi- 
 zen), civil rights : judicium de ca- 
 pite ( capital trial). — Also, chief 
 point, source, highest point, climax : 
 caput urbis ( centre , the senate- 
 house). 
 
 Carbo, -onis, [?], M., ( coal ). 
 
 Also, as a Roman family name. 
 
 Esp. : I. C. Papirius Carbo , cons. 
 b.c. 82, the last leader of the Marian 
 faction; 2. C. Papirius Carbo , trib- 
 une of the people B.c. 89, one of 
 the proposers of the Lex Plautia Pa- 
 piria in regard to Roman citizen- 
 ship; 3. C. Papirius Carbo , tribune, 
 B.C. 128, father of 2. and uncle of 1., 
 a demagogue attached to the party 
 of the Gracchi, but afterwards op- 
 posed to them. 
 
 career, -eris, [prob. borr. fr. Gr. 
 K&pKapov^\, M., a prison, a gaol. 
 
 cared, -ui, -iturus, -ere, [ ?]> 2.v.n., 
 be without , go without , be deprived 
 of lose , deprive one's self of : aegrius 
 ( suffer from the want of ); foro 
 ( stay away from). 
 
 caritas, -tatis, [caro + tas], f 
 dearness , preciousness , high price. 
 Also, with change of point of view, 
 affection , fondness. 
 
 carmen, -inis [?, akin to cano], 
 N., a song , a verse (of poetry), 
 poetry. 
 
 [?], adj., dear , 
 
 carus, -a, -um, 
 
 precious , valuable . 
 
 Cassianus, -a, -um, [fCassio- 
 (reduced) + anus (cf. Romanus)], 
 adj., of Cassius: illud Cassianum 
 ( that saying of Cassius). 
 
 Cassius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp.: 1. L. Cassius 
 Longinus Ravilla , consul B.c. 127 
 (see Cassianus); 2. L. Cassius 
 Longinus , one of the jurors in the 
 case of Verres; 3. C. Cassius Longi- 
 nus, another of the same family, who 
 voted in favor of the Manilian law; 
 
 4. L. Cassius , one of the associates 
 of Catiline. 
 
 caste [old abl. of castus], adv., 
 with purity , purely , virtuously. 
 
 Castor, -oris, [Katrr cop], M., the 
 brother of Pollux, son of Jupiter and 
 Leda, worshipped by the Greeks and 
 Romans, with his brother, as a di- 
 vinity. Their temple was in the 
 forum: ad Castoris (to the temple 
 of Castor). 
 
 castrensis, -e, [castro + ensis] , 
 adj., of the camp : latrocinium 
 
 (armed, open , as by a pitched camp 
 instead of hidden crime). 
 
 I castrum, -i, [ Vskad? (cover) + 
 tram], N., a fortress. — Plur., a camp 
 (fortified, as was the manner of the 
 Romans) : armis et castris dissi- 
 debamus (we were at variance in 
 arms and in pitched battle ). 
 
 casus, -us, [ffCAD + tus], M., 
 (what befalls), an accident, a chance 
 (good or bad), d mischance, a mis- 
 fortune : casus temporum (the exi- 
 gencies of the times) ; casus humani 
 (vicissitudes ) ; casu (by chance, by ac- 
 cident, accidentally, as it happened). 
 
 Catilina, -ae, [?], M., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp., L. Sergius Cati - 
 Una, who was charged by Cicero with 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 29 
 
 ati attempt to burn the city and over- 
 throw the government (see Orations 
 against Catiline). 
 
 Catilmarius, -a, -um, [Catilina 
 + arius], adj., of Catiline. 
 
 Cato, -onis, [prob. cato- (stem 
 of catus, cf. Catulus) + o], M., a 
 Roman family name. — Esp. : I. M. 
 Porcius Cato , called the Censor (also 
 Sapiens , Mayor, and Orator ), of 
 plebeian origin and a “novus homo,” 
 but a violent supporter of the old 
 Roman aristocracy. He began his 
 military service as early as 217 B.C., 
 and only ended his political career at 
 his death in B.c. 149, having been one 
 of the most prominent men in the 
 state during the whole of that interval. 
 2. M. Porcius Cato , grandson of the 
 preceding, a friend of Sulla, and 
 father of Cato Uticensis. 3. M. Por- 
 cius Cato Uticensis, son of the pre- 
 ceding, and nephew of M. Livius 
 Drusus, famous for the constancy 
 (perhaps obstinacy) of his character 
 and for his death at Utica, which he 
 sought with his own hands rather 
 than submit to Caesar. He was 
 one of the judices in the case of 
 Milo. 
 
 Catulus, -I, [cat 5 + lus, little 
 hound (?), cf. Cato], M., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp.: 1. Q. Lutatius 
 Catulus, consul B.c. 78, one of the 
 best and most eminent men of the 
 aristocracy in the times following 
 the retirement of Sulla. He was 
 one of the opposers of the Manilian 
 law. 2. Q. Lutatius Catulus, father 
 of the preceding, consul B.C. 102 
 with Marius. 
 
 causa, -ae, [prob. akin to caveo], 
 F., a case (at law), a cause. — Hence, 
 a side (in a dispute), a party , a case , 
 a situation, a claim , a reason , a mo- 
 
 tive, a purpose. — Esp., abl. causa, 
 following a noun ,for the sake of for : 
 sua causa (for his sake); monu- 
 menti causa ( for a monument). 
 
 Causinius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 name. — Esp., C. Causinius Schola , 
 a man of Interamna, a witness in 
 the case of Milo. 
 
 caute [old abl. of cautus], adv., 
 cautiously, with caution, carefully. 
 
 cautio, -onis [cavi- (as if stem 
 of caveo) + tio], F., taking care , 
 caution, a security (a means of tak- 
 ing care). 
 
 cautor, -toris, [cavi + tor], m., 
 
 one who takes care , one who guards 
 against, a security (a person acting 
 as such). 
 
 caveo, cavi, cautus, cavere, [?], 
 
 2. v. a. and n., take security (perh. 
 orig. a legal word), be on one’s 
 guard, guard against, take care, be- 
 zvare, look out for (something so as to 
 prevent it). — Esp., cave with subj. 
 in prohibitions with or without ne, 
 do not, take care not to, see that you 
 do not . — cautus, -a, -um, p.p. as 
 adj., cautious, on one's guard. 
 
 cedb, cessi, cessurus, cedere, [?], 
 
 3. v. n., make zvay (giving place). — 
 Esp., give way, retreat, retire : pos- 
 sessione (yield the possession) . — 
 Fig., yield, give way, retire, allow, 
 permit : temporibus rei publicae. 
 
 celeber, -bris, -bre, [?], adj., 
 crowded ’ frequent, much frequented : 
 locus (public); urbs (populous); 
 gratulatio (very general ). — Hence, 
 famous. 
 
 celebritas, -tatis, [celebri-f tas], 
 
 F., numbers, frequency, a crowd ’ 
 populousness , publicity. — Hence (cf. 
 celeber), celebrity : famae (widely- 
 extended fame) ; supremi diei (pub- 
 lic ceremonies , etc.). 
 
30 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 celebro, -avi, -atus, -are, [cele- 
 bri-], i. v. a., crowd , throng, fre- 
 quent. — Hence, celebrate , talk of 
 spread abroad , a#;;* abroad ', extol , 
 praise: festos dies; adventus; 
 gloriam. 
 
 celer, -eris, -ere, [ ^cel (in cello) 
 
 -f ris], adj., swift, quick, speedy, fast. 
 
 celeritas, -tatis, [ f celer i + tas], 
 f., swiftness, activity, speed, prompt- 
 ness : quae celeritas reditus ( how 
 speedy a return). 
 
 celeriter [celeri + ter], adv., 
 quickly , speedily , rapidly , in haste , 
 very soon , soon. 
 
 celo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, akin to 
 clam and caligo], I. v. a ., conceal, 
 hide. — Pass., pass unnoticed. 
 
 cena (coe-), -ae, [?], f., a din- 
 ner (the principal meal of the day, 
 eaten at various times in the after- 
 noon). 
 
 ceno, -avi, -atus, -are, [cena-], 
 i. v. n., dine. — cenatus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. in active sense, having dined, 
 after dinner. 
 
 censed, censui, census, censere, 
 [?], 2. v. a., (perh .fine), review (of 
 the censor), assess, enrol (as a citi- 
 zen), reckon, estimate. — Less ex- 
 actly, give one's opinion , advise, de- 
 cree (of the Senate), determine, 
 think : censendi causa ( for the cen- 
 sus, to be reviewed by the censor). 
 
 censor, -oris, [cen- or cent- (as 
 root of censeo) + tor], M., the cen- 
 sor (the officer at Rome who en- 
 rolled and taxed the citizens) : prox- 
 imis censoribus (at the last cen- 
 sus). 
 
 census, -us, [akin to censeo], 
 M., a numbering, a census , an enrol- 
 ment (of citizens by the censor). 
 
 centesimus, -a, -um, [cento + 
 esimus], adj., the hundredth. 
 
 centum, [?], indecl. num. adj., 
 
 one hundred. 
 
 centuria, -ae, [cento- (or centu-) 
 
 -f unc. term.], F., a hundred. — Esp., 
 a century (a division of the Roman 
 people in their elective capacity as 
 originally organized in an army, in 
 which a century was half of a mani- 
 
 ple >- _ _ . , 
 
 centuriatus, -tus, [centuria + 
 
 tus], M., office of centurion, a centu- 
 
 r ions hip. 
 
 centurid, -avi, -atus, -are, [cen- 
 turia-], i.v. a., divide into centuries. 
 — centuriatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
 divided into centuries. — Esp., of the 
 people: comitia centuriata (the 
 chief election of the Roman people), 
 see comitia. 
 
 centurio, -onis, [centuria- (or 
 kindred stem) + o], M., a centurion 
 (a commander of one-half a maniple, 
 answering nearly to a modern ser* 
 geant). 
 
 Ceparius (Cae-), -i, [cepa -f 
 arius, onion-seller^ , M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., M. Ceparius , 
 one of the Catilinarian conspirators. 
 
 Ceres, -eris, [?, unc. root + cs, 
 the beneficent ?], F., the goddess o( 
 grain among the Romans. 
 
 cerno, crevi, cretus, cernere, 
 [^/cer], 3. v. a., separate. — Hence, 
 distinguish, see, behold, descry , per' 
 ceive, discern. — See also certus. 
 
 certamen, -inis, [fcerta- (in 
 certo) + men], n., a struggle, a 
 contest, rivalry. 
 
 certatim [certa + tim (as if acc. 
 of fcertatis, cf. partim)], adv., (in 
 a rivalry), eagerly. 
 
 certe [old abl. of certus], adv., 
 certainly, surely, no doubt , at least 
 (surely what is mentioned, if nothing 
 more). 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 31 
 
 certo [abl. of certus], adv., with 
 certainty : certo scio (I am per- 
 fectly sure , I a?n convinced , I ai?i 
 certain , I am well aware ). 
 
 certo, -avi, -atus, -are, [certo-], 
 I. v. n. (and a.), contend , struggle , 
 vie (with one in doing anything). 
 
 certus, -a, -urn, p.p. of cerno as 
 adj., determined \ fixed , certain (of 
 the thing as well as the person), 
 sure, established , tried f trustworthy , 
 trusty , certain (in its indefinite use 
 as a pronoun), soine , a particular , a 
 special ’ a certain: ratio (sound ') ; 
 mihi certum est (lam determined). 
 
 cervix, -Icis, [prob. akin to cere- 
 brum, cornu, cervus], f., the back 
 of the neck , the neck , the shoulders 
 (the back just below the neck, esp. 
 in plur) : molem a cervicibus de- 
 pellere (throw off a weight from the 
 shoulders) ; cervices dare (offer one's 
 throat to be cut , properly, lean for- 
 ward to have one’s head struck off, 
 esp. in fig. sense); furores a cer- 
 vicibus repellere (repel a mad at- 
 tack from one's throat). 
 
 (ceterus), -ra, -rum, [y'CE (in 
 ecce, hie) + terus (cf. alter)], adj., 
 the other , the rest of (cf. alius, other , 
 not including all) . — Plur., the rest, 
 the remaining , the others , every one 
 else , everything else , others (meaning 
 all others) : ad ceteras res (in 
 every other respect) ; ceteris (the 
 rest) opitulari et alios ( others , not 
 all) servare; cetera tua (your 
 other deeds). 
 
 Cethegus, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp., C. Cethegus , 
 one of the Catilinarian conspirators. 
 
 Chilo, -onis, [?], M., a Roman 
 .family name. — Esp., Q. Annius 
 Chilo , one of the Catilinarian con- 
 spirators. 
 
 Chius, -a, -um, [X?os], adj .,of Chios 
 (an island in the Aigean) . — Plur., 
 the Chians (the people of the isle). 
 
 Chrysogonus, -i, [Xpvaoyovos'], 
 M., (gold-born) , a favorite of Sulla, 
 who enriched himself from the prop- 
 erty of the proscribed. 
 
 cibus, -I, [?], M., food. 
 
 Cicerb, -onis, [cicer + o, orig. a 
 nickname, possibly from excrescences 
 on the nose], M., a name of a % Ro- 
 man family from Arpinum. — Esp.: 
 
 1. Marcus Tullius , the great orator; 
 
 2. Quintus (Tullius), his brother. 
 
 Cilices, -cum, [KtAi/ces], M. plur., 
 
 the people of Cilicia. 
 
 Cilicia, -ae, [K i\iidd], F., the 
 country of Asia Minor south of the 
 Taurus, a favorite place of refuge for 
 pirates. 
 
 Cimber, -bri, [?], m., used in the 
 plural of the Cimbri , a German tribe 
 of Jutland, conquered at Vercelke 
 by Marius and Catulus. — Also used 
 as a Roman name, esp. Gabinius 
 Cimber , one of the conspirators with 
 Catiline. 
 
 Cimbricus, -a, -um, [Cimbro + 
 cus], adj., of the Cimbri: res (the 
 story of the Cimbri, the history of 
 their invasion and defeat). 
 
 cingo, cinxi, cinctus, cingere, [?], 
 
 3. v. a., surround, encircle. 
 
 cinis, cineris, [?], m. and F., 
 ashes. 
 
 Cinna, -ae, [?], m., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp., L. Cornelius 
 Cinna , a colleague of Marius, and 
 one of his adherents in the civil war 
 with Sulla. 
 
 Cinnanus, -a, -um, [Cinna + 
 anus], adj., of Cinna : dies (the 
 day when Cinna slaughtered the ad- 
 herents of the consul Octavius and 
 re-established the party of Marius). 
 
32 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 circum [acc. of circus, cf. cir- 
 ca], adv. and prep., around, about : 
 tribus ( ' around, jimong ). 
 
 circumcludo, -clusi, -clusus, 
 -cludere, [ circum- claudo] , 3. v. a., 
 enclose around, encircle, place a 
 band around, shut in, hem in. 
 
 circumdo, -dedi, -datus, -dare, 
 [circum- 2. do], i.v.a ., put around : 
 ignes {set around ) ; custodias {set). 
 
 jjy a confusion of ideas , surround, 
 
 encircle. 
 
 circumfundo, -fudi, -fusus, -fun- 
 der e, [circum-fundo] , 3. v. a .,pour 
 around. — Pass, (as reflexive), pour 
 in, rush around, rush in on all 
 sides. — Also (cf. circumdo), sur- 
 round: copiis circumfusus. 
 
 circumscrlbo, -scrips!, -scriptus, 
 -scribere, [circum-scribo], 3. v. a., 
 write around, draw around. 
 Hence, hold in check, limit, confine, 
 cheat, defraud. 
 
 circumscriptor, -toris, [circum- 
 scriptor], M ., a cheat. 
 
 circumsedeb, -sedl, -sessus, -se- 
 dere, [cireum-sedeo], 2. v. a., sit 
 around, surround. — Hence, block- 
 ade, besiege. 
 
 circumspicio, -spexi, -spectus, 
 -spicere, [circum-specio], 3. v. a., 
 look about for. — Fig., think over, 
 consider, cast about for, survey. 
 
 circumsto, -stetl, no p.p., -stare, 
 [circum-sto], 1. v. a., surround. 
 
 circus, -I, [prob. for fcicrus(unc. 
 root + rus) cf. ku/cAos], m., ( round ?), 
 a circus (a building orig. oval, for 
 races, etc.) : Flaminius {the Flamin- 
 ian circus, one of the most famous 
 of these buildings, situated by the 
 Campus Martius, near the Capitoline 
 and the river; used for meetings of 
 the people); maximus {the Circus 
 Maximus, the largest and most im- 
 
 portant of these buildings, between 
 the Palatine and the river). 
 
 cisium, -I, [?, prob. a foreign 
 word], N., a chaise (a light two- 
 wheeled vehicle, something like a 
 chaise without a top). 
 
 Cispius, -!,[?], M., a Roman gen- 
 tile name. — Esp., M. Cispius, a 
 tribune of the people at the time of 
 Cicero’s return from exile. 
 
 cito [abl. of citus, p.p. of cieo], 
 adv., quickly— citius, comp., sooner , 
 rather. 
 
 cito, -avi,-atus, -are, [cito-], i.v.a., 
 urge on, hurry, set in motion. 
 
 Also, summon, cite. 
 
 citro [dat. of citer (ci + ter)], 
 adv., {to this side) : ultro citro- 
 que {this way and that, back and 
 forth) . 
 
 civilis, -e, [civi + lis], adj., of a 
 citizen (or citizens), civil, internal 
 (in reference to the state), intestine: 
 bellum {civil)\ causa {political)-, 
 odium ( partisan , political ) ; jus 
 {civil, as opposed to natural). 
 
 civis, -is, [ fci (in quies) + vis 
 (weakening of -vus)], C., a citizen, 
 a fellow-citizen. 
 
 ci vitas, -tatis, [civi + tas], f., 
 the state of being a citizen, citizen- 
 ship.— Esp., Roman citizenship, the 
 Roman franchise. — Less exactly, a 
 body of fellow-citizens, the citizens (as 
 a body), one's fellow- citizens, a state 
 (composed of citizens), a city (ab- 
 stractly, cf. urbs, a city, locally), a 
 nation, a tribe (politically) : nomen 
 civitatis {the name of citizen ) ; for- 
 tunam hujus civitatis {of citizen- 
 ship in this city). 
 
 clades, -is, [?, perh. akin to *Aaa>], 
 F., a damage, a disaster, loss, destruc- 
 tion, ruin. — Esp., in war, defeat, 
 disaster , 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 33 
 
 clam [case of stem akin to cali- 
 go, etc.], adv. and prep., secretly. 
 
 clamito, -avi, -atus, -are, [freq. of 
 clamo, perh. fclamita-(cf. nauta)], 
 
 i. v. a., keep crying out , vociferate , 
 cry out. 
 
 clamo, -avi, -atus, -are, [stem akin 
 to /caAea>, perh. fclama- (cf. fama)], 
 i. v. a. and n., cry out , exclaim . 
 
 clamor, -oris, [clam (as if root 
 of clamo) + or], m., a shouting , a 
 shout , a cry , an outcry , clamor, 
 shouts (as if plur.). 
 
 clarus, -a, -um, [ -y/CLA (in clamo) 
 + rus], adj., loud, distinct , bright , 
 clear . — ¥\g., famous, distinguished , 
 eniinent, glorious. 
 
 classis, -is, [^/cla (in clamo) 
 + tis], F., (a summoning'). — Less 
 exactly, the army (called out, cf. 
 legio, a levy). — Esp., an an?iy 
 (called out for duty at sea), a fleet 
 (the most common later meaning), 
 naval forces. 
 
 Claudius, -i, [claudo+ius (prop, 
 adj.)], M., a Roman gentile name. 
 
 — Esp.: i . Appius Claudius Caecus, 
 consul in B.C. 54; 2. C. Claudius , 
 aedile B.C. 99. 
 
 claudd, clausi, clausus, claudere, 
 [of unc. form, akin to clavis], 
 3. v. a., close, shut , fasten , shut up 
 (of a prisoner), confine. 
 
 clavus, -i, [prob. ^/klu (in clau- 
 do, increased) + us], M., a nail. — 
 Also (cf. clava), a tiller , a rudder, 
 the helm. 
 
 clemens, -entis, [perh. ^/cla (in 
 clarus) + mens (cf. vehemens)], 
 adj., (bright?), gentle (of weather). 
 
 — Fig., gentle, kind, merciful, hu- 
 mane, gracious, kindly, clement . 
 
 clementer [element-!- ter], adv., 
 mercifully, graciously. 
 
 dementia, -ae, [clement -f ia], 
 
 F., kindness, gentleness, humanity, 
 clemency. 
 
 cliens, -entis, [pres. p. of clueo], 
 
 C., (a hearer), a dependent, a vas- 
 sal, a retainer. (It was the custom 
 at Rome for persons of humble ori- 
 gin to attach themselves to some 
 prominent Roman in a kind of vas- 
 salage. ) 
 
 clientela, -ae, [client -f ela (imi- 
 tating suadela, etc.)], f ., vassalage 
 (as condition of a cliens). — Also, 
 a relation of clientage , a connection 
 with a client: pro clientelis (in 
 place of clients). 
 
 clivus, -i, (in clino) -f 
 
 vus], M., a slope, a declivity, an ac- 
 clivity : Capitolinus (the road to the 
 Capitol, the street in Rome which 
 ascended from the Forum to the 
 Capitol). 
 
 cloaca, -ae, [akin to cluo, cleanse'] , 
 F., a sewer. 
 
 Clodianus, -a, -um, [Clodio + 
 anus], adj., of Clodius: crimen (made 
 by him); leges (passed by him). 
 
 Clodius, -i, [the popular form of 
 Claudius], m., a Roman gentile 
 name, belonging to the plebeian 
 branch of the gens Claudia. — Esp., 
 1. P. Clodius, a most bitter enemy of 
 Cicero. He was killed in a fray by 
 T. Annius Milo. 2. C. Clodius, an- 
 other of the same family. 
 
 Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus (cf. 
 C. and Cajus). 
 
 Cnaeus, see Gnaeus. 
 
 Cnidius (Gn-), -a,-um, [K^i 5 (os], 
 adj., of Cnidus. — Masc. plur., the 
 people of Cnidus. 
 
 Cnidus (Gni-), -i, [K^tSos], f., a 
 city of Caria, famous for a statue of 
 Venus. 
 
 coactus, -a, -um, see cogo. 
 
 coaedificd, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 
34 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 aedifico], lv. a., build together, join 
 (in building), build and join. 
 
 coarguo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [con- 
 arguo], 3. v. a., prove , prove guilty , 
 accuse . 
 
 coemo, -emi, -emptus, -emere, 
 [con-emo], 3. v. a., 
 coeo, -Ivi, no p.p., -ire, [con-eo], 
 irr. v. n., come together , form 
 
 (by uniting). 
 
 coepi, -isse, [con-fapi (perf. of 
 fapo, cf. apiscor)], def. v. a., {have 
 taken hold of ), began , tmdertook , 
 started: perge quo coepisti (>&#^ 
 started). — coeptus, -a, -urn, p.p., 
 used in same sense as active with 
 passive infinitives. 
 
 coerceo, -ercui, -ercitus, -erc^re, 
 [con-arceo], 2. v. a., confine, keep 
 in check, put down, crush, coerce, re- 
 press. 
 
 coetus, -tus, [con-itus], m., a 
 
 meeting, an assembly (not regularly 
 convened, cf. contio), an assemblage, 
 a concourse. 
 
 cogitate [old abl. of cogitatus], 
 adv., thoughtfully, purposely, design- 
 edly. 
 
 cogitatio, -onis, [cogita + tio], 
 
 F., thought , a design, a plan , an ex- 
 pectation, imagination, an idea. 
 
 cogito, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 agito (in sense of revolve, discuss)'], 
 1. v. a., consider, think over , think 
 of. — Esp. (as to some plan of ac- 
 tion), think about, discuss (what to 
 do), have an idea of, intend, consider 
 (that something may happen), ex- 
 pect (contemplate the possibility) : 
 cogitare ne {see that not, think how 
 not, plan to prevent) ; nihil cogitare 
 {have no thought, think of nothing ) ; 
 nihil cogitass e (never had a thought)', 
 hoc cogitat {has this idea) ; mag- 
 num aut amplum cogitare {have 
 
 any great or noble, idea) ; nihil cogi- 
 tas {meditate nothing) ; cogitare 
 de {think of, meditate, plan)', ut 
 exsilium cogites {dream of any 
 exile) ; nihil esse a me nisi optime 
 cogitatum {that I had had none but 
 the best designs ); cogitati furores 
 {meditated, intended)', cogitatum 
 facinus {premeditated ) . 
 
 cognatiS, -onis, [con-(g)natio], 
 
 F., connection by birth , kinship, kin- 
 dred, relationship : non gratia non 
 cognatione {not by influence of per- 
 sonal friends or powerful relations) . 
 
 cognitio, -onis, [con-(g)notio, cf. 
 cognosco], F., learning, study, be- 
 coming acquainted with, examina- 
 tion, acquaintance. 
 
 cognitor, -toris, [con-f(g)notor, 
 cf. cognosco], M., {one who investi- 
 gates ?), an attorney. — Less exactly, 
 a defender, a supporter , an advo- 
 cate . — Also, one who is acquainted 
 with (a person), a voucher. 
 
 cognomen, -minis, [con-(g)no- 
 men], N., a name. — Esp., the per- 
 sonal or family last name, a sobriquet, 
 a nickname. 
 
 cognoscS, -gnovi, -gnitus, -gnos- 
 cere, [con(g)nosco], 3. v. a., learn, 
 find out, find, become aware, become 
 acquainted with, recognize , hear (a 
 thing read). — Esp., investigate, in- 
 quire into, learn about, study, con- 
 sider.— In perfect tenses (cf. nos- 
 co), know, be aware, be acquainted 
 with : cognitum est {was known) ; 
 causa cognita {upon a full investi- 
 gation, after trial ) ; spectatus et 
 cognitus {tried and proved) ; cog- 
 noscendi consuetudo {of investiga- 
 tion) . 
 
 cogo, coegl, coactus, cogere, [con- 
 ago], 3. v. a., bring together , collect, 
 assemble, get together . — Esp., of 
 
money, collect , exact. — Hence, force , 
 compel , oblige : senatum ( assemble , 
 of the consul, who could enforce at- 
 tendance). 
 
 cohaereo, -haesi, -haesurus, -hae- 
 rere, [con-haereo], 2. v. n., cling 
 together , cohere , be closely connected. 
 
 cohibeo, -hibui, -hibitus, -hibere, 
 [con-habeo], 2. v. a., hold together , 
 hold in check , restrain , (from 
 
 anything), control. 
 
 cohors, -hortis, [con-fhortis (re- 
 duced), akin to hortus], F., an en- 
 closure. — Hence, <2 body of troops , a 
 cohort (the tenth part of a legion, 
 corresponding as a unit of formation 
 to the company of modern tactics, 
 and containing from 300 to 600 men) . 
 — Loosely, soldiers , infantry , armed 
 men. — Also, any body of infantry 
 or persons conceived as such, a troop , 
 a company , a band: praetoria ( a 
 body-guard ', attending the com- 
 mander, originally praetor). 
 
 cohortatio, -onis, [con-hortatio 
 (cf. cohortor)], F., an exhortation , 
 an encouraging , encouragement. — 
 Esp. (to soldiers) , an address (almost 
 invariably a preliminary to an engage- 
 ment). 
 
 cohortor, -atus, -ari, [con-hor- 
 ror], 1. v. dep., encourage , rally , ex- 
 port, address (esp. of a commander), 
 collaudo, see conlaudo. 
 collectio, see conlectio. 
 collega, see conlega. 
 collegium, see conlegium. 
 colligo, see conligo. 
 collinus, -a, -um, [colli + nus], 
 adj., of the hill. — Esp., of the tribe 
 of that name, the Collina (a name 
 of great antiquity and unc. meaning), 
 collocb, see conloco. 
 colloquor, see conloquor. 
 colluvio, see conluvio. 
 
 colo, colui, cultus, colere, [ ^/col, 
 cf. inquilinus], 3. v. a., till, culti- 
 vate : agrum; studia. — Also, wor- 
 ship, reverence, court , show respect 
 to, observe : delubra ( worship at). 
 
 colonia, -ae, [colono + ia], F., 
 (state of a colonist ). — Concretely, 
 a colony (both of the establishment 
 and the persons sent). The Roman 
 colonists were and continued to be 
 Roman citizens, and served as armed 
 occupants of the soil where they were 
 sent in the interests of the mother 
 country (cf. municipium, a con- 
 quered city, partially incorporated 
 into the Roman state). 
 
 colonus, -i, [verb stem akin to 
 colo + nus, cf. patronus, aegro- 
 tus], M., a farmer. — Esp., a colo- 
 nist (a Roman citizen to whom lands 
 were granted away from the city), a 
 citizen of a colony. 
 
 Colophon, -onis, [KoAo^wj/], M., 
 a town of Lydia, one of the seven 
 that claimed Homer as their citizen. 
 
 Colophonius, -a, -um, [Colophon 
 -fius], adj., of Colophon. — Plur., 
 the people of Colophon. 
 
 color, -oris, [prob. akin to ca- 
 ligo, as opposed to white\ M., color, 
 complexion. 
 
 columen, -inis, [stem akin to co- 
 lumna, incolumis (?), cello (?, 
 cf. excelsus) + men (cf. crimen)], 
 N., a pillar , a prop , a stay : reipub- 
 licae (as in English). 
 
 columna, -ae, [stem akin to col- 
 umen + mna (cf. alumnus)], F., a 
 column , a pillar. — Esp., the Col- 
 umn (moenia, a pillar in the Forum 
 on which notices of insolvency were 
 posted). 
 
 coma, -ae, [/cJ/xt/], F., hair (on 
 the head), locks (hair arranged or 
 ornamented). 
 
36 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 combnro, -ussi, -ustus, -uiere, | 
 [con-tburo(?), relation to uro very 
 uncertain, cf. bustum], 3. v. a., burn 
 up , consume. 
 
 comes, -itis, [con-fmitis (-^/ma 
 ( in meo) + tis, cf. semita)], c., a 
 companion (esp. an inferior as at- 
 tendant or follower), a follower , an 
 adherent , an associate , an attendant. 
 
 cdmissatio, -onis, [comissa + 
 tio], F., a revel (in the streets after 
 a debauch). 
 
 comitatus, -tus, [comita + tus], 
 
 M., an accompanying , a company , a 
 train , a following , followers , an es- 
 cort. 
 
 comitium, -i, [?, perh. comit- 
 (see comes) + ium, the assemblage 
 of followers (cf. servitium)], N., a 
 part of the Forum at Rome. — Plur., 
 the assembly (of the people for vot- 
 ing), an election. 
 
 comitor, -atus, -ari, [comit-], 
 
 1 . v. dep., accompany . — comitatus, 
 -a, -urn, p.p. in pres, sense, accom- 
 panying. — Also, in pass, sense, ac- 
 companied. 
 
 commeatus, -tus, [con-meatus, 
 cf. commeo], m., a going to and 
 fro , an expedition (back and forth), 
 a trip, — Hence, communications 
 (of an army). — So also, supplies (of 
 an army ), provisions. 
 
 commemorabilis, -e, [con- 
 memorabilis (cf. commemoro)], 
 adj., noteworthy , notable , praisewor- 
 thy , remarkable. 
 
 commemoratio, -5nis, [con- 
 memoratio (cf. commemoro)], f., 
 
 a calling to mind , mention , com- 
 memoration (calling to mind with 
 respect), a reminder , remembrance 
 (putting in Eng. the result for the 
 process). 
 
 commemoro, -avi, -atus, -are, 
 
 [con-memoro], I. v. a., remind one 
 of — Hence, speak of mention , state 
 (in a narrative) : judicia commemo- 
 randa {noteworthy) . 
 
 commendatio, -onis, [con-fman- 
 datio(cf. commendo)], F., a recom- 
 mendation. 
 
 commendo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 mando], i.v. a., intrust , recommend , 
 surrender , commend (for help or 
 protection) . 
 
 commeo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [con- 
 meo], I. v. n., go back and forth. — 
 With ad, visit, resort to. 
 
 commercium, -i, [fcommerc + 
 ium (cf. commercor)], N., com- 
 mercial intercourse , trade , commerce , 
 dealings (in the waj of trade). 
 
 commisced, -scui, -xtus (-stus), 
 -scere, [con-misceo], 2. v. a., mingle , 
 mix. 
 
 committo, -misi, -missus, -mit- 
 tere, [con-mitto], 3. v. a., {let go 
 (send) together or altogether). — 
 Hence, join, unite, attach : proelium 
 {engage, begin the engagement).— 
 Also, entrust, trust: tabulas com- 
 mittere {put into the hands of, etc.) ; 
 nihil his committere {place no con- 
 fidence in, etc.). — Also, admit , al- 
 low (to happen), commit (suffer to 
 be done, cf. admitto), perpetrate, 
 do : committere ut posset {leave it 
 possible) ; nihil committere {do 
 nothing wrong) . 
 
 commodo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 modo-], i.v. a., adapt. — Also (cf. 
 commodus) , loan, lend. 
 
 commodum, see commodus. 
 
 commodus, -a, -um, [con-mo- 
 dus, see A. & G., 168^], adj., {hav- 
 ing the same measure with) , fitting, 
 suitable, convenient, advantageous : 
 commodissimum est {it is the best 
 thing, most advantageous). — N eut. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 37 
 
 as subst., convenience , comfort, ad- 
 vantage, interest : commodo nostro 
 (at our convenience) ; commoda 
 quibus utimur (blessings). 
 
 commoneo, -monui, -monitus, 
 -monere, [con-moneo] , 2. v. a., re- 
 mind. 
 
 commoror, -atus, -ari, [con-mo- 
 ror], 1. v. dep., delay , stay, wait. 
 
 commoveo, -movi, -motus, -mo- 
 vere, [con-moveo], 2. v. a., move , 
 stir, agitate. — With reflex., or in 
 pass., be moved, move (intrans.), stir. 
 — Fig., disturb , agitate , affect, alarm, 
 influence (with idea of violent feel- 
 ing), move, trouble. 
 
 communico, -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [f communico- (communi + cus)], 
 I. v. a., (make common), share, com- 
 municate, consult (with a person 
 about a thing, and so make it com- 
 mon), add (a thing to another),/**/ 
 in along with (something else) : 
 causam (confound with that of an- 
 other); ratio cum illo communi- 
 catur (shared by him) . 
 
 communio, -onis, [communi+o 
 (cf. legio)], F., participation (in 
 common), sharing: sanguinis (the 
 ties of blood). 
 
 communis,- -e, [con + munis (cf. 
 
 munia, dutiesj], adj., (having shares 
 together), common, general, in com- 
 mon : ex communi consensu (by 
 general agreement)', consilium (gen- 
 eral plan , concerted action ) ; jura 
 (universal, natural) ; quid tarn 
 commune (universal). — Neut. as 
 subst., a community, an association : 
 a Cretensium communi (from the 
 Cretans in common). 
 
 communiter [communi -f ter], 
 adv., in common, in general. 
 
 commutabilis, -e, [commuta + 
 bilis], adj., changeable. 
 
 commutatio, -onis, [con-muta-f- 
 tio (cf. commuto)], f., change. 
 
 commuto, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 muto], 1. v. a .^change, exchange. 
 
 comparatio, -onis, [con-paratio 
 (cf. comparo)], f., a comparison , 
 a preparation. 
 
 comparo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 paro], 1. v. a., get ready, prepare , 
 win, secure, procure, gain, get to- 
 gether, prepare for (with a different 
 view of the object in English), ar- 
 range, establish, ordain (of institu- 
 tions) : insidias (lay) ; uxor se (get 
 ready). — Also (cf. confero), com- 
 pare (possibly a different word). 
 
 compellb, -puli, -pulsus, -pellere, 
 [con-pello], 3* v. a., drive together 
 (or altogether), drive in, force, drive. 
 
 comperendino, -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [conperendino-], 1. v. a. and n., 
 adjourn (of a court). — Also, of one 
 of the parties, close the case (so as to 
 be ready for adjournment). 
 
 comperid, -peri, -pertus, -perire, 
 [con-pario], 4. v. a., (get together), 
 find out (by inquiry), discover. 
 
 competitor, -toris, [con-petit or], 
 M., a competitor, a rival. 
 
 complector, -plexus, -plecti,[con- 
 plector], 3.v.dep., embrace, include, 
 enclose. — Less exactly, love, cherish : 
 sententia (express concisely). 
 
 compleo, -plevi, -pletus, -plere, 
 [con-pleo], 2. v. a., fill up, fill. — 
 With a different conception of the 
 action from Eng., cover, man (of 
 walls) . 
 
 complexus, -us, [con-fplexus 
 (cf. complector)], m., an embrace. 
 
 complures, -plura (-ia), [con- 
 plus], adj. plur., very many, a great 
 many, a great number of. 
 
 compono, -posui, -positus, -po- 
 nere, [con-pono], 3. v. a., put to - 
 
38 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 gether. — Also, settle , make a settle- 
 ment . — compositus, -a, -um, p.p. 
 as adj., settled , composed. 
 
 comporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 porto], I. v. a., bring together. 
 
 compos, -otis, [con-pOtis],adj., in 
 possession of: hujus urbis(« citizen). 
 
 comprehendo, -hendi, -hensus, 
 -hendere, [con-prehendo], 3. v. a., 
 seize , catch, take into custody , arrest , 
 capture , grasp (one by the hand or 
 clothing). — Fig., take, catch (of 
 fire) , firmly grasp (of facts) . 
 
 comprimo, -pressi, -pressus, -pri- 
 mere, [con-premo], 3. v. a., press 
 closely , crush, repress, foil, put down. 
 
 comprobo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 probo], 1. v. a., approve, sanction, 
 prove. 
 
 conatus, -tus, [cona- (stem of 
 Conor) +tus], M., an attempt , an 
 effort, an undertaking. 
 
 concedd, -cessi, -cessus, -cedere, 
 [con-cedo], 3. v. a. and n., retire, 
 go out of the way. — Also, give up (a 
 thing to one), allow, grant, assign 
 (leave, where the rest is taken 
 away) , permit, yield the palm (to a 
 superior), yield, admit , concede. 
 
 concelebro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 celebro], 1. v. a., celebrate, attend in 
 throngs. 
 
 concertatio, -onis, [con-certa + 
 tio], F., rivalry, contention. 
 
 concerto, -avi, -aturus, -are, [con- 
 certo], 1. v. n., contend. 
 
 concido, -cidi, -casurus, -cideie, 
 [con-cado], 3. v. n .,fall downfall. 
 
 Fi g.,fail, be impaired, collapse. 
 
 concido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, 
 [con-caedo], 3. v. a., cut to pieces, 
 cut down (kill), cut up, mangle. 
 
 conciliatricula, -ae, [concilia- 
 tric -f ula], F., a little conciliator 
 (female or conceived as such), an 
 
 insinuating charmer, a flattering 
 commendation. 
 
 concilio, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 cilio- (stem of concilium)], i.v. a., 
 bring together (cf. concilium). — 
 Hence, win over (originally by per- 
 suasion in council?), secure (even by 
 force), win, gain : feras inter sese 
 ( attach to each other). 
 
 concilium, -i, [con-fcilium 
 ( -y/CAL -f- ium, cf. Calendae)], N., 
 a meeting. — Esp., an assembly (of 
 war or state), a council, a confer- 
 ence, a united body (of merchants, 
 farmers, or the like), the people (as- 
 sembled in the comitia tributa). — 
 Cf. consilium, which is often equiv- 
 alent, but refers rather to the action 
 or function than the body. 
 
 concipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
 [con-capio], 3. v. a., take up, take 
 on, take in, get (maculam), incur 
 (infamiam). — Of the mind, con- 
 ceive, plan , devise. 
 
 concitatio, -onis, [con-citatio 
 (cf. concito)], ¥., excitement. 
 
 concito, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 cito], I. v. a., arouse, stir up, call 
 out (and so set in motion), excite , 
 agitate : mala {set on foot) . 
 
 conclave, -is, [con-clavis] , N., a 
 chamber (originally locked). 
 
 concludo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 
 [con-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up, en- 
 close. — Also, conclude, finish. 
 
 concordia, -ae, [concord + ia] , 
 F., harmony, concord, unanimity . - 
 
 Esp., Concord (worshipped as a god- 
 dess by the Romans, like many other 
 qualities, and having a famous tem- 
 ple on the slope of the Capitoline 
 looking towards the Forum). 
 
 concors, -ordis, [con-cor], adj., 
 harmonious: fratres {mutually af- 
 fectionate). 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 39 
 
 concupisco, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -Iscere, 
 [con-fcupisco], 3. v. a., covet , desire 
 earnestly , long for. 
 
 concurro, -currl (-cucurri), -cur- 
 surus, -currere, [con-curro], 3. v. n., 
 run together , rush tip, rush in, rush 
 ( advance), yfoci to, hasten in : con- 
 cursum est ( there was a rush). 
 
 concurso, -avi, -aturus, -are, [con- 
 curso], I. v. n., rush to and fro, run 
 about. 
 
 coneursus, -sus, [con-cursus (cf. 
 concurro)], M., a rushing to and 
 fro, a dashing together (collision). — 
 Esp., a charge , onset, a crowd run- 
 ning, a crowd, a crowding together, 
 a concourse , an assembling (in a 
 tumultuous manner), an assembly. 
 
 condemno, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 damno], 1. v. a., condemn , find 
 guilty. — Less exactly , condemn (not 
 in a court). 
 
 condicio, -onis, [con-dicio (cf. 
 condico)] , F., terms , condition, terms 
 of agreement, terms (of fighting), 
 state (of slavery), lot, situation, a 
 bargain, position. 
 
 conditio, see condicio. 
 condo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [con-do], 
 3. v. a., put together, found, build. — 
 Also, lay up, preserve (cf. condio). 
 
 condonatio, -onis, [con-donatio 
 (cf. condono)], f., a giving up, a 
 donation. 
 
 condono, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 dono], i.\.2i.,give up, pardon for 
 the sake of. 
 
 conduco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
 [con-duco], 3. v. a., bring together, 
 bring up (soldiers) . — Also, hire. 
 
 confectio, -onis, [con-factio (cf. 
 conficio)], F., a finishing. 
 
 confercio, -fersi, -fertus, -fercire, 
 [con-farcio], 4. v. a., crowd together. 
 — confertus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj. 
 
 (both of the thing crowded and the 
 place), close, crowded, dense, closely 
 crowded, in close order, in a solid 
 body : confertus cibo ( crammed 
 with food). 
 
 confero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [con- 
 fer o], irr. v. a., bring together, get 
 together, bring in, gather, collect. — 
 With or without culpam, lay the 
 blame on, charge, ascribe. — With re- 
 flexive, betake one's self, remove, take 
 refuge, devote. — So with other words, 
 remove, establish. — Also, postpone, 
 delay, devote, confer, contribute, set, 
 appoint, compare. — Esp. : signa (join 
 battle in a regular engagement) ; pes- 
 tem ( bring upon, visit upon) ; spem 
 ( set upon something); orationem 
 ( direct towards). 
 
 confertus, -a, -um, p.p. of con- 
 fercio. 
 
 confessio, -onis, [con-f fassio (cf. 
 confiteor)], F., a confession. 
 
 confestim [acc. of fcon-festis 
 (cf. festino)], adv., in haste, imme- 
 diately, at once. 
 
 conficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
 [con-facio], 3. v. a., (do up), ac- 
 complish, complete, finish up, carry 
 out, finish, perform. — Also, make 
 up, write up (of a document), work 
 up (of skins tanned). — Also (cf. 
 Eng. “ done up ") , finish up, exhaust, 
 wear out, kill. 
 
 confictio, -onis, [con-fictio (cf. 
 confingo)], F., a making up, an 
 invention. 
 
 confido, -fisus sum, -fidere, [con- 
 fido], 3. v. n., be confident, trust, 
 trust to, have confidence in, rely on, 
 feel assured. — confisus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. in active sense, trusting in. 
 
 confingo, -finxi, -fictus, -fingere, 
 [con-fingo], 3. v. a., make up, manu- 
 facture, invent, imagine . 
 
40 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 confirmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 firmo], I. v. a., strengthen. — Fig., 
 strengthen , establish , encourage , 
 jirtn , re-establish , reassure. — Hence 
 (of things and statements), confirm , 
 declare , assert, assure (one of a 
 thing) , prove , support (a statement) : 
 Galliam praesidiis; causam auc- 
 toritatibus; audaciam; conjuncti- 
 onem; imbecillitatem ( £7^ strength 
 to). 
 
 confiteor, -fessus, -fiteri, [con- 
 fateor], 2. v. dep., confess, acknowl- 
 edge, admit, make confession. 
 
 conflagro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 flagro], 1. v. n., be on fire, burn, be 
 
 burned. Fig. : invidia {be consumed 
 
 by a fire of indignation). 
 
 confligo, -flixi, -flictus, -fligere, 
 [con-fligo], 3. v. a. and n., dash 
 against, contend, fight. 
 
 conflo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-flo] , 
 
 1. v. a., blow up (of a fire). Fig., 
 excite, kindle. — Also, fuse, melt. — 
 Hence (fig.), get together, gather, 
 fuse: injuria novo scelere con- 
 flata (got up, devised). 
 
 confluo, -fluxi, no p.p., -ere, [con- 
 fluo], 3. V. n .,flow together. Less 
 exactly (of persons ), flock together : 
 portus ( unite their waters). 
 
 conformatio, -onis, [con-forma- 
 tio (cf. conformo)], F. (concretely), 
 form, conformation, structure, form- 
 ing, training. 
 
 conformo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 formo], I. v. a., form, mould, train. 
 
 confringo, -fregi, -fractus, -frin- 
 gere [con-frango], 3. v. a., break 
 up, shatter. 
 
 confugio, -fugi, no p.p., -fugere, 
 [con-fugio] , 3. v. n., flee, take refuge. 
 
 congero, -gessi, -gestus, -geiere, 
 [con-gero], 3- v - a -> bring together, 
 heap together, mass together , heap upon. 
 
 congredior, -gressus, -gredi, [con* 
 gradior], 3. v. dep., come together. 
 
 — In peace, unite with. — Esp., in 
 war, come in contact with, engage, 
 fight. 
 
 congrego, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 fgrego (cf. aggrego)], 1. v. a., 
 bring together, gather together, col- 
 led. — With reflex, or in pass., as- 
 semble, gather . 
 
 congruo, -ui, no p.p., -uere, [?, 
 congruo-(con-grus, cf. flock together, 
 herd together, dog one's footsteps, crane 
 the neck )], 3. v. n ., flock together (cf. 
 example below). — Hence, harmo- 
 nize, agree : multae causae conve- 
 nisse unum in locum atque inter 
 se congruere (combine). ~ 
 
 conicio (-jicio), -jeci, -jectus, 
 -icere [con-iacio], 3. v. a., throw 
 together, hurl, cast, discharge, aim : 
 se conciere (rush) ; sortem (cast, 
 draw).— Less exactly, esp. in a military 
 sense), throw (into prison) , put, place, 
 station (cf. military throw troops into, 
 etc.) , force. — Fig., put together (of 
 ideas), conjecture, guess : in noctem 
 se conicere (rush out into the dark- 
 ness, rush out at night). 
 
 coniveo (conn-), -nivi (-nixi), 
 -nivere, no p.p.» [con-niveo], 2. v. n., 
 wink, (also fig. as in Eng.) shut the 
 eyes, connive. 
 
 conjectura, -ae, [con-iactura, 
 cf. conicio], F., a guess (“putting 
 two and two together ”), a conjecture , 
 an inference. 
 
 conjicio, see conicio. 
 conjunctio, -onis, [con-junctio 
 (cf. conjungo)], F., a uniting, a 
 union , a connection. 
 
 conjungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun- 
 gere, [con-jungo], 3. v. a., unite, 
 connect, fasten together. In pass., 
 or with reflexive, unite (neuter), row- 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 41 
 
 nect one’s self join. — conjunctus, 
 -a, -um, p.p. as adj., united ’ closely 
 connected , in conjunction with : cum 
 his (ludis) plebeios esse conjunc- 
 tos ( follow immediately ) ; quod 
 (bellum) reges ( unite to wage). 
 
 conjunx, -jugis, [con-fjux( y/jUG, 
 as stem, with intrusive n from j un- 
 go)], C., a spouse. — Esp., F., a wife. 
 
 conjuratio, -onis, [con-juratio, 
 (cf. conjuro)], F., a conspiracy , a 
 confederacy. 
 
 conjuratus, see conjuro. 
 conjuro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 
 iuro], 1. v. n., swear together , take 
 an oath (together), swear mutual 
 oaths. — Hence, conspire. — conju- 
 ratus, p.p. as subst., a conspirator. 
 
 conlatus (coll-), -a, -um, p.p. of 
 confero. 
 
 conlaudo (coll-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [con-laudo], 1. v. a upraise (in set 
 terms). 
 
 conlectio (coll-), -onis, [con- 
 lectio], F., a collecting , a gathering. 
 
 conlega (coll-), -ae, [con-flega 
 (y/LEG + a)], M., a colleague (one 
 of two or more persons holding an 
 office with equal powers). 
 
 conlegium (coll-), -i, [con-le- 
 gium (?), or conlega + ium], n., a 
 body of colleagues , a body (composed 
 of such persons) . — Also, a corpora- 
 tion , an organized body , a club , a 
 guild. 
 
 conligb (coll-), -legi, -lectus, 
 -ligere, [con-lego], 3. v. a., gather , 
 collect ', acquire (by accumulation). 
 
 — With reflexive, collect one’s self 
 recover, gather : naufragi conlecti 
 ( picked up). 
 
 conloco (coll-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [con-loco], 1. v. a., place , set , station 
 (of troops, etc.), set up, lay : insidias. 
 
 — Esp. (with or without nuptum), 
 
 give in marriage , marry (of a father 
 or guardian) . — Fig., settle , place 
 (spem), invest (pecunias), locate 
 (sedem). 
 
 conloquor (coll-), -locutus, -lo- 
 qui, [con-loquor], 3.V. dep., confer , 
 hold an interview (or parley), par- 
 ley, converse. 
 
 conluvio, -onis, [con-fluvio (akin 
 to luo)], F., wash, dregs. 
 
 connlveo, see coniveo. 
 
 Conor, -atus, -ari, [?, con- stem 
 akin to onus], 1 . v. dep., attempt, try, 
 endeavor : conatum (an attempt) . 
 
 conqueror, -questus,-queri, [con- 
 queror], 3. v. dep., complain, 7 nake 
 complaint. 
 
 conquiesco, -quievi, -quieturus, 
 -quiescere, [con-quiesco], 3. v. n., 
 rest, repose, find rest, be quiet, be idle . 
 
 conquisitor, -toris, [con-quaesi* 
 tor], M., an investigator, a searcher, 
 a detective. 
 
 Consanus, (Comps-), -a, -um, 
 [Consa + anus], adj., of Consa (a 
 city of the Hirpini). — Plur., the 
 people of Consa. 
 
 consceleratus, -a, -um, [con- 
 sceleratus], adj., accused, criminal. 
 
 conscientia, -ae, [con-scientia, 
 cf. consciens], F., consciousness, 
 privity, conscience, consciousness of 
 guilt. 
 
 conscius, -a, -um, [con-fscius, 
 Vsci (in scio) + us], adj., knozving 
 (with one’s self or another), con- 
 scious, privy, a witness , a confidant. 
 
 conscrlbo, -scripsi, -scriptus, -scri- 
 bere, [con-scribo], 3. v. a., write 
 down. — Esp., enrol, conscribe, levy . 
 
 — Esp.: Patres conscripti (sena- 
 tors, the senate ). 
 
 consecro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 sacro], 1. v. a., hallow, consecrate. 
 
 — consecratus, -a, -um, p.p. as 
 
42 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 adj., consecrated) sacred \ hallowed: 
 Aristaeus in templo ( worshipped ) ; 
 viri ad. immortalitatis et religio- 
 nem et memoriam consecrantur 
 ( are held in reverence). 
 
 consensio, -onis, [con-fsensio, 
 cf. consentio], F., agreement, , una- 
 nimity. 
 
 consensus, -sus, [con-sensus, cf. 
 consentio], M., agreement , consent , 
 harmonious (or concerted) action f 
 unanimous action . 
 
 consentio, -sens!, -sensurus, -sen- 
 tire, [con-sentio], 4 - v - n -> a £ ree > 
 conspire , make common cause , act 
 with (some one). 
 
 consequor, -secutus, -sequi, [con- 
 sequor], 3. v. dep., follow (and stay 
 with), overtake . — Hence, obtain , se- 
 cure , attain , succeed in (some pur- 
 pose), arrive at. — Also, follow close 
 upon , succeed) ensue , result: quaes- 
 
 tum OO ; fructum (w». 
 
 conservatio, -onis, [con-serva- 
 tio (cf. conservo)], ¥. preservation. 
 
 conservator, -toris, [con-serva- 
 tor (cf. conservo)], M., a preserver , 
 a saviour. 
 
 conservo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 servo], I. v. a., save, preserve) spare) 
 k ee p. — Also, observe (law, right), 
 regard. 
 
 consessus, -sus, [con-sessus (cf. 
 consedeo)], M., a sitting together , a 
 session , a body (sitting together), 
 bench (of judges) . 
 
 considero, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, 
 poss. fconsidero- (from adj. stem of 
 which sidus is neut., cf. deside- 
 rium)], 1. v. a., dwell upon, con- 
 sider ) contemplate. 
 
 Considius, -i, [con-fsidius (akin 
 to sedeo)], M., a Roman name.— 
 Esp., C. Considius Longus in Africa 
 as propraetor B.C. 50. 
 
 consido, -sedi, -sessurus, -sidere, 
 [con-sido], 3. v. n., sit down (in a 
 place). — Less exactly, take a posi- 
 tion) halt) encamp) settle. 
 
 consilium, -i, [con-fsilium (cf. 
 consul, akin to salio, in some ear- 
 lier unc. meaning)], N., deliberation. 
 
 — Esp., wise counsel) advice , wis- 
 dom, prudence , discretion. — Hence, 
 a plan, a counsel , design) purpose y 
 course (as design carried out), meas- 
 ure, conduct, a policy , a stratagem. 
 
 Esp., a deliberative body (more 
 
 abstract and with more reference to 
 the act or function of deliberating 
 than concilium, which see), a coun- 
 cil a body of counsellors , a bench (of 
 judges), a panel (of a jury), a court 
 (consisting of a body of judices) : 
 casus ad consilium admittitur 
 (, chance is not admitted to council ) ; 
 privato consilio non publico {as a 
 private not a public measure , by pri- 
 vate and not by official action) 5 par- 
 tim consiliis partim studiis {partly 
 with policy partly with political feel- 
 ing) ; publico consilio factum {as 
 a state measure ) ; uno consilio {with 
 one continuous purpose or policy ) ; 
 consilium publicum {council of 
 state , of the senate) ; ad consilium 
 publicum rem deferre {the estab- 
 lished council of state) ; non deest 
 rei publicae consilium {a plan of 
 action settled by the council of state ) ; 
 erat ei consilium ad facinus ap- 
 tum {power of planning) ; consilio 
 malitiae occurrere {with wise meas- 
 ures ); aliquod commune consilium 
 {any consulting body). 
 
 consisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere, 
 [con-sisto], 3. v. n., take a stand, 
 take a position , stand , keep one's posi- 
 tion, form (of troops). — In perf. 
 tenses, have a position , stand. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 43 
 
 Hence, stand stilly stop , halt , make 
 a stand \ hold one's ground, run 
 aground (of ships), remain , stay . — 
 With in, occupy , rest on. — Fig., de- 
 pend on, rest on. 
 
 consobrinus, -i, [con-sobrinus] , 
 M., first cousin (on the mother’s 
 side). — Less exactly, (any) cousin 
 german. 
 
 consolatio, -onis, [con-solatio 
 (cf. consolor)], f., consolation, 
 solace . — Also, as in Eng., a means 
 of consolation. 
 
 consolor, -atus, -ari, [con-solor], 
 i. v. dep., console. — consblatus, 
 -a, -um, p.p. as pres., consoling. 
 
 consors, -sortis, [con-sors], adj., 
 associating, sharing, a sharer. 
 
 conspectus, -tus, [con-spectus, 
 cf. conspicio], m., sight, a viezv. 
 
 conspicio,-spexi,-spectus,-spicere, 
 [con-fspecio], 3. v. a., look upon, see. 
 
 conspiratio, -onis, [con-spiratio 
 (cf. conspiro)], F., a conspiracy, a 
 combination (not in a bad sense). 
 
 conspiro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 spiro], 1. v c n., sound together. — 
 Fig., harmonize. — Also, conspire , 
 league together: consensus conspi- 
 rans ( a blended harmony). 
 
 constans, -ntis, p. of consto, 
 which see. 
 
 constanter [constant + ter], 
 
 adv., consistently , uniformly, stead- 
 ily, with constancy , firmly . 
 
 constantia, -ae, [constant + ia], 
 F., firmness, constancy, undaunted 
 courage , strength of character. 
 
 constituo, -stitui, -stitutus, -stitu- 
 ere, [con-statuo], 3. v. a. and n., 
 erect, set up, raise, put together , make 
 up. — Hence, establish , station, ar- 
 range, form, draw up. — Fig., deter- 
 mine, apponit, agree upon , determine 
 upon, ordain, fix, decide upon, estab- 
 
 lish a principle that, etc. : Jupiter 
 constitutus ( consecrated ) ; colonias 
 {plant); rationem salutis {base, 
 found) ; spem {repose) ; suspicio- 
 nem {make out); supplicium {de- 
 cide upon, inflict) ; imperatorem 
 {create, appoint) ; exercitum {set 
 on foot); consulares ad caedem 
 {destine, mark out). 
 
 consto, -stiti, -staturus, -stare, 
 [con-sto], 1. v. n., stand together . — 
 Fig-, agree, be consistent (esp. of ac- 
 counts). — Hence, be established, ap- 
 pear, be agreed upon, be evident. — 
 Also (from accounts), cost. — Also, 
 depend upon, consist, be composed . — 
 constans, -ntis, p. as adj., consiste?it, 
 steady, fir jn, steadfast. 
 
 constringo, -strinxi, -strictus, 
 -stringere, [con-stringo], 3. v. a., 
 bind fast, hold fast bound, bind hand 
 and foot, hold in check, restrain. — 
 In many fig. uses, the figure is re- 
 tained in Latin where it can hardly 
 be kept in English. 
 
 consuesco, -suevi, -suetus, -sues- 
 cere, [con-suesco], 3. v. n., becoi?ie 
 accustomed. — In perf. tenses, be ac- 
 customed, be wont. — consuetus, -a, 
 -um, p.p., accustomed, wont, used. 
 
 cbnsuetndo,-inis, [con-fsuetudo 
 (prob. fsuetu + do, as in gravedo, 
 libido), cf. consuesco], F., habit, 
 custom, habits (collectively), man- 
 ners, customs, precedent, ordinary 
 method, habitual intercourse, inter- 
 course : victus {customary mode of 
 living) ; incommodorum {the habit 
 of enduring, etc.). 
 
 consul, -ulis, [con-sul (cf. prae- 
 sul, exsul), root of salio in some 
 earlier unc. meaning], M., a consul 
 (the title of the chief magistrate of 
 Rome, cf. consilium). — With proper 
 names in abl., the usual way of indi- 
 
44 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 eating dates: M. Messala et M. 
 Pisone consulibus (in the consul- 
 ship of etc.); se consule (in his 
 consulship , as a date or occasion) ; 
 pro consule (see proconsul). 
 
 cbnsularis, -e, [consul + aris], 
 adj., of a consul , of the consuls , con- 
 sular .— with homo, etc., or 
 as subst., an ex-consul . 
 
 consulates, -tus, [fconsula- (cf. 
 exsulo) + tus], M., consulship (cf. 
 consul), the office of consul. 
 
 consulo, -sului, -sultus, -sulere, 
 [prob. consul, though poss. a kin- 
 dred or independent verb], 3. v. a. 
 and n., deliberate , consult , take coun- 
 sel, decide. — With acc., consult , take 
 one's advice , ask the advice of 
 With dat., take counsel for , consult 
 the interests of consult for the wel- 
 fare of look out for , do a service to. 
 — See also consulto and other par- 
 ticipial forms. 
 
 consulto [prob. like abl. absolute 
 p.p. used impersonally, cf. auspi- 
 cato], adv., with deliberation, pur- 
 posely ', designedly. 
 
 consultum, -!, [n. p p. of con- 
 sulo], N., a decision , an order , a 
 decree. — Esp., senatus consultum 
 (an order of the senate ). 
 
 consumo, -sumps!, -sumptus, -su- 
 mere, [con-sumo], 3. v. a., (take out 
 cf the general store ) . — Hence, waste , 
 consume , destroy , spend, exhaust, use 
 up. 
 
 contamino, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 tamin- (stem of con-ftamen, i.e. tag 
 + men)], 1. v. a., bring into contact , 
 unite. — Esp. with notion of conta- 
 gion (cf. contaglo), contaminate. 
 — Hence, defile , dishonor , disgrace. 
 
 contego, -texi, -tectus, -tegere, 
 [con-tego], 3. v. a., cover up, cover, 
 bury. 
 
 contemno, -temps!, -temptus, 
 -temnere, [con-temno], 3. v. a., de- 
 spise, disregard, hold in contempt. — 
 contemptus, -a, -urn, p.p. as adj., 
 despicable, contemptible. 
 
 contendo, -tend!, -tentus, -ten- 
 dere, [con-tendo], 3. v. n., strain, 
 struggle, strive, try, endeavor, exerl 
 o&e's self, attempt, be zealous. — Esp., 
 with verbs of motion, press on, has- 
 t en% — A1 so,^M contend, wage war. 
 
 With ad and in like constructions, 
 
 press towards, hasten, march, start to 
 go (in haste).— With ab, urge upon 
 one, persuade, induce. — Also, com- 
 pare, contrast. — Absolutely, main- 
 tain (that, etc.), contend (in same 
 sense). 
 
 contentio, -onis, [con-ftentio, 
 cf. contendo], F., a strain, struggle, 
 efforts. — Esp., contest, fighting. 
 Also, comparison (cf. contendo). 
 
 contentus, -a, -urn, p.p. of con- 
 tendo and contineo. 
 
 conticesco, -ticui, no p.p., -tices- 
 cere [con-ftacesco], 3. v. n., become 
 silent, cease to speak, be hushed . 
 
 continens, -entis, pres. p. of con- 
 tineo, which see. 
 
 continenter [continent + ter] , 
 adv., continually , without stopping, 
 continuously. 
 
 continentia, -ae, [continent + 
 
 ia], F., self-restraint. 
 
 contineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
 [con-teneo], 2. v. a., hold together, 
 connect, contain, hold in. Hence, 
 in many fig. meanings, restrain, hold 
 in check, keep (within bounds), hem 
 in, retain (in something). — Pass, 
 or with reflex., keep within, remain, 
 be included in, be bounded, consist 
 in (be contained in), depend upon. 
 — continens, -entis, p. as adj., (hold- 
 ing together ), continual, contiguous, 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 45 
 
 » 
 
 continuous. — As subst., the continu- 
 ous land ' the continent. — Also, re- 
 straining one's self continent. — 
 contentus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
 contented ’ content , satisfied. 
 
 contingo, -tigi, -tactus, -tingere, 
 [con-tango], 3. v. a. and n., touch , 
 reach, join. — With dat. (expressed 
 or implied), happen , have the good 
 fortune (of the person). — Rarely 
 in a general sense, occur , be the 
 case. 
 
 continuo [abl. of continuus], 
 
 adv., immediately , straightway , forth- 
 with. 
 
 continuus, -a, -um, [con-ftenuus 
 ( -y/TEN in teneo-f uus)], adj., con- 
 tinuous , successive , zVz succession. 
 
 contio, -onis, [prob. for conven- 
 tio], F., assembly. — Esp., 
 assembly of the people convened by 
 a magistrate for discussing any pub- 
 lic matter, but not for voting (cf. 
 comitia), or a like assembly of sol- 
 diers before their commander. — Less 
 exactly, a harangue (on such an 
 occasion), an address: comes ad 
 contionem (an associate to address 
 the people ); in contione (in ha- 
 rangues'). 
 
 contionator, -toris, [contiona + 
 tor], M., a haranguer , a demagogue. 
 
 contionor, -atus, -ari, [contion-], 
 I. v. dep., harangue , address (an 
 assembly or an army). 
 
 contra [unc. case-form (instr.?) 
 of fconterus (con + terus), cf. 
 superus, supra], adv. and prep., 
 opposite , contrary to, against, in op- 
 position, on the other hand, on the 
 other side, to the contrary : contra 
 atque (different from what, etc., 
 contrary to what, etc.). 
 
 contractio, -onis, [con-tractio 
 (cf. contraho)], F., a drawing to- 
 
 gether, a contraction : frontis (a 
 frown) . 
 
 contraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere, 
 [con-traho], 3. v. a., draw together, 
 draw in, bring tagether, gather to- 
 gether, contract, narrow, make small- 
 er, bring into smaller compass : aes 
 alienum (contract) ; amplius ne- 
 goti (get one's self into). 
 
 contrarius, -a, -um, [fcontero- 
 (see contra) + arius], adj., oppo- 
 site (lit. and fig.), contrary, contra- 
 dictory. 
 
 contremisco, -tremui, no p.p., 
 -tremiscere [con-tremisco], 3. v. n., 
 begin to tremble : fides virtusque 
 
 (waver) . 
 
 controversia, -ae, [contro- verso 
 + ia], F., a turning against . — 
 Hence, a controversy, a dispute: 
 sine controversia (without ques- 
 tion). 
 
 contrucldo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 trucido], 1. v. a., cut to pieces, 
 slaughter, massacre. — Less exactly, 
 tear in pieces (rem publicam). 
 
 contubernalis, -is, [con-taberna 
 + alis], M. and F., (prop, adj.), a tent 
 companion, a messmate. 
 
 contumelia, -ae, [?, cf. tumeo], 
 F., an insult, an affront, an outrage. 
 
 convalesco, -ui, no p.p., -ere, 
 [con-valesco], 3. v. n., get better. 
 
 conveho, -vexl, -vectus, -vehere, 
 [con-veho], 3. v. a., bring together. 
 
 convenio, -veni, -ventus, -venire, 
 [con-venio], 4. v. a. and n., come 
 together, meet, assemble, come in, ar- 
 rive, agree upon, agree. — With acc., 
 meet, come to. — Also, of things, be 
 agreed upon, be fitting, be necessary 
 (in a loose sense in Eng.). — Esp. 
 impers., it is fitting, ought : qui con- 
 venit (how is it likely, how can it 
 be) ; tibi cum sceleratis convenire 
 
4 6 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 ( you be on good terms with , etc.) 
 in aliquem suspitio {can fall). 
 
 conventiculum, -i, [convent5 
 + culum], N., a little group. 
 
 conventus, -tus, [con-fventus 
 (cf. convenio and adventus)], M., 
 an assembly , a meeting. Esp., an 
 assize (the regular assembly of Ro- 
 man citizens in a provincial town on 
 stated occasions, at which justice was 
 dispensed), an association of mer- 
 chants (in a province, who were 
 united into a sort of guild). 
 
 conversus, -a, -um, p.p. of con- 
 vert*). 
 
 converto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, 
 [con-verto], 3* v * a, > turn about , 
 turn. — Fig., divert , change , convex t, 
 appropriate : se convertere {turn). 
 
 convicium (convit-), -i, [fcon- 
 vic- (con-vox) + ium], N., a wran- 
 gle, wrangling. 
 
 convinco, -vici, -victus, -vincere, 
 [con-vinco], 3. v. a., prove , make 
 good (a charge, etc.) : avaritia 
 
 convicta {found guilty of avarice , 
 changing the point of view for the 
 Eng. idiom). — Also (as in Eng.), 
 of the person, convict, prove guilty. 
 
 convivium, -i, [conviva + ium 
 (cf. collegium)], N., a living to- 
 gether, a banquet, a carousal. 
 
 convoco, -avl, -atus, -are, [con- 
 voco], I. v. a., call together , summon , 
 call (a council or the like). 
 
 copia, -ae, [fcopi- (con-ops) + 
 ia, cf. inopia, inops], F., abun- 
 dance, plenty, supply (both great and 
 small), quantity, number. — Esp., 
 luxury (abundance of everything). 
 — plur. (esp. of forces), forces, re- 
 sources, supplies, armed forces, capi- 
 tal : dicendi { fluency) ; in dicendo 
 {fulness of matter) . 
 
 copiose [old abl.], ad v., fully. 
 
 copiosus, -a, -um, [copia (re- 
 duced) + osus], adj., well supplied, 
 wealthy, full of resources, well to do. 
 
 coram [unc. case, formed from 
 con and os], adv. and prep., face 
 to face , personally, present, in per- 
 son. 
 
 Corduba, -ae, [?], F., a city in 
 Spain {Cordova). 
 
 Corfidius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., L. Corfidius, 
 a friend of Ligarius. 
 
 Corinthius, -a, -um, [KoptvOios], 
 adj .,of Corinth, Corinthian. — Masc. 
 plur., the Corinthians. 
 
 Corinthus, -l, [K opivOos], F., Cor- 
 inth (the famous city on the isthmus 
 between Greece and the Peloponne- 
 sus, destroyed by Mummius, B.c. 146). 
 
 Cornelius, -i, [?], M., a famous 
 Roman gentile name. — Esp.: 1. Cor- 
 nelius Cinna (see Cinna) ; 2. L. 
 Cornelius Sulla (see Sulla) ; 3 * 
 Cornelius Lentulus (see Lentulus). 
 
 Cornelius, -a, -um, [same word 
 as preceding], adj., of Cornelius. 
 Esp., Cornelian (of the laws passed 
 by Sulla). 
 
 Cornificius, -i, [tcornifico + 
 ills], M., a Roman gentile name.— 
 Esp., Q. Cornificius, one of the 
 judices in the case against Verres. 
 
 Cornutus, -l, [cornu + tus (cf. 
 barbatus)], M., a Roman family 
 name. — Esp., M. Cornutus , praetor 
 in B.C. 43. 
 
 corona, -ae, [?], F., a garland. 
 — Fig., a circle {line, of soldiers), 
 a circle of spectators. 
 
 corpus, -oris, [unc. root + us], 
 N., the body, the person, the frame : 
 petitionis corpore effugere {by 
 dodging, a gladiator’s term). 
 
 corrigo (conr-), -rexl, -rectus, 
 -rigere, [con-rego], 3-v.a., {straight- 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 47 
 
 en ), correct, reform, amend : te cor- 
 rigas (amend, as if intrans.). 
 
 corripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, 
 [con-rapio], 3. v. a., seize , upon , 
 plunder. 
 
 corroboro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- 
 froboro (robur)], i.v.a., strength- 
 en , confirm. 
 
 corrumpo, -rupi, -ruptus, -rum- 
 pere, [con-rumpo] , 3. v. a., spoil, 
 ruin, tamper with (of documents or 
 of a court), bribe (of a court, etc.). 
 — corruptus, -a, -urn, p.p. as adj., 
 corrupt, profligate. 
 
 corruo, -rul, no p.p., -ruere, [con- 
 ruo], 3. v. a. and n .,fall in ruins, 
 fall. — Also, overthrow . 
 
 corruptela, -ae, [prob. corrupto 
 + ela (cf. querela)], f., means of 
 seduction , an enticement, an allure- 
 ment. 
 
 corruptor, -toris, [con-ruptor 
 (cf. corrumpo)], M., a corruptor, 
 a seducer. 
 
 cotidianus (quot-), -a, -um, 
 [cotidie + anus], adj., daily. 
 
 cotidie (quot-), [quot-die, loc. 
 of dies], adv., daily, every day. 
 
 Cotta, -ae,[?], m., a Roman family 
 name. — Esp.,Z. Aurelius Cotta , con- 
 sul B.C. 65, and later “ Princeps Sena- 
 tus.” 
 
 Cottius, -I, [?], M., the name of 
 two Romans from Tauromenium, 
 who were witnesses against Verres. 
 
 Cous, -a, -um, [Kwos], adj., of 
 Cos (the island in the ^Egean). — 
 Plur. M., the Coans. 
 
 eras, [?], adv., to-morrow . 
 
 Crassus, -i, [crassus,^/], m., a 
 Roman family name. — Esp. : 1. Mar- 
 cus (. Licinius ) Crassus , consul with 
 Pompey B.C. 55; one (with Caesar 
 and Pompey) of the combination 
 called the Triumvirate. 2. L. Li- 
 
 cinius Crassus , the great orator, 
 censor B.C. 103. 3. P. Licinius 
 
 Crassus, censor B.C. 89. 
 
 cratera, -ae, [prob. from acc. of 
 Kpar^p], F., a vase (for mixing wine, 
 corresponding to “ punch-bowl ”), a 
 jar . 
 
 creber, -bra, -brum, [ere- (in 
 creo) + ber (cf. saluber)], adj., 
 thick, close, numerous, frequent : 
 sermo (general). 
 
 crebro [prob. abl. of creber], 
 ad v., frequently, constantly , in rapid 
 succession, at short intervals. 
 
 credibilis, -e, [credi- (as stem 
 of credo) + bilis], adj., to be be- 
 lieved, credible : non credibilis (im- 
 possible to believe ). 
 
 credo, credidi, creditus, credere, 
 [fered (faith, of unc. formation) -f 
 do (place)'], 3. v . a. and n., trust, 
 entrust, believe, suppose, believe in. 
 — Esp. parenthetically, credo (/ 
 suppose, ironical) : mihi crede (take 
 my word for it, take my advice) . 
 
 cremo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ ?], 1 . v. a., 
 burn, consume (esp. of the dead, 
 perh. orig. only of flesh, cf. cremor). 
 
 creo, -avi, -atus, -are, [unc. form., 
 akin to cresco], 1. v. a., ( cause to 
 grow), create, generate. — Esp., elect, 
 choose. 
 
 Creperejus, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp .,M. Crepereius, 
 a Roman knight, a judex in the case 
 of Verres. 
 
 crepitus, -tus, [crepi- (as stem 
 of crepo) + tus], M., a noise, a rat- 
 tling, a sound. 
 
 Cres,Cretis,[Gr.Kp7?s],M., a Cretan. 
 cresco, crevi, cretus, crescere, 
 [stem ere (also in creo) with -sco], 
 3. v. n., grow , increase, swell (of a 
 river), be swelled, increase in influ- 
 ence (of a man), be increased. 
 
 # 
 
4 8 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 Cretensis, -e, [Creta + ensis], 
 adj ., of Crete, Cretan. — Masc.plur., 
 the Cretans . 
 
 crimen, -minis, [cri- (stem akm 
 to cerno) -fmen], N., {a decision). 
 
 — Less exactly, a charge , a fault, , a 
 crime. _ _ . 
 
 crlminor, -atus, -ari, [crimm-], 
 i. v. dep., accuse, bring an accusa- 
 tion, charge, find fault with. 
 
 crlminose [old abl. of crimino- 
 sus], adv., in the spirit of an accuser, 
 criminosus, -a, -urn, [crimin + 
 osus] , adj., criminal, ground for an 
 accusation. 
 
 cruciatus, -tus, [crucia- (stem 
 of crucio) + tus], M., crucifying. 
 
 Hence, torture. — With a change 
 
 of relation, suffering (of the person 
 tortured) . 
 
 crucio, -avi, -atus, -are, [cruc- (as 
 if crucio-)], i. v. a., crucify , torture. 
 
 crudelis, -e, [fcrude- (in cru- 
 desco, akin to crudus) + lis, cf. 
 Aprllis, edulis, animalis], adj., 
 
 ( bloody ?), cruel (also of things suf- 
 fered, as in Eng.). 
 
 crudelitas, -tatis, [crudeli+tas], 
 F., cruelty. 
 
 crudeliter [crudeli+ ter], adv., 
 
 cruelly, with cruelty , harshly. 
 
 cruento, -avi, -atus, -are, [cruen- 
 to-], i. v. a., stain with blood. 
 
 cruentus, -a, -urn, [cru- (in 
 cruor, crudus) + entus (cf. tan- 
 tus)], adj., bloody , blood-stained. 
 
 cruor, -oris, [cru- (in crudus) + 
 or], M., blood (out of the body),*wr*. 
 
 crux, crucis, [?], F., a cross (the 
 usual instrument for the punishment 
 of slaves), death on the cross. 
 
 cubile, -is, [fcubl- (stem akin to 
 cumbo) + lis (cf. crudelis), N. of 
 adj.], N., a couch, , a resting-place , a 
 bed> a lair. 
 
 cubo, -ui, -itum, -are, [y'cuB], 
 
 I. v. n., lie down, lie, lie asleep . 
 cubitum ire (go to bed). 
 
 culeus (cull-), -i, [/coAeos], M., 
 
 a sack. 
 
 culpa, -ae, [?], F., a fault, blame, 
 guilt. 
 
 cultura, -ae, [cultu + ra (f. of 
 -rus, cf. figura)], F., cultivation, 
 culture : agri cultura or agricul- 
 tura ( the cultivation of the soil) . 
 
 cum [?, another form of con-J 
 prep., with, along with, in company 
 with, armed with. 
 
 cum (quom), [case-form (prob. 
 acc.) of qui], conj., when, while, 
 whenever . — Often rendered by a 
 different construction in Eng. : cum 
 mulier esset ( being a woman).-— 
 Of logical relations (usually with 
 subj.), when, while, since , inasmuch 
 as, though, although. — cum . . . turn 
 while . . . so also , not only . . . but 
 especially, while . . . besides, not only 
 but also, not only . . . but as well, 
 while ... as well, while . . . so (in 
 particular), both . . . and, as well . . . 
 as; cum primum (as soon as, the 
 first time) . 
 
 cumulate [old abl. of cumula- 
 tus], adv., in full measure, fully. 
 
 cumulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [cumu- 
 16-], I. v. a., heap up, fill full, add 
 to : alio scelere hoc scelus (add to 
 this, etc., another, etc.); ea quae 
 promisimus studiose cumulata 
 reddemus (in the fullest measure). 
 
 cumulus, -i, [fcumo- (akin to 
 K dfia) + lus], M., (the swelling heap), 
 a heap. — Hence, the last stroke, the 
 last touch (added to something al- 
 ready complete), an extra weight, 
 an increase. 
 
 ounctus, -a, -urn, [for coniirac- 
 tus?], adj., all (together, in a mass) : 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 49 
 
 Italia (the whole of, etc.); urbs 
 (the entire ). 
 
 cupide [old abl. of cupidus], 
 adv., eagerly, zealously, earnestly . 
 
 cupiditas, -tatis, [cupido + tas], 
 F., desire, eagerness , greed, cupidity, 
 greed of gain, selfish desire. 
 
 cupido, -inis, [unc. form akin to 
 cupio], F., desire. — Masc. (personi- 
 fied), Cupid (the god of desire). 
 
 cupidus, -a, -um, [noun stem 
 akin to cupio + dus], adj., eager, 
 desirous, longing (for), fond of, am- 
 bitious (for), with a passion (for), 
 overzealous, greedy. 
 
 cupio, -plvi, -pitus, -pere, [partly 
 root verb, partly from fcupi- (cf. 
 cupidus)], 3. (and 4) v. a. and n., 
 be eager (for), be anxious, desire 
 (stronger than volo). — With dat., 
 wish well to, be zealous for : quid 
 cupiebas, quid opt abas (desire, as 
 a passive longing, wish for, as an 
 active prayer or wish). 
 
 cur (quor), [perh. for qua re], 
 adv., why (rel. and interr.). 
 
 cura, -ae, [for fcavira, akin to 
 caveo], F., care, anxiety, attention. 
 
 curia, -ae, [prob.akin to Quiris], 
 F., the meeting-place of the old aris- 
 tocracy of Rome. — Hence, a senate- 
 house. — Esp., the curia Hostilia on 
 the Forum. 
 
 Curio, -onis, [curia + o (priest 
 of a curia)~\, M., a Roman family 
 name. — Esp., C. Scribonius Curio, 
 a friend of Cicero and a supporter 
 of the Manilian law. 
 
 curiosus, -a, -um, [f curia (cf. in- 
 curia)+osus], adj., curious, prying. 
 
 euro, -avl, -atus, -are, [cura], 
 
 I. v. a. and n., take care, treat (medi- 
 cally). — With gerundive, cause (to 
 be done), have (done) : curare ut 
 (see that, take care that ) . 
 
 curriculum, -T, [from unc. stem 
 akin to curro and currus, cf. ve- 
 hiculum], N., a course, a running. 
 
 curro, cucurri, cursurus, currere, 
 [? for feurso], 3. v. n., run. 
 
 currus, -us, [V cur (?) + us, cf. 
 curro], M., a chariot. — Esp., a tri- 
 umphal chariot. 
 
 curso, -avl, no p.p., -are, [curso-], 
 I. v. n., run, rush, hurry. 
 
 cursus, -sus, [ ^cur ( ?) + tus, 
 cf. curro], M., a running, running, 
 speed, a run (in concrete sense), a 
 course (space or direction run), a 
 voyage, a career : celeritas et cur- 
 sus (activity, as a quality, speedy 
 passage, as the result accomplished) ; 
 cursus sceleris (fig. as in Eng- 
 lish) ; quemeunque fortuna dede- 
 rit ( whatever wanderings) ; oratio- 
 nis (flow). 
 
 curulis, -e, [prob. curru + lis], 
 adj., (of a chariot}). — Esp., sella 
 curulis (the ivory chair of magis- 
 trates at Rome). 
 
 custodia, -ae, [custod -f ia], f., 
 
 custody, guard (state of being guard- 
 ed). — Plur. (concretely), guards, 
 keepers. 
 
 custodio, -ivi, (-ii,)-itus, -ire, [cus- 
 tod- (as if custodi-)], 4. v. a. and 
 abs. (as if n.), guard, do guard duty . 
 
 custos, -todis, [unc. stem -f- dis 
 (cf. merces, palus)], c., a guard, 
 a watchman, a keeper, a guardian. 
 
 Cyrus, -i, [KGpos], M., a common 
 name among the Greeks. — Esp., an 
 architect or builder employed by 
 Clodius. 
 
 Cyzicenus, -a, -um, [K0()/a}j/os], 
 adj., of Cyzicum (a city of Mysia, on 
 the Propontis). — Plur., the people 
 of the city. 
 
50 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 D. 
 
 d., see a. d. 
 
 D [half of <F, CID = M], 500. 
 
 X)., abbrev. for Decimus. 
 damnatio, -onis, [damna+tio], 
 
 F., a finding guilty, a conviction. ^ 
 damno, -avi, -atus, -are, [damno-], 
 
 1. v. a., (fine') , find guilty , condemn, 
 convict. 
 
 de [unc. case-form of pron. stem 
 da (in idem, dum)], prep with 
 abl., {down, only in comp, as adv.), 
 down from, off from, from, away 
 from. — Hence, qua de causa {for 
 which reason)-, de aliquo mereor 
 (deserve well or ill of, properly win 
 from)-, de consilio (by, cf. ex); 
 multa de nocte (late at night).— 
 Esp. in partitive sense, out of, of: 
 pauci de nostris. — Also (cf. Eng. 
 of), about, of ( about), in regard to, 
 concerning, for : de regno despe- 
 rare; nihil de hello timere (have 
 
 no fear of war)-, contendere, dimi- 
 care (about, for)-, triumphare (tri- 
 umph over, triumph for a victory 
 over)-, quid de te futurum est 
 (what will become of you); de 
 majestate (for); de improviso (of 
 a sudden); de industria (on pur- 
 pose). — In comp., down, off, away, 
 through (and be done with). 
 
 dea, -ae, [f. of deus], f., a god- 
 dess.— ’Esp., Bona dea (see bona). 
 
 debeo, -bui, -bitus, -bere, [de- 
 habeo], 2. v. a., (have off of one's 
 possessions), owe, be bound, ought, 
 cannot help, should, be under obliga- 
 t i on . _ Pass., be due, be owing : non 
 debeo (have no right) ; omnia de- 
 bere (be bound to do everything).— 
 debitus, -a, -urn, p.p. as adj., due, 
 deserved. 
 
 debilis, -e, [de-habilis] , acj., 
 weak, feeble, helpless, enfeebled. 
 
 debilito, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 bili- (through intermediate stem)], 
 
 I. v. a., cripple , weaken, enfeeble , 
 break down (in health, etc.). Fig., 
 overcome, paralyze. 
 
 decedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere, 
 [de-cedo], 3. v. n., (make way off, 
 cf. cedo), retire, withdraw, with- 
 draw from, shun. — Esp. (from life), 
 die : de officio (sacrifice, abandon) ; 
 de jure (yield, give up). 
 
 decern [?], indecl. adj., ten. 
 December, -bris, -bre, [decern 
 4. unc. term, cf. saluber], adj., 
 (tenth?). — Esp., of December. 
 
 decempeda, -ae, [decem-fpeda 
 (F. of fpedus?)], F., a ten-foot pole , 
 a measure (of ten feet). 
 
 decerno, -crevl, -cretus, -ceinere, 
 [de-cerno], 3. v. a. and n., (decide 
 off, so as to clear away), decide, de- 
 termine, decree, order (as a result 
 of determination), vote (of a consult- 
 ing body, or of a single member 
 of it). 
 
 decerpo, -cerpsi, -cerptus, -cer- 
 pere, [de-carpo], 3 - v - »■> P luck °ff- 
 
 Fig., detract, take away.~ 
 
 decerto, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 certo], 1. v. a. and n., contend (so 
 as to close the contest), decide the 
 issue, try the issue (of war), carry 
 on war, fight (a general engage- 
 ment) : de fortunis decertan (one s 
 fortunes are at stake). 
 
 decessus, -sus, [de-fcessus, cf. 
 decedo and incessus], M., with- 
 drawal, departure. 
 
 decet, -uit, no p.p., -ere, [?, cf. 
 decus], 2. v. impers., it is fitting, it 
 is becoming, it becomes. 
 
 decimus (decu-), -a, -urn, [stem 
 of decern + mus], adj., the tenth.— 
 Esp., Decimus , as a Roman prseno- 
 men.’— Fem., decuma (sc. pars), 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 a tithe (oi the produce of land let 
 by the state on shares). 
 
 declard, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 claro], i. v. a., ( clear off ), make 
 plain , declare, show. 
 
 decllnatio, -onis, [declina+tio], 
 F., a leaning , a side movement. 
 
 decllno, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 clino], i. v. a. and n., move aside , 
 avoid (as if by a deviation of the 
 body), elude, flinch. 
 
 decoctor, -toris, [de-coctor (cf. 
 decoquo)], M., {one who boils down), 
 a spendthrift. 
 
 decoro, -avi, -atus, -are, [decor-], 
 i. v. a., adorn, embellish. — Fig., 
 honor, praise. 
 
 decretum, -i, [prop. n. of de- 
 cretus], N., a decree, a decision, 
 resolution. 
 
 decuma, see decimus. 
 decuria, -ae, [decern + unc. 
 term. (cf. centuria)], f., a decury 
 (a division of ten men of the origi- 
 nal Roman heads of families, also 
 more generally of cavalry and other 
 bodies). 
 
 decurid, -onis, [decuria-fo], m., 
 a president of a decury, a decurion. 
 — Also, a member of the senate in 
 a provincial town, a provincial sen- 
 ator. 
 
 decurid, -avi, -atus, -are, [decu- 
 ria-], i. v. a., divide into decuries. 
 
 decus, -oris, [dec- (as root of 
 decet) + us], n., an ornament, an 
 embellishment. — Fig., an honor. 
 
 dedecus, -oris, [de-decus], n., 
 a disgrace, dishonor, a stain. 
 
 dedico, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 dico], i. v. a., dedicate , devote. 
 
 deditio, -onis, [de-datio, cf. 
 dedo], f., surrender : spes dedi- 
 tionis {hope that one’s surrender 
 would be received) . | 
 
 dedo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [de-do], 
 3. v. a., give over, surrender , give 
 up. — In pass, or with reflex., sur- 
 render one’s self, submit : aures {lis- 
 ten to). 
 
 deduco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
 [de-duco], 3. v. a., lead down or off, 
 lead away, withdraw, draw off (prae- 
 sidia), take away (of men), bring 
 away, lead (from one place to an- 
 other), bring (into a situation). — 
 Fig., induce, bring, lead. — Esp. of 
 ships, launch (draw down); of 
 women, marry (used of the man) ; 
 of things, bring, draw, turn . So, 
 raise (a man to fortune) : rem hue 
 {bring) ; de fide {seduce) ; de sen- 
 tentia {dissuade) ; de lenitate 
 {drive) ; coloniam {plant) ; servos 
 ex Apennino {bring down). 
 defatlgatid, see defetigatio. 
 defatlgo, see defetigo. 
 defendo, -fendi, -fensus, -fendere, 
 [de-fendo], 3. v. a., ward off, de- 
 fend one’s self against. — Also, with 
 changed relation, defend, protect , 
 maintain (a cause), fight for. 
 
 defensio, -dnis, [de-ffensio, cf. 
 defendo], f., a defence. 
 
 defensor, -oris, [de-ffensor, cf. 
 defendo], m., a defender : necis {a 
 preventer) . 
 
 defero, -tuli, - 15 tus, -ferre, [de- 
 fero], irr. v. a., carry down, carry 
 away, bring, land (of ships). — 
 Pass., be borne doivn or on, drift (of 
 ships), turn aside : delati in scro- 
 bes {falling) . — Fig., confer upon, 
 put in one’s hands, report, lay be- 
 fore, devote: nomen alicujus {ac- 
 cuse one) ; studium {tender). 
 
 defessus, -a, -urn, p.p. of de- 
 fetiscor. 
 
 defetigatio (defat-), -dnis, [de- 
 fatigatio], f., exhaustion. 
 
 
52 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 defetigatus, -a, -um, p.p. of de- 
 fetigo. 
 
 defetigo (defat-), -avi, -atus, 
 -are, [de-fatigo], I. v. a., wear out , 
 exhaust , worry , tire out. 
 
 defetiscor, -fessus, -fetiscl, [de- 
 fatiscor], 3. v. dep., crack open. 
 
 Fig., become exhausted. — defes- 
 
 sus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., exhausted , 
 worn out, wearied: accusatio (grown 
 stale') . 
 
 deficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, [de- 
 facio], 3. v. a. and n., fail, fall away , 
 revolt ', fall off, abandon (with ab). 
 
 defigo, -fixi, -fixus, -figere, [de- 
 figo], 3. v.a ,,fix (in or down), 
 set, fasten , drive down : in oculis 
 flagitia ( set before ) ; curas {devote). 
 
 definio, -ivi, -Itus,-ire, [de-finio], 
 
 4. v. a., set limits to, fix, appoint, 
 limit, bring to a close, mark out. 
 
 deflagro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 flagro], 1. v. n., burn up, be con- 
 sumed : imperium deflagratum 
 
 ( burned to the ground). 
 
 defluo, -fluxi, -fluxurus, -fluere, 
 
 [de-fluo], 3- v - n -> fi ow down ' fi ow 
 apart, divide (of a river), fall away. 
 defore, see desum. 
 deformo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 formo], 1. v. a., deform, disfigure . 
 
 defungor, -functus, -fungi, [de- 
 fungor], 3* v. dep ., perform, finish, 
 be done with, get rid of. 
 
 dego, degi, no p.p., degere, [de- 
 ago], 3. v. a ., pass,jpend. 
 
 deicio (dejicio), -jeci, -jectus, 
 -icere, [de-jacio], 3 - v * a -> throw 
 down , keep off, ward off, deprive, 
 keep out (one from a thing), repel, 
 eject. 
 
 dein [de-in (cf. deinde)], adv., 
 then , next. 
 
 deinde [de-inde], adv., from 
 thence, then, after that, then again. 
 
 dejicio, see deicio. 
 delabor, -lapsus, -labi, [de-labor], 
 
 3. v. dep., slip down, slip away : de 
 caelo {fall, descend ). 
 
 delectatio, -onis, [delecta-ftio], 
 
 F., delight, pleasure, enjoyment. 
 
 delectS, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 flecto, cf. delicio and allecto], 
 
 I. v. a. and n., {allure), delight, 
 please, give pleasure to. — Pass., take 
 delight, delight (in a thing) : Grae- 
 cos delectat {the Greeks take pleas- 
 ure). 
 
 delectus (di ), -tus, [de-lectns (cf. 
 deligo) ] , M., a choosing, an enrol- 
 ment, a levy, a conscription. 
 
 delenio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [de- 
 lenio], 4. v. a., soothe, soften, pacify. 
 
 deleo, -levi, -letus, -lere, [de-fleo 
 (akin to lino)], 2. v.a., {smear out), 
 blot out, wipe out (of a disgrace).— 
 Fig., annihilate, destroy. 
 
 deliberatio, -onis, [delibera + 
 tio], F., a deliberation , a discussion, 
 a decision (through deliberation)^. 
 
 deliberator, -toris, [delibera + 
 tor], M., a deliberator. — Used sar- 
 castically of one who reserves his de- 
 cision in order to be bribed^ 
 
 delibero, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 liber o], 1. v.a. and n., {disentangle!), 
 decide. — Also, discuss, deliberate, 
 weigh. 
 
 delicatus, -a, -um, [?, perh. p.p. 
 of fdelico, wean, (or abandon), cf. 
 delicus, deliculus], adj., {“ cos- 
 seited” ?), pampered, luxurious. 
 
 deliciae, -arum, [delico- (cf. de- 
 liculus) 4 - ia], F., plur., {cosset- 
 ting!), delights, allurements, luxuri- 
 ous pleasures. 
 
 delictum, -i, [N. p.p. of delln- 
 quo], N., ( something left undone'), a 
 failure, a fault, a wrong-doing, an 
 offence. 
 
Vocabulary , 
 
 53 
 
 deligo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-ligo] , 
 I. v. a., bind down, fasten, bind, tie 
 up (to a stake). 
 
 deligd, -legi, -lectus, -ligere, [de- 
 lego], 3. v. a., select , pick out, choose. 
 
 delinquo, -liqui, -lictus, -linquere, 
 [de-linquo], 3. v. n., fail (in one’s 
 duty f do wrong: quid de\iqu.i{what 
 zurong have I done, cognate acc.). 
 
 Delos, -I, [A7)Aos], F., an island 
 in the Higean. 
 
 Delphicus, -a, -um, [AeA<^/cos], 
 adj., of Delphi (the seat of the most 
 famous worship of Apollo), Delphic : 
 mensa (a table made in the form of 
 a tripod). 
 
 delubrum, -i, [de-flubrum ( y'LU 
 -f- brum)], N., an expiatory shrine, a 
 shrine (cf. aedes, a temple gener- 
 ally; templum, a place consecrated 
 by augury; fanum, an oracular (?) 
 shrine). 
 
 deludo, -lusi, -lusus, -ludere, [de- 
 ludo], 3. v. a. and n., deceive, pre- 
 varicate. 
 
 demens, -entis, [de-mens (cf. 
 araens)], adj., mad, crazy, insane : 
 scelere demens {maddened, etc.). 
 
 demen ter [dement + ter], adv., 
 madly, crazily , senselessly. 
 
 dementia, -ae, [dement-}- ia], f., 
 madness, idiocy, utter folly. 
 
 demerge, -mersl, -mersus, -mer- 
 gere, [de-mergo], 3. v. a., sink , 
 drown, submerge, plunge. 
 
 demigrd, -avi, -aturus, -are, [de- 
 migro], 1. v. n., move away (change 
 residence), move one's effects, 7 nove 
 over. 
 
 deminud, -ui, -utus, -uere, [de- 
 minuo], 3. v. a. and n., diminish, 
 curtail, lessen, detract from : ne quid 
 de summa republica deminueretur 
 
 ( that the supreme poiver ui the state 
 should suffer no diminution ) . 
 
 demin iltio, -onis, [de-fminutio, 
 cf. demin uo], f., a diminution, a 
 loss, a sacrifice (of lives, etc.). 
 
 demitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
 [de-mitto], 3. v. a., let go down (cf. 
 mitto), let down, stick down. — In 
 pass, or with reflex., let one's self 
 down, descend, set one's self down. 
 — Fig., despond (se animo), be dis- 
 couraged. — demissus, -a, -um, p.p. 
 as adj., low-hanging { bozved , of the 
 head), downcast (of a person). 
 
 demons tratib, -onis, [demon- 
 stra + tio], F., a pointing out, a 
 showing , a ?nanner of showing. 
 
 demonstrd, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 monstro], 1. v. &., point out, show, 
 state, indicate, mention. 
 
 demoveo, -movi, -motus, -movere, 
 [de-moveo], 2. v. a., re?nove , dis- 
 lodge : de sententia {shake one in, 
 etc.). 
 
 demum [acc. of fdemus (superl. 
 of de), nethermost, last~\, adv., at 
 last, at length (not before). — Hence, 
 only (not till a certain point is 
 reached, not until). 
 
 denego, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 nego], I. v. a. and n., deny, refuse, 
 say not, 
 
 deni, -ae, -a, [for decni, decern 
 reduced + nus], adj. plur., ten each, 
 ten (on each side), ten (in sets of 
 ten). 
 
 denique [fdeno- (de + nus, cf. 
 demum) que], adv., at last. — Of 
 order, finally. — Of preference, at 
 any rate (if no better, etc.) : turn 
 denique {not till then, then and 
 then only); hora decima denique 
 {not until, etc.). 
 
 denoto,-avi, -atus, -are, [de-noto], 
 I. v. a., mark out, mark, appoint. 
 
 denuntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 inuntio], 1. v. a., aitnomice (with 
 
54 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 notion of threat), declare, warn , or- i 
 der , command, give to understand, 
 threaten one with. 
 
 depeculator, -toris, [depecula- 
 tor, cf. depeculor], M., an embez- 
 zler, a plunderer. 
 
 depeculor, -atus, -ari, [de-pecu- 
 lor], I. v. dep., embezzle, plunder, 
 pillage, rifle. 
 
 depello, -puli, -pulsus, -pellere, 
 [de-pello], 3. v. a., drive off, drive 
 out, drive (away), dislodge, avert, 
 repel, remove, ward off, save ones 
 self from : molem ( throw off) ; ali- 
 quem de spe ( force ); simulacra 
 ( throw down). 
 
 dependo, -pendi, -pensus, -pen- 
 dere, [de-pendo], 3* v * a * anc ^ n *> 
 weigh out. — Hence, pay. 
 
 depingo, -pinxi, -pictus, -pingere, 
 [de-pingo], 3. v. a.,. paint (so as to 
 make something), depict, represent . 
 
 deploro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 ploro], I. v. a., lament, bewail the 
 loss of, mourn for. 
 
 depono, -posui, -positus, -ponere, 
 [de-pono], 3. v. a., lay down , lay 
 aside, deposit.— Fig., lose, abandon 
 (hope), blot out~ (memory), resign. 
 
 depopulatio, -onis, [de-popula- 
 tio, cf. depopulor], F., a ravaging, 
 a plundering. 
 
 depopulor, -atus, -ari, [de-popu- 
 lor], I. v. dep., ravage, lay waste, 
 plunder. 
 
 deporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 porto], i.v.a., carry off, carry away, 
 remove , bring off, bring home. 
 
 deposco, -poposci, no p.p., -pos- 
 cere, [de-posco], 3 . v. a., demand, 
 call for, claim, ask for. 
 
 depravo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 pravo], 1. v. a., distort. — kig., cor- 
 rupt, lead astray, pervert, tamper 
 with. 
 
 deprecator, -toris, [de-precator, 
 cf. deprecor], m., a mediator (to 
 beg off something for somebody). 
 
 deprecor, -atus, -ari, [de-precor], 
 
 1. v. dep., pray to avert something, 
 pray (with accessory notion of re- 
 lief), beg, beg off, pray for pardon, 
 pray to be spared, resort to prayers, 
 save one's self from by prayers, re- 
 move by prayers : quo deprecante 
 {by whose mediation) ; ad deprecan- 
 dum valebat ( had the force of en- 
 treaties) . 
 
 deprehendo, -hendi, -hensus, 
 -hendere, [de-prehendo], 3. v. a., 
 capture, catch, seize, take possession 
 of — As in Eng., catch, ( come upon), 
 surprise, find, detect, discover : fac- 
 tum {find, in the sense of catch one 
 at something). — Fig., grasp, com- 
 prehend, understand. 
 
 deprimo, -pressi, -pressus, -pri- 
 mere, [de-premo], 3. v. a., press 
 down, sink. 
 
 depromo, -prompsi, -promptus, 
 -promere, [de-promo], 3.V. a ,,draw 
 out, appropriate. 
 
 depugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 pugno], i.v.n ., fight out (decisively), 
 resist with arms (so as to decide the 
 issue) . 
 
 derelinquo, -liqui, -lictus, -lin- 
 quere, [de-relinquo], 3. v. a., leave 
 behind , abandon. 
 
 derivo, -avi, -atus, -are, [perh. im- 
 mediately fr. de-rivus, prob. through 
 adj.-stem], I. v.a., draw off (water), 
 divert : crimen {shift upon an- 
 other) . 
 
 derogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-rogo, 
 in its political sense], 1. v. a., take 
 away, withdraw. 
 
 descendo, -scendi, -scensurus, 
 -scendere, [de-scando], 3-v.n., climb 
 down, descend. — Fig., resort to , have 
 
Vocabulary. 5 5 
 
 recourse to , adopt : ad accusandum 
 ( resort to a prosecution). — Esp., 
 come down to the Forum (from the 
 hills on which the Romans lived, cf. 
 “ go down town.”). 
 
 describo, -scrips!, -scriptus, -scri- 
 bere, [de-scribo], 3. v. a., write 
 down , set down (in writing), mark 
 out , map out , describe , draw up (jus), 
 reduce to a system. 
 
 desero, -serai, -sertus, -serere, 
 [de-sero], 3. v. a., disunite. — Esp., 
 abandon , forsake , desert , give up , 
 fa lurch. — desertus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. as adj., deserted \ solitary ; 
 vadimonia {forfeit). 
 
 deslderium, -i, [?, perh. fdesi- 
 dero -f ium (cf. desidero)], n., 
 longing for , desire (of something 
 lost), grief for loss (of anything). 
 
 desidero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ ?, perh. 
 desidero, cf. considero], 1. v. a., 
 feel the want of desire , miss, need \ 
 regret the loss of lose (of soldiers). 
 — Pass., be missing {lost ) : desiderat 
 neminem {has not lost a man). 
 
 desidia, -ae, [desid- (stem of 
 deses, de--y/SED) + ia], f., idleness , 
 sloth. 
 
 deslgno, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 signo], 1. v. a., mark out, indicate , 
 mean, designate. — deslgnatus, p.p. 
 as adj., elected, elect (of officers not 
 yet in office). 
 
 desilib, -silui, -sultus, -silire, [de- 
 salio], 4. v. n., leap down, leap 
 (down), jump overboard : de rheda 
 {jump out, spring out). 
 
 desinb, -sivi (-sii), -situs, -sinere, 
 [de-sino], 3. v. a. and n., leave off, 
 desist , cease. 
 
 desisto, -stiti, -stiturus, -sistere, 
 [de-sisto], 3. v. n., stand off, cease , 
 stop , desist from , abandon. 
 
 desperatio, -onis, [de-fsperatio, 
 
 cf. despero], F., despair, despera- 
 tion. 
 
 desperb, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 spero], 1. v. a. and n., cease to hope, 
 despair , despair of. — desperatus, 
 -a, -um, as passive, despaired of . — 
 Also as adj., {hopeless}, perh. orig. 
 despaired of), hence desperate. — 
 desperandus, -a, -um, fut. p.p., to 
 be despaired of. 
 
 despicio, -spexi, -spectus, -spicere, 
 [de-specio], 3. v. a. and n., look 
 down, look down upon, look away. — 
 Fig. (cf. Eng. equivalent), look down 
 upon, despise, express one's contempt 
 for. 
 
 despicor, -atus, -ari, [despico-], 
 1. v. dep., despise. — despicatus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. as pass., despised, despi- 
 cable. 
 
 destringo, -strinxi, -strictus, 
 -stringere, [de-stringo], 3. v. a., strip 
 off. — Also (cf. despolio), strip , 
 draw (of swords, stripping them of 
 their scabbards). 
 
 desum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [de- 
 sum], irr. v. n., {be away), be want- 
 ing, be lacking, fail. — Esp., fail to 
 do one's duty by, etc. — Often, lack 
 (changing relation of subj. and fol- 
 lowing dat), be without, not have. 
 
 deterreo, -terrui, -territus, -ter- 
 rere, [de-terreo], 2. v. a., frighten 
 off, deter , prevent (esp. by threats, 
 but also generally). 
 
 detestor, -atus, -ari, [de-testor], 
 I. v. a., {call the gods to witness to 
 prevent something ) , entreat (from a 
 thing), remove by protest (call the 
 gods to witness to avoid). 
 
 detracto (-trecto), -avi, -atus, 
 -are, [de-tracto], 1. v. a., {hold off 
 from one's self), avoid, shun. 
 
 detraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere, 
 [de-traho], 3. v. a., drag off, tear 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 56 
 
 off, snatch (away). — With less vio- 
 lence, take away , take off, withdraw 
 (with no violence at all), 
 detrecto, see detracto. 
 detrimentum, -i, [de-ftrimen- 
 tum (tri- in tero + mentum), cf. 
 detero], N., {a rubbing off), loss, 
 harm , injury . — Esp., defeat, dis- 
 aster. 
 
 deus, -i, [akin to divus, Jovis, 
 dies], M., a god. — Also, in accord- 
 ance with ancient ideas, of a statue, 
 in adjurations : di boni {good heav- 
 ens)', per deos immortales ( for 
 heaven's sake, heaven help us). 
 
 deveho, -vexi, -vectus, -vehere, 
 
 [de-veho], 3- v - a *> carr y away ' 
 bring (away, e.g. on horseback), 
 bring down (esp. by vessel). 
 
 deverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, 
 [de-verto], 3. v. a. and n., turn 
 away, turn aside, turn off (the road 
 to stop by the way), stop (turning 
 aside from the way). 
 
 devincio, -vinxi, -vinctus, -vin- 
 cire, [de-vincio], 4. v. a., bind down , 
 bind, attach, firmly attach . 
 
 devinco, -vici, -victus, -vincere, 
 [de-vinco], 3. v. a., conquer (so as 
 to prostrate), subdue (entirely).. 
 
 devito, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-vito], 
 1. v. a., avoid, shun, escape^ 
 
 devoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 voco], I. v. a., call down (or away). 
 — Esp., fig., invite, bring. _ 
 
 devoro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- 
 voro], 1. v. a., swallow up, devour, 
 gulp down: verbum ( eagerly de- 
 vour). 
 
 devoveo, -vovi, -votus, -vovere, 
 [de-voveo], 2. v. a., vow (away). 
 Less exactly, devote, consecrate. 
 
 dexter, -tera (-tra), -terum (drum) 
 Tunc, stem (perh. akin to digitus?) 
 + terns], adj., right (on the right 
 
 hand). — dextra, F., (sc. manus), 
 the right hand (esp. used as a pledge 
 of faith, as with us). 
 
 Diana, -ae, [prob. F. of Janus 
 (cf. A kSkij)], F., a divinity of the 
 Romans entirely identified with the 
 Greek Artemis, the goddess of the 
 chase and patroness of celibacy. 
 
 dico, dixi, dictus, dicere, [y'Dic, 
 in dico and -dicus], 3. v. a. and n., 
 {point out?, cf. Gr. beUvvfu), say, 
 tell, speak, name, speak of, mention. 
 
 — Esp., with authority, name, ap- 
 point, fix : jus {administer, cf. 
 dico); sententiam {give, express). 
 
 — Special uses: dieunt {they say); 
 causam dicere {plead one's cause, 
 hence be tried, be brought to trial) ; 
 facultas dicendi {power of oratory) ; 
 dixi (/ have done); incredibile 
 dictu {incredible); quid dicam? 
 {what shall I call it? why should I 
 speak? what shall I say?); ad di- 
 cendum {for addressing the people) ; 
 diem dicere {bring a charge, before 
 the people). 
 
 dictator, -toris, [dicta+tor], m., 
 a dictator (a Roman magistrate ap- 
 pointed in times of danger by the 
 I highest existing officer, and possess- 
 ing absolute power). — Also, a simi- 
 lar officer in a municipal town. 
 
 dictatura,-ae, [dicta + tura (i.e. 
 fdictatu+ra, cf. figura)], f., the 
 office of dictator , a dictatorship. 
 
 dictio, -onis, [die (as root of 
 dico) + tio], F., a speaking, a plead- 
 ing (cf. dico) : causae {pleading 
 one's cause, trial); juris ( adminis- 
 tration ). __ 
 
 dictito, -avi, no p.p., -are,, [akin 
 to dicto, form unc., perh. tdictita- 
 (dicto+ta)], I- v. a., refeat, keep 
 saying. 
 
 dictum, -i, [N. p p. of dico as 
 
subst.], N., a saying , an expression, 
 words. 
 
 dies, -el, [prob. for dives, V DYU 
 + as], M. (rarely F. in some uses), a 
 day (in all Eng. senses). — Also, 
 time: in dies (from day to day , 
 with idea of increase, or diminution) ; 
 illis ipsis diebus(dtf that very time); 
 noctes diesque ( night and day); 
 diem dicere (see dico) . 
 
 differo, distuli, dilatus, differre, 
 [dis-fero], irr. v. a. and n., hear 
 apart , spread. — Also, postpone , de- 
 fer , put off, differ. 
 
 difficilis, -e, [dis-facilis], adj., 
 not easy, difficult. 
 
 difficultas -tatis, [difficili- (weak- 
 ened) + tas], F., difficulty, trouble , 
 difficult circumstances . 
 
 diffido, -fisus sum, -fldere, [dis- 
 fido] , 3. v. n., distrust, not have con- 
 fidence (in). 
 
 diflluo, -fluxi, no p.p., -fluere, 
 [dis-fluo], 3. v. n., flow apart, be- 
 come loose, become lax. 
 
 digitus, -i, [?], M., a finger. 
 dignitas, -tatis, [digno + tas], 
 F., worthiness , worth, dignity, pres- 
 tige, position (superior), claims 
 (founded on worth), advancement (as 
 the consequence of worthiness), self- 
 respect, the dignity of one's position. 
 
 dlgnus, -a, -um, [?, perh. root of 
 dico + nus], adj., worthy, deserving. 
 
 dijudico, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
 judico], I. v. a. and n., decide (be- 
 tween two). 
 
 dijunctio, -onis, [dis-junctio (cf. 
 dijungo)], F., a separation. 
 
 dijungo (disj-) , -junxi, -junctus, 
 -jungere, [dis-jungo], 3. v. a., dis- 
 join, separate, divide. 
 
 dilabor, -lapsus, -labi, [dis-labor], 
 3. v. dep., glide apart, slip away , 
 fall away. 
 
 dilacero, -avi, -atus, -are, [di- 
 lacero], 1. v. a., tear asunder, tear 
 in pieces. 
 
 dllanio, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
 lanio], 1. v. a., tear in pieces. 
 
 dilatio, -onis, [dis-latio], F., a 
 postponement, an adjournment. 
 
 dilectus (del-),-tus, [dis-flectus, 
 cf. diligo], M., a choosing, a levy, a 
 conscription. 
 
 diligens, -entis, p. of diligo, as 
 
 adj., diligent, painstaking, careful. 
 
 diligenter [diligent + ter] , adv., 
 carefully, with care, with exactness , 
 exactly , with pains, scrupulously. 
 
 diligentia, -ae, [diligent-}- ia], 
 F., care, pains, painstaking, dili- 
 gence : remittere (cease to take pains, 
 take less care). 
 
 diligo, -lexi, -lectus, -ligere, [dis- 
 lego], 3. v. a., (choose out), love, be 
 fond of. — See also diligens. 
 
 dilucesco, -luxi, no p.p., -luces- 
 cere [dis-lucesco], 3. v. n., grow 
 light, dawn. — Usually impersonal. 
 
 diluculum, -i, [di-fluculum (lu- 
 cu + lus)], N., daybreak, dawn. 
 
 diluo, -lui, -lutus, -luere, [dis-luo] , 
 3. v. a. and n., dissolve away, dis- 
 solve. — Fig., refute. 
 
 dimicatio, -onis, [dimica-f tio] , 
 ¥., fighting, a contest, a struggle. 
 
 dimico, -avi, -aturus, -are, [dis- 
 mico], I. v. n., (brandish swords to 
 decide a contest ?), fight (a decisive 
 battle), risk an engagement, contend. 
 diminuo, see deminuo. 
 dimitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
 [dis-mitto], 3. v. a., let go away, let 
 slip, let pass, let go, give up, relin- 
 quish, abandon : oppugnationem 
 (raise); victoriam (let go, on pur- 
 pose). — Also, send in different di- 
 rections, send about, despatch , detail, 
 disband, dismiss, adjourn, discharge. 
 
 Ul I 
 
58 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 dfreptio, -onis, [dis-fraptio, cf. 
 diripio], F., plundering, plunder . 
 
 direptor, -toris, [dis-raptor, cf. 
 diripio], M., a robbery a plunderer. 
 
 diripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, 
 [dis-rapio], 3. v. a., seize (in differ- 
 ent directions), plunder, pillage . 
 
 dis-, di- (dir-), [akin to duo?], 
 insep. prep, (adv.), in comp., asun- 
 der , in different directions . Cf. dis- 
 cedo, discerno, dirimo, diffundo. 
 
 Dis, DItis, [akin to dives, as the 
 earth is the source of riches], M., 
 Pluto (the god of the underworld, 
 and so of death). 
 
 discedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere, 
 [dis-cedo], 3. v. n., withdraw , de- 
 part , retire , leave (with ab), go 
 away . 
 
 disceptatio, -onis, [discepta + 
 tio], F., a contest , a contention , a 
 discussion . 
 
 disceptator, -toris, [discepta- 
 (stem of discepto) + tor], M ., a 
 judge , an arbiter . 
 
 discepto, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
 capto], 1. v. a., discuss , consider and 
 decide , decide. 
 
 discerno, -crevi, -cretus, -cernere, 
 [dis-cerno], 3. v. a., separate , dfo- 
 tinguish. 
 
 discessio, -onis, [dis-cessio, cf. 
 discedo], F., a departure , # with- 
 drawal ', a division (as in Parlia- 
 ment), a vote: contionis (0 division 
 of opinion in , etc.) ; discessionem 
 faeere {take a vote). 
 
 discessus, -sus, [dis-fcessus, cf. 
 discedo], M., a departure , with- 
 
 drawal. 
 
 discidium, -I, [dis-fscidium 
 (^/scid -f ium)], N., # separation , 
 # dissension. 
 
 disciplina, -ae, [discipulo- (re- 
 duced) + ina, cf. rapina], f., ( pu- 
 
 pilage ?), discipline , instruction , 
 training , system (of doctrine, etc.), 
 
 # course of instruction , education , <3 
 (fig. as in Eng.) : pueritiae 
 disciplinae (^ studies of childhood ) ; 
 navalis {skill, as the result of dis- 
 cipline); majorum {strict conduct). 
 
 discipulus, -i, [?, akin to disco], 
 M., pupil. 
 
 discludo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 
 [dis-claudo], 3. v. a., shut apart, 
 keep apart, separate , divide . 
 
 disco, -didicl, disciturus, discere, 
 [for fdicsco (Vdic+sco)], 3.V. a. 
 and n., learn. 
 
 discolor, -oris, [dis-color], adj., 
 
 particolored, different-colored. 
 
 discordia, -ae, [discord + ia, cf. 
 concors], F., dissension, discord, 
 disagreement. 
 
 discrimen, -inis, [dis-crimen, cf. 
 discerno], N., a separation , a de- 
 cision. Hence, a moment of deci- 
 sion, a crisis, critical condition, dan- 
 ger, peril, a critical moment, a 
 turning-point of one's fortunes. 
 
 disjungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun- 
 gere, [dis-jungo], 3. v. a., disunite, 
 separate : disjunctissimus {very far 
 distant, very widely separated). 
 
 dispergo, -spersi, -spersus, -sper- 
 gere, [dis-spargo], 3. v. a., scatter , 
 disperse, separate. 
 
 disperse [old abl. of dispersus], 
 adv., in different places, separately. 
 
 dispertio, -Ivi, (-ii), -it us, -ire, 
 also dispertior, as dep., [dis-par- 
 tio], 4. v. a. and dep., divide , dis- 
 tribute. 
 
 displiceo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [dis- 
 placeo], 2. v. n., displease, be unsat- 
 isfactory, be disliked by. 
 
 disputo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
 puto], 1. v. n. and a., discuss (cf. 
 puto), argue. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 59 
 
 dissemino, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
 semino], I. v. a., scatter , sow widely , 
 spread , disseminate. 
 
 dissensio, -onis, [dis-fsensio (cf. 
 dissentic^], F., difference of opin- 
 ion . , disagreem ent, dissension. 
 
 dissentid, -sens!, -sensurus, -sen- 
 tire, [dis-sentio], 4. v. n., differ in 
 opinion , dissent , differ , be at vari- 
 ance. 
 
 dissided, -sedi, no p.p., -sidere, 
 [dis-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit apart.— 
 Hence, disagree , have a dissension. 
 
 dissimilis, -e, [dis-similis] , adj., 
 unlike , different , various. 
 
 dissimilitude, -inis, [dissimili-f- 
 tudo], F., unlikeness , unlike nature , 
 different nature. 
 
 dissimulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
 simulo], I. v. a. and n., {pretend 
 something is not), conceal (what is), 
 dissemble , conceal the fact that, pre- 
 tend not to. 
 
 dissipo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
 fsupo, throw'], 1. v. a., scatter , dis- 
 perse, strew , spread abroad: dissi- 
 patos congregarunt (the scattered 
 people) . 
 
 dissolutio, -onis, [dis-solutio, cf. 
 dissolvo], F., a dissolving, abolition. 
 
 dissolvo, -solvi, -solutus, -solvere, 
 [dis-solvo], 3. v. a., unloose, relax, 
 separate. — dissolutus, -a, -um, p.p. 
 as adj., lax, unrestrained, arbitrary 
 (as unrestrained by considerations of 
 policy or mercy). 
 
 distineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
 [dis-teneo], 2. v. a., keep apart, hold 
 asunder, keep from uniting, cut off 
 (in military sense), isolate, distract. 
 
 distrahd, -traxi, -tractus, -tra- 
 here [dis-traho], 3-v.a., drag asun- 
 der, tear asunder, separate . — Hence, 
 distract, divide : distractae senten- 
 tiae ( widely divergent). 
 
 distribuo, -bui, -butus, -buere, 
 [dis-tribuo] , 3. v. a., assign (to sev- 
 eral), distribute , diviae. 
 
 distringo, -strinxi, -strictus, -strin- 
 gere, [dis-stringo] , 3. v. a., stretch 
 apart, distract, engage, occupy. 
 
 disturbo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- 
 turbo], 1. v. a., drive away in con- 
 fusion : contionem (break up). 
 
 ditissimus, -a, -um, superb of 
 dives. 
 
 diu, [prob. acc. of stem akin to 
 dies], ad v., for a time, a long time, 
 for some time, long: tam diu (so 
 long) ; quam diu (how long, as 
 long) ; diutius (any longer) . 
 
 diurnus, -a, -um, [f dius- (akin to 
 diu and dies) + nus], adj., of the 
 day, daily (as opposed to nightly) : 
 fur (by night). 
 
 dius [akin to divus], M., only in 
 nom. in phrase me dius fidius 
 
 (Heaven help me, as sure as 1 
 live) . 
 
 diuturnitas, -tatis, [diuturno + 
 
 tas] , F., length of time, long continu- 
 ance, length (in time). 
 
 diuturnus, -a, -um, [diu-f turnus, 
 cf. hesternus], adj., long continued, 
 long (in time); minus diuturna vita 
 (shorter) . 
 
 divelld, -velli, -vulsus, -vellere, 
 [dis-vello], 3. v. a., tear apart, rend 
 asunder, tear (from). 
 
 dl versus, -a, -um, p.p. of di- 
 verto. 
 
 diverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, 
 [dis-verto], 3. v. a. and n., turn 
 aside (or apart), separate. — dl ver- 
 sus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., sepa * 
 rate , distant, diverse, different, va- 
 rious. 
 
 dives, -itis, [?], adj., rich. 
 divido, -visi, -visus, -videre, [dis< 
 fvido, v /vidh( ?), cf. viduus], 3-v.a., 
 
6o 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 W, separate, distribute. — divi- 
 sus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., divided. 
 
 divinitus, [divino + tus, cf. cae- 
 litus], adv., from heaven , divinely , 
 providentially , the gods. 
 
 divino, -avi, -atus, -are, [divino-], 
 
 I. y. a., prophesy, conjecture , foresee , 
 imagine (as likely to happen). 
 
 divinus, -a, -um, [divo- (as if 
 divi) + nils], adj., 0/ the gods, di- 
 vine, providential, superhuman, 
 more than human, transcendent , 
 like : res divinae ( religious insti- 
 tutions'). 
 
 divisor, -soris, [dis-fvisor, cf. 
 divido], M., a distributer, a dis- 
 tributing agent, an agent (for bri- 
 bery). _ . _ 
 
 divitiae, -arum, [divit + ia], F. 
 plur., wealth, riches. 
 
 1. d§, dedi, datus, dare, [ V DA > cf * 
 m I. V. a., give, bestow, grant, 
 furnish , vouchsafe, present, offer : 
 excusationem ( afford ) ; cognito- 
 rem ( furnish . , bring forward ) ; lite- 
 ras {write). — See also opera. 
 
 2. do [^/dha , place, cf. rfflij/u], 
 confounded with I. do, but appear- 
 ing in comp., place, put. 
 
 doceo, docui, doctus, docere, [unc. 
 formation akin to dico and disco], 
 2. v. a., teach, show, inform, repre- 
 sent, state. — doctus, -a, -um, p.p. 
 as adj., learned , educated, cultivated, 
 skilful. 
 
 docilitas, -tatis, [docili+tas], F., 
 teachableness, aptness, capability (of 
 learning). . 
 
 doctrina, -ae, [doctor + ina (cf. 
 medicina)], F., teaching, systematic 
 instruction , education , training, 
 study (changing the point of view), 
 learning. 
 
 documentum, -i, [docu-(?) (as 
 stem of doceo) + mentum], N., a 
 
 means of teaching, a proof, a warn - 
 ing, an example. 
 
 Dolabella, -ae, [dolabra + la, 
 
 “ little hatchet ”], M. (orig. F.), a 
 Roman family name. — Esp. : 1. Cn. 
 Dolabella, in command of Cilicia in 
 B.c. 80, under whom Verres was 
 “ legatus 2. P. Cornelius Dola- 
 bella, Cicero’s son-in-law, who was 
 Antony’s colleague in the consulship, 
 
 B.c. 44- . _ , 
 
 doleo, dolui, doliturus, dolere, 
 
 [perh. dolo- (stem of dolus)], 2.v.n., 
 feel pain, suffer.— Esp. mentally, be 
 pained, grieved. 
 
 dolor, -oris, [dol- (as root of 
 doleo) + or], M., pain (physical or 
 mental), suffering, distress, indigna- 
 tion, chagrin , vexation, sense of in- 
 jury : magno dolore ferre {be very 
 indignant, feel much chagrin) ; mag- 
 no esse dolori (to be a great annoy- 
 ance or sorrow) ; dolor et crepitus 
 plagarum ( cries of pain, etc.)j 
 domesticus, -a, -um, [domo- (as 
 if domes-, cf. modestus) + ticus], 
 adj., (of the house), of one's home, 
 one y s own, at home. — Hence, domes- 
 tic, internal, intestine, within the 
 state or city, private : dolor (per- 
 sonal). w 
 
 domicilium, -i, [perh. domo + 
 fcilium (fr. root of colo)], N., an 
 abode, a house, a dwelling-place , a 
 house (as a permanent home), a resi- 
 dence (in a legal sense): imperi 
 (seat). 
 
 domina, -ae, [f. of dornmus], 
 
 F., a mistress. 
 
 dominatio, -onis, [domina+tio], 
 F., mastery , control, tyranny , power 
 (illegal or abnormal). 
 
 dominor, -atus, -an, [domin5-J, 
 1. v. dep., be master , rule , lord it 
 over, tyrannize , dominate . 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 
 dominus, -i, [fdomd- ( ruling , cf. 
 Gr. -5 a/jLos) + nus], M., a master , an 
 owner: esse {have control}. 
 
 Domitius, -I, [domito- (reduced) 
 + ius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
 — Esp., Lucius Do??iitius Ahenobar- 
 bus, consul in B.C. 54. 
 
 domitor, -toris, [domi- (as stem 
 of domo) + tor], m., a tamer , a 
 queller . 
 
 domo, -ui, -itus, -are, [fdomo- 
 cf. dominus)], i.v. a., ta??ie , quell , 
 subdue , master . 
 
 domus, -I (-us), [-y/DOM ( buildl ) 
 + us (-os and -us)], F., a house , a 
 home , a house {a family ) : domi {at 
 home); domum {home, to one's home ) ; 
 domo {from home); domo exire 
 {go away , emigrate). 
 
 donatio, -onis, [dona + tio], F., 
 a gift, a donation, a giving away. 
 
 dono, -avi, -atus, -are, [dono-], 
 1. v. a., present, give (as a gift). — 
 Also, honor with a gift, present (one 
 with a thing); civitate aliquem 
 donare {honor one with , etc., give 
 one the rights of citizenship ). 
 
 donum, -i, [^/DA+nus], N., a 
 
 gift- 
 
 dormio, -ivi (-ii), -Itum (supine), 
 [prob. from noun stem], 4. v. n. 
 
 sleep. 
 
 Drasus, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp., M. Livius Dru- 
 sus, tribune B.C. 91, who attempted 
 some reform in favor of the Italians. 
 He was assassinated by his oppo- 
 nents. 
 
 dubitatio, -onis, [dubita- (stem 
 of dubito) + tio], F., doubt, hesita- 
 tion, question. 
 
 dubito, -avi, -aturus, -are, [fdu- 
 bito- (partic. of lost verb dubo?, cf. 
 dubius)] , i.v. n., doubt , have doubt , 
 be in doubt, feel doubtful . — Also (ab- 
 
 solutely, or with inf., rarely quin), 
 hesitate, feel hesitation, vacillate. 
 
 dubius, -a, -um, [fdubo- (duo + 
 bus, cf. superbus and dubito) + 
 ius], adj., doubtful : est dubium 
 ( there is doubt, it is doubtful). 
 
 ducentl, -ae, -a, [duo-centi (plur. 
 of centum)], adj., two hundred. 
 
 duco, duxl, ductus, ducere, [ ^/duc 
 (in dux)], 3. v. a., lead, draw, bring 
 (of living things), conduct, drag. — 
 Esp. of a general, lead, march. — 
 With (or without) in matrimo- 
 nium, marry (of the man). — Fig., 
 prolong, drag out, attract. — As mer- 
 cantile word, and so fig., reckon, con- 
 sider, regard: rationem {take ac- 
 count, also in fig. sense) ; spiritum 
 {draw breath) ; causa ducitur 
 {springs); pueros {have with one); 
 parietem {make, carry, run). 
 
 ductus, -tus, [ v 'duc+ tus], M., 
 lead, command : suo ductu {in act- 
 ual command, opposed to acting by 
 a subordinate). 
 
 dudum, see jamdudum. 
 duint, see do. 
 
 dulcedo, -dinis, [dulci + edo], 
 F., sweetness , charm. 
 
 dulcis, -e, [?], adj., sweet (also 
 fig.) : aqua {fresh). 
 
 dum [pron. -y/DA, prob. acc., cf. 
 turn], conj. (orig. adv.), at that time. 
 — Also, while, so long as. — Hence, 
 till, until: dummodo, or separate 
 {only so long, provided). — With 
 negatives, yet, as yet : tarn diu dum 
 {so long as) . 
 dummodo, see dum. 
 dumtaxat [dum taxat, when 
 one consider j?], adv., otily, merely. 
 
 duo, -ae, -o, [dual, of stem fdvo-, 
 cf. bis], adj., two. 
 
 duodecim [duo-decem], indecl. 
 adj., twelve. 
 
 ! ! I 
 
 b'V 1 
 
62 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 duodecimus, -a, -urn, [duo-de- 
 cimus], adj., twelfth. 
 
 duplico, -avi, -atus, -are, [duplic-], 
 
 I. v. a., double , increase twofold. 
 
 dure [old abl. of durus], adv., 
 hardly , harshly. 
 
 durus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hard . — 
 Fig., hard, severe , difficult , harsh , 
 rough. 
 
 duumviratus, -tus, [duumvir-}- 
 atus, cf. senatus], M., ^ office of 
 duumvir (a magistrate of provincial 
 towns corresponding to the consuls) . 
 
 dux, ducis, [V DUC as stem], M. 
 and F., a leader , a guide , a com- 
 mander : Pompeio duce {under the 
 eo?nmand of etc.) ; ducibus dis 
 {under the guidance of etc.). 
 
 E. 
 
 e, see ex. 
 
 ea [instr. or abl. of is], adv., this 
 way , that way , thus , there. 
 
 ebriosus, -a, -um, [ebrio+osus], 
 adj., given to drinking , a toper. 
 ebrius, -a, -um, [?], adj., drunk. 
 ebur, -oris, [prob. Phoenician?], 
 N., ivory. 
 
 ecce, [en-ce, cf. hie], interj., lo, 
 
 behold. 
 
 ecf-, see efF-. 
 
 ecquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod), 
 [en-quis], interrog. pron., is {does, 
 etc.) any one ? any (in an interrog, 
 sentence).— Esp., ecquid, n. acc. 
 as adv., at all. 
 
 eculeus (equu-), -I, [equo-f-leus], 
 
 M. , a little horse. — Esp., as an in- 
 strument of torture, the horse. 
 
 edico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, [ex- 
 dico], 3. v. a., issue an edict, pro- 
 claim, order. 
 
 edictum, -I, [n. p.p. of edico], 
 
 N. , an edict, an order , a proclama- 
 
 tion : edictum praetoris {an order 
 
 of court, an execution). 
 
 edo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [ex-do], 
 
 3. v. a., put forth, give forth, pub- 
 lish. — Also, raise up . — editus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. as adj., elevated, raised, 
 high, lofty. 
 
 edoceo, -docui, -doctus, -docere, 
 [ex-doceo], 2. v. a., show forth, ex- 
 plain, inform. 
 
 educatio,-onis, [educa+tio], f., 
 rearing, training, education. 
 
 educo, -avi, -atus, -are [feduc- 
 (cf. redux)], 1. v. a., rear, train, 
 
 bring up. 
 
 educo, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
 [ex-duco], 3. v. a., lead out , lead 
 forth, draw (a sword), bring out, 
 march out (an army), take out. 
 
 eflfemino (ecf-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ex-ffeniino, or perhaps feffemino- 
 (or -i), in either case from feinina], 
 1. v. a., make into a woman. — Less 
 exactly, (make like a woman), ener- 
 vate, weaken. — effeminatus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. as adj., effeminate, un- 
 manly. 
 
 efferd (ecf-), extuli, elatus, ef- 
 ferre, [ex-fero], irr. v. a., carry out, 
 bring out, cai'ry away. — Less ex- 
 actly and fig., spread abroad, make 
 known, publish abroad, puff uf, elate 
 (cf. Eng. “ carried away’*). — Also 
 (cf. edo), raise up, extol, praise. 
 
 efficio (ecf-), -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
 [ex-facio], 3. v. a., make out, make, 
 enable , accomplish, cause, produce , 
 cause to be, make into, make out, 
 bring about. — Esp. with ut or ne, 
 bring it about that, cause {to be, or 
 not to be), make (a thing to be, etc.). 
 
 effigies (ecf-), -ii, [ex-ffigies 
 (-y/FiG-f ies)], F., an image, a statue , 
 a portrait, a representation, a coun- 
 terfeit presenttnent. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 63 
 
 effingo (ecf-), -finxi, -fictus, -fin- 
 ger e, [ex-fingo], 3. v. a., wipe up , 
 mould , form . 
 
 efflagito (ecf-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ex-flagito], I. v. a., demand ear- 
 nestly , clamor for , importunately de- 
 mand. 
 
 efflo (ecf-), -flavi, -flatus, -flare, 
 [ex-flo], 1. v. a. and n., blow out , 
 breathe forth : animam efflans (draw- 
 ing the last breath , breathing one's 
 last). 
 
 eflfrenate [old abl. of effrena- 
 tus], adv., without restraint. 
 
 effrenatio (ecf-), -onis, [effrena 
 + tio], F., unbridled impulse . 
 
 effreno (ecf-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [effreno-], 1. v. a., unbridle , let loose. 
 — Esp., eflfrenatus, -a, -um, p.p. as 
 adj., unbridled \ unrestrained. 
 
 eflugio (ecf-) -fugi, -fugiturus, -fu- 
 gere, [ex-fugio], 3. v. a. and n., es- 
 cape, flee (absolutely), fly from , get 
 rid of avoid. 
 
 elfugium (ecf-), -I, [ex-f fugium, 
 cf. effugio and refugium], n., a 
 way of escape , an escape. 
 
 efftindo (ecf-), -fudl, -fusus, -fun- 
 dere [ex-fundo], 3. v. a., pour out , 
 shed: spiritum {breathe out). 
 
 effuse (ecf-) [old abl. of eflfusus], 
 adv., profusely. 
 
 egens, pres. p. of egeo. 
 egeo, egul, no p.p., egere, [fego- 
 (cf. indigus)], 2. v. n., want , need, 
 lack , be in want. — egens, -entis, 
 pres. p. as adj., needy , destitute, beg- 
 garly. 
 
 egestas, -tatis, [unc. stem (perh. 
 egent-) + tas], f., poverty , destitu- 
 tion , want , need. 
 
 ego, mei, [cf. Eng. 7 ], pron., I 
 {me, etc.). — egomet, see -met. — 
 Plur., nos, we, us, etc. — Often of 
 one person, /. 
 
 egredior, -gressus, -gredi, [ex- 
 gradior], 3. v. dep., march out, go 
 out, move beyond. 
 
 egregie [old abl. of egregius], 
 adv., remarkably, finely , extremely 
 well. 
 
 egregius, -a, -um, [fegrege- (cf. 
 exlex) + ius], adj., out of the com - 
 mon, remarkable , superior, excel- 
 lent, uncommon , special, noble, very 
 fine. 
 
 eicio, -jecl, -jectus, -icere, [ex- 
 jacio], 3. v. a., cast out, drive out, 
 expel, cast up (cf. edo). — With re- 
 flex., rush out, rush, hasten away. — 
 Fig., disperse , oust, turn out. — 
 ejectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., cast up 
 on shore, cast away, shipwrecked. 
 ejectus, -a, -um, p.p. of eicio. 
 ejicio, see eicio. 
 ejusmodi (often written sepa- 
 rately) [eius modi], as adj. phrase, 
 of this kind , of such a kind, such, of 
 a kind, of such a nature, in such a 
 state. 
 
 elabor, -lapsus, -labl, [ex-labor], 
 3. v. dep., slip out, escape, slip. 
 
 elaboro, -avl, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 lab or o], 1. v. a. and n., accomplish 
 by toil, work out, effect, strive dili- 
 gently, spend one's efforts elabo- 
 
 ratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wrought 
 out, highly wrought. 
 
 elegans, -antis, [pres. p. of fele- 
 go (cf. relego)], adj., fastidious , 
 choice, dainty, 7 iice. — Transf ., fine, 
 choice, elegant. 
 
 elephantus, -i, [Gr. acc. eXetyavTa, 
 declined], M., an elephant. 
 
 elicio, -licui, -licitus, -licere, [ex- 
 lacio], 3. v. a., entice out , draw out. 
 
 eligo, -legl, -lectus, -ligere, [ex- 
 lego], 3. v. a., pick out, select, choose. 
 — electus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
 picked (troops). 
 
64 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 eloquentia, -ae, [eloquent+ia], 
 
 F., eloquence. 
 
 eludo, -lusi, -lusus, -ludere, [ex- 
 ludo], 3. v. a. and n., play out, end 
 (one’s play).— Also “ play off,” parry 
 (a thrust), avoid , elude. — Fig., mock , 
 befool , fool , deceive , make sport of 
 baffle. — Absolutely, play one's game 
 freely (dodging all opposition) . 
 
 eluo, -lui, -lutus, -luere, [ex-luo], 
 3.v.a., wash away , out, wash off. 
 
 emano, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ex- 
 mano], 1. v. n., flow out . — ■ Fig., 
 spread abroad, leak out, get abroad. 
 
 ementior, -itus, -iri, [ ex-men - 
 tiQr], 4. v. dep., get up a falsehood, 
 forge a lie. 
 
 emergo, -mersi, -mersus, -mergere, 
 [ex-mergo], 3. v. a. and n., rise 
 {from under water). — Fig. (of 
 analogous situations), rise, come out 
 of, emerge, get one' s head above water . 
 
 — emersus, -a, -um, p.p. in act. 
 sense, emerging, having emerged. 
 
 emigro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ex- 
 migro], I. v. n., remove (perma- 
 nently), emigrate. — Withdomo (in 
 same sense). 
 
 emineo, -nui, no p.p., -nere, [ex- 
 mineo], 2. v. n., stand out, project . 
 
 — Fig., radiate (from), appear (in) : 
 ex ore crudelitas (cf. the vulgar 
 “ stick out ”). 
 
 emitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
 [ex-mi tto], 3. v. a., let go , drop, 
 send out, throw, hurl, discharge. 
 Pass., or with reflex., rush out : ex 
 urbe vel ejecimus {expel, as by 
 force) ; vel emisimus {send out , as 
 by a mere order). 
 
 em§, emi. emptus, emere,[V EM? > 
 orig., fake], 3. v. a., {take, only in 
 compounds). — Esp., buy (cf. Eng. 
 sell, orig. give), purchase : interces- 
 sio empta {bribed). 
 
 emolumentum, -i, [ex-moli- 
 mentum, cf. emolior?], N., gain, 
 advantage. 
 
 emorior, -mori, (-moriri), -mor- 
 tuus, [ex-morior], 3. (cf.inf.) v.dep., 
 
 die off, die. 
 
 emptiS, -onis, [V EM + ti°], F., 
 a buying, a purchase. \buyer. 
 
 emptor, -toris, [^/EM+tor], m., a 
 enarro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-nar- 
 ro], 1. v. a., tell, relate , recount. 
 
 enim [prob. e (in en, ecce) + 
 nam], adv., really . — Esp., as ex- 
 planatory ,for, but, now : neque enim 
 {for of course . . . not ) ; at enim 
 {but you say, of an objection) ; et 
 enim {for . . .you see, for naturally, 
 for you know). 
 
 enitor, -nisus (-nixus), -niti, [ex- 
 nitor], 3. v. dep., struggle out (or 
 up ) , struggle, strive, exert one's self 
 Ennius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gen- 
 tile name. — Only of Q. Ennius ,the 
 father of Roman poetry, born B.c. 
 240. 
 
 enumero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 numero], 1. v. a., count up. 
 
 eo, ivi (ii), itum, ire, cf. Gr. 
 
 tlfju, for AYAMl], irr. v. n., go, pass, 
 march: ad saga ire {put on the 
 garb of war, cf. “go into mourn- 
 ing”). 
 
 eo [old dat. of is], adv., thither, 
 there (in sense of thither). — Often 
 translated by more def. expressions 
 in Eng., to the place (where, etc.), 
 on them {it, him, etc.), 
 eo (abl.), see is. 
 
 eodem [old dat. of idem, cf. eo, 
 
 thither~\, adv., to the same place , in 
 the same place (cf. eo), there also : 
 eodem convenir s{to the same place) ; 
 eodem penetrare {there also). 
 
 Ephesius, -a, -um, [*E <£>e<nos], 
 
 I adj., of Ephesus (a famous city of 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 65 
 
 Asia Minor, famous for its temple of 
 Artemis (Diana)). — Masc. plur., the 
 Ephesians. 
 
 epigramma, -atis, [iniypajufia], 
 N., an epigram. 
 
 epistula (epistola), -ae, [eVio-- 
 toA^], F., a letter . 
 
 epulor, -atus, -ari, [epulo-], i. v. 
 dep ., feast, banquet , revel. 
 
 epulum, -i (-ae, -arum), [?], N. 
 and F., a feast, a banquet . 
 
 eques, -itis, [equo + tis (re- 
 duced)], M., a horseman, a rider . — 
 Plur., cavalry . — Esp. (as orig. serv- 
 ing on horseback), a knight (one of 
 the moneyed class at Rome, next in 
 rank to the senate). 
 
 equester, -tris, -tre, [equit-f tris], 
 adj., of knights, of cavalry, equestrian. 
 
 equidem [e (in en, ecce) -qui- 
 dem], adv., (particle of assevera- 
 tion), surely, at least, to be sure. — 
 Often untranslatable in Eng. except 
 by emphasis, change of order of 
 words, or some similar device. — 
 Usually only with the first person, I 
 for my part, I certainly : dixi equi- 
 dem modo ( why ! I said just now) ; 
 laudabam equidem (I praised to be 
 sure). 
 
 equitatus, -tus, [equita + tus], 
 M., cavalry, horse (troops serving on 
 horseback). 
 
 equito, -avi, -atum, -are, [equit-], 
 i. v. n., ride, serve in the cavalry . 
 
 equus, -i, [V AK + vus > 
 
 M ., a horse. 
 
 erga [prob. instr. of same stem 
 as ergo], prep., towards (of feeling 
 and conduct), in behalf of: benevo- 
 lentia erga aliquem. 
 
 ergo (-o rarely) [unc. form, perh. 
 dat., cf. erga], adv. with gen., for 
 the sake of. — Alone, therefore , then. 
 erigo, -rexi, -rectus, -rigere, [ex- 
 
 rego], 3. v. a., set up straight (cf. 
 rego) , raise up. — Fig., rouse up, re- 
 store. — With reflex., get up. — erec- 
 tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., high, high 
 and straight, roused. 
 
 eripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, [ex- 
 rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away, tear, 
 wrest (a thing from), deprive (one 
 of a thing, changing the relation in 
 Eng.), relieve, rescue, save, extort, 
 rob, take from : ereptam vitam ne- 
 gligetis ( the taking of life)', pudi- 
 citiam ( violate ) ; se eripere ne, etc. 
 (save one’s self from, etc.). 
 
 erratum, -i, [n. p.p. of erro], N., 
 an error, a mistake . 
 
 erro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ ?] , 1 . v. n., 
 wander, go astray , err, be mistaken, 
 make a mistake. 
 
 error, -oris, [ferr- (as if root of 
 erro) + or], M., an error, a mistake. 
 
 Erucius, -i, [eruca (?) + ius], 
 M., a Roman gentile name. — Only of 
 the prosecutor against Sex. Roscius. 
 
 eructo, -avi, -atus, -are, [e-ructo], 
 1. v. a., belch forth (lit. and fig.). 
 
 erudio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [ex- 
 rudio (rudi-, from training in fen- 
 cing, cf. rudimentum)], 4. v. a. ; 
 train, instruct, educate . — eruditus, 
 -a, -um, p.p. as adj., learned, highly 
 educated homo (man of learning). 
 
 erumpo, -rupi, -ruptus, -rumpere, 
 [ex-rumpo], 3. v. a. and n., burst 
 out, sally out, make a sally, break 
 forth (with violence), break out (of 
 unexpected events ). 
 
 escendo, -scendi, -scensus, -scen- 
 dere, [ex-scando], 3. v. n. (and a.), 
 climb up, ascend, go up. 
 
 et [akin to Gr. en], conj., and, 
 even, also : et. . . et (both . . . and). 
 etenim, see enim. 
 etiam [et jam], conj., even now, 
 still, even yet, even, also : quin etiam 
 
66 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 (nay, even); etiam atque etiam 
 ( again and again) ; etiam si ( even 
 if, although). 
 
 etiam si, see etiam. 
 
 Etruria, -ae, [fEtrus + ia (cf. 
 Etruscus)], F., the country of cen- 
 tral Italy north of the Tiber and west 
 of the Apennines. 
 
 Etruscus, -a, -um, [fEtrus+cus 
 (cf. Etruria)], adj., of Etruria, 
 Etruscan , Etrurian. — Masc. plur., 
 Etruscans. 
 
 etsi [et si], conj., even if al- 
 though, though. 
 
 evado, -vasi, -vasurus, -vadere, 
 [ex-vado], 3. v. n., escape , get away . 
 
 evello, -velli (-vulsi),-vulsus, -vel- 
 lere, [ex-vello], 3. v. a., tear out. 
 
 eventus, -tus, [cf. evenio], m., 
 an event, an accident. 
 
 eversor, -soris, [ex-versor, cf. 
 everto], M., an overturner. 
 
 everto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, 
 [ex-verto], 3. v. a., overturn, over- 
 throw, utterly destroy, cut down. 
 
 evocator, -toris, [ex-vocator, cf. 
 evoco], M., one who calls forth, a 
 rallier (servorum). 
 
 evoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-voco], 
 I. v. a., call out, call forth , summon, 
 challenge , carry away, invite . — evo- 
 catus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj. and 
 subst., veteran (of soldiers who have 
 served their time and are only called 
 out in emergencies), veterans (al- 
 most equal volunteers). 
 
 evolo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ex- 
 volo], I. v. n., fly out , rush out. 
 
 evomo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [ex-vomo], 
 3. v. a., vomit out, vent , throw off, 
 throw out. 
 
 ex (e) [?], adv. (in comp.) and 
 prep., out of (cf. sib, away from), 
 out. — Less exactly, from (lit. and 
 fig.), of (made of) : ex alacri erat 
 
 humilis (from being, etc.) . — Hence, 
 after. — Also, on account of, by 
 means of, in pursuance of, in ac- 
 cordance with , according to. — Also, 
 above (raised from). — Also (cf. ab), 
 in, on : una ex parte (on one side) ; 
 e re publica ( for the advantage of 
 the state); ex caede vivunt (on, 
 upon); ex aliqua parte (in some 
 measure) . 
 
 exaggero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 aggero], 1. v. a., heap up, enlarge. 
 
 examino, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 amin- (stem of examen, tongue of 
 the balance)'], 1. v. a., weigh. 
 
 exanimo, -avi, -atus, -are, i.v.a., 
 deprive of breath (life ) , kill. — Less 
 exactly, half kill, prostrate (with 
 grief, etc.). — exanimatus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. as adj., out of breath, exhausted, 
 half dead (with fright, etc.), over- 
 whelmed. 
 
 exardesco, -arsi, no p.p. -arde- 
 scere, [ex-ardesco], 3. v. n., blaze 
 up. — Fig., become enraged, become 
 excited, burst forth. 
 
 exaudio, -ivi, -itus, -ire, [ex- 
 audio], 4. v. a., hear (from a dis- 
 tance). 
 
 excedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere, 
 [ex-cedo], 3. v. n., go out, leave 
 (with abl.), withdraw, retire, depart : 
 ex pueris (outgrozv one's boyhood). 
 excellens, see excello, 
 excello, (-cellui), -celsus, -cel- 
 lere, [ex-fcello], 3. v. a. and n., raise. 
 — Also, rise, be superior, excel . — 
 excellens, -entis, pres. p. as adj., 
 superior, prominent, remarkable. 
 excelsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., high, 
 elevated, lofty, commanding : in ex- 
 celso (in a lofty position, high up). 
 
 excido, -cidi, no p.p., -cidere, [ex- 
 cado], 3. v. n .,fall out, fall. 
 
 excido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [ex- 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 67 
 
 caedo], 3. v. a., cut out , cut off, break 
 down , raze. 
 
 excipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
 [ex-capio], 3. v. a., 0^, ta/k? up, 
 
 pick up, receive, catch, take in. — 
 Hence, follow, come after , come next. 
 — Also, take out, reserve, except. 
 
 excito, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-cito, 
 cf. excieo], 1. v. a., call out, rouse, 
 stimulate , induce. — Also, call up, 
 raise, stir up, kindle, set in motion. 
 
 exelamo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 clamo], 1. v. a. and n., cry out, 
 raise a shout. 
 
 excludo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 
 [ex-claudo], 3. v. a., shut out, cut 
 off (from doing a thing), prevent. 
 
 excogitb, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 cogito], 1. v. a., think out, devise, 
 invent. 
 
 excolo, -colui, -cultus, -colere, 
 [ex-colo], 3. v. a., cultivate (to some 
 effect), train. 
 
 excrucio, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 crucio], 1. v. a., torture , torment. 
 excubiae, -arum, [fexcubo+ia], 
 -4 F. plur., a watch, sentinels , watch- 
 men, pickets. 
 
 excursio, - 5 nis, [ex-cursio, cf. 
 excurro], F., a sally , a raid, an in- 
 cursion. 
 
 excusatio, -onis, [ex-fcausatio, 
 cf. excuso], F., an excuse. 
 
 excuso, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 fcauso], 1. v. a. and n., give as an 
 excuse, make an excuse, excuse one's 
 self. — Also (with change of relation), 
 excuse, exculpate. 
 
 exeinplu in, -i, [ex-femplum, 
 y'EM (in emo) + lus (cf. queru- 
 lus), with parasitic p], N., {some- 
 thing taken out), a sample, a copy, a 
 specimen, a precedent, an example, 
 an illustration : crudelissimis ex- 
 emplis (in the most cruel manner). 
 
 exeo, -ivi (-ii), -itum, -ire, [ex-eo], 
 irr. v. n., go forth, go out, emigrate , 
 march out, remove , depart, come out, 
 get abroad, be drawn (of lots) . 
 
 exerceo, -ercui, -ercitus, -ercere, 
 [ex-arceo], 2. v. a., train, practise, 
 exercise, harass, fatigue : vectigalia 
 (collect)', judicium (preside over). 
 
 exercitatio, -onis, [exercita- 
 (stem of exercito) + tio], f., prac- 
 tice, exercise , training: virtutis 
 (opportunity for the practice of, etc.). 
 
 exercito, -avi, -atus, -are, [exer- 
 cito-, cf. exerceo], 1. v. a., train, 
 practise. — exercitatus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. as adj., trained. — SuperL, very 
 well trained. 
 
 exercitus, -tus, [as if ex-farcitus, 
 cf. exerceo], m., (a training). — 
 Concretely, (a body trained or in 
 training), an army (large or small, 
 acting independently), a force. 
 
 exhaurio, -hausi, -haustus, -hau- 
 rire, [ex-haurio], 4. v. a., drain off. 
 
 — Less exactly, carry off, get rid of 
 exhibeo, -hibui, -hibitus, -hibere, 
 
 [ex-habeo], 2. v. a., hold out, show, 
 exhibit. 
 
 exigo, -egi, -actus, -igere, [ex- 
 ago], 3.v.a., (lead out), pass, spend, 
 finish , complete. — Also, collect, exact. 
 
 — Esp., exacta vigilia, etc. (at the 
 end of). 
 
 exiguus, -a, -um, [ex-faguus 
 ( -y/AG + uus), cf. exigo], adj., 
 (exact 1), narrow, scanty , small, 
 meagre. 
 
 eximie [old abl. of eximius], 
 
 adv., especially, peculiarly, particu- 
 larly. 
 
 eximius, -a, -um, [ex-femius 
 (-y/EM + ius), cf. eximo], adj., 
 (taken out), exceptional, remarkable , 
 very high, very great, most admirable, 
 very valuable. 
 
68 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 eximo, -emi, -emptus, -imere, [ex- 
 emo], 3. v. a., take out , take off, re- 
 move. 
 
 existimatio, -onis, [ex-aestima- 
 tio, cf. existimo], F., estimate , opin- 
 ion, public opinion. — From the other 
 side, reputation, repute. 
 
 existimator, -toris, [ex-aestima- 
 tor, cf. existimo], M., an appraiser, 
 a judge: injustus existimator re- 
 rum ( unjust in his opinion of affairs'). 
 
 existimo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 aestimo], 1. v. a. and n., estimate, 
 believe, think, suppose, imagine, re- 
 gard, esteem, deem, judge. 
 
 exitiosus, -a, -urn, [exitio+ osus] , 
 adj., destructive, ruinous, pernicious. 
 
 exitium, -i, [exitu + ium, perh. 
 ex -f fitium (cf. officium)], N., ex- 
 tinction, destruction, ruin, mischief. 
 
 exitus, -tus, [ex-itus, cf. exeo], 
 M., ( a going out), a passage (out, 
 concretely). — Hence, an end, the 
 last part : quern habere exitum 
 (what is the result of, etc.). — Fig., 
 a result, a turn (of fortune), an 
 issue, an event. 
 
 exoletus, -a, -urn, [p.p. of exo- 
 lesco, as adj.], adult. — As subst., a 
 creature of lust. 
 
 exopto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 opto], 1. v. a., desire earnestly , long 
 for. 
 
 exorior, -ortus, -oriri, [ex-orior], 
 3. (and 4.) v. dep., rise up. 
 
 exorno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-orno] , 
 1. v. a., array, adorn, fit out, embel- 
 lish. 
 
 exoro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-oro], 
 1. v. a. and n., entreat (so as to gain 
 one’s point). 
 
 exorsus, -sus, [ex-forsus, cf. 
 exordior], M., a beginning. 
 
 expecto and compounds of ex 
 with s-, see exs-. 
 
 expedio, -ivi, -itus, -ire, [prob. 
 fexpedi- (stem of adj. from ex-pes)], 
 4. v. a. and n., disentangle, disen- 
 cumber, set free (cf. impedio).— 
 Less exactly and fig., set in order, 
 get ready, arrange, station (of 
 troops) : salutem ( secure ) . — Also, 
 be of advantage. — expeditus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. as adj., unincumbered, easy 
 (iter), not difficult, quick , active. 
 
 expello, -puli, -pulsus, -pellere, 
 [ex-pello], 3. v. a., drive out, ban- 
 ish, expel. 
 
 experior, -pertus, -periri, [ex- 
 fperior, pass, of pario, cf. oppe- 
 rior], 4. v. dep., (get for one's self}), 
 experience, try, find (by experience). 
 
 expers, -pertis, [ex-pars], adj., 
 without a share, without, destitute: 
 sensus (out of sympathy with). 
 
 expeto, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ere, [ex- 
 peto], 3. v. a., seek for, desire, ear- 
 nestly ask for, try to secure : poenas 
 (inflict) . 
 
 expilo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-pilo], 
 I. v. a., rob. — Also, plunder, steal. 
 
 expio, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-pio], 
 i.v.a., purify , expiate. — Transferred 
 to the signs of divine wrath, expiate. 
 
 expieo, -plevi, -pletus, -plere, [ex- 
 pleo], 2. v. &., fill out, fill up, make 
 up, satisfy, satiate, fill the measure 
 
 °f- 
 
 explico, -ui (-avi), -itus (-atus), 
 -are, [ex-plieo], 1. v. a., unfold, set 
 forth. — Also (unfold something out 
 of entanglement), disentangle, set 
 free. 
 
 exploro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 plore), prob. search by calling or 
 crying], I. v. a., investigate, explore, 
 search , examine, reconnoitre . — ex- 
 ploratus, -a, -um, p.p., assured, 
 certain. 
 
 expono, -posui, -positusj -ponere, 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 69 
 
 [ex-pono], 3. v. a., place out , set 
 out : exercitum ( disembark , also 
 draw up , array'). — Fig., set forth 
 (in speech), expose. 
 
 exporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 porto], 1. v. a., carry out, carry 
 away, export. 
 
 exposed, -poposcl, no p.p., -pos- 
 cere, [ex-poseo], 3. v. a., demand 
 (with eagerness). 
 
 exprimo, -pressl, -pressus, -pri- 
 mere, [ex-premo], 3.V. a., press out , 
 force out, elicit, get out (of anything) . 
 — Hence, represent : vestigia ex- 
 pressa ( well marked). 
 
 expromo, -prompsi, -promptus, 
 -promere, [ex-promo], 3. v. a., deal 
 out, bring out, display. 
 
 expugnatio, -onis, [ex-pugna- 
 tio, cf. expugno], f., a storming 
 (of a city), taking (of a city by 
 storm). 
 
 expugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 pugno], 1. v. a., take (by storm), 
 capture (by storming a city, also fig.). 
 
 exquiro, -slvl, -situs, -rere, [ex- 
 quaero], 3. v. a., search out. 
 
 exsanguis, -e, [ex-sanguis],adj., 
 ( with the blood out), bloodless , nerve- 
 less, feeble, lifeless. 
 
 exscindd, -scidi, -scissus, -scin- 
 dere, [ex-scindo], 3. v.a., cut down, 
 tear down, break down, destroy , over- 
 throw. 
 
 exsecratio, -onis, [ex-sacratio], 
 F., a curse, an oath (ratified by an 
 imprecation), an imprecation . 
 
 exsequiae, -arum, [fexsequo -f 
 ia, cf. pediseqnus], f. plur., ( a fol- 
 lowing out). — Esp. to the grave, a 
 funeral, funeral rites. 
 
 exsilio, -silui, no p.p., -silire, [ex- 
 salio], 4. v. n., spring up, jump zip. 
 
 exsilium (exil-), -i, [exsul + 
 ium], n., exile * 
 
 exsisto, -stiti, -stiturus (?), -sis- 
 tere, [ex-sisto], 3. v. n., stand out, 
 rise up, come out, ensue, break otit, 
 grow out, arise, come forward, shoiu 
 itself, be shown, appear, be performed 
 {perpetrated, committed ), turn out, 
 be the result, be, exist. 
 
 exsolvo, -solvi, -solutus, -solvere, 
 [ex-solvo], 3. v. a., unloose, acquit. 
 
 exspectatio (exp-), -onis, [ex- 
 spectatio, cf. expecto], f., a wait- 
 ing for, expectation, anticipation. 
 
 ex spec to (exp-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [ex-specto], 1. v. a. and n., look out 
 for , zuait for, wait, wait to see (si, 
 whether , etc.), expect, anticipate, be 
 in expectation. 
 
 exspolio, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 spolio], 1. v. a., strip off . — Also, 
 strip of (cf. despolio). — Fig., de- 
 prive, rob ( of abl.). 
 
 exstinctor (extinc-),-toris, [ex- 
 stinctor, cf. exstinguo], M., a de- 
 stroyer, a suppressor. 
 
 exstinguo (ext-), -stinxi, -stinc- 
 tus, -stinguere, [ex-stinguo], 3. v. a., 
 ( punch out , as a fire in the woods?), 
 extinguish (lit. and fig.), destroy, put 
 an end to, stamp out, blot out. 
 
 exsto, -stiti, -staturus (?), -stare, 
 [ex-sto], 1. v. n., stand out , be pre- 
 served. 
 
 exstructio, -onis, [ex-structio, cf. 
 exstruo], F., a building up, a struc- 
 ture. 
 
 exstruS, -struxi, -structus, -stru- 
 ere, [ex-struo], 3. v. a., heap up, 
 build up, pile up, construct , erect. 
 
 exsul (exul), -ulis, [ex-y'sAL 
 (of salio, cf. praesul) as stem, with 
 some lost connection of meaning, cf. 
 consul], C., an exile. 
 
 exsulo (exulo), -avi, no p.p., 
 -are, [exsul], 1. v. n., be an exile, be 
 in exile. 
 
70 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 exsulto (exult-), -avi, no p.p., 
 -are, [ex-salto, cf. exsilio], i. v. n., 
 
 ( dance with joy , as in a war dance 
 trampling on a prostrate foe, cf. Mil. 
 
 21 ), exult , rejoice. 
 
 extenuo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 tenuo], i. v. a., extenuate , dispar- 
 age , diminish , belittle. 
 
 exter, -tera, -terum, [ex-j-terus 
 (reduced)], adj., outer, outside , for- 
 e ig n . — extremus, -a, -urn, superl., 
 farthest , , extreme, last : in extrema 
 oratione (#/ the end of etc., and 
 often in this sense) ; ad extremum 
 (#//■ the last , last, finally ) ; in ex- 
 
 trema India (*» farthest India)', 
 in extremis atque ultimis genti- 
 bus ( < farthest in distance, and last in 
 reckoning); extremum summum- 
 que supplicium ( the utmost and 
 most extreme severity of punishment ); 
 fuit illud extremum {the last thing 
 to be thought of ) ; comites (, farthest 
 behind) . 
 
 extermino, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- 
 termino-], i. v. a., drive beyond the 
 bounds, banish, get out of the way, 
 expel, drive into exile. 
 
 externus, -a, -um, [exter- (as 
 stem of exter) +nus], adj., outside, 
 external, foreign, abroad. 
 
 extimesco, -timui, no p.p*, -time- 
 scere, [ex-timesco], 3. v. a., dread, 
 fear : vultu ( show terror). 
 
 extollo, -tollere, [ex-tollo], 3 * v * a *> 
 raise up. 
 
 extorqueo, -torsi, -tortus, -tor- 
 quere, [ex-torqueo], 2.v. a., wrench 
 from, wrest from, force from. 
 
 extra [abl. or instr. (?) of exter, 
 cf. supra], adv. and prep., outside, 
 out of, outside of. 
 
 extraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere, 
 [ex-traho], 3. v. a., drag out , draiv 
 out, draw (from). 
 
 exuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [ex-fuo 
 (of unc. meaning, cf. induo)], 3-v.a., 
 throw off, strip off, cast aside. 
 
 exuro, -ussi, -ustus, -urere, [ex- 
 uro], 3. v. a., burn up, burn do 7 vn, 
 burn to the ground. 
 
 exuviae, -arum, [exuo- (cf. exu 5 ) 
 
 + ia], F. plur., spoils, cast-off clothes, 
 trophies (as beaks of ships stripped 
 off). 
 
 F. 
 
 Fabianus, -a, -um, [Fabio + 
 anus], adj., of Fabius. — Esp., for- 
 nix Fabianus ( the arch of Fabius, 
 which stood at the easterly end of 
 the Forum). 
 
 Fabricius, -i, [ffabrico + ius], 
 M., a Roman gentile name.— Esp., 
 Q. Fabricius, a tribune of the peo- 
 ple the year of Cicero’s recall. 
 
 fabula, -ae, [fa (as stem of for) 
 + bula (f. of bulum) ] , f., a myth , 
 a story, a play. 
 
 facete [old abl. of facetus], adv., 
 wittily, facetiously, humorously, cun- 
 ningly, neatly. 
 
 facilis, -e, [ffaco- (cf. benefi- 
 cus) -f lis], adj., easy (to do, cf. 
 habilis), convenient , without diffi- 
 culty, easy (generally). — facile, N. 
 as adv., easily, conveniently, without 
 difficulty, plainly, readily: facile 
 primus ( without question, etc.). 
 
 facilitas, -tatis, [facili+tas], f., 
 facility , ease, easy manners, cour- 
 tesy. 
 
 facinorosus, -a, -um, [facinor-f 
 osus], adj., criminal. 
 
 facinus, -oris, [ffacin- (as if root 
 of ffacino, longer form of facio, 
 cf. prodino) + ns], N., a deed (of 
 any kind), an action. Esp. (as in 
 English), a deed (of crime), a mis- 
 deed, a crime , guilt (referring to 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 7 1 
 
 some particular act), criminal con- 
 duct: aliud ( degree of guilt'). 
 
 facio, feci, factus, facere, [ y'FAC 
 (DHA+ k) + io (ya)], irr. v. a. and 
 n., make , do, act, commit . — Used in 
 a great variety of senses, as in Eng., 
 and in many where we use a more 
 special word : insidias {lay ) ; con- 
 sulem {elect); verbum {speak, ut- 
 ter) ; gratulationem {offer) ; vota 
 {offer) ; ludos ( celebrate , hold) ; 
 manu factus ( wrought , etc.) ; ita 
 factus {formed, fashioned \ of such a 
 character) ; sumptum {incur) ; ju- 
 dicia {hold, as trials or courts, ex- 
 press, give, render, as decisions); 
 auctoritatem {give); fidem {pro- 
 duce, gain); potestatem {give, of- 
 fer) ; reliquum facere {leave) ; 
 proelium {fight ) ; missa facere {let 
 go) ; comitia {hold) ; strepitum 
 {raise). — Esp with clause of result, 
 cause (to), do (omitting in Eng. the 
 connective that, and expressing the 
 thing done in the indicative), see to 
 it that, take care that. — So : facit 
 ut videamini {makes you appear); 
 facio ut deferrem {allow myself to, 
 etc.); fac veniat {let, etc.). — So in 
 pass., be done, be caused, happen, re- 
 sult, ensue, occur, turn out, be, be- 
 come : aliquid atrocitatis fieri {some 
 atrocity be committed); fit obviam 
 {come to meet, meet, happen to meet) ; 
 si quid eo factum esset {if any- 
 thing should happen to, etc.) ; ut fit 
 {as usually happens) ; fit dominus 
 {makes himself master). — Often 
 with two accs. (or with adj. corre- 
 sponding to second acc.), make , ren- 
 der. — factum, -i, n. of p.p., half 
 noun and half participle, and to be 
 translated by either, act, thing done, 
 action , etc. — fio, fieri, as passive 
 in all senses. 
 
 factum, see facio. 
 facultas, -tatis, [facul (for facili, 
 cf. simul) + tas], F, ease, facility. 
 — So, chance, power , opportunity, 
 privilege : facultas ingeni {intel- 
 lectual pozver, form of genius); ora- 
 tio et facultas {pozver of oratory) ; 
 manendi nulla facultas {no possi- 
 bility) . 
 
 faenerator (fen-), -toris, [fae- 
 nera -f tor], m., a usurer. 
 
 Faesulae, -arum, [prob. Etrusc., 
 though the form is Roman], F. plur., 
 an old Etruscan city north of the 
 Arno, colonized by Sulla {Fiesole). 
 
 Faesulanus, -a, -um, [Faesula-f- 
 nus], adj., of Fiesole. 
 
 falcarius, -a, -um, [falc+arius], 
 adj., belonging to a scythe or sickle. — 
 Masc., a scythemaker : inter falca- 
 rios {in the scythemaker s' quarter, 
 cutlers’ street). • 
 
 Falcidius, -\, [?, ffalcido-(falc+ 
 dus) -f ius], M., a Roman gentile 
 name. — Only, C. Falcidius, a trib- 
 une of the people. 
 
 fallax, -acis, [fall- (as if root of 
 fallo) -f ax], adj., deceitful, treach- 
 erous, fallacious. 
 
 falld, fefelli, falsus, fallere, 
 [ ? SPHAL, trip up’], 3. v. a. and n., 
 deceive, escape {one's notice), disap- 
 point . num me fefellit {was I mis- 
 taken in, etc., and often in that 
 sense). — falsus, -a, -um, p.p., de- 
 ceived. — Also (transferred to things), 
 false, unfounded : laus {undeserved). 
 — Abl. as adv., falsely. 
 falso see fallo. 
 falsus, see fallo. 
 falx, -lcis, [?], F., a scythe, sickle, 
 or billhook (including many instru- 
 ments with curved blades), a knife 
 (with a curved blade, used by gladia- 
 tors). 
 
72 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 fama, -ae, [ V FA ( in for ) + MA ]> 
 F., speech , common talk , reputation , 
 fame. — Concretely, a rumor , a 
 story. 
 
 fames, -is, [?], F., hunger , star- 
 vation: fame necatus {starved to 
 death) . 
 
 familia, -ae, (-as), [famuld- (re- 
 duced, cf. famul) -f- ia], f., a collec- 
 tion of attendants , a household (in- 
 cluding children), slaves , a gang of 
 slaves. — Also, a family (in our 
 sense). — mater familias, se£ 
 mater. 
 
 familiaris, -e, [prob. familia + 
 ris, but treated as famili+aris (cf. 
 alaris, animalis)], adj., of the house- 
 hold , , friendly , intimate : res ( estate , 
 property , also, domestic life , house- 
 hold affairs). — Esp. as subst. (though 
 compared), a friend , an intimate 
 friend. 
 
 familiaritas, -tatis, [familiari + 
 tas], F., intimacy {with, genitive), 
 a relation of intimacy. 
 
 familiariter [familiari + ter], 
 adv., familiarly, intimately. 
 
 fanum, -i, [?, V FA + nus > P erh< 
 orig. consecrated, cf. effatus], N ., a 
 shrine (cf. aedes), a temple (esp. a 
 foreign one, templum being a word 
 of Roman augury). 
 
 fas [V FA ( in for ) + as ]> indecl - 
 N., right (in conscience, or by divine 
 law), permitted, allowed. — Esp. with 
 negatives expressed or implied. 
 
 fascis, -is, [?, cf. fascia], M., a 
 bundle. — Esp., in plur., the fasces, 
 the bundle of rods with an axe, car- 
 ried by the lictor before the higher 
 magistrates. 
 
 fasti dio, -ivl (-il), -itus, -ire, 
 [ffastidi- (cf. fastiditas) ] , 4- v - a - 
 and n., disdain, be disgusted, take 
 offence. 
 
 fastus, -a, -urn, [fas + tus], adj., 
 secular (of days when the courts, 
 etc., could rightly be held). — In 
 plur. as subst., the fasti (the list of 
 such days), the calendar. — Also, the 
 list of consuls (originally kept in the 
 calendar). 
 
 fatalis, -e, [fato+alis], adj ., fated, 
 fatal, designed by fate. 
 
 fateor, fassus, fateri, [prob. fato-], 
 
 2. v. dep., confess, acknoivledge, ad- 
 mit. 
 
 fatum, -i, [n. of fatus, p.p. of 
 for], N., ( what is spoken, cf. fas), 
 destiny, fate, lot, a fatality. — Hence, 
 ruin, death, destruction : fata Sibyl- 
 lina {the Sibylline books). 
 
 fauces, -ium, [?], F. plur. (also 
 fauce, sing.), the gullet, the throat. 
 
 — Hence, of animals, the jaws (with 
 a slightly different fig. from the Eng.). 
 
 — So of any narrow entrance, a pass : 
 fauces Etruriae {the gates) . 
 
 fautor, -toris, [fav- (as if root of 
 faveo) + tor], M., a favorer , a par- 
 tisan, a supporter. 
 faux, see fauces, 
 faveo, favi, fauturus, favere, [?], 
 2. v. n. , favor, be well disposed 
 towards. 
 
 Favonius,-i, [ffavono- (cf. colo- 
 nus) +ius], M., the west wind. — Also, 
 a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M. 
 Favonius, a friend of Cato of Utica, 
 and a violent opponent of Clodius. 
 He was afterwards one of the assas- 
 sins of Caesar. 
 
 fax, fads, [?], F., a torch, a fire- 
 brand, fire, a blazing fire (in the 
 sky) : omnes faces invidiae subi- 
 cere {use every means to kindle the 
 flame of hatred). 
 
 febris, -is, [for ffervris (poss. 
 ffervis), ferv + ris (or -is)], F. f 
 fever. 
 
Vocabulary . 73 
 
 Februarius. -a, -um, [februo + 
 arius], adj., of February . 
 
 felicitas, -tatis, [f'elic- (as if 
 felici) + tas], F., good fortune , good 
 luck, lucky star. — Plur. in same 
 sense. — Esp., Good Fortune , wor- 
 shipped as a divinity by the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 feliciter [felic- (as if felici-) + 
 ter], adv., happily , successfully. 
 
 felix, -icis, [akin to feo], adj., 
 fruitful, fortunate. 
 
 femina, -ae, [fe (stem of feo) -f 
 mina], F., a woman, a female. 
 fenerator, see faen-. 
 fera, see ferus. 
 
 fere [?, abl. of stem ffero- (akin 
 to fero, cf. Lucifer)], adv., almost, 
 about. — Also, almost always, gener- 
 ally, usually , for the niost part. — 
 With negatives, hardly : nemo fere 
 (hardly anybody). 
 
 feritas, -tatis, [fero + tas], F., 
 wildness, barbarous condition. 
 
 fero, tuli, latus (for tlatus), ferre, 
 [y'BHAR, bear, and ^/tol (tla) in 
 tollo], irr. v. a. and n., bear, carry , 
 bring, endure , tolerate, stand, with- 
 stand, carry off, take, receive, win. 
 — Often in a loose sense, translated 
 by various special words in Eng., 
 commit, offer , etc. — With reflex, or 
 in pass., rush, pass, proceed, roll 
 (of a river). — With advs. indicating 
 manner of receiving anything, suffer, 
 bear, take it, feel : indigne ( feel in- 
 dignant) ; moleste (take it hard, be 
 annoyed by, etc.) ; gra viter (be an- 
 noyed, be vexed, take it ill). — Esp., 
 of report, say, report. — Also, of 
 laws, propose (to the people), carry, 
 decide, propose a law , pass a law, 
 bring an accusation (before the peo- 
 ple) : vestra voluntas (decide, turn 
 that way); quaestionem (vote); 
 
 ita natura rerum (decree ). — Also, 
 facinus prae se (boast, vaunt). 
 
 ferocitas, -tatis, [feroc- (as if 
 feroci-) + tas], Y., fierceness, savage 
 cruelty. 
 
 ferramentum, -i, [as if ferra- 
 (stem of verb from ferrum) + men- 
 tum], N., a tool (of iron), a weapon. 
 
 ferreus, -a, -um, [ferro + eus 
 (-YAs)], adj., of iron, iron (made of 
 iron). — Fig., iron-hearted. 
 
 ferrum, -i, [?], n., iron, sten, the 
 sword (as a symbol of war). 
 
 fertilis, -e, [prob. fferto- (fer + 
 tus, cf. fero) + lis], adj., fertile , 
 fruitful, productive. 
 
 ferus, -a, -um, [ a /fer (dhvar, 
 rush)-\- us, cf. deer'], adj., wild, cruel, 
 ferocious. — Fern, as subst., a wild 
 beast, game. 
 
 festinatio, -onis, [festina+tio], 
 
 F., haste. 
 
 festus, -a, -um, [unc. root (cf. 
 feriae) + tus], adj., festive, festival. 
 
 fidelis, -e, [fide- (stem of fides) 
 + lis], adj.,^ faithful. 
 
 fides, -ei, [V FID (bhid, bind) + 
 es], F., a promise, a pledge. — Also, 
 good faith, fidelity, honesty. — Transf., 
 confidence, faith (in), credit; fidem 
 facere (gain credence, produce con- 
 fidence ). — Esp. of promised protec- 
 tion, protection, dependence, alliance. 
 — Also, creditiya a mercantile sense). 
 
 fidius (but only in nom.) [?, fido 
 + ius], M., (of good faithT). — Only 
 in me dius fidius (sc. adj u vet), 
 on my faith, as sure as I live, by 
 Heaven. 
 
 fido, fisus sum, fidere, [y'FlD, in- 
 creased], 3. v.n., trust, have confidence. 
 
 fiducia, -ae, [ffiduc- (ffidu+cus) 
 + ia (cf. audacia)], F., confidence, 
 confident reliance. — Also, ground 
 of confidence. 
 
7 4 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 fidus, -a, -um, [fid (in fido) + 
 us], adj., faithful. 
 
 figo, fixi, fixus, figere, [-y/FiG?], 
 3. v. a., fasten (by insertion in some- 
 thing),^, nail : crucem ( plant ); 
 mucronem (plunge). — Also fig., 
 memoria mentibus fixa. 
 
 figura, -ae, [ffigu- (^/fig, 
 fingo, + us) + ra, f. of rus], f., 
 a nape , form. 
 
 filia, -ae, [f. of filius], f., a 
 daughter. 
 
 filius, -I, [?], M., a son. 
 fing§, finxi, fictus, fingere, [ y/fig, 
 cf. figura], 3. v. a., mould. — Fig., 
 invent , contrive , pretend , imagine , 
 devise: fingite animis (imagine). 
 — fictus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., false , 
 trumped up, fictitious, imaginary. 
 
 finis, -is, [?], M., a limit, an end : 
 quem ad finem (how far) ; usque 
 ad eum finem dum, etc. (even up 
 to the very i?ioment when ). — Plur., 
 limits, boundaries, borders, territo- 
 ries, country. 
 
 finitimus (-tuinus), -a, -um, 
 [fini-ftimus, cf. maritimus], adj., 
 on the borders, neighboring, adjacent, 
 neighbors (of). — Plur. as subst., 
 neighbors. 
 
 fio, see facio. 
 
 firmamentum, -i, [firma+men- 
 tum], N., support. — Fig., a bulwark, 
 a corner-stone : ceterorum ordinum. 
 
 firmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [firmo-], 
 1. v. a., make strong, strengthen, for - 
 tify, put in a state of defence. 
 
 firmus, -a, -um, [^/DHAR+mus], 
 adj., strong (for resistance), firm, 
 steady. 
 
 fiscus, -i, [?], M., a basket (used 
 for carrying money), a money-bag (to 
 imitate the figure in Eng.). 
 
 Flaccus, -i, [flaccus , flabby), M., 
 a Roman family name. — Esp., L. 
 
 Valerius Flaccus, cons, with Marius 
 B.c. 100, and afterwards killed by 
 Fimbria in the East. 
 
 flagitiose [old abl. of flagitio- 
 sus], adv., shamefully , disgracefully 
 (with the added idea of criminality). 
 
 flagitiosus, -a, -um, [flagitid + 
 osus], adj., shamefully criminal, in- 
 famous, disgraceful, scandalous. 
 
 flagitium, -i, [fflagito+ium, cf. 
 flagito], N., (a crime of passion}), 
 a disgraceful crime , a burning shame, 
 an enormity. 
 
 flagito, -avi, -atus, -are, [as if 
 fflagito-, p.p. of burn} (cf. 
 
 (p\e 7&>), akin to fiagrum], 1. v. a., 
 ask (in heat?), demand earnestly, \ 
 importune, insist upon , call for : 
 severitatem (cry for) ; flagitans 
 senatus (importunate) ; pacem fla- 
 gitans (being importunate for ) . 
 
 flagro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [flagro-, 
 in an earlier sense of a burn} ], 
 
 1. v. n., burn, blaze, consume, be on 
 fire. — Also fig. as in Eng., be in a 
 blaze of, be consumed in a fire of: 
 invidia; infamia. 
 
 flamen, -inis, [prob. flag (cf. 
 flagro) + men], m., (the kindler of 
 sacrificial fires?), a priest (of a par- 
 ticular divinity). 
 
 Flaminmus, -i, [Flaminio -f 
 inus], M., a Roman family name. — 
 Esp., T. Quinctius Flamininus, who 
 defeated Philip of Macedonia at 
 Cynoscephabe, B.C. 197. 
 
 Flaminius, -i, [flamin+ius], m., 
 a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Q. 
 Flaminius , cons. B.c. 223. — Also, 
 as adj., Flaminian (of this Flamin- 
 ius) ; circus (the circus built by him 
 as censor, B.c. 220). 
 
 flamma, -ae, [^/FLAG+ma], F., 
 flame, fire, conflagration. 
 
 ! flecto, flexi, flexus, flectere, [?], 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 75 
 
 3. v. a., bend, turn. — Fig., change y 
 affect, draw (from a course), change 
 the minds of etc. 
 
 fleo, flevi, fletus, flere, [?], 2. v. a. 
 and n., weep : flens (in tears). 
 
 fletus, -tus, [fie- (stem of fleo 
 as root) tus], M., weeping , lamen- 
 tation, tears. 
 
 flexibilis, -e, [flexo- (as stem of 
 flexus)-f bilis], adj ., flexible, change- 
 able. 
 
 florens, see floreo. 
 
 floreo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [flor-], 
 
 2. v. n., blossom , bloom. — Fig., be 
 prosperous, flourish, be in power: 
 accessus (be brilliant). — florens, 
 -entis, p. as adj., flourishing, pros- 
 perous, brilliant, highly favored, emi- 
 nent (for wealth and the like), suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 floresco, florui, no p.p., florescere, 
 [flore- (as stem of floreo) -f sco], 
 
 3. v. n., flourish, grozu bright. 
 
 flos, floris, [?], M., a flower . — 
 Fig., the flozver (of troops). 
 
 fluctuo, -avi, no p.p., -are, [fluc- 
 tu-], 1. v. w., float, drift, be tossed on 
 the zuaves. 
 
 fluctus, -tus, [^/flu(g) (in fluo, 
 cf. fluxi) + tus], M., a zvave (also 
 fig.), waves (collectively). 
 
 fluito, -avi, no p.p., -are, [ffluito- 
 (as if stem of p.p. of fluo, cf. agito)], 
 1. v. n ., float, drift . 
 
 flumen,-inis, [« v /flu(g) (in fluo, 
 cf. frumentum)4-men], n., a river. 
 — Ylg.yflOW. 
 
 fluo, fluxi, fluxus (fluxurus, fluctu- 
 rus, fluiturus), fluere, [^/flu(g), cf. 
 fruor], 3. v. n .,flow. 
 
 focus, -i, [fov (as root of foveo) 
 + cus], M., a brazier (a fixed or 
 movable hearth, with coals for heat- 
 ing or cooking), a hearth. — Fig. (as 
 a symbol of home), hearth, fireside. 
 
 foederatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of foe- 
 dero], adj ., federate, allied (by treaty 
 on equal terms). — Masc. pi., allies . 
 
 foedus, -eris, [fFiD (in fides, 
 cf. Ildus) + us], N., a treaty, an al- 
 liance, a bond (of any similar kind), 
 conditions (of a treaty), a compact , 
 an agreement (of a serious or sol- 
 emn sort). 
 
 foedus, -a, -um, [?], adj., foul, 
 
 unseemly, horrible, vile, dreadful. 
 
 fons, fontis, [?], m., a fountain, 
 a spring. — Fig., a source , a foun- 
 tain. 
 
 foras [acc. plur. of ffora], adv., 
 
 (to the doors), outdoors, abroad (as 
 end of motion) . — Fig., forth , out , 
 away. 
 
 fore, see sum. 
 
 forensis, -e, [foro+ensis], adj., 
 
 of the Forum , in the Forum (cf. 
 various meanings of forum). — Also, 
 every day, ordinary, of daily life. 
 
 foris, [abl. plur. of ffora, cf. 
 foras], adv., out of doors (as place 
 where), abroad, outside. 
 
 forma, -ae, [ y'DHAR (in firmus) 
 +ma], F., shape, form, features , the 
 person, an effigy, a likeness, an 
 image. 
 
 formido, -inis, [prob. formido- 
 (cf. formido) + o (cf. cupido), 
 akin to formus? (from the hot flash 
 of fear)], F., fear , dread, terror, 
 alarm. 
 
 formidolosus, -a, -um, [fformi- 
 dolo- (formido+lus?) -f osus], adj., 
 
 formidable, alarming. 
 
 fornix, -icis, [forno- (cf. fornax) 
 + cus (? reduced)], m., (the arch 
 of an oven?), ait arch. 
 
 fors, fortis, [^/ FF R + tis (re- 
 duced)], F., chance. — forte, abl. as 
 adv., by chance , perchance, acciden- 
 tally, as it happened, perhaps. 
 
;6 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 forsitan [fors sit an, it may be 
 
 a chance whether ], ad v., perhaps, it 
 may be , possibly. 
 
 fortasse [?, forte + unc. form, 
 perh. sis (si vis)], adv., perhaps , 
 possibly , it may be. 
 forte, see fors. 
 
 fortis, -e, [for jforctis, akin to 
 firmus], adj., strong, sturdy , gal- 
 lant, staunch, brave, dauntless, un- 
 daunted, able: vir ( a man of cour- 
 age, a man of constancy, and the 
 like); sententia (firm). 
 
 fortiter [forti+ter], adv., brave- 
 ly, stoutly , undauntedly , with cour- 
 age, with constancy , with frmness. 
 
 fortitudo, -inis, [forti + tudo], 
 F., strength, courage, bravery, forti- 
 tude, steadiness, firmness. 
 
 fortuna, -ae, [ffortu- (for+tu, cf. 
 fors) + na, F. of -nus], Y., fortune, 
 chance, fate. — Esp., good fortune. 
 — Plur., fortunes , property, fortune, 
 wealth. — Esp For tune (worshipped 
 as a goddess by the Romans). 
 
 fortunatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of for- 
 tuno], adj fortunate, blessed. 
 
 forum, -i, [akin to foras and 
 foro], N., (an open place'), a forum, 
 a market-place. — Esp., the Forum 
 (the great market-place of Rome, 
 used also for all public purposes). — 
 Esp., as a symbol of law and justice, 
 the forum. — See also Aurelius. 
 
 fragilis, -e, [ffrago- (cf. foede- 
 rifragus) + lis], adj., brittle. 
 Fig., delicate, sensitive, tender . 
 
 fragilitas, -tatis, [fragili+tas], 
 F., brittleness, frailty. 
 
 fragmentum, -i, [V FRAG 0 n 
 fran go) -f mentum], N., a broken 
 piece , a fragment. 
 
 frango, fregi, fractus, frangere, 
 [^/FRAG], 3. v. a., break (as a solid 
 body). — Esp. of ships, wreck. — 
 
 Fig., break down , crush, break the 
 force of, exhaust. 
 
 frater, -tris, [prob. ^/fer + ter, 
 cf. pater], M., a brother. 
 
 fraterne [old abl. of fraternus], 
 adv., like a brother , fraternally . 
 
 fraternus, -a, -um, [frater + 
 nus], adj., of a brother, fraternal. 
 
 fraudatio, -onis, [frauda+tio], 
 F., cheating. 
 
 fraudo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fraud-], 
 
 I . v. a., cheat,, defraud. 
 
 fraus, fraudis, [?, akin to fru- 
 stra], F., loss . — Hence, treachery, 
 deceit, wickedness. 
 
 fremitus, -tus, [fremi- (stem of 
 fremo) + tus], M., a murmur , a 
 coif used noise, a din. 
 
 freno (frae-), -avi, -atus, -are, [fre- 
 no-], 1. v. a., bridle, curb . — Also fig. 
 
 frenum (frae-), -i, [root or verb 
 stem akin to firmus + num], N ., a 
 bridle. 
 
 frequens, -entis, [orig. pres. p. 
 akin to farcio], adj., crowded, nu- 
 merous, in great numbers ; conspec- 
 tus vester ( your crozvded assem- 
 blage)', senatus (full). — Also of 
 time, as if adv., frequently. 
 
 frequenter [fr equent+ ter ] , adv., 
 i n great numbers, populously . — Also, 
 of tim z, frequently. 
 
 frequentia, -ae, [frequent+ia], 
 F., a throng, a crowd, a multitude, 
 numbers (as great numbers) ; sena- 
 tus (a full meeting of, etc). 
 
 frequento, -avi, -atus, -are, [fre- 
 quent-], I. v. a. and n., assemble in 
 great numbers, celebrate, resort to, 
 visit. 
 
 fretus, -a, -um, [root akin to 
 firmus + tus], adj., relying on, con- 
 fident in (on account of). 
 
 fretus, -tus, [?], m., and fretum, 
 -b [?], N., a strait. — Esp., the Strait 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 77 
 
 (of Messina, between Sicily and the 
 mainland). 
 
 frig us, -oris, [-y/FRiG (in frigeo, 
 etc.) -f us], N., cold. — Plur., cold 
 (cold “ snaps,” frosts). 
 
 frons, frontis, [?, akin to brow], 
 F., brow, face r forehead. 
 
 fructuosus, -a, -um, [fructu + 
 osus], adj., fruitful, fertile. 
 
 fructus, -tus, [ v /fru(g) + tus], 
 M., enjoyment , fruition . — Hence, 
 ( what one enjoys ), fruit (of the 
 earth, or of any kind of labor), prod- 
 uce, crops, income, advantages, emol- 
 ument, reward : fructui esse (to be 
 an advantage, to be beneficial, to be 
 profitable'). 
 
 frugalitas, -tatis, [frugali+tas], 
 F., economy, frugality. 
 
 frumentarius, -a, -um, [fru- 
 mentd- (reduced) + arius], adj., of 
 grain: res ( grain supply , provi- 
 sions, grain) ; inopia ( scarcity of 
 grain). — See also subsidia. 
 
 frumentum, -I, [y'FRU (g) + 
 mentum], n ., grain (cf. fructus). 
 
 fruor, fructus (fruiturus, frul, 
 [^/fru(g), cf. fruges], 3. v. dep., 
 enjoy. 
 
 frustra [abl. or instr. of stem 
 akin to fraus], adv., to no purpose, 
 zvithout effect , vainly. 
 
 frux, frugis, [^/fru(g) in fruor, 
 as stem], Y., fruit (not only in the 
 modern sense, but also all “ fruits of 
 the earth”), grain, crops. 
 
 Fufius, -a, -um, [ ?], adj. — Masc., 
 as a Roman gentile name. — Also, 
 as adj., Fujian (belonging to one of 
 that gens). — Esp., lex Fufia (a law 
 in regard to the auspices at elections, 
 giving power to certain magistrates 
 to stop the proceedings). 
 
 fuga, -ae, [ ^/fug + a], Y., flight. 
 fugio, fugi, fugiturus, fugere, 
 
 [ -y/FUG (in fuga)], 3. v. a. and n., 
 fly, fly from. — Fig., shun , avoid. — 
 Also, escape the notice of escape (in 
 same sense). 
 
 fugitlvus, -a, -um, [fugi- (stem 
 of fugio?) -f tivus], adj., runazvay. 
 — As subst., a runaway slave. 
 
 fugito, -avi, -aturus, -are, [fugi- (as 
 stem of fugio) + to, but cf. agito], 
 
 1. v. a. and n ., fly, flee from , avoid. 
 fulgeo, fulsi, no p.p., fulgere, [?], 
 
 2. v. n., shine (also fig.), 
 fulmen, -inis [fulg- (in fulgeo) 
 
 + men], N., a thunderbolt, a light- 
 ning flash , lightning. 
 
 Fulvius, -I, [fulvo + ius], M., a 
 Roman gentile name. — Esp. : 1. M. 
 Fulvius Fla ecus, a partisan of the 
 Gracchi, slain by Opimius; 2. M. 
 Fulvius Nobilior, cons. B.c. 189 , who 
 subdued yEtolia. 
 
 fit mo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fumo-], 
 1. v. n., s7noke (also fig.). 
 
 fumus, -i, [\/ FU ( DHU ) + mus, 
 akin to dust'], M., smoke. 
 
 fundamentum, -i, [funda + 
 mentum], N., a foundation. 
 
 funditus [fundo-f tus, cf. divini- 
 tus], &({v.,from the foundation , ut- 
 terly, completely. 
 
 fundo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fundo-], 
 1. v. a ., found, lay the foundations of. 
 
 fundo, fudi, fusus, fundere, 
 [y'FUD], 3. v. a., pour. — Less ex- 
 actly, scatter. — Esp. of battle, put 
 to rout, rout. 
 
 fundus, -i, [akin to bottom ], M., 
 the bottom (of anything). — Also (cf. 
 real-estate), an estate, a farm (in- 
 cluding house and land). 
 
 funesto, -avi, -atus, -are, [funes- 
 to-], I. v. a., pollute (orig. by a death 
 or the like?), desecrate : urbem (as 
 orig. consecrated to the gods). 
 
 funestus, -a, -um, [funes (old 
 
78 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 stem of funus)+tus],adj., ( fraught 
 with death ?) , deadly , fatal. — Also 
 (cf. funesto), polluted (orig. by a 
 death?), ill-omened. 
 
 fungor, functus, fungi, [?], 3. v. 
 dep .,perfon?i (with abl.). 
 funis, -is, [?], M., a rope. 
 funus, -eris, [unc. root (akin to 
 Gr. cpov.os) + us], N., ( murder ?), 
 death , a funeral. 
 
 fur, furis, [y'FER?, cf. Gr. <pa>p ], 
 M. and F., a thief 
 
 Furfanius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., T. Furfanius , 
 a man robbed by Clodius. 
 
 furia, -ae, [ffuro- (cf. furo) + 
 ia], F., madness , insanity . — Often 
 in the plur. in same sense. — Esp. 
 personified (representing the mad- 
 ness of a guilty conscience), a Fury 
 (also used of persons), an avenging 
 Fury. — Hence, a madman. 
 
 furibundus, -a, -urn, [perh. furi- 
 (as stem of faro) -f bundus, but after 
 the analogy of ffuro -f bo -f on + 
 dus], adj., raving , going mad , crazy. 
 
 f uriosus, -a, -urn, [ffuro- (perh. fu- 
 ria) -f osus], adj., mad crazy , insane. 
 
 Furius, -i, [perh. ffuro- (cf. fu- 
 ria) -f ius], M., a Roman gentile 
 name. — Esp., P. Furius , one of the 
 conspirators with Catiline. 
 
 furo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [?, cf. fu- 
 ror], 3. v. n., rave , be mad , be crazy. 
 
 furor, -oris, [V FUR ( cf - fnro ) 
 -for], M., madness, frenzy , fury. 
 
 furtim [fur -f tim, cf. statim], 
 adv., by stealth , stealthily , secretly. 
 
 furtum, -i, [as if p.p. of verb 
 akin to fur, thief (cf. furtim)], N., 
 theft , a theft. 
 
 fuscus, -a, -um, [perh. for ffurs- 
 cus, cf. furvus and brown ], adj., 
 dark , tawny. 
 
 fustis, -is, [?], M., a club. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gablnius, -i, [Gabino-(cf. Gabii) 
 -f ius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
 — Esp.: I . A ulus Gabinius, consul 
 with Lucius Piso in B.c. 58, the pro- 
 poser of the two laws giving Pompey 
 command in the East; 2. Cimber 
 Gabinius , one of the conspirators 
 with Catiline. 
 
 Gabinius, -a, -um, [preceding 
 word as adj.], adj., of Gabinius 
 (esp. the one first mentioned), Ga- 
 binian. 
 
 Gajus (Cajus, C.), -i, [?], m., a 
 Roman prsenomen. 
 
 Galba, -ae, [Celtic, meaning fat], 
 M., a Gallic and Roman family name. 
 
 Gallia, -ae, [f. of adj. in -ius, 
 Gallo+ius], F., Gaul, including all 
 the country bounded by the Po, the 
 Alps, the Rhine, the ocean, the 
 Pyrenees, and the Mediterranean, 
 thus occupying all northern Italy, 
 France, and Belgium. 
 
 Gallicanus, -a, -um, [Gallico + 
 anus], adj., Gallic. 
 
 Gallicus, -a, -um, [Gallo+cus], 
 adj., of the Gauls , Gallic : ager Gal- 
 licus ( the Gallic territory in Cisal- 
 pine Gaul, taken from the Gauls by 
 the Romans). 
 
 Gallus, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., of 
 Gaul, Gallic . — As subst., a Gaul, 
 the Gauls. — Also, as a Roman family 
 name (see Sergius). 
 
 ganea, -ae, [?], F., a low tavern, 
 a brothel. 
 
 ganeo, -onis, [prob. ganea-fo], 
 M., a profligate, a spendthrift. 
 
 gaudeo, gavisus, gaudere, [fga- 
 vid5- (?, cf. audeo)], 2. v. n., be 
 
 delighted, rejoice. 
 
 gaudium, -T, [fgavido+ium, cf. 
 gaudeo], N., joy (expressed), re- 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 79 
 
 joicing , an expression of joy. (Cf. 
 
 laetitia, inward joy , but see Milo 
 xxviii. 77.) 
 
 Gavianus, -a, -um, [Gavio + 
 amr£], adj., of Gavius. — Esp., Ga- 
 vianus as a Roman family name, 
 see Atilius. 
 
 gavisus, see gaudeo. 
 
 Gavius, -i, [?, cf. gaudium], 
 M., a Roman family name. — Esp., 
 P. Gavius , a Roman citizen crucified 
 by Verres. 
 
 gaza, -ae, [Pers. through ya(a], F. } 
 treasure. 
 
 gelidus, -a, -um, [gelu+dus], 
 
 adj., icy, cold. 
 
 gemitus, -tus, [gemi- (as stem 
 of geino) + tus], M., a groan, groan- 
 ing, an outcry. 
 
 gemo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [?, cf. 
 7e / uo>], 3. v. a. and n., groan , cry 
 out (in pain). 
 
 gener, -eri, [?], M., a son-in- 
 law. 
 
 gens, gentis, [^/gen -f tis (re- 
 duced)], F., a tribe, a clan, a people, 
 a nation : jus gentium ( the law of 
 nations, universal law as opposed 
 to the jus civile of any one nation) ; 
 ubinam gentium? (where in the 
 world? ) . 
 
 genus -eris, [^/gen + us], N., a 
 generation, a race, a family (stock), 
 a nation , a tribe. — Less exactly, a 
 kind, a sort, a class. — Also, ab- 
 stractly, kind, character, nature, 
 method, way, manner, sort of things, 
 class of things. 
 
 German!, see Germanus. 
 
 Germania, -ae, [f. of adj. in 
 -ius, cf. Gallia], f., Germany , the 
 whole country between the Rhine, 
 the Danube, the Vistula, and the sea. 
 
 germanitas, -tatis, [germano + 
 tas], F., brotherhood. 
 
 Germanus, -a, -um, [?], adj., 
 German (of the country of Germany 
 or its people). — Plur., the Germans. 
 
 germanus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of 
 full blood, own (brother or sister, 
 etc.). 
 
 gero, gessi, gestus, gerere, [ y'GES, 
 of unc. kin.], 3. v. a., carry (indi- 
 cating a more lively action than fero), 
 carry on, manage, wage (war), hold 
 (a magistracy), do (any business). — 
 Pass., be done, go on (of operations) : 
 rem (operate successfully or other- 
 wise, carry on operations, succeed 
 well or ill) ; res gestae (exploits, 
 operations , a campaign ) ; se gerere 
 (conduct one's self, act) ; rem pub- 
 licam (manage affairs of state)-, 
 magistratum (perform the duties 
 of, act as a magistrate or the like) ; 
 in rebus gerendis (in action, in the 
 management of affairs ); in ipsa 
 re gerenda (while engaged in, etc.) ; 
 in gestis rebus (in exploits actually 
 performed ); gesta (acts). 
 
 gestio, -ivi (-ii), no p.p. -ire, 
 [fgesti- (ges + tis), cf. gestus], 
 4. v. a. and n. (express joy or long- 
 ing by action), exult, rejoice. — Also, 
 yearn, long. 
 
 gigno, genui, genitus, gignere, 
 [ \/gen, redupl.], 3. v. a., beget, pro- 
 duce. 
 
 Glabrio, -onis, [f glabrio + o], 
 M., a Roman family name. — Esp., 
 M. Glabrio, the praetor who pre- 
 sided at the trial of Verres. 
 
 gladiator, -toris, [gladia + tor], 
 M., (a swordsman), a gladiator. — 
 Less exactly, a ruffian, a cut-throat. 
 
 gladiatorius, -a, -um, [gladiator 
 + ius], adj., gladiatorial. 
 
 gladius, -i, [?], M., a sword. 
 glaeba (gle-), -ae, [?], f., a clod 
 (of earth), a lump. 
 
 \ 
 
8o 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 Glaucia, -ae, [?], M., a Roman 
 family name. — ■ Esp., C. Servilius 
 Glaucia , a demagogue killed by 
 Marius, B.c. ioo. 
 
 gloria, -ae, [?, for fclovosia, cf. 
 inclutus], Y., fame, glory. 
 
 glorior, -atus, -ari, [gloria-], 
 
 1. v. dep., glory in, boast of. 
 gloriose [old abl. of gloriosus], 
 
 adv., boastfully, exultingly . 
 
 gloriosus, -a, -um, [gloria-f osus], 
 adj., glorious. — Also, boastful. 
 
 Gnaeus, (Cnejus, Cn.), -i, [akin 
 to gnavus], m., a Roman praenomen. 
 
 gnavus, -a, -um, [^/gna, in nos- 
 co], adj., {wise), active, energetic, 
 diligent. 
 
 Gorgon, -onis, [r<fy> 7 «], F., a Gor- 
 gon (a fabulous monster, whose sight 
 turned everything to stone). 
 
 Gracchus, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp.: i. Tiberius 
 Sempronius Gracchus , the great 
 popular reformer, tribune, B.C. 133; 
 
 2 . C. Sempronius Gracchus , brother 
 of the preceding, tribune, B.C. 1 21. 
 
 gradus, -us, [grad + us], M., a 
 step , a grade (in a series), rank , po- 
 sition. 
 
 Graecia, -ae, [Graeco + ia, f. of 
 -ius], F., Greece. 
 
 Graeculus, -i, [Graeco + lus], 
 
 M., an affected Greek, a petty Greek, 
 a Greekling. 
 
 Graecus, -a, -um, [Gr. r panels], 
 adj., of the Greeks, Greek, Grecian, 
 of Greece. — As subst., a Greek, the 
 Greeks. Cf. Germanus for relation 
 to Graecia. 
 
 gramineus, -a, -um, [gramin + 
 eus], adj., of grass : hasta (a spear 
 of grass, probably bamboo or cane 
 of great size, kept in a temple in the 
 hands of a divinity). 
 
 grandis, -e, [?], adj., tall, large 
 
 (by growth, cf. magnus, generally) : 
 pecunia (a large sum of, etc.). 
 
 gratia, -ae, [grato + ia], F., 
 
 ( gratefulness , in all Eng. senses) . — 
 On one side (feeling grateful), grati- 
 tude, thanks (esp. in plur.). — On 
 the other side (the being agreeable), 
 influence (cf. auctoritas, official 
 prestige), favor. — Phrases : agere 
 gratias, return thanks, render 
 thanks; habere gratiam (or gra- 
 tias), feel thankful, feel gratitude, 
 be grateful; referre gratiam, make 
 a grateful return, repay a favor, re- 
 quite, reward; auctoritate et gra- 
 tia, political and personal influence. 
 — gratia, abl. following a genitive, 
 for the sake of, to. 
 
 gratiosus, -a, -um, [gratia + 
 osus], adj., influential, popular. 
 
 Gratius, -i, [grato + ius], m., a 
 Roman gentile name. — Esp., the 
 accuser against Archias. 
 
 gratuito [abl. of gratuitus], 
 adv., gratuitously, voluntarily . 
 
 gratulatio, -onis, [gratula+tio], 
 F., a congratulation (of others or 
 one’s self), rejoicing, a vote of thanks. 
 
 gratulor, -atus, -ari, [fgratulo- 
 (grato+lus)], i.v. dep., congratu- 
 late : felicitati ( congratulate one's 
 self for, etc.). 
 
 gratus, -a, -um, [p.p. of lost 
 verb], adj., pleasing, grateful , agree- 
 able: gratum facere {do a favor). 
 — &\so, pleased, grateful (cf. gratia), 
 appreciative. 
 
 gravis, -e, [for fgarvis, for 
 fgarus, cf. Gr. j8api5s], adj., heavy. 
 — Fig., serious, sever e^ hard, weighty, 
 of weight, dignified, strong, deep, 
 potent, grave: legatio; infamia; 
 vir; bellum ; opinio; offensio; auc- 
 tor; senatus consultum; consi- 
 lium; judicium; morbus. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 81 
 
 gravitas, -tatis, [gravi + tas], 
 F., weight . — Fig., importance , power , 
 weight , force , force of character , se- 
 riousness. 
 
 graviter [gravi + ter], adv., 
 
 heavily , with great weight , forcibly , 
 with force . — Fig., severely , seriously: 
 graviter ferre ( take to heart , be in- 
 dignant at , suffer fro?n) ; deside- 
 rata (earnestly); suspectus (griev- 
 ously) . 
 
 gravo, -avi, -atus, -are, [gravi-], 
 I. v. a., zveigh dozvn, burden. — Pass, 
 as dep., be vexed ', be indignant , be 
 reluctant. 
 
 grex, gregis, [?], m. (and F.), 
 a herd \ a flock . — Less exactly, a 
 horde , a crowd \ a band \ a throng , a 
 train , a troop. 
 
 gubernaculum (-clum),-I, [gu- 
 berna + culum], n., the helm , the 
 rudder. — Often in plur., because 
 anciently there were two. 
 
 gubernatio, -onis, [guberna + 
 tio], F., steering ; navigation. 
 
 gubernator, -toris, [guberna + 
 tor], M., a pilot , a helmsman. 
 
 guberno, -avi, -atus, -are, [/cu- 
 fepvw], I. v. a. and n., steer , pilot , 
 manage t direct. — Esp., of the “ ship 
 of state . ” 
 
 gust§, -avi, -atus, -are, [fgusto- 
 (stem akin to gustus, Gr. yevcv, 
 Eng. choose)], I. v. a., taste , eat. 
 
 gymnasium, -i, [ yv/xudaiov ], N., 
 a gymnasium. 
 
 H. 
 
 H., see H. S. 
 
 habeo, habui, habitus, habere, 
 [?, fhabo- (cf. habilis)], 2. v. a. 
 and n., have , hold \ keep , occupy , ytoj- 
 jm. — In various uses where we 
 have a somewhat different concep- 
 tion ; genatunj. (hold ) ; comitia 
 
 (hold); contionem (hold an assem- 
 bly 9 make an address) ; honores 
 (render); conjurationem (form); 
 hominem clausum (keep); dilec- 
 tum (hold, make); sic habetote 
 (think thus) ; quid aliud habet in 
 se (what else is there in, etc.) ; alie- 
 num animum (have); ita se res 
 habet (this is the case) ; Italiam 
 tut am (possess in safety , keep safe). 
 
 — Esp. with p.p, as a sort of con- 
 tinued perfect (whence the perf. of 
 modern languages), have, hold, keep. 
 
 — Esp. : rationem habere, keep an 
 account, take an account of, have re - 
 gard for, consider, regard, act in 
 view of; satis habere (be satisfied, 
 be content). 
 
 habito, -avi, -atus, -are, [habito-], 
 1. v. a. and n., live, dwell, inhabit, 
 have one's abode. 
 
 habitus, -tus, [habi- (as stem of 
 habeo) + tus], m., (the act of hold- 
 in g), condition , character (way of 
 holding one’s self), nature. 
 
 haereo, haesi, haesurus, haerere, 
 [?, for haeseo], 2. v. n ., get caught, 
 stick, cling fast, cling, hang about or 
 upon, be fastened. 
 
 haesito, -avi, -aturus, -are, [fhae- 
 sito- (cf. agito)], 1. v. n., be caught, 
 hesitate . 
 
 Hannibal, -alis, [Phcenician], M., 
 the great general of the Carthagin- 
 ians in the Second Punic war. 
 
 haruspex, -icis, [unc. stem -fspex, 
 cf. auspex], m. and F., a soothsayer, 
 a diviner. 
 
 hasta, -ae, [?, perh. akin to pre- 
 hendo], f., a spear, a shaft. — See 
 also gramineus. 
 
 haud [?], adv., not (modifying a 
 single word, cf. non); haud dubi- 
 tans (without hesitation). 
 
 haurio, hausi, haustus, haurire, 
 
82 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 [? for hausio], 4. v. a., drain, draw, 
 drink , imbibe . 
 
 hebesco, -ere, [hebe+sco], 3-v.n., 
 grow dull , be blunted. 
 
 Heraclia (-elea), -ae, ['Hp<£- 
 kAcio], f., the name of several an- 
 cient cities (city of Hercules ). — Esp., 
 Heraclea , a Greek city of Lucania. 
 
 Heracliensis, -e, [Heraclia + 
 ensis] , adj., of Heraclea. — Plur., the 
 people of Heraclea. 
 
 Hercules, -is, ['Hpa/cAijs], M., the 
 great divinity, son of Jupiter and 
 Alcmena, originally of Phoenician 
 origin, who presided especially over 
 journeys and adventures. — Voc., 
 Heavens ! 
 
 hereditas, -tatis, [hered- (as if 
 heredi-) + tas], F., inheritance , an 
 inheritance. 
 
 Herennius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., C. Herennius , 
 a senator convicted of embezzlement. 
 
 heres, -edis, [?], M. and F., an 
 heir , an heiress. 
 
 hesternus, -a, -um, [hesi- (heri-) 
 -f ternus, cf. diuturnus], adj., of 
 yesterday , yesterday's , yesterday (as 
 if adv.); hesterno die ( yesterday ). 
 
 heus, [?], interj., look you , here ! 
 hoi 
 
 hiberno, -avi, -aturus, -are, [hi- 
 berno-], 1. v. n., pass the winter , 
 winter : quern ad modum milites 
 
 (conduct themselves in winter quar- 
 ters ). 
 
 bibernus, -a, -um, [hiem-j-ernus, 
 cf. nocturnus], adj., of winter , win- 
 ter (as adj.). — Neut. pl.(sc.castra)> 
 winter quarters , a winter encamp- 
 ment. 
 
 hie [fbi- (loc. of hi-c) ce], adv., 
 here (cf. hie), in this place , there 
 (of a place just mentioned), on this 
 occasion , now , on this point. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, hujus, [hi- (pron. 
 stem) + ce, cf. ecce, cetera], pron., 
 (pointing to something near the 
 speaker in place , time, or interest ), 
 this, these , he, they , this man ( woman 
 or thing), the present , like this . — 
 Referring to things before mentioned 
 (but with more emphasis than is), 
 this , these , etc. — Less commonly, of 
 what follows, the following , as fol- 
 lows, these. — Often with a gesture, 
 this , this here present, the one before 
 me, my client : horum omnium (all 
 these here present ) ; pater hujusce 
 (of the one here, of my client ). — 
 Esp., hoc est (that is to say) ; huic 
 imperio (this of ours); per hosce 
 annos ( these last years); his paucis 
 diebus (within a few days ). — hoc, 
 neut. abl., used adverbially, in this 
 respect , on this account, by so much : 
 hoc magis (all the more). — Often 
 hie . . . ille, the one . ..the other, this 
 (near by) . . . the other (farther off), 
 this last (nearer on the page) ... the 
 other , the latter ... the former. — 
 hujus modi, see modus. 
 
 hicine [hie (hice) ne], adv., here 
 (in emphatic question). 
 
 hiemps (-ems), -emis, [akin to 
 Xcfjuwv], F., winter. 
 
 Hiero, -onis, ['I cpwv], M., the 
 name of several kings of Syracuse. 
 — Esp., Hiero II., the son of Hiero- 
 cles, in the third century B.C., just 
 before the Second Punic war. 
 
 hinc Tthim (loc. of hie, cf. in- 
 terim) -j- ce],ad v., from here, hence. 
 — Also (cf. ab and ex), on this side, 
 here : hinc . . . hinc (on this side . . . 
 on that). 
 
 Hirtius, -i, [hirto + ius], M., a 
 Roman gentile name. — Esp., Aulus 
 Hirtius , cons. B.c. 43, in the struggle 
 I against Mark Antony. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 83 
 
 Hispania, -ae, [Hispano -f ia (f. 
 of -ius)], F. (of adj., cf. Gallia), 
 Spain. 
 
 Hispaniensis, -e, [Hispania + 
 ensis], adj., of Spain , Spanish. 
 
 Hispanus, -a, -um, [?], adj., 
 Spa?iish. 
 
 hodie [ho (abl. of hi-c, vvh. see) 
 die], adv., to-day , now. 
 
 hodiernus, -a, -um, [hodie + er- 
 nus], adj., of to-day, to-day’s: hodi- 
 ernus dies ( to-day , this day). 
 Homerus, -I,[ f/ 0 /tripos'], M., Homer. 
 homo, -inis, [prob. humo + o], c., 
 a human being (cf. vir, a man, as 
 a male), a man (including women). 
 — Sometimes, since vir is the com- 
 plimentary word, implying contempt, 
 etc., fellow, creature, person. 
 
 honestas, -tatis, [fhonos (stem 
 of honor as adj.)], F., honor , re- 
 spectability, honorable position . 
 
 honeste [old abl. of honestus], 
 adv., honorably, decently , with honor , 
 with decency. 
 
 honesto, -avi, -atus, -are, [hones- 
 to-], I. v. a., make honorable, honor : 
 se ( gain honor) ; currum ( adorn as 
 a captive). 
 
 honestus, -a, -um, [honos (orig. 
 stem of honor) +tus], adj., esteemed , 
 honored, respected, worthy , honorable, 
 respectable, creditable. — Very often 
 as an epithet of the middle class, cf. 
 splendidus (used in reference to 
 success and fortune), ornatus, am- 
 •plus (used of dignitaries). 
 
 honor (honos), -oris, [m. of 
 adj. (cf. honestas), unc. root + or 
 (orig. -os, cf. -77s)], M., honor, a 
 mark of honor, a source of honor, 
 an honor . — Esp. of honors conferred 
 by the people, a post of honor, an 
 office , a dignity, a high position . — 
 Phrases : in honore, quanto honore 
 
 esse (be honored) ; gradus honoris, 
 honorum (advancement ) ; honoris 
 causa (with due respect, an apology 
 for mentioning a person’s name). 
 
 honorificentissimus, superl. of 
 following. 
 
 honorificus, -a, -um, [honor- (as 
 if honori) + ficus], adj., honorable, 
 in honorable terms. 
 
 hora, -ae, [&pa, orig. season?], 
 F., an hour. The Roman hours, 
 being reckoned from sunrise to sun- 
 set, were not of equal length at all 
 times of the year, but were always so 
 many twelfths of the solar day. 
 
 Horatius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., M. Horatius , 
 the victor in the triple combat with 
 the Curiatii, who was tried for killing 
 his sister. 
 
 horreo, horrui, no p.p., horrere, 
 [fhorro- (-^horr, orig. hors) + us, 
 prob. used orig. of the sensation 
 called “ goose pimples,” where the 
 hair seems to stand on end. In Sk. 
 the root is used of intense delight, 
 which is sometimes accompanied by 
 the same sensation], 2. v. n. and a., 
 bristle (see above). — Hence, shud- 
 der at, dread. 
 
 horribilis, -e, [horro- (as if stem 
 of horreo, but prob. stem of fhor- 
 rus, see above) -f bilis], adj., to be 
 shuddered at, frightful, dreadful. 
 
 horridus, -a, -um, [fhorro- (wh. 
 horreo)+ dus], adj., horrible, dread- 
 ful. 
 
 hortatus, -tus, [horta+tus], m., 
 
 admonition, encouragement, exhor- 
 tation. 
 
 Hortensius, -I, [prob. hortensi 
 + ius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
 — Esp., Q. Hortensius Hortalus , the 
 great orator, contemporary and rival 
 of Cicero, 
 
8 4 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 hortor, -tatus, -tari, [for heritor, 
 freq. of old fhorior], i. v. dep., en- 
 courage , urge on , urge, address. 
 
 Less exactly, of things, urge , move, 
 prompt. 
 
 hortus, -I, [?], M., a garden. 
 hospes, -itis, [prob. ghas-patis, 
 orig. host { lord of eating)~\ , M., a 
 host. — Also, a guest , a stranger, a 
 visitor. — Hence, a guest friend (in 
 the peculiar relation of liospitium, 
 which was a kind of hereditary friend- 
 ship between persons of different 
 countries, not personal, but of a fam- 
 ily or state), a friend (of the kind 
 above mentioned): familiaris et hos- 
 pes (a personal and fattiily friend). 
 
 hospitium, -I, [hospit+ium], 
 N., the relation of host (or guest). 
 
 — Hence (cf. hospes ), friendship, 
 a friendly relation, a relation of 
 friendship. 
 
 hostllis, -e, [hosti + lis], adj., 
 
 hostile , of the enemy. 
 
 hostis, -is, [prob. ^/GHAS+tis], M. 
 and F., ( a stranger, cf. hospes), an 
 enemy (of the state, cf. inimicus), 
 a public enemy. — Coll., the enemy. 
 
 — Rarely, an enemy (in a general 
 sense), a bitter enemy. 
 
 H S. [prob. for IIs (duo semis, 
 2} asses)], a sign for sestertii, ses- 
 tertium, or sestertia. 
 
 hue, [ho (dat. of hi-c) -ce], adv., 
 hither, here (in sense of hither), to 
 this {place, and the like, cf. eo), to 
 this point. 
 
 h ucine [fhoce (cf. hue) -ne], 
 adv., hither, etc., as interrogative, 
 hujus modi, see modus, 
 humanitas, -tatis, [humano + 
 tas], F., humanity (as opposed to 
 brutishness), civilization , cultivation , 
 refine 7 nent, courtesy , human feeling, 
 culture. 
 
 humanus, -a, -um, [stem akin to 
 homo and humus (?) + nus], adj., 
 human, of man, civilized , cultivated, 
 refined. 
 
 humerus, see umerus. 
 humilis, -e, [humo + lis], adj., 
 low, shallow (cf. altus, deep) . — Fig., 
 low, humble, poor, humbled, abased, 
 of low origin, obscure, mean. 
 
 humilitas, -tatis, [humili+ tas], 
 F., lowness, shallowness. — Fig., hum- 
 ble position. 
 
 humus, -I, [?, cf. F -> the 
 
 ground: humi {on the ground). 
 
 I. 
 
 Iacchus, -i, [ v l aKyos], BaCm 
 
 chus. 
 
 Ialysus, -i, [’IaAutros], M., the 
 eponymous divinity of the city of 
 Ialysus in Rhodes. 
 
 ibi [old case-form of is (cf. 
 tibi)], adv., there (in a place before 
 mentioned or indicated by a rela- 
 tive). 
 
 ibidem [ibi-dem, cf. idem], adv., 
 in the same place there also. 
 
 lco, icl, ictus, icere, [?], 3. v. a., 
 strike. — Esp. of treaties (prob. from 
 the killing of a sacrificial victim), 
 strike, make, solemnize. 
 
 ictus, -tus, [ V IC + tus ]> M *’ a 
 blow, a stroke, a thrust. 
 
 idcirco [id (n. acc. of is) + circo 
 (case-form of same stem as circa, 
 circum)], adv., for that reason, 
 therefore, on this account. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem, [is-dem, cf. 
 dum], adj. pron., the same. — Often 
 as subst., the same thing {things) , the 
 same man, the same. — Often repre- 
 sented by an adverb, at the same 
 time, also, as well. 
 
 identidem [prob. idem-ftadem 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 85 
 
 (case-form of ffTk, in tam-f dem)], 
 adv., repeatedly , again and again. 
 
 ideo [id eo, this for this reason~\ , 
 adv., therefore, for this reason. 
 
 idoneus, -a, -um, [?, akin to 
 idem?], adj., fit , suitable , adapted , 
 deserving. 
 
 fdus, -uum, [?, perh. akin to 
 aestus], F. plur., the Ides (a day of 
 the lunar month falling at the full 
 moon, conventionally on the 15th of 
 March, May, July, October, and the 
 13th of the other months, and used 
 by the Romans to reckon dates). 
 
 igitur [prob. for agitur, the 
 point aimed at is], conj., therefore , 
 then, now , you see. 
 
 ignarus, -a, -um, [in-gnarus], 
 adj., ignorant , not knowing , without 
 knowledge ; ignarus rerum ( without 
 knowledge of affairs, inexperienced). 
 
 Ignavia, -ae, [ignavo + ia], f., 
 shiftlessness , cowardice. 
 
 ignavus, -a, -um, [in-(g)navus], 
 adj., shiftless , cozvardly. 
 
 ignis, -is, [?, same word as Sk. 
 agnis, the god of fire], IA., fire, flame. 
 
 ignobilis, -e, [in-(g)nobilis], 
 adj., not famous, obscure. 
 
 ignominia, -ae, [fignomin- (in- 
 (g) nomen) -f ia], f., want of fame , 
 disgrace. — Almost concretely, a dis- 
 graceful defeat, a disgraceful blemish. ' 
 Ignoratio, -onis, [ignora+tio], 
 F., ignorance . 
 
 ignoro, -avi, -at us, -are, [igna- 
 ro-], I. v. a., fail to notice, not know , 
 be ignorant of — Pass., be unobserved, 
 be unknown: non ignorans ( not 
 unaware of). 
 
 lgnosco, -novi, -notus, -noscere, 
 [in- (unc. which meaning) (g)nos- 
 co], 3. v. n. and a., pardon. 
 
 ignotus, -a, -um, [in-(g)notus], : 
 adj., unknown, strange. 
 
 , Hias, -ados, [‘'iAias], F., the Iliad. 
 illatus, see inlatus. 
 ille, -a, -ud, [old ollus, fr. ^/an 
 + lus ( ?)], pron., that (of some- 
 thing remote, cf. hie). — Often as 
 subst. (opposed to some other em- 
 phatic word), he, she, it, they : hie. . . 
 ille {this . . . that, the other, the lat- 
 ter .. . the former , he .. . the other). 
 — Often of what follows (cf. hie), 
 this, these, etc. • — Of what is famous 
 or well known, the, the great, the 
 famous, etc. — Phrases : hie ille est 
 ( he is the one) ; ille ferreus ( such a, 
 etc.) ; ille consul ( that kind of a 
 coitsul). — Sometimes untranslatable, 
 appended merely for emphasis, and 
 accompanied by quidem. 
 illecebra, see inlecebra. 
 illinc [illim-ce], adv., thence, from 
 there. — Also (cf. ex and ab), on 
 that side, there, on one side. 
 
 illuc [illo-ce], adv., thither, thert 
 (in the sense of thither), 
 illucesco, see inlucesco. 
 illustris, see inlustris. 
 illustrS, see inlustro. 
 
 Illyricus, -a, -um, [Illyrio+cus], 
 adj., of Illyria, Illyrian: mare (a 
 part of the Adriatic). 
 
 imago, -inis, [akin to imitor], 
 F., an image, an effigy, a statue, a 
 portrait, a representation, a picture 
 (in the imagination), an ideal pic- 
 ture. — Esp. of the wax masks kept 
 by the Romans of their dead ances- 
 tors, and used in funeral proces- 
 sions. 
 
 imbecillitas (inb-), -tatis, [im- 
 becillo + tas], F., weakness, feeble- 
 ness : animi (_ feebleness of purpose, 
 pusilla n im ity ) . 
 
 imbecillus (inb-), -a, -um, [?, 
 in-bacillum, leaning on a staff ?], 
 adj., weak, feeble. 
 
86 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 imber, imbris, [?, cf. Gr. op.fipos'], | 
 M., a rain-storm , a rain . 
 
 imberbis (inb-),-e, [in-barba], 
 
 adj., beardless. 
 
 imbibo, -bibi, no p.p., -bibere, 
 [in-bibo], 3. v. a., drink in. — Less 
 exactly, take in , imbibe. 
 
 imbuo (inb-), -bui, -butus, -bu- 
 ere, [?, in-fbuo?, cf. bibo], 3. v. a., 
 moisten , stain (also fig.); non in- 
 stituti sed imbuti ( not having 
 learned , but drunken in). 
 
 imitatio, -onis, [imita + tio], F., 
 an imitation. 
 
 imitator, -toris, [imita + tor], 
 M., an imitator , a copier. 
 
 imitor, -atus, -ari, [fimito-, p.p. 
 of jimo (cf. imago)], 1. v. dep., 
 
 imitate , copy. 
 
 immanis (inm-), -e, [in-tmanus 
 
 ( good ) ? ], adj., (“ uncanny ” ?), mon- 
 strous ^ huge , enormous , wild, savage. 
 
 Also, barbarous , inhuman , brutal. 
 
 immanitas, -tatis, [immani + 
 tas], F., barbarity, ferocity, brutality , 
 monstrosity. 
 
 immaturus, -a, -um, [in-matu- 
 rus], adj., unripe , immature , , /n?- 
 mature. 
 
 immineo (inm-), no perf., no p.p., 
 -minere, [in-mineo], 2.v.n., overhang, 
 project. — Fig., threaten , impend. 
 
 immiiiuo (inm-) , ~ui, -utus, -uere, 
 [in-minno], 3. v. a., diminish , f/«- 
 infringe , reduce , weaken. 
 immitto (inm-), -misi, -missus, 
 -mittere, [in-mitto], 3- v< a *> ^ 
 down (into), insert, throw (upon), 
 /<?/ loose , set on (gladiatores). 
 
 immo (imo) [?, abl. of fimmus 
 (in+mus, cf. summus, demum)], 
 adv., {in the lowest degree!), nay, 
 nay rather, nay more. Phrase: 
 immo vero {nay on the contrary, 
 nay rather , nay even). 
 
 immoderatus (inm ), -a, -um, 
 
 [in-moderatns], adj., unrestrained, 
 excessive, beyond bounds, violent. 
 
 immortalis (inm-), -e, [in-mor- 
 talis], adj., immortal , eternal. — As 
 equivalent to an adv., eternally. 
 
 immortalitas (inm-) , -tatis, [im- 
 mortali + tas], f., immortality. . 
 
 imparatus (inp-), -a, -um, [in- 
 paratns], adj., unprepared, not 
 ready. 
 
 impedimentum (inp ), -I, [im- 
 ped! + mentnm] , N., a hindrance: 
 esse impedimento {be a hindrance, 
 hinder). • — Esp. in plur., baggage, a 
 baggage train, a heavy train . 
 
 impedio (inp-), -ivi, -itus, -ire, 
 [fimped- (in-pes, as if impedi-)], 
 
 4. v. a., entangle, hamper, interfere 
 w ith . — Fig., hinder, embarrass, im- 
 pede, hinder in the exercise of — 
 impeditus, -a, -um, p.p., hampered, 
 entangled, occupied, difficult, impas- 
 sable : nullo impediente {with no 
 one to hinder). 
 
 impello (inp-), -puli, -pulsus, -pel- 
 lere, [in-pello], 3. v. a., drive on.— 
 Fig., instigate, urge on, force, drive. 
 
 impendeo (inp-), -ere, [in-pen- 
 deo], 2. v. n., overhang, hang over, 
 threaten, impend. 
 
 imperator, -toris, [impera+tor], 
 M., a commander (in chief), a gen- 
 eral: Jupiter Imperator ( Jupiter , 
 the Supreme Ruler) ; dux et impe- 
 rator {leader, in actual command, 
 and commander, in chief). 
 
 imperatorius, -a, -um, [impera- 
 tor-fius], adj., of a commander, of 
 a general. 
 
 imperitus (inp-), -a, -um, [in- 
 
 peritus], adj., ignorant, unacquaint- 
 ed with, unversed in, inexperienced. 
 
 imperium, -i, [fimpero- (whence 
 impero, cf. opiparus) + ium], I*., 
 
 i 
 
command ', supreme authority , con- 
 trol, supremacy , supreme power , 
 power (military), rule , sway (both 
 sing, and plur.), dominion , empire , 
 rule , sway. — Concretely, <772 order , 
 orders , a command \ a position of 
 command: imperium et potestas 
 ( military and civil power, poiver 
 and authority). 
 
 impero, -avi, -atus, -are, [f im- 
 pero- (in-fparus, cf. opiparus)], 
 1. v. a. and n., demand ( make requi- 
 sition for , prob. orig. meaning), re- 
 quire (in same sense). — Hence, 
 order (in military sense), rule, com- 
 mand, give orders : me imperante 
 (at my command)', Lucullo im- 
 perante ( under L.’s command). 
 
 impertio (inp-), -ivl (-ii), -Itus, 
 -Ire, [in-partio, cf. partior], 4.v.a., 
 impart, share (with one), give, con- 
 fer, attribute, assign, bestow. 
 
 impetro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 patro], 1. v. a., accomplish (anything 
 by a request), succeed in (obtaining), 
 obtain (a request), secure (a thing) ; 
 impetro a ( prevail upon, persuade) ; 
 impetro ut, etc. ( obtain a request, 
 be allowed to, etc., succeed in hav- 
 ing). 
 
 impetus, tus, [in-fpetus (-^/pet 
 + us), cf. impeto], m., a rush, an 
 attack , an onset, a charge, an assault, 
 violence, vehemence, fury : facere 
 (make an inroad, charge, or inva- 
 sion, invade) ; is impetus (such fury, 
 etc.); gladiorum (armed onset). 
 
 impietas, -tatis, [in-pietas], f., 
 impiety. 
 
 impius, -a, -urn, [in-pius], adj., 
 impious (offending divine law). 
 
 impleo, -evl, -etus, -ere, [in- 
 tpleo], 2. v. 2,., fill. 
 
 implico, -avi (-ul), -atus (-itus), 
 -are, [in-plico], 1. v. a., entangle, \ 
 
 interweave, entivine, bind up, closely 
 connect. 
 
 imploratid, -onis, [implora + 
 tio], F., an entreaty. 
 
 imploro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 ploro], 1. v. a. and n., implore, be- 
 seech. 
 
 impono, -posul, -positus, -ponere, 
 [in-pono], 3. v. a ., place upon, mount 
 (men on horses), place, i?npose (fig.), 
 saddle upon, fasten upon. 
 
 importo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 porto], 1. v. a., bring upon, import. 
 
 importunus, -a, -urn, [in-fpor- 
 tunus (without a harbor! , cf. Por- 
 tunus)], adj., unsuitable, untimely. 
 — Also (cf. incommodus), cruel, 
 unrelenting, unfeeling, reckless, in- 
 human. 
 
 imprimis, [in primis, and often 
 separate], adv., among the first, espe- 
 cially , particularly (more than any- 
 thing else) . 
 
 imprimo, -pressl, -pressus, -pri- 
 mere, [in-premo], 3. v. a., impress. 
 improbe, adv., wickealy. 
 improbitas, -tatis, [improbo + 
 tas, cf. probitas], F., wickedness, 
 want of integrity, improbity, want 
 of honesty, rascality, want of prin- 
 ciple. 
 
 improbo, -avi, -atus, -are, [im- 
 probo-], 1. v. a., (hold as bad!, cf. 
 probo), disapprove, blame , censure. 
 
 improbus, -a, -um, [in-probus], 
 adj., inferior. — Hence, bad, un- 
 principled, wicked, rascally, dishon- 
 est. — As subst., a rascal, etc. 
 
 improvidus, -a, -um, [in-provi- 
 dus], adj., improvident, imprudent, 
 thoughtless, unthinking. 
 
 improvisus, -a, -um, [in-pro- 
 visus], adj., unforeseen : improviso 
 (de improviso) (on a sudden, un- 
 expectedly, unaivares ) . 
 
88 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 imprudens, -entis, [in-prudens], 
 
 adj., not expecting , incautious , un- 
 suspecting , off one's guard , unguard- 
 ed, not being aware : aliquo impru- 
 dente ( without one's knowledge'). 
 
 imprudentia, -ae, [imprudent-f 
 ia], F., ignorance , want of consid- 
 eration, want of forethought , thought- 
 lessness, inattention . 
 
 impubes, -eris (-is), [in-pubes], 
 adj., beardless, immature , a mere boy. 
 
 impudens, -entis, [in-fpudens], 
 adj., shameless, impudent. 
 
 impudenter [impudent + ter], 
 adv., shamelessly, with impudence. 
 
 impudentia, -ae, [impudent + 
 ia], F., shamelessness, impudence, 
 want of shame. 
 
 impudicus, -a, -um, [in-pudi- 
 
 cus], adj., shameless, indecent, un- 
 chaste, immodest. 
 
 impune [n. of impunis (in- 
 poena, weakened and decl. as adj.)], 
 adv., with impunity. 
 
 impunitas, -tatis, [impuni+tas], 
 
 F., freedom fro??i punishment, im- 
 punity. 
 
 impumtus, -a, -um, [in-puni- 
 
 tus], adj., unpunished, unchecked 
 (by punishment). 
 
 impurus, -a, -um, [in-purus], 
 adj., impure, rascally, vile , dishonest, 
 unprincipled. 
 
 imus, -a, -um, sup. of inferus. 
 
 1. in- [cf. Gr. a-, av-, Eng. un-~\, 
 neg. particle, only in composition. 
 
 2. in [?, cf. Gr. ara, Eng. on; cf. 
 also inde], prep. a. With acc., of 
 motion, having its terminus within 
 or on (cf. ad, with terminus at or 
 near), into, upon, within, to, against, 
 among. — Of time, for , to, till. — 
 Fig., without actual motion, but only 
 direction, to, towards, against, upon , 
 over . — Often where Eng. has a dif- 
 
 ferent conception, in, on ; in locum 
 alicujus (in one's place). — In ad- 
 verbial expressions where no motion 
 appears, in, according to, with, to : 
 mirum in modum (cf. quern ad 
 modum); in earn sententiam (to 
 this purport) ; in speciem (7 vith the 
 appearance)', in altitudinem (in 
 height, cf. to the height of). — Esp., in 
 potestatem esse (in the power, etc., 
 a confusion of two constructions). 
 — b. With abl., of rest (lit. and fig.), 
 in, on, among, within, at : in tanta 
 propinquitate (under circumstances 
 of, in a case of). — Often, in the 
 case of, in the matter of, in respect 
 to : in eo (in his case, in regard to 
 him, on that point, at that). — Esp., 
 in odio esse (be hated, and the like). 
 — In comp, as adv., in, upon, to- 
 wards, and the like. 
 
 inanis, -e, [?], adj., empty, unoc- 
 cupied. — Fig., empty, vain, idle. 
 
 inauditus, -a, -um, [in-auditus], 
 adj., unheard of. 
 
 inauratus, -a, -um, adj., gilded. 
 incautus, -a, -um, [in-cautus], 
 adj., incautious , off one' s guard, im- 
 prudent, thoughtless. 
 
 incedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere, 
 [in-cedo], 3. v. n., proceed, walk: 
 quam taeter incedebat (what a 
 villanous spectacle as he walked). 
 
 incendium, -\, [in-fcandium, cf. 
 incendo], N., a burning, a fire, a 
 conflagration. — In plur., the burn- 
 ing, etc., of buildings, each one being 
 conceived as a separate burning, as 
 is usual in Latin. 
 
 incendo, *-cendi, -census, -cen- 
 dere, [in-fcando, cf. candeo], 3-v.a., 
 set fire to, burn. — Fig., rouse, excite, 
 fire, inflame. 
 
 incensid, -onis, [in-fcensio, cf. 
 incendo], F„ a burning. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 inceptum, -i, [p.p. of incipio], 
 
 N., an undertaking. 
 
 incertus, -a, -um, [in-certus], 
 adj., uncertain , dubious , untrust- 
 worthy : itinera ( 'obscure , blind }. 
 
 incessus, -us, [in-fcessus, cf. 
 incedo], M., # a gait , kr- 
 ing (of one in walking). 
 
 incestus, -a, -um, [in-castus], 
 adj., unchaste , impure, incestuous . 
 
 incestus, -tus, [in-fcastus, noun 
 akin to castus], M., incest. 
 inchoo, see incoho. 
 incido, -cidi, -casurus, -cidere, 
 [in-cado], 3. v. n., fall upon , fall 
 (in any direction) . — Less exactly 
 and fig- , fall in withy fall into , /z<2/- 
 peti upon , occur , happen. 
 
 incido, -cidi, -clsus, -cidere, [in- 
 caedo], 3. v. a., into, cut , 
 grave : leges (i.e., engrave for pub- 
 lication) . 
 
 incipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
 [in-capio], 3. v. a. and n., begin , 
 undertake. 
 
 incitamentum, -i, [incita+men- 
 tum], N., an incentive. 
 
 incito, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-cito], 
 I. v. a., set in motion (in some 
 particular direction) (lit. and fig.), 
 urge oily drive , impely excite , incite , 
 rouse. 
 
 inclinatio, -onis, [inclina+tio], 
 
 F., a leaning , an inclinationy a ten- 
 dency. 
 
 incllno, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 clino], 1. v. a. and n., lean, turn , 
 bend. 
 
 includo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 
 [in-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up , m- 
 include. — inclusus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. as adj., secret, hidden. 
 
 incognitus, -a, -um, [in-cogni- 
 tus], adj., unexaminedy unheard, 
 unknown. 
 
 89 
 
 incoho (inchod), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [?], 1. v. a., beginy commence. 
 
 incola, -ae, [in-fcola, cf. agri- 
 cola], M. and F., an inhabitant , a 
 resident (not a citizen). 
 
 incolo, -colui, no p.p., -colere, 
 [in-colo], 3. v. a. and n., inhabit , 
 live, divell. 
 
 incolumis, -e, [ ?, akin to coluin- 
 na], adj., safe } unhurt , uninjured, 
 unharmed \ preserved \ in one's poiver: 
 quibus incolumibus (with whose 
 preservation } ; quandiu incolumis 
 fuit (as long as he was in good for- 
 tune ). 
 
 incommodus, -a, -um, [in-com- 
 
 modus], adj., inconvenient , unfortu- 
 nate. — Esp., incommodum, n. 
 
 as subst., disadvantage y misfortune 
 (euphemism for defeaty loss , disaster ), 
 harm. 
 
 inconsideratus, -a, -um, [in- 
 consideratus], adj., ill-consideredy 
 inconsiderate. 
 
 incorrupte [old abl. of incor- 
 ruptus], adv., without bias. 
 
 incorruptus, -a, -um, [in-cor- 
 ruptus], adj., unspoiledy unbribedy 
 free from bias. 
 
 increbresco (-besco), -brui 
 (-bui), -brescere (-bescere) [in-cre- 
 bresco], 3. v. n., thicken , grozv fre- 
 quent : consuetudo (spread f become 
 common). 
 
 incredibilis, -e, [in-credibilis] , 
 
 adj., incredible , marvellous , extraor- 
 dinary. 
 
 increpo, -crepui (-avi), -crepitus, 
 -crepare, [in-crepo], 1. v. n. (and a.), 
 make a noise , sound, rattle: quic- 
 quid increpuerit (whatever noise is 
 heard}. 
 
 incultus, -a, -um, [in-cultus], 
 
 adj., uncultivated, uncouth. 
 
 incumbo, -cubui, no p.p., -cum* 
 
9 ° 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 bere, [in-cumbo], 3. v. n. (and a.), lie 
 upon. — Hence, bend one’s energies. 
 
 incunabula, -orum, [in-cunabu- 
 la], N. plur., swaddling clothes (in 
 which anciently the infant was wound 
 up into a tight little bundle). — Hence, 
 the cradle (as a symbol of infancy). 
 
 incurrb, -cucurri, (-curri), -cur- 
 sus, -currere, [in-curro], 3. v. a. and 
 n., run upon , rush at, make a 7 i as- 
 sault: in navem {assail). 
 
 indago, -avi, -atus, -are, [fin- 
 dago-, cf. indago (-inis)], 1. v. a., 
 track , chase, pursue , trace out, in- 
 vestigate . 
 
 inde [fim (loc. of is, cf. interim, 
 hinc) -de (form akin to -dem, dum, 
 cf. indu, old form of in)], adv., 
 fro?n there , thence, from the place 
 (which, etc l),from that point . 
 
 indemnatus, -a, -um, [in-dam- 
 natus], adj., uncondetnned. 
 
 index, -icis, [in-fdex (^/dic as 
 stem, cf. judex)], M. or F ., an in- 
 former , an accuser (appearing as 
 witness) . 
 
 India, -ae, F., all the 
 
 country, vaguely conceived, beyond 
 Sogdiana, Bactriana, and Asia, in- 
 cluding modern India. 
 
 indicium, -i, [indic+ium], N., in- 
 formation, evidence (making known 
 a crime), an indication , a proof: 
 per indicium ( through an informer). 
 
 indico, -avi, -atus, -are, [indie-], 
 1. v. a., point out, inform , make 
 known , show, discover (as an in- 
 former), betray , disclose, give infor- 
 mation. 
 
 indico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, [in- 
 dico], 3. v. a., order, proclaim, ap- 
 point : bellum {declare). 
 
 1 . indictus, -a, -um, p.p. of indico. 
 
 2. indictus, -a, -um, [1. in-dic- 
 tus], adj., unpleaded, untried, un- 
 
 heard: indicta causa {without a 
 trial). 
 
 indidem [inde-dem, cf. idem], 
 adv., from the same place: indidem 
 Ameria {there from Ameria). 
 
 indigne [old abl. of indignus], 
 adv., unworthily , shamefully (un- 
 worthily of one’s self or of the cir- 
 cumstances) : indigne fero {take it 
 as a shame). 
 
 indignus, -a, -um, [1. in-dignus], 
 
 adj., unworthy , shameful, undeserved. 
 — As subst., a shame, an outrage. 
 
 indomitus, -a, -um, [in-domitus] , 
 adj., unconquered, indomitable, un- 
 controlled. 
 
 indued, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
 [in-duco], 3. v. a., draw on, bring 
 in, introduce. — Also, lead on. — 
 Hence, induce, instigate, impel. 
 
 industria, -ae, [?], F., diligence, 
 painstaking, industry : de industria 
 {on purpose). 
 
 industrius, -a, -um, [?], adj., 
 industrious, diligent, painstaking. 
 
 ineo, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [in-eo], 
 irr. v. a., enter upon, go into. — Fig., 
 adopt , make, begin, gain, secure . — 
 Esp. : iniens aetas or adulescentia 
 {early youth ) ; ineunte vere {at the 
 beginning of spring). 
 
 inermis, -e (-us, etc.), [in-arma], 
 adj., unarmed, defenceless. 
 
 iners, -ertis, [in-ars], adj., shift- 
 less, cowardly , sluggish , unmanly. 
 
 inertia, -ae, [inert+ia], f., shift- 
 lessness, cowardice, slothfulness. 
 
 inexpiabilis, -e, [in-expiabilis], 
 adj., inexpiable. — Also, irreconcil- 
 able. 
 
 infamia, -ae, [infami + ia], f., 
 
 dishonor, disgrace. 
 
 inf amis, -e, adj., infamous. 
 Infans, -antis, [in-fans], m. and 
 ! F., an infant child, a child, an infant. 
 
infelix, -Icis, [in-felix], adj., un- 
 fortunate, Milucky, unhappy, wretch- 
 ed, boding ill, ill-omened ’ ill-fated, 
 ill-starred. 
 
 Infero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [in- 
 fero], irr. y. a., bring in, import, 
 carry in, introduce, put upon : bel- 
 lum ( make , declare, of offensive war) ; 
 signa {advance'). — Fig., cause, in- 
 flict, commit, create, cause : spem 
 0 inspire ) ; causam ( adduce , allege, 
 assign, fasten upon ) ; vim et manus 
 {lay upon) ; ignes {set) ; vim {use ) ; 
 signis inferendis {by a hostile at- 
 tack) . 
 
 inferus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (akin 
 to Sk. adhas, down) + rus (cf. su- 
 perus)], adj., low . — Superl., infi- 
 mus (-umus), imus, lowest, the bot- 
 tom of, at the bottom : infimi {the 
 lowest, the meanest). — Esp. : ab in- 
 feris {from the world below) ; ad 
 (apud) inferos {in the world be- 
 low). 
 
 infest us, -a, -um, [in-festus, fr. 
 
 fendo], adj., hostile, in hostile ar- 
 ray, pernicious. — Also, in danger . 
 
 infidelis, -e, [i. in-fidelis], adj., 
 unfaithful, wavering in faith, faith- 
 less. 
 
 infidelitas, -tatis, [infideli+tas], 
 
 F., unfaithfulness, infidelity, treach- 
 ery. 
 
 infimus, see inferus. 
 infinitus, -a, -um, [in-finitus], 
 
 adj., unbonded, countless, endless, 
 nu7nberless, infinite, unlimited. 
 
 infirmitas, -tatis, [infirmo+tas], 
 F., feebleness, unsteadiness , incon- 
 stancy. 
 
 infirm o, -avi, -atus, -are, [ infir - 
 mo-], i. v. a., weaken, invalidate. 
 
 infirmus, -a, -um, [in-firmus] 
 adj., weak, feeble, helpless. 
 
 infitiator, -toris, [infitia + tor], 
 
 M., a denier. — Esp. of debts, a slozv 
 debtor. 
 
 infitior (infic-), -atus, -ari, [in- 
 fitia-, stem of infitiae (in + stem 
 akin to fateor)], i, v. dep., deny. 
 
 inflammo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 flammo], I. v. a., set on fire. — Fig., 
 fire, infla?ne, Uicense, kindle, infu- 
 riate. 
 
 inflo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-flo], 
 i. v. a., blow up07i, blozv up. — Fig., 
 inspire, puff up. 
 
 informo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 formo], i. v. a.., form, train. 
 
 infringo, -fregi, -fractus, -fringere, 
 [in-frango], 3. v. a., break dow 7 i, 
 destroy. 
 
 infumus, see inferus. 
 
 ingemisco, -gemui, no p.p., -ge- 
 miscere, [in-gemisco] , 3 . v. n., 
 
 groa7i. 
 
 ingenero, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 genero], 1. v. a., impla7it. — ingen- 
 eratus, inborn. 
 
 ingenium, -i, [in-fgenium, cf. 
 genius], N., inborn nature, charac- 
 ter, nature. — Hence, mental power, 
 genius, intellect. 
 
 ingens, -entis, [in-gens, not be- 
 longing to the kind ('?)], adj., huge, 
 enormous , very large. 
 
 ingenuus, -a, -um, [in-fgenuus, 
 cf. genuinus], adj. {born hi the 
 state or family , native ?), freeborn. 
 — As subst., a free person. 
 
 ingratus, -a, -um, [in-gratus], 
 adj., ungrateful (in both Eng. senses), 
 unpleasing. 
 
 ingravesco, -escere, [in-grave- 
 sco], 3 . v. n., become heavier, grow 
 serious, grow worse. 
 
 ingredior, -gressus, -gredi, [in- 
 gradior], 3 . v. dep., march into, 
 enter, march in, go upon , go, enter 
 upon : navem {go on board). 
 
 84 J 
 
92 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 ingressus, -us, [in-gressus, cf. 
 ingredior], M., an entrance. 
 
 inhaereo, -haesi, -haesurus, -hae- 
 rere, [in-haereo], 2.v.n ., fasten itself , 
 to, cling to, be fastened upon. 
 
 inbibeo, -hibui, -hibitus, -hibere, 
 [in-habeo], 2. v. a., hold in, restrain. 
 
 inhio, -avi, no p.p., -are, [in-hio], 
 
 1. v. n. and a., gape at: uberibus 
 ( hold the open mouth to') . 
 
 inliumanus, -a, -um, [in-huma- 
 nus], adj., inhuman, cruel. 
 
 inhumatus, -a, -um, [in-huma- 
 tus], adj., unburied. 
 
 inibi [in-ibi], adv., therein. — 
 Less exactly, there, just on the 
 point of being done. 
 
 inicio (injicio), -jeci, -jectus, 
 -icere, [in-jacio], 3. v. a., throw into, 
 throw upon. — Less exactly, place in , 
 put on, bring upon. — Fig., inspire , 
 cause. 
 
 inimicitia, -ae, [inimico + tia] , 
 
 F., enmity, hatred , a grudge , a feud, 
 a quarrel, a cause of enmity. 
 
 inimf cus, -a, -um, [ 1 . in-amicus], 
 adj., unfriendly, hostile. — As subst., 
 an enemy (personal, or not in war, 
 cf. hostis, an enemy of the state , or an 
 enemy at war), a rival, an opponent. 
 
 iniquitas, -tatis, [iniquo + tas], 
 F., inequality , irregularity, uneven- 
 ness. — Fig., unfairness , injustice, 
 iniquity: temporum ( unfavorable 
 nature) . 
 
 iniquus, -a, -um, [in-aequus], 
 
 adj., uneveit. — Fig., unjust (of per- 
 sons and things), unfair, unfavora- 
 ble , disadvantageous. 
 
 initio, -avi, -atus, -are, [initio-], 
 I. v. a., initiate, consecrate. 
 
 initium, -1, [in-fitium (ito + 
 ium), cf. ineo], N., a beginning, the 
 first of, a co 7 ?imencement, a preface, 
 a first atteinpt or event » 
 
 injuratus, -a, -um, [in-juratus], 
 
 adj., unsworn, not on oath. 
 
 injuria, -ae, [in-jus + ia, cf. in- 
 
 jurius], F., injustice, outrage, wrong, 
 violence (as opposed to right), abuse. 
 — Abl., injuria ( unjustly , wrong- 
 fully) . 
 
 injuriose [old abl. of injurio- 
 sus], adv., with otitrage, abusively. 
 
 injustus, -a, -um, [in-justus], 
 adj., unjust. 
 
 inlatus, -a, -um, p.p. of infero. 
 inlecebra (ill-)> -ae, [inlice- (as 
 if stem of inlicio) + bra, cf. late- 
 bra], F., an enticement, a blandish- 
 ment, an allurement. 
 
 inlucesco (ill-), -luxi, no p.p., 
 -lucescere, [in-lucesco] , 3«v.n ., shine 
 upon, shine, arise (of the sun, etc.). 
 
 illustris (-ill), -e, [in-lustro- (or 
 kindred stem, cf. lustro, light, conn, 
 unc. with lustrum)], adj., bright, 
 splendid, brilliant, illustrious, con- 
 spicuous. 
 
 inlustro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 lustro-, bright, see preceding word], 
 I. v. a., illuminate, light up, bring 
 to light. 
 
 innascor, -natus, -nascl, [in- 
 nascor], 3. v. dep ., grow in, spring 
 up in. — Fig., be inspired, be ex- 
 cited . — innatus, p.p., natural, i?i- 
 nate, inborn: innata libertas (in- 
 • born spirit of liberty). 
 
 innocens, -entis, [in-nocens (pres. 
 
 , p. of noceo)], adj., harmless, guilt- 
 
 ■ less, blameless , innocent, free from 
 
 ■ guilt, doing no wrong. — As subst., 
 an innocent man, etc., the inno- 
 
 , cent. 
 
 innocentia, -ae, [innocent-f ia], 
 F., blamelessness , innocence , blameless 
 ? conduct (esp. in office). 
 
 , | innumerabilis, -e, [in-numera- 
 I bilis], adj., countless, innumerable, 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 93 
 
 numberless : innumerabiles pecu- 
 niae ( countless sums of money ) . 
 
 inopia, -ae, [inop+ia], F., scar- 
 city , dearth , destitution , want , priva- 
 tion, want of supplies : inopia om- 
 nium rerum {every privation, utter 
 destitution ) . 
 
 inops, -opis, [in-ops], adj., poor, 
 destitute, in poverty. 
 
 inoratus, -a, -um, [in-oratus], 
 adj., unpleaded : re inorata {with- 
 out a hearing, changing the point 
 of view). 
 
 inquam (inquio), [?], v. def., 
 say, said I: inquam {said I) ; in- 
 quit {he says, said he). 
 
 inquiro, -quisivi,-quisitus, -qulrere, 
 [in-quaero], 3. v. a. and n., enquire, 
 investigate, make investigations. 
 
 inquisitor, -toris, [in-quaesitor, 
 cf. inquiro], M., an investigator, a 
 detective. 
 
 inrep o (irr-), -repsi, -repturus, 
 -repere, [in-repo], 3. v. n., creep in, 
 find one's way in, get in (surrepti- 
 tiously) . 
 
 inreti5 (irr-), -ivi (-ii) , -itus, 
 -ire, [finreti- (in-rete)], 4. v. a., en- 
 snare, entangle. 
 
 inrito (irr-), -avi, -atus, -are, [fin- 
 rito- (of unc. kin.)], i.v. a., irritate, 
 excite, provoke, arouse : vi ( wan- 
 tonly assail). 
 
 inrogo (irr-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [in-rogo], 1. v. a., {propose a law 
 against), propose (a law or fine 
 against any one) : multam {move, 
 propose, of an accusation before the 
 people for a fine). 
 
 inrum po (irr-), -rupi, -ruptus, 
 -rumpere, [in-rumpo], 3. v. a. and 
 n., break in, break down, break in 
 upon, burst in : in nostrum fletum 
 {break in upon and interrupt?) . 
 inruo (irr-), -rui, no p.p., -ruere, 
 
 [in-ruo], 3-v.n., rtish in, rush upon : 
 in aliquem {assail) ; in odium 
 {force one's self needlessly) . 
 
 inruptio (irr-), -onis, [in-frup- 
 tio, cf. inrumpo], F., an inroad, 
 an attack, an invasion, an incursion, 
 a raid. 
 
 insania, -ae, [insano + ia], F., 
 insanity, madness, a craze: popu- 
 lares insaniae {mad outbreaks of 
 the people). 
 
 insanio, -ivi (-ii), no p.p., -ire, 
 [insano-, as if insani-], 4. v. n., 
 rave, be insane, be mad. 
 
 insanus, -a,-um, [in-sanus], adj., 
 {unsound). — Esp. in mind, insane, 
 crazy, mad. — Also of things, crazy : 
 substructiones (as indicating a 
 craze). 
 
 insciens, -entis, [in-sciens], adj., 
 not knowing, ignorant. — Often ren- 
 dered by adv., etc., unawares, with- 
 out one's knowledge. 
 
 inscientia, -ae, [inscient + ia], 
 F., ignorance, want of knowledge . 
 
 Inscitia, -ae, [inscito + ia], f., 
 ignorance, stupidity . 
 
 inscribo, -scrips!, -scriptus, -scri- 
 bere, [in-scribo], 3. v. a., write upon, 
 inscribe. 
 
 insector, -atus, -ari, [in-sector], 
 
 1. v. dep pursue, follozv up, inveigh 
 against. 
 
 Insepultus, -a, -um, [in-sepul- 
 tus], adj., unburied : cujus furiae 
 insepulti {of whose unburied corpse) . 
 
 Insequor, -secutus, -sequi, [in- 
 sequor], 3. v. dep.,^ follow up, pur- 
 sue, attack, assail, harass, hunt down. 
 — Also, follow, ensue. 
 
 inservio, -ivi (-ii), no p.p., -ire, 
 [in-servio], 4. v. n., be a slave to, 
 yield to, follow the dictates of, devote 
 one's self to. 
 
 Insideo, -sedi, -sessus, -sidere, [in- 
 
94 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 
 sedeo], 2. v. n. (and a.), sit upon , 
 cling to, lie, reside , lurk in, 
 
 Insidiae, -arum, [finsid- (cf. 
 praeses) + ia], f. plur., an am- 
 bush, an ambuscade, a stratagem, a 
 trick , a plot, a trap, treachery : per 
 insidias (with deception, treacher- 
 ously, cf. per). 
 
 Insidiator, -toris, [insidia+tor], 
 
 M., a plotter, a secret assassin, one in 
 ambush, a tier in wait, a treacher- 
 ous assailant: nullus insidiator 
 viae (no one in ambush on the way). 
 
 Insidior, -atus, -ari, [insidia-], 
 1. v. dep., lie in wait, make treach- 
 erous attacks, plot against, treacher- 
 ously assail. 
 
 Insidiose [old abl. of insidio- 
 
 sus], adv., treacherously. 
 
 Insidiosus, -a, -um, [insidia + 
 osus], adj., treacherous. 
 
 Insldo, -sedi, no p.p., -sldere, [in- 
 sido], 3. v. n. (and a.), sit upon, 
 seat one's self, sink in, settle upon, 
 fasten itself upon, become settled in : 
 macula (sink in, become fixed in). 
 
 Inslgnis, -e, [insigno-, decl. as 
 adj.], adj., marked, memorable, con- 
 spicuous, signal. — Inslgne, N. as 
 subst., signal, sign, decoration (of 
 soldiers), a mark , a symbol, insignia. 
 
 InsimulS, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 simulo], 1. v. a., charge, accuse. 
 
 Insolens, -entis, [in-solens], adj., 
 unwonted, arrogant, insolent. 
 
 Insolenter [insolent-h ter], adv., 
 in an unusual manner, insultingly. 
 
 Insolentia, -ae, [insolent + ia] , 
 F., insolence, arrogance. 
 
 Insolitus, -a, -um, [in-solitus] , 
 adj., unwonted, unaccustomed. 
 
 Inspecto, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 spector 1. v. a. and n., look upon, 
 look on : inspectantibus nobis (be- 
 fore our eyes). 
 
 Insperans, -antis, [in-sperans] , 
 
 adj., unexpecting, not hoping, con- 
 trary to one's expectations. 
 
 Insperatus, -a, -um, [in-spera- 
 tus], adj., unhoped for, unexpected, 
 unlooked for. 
 
 Instauro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 fstauro, cf. restauro], 1. v. a., re- 
 new, restore, repeat. 
 
 Instituo, -tui, -tutus, -tuere, [in- 
 statuo], 3. v. a. and n., set up, set 
 in order, array. — Also, provide , 
 procure, get ready, plait. — Also, set 
 about, undertake, instruct, begin to 
 practise, start, set out, begin, adopt 
 (a plan, etc.), resolve, determine, set 
 on foot. — Also, teach, train , habitu- 
 ate, instruct. — Esp., ab instituto 
 cursu (from one's intended course). 
 
 Institutum, -i, [n. p.p. of in- 
 stituo], N., a habit, a practice, an 
 institution, a custom. 
 
 Insto, -stiti, -staturus, -stare, [in- 
 sto], I. v. n., be at hand, be close at 
 hand, press on, be pressing. — Fig. , 
 threaten, impend, menace. 
 
 mstrumentum, -i, [instru + 
 mentum], N., furniture, equipment, 
 tools and stores (of soldiers), a means, 
 stock (of a shopkeeper), stock in 
 trade, means of subsistence : tribu- 
 natus (means of carrying on). 
 
 Instruo, -struxi, -structus, -stru- 
 ere, [in-struo], 3. v. a., build, fit 
 up, array, draw up (of troops), fur- 
 nish, equip. 
 
 insula, -ae, [akin to in-salio?], 
 F., an island . — Esp., the Island (a 
 part of Syracuse). 
 
 Insulto, -avi, -aturus, -are, [in- 
 salto], 1. v. n., leap upon, dance 
 upon, trample on, trample under 
 foot, insult, commit outrages, rim 
 riot , outrage , insult. 
 
 Insuin, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [in- 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 95 
 
 sum], irr. v. n., be in, exist in, be 
 present , be found. 
 
 Insuo, -sui, -sutus, -suere, [in- 
 suo], 3. v. a., sew tip in, sew up. 
 
 integer, -gra, -grum, [in-fteger 
 (y'TAG, in tango, + rus)], adj., 
 untouched, unimpaired, unwearied, 
 undiminished, uninjured, unbroken, 
 entire, pure, fresh (as subst., fresh 
 troops ), inviolate. — Esp., undecided, 
 not entered upon (of business) : re 
 integra {anew, afresh , before any- 
 thing is done, before being committed 
 to any course of action)', id inte- 
 grum {an open question). — Also, 
 {untainted?) upright, honest, honor- 
 able, unimpeachable. 
 
 integre [old abl. of integer], 
 adv., honestly, honorably. 
 
 integritas, -tatis, [integro+tas], 
 F., honesty, integrity , blameless con- 
 duct, uprightness. 
 
 intellego (-ligo), -lexi, -lectus, 
 -legere, [inter-lego], 3. v. a. and n., 
 {pick out \_distinguish ] between), 
 learn, know, notice , observe , find 
 out, discover, see plainly , be aware, 
 observe, understand, be able to see, 
 have intelligence, be a connoisseur. 
 
 intendo, -tend!, -tentus, -tendere, 
 [in-tendo], 3. v. a. and n., stretch , 
 strain, direct, aim (both active and 
 neuter) : arcum {aim) ; actionem 
 {bring)', animum {have in mind, 
 direct one's thoughts) . 
 
 in ten to, -avi, -atus, -are, [in- 
 tento], 1. v. a., strain , brandish. 
 
 inter [in + ter, cf. alter], prep, 
 (adv. in comp.), between, among: 
 inter falcarios {in the street of ); 
 constat inter omnes {by all) ; inter 
 latera {about). — Of time, within, 
 for : inter decern annos {within 
 ten years, for the last ten years ). — 
 Often in a reciprocal sense : inter se 
 
 {among themselves , with , to, from, at, 
 etc., each other) ; diversi inter se 
 {different) ; confligunt inter se 
 {against each other). 
 
 Interamna, -ae, [inter-amnis (or 
 stem akin)], F., a town in Umbria 
 ninety miles from Rome {Terni). 
 
 Interamnas, -atis, [Interamna+ 
 tis], adj., of Interamna. 
 
 intercedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -ce- 
 dere, [inter-cedo], 3. v. n., come 
 between, go between, lie between , in- 
 tervene, exist between , occur between, 
 be, pass (of time). — Esp. of the 
 tribunes, veto , stay proceedings. 
 
 intercessid, -onis, [inter-cessio, 
 cf. intercedo], f., a veto (cf. inter- 
 cedo). 
 
 intercessor, -oris, [inter-cessor], 
 
 M., {one who comes between), a surety. 
 — Esp., a vetoing tribune (cf. inter- 
 cedo). 
 
 interclndo, -clusl, -clusus, -clu- 
 dere, [inter-claudo], 3. v. a., cut off, 
 shut off, block (roads), put a stop to. 
 
 interdum [inter dum (orig. 
 acc.)], adv., for a time, sometimes. 
 
 interea [inter ea (prob. abl.)], 
 adv., meanwhile, in the mean time, 
 meantime. 
 
 intereo, -ivi (-il), -iturus, -ire, 
 [inter-eo {go into pieces ?, cf. inter- 
 ficio)], irr. v. n., perish, die, be 
 killed, be destroyed. 
 
 interfatio, -onis, [inter-ffatio 
 (fa + tio)], F., an interruption. 
 
 interfector, -toris, [inter-factor, 
 cf. interficio], M., a slayer, a mur- 
 derer. 
 
 interficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
 [inter-facio], 3. v. a., {cut to pieces, 
 cf. intereo), slay, kill, put to death, 
 destroy. 
 
 intericio (-jicio), -jeci, -jectus, 
 -icere, [inter-jacio], 3. v. a., throw 
 
9 6 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 in (between). — Pass., lie between , 
 intervene: tempore inter] ecto {after 
 an interval , etc.). 
 
 interim [perh. loc. of finterus 
 (cf. inter, interior), but cf. inte- 
 rea, interibi], adv., meanwhile , in 
 the mean time. 
 
 interimo, -emi, -emptus, -imere, 
 [inter-emo], 3. v. a., kill (cf. inter- 
 ficio), slay , destroy, put to death . — 
 Less exactly, overwhelm. 
 
 interior, -us, [comp, of finterus 
 (in-terus, cf. alter)], adj., inner , 
 interior , farther in, more inland . — 
 Superl., intimus ( tumus), -a, -um, 
 [in + timus], inmost , most secret. — 
 As subst., an intimate friend. 
 
 interitus, -tus, [inter-itus, cf. 
 intereo], M., death , murder (chang- 
 ing the point of view), destruction , 
 overthrow. 
 
 interjicio, see intericio. 
 intermortuus, -a, -um, [inter- 
 mortuus], adj., faint, half dead, life- 
 less, still-born. 
 
 internecinus, see internecivus. 
 internecio, -onis, [inter-fnecio, 
 same root as neco], F., exter?nina- 
 tion, annihilation. 
 
 internecivus ( cinus), -a, -um, 
 [inter-fnecivus], adj., utterly de- 
 structive: bellum {of extermina- 
 tion). — Also, interniclvus. 
 
 interpello, -avi, -atus, -are, [inter- 
 tpello, cf. appello, -are], 1. v. a., 
 interrupt, interfere with. 
 
 interpono, -posul, -positus, -po- 
 nere, [inter-pono], 3. v. a., place in 
 between (lit. and fig.), interpose, in- 
 troduce, allege (an excuse to break 
 off something), thrust in, force in, 
 put in: diebus interpositis ( after 
 an interval, etc.) ; se {act as go- 
 between) . 
 
 interpres, -pretis, [inter-fpres 
 
 (akin to pretium?) Jpc., a middle- 
 man, a mediator, an interpreter, an 
 agent (for bribery) . 
 
 interrogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [inter- 
 rogo], I. v. a., ( ask at intervals), 
 question, interrogate, ask, put ques- 
 tions. 
 
 intersum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, 
 [inter-sum], irr. v. n., be between , 
 be among, be in, be engaged in, be 
 present : nox interest ( there is an 
 interval of a night) ; rei {be engaged 
 in, take part in). — Esp. in third 
 person, it is of importance, it in- 
 terests, it concerns: nihil interest 
 {there is no difference, also, it makes 
 no difference, it is of no importance)', 
 hoc interest {there is this difference) ; 
 quid mea interest? {what is for my 
 interest?)', quid interest ? {what is 
 the difference ?). 
 
 intervallum, -i, [inter-vallus, 
 distance between stakes in a ram- 
 part], N., distance (between two 
 things), distance apart, interval (of 
 space or time), space, time: longo 
 intervallo {after a long interval, 
 after a considerable time). 
 
 interventus, -tus, [inter-fven- 
 tus, cf. even tus and intervenio], 
 M., a coming (to interrupt some- 
 thing), a coming in, an interven- 
 tion. 
 
 intestlnus, -a, -um, [?, perh. in- 
 tus+tinus], adj., internal, intestine: 
 pernicies (i.e., within the vitals of 
 the state). 
 
 intimus, see interior. 
 
 intolerabilis, -e, [in-tolerabilis], 
 
 adj., intolerable , unendurable, not to 
 be borne. 
 
 intolerandus, -a, -um, [in-tol- 
 erandus], adj., not to be borne , un- 
 endurable. 
 
 intra [instr. (?) of finterus, cf- 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 97 
 
 inter and extra], adv. and prep., 
 into, within , inside. 
 
 introduco, -dim, -ductus, -du- 
 cere, [intro-duco], 3. v. a., lead in, 
 bring in, march in (troops), intro- 
 duce. 
 
 introitus, -tus, [intro-itus], M., 
 
 an entrance, an approach (means of 
 entrance), a way of entrance : Ponti 
 (mouth, i.e., the straits). — Fig-, cl 
 door (as a way of entrance), an 
 opening. 
 
 intueor, -tuitus (-tutus), -tueri, 
 [in-tueor], 2. v. dep., gaze upon, 
 gaze at, cast one's eyes upon, look 
 upon, behold, look at, contemplate, 
 study. 
 
 intus [in + tus (an abl. ending, 
 cf. divinitus)], adv., within. 
 
 inultus, -a, -um, [in-ultus], adj., 
 unavenged, unpunished. 
 
 inuro, -ussi, -ustus, -urere, [in- 
 uro], 3. v. a., burn in, brand. — 
 Fig.,/* indelibly. 
 
 inusitatus, -a, -um, [in-usitatus], 
 adj., unwonted, unaccustomed, un- 
 usual. 
 
 inutilis, -e, [in-utilis], adj., of 
 no use, unsei'viceable. — In a preg- 
 nant sense, unfavorable (positively 
 disadvantageous), prejudicial. 
 
 invadd, -vasi, -vasurus, -vadere, 
 [in-vado], 3. v. n., rush in, attack, 
 assail, make an attack, make a rush, 
 make a charge. 
 
 inveho, -vexi, -vectus, -vehere, 
 [in-veho], 3. v. a., carry in, carry 
 against. — Pass, as dep., be borne, 
 ride, sail in, assail (ride against), 
 inveigh. 
 
 invenio, -venl, -ventus, -venire, 
 [in-venio], 4. v. a .,find (come upon, 
 cf. reperio, find by search ), learn, 
 discover, meet with , invent, chance 
 to have , originate , 
 
 inventor, -toris, [in-fventor, cf. 
 invenio], M., a discoverer, an in- 
 ventor, an originator. 
 
 investlgo, -avl, -atus, -are, [in- 
 vestigo], 1. v. a. and n., trace out , 
 investigate. 
 
 inveterasco, -ravi, -raturus, -ras- 
 cere, [in-veterasco], 3. v. n., grow 
 old, become established, become fas- 
 tened in or on, becoine rooted , be- 
 come deeply seated. 
 
 invictus, -a, -um, [in-victus], 
 adj., unconquered. — Also, uncon- 
 querable, invincible. 
 
 in video, -vidi, -visus, -videre, [in- 
 video, cf. invidus], 2. v. n. and a., 
 envy, be jealous of, grudge , be en- 
 vious. 
 
 invidia, -ae, [invido + ia], f., 
 
 envy, odium , jealousy, hatred, un- 
 popularity. 
 
 invidiose [old abl. of invidio- 
 sus], adv., in a manner to excite 
 odium. 
 
 invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia + 
 
 osus,] adj., causing odium : mihi est 
 invidiosum (it is aground of odiuni). 
 
 invidus, -a, -um, [in-fvidus 
 (^/VID + us, wh. video)], adj., 
 envious , jealous, ill-disposed, hostile, 
 grudging. 
 
 invigilo, -avl, no p.p., -are, [in- 
 vigilo], 1. v. n., (lie awake for), 
 watch over, care for. 
 
 inviolatus, -a, -um, [in-viola- 
 tus], adj., inviolate, unharmed, un- 
 injured. — Also (cf. invictus), in- 
 violable: inviolata amicitia (with- 
 out violating friendship) . 
 
 invisus, -a, -um, [p.p. of invi- 
 deo], as adj., hateful, odious , dis- 
 pleasing. 
 
 invito, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], i.v.a., 
 invite. 
 
 invitus, -a, -um, [?], adj., un- 
 
9 8 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 willing. — Often rendered as adv., 
 against one's will , unwillingly . 
 
 ipse, -a, -um, [is-potis(?)],intens. 
 pron., self very , himself etc. (as opp. 
 to some one else, cf. sui, reflex, refer- 
 ring to the subject) he, etc. (emph.), 
 he himself etc. : tu ipse (you your- 
 self ) ; ipsius virtus ( his own , etc.) ; 
 id ipsum ( that very thing') ; ad ip- 
 sum fornicem (just at, etc.) ; illis 
 ipsis diebus (just at that very time); 
 in his ipsis (even in these) ; Kalen- 
 dis ipsis (just at, etc.) ; ante ipsum 
 sacrarium (just exactly before , etc.) . 
 
 Ira, -ae, [?], F., anger , wrath, 
 resentment , rage. 
 
 Iracundia, -ae, [iracundo+ia], 
 
 F., wrath (as a permanent quality, 
 cf. ira, a temporary feeling), irasci- 
 bility, anger. 
 
 Iracundus, -a, -um, [ira + cun- 
 dus], adj., of a violent te 7 nper, pas- 
 sionate, irascible , wrathful, resentful, 
 embittered. 
 
 Irascor, iratus, irasci, [ fira-f- sco] , 
 3. v. dep., get angry, be angry . — 
 Iratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., angry, 
 in anger. 
 
 irr-, see inr-. 
 
 is, ea, id, [pron. fi'], pron., this 
 (less emph. than hie), that (un- 
 emph.), these , those, etc., the , a, he, 
 she , it, such, one, the man : id quod 
 (which, omitting the demonstrative); 
 atque is (and that too) ; in eo (in 
 that matter) ; ex eo genere qui (of 
 the kind, etc.) ; vacuus ab eis qui 
 defenderent (of men to, etc.); vos 
 qui . . . ei (you who . . .you) ; neque 
 enim is es, etc. (such a man , etc.) ; 
 pro eo ac mereor (in proportion to 
 what, etc.) ; is constitutus ex mar- 
 more (his statue), etc.; id aetatis filii 
 (of that age, etc.). — Abl., N., eo, the 
 (old Eng. instrumental), so much, on 
 
 that account, therefore : eo magis (all 
 the tnore) ; eo atrocior (so much the 
 more cruel). — See also ejusmodi. 
 
 iste, -a, -ud, [is-te (cf. turn, tan- 
 tus, etc.)], pron., that, these, those , 
 etc. — Esp. associated with the sec- 
 ond person, with adversaries and 
 opponents, that (you speak of), he. 
 (your client ), those men (my oppo- 
 nents), that (of yours), that (by you). 
 
 ita [-y/i-fta (instr.(?) of V TA )]> 
 adv., so, in such a way, in this way , 
 thus, as folloivs : ut . . . ita, ita . . . ut 
 (in proportion as, as); ita dictitat 
 (this), 
 
 Italia, -ae, [fltalo- (reduced) + 
 ia (f. of -ius)], F., Italy. 
 
 Italicus, -a, -um, [Italo + cus], 
 adj., Italian: helium (the Italic or 
 Social war, B.C. 90). 
 
 itaque [ita que], adv., and so, 
 accordingly, therefore. 
 
 item [-y/i-tem (acc.?, cf. idem)], 
 adv., in like manner, so also, in the 
 same way (before mentioned), also, 
 likewise. 
 
 iter, itineris, [stem fr. yf\ (go) + 
 unc. term.], N., a road, a march, a 
 way, a route, a course, a journey. 
 
 iterum [^/i -f terus, cf. alter], 
 adv., a second time, again : semel 
 atque iterum (again and again) ; 
 iterum et saepius (again and 
 again). 
 
 J. 
 
 jaceo, -cui, -citurus, -cere, [fjaco-, 
 cf. jaculum], 2. v. n., lie, lie dead, 
 lie low, lie prostrate, be overthrown. 
 
 jacio, jeci, jactus, jacere, [?, cf. 
 jaceo], 3. v. a., throw, hurl, cast, 
 throw out, bandy about. — Esp. of 
 foundations, lay (throwing in the 
 loose material). 
 
 jacto, -avi, -atus, -are, [jacto-], 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 99 
 
 I. v. a., (freq. of jacio), toss , toss 
 about , bandy about (of talk); se jac- 
 tare ( insolently display itself sivag- 
 ger , show one's ari'ogance or inso- 
 lence) . 
 
 jactura, -ae, [jactu + ra (f. of 
 rus)], F., a throwing away, a loss , a 
 sacrifice (of men in war), expense , 
 largesse. 
 
 jactus, -tus, [y'jAC-f tus], m., a 
 throw : fulminum ( hurling , flash , 
 stroke) . 
 
 jam [acc. of pron. V YA ]> adv., 
 now (of progressive time, cf. none, 
 emphatic and instantaneous) ,- by this 
 time , at last , already , at length : non 
 jam {no longer , not any more , etc.) ; 
 nunquam jam ( never more , never 
 again) ; jam nemo {at last no one) ; 
 jam ante, jam antea {already be- 
 fore, already , before , also before , even 
 before). — Of future time, presently , 
 by azid by . — Phrases: jam vero 
 {now, furthermore, then again, but) ; 
 jam dudum, jam pridem {now for 
 some time, long ago) ; nunc jam 
 {now at last, now). 
 
 Janiculum, -i, [Jano+ culum], 
 N., the Janiculine Hill. 
 
 janua, -ae, [?, akin to Janus], 
 F., a door. — Fig., gate. 
 
 Januarius, -a, -um, [?, janua + 
 arius], adj., of January. 
 
 jejunus, -a, -um, [?], ad]., fast- 
 ing. — Fig., meagre, poor , humble, 
 mean. 
 
 jubeo, jussi, jussus, jubere, [prob. 
 jus-habeo, cf. praebeo], 2 . v. a., 
 order, command, bid. 
 
 jucunditas, -tatis, [jucundo + 
 tas], F., pleasantness, pleasure, 
 char 7ti. 
 
 jucundus, -a, -um, [?, perh. for 
 juvicundus, akin to juvo], adj., 
 pleasant , agreeable. 
 
 judex, -icis, [jus-fdex (^dic as 
 stem)], M. and F., a judge , an ar- 
 biter. — Esp. in Roman jurispru- 
 dence, a juryman (half judge and 
 half juryman, who decided Roman 
 law cases), a judge : judices {gen- 
 tlemen, i.e., of the jury). 
 
 judicialis, -e, [judicio + alis], 
 adj . , judicial, of courts. 
 
 judicium, -I, [judic + ium], n., 
 a judgment (judicial), a trial, a 
 verdict, a prosecution. — As each 
 trial made a court, a court, a panel 
 of jurors, a bench of judges , the ad- 
 fninistration of justice , the judiciary , 
 the judicial power. — Also, an ex- 
 pression of opinion (generally offi- 
 cial), an opinion, a judg77ient, a deci- 
 sio7i. 
 
 judico, -avi, -atus, -are, [judic-], 
 1. v. a., formally decide, decide, judge, 
 be a juror, adjudge, think, consider , 
 hold an opmion : equester ordo 
 {hold the judiciary) ; subtiliter {be 
 a connoisseur)', de ingeniis {criti- 
 cize, estimate)', magna in hoc vis 
 judicatur {is held to be, etc.). 
 
 jugulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [jugulo-], 
 1 . v. a., cut the throat of, i7iurder, 
 assassuzate, strangle (figuratively), 
 put to death. 
 
 jugulum, -i, [jugo+lum], N., {a 
 little yoke , the collar-bones), the 
 throat, the neck. 
 
 Julius, -i, [?], m., a Roman gen- 
 tile name. — Esp., L. Julius Ccesar, 
 censor, B.c. 89. 
 
 jungo, junxi, junctus, jungere, 
 [-y/jUG], 3 . v. a., join , unite, at- 
 tach, attach together. — In pass, or 
 with reflex., tmite with, attach one's 
 self. 
 
 Junianus, -a, -um, [Junio + 
 
 anus], adj., of Junius: consilium 
 (a jury of which one Junius was 
 
IOO 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 presiding praetor, and which had 
 notoriously been bribed). 
 
 Junius, -a, -um, [?, perh. akin to 
 juvenis], adj., of June. 
 
 Jupiter (Jupp), Jovis, [Jovis- 
 Pater], M., the god of the visible 
 heavens and the atmosphere, who 
 was regarded as the supreme divinity 
 of the Romans, Jupiter , Jove. — 
 Identified with the Greek Z evs, hence 
 with the adjective Olympius. 
 
 juro, -avi, -atus, -are, [jur- (stem 
 of jus)], I. v. n., swear , take an 
 oath . — juratus, -a, -um, p.p. in 
 active sense, sworn , on oath. 
 
 jus, juris, [for fjavus, V YU ( akin 
 to y'jUG) + us], j ustice > right, 
 rights (collectively) , rights over (any- 
 thing, claims'), law: communia jura 
 (< common rights of man) ; hoc juris 
 constituere (< establish this as law) ; 
 jure ( with right, justly) ; praecipuo 
 jure ( with special justice) ; suo jure 
 ( with perfect right)-, optimo jure 
 (with perfect justice) . 
 
 jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, [see 
 the two words], N., an oath. 
 
 jussu [abl. of fjussus], used as 
 adv., by order : meo jussu (by my 
 orders) . 
 
 juste [old abl. of justus], adv., 
 
 justly. 
 
 justitia, -ae, [justo-ftia], Y., jus- 
 tice (just behavior), sense of justice. 
 
 justus, -a, -um, [jus -f tus], adj., 
 just, lawful, reasonable . — Also, com- 
 plete, perfect, regular : omnia justa 
 solvere (all due rites). 
 
 juvenis, -e, [?], adj., young . — 
 As subst., a young man (not over 
 45), a youth. 
 
 juventus, -tutis, [juven (orig. 
 stem of juvenis) +tus], F., youth. 
 — Concretely, the youth, young men, 
 the young. 
 
 juvo, juvi, jutus, juvare, [?], 
 
 I. v. a., help , aid, assist . 
 
 K. 
 
 Kal., abbrev. for Kalendae and 
 its cases (wh. see). 
 
 Kalendae (Cal-), -arum, [f. pi. 
 of fcalendus, p. of verb akin to 
 calo], F. plur., the Calends (the first 
 day of the Roman month, when, as 
 it would seem, the times of the moon 
 were announced to the assembled 
 people) : pridie Kalendas Janua- 
 rias (i.e., Dec. gist). 
 
 Karthaginiensis (Car-), -e, 
 
 adj., Carthaginian. — Plur. as subst., 
 the Carthaginians. 
 
 Karthago (Car-), -inis, [Punic, 
 new city ], F., Carthage . 
 
 L. 
 
 L., abbrev. for Lucius. 
 
 L (vl>), [a corrupt form of the 
 Greek letter xjy (prop, x), originally 
 used for 50, and retained in the later 
 notation], a sign for fifty. 
 
 labefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere, 
 [unc. stem (akin to labor) -facio], 
 3. v. a., shake, cause to totter. 
 
 labefacto, -avi, -atus, -are, [labe- 
 (cf. labefacio) -facto], 1. v. a., 
 shake, cause to totter , weaken , under- 
 mine, overthrow , shatter, annul, in- 
 validate, disturb. 
 
 labes, -is, [lab (in labor) + es], 
 F., a fall, ruin, a plague (fig.), a 
 pest. — Also, a disgrace, a shame. 
 
 labo, -avi, no p.p., -are, [?, akin 
 to labor], 1. v. n., totter, waver, 
 give way. 
 
 labor, lapsus, labi, [?, akin to 
 labo], 3. v. dep., slide, fall, slip, err, 
 be imprudent. 
 
 labor, -oris, [V^abh + or (for 
 

 -°s)], M., toil , exertion (in its disa- 
 greeable aspect), labor (as painful), 
 trouble. 
 
 labbriosus, -a, -um, [labor + 
 osus], adj., toilsome , laborious . 
 
 laboro, -avi, -atus, -are, [labor-], 
 i. v. n., toil , exert one's self. — Also, 
 suffer, labor , be hard pressed, be in 
 trouble , trouble one's self care. — 
 With neut. pron., labor about, attend 
 to, busy one's self with. 
 
 lacero, -avi, -atus, -are, [lacero-], 
 i. v. a., mangle, lacerate, tear . 
 
 lacesso, -cessivi, -cessitus, -ces- 
 sere, [stem akin to lacio + unc. 
 term.], 3. v. a., irritate, provoke. — 
 Esp., attack , harass, assail , skirmish 
 
 7 uith. 
 
 lacrima, -ae, [fdakru- (cf. Gr. 
 daKpv) + ma], f., a tear. 
 
 lacrimo, -avi, -atus, -are, [lacri- 
 ma], 1. v. n. and a., weep, weep 
 for. 
 
 lacteo, -ere, [lact-], 2. v. n., suck. 
 Esp., lac tens, p., sucking, nurs- 
 ing, a suckling, a nursling. 
 
 lacus, -us, [ ?, cf. lacer, lacuna], 
 M ., a reservoir, a lake. 
 
 Laeca, -ae, [?], m., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp., M. Laeca, a 
 partisan of Catiline. 
 
 laedo, laesi, laesus, laedere, [perh. 
 for lavido, ffuj (increased) + do 
 (cf. tendo)], 3. v. a., wound, injure. 
 — Fig., esp., break (one’s word, etc.), 
 violate, hurt, disparage, thwart, in- 
 jure. 
 
 Laelius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., C. Lcelius, the 
 friend of the younger Africanus. 
 
 Laenius, -i, [?], M ., a Roman 
 gentile name. Esp., AL, Lcenius 
 Flaccus, a knight of Brundisium, a 
 friend of Cicero, and one of his sup- 
 porters in his exile. 
 
 laetitia, -ae, [laeto + tia], f., 
 joy, gladness (cf. laetus). 
 
 laeto r, -atus, -ari, [laeto-], 1. v. 
 dep., rejoice (cf. laetus), be glad, 
 take delight: illud laetandum est 
 {this is a cause of rejoicing). 
 
 laetus, -a, -um, [unc. root (perh. 
 akin to glad) + tus], adj.,. joyful (of 
 the inner feeling), rejoicing : me 
 domus laetissima accepit (with the 
 greatest joy) . 
 
 lamentatio, -onis, [lamenta + 
 tio], f., lamentation . 
 
 lamentor, -atus, -ari, [lamento-], 
 I. v. dep., lament , bewail. 
 
 lamentum, -i, [?, per h. ffLV + 
 mentum, cf. laedo], n., a lamenta- 
 tion. 
 
 lamina, -ae, [?, perh. ffLV + 
 mina], f., a scale (of metal), a plate 
 (esp. heated, used for torture). 
 
 languidus, -a, -um, [flanguo- 
 (whence Iangueo) +dns], adj., spir- 
 itless, listless, languid , stupid, sleepy, 
 dozy : languidior (less active). 
 
 lanista, -ae, [?], m., a trainer 
 (of gladiators). 
 
 Jjanuvinus, -a, -um, [Lanuvio + 
 intis], adj., of I^anuvium. — Plur. 
 M., the people of JLanuvium. 
 
 Lanuvium, -i, [?], N ., a town 
 of Latium, twenty miles from Rome 
 on the Appian Way, famous for its 
 worship of Juno Sospita. 
 
 lapidatio, -onis, [lapida + tio], 
 
 F ., a stoning, throiving stones. 
 lapis, -idis, [ ?], m., a stone. 
 laqueus, -i, [Vlac (in lacio) + 
 eus (? -ayas)], m., a slip-noose, a 
 snare. — Fig., the meshes (of the 
 law, etc.). 
 
 Ear, Laris, [?], m., a household 
 divinity : Lar familiaris (house- 
 hold gods, as a symbol of home), 
 ho?ne, hearth and home. 
 
 
 ' 1 . 
 
 f) 
 
 Ik 
 
102 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 large [old abl. of largus], adv., 
 copiously , generously , lavishly. 
 
 largior, -Itus, -iri, [largo-], 4. v. 
 dep., give lavishly , bestow upon , sup- 
 ply with , lavish upon, grant. — Also, 
 bribes , presents . 
 
 largftio, -onis, [largl- (stem of 
 largior) + tio], F., /awwA giving, 
 bribery . 
 
 largltor, -toris, [largi+tor], M., 
 
 « lavish giver , # briber , a spend- 
 thrift. 
 
 late [old abl. of latus], adv., 
 widely , broadly : longe lateque ( far 
 and wide). 
 
 late bra, -ae, [late + bra], f., a 
 
 hiding-place. 
 
 lateo, latui, no p.p., latere, [?], 
 2. v. n., lie concealed ', lurk , A? 
 cealed , unnoticed , lie hid , work 
 
 secretly. 
 
 Latiaris (-alls), -e, [Latio + 
 aris], adj., of Latium : Jupiter La- 
 tiaris (the Jupiter worshipped on 
 the Alban mount as the tutelar divin- 
 ity of the old Latin union). 
 
 Latiniensis, -e, [Latino (?) + 
 ensis), adj .,of Latium , Latin. — Esp. 
 as Roman proper name, Q. Calius 
 Latiniensis , a tribune of the people. 
 
 Latinus, -a, -urn, [Latio+inus], 
 adj., iMtin. 
 
 Latium, -i, [prob. lato + ium, 
 N. of -ius, the flat land ?], N., the 
 country between the Apennines, the 
 Tiber, and the Tuscan Sea, now the 
 Carnpagna. 
 
 lator, -toris, [(t)la + tor], M., a 
 bearer , a proposer (of a law, cf. 
 
 fero) . 
 
 latr§, -onis, [prob. stem borrowed 
 fr. Greek + o],M., a mercenary (?), 
 a robber , a marauder. 
 
 latrocinium, -i, [flatrocino + 
 ium, cf. ratiocinor], n . f freebooting, 
 
 robbery , brigandage , marauding , « 
 band of marauders , <2 marauding 
 expedition. 
 
 latrocinor, -atus, -ari, [flatro- 
 cino-, cf. latrocinium], 1. v. dep., 
 be a freebooter, act as a marauder : 
 latrocinans (as a marauder). 
 
 latus, -a, -um, [prob. for fplatus, 
 cf. Gr. TrAarus], adj., broad , wide , 
 extensive. 
 
 latus, lateris, [prob. lato + rus 
 (reduced)], N., (of the body). 
 
 — Also, generally, a side , a flank, an 
 end (of a hill). 
 
 latus, -a, -um, [for tlatus, V TLA 
 (cf. tollo, tuli) + tus], p.p. of fero. 
 laudatio, -onis, [lauda+tio], F., 
 
 a eulogy, a funeral oration. 
 
 laudator, -toris, [lauda + tor], 
 M., a eulogizer, an extoller. 
 
 laudo, -avi, -atus, -are, [laud-], 
 1. v. a., praise , commend, approve , 
 eulogize , applaud. 
 
 laureatus, -a, -um, [laurea + 
 tus, cf. robustus], adj., laurelled, 
 crowned with laurel. 
 
 laus, laudis, [?],F ., praise, credit, 
 renown, reputation, glory , merit 
 (thing deserving praise), excellence: 
 in hac laude industriae (in gain- 
 ing this credit by, etc.) ; fructum 
 istum laudis (the gaining of that 
 credit). 
 
 lautumiae (lato-, latu-), -arum, 
 [A aT0ixia\, F. plur., a stone-quarry. 
 
 lectulus, -i, [lecto + lus], m., a 
 couch , a sofa , a bed. 
 
 lectus, -i, [?], M., a bed, a couch. 
 
 lectus, -a, -um, p.p. of lego, wh. 
 see. 
 
 legatio, -onis, [lega + tio], f., 
 
 (a sending or commission), an em- 
 bassy, a7i embassy (message of am- 
 bassadors), the office of legatus : qua 
 in legatione (in which office ) ; jus 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 103 
 
 legationis (the rights of ambassa- 
 dors') . 
 
 legatus, -I, [prop. p.p. of lego], 
 M., an ambassador. — Also, a lieu- 
 tenant, a legatus. To a Roman 
 commander were assigned (legare) 
 one or more subordinate officers 
 capable of taking command in his 
 absence or engaging in independent 
 operations under his general direc- 
 tion. These were the legati, and 
 with the quaestor composed a kind 
 of staff. 
 
 legio, -onis, [yTEG + io], F., ( a 
 levy) ; hence, a legion (originally the 
 whole levy, later the unit of army 
 organization, numbering from 3000 
 to 6000 men, divided into ten co- 
 horts) . 
 
 legitimus, -a, -urn, [leg (as if 
 legi) + timus], adj., lawful, legal, 
 of law, according to law, at law. 
 
 lego, -avi, -atus, -are, [flega- (cf. 
 collega)], 1. v. a., despatch, com- 
 mission, commission as legatus , choose 
 as legatus, assign (as legatus). 
 
 lego, legi, lectus, legere, [cf. Gr. 
 \eyui], 3. v. a. and n., choose, collect, 
 pick out. — Hence, read, read of — 
 lectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., choice , 
 esteemed, superior. 
 
 lenio, -ivl (-ii), -itus, -ire, [leni-], 
 4. v. a., soothe, mitigate. 
 
 lenis, -e, [?], ad]., gentle, lenient, 
 mild. 
 
 lenitas, -tatis, [leni + tas], f., 
 gentleness, leniency. 
 
 leniter [leni-fter], adv., gently. 
 leno, -onis, [?, leni + o], m., a 
 pander, a pimp. 
 
 lenocinium, -i, [flenocino- (cf. 
 lenocinor) + ium], N., pandering. 
 lente [old abl. of lentus], adv., 
 
 slowly. 
 
 Lentulus, -i, [lento + lus], m., 
 
 a Roman family name. — Esp. : 1 . 
 Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus , 
 cons. B.C. 72; 2. P. Cornelius Len- 
 tulus Sura, cons. B.C. 71, one of the 
 Catilinarian conspirators; 3. L . Len- 
 tulus, an unknown praetor; 4. P. 
 Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, cons. 
 B.C. 57, a supporter of Cicero; 5. 
 The son of No. 4, of the same name. 
 
 lentus, -a, -um, [len (cf. lenis) 
 + tus], adj ., flexible. — Also, slow. 
 
 lepidus, -a, -um, [flepo- (cf. 
 lepor) + dus], m., graceful. — As 
 a Roman family name. — Esp.: 1. 
 M\ PEmilius Lepidus, cons. B.C. 66; 
 2. M. ALmilius Lepidus, cons. B.C. 
 78, killed in a quarrel with his col- 
 league, Q. Catulus; 3. Son of the 
 preceding, of the same name, the 
 famous triumvir whose house was 
 robbed by the partisans of Clodius. 
 
 levis, -e, [for fleglivis, ^/lagh 
 + us (with inserted i, cf. brevis), 
 cf. Gr. iXayys, Eng. light], adj., light, 
 slight, trivial, unimportant, of no 
 weight. — Also (cf. gravis), incon- 
 stant, fickle, wanting in character, 
 worthless, unprincipled. 
 
 levitas, -tatis, [levi + tas], F., 
 lightness. — Also (cf. levis), incon- 
 stancy, fickleness, want of principle , 
 unsteadiness. 
 
 leviter [levi + ter], adv., lightly, 
 slightly : ut levissime dicam (to say 
 the least). 
 
 levo, -avi, -atus, -are, [levi- (as 
 if levo-)], i.v. a., lighten. — Hence, 
 free from a burden, relieve , allevi- 
 ate, lessen : annonam (relieve the 
 market , lessen the price of grain) . 
 
 lex, legis, [Vleg (in lego)], F., 
 a statute, a law, a condition. 
 
 libellus, -i, [libro + lus], m., a 
 little book, a list, a paper. 
 libens (lub-), see libet. 
 
104 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 libenter [libent+ter] , adv., wil- 
 lingly , gladly , zvith pleasin' e. — With 
 verb, be glad to, etc. : libentissime 
 audire (most like to hear) . 
 
 1. liber, -bera, -berum, [flibo- 
 (whence libet) + rus (reduced)], 
 adj., free (of persons and things), 
 unrestricted, undisturbed, unincum- 
 bered, independent. 
 
 liber, librl, [?], M., bark (of a 
 tree). — Hence, a book. 
 
 2. Liber, -eri, [same word as i. 
 liber, connection uncertain], M., an 
 Italian deity of agriculture. — Hence 
 identified with Bacchus. 
 
 Libera, -ae, [f. of preceding 
 word], F., an Italian goddess iden- 
 tified with Proserpine (cf. K opr]). 
 
 liberalis, -e, [i. liber + alis], 
 adj., of a freeman, generous, liberal, 
 noble (studia). 
 
 liberalitas, -tatis, [liberali + 
 tas], F., generosity. 
 
 liberaliter [liber ali+ ter], adv., 
 generously , kindly (respondit). 
 
 liberatio, -onis, [libera + tio], 
 F., a setting free, a freeing, acquittal. 
 
 liberator, -toris, [libera + tor], 
 M ., a deliverer, a liberator. 
 
 libere [old abl. of liber], adv., 
 freely, without restraint, with free- 
 dom. 
 
 liberi, -orum, [prob. M. plur. of 
 liber, the free members of the house- 
 hold ], M. plur., children. — Some- 
 times even of one. 
 
 libero, -avi, -atus, -are, [liberb-], 
 i . v., a., free, set free, relieve (from 
 some bond), absolve, acquit: lib- 
 erator Milo non profectus esse 
 (is acquitted of having, etc). 
 
 libertas, -tatis, [libero- (reduced) 
 + tas], F., liberty , freedom , inde- 
 pendence. — Hence, Liberty (per- 
 sonified and worshipped as a divinity). 
 
 libertinus, -i, [liberto + inus], 
 
 M., a freedman (as a member of a 
 class, cf. libertus). 
 
 libertus, -i, [libero- (reduced) + 
 tus], M., a freedman (in reference 
 to his former master, cf. libertinus). 
 
 libet (lub-),-uit (libitum est), 
 -ere, [?, cf. liber], 2. v. impers., it 
 pleases, one desires, one is pleased to. 
 — libens, -entis, p., glad, pleased, 
 gladly, with pleasure, with good zvill. 
 
 libidinose (lub-) [old abl. of 
 libidinosus], adv., arbitrarily, lazv- 
 lessly, licentiously . 
 
 libidinosus (lub-), -a, -um, [libi- 
 din+osus], adj., arbitrary, lazvless, 
 licentious. 
 
 libido (lub-), -inis, [akin to li- 
 bet, cf. cupido], F., lawlessness, 
 licentiousness, caprice, lust, desire, 
 lawless fancy, arbitrary conduct, 
 wantonness. 
 
 librarium, -i, [libro + arium] 
 (n. of librarius), N., a bookcase. 
 
 licentia, -ae, [licent + ia], f., 
 license , lawlessness. 
 
 licet, licuit (licitum est), licere, 
 [flico-, cf. delicus, reliquus], 2. v. 
 impers., it is lawful, it is allowed, 
 one may, one is allowed, one is per- 
 mitted . — licet, although, though. 
 
 Licinius, -I, [licino + ius], m., a 
 Roman gentile name. — Esp. : 1. A. 
 Licinius Archias, the poet defended 
 by Cicero; 2. Licinius, an obscure 
 restaurant-keeper. 
 
 lictor, -toris [?, perh. ^/lac + 
 tor], M., a lictor (the attendant of 
 the higher Roman magistrates). 
 
 Ligarius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., Q. Ligarius, 
 an officer in Pompey’s army in Africa, 
 defended by Cicero before Caesar, 
 lignum, -I, [?], N., wood, a log. 
 limen, -inis, [akin to limus, ob- 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 liquus], N., (a crosspiece ), a thresh- 
 old, a lintel : omnis aditus et li- 
 men ( all approach and entrance ). 
 
 lingua, -ae, [?], F., a tongue . — 
 Hence, a language. 
 
 linter (lunt-), -tris, [?], F. (and 
 M.), a skiff. 
 
 linum, -I, [prob. borr. fr. Gr. 
 X'ivov'], N .,fax. — Hence, a thread . 
 
 liquefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere, 
 [lique- (stem akin to liqueo) -facio], 
 3. v. a., liquefy , ?nelt. 
 
 liquido [abi. of liquidus], as 
 adv., clearly , plainly , with truth , with 
 a clear conscience. 
 
 11 s, litis, [for f stlis, y'STLA + tis 
 (reduced) ?, cf. locus and Eng. 
 strife ], F., a suit at lazv , a lawsuit. 
 
 — Also, the amount in dispute , dam- 
 ages. 
 
 litera (litt-), -ae, [?, akin to 
 lino], F., a letter (of the alphabet). 
 
 — Plur., letters , writing , an alpha- 
 bet , a letter (an epistle), literature , 
 a document. 
 
 literatus (litt-), -a, -urn, [litera 
 + tus], adj., educated , cultivated. 
 
 litura, -ae, [flitu- (li in lino + 
 tu) + ra], F., an erasure. 
 
 loc§, -avl, -atus, -are, [loco-], 
 1. v. a place, station. — Hence, let , 
 make a contract , contract for. 
 
 Ijocrensis, -e, [Locri + ensis], 
 adj., of Locri (a Greek city of Italy 
 near Rhegium). — Plur., the people 
 of Locri. 
 
 locuples, -pletis, [ ?, loco-pies (pie 
 + tus, reduced)], adj., ( with full 
 coffer si'), rich , wealthy , responsible. 
 
 locupleto,^avI, -atus, -are, [locu- 
 plet-], 1. v. a., enrich. 
 
 locus, -I, [for fstlocus, ^/stla 
 + cus], M. (sing.), N. (generally pi.), 
 a place , a spot , a position , a region 
 (esp. in plur.), a point , the ground 
 
 105 
 
 (in military language), space , extent 
 (of space), room. — Fig., position , a 
 station , rank , a point , place {light, 
 position, character ), an opportunity, 
 a chance, a condition , a state of 
 things, an occasion. 
 
 longe [old abl. of longus], adv., 
 far, too far, absent, far away, dis- 
 tant. 
 
 longinquitas, -tatis, [longinquo 
 
 + tas] , F., distance. 
 
 longinquus, -a, -um, [case-form 
 of longus (perh. loc.) -f cus], adj., 
 long (of time and space), distant, 
 long- conti n ued. 
 
 longiusculus, -a, -um, [longior 
 + cuius], adj., rather long, a little 
 longer. 
 
 longus, -a, -um, [?], adj., long 
 (of space and time), far, distant: 
 longum est commemorare (ft is too 
 long to, etc., it would take too long to, 
 etc.) ; ne longum sit ( not to be too 
 long) . 
 
 loquor, locutus, loqul, [?], 3. v. 
 dep., speak, talk , converse, express 
 one's self say (with neuter pron.) : 
 auctoritas loquentium (in words). 
 
 lubet, see libet. 
 
 lubldo, see libido. 
 
 Luiccejus, -I, [?], M., an Italian 
 gentile name. — Esp., Q. Lucceius , 
 a banker at Rhegium. 
 
 luceo, luxl, no p.p., lucere, [luc- 
 (stem of lux)], 2. v. n., shine , beam. 
 — Fig., be clear, be obvious, be con- 
 spicuous. 
 
 luctuosus, -a, -um, [luctu+osus], 
 adj., full of grief sorrowful, dis- 
 tressing. 
 
 luctus, -tus, [lug+tus], M.,^ grief 
 sorrow, mourning. 
 
 L/ucullus, -I, [?], M., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp.: 1. L. Licinius 
 Lucullus , the able general of the 
 
io6 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 third Mithridatic war; 2. M. Li- 
 cinius Lucullus , brother of the pre- 
 ceding. The whole family was rich 
 and cultivated. 
 
 lucus, -i, [prob. ^/LUC (in lux) '+ 
 us], M., (an open grove, as opposed to 
 the forest), a ^r^w(commonly sacred). 
 
 ludificatid, -onis, [ludificahtio], 
 F., derision , mockery. 
 
 ludus, -i, [ ?], M., play, sport. — 
 Also, a school, a training-school. — 
 Plur., games (the festivals of the 
 Romans). 
 
 lugeo, luxi, luxurus, lugere, [flu- 
 go-, cf. lugeo and Aoryos], 2 . v. a. 
 and n., mourn, bezvail , lament. 
 
 lumen, -inis, [^/LUC-j- men], N., 
 a light (also fig.) : ipsa lumina (the 
 brightest lights) . 
 
 luo, lui, luiturus, luere, [^/lu, cf. 
 \voc>], 3. v. a., loose. — Esp ., pay, suf- 
 fer (a penalty), atone for (a fault). 
 
 lupa, -ae, [?, cf. Au/cos], F., a she- 
 wolf. — Also, a prostitute. 
 
 lupinus, -a, -um, [lupo + inus] , 
 adj., of a wolf, of the wolf (the nurse 
 of Romulus and Remus). 
 
 lustro, -avi, -atus, -are, [lustro-], 
 I.v. a., purify. — Hence, go over (for 
 purification),/^^ over. 
 
 lustrum, - i , [unc. form from ^/lu 
 - f trum, cf. monstrum], N., a slough. 
 — Hence, a brothel. — Hence in pi., 
 debauchery . 
 
 lutum, -i, [^/lu + turn, N. of 
 -tus], N., (“the wash ”), mud , mire. 
 
 lux, lucis, [ -y/LUC (in luceo) as 
 stem], F., light, light of the sun, sun- 
 light, open light , daylight : ante lu- 
 cem (before daybreak). 
 
 luxuria, -ae (also-ies,-iei), [flux- 
 uro- (luxu + rus) + ia] , F., luxury , 
 riotous living, fast livers (cf. juven- 
 tus, the youth). 
 
 luxuries, -ei, see luxuria. 
 
 M. 
 
 M., abbreviation of Marcus. 
 
 M [corruption of CIO (orig. <£) 
 through influence of mille], 1000. 
 
 M\, abbreviation for Manius. 
 
 Macedonia, -ae, [Ma Kedovld], F., 
 the country originally bounded by 
 Thessaly and Epirus, Thrace, Paeonia, 
 and Illyria; finally conquered by T. 
 Quinctius Flamininus, B.c. 197. 
 
 Macedonicus, -a, -um, [Ma«:e- 
 boviKos~\, adj., Macedonian. 
 
 machinator, -toris, [machina + 
 tor], M., a contriver, a manager. 
 
 inachinor, -atus, -ari, [machina-], 
 1. v. dep., contrive, invent, engineer, 
 plot. 
 
 macto, -avi, -atus, -are, [macto-], 
 
 1. v. a., sacrifice, slaughter, punish, 
 pursue (with punishment). 
 
 macula, -ae, [?], F., a spot, a 
 stain. 
 
 maculS, -avi, -atus, -are, [macu- 
 la-], 1. v. a., stain, pollute. 
 
 madefacid, -feci ? -factus, -facere, 
 [made- (stem akin to madeo) + 
 facio], 3. v. a., moisten, wet. 
 
 Maelius (Melius), -i, [?], m., a 
 Roman gentile name. — Esp., Sp. 
 Maelius , a Roman, killed, B.C. 439, 
 by Servilius Ahala, on the charge of 
 aiming at regal power. 
 
 maered (moer-), no perf., no 
 p.p., -ere, [fmaero-, cf. maestus], 
 
 2. v. a. and n., mourn, grieve, be in 
 sorrow, grieve for, mourn for . 
 
 maeror (moe-), -oris, [maes 
 (cf. maestus) + or], M., grief, sor- 
 row, sadness. 
 
 maestitia (moes-),-ae, [maesto 
 -f tia], F., sadness , sorrow. 
 
 maestus (moe-), -a, -um, [^/mis? 
 (in miser) + tus], p.p. of maereo 
 as adj., sad, sorrowful. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 107 
 
 magis [^/MAG (in magnus) + 
 ius (n. comp, suffix)], adv., more , 
 rather , more than usual , better . — 
 See also maxiine. 
 
 magister, -tri, [magis + ter, cf. 
 alter], m., a master , an instructor , 
 a teacher. 
 
 magistra, -ae, [f. of preceding], 
 F., a mistress , a teacher (female, or 
 conceived as such). 
 
 magistratus, -tus, [magistra- 
 (as if stem of fmagistro) + tus], 
 M., a magistracy (office of a magis- 
 trate). — Concretely, a ?nagistrate 
 (cf. “ the powers that be”). 
 
 magnified [old abl. of inagni- 
 ficus], adv.y magnificently , hand- 
 so?nely, finely. 
 
 maguificus, -a, -urn, [magno- 
 fficus (^/fac + us)], adj., splendid , 
 grand , magnificent. 
 
 magnitudo, -dinis, [magno + 
 tudo], F., greatness , great size , size , 
 extent , stature , great extent, enor- 
 mity , great amount , importance : 
 animi magnitudo ( lofty spirit, no- 
 bleness of sotd). 
 
 magnopere, see opus, 
 magnus, -a, -urn, [^/mag ( in- 
 crease ) + nus, cf. magis], adj., great 
 (in any sense, of size, quantity, or 
 degree), large , extensive , important, 
 serious, deep (ignominia), violent 
 (minas), loud (clamor), rich (fruc- 
 tus), powerful (subsidium) : magni 
 habere (to value highly , make much 
 account of ) ; magni interest (it is 
 of great importance) ; magnum et 
 sanctum (a great and sacred thing) ; 
 magnum et amplum cogitare (have 
 great and lofty ideas ). — See also 
 Magnus. — major, comparative, in 
 usual sense. — Also, major (with or 
 without natu), elder , older. — In 
 plur. assubst., elders, ancestors : pecu- 
 
 nia major (a greater amount of 
 money). — maximus, superb, larg- 
 est, very large, greatest, very great , 
 very loud, most important, etc. — 
 See also Maximus. 
 
 Magnus, -i, [magnus], m., a 
 Roman name. 
 
 majestas, -tatis, [majos- (orig. 
 stem of major) + tas], f., (superi- 
 ority), majesty, dignity. — Esp. for 
 majestas deminuta, treason. 
 major, see magnus. 
 male [old abl. of malus], adv., 
 badly, ill, not well, hardly: loqui 
 (abusively)-, existimare (ill, evil). 
 
 maledictum, -i, [male dictum], 
 N., an insult (in words), abuse. 
 
 maleficium, -i, [malefico+ium], 
 N., harm, mischief, a crime, a mis- 
 deed. 
 
 malitia, -ae, [malo + tia], f., 
 wickedness, trickery. 
 
 malitiose [old abl. of malitio- 
 sus], adv., by trickery. 
 
 malleolus, -l, [malleo -f-lus], m., 
 (a hammer ), a grenade, a fire-dart. 
 
 Mallius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., Mallius Glau- 
 cia, a friend of T. Roscius. — See 
 also Manlius. 
 
 malo, malm, no p.p., malle, 
 [mage- (for magis) volo], irr. v. a. 
 and n., wish more, wish rather, pre- 
 fer, will, etc., rather , choose rather. 
 
 malus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bad (in 
 all senses), ill, wretched. — pejor, 
 comp. — pessimus, superb — ma- 
 lum, N. as subst., mischief, evil , 
 harm, misfortune, trouble : malus 
 civis (dangerous, pernicious). 
 
 Mamertinus, -a, -um, [Mamert 
 +inus, of Mars'], adj., Mamertine 
 (belonging to a body of mercenary 
 troops who seized the city of Mes- 
 sina). — Plur., the Mamertines (the 
 
io8 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 inhabitants of the city founded by 
 these adventurers). 
 
 manceps, -ipis, [manu-fceps, cf. 
 princeps], M., a purchaser. 
 
 mancus, -a, -urn, [ ?] , adj., maimed , 
 crippled. 
 
 mandatum, -I, [n. p.p. of man- 
 do], N., a trust (given to one), in- 
 structions (given), a message (given 
 to some one to deliver). 
 
 mando, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, ftfian- 
 do- (manu-do)], I. v. a., put into 
 one's hands , entrust , instruct ( give 
 instructions to ), commit , consign , 
 confer (honores, imperia), order , 
 command: ea animis {let sink, etc.'). 
 
 mane [abl. of fmanis (?, ma + 
 nis, cf. matuta, maturus)], adv., 
 in the morning , early in the morning. 
 
 maneo, mansi, mansurus, manere, 
 [unc. stem akin to Gr. jueW], 2.v. n., 
 stay , remain , stay at home (abso- 
 lutely, opp. to proficiscor), con- 
 tinue, last , persist in, abide by. 
 
 manicatus, -a, -um, [manica + 
 tus],' adj., long-sleeved, with sleeves. 
 manifesto, see manifestus. 
 manifestus, -a, -um, [manu- 
 festus, cf. infestus, caught by lay- 
 ing on the hand'd], adj., caught in 
 the act, proved by direct evidence (as 
 opposed to circumstantial evidence), 
 overt, clear , manifest, audacious, 
 rampant: audacia {unblushing, as 
 not attempting concealment). 
 
 Manilius, -I, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., C. Manilius, 
 a tribune of the people, B.c. 66, who 
 proposed the law giving Pompey 
 command in the East. 
 
 Manius, -i, [mane(?) + ius], M., 
 a Roman praenomen. 
 
 Manlianus, -a, -um, [Manlio + 
 anus], adj., of Manlius . 
 
 Manlius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 
 gentile name. — Esp.: I. Q . Man- 
 lius, a juror in the case of Verres; 
 
 2. C. Manlius ( Mallius), one of 
 Catiline’s accomplices. 
 
 mano, -avi, no p.p., -are, [?], 
 i. v. n ,,flow, spread. 
 
 mansuete [old abl. of mansue- 
 tus], adv., mildly, kindly. 
 
 mansuetudo, -inis, [manu-fsue- 
 tudo], F., mildness, gentleness. 
 
 mansuetus, -a, -um, [manu-sue- 
 tus], adj., (‘ wonted to the hand ) , tame , 
 gentle , kind. 
 
 manubiae, -arum, [?, akin to 
 manus], F. plur., money derived 
 from booty, booty. 
 
 manumitto (also separate), -misi, 
 -missus, -mittere, [manu-mitto] , 3. 
 v. a., {let go from one's hand), manu- 
 mit, free. 
 
 manus, -us, [?], F., the hand, 
 violence. — Also (cf. manipulus), a 
 company, a band, a troop. — Also, 
 handwriting : in manibus habere 
 {have on hand, have)', manu factum 
 ( wrought by art) . — Cf. also manu- 
 mittere. 
 
 Marcellus, -i, [Marculo- (Mar- 
 co + lus) + lus], M., {the little ham- 
 mer!), a Roman family name. — 
 Esp. : 1. M. Claudius Marcellus, the 
 conqueror of Syracuse, B.c. 212; 2. 
 M. Claudius Marcellus, an unworthy 
 member of the same great family; 
 3. M. Claudius Marcellus , cons. 
 B.C. 51, defended by Cicero before 
 Caesar ; 4. C. Claudius Marcellus , 
 cons. B.C. 50, cousin of the preceding. 
 
 Marcius (Martius?), -i, [?, 
 
 Mart + ius?], M., a Roman gentile 
 name. — Esp., C. Marcius, a Roman 
 knight. 
 
 Marcus, -i, [?,V MAR ( in morior, 
 etc.) + cus, the hammer ?, the war- 
 rior!], M., a Roman praenomen. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 100 
 
 mare, -is, [?.], N., the sea, a sea: 
 terra marique ( on land and sea). 
 
 maritimus (-tumus), -a, -um, 
 [mari + timus, cf. finitimus], adj., 
 of the sea , sea-, maritime, naval, on 
 the sea. 
 
 Marius, -l, [?], M., a Roman gen- 
 tile name. — Esp., C. Marius, the 
 opponent of Sulla and the champion 
 of the popular against the aristocratic 
 party. He conquered the Cimbri 
 and Teutones (b.c. ioi) and freed 
 Rome from the fear of a Northern 
 invasion. In his sixth consulship, 
 B.c. ioo, he killed the demagogues 
 Saturninus and Glaucia : Mario con- 
 sule et Catulo (b.c. 102). 
 
 marinor, -oris, [?, perh. ^/mar 
 reduplicated], N., marble. 
 
 marmoreus, -a, -um, [marmor 
 + eus], adj., of marble, marble. 
 
 Mars, Martis, [ ?, perh. y'MAR (in 
 morior) + tis, the slayer , but more 
 probably of wolves than of men in 
 battle], M., Mars, originally probably 
 a god of husbandry defending the 
 sheep, but afterwards identified with 
 the Greek prjs and worshipped as 
 the god of war : Mars communis 
 (the favor of the god of zvar) ; Mar- 
 tis vis ( the violence of war) . 
 
 Martius, -a, -um, [Mart + ius], 
 adj., of Mars. — Martia, the title 
 of a legion active in the struggle 
 against Antony. 
 
 Massilia, -ae, [?], f., Marseilles. 
 Massiliensis, -e, [Massilia + 
 ensis], adj., of Marseilles. — Plur., 
 the people of Marseilles. 
 
 mater, -tris, [ ?, prob. ^ma ( cre- 
 ate ) -f- ter], F., a mother, a matron. 
 
 mater familias [see the words], 
 F., a matron . 
 
 materia, -ae (-es, -el), [?, prob. 
 mater + ia (f. of -ius)], f., wood 
 
 (cut, for material), timber (cf. lig- 
 num, wood for fuel). — Fig., source, 
 instrument. 
 
 maternus,-a,-um, [mater+nus], 
 adj., maternal, of one’s mother. 
 
 mature [old abl. of maturus], 
 adv., early, speedily. 
 
 maturitas, -tatis, [maturo+tas], 
 F., maturity, full development. 
 
 maturo, -avi, -atus, -are, [matu- 
 ro-], 1. v. a. and n., hasten, make 
 haste, anticipate, forestall. 
 
 maturus, -a, -um, [fmatu- (y'MA, 
 in mane, + tus) + rus], adj., early. 
 — Also (by unc. conn, of ideas), 
 ripe , mature. 
 
 maxim e, see magis. 
 maximus, see magnus. 
 Maximus, -I, [sup. of magnus, 
 as subst.], M., a Roman family name. 
 
 Medea, -ae, [Modern], f., the 
 daughter of Hietes, king of Colchis, 
 who eloped with Jason. She is often 
 represented in works of art. 
 
 medeor, no p.p., -eri, [fmedo- 
 ( whence medicus, remedium) , 
 root unc., cf. Gr. fxavOavco, but also 
 meditor], 2. v. dep., attend (as a 
 physician), heal. — Fig., remedy, re- 
 lieve, cure, treat, apply a remedy. 
 
 medicinus, -a, -um, [medico -f 
 inus], adj., medical. — Esp., medi- 
 cina (sc. ars), medicine, the art of 
 healing, a remedy. 
 
 mediocris, -ere, [medio + cris, 
 cf. ludicer], adj., middling, mod- 
 erate, ordinary, tolerable, within 
 bounds , small, trifling, slight. 
 
 mediocriter [mediocri + ter], 
 adv., moderately, slightly, somewhat. 
 
 meditor, -atus, -an, [fmedito- 
 (as if p.p. of medeor)], 1. v. dep., 
 (. practise! ), dwell upon (in thought), 
 think of, meditate. — meditatus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. in pass, sense, practised. 
 
1 10 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 medius, -a, -um, [^/MED (cf. 
 Eng. mid ) + ius], adj., the middle 
 of (as noun in Eng.), mid- : in me- 
 dio and in medium ( abroad , in pub- 
 lic , to public notice , to light , before the 
 world , before you , etc.) ; ex media 
 morte ( from the jaws of death , from 
 instant death); de medio ( out of 
 the way). 
 
 mehercule (mehercle, meher- 
 cules, also separate) [me hercules 
 (juvet)], adverbial exclam., bless 
 you ! bless me ! upon my word ’ good 
 Heavens ! as sure as I live , as I live , 
 and the like. 
 
 melior, see bonus, 
 membrum, -i, [?, prob. formed 
 with suffix -rum (n. of -rus)], N ., a 
 limb , a part of the body. 
 
 memini, -isse, [perf. of V MAN > in 
 mens, etc.], def. verb a., remember , 
 bear in mind , keep in mind. 
 
 Memmius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., C. Memmius , 
 a worthy Roman, murdered at the 
 instigation of Saturninus and Glau- 
 cia. 
 
 memor, -oris, [prob. ^/smar re- 
 duplicated] , adj ., remembering, mind- 
 ful. 
 
 memoria, -ae, [memor + ia], F., 
 
 (mindfulness) , memory , recollection , 
 remembrance , power of memory : 
 memoria retinere ( remember ) ; me- 
 moriam prodere ( hand down the 
 memory , of something) ; memoriam 
 deponere ( cease to remember) ; me- 
 moriae proditum ( handed dozvn by 
 tradition) ; dignum memoria ( wor- 
 thy of remembrance ); post hominum 
 memoriam ( since the memory of 
 man , within the , etc.) ; litterarum 
 ( testimony ); publica (record). 
 
 mendacium, -i, [mendac-f ium], 
 N., falsehood, a falsehood. 
 
 mendicitas, -tatis* [mendico + 
 tas], F., beggary. 
 
 mens, mentis, [-^/MAN + tis (re- 
 duced)], F., a thought , the intellect 
 (as opposed to the moral powers, cf. 
 animus), the mind, a state of mind, 
 a change of mind, a purpose : mentes 
 animique ( minds and hearts); ocu- 
 lis mentibusque (eyes and thoughts); 
 venit in mentem (it occurs to one). 
 mensa, -ae, [?], F., a table. 
 mensis, -is, [unc. form fr. V MA 
 (cf. Gr. moon, month)], M., a 
 
 month. 
 
 mentio, -onis, [as if ^/man (in 
 memini) -f tio (prob. menti- (stem 
 of mens) + o)], F., mention. 
 
 mentior, -itus, -iri, [menti- (stem 
 of mens)], 4. v. dep., lie , speak 
 falsely. 
 
 mercator, -toris, [fmerca+tor], 
 M., a trader (who carries his own 
 wares abroad). 
 
 mercenarius (mercennarius), 
 -a, -um, [stem akin to merces + 
 arius], adj., hired, mercenary, hire- 
 ling , paid. 
 
 merces, -edis, [fmerce (akin to 
 merx) + dus (reduced)], F., hire , 
 pay, wages, reward. 
 
 mereor, -itus, -eri, (also mereo, 
 active), [fmero- (akin to Gr. fielpo- 
 ficu)'], 2. v. dep., win, deserve, gain. 
 — Also (from earning pay), serve : 
 quid merer e ut, etc. (take to, etc.) ; 
 bene meriti cives (deserving); bene 
 mereri de, etc. (deserve well of etc., 
 serve well) . — mentus, -a, -um, p.p* 
 in pass, sense, deserved. 
 
 meretricius, -a, -um, [meretric 
 _p ius], adj., of a harlot, meretricious. 
 merito, see meritum. 
 meritum, -i, [n. of p.p. of me- 
 reo], N., desert, service. — merito 
 (abl. as adv.), deservedly. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 merx, mercis, [^/merc + is, cf. 
 merces], F., merchandise , wares. 
 
 Messala, -ae, [?], M., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp. : i. AT. Vale- 
 rius ATessala , cons. B.C. 61, with 
 Marcus Piso; 2. Another of the 
 same name, cons. B.C. 53. 
 
 Messana, -ae, [M e<ro"f]vr}'], F., a 
 city on the east coast of Sicily, oppo- 
 site the extremity of Italy {Messina). 
 
 -met, [unc. form of pron. -y/MA], 
 intens. pron., self (appended to pro- 
 noun for emphasis), often untrans- 
 latable. 
 
 metator, -toris, [meta+tor], M., 
 a measurer , a surveyor. 
 
 Metellus, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp.; 1. Q. Ccecilius 
 Metellus Nepos , brother of Caecilia 
 (which see) and father of Celer (3) 
 and Nepos; 2. M. Metellus , praetor, 
 B.C. 69, the brother of Q. Metellus 
 Crelicus (3) ; 3. Q. Metellus Creti- 
 cus , cons. 69; 4. L. Metellus , pro- 
 praetor in Sicily, B.C. 70; 5. Q. Me- 
 tellus Celer , praetor, B.C. 63, consul, 
 B.C. 60, son of (1); 6. Q. Metellus 
 Baliaricus , cons. B.C. 123; 7. Q. 
 Metellus Numidicus , cons. B.C. 109, 
 cousin of (6) ; 8. Q. Metellus Pius , 
 praetor, B.C. 89, .son of (7); 9. Q. 
 Metellus Nepos , cons. B.C. 98, son 
 of (6).^ 
 
 meto, messui, messus, metere, 
 [?], 3. v. a., cut , reap, gather. 
 
 metuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [metu-], 
 3. v. a. and n .,fear: aliquid ( have 
 any fear). 
 
 metus, -tus, [unc. root (perh. 
 -y/MA, think) + tus], M., fear, anx- 
 iety (about). — Often superfluous 
 with other words of fearing : metu 
 territare {terrify). — Esp. : hoc 
 
 metu {fear of this) . 
 
 meus, -a, -um, [y'MA (in me) + 
 
 ius], adj. pron., my, mine, my own : 
 meo jure {with perfect right). 
 
 miles, -itis, [unc. stem akin to 
 rnille as root + tis (reduced)], M. 
 and F., a soldier, a common soldier 
 (as opposed to officers), a legionary 
 soldier {heavy infantry, as opposed 
 to other arms of the service) . — Col- 
 lectively, the soldiers, the soldiery. 
 
 militaris, -e, [milit-f aris], adj., 
 of the soldiers, military : signa {bat- 
 tle-standards) ; res militaris {mili- 
 tary affairs, war, the art of war) ; 
 usus militaris {experience in war) ; 
 virtus {of a soldier, soldierly). 
 
 militia, -ae, [milit+ia], f., mili- 
 tary service, service (in the army) . 
 
 mllle, ind. mllia, -ium, [akin to 
 miles], adj. (rarely subst.) in sing., 
 subst. in plur., a thousand : mille pas- 
 suum {a thousand paces, a mile). 
 
 mlllies (miliens) [mille-f iens], 
 adv., a thousand times. 
 
 Milo, -onis, [MiAcoj/], M., a famous 
 athlete of Crotona. — Also used as a 
 family name by T. Annius, which see. 
 
 minae, -arum, [ -y/MiN + a], f. 
 plur., {projections!), threats, threat- 
 ening words. 
 
 Minerva, -ae, [prob. -^/man (in 
 mens) + unc. term], F., the goddess 
 of intelligence and skill among the 
 Romans. — Also identified with Pal- 
 las Athene, and so more or less asso- 
 ciated with war. 
 
 minime [old abl. of minimus], 
 
 adv., in the s?/iallest degree, least, 
 very little, not at all, by no means : 
 minime vero {not in the least). 
 
 minimus, -a, -um, [lost stem 
 (wh.minuo) +imus (cf.infimus)], 
 adj., superl. of parvus, smallest, 
 least. — Neut. as subst. and adv., the 
 least, least, very little. 
 
 minister, -tri, [minos (minor) 
 
1 12 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 + ter], M., a servant , an assistant , 
 a minister , <2 tool, an instrument. 
 
 minitor, -atus, -ari, [fminito-, as 
 if p.p. of minor, cf. agito], 1. v. 
 dep., threaten , threaten vengeance , 
 threaten danger : quam illi mini- 
 tantur (with which they threaten 
 him). 
 
 minor, -atus, -ari, [mina (stem 
 of minae)], 1. v. dep., threaten , 
 threaten with danger. 
 
 minor, -us, [lost stem (cf. mini- 
 mus) + ior (compar. ending)], adj., 
 stnaller, less. — Neut. as subst. and 
 adv., less , not much , not very , not so 
 much , not so : quo minus ( the less , 
 that . . . not ) ; si minus (2/ not so 
 much , if not). — See also minimus 
 and minime. 
 
 Minturnae, -arum, [?, cf. Ju- 
 turna], F. plur., a city on the bor- 
 ders of Latium and Campania. 
 
 Minucius (Minut-) -i, [perh. 
 akin to minus], M., a Roman gen- 
 tile name. — One of th z gens, of un- 
 known prsenomen, is characterized by 
 Cicero as a profligate. 
 
 minuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [fminu- 
 (cf. minus)], 3. v. a. and n., lessen , 
 weaken, diminish. 
 minus, see minor, 
 mirifice [old abl. of mirificus], 
 adv., marvellously, prodigiously. 
 
 nriror, -atus, -ari, [miro-], 1. v. 
 dep., wonder , wonder at, be sur- 
 prised, admire. — miratus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. in pres, sense, surprised. — ml- 
 randus, -a, -um, marvellous. 
 
 mlrus, -a, -um, [?, ^/smi (cf. 
 smile) + rus], adj., surprising, mar- 
 vellous, wonderful . — See also nimi- 
 rum. 
 
 misceo, miscui, mixtus (mistus), 
 miscere, [fmisco- (cf. promiscus, 
 miscellus)], 2. v. a., mix, mingle, 
 
 compose of (a mixture), get up (a 
 disturbance), plan or make a dis- 
 turbance, make confusion. — mix- 
 tus (mistus), -a, -um, p.p., ?nade 
 up of , a mixture of heterogeneous. 
 
 MIsenum, -i, [M Krrjvov'], N., a 
 town in Campania, on a promontory 
 of the same name (cf. Virg. A?n. 
 vi. 234). 
 
 miser, -era, -erum, [^/mis (cf. 
 maereo) -f rus], adj., wretched, 
 pitiable, miserable, poor, unfortu- 
 nate, in misery : ille miser ( the 
 ivretched man); isti miseri ( those 
 wretches) . 
 
 miserabilis, -e, [misera+bilis], 
 adj ., pitiable, wretched , miserable. 
 
 miserandus, see miseror. 
 
 misereo, -ui, -itus, -ere, usually 
 misereor, dep., [miser], 2. v. a. and 
 dep.,/zV>', show pity. — Esp., mise- 
 ret, etc., impersonal (it pities one, 
 etc.), one pities. 
 
 miseria, -ae, [misero -f ia], F., 
 wretchedness, misery. 
 
 misericordia, -ae, [misericord 
 + ia], F., mercy, pity , clemency, com- 
 passion. 
 
 misericors, -cordis, [misero-cor, 
 declined as adj., cf. concors], adj., 
 merciful, pitying, compassionate. 
 
 miseror, -atus, -ari, [f misero-], 
 1. v. dep., bewail, complain of . — 
 miserandus, -a, -um, fut. p. in pass, 
 sense, to be pitied, pitiable . 
 
 Mithradates (-idates), -is (also 
 -i), [M idpiddryjs'], M., a name of sev- 
 eral Eastern kings. — Esp., Mithri- 
 dates VI., called the Great, king of 
 Pontus, the adversary of the Romans 
 in the Mithridatic wars, from B.C. 88 
 to B.C. 61. 
 
 Mithradaticus (-idaticus), -a, 
 
 -um, [Greek], adj., of Mithridates, 
 Mithridatic . 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 mltis, -e, [?], adj., {soft?), mild ’ 
 gentle , compassionate. 
 
 mitto, nrisi, missus, mittere, [?], 
 3. v. a., go (cf. omitto), send, 
 despatch , discharge , .syW/. — Also,/«^ 
 over, omit, say nothing of: haec 
 missa facio (I pass these by) . — Esp., 
 manu mittere {emancipate, set free). 
 
 moderate [old abl. of modera- 
 tus] , adv., zuith self-control, with mod- 
 eration. 
 
 moderatid, -onis, [modera+tio], 
 F., control, regulation. — Esp., self- 
 control, moderation, consideration 
 (in refraining from something). 
 
 moderor, -atus, -ari, [fmodes- 
 (see modestus, and cf. genus, ge- 
 nero)], 1. v. dep., control, regulate , 
 restrain. — moderatus,-a, -um, p.p. 
 in pass, sense, moderated, self-con- 
 trolled, well balanced, well governed. 
 
 modestia, -ae, [modesto + ia], 
 F., moderation, self-control, subordi- 
 nation (of soldiers). 
 
 modestus, -a, -um, [fmodes- (cf. 
 moderor) + tus], adj., self-con- 
 trolled, well balanced, ivell regulated. 
 
 modo [abl. of modus], adv., 
 {with measure?), only, merely , just, 
 even, just now, lately : non . . . modo 
 {not only , not merely, to say nothing 
 of I do not say, etc.) ; qui modo 
 {provided he, etc., if only he, etc.), 
 modus, -i, [mod (as root, cf. mo- 
 deror) + us], M., measure, quan- 
 tity, a limit, moderation, bounds . — 
 Hence, manner , fashion, style , kind : 
 hujus modi {of this kind, like tnls": 
 ejus modi {of such a kind, such). 
 — So other similar expressions : quo 
 modo {hozu, as). 
 
 moenia, -ium, [y'Mi {distribute?) 
 + nis (cf. communis) (orig. shares 
 of work done by citizens?)], N. plur., 
 fortifications, walls (of a city, cf. 
 
 I 13 
 
 paries) : eisdem moenibus {the 
 walls of the same city). 
 moered, see maereo. 
 moeror, see maeror. 
 moestitia, see maestitia. 
 moestus, see maestus. 
 moles, -is, [?, cf. molestus], f., 
 a mass, weight, a burden, a pile, a 
 structure. — Esp., a. dike, a dam. 
 
 moleste [old abl. of molestus], 
 adv., heavily, severely : moleste ferre 
 {take hard, be vexed at, be offended, 
 be displeased, be annoyed). 
 
 molestia, -ae, [molesto-f-ia], f., 
 annoyance, trouble. 
 
 molestus, -a, -um, [moles+tus], 
 adj., burdensome, annoying, trouble- 
 some, disagreeable, unpleasing. 
 
 mdlior, -itus, -iri, [moli- (as stem 
 of moles], 4. v. dep., {lift, struggle 
 with a mass), struggle, pile up, exert 
 one's self, plan, contrive, attempt, 
 strive to accomplish . 
 
 mollis, -e, [?], adj., soft, tender. 
 — Fig., weak, feeble , not hard, not 
 firm, sensitive, delicate, gentle. 
 
 momentum -i, [movi- (as stem 
 of moveo) + mentum], n., means 
 of motion, cause of motion. — Fig., 
 weight, importance, influence: ha- 
 bere {be of importance , be effectual, 
 be efficacious). 1 
 
 moneo, -ul, -itus, -ere, [causative 
 of ^/man (in memini) or denomi- 
 native fr. a kindred stem], 2. v. a., 
 remind, 7 varn, advise, urge. 
 
 monitum, -I, [p.p. of moneo], 
 N., a warning , an admonition. 
 
 mons, montis, [y/MAN(in mineo) 
 + tis (reduced)], m., a mountain. 
 
 monstrum, -i, [mon- (as if root 
 of moneo) + trum, with s of un- 
 certain origin, cf. lustrum], n., {a 
 i?ieans of warning), a prodigy, a 
 monster. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 1 14 
 
 monumentum (monimen ), -l, 
 
 [moni- (as if stem of moneo) -f 
 mentum], N., a reminder , a monu- 
 ment , <2 memorial , a record. 
 
 mora, -ae, [prob. root of memor 
 (smar?) + a], F., ( thought ?), hesita- 
 tion , # delay, grounds of delay , mz- 
 jfl/z for delay , a reprieve , <2 postpone- 
 ment. 
 
 moratus, -a, -um, [mos + atus, 
 cf. senatus], adj., with institutions 
 (good or bad) : bene (well regu- 
 lated). 
 
 morbus, -i, [V^AR (in morior) 
 -f bus (cf. turba)], M., sichness, ill- 
 ness. 
 
 morior, mortuus (moriturus), 
 morl (moriri), [^mar (cf. mors), 
 but prob. in part denominative], 
 3. v. dep., die. — mortuus, -a, -um, 
 p.p., dead, in one' s grave. 
 
 mors, mortis, [^/MAR + tis], F., 
 death. — Also, a dead body. 
 
 mortalis, -e, [morti- (reduced) 
 -f alis], adj., mortal , of mortals. 
 
 mortuus, -a, -um, p.p. of mo- 
 rior. 
 
 mos, moris, [?], M., a custom , 
 customs, a practice , a usage , a way 
 (of acting), an institution , a prece- 
 dent. — Plur., customs , habits , char- 
 acter (as consisting of habits, cf. 
 ingenium and indoles, of native 
 qualities) ; imperitus morum {of the 
 ways of men ) ; mos majorum {the 
 custom , institutions , or precedents of 
 our ancestors ) ; O mores ! {what a 
 state of things !). 
 
 motus, -a, -um, p.p. of moveo. 
 motus, -tus, [movi- (as stem of 
 moveo) .+ tus], M., a movement , a 
 disturbance , an uprising , commotion , 
 activity , change : terrae motus (#w 
 earthquake'). 
 
 moveo, m 5 vi, motus, movere, [?, 
 
 prob. denominative], 2. v. a., m 
 motion , move , influence , affect , 
 
 Aaw an effect upon , dislodge (in 
 military language), cause emotion in , 
 shake. 
 
 mucro, -onis, [?], M., a point of 
 a sword, a point , <2 blade , « dagger. 
 
 mulco, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, cf. 
 mulceo ?], 1. v. a., (.m/?<?7* ?) , roughly 
 handle , maltreat. 
 
 mulcta, see multa. 
 mulcto, see multo. 
 muliebris, -e, [mulier-f bris, cf. 
 salubris], adj., zoomanly, a woman's , 
 effeminate. 
 
 mulier, -eris, [?], F., # zooman. 
 — Of an effeminate man, a mere 
 zoom an. 
 
 muliercula, -ae, [mulier-f cula], 
 
 F., « little woman . — Hence with 
 notion of affection, compassion, or 
 contempt, a favorite woman, a mis- 
 tress, a helpless zooman, a poor 
 woman. 
 
 multa, -ae, [prob. mule (in mul- 
 ceo) + ta (f. of -tus)], F., a fine. 
 
 multitudo, -dinis, [multo -f tu- 
 do], f., a great number, great num- 
 bers, number (generally). — Esp., 
 the 7nultitude, the common people, a 
 mob, a crozod: tanta multitudo {so 
 great numbers, this great multitude). 
 multo, see multus. 
 multo (mulcto), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [multa-, for mulcto, freq. of mul- 
 ceo], 1. v. a ., punish (by fine), de- 
 prive (one of a thing as a punish- 
 ment), punish (generally), 
 multum, see multus. 
 multus, -a, -um, [?, perh. root of 
 mille, miles, -f tus], adj., much, 
 many, numerous: multo die {late 
 in the day)', ad multam noctem 
 {till late at night) ; multa de nocte 
 {early in the morning, long before 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 US 
 
 day) ; satis multa verba facere ( a 
 sufficient number of etc., enough ); 
 multa committere ( commit many 
 crimes). — multum, neut. as subst. 
 and adv., much. — Also, plur., mul- 
 ta, much. — Abl., multo, much, far, 
 by far : multo facilius. — Compar., 
 plus,pluris, N. subst. and adv., more; 
 plur. as adj., more , much , very. — As 
 subst., more, many, several, many 
 things , much. — Superl., plurimus, 
 -a, -um, most, very many, very much : 
 quam plurimi {as many as possible) ; 
 plurimum posse (have most power, 
 be very strong or influential, have 
 great ability ); plurimum valere 
 (have very great weight). 
 
 Mulvius (Mil-), -I, [?], m. of 
 adj .,Mulvian : pons (a bridge across 
 the Tiber near Rome). 
 
 municeps, -cipis, [muni- (cf. 
 moenia), -ceps (Vcap as stem)], 
 M. and F., (one who takes his share 
 of public duties), a citizen of a mu- 
 nicipal town, a fellow- citizen (of 
 such a town). 
 
 municipium, -i, [municip + 
 ium], N., (a collection of citizens , cf. 
 municeps). —Esp., a free tozvn (of 
 citizens enjoying civil rights, though 
 not always full Roman citizens), a mu- 
 nicipality (perhaps including several 
 towns, but under one government). 
 
 munio, -ivl (-ii) , -Itus, -ire, [muni- 
 (stem of moenia)], 4. v. a. and n., 
 fortify. — Less exactly, protect, de- 
 fend, furnish (by way of protection). 
 — Esp. (prob. original meaning), 
 make (by embankment), build, pave : 
 castra; iter. 
 
 munitio, -onis, [muni + tio], 
 
 F., fortification (abstractly) . — Con- 
 cretely, a fortification, works, forti- 
 fications, defences , engineering (of 
 a dam). 
 
 mil ni tb, -avi, -atus, -are, [muni- 
 to-], 1. v. a., fortify, make (a way), 
 pave (fig.) : quam viam munitet 
 ( whither he is paving the way). 
 
 munltus,-a,-um,[p.p. of munio], 
 as adj., well fortified, strongly forti- 
 fied, strong, well defended, well pro- 
 tected. 
 
 munus, -eris, [mun (as if root 
 of moenia) + us, orig. share (cf. 
 moenia)], N ., a duty, u service, a 
 function, a task, an office. — Also, 
 (a contribution), a tribute, a gift, a 
 present. — Esp., a show (of gladia- 
 tors, in a manner a gift of the pre- 
 siding officer). 
 
 Murena, -ae, [murena, lam- 
 prey), M., a Roman family name. 
 
 — Esp., Z. Licinius Murena, who 
 acted as propraetor against Mithri- 
 dates without success, and was re- 
 called by Sulla. 
 
 murus, -i, [ ?] m., a wall (of de- 
 fence in itself considered, cf. moenia, 
 defences, and paries, a house wall). 
 
 Musa, -ae, [Moucra], F., a muse. 
 
 — Plur., the Muses (as patrons of 
 literature). 
 
 mutatio, -onis, [muta + tio], f., 
 
 a change : vestis (putting on mourn- 
 ing). 
 
 Mutina, -ae, [?], f., a town in 
 Cisalpine Gaul, famous in the war 
 between Antony and the senatorial 
 party in B.c. 43 (now Modena). 
 
 muto, -avi, -atus, -are, [prob. 
 same as moto, for fmovito-], i.v.a., 
 change, change for the better (rem- 
 edy), alter : vestem (put on mourn- 
 ing) : veste mutata esse (appear 
 in mourning). 
 
 mutus, -a, -um, [?, cf. musso], 
 adj., dumb, mute, voiceless , silent. 
 
 myopar< 5 , -onis, [/uvondpcoj/'] , m., 
 a cutter (?, a light piratical vessel). 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 1 16 
 
 Myron (Myro), -onis, [Greek], 
 M., a celebrated Attic sculptor of the 
 fifth century B.C. 
 
 mystagogus, -i, [/ ivcrraycayds ], 
 
 M., a hierophant , a custodian (one 
 who shows sacred objects in a tem- 
 pie). 
 
 Mytilenaeus, -a, -um, [MutiAt? - 
 vdios~\, adj., of Mitylene . 
 
 Mytilene, -es (-ae, -arum), [Gr.], 
 F., a famous city of Lesbos. 
 
 N. 
 
 nae, see ne. 
 
 nam [case-form of ^/na, cf. tam, 
 quam], conj., now (introducing ex- 
 planatory matter), /^r. 
 
 nanciscor, nactus (nanctus), 
 -ciscl, [y/NAC, cf. nactus], 3. v. dep., 
 find , get , procure , light upon , get 
 hold of, obtain. 
 
 narr5, -avl, -atus, -are, [for gna- 
 rigo, fr. fgnarigo- (gnaro-fagus, cf. 
 navigo)], 1. v.a., make known , tell , 
 relate , recount. —Absolutely, A?// the 
 story. 
 
 nascor, natus, nasci, [^/GNA, cf. 
 gigno], 3. v. dep., be born, arise , 
 produced , spring up, be raised : non 
 scripta sed nata lex ( natural , born 
 with us); ei qui nascentur ( those 
 who shall come hereafter); Africa 
 nata ad, etc. ( made by nature); 
 conjuratio nascens (at its birth). — 
 Participle sometimes spelled gna- 
 tus. 
 
 Nasica, -ae, [nasd + ica (f. of 
 -icus)], M., a Roman family name. 
 — Esp., P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica 
 Serapio, cons. B.C. 138, who led the 
 attack by which Tiberius Gracchus 
 was killed,. 
 
 natalis, -e, [natu- (or nato-) + 
 alis] , adj ., of one's birth : dies (birth- 
 day). 
 
 natio, -onis, [^gnA + tio, perh. 
 through noun-stem, cf. ratio], F., (a 
 birth), a race , a nation , a tribe , a 
 clan. 
 
 natara, -ae, [natu + ra (f. of 
 -rus)], F., (birth), nature , natural 
 character, character : naturam ex- 
 plere (the demands of nature) ; 
 habitus naturae (natural endozv- 
 ments) ; natura rerum (Nature, as 
 ruler of the world, the universe); 
 natura (by nature, naturally ). 
 
 naturalis, -e, [natura+lis (perh. 
 -alis)], adj., natural, of nature: 
 jus naturale (natural law, the law 
 of nature, as opposed to civil law). 
 
 natus, -tus, [V G NA + tus], M., 
 birth: majores natu (elders). 
 
 naufragium, -i, [naufrago + 
 ium], N ., a shipwreck. 
 
 naufragus, -a, -um, [navi-ffra- 
 gus (frag+ us)], adj., shipwrecked, 
 of broken fortunes, ruined: nau- 
 fragi (wrecked and ruined men). 
 
 nauta, -ae, [perh. Gr. vavrrjs'], 
 M., a sailor, a boatman. 
 
 nauticus, -a, -um, [nauta-f cus] , 
 adj., of a, sailor (or sailors), naval. 
 
 navalis, -e, [navi- (reduced) + 
 alis], adj., of ships, naval, mari- 
 time. 
 
 navicularius, -i, [navicula + 
 arius], M., a shipmaster . 
 
 navigatio, -onis, [naviga+tio], 
 
 F., a sailing, a voyage, travelling by 
 sea, a trip (by sea) : mercatorum 
 (voyages) . 
 
 navigium, -i, [fnavigo- (?, navi 
 + fa-gus) + ium], N., a vessel (gen- 
 erally), “ a craftf a boat. 
 
 navigo, -avl, -atus, -are, [fnavi- 
 go- (see navigium)], 1. v. n., sail, 
 make voyages, take a voyage , sail the 
 sea. 
 
 | navis, -is, [ v / (s)nu (increased), 
 
Vocabitlary . 
 
 n 7 
 
 with added i, cf. Gr. rai/s], f., a ship , 
 a vessel , a boat , a galley. 
 
 1. ne (nae) [y'NA, °f unc. rela- 
 tion to the others], adv., surely , I 
 am sure , most assuredly. 
 
 2. ne [y'NA, unc. case-form], conj., 
 
 lest , that . . . not , not to (do any- 
 thing), from (doing anything), so 
 that . . . not , for fear that, from 
 (doing anything). — After expres- 
 sions of fear and danger, that , lest. 
 With indep. subj. as a prohibition, 
 do not, let not , etc. — With quidern, 
 not even , 720/ . . . either , . . . either. 
 
 — Esp., videre ne, see to it that not , 
 
 lest , see whether ... not. 
 See also nequis. 
 
 -ne (enclitic) [prob. same as ne, 
 orig. — nonne], conj., not ? (as a 
 question, cf. nonne), whether , did 
 (as question in Eng.), do, etc. — 
 See also necne. 
 
 Neapolis, -is, [NecbroAis], F., a 
 part of the city of Syracuse. — Also, 
 other cities of Italy and Greece. 
 
 Neapolitan us, -a, -um, [Neapoli 
 -f tanus], adj., of Neapolis (in Cam- 
 pania), Neapolitan. — Masc. plur., 
 the Neapolitans. 
 
 nebulo, -onis, [nebula + o], m., 
 
 C a man of no substance ), a worth- 
 less fellow, a scamp, a trickster . 
 
 nec, see neque. 
 
 necessarius, -a, -um, [fnecesso- 
 (reduced) + arius], adj., ( closely 
 bound ?), necessary, pressing, una- 
 voidable, absolutely necessary , need- 
 ful, indispensable. — Also, as subst., 
 a connection (a person bound by any 
 tie), a close friend, a friend. — Abl. 
 as adv., necessario, of necessity , 
 necessarily, unavoidably. 
 
 necesse [ ?, ne-cesso-], indecl. adj., 
 necessary, unavoidable. — With est, 
 it is necessary, it is unavoidable, one 
 
 must, one cannot but , one must in- 
 evitably. 
 
 necessitas, -tatis, [fnecesso + 
 tas], F., necessity , constraint, com- 
 pulsion, exigency. 
 
 necessitudo, -dinis, [fnecesso + 
 tudo], f., close connection (cf. neces- 
 sarius), intimacy ( close relations'), 
 a bond, a relation (which creates a 
 bond of union). 
 
 necne [nec ne], conj., or not (in 
 double questions). 
 
 need, -avi (-ul), -atus (-tus), -are, 
 [nec- (stem of nex)], 1. v. a., put 
 to death, kill, murder (in cold blood) : 
 fame ( starve to death). 
 
 nefandus, -a, -um, [ne-fandus], 
 adj., tmspeakable, infamous, detesta- 
 ble, abominable. 
 
 nefarie [old abl. of nefarius], 
 adv., infamously, wickedly, abomi- 
 nably. 
 
 nefarius, -a, -um, [nefas + ius], 
 adj., wicked, infamous, abominable. 
 
 nefas [ne-fas], n. indecl., a crime 
 (against divine law), an impiety, a 
 sacrilege. 
 
 neglegenter (necle-, negli-) 
 [neglegent + ter], adv., carelessly, 
 negligently . 
 
 neglego (neclego, negligo), 
 -lexi, -lectus, -legere, [nec (= ne) 
 -lego], 3. v. a., not regard, disregard, 
 neglect, leave unavenged, leave un- 
 punished, care nothing for, abandon, 
 sacrifice. 
 
 nego, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, poss. 
 ne-aio], 1. v. a. and n., say no, say 
 ... not, refuse. 
 
 negotiator, -toris, [negotia+ tor], 
 M., a merchant. — Esp., a money- 
 lender, a capitalist. Cf. mercator, 
 a trader who goes with his wares. 
 
 negotior, -atus, -ari, [negotio-], 
 
 1 , v, dep., do business. — Esp., be a 
 
ii 8 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 merchant , be a banker (cf. nego- 
 tiura) . 
 
 negotiuin, -I, [nec-otium], N., 
 
 business , occupation , undertaking . — 
 Less definitely, a matter , <2 thing , 
 an affair , # business (as in Eng.), 
 an enterprise , affairs; meum 
 
 negotium agere ( attend to my ozvn 
 interests). — Also, difficulty , trouble. 
 
 nemo, fneminis, [ne-homo], c., 
 720 0/20, nobody. — Almost as adj., *20. 
 
 — Esp., non nemo, 0^0 and another , 
 0/20 0r #00, 0/20 0r more. 
 
 nempe [nam-fpe, cf. quippe], 
 conj., to wit , namely, precisely , w/fcy/ 
 4/0*/ see , jj/0z/ knozu, of course. 
 nemus, -oris, [^/nem + us, cf. 
 ^juco], N., ( pasture ?), 0 tfrow (prob. 
 open, affording pasture). — Esp., <3 
 sacred grove. 
 
 nepos, -otis, [?], M., a grandson. 
 
 — Also, a spendthrift (orig. a spoiled 
 pet of his grandfather). 
 
 Nepos, -otis, [same word as pre- 
 ceding], M., a Roman family name, 
 see Metellus. 
 
 nequam [prob ne-quam {how), 
 cf. nequaquam], indecl. adj., worth- 
 less (opposed to frugi), good for 
 nothing, shiftless. 
 
 nequando, see ne and quando. 
 nequaquam [ne-quaquam (cf. 
 ea, qua)], adv., in no zuay, by no 
 means , not at all. 
 
 neque (nee) [ne-que], adv., and 
 not, nor : neque . . . neque {neither 
 . . . nor). — See also enim. 
 ne . . . quidem, see ne. 
 nequl(d)quam (nequic-), [ne 
 . . . qui(d)quam], adv., to no pur- 
 pose, in vain, not zvithout reason. 
 
 nequior, nequissimus, comp, 
 and superl. of nequam. 
 
 nequis (-qui) , -qua, -quid (-quod), 
 [ne-quis], indef. pron., that no one , 
 
 etc., and in all the dependent uses 
 of ne: ut nequis {that no one). 
 
 nequitia, -ae, [nequi- (as if stem 
 of nequam or nequis) -f tia], F., 
 zvorthlessness , shiftlessness , feebleness 
 (in action). 
 
 nervus, -i, [prob. for f nevrus, cf. 
 Gr. vevpov], M., a sinew. — Fig., in pi., 
 strength , vigor, sinews (as in Eng.). 
 
 nescio, -scivi (-ii), -scitus, -scire, 
 [ne-seio], 4. v. a., not know, be una- 
 zvare. — Phrases : nescio an, I know 
 not but, I am inclined to think , very 
 likely ; nescio quis, etc., some one, 
 
 I know not who (almost as indef. 
 pron.), some, some uncertain , some 
 obscure; illud nescio quid prae- 
 clarum, that inexplicable something 
 pre-e?ninent, etc. : nescio quo modo, 
 somehozv or other, I know not hozv 
 (parenthetical), mysteriously, curi- 
 ously enough. 
 
 neuter, -tra, -trum, [ne-uter], 
 pron., neither. — Plur., neither party, 
 neither side. 
 
 neve (neu) [ne-ve], conj., or 
 not, and not , nor. 
 
 nex, necis, [?], F., death, murder , 
 assassination. 
 
 nihil um, -i, [ne-hilum?], N. and 
 (nihil) indecl., nothing, none: ni- 
 hil respondere {make no answer). 
 — nihilo, abl. as adv., none , no. — 
 nihil, acc. as adv., not at all , no, 
 not : nihil valet {has no zveight, etc.) ; 
 nihil interest {it makes no differ- 
 ence) ; nonnihil {somezvhat, a little). 
 
 Nilus, -I, [NeTAos], M., the Nile, 
 the great river of Egypt. 
 
 nlmirum [ni (= ne) mirum], 
 adv., (yio wonder), doubtless, of course, 
 that is to say, unquestionably, no 
 doubt (half ironical), I suppose, for- 
 sooth. 
 
 nimis [prob. comparative], adv., 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 1 19 
 
 too , too mucky over much: nimis 
 urgeo (too closely). 
 
 nimius, -a, -um, [nimi- (?, stem 
 of positive of nimis) + ius], adj., 
 too much, too great , excessive. — ni- 
 mium, n. as adv., too , too muck. 
 
 Ninnius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., a tribune of 
 the people, who proposed the law 
 for Cicero’s return. 
 
 nisi [ne-si], conj., (not ... if), 
 unless , except: nisi si (except in 
 case , unless). 
 
 niteb, no perf., no p.p., -ere, 
 [prob. fnito, cf. nitidus], 2. v. n., 
 shine , glisten. 
 
 nitidus, -a, -um, [fnito + dus], 
 
 adj., shining, glistening, sleek. 
 
 nitor, nisus (nixus), niti, [prob. 
 genu], 3. v. dep., (strain with the 
 knee against something), struggle, 
 strive, exert one's self rely upon, de- 
 pend ’ rest. 
 
 nix, nivis, [?], F., snow. 
 nobilis, -e, [as if (g)no (root of 
 nosco) + bilis], adj., famous, noble, 
 well-born (cf. “ notable ”) . 
 
 nobilitas, -tatis, [nobili + tas], 
 F., nobility, fame . — Concretely, the 
 nobility, the nobles. 
 nocens, see noceo. 
 noceo, -ui, nociturus, nocere, [akin 
 to nex], 2. v. n., do harm to, injure, 
 harm, harass . — nocens, -entis, pres, 
 p. as adj., hurtful, guilty (of some 
 harm). 
 
 noctu [abl. of fnoctus (noc (cf. 
 noceo?) + tus)], as adv., by night, 
 in the night. 
 
 nocturnus, -a, -um, [perh. noctu 
 + urnus, cf. diuturnus], adj., of 
 the night, nightly, nocturnal , in the 
 night, by night: nocturno tempore 
 (in the night). 
 
 nolo, nolui, nolle, [ne-volo], irr. 
 
 v. a. and n., not wish, be unwilling, 
 wish not, not like to have , will not 
 (zuould not , etc) . — Esp. with inf. as 
 (polite) imperative, do not, do not 
 think of (doing, etc.). — Also, nol- 
 lem (I should hope not, I should be 
 sorry) . 
 
 nomen, -minis, [ V( G ) NO (root of 
 nosco) + men], n., a name (what 
 one is known by), name (fame, pres- 
 tige).— As a name represents an 
 account, an account (h compte), an 
 item (of an account) : meo nomine 
 (on my account) ; eo nomine (on 
 that account) ; classium nomine 
 (under pretence, etc.). 
 
 nominatim, [acc. of real or sup- 
 posed fnominatis (nomina-f-tis)], 
 adv., by name (individually), espe- 
 cially. 
 
 nomino, -avi, -atus, -are, [nomin-], 
 I. v. a., name, mention, call by name, ’ 
 call : nominari volunt (to have their 
 na 7 ?ies mentioned) . 
 
 non [ne-oenum (unum)], adv., 
 no, not : non est dubium (there is 
 no doubt) ; non mediocriter (in no 
 small degree)', non poteram non 
 (I could not but, etc.). 
 
 Nonae, see nonus. 
 nondum, see dum. 
 nonne [non ne], adv., is not? 
 does not? etc. 
 
 nonnemo, see nemo, 
 nonnihil, see nihil, 
 nonnullus, see nullus. 
 nonnunquam, see nunquam. 
 nonus, -a, -um, [novem + nus], 
 num. adj., the ninth. — Esp., Nonae, 
 
 F. plur., the Nones (the ninth day, 
 according to Roman reckoning, be- 
 fore the Ides, falling either on the 
 fifth or seventh, see Idus). 
 nos, see ego. 
 
 nosco, novi, ndtus, noscere. 
 
120 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 [V( g ) no 3 > 3 * v * a '> beam, become 
 
 acquainted with. — In perfect tenses, 
 know , be acquainted with : sciunt 
 ei qui me norunt ( they know who 
 are acquainted with me) ; nee novi 
 nec scio (/ don't know the law be- 
 fore mentioned, nor do I know the 
 fact). — notus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
 knoivn , familiar , well-known. 
 
 noster, -tra, -trum, [prob. nos 
 (plur. nom.) + ter], adj. pron., our , 
 ours , of ours , of us. — Often of one 
 person, my , mine , of mine. 
 
 nota, -ae, [Vgno + ta (f. of 
 -tus?)], F., a mark , a brand , a stain. \ 
 not§, -avi, -atus, -are, [nota-], 
 i. v. a., mark , designate , brand \ stig- 
 matize. 
 
 novem, [ ?], indecl. num. adj., 
 Novembris, -e, [novem + bris, 
 cf. salubris], adj., of November. 
 
 novicius, -a, -um, [novo+icius], 
 &&)., fresh, raw, untrained. 
 
 novus, -a, -um, [?, cf. Eng. new"], 
 adj., new , novel , fresh , unprecedented , 
 strange: res novae change of 
 government , resolution ) . 
 
 nox, noctis, [akin to noceo], F., 
 night. 
 
 noxia, -ae, [V N0C ( in noceo) 
 + unc. term.] , F., crime, guilt. 
 
 nudius [num (?) -dius (dies)], 
 undeclined, only in nom. with ter- 
 tius, now the third day , three days 
 ago. 
 
 nudo, -avi, -atus, -are, [nudo-], 
 
 i. v. a., lay bare, strip , expose . — 
 Less exactly, clear, rob, despoil, strip 
 (as in Eng.) : nudavit se ( dripped 
 off his clothing) . 
 
 nudus, -a, -um, [?, root (akin to 
 ftaked) + dus], adj., naked, bare, un- 
 protected, exposed.— Hence, stripped, 
 robbed, destitute. 
 
 nugae, -arum, [?], F, plur., tri- 
 
 fles, follies. — Esp. of persons, a man 
 of follies, a frivolous person. 
 
 nullus, -a, -um, [ne-ullus], adj., 
 not . . . any, not any, no, none of: 
 quae nulla ( none of which) . — Often 
 equivalent to an adverb, not, not at 
 all. — nonnullus, some. — As subst., 
 some, some persons. 
 
 num [pron. ^/na, cf. turn], adv., 
 interrog. part., suggesting a negative 
 answer, does, is, etc., it is not, is it? 
 and the like: num dubitasti ( did 
 you hesitate}). — In indirect ques- 
 tions, whether , if. 
 
 Numantia, -ae, [?], F., a city of 
 Spain, captured by Scipio in B.c. 133. 
 
 numen, -inis, [V NU O n nuo ) + 
 men], N., ( a nod), will. — Hence, 
 divinity, power (of a divinity). 
 
 numero, -avi, -atus, -are, [nume- 
 ro-], 1. v. a., count, account, regard. 
 
 numerus, -i, [fnumo- (cf. num- 
 mus, Numa, Gr. vofios) + rus], M., 
 a number, number: in hostium 
 numero (as, etc.) ; ullo in numero 
 (at all as, etc.). 
 
 Numidicus, -a, -um, [Numida+ 
 cus], adj., Numidian (of Numidia, 
 long an independent state west of 
 the territory of Carthage). — Esp. as 
 a name of Q. Ccecilius Metellus, see 
 Metellus, No. 7. 
 
 Numitorius, -i, [Numitor+ius], 
 M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp., 
 C. Numitorius, a Roman knight, one 
 of the witnesses against Verves. 
 
 nummus (numus), -i, [akin to 
 nuinerus, Gr. j/ 6 /ulos'], m., a coin. — 
 Esp. for nummus sestertius, a ses- 
 terce (see sestertius). 
 
 numquam, see nunquam. 
 numquis (-qui), -qua, -quid 
 (-quod) , [num-quis] , indef. interrog. 
 pron., is (etc.) any one? with all 
 senses of num, see quis. 
 
Vocabttlary . 
 
 121 
 
 nunc [num-ce, cf. hie], adv., 
 now (emphatic, as an instantaneous 
 nozv, cf. jam, unemphatic and con- 
 tinuous) : etiam nunc (even nozv, 
 even then , still). — Esp. opposed to 
 a false condition, nozv, as it is. 
 
 nunquam (numquam) [ne- 
 unquam], adv., never. 
 
 nuntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [nuntio-], 
 I. v. a., send nezvs, report , make 
 known. 
 
 nuntius, -i, [fnovent- (p. of 
 fnoveo, be new) + ius], M., ( a new- 
 comer) , a messenger. — Hence, news, 
 a messenger : nuntium mittere 
 
 (send word). 
 
 nuper [for novi-per, cf. parum- 
 per], adv., lately , recently , not long 
 ago, just nozv. 
 
 nuptiae, -arum, [nupta + ius], 
 F. plur., a zvedding, a marriage. 
 
 nutus, -tus, [prob. nui (as stem 
 of nuo) + tus], M., a nod, a sign : 
 ad nutum (at one's beck, at one's 
 command) ; nutu (at the command, 
 by the will)- 
 
 nympfta, ~ae, [Gr. F., (a 
 
 bride). — Also, a nymph (a goddess 
 of nature occupying some special 
 locality, as a tree, or stream, or the 
 like). — These goddesses were wor- 
 shipped collectively at Rome. 
 
 O. 
 
 O, interj., Oh ! : O tempora I (what 
 tunes !) . 
 
 ob [unc. case-form akin to Gr. 
 errl], prep. (adv. in composition), 
 (near), against : ob oculos (before 
 ?ny eyes). — Hence, on account of 
 for: ob earn rem (for this rea- 
 son, on this account). — In comp., 
 towards , to, against. 
 
 obduco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
 
 [ob-duco], 3. v. a., lead towards, lead 
 against, drazv over. 
 
 obduresco, -durui, no p.p., -du- 
 rescere, [ob-duresco], 3.VJ1., harden 
 over, become hardened. 
 obedio, see oboedio. 
 obeo, -Ivi (-il), -itus, -ire, [ob-eo], 
 irr. v. a., go to, go about, attend to, go 
 over, visit: facinus (commit); lo- 
 cum tempusque (be present at) . 
 obferb, see offero. 
 obfundo, see offundo. 
 bbicio (objic-), -jeci, -jectus, 
 -icere, [ob-jacio], 3. v. a., throw 
 against, throw in the zvay, throzv up, 
 set up, expose. — Hence, cast in one's 
 teeth, reproach one with. 
 
 oblectamentum, -i, [oblecta + 
 mentum], N., diversion , enjoyment, 
 a source of amusenient. 
 
 oblecto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
 flecto, cf. lacio], 1. v. a., give pleas- 
 ure to, delight. 
 
 obligo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob-ligo], 
 1. v. a., bind up, hamper, bind, mort- 
 gage. — obligatus, -a, -um, p.p., 
 bound, under obligation. 
 
 oblino, -levi, -litus, -linere, [ob- 
 lino], 3. v. a., smear. — Fig., besmear, 
 bedaub, stain. 
 
 obllvio, -onis, [ob-flivio, cf. ob- 
 liviscor], Y., forgetfulness, oblivion. 
 
 obliviscor, -litus, -livisci, [ob- 
 flivib, cf. liveo], 3. v. dep., (grow 
 dark against!) , forget, cease to think 
 of — oblitus, -a, -um, p.p., forget- 
 ting, forgetful, unmindful. 
 
 obmutesco, -mutui, no p.p., -mu- 
 tescere, [ob-fmutesco, cf. mutus], 
 3. v. n., become silent, be dumb. 
 
 obnuntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
 nuntio], 1. v. n., announce (in oppo- 
 sition). — Esp., announce tmfavora- 
 ble omens , stay proceedings by omens, 
 hinder by omens. 
 
122 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 
 oboedid (obedio), -ivi (-ii), 
 -itum (n.), -ire, [ob-audio], 4. v. n., 
 give ear to. — Hence, give heed to y 
 obey , be obedient , be submissive. 
 
 oborior, -ortus, -oriri, [ob-orior], 
 4. (3.) v. dep., before , t'A*? cwr. 
 
 obruo, -rui, -rutus, -mere, [ob- 
 ruo], 3. v. a., overwheltn (with 
 
 something thrown on), cover . — Also, 
 overthrow , rtf/*. 
 
 obscure [old abl. of obscurus], 
 adv., obscurely , darkly , covertly. 
 
 obscuritas, -tatis,[obscuro+tas], 
 F., darkness , obscurity , uncertainty. 
 
 obscuro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
 scuro-], 1. v. a., darken , obscure , 
 
 hide, conceal. 
 
 obscurus, -a, -um, [ob-fscurus, 
 ^/scu-frus, cf. scutum], adj., 
 dim, secret , covert , disguised \ hidden , 
 obscure , unknown : non est obscu- 
 rum (zV A secret). 
 
 obsecro, -avi, -atus, -are, [manu- 
 factured from ob sacrum (/*<?# r or 
 £4/ sacred object)~\, \. v. a., ad- 
 jure , entreat. 
 
 obsecundo, -avi, no p.p., -are, 
 [ob-secundo], 1. v. n., j/fow obedi- 
 ence , yield to one's wishes. 
 
 observo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
 servo], 1. v. a., (A* on the watch 
 towards?) , guard \ maintain , 
 
 — Also, be on the watch for , watch 
 for , watch , /A wait for. 
 
 obses, -idis, [ob-fses, cf. praeses 
 and obsidio], c., (# person under 
 guard ) , a hostage. — Less exactly, a 
 pledge , security. 
 
 obsideo, -sedi,-sessus,-sidere, [ob- 
 sedeo], 2. v. a., (ivV afoTc/z against) , 
 blockade , besiege. — Also, block , 
 
 hinder, lie in wait for , watch for. 
 
 obsidio, -onis, [obsidio-? (re- 
 duced) + o], F., « (cf. obsessio), 
 a blockade . — Also, the art of siege. 
 
 obsigno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
 signo], I. v. a., seal up, seal . — 
 Hence, a witness , witness. 
 
 obsisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere, 
 [ob-sisto], 3. v. n., zvithstand re- 
 sist, contend against. 
 
 obsolesco, -evi, -etus, -escere, 
 [obs-olesco], 3. v. n., grow old, be- 
 come obsolete , get out of date, get stale. 
 
 obstipesco (obstu-), -ui, no p.p., 
 -escere, [ob-stipesco], 3. v. n., be- 
 come stupefied , be thunderstruck , be 
 amazed: sic obstipuerant (/^^ 
 thunderstruck). 
 
 obsto, -stiti, -staturus, -stare, [ob- 
 sto], I. v. n., withstand, stand in 
 one's way, resist, injure, hurt. 
 
 obstrepo, -ui, -iturus, -ere, [ob- 
 strepo], 3. v. n. and a., drown (one 
 noise by another \ overwhelm by a 
 din. 
 
 obstructio, -onis, [ob-structio, 
 cf. obstruo], F., a barricade, an 
 obstruction, a covering. 
 
 obstupefacio, -feci, -factus, -fa- 
 cere, [ob-stupefacio] , 3. v. a., daze, 
 stupefy. — obstupefactus, -a, -um, 
 p.p., taken aback, dumbfounded. 
 obstupesco, see obstipescd. 
 obsum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [ob- 
 sum], irr. v. n., be in the way, hin- 
 der, injure, be disadvantageous. 
 
 obtego, -texi, -tectus, -tegere, [ob- 
 tego], 3. v. a., cover up, protect. 
 
 obtempero, -avi, -aturus, -are, 
 [ob-tempero], 1. v. n., ( conform 
 to), comply with , submit to, yield to, 
 comply. 
 
 obtestor, -atus, -ari, [ob-testor], 
 I. v. dep., implore (calling some- 
 thing to witness), beseech , entreat. 
 
 obtined, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
 [ob-teneo], 2. v. a., hold (against 
 something or somebody), retain, 
 maintain, occupy, possess, get (by 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 K 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 lot), hold (by lot, as a magistrate). — 
 Also, maintain, prove , make good. 
 
 obtingo, -tigl, no p.p., -tingere, 
 [ob-tango], 3. v. a. and-n., touch 
 upon. — Esp., fall to one's lot , fall 
 to one , happen (esp. as euphemism 
 for death or disaster). 
 
 obtrecto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob 
 tracto], 1. v. a. and n., (> handle 
 roughly l'), disparage , speak ill of. 
 obtull, perf. of offero. 
 obviam [ob viam], adv., in the 
 way of to meet (any one) : obviam 
 fieri ( come to meet, fall in one's way , 
 meet) . 
 
 obvius, -a, -um, [ob-via, declined 
 as adj.], adj., in the way of: obvius 
 esse ( meet ). 
 
 occasio, -onis, [ob-fcasio, cf. oc- 
 cido], F., an opportunity, a chance. 
 
 occasus, -sus, [ob-casus, cf. oc- 
 cido], M., a falling, a fall, a setting 
 (of the sun), 
 occidens, see occido. 
 occldio, -onis, [perh. directly 
 from occido, after analogy of legio, 
 etc.], F., slaughter , great slaughter. 
 
 occido, -cidi, -casurus, -cidere, 
 [ob-cado], 3. v. n., fall, set, be slain. 
 — occidens, -entis, p., setting, as 
 subst., the west. 
 
 occido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [ob- 
 caedo], 3. v. a., kill, massacre, slay. 
 
 occludb, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 
 [ob-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up, close. 
 
 occultator, -toris, [occulta+tor] , 
 M., a concealer, a harborer. 
 
 occulte [old abl. of occultus], 
 adv., secretly , privately, with secrecy. 
 
 occulto, -avi, -atus, -are, [occul- 
 to-], 1. v. a., conceal, hide. 
 
 occultus, -a, -um, [p.p. of occu- 
 lo] , as adj., concealed ’ secret, hidden. 
 
 occupatio, -onis, [occupa+tio], 
 F., occupation (engagement in busi- 
 
 ness), business, affairs (of business), 
 being engaged. 
 
 occupo, -avi, -atus, -are, [foccupo- 
 or foccup- (cf. auceps), ob and 
 stem akin to capio], 1. v. a., seize, 
 take possession of, seize upon, occupy 
 (only in military sense). — occupa- 
 tus, -a, -um, p.p., as adj., engaged, 
 occupied, employed. 
 
 occurro, -curri (-cucurri?), -cur- 
 surus, -currere, [ob-curro], 3. v. n., 
 run to meet, meet, come upon, find, 
 fall in with, go about (a thing), with- 
 stand, occur (to one’s mind), suggest 
 itself 
 
 occursatid, -onis, [occursa + 
 tio], f., a coming to meet, a sally, 
 an attack, a greeting (running to 
 meet one with acclamation). 
 
 Oceanus, -i, [Gr.. 'CiKeav6s~\, M., 
 the ocean (with or without mare). 
 
 Ocriculanus, -a, -um, [Ocriculo 
 -f anus], adj., of Ocriculum (a town 
 of Umbria on the Tiber). 
 
 Octavianus, -a, -um, [Octavio 
 + anus], adj., of Octavius. 
 
 Octavius, -i, [octavo -f ius], m., 
 a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Cn. 
 Octavius, cons. B.c. 87 with Cinna, 
 and killed as a partisan of the no- 
 bility by the partisans of Marius. 
 Others of the same family not named 
 by Cicero were famous. 
 
 octavus, -a, -um, [octo -f vus 
 (cf. Gr. oydopos?), perh. foctau-j-us], 
 adj., eighth. 
 
 octingentl, -ae, -a, [stem akin 
 to octo + centum], num. adj., eight 
 hundred. 
 
 octo [?], num. adj., eight. 
 
 octodecim [octo-decem], num. 
 
 adj., eighteen. 
 
 octoginta [octo+?],adj ., eighty. 
 
 octoni, -ae, -a, [octo+nus], adj., 
 eight at a time, eight (at a time) . 
 
 i 
 
 U' 
 
124 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 oculus, -i, [foco (cf. eye) + lus], 
 M., the eye. 
 
 odi, -odisse, [perf. of lost verb 
 (with pres, sense), akin to odium], 
 irr. v. a., hate , detest. 
 
 odiosus, -a, -um, [odio + osus], 
 adj., hateful ', troublesome. 
 
 odium, -i, [y'VADH {spurn) + 
 ium], N., hatred ', odium , hate , detes- 
 tation. — Plur., hate (of several cases). 
 — Of persons, the hatred ', the detesta- 
 tion : odio esse {to be hated). 
 
 odor, -oris, [V OD (#£*0 + or ]> 
 M., an odor, fragrance (legum, add- 
 ing, as it were , to make the fig. tol- 
 erable in Eng.). 
 
 offendo (obf-), -fendi, -fensus, 
 -fendere, [ob-fendo], 3. v. a. and 11., 
 
 strike against, stumble , stumble upon, 
 light upon, go wrong, commit an of- 
 fence, take offence, offend, hurt (the 
 feelings), give offence to. — offensus, 
 -a, -um, p.p., offensive. 
 
 offensio (obf-), -onis, [ob-ffen- 
 sio, cf. offendo], f., {a striking 
 against), a stumbling, an offence, a 
 giving offence, dislike, a disaster, a 
 defeat. 
 
 offero (obf-), obtuli, oblatus, of- 
 ferre, [ob-fero], irr. v. a., bring to, 
 offer, furnish, afford, expose: se 
 {present)', mortem alicui {cause 
 the death of, etc.). 
 
 officio (obf-), -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
 [ob-facio], 3. v. a., work against , 
 obstruct, hinder, stand in the way 
 
 of 
 
 officiosus (obf-), -a, -um, [offi- 
 cio+osus], adj., dutiful, in discharge 
 of one's duty, conscientious (in the 
 discharge of one’s duty). 
 
 officium (obf-), -i, [as if (prob. 
 really) foffico- (cf. beneficus) + 
 ium], n., {a doing for one?), a ser- 
 vice, a duty, kind offices (either sing. 
 
 or plur.), dutiful conduct, faithful- 
 ness to duty . 
 
 offundo (obf-) , -fudi, -fusus, -fun- 
 dere, [ob-fundo], 3. v. a., pour over. 
 — Also ,fill, pervade. 
 
 oleum, -i, [?, cf. oliva, i\aiov], 
 N., oil. 
 
 olim [loc. (?) of ollus, old form 
 of ille], adv., {at that time), once, 
 formerly. 
 
 Olympius, -a, -um, [Gr. * OAv/u - 
 7ri os], adj., of Olympus (the fabled 
 abode of the gods), Olympian. 
 
 omen, -inis, [?, but cf. old form 
 osmen, and oscines], N., an omen. 
 
 omitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
 [ob-mitto], 3. v. a., let go by, pass 
 over, leave unsaid, leave out , omit, 
 say nothing of, abandon, cease. 
 
 ornninb [abl. of f omninus (omni 
 + nus)], adv., altogether, entirely, 
 on the whole, only, utterly, in all, at 
 all, any way, only just, whatever 
 (with negatives). 
 
 omnis, -e, [?], adj., all, the whole 
 of (as divisible or divided, cf. totus 
 as indivisible or not divided). — In 
 sing., all, every (without emphasis on 
 the individuals, cf. quisque, each, 
 emphatically). — Esp. : omnibus ho- 
 ris {every hour ) ; omnia {every- 
 thing). 
 
 onus, -eris, [unc. root + us], N., 
 a burden, a load, a freight, a cargo. 
 — Abstr., weight. 
 
 opera, -ae, [oper- (as stem of 
 opus) + a (f. of -us)], F., work, 
 services, help, pains, attention, assist- 
 ance : operam dare {devote one's 
 self, exert one's self, take pains, try, 
 take care). — Esp.: opera sua {by 
 his own efforts) ; operam consumere 
 ( waste one's labor , waste one's tune)', 
 operae pretium est {it is worth 
 while). — Plur., laborers . 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 I2 S 
 
 operarius, -I, [opera + arius], 
 M. (of adj.), a day laborer. 
 
 operio, -perui, -pertus, -perlre, 
 [ob-pario, cf. aperio], 4. v. a., cover 
 up, cover. 
 
 Oplmius, -i, [opimo + ms], m., 
 a Roman gentile name. — Esp., L. 
 Opimius, cons. B.c. 121, the cham- 
 pion of the senate against C. Grac- 
 chus, in the fight in which the latter 
 was killed. 
 
 oplmus, -a, -um, [?], adj., fat, 
 rich , fertile. 
 
 opinio, -onis, [opino- (cf. nec- 
 opinus) + o], F., a notion , an ex- 
 pectation, an idea, a reputation, an 
 opinion (not well founded, cf. sen- 
 tentia), fancy, a good opinion (of 
 any one) : latius opinione ( more 
 widely than is thought') ; mortis (a 
 false idea of one's death). 
 
 opinor, -atus, -ari, [opino-, cf. 
 necopinus], 1. v. dep., have an 
 idea (not well founded or not sure) , 
 fancy , suppose, imagine. — Cf. the 
 use of such phrases as I fancy , I 
 reckon, I guess , I take it, I should 
 say. 
 
 opitulor, -atus, -ari, [opitulo- 
 (opi-tulus, from ^/tul, in tuli, + 
 us)], I. v. dep., assist, aid, succor , 
 give help. 
 
 oportet, -uit, no p.p., -ere, [noun- 
 stem from ob and stem akin to 
 porto, cf. opportunus], 2. v. imp., 
 
 it behooves, it ought, one is to, one 
 must. 
 
 oppeto, -ivi (-il), -itus, -ere, [ob- 
 peto], 3. v. a., encounter, meet. 
 
 oppidum, -i, [ob-f pedum ( a 
 plain! , cf. Gr. WSoy)], n., (the for- 
 tified place which, according to an- 
 cient usage, commanded the terri- 
 tories of a little state), a stronghold, 
 a town (usually fortified). 
 
 oppono, -posui, -positus, -ponere, 
 [ob-pono], 3. v. a., set against, op- 
 pose (something to something else). 
 — oppositus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
 
 opposed, lying in the way, opposite, 
 adverse. 
 
 opportunities, -tatis, [oppor- 
 tune + tas], F., timeliness , fitness 
 (of time or circumstance), luck 
 (in time or circumstance), conven- 
 ience , advantage. 
 
 opportunus, -a, -um, [ob-portu- 
 nus, cf. importunus and Portu- 
 nus], adj., {coming to harbor!), op- 
 portune, advantageous, lucky, timely, 
 valuable (under the circumstances). 
 
 oppositus, -tus, [ob-fpositus, cf. 
 oppono], M., a setting against, an 
 interposition. 
 
 opprimo, -press!, -pressus, -pri- 
 mere, [ob-premo], 3. v. a., ( press 
 against), overwhelm, crush, over- 
 power, overtake {surprise), hold in 
 check. 
 
 oppugnatib, -onis, [oppugna + 
 tio], F., a siege (of actual operations, 
 cf. obsidio, blockade), besieging, an 
 attack (in a formal manner against a 
 defended position). 
 
 oppugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob- 
 pugno], 1. v. a., attack (formally, 
 but without blockade), lay siege to, 
 carry on a siege, assail (a defended 
 position). — Fig., attack, assail. 
 
 ops, opis, [?], F., help, aid, succor, 
 means , protection. — Plur., resources, 
 power, wealth , means. 
 
 optabilis, -e, [opta+bilis], adj., 
 desirable, to be wished for. 
 
 optimas (optu-), -atis, [optimo 
 + as (cf. Arpinas)], adj., of the 
 best. — Esp. plur., the optimates (the 
 better classes, or aristocracy, at Rome, 
 including all who held opinions op- 
 posed to the common people). 
 
126 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 optime, see bene, 
 optimus, -a, -um, [op (cf. ops?) 
 + timus (cf. finitimus)], superl. of 
 bonus, which see. 
 
 opto, -avi, -atus, -are, [fopto- 
 ( ^/OP + tus, cf. Gr. ovJ/OjUcu)], I. v. a., 
 cho&se , desire , (urgently), pray 
 
 for , hope and pray for , for. — 
 
 optatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wished 
 for , desired \ desirable. 
 
 opus, operis, [^/op + us], N., 
 work, labor (as skilful or accomplish- 
 ing its purpose, cf. labor, as tire- 
 some). — In military sense, a work , 
 works, fortifications . — Also, as in 
 English, of civil structures, etc., work , 
 works , a work (as of art), a work 
 of skill (cf. artificium, a work of 
 art), workmanship : opere et manu 
 factus (by handiwork ). — In abl., 
 quanto- (tanto-, magno-, nimio-) 
 opere. — Often together, quanto- 
 pere, etc., hozu much, so much, much, 
 greatly, too much , hozu, so, too. 
 
 opus [same word as preceding], 
 N. indecl., need, necessary : opus 
 properato ( need of haste). 
 
 bra, -ae, [?], F., a shore, a coast . 
 oratio, -onis, [ora + tio], F., 
 speech, words, talk , address , dis- 
 course, argument, matter for a dis- 
 course, power of oratory, a branch 
 of a discourse. 
 
 orator, -toris, [ora + tor], M., a 
 speaker, an ambassador, an orator. 
 
 orbis, -is, [?], M., a circle (a cir- 
 cular plane) : orbis terrarum ( the 
 circle of lands, the whole world). 
 
 ordior, orsus, ordiri, [fordi- (cf. 
 ordo)], 4. v. dep., begin , start. 
 
 ordo, -inis, [akin to ordior], M., 
 a series, a row , a tier, a rank (of 
 soldiers), a grade (of centurions, as 
 commanding special “ ordines ” of 
 soldiers, also the centurions them- 
 
 selves), an arrangement, an order 
 (esp. of citizens), a body (consisting 
 of such an order), a class (of citi- 
 zens). 
 
 orior, ortus, orlri, [?], 3. (and 4.) 
 v. n., arise, spring up, spring. — 
 — oriens, -entis, p. as subst., the east. 
 
 ornamentum, -I, [orna + men- 
 tum], N., an adornment, a decora- 
 tion, an ornament, an equipment, 
 an honor (an addition to one’s dig- 
 nity), a source of dignity. 
 
 ornate [old abl. of ornatus], 
 adv., ornately : gravius atque or- 
 natius ( with more weight and elo- 
 quence) . 
 
 ornatus, -tus, [orna -f tus], M., 
 
 adornment, ornament, ornaments 
 (collectively). 
 
 orno, -avi, -atus, -are, [unc. noun- 
 stem], I. v. a., adorn, equip, furnish, 
 increase (by way of adornment), 
 honor, add honor to. — ornatus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. as adj., furnished ’ zvell- 
 equipped, well-furnished, decorated, 
 finely adorned, well to do, prosper- 
 ous, highly honored. 
 
 oro, -avi, -atus, -are, [or- (as stem 
 of os)], 1. v. a. and n., speak . — 
 Esp., pray, entreat, beg. 
 
 ortus, -tus, [V or (} n orior) + 
 tus], M., a rising: solis ( sunrise , 
 the East ) . 
 
 os, oris, [?], N., the mouth, the 
 face , the countenance : Ponti (the 
 mouth, the entrance)’, in ore om- 
 nium (in the mouths, on the lips). 
 
 os, ossis, [prob. reduced from fos- 
 tis, cf. Gr. oareoy], N., a bone. 
 
 oscito, -avi, no p.p., and oscitor, 
 -ari, [perh. os cito], 1. v. n. and dep., 
 yawn. 
 
 ostendo, -tendi, -tentus, -tendere, 
 [obs-tendo], 3-v.a., ( stretch tozvards), 
 present, shozu, point out, make known, 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 127 
 
 state , declare , indicate , exhibit , dis- 
 play. — Pass., appear , show itself. 
 
 ostentb, -avi, -atus, -are, [osten- 
 to-], I. v. a., display , exhibit : se 
 intake a display). 
 
 Ostiensis, -e, [Ostia+ ensis] , adj 
 of Ostia (the port of Rome at the 
 mouth of the Tiber), at Ostia. 
 
 ostium, -I, [akin to os], N., the 
 mouth : Oceani (the straits , i.e., of 
 Gibraltar). Also, a door . 
 
 otiosus, -a, -um, [otio + osus], 
 adj ., at leisure , quiet , peaceful , peace- 
 able , undisturbed ’, inactive. 
 
 otium, -I, [?], n., repose , 
 tivity , quiet (freedom from disturb- 
 ance), ease, peace. 
 
 ovo, no p., -aturus, -are, [?], i.v.n., 
 rejoice. — Esp., ovans, -antis, p., tri- 
 umphant in an ovation (the lesser 
 triumph, but also used figuratively). 
 [Possibly the technical meaning is 
 the original one.] 
 
 P. 
 
 P., abbreviation for Publius, 
 pacisco, -ere, and paciscor, pac- 
 tus, paciscl, [paci- (as stem of paco) 
 + sco], 3. v. a. and dep., bargain. — 
 Esp., pactus, -a, -um, p.p., agreed 
 upon , settled , arranged. — See also 
 pactum. 
 
 paco, -avi, -atus, -are, [pac- (in 
 pax)], 1. v. a., pacify , subdue. — 
 pacatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., peace- 
 able, quiet, subject (as reduced to 
 peace), submissive, entirely con- 
 quered: civitas male pacata (hard- 
 ly reduced to subntission, still rebel- 
 lious) . 
 
 Paconius, i, [?, cf. p&co], m., 
 a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M. 
 Paconius , a Roman knight, 
 pactum, -i, [p.p. of paciscor, 
 
 pango?], N., (a thing agreed), 
 an agreement, an arrangement. — 
 Hence, a method, a way (of doing 
 anything). — Esp. abl., in . . . way : 
 quo pacto (in what way, how) ; is to 
 pacto (after that fashion, to that 
 degree) ; nescio quo pacto (somehow 
 or other, strangely enougJi) ; nullo 
 pacto (in no way, under no circum- 
 stances) . 
 
 Paean, -anis, [Gr. Ilata^], m., the 
 Healer, a name of Apollo, as god of 
 healing. 
 
 paene [?], adv., almost, nearly , 
 all but. 
 
 paenitet (poenitet), -uit, -ere, 
 [fpoenito- (perh. p.p. of verb akin 
 to punio)], 2. v. a. (impers.), it 
 repents (one), one repents, one re- 
 grets: me paenitebit (I shall re- 
 gret). 
 
 paenula (pen- ), -ae, [?], f., * 
 cloak (probably like a poncho, some- 
 times also with a hood, at any rate 
 put on over the head and worn in 
 travelling or in rough weather). 
 
 paenulatus (pen-), -a, -um, 
 [paenula+tus, cf. robustus], adj., 
 wrapped in a cloak. 
 
 Palacinus? (Palatlnus ?) , -a, 
 -um, [?], adj. only with balneae, a 
 place of uncertain position. 
 
 palam [unc. case-form, cf. clam], 
 adv., openly, publicly, without con- 
 cealment. 
 
 Palatium (Pal-), -i, [palato- 
 
 (the arched roof of the mouth) + 
 ium], N., (the round hill?), the 
 Palatine (the hill of Rome which 
 was the original site of the city) . 
 
 Palladium, -I, [naAAaSto*/], n., 
 (the little Pallas ) , the Palladium (the 
 little image of Pallas Athene, on 
 which depended the safety of Troy, 
 and which was carried off by Ulysses 
 
128 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 and Diomedes). — Hence, a palla- 
 diu 7 n (any object of like importance) . 
 
 palma, -ae, [borrowed from Gr. 
 ttciA dfj.rj'] , F. , the palm (of the hand) . 
 
 — Also, a palm branch , a palm (esp. 
 as symbol of victory), a victory (cf. 
 “ laurels ” in Eng) . 
 
 palus, -udis, [?], F., a marsh. 
 
 Pamphylia, -ae, [Gr. n a^<pv\la\, 
 F., the country on the south coast of 
 Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cili- 
 cia, not included in the province of 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Panhormus (Panormus) , -i, 
 
 [n avopnos~\, F., Panormus , the city 
 on the north coast of Sicily, now 
 Palermo , famous for its harbor. 
 
 Pansa, -ae, [?], M., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp., C. Vibius Pan- 
 sa, one of the partisans of Caesar, 
 who was consul, B.C. 43, and was 
 active in the fight against Mark 
 Antony. 
 
 Papirius (old Paplsius), -i, [cf. 
 Papius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
 
 — Esp., M. Papirius Mqso, killed by 
 Clodius in a fight in the Appian Way. 
 
 Papius, -a, -urn, [Papa (or -6) 
 + ills], adj., (of Papa or Papus'). — 
 Masc., as a Roman gentile name. — 
 Also, of Papius (esp. of C. Papius , 
 tribune, B.C. 65, proposer of a law in 
 regard to Roman citizenship). 
 
 par, paris, [perh. akin to paro, 
 pario (through the idea of barter or 
 exchange)] , adj., equal , alike , like. — 
 Esp., on a par with , equal in power , 
 a match for , adequate to , sufficient 
 for. 
 
 Paralus,-i, [Gr. UapaXos"], M., an 
 Athenian hero, after whom one of 
 the sacred galleys was named. 
 
 parate [old abl. of paratus], 
 adv., with preparation. 
 
 paratus, see paro. 
 
 parc§, peperci (parsi), parsurus 
 (parciturus) , parcere, [akin to par- 
 cus (y'PAR + cus, acquisitive , and 
 so frugal ?)], 3. v. n., spare , be con- 
 siderate for. 
 
 parens, -entis, [^/par (in pario) 
 + ens (cf. Gr. re/cwi/)], c., a parent , 
 a father. 
 
 pareo, parui, pariturus, parere, 
 [paro- (cf. opiparus)], 2. v. n., 
 (be prepared ) , appear , obey, follow , 
 yield , consult (utilitati). 
 
 paries, -ietis (-jetis), [akin to 
 7r epf?], M., a wall (of a house or 
 the like, cf. murus). 
 
 Parilia (Palilia), -ium [Pali + 
 ilis] , N. plur. (of Palilis) , the feast 
 of Pales (a divinity of shepherds). 
 It was held April 21. 
 
 Parinus, -a, -um, an uncertain 
 word in Mss. of Verres, v. 57. 
 
 pario, peperi, partus (pariturus), 
 parere, [ ^/par, procure (perh. orig. 
 by barter, cf. par)], 3. v. a., pro- 
 cure, acquire , secure , win. — Esp., 
 produce, give birth to (of the mother). 
 
 Parma, -ae, [?], F., a town of 
 Cisalpine Gaul. It was treacherously 
 taken by Antony, and its people 
 barbarously treated. 
 
 Parmensis, -e, [Parma+ensis], 
 adj., of Parma. — Plur. as subst., the 
 people of Parma. 
 
 paro, -avi, -atus, -are, [paro-, cf. 
 opiparus and pareo], 1. v. a., pro- 
 cure, provide , prepare , get ready , 
 get ready for (helium, used con- 
 cretely for the means of war), secure , 
 arrange , engage. — paratus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. as adj., ready, prepared well 
 prepared, skilful, well equipped: 
 animo parato (with resolution). 
 
 parricida, -ae, [patri- (as stem 
 of pater) fcida (caed-fa, cf. homi- 
 cida)?], M. and F., a parricide . 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 129 
 
 parricidium, -i, [parricida + 
 ium], n., parricide. — Less exactly, 
 murder : patriae (as the parent of 
 her citizens). 
 
 pars, partis, [y/PAR + tis (re- 
 duced), akin to portio, and perh. to 
 par (cf. also pario)], F., ( a divid - 
 ing), a portion , a part , a share , a 
 side , a party (also plur.), a branch, 
 a role (in a play) . — Esp. in adver- 
 bial phrases, direction , way, degree : 
 in omnes partes ( in all directions , 
 in all ways') ; in utraque parte (on 
 both sides) ; in bonam partem (in 
 good part '); in utramque partem 
 (in both directions , both ways) ; ad 
 aliquam mei partem (to some part 
 of my existence , to me in some re- 
 spect) . — See also partim. 
 
 parsimdnia (parci-), -ae, [par- 
 co- (as stem of parens) or parso- 
 (stem of parsus) + monia, cf. sanc- 
 timonia], F., frugality, parsimony. 
 
 particeps, -cipis, [parti-feeps 
 ( y/CAP as stem, cf. princeps)], adj., 
 participant, taking part . — As subst., 
 a sharer , a participa7it , a participa- 
 tor , an associate. 
 
 partim [old acc. of pars], adv., 
 partly , in part . — Esp., partim . . . 
 partim, some . . . others , partly . . . 
 partly ; quas partim . . . partim 
 (some of which . . . others). 
 
 partio, -ivi (-if), -itus, -ire, and 
 partior, -itus, -iri, [parti-], 4 . v. a. 
 and dep., divide : partitis tempori- 
 bus (alternately). 
 
 partitio, -onis, [parti (stem of 
 partior) -f tio], F., a division , a 
 partition. 
 
 partus, -tus, [y/PAR (in pario) 
 + tus], M ., a birth , the production 
 of offspring. 
 
 parum [akin to parvus, perh. 
 for parvum], adv., not very , not 
 
 much , not sufficiently, not enough , 
 too little : parum amplus (too small). 
 
 parvulus, -a, -um, [parvo+lus], 
 adj., small, slight, insignificant, little. 
 
 parvus, -a, -um, [perh. for f pau- 
 rus, cf. paucus, and Gr. ir avpos’], 
 adj., small, slight, little, trifling : 
 Romulus parvus (as a child)', parvi 
 ducere (of little account)', parvi 
 refert (it makes little difference, it 
 matters little)', parvi animi esse 
 (mean-spirited, unambitious, unas- 
 piring). 
 
 pasco, pavi, pastus, pascere, 
 [■y/PA (?) + sco], 3. v. n. and a., 
 feed, fatten. 
 
 passus, -sus, [ y/PAD (in pando) 
 + tus], M., (a spreading of the legs), 
 a stride, a step, a pace (esp. as a 
 measure, about five Roman feet) : 
 mille passuum (a Roman mile, five 
 thousand feet). 
 
 pastio, -onis, [pas (as if root of 
 pasco) + tio], F., pasturing, feed- 
 ing, pasturage. 
 
 pastor, -toris, [pas (as if root of 
 pasco) + tor], M., a shepherd, a 
 herdsma7i (a slave occupied in pas- 
 turing) . 
 
 patefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere, 
 [noun-stem akin to pateo + facio], 
 3. v. a., lay open, open, lay bare, dis- 
 close, discover , 7nake known, show 
 clearly. 
 
 pateo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [fpato- 
 (noun-stem akin to Gr. TveTavwfxaL)~\, 
 2 . v. n., be extended, lie f open, spread, 
 extend, be wide, be open, be exposed, 
 be uncovered, be obvious, be patent. — 
 patens, -entis, p. as adj., open, ex- 
 posed. 
 
 pater, -tris, [V PA 0 n pasco?) + 
 ter], M., a father. — Plur., ancestors, 
 senators, the senate : patres con- 
 scripti (senators, gentlemen of the 
 
130 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 senate , conscript fathers?) ; pater 
 familias (a householder) . 
 
 paternus, -a, -urn, [pater+nns], 
 adj., of a father , paternal , of one's 
 father , of one's fathers. 
 
 patientia, -ae, [patient + ia], 
 F., patience , endurance , forbearance , 
 long-suffering . 
 
 Patina, -ae, [patina], m., a Ro- 
 man family name. — Only, T. Patina, 
 a friend of Clodius. 
 
 patior, passus, patl, [?], 3. v. dep., 
 suffer, endure, bear, put up with, tol- 
 erate, allow, per i?iit. — patiens, -en- 
 ds, p. as adj., patient, long-suffer- 
 ing. 
 
 patria, see patrius. 
 
 patricius, -a, -um, [patrico + 
 ills], adj., (of the senate, the original 
 nobility of Rome as opposed to the 
 plebs, cf. pater) , patrician (of this 
 nobility). — Less exactly, noble (of 
 the later nobility) . — Plur., the nobles 
 (not necessarily the original patri- 
 cians) . 
 
 patrimonium, -i, [patri- (as if 
 stem of pater) -f monium (i.e., mo 
 + on + ium)], N., a paternal estate , 
 a patrimony, an inheritance, an 
 ancestral estate. 
 
 patrius, -a, -um, [pater + ins], 
 adj., of a father, ancestral, of one's 
 fathers , paternal. — Esp., patria, 
 F., one's fatherland, native country, 
 country. 
 
 patronus, -I, [fpatro- (as if stem 
 of fpatroo, cf. colonus, aegrotus) 
 + nus], M., a patron, a protector, 
 an advocate. 
 
 patruus, -\, [pat(e)r+vus?], M., 
 an uncle (on the father’s side, cf. 
 avunculus, on the mother’s). 
 
 paucus, -a, - um, [ y'PAU- (cf. pau- 
 lus and parvus) + cus], adj., al- 
 most always in plur., few, a few, J 
 
 some fezv (but with implied only in 
 a semi-negative sense) : pauca di- 
 cere ( a fezv words, briefly) . 
 
 paulisper [paulis (abl. plur. of 
 paulus ?) -per] , adv., a little while, 
 for a short time. 
 
 paululum [acc. of paululus], 
 
 as adv., a very little. 
 
 paulus, -a, -um, [pan (cf. pau- 
 cus) + Ins (= rns?)], adj., little, 
 slight, small, insignificant. — Esp., 
 pauluin, N., as subst. and adv., a 
 little, little , slightly. — paulo, abl. 
 as adv., a little, slightly, little : panlo 
 ante (a little while ago, just now). 
 
 Paulus, -i, [panlus], M., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp. : 1 . L. JEmilius 
 Paulus, who conquered Perses of 
 Macedonia, B.c. 168; 2. L. ALmilius 
 Paulus (of the family of the Lepidi), 
 praetor, B.c. 53, a partisan of the 
 nobility. 
 
 pax, pads, [^/pac, as stem], F., 
 (a treaty?), peace : pace alicujns 
 (by permission of, etc., if one will 
 allow, an apology for some expres- 
 sion or statement) : pace tua, patria, 
 dixerim (pardon me, my country, 
 if I say it) . 
 
 peccatum, -i, [n. of p.p. of pec- 
 co], N., a fault, a wrong , a misdeed, 
 an offence. 
 
 pecco, -avi, -aturus, -are, [?], 
 I. v. n., go wrong, commit a fault, 
 do wrong, err. 
 
 pecto,pexi (-ui),pexus (pectitus), 
 pectere, [-^/pec + to, cf. necto], 
 3. v. a., comb : pexo capillo (with 
 well-combed locks). 
 
 pectus, -oris, [perh. pect (as root • 
 of pecto) + ns, from the rounded 
 shape of the breast, cf. pectinatus], 
 N., the breast. — Fig., the heart, the 
 mind. 
 
 | pecuarius,-a,-um, [pecn+arins], 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 adj., of cattle. — Masc., a grazier. — 
 Fem., pasturage , grazing. 
 
 peculatus, -tus, [pecula + tus] , 
 M., e??ibezzlement. 
 
 pecunia, -ae, [fpecuno- (pecu + 
 nus, cf. Vacuna) -f ia], f., money 
 (originally cattle), wealth , capital , 
 an amount of money , a sum of 
 money : ratio pecuniarum {the mat- 
 ter of finance ). 
 
 pecuniosus, -a, -urn, [pecunia + 
 osus], adj., rich. 
 
 pecus, -udis, [pecu + dus (re- 
 duced)], F., a domestic animal (cf. 
 pecus, -oris, a herd or flock), a brute 
 (as opposed to man), a dumb beast. 
 
 pedester, -tris, -tre, [pedit+tris], 
 adj., of infantry , of persons on foot : 
 copiae {foot, infantry). 
 
 pedetemptim (-tentim) [pede 
 ftemptim (cf. sensim)], adv. {feel- 
 ing one's way with the feet), cau- 
 tiously , gradually. 
 pejor, see malus. 
 pejus, see male, 
 pello, pepuli, pulsus, pellere, [?], 
 3. v. a., strike , beat, drive , defeat, re- 
 pulse, drive out. 
 
 Penates, -ium, [pena- (cf. pena- 
 tor and penus) + tis (reduced, cf. 
 Arpinas)], M. plur., (presiding over 
 the household supplies?), the house- 
 hold gods (usually with Di), the Pena- 
 tes (the tutelary divinities of the 
 household and of the city as a house- 
 hold). — Esp. as a symbol for the 
 home. 
 
 pendeo, pependl, no p.p., pen- 
 dere, [f pendo- (cf. altipendus)], 
 
 2. v. n., hang, depend. 
 
 pendo, pependi, pensus, pendere, 
 [?], 3. v. a., hang, weigh, weigh out, 
 decide. — Hence (since money was 
 earlier weighed, not counted), ytey, 
 pay out. — Esp. with words of pun- 
 
 131 
 
 ishment, pay (a penalty), suffer (pun- 
 ishment, cf. dare and capere). 
 
 penes [prob. acc. of stem in -us 
 akin to penitus], prep., in the power 
 of, in the control of. 
 
 penetro, -avi, -atus, -are, [fpene- 
 tro-, from pene- (in penitus, etc.) 
 + terus (cf. inter, intro)], 1. v. a. 
 and n., {go in deeper), enter, pene- 
 trate, force one's way in. 
 
 penitus [stem akin to penes, 
 penus, etc., + tus, cf. divinitus], 
 adv., far within, deeply, entirely, 
 utterly , deep within. 
 
 pensito, -avi, -atus, -are, [fpen- 
 sito- (as if p.p. of penso, cf. dic- 
 tito)], i.v. a., weigh. — Hence, pay 
 (cf. pendo). 
 
 1. per [unc. case-form of stem 
 akin to Gr. n epQ, adv. (in composi- 
 tion) and prep., through. — Fig., 
 through, by means of (cf. ab, by, 
 directly), by the agency of: per me, 
 etc. {by myself, without other aid) ; 
 per se {of itself). — Often accom- 
 panied by the idea of hindrance : per 
 anni tempus potuit {the time of the 
 year would allow) ; per vos licere 
 {you do not prevent, you allow, so 
 far as you are concerned, etc.); per 
 aetatem non audere {on account 
 of). — Of time, through, for: per 
 triennium. — In adjurations, by, for 
 the sake of. 
 
 2. per [perh. a different case of 
 same stem as 1. per], adv. in comp., 
 very, exceedingly . 
 
 peradulescens, -entis, [ ?, 2. per- 
 adulescens], adj., very young. 
 
 perago, -egl, -actus, -agere, [ 1 . per- 
 ago], 3. v. a., conduct through, finish, 
 accomplish, carry through. 
 
 peragro, -avi, -atus, -are, [1. per- 
 agro] , 1 . v. a. and n., traverse, travel 
 over, go over, travel. — Fig., spread. 
 
132 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 perangustus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
 mgustus], adj., very narrow . 
 
 perbrevis, -e, [2. per-brevis], 
 adj., short , brief. 
 
 percallesco, -ui, no p.p., -escere, 
 [2. per-callesco], 3. v. n., become 
 horoughly hardened. 
 
 percello, -culi, -culsus, -cellere, 
 [per-fcello (cf. celer)], 3. v. a., 
 knock over , strike down , overturn , 
 dash to the ground. 
 
 percipib, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
 [1. per-capio], 3. v. a., take in (com- 
 pletely), learn, acquire , — Esp. 
 
 of harvests, gather. — Hence, fig., 
 mz/, gain (but in Latin the 
 
 figure is retained). 
 
 percitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of per- 
 cieo], as adj., excited , incensed. 
 
 percommode [2. per-commode], 
 adv., very convenie?itly, very oppor- 
 tunely. 
 
 percrebresco (-besco), -brui 
 (-bui), no p.p., -brescere (-bescere), 
 [2. per-crebresco] , 3. v. n., become 
 very frequent , become very common , 
 spread very widely. 
 
 percutio, -cussi, -cussus, -cutere, 
 [1. per-quatio], 3. v. a. and n., hit , 
 strike , through , strike a 
 
 blow. — Fig., strike with fear. 
 
 perdo, perdidi, perditus, perdere, 
 [1. per-do], 3. v. a., destroy (cf. in- 
 terficio), ruin, lose. — perditus, 
 -a, -um, p.p. as adj., ruined, desper- 
 ate, abandoned, lost, overwhelmed. 
 
 perduco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
 [1. per-duco], 3. v. a., lead through, 
 lead along, bring over , carry along, 
 introduce. 
 
 perduellio, -onis, [perduelli+o] , 
 
 F., treason (technical, and not strictly 
 conforming to either our high or 
 petit treason). 
 
 peregrinor, -atus, -ari, [peregri- 
 
 no-], 1. v. dep., travel abroad . — 
 Fig., be abroad (not hear or see). 
 
 peregrinus, -a, -um, [peregro + 
 inus], adj.,^ foreign, outlandish. 
 
 perennis, -e, [ 1 . per-annus (weak- 
 ened)], adj., (lasting for the year?), 
 perennial, unfailing. — Hence, eter- 
 nal. 
 
 pereo, -il (-ivi), -iturus, -ire, [ 1 . per- 
 eo], irr. v. n., perish, be killed, die , 
 be lost. 
 
 perexiguus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
 exiguus], adj., very small, very 
 short. 
 
 perfacilis, -e, [2. per-facilis], 
 
 adj., very easy. — Neut. as adv., very 
 easily. 
 
 perfectio, -onis, [1. per-factio, 
 
 cf. perficio], F., the accomplishment, 
 the completion. 
 
 perfero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [ 1 . per- 
 fero], irr. v. a., carry through (or 
 over), bring over, bring, bear, carry. 
 — Also, bear through (to the end), 
 endure, suffer , submit to. 
 
 perficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
 [1. per-facio], 3. v. a., accomplish , 
 effect, complete, finish, make (com- 
 plete). — With ut (uti), bring it 
 about, succeed in (doing or having 
 done or getting done), accomplish, 
 make (some one do something or 
 the like). 
 
 perfidia, -ae, [perfido + ia], F., 
 perfidy, treachery, faithlessness. 
 
 perfringo, -fregi, -fractus, -frin- 
 gere, [1. per-frango], 3. v. a., break 
 through, break down, break the bar- 
 riers of. 
 
 perfruor, -fructus (-fruitus), -frui, 
 [1. per-fruor], 3. v. dep., enjoy to 
 the full, enjoy without alloy, continue 
 to enjoy , enjoy. 
 
 perfugio, -fugi, no p.p., -fugere, 
 [1. per-fugio], 3. v. n., run away , 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 133 
 
 flee (to a place), escape to, take ref- 
 uge in (ad portum) . 
 
 perfugium, -I, [1. per-ffugium, 
 cf. ref ugium] , n., a place of refuge , 
 refuge. 
 
 perfungor, -functus, -fungi, [1. 
 per-fungor], 3. v. dep., fulfil, per- 
 form (to the end). — Hence, have 
 done with, finish (and get rid of). 
 
 pergo, perrexi, perrectus (?), per- 
 gere, [1. per-rego], 3. v. n., ( keep 
 one’s direction ?), keep on, continue 
 to advance, advance, go on, proceed. 
 
 perhorresco, -horrui, no p.p., 
 horrescere, [1 . per-horresco], 3. v. n. 
 and a., shudder all over, shudder at. 
 
 periclitor,-atus, -ari, [fpericlito- 
 (as if p.p. of periculor)], 1. v. dep., 
 try, make a trial, be exposed, be put 
 in peril, imperil. 
 
 periclum, see periculum. 
 periculose [old abl. of pericu- 
 losus], adv., with peril. 
 
 periculosus, -a, -um, [periculo 
 -fosus], adj., dangerous, perilous, 
 hazardous, full of danger. 
 
 periculum (-clum), -i, [fperi- 
 (cf. experior) + culum], n., a 
 trial. — Hence, peril, danger, risk. 
 — Esp. of the defendant in a prose- 
 cution, jeopardy, prosecution (in ref- 
 erence to the accused), defence, trial 
 (in court), accusation. 
 
 perimo, -emi, -emptus, -imere, 
 [1. per-emo (take)], 3. v. a., destroy, 
 put an end to. 
 
 perinde, [1. per-inde], adv., 
 
 (straight through ?) , j ust, exactly. * 
 
 periniquus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
 iniquus], adj., very unfair, very 
 unjust. 
 
 peritus, -a, -um, [fperi- (cf. ex- 
 perior) + tus], p.p. as adj., (tried), 
 experienced, skilled, skilful, of great 
 experience. 
 
 perjurium, -i, [prob. fperjus, 
 adj., from per (perh. a diff. case from 
 1 and 2) jus, + ium (cf. injurius). 
 But possibly these are all abnormal 
 formations], N., perjury , false swear- 
 ing. 
 
 permagnus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
 niagnus], adj., very great, very large. 
 
 permaneo, -mans!, -mansurus, 
 -manere, [1. per-maneo], 2. v. n., 
 remain (to the end), continue, hold 
 out, persist, stay. 
 
 permittd, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
 [1. per-mitto], 3. v. a., (give over), 
 grant, allow, give up, entrust, hand 
 over, put into the hands of 
 
 permodestus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
 modestus], adj., excessively modest. 
 
 permoved, -movi, -motus, -mo- 
 vere, [1. per-moveo], 2. v. a., move 
 (thoroughly), influence, affect. — 
 permdtus, -a, -um, p.p., much af- 
 fected, influenced, overcome. 
 
 permultus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
 multus], adj., very much, very many, 
 a great many : permultum valere 
 (be very strong) . 
 
 permutatio, -onis, [permuta -f 
 tio], f., a change : rerum (revolu- 
 tion, upheaval). 
 
 pernicies, -el, [?, akin to nex], 
 F., destruction, ruin, injury, harm, 
 mischief a plague (used of Verres). 
 
 perniciosus, -a, -um, [pernicie-f 
 osus], adj., destructive, ruinous, 
 mischievous. 
 
 pernobilis, -e, [2. per-nobilis], 
 
 adj., very noble, most noble, very 
 famous. 
 
 pernocto, -avi, -atus, -are, [1. per- 
 nocto], 1. v. n. (and a.), pass the 
 night. 
 
 peroro, -avi, -atus, -are, [1. per- 
 oro], 1. v. a. and n., finish arguing, 
 conclude (a case). 
 
134 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 perparvus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
 
 parvus], adj., very small , little. 
 
 perpaucus, -a, -um, [2. per- 
 
 paucus], adj. — Plur., very few , but 
 very few , 0#/^ # few. 
 
 perpetior, -pessus, -peti, [ 1 . per- 
 patior], 3. v. dep., suffer , endure. 
 
 perpetuus, -a, -um, [1. per- 
 
 fpetuus ( ^pet + vus)], adj., ( keep- 
 
 ing on through ), continuing, contin- 
 ual, continued, continuous, without 
 interruption , lasting, permanent, 
 everlasting: in perpetuum {for 
 ever ) . 
 
 perpolitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of per- 
 polio], as adj., refined, highly culti- 
 vated. 
 
 perarro [2. per-raro], adv., very 
 rarely, almost never. 
 
 Persa(Perses),-ae, [Gr. Ilcpenjs], 
 M ., a Persian. — Plur., the Persians. 
 
 persaepe [2. per-saepe], adv., 
 very often, many tunes. 
 
 persapienter [2. per-sapienter], 
 adv., very wisely, with great wisdom. 
 
 perscribo, -scrips!, -scrlptus, -scrl- 
 bere, [1. per-scribo], 3. v. a., write 
 out. 
 
 persequor, -secutus, -sequl, [1. 
 per-sequor], 3. v. dep., follow up, 
 pursue. — Hence, avenge, punish. 
 — Also , follow out (a series of points), 
 take up (in detail). 
 
 Perses(Persa), -ae,[Gr. n epo-ys], 
 M., (cf. Persa, the same word), king 
 of Macedonia, son of Philip V. He 
 was conquered in the third Macedo- 
 nian war by iEmilius Paulus. 
 
 perseverantia, -ae, [perseverant 
 4. ia], F ., persistence, perseverance. 
 
 persolvo, -solvi,-solutus, -solvere, 
 [per-solvo], 3. v. a., pay in full, 
 pay : poenas {pay, suffer). 
 
 persona, -ae, [1. per-fsona, cf. 
 dissonus], F., a mask. — Hence, a 
 
 part, a role , a charade ; , a person- 
 age, a party (in a suit) . 
 
 perspicid, -spexi, -spectus, -spi- 
 cere, [1. per-fspecio], 3. v. a., see 
 through , see, inspect , examine . — 
 Also, see thoroughly. — Fig., see clear- 
 ly, see, understand, learn, observe , 
 find, discover. 
 
 perspicue [old abl. of perspi- 
 cuus], adv., clearly, plainly. 
 
 perspicuus, -a, -um, [1. per- 
 fspecuus ( v'sPEC-f vus, cf. conspi- 
 cuus)], adj., obvious, plain, clear. 
 
 persuadeo, -suasi, -suasus, -sua- 
 dere, [1. per-suadeo], 2. v. n. (and 
 a .), persuade, induce. 
 
 pertenuis, -e, [2. per-tenuis], 
 adj., very thin , very slight. 
 
 perterreo, -terrul, -territus, -tec- 
 rere, [1. per-terreo], 2. v. a., terrify, 
 alarm. 
 
 pertimesco, -timui, no p.p., -ti- 
 mescere, [1. per-time + sco], 3. v. a. 
 and n., fear much, fear greatly, 
 dread, be alarmed. 
 
 pertinacia, -ae, [pertinac + ia] , 
 F., obstinacy (in a bad sense, cf. con- 
 stantia, firmness) . 
 
 pertinax, -acis, [1. per-tenax, 
 cf. pertineo], adj ., pertinacious, ob- 
 stinate. 
 
 pertineo, -tinui, no p.p., -tinere, 
 [1. per-teneo], 3. v. n., {hold a 
 course towards ), tend, extend. — Fig., 
 have to do with , concern, tend : ad 
 quem maleficium {belongs, whose is, 
 etc.) ; ad te non pertinere {to have 
 no concern for you). 
 
 perturbo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ 1 . per- 
 turbo], 1. v. a., disturb , throw into 
 confusion, confuse, throiv into dis- 
 order, alarm, terrify, agitate, make 
 anxious : turbata tempora {times 
 of disorder). 
 
 pervado, -vasi, -vasus, -vadere, 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 [i. per-vado], 3. v. n. and a., (pro- 
 ceed t 0 ), reach , spread to, extend to, 
 enter, Jill (of an idea). 
 
 pervagor, -atus, -ari, [1. per- 
 vagor], i.v. dep., roam , scatter, dif- 
 fuse itself — So, pervagatus, -a, 
 -um, p.p., wide-spread. 
 
 pervenio, -veni, -ventum (N.imp.), 
 -venire, [i. per-venio], 4.v.n., ( come 
 through to), arrive at, get as far as, 
 reach, come, arrive : ad eum locum 
 (come to this point) ; regnum (come, 
 fall)', ad laudem ( attain , equal). 
 
 pervolgo (vulgo), -avi, -atus, 
 -are, [per-volgo], 1. v. a., spread 
 abroad : pervolgatus honos (trite, 
 common). 
 
 pervolo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [1. 
 per-volo], 1. v. n., fly through, fly 
 over, hurry over. 
 
 pes, pedis, [^pad as stem], m., 
 the foot. — Also, as a measure, a foot. 
 pessime, superl. of male, wh. see. 
 pestifer, -era, -erum, [pesti-ffer, 
 cf. Lucifer], adj., pestilent. 
 
 pestis, -tis, [?, perh. pes (in pes- 
 sum, pessimus) + tis], Y., plague, 
 pestilence. — Esp. fig. of persons and 
 things, a plague, a pest, a bane, a 
 scourge, a curse, a cursed thing. — 
 Less exactly, ruin , dest 7 'uction : una 
 reipublicae pestis (convulsion). 
 
 Petilius, -i, [petilo (akin to peto) 
 + ius], M., a Roman gentile name. 
 — Esp., Q. Petilius, one of the jury 
 in the case against Clodius. 
 
 petltio, -onis, [peti- (as a stem 
 of peto) + tio], f., a thrust, an at- 
 tack. — Also, a seeking, a canvass ({ox 
 office, cf. peto), a campaign (in 
 politics) . 
 
 peto, petivi, petitus, petere, 
 
 [ V p AT], 3. v. a. and n., (fall?, fly?), 
 aim at, attack, make for, try to get, 
 be aimed at, seek , go to get, go to. — 
 
 Hence, ask, request, look for, get. — 
 Esp. of office, be a candidate for . 
 
 petulantia, -ae, [petulant+ia], 
 F., wantonness , impudence. 
 
 Pharnaces, -is, [Gr. $apvaKT)s~\, 
 M ., a son of Mithridates, king of 
 Pontus, conquered by Caesar, B.C. 47. 
 
 Pharsalia, -ae, [Pharsalo+ia], 
 F., the region about Pharsalus in 
 Thessaly, where the decisive battle 
 between Caesar and Pompey was 
 fought, B.c. 48. 
 
 Pharsalicus, -a, -um, [Pharsalo 
 -f cus], adj., of Pharsalia. 
 
 Philippus, -i, [Gr. &i\nnros], M., 
 a common Greek and Roman proper 
 name. — Esp. : 1. Philip V., king of 
 Macedonia, defeated at Cynoscepha- 
 lae, B.c. 197; 2. L. Philippus, cons. 
 B.c. 91. 
 
 philosophus, -i, [ <pt.\ 6 <ro(pos ], M., 
 
 a philosopher. 
 
 PIcenus, -a, -um, [fpice- (as a 
 kindred stem to picus) + nus], adj., 
 (of the woodpecker ?). — Also, of 
 Picenum (a region in eastern Italy, 
 north of Rome). — Picenum, N., 
 the region itself. 
 
 pictor, -toris, [V PIG + tor], m., 
 a painter. 
 
 pictura, -ae, [fpictu (Vp 10 + 
 tus) + ra, cf. figura], Y., painting, 
 a painting. 
 
 pie [old abl. of pius], adv., duti- 
 fully, religiously, with dutiful affec- 
 tion. 
 
 pietas, -tatis, [pio-ftas], y., filial 
 affection, affection (for the gods or 
 one’s country, etc.), patriotism, reli- 
 gion (as a sentiment) , piety, dutiful 
 affection. 
 
 pignero, -avi, -atus, -are, [pig- 
 ner-], 1. v. a., pledge. — Pass, as dep., 
 take as a pledge , claim as one's ozvn. 
 
 pignus, -oris (-eris), [fpign- (as 
 
 IT 
 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 
 V! 
 
 I 
 
 : I 1 
 
136 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 stem of pango or fpagino) + us, 
 cf. facinus], N., a pledge, a security. 
 — Fig., a hostage (reipublicae) . 
 
 pila, -ae, [?, but cf. pello], F., a 
 ball, ball (as a game). 
 
 pilum, -I, [ ?], N., a pestle. — Also, 
 a javelin (the peculiar weapon of 
 the Roman legion, with a heavy shaft 
 2 or 3 in. thick and 4 ft. long, and an 
 iron head, making a missile more than 
 6 ft. long, and weighing over 10 lbs.). 
 
 pingo, pinxi, pictus, pingere, 
 
 [ -y/PiG, cf. Gr. voIkiKos], 3. v. n., 
 (daub with a greasy substance?), 
 paint. 
 
 pinguis, -e, [?, possibly ping- (as 
 root of pingo) + us (with inserted 
 i as in levis, cf. the early methods 
 of painting with wax)], adj., fat . — 
 Hence, stupid ', clumsy , coarse . 
 
 pirata, -ae, [Gr. tt eipar^s, an ad- 
 venturer ], M., a sea-rover (perhaps 
 like the ancient Northmen, cf. prae- 
 do, a pirate , more in the modern 
 sense), a corsair , a freebooter , a pirate 
 (without the above distinction). 
 
 piscis, -is, [?], M., a fish. — Col- 
 lectively,^/*. 
 
 Piso, -onis, [piso + o], M., (a 
 man with a wart like a pea?, cf. 
 Cicero), a Roman family name. — 
 Esp., L. Calpurnius Piso Ccesonius , 
 father-in-law of Caesar, cons. B.c. 58 
 with Gabinius. 
 
 Pius, -i, [pius], M., a name of 
 Q. Metellus, given him for his duti- 
 ful conduct to his father. — See Me- 
 tellus. 
 
 placeo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [fplaco- 
 (cf. Viriplaca, placo, and placi- 
 dus)], 2. v. n., please. — Esp. in 
 third person, it pleases (one), one 
 likes , one approves , it is thought best , 
 one thinks best, one determines, it is 
 one's pleaszire, one's vote is. 
 
 placo, -avl, -atus, -are, [fplaca- 
 (cf. Viriplaca) ?, or placo- (cf. pla- 
 cidus)], 1. v. a., pacify , appease , 
 reconcile , win one's favor . 
 
 plaga, -ae, [y'PLAG (in plango) 
 + &], F -> a blow , a stroke , a lash, a 
 stripe. 
 
 plane [old abl. of planus], adv., 
 flatly , clearly , plainly , distinctly , 
 utterly , absolutely. 
 
 planus, -a, -um, [unc. root + nus] , 
 adj .,fiat, level. — Fig., plain, clear. 
 
 plebejus, -a, -um, [plebe+ius], 
 adj., of the common people, plebeian : 
 ludi (a festival held Nov. 16, 17, and 
 18, under the direction of the ple- 
 beian sediles, in honor of some un- 
 certain advancement of the plebs) ; 
 purpura (a dark, dull red of a poorer 
 quality than that worn by the magis- 
 trates and senators). 
 
 plebs (plebes), -is (-ei), [ple- 
 (in plenus) + unc. term., cf. ttXtjOos'], 
 F., the plebs, the common people (as 
 opposed to the upper classes at 
 Rome), the populace, the people, the 
 commons. 
 
 plenus, -a, -um, [pie- (in fpleo) 
 + nus], adj., full: plena consen- 
 sionis (in perfect agreement ). 
 plerumque, see plerusque. 
 plerusque, -aque, -unique, [-^/ple 
 (in pleo) + rus + que (cf. -pletus, 
 plenus)], adj. only in plur., most 
 of very many. — Acc. sing, as adv., 
 plerumque, generally, usually, for 
 the most part, very often. 
 
 Plotius, -i, [?, Plauto+ius], M., 
 a Roman gentile name. — Esp., L. 
 Plotius, a Roman teacher of rhetoric. 
 
 Plotius, -a, -um, [same word as 
 preceding], adj., of Plotius, Plotian : 
 lex (a law of M. Plotius or Plautius 
 Silvanus in relation to assault and 
 battery or breach of the peace). 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 137 
 
 plurimus, see imiltus. 
 plus, see multus. 
 poena, -ae, [perh. fpovi- (y'pu) 
 + na (cf. punio)], F., a penalty. — 
 Hence, a punishment (see persolvo, 
 repeto, constituo). 
 poenitet, see paenitet. 
 
 Poenus, -a, -um, [borrowed from 
 a stem akin to Gr. 4 >ofH/ceos], adj., 
 Carthaginian. — Plur., the Cartha- 
 guiians . 
 
 poeta, -ae, [Gr. m., a 
 
 poet. 
 
 polio, -ivi (-il), -itus, -ire, [?], 
 4. v. a., smooth , polish (also fig.). — 
 Also, adorn , beautify. 
 
 polliceor, -licitus, -liceri, [fpor- 
 (= Gr. 7r pos, cf. portendo) -liceor], 
 
 2. v.dep., offer, promise (voluntarily, 
 cf. promitto, by request, etc.), make 
 an offer, propose. 
 
 polluo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [fpor- 
 luo], 3. v. a., ( stain as by water?'), 
 pollute, defile , desecrate, violate. 
 
 pompa, -ae, [Gr. Tro/unri /], F., a 
 procession (esp. of a funeral). 
 
 Pompejus, -i, [fpompe- (dia- 
 lectic form of quinque) + ius], M., 
 a Roman gentile or family name. — 
 Esp., Cneius Pompeius , the great 
 rival of Caesar, consul with Marcus 
 Crassus in B.c. 55. 
 
 Pompejus, -a, -um, [same word 
 as preceding], as adj., of Pompey : 
 via Pompeja (a street at Syracuse). 
 
 Pomptinus (Pont-), -i, [cf. 
 Pompejus], M., a Roman family 
 name. — Esp., C. Pomptinus, praetor, 
 b.c. 63. 
 
 pondus,-eris, [-y/PEND^npendo) 
 + us], N., weight. 
 
 pono, posui, positus, ponere, 
 [prob. fpor-sino (cf. polliceor)], 
 
 3. v. a., lay down, place, put, set, 
 class, set before, station , lay. — Fig., 
 
 place, lay, make depend o?i, base , 
 rest, found. — positus, -a, -um, p.p., 
 situated, lying, depending on, de- 
 pendent upon. 
 
 pons, pontis, [?], M., a bridge . 
 
 pontifex, -icis, [in form ponti- 
 (stem of pons) ffex (^/fac as 
 stem); connection uncertain, but per- 
 haps from railings in temples, etc.], 
 M ., a pontifex (a kind of high priest, 
 of which several formed a board, 
 having in charge most religious mat- 
 ters) : maximus (the chief of these). 
 
 Pontus, -i, [Gr. n 6 vros~\, M., the 
 ancient name of the Black Sea. — 
 Less exactly, of the region around. 
 — Esp., Pontus, the kingdom of 
 Mithridates, on the south-eastern 
 shore of the sea. 
 
 popa, -ae, [?], m., an inferior 
 priest. 
 
 Popilius, -i, [?, cf. popa], M., a 
 Roman gentile name. — Esp., C. 
 Popilius, a senator, convicted of re- 
 ceiving money illegally. 
 
 popina, -ae, [popa + ina, (f. of 
 -inus), butcher's shop?~\, f., a tavern 
 (of a low order), a cookshop, a 
 brothel. 
 
 popularis, -e, [populd + aris], 
 
 adj., of the (a) people, of the popu- 
 lace, popular. — Esp ., popular (favor- 
 ing the people), democratic. 
 
 populor, -atus, -ari, [populo-], 
 1. v. dep., ( strip of people?, cf. Eng. 
 skin, shell, bark a tree), ravage, de- 
 vastate. — populatus, -a, -um, p.p. 
 as pass., ravaged, devastated. 
 
 populus, -i, [ffPAL? (in pleo) 
 reduplicated -f us], M., ( the full 
 number, the mass), a people (in its 
 collective capacity), the people (the 
 state), a nation , a tribe (as opposed 
 to individuals) : populus Romanus 
 (the official designation of the Ro- 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 138 
 
 man state). — Esp., the people (as dis- 
 tinguished from the higher classes, 
 no linger opposed to plebs), the 
 citizens (including all). 
 
 Porcius, -I, [fPorco- (porcus) 
 + ills], M., a Roman gentile name. 
 — Esp. : I . M. Porcius Cato , the 
 Censor, sedile, B.C. 199; 2. M. Por- 
 cius Lceca , tribune, B.C. 199. 
 
 Porcius, -a, -um, [same word as 
 preceding], adj., of Porcius (one of 
 the two above mentioned), Porcian : 
 lex ( a law by one of the above, 
 securing the freedom of Roman citi- 
 zens from stripes and death except 
 by judgment of their peers). 
 
 porrigo, -rexi, -rectus, -rigere, 
 [fpor- (cf. polliceor) -rego], 3-v.a., 
 stretch forth , hold out to one, put in 
 one's hand. 
 
 porro [?, akin to fpor (cf. por- 
 rigo)], adv., furthermore , further , 
 moreover , then again. 
 
 porta, -ae, [^/por (cf. Gr. iropos) 
 + ta], F., ( way of traffic ?), a gate. 
 
 portentum, -i, [p.p. of porten- 
 do], N., a portent. — Hence, a mon- 
 ster , a prodigy (of crime or the like). 
 
 porticus, -us, [porta + cus, the 
 declens. prob. a blunder, cf. senati, 
 etc.], F., a colonnade , a portico , an 
 arcade. 
 
 porto, -avi, -atus, -are, [porta-?], 
 1. v. a., carry (perh. orig. by way 
 of traffic), bring. 
 
 portus, -tus, [V POR (cf* porta) 
 + tus], M., (a place of access ), a 
 harbor , a haven , a port : ex portu 
 {from customs'). 
 
 posco, poposci, no p.p., poscere, 
 [perils akin to prex], 3. v. a., de- 
 mand (with some idea of claim, 
 stronger than peto, weaker than 
 flagito), require , claim , call for, 
 ask for. 
 
 possessio, -onis, fpor-fsessio 
 (cf. obsessio)], ¥., possession, occu- 
 pation . — Concretely (as in Eng.), 
 possessions , lands (possessed), es- 
 tates : de possessione detrahere 
 ( lands in possession ) ; libertatis 
 ( enjoyment ). 
 
 possideo, -sedi, -sessus, -sidere, 
 [fpor-sedeo], 2. v. a., ( settle farther 
 on?), occupy, possess, hold possession 
 of enjoy . 
 
 possum, potui, posse, [pote (for 
 potis) -sum], irr. v. n., be able, can 
 (etc.), be strong, have power , have 
 zueight, can do, etc. : plurimum po- 
 test (is very strong, is very able, 
 has the greatest advantage ) ; si fieri 
 potest (if it is possible) ; neque po- 
 test is, etc. (it is impossible that he, 
 changing construction to keep em- 
 phasis) . 
 
 post [?, prob. abl. of stem akin to 
 postis (cf. ante, antes, rows, and 
 antae, pilaster j)], adv. and prep., 
 behind, after, later than, afterwards, 
 later, since : post diem tertium 
 (three days after) ; post memoriam 
 hominum (since)', post conditam 
 Messanam (since the building of, 
 etc.). — post quam, see postquam. 
 
 postea [post ea (prob. abl. or 
 instr.)], adv., afterwards , later, here- 
 after, by and by. — postea quam, 
 see posteaquam. 
 
 posteaquam (often separate) 
 [postea quam], conjunctive adv., 
 (later than), after (only with clause). 
 
 posteritas, -tatis, [postero-ftas], 
 F., aftertimes , future ages : in pos- 
 teritatem (for the future, hi the 
 future , hereafter). 
 
 posterus, -a, -um, [post- (or stem 
 akin) + rus (orig. compar., cf. supe- 
 rus)], adj., the next, later : posteri 
 (posterity)', postero die (the next 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 139 
 
 day) ; in posterum (/or the future ) . 
 — postremus, -a, -uni, superl., last , 
 the lowest. — postremo, abl., lastly , 
 finally. 
 
 posthac [post hac (prob. abl. 
 or instr.)], adv., hereafter. 
 
 postquam [post quam], conjunc- 
 tive adv., (later than), after. 
 postremo, see posterus. 
 postremus, see posterus. 
 postridie [fposteri (loc. of pos- 
 terus) -die], adv., the next day. 
 
 postulatio, -onis, [postula+tio], 
 F., a demand , a request. 
 
 postuld, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], 
 1. v. a., claim (with idea of right, 
 less urgent than posco), ask , re- 
 quest, require , call for , demand ' ex- 
 pect : postulante nescio quo (at 
 somebody or other's request ); nullo 
 postulante (zuithout any one's ask- 
 ing it). 
 
 potens, -entis, [p. of possum as 
 adj.], adj., powerful , influential , of 
 influence : potentiores (men of in- 
 fluence). 
 
 potentia, -ae, [potent + ia], f., 
 power (political influence), author- 
 ity (not official or legal), domina- 
 tion, domineering. 
 
 potestas, -tatis, [potent + tas], 
 F., power (official, cf. potentia, and 
 civil, not military, cf. imperium), 
 office, authority , power (generally), 
 control , ability , opportunity , chance , 
 permission (from a different point 
 of view), privilege : imperium et 
 potestas (military and civil power, 
 pozver and authority)', praedonum 
 (the power , the hands). 
 
 potior, potitus, potlri, [poti-, cf. 
 potis], 4. v. dep., become master of, 
 possess one's self of get the control 
 of: rerum (gain supreme control). 
 potior, -us, -oris, [compar. of 
 
 potis], adj., preferable. — potius, 
 acc. as adv., rather. — potissimum, 
 acc. of superl. as adv., rather than 
 any one (anything) else, particu- 
 larly, especially, most of all, by pref- 
 erence (over all others), better than 
 any other , best. 
 
 potus, -a, -um, [p.p. of fpoo, cf. 
 potio], p.p., having drunken, full 
 of zvine. 
 
 prae [unc. case-form of same 
 stem as pro], adv. (in composition) 
 and prep., before, in comparison 
 zvith. — Esp. with words implying 
 hindrance, for, on account of (some 
 obstacle). — In composition, before 
 others, very, before, at the head of. 
 
 praebeo, praebul, praebitus, prae- 
 bere, [prae-habeo] , 2. v. a., (hold 
 before one), offer, present, furnish, 
 afford : crudelitati sanguis prae- 
 bitus (sacrificed). — With reflex., 
 show, display, act (in any manner) . 
 
 praeceps, -cipitis, [prae-caput], 
 adj., head-first, headlong, in haste, 
 hasty, inconsiderate, driven head- 
 long. 
 
 praeceptum, -i, [p.p. of prae- 
 cipio], N., an instruction, an order , 
 a precept, instruction (in plur.). 
 
 praecipio, -cepl, -ceptus, -cipere, 
 [prae-eapio] , 3. v. a. and n., take be- 
 forehand, anticipate. — Also, order, 
 give instructions, give directions. 
 
 praecipue [old abl. of praeci- 
 puus], adv., especially. 
 
 praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae- 
 fcapuus (VCAP-f- vus)], adj., (tak- 
 ing the first place), special, particu- 
 larly great: hoc praecipuum (this 
 special advantage) . 
 
 praeclare [old abl. of praecla- 
 rus], adv., nobly , gloriously, finely, 
 in a fine condition, handsomely, very 
 zvell. 
 
140 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 praeclarus, -a, -um, [prae-cla- 
 rus], adj., very noble, glorious, very 
 famous , excellent, magnificent , pre- 
 eminent, very fine , very beautiful, 
 very striking, splendid : omnia prae- 
 clara sentire (have all the noblest 
 sentunents, etc.). 
 
 praecludd, -clusi, -clusus, -clu- 
 dere, [prae-claudo], 3. v. a., ( close 
 some one or something in front), 
 shut off, barricade, cut off. 
 
 praeco, -onis, [?], M., a herald. 
 praeconius, -a, -um, [praecon+ 
 ius], adj., of a herald. — Neut. as 
 subst., heralding. 
 
 praecurro, -cucurri (-currl), -cur- 
 surus, -currere, [prae-curro], 3.V.11. 
 and a., run on before, hasten on be- 
 fore, hasten in advance, hurry on 
 before, outrun, outstrip. 
 
 praeda, -ae, [prob. prae-fhida 
 (root of -hendo-fa)], F., booty, prey, 
 plunder. 
 
 praeda tor, -toris, [praeda-f-tor], 
 M., a plunderer, a robber. 
 
 praedicatio, -onis, [praedica + 
 tio], F., a proclaiming, an assertion, 
 a statement, commendation, celebrity 
 (talk of people about one). 
 
 praedico, -dlxl, -dictus, -dicere, 
 [prae-dico], 3. v. a., foretell, proph- 
 esy, tell beforehand, state first. 
 
 praedicd, -avi, -atus, -are, [fprae- 
 dico- (or similar stem from prae 
 with y'Dic, before the world or one’s 
 self, cf. praedico, before the event)], 
 1. v. a. and n., make known (before 
 oad), pro cl aim, describe, boast, vaunt 
 one's self, celebrate, report, say, tell 
 us, state , declare : praedicari de se 
 volunt (to be talked about). 
 
 praeditus, -a, -um, [prae-datus, 
 cf. praebeo], p.p., endowed, fur- 
 nished, supplied, possessing, enjoying . 
 praedium, -i, [praed- (praes) 
 
 -f ium], N., an estate (orig. as a 
 security). 
 
 praedd, -onis, [praeda + o], m., 
 a robber, a freebooter, a pirate (cf. 
 
 pirata) . 
 
 praeeo, -ivi (-il), no p.p., -ire^ 
 [prae-eo], irr. v. n. and a., go before, 
 precede. — Esp. of formulas, dictate. 
 — Hence, prescribe , dictate (gener- 
 ally). 
 
 praefectura, -ae, [praefec- (as 
 stem of praeficio) + tura, cf. pic- 
 tura], F., the office of prcefectus (see 
 next word), a prefecture (?) . — Also, 
 the city governed by a prefect, a 
 prefecture (as opposed to muni- 
 cipium and colonia, wh. see). 
 
 praefectus, [p.p. of prae- 
 ficio, as subst.], M., a captain (of 
 auxiliary troops). — Also, a governor 
 (sent from Rome to govern a city of 
 the allies). 
 
 praeferd, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [prae- 
 fero], irr. v. a., place before, hand to, 
 place in one's hands, esteem above, 
 prefer to (with dat. or quam). 
 
 praeficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, 
 [prae-facio], 3. v. a., put before , 
 place in command of, set over. 
 
 praeflnio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, 
 [prae-finio], 4. v. a., (set a limit 
 before), li?nit, fix (as a limit). 
 
 praemittd, -misi, -missus, -mit- 
 tere, [prae-mitto] , 3. v. a., send for- 
 ward, send on. 
 
 praemium, -i, [?, perh. prae- 
 temium ( V EM > i n em o, + ium)], 
 (taken before the general distribu- 
 tion or disposal of booty?), N., a re- 
 ward, a prize. 
 
 praeinoneo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [prae- 
 moneo], 2. v. a., warn beforehand, 
 forewarn. 
 
 Praeneste, -is, [?], N. and F., a 
 city of Latium about twenty miles 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 from Rome, strongly fortified, now 
 Palestrina. 
 
 praepard, -avi, -atus, -are, [prae- 
 paro], I. v. a., prepare beforehand , 
 provide for , provide , prepare. 
 
 praepono, -posui, -positus, -po- 
 nere, [prae-pono], 3. v. a., put in 
 command, put in charge, place over : 
 praepositus est ( presides over). 
 
 praeripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, 
 [prae-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away, 
 seize in advance, forestall. 
 
 praerogativus, -a, -um, [prae- 
 roga + tivus], adj., (asked first), 
 voting first. — Fern, as subst., the 
 first century (in voting). — Hence, 
 a decisive vote (given first and so an 
 omen of the result), an indication, 
 an earnest. 
 
 praescrfbo, -scrips!, -scriptus, 
 -scribere, [prae-scribo], 3. v. a., 
 ( write down beforehand), prescribe, 
 order, direct, ordain : hoc beluis 
 natura ( impress upon). 
 
 praesens, -entis, p. of praesum. 
 praesentia, -ae, [praesent+ia], 
 Y., presence, the present moment : in 
 praesentia ( for the moment, at the 
 moment). 
 
 praesentio, -sensi, -sensus, -sen- 
 tire, [prae-sentio], 4. v. a., see be- 
 forehand, find out in time, find out 
 (beforehand), look forward to. 
 
 praesertim [as if acc. of fprae- 
 sertis ( V SER > in sero, + tis)], adv., 
 (at the head of the row?), especially, 
 particularly. 
 
 praesideo, -sedi, no p.p., -sidere, 
 [prae-sedeo], 2. v. n. (and a.), (sit 
 in front of) , preside over, guard. 
 
 praesidium, -i, [prae-fsidium 
 (\/sed + inm), cf. obsidium], n., 
 (a sitting down before), a guard, a 
 garrison, a force (detached for oc- 
 cupation or guard), an armed force, 
 
 141 
 
 I a defence. — Fig., protection, assist- 
 \ ance, support, a defence, a safeguard, 
 a bulwark, a stronghold, a reliance. 
 
 praestabilis,-e, [praesta+bilis], 
 adj., excellent, desirable. 
 praestans, see praesto. 
 praesto [?, perh. “ praesto,” / 
 am here (as if quoted)], adv., on 
 hand, ready, waiting for : praesto 
 esse (be waiting for, meet). 
 
 praesto, -stiti, -status, (-stitus), 
 -stare, [prae-sto], 1 . v. a. and n., stand 
 before, be at the head, excel, be supe- 
 rior : praestat (it is better). — 
 Also, causatively, (bring before), fur- 
 nish, display, give assurance of, 
 vouch for, maintain, assure, make 
 good. — Esp. with pred. acc., guar- 
 antee, insure, maintain. — prae- 
 stans, -antis, p. as adj., excellent, 
 superior , surpassing . 
 
 praestolor, -atus, -ari, [?, but cf. 
 stolidus and stolo], 1. v. dep., 
 wait for, attend upon. 
 
 praesum, -fui, -esse, [prae-sum], 
 irr. v. n., be in front, be at the head 
 of be in co?nmand, preside over , 
 command (an army, etc.). — prae- 
 sens, -entis, p., present, immediate , 
 in person, here present, present in 
 person, with immediate action, act- 
 ing directly, direct (of the interposi- 
 tion of the gods) : animus (ready, 
 or together , presence of mind). 
 
 praeter [compar. of prae (cf. 
 inter)], adv. and prep., along by, 
 past, beyond. — Fig., except, beside, 
 contraiy to, more than, beyond. 
 
 praeterea [praeter-ea (abl.?)], 
 adv., furthermore, besides , and be- 
 sides, and also: nemo praeterea 
 (no one else)\ neque praeterea 
 quicquam (and nothing else). 
 
 praetereo, -ii, -itus, -ire, [praeter- 
 eo], irr. v. a. and n., go by, pass by, 
 
142 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 pass over , overlook . — praeteritus, 
 -a, -um, p.p. as adj., past. — Esp. N. 
 plur., praeterita, the past (cf. “ by- 
 gones ”). 
 
 praetermitto, -misi, -missus, -mit- 
 tere, [praeter-mitto], 3. v. a., let 
 go by , let slip , omit, neglect , pass over. 
 
 praeterquam [praeter-quam] , 
 conjunctive adv., except, further than. 
 
 praetervectio, -onis, [praeter- 
 vectio], F., a sailing by, a course 
 (where one sails by). 
 
 praetextatus, -a, -um, [praetex- 
 ta + tus], adj., clad in the prce- 
 texia, in one's childhood. 
 
 praetextus, -a, -um, [p.p. of 
 praetexo], p.p., bordered : in prae- 
 texta (the bordered toga worn by 
 children and magistrates, a symbol 
 for childhood'). 
 
 praetor, -toris, [prae-fitor ( y/i + 
 tor)], M., (a leader), a commander. 
 — Esp., a prcetor, one of a class of 
 magistrates at Rome. In early times 
 two had judicial powers, and the 
 others regular commands abroad. 
 Later, all, during their year of office, 
 had judicial powers, but, like the 
 consuls (who were originally called 
 prsetors), they had a year abroad as 
 propraetors : urbanus (the judge of 
 the court for cases between citizens). 
 
 praetorius, -a, -um, [praetor + 
 ius], adj., of a prcetor (in all its 
 senses) : praetoria cohors ( the body 
 guard, of the commander, see prae- 
 tor) ; comitia {for the election of 
 prcetors); homo {an ex-prcetor ). — 
 praetorium, N., the general's tent, 
 headquarters. 
 
 praetura, -ae, [prae-fitura ? 
 (itu + ra, cf. pictura)], f., (a going 
 before), the office of prcetor, the prce- 
 tor ship. 
 
 prandeS, prandi, pransus, pran- 
 
 dere, [?], 2. v. n., breakfast . — Esp. 
 pransus, p.p., satiated. 
 
 pra vitas, -tatis, [pravo+tas], f., 
 
 ( crookedness ) . — Hence, wickedness, 
 depravity, evil intent. 
 
 pravus, -a, -um, [?], adj., crooked. 
 — Hence, perverse, vicious. 
 
 precor, -atus, -arl, [prec-], 1. v. 
 dep., pray, supplicate , entreat. 
 
 premo, pressi, pressus, premere, 
 [ ?], 3. v. a., press, burden, press 
 hard, harass, overwhelm, oppress. 
 
 pretium, -i, [?, cf. Gr. TTpiafiai], 
 N., a price, 7noney, value, a bribe : 
 in pretio esse (Jo be highly esteemed) ; 
 operae pretium ( worth one's while). 
 fprex, fprecis, [?], f., a prayer. 
 pridem [prae (or stem akin) 
 -dem (cf. idem)], adv., for some 
 tune : jam pridem ( long ago, for 
 some time, for a long time). 
 
 pridie [pri- (prae or case of 
 same stem) die (loc. of dies)], adv., 
 the day before. — Esp. in dates, pri- 
 die Kalendas, the day before the 
 Calends, etc. 
 
 Prilius (Pre-), -i, [?, M. of adj.], 
 M., with lacus, a lake in Etruria 
 ( Castiglione) . 
 
 prlmarius, -a, -um, [primo + 
 arius], adj., of the first, superior, 
 excellent, of the first class. 
 primus, -a, -um, see prior, 
 princeps, -ipis, [primo-ceps 
 (^/cap as stem, cf. manceps)], adj., 
 M. and F ., first, chief, a man of the 
 first rank, a chief, a chief man, a 
 principal man, a leader, a prime 
 mover : princeps esse and the like 
 (take the lead). 
 
 prlncipatus, -tus, [princip -f 
 atus, cf. senatus] , m., the first 
 place, the position of leader, the pre- 
 eminence. 
 
 principium, -i, [princip + ium], 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 143 
 
 N., a beginning: principio (in the 
 first place) . 
 
 prior, -us, [stem akin to pro+ior], 
 compar., former , before : nox (last 
 nighty night before last). — Neut. 
 prius as adv., before , earlier , first. 
 
 — Esp. with quam, before, first . . . 
 before , sooner . . . than. — Superl., 
 primus, -a, -um, [prae ( ?) + mus 
 (cf. summus)], first, of the first 
 class, superior : decern primi (the 
 ten select men, a board of ten magis- 
 trates in many ancient cities); in 
 primis (see imprimis). — Acc. N. 
 (as adv.), primum, in the first 
 place (opp. to turn, Heinilv) , first, 
 the first time : cum primum (when 
 first, as soon as ) ; ut primum (as 
 soon as). — Abl. N., primo (as adv.), 
 at first (opp. to postea, etc.). 
 
 pristinus, -a, -um, [prius-tinus, 
 cf. diutinus], adj., former (previ- 
 ously existing), old, of old, oldtime, 
 tinie-honored. 
 
 prius, see prior. 
 
 priusquam, see prior. 
 
 privatus, p.p. of privo, which 
 see. 
 
 privo, -avi, -atus, -are, [privo-], 
 1. v. a., (set apart 1 ), deprive . — 
 Esp., privatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., 
 (set apart from the general com- 
 munity), private, separate, individ- 
 ual, domestic (as opposed to public) . 
 
 — Masc. as subst., a private citizen, 
 a private individual, an individual, 
 a private person. 
 
 pro [for prod, abl. of stem akin 
 to prae, prior, etc.], adv. (in 
 comp.) and prep., in front of before 
 (in place, time, or circumstance). — 
 Hence, in place of, for, on behalf of, 
 in return for, in view of, on account 
 of in proportion to, in accordance 
 with , according to. — Esp. with names 
 
 of officers, as, acting as, ex-. — Often 
 rendered by transference, proconsul , 
 proprcetor. — In comp, as adv., be- 
 fore, forth, away, for, down (as fall- 
 ing forward). 
 
 proavus, -i, [pro-avus], m., a 
 
 great-grandfather. 
 
 probe [old abl. of probus], adv., 
 honestly, virtuously , with integrity , 
 well, very well. 
 
 probitas, -tatis, [probo + tas], 
 
 F., honesty, integrity. 
 
 probo, -avi, -atus, -are, [probo-], 
 I. v. a., make good, find good, ap- 
 prove, prove, show, make clear, be 
 satisfied with, make acceptable, (pass., 
 be acceptable) . — Esp., probatus, -a, 
 -um, p.p. as adj., approved, accepta- 
 ble, esteemed. 
 
 probus, -a, -um, [pro + bus, cf. 
 morbus], adj., superior (perh. mer- 
 cantile word), excellent, good, honest. 
 
 procella, -ae, [pro-fcella, akin 
 to cello], F., a tearing, rushing 
 storm, a tempest, a storm, a hurri- 
 cane. 
 
 processio, -onis, [pro-cessio, cf. 
 procedo], f., an advance. 
 
 procrastino, -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [procrastino- (as if, perh. really, 
 pro-crastino) ] , 1. v. a., put off till 
 to-morrow, postpone, procrastinate. 
 
 procreo, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
 creo], I. v. a., generate, produce, 
 give birth to : procreatus (born) . 
 
 procul [?, fproco- (pro-fcus, cf. 
 reciprocus) + his (reduced, cf. 
 simul)], adv., at a distance (not 
 necessarily great), away, far away. 
 
 procuratio, -onis, [procura + 
 tio], F., a caring for, management, 
 superintendence. 
 
 procurator, -toris, [procura + 
 tor], M ., a manager, a steward. 
 prodeo, -ivi (-ii), -iturus, -ire, 
 
144 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 [prod-eo], irr. v. n .,go forth , appear 
 abroad , appear (in the streets). 
 
 prodigium, -i, [fprodigo (pro- 
 dicus?) + ium], n., an omen , a por- 
 tent . — Hence, a prodigy, a monster. 
 
 prodigus, -a, -um, [prod-fagus 
 ( -y/AG + us, cf. agilis and Gr. A ox«- 
 705)], adj., wasteful (cf. prodigo), 
 prodigal , a spendthrift. 
 
 proditor, -toris, [pro-dator (cf. 
 prodo)], M., a betrayer , a traitor. 
 
 prodo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [pro- 
 d°], 3. v. a., give or put forth, give 
 away, betray. — Also, publish, ap- 
 point, hand down, transmit. 
 
 produco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
 [pro-duco] , 3. v. a., lead forth , bring 
 out, produce, bring forward, intro- 
 duce. 
 
 proelium, -I, [?], N., a battle, a 
 
 fight. 
 
 profanus, -a, -um, [pro-fanum, 
 
 decl. as adj.], adj., ( outside the tem- 
 ple ), not sacred, secular, common. 
 
 profectio, -onis, [pro-factio, cf. 
 proficiscor] , F., a departure, a 
 starting, a setting out. 
 
 profecto [pro-facto], adv., ( for 
 a fact), certainly , surely, doubtless, 
 undoubtedly , no doubt, Vm sure. 
 
 profero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [pro- 
 fero], irr. v. a., bring forth , carry 
 forward, bring out, publish , bring 
 forward, introduce, produce, adduce. 
 
 professio, -onis, [pro-ffassio, cf. 
 profiteor], F., a declaration. 
 
 proficio, -fed, -fectum (n.) , -ficere, 
 [pro-facio], 3. v. n., go forward, 
 gain, make progress. 
 
 proficiscor, -fectus, -ficisci, [pro- 
 ffaciscor (facio)], 3. v. dep., set out, 
 start, depart, proceed, begin, arise : 
 ratio profecta ( proceeding ). 
 
 profiteor, -fessus, -fiteri, [pro- 
 fateor], 2. v. dep., profess, declare, \ 
 
 offer, proffer , promise] make a decla- 
 ration. 
 
 profligo, -avl, -atus, -are, [pro- 
 fligo], i.v.a. , dash down, overwhelm , 
 lay prostrate, prostrate. — Esp., pro- 
 fllgatus, -a, -um, abandoned, cor- 
 rupt, unprincipled, profligate. 
 
 prof agio, -fugi, -fugiturus, -fugere, 
 [pro-fugio], 3. v. xv.,flee away, es- 
 cape, flee, take to flight. 
 
 prdfundo, -fudi, -fusus, -fundere, 
 [pro-fundo], 3. v. a., pour forth , 
 pour out, shed, waste. 
 
 profundus, -a, -um, [pro-fun- 
 dus], adj., deep. — Neut. as subst., 
 an abyss. 
 
 progredior, -gressus, -gredl, [pro- 
 gradior], 3. v. dep., advance, pro- 
 ceed, go : nihil progreditur ( takes 
 no step) : quo tandem progressu- 
 rus ( how far he would go ) ; quem 
 in locum progressus (how far you 
 have gone, how much you are im- 
 plicated). 
 
 prohibeo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [pro- 
 habeo], 2. v. a., hold off, hinder, for- 
 bid, prevent, shut out , cut off. — 
 With a change of relation, keep (from 
 some calamity, etc.), protect, guard. 
 
 proicio(jicio),-jeci,-jectus, -icere, 
 [pro-jacio], 3. v. a., cast forth, throw 
 away, expose : foras (throw out, get 
 rid of) ; insula projecta est (pro- 
 jects, runs out). 
 
 proinde [pro-inde], adv., (and 
 so onT),just the same, just. — Also, 
 therefore, hence: proinde quasi (j ust 
 as if forsooth , ironical). 
 
 prolato, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
 lato-], I. v. a. and n., extend, put off, 
 shillyshally, procrastinate. 
 
 promissum, -i, [p.p. of promit- 
 to], N., a promise. 
 
 promptus, -a, -um, [p.p. of pro- 
 , mo], as adj., (taken out of the gen- 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 145 
 
 eral store ), on hand ' ready , ac- 
 tive. 
 
 promulgo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, 
 prob. promulgo- (pro-mulgus, akin 
 to mulgeo, multo)], i.v. a. and n., 
 
 {post a fine'?'), give notice of (as a 
 law), publish. — Absolutely, give no- 
 tice of a bill. 
 
 pronuntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
 nuntio], 1. v. a., proclaim , publish , 
 declare , speak out. 
 
 propago, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
 pago- (stem of propagus), or kin- 
 dred stem], 1. v. a., ( peg doivn , of 
 plants, propagate by layers'), propa- 
 gate, extend, prolong, preserve : subo- 
 lem (rear). 
 
 prope [pro-fpe (of. quippe)], 
 adv. and prep., near, nearly, almost. 
 
 — Comp, propius, superl. proxi- 
 me, as prep. : proxime deos (very 
 near the gods) . 
 
 propemodum [prope modum], 
 
 adv., (often separate), nearly, very 
 nearly, pretty nearly : prope modum 
 errare ( come near making a mis- 
 take). 
 
 propero, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
 pero-], 1. v. a. and n., hasten : pro- 
 perato opus est (there is need of 
 haste) . 
 
 propinquus, -a, -um, [case of 
 prope+cus (cf. longinquus)], adj., 
 near. — Esp., nearly related, related. 
 
 — As subst., a relative, a kinsman. 
 
 propior, -us, [comp, of stem of 
 
 prope], adj., nearer, closer. — Superb, 
 proximus, -a,-um, [fproco+timus, 
 cf. reciprocus], nearest, very near, 
 last, next, following. — As subst., a 
 relative. — In plur., those nearest one, 
 one's kindred. 
 
 propono, -posui, -positus, -ponere, 
 [pro-pono], 3. v. 2,., place before, set 
 before, set forth, set up, propose, pur- 
 
 pose, imagine, conceive, set before as a 
 model, offer, offer for sale, threaten , 
 determine upon, present , bring for- 
 ward : mihi erat propositum (my 
 purpose was). 
 
 propraetor, -toris, [pro-praetor 
 (corrupted from pro praetore and 
 declined)], M., a proprcetor (one 
 holding over in a province after the 
 year of his prsetorship). 
 
 proprie [old abl. of proprius], 
 adv., properly, peculiarly, strictly, 
 solely. 
 
 proprius, -a, -um, [ ?, perh. akin 
 to prope], adj., one's own, peculiar , 
 characteristic, indefeasible, perma- 
 nent, appropriate, proper. — Often 
 rendered by an adv., peculiarly : pro- 
 prius est (peculiarly belongs) ; nos- 
 ter proprius (peculiarly ours) ; 
 populi Komani (the peculiar char- 
 acteristic of, etc.). 
 
 propter [prope+ter, cf. aliter], 
 adv. and prep., near, near at hand. 
 — Elence, on account of on behalf 
 of for the sake of, by means of, 
 through (the agency of). 
 
 propterea, adv., on this account. 
 propudium, -i, [pro-fpudium 
 (fpudo-, cf. pudet, + ium), cf. re- 
 pudium], N., shameful conduct, a 
 disgrace . — Also, of persons, a dis- 
 grace (one who causes shame). 
 
 propugnaculum, -i, [propugna 
 + culum], N., a defence, a bulwark. 
 
 propugnator, -toris, [pro-pug- 
 nator, cf. propugno], M., a cham- 
 pion. 
 
 propulso, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
 pulso, cf. propello], 1. v. a., repel, 
 ward off, avert : vim a vita (defend 
 one's life against, etc.). 
 
 proripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, 
 [pro-rapio], 3 . v. a., snatch away, 
 drag forth, drag off. 
 
 v 
 
146 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 proscribo, -scrips!, -scriptus, -scri- 
 bere, [pro-scribo], 3. v. a., adver- 
 tise, publish (in writing). — Esp., 
 proscribe (in a list of persons for- 
 feiting their estates), outlaw. 
 
 proscriptio, -onis, [pro-scriptio, 
 cf. proscribo], F., an advertising , 
 a sale (on execution). — Hence, a 
 proscription , outlawry, forfeiture of 
 goods. 
 
 prosequor, -secutus, -sequi, [pro- 
 sequor], 3. v. dep., follow forth , ac- 
 company out , escort, honor, pay re- 
 spect. 
 
 prospere [old abl. of prospe- 
 rus], adv., successfully, prosperously, 
 with success. 
 
 prospicio, -spexi, -spectus, -spi- 
 cere, [pro-fspecio], 3. v. a. and n., 
 look forward, see afar, look out for, 
 provide for. 
 
 prosterno, -stravi, -stratus, -ster- 
 nere, [pro-sterno], 3. v. a., lay low, 
 overwhelm, destroy, overthrow, lay 
 prostrate, prostrate. 
 
 prosum, profui, profuturus, pro- 
 desse, [pro-sum], irr. v. a., be of 
 advantage, profit, do good, avail, 
 benefit. 
 
 protraho, -traxi, -tractus, -tra- 
 here, [pro-traho], 3. v. a., drag 
 forth, drag out. 
 
 providentia, -ae, [provident + 
 ia], F., foresight. — Hence, fore- 
 thought, precautions. 
 
 provideo, -vidi, -vlsus, -videre, 
 [pro-video], 2. v. a. and w., provide 
 for , foresee, see beforehand , take care, 
 make provision, provide, arrange be- 
 forehand, use precaution, take pains 
 (to accomplish something), guard 
 against, provide for the future. 
 
 provincia, -ae, [fprovinco- (pro- 
 vincus, vine- as root of vinco + 
 us) -f ia], F., (office of one extend- 
 
 ing the frontier by conquest in the 
 field), office (of a commander or 
 governor), a province (in general), 
 a function. — Transferred, a prov- 
 ince (governed by a Roman magis- 
 trate) . 
 
 provincialis, -e, [provincia + 
 lis], adj., of a province, in the prov- 
 inces, in a province, provincial. 
 
 provoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- 
 voco], I. v. a. and 11., call forth , 
 rouse , provoke. 
 
 proxime, see prope. 
 proximus, see propior. 
 prudens, -entis, [providens] , 
 adj., far-seeing, wise, prudent : pa- 
 rum prudens ( too indiscreet , too 
 careless') ; prudens atque sciens 
 ( knowingly and with one’s eyes open, 
 an old formula). 
 
 prudentia, -ae, [prudent + ia], 
 F., foresight, discretion, wisdom, pru- 
 dence. 
 
 pruina, -ae, [?], F., hoarfrost, 
 frost. 
 
 Prytaneum, -I, [ Ylpvraveiov ], N., 
 a city-hall (a public building in a 
 Greek city, where the magistrates 
 ( TrpvTOLveis ) met and lived at the pub- 
 lic expense, and where public guests 
 were entertained). 
 
 pubes (puber), -eris, [?], adj., 
 adult. — As subst., adults (collec- 
 tively), grown men , young men of 
 age, able-bodied men. 
 
 publicanus, -a, -um, [publico + 
 anus], adj., connected with the reve- 
 nue (publicum). — Esp. as subst., 
 M., a farmer of the revenue. 
 
 publicatio, -onis, [publica-ftio], 
 F., a confiscation (taking private prop- 
 erty into the publicum) . 
 
 publice [old abl. of publicus], 
 adv., publicly, in the name of the 
 state ^ as a state, on behalf of the 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 147 
 
 state , officially : tumultus {of the peo- 
 ple , general ) . 
 
 Publicius, -i, [publico+ius], m., 
 a Roman gentile name. — Esp., an 
 obscure Roman in the Catilinarian 
 conspiracy. 
 
 publico, -avi, -atus, -are, [publi- 
 co-], I. v. a., {make belong to the pub- 
 lic), confiscate. 
 
 publicus, -a, -um, [populo+cus], 
 adj., of the people (as a state), of the 
 state, public , official (as opposed to 
 individual). — In many phrases, esp. 
 res publica, the commonwealth , the 
 public business, politics, control of 
 the state, form of government, the 
 affairs of state, the interests of the 
 state; consilium, a state measure, 
 the council of state , the official coun- 
 cil ; publico consilio, officially, as a 
 state vieasure ; consensus, the gen- 
 eral agreemeiit, the united voice of 
 the people ; litterae, official commu- 
 nications, despatches ; tabulae, pub- 
 lic or official records. — publicum, 
 N., the public revenue. — Also, the 
 streets, public appearance (going 
 abroad, as opposed to seclusion), the 
 sight of the people. 
 
 Publius, -I, [prob. populo + ius, 
 cf. publicus], M., a Roman pite- 
 nomen. 
 
 pudet, puduit (puditum est), pu- 
 dere, [?, cf. propudium], 2. v. 
 impers., {it shames), one is (etc.) 
 ashamed (translating the accusative 
 as subject). 
 
 pudicitia, -ae, [pudico+tia], f., 
 chastity , modesty (as a quality, cf. 
 pudor, modesty in general or as a 
 feeling) . 
 
 pudor, -oris, [^pud (in pudet) 
 
 4 or], M., shame, a sense of shame, 
 sense of honor, modesty, self-respect. 
 puer, -I, [?], m., a boy. — Plur., < 
 
 ■ boys, children (of either sex) : ex 
 pueris {from childhood). — Also, a 
 , slave. 
 
 puerilis, -e, [puero- (reduced) + 
 ilis], adj., of a child: aetas {of 
 childhood) . 
 
 pueritia, -ae, [puero -f tia], f., 
 boyhood, childhood. 
 
 pugna, -ae, [-^pug (in pungo) 
 + na], F ., a fight (less formal than 
 
 proelium). 
 
 pugnb, -avi, -atus, -are, [pugna-], 
 I - v - n., fight, engage. — Fig., fight, 
 contend. — Often impers. in pass., 
 pugnatuin est, etc., an engagement 
 took place , they fought, the fighting 
 continued, the battle was fought: 
 hostes pugnantes {while fighting, 
 in battle ) ; pugnari videre {to see a 
 fight going on). 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, [?], adj., 
 beautiful, handsome, fine, attractive. 
 — Less exactly, glorious, noble. 
 
 pulchre [old abl. of pulcher], 
 adv., beautifully, honorably, success- 
 fully. 
 
 pulchritudo, -inis, [pulchro + 
 tudo], F., beauty : haec pulchritudo 
 {all this beauty). 
 pulsus, p.p. of pello. 
 pulvinar, -aris, [pulvino+aris], 
 N ., a couch of the gods (where the 
 images of the gods were feasted on 
 solemn occasions). 
 
 punctum, -i, [p.p. of pungo], 
 N., a prick , a point. — Hence, an 
 instant (temporis). 
 
 pungb, pupugi, punctus, pungere, 
 
 [ V PU G, cf. pugnus], 3 . v. a., punch, 
 stab, pierce, prick. 
 
 Punicus, -a, -um, [Poeno+cus], 
 adj., Carthaginian, Punic : bellum 
 (of the wars with Carthage). 
 
 punio, -ivi (-ii),-itus, -ire, [poena- 
 or kindred -i stem, cf. impunis], 
 
148 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 4. v. a ., punish . — Also passive as 
 deponent in same sense. 
 
 punitor, -toris, [puni-ftor], M., 
 a punisher , an avenger . 
 
 purgo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fpurigo- 
 (puro + fagus, cf. prodigus)], 
 
 I. v. a., clean , cleanse , clear . — Fig., 
 excuse , exonerate , from suspi- 
 
 cion, exculpate , absolve. 
 
 purpura, -ae, [Gr. 7ro/>4>upa], F., 
 purple (the dye, really a dark red). 
 — Also, purple cloth, purple gar- , 
 ments, purple (in the same sense) . 
 
 purpuratus, -a, -um, [purpura 
 -f tus], adj., clad in purple. — Masc. 
 as subst., a courtier , a prime min- 
 ister. 
 
 purus, -a, -um, [V pu ( clean ) + 
 rus, cf. plerus], adj., clean, pure , 
 unsullied , unstained. — Also fig. : 
 mens (honest, pure, unselfish ). 
 
 puteal, -alis, [puted + alis], N., 
 
 # well-curb. — Esp., the Puteal Li- 
 bonis , an enclosure in the Forum 
 like a well-curb. The vicinity served 
 as a kind of Exchange. 
 
 put§, -avi, -atus, -are, [puto- (stem 
 of putus, clea 7 t)~\, I. v. a., clean up, 
 clear up. — Esp. : rationes ( clear 
 up accounts'). — Hence, reckon , think, 
 suppose, imagine. 
 
 Pyrrhus, -i, [Gr. IIvppos], M., 
 a common Greek name. — Esp., the 
 king of Epirus, who invaded Italy in 
 B.C. 280. 
 
 Q 
 
 Q., abbrev. for Quintus, 
 qua [abl. or instr.(?) of qui], 
 rel. adv., by which (way), where. 
 
 quadraginta [quadra (akin to 
 quattuor) + ginta(?)], indecl. 
 num. adj ., forty. 
 
 quadriduum, -i,[quadra-f duum 
 
 (akin to dies)], N ., four days' time. 
 
 quadringentl, -ae, -a, [unc. form 
 (akin to quattuor) + genti (for 
 centi)], num. four hundred. 
 
 quadringentiens (-ies) [cf. to- 
 tiens], num. adv., four hundred 
 times. — Hence (sc. centena millia), 
 forty million. 
 
 quaerd, quaesivi, quaesitus, quae- 
 rere, [?, with r for original s], 3. v. a. 
 and n., search for, seek for, look for, 
 inquire about, inquire, ask, try to 
 get, get, find, desire , investigate, con- 
 duct investigations, preside over tri- 
 als, hold an investigation, be presi- 
 dent of a court: ex eis quaeritur 
 ( they are examined) ; quid quaeris 
 amplius? ( what more do you want ?) ; 
 invidia quaeritur ( one tries to ex- 
 cite odium)-, in quaerendo (in or 
 on investigation). 
 
 quaesitor, -toris, [quaesi- (as 
 stem of quaero, in 4th conj.) + tor], 
 M., an investigator. — Esp., a presi- 
 dent (of a court, who conducted the 
 trial). 
 
 quaeso (orig. form of quaero, 
 petrified in a particular sense), only 
 pr.es. stem, 3. v. a. and n., beg, pray : 
 quaeso {I beg you, pray tell me). 
 
 quaestio, -onis, [quaes (as root 
 of quaero) + tio], F., an investiga- 
 tion, an examination (of a case, or 
 of witnesses, especially by torture), 
 a trial, a court, a question (on trial) . 
 
 quaestor, -toris, [quaes- (as root 
 of quaero) + tor], M., (investiga- 
 tor, or acquirer, perh. both), a quas- 
 tor, a class of officers at Rome or on 
 the staff of a commander, who had 
 charge of money affairs and public 
 records. They also had charge of 
 some investigations, and perhaps 
 originally collected fines and the like : 
 pro quaestore (acting quastor). 
 quaestorius, -a, -um, [quaestor 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 149 
 
 + iusj, adj., of a qucestor , of one's 
 qucestorship. 
 
 quaestuosus, -a, -um, [quaestu 
 + osus], adj., lucrative. 
 
 quaestura, -ae, [quaestu + ra, 
 cf. figura], f., ( investigation or ac- 
 quisition, cf. quaestor), a qucestor- 
 ship, the office of qucestor. 
 
 quaestus, -tus, [quaes (as root 
 of quaero) + tus], m., acquisition , 
 gain , profit, business (for profit), 
 earnings : pecuniam in quaestu re- 
 linquere ( profitably employed, at in- 
 terest or used in business). 
 
 qualis, -e, [quo- (stem of quis) 
 -falis]. a. Inter r. adj., of what sort? 
 of what nature? what kind of a? 
 what sort of? quae qualia sint ( the 
 character of which , etc.). — b. Rel. 
 adj., of which sort, as (correl. with 
 talis), such as (with talis omitted). 
 
 quam [case-form of quis and 
 qui, cf. tam, nam], adv. and conj. 
 
 а. Interrog., hoiv ? how much ? — 
 
 б . Rel., as, as . . . as, than: malle 
 quam ( rather than). — Often with 
 superlatives, as much as possible, the 
 utmost : quam maximas ( the great- 
 est possible ); quam maxime ( very 
 much). — See also postquam, pri- 
 usquam, which are often separated, 
 but are best represented in Eng. to- 
 gether. 
 
 quamdiu [quam diu], adv., see 
 the parts, how long, as long, as long as. 
 
 quam ob rem (often found to- 
 gether), adv. phrase: 1. Interrog., 
 why ? — 2. Relative, on which ac- 
 count, for which reason. 
 
 quamquam(quanquam)[quam 
 quam, cf. quisquis], rel. adv., ( how- 
 ever ), although, though. — Often cor- 
 rective, though, yet (where Eng. takes 
 a diff. view ), yet after all. 
 
 quam vis [quam vis], adv., as 
 
 you please , however, no matter how. 
 
 — Also, however much, although. 
 quandb [quam + unc. case-form 
 
 akin to de], adv. a. Indef., at any 
 time : si quando {if ever, whenever). 
 
 — b. Interrog., when ? — c. Relative, 
 when. 
 
 quandoquidem (often separate) 
 [quando quidem], phrase as adv., 
 (when at least}), since. 
 quanto, see quantus. 
 quantopere, see opus, 
 quantus, -a, -um, [prob. for ka- 
 (root of qua) + vant + us], adj. 
 a. Interrog., how great ? how much ? 
 what? — 6 . Relative, as great, as 
 much, as (corr. to tantus), as great 
 ... as (with tantus omitted), such 
 . . . as, however great, however much. 
 
 — quantum, N. acc. as adv., how 
 i?iuch (see above), as. — quanto, 
 N. abl., as, as much ... as. 
 
 quantuscumque, quanta-, quan- 
 tum-, [quantus-cumque], rel. adj., 
 however great. 
 
 quapropter [qua (abl. or instr. 
 of qui) -propter], adv., on which 
 account, wherefore, therefore. 
 
 quare [qua-re], adv., rel. and 
 interrog., by which thing, wherefore, 
 therefore , on account of which (cir- 
 cumstance, etc.), why. — The rela- 
 tive and interrogative senses are not 
 always distinguishable. 
 
 quartus, -a, -um, [quattuor- (re- 
 duced) + tus], adj., fourth : quar- 
 tus decimus (fourteenth). 
 
 quasi [quam (or qua) -si], conj., 
 as if : quasi vero (as if forsooth, 
 ironical). — Also, about, say, a kind 
 of as it were, like. 
 
 quasso, -avi, -atus, -are, [quasso-], 
 1. v. a., shake violently, shatter. 
 
 quatenus [qua tenus], adv., how 
 far, how long. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 150 
 
 quattuor [?, reduced pi.], indecl. 
 num. 2,&}.,four. 
 
 -que (always appended to the word 
 or to some part of the phrase which 
 it connects) [unc. case-form of qui], 
 conj., and. — Sometimes connecting 
 the particular to the general, and in 
 general , and other. 
 
 quem ad modum, phrase as 
 adv., how, just as, as. 
 
 queo, -Ivl (-ii) , -itus, -Ire, [?], 
 4. irr. v. n., be able , can. 
 
 querela, -ae, [unc. stem (akin to 
 queror) + la, cf. candela], F., a 
 complaint, a cause of complaint. 
 
 querimonia, -ae, [fquero- (cf. 
 querulus) + monia (cf. parcimo- 
 nia)], F., a complaining, a com- 
 plaint. 
 
 queror, questus, querl, [ ?, with r 
 for original s], 3. v. dep., complain, 
 make a complaint, complain of, find 
 faidt, find fault with, bewail. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, cujus, [prob. quo- 
 + i (demonstrative)], rel. pron., who, 
 which, that. — Often where a demon- 
 strative is used in Eng., this, that. — 
 Often implying an antecedent, he 
 who, etc., whoever, whatever, one 
 who, a thing which. — Often express- 
 ing some relation otherwise denoted 
 in English, in that, as, to, see gram- 
 mar. — quo, abl. of degree of differ- 
 ence, the (more, less, etc.) . — See also 
 quis, quod, a. quo, b. quo, c. quo. 
 
 qui [old abl. or instr. of quis], 
 adv., how? 
 
 quia [?, case-form of qui, perh. 
 neuter plural of i-stem], conj., be- 
 cause, inasmuch as. 
 
 quicumque(quicunque), quae-, 
 quod-, [qui-cumque (cf. quisque)], 
 indef. rel., whoever, whichever , ivhat- 
 ever, every possible, all who, etc. 
 quidain, quae-, quod- (quid-), 
 
 [qui-dam (case of -x/da, cf. nam, 
 tain)], indef. pron., a (possibly 
 known, but not identified), one, some, 
 a certain, certain, a kind of (referred 
 to as belonging to the class but not 
 exactly the thing spoken of) : divino 
 quodam spiritu ( a kind of divine, 
 etc.) ; alia quaedam ( a somewhat 
 different). — Often as subst., a man, 
 something, a thing, etc. 
 
 quidem [unc. case-form of qui 
 + dem (from V DA > c ^- tandem, 
 idem)], conj., giving emphasis to a 
 word or strength to an assertion, but 
 with no regular English equivalent, 
 certainly, most certainly, and cer- 
 tainly, at least, at any rate, assur- 
 edly, Fm sure, let me say, I may say, 
 by the zvay, you know. — Often only 
 concessive, followed by an adversa- 
 tive, to be sure, doubtless, no doubt. 
 — Often emphasizing a single word : 
 mea quidem sententia {in my opin- 
 ion)-, mihi quidem ipsi {for my 
 own part)-, quae quidem {and 
 these things ); nam e lege quidem 
 {for by law). — Esp. : si quidem {if 
 really, since) ; ne . . . quidem {not 
 even, not . . . either). 
 
 quies, -etis, [quie (stem of qui- 
 esco, etc.) -f tis (reduced)], F., rest, 
 sleep, repose . 
 
 quiesco, -evi, -etus, -escere, [fquie- 
 (cf. old abl. quie) + sco, cf. quies] , 
 3. v. x\., go to rest, rest, sleep , be quiet , 
 do nothing, keep quiet: quiescens 
 {while at rest, asleep). — quietus, 
 -a, -um, p.p. as adj., quiet, at rest, at 
 peace, undisturbed, in quiet, inac- 
 tive, untroubled , calm. 
 
 quilibet, quae-, quod-, [qui- 
 libet], indef. pron., who you please , 
 any one whatever, what you please , 
 etc. : alius quilibet {any other you 
 please, any one whatever). 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 quin [qui (abl. or instr. of qui) 
 
 -fne], conj., interrog., how not ? nay , 
 why! and relative, by which not: 
 quin etiam ( nay even , in fact ). — 
 After negative verbs of hindrance 
 and doubt, so but what , but what , but 
 that , that , from (doing a thing), to 
 (do a thing) : non dubito quin (/ 
 doubt not that , also rarely, do not hesi- 
 tate to ) ; nemo est quin ( there is no 
 one but, etc.); non fuit recusan- 
 dum quin, etc. (it was not to be 
 avoided that) ; ne se quidem servare 
 potuit quin ( without , etc.); non 
 quin (not that . . . not, not but what) ; 
 quin sic attendite (come, etc.), 
 quinam, see quisnam. 
 quindecim [quinque-decem], 
 indecl. num. adj., fifteen. 
 
 quingenti, -ae, -a, [quinque- 
 centum], num. 2,$)., five hundred. 
 
 quinquaginta [quinque -f unc. 
 stem], indecl., fifty. 
 
 quinque [ ?], indecl. num. adj .,five. 
 quintus,-a, -urn, [quinque+tus], 
 adj., fifth, V. — Esp. as a Roman 
 pnenomen (orig. the fifth-born?), Q. 
 Quintus, -i, see quintus. 
 quippe [quid ( ?) + pe, cf. nem- 
 pe], adv., (prob. what in truth!), 
 truly, of course , no doubt. — Often 
 ironical, forsooth. 
 
 Quiris, -itis, [ ?, perh. Curi -f tis, 
 but in the orig. meaning of the name 
 of the town, cf. curia], M ., a Roman 
 citizen. — Plur., fellow-citizens (ad- 
 dressed by a Roman). 
 
 quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), cu- 
 jus,[stem qui- and quo], a. Interrog. 
 pron., zvho, which, what. — As adj. 
 (qui and quod), what sort of, what : 
 qui esset ignorabas (what he was, 
 etc.). — Esp. neuter nom. and acc., 
 what, why : quid est quod (why is 
 it that, what is there as to which) ; 
 
 151 
 
 quid, quid quod, quid vero (what ! 
 tell me, moreover, and again, then 
 again) ; quid tibi obsto ( wherein ) ; 
 quid oppugnas (why ) ; quid si 
 (what if how if). — b. Indef., one , 
 any one, any thing, some, some one. 
 
 — See nequis, numquis, ecquis. 
 
 quisnam (qui-), quae-, quid- 
 
 (quod-), [quis-nam], interrog. pron., 
 zvho, pray ? zvho? (with emphasis), 
 zvhat (in the world)? zvhat? 
 
 quispiam, quae-, quid- (quod-), 
 cujus-, [quis-piam (pe-jam, cf. 
 quippe, nempe)], indef. pron., 
 any, any one, any thing, some one 
 (perhaps). 
 
 quisquam, quae-, quid- (quic-), 
 cujus-, [quis-quam], indef. pron. 
 used substantively (cf. ullus), only 
 with negatives and words implying a 
 negative, making a universal nega- 
 tive, any one , any thing, any man : 
 taetrior quam quisquam, etc. (than, 
 etc., implying a negative idea); quam 
 diu quisquam (as long as any one , 
 i.e., until nobody); neque servus 
 quisquam neque liber (no one, 
 either slave or freeman ) ; neque vir 
 bonus quisquam (no honest man). 
 
 quisque, quae-, quid- (quod-), 
 cujus-, [quis-que], indef. pron. (dis- 
 tributive universal), each, each one , 
 each man, every, all (individually). 
 
 — Esp. with superlatives, implying 
 that things are taken in the order of 
 their quality : nobilissimus quisque 
 (all the noblest, one after the other 
 in the order of their nobility) ; primo 
 quoque tempore (the very first op- 
 portunity ). — With two superlatives, 
 often with ut and ita, a proportion 
 is indicated, in proportion as .. . so, 
 the more . . . the more, most . . . the 
 most, the most . . . most. — Esp. with 
 11 nus, each one , each. 
 
152 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 quisquis, quaequae, quidquid 
 (quicquid), cujuscujus, [quis, doub- 
 led], indef. rel. pron., whoever , what- 
 ever, every one who , all who : quoquo 
 modo ( however , in any case ) . 
 
 quivis, quae-, quid- (quod-), 
 cujus-, [qui-vis], indef. pron., who 
 you please , any one , any whatever 
 (affirmative), any (whatever), any 
 possible , any 7nan (no matter who). 
 
 a. quo, abl. of degree of differ- 
 ence, see qui. 
 
 b. quo [abl. of cause, etc.], as 
 conj., by which , on which account , 
 wherefore. — Esp. with negatives, 
 not that , not as if. — Also, in order 
 that (esp. with comparatives), that. 
 — Esp., quominus, that not , so that 
 not. 
 
 c. quo [old dat. of qui], adv. 
 a. Interrog., whither ? how far? quo 
 usque ( how long ? how far ? to what 
 extent?). — b. Relative, whither , 
 where (in sense of whither), into 
 -which, as far as (i.e., to what end) : 
 quo intendit (what he is aiming at ) ; 
 habere quo (have a place to go to„ 
 or the like). — See also quoad. 
 
 quoad [quo ad], conj., (up to 
 which point), as far as, until , as 
 long as : quoad longissime (just as 
 far as). 
 
 quocumque (-cunque) [quo- 
 
 cumque], adv., whithersoever, wher- 
 ever, whichever way. 
 
 quod [n. of qui], conj., (as to 
 which ), because , inasmuch as, in 
 that, as for the fact that, the fact that, 
 that , as for (with clause expressing 
 the action) : quod si (now if, but if) ; 
 quod sciam (so far as I know). 
 quom, see cum. 
 quominus, see 6. quo. 
 quomodo, see quis and modus. 1 
 quondam [quom (cum) -dam 
 
 (-y/DA, cf. tarn)], adv., once, for- 
 merly. 
 
 quoniam [quom (cum) -jam], 
 
 conj., (when now), inasmuch as, 
 since, as. 
 
 quoque [?], conj., following the 
 word it affects, (by all means}), also, 
 too, as well, even. Cf. etiam (usu- 
 ally preceding). 
 
 quot [quo + ti (unc. form from 
 ■y/TA, cf. tarn?)], pron. indecl. 
 
 а. Interrog., how many? — 6. Rela- 
 tive, as many, as 7nany as (with im- 
 plied antecedent). 
 
 quotannis, often separate, [quot- 
 annis], adv., (as many years as 
 there are), every year, yearly . 
 
 quotidianus (cotid-), -a, -um, 
 [quotidie (reduced) + anus], adj., 
 daily. 
 
 quotidie (cotid-), [quot dies 
 
 (in unc. form)], adv., daily. 
 
 quotiens (quoties) [quot+iens, 
 cf. quinquiens], adv. a. Interrog., 
 how often? how many times? — 
 
 б. Relative, as often, as often as (with 
 implied antecedent). 
 
 quotiescunque (quotienscum- 
 que^quotiens-cumque], adv., how- 
 ever often, just as often as , every 
 time that. 
 
 quot us, -a, -um, [quo- (stem of 
 qui) + tus, cf. quintus], adj., which 
 in number (cf. fifth). — Esp., quotus 
 quisque, how many (every “how 
 manieth ”), what proportion of (men). 
 
 quousque, see c. quo and us- 
 que. 
 
 quovis [c. quo vis], adv., whither 
 you please, anywhere (cf. quivis). 
 
 quum, late spelling for cum, 
 which see. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 R. 
 
 radix, -Ids, [?], F., a root . — 
 Plur., the roots (of a tree), the foot 
 (of a mountain). — Fig., stock, ste?n. 
 
 Raecius, -I, [?], m., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Only L. Rcecius , a 
 knight in business at Palermo. 
 
 rapina, -ae, [frapi- (stem akin 
 to rapio) + na (f. of -nus)], F., 
 plunder , robbery , rapine. 
 
 rapio, rapul, raptus, rapere, [cf. 
 rapidus, Gr. apirdCoo'], 3. v. a. and n., 
 seize , drag off, drag. — Less exactly, 
 hurry on, hurry. — Pass., hurry 
 (intrans.). 
 
 rapto, -avl, -atus, -are, [rapto-], 
 I. v. a., drag away, drag as a cap- 
 tive, abuse, maltreat. 
 
 raro [abl. of rarus], adv., rarely. 
 ratio, -onis, [frati- (ra, in reor, 
 -f ti) + o], F., a reckoning , an ac- 
 count. — A mercantile word shading 
 off in many directions like Eng. busi- 
 ness and affair . — Esp. with habeo 
 or duco (cf. account), take account 
 of, have regard to, take into consid- 
 eration. — • Less exactly, a calcula- 
 tion, a plan, a design, a plan of ac- 
 tion, a method, an arrange?nent, a 
 way, a course , a means, business, 
 business relations, a consideration 
 (a thing to be considered) : qua ra- 
 tione (on what principle, in what 
 way, how); salutis (plan, hope); 
 criminum (nature) ; omni ratione 
 (in every way, by every means); 
 fori et judici (the business, what is 
 to be done there) ; ratio pecunia- 
 rum (money affairs, state of the 
 finances); vitae rationes (plans, 
 plan); studiorum (course); ratio 
 honorum (the course of ambition) ; 
 commoda ac rationes (plans of 
 life, interests) ; in dissimili ratione 
 
 153 
 
 (in different directions) . — More re- 
 motely, science, art , a system, reason , 
 a course of reasoning, sound reason, 
 a view, theoretical knowledge : bona 
 ratio (sound principles) ; facti et 
 consili ( rationale , principles). 
 
 ratiocinor, -atus, -arl, [fratio- 
 cino- (ration + cinus, cf. sermo- 
 cinor)], 1. v. dep., reckon, reason, 
 calculate. 
 
 re-, red-, [abl. of unc. stem, perh. 
 akin to -rus], insep. prep., back, 
 again, away, out, un-. — Esp. im- 
 plying a giving or taking something 
 which is due, or which creates an 
 obligation by the taking, see recipio, 
 refero. 
 
 rea, -ae, [f. of reus], f., a de- 
 fendant (female, or conceived as 
 such). 
 
 Reatfnus, -a, -um, [Reati-j-nus], 
 adj., of Reate (a town of the Sa- 
 bines about forty miles north-east of 
 Rome) . 
 
 recedo, -cessl, -cessurus, -cedere, 
 [re-cedo], 3. v. n., make way back, 
 retire, withdraw : recessum est (re- 
 cessimus) ab armis (the war ceased, 
 we laid down our arms). 
 
 recens, -entis, [prob. p. of lost 
 verb freceo (formed from reco-, cf. 
 recipero)], adj., (?, just coming 
 backT), new, fresh, late, still fresh , 
 still recent. 
 
 recensio, -onis, [re-censio, cf. 
 recenseo] , f., the census (as taken 
 and recorded). 
 
 receptor, -toris, [re-captor, cf. 
 recipio], M., a receiver. — Fig., a 
 haunt. 
 
 receptrlx, -Icis, [f. of preceding], 
 F., a receiver (female). 
 
 recessus, -sus, [re-fcessus (cf. 
 recedo)], M ., a retreat, a recess (a 
 place that withdraws). 
 
T 54 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 recido, -cidi, -casurus, -cidere, 
 [re-cado], 3. v. n., fall again , fall 
 back , fall upon, fall away , fall, be 
 reduced. 
 
 recipero, see recupero. 
 recipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
 [re-capio], 3. v. a., take back , 
 back, recover, take in, receive, admit , 
 take upon (one's self), take up, un- 
 dertake, promise . — With reflexive, 
 retreat, fly , return, retire , get off, 
 withdraw, resort. 
 
 recito, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-cito], 
 1. v. a., read (aloud). 
 
 reclamito, no perf., no p.p., -are, 
 [re-clamito], i.v.n., cry out against. 
 
 reclamo, -avi, -atus (impers.), 
 -are, [re-clamo], 1. v. n. (and a.), 
 cry out against (a thing). 
 
 recognosco, -novi, -nitus, -no- 
 scere, [re-cognosco], 3. v. a., review, 
 go over again, recognize. 
 
 recolo, -colul, -cultus, -colere, 
 [re-colo], 3. v. a., cultivate again. 
 — Less exactly, renezu, review. 
 
 reconciliatio, -onis, [reconcilid 
 + tio], F., reconciliation, renezval 
 (concordiae). 
 
 reconcilio, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
 concilio], 1. v. a., reconcile, regain, 
 win anew, restore (gratiam). 
 
 recondo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [re- 
 condo], 3. v. a ., put away again, 
 put away, sheathe (a sword) . — re- 
 conditus, -a, -um, p.p., concealed, 
 laid away, hidden, secret. 
 
 recordatio, -onis, [recorda-f tio] , 
 F., a recalling to mind, a recollection. 
 
 recordor, -atus, -ari, [frecord- 
 (cf. concors), but perhaps made im- 
 mediately from re and cor on anal- 
 ogy of concors], 1. v. dep., recall to 
 mind {cor), recollect, remember (of a 
 single act of memory, cf. memini, 
 which is more permanent), recall 
 
 recreS, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-creo], 
 
 I. v. a., re-create. — Hence, revive, 
 restore , refresh, recover (esp. with 
 reflex, or in passive). 
 
 recte [old abl. of rectus], adv., 
 rightly, properly, truly, zvith justice : 
 recte factum ( a right action, a good 
 deed, a noble action). 
 rectus, see rego. 
 recupero (-cipero), -avi, -atus, 
 -are, [frecipero-, from reco- (cf. 
 recens, reciprocus) + parus (cf. 
 opiparus)], 1. v. a., get back, re- 
 cover, regain. 
 
 recurro, -curri, no p.p., -currere, 
 [re-curro], 3. v. n., run back.— 
 Fig., return, revert. 
 
 recusatio, -onis, [recusa -f tio], 
 
 F., a refusal. 
 
 recuso, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
 fcauso (cf. excuso)], 1. v. a. and 
 n -, (give an excuse for drawing 
 back), refuse, reject, repudiate, ob- 
 ject, object to : de transferendis ju- 
 diciis (object to, etc.); quin ( refuse 
 to); quominus {refuse to); peri- 
 culum ( refuse to incur) ; non fuit 
 recusandum (it was to be expected, 
 it was not to be avoided). 
 
 redactus, -a, -um, [p.p. of redi- 
 go], as adj., brought back , reduced. 
 
 redarguo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [red- 
 arguo], 3. v. a. and n., disprove. 
 
 reddo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [re- 
 (red-)do], 3. v. a., give back, restore, 
 repay, pay (something due, cf. re), 
 render, return: bene reddita vita 
 (a life nobly lost). — Hence (as tak- 
 ing a thing and restoring in another 
 condition), render, make, cause to be. 
 
 redemptio, -onis, [red-emptio, cf. 
 redimo], F., a buying up, a purchase, 
 a bargain for, a contract for. 
 
 redemptus, -a, -um, p.p. of re- 
 Mlimo. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 155 
 
 redeo, -ii (-Ivl) , -iturus, -ire, [re- 
 ared-) eo], irr. v. n., go back , re- 
 turn , come back , be returned, be en- 
 tered (in a record), be restored. 
 
 redimio, -ivl (-ii), -itus, -ire, [?, 
 prob. denom.], 4. v. a., bind up , 
 wreathe . 
 
 redimo, -emi, -emptus, -imere, 
 [re- (red-) emo], 3. v. a., buy back , 
 redeem , purchase , ^4/. 
 
 reditus, -tus, [re- (red-) fitus], 
 M., a return. 
 
 redoleo, -olui, no p.p., -olere, 
 [red-oleo], 2. v. a. and n., si?iell , 
 S 7 tiell of be exhaled (of the odor 
 itself). 
 
 reduco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, 
 [re-duco], 3. v. a., lead back , bring 
 back , draw back , draw in, escort 
 back. 
 
 redundo, -avi, -atus, -are, [red- 
 undo], 1. v. n., flow back , overflow. 
 
 — Also, overflow with, flow (with), 
 
 (with blood) : acervis et san- 
 guine (be filled with). — Fig., spring 
 up, flow, cover (as with a flood). 
 
 reduvia, -ae, [red + unc. stem, 
 cf. exuviae], f., (a stripping back?), 
 a hang-nail. 
 
 redux, -ucis, [re-dux], adj., lead- 
 ing back . — Also passive, returning, 
 restored (to one’s city, etc.). 
 
 refelld, -felli, no p.p., -fellere, 
 [re-fallo], 3. v. a., refute. 
 
 refercio, -fersi, -fertus, -fercire, 
 [re-farcio], 4. v. a., stuff up, stuff, 
 cram full, cram, crowd full, crowd. 
 
 refero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [re- 
 fero], irr. v. a., bring back , return, 
 bring (where something belongs), 
 report, record (as an account), set 
 down (in a record or to an account) . 
 
 — Esp. : ad senatum (or absolutely) , 
 lay before (the senate for action), 
 consult (the senate), propose ; de rej 
 
 publica (consult the senate in regard 
 to, etc.); gratiam (make a return, 
 repay, show one's gratitude). 
 
 refert, -tulit, no p.p., -ferre, [res 
 or re(?)fert], irr. v. impers. (cf. 
 e re and natura fert), it is one's 
 interest, it is important, it makes a 
 difference , it is of account. 
 
 reficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, [re- 
 facio], irr. v. a., repair, refresh, re- 
 cruit, relieve, revive. 
 
 reformido, no perf., no p.p., -are, 
 [re-formido], 1. v. a. and n., dread, 
 shrink from : non reformido (be 
 free from alarm). 
 
 refrigero, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
 frigero], 1. v. a., chill, cool down. 
 
 refugio, -fugi, -fugiturus, -fugere, 
 [re-fugio], 3. v. n. and a., run away, 
 escape, avoid. — Fig., recoil, shrink 
 from. 
 
 refit to, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-f futo, 
 cf. eonfuto], 1. v. a., check, repel. 
 — Hence, refute , disprove. 
 
 regalis, -e, [reg + alis], adj., of 
 a king, like a king: nomen (of 
 king) . 
 
 regia, see regius. 
 regie [old abl. of regius], adv., 
 royally, in a regal manner, tyran- 
 nically (like a rex) . 
 
 regio, -onis, [ VREG + io, but cf. 
 ratio], F., direction. — Hence, a di- 
 rection, a line , position, place, a 
 part (of the country, etc.), a bound- 
 ary, a region , a country, a district 
 (esp. in plur.) : regio atque ora 
 maritima (maritime region and 
 coast). — In plur., bounds, bounda- 
 ries, limits , regions, a country, a 
 quarter. 
 
 regius, -a, -urn, [reg + ius], adj., 
 of a king, regal, royal, of the king . — 
 Esp., regia (sc. domus), a palace, 
 IV* dilace (the Regia, the ancient 
 
 i 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 t 56 
 
 house of Numa, on the Forum, kept 
 for religious purposes). 
 
 regn§, -avi, -aturus, -are, [regno-], 
 i. v. n., rule , be in power , be a king , 
 hold a regal power . 
 
 regnum, -i, [V REG + num ( N * 
 of -nus)], N., a kingdom, royal 
 power , regal power , a throne , tyr- 
 anny. — Plur., the royal poiver (of 
 several cases), thrones. 
 
 reg§, rexi, rectus, regere, [same 
 root as rex], 3. v. a., direct , manage, 
 rule , have control of control. — Esp., 
 rectus, -a, -um, p.p., ( directed ), 
 straight, right, just: recta ( straight- 
 way ), 'directly. 
 
 regredior, -gressus, -gredi, [re- 
 gradior], 3.V. dep ., go back , return. 
 
 reicio (rejicio), -jeci, -jectus, 
 -icere, [re-jacio], 3. v. a., throw back, 
 hurl back , drive back , throiv off, throw 
 away, drive off, repel, spurn . — Fig., 
 repel, reject, put away : judices {chat- 
 tenge') . 
 
 rejectio, -onis, [re-j actio, cf. re- 
 icio], F., a throwing away. — Esp., 
 a challenge (of jurymen), empanel- 
 ling. 
 
 relaxo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-laxo], 
 I. v. a., relax. 
 
 relego, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-lego], 
 1. v. a., remove, separate , banish , 
 exile. 
 
 relevS, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-levo], 
 I. v. a., raise up again, lift up . — 
 Fig., relieve . 
 
 religid, -onis, [?, re-legio (cf. 
 relego)], F., (the original meaning 
 uncertain, see Cic. N. D., 2, 28), a 
 religious scruple, a religious observ- 
 ance, the service of the gods, a super- 
 stition, a superstitious terror , reli- 
 gion, sacredness, sanctity (changing 
 the point of view), religious rever- 
 ence, religious duty. — Esp., regard 
 
 for an oath, conscientiousness, the 
 sanctity of an oath . — Plur., sacred 
 objects , sanctuaries, affairs of reli- 
 gion, religion (abstractly). 
 
 religiose [old abl. of religio- 
 sus], adv., scrupulously, conscien- 
 tiously, with regard to one's oath. 
 
 religiosus, -a, -um, [perh. reli- 
 gion- (more prob. freligio-) +osus], 
 adj., religious (with much religio 
 in its several senses), conscientious 
 (with regard for an oath). — Also 
 (in the other sense of religio), 
 sacred, holy, revered, held in reli- 
 gious reverence, venerated , venerable. 
 
 relinqud, -liqui, -lictus, -linquere, 
 [re-linqno], 3. v. a., leave behind, 
 leave, abandon, leave out, omit, leave 
 alone, leave undone , leave unavenged, 
 disregard. 
 
 reliquus, -a, -um, [re-fliquus 
 
 (-y/LiQ + us)], adj., left, remaining, 
 the rest of the rest, the other, other 
 (meaning all other), the others, all 
 other, future (of time, remaining ), 
 subsequent, after, intervening (before 
 some other time) : res ( which re- 
 main for the future, future')', reli- 
 quus est (is left, remains, etc.); 
 reliqua (the future) ; nihil reliqui 
 (nothing left) ; nihil (reliquum) re- 
 liqui fecere (leave nothing). 
 
 remaneo, -mansl, -mansurus, -ma- 
 nere, [re-maneo], 2. v. n., remain 
 behind, remain, stay, reside, be, con- 
 tinue, last . 
 
 remansio, -onis, [re-mansio, cf. 
 remaneo], f., a remaining. 
 
 remex, -igis, [remo- with unc. 
 term. (perh. t a g us )]> an oars ~ 
 man, a rower. 
 
 reminiscor, -minisci, [re-fmi- 
 niscor(y'MAN, in memini, +isco)], 
 3. v. dep., remember, bear in mind. 
 remissio, -onis, [re-missio, cf. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 157 
 
 remitto], F., a sending back, a re- 
 laxation , a diminution , a remission. 
 
 remitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, 
 [re-mi tto], 3. v. a., let go back , send 
 back , throw back. — Fig., relax , r*- 
 mit, give up. — remissus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. as adj., slack , lax, re?niss. 
 
 remoror, -atus, -ari, [re-moror], 
 I. v. dep., stay behind , delay (act. 
 and intr.), retard : aliquem poena 
 (keep one waiting, give one a res- 
 pite ) . 
 
 removeo, -movi, -motus, -movere, 
 [re-moveo], 2. v. a., move back , 
 move away , send away, remove, draw 
 away, get out of the way, separate, 
 leave out of the question : poenam 
 ( set aside, take off, remove') ; remoto 
 Catilina (with C. out of the way); re- 
 motus (remote, far removed, apart). 
 remus, -I, [?], m., an oar. 
 renovo, -avl, -atus, -are,[re-novo], 
 I. v. a., renew. 
 
 renuntio, -avl, -atus, -are, [re- 
 nuntio], 1. v. a., bring back word, 
 bring news, report, proclaim. — Also, 
 renounce, abandon. 
 
 repello, -puli, -pulsus, -pellere, 
 [re-pello], 3. v. a., drive back , re- 
 pel, repulse, ward off, avert: te a 
 consulatu ( foil your attempt to gain, 
 etc.) ; furores a cervicibus ( defend 
 one's throat from , etc., rescue 07 ie''s 
 life from, etc.). 
 
 repente [abl. of repens?], adv., 
 (creeping on so as to appear sud- 
 denly?), suddenly. 
 
 repentlno, see repentinus. 
 repentinus, -a, -um, [repent + 
 inus], adj., sudden, hasty, unex- 
 pected: speculator (transient, non- 
 resident ); pecuniae (suddenly ac- 
 quired ). — repentlno, abl. as adv., 
 suddenly. 
 
 reperio, repperi, repertus, repe- 
 
 rire, [re-(red-)pario], 4. v. a., find 
 out, discover, find (by inquiry, cf. 
 invenio, accidentally, and compe- 
 rio, in reference to the complete 
 result), learn. 
 
 repeto, -petivi, -petltus, -petere, 
 [re-peto], 3. v. a., try to get back, 
 demand back , ask for , try again, 
 look back (at something past), claim 
 (as one’s due) : poenam, poenas 
 (demand a penalty, inflict punish- 
 ment, wreak vengeance). — Esp. of 
 money got by extortion, demand 
 (restitution) . — Hence, repetnndae 
 (with or without pecuniae), the suit 
 for extortion (a process used against 
 any official for property unlawfully 
 acquired in his office)^ extortion 
 (where the suit is implied in other 
 words) . 
 
 repleo, -plevi, -pletus, -plere, [re- 
 pleo], 2. v. &., fill up, supply. — re- 
 pletus, -a, -um, p.p ,,full, crowded. 
 
 reporto, -avl, -atus, -are, [re- 
 porto], 1. v. a., carry back, bring 
 back. 
 
 reposco, -poscere, [re-posco] , 
 3. v. a., demand back, demand (some- 
 thing due). 
 
 reprehendo, -hendi, -hensus, 
 -hendere, [re-prehendo], 3. v. a. 
 
 and n., drag back, seize hold of, find 
 fault with, blame, censure, find fault, 
 object. 
 
 reprehensio, -onis, [re-prehen- 
 sio, cf. reprehendo], f., a finding 
 fault, censure, criticism. 
 
 repressor, -oris, [re-pressor, cf. 
 reprimo], M ., a restrainer. 
 
 reprimo, -pressl, -pressus, -pri- 
 mere, [re-premo], 3. v. a., check, 
 thwart, foil : reprimi sed non com- 
 primi (put back but not put down). 
 
 repudio, -avl, -atus, -are, [re- 
 pudio-], I. v. a., (spurn with a 
 
i58 
 
 Vocabtilary . 
 
 stroke , cf. tripudium), spurn , re- 
 fuse , reject. 
 
 repugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
 pugno], I. v. n., resist. — Fig., be in 
 opposition. 
 
 reputo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-puto], 
 i . v. a., reckon up , think over. 
 
 requies, -etis (-ei), [re-quies], f., 
 rest , repose . 
 
 requiesco, -evi, -etus, -escere, [re- 
 quiesco], 3. v. n., rest , repose. 
 
 requiro, -quisivi, -quisitus, -qui- 
 rere, [re-quaero], 3. v. a. and n., 
 search out , enquire for. — Hence, 
 ask , ask for , request, require , de- 
 mand, need , miss, be in want of. 
 
 res, rei, [akin to reor], ¥., prop- 
 erty^ ?), business , affair , a matter , 
 
 a thing (in the most general sense). 
 
 — Hence determined by the context, 
 
 <2 fact, an occurrence , event, a 
 
 case, an action , a measure, 
 
 an object (aimed at), interest, 
 
 an art , a science, a point, a lawsuit, 
 a case (at law). — Esp. where no 
 word corresponding to the English 
 idea exists in Latin: res quae ex- 
 portantur ( exports ) . — Often where 
 a pronoun is avoided : qua in re (in 
 what, in which ) ; earn in rem (for 
 that) ; ei quoque rei (for this also). 
 
 — Esp. of public matters, with pub- 
 lica (also without), see publicus : 
 res maximae (power, glory, career ); 
 novae res ( revolution , a change of 
 government) ; summa potestas om- 
 nium rerum (of the zvhole state ) . — 
 Also, rem, res gerere (perfor 7 n ex- 
 ploits, carry on war, act, operate, 
 conduct affairs)', res populi Ro- 
 mani (deeds, exploits, history, career)', 
 res gestae (exploits, acts) ; ipsa res 
 (the case itself the circumstances of 
 the case, the facts) ; re vera (in 
 fact ) ; re (by actions, as opposed to 
 
 words, in fact) ; in suam rem con- 
 verts (to his own use) ; haec acta 
 res est (this was the object aimed at, 
 this is what was accomplished) ; res 
 omnis tecum erit (all my business 
 will be, etc., I shall have only to deal 
 with you , etc.) ; in rebus judican- 
 dis (in trials) ; ob rem judicandam 
 (for deciding a case) ; res magnae 
 aguntur (great inter ests, etc.); mul- 
 tarum rerum societas (many asso- 
 ciations)', res militaris (the art of 
 war, war) ; privatarum rerum de- 
 decus (private conduct)', ita se res 
 habet (the case is such, it is so). 
 
 rescindo, -scidi, -scissus, -scin- 
 dere, [re-scindo], 3. v. a., cut away, 
 tear down , break down, destroy . — 
 Hence, rescind, annul. 
 
 reseco, -ui, -tus, -are, [re-seco], 
 1. v. a., cut off, cut azvay. 
 
 reservo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
 servo], 1. v. a., keep back, reserve, 
 hold in reserve, keep. 
 
 resideo, -sedi, no p.p., -sidere, 
 [re-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit back, sit 
 down, remain behind, remain, rest , 
 stop. 
 
 resfgno, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
 signo], 1. v. a., unseal, annul, de- 
 stroy. 
 
 resisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere, 
 [re-sisto], 3. v. n., stand back, stop, 
 re?nain, survive , withstand, make a 
 stand, resist. 
 
 respicio, -spexi, -spectus,-spicere, 
 [re-fspecio], 3. v. a. and n., look 
 back , look back at, look behind one, 
 see behind one, review. 
 
 resplro, -avi, -atus, -are, [re- 
 spiro], 1. v. a. and n., breathe out, ex- 
 hale, breathe again, breathe, draw 
 one's breath. 
 
 responded, -spondi, -sponsurus, 
 -spondere, [re-spondeo], 2. v. n., 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 159 
 
 reply , answer , make an answering 
 argument , — Fig., cor- 
 
 respond , match. 
 
 responsum, -i, [n. p.p. of re- 
 spondeo], N., a reply , # response. 
 — Plur., a reply (of several parts), 
 advice. 
 
 respublica, see res and publi- 
 cus. 
 
 respuo, -spul, no p.p., -spuere, 
 [re-spuo], 3. v. a., spit out. — Fig., 
 spurn , reject. 
 
 restinguo, -stinxi, -stinctus, -stin- 
 guere, [re-stinguo] , 3. v. a., extin- 
 guish. — Less exactly, destroy , anni- 
 hilate. 
 
 restituo, -stitui, -stitutus, -stituere, 
 [re-statuo], 3. v. a., set up again , 
 replace , restore , make anew, re-estab- 
 lish, revive , recall (one from exile). 
 
 restitutor, -toris, [restitu- (as 
 stem of restituo) + tor], M., a re- 
 storer. 
 
 resto, -stitl (in common with re- 
 sisto), no p.p., -stare, [re-sto], i.v.n., 
 remain , be left. 
 
 retardo, -avl, -atus, -are, [re- 
 tardo], 1. v. a. and n., retard , check , 
 delay > back : non sopita sed 
 
 retardata consuetudo ( not put to 
 sleep but dozing , or not lost but re- 
 laxed, abandoning the figure of dull- 
 ness, cf. tardus). 
 
 reticentia, -ae, [reticent + ia], 
 F., silence. 
 
 reticeo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [re- 
 taceo], 2. v. n. and a., keep silence , 
 be silent , say nothing. 
 
 retineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
 [re-teneo], 2. v. a., hold back , re- 
 strain (quin , from doing something), 
 detain , retain, preserve, keep, main- 
 tain (by not losing) : jura ( observe , 
 maintain) ; id memoria {keep, bear 
 in mind). 
 
 retorqueo, -torsi, -tortus, -tor- 
 quere, [re-torqueo], 2. v. a., twist 
 back , hurl back , roll back , turn back. 
 
 retractatid, -onis, [retracta + 
 tio], F., a drawing back : sine ulla 
 retractatione {without any shrink- 
 ing or hesitation) . 
 
 retraho, -traxl, -tractus, -trahere, 
 [re-traho], 3. v. a., drag back, bring 
 back (a person), draw away. 
 
 retundo, -tudi, -tusus, -tundere, 
 [re-tundo], 3. v. a., beat back , blunt , 
 dull the edge of. 
 
 reus, -I, [re (as stem of res) + 
 ius], M., {with a case in court), a 
 party (to a case). — Esp., a de- 
 fendant, an accused person , the ac- 
 cused. — Often to be rendered by a 
 phrase, under accusation : reum fa- 
 cere {bring to trial). 
 
 revello, -velll, -vulsus, -vellere, 
 [re-vello], 3. v. a., tear away , pull 
 away, pull off. 
 
 reverto, -vertl, -versus, -vertere, 
 [re-verto], 3. v. n., act. in perf. 
 tenses, return (turn about and go 
 back, cf. redeo ,get back, come back). 
 
 — Pass, as deponent in pres, tenses, 
 return , go back, revert. 
 
 revinco, -vicl, -victus, -vincere, 
 [re-vinco], 3. v. a. and n., subdue. 
 
 — Fig., refute , confute, put in the 
 wrong. 
 
 revlvisco (-escb), -vlxl, no p.p., 
 -vlviscere, [re-vivisco], 3. v. n., come 
 to life again, revive. 
 
 revoco, -avl, -atus, -are, [re-voco], 
 1. v. a., call back (either from or to 
 something), call away, call off, re- 
 call, draw back , withdraw, try to 
 withdraw, restore (call back to). 
 
 rex, regis, [y'REG as stem], M., a 
 king (esp. in a bad sense, as a ty- 
 rant). 
 
 rheda (reda), -ae, [perh. Celtic 
 
i6o 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 or Oscan form akin to rota], F., a 
 wagon (with four wheels). 
 
 rhedarius (red-), -i, [rheda + 
 arius], M., a driver (of a rheda). 
 
 Rhegium (Reg-), -I, [Gr. *P rj- 
 7 iov~\ f N., a city of Bruttium opposite 
 Sicily ( Reggio ). 
 
 Rhenus, -I, [Celtic?], m., the 
 Rhine. 
 
 Rhodius, -a, -um, [Rhodo+ius], 
 adj., of Rhodes. — Plur., the Rhodi- 
 ans , the people of Rhodes. 
 
 Rhodus, -i, [Gr. f Po5os], f., 
 Rhodes , an island off the coast of 
 Asia Minor, famous for its commerce 
 and navigation. 
 
 ridiculus, -a, -um, [frido- (wh. 
 rideo) -f cuius, cf. molliculus], 
 adj., laughable , ridiculous , absurd. 
 
 ripa, -ae, [?], f., a bank. 
 
 rivus, -i, [akin to Gr. peco], M., a 
 brook , a stream (not so large as 
 flumen) . 
 
 robur, -oris, [?], N., oak , tough 
 wood. — Fig., strength (as resisting, 
 cf. vis), vigor , endurance , vitality . 
 — Esp., the flower , the strength. 
 
 robustus, -a, -um, [robos- (orig. 
 stem of robur) -f tus], adj., en- 
 dowed with strength , vigorous , strong. 
 
 rogatio, -onis, [roga -f tio], F., 
 an asking , a request. — Esp., {an 
 asking of the people in assembly ), a 
 billy a law (as proposed but not yet 
 enacted). 
 
 rogatus, -tus [roga-f tus], m., a 
 request. 
 
 rogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], I. v. a. 
 and n., ask , request , ask for. — Esp., 
 ask of the people, propose (a law, etc.), 
 pass (a bill, as the result of the 
 asking). 
 
 Roma, -ae, [?, perh. akin to Gr. 
 pea>, the river city ], F., Rome. 
 
 Romanus, -a, -um, [Roma-fnus], 
 
 adj., Roman. — As suhst., a Roman : 
 ludi Romani (also magni?, a great 
 festival of the Romans, beginning 
 Sept. 4, and lasting some fifteen 
 days) . 
 
 Romilius (also Romuleus), -a, 
 -um, [Romulo + ius], adj., of Romu- 
 lus , Romilian. — Esp., Romilia, F., 
 as the name of one of the tribes of 
 Rome, Romilian (sc. tribe). 
 
 Romulus, -I, [prob. manufactured 
 from Roma], M., the eponymous 
 hero, the founder of Rome. — Also 
 of a statue of him as an infant. 
 
 Roscius, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 family name. — Esp. : i . Sex. Ros- 
 cius of Arneria, killed in the Sullan 
 proscription; 2. Another of the same 
 name, the person defend^ against 
 the charge of this murder in one of 
 Cicero’s orations; 3. Q. Roscius Gal- 
 las, a famous actor and friend of 
 Cicero, also defended by him in an 
 extant oration; 4. T. Roscius Capito , 
 a kinsman of Sex. Roscius; 5. T. 
 Roscius Magnus , another kinsman of 
 the same. 
 
 rostrum, -i, [y'ROD- (in rodo) 
 + trum] , N., a beak. — Esp. of a 
 ship, the beak , the ram (used as in 
 modern naval fighting). — Esp., ros- 
 tra, plur. the rostra or rostrum , a 
 stage in the Forum from which the 
 people were addressed, ornamented 
 with the beaks of ships. 
 
 Rudiae, -arum, [?], f. plur., a 
 town of Calabria, where the poet 
 Ennius was born. 
 
 Rudinus, -a, -um, [Rudia+inus], 
 
 adj., of Rudiae. 
 
 rudis, -e, [?], adj., rude , rough. 
 — Fig., uneducated , unpolished \ ig- 
 norant. 
 
 Rufio, -onis, [fRufio + o], M., a 
 slave’s name. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 161 
 
 Rufus, -i, [prob. dialectic form 
 of rubus, red], M., a Roman sur- 
 name. 
 
 rulna, -ae, [prob. fruo- (V RU > 
 in ruo) -f na (f. of -nus), cf. rues, 
 ruidus], F., a falling , an tmder- 
 mining. — Fig-, # downfall , a crash , 
 a ruin. 
 
 rumor, -oris, [rum (cf. rumito, 
 as if root) + or], M., a rumor , a 
 story (confused report), report , repu- 
 tation (talk about one). 
 
 rumpo, rupi, ruptus, rumpere, 
 [y'RUP (in rupes?)], 3. v. a., break 
 (as a door, cf. frango, as a stick), 
 burst. 
 
 ru§, rui, rutus (ruiturus), mere, 
 [^/ru (cf. ruina)], 3. v. a. and n., 
 cause to fall , fall, go to ruin , be 
 ruined, go to destruction. — Also (cf. 
 fall upon), rush headlong, rush. 
 
 rursus [for reversus, petrified 
 as adv., cf. versus], adv., back again, 
 back, again, on the other hand. 
 
 rus, ruris, [?], N., the country: 
 ruri (in the country). 
 
 rusticor, -atus, -ari, [rustico-], 
 I. v. dep., go to the country. 
 
 rusticus, -a, -urn, [rus + ticus], 
 adj., rural, rustic , country. — Masc. 
 as subst., a countryman, a rustic . 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabinus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (cf. 
 sabulum, sand) + inus], M., Sa- 
 bine. — Plur. M., the Sabines. 
 
 sacer, sacra, sacrum, [^/sac (in 
 sancio) + rus], adj., sacred. — Neut. 
 plur., sacred rites , sacred objects, 
 things sacred. 
 
 sacerdos,-dotis, [sacro-dos( A /DA 
 + tis)], M. and F., ( arranger of 
 sacred rites ?), a priest. 
 
 sacramentum, -i, [sacra-f men- 
 
 tum], N., a deposit (to secure an 
 oath, orig. in a bargain), an oath . — 
 Hence, a suit at law (of a peculiar 
 form in use at Rome). 
 
 sacrarium, -I, [n. of sacrarius 
 (sacro + arius)], N., a shrine. 
 
 sacrificium, -i, [fsacrifico- (sa- 
 cro-ffacus, cf. beneficus) + ium], 
 N., a sacrifice. 
 
 sacro, -avi, -atus, -are, [sacro-], 
 1. v. a., consecrate : leges sacratae 
 
 (inviolable). 
 
 sacrosanctus, -a, -um, (some- 
 times separate), [sacro sanctus], 
 adj., halloived by religious rites , sa- 
 cred, inviolable. 
 
 saeculum (seculum, saeclum) , 
 -i, [prob. seco- (or other stem akin 
 to secus, sex) + lum (cf. Lucr . 4, 
 1223, no doubt -y/SA in sero)], N., 
 a generation (orig. a family of off- 
 spring), an age. — Esp. of future 
 ages. 
 
 saepe [n. of fsaepis (perh. same 
 as saepes)], adv., often: minime 
 saepe (most rarely). — saepius, 
 compar., many times, repeatedly , 
 again and again, so many times : 
 semel et saepius (once and again) ; 
 iterum et saepius (many many 
 times ) . 
 
 saepiS (sep-), -si (-ii), -tus, -ire, 
 [saepi- (cf. saepes, saepe)], 4. v. a., 
 hedge in, enclose, surround, protect. 
 
 saeptum (sep-), -i, [n. p.p. of 
 saepio], N., an enclosure, a railing 
 (esp. of the voting places at Rome). 
 
 sagatus, -a, -um, [sago-}- atus], 
 adj., clad in the sagum, in the garb 
 of war, in arms. 
 
 sagax, -acis, [sag (root of sagio) 
 + ax], adj., keen-scented, acute. 
 
 sag! no, -avi, -atus, -are, [sagi- 
 na-], 1. v. a., fatten, feed . — Pass., 
 gorge one's self, fatten (one’s self) . 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 162 
 
 sagum, -i, [prob. borrowed], n., 
 a military cloak (of coarse wool) : 
 ad saga ire ( put on the garb of 
 war , as was done at Rome in times 
 of public danger) ; sumere saga 
 (same meaning). 
 
 Salami nil, -orum, [Salamin -f 
 ius], M. plur., the people of Salamis 
 (the island off Attica, famous for the 
 battle with the Persians, B.c. 480). 
 
 saltern, [?], adv., at least, at any 
 rate. 
 
 sal to, -avi, -atus, -are, [as if salto- 
 after analogy of rapto, etc.], I. v. n., 
 dance , leap. 
 
 saltus, -tus, [?, perh. ^/sal (in 
 salio) -f tus], M., a 7vooded height , 
 a glade, a pass (in the mountains), 
 a pasture. 
 
 sains, -utis, [salvo (?) + tis (cf. 
 virtus, Carmentis)], F., health, 
 well-being, welfare , safety, preserva- 
 tion, relief, deliver a7ice , life (as 
 saved or lost), escape (safety in dan- 
 ger), acquittal (on a trial, the regular 
 word), restoration (to citizenship) : 
 ratio salutis ( means of safety, 
 chances of acquittal). — Asa divinity, 
 Health (implying also deliverance), 
 who had a temple at Rome. 
 
 salutaris, -e, [salut+aris], adj., 
 healthful, wholesome, beneficial, salu- 
 tary, saving : civis ( valuable , as 
 aiding the welfare of the state) ; 
 salutaribus rebus tuis ( prosper- 
 ous , not only for himself, but for the 
 state). 
 
 salutS, -avi, -atus, -are, [salut-], 
 1. v. a., salute (wishing salus to 
 one, cf. salve) . — Esp., visit, call 
 upon, a regular custom among the 
 Romans. 
 
 salvus, -a, -um, [^/sar (sal) -f 
 rus, cf. oAos], adj., safe, whole, sound, 
 saved, unharmed, uninjured. — In 
 
 many phrases : nisi te salvo, etc. 
 {unless all is ivell with you) ; salvus 
 esse ( survive , avoid ruin, flourish) ; 
 salva urbe (j<? long as the city stands, 
 in the city still standing)', salva 
 republica {without detriment to, etc., 
 and often). 
 
 Samos (-us), -i, [Gr. 2ayu°s]> f., 
 a famous city on an island of the 
 same name off the coast of Ionia. 
 
 sancio, sanxi, sanctus (-itus), san- 
 cire, [V SAC 0 n sacer)], 4. v. a., 
 bind (in some religious manner), 
 make sacred , solemnly establish (by 
 law), ordain. — sanctus, -a, -um, 
 p.p. as adj., holy, sacred, solemn, in- 
 violable, pure, venerable, inviolate, 
 revered, conscientious. 
 
 sancte [old abl. of sanctus], 
 adv., piously, conscientiously. 
 
 sanctitas, -tatis, [sancto + tas] , 
 F., sacredness, sanctity, inviolability . 
 — Also, piety, purity, conscientious - 
 ness. 
 
 sane [old abl. of sanus], adv., 
 soundly, discreetly. — Usually, as 
 weakened particle, no doubt, without 
 question, certainly. — Oftener giving 
 a light tone to the idea, by all means, 
 at any rate, Pm sure, enough, if you 
 like : sane ne haec quidem mihi res 
 placebat {very much) ; sane bene- 
 volo animo (/’;// sure); Siculi sane 
 liberi {pretty independent); dica- 
 tur sane {if he likes) ; sane varius 
 {motley enough) ; pereant sane {for 
 all me); fines exigui sane {none 
 too wide); quaesierit sane {if you 
 like); augeamus san ^{by all means). 
 
 sanguis (-en), -inis, [?], M., 
 blood (as the vital fluid, generally in 
 the body, cf. cruor), the life-blood 
 (also as just shed). — So also, blood- 
 shed, blood, murder. 
 
 sanitas, -tatis, [sano + tas], F., 
 
Vocabulary . 163 
 
 soundness, sound mind, ordinary 
 discretion. 
 
 sano, -avi, -atus, -are, [sano-], 
 I. v. a., make sound, make good, re- 
 pair, cure, heal. 
 
 sanus, -a, -um, [y'SA- ( a ^i n to 
 salvus) + nus], adj ., sound (in body 
 or mind), sane, discreet : bene sanus 
 ( really wise). 
 
 sapiens, -ends, [p. of sapio], as 
 adj., wise, discreet, of discretion . — 
 Esp. as subst., a philosopher. 
 
 sapienter [sapient -f ter], adv., 
 wisely , with wisdom. 
 
 sapientia, -ae, [sapient+ia], F., 
 wisdom. 
 
 sapio, -ii (-ivi), no p.p., -ere, 
 [?, -y/SAP (akin to Gr. <ro(p 6 s)(\, 
 3. v. a. and n., taste (actively or pas- 
 sively). — Hence, be wise, have in- 
 telligence. 
 
 Sappho, -us, [Gr. Scor^oT], F., the 
 famous poetess of Mytilene in Les- 
 bos. — Of a famous statue of her at 
 Syracuse, stolen by Verres. 
 
 Sardinia, -ae, [?], F., the island 
 still called by that name in the Tus- 
 can Sea. 
 
 satelles, -ids, [?], M. or f., an at- 
 tendant, a tool, a minister, a minion. 
 
 satietas, -tads, [fsatio- (cf. sa- 
 tio) + tas (cf. pietas)], F., satiety, 
 appetite (as satisfied). 
 
 satio, -avi, -atus, -are, [fsatio- 
 (akin to satis), cf. satietas], i.v.a., 
 satiate, satisfy , sate, glut, feast. 
 
 satis [ ?], adv., enough , sufficiently, 
 adequately. — Often with partitive, 
 equivalent to a noun or adj., enough, 
 sufficient : satis late (pretty widely)', 
 satis habere (consider sufficient, be 
 satisfied) ; satis facere, see below. 
 
 satisfacio, -feci, -facturus, -fa- 
 cere, [satis facio], irr. v. n., do 
 enough for, satisfy. 
 
 satius [prob. compar. of satis], 
 adj. and adv., better, preferable. 
 
 Saturnalia, -ium and -iorum, 
 [Saturno + alis], N. plur., the Sat- 
 urnalia, the great feast of Saturn in 
 December, beginning the 17th, dur- 
 ing which the freedom of the golden 
 age was imitated by all classes. 
 
 Saturnlnus, -i, [prob. Saturnio 
 + inus], M., a Roman family name. 
 
 — Esp., L. Appuleius Saturninus, 
 killed as a demagogue by Marius, 
 B.C. IOO. 
 
 Satyrus, -i, [Gr. SctTupos], M., a 
 satyr, a half-human deity of the for- 
 ests, personating the vital force of 
 nature, a frequent subject for works 
 of art. 
 
 saucius, -a, -um, [?], adj., 
 
 wounded. 
 
 Saxa, -ae, [?], M., a Roman fam- 
 ily name. — Esp., L. Decidius Saxa, 
 a friend of Antony. 
 
 saxum, -i, [?], N., a rock. 
 
 scaena (see-), -ae, [Gr. <TK 7 )vrf\, 
 F., (a bower), a stage (from the 
 arched proscenium and background). 
 
 scaenicus (see-), -a, -um, [scae- 
 na + cus], adj., of the stage, scenic. 
 
 Scaevola, -ae, [scaevo + la, sc. 
 manus], M., a Roman family name. 
 
 — Esp., P. Mucius Sccevola , cons. 
 B.C. 133. 
 
 scalae, -arum, [y'sCAD (in scan- 
 do) + la], F. plur., a flight of stairs, 
 stairs, steps. 
 
 Scantia, -ae, [?], F., a Roman 
 woman of the gens of that name, in 
 some way wronged by Clodius. 
 
 Scaurus, -1, [scaurus, “ club- 
 foot”], M., a Roman family name. — 
 Esp., M. PEmilius Scaurus, cons. 
 1 16, long famous as princeps sena- 
 tus, cons, a second time, and censor. 
 He was father-in-law of Mb Glabrio. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 k 6 4 
 
 scelerate [old abl. of scelera- 
 tus], adv., criminally , wickedly, im- 
 piously. 
 
 sceleratus, -a, -um, [as if (perh. 
 really) p.p. of scelero ( stain with 
 crime ?).], adj., villanous, accursed. 
 — As subst., a scoundrel , a vil- 
 lain. 
 
 scelestus, -a, -um, [scelus+tus], 
 adj., (of acts), criminal , impious , 
 wicked (cf. sceleratus, of persons). 
 
 scelus, -eris, [?, cf. Gr. <r/ceAos, 
 perh. orig. “ crookedness ,” cf. pravus 
 and wrong~\ , N., crime , villany , wick- 
 edness, a heinous crime : tantum 
 scelus monstrous wickedness ). 
 
 scena, see scaena. 
 scenicus, see scaenicus. 
 
 Schola, -ae, [schola], m., a Ro- 
 man name, see Causinius. 
 
 scientia, -ae, [scient + ia]> f., 
 knowledge , acquaintance with (thing 
 in the genitive, or clause). 
 
 scilicet [prob. sci (imperative) 
 licet], adv., you may know , of course , 
 that is to say, in fact. — Often ironi- 
 cal, forsooth. 
 
 scio, scivi, scitus, scire, [?], 4-v.a., 
 ( separate ?), distinguish , know (a 
 fact, cf. nosco), be aware: certo 
 scio {I am very sure) ; scitote (you 
 must know , be assured, you may be 
 sure'). — sciens, -entis, p. as adj., 
 having knowledge , well-informed, ex- 
 perienced , skilful : prudens et sci- 
 ens (with full knowledge, and with 
 one's eyes open ); nec imperante 
 nec sciente nec praesente domino 
 (without the order or knowledge or 
 presence of, etc.). 
 
 Scipio, -onis, [scipio, slaff~\, M., 
 a Roman family name. — Esp. : I. 
 See Africanus; 2. See Nasica; 
 3. P. (Cornelius) Scipio (Nasica), 
 an influential, but not famous, mem- 
 
 ber of the family, active on the side 
 of Sex. Roscius. 
 
 sclscitor, -atus, -ari, [as if sci- 
 scito-, p.p. of scisco], 1. v. dep., 
 learn, ask, examine, make enquiries. 
 
 scortum, -i, [?], N., a hide . — 
 Also, a harlot. 
 
 scriba, -ae, [-y/sCRiB + a], M ., a 
 
 clerk. 
 
 scrlbo, scrips!, scriptus, scribere, 
 [?], 3. v. a. and n., write , give an ac- 
 count (in writing), inscribe, set down, 
 draw up (of a law), write about, com- 
 pose, record , appoint (in a written 
 instrument), niake (in writing). 
 
 scrip tor, -toris, [y'scRiB + tor], 
 M ., a writer, an author. 
 
 scrip tura, -ae, [y'sCRiB -f tura, 
 but cf. pictura], F., a writing. — 
 Also (from the registering of the 
 number of cattle pastured on the 
 public lands), the public pastures, the 
 pasture tax. 
 
 scrutor, -atus, -ari, [scruta, rub- 
 bish ], I. v. dep., rummage, search, 
 pry into. 
 
 scutum, -i, [?], N., a shield, of 
 the Roman legion, made of wood, 
 convex, oblong (2J by 4 ft.), cov- 
 ered with leather. 
 
 Scyllaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 2 kv\ - 
 Acuos], adj., of Scylla (the famous 
 rock in the Strait of Messina on the 
 Italian side, corresponding to Cha- 
 rybdis on the side of Sicily, danger- 
 ous to mariners), Scyllcean. 
 
 se- (sed-) [same word as sed(?)], 
 insep. prep., apart , aside, azvay, etc. 
 
 secedo, -cessl, -cessum (impers.), 
 -cedere, [se-cedo], 3. v. n., with- 
 draw, retire, go away. 
 
 secerno, -crevi, -cretus, -cernere, 
 [se-cerno] , 3. v. a., separate. — Less 
 exactly, distinguish. — Also, set aside, 
 reject. 
 
Vocabulary. 165 
 
 secessio, -onis, [se-cessio, cf. se- 
 cedo], F., a withdrawal , a secession 
 (a withdrawal for political reasons). 
 
 secius, see secus. 
 
 seed, secui, sectus, secare, [prob. 
 causative of y/SEC], 1. v. a., cut , 
 reap. — There is possibly another 
 meaning, follow. 
 
 sector, -toris, [y'SEC ( follow or 
 cutl y possibly two words) + tor], M., 
 a cutter. — Also, a purchaser of con- 
 fiscated estates (or of booty taken in 
 war) : de manibus sectorum (of the 
 confiscation, harpies') ; sectores ac 
 sicarii (sharpers and cut-throats). 
 
 sector, -atus, -ari, [prob. secta- 
 ( -y/SEQU -f ta, cf. moneta)], 1. v. 
 dep., pur sue , chase after , be in one's 
 train. 
 
 secundum, see secundus. 
 
 secundus, -a, -um, [part, in -dus, 
 of sequor], adj ., following. — Hence, 
 second. — Also (as not opposing) , 
 favorable , successful : res secundae 
 ( prosperity ). — Neut. acc. as prep., 
 alongy in the direction of in accord- 
 ance withy after. 
 
 securis, -is, [y'SEC + unc. term.], 
 F., ail axe. — Esp., the axe of the lic- 
 tor (as a symbol of the power of life 
 and death) : duodecim secures (i.e., 
 two praetors). 
 
 secus [V SE Q 0 n sequor) + unc. 
 term.], adv., (inferior), otherwise , 
 less. — Compar., secius (setius), 
 less: nihilo secius (none the less, 
 nevertheless) . 
 
 sed [abl. of unc. stem, cf. re], 
 conj., (apart) (cf. seditio and se- 
 curus), but (stronger than autem 
 or at). 
 
 sedeo, sedi, sessum (sup.), se- 
 rf ere, [fsedo- (y/SED + us, cf. domi- 
 seda and sedo)], 2. v. n., sit, sit 
 still, remain seated, sit (here, there, I 
 
 etc.), sit by : ad portas imperator 
 (be in arms, be). 
 
 sedes, -is, [^/sed + es (m. and f. 
 term, corresponding to N. -us)], F., a 
 seat. — Hence, an abode (both in 
 sing, and plur.), an abiding-place , a 
 place of abode , a home , a seat 
 
 (fig-)- 
 
 seditio, -onis, [sed-fitio (fi -f 
 tio)], F., a secession, a mutiny, an 
 uprising , a civil disturbance, an in- 
 surrection, a riot. 
 
 seditiose [old abl. of seditio- 
 sus], adv., treasonably , with sedi- 
 tious purpose, to excite a riot. 
 
 seditiosus, -a, -um, [sedition + 
 osus (poss. as if fseditio + osus, cf. 
 initium)], adj., seditious, factious. 
 
 sedo, -avi, -atus, -are, [causative 
 of -y/SED, or perhaps denominative of 
 sedo-, cf. domiseia], 1. v. a., settle , 
 quiet, allay , appease , repress, check , 
 stop. 
 
 sedulitas, -tatis, [sedulo -f tas], 
 
 F., assiduity, diligent attention , zeal , 
 earnest endeavor , painstaking. 
 
 seges, -etis, [unc. stem (cf. seco?) 
 +tis], F., a crop of grain (growing), 
 a field (of grain) : seges ac mate- 
 riam gloriae (the fertile source and 
 raw material) . 
 
 segnls, -e, [?], adj., slow , inac- 
 tive. — segnior (less active). 
 
 segniter [segni + ter], adv., 
 slowly , sluggishly : nihilo segnius 
 (no less energetically) . 
 
 segrego, -avi, -atus, -are, [segreg- 
 (se-grex, apart from the herd)~\, 
 I. v. a., separate, exclude. 
 
 sejungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun- 
 gere, [se-jungo], 3. v. a., disjoin , 
 separate. 
 
 sella, -ae, [^/sed + la, cf. Gr. 
 efya], F., a seat, a bench , a stool, a 
 work-bench (probably only a stool) ; 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 1 66 
 
 curulis ( the curule chair , a camp- 
 stool with ivory legs, used by magis- 
 trates). 
 
 semel [prob. N. of adj., akin to 
 similis], adv., once , once only : se- 
 mel et saepius ( more than once, 
 again and again) ; ut semel ( when 
 once , as soon as). 
 
 semen, -inis, [V SE 0 n sero ) + 
 men], N., seed. — - Also, figuratively. 
 
 seminarium, -I, [semin+arius], 
 N. (of adj.), a nursery. — Also figu- 
 ratively. 
 
 semiustulatus (semus-), -a, 
 -urn, [p.p. of semiustulo], as adj., 
 half-burned. 
 
 semper [fsem6-(?) (in semel) 
 -per (cf. parumper)], adv., through 
 all tittle, all the time , always , every 
 time. 
 
 sempiternus, -a, -um, [semper 
 (weakened, for a stem) + ternus, 
 cf. hesternus], adj., eternal, forever. 
 
 Sempronius, -a, -um, [?], adj., 
 of the gens Sempronia (itself the fern, 
 of the adj.). — Esp. of C. Sempro- 
 nius Gracchus (see Gracchus) : 
 lex Sempronia ( Sempronian law, 
 of Gracchus, securing the rights of 
 Roman citizens). 
 
 senator, -toris, [fsena- (as if 
 verb-stem akin to senex, perh. really 
 so, cf. senatus) + tor], m., ( an 
 elder). — Hence, a senator (esp. of 
 Rome), a member of the Senate. 
 
 senatorius, -a, -um, [senator + 
 ills], adj., of the senators , of the Sen- 
 ate, of a senator , senatorial. 
 
 senatus, -tus, [fsena- (as if, perh. 
 really, verb-stem akin to senex)], 
 M ., a senate (council of old men). — 
 Esp., the Senate (of Rome, the great 
 body of nobles acting as an adminis- 
 trative council). (The word ex- 
 presses the body as an order in the 
 
 state, or as a council, and also a 
 meeting of the body.) 
 
 senatus consultum, see the sep- 
 arate parts of the phrase. 
 
 senectus, -tutis, [senec (as stem 
 of senex) + tus, cf. virtus], f., 
 age (advanced) , old age, riper years 
 (not necessarily age in Eng. sense). 
 
 senex [seni (stem of oblique 
 cases) + cus (reduced)], senis [?, 
 cf. seneschaf), adj. (only M.), old. — 
 Esp. as subst., an old man (above 
 forty-five), the elder (of two of the 
 same name), senior. 
 
 senilis, -e, [seni- (see senex) + 
 lis (or -ilis) ] , adj., of an old man: 
 corpus (aged). 
 
 senium, -i, [seni- (see senex) 
 -f ium], N., age (as a decline), senil- 
 ity. — Less exactly, weakness, sad- 
 ness, torpor. 
 
 sensim [as if acc. of fsensis, 
 verbal of sentio, cf. partim], adv., 
 (perceptibly). — Hence (cf. subito 
 and repente, its opposites), gradu- 
 ally, by degrees. 
 
 sensus, -us, [sent- (as root of 
 sentio) + tus], m., feeling (as be- 
 longing to humanity, tie.), sensation, 
 a feeling, feelings (in both sing, and 
 plur.), the senses (in both sing, and 
 plur.), consciousness, the power of 
 sense, a sentiment (a way of feeling). 
 — Hence, a sense, a meaning. 
 
 sententia, -ae, [fsentent- (p. of 
 simpler pres, of sentio) -f ia], F., 
 (feeling, thinking). — Hence, a way 
 of thinking, an opinion, a view , a 
 determination, a sentiment, a feel- 
 ing, a purpose , a design. — Esp., 
 officially, a judgment, an opinion, a 
 sentence , a vote , a decision, an ex- 
 pression of opinion, a ballot (a writ- 
 ten expression of opinion). — Esp.: 
 verba atque sententiae (words and 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 167 
 
 ideas or expressions') ; divisa est 
 sententia ( the vote was divided ) ; in 
 eandem sententiam ( to the same pur- 
 port ) ; de sententia amicorum (by 
 the advice , etc.); in eadem senten- 
 tia (of the satne mind). — senten- 
 tiae, plur., a verdict, votes of a jury . 
 
 sentina, -ae, [?], F., bilge water. 
 — Fig., the dregs , a cesspool. 
 
 sentio, sens!, sensus, sentire, [?], 
 4. v. a., perceive (by the senses ), feel, 
 knozv, see, think (of an opinion made 
 up), learn about , learn, find (by ex- 
 perience). — Hence, hold an opinion , 
 take sides , side , hold a viezv (of some 
 kind). — Also absolutely, possess sen- 
 sation, feel. 
 
 separo, -avi, -atus, -are, [se-(sed-) 
 paro], I. v. a., (get apart?), sepa- 
 rate. — Esp. p.p., separatus, -a, 
 -um, as adj., separate. 
 
 sepelio, -ivl (-ii), sepultus, -ire, 
 [?], 4. v. a., bury. — Less exactly and 
 fig., put to rest, destroy, end, ruin, 
 bury in ruins . 
 
 sepes, see saepes. 
 sepio, see saepio. 
 
 Seplasia, -ae, [?], F., a place in 
 Capua where ointments (i.e., per- 
 fumes) were sold. 
 
 septem [ ?, cf. seven], indecl. num. 
 adj., seven. 
 
 Septimius, -i, [septimo + ius]. 
 M., a Roman gentile name, cf. Octa- 
 vius. — Esp., P. Septimius, an ob- 
 scure senator, condemned for extor- 
 tion. 
 
 Septimus, -a, -um, [septem + 
 mus, cf. primus], adj., the seventh. 
 septum, see saeptum. 
 sepulcrum (sepulchrum), -i, 
 [fsepul (as if root of sepelio, or a 
 kindred stem) + crum (cf. lava- 
 crum)], N., a tomb , a grave, a bur- 
 ial place. 
 
 sepultura, -ae, [f sepultu (sepel, 
 in sepelio, prob. compound, -f tus) 
 + ra (F. of -rus)], F., burial, bury- 
 ing, burial rites, funeral rites (even 
 in cremation). 
 
 sequester, -tris, [akin to sequor, 
 prob. fsequit- ( c f. comes, eques) 
 + tris (cf. equester)], m., (a de- 
 positary in a suit at law of the prop- 
 erty in dispute). — Less exactly, a 
 depositary (of money for bribery). 
 
 sequor, secutus, sequl, [^/sequ], 
 3. v. dep., follow, acco?npany . — Fig., 
 follow the dictates of obey , be guided 
 by, follozv, adopt (an opinion), side 
 with, aim at. 
 
 Sergius, -I, [perh. Sabine], M., a 
 Roman gentile name, see Catilina. 
 
 — Also, T. Sergius Gallus (perh. 
 Sextius or Sestius), an unknown 
 person who had an estate at Bovilke. 
 
 sermo, -onis, [^/ser (in sero, 
 twine) -f mo (prob. -mo-f o)], M., (se- 
 ries ?). — Hence, conversation (con- 
 tinuous series of speech), talk, inter- 
 course, conversation with, conunon 
 talk, speech. — Also, language. 
 
 sero [abl. of serus],adv., too late. 
 
 — Comp., serius, too late. 
 
 serpo, serpsl, no p.p., serpere, 
 
 [•y/SERP, cf. epirou], 3. v. n., creep. — 
 Fig., wind its way, spread. 
 
 Sertorianus, -a, -um, [Sertorio 
 -f anus], adj., of Sertorius, esp. the 
 one mentioned above. 
 
 Sertorius, -i, [sertor(?) + ius], 
 
 M. , (garland-maker?) ,a Roman gen- 
 tile name. — Esp., Q. Sertorius, a 
 partisan of Marius, who held a com- 
 mand in Spain against the party of 
 Sulla from B.c. 80 to B.c. 72. 
 
 sertum, -I, [p.p. of sero, twine], 
 
 N. , a garland, a wreath. 
 
 serus, -a, -um, [perh. akin to 
 sero], adj., late, long delayed. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 1 68 
 
 servilis, -e, [servi (as if stem of 
 servus or akin, cf. servio) + lis], 
 adj., of slaves , of a slave , servile : in 
 servilem modum ( like slaves') ; bel- 
 lum ( the servile war, the revolt of 
 the slaves under Spartacus in B.C. 73). 
 
 Servilius, -i, [servili -f ius], m., 
 a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : 
 I. P. Servilius Valia Isanicus, cons. 
 B.C. 79; 2. C. Servilius Ahala, see 
 Ahala; 3. C. Servilius Glaucia , see 
 Glaucia; 4. P. Servilius Valia , son 
 of 1, cons. B.C. 48 with Caesar. 
 
 servio, -ii (-ivi) , -iturus, -ire, 
 [servi- (as if stem of servus or 
 akin, cf. servilis)], 4. v. n., be a 
 slave (to some one or something), be 
 in subjeclion. — Less exactly, devote 
 one's self to, cater to, be influenced 
 by, consult for, be subservient to, do 
 a service to. 
 
 servitium, -i, [servo+tium (cf. 
 amicitia)], N., {slavery). — Hence 
 (cf. juveutus), a body of slaves, 
 slaves (esp. in plural). 
 
 servitus, -tutis, [as if fservitu 
 (servo + tus) + tis, cf. iuventus, 
 sementis, perh. immediately servo 
 -f tus, -tutis], F., slavery , servitude. 
 
 Servius, -i, [servo + ius], m., a 
 Roman prsenomen. 
 
 servo, -avl, -atus, -are, [servo-], 
 I. v. a., watch, guard, keep, preserve, 
 maintain. — Esp. in language of 
 augury, watch (for omens) : de caelo 
 {see an omen , a process used to stop 
 proceedings by one colleague against 
 another). 
 
 servolus (-ulus), -i, [servo + 
 lus], M., a little slave, a slave (with 
 a suggestion of disparagement). 
 
 servus, -i, [unc. root (y'SER, 
 bindl) -f vus], M., a slave. 
 sese, see sui. 
 
 sestertius, -i, [semis-tertius (two 
 
 whole ones and) the third a half ?] , 
 M. of adj. (with nummus), two and 
 a half asses, a sesterce (a sum of 
 money, about five cents). 
 
 Sestius (Sext-), -i, m., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., P. Sestius, a 
 Roman defended by Cicero in an 
 oration still extant, 
 setius, see secus. 
 seu, see sive. 
 
 severe [old abl. of severus], 
 adv., with strictness, with severity, 
 harshly. 
 
 severitas, -tatis, [severo + tas], 
 F., strictness, harshness, severity. 
 
 severus, -a, -um, [?], adj., stern, 
 strict, severe, harsh. 
 
 Sex., abbreviation for Sextus, 
 sexaginta [sex + unc. term., cf. 
 Gr. e^Kovra ] , indecl. num. adj., sixty. 
 
 sextilis, -e, [sexto + ilis], adj., 
 {of the sixth). — Hence, of August. 
 Sextius, see Sestius. 
 sextus, -a, -um, [sex+tus], adj., 
 sixth. 
 
 Sextus, -I, M., preceding as proper 
 name (orig. the sixth-born). 
 
 si [locative, prob. akin to se], 
 conj., {hi this way, in this case, so, 
 cf. sic), if, in case, on condition 
 that, supposing. — Esp., to see if, 
 whether. — See also si quis. 
 
 Sibyllinus, -a, -um, [Sibylla + 
 inus], adj., of the Sibyl, Sibylline : 
 fata {the Sibylline books, a collection 
 of prophecies held in great venera- 
 tion at Rome). 
 
 sic [si-ce, cf. hie], adv., so, in 
 this manner, in such a manner, in 
 this way, thus : sic . . . ut {so... that , 
 so well . . . that ); sic accepimus 
 {this). — sicuti, sicut, as conj .,just 
 as, just as if, as. 
 
 sica, -ae, [prob. akin to seco], F., 
 
 a dagger. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 169 
 
 sicarius, -i, [sica+arius], M., an 
 assassin , a cut-throat , # hired ruffian 
 (one who commits murder for money). 
 
 Sicilia, -ae, [Gr. Si/ceTu'a], F., 
 Sicily. 
 
 Siciliensis, -e, [Sicilia + ensis], 
 adj., of Sicily , Sicilian. — As subst., 
 a Sicilian. 
 
 Siculus, -a, -urn, [Gr. ZuceXos], 
 adj., Sicilian , of Sicily. — Plur. as 
 subst., the Sicilians. 
 
 sicut (sicuti), see sic. 
 
 Sigeum, -i, [Gr. ’Zlyeiov], N., a 
 promontory near Troy, where was the 
 supposed tomb of Achilles. 
 
 signifer, -fen, [signo-fer (V FER 
 -f us)], M ., a standard-bearer. 
 
 significatio, -onis, [signified + 
 tio], F., a making of signs , a signal, 
 a sign, an intimation, a warning, 
 an indication. 
 
 signified, -avi, -atus, -are, [fsig- 
 nifico- (signo-ficus)], 1. v. n. and a., 
 make signs, indicate, make knozvn, 
 spread news, give an intimation, give 
 information, intimate, hint at, give 
 an indication, show signs of 
 
 signum, -i, [unc. root + num (n. 
 of -nus)], N., (orig. a cut tally-mark!, 
 a device ), a sign, a mark, a signal. 
 
 — Esp., a standard (for military pur- 
 poses, carried by each body of men, 
 consisting of some device in metal 
 on a pole). — So often, signa mili- 
 taria (to distinguish this meaning). 
 
 — In phrases: conlatis signis (in 
 a regular battle') ; signis inferendis 
 (in battle array, with an armed 
 force)', see military expressions in 
 Vocab. to Caesar. — Also, a statue , a 
 seal, a constellation. 
 
 Silanion (-io), -onis, [?], M., a 
 Greek sculptor of the time of Alex- 
 ander the Great. 
 
 Silanus, -i, [?], m., a Roman 
 
 family name. — Esp., D. Junius Si- 
 lanus, cons. B.C. 62, who voted in 
 the Senate for the death of the Cati- 
 linarian conspirators. 
 
 silentium, -i, [silent + ium], n., 
 silence , quiet. — silentio, abl., in si- 
 lence, silently. 
 
 sileo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [?], 2. v. n. 
 and a., be silent, say nothing, be silent 
 about, pass over in silence. 
 
 silva, -ae, [?], F., a forest, woods, 
 forests. — Plur. in same sense. 
 
 Silvanus, -1,- [silva + nus], M., 
 (of the woods). — A Roman family 
 name. — Esp., M. Plautius Silvanus, 
 tribune, B.C. 89, author of the Plau- 
 tian Papirian law, see Plotius. 
 
 Silvester (-tris), -tris, -tre, [silva- 
 (as if silves-, cf. palustris) -ftris], 
 adj., zvoody, wooded. 
 
 similis, -e, [fsimo- (cf. simplex, 
 semper, simitu) + lis], adj., like , 
 similar, almost equal. 
 
 similiter [simili + ter], adv., in 
 like manner, likewise , in like degree, 
 in the same way. 
 
 similitudO, -inis, [simili+tudo], 
 F., likeness, resemblance (to, genitive). 
 
 simplex, -icis, [sim- (in similis, 
 etc.), -plex (V PLIC > as stem)], adj., 
 simple , without complication. 
 
 simpliciter [simplici- (as stem 
 of simplex) + ter], adv., simply, 
 with simplicity . 
 
 simul [n. of similis, cf. facul], 
 
 adv., at the same time, as soon as : 
 simul atque (as soon as) . 
 
 simulacrum, -i, [simula+ cr um] , 
 N., an image, a statue, a representa- 
 tion, a likeness. 
 
 simulatio, -onis, [simula + tio], 
 F., a pretence, a shozv. 
 
 simulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [simili- 
 (as if, perh. orig., fsimulo)], 1. v. a., 
 ' pretend , make a show of (something). 
 
170 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 simultas, -tatis, [simili- (cf. si- 
 mul) + tas], F., (likeness!, equal- 
 ity ?), rivalry . — Hence, a grudge , a 
 quarrel, an enmity . 
 
 sin [si-ne], conj., (if not), but if. 
 sincerus, -a, -um, [?], adj., pure, 
 unmixed, unadulterated, uncontani- 
 inated. 
 
 sine [ ?], prep., without, free from. 
 singularis, -e, [singulo + aris] , 
 adj . , solitary, single . — Hence, unique, 
 peculiar , special, extraordinary, un- 
 paralleled, unequalled, marvellous. 
 
 singull, -ae, -a, [sim- (in similis) 
 + unc. term.], adj., one at a time, 
 single , each, one by one, several ( sever - 
 ally), every, individually, separately. 
 
 sino, sivi, situs, sinere, [fsi (of 
 unc. meaning)], 3. v. a., (lay down , 
 cf. pono), leave. — Hence, permit, 
 allow, suffer. — In orig. meaning, 
 situs, lying: quantum est situm 
 in nobis (so far as in me lies). 
 
 Sinope, -es, [Gr. ^LuuTrrj^, f., a 
 city in Paphlagonia. 
 
 sinus, -us, [?], m., a fold . — 
 Hence, a bay, an inlet . — Esp., a 
 fold (of the toga across the bosom) , 
 the bosom. 
 
 si quando, if ever, whenever. — 
 Cf. si and quando. 
 
 si quidem, if at least, in so far 
 as, since. — Cf. si and quidem. 
 si quis, see si and quis. 
 sis [si vis], phrase, if you please, 
 will you : cave sis (look out now). 
 
 sisto, stiti, status, sistere, [^/sta, 
 reduplicated], 3. v. a. and n., place , 
 set , stand , stop. — status, -a, -um, 
 p.p., set, appointed. 
 
 sitis, -is, [?], F., thirst. 
 situs, -tus, [fsi (in sino) -j-tus], 
 M., (a laying, a leaving), situation, 
 position. 
 
 sive, seu, [si-ve], conj., if either. 
 
 or if: sive . . . sive (either . . . or, 
 whether . . . or). 
 
 Smyrnaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Z/uvp- 
 vdios~\, adj., of Smyrna (a city of 
 Ionia in Asia Minor). — Plur., the 
 people of Smyrna. 
 
 sobrius, -a, -um, [?, cf. ebrius], 
 adj., sober. 
 
 socer, -erl, [?], m., a father-in-law . 
 socia, -ae, [f. of socius], f., a 
 sharer, an associate. 
 
 societas, -tatis, [socio + tas], f., 
 a sharing, an alliance, an associa- 
 tion, a partnership. — Esp., a joint- 
 stock company (for great enterprises, 
 as in modern times), a company : 
 multarum rerum societas (many 
 associations)', in societatem venire, 
 se offerre (to share, etc.). 
 
 socius, -i, [Vsequ + ius], m., a 
 companion, an ally, a sharer, an 
 associate, a partner. 
 
 sodalis, -is, [?], m. and F., a com- 
 panion, a comrade, a crony, a boon 
 companion. 
 
 sol, solis, [?], M., the sun. — See 
 also oriens, occidens, and ortus. 
 solacium, see solatium, 
 solatium (solac-), -\, [solato + 
 ium], N., a consolation , a solace. 
 solennis, see sollemnis. 
 soleo, solitus sum, solere, [?], 
 2. v. n., be wont, be accustomed, do 
 commonly (with Eng. verb, as in con- 
 text), be in the habit, etc., use (to, 
 etc.) : sic fieri solet (is commonly 
 the case); sicut poetae solent (as 
 is the habit of poets). 
 
 solitudo, -inis, [solo + tudo], F., 
 loneliness. — Hence, a wilderness, a 
 desert, solitude, seclusion , a lonely 
 place. 
 
 sollemnis (solen-, sollen ), -e, 
 [fsollus- (every) annus], adj., an- 
 nual, yearly, stated, established. — 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 Hence, (established by religious sanc- 
 tion), solemn , religious , sacred. 
 
 sollicitatio, -onis, [sollicita + 
 tio],F., (actively), a tampering zvith. 
 
 — Also, (passively), anxiety. 
 sollicito, -avi, -atus, -are, [sol- 
 licito-], i. v.a. and n., stir up , rouse , 
 instigate , make overtures to, tamper 
 zuith, approach (with money, etc.), 
 offer bribes to. — Also, disturb, make 
 anxious , trouble. 
 
 sollicitudo, -inis, [as if, perh. 
 really, fsollicitu- (stem akin to sol- 
 licitus) -f do], F., anxiety , solici- 
 tude. 
 
 sollicitus, -a, -um, [fsollo-citus, 
 
 wholly roused ], adj., agitated , anx- 
 ious, uneasy, troubled. 
 
 solum, see solus, 
 solum, -i, [?], N., the soil, the 
 foundation. 
 
 solus, -a, -um, [?], adj., alone, 
 only, the only. — solum, n. as adv., 
 alone, only. 
 
 solutio, -onis, [solvi- (as stem of 
 solvo) + tio, cf. solutus], F., a 
 setting free . — Esp. (cf. solvo), a 
 payment, payment. 
 
 solutus, -a, -um, p.p. of solvo. 
 solvo, solvi, solutus, solvere, 
 [prob. se-luo], 3. v. a., unbind, loose. 
 
 — Fig., set free, exempt, acquit, ab- 
 solve. — Also, pay (release an obli- 
 gation), perform (a due). — Esp., 
 solutus, -a, -um, p.p., set free, unre- 
 strained, unembarrassed, remiss. 
 
 somnus, -i, [somp- (as if root of 
 sopio, etc., with intrusive n, as in 
 pingo) -f nus], M., sleep, slumber. 
 
 sono, -ui, -aturus, -are, [partly 
 sono-, partly root verb], 1. v. n. and 
 a., sound . — With cognate acc., sound 
 with, have a sound (of a certain 
 character), sound : pingue quiddam 
 {sound somewhat coarse ). 
 
 171 
 
 sonus, -i, [y'soN + us], m., a 
 
 sound. 
 
 sopio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [causa- 
 tive of -y/sop (cf. somnus), or de- 
 nominative of kindred stem], 4. v. a., 
 put to sleep : sopita consuetudo 
 {put to sleep, a sleep). 
 
 sordes, -is, [y'soRD- (cf. swart ) 
 -f es], F., dirt, filth. — Fig., mean- 
 ness, dirty tricks, mean dishonesty. 
 — Also, wretchedness (of apparel in 
 mourning), dust and ashes{T). 
 
 sordidatus, -a, -um, [sordidd + 
 atus, cf. candidatus, perh. real 
 p.p.], adj ., filthy. — Esp. of clothes, 
 (in mourning and otherwise), clad 
 in mourning (cf. “in sackcloth and 
 ashes ”). 
 
 soror, -oris, [ ?, cf. sister), F., a sis- 
 ter : soror ex matre {a half-sister ) . 
 
 sors, sortis, [perh. y'SER (in sero) 
 + tis, but the orig. sense is unc.], 
 F., a lot (for divination), a designa- 
 tion by lot, a choice by lot , a drawing 
 (of a jury), an allotment. 
 
 sortior, -itus, -iri, [sorti-], 4. v. 
 dep., cast lots, draw lots, draw a jury 
 (by lot). — Hence, obtain by lot. 
 
 sorti tio, -onis, [sorti + tio], F., a 
 drawing by lot, an allotment, a divi- 
 sion by lot, a drawing (of a jury by 
 lot). 
 
 sortltus, -tus, [sorti + tus], m., 
 an allot 7 nent , an assignment (by lot). 
 Sp., abbreviation for Spurius. 
 spargo, sparsi, sparsus, spargere, 
 [^/sparg], 3. v. a., scatter, fling 
 about. — Fig., spread, extend. 
 
 Spartacus, -i, [?], M., a famous 
 gladiator, who roused a servile war 
 in Italy, B.C. 73. 
 
 spatium, -i, [?], n., space, extent, 
 a space, a distance. — Transf., time , 
 space of tune, lapse of tune, a period. 
 species, -iei, [ ^/spec + ies (akin 
 
to -ia)], F., (a sight, prob. both act. 
 and pass.). — Passively, a sight , a 
 show , an appearance , a spectacle , {a 
 splendid action). 
 
 spectaculum, -i, [specta + cu- 
 lum], N., a sight, a show, a spectacle. 
 
 specto, -avi, -at us, -are, [speeto-], 
 i. v. a. and n., look at, regard, gaze 
 upon, have regard to, look towards, 
 aim at, be aimed at, tend. — spec- 
 tatus, p.p. as adj., tried, proved, es- 
 teemed, estimable. 
 
 specula, -ae, [fspeca- (^/sPEC+a, 
 cf. conspicor) + la], F., a watch- 
 tower, a lookout : in speculis (on 
 the lookout). 
 
 speculator, -toris, [specula + 
 tor], M., a spy , a scout. 
 
 speculor, -atus, -ari, [speculo-], 
 i. v. dep., spy, reconnoitre, watch: 
 speculandi causa (as a spy). 
 
 spero, -avi, -atus, -are, [spes- 
 (prob. orig. stem of spes) with r 
 for s], I. v. a. and n., hope , hope for , 
 expect, have hope for : bene sperare 
 (have good hope) . 
 
 spes, -ei, [?], Y.,hope, expectation, 
 hopes . 
 
 spiritus, -tus, [spiri- (as stem of 
 spiro) + tus], M., breath, the air 
 we breathe . — Also, spirit, inspira- 
 tion. — Hence in plur., pride , arro- 
 gance. 
 
 spiro, -avl, -aturus, -are, [?], i.v.n. 
 and a., breathe, blow : spirante re- 
 publica (still breathing)', spirans 
 (alive). 
 
 splendidus, -a, -um, [prob. fsplen- 
 do+dus, cf. splendeo, splendico], 
 adj., bright, shining, brilliant : causa 
 splendidior fiet (gain in lustre). — 
 Esp. as epithet of the middle class, 
 distinguished (by wealth and char- 
 acter, cf. amplus), conspicuous , 
 prominent. 
 
 splendor, -oris, [splend (as if 
 root of splendeo) + or (for -os)], 
 M., brilliancy, lustre. — Hence, prom- 
 inence, brilliant position, brilliant 
 character. 
 
 spoliatio, -onis, [spolia + tio], 
 
 F., a despoiling, a robbery, spoliation , 
 unlawful deprivation. 
 
 spolio, -avl, -atus, -are, [spolio-], 
 I. v. a. and n., despoil, strip. — Fig., 
 rob, deprive, despoil, plunder. — Ab- 
 solutely, despoil one's enemy, take the 
 spoil. 
 
 spolium, -i, [unc., cf. Gr. ctkvAov'], 
 n., (hide}). — Hence, spoil (of a 
 slain enemy, also fig.). 
 
 spondeo, spopondi, sponsus, spon- 
 dere, [prob. formed from borrowed 
 Gr. (nroub'f], league ], 2. v. a. and n., 
 promise (solemnly), pledge one's self. 
 
 spongia, -ae, [Gr. (nroyyid], F., a 
 sponge (used, as now, for cleaning). 
 
 spontis (gen.), sponte (abl.), 
 [prob. akin to spondeo], F., only 
 with pers. pron. or (poetic) genitive, 
 of one's own accord, voluntarily. 
 
 spurco,-avi, -atus, -are, [spurco-], 
 i. v. a., defile. 
 
 Spurius, -l, [spurius, bastard ], 
 M., a Roman praenomen. 
 
 squaleo,-ui, no p.p., -ere, [fsqua- 
 le- (cf. squales, squalidus)], 2.v.n., 
 be filthy. — Esp. of mourning (cf. 
 sordidus), be in mourning, be in 
 sorrow (in the garb of sorrow). 
 
 squalor, -oris, [squal- (as root of 
 squaleo) + or (for -os)], m., squalor. 
 — Esp. for mourning, mourning, 
 wretched apparel. 
 
 stabilio, -ivi (-ii), -Itus, -ire, 
 [stabili-], 4. v. a., make firm, estab- 
 lish, secure, firmly establish. 
 
 stabilis, -e, [V STA + perh. 
 through intermediate stem], adj., 
 standing firmly , stable, enduring. — 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 173 
 
 Fig., constant , consistent, unwaver - 
 ing ' 
 
 stabilitas, -tatis, [stabili + tas], 
 
 F., steadiness, firmness, firm founda- 
 tions. 
 
 Statilius, -i, [akin to sto], M., a 
 Roman gentile name. — Esp., L. Sta- 
 tilius, one of the Catilinarian con- 
 spirators. 
 
 statim [acc. of fstatis (sta + 
 tis)], adv., ( as one sta?tds, on the 
 spot) , at once, forthwith, immedi- 
 ately. 
 
 Stator, -toris, [y'STA + tor], M *> 
 the Stayer, an appellation of Jove as 
 the stayer of flight. 
 
 statua, -ae, [statu + a (or -va)], 
 F., a statue (usually of men, cf. sig- 
 num, effigies of gods as well). 
 
 statuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [statu-], 
 3. v. a., set up. — Hence, establish , 
 resolve upon , determine, decide, con- 
 sider, make up one's mind, take meas- 
 ures, set up as, regard as : modum 
 {set a limit ) ; aliquid severe {take 
 any severe measures')', in aliquem 
 {deal with one). 
 
 status, -tus, [V STA + tus], M., 
 {a standing or setting up), a posi- 
 tion, a condition, a state. 
 
 status, -a, -um, see sisto. 
 
 stern o, stravi, stratus, sternere, 
 [ -y/STER, cf. strages], 3. v. a., scat- 
 ter, strew. — Hence, lay low, pros- 
 trate : stratus {prostrate, lying low, 
 grovelling) . 
 
 stimulus, -i, [fstigmo- (-y/STiG 
 + mus) + lus], M., a goad, a spur. 
 Fig., a stimulus, a spur, an incen- 
 tive. 
 
 stipendiarius, -a, -um, [stipen- 
 dio + arius], adj., tributary, under 
 tribute, subject to tribute (paying a 
 fixed sum, cf. vectigalis). 
 
 stipendium, -i, [stipi- and stem 
 
 akin to pendo (perh. fpendus, cf. 
 pendulus) + ium], N., a tribute . — 
 Also, pay (for military service), ser- 
 vice, a campaign (as served and paid 
 for). 
 
 stipo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fstipo- 
 (cf. obstipus), akin to stipes], 
 1. v. a., crowd. — Hence, surround 
 with a crowd, surround. 
 
 stirps, stirpis, [?], M. and F., a 
 stock. — Fig., a race, a stock, the root 
 (malorum). 
 
 sto, stetl, staturus, stare, [^/sta], 
 
 1. v. n., (active meanings usually re- 
 ferred to sisto, the reduplicated 
 form ), stand, stand up : stans {stand- 
 ing, not overthrown). 
 
 strepitus, -tus, [strepi- (as stem 
 of strepo) + tus], M., a noise , a 
 rattling, a murmur (of approval or 
 otherwise), a din. 
 
 studeo, studul, no p.p., studere, 
 [fstudd- (or fstuda-), cf. studium], 
 
 2. v. n., be eager for or to, be devoted 
 to, pay attention to, attend to, desire, 
 be bent on (doing something), aim 
 at, be anxious (to, etc.). 
 
 studiose [old abl. of studiosus], 
 adv., eagerly , with care, with pains. 
 
 studiosus, -a, -um, [studio + 
 osus], adj., zealous, fond of, devoted. 
 
 studium, -i, [prob. fstudo+ium, 
 cf. studeo], N., eagerness, zeal, in- 
 terest, desire, devotion, fondness (for 
 a thing), enthusiasm . — Hence, a 
 pursuit (to which one is devoted), 
 a profession, an occupation, a taste 
 (for anything), a study. — Esp., a 
 party, partisan zeal, party feeling, 
 partisan favor : in eo studio par- 
 tium (in favor of that party)', con- 
 silia studia {measures and party 
 spirit) . 
 
 stulte [old abl. of stultus], adv., 
 
 foolishly. 
 
174 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 stultitia, -ae, [stulto -f tia], F., 
 
 folly, stupidity. 
 
 stultus, -a, -um [stul (in stoli- 
 dus) + tus], adj., (stupefied?), fool- 
 ish, stupid ' silly. — Often rendered 
 by a noun, a fool , utter folly , etc. 
 
 stuprum, -i, [perh. akin to stu- 
 peo], N., rape, lewdness, debauchery. 
 
 suadeo, suasl, suasus, suadere, 
 [causative of y'svAD, cf. suavis, 
 but perh. partly denom., cf. suadus], 
 2. v. n. and a., ( make agreeable to ?), 
 advise , persuade (without effect, cf. 
 persuadeo), convince. — Esp. of 
 laws, favor, support. 
 
 suavis, -e, [ ^/svad -f us, cf. le- 
 vis], adj., sweet, agreeable, pleasant. 
 
 sub (in comp, subs), [unc. case, 
 prob. abl. (cf. subs) akin to super], 
 adv. (in comp.) and prep. a. With 
 abl. (of rest in a place), under. — 
 Also, just by. — 6. With acc. (of mo- 
 tion towards a place), under , close 
 to. — Of time, just at, just before. — 
 c. In comp., under, up (from un- 
 der), away (from beneath), secretly 
 (underhand), in succession, a little , 
 slightly. 
 
 subactus, -a, -um, p.p. of subigo. 
 subc-, see succ-. 
 subeo, -ii, -itus, -ire, [sub-eo], 
 irr.v.a.,£v? under, undergo, encounter. 
 subf-, see suflf-. 
 
 subhorridus, -a, -um, [sub-hor- 
 ridus], adj., rather rough. 
 
 subicio (subji-), -jeci, -jectus, 
 -icere, [sub-jacio], 3. v. a., throw 
 under, place below, place under, sub- 
 ject, expose to. — Esp. of fire, set, 
 use to light. — Also, palm off upon, 
 forge (of wills). — Also, throw up, 
 hand up. 
 
 subigo, -egi, -actus, -igere, [sub- 
 ago], 3- v. a., bring under, subject , 
 subdue, crush. 
 
 subito, see subitus. 
 subitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of subeo], 
 adj ., {coming up secretly from under), 
 sudden, suddenly (as if adv. taken 
 with the verb), quick , hasty. — sub- 
 ito, abl. as adv., suddenly, of a sud- 
 den, all at once. 
 
 subjector, -toris, [as if sub-fjac- 
 tor, cf. subicio], M., a forger. 
 subjicid, see subicio. 
 sublatus, -a, -um, [sub-(t)latus], 
 p.p. of tollo. 
 
 sublevo, -avi, -atus, -are, [sub- 
 levo], I. v. a., lighten up, lighten, 
 relieve, raise, raise up, assist, render 
 assistance. 
 
 suboles (sob-), -is, [sub-foles 
 (^/OL+es, cf. olesco)], f., offspring. 
 subp-, see supp-. 
 subsellium, -i, [sub-fsellium 
 (sella + ium)], n., a bench, a seat 
 (esp. in the senate house or court). 
 
 subsidium, -i, [sub-fsedium 
 (y'sed + ium)], N., ( a sitting in 
 reserve ), a reserve, a reinforcement, 
 help, relief, support, assistance, means, 
 resources, a source of supplies (of any 
 kind) : patriae {stay). 
 
 subsldo, -sedi, -sessurus, -sidere, 
 [sub-sido], 3. v. n., sit dozvn, remain 
 behind, stop, stay. 
 
 subsortior, -itus, -iri, [sub-sor- 
 tior], 4. v. dep., draw in place of 
 some one, have a substitute (drawn 
 by lot). 
 
 substructio, -onis, [sub-structio, 
 cf. substruo], F., a foundation , a 
 substruction. 
 
 subsum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [sub- 
 sum], irr. v. n., be under, be under- 
 neath, be near, be close by (a certain 
 distance off), be near at hand, ap- 
 proach. 
 
 subterfugio, -fugi, no p.p., -fu- 
 gere, [subter-fugio], 3. v. n. and a., 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 175 
 
 escape (from under something that 
 impends). 
 
 subtilis, -e, [akin to sub and 
 tela], adj .,fine, subtle. 
 
 subtiliter [subtili + ter], adv., 
 
 finely , acutely : judicare {be a 
 shrewd judge'). 
 
 suburbanus, -a, -um, [sub-urbe 
 + anus], adj., suburban. — Esp. N. 
 as subst., a suburban estate , a villa. 
 
 succedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cede- 
 re, [sub-cedo], 3.V. n., come up , ad- 
 vance, come in place of, succeed to, 
 take the place of, come next. — Also, 
 be successful, prosper. 
 
 succenseo, see suscenseo. 
 succurro, -currl, -cursurus, -cur- 
 rere, [sub-curro], 3. v. n., rush to 
 support, rush to one's rescue, relieve, 
 succor. 
 
 sufFero, sustuli, sublatus (referred 
 to tollo), sufferre, [sub-fero], irr. 
 v. a., bear, suffer. 
 
 suffragatio, - 5 nis, [suffraga + 
 tio], F., a support (for an office).— 
 Less exactly, a recommendation, a 
 supporter. 
 
 suffragator, -toris, [suffraga + 
 tor], M., a supporter (for an office). 
 
 suffragium, -i, [sub-ffragium, 
 i.e. prob. suffrago + ium (cf. suf- 
 fragor and suffringo)], N., ( a 
 pastern bone , cf. suffrago; or a 
 potsherd, cf. Gr. oarpaKoi /; either 
 used as a ballot), a ballot, vote. 
 
 sui (prop. gen. N. of suus), sibi, 
 se, [Vsva], pron. reflexive, himself, 
 etc. — Often to be translated by the 
 personal, he, she, it, etc., also each 
 other. — Esp. : inter se {from, with, 
 by, etc., each other) ; per se {of him- 
 self, etc., without outside influence 
 or excitement) ; ipse per se (in and 
 of himself) . 
 
 Sulla, -ae, [?], m., a Roman fam- 
 
 ily name. — Esp., Lucius Cornelius 
 Sulla, the great partisan of the nobil- 
 ity, and opponent of Marius, called 
 the Dictator Sulla. 
 
 Sulpicius, -I, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp.: I. P. Sul- 
 
 picius Galba, prob. sedile, B.c. 69, 
 one of the jury against Verres; 2. C. 
 Sulpicius Galba , praetor, B.C. 63; 
 3. P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune, B.c. 
 88, a partisan of Marius, killed by 
 Sulla. 
 
 sum, fui, futurus, esse, [^/as, cf. 
 am, is,], irr. v. n., be (exist). — Also, 
 with weakened force, be (as a mere 
 copula). — With many renderings 
 according to the context : est de 
 proscriptione {relates to); est in 
 lege {is prescribed); est alicui {one 
 has) ; quid alicui cum aliquo est ? 
 {what has one to do with? etc.); 
 quid de aliquo futurum est? {what 
 will become of?); qui nunc sunt 
 (now living); quae est civium 
 (consists of); est alicujus (it is 
 one's part, it is one's place, it belongs 
 to one, and the like) ; meliore esse 
 sensu (to have, etc.); esse veste 
 mutata (to put on mourning) ; esse 
 cum telo (to go armed); fuerat 
 ille annus (had passed); esto (be 
 it so, well) . 
 
 summa, -ae, [f. of summus as 
 noun], F., (the top), the highest place , 
 the sum, the total, the main part: 
 belli (the general management, the 
 chief control); ad unam summam 
 referri (be set down to one account). 
 
 summus, see superus. 
 
 sumo, sumpsi, sumptus, -sumere, 
 [sub-emo (take)], 3. v. a., take 
 away, take , get, assume : suppli- 
 cium ( inflict , cf. capere) ; laborem 
 (spend) ; arma (take up) ; mihi 
 (take upon) ; exempla (draw) ; sus- 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 176 
 
 cepto bello (when the war was be- 
 gun) ; saga ( put on) ; nullis armis 
 sumptis (when there was no war). 
 
 sumptuose [old abl. of sump- 
 tuosus], adv., expensively , extrava- 
 gantly : sumptuosius (with too much 
 magnificence). 
 
 sumptuosus, -a, -um, [sumptu+ 
 osus], adj., expensive, costly . 
 
 sumptus, -tus, [sub-femptus, 
 cf. sumo], m., (a taking out of the 
 stock on hand), expense : sumptibus 
 (extravagant expenditure , extrava- 
 gance). 
 
 superbe [old abl. of superbus], 
 adv,, haughtily , arrogantly , with ar- 
 rogance, with insolence. 
 
 superbus, -a, -um, [super+bus, 
 cf. morbus], adj., arrogant , haughty , 
 prGud , insolent. 
 
 supercilium, -i, [super-cilium, 
 
 (eyelid)'], n., eyebrow , brow (as ex- 
 pressing emotions). 
 
 superior, see superus. 
 supero, -avi, -atus, -are, [supero-], 
 1. v. a. and n., overtop. — Hence, get 
 the upper hand of overcome , con- 
 quer, defeat, be superior to, pre- 
 vail, overmatch, survive (vita), sur- 
 pass. 
 
 supersum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, 
 [super-sum], irr. v. n., be over and 
 above, remain, survive : satietati 
 (remain in excess of). 
 
 superus, -a, -um, [fsupe- (stem 
 akin to sub, perh. same) -f rus (cf. 
 inferus)], adj., higher, being above. 
 
 — Compar., superior, higher, upper, 
 preceding (of time), past, before, 
 superior , earlier , former, elder : 
 superiora ilia (those former acts)', 
 superior esse (have the advantage). 
 
 — Superb, supremus [supra- (?) 
 
 4 - imus(?)], highest , last : dies (last, j 
 of a funeral). — Also, summus [sup | 
 
 | + mus], highest, the highest part of, 
 the top of. — Fig., greatest, most im- 
 portant, very great, most perfect, 
 perfect, supreme , most violent, pre- 
 eminent, in the highest degree, most 
 severe, of the utmost importance : 
 summa omnia (all the highest quali- 
 ties)', summa hieme (the depth of 
 winter ); tempus (most critical)', 
 vir (very superior ) ; quattuor aut 
 summum quinque (at the most)', 
 summa respublica (the highest in- 
 terests of the state, the general wel- 
 fare of the state). 
 
 suppeditb, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, 
 cf. suppeto], 1. v. n. and a., suffice . 
 
 — Also, supply. 
 
 suppetb, -petivi, -petiturus, -pe- 
 tere, [sub-peto], 3. v. n., (?, but cf. 
 sufficio and subvenio), be on hand , 
 be supplied \ be to be found : suppetit 
 nobis (we have a store). 
 
 supplex, -icis, [sub-fplex(7PLic 
 as stem, cf. duplex)], m. and f., a 
 suppliant. 
 
 supplicatio, -onis, [supplica + 
 tio], f., a supplication . — Esp., a 
 thanksgiving (prayer to the gods 
 upon any signal success, decreed by 
 the senate). 
 
 supplicium, -i, [supplic- (stem 
 of supplex) +ium], n., (a kneeling). 
 
 — Hence, a supplication. — Also, a 
 punishment (usually of death). 
 
 supplico, -avi, -atus, -are, [sup- 
 plic-], 1. v. a. and n., supplicate , en- 
 treat, pray for mercy. 
 
 suppono, -posui, -positus, -ponere, 
 [sub-pono], 3. v. a., put under , 
 fraudulently introduce , introduce 
 under cover of something. 
 
 supra [instr. (?) of superus], 
 adv. and prep., above , before. 
 supremus, see superus. 
 surgo, surrexi, surrectus, surgere, 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 1 77 
 
 [sub-rego], 3. v. a. and n., raise. — 
 Also, rise. 
 
 surripib (snbr-), -ripui, -reptus, 
 -ripere, [sub-rapio], 3. v. a. (and 
 n.), snatch privately , steal, take by 
 treachery. 
 
 suscenseo (succ-), -censui, -cen- 
 surus, -censere, [subs-(sub-)censeo] , 
 2. v. n., be incensed , be slightly angry , 
 be offended. 
 
 suscipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 
 [subs-capio], 3. v. a., take up, take 
 upon one's self (voluntarily, cf. re- 
 cipio, as a duty), engage in, adopt, 
 take in hand, undertake. — Also, un- 
 dergo, suffer, experience (of feelings), 
 bring upon one's self. 
 
 suspicio, -spexi, -spectus, -spicere, 
 [sub-specio], 3. v. a. and n., look up, 
 look up at, look askance at. — Hence, 
 suspect: suspectus {an object of 
 suspicion). 
 
 suspicio (-spitio), -onis, [sub- 
 fspecio, cf. suspicio, -ere], f., sus- 
 picion. 
 
 suspiciose (suspit-), [old abl. 
 of suspiciosus], adv., in a way to 
 excite suspicion. 
 
 suspiciosus (suspit-), -a, -um, 
 [prob. f suspicio- (sub-fspecium, cf. 
 extispicium) -}- osus], adj., sus- 
 picious. 
 
 suspicor, -atus, -ari, [fsuspic- 
 (cf. auspex)], 1. v. dep., suspect , 
 have a suspicion. 
 
 sustento, -avi, -atus, -are, [subs- 
 tento (cf. sustineo)], 1. v. a. and n., 
 maintain , sustain, hold out, endure, 
 support : sustentando {by patience). 
 
 sustineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere, 
 [subs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold 
 up under, withstand, endure , hold 
 out, sustain, support, bear, stop. 
 
 suus, -a, -um, [y'svA (in se) -f 
 ius], poss. pron. (referring back to 
 
 subject), his , hers, its, theirs, etc. — 
 Sometimes emphatic, his own , etc. — 
 Often without subst., sui, M. plur., 
 his {their) men, countrymen, friends, 
 etc.; sua, N. plur., his {their) posses- 
 sions, property, etc. : omnia sua {all 
 he had). 
 
 symphoniacus, -a, -um, [Gr. 
 <TviJL(p(tiviaK 6 s~\, adj., musical: pueri 
 {musicians). 
 
 Syracusae, -arum, [Gr. 'Zvpa.nv- 
 <rat], F. plur., Syracuse, the famous 
 city in Sicily. 
 
 Syracusanus, -a, -um, [Syracusa 
 -f- anus], adj., of Syracuse, Syra- 
 cusan. — Plur. M., the people of Syr- 
 acuse, the Syracusans. 
 
 Syria, -ae, [Gr. Zvpia], F., the 
 country lying at the eastern end of 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 T. 
 
 T., abbrev. for Titus. 
 
 tabella, -ae, [tabula -f la], f., 
 
 {a little board), a tablet, a ballot. — 
 In plur., tablets (as two were used 
 together), a document, a letter, a 
 writing. 
 
 taberna, -ae, [?, cf. tabella], F., 
 a hut (of boards), a booth, a shop. 
 
 tabesco, -bui, no p.p., -bescere, 
 [tabe (in tabeo) -f sco], 3. v. n., 
 waste away, pine. 
 
 tabula, -ae, [ftabo- (V TA + 
 bus?, cf. taberna) -f la], F., a board. 
 — Hence, a record (written on a 
 board covered with wax), a list , a 
 document. — Also, a panel (on which 
 pictures were painted), a picture, a 
 painting : novae tabulae {a reduc- 
 tion of debts, a settlement of debts by 
 legislation) ; duodecim tabulae {the 
 laws of the Twelve Tables, the earli- 
 est collection of Roman laws). 
 
1 78 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 tabularius, -a, -um, [tabula + 
 arius (-rius?)], adj., (of records , 
 etc., see tabula). — Esp., N., a rec- 
 ord office , a registry , archives. 
 
 taceo, tacui, tacitus, tacere, [ftaco- 
 (-y/TAC + us)], 2. v. a. and n., be 
 silent , be silent about, keep secret , 
 silence , conceal , say nothing 
 (about). — tacitus, p.p. as adj., si- 
 lent , silently , in silence. — illis ta- 
 centibus ( with their connivance). 
 
 tacite [old abl. of tacitus], adv., 
 silently , silence. 
 
 taciturnitas, -tatis, [taciturno 
 -f tas] , F., silence. 
 
 taciturnus, -a, -um, [tacito + 
 urnus, cf. diurnus], adj., silent (as 
 a personal quality), taciturn. 
 
 taedet, -uit (pertaesum est), -ere, 
 [ ftaedo-(cf. taedium, taedulum)] , 
 2. v. imp., it disgusts : aliquem (one 
 is disgusted) . 
 
 taeter (teter), -tra, -trum, [akin 
 to taedet?], adj., disgusting , horrible , 
 loathsome, fotd, abominable, shameful. 
 
 talaris, -e, [talo-faris], adj., of 
 the ankles. — Esp. with tunica, reach- 
 ing to the heels (a sign of dandyism, 
 cf. the modern “ ulster ,J ). 
 
 talis, -e, [\/ TA + alis], adj. pron., 
 such, so great. 
 
 tam [unc. case V TA ( c ^- Quam, 
 nam)], adv., so (as indicated in the 
 context), so much. — Often equal to 
 this, that, etc. 
 
 tamen [unc. case-form of y'TA 
 (locat.?, cf. Sk. tasmin?)],adv., (in- 
 troducing a thought opposed to some 
 preceding concession expressed or 
 implied), yet, nevertheless, still, how- 
 ever, for all that, notwithstanding, 
 after all, at least. 
 
 tametsi [tam? (but cf. tamen- 
 etsi) -etsi], adv., (still although , an- 
 ticipating the thought to which tam 
 
 properly belongs), although , though, 
 after all. 
 
 tamquam, see tanquam. 
 tandem [tam-dem, cf. idem], 
 
 adv., (just so, even sol), at last, 
 finally . — In questions, to add em- 
 phasis, pray , tell me, or translated 
 only by emphasis : quo tandem ? 
 (where in the world?). 
 
 tango, tetigi, tactus, tangere, 
 [^/tag], 3. v. a., touch, border on, be 
 close to, reach, find. — Esp. of light- 
 ning. — tactus (de caelo), struck 
 (by lightning) . 
 
 tanquam (tamquam) [tam 
 
 quam], adv., as much as, as, just as, 
 like, just like. — Also fust as if, as if. 
 tan to, see tantus. 
 tantopere, see opus, 
 tantulus, -a, -um, [tanto -j- lus] , 
 adj., so small, so little, so trifling : 
 tantulo (at so small a price). 
 tantum, see tantus. 
 tantummodo [tantum modo], 
 adv., (so 7 nuch only), only , merely , 
 only just. 
 
 tantus, -a, -um, [prob. -y/TA -f 
 vant -f- us], adj., so much, so great, 
 so important, so large, this great, that 
 great , great, like this, like that, such 
 (of magnitude) : tanti est (is of so 
 much importance, is of so much 
 weight, it is zuorth the price, it is 
 worth while ) ; tanta gratulatio (so 
 warm)', tantum civium (so many 
 citizens)', in tantum aes alienum 
 (so deeply in debt) ; pro tantis rebus 
 (for such important, etc.). — Also, 
 so much (and no more), only so much. 
 
 — tantum, N. as adv., only, merely. 
 
 — tanto, abl., so much. 
 
 tarde [old abl. of tardus], adv., 
 slowly, tardily, zoith delay, late. 
 
 tarditas, -tatis, [ tar do + tas], f., 
 
 | slowness, delay. 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 179 
 
 tardo, -avi, -atus, -are, [tardo-], 
 r. v. a., retard, check, hinder , delay. 
 tardus, -a, -uni, [?], adj., slow. 
 Tarentinl, -orum, [Tarento + 
 inus], M. plur., the people of Taren- 
 tum (an old Greek city on the Gulf 
 of Tarentum), the Tarentines. 
 
 Tarracinensis, -e, [Tarracina 
 4 - ensis], adj., of Tarracina (a city 
 of the Volsci on the borders of La- 
 tium). — As subst., a man of Tarra- 
 
 cina. _ 
 
 Tauromenitanus, -a, -um, [lau- 
 romenio -f tanus (i.e., Gr. Tavpofievl- 
 r V s+ anus)], adj., of Tauromenium 
 (a city on the eastern coast of Sicily, 
 now Taormina). 
 
 taurus, -i, [perh. V STAV ' + rus ’ 
 akin to steer), M., a bull. 
 
 tectum, -i, [p.p- of tego], N., a 
 roof, a house, a dwelling. 
 
 teg§, texi, tectus, tegere, [ V rEG ]> 
 
 3. v. a., cover, thatch, hide, protect: 
 nocte tectus ( under cover of night). 
 
 telum, -i, [?], N., a weapon (of 
 offence) , a missile, a javelin. — Also, 
 a weapon (generally), a deadly weap- 
 on : cum telo {armed). 
 
 Temenites, -is, [Greek], M., an 
 epithet of Apollo at Syracuse. 
 
 temerarius, -a, -um, [ftemero 
 + arius], adj., reckless, rash, hasty. 
 
 temere [old abl. of ftemerus], 
 adv., blindly, without reason, with- 
 out cause. — Hence, recklessly, has- 
 
 ttly . w . 
 
 temeritas, -tatis, [ftemero- (per- 
 haps akin to temulentus) + tas], 
 F., blindness , thoughtlessness , reck- 
 lessness, heedlessness , hasty temper. 
 
 temperantia, -ae, [temperant- 
 4 - ia], F., self control, prudence. 
 
 tempero, -avi, -atus, -are, [tem- 
 per- (stem of tempus)], 1. v. a., 
 {divide), mix properly. — Hence, 
 
 control, control one's self, refrain, 
 moderate. 
 
 tempestas, -tatis, [tempes- (stem 
 of tempus) 4- tas], F., a season , 
 weather. — Esp., bad weather, a storm, 
 a tempest. — Also fig., a storm, a 
 blast. 
 
 tempestivus, -a, -um, [tempesto- 
 (cf. intempestus) -f ivus], adj., 
 early, timely , seasonable, suitable: 
 convivium {a daylight banquet) . 
 
 templum, -i, [akin to tempus, 
 prob. ftemo- (Vtem 4- us) 4- lum, 
 cf. Gr. rtnevos], N., (in augury), a 
 consecrated spot, ajemple. 
 
 tempto (tento), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [tento-, p.p. of teneo], 1. v. a., 
 handle. — Hence, try , make attempts 
 upon, attack, assail , sound (try a 
 man’s sentiments), attempt. 
 
 tempus, -oris, [^/tem {cut, with 
 root determinative or accidental p) 
 
 4- us], N., (a cutting) . Esp., a di- 
 vision of time, a time, the times, time 
 (in general), a season , an occasion , 
 an exigency , an emergency, a crisis, 
 circumstances, a necessity (of the 
 time), needs , the times, the circum- 
 stances of the time : omni tempore 
 {at all times) ; ante tempus {before 
 the time, prematurely) ; meum tem- 
 pus {my appointed time ) ; summo 
 tempore reipublicae {the most im- 
 portant crisis ) ; procella temporis 
 {the storm of the times) ; O tempora ! 
 {what a time !) ; ex tempore {on the 
 spur of the moment) ; cederem tem- 
 pori {to the exigencies of the time) ; 
 motus eommunium temporum {the 
 general disturbance of the times ) ; 
 uno tempore {at one and the same 
 time, at once). 
 
 temulentus, -a, -um, [ftemo- (?, 
 cf. abstemius) 4- lentus], adj., 
 drunken, in a tipsy state. 
 
i8o 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 tendo, tetendi, tensus (tentus), 
 tendere, [ ^/TEN + do (of unc. ori- 
 gin)], 3. v. a., stretch , stretch out. 
 
 tenebrae, -arum, [?, perh. akin 
 to temere], f. plur., darkness , ob- 
 scurity. 
 
 Tenedos (-us), -i, [Gr. Teredos], 
 F., an island in the ^Egean, near 
 Troy. 
 
 teneo, tenui, tentus, tenere, 
 [tteno-(^/TEN+ us)], 2. v. a., hold , 
 hold fast , hold on to , retain , keep , 
 possess , occupy , hold bound , bind : 
 circuitus milia ( 'occupy , extend ). — 
 Also, restrain , detain , understand , 
 get at: legibus (bind'). — Pass., be 
 caught , be in custody , be detected , be 
 possessed (by a feeling). 
 
 tener, -era, -erum, [ -y/TEN-f rus], 
 adj., (stretched, thin), delicate , ten- 
 der, young, sensitive. 
 tento, see tempto. 
 tenuis, -e, [ ^/ten -f us, with ac- 
 cidental i, cf. gravis], adj., thin, 
 delicate, feeble, meagre, poor , slight, 
 humble (in position), insignificant. 
 
 tenuiter [tenui + ter], adv., 
 thinly, slightly. 
 
 ter [prob. mutilated case of tres], 
 adv., three times. 
 
 tergiversatio, -onis, [tergiversa 
 -f tio], F., shuffling, a subterfuge, a 
 false pretence. 
 
 tergum, -I, [?], N., the back: a 
 tergo (in the rear, behind one). 
 
 termino, -avi, -atus, -are, [ter- 
 mino-], 1. v. a., bound, limit, end, 
 finish , set (limits). 
 
 terminus, -i, [ v / ter(?, cf. trans) 
 + minus (cf. Gr. -fxevos)~\, M., a 
 boundary , a limit. 
 
 terra, -ae, [ ^/ters ( ?) + a, cf. 
 torreo], F., (the dry land), the 
 earth, the land. ■ — Also, a land , a 
 region . — Also, the ground. — Plur., 
 
 | the world : or bis terrarum (the 
 | whole world) ; terra marique (on 
 land and sea). 
 
 terreo, terrui, territus, terrere, 
 [fterro-(?)], 2.v frighten, alarm , 
 terrify. 
 
 terrestris, -e, [terra- (as if ter- 
 ret-, cf. equestris) + tris], adj., 
 of the land, earthly (as opposed to 
 heavenly). 
 
 terribilis, -e, [terri- (as if stem 
 of terreo) + bilis], adj., dreadful, 
 terrible. 
 
 terror, -oris, [terr (as if root of 
 terreo) + or], m., fright, alar 7 n , 
 terror, dread, paiiic. 
 
 tertius, -a, -urn, [prob. tri-f tius], 
 adj., third (in order). 
 
 testamentum, -I, [testa men- 
 tum], N ., a will. 
 
 testimonium, -I, [testi + mo- 
 nium], N., proof evidence, testimony , 
 a testimonial. 
 
 testis, -is, [?], c., a witness. 
 
 testor, -atus, -ari, [testi-], 1. v. 
 dep., call to 7 uitness, appeal to, as- 
 sert (solemnly). — testatus, p.p. in 
 pass, sense, proved, substantiated. 
 
 tetrarches, -ae, [Gr. Terpdpxys'], 
 M., a tetrarch, a prince. 
 
 Teutones, -um,(Teutoni, -orum), 
 [Teutonic], M. plur., a great German 
 people in Jutland -who overran Gaul 
 in B.C. 1 13 along with the Cimbri. 
 They were defeated by Marius in 
 B.C. 102 at Aquae Sextiae ( Aix ). 
 
 theatrum, -i, [Gr. dfarpov'], N., a 
 theatre. 
 
 Themistocles, -i (-is), [Greek], 
 M., a famous Athenian commander 
 in the time of the Persian war, the 
 founder of the Athenian naval power. 
 
 Theophanes, -is, [Greek], m., a 
 Greek historian of Mytilene, whq 
 wrote the exploits of Pompey. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 1 8 1 
 
 Thespiae, -arum, [Gr. 06<nrtai'], 
 F. plur., a city of Boeotia. 
 
 Thespiensis, -e, [Thespia -f en- 
 sis], adj., of Thespice . — Plur., the 
 people of Thespice. 
 
 Thraex (Threx, Thrax), -cis, 
 [Gr. ©pa£], adj., Thracian. — As 
 subst., a Thracian. 
 
 Ti., abbrev. for Tiberius. 
 
 Tiberinus, -a, -um, [Tiberi + 
 inus], adj., of the Tiber . 
 
 Tiberis, -is, [?], M., the Tiber. 
 
 Tigranes, -is, [Persian, through 
 Greek], M., king of Armenia, son-in- 
 law of Mithridates. 
 
 timeo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [ftimd- 
 (cf. timidus)], 2. v. a. and n., be 
 afraid , fear, be alarmed. — With 
 dat., be anxious for , be anxious about: 
 nihil ( have nothing to fear , be in no 
 danger ) ; non timere (be free from 
 fear , be without fear). 
 
 timide [old abl. of timidus], 
 adv., with timidity: non timide 
 ( fearlessly ). 
 
 timiditas, -tatis, [timido + tas], 
 F., timidity , faint-heartedness. — Plur. 
 same (of several cases). 
 
 timidus, -a, -um, [ftimo- (cf. 
 timeo)], adj., cowardly , timid. 
 
 timor, -oris, [tim- (as root of 
 timeo) + or], M., alarm , fear , ap- 
 prehension. 
 
 tiro, -onis, [?], M., a raw recruit , 
 a beginner , a tiro. 
 
 Titus, -i, [?], m., a Roman prae- 
 nomen. 
 
 toga, -ae, [v'teg -f a], f., a toga 
 (the voluminous wrap worn by the 
 Romans in their civil life) : ad togas 
 redire (resume the toga , as in peace) ; 
 virilis (the virile toga, the garb of 
 manhood) ; praetexta (the toga prce- 
 texta , the garb of childhood \ the 
 role of office , see praetextus). — 
 
 ! Hence, civil life (as opposed to 
 war) . 
 
 togatus, -a, -um, [toga -f- tus], 
 adj., clad in the toga (as an emblem 
 of citizenship or of peace). — Hence, 
 unar?ned , in the garb of peace , in 
 peace: mihi togato contigit (a 
 civil magistrate) ; togati (peaceable 
 citizens) . 
 
 tolerabilis, -e, [tolera + bilis], 
 adj., endurable , tolerable. 
 
 tolero, -avl, -atus, -are, [ftoler- 
 (■y/TOLA us)], 1. v. a. and n., (raise 
 up), bear, endure, hold out. — tol- 
 erandus, -a, -um, as adj., endurable , 
 tolerable. 
 
 tollo, sustuli, sublatus, tollere, 
 [y'TOL (with ya)], 3. v. a., raise , 
 carry , elevate, extol : in crucem 
 (hang, nail). — Hence, carry off , 
 remove, take away, destroy , put an 
 end to, abolish, banish, get out of the 
 way, put to death. 
 
 Tongilius, -I, [?], m., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Only an obscure 
 friend of Catiline. 
 
 tormentum, -i, [y'TORQU-f men- 
 tum], n., (means of twisting), tor- 
 ture, the rack. — Also, an engine (for 
 throwing missiles by twisted ropes). 
 — Hence, a shot from an engine , a 
 missile. 
 
 Torquatus, -i, [torqui + atus], 
 M., (iv earing a collar ), a Roman 
 family name. — Esp., -Z. Manlius 
 Torquatus, cons. B.C. 70. 
 
 tortor, -toris, [ -y/TORQ (in tor- 
 queo) + tor], m ., a torturer . 
 
 tot [fTA (in tarn, etc.) + ti], 
 indecl. adj., so many. 
 
 totiens (toties) [tot + iens], 
 adv., so many times, so often. 
 
 to tus, -a, -um, [«v/ta + tus], 
 adj., the whole, the whole of, all 
 (as entire), entire. — Often translated 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 182 
 
 by an adverb, entirely , throughout , 
 wholly. 
 
 tracto, -avi, -at us, -are, [tracto-], 
 I. v. a., handle , treat, conduct ', man- 
 age : in periculis tractatus (<?«- 
 gaged in , exercised in, drawn into') . 
 
 trado, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [trans- 
 do], 3. v. a., hand over, give up, give 
 over, deliver up, surrender. — Also, 
 pass along, hand down, teach , co 7 n- 
 m uni cate. 
 
 traduco, see transduco. 
 traductio (trans-),-onis, [trans- 
 ductio, cf. transduco], F., a trans- 
 
 tragoedia, -ae, [Gr. rpayoidia ], 
 F., tragedy. — Fig. (in plur.), a com- 
 motion, a “ to-do.” 
 
 traho, traxi, tractus, trahere, 
 [^/TRAH (for fTRAGH)], 3. V. a., 
 drag, drag along, drag in, draw. — 
 Fig., captivate ,. drag out , protract. 
 
 tranquillitas, -tatis, [tranquillo 
 -f tas], F., stillness, calm , fair 
 weather , a quiet state, a peaceable 
 condition, tranquillity, peace. 
 
 tranquillus, -a, -um, [prob. akin 
 to trans and connected with navi- 
 gation], adj., calm, quiet, peaceable, 
 undisturbed. 
 
 trans [?, akin to terminus, te- 
 rebra], adv. (in comp.) and prep., 
 across, over. — Hence, on the other 
 side of: ripam ( on the bank opposite). 
 — In comp .‘over, across, through. 
 
 Transalpinus, -a, -um, [trans- 
 Alpes + inus], adj., Transalpine 
 (beyond the Alps from Rome). 
 
 transcendo, -scendi, -scensurus, 
 -scendere [trans-scando], 3. v. a., 
 climb across, cross (mountains). 
 
 transduco (traduco), -duxi, -duc- 
 tus, -ducere, [trans-duco], 3. v. a., 
 lead over (with two accusatives), lead 
 across, bring 'over, lead through, 
 
 \ 
 
 transport , draw over, win over, 
 transfer. 
 
 transeS, -ii, -itus, -ire, [trans-eo], 
 irr. v. a. and n ., go across, cross, pass 
 over , go over, pass through , pass, mi- 
 grate, pass by. 
 
 transfero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, 
 [trans-fero], irr. v. a., carry over, 
 transfer, change the place of, take 
 (and put somewhere else) : sese in 
 proximum annum ( transfer his 
 canvass, etc.). 
 
 transigo, -egi, -actus, -igere, 
 [trans-ago], 3. v. a., carry through, 
 accomplish , manage, do, finish, carry 
 out. 
 
 transmarinus, -a, -um, [trans- 
 mare + inus], adj., across the sea , 
 foreign. 
 
 transmittb, -misi, -missus, -mit- 
 tere, [trans-mitto], 3. v. a., send 
 over , send across. — Fig., transfer , 
 devote , give over, hand over , en- 
 trust. 
 
 transversus (-vorsus), -a, -um, 
 [p.p. of transverto], as adj., across, 
 athwart, transverse , cross. 
 
 Tremellius, -I, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., Cn. Tremel- 
 lius, one of the jury against Verres. 
 
 tremo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [ y'TREM ?, 
 cf. Gr. Tpe/jLoo’], 3. v. n., tremble, 
 waver. 
 
 tres, tria, [stem tri-], plur. num. 
 adj., three. 
 
 tribunal, -alis, [tribuno + alis] , 
 N., ( place of a tribune, in some early 
 sense of the word), a tribunal (a 
 raised platform where magistrates sat 
 or generals addressed their troops). 
 
 tribunatus, -tus, [tribuno+atus, 
 cf. consulatus], M., a tribuneship, 
 the office of tribune. 
 
 tribunicius (-itius), -a, -um, 
 [tribuno + cius (-tius)], adj., of a 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 tribune , of the tribunes (esp. of the 
 people), tribunicial. 
 
 tribunus, -i, [tribu-nus], M., ( a 
 chief of a tribe'). — With or without 
 plebis, a tribune (one of several 
 magistrates elected in the assembly 
 of the plebs voting by tribes, to 
 watch over the interests of the com- 
 mons). — With militum or mili- 
 taris, a tribune of the soldiers , a 
 military tribune (one of six officers 
 of each legion who had charge of the 
 internal administration of the legion, 
 and were also employed in various 
 staff duties by the commander). — 
 With aerarius, a dean of a tribe 
 (?, one of certain officers of the 
 treasury, orig. no doubt presiding 
 officers of the tribes at Rome), a 
 treasury warden (?), a tribunus 
 cerarius. t 
 
 tribuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [tribu-], 
 3. v. a., ( distribute by tribes), dis- 
 tribute. — Hence, grant, render, pay, 
 assign, attribute, pay a tribute (of 
 respect, etc.), confer, give, bestow. 
 
 tribus, -us, [tri (cf. tres) + unc. 
 term. (perh. akin to fui?)], F., (a 
 third part?), a tribe (a division, 
 originally local, of the Roman peo- 
 ple), a ward (?). 
 
 tributum, -i, [n. p.p. of tribuo], 
 N a tribute (a stated sum, cf. vec- 
 tigal). 
 
 triciens (-ies) [triginta-fiens], 
 num. adj., thirty times: H. S. tri- 
 ciens (sc. centena milia, three 
 ?nillion sesterces). 
 
 triduum, -I, [tri + stem akin to 
 dies, cf. biduum], N., three days ’ 
 time, three days. 
 
 triennium, -I, [trienni (tri- 
 annus) -f ium], N., three years * 
 time, three years. 
 
 tripudio, -avi, no p.p., -are, [tri- 
 
 183 
 
 pudio-], I. v. n., dance (in a solemn 
 rite). — Less exactly, dance for joy. 
 
 tristis, -e, [unc. root + tis], adj., 
 sad, gloomy, dejected, stern. — Also 
 as bringing sadness, melancholy, un- 
 fortunate, sad (as in Eng.) : litera 
 ( dismal , cruel, of the vote for con- 
 viction). 
 
 triumpho, -avi, -atus, -are, [tri- 
 umpho-], 1. v. n. and a., have a tri- 
 umph, enjoy a triumph, triumph 
 (also fig.) : triumphans {in a tri- 
 mnphal procession, in triumph). 
 
 triumphus, -i, [prob. Gr. dpiafi- 
 )3 os, a hymn in honor of Bacchus, 
 perh. a name of the god], M., a 
 triinnph (the entry of a general re- 
 turning after a victory, celebrated 
 with sacred rites). — Also, less ex- 
 actly, almost as in Eng. even, but 
 with a livelier figure. 
 
 tropaeum (troph-), -i, [Gr. rp 6 - 
 7rcuoi/], N., a trophy. 
 
 trucido, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, akin 
 to trux], I. v. a., butcher, slaughter 
 in cold blood, massacre, cut down 
 without mercy, slay without mercy. 
 
 truculentus, -a, -um, [true- (as 
 if trucu-) + lentus], adj., grim, 
 savage, morose, churlish. 
 
 tu, tui, [-^tva], plur. vos [ V VA ]> 
 pron. 2d person, you (sing.), you 
 (plur.), yourself — Esp., tibi, in a 
 loose connection with the sentence, 
 for you (as in Eng.), often untrans- 
 latable. — tute, you yourself, you. 
 
 tuba, -ae, [?], F., a trumpet (a 
 straight instrument for infantry). 
 
 Tuber'o, -onis, [tuber -f 0], M., a 
 Roman family name. — Esp.: 1. L. 
 AZlius Tuber 0, a distinguished jurist, 
 a legatus of Q. Cicero in Asia; 2. Q. 
 sElius Tuber 0, son of I, complain- 
 ant against Ligarius. 
 
 tueor, tutus (tuitus), tueri, [?], 
 
184 
 
 Vocabulary . 
 
 2 . v. dep., watch, guard, protect, de- 
 fend. — Also, preserve, maintain, 
 keep, care for . 
 
 Tullius, -I, [Tullo + ins], M., a 
 
 Roman gentile name. — Esp., M. 
 Ttdlius Cicero, see Cicero. 
 
 Tullus, -i, [?], M., a Roman fam- 
 ily name. — Esp., Z. Volcatius Tul- 
 lus, cons. B.c. 66. 
 
 turn [prob. acc. of y'TA], a( ^ v *» 
 then (at a time indicated by the con- 
 text), at that time , in that case : cum 
 . . . turn, see cum; turn vero {then, 
 with emphasis, of the decisive point 
 of a narrative or of an important 
 condition) ; turn maxime {just then, 
 but especially ) ; turn . . . cum {at a 
 time when, when) : quid turn ? {what 
 then ?). 
 
 tumultus, -tus, [tumulo- (perh. 
 
 reduced) -f tus], M., {a szvelling, an 
 uprising!) , an uproar , confusion , a 
 commotion. — Esp., an uprising, a 
 com?notion (of a revolt, or a war not 
 regularly declared) : servilis {the 
 
 servile war , see servilis). 
 
 tumulus, -I, [ftumo- (wh. tu- 
 meo) -f lus], M., {a swelling!), a 
 hill, a mound. — Hence, a tomb. 
 
 tunc [tum-ce, cf. hie], ad]., just 
 then, then, by and by (with cum), 
 in that case. 
 
 tunica, -ae, [ ?] , F., a tunic (the 
 Roman undergarment, like a loose 
 shirt, but usually of wool). 
 
 turba, -ae, [ ^/tur (cf. turma 
 and Gr. dbpvfios) + ba (cf. morbus 
 and Gr. rvpflri)], F., a throng (as in 
 confused motion, cf. turbo, -inis), 
 a crowd, a mob, a riot. 
 
 turbulentus, -a, -um, [turba (as 
 if turbo, perh. really) + lentus], 
 adj., disorderly , disorganized, bois- 
 terous, stormy. 
 
 turma, -ae, [^/tur (cf. turba, 
 
 turbo) + ma], F., {a throng!), a 
 squadron (of horse, consisting of 
 thirty men), a troop of cavalry. 
 
 turpis, -e, [?], adj., ugly (in ap- 
 pearance). — Hence, unbecoming , 
 disgraceful, base, scandalous, vile. 
 
 turpiter [turpi + ter], adv., dis- 
 honorably, with dishonor. 
 
 turpitudo, -inis, [turpi + tudo], 
 F., baseness, base conduct, turpitude. 
 — Hence, disgrace , dishonor , in- 
 famy. 
 
 Tusculanus, -a, -um, [Tusculo+ 
 anus], adj., of Ttisculum (a town of 
 Latium). — Esp. N., a villa at Tus - 
 culum, a Tusculum villa . 
 
 tute, see tu. 
 tuto, see tutus. 
 
 tutor, -atus, -ari, [tuto-], 1 . v. 
 dep., guard, defend, protect. 
 
 tutus, -a, -um, [p.p. of tueor], 
 as adj., protected, safe, secure, well 
 fortified: victis nihil tutum {no 
 safety for the conquered ). — tuto, 
 abl. as adv., in safety, safely. 
 
 tuus, -a, -um, [y'TVA + ius], adj. 
 pron your, yours, of yours : omnes 
 tui {all your friends). 
 
 Tycha, -ae, [Gr. Tvxv]> F *> a part 
 of the city of Syracuse, so called 
 from a temple of Fortune in the 
 neighborhood. 
 
 tyrannus, -i, [Gr. rvpawos'], M., 
 a tyrant (a usurping king), a tyrant 
 (generally, in the modern sense). 
 
 U. 
 
 uber, -eris, [perh. orig. subst, cf. 
 Gr. ovdap and vetus], adj., fertile , 
 rich, productive. 
 
 uber, -eris, [?, cf. Gr. ovdap], N., a 
 pap, a dug, a breast. 
 
 ubertas, -tatis, [uber + tas], f., 
 fertility , productiveness. 
 
 ubi [supposed to be quo + bi, 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 185 
 
 dat. of quo-], adv., interrog., and rel., 
 where , in which , wherein : ibi ubi 
 (in the place where ). — Also, of 
 time, when: ubi primum (as soon 
 as ). — Without antecedent, a place 
 where. 
 
 ubinam [ubi-nam], interrog. adv., 
 where in the world? where? (em- 
 phatic). 
 
 ubique [ubi-que, cf. quisque], 
 adv., everywhere. 
 
 ulciscor, ultus, ulcisci, [?], 3. v. 
 dep., punish (an injury, or the doer), 
 avenge (an injury or the person 
 wronged). 
 
 ullus, -a, -um ; gen . - ius, [un6+ lus], 
 adj., a single (with negatives), any. — 
 As subst. (less common), anybody. 
 
 ulterior, -us, [comp, of fultero-, 
 cf. ultra], adj., farther . — Superb, 
 ultimus, -a, -um, [ul (cf. uls) + 
 timus (cf. intimus )\ farthest, most 
 remote, last. 
 
 ultor, -toris, [ ^/ulc (in ulciscor) 
 + tor], M., an avenger. 
 
 ultra [unc. case, perh. instr. of 
 fulter], adv. and prep., beyond. 
 
 ultro [dat. of fulter (us)], adv., 
 to the farther side , beyond : ultro 
 citroque (this way and that, back 
 and forth). — Esp. beyond what is 
 expected or required, voluntarily ', 
 without provocation : bellum inferre 
 (make an offensive war , make war 
 without provocation) . 
 
 Umbrenus, -i, [?, akin to Um- 
 bria], M., a Roman family name. — 
 Only P. Umbrenus, a freedman in 
 the Catilinarian conspiracy. 
 
 umerus (humerus), -I, [?, cf. 
 Gr. S)fjLos~\y M., the shoulder. 
 umquam, see unquam. 
 una [instr. (or abl.?) of unus], 
 adv., together , along, along with one , 
 with (any one), also . 
 
 unde [supposed to be for f cunde 
 (cum, cf. unquam, -f de, cf. inde)], 
 rel. and interrog. adv., whence, from 
 which , where : unde dare (through 
 whom , as a banker from whom money 
 is drawn). 
 
 undecimus, -a, -um, [unus- 
 decimus], adj., eleventh. 
 
 undequinquagesimus, -a, -um, 
 [undequinquaginta+esimus], num. 
 adj., the forty-ninth. 
 
 undique[unde-que, cf. quisque], 
 ad v., from every side, from all quar- 
 ters. — Also (cf. ab), on every side. 
 
 unguentum, -i, [akin to ungo, 
 exact form unc.], N., an ointment, a 
 perfume (as the perfumes were used 
 in oils instead of spirits). 
 
 unice [old abl. of unicus], adv., 
 especially. 
 
 unicus, -a, -um, [uno+cus], adj., 
 sole, only, unique. 
 
 universus, -a, -um, [uno-versus], 
 
 adj., all together, all (in a mass), 
 entire, in a body, in general, united, 
 taken together. 
 
 unquam (umquam), [supposed 
 to be for cum-quam(cf. quisquam)], 
 adv., (with negatives, cf. quando, 
 aliquando), ever : neque . . . un- 
 quam (and never). 
 
 unus, -a, -um; gen. -ius, [?, old 
 oenus], adj., one, a single, the same, 
 one only, only , alone : unus quisque 
 (each one). 
 
 urbanus, -a, -um, [urbi- (re- 
 duced) + anus], adj., of a city . — 
 Esp., of the city (Rome), in the city : 
 praetor (the officer who had juris- 
 diction of suits between citizens); 
 praetura (city prcetorship , the office 
 of this magistrate) ; praedo juris 
 urbani (the plunderer of the rights 
 of citizens, of malfeasance in the 
 above office) ; quaestor (city, as 
 
Vocabulary . 
 
 1 86 
 
 opposed to those who were on the 
 staff of some commander) ; opes 
 ( domestic , in the city , as opposed to 
 provinces); lites (, quarrels between 
 citizens , settled in courts of law). 
 
 urbs, urbis, [ ?], f., a city . — Esp., 
 the city (Rome) : ad urbem ( near 
 the city). 
 
 urgeo (urgueo), ursi, no p.p., 
 urgere,[^/VARG, cf. vulgus], 2. v. a. 
 and n., press , press hard , urge , press 
 closely , beset , burden , be urgent , be 
 pressing. 
 
 usitor, -atus, -ari, [fusito- (as if 
 p.p. of fuso), freq. of utor, cf. dic- 
 tito], I. v. dep., practise. — usi- 
 tatus, -a, -um, p.p. in passive sense, 
 used, practised , customary, much 
 practised \ usual. 
 
 usquam [unc. case of quo- (cf. 
 usque) -quam], adv., anywhere (with 
 negatives). 
 
 usque [unc. case of quo (cf. 
 ubi and usquam) -que (cf. quis- 
 que)], adv., ( everywhere ), all the 
 way , even to, all the time, till , even 
 till, even to that degree, to that de- 
 gree : usque ad eum finem ( even 
 up to, etc.); quo usque? {to ivhat 
 point? hozv far ?). 
 
 ustor, -toris, [^/us (of uro) + 
 tor], M., ( a burner). — Esp., an at- 
 tendant at a funeral pile. 
 
 usura, -ae, [usu + ra, cf. pic- 
 tura], F., use , enjoyment. — Esp., 
 use (of money). — Hence, interest, 
 interest on a debt. 
 
 usurpatib, -onis, [usurpa+tio], 
 F., a taking by use, a using : civita- 
 tis {claim). 
 
 usurpo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fusurpo- 
 (usu-frapus, ^rap + us, cf. busti- 
 rapus)], i.v.a., ( appropriate ), make 
 use of, employ, use, practise , speak 
 of talk of 
 
 usus, -us, [ fur (in utor) + tus] , 
 M., use, experience , exercise , practice, 
 intimacy. — Hence, advantage, ser- 
 vice. — Esp. : usus est, it is neces- 
 sary, there is need. 
 
 ut (utl) [supposed to be for 
 quoti (quo + ti?)], adv. and conj. 
 a. Interrog., how? videre ut {see v 
 how). — b. Rel., as, so as, when, 
 whenever, inasmuch as: ut primum 
 {when first, as soon as) . — Esp. with 
 subj. (expressing purpose or result), 
 that, in order that, to, so that, so as 
 to, as to. — Often with object clause, 
 compressed in Eng. into some other 
 form of speech. — Esp.: id facere 
 ut, do this {to wit, without “that”), 
 see to it that, take care that ; faciam 
 hoc ut utar (/ will do this, use, etc.); 
 committere ut mutetur {allow to 
 be); ut non trahant {so but what 
 they, etc., without dragging); vereri 
 ut {fear that not). — Also, though, 
 although. 
 
 uter, -tra, -trum; gen. -tnus [quo 
 (cf. ubi) + terus (reduced), cf. al- 
 ter], adj. a. Interrog., which (of 
 two) : uter utri {which to the other) . 
 
 — b. Relative, whichever (of two), 
 the one who { of two). — Neut., utrum, 
 adv., {which of the two), whether. 
 
 uterque, utra-, utrum-, utrius-, 
 [uter-que, cf. quisque], adj., both, 
 each (of two). — Plur., of sets : utra- 
 que castra {both camps ) ; utrique 
 {both classes, both parties). 
 
 utervls, utra-, utrum-, [uter vis], 
 adj., which you please (of two), either 
 of the two, either. 
 utl, see ut. 
 
 Utica, -ae, [?], F., a town in 
 Africa near Carthage, capital of the 
 Roman province. 
 
 utilis, -e, [futi- (stem akin to 
 utor) -f lis], adj., useful, of use , 
 
Vocabulary . 187 
 
 advantageous , of advantage: utile 
 est (it is a benefit). 
 
 utilitas, -tatis, [utili + tas], f., 
 advantage, profit, expediency , advan- 
 tages (things valuable, both in sing, 
 and plur.). 
 
 utinam [uti-nam, cf. quisnam], 
 
 adv., (how, pray?), would that, Oh 
 that, I wish. 
 
 utor, usus, uti, [?, old oetor, 
 (akin to aveo?)], 3. v. dep„, avail 
 one's self of, use, exercise, practise, 
 enjoy , adopt, employ, have (in sense 
 of enjoy), possess, shoiu (qualities 
 which one exercises) , occupy (a 
 town), navigate (a sea), be intimate 
 with : testibus (present) ; proeliis 
 (fight)\ studiis (pursue). — Esp. 
 with two nouns, or a noun and adj., 
 employ as, find in one, find one (so 
 or so). 
 
 utrum, see uter. 
 
 uxor, -oris, [?], F., a wife. 
 
 V. 
 
 vacillo, -avi, no p.p., -are, [?], 
 I. v. n., totter, waver , stagger (also 
 
 fig.). = 
 
 vaco, -avl, -aturus, -are, [prob. 
 fvaco- (cf. vacuus and Vacuna)], 
 I. v. n., be vacant , be free from , be 
 unoccupied, lie waste. 
 
 vacuefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere, 
 [fvacue- (stem akin to vacuus) 
 -facio], 3. v. a., make vacant, va- 
 cate. 
 
 vacuus, -a, -um, [prob. <y/VAC 
 (cf. vaco) + vus], adj., free, unoc- 
 cupied, vacant , destitute of (ab or 
 abl.), free fro?n : gladius vagina 
 (stripped of, out of) . 
 
 vadimonium, -i, [vad- (as if 
 vadi) + monium, cf. testimo- 
 nium], N., bail, security, a surety. 
 
 vagina, -ae, [ ?], f., a sheath, a 
 scabbard. 
 
 vagor, -atus, -ari, [vago-], 1. v. 
 dep., roa?n about, wander : nomen 
 (spread abroad). 
 
 vagus, -a, -um, [V VAG ( ? ) + us], 
 adj., roving, fickle. 
 
 valde [old abl. of validus], adv., 
 strongly, thoroughly, much. 
 
 valeo, valui, valiturus, valere, 
 [?, prob. denominative, cf. validus], 
 2. v. n., be strong, have weight, have 
 influence, be powerful, assail . — Often 
 with N. pron. or adj. as cogn. acc. : 
 plurimum valet (be very strong , 
 have great weight , have great influ- 
 ence) ; valere ad (be strong enough 
 to, have power to, amount to) ; mihi 
 valet ad gloriam (count to me for , 
 etc.); ad laudem doctrina valuit 
 (be sufficient for)', poeta natura 
 valet (has his power from nature)', 
 auspicia (be in force, have effect). 
 
 — Esp. (in imp. or subj.) as a part- 
 ing wish, farewell, prosper. — va- 
 lens, p. as adj., strong, vigorous , 
 stout. 
 
 Valerius, -i, [akin to valeo], M., 
 a Roman gentile name. — Esp.: 1. 
 L. Valerius Flaccus , cons. B.C. 100; 
 2. Another of the same name, inter- 
 rex, B.C. 82, by whom the law was 
 brought forward, which made Sulla 
 perpetual dictator. 
 
 Valerius, -a, -um, [same word as 
 preceding], adj., of Valerius (esp. 
 No. 2), Valerian. 
 
 valetudo, -inis, [valetu- (vale-f 
 tus) + do], F., health (good or bad). 
 
 — Esp., ill health. 
 
 vallo, -avi, -atus, -are, [valid-], 
 I. v. a., intrench, fortify. 
 
 valva, -ae, [?], f., a fold of a 
 door. — Usually plur., folding-doors, 
 doors. 
 
1 88 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 vanus, -a, -um, [^vac (in vaco) 
 -f nus], adj., empty. — Hence, un- 
 founded, false. 
 
 varietas, -tatis, [vario+tas], f., 
 diversity , variety , variation. 
 
 vario, -avi, -atus, -are, [vario-], 
 i. v. a. and n., vary , change . — va- 
 riatus, -a, -um, p.p., varied, vary- 
 ing, diverse. 
 
 varius, -a, -um, [prob. akin to 
 varus], adj., various , diverse. 
 Varus, -l, [varus, knock-kneed\ 
 
 M. , a Roman family name. — Esp., 
 P. Attius Varus, propraetor in Africa, 
 B.c.^50 (?). 
 
 vas, vasis, plur. -a, -orum, [?], 
 
 N. , a vessel. — Hence, a utensil (of 
 any kind, for household or camp 
 use). 
 
 vas, vadis, [y'VADH, cf. wedding~\, 
 
 M. , (a pledge), security (a person 
 going bail), a voucher , bail. 
 
 vastatio, -onis, [vasta+tio], F., 
 devastation (the act), laying waste. 
 
 vastitas, -tatis, [vasto + tas] f., 
 desolation (the state), devastation. 
 
 vasto, -avi, -atus, -are, [vasto-], 
 I. v. a., lay waste , devastate , ravage. 
 
 vastus, -a, -um, [?], adj., zvaste, 
 desolate, vacant. 
 
 vates, -is, [?], M. or F., a sooth- 
 sayer, a seer. 
 
 vaticinor, -atus, -ari, [vaticino- 
 (vati + cinus, cf. ratiocinor)], 
 1. v. dep., prophesy. — Hence, rave 
 (from the wildness of prophecy). 
 
 -ve [?, cf. Sk. va], conj. enclitic, 
 or (less exclusive than aut). 
 
 vectigal, -alis, [n. of vectigalis], 
 
 N. , a tax (in kind, or depending on 
 products, cf. tributum), a revenue ., 
 
 vectigalis, -e, [fvectigo- (vecti 
 4 - igus, cf. castigo) -f alis], adj., 
 (of a toll-gatherer , fvectigus, perh. 
 orig. of tolls for transportation), of 
 
 the revenue. — Esp., paying taxes, a 
 tax-payer, tributary. 
 
 vector, -toris, [ ^VAGH-ftor], m., 
 a carrier. — Also (cf. vehor), a 
 passenger. 
 
 vehemens, -entis, [?, prob. akin 
 to veho], adj., violent, impetuous, 
 forcible, active. 
 
 vehementer [vehement + ter], 
 adv., violently, severely, strongly , 
 hotly , exceedingly, very much , ur- 
 gently, earnestly. 
 
 vebiculum, -i, [perh. vehi (as 
 stem of veho) + culum, but as if 
 fvehico + lum], N., a vehicle, a car- 
 riage. 
 
 veho, vexi, vectus, vehere, 
 [^vagh], 3, v. a., carry . — Pass., 
 ride. 
 
 vel [prob. imperative of volo], 
 conj., or (less exclusive than aut) : 
 vel . . . vel ( either . . . or). — Also, 
 even (if you like ?), often emphasiz- 
 ing superlatives. 
 
 velox, -ocis, [stem akin to volo 
 (cf. colonus) + cus (reduced?)], 
 adj., swift. 
 
 velum, -i, [?, cf. vexillum], N., 
 a curtain , a veil. — Also, a sail. 
 
 velut (velutl) [vel-ut], adv., 
 
 (even as), Just as: velut si (Just 
 as if ) . 
 
 vena, -ae, [?], F., a vein , an 
 artery (also fig.). 
 
 venditio, -onis, [venum-datio, 
 cf. vendo], F., a sale. 
 
 vendito, -avi, -atus, -are, [ven- 
 dito-], 1. v. a., try to sell, offer for 
 sale, offer to sell, recommend. 
 
 vendo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [venum 
 do], 3. v. a., put to sale, sell. 
 
 venefieus, -a, -um, [fvene- (stem 
 akin to venenum) -ficus], adj., 
 poisonous. — Masc. as subst., a pois- 
 oner. 
 
Vocabulary . 189 
 
 venenum, -i, [fvene- (of unc. 
 origin) -f num (cf. egenus)], N., a 
 drug. — Esp., a poison. 
 
 veneo, -ivi (-ii), -iturus, -ire, 
 [venum eo], 4. v. n ., go to sale (cf. 
 pereo) , be sold. 
 
 veneror, -atus, -ari, [vener- (stem 
 of Venus)], 1. v. dep., (sometimes 
 venero, act.), ( seek favor ?), wor- 
 ship, reverence , supplicate. 
 
 venia, -ae, [?], f., indulgence , 
 favor , pardon , a privilege (as ac- 
 • corded or asked). 
 
 venio, venl, venturus, venire, 
 [for gvenio, ^/gam], 4. v. n., come , 
 go, fall (into the hands of) ; in dis- 
 crimen venire ( incur the danger ) ; 
 tibi legis in mentem veniat (call 
 to mind, rem ember). 
 
 Ventidius, -i, [?], M., a Roman 
 gentile name. — Esp., P. Ventidius 
 Bassus, an officer and partisan of 
 Antony. 
 
 ventus, -i, [?], M., the wind. 
 Venus, -eris, [ • v /van(?)+ us, cf. 
 venustas, veneror], f., (perh. orig. 
 N.), grace(?). — Esp., personified, 
 Venus, as goddess, of love, identified 
 with the Greek Aphrodite. 
 
 venustas, -tatis, [venus + tas], 
 F., grace. 
 
 ver, veris, [prob. y'VAS, for fva- 
 sar, cf. Gr. eap], N., the spring. 
 
 fverber, -eris, [?], n. (usually 
 plur.), stripes, blows, lashes , flog- 
 ging. 
 
 verbero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ver- 
 ber-], 1. v. a., whip, scourge, beat , 
 
 flog. 
 
 verbum, -I, [?, cf. morbus], n., 
 a word, an expression. — Esp. : ver- 
 bum, verba facere (say much or 
 little, say anything, speak) ; his ver- 
 bis (in these zvords, in this form ); 
 verbis amplissimis (the strongest 
 
 terms) ; verbo (in words , in form) ; 
 verbi causa (for example). 
 
 vere [old abl. of verus], adv., 
 with truth (cf. vero, in truth , etc.), 
 truly, rightly, justly, honestly, really, 
 zvith justice. 
 
 verecundia, -ae, [verecundo + 
 ia], F., modesty. 
 
 vereor, -itus, -eri, [prob. fvero- 
 (akin to zrnry)], 2 . v. dep., fear, 
 be afraid, respect. — veritus, p.p. in 
 pres, sens z, fearing. 
 
 verisimilis (often separate), -e, 
 [veri similis], adj., (like the truth), 
 probable , likely . 
 
 veritas, -tatis, [vero + tas], f., 
 truth. 
 
 vero [abl. of verus], adv., in 
 truth, in fact. — With weakened 
 force, but, however, on the other 
 hand, nozv , and. — Often untrans- 
 latable, expressing an intensive (em- 
 phatic) opposition, or pointing to the 
 main time, circumstance, fact, or 
 agent in a narrative : turn vero 
 (then) ; nunc vero (but nozv, and 
 now, now) ; quasi vero (as if for- 
 sooth) ; an vero (or is it possible 
 that? or tell me ) ; jam vero (nozv 
 finally, but further) ; immo vero 
 (nay in fact) ; deum vero nullum 
 violavit (and as to divinities, etc.) ; 
 quid vero? (and then finally, and 
 further) ; est vero (it is yozi see, 
 it is in fact) ; ego vero (why / in 
 fact, for my part I) ; at vero (but 
 then, but on the other hand, but)', 
 minime vero (no, not in the least) ; 
 si vero (if hozvever, if now) . 
 
 Verres, -is, [verres, boar], M., 
 a Roman family name. — Only C. 
 Cornelius Verres, propraetor in Sicily 
 in B.c. 73 and after, accused of ex- 
 tortion in the famous orations against 
 Verres. 
 
190 
 
 Vocabttlary. 
 
 versiculus, -I, [versu + cuius], 
 
 M., a short line , a verse. 
 
 verso, -avi, -atus, -are, [verso-], 
 i. v. a., turn (this way and that), 
 deal with (some one or some thing) . 
 — Esp. in pass, as dep., turn one's 
 self engage in , be busy , be, live , exist, 
 be employed , show itself appear , con- 
 duct one's self be found, find itself 
 be used, be engaged, be at work , be 
 concerned : in severitate {show, ex- 
 hibit, act with ); versatus {experi- 
 enced, practised) ; bellum in multa 
 varietate versatum {carried on in 
 a great variety of circumstances). 
 versus, -a, -um, p.p. of verto. 
 versus (versum), [orig. p.p. of 
 verto], adv. and prep., towards , in 
 the direction of 
 
 versus, -us, [ ^/vert + tus], m., 
 a turning. — Esp., a verse (of poetry, 
 where the rhythm turns and begins 
 anew) , a line. — Plur., poetry, verse. 
 
 verto, vertl, versus, vertere, 
 [\/vert], 3. V. a. and n., turn. — 
 Pass, and with reflex., turn, revolve, 
 depend. 
 
 verum [n. of verus], adv., but. 
 verumtamen [verum tamen], 
 
 adv., but still. 
 
 verus, -a, -um, [?, -y/VER (in 
 vereor) + us], adj., (?, seen, visi- 
 ble), true , real, well grounded. — 
 Neut. as subst., the trtith : repperit 
 esse vera {found the truth to be). — 
 Also, just, right. — See also vero and 
 verum : verius {nearer the truth) ; 
 re vera {in fact, in reality, in 
 truth)\ sententia {sound). 
 
 vesper, -eri (-eris), [?, cf. Gr. 
 u 'E<t ir epos'}, M., the evening : vesperi 
 (loc., in the evening). 
 
 vespera, -ae, [?, cf. vesper], f., 
 the evening : ad vesper am {at even - 
 ing, by evening). 
 
 Vesta, -ae, [^/vas (in uro) + ta, 
 
 cf. Gr. 'E arid], F., the goddess of 
 the household fire, the same as Gr. 
 'Eart'a. 
 
 Vestalis, -e, [Vesta + lis], adj., 
 
 of Vesta ; virgines {the Vestal virr 
 gins, who preserved the sacred fire 
 of Vesta, and were held in special 
 reverence). 
 
 vester, -tra, -trum, [ves -f ter 
 (us)], adj. pron ., your, yours : con- 
 spectus {of you). 
 
 vestibulum, -i, [?, prob. ve- 
 stabulum (orig. farm-yardl)}, N., 
 a vestibule (an open space in front 
 of a house-door) . — Fig., a gate- 
 way, a doorway, an entrance, the 
 doors. 
 
 vestigium, -i, [fvestigo- (cf. 
 vestigo) -f ium], n., the footstep , 
 the footprint, a track. — Esp. : e 
 vestigio { forthwith , from one’s 
 tracks?); eodem vestigio (in the 
 same spot); in illo vestigio tem- 
 poris {at that instant of time). — 
 Hence, fig., a trace, an indication. 
 — Plur., ruins {traces where a thing 
 once was), relics , remains. 
 
 vestimentum, -I, [vesti + men- 
 tum], N., clothing. 
 
 vestio, -ivl (-ii), -itus, -Ire, [vesti-], 
 4. v. a., clothe, cover. — Pass., clothe 
 one's self with (with thing in abl.), 
 wear. 
 
 vestis, -is, [V VAS {clothe) + tis], 
 F., clothing, garments, dress. 
 
 vestitus, -tus, [vesti + tus], m., 
 clothing, garments, dress : ad suum 
 vestitum redire {ordinary clothing). 
 
 veteranus, -a, -um, [vetera- (as 
 if stem of vetero) -f- nus], adj., vet- 
 eran (long in service). 
 
 veto, vetul, vetitus, vetare, [stem 
 akin to vetus, cf. antiquo], 1. v. a., 
 forbid. 
 
Vocabulary. 
 
 vetus, -eris, [?, cf. Gr. eros], adj., 
 old, former : milites ( old soldiers , 
 veterans ); homines ( of experience , 
 also of antiquity) . 
 
 vetustas, -tatis, [vetus-tas], f., 
 age, antiquity, former ages, long con- 
 tinuance , future ages, time (long 
 continued, either future or past). 
 
 vexatio, -onis, [vexa + tio], F., 
 persecution , harassing, outrage. 
 
 vexator, -toris, [vexa + tor], M., 
 a troubler , a persecutor , a pursuer , 
 a disturber. 
 
 vexo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fvexo- (as 
 if p.p. of veho)], i.v.a., ( carry this 
 way and that), vex, harass, annoy, 
 commit depredations on, overrun (a 
 country), ravage (lands), plunder, 
 worry, persecute. 
 
 via, -ae, [for veha? (veh + a)], 
 F ., a road, a way, a route, a street. 
 — Fig., a course, a way. 
 
 viator, -toris, [fvia- (as stem of 
 fvio) + tor], M., a traveller. 
 
 Vibienus, -i, [Vibio+ enus], M., 
 a Roman family name. — Esp., C. 
 Vibienus, a Roman senator killed in 
 a riot. 
 
 vibro, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], I. v. a. 
 and n., to shake, to brandish. 
 
 vlcatim [vico + atim], adv., by 
 wards, by districts. 
 
 vlcesimus (-ensimus), -a, -um, 
 [viginti + ensimus], adj., tiventieth. 
 
 vlclnitas, -tatis, [vicino -f tas], 
 F., neighborhood, vicinity. 
 
 vlcinus, -a, -um, [vico + inus], 
 adj., (belonging to the same vicus?), 
 near . — As subst., a neighbor. 
 
 vicissim [acc. adv. akin to vicis], 
 adv., in turn, by turns. 
 
 vicissitudo, -inis, [fvicissi- (in 
 vicissim) + tudo], f., a change, a 
 vicissitude , a succession (of changing 
 events) . 
 
 191 
 
 victima, -ae, [akin to vinco, 
 perh. going back to the sacrifice 
 of prisoners] , F ., a victim (sacri- 
 ficed) . 
 
 victor, -toris, [yVic 0 n vinco) 
 + tor], M., a victor. — Often as adj., 
 victorious, cf. victrix. 
 
 victoria, -ae, [victor + ia], f., 
 victory , success (in war), a triumph 
 (in the modern sense, cf. trium- 
 phus, the honor) : in ipsa victoria 
 (at the moment of victory). — Esp., 
 Victory, worshipped as a divinity by 
 the Romans : ludi victoriae (a fes- 
 tival established by Sulla in honor of 
 his victory, held October 27 to No- 
 vember 1). 
 
 victrix, -ids, [^/vic 0 n vinco) 
 -f trix], F., a victor (female, or con- 
 ceived as such). — As adj., victo- 
 rious. 
 
 victus, -tus, [V VIG (?) (°f- vixi) 
 -f-tus], M., living, life. — Also, means 
 of living, food : necessitates victus 
 (the necessaries of life)', in victu 
 arido (a dry and meagre way of 
 life or style of living). — Esp. : con- 
 suetudines victus (the intimacy of 
 daily life). 
 
 vicus, -I, [ V VIC (enter?) + us, cf. 
 Gr. obcos], m., (a dwelling ), a village 
 (a collection of dwellings). — In 
 cities, a quarter (more than a block, 
 cf. insula), a row (of houses), a 
 street (the houses on both sides) . 
 
 videlicet [vide (imper. of video) 
 licet], adv., (see you may , one may 
 see), of course , doubtless, no doubt . — 
 Often ironical, forsooth, I suppose, no 
 doubt, you see. 
 
 video, vidi, visus, videre, [y'viD, 
 perh. through a noun-stem (cf. in- 
 vidus)], 2. v. a., see, examine (re- 
 connoitre), observe, notice, take care 
 (see that). — In pass., be seen, seem , 
 
TQ2 
 
 Vocabulary , 
 
 seem best. — Esp. : ea cernimus quae 
 videmus (we distinguish what we 
 
 see). 
 
 vigeo, no perf., no p.p., vigere, [ ?, 
 prob. fvigo- (y'viG+us, cf. vigil)], 
 
 2. v. n., be strong , be active , have life , 
 flourish. 
 
 vigilia, -ae, [vigil + ia], f., wak- 
 ing , wakefulness , watching. — Esp. 
 in plur., vigils , sleepless nights. — 
 Also (in plur.), watches , sentinels , 
 ivatchmen . — From military use, a 
 watch (one of the four divisions into 
 which the night was divided). 
 
 vigilo, -avl, -atus, -are, [vigil], 
 I. v. n. (and a.), watch , lie awake , 
 watch by night , keep awake, be up 
 ( not sleep) . — Fig., be on the watch, 
 be watchful, be vigilant, watch , look 
 out for. — Esp., vigilans, p. as adj., 
 wakeful, watchful, vigilant, on the 
 watch , careful, active , wide awake. 
 
 viginti [dvi- (stem of duo) + 
 form akin to centum (perh. the 
 same)], num. adj., indecl., twenty. 
 
 vilis, -e, [?], adj., cheap, of little 
 value, worthless. 
 
 vilitas, -tatis, [vili -f tas], f., 
 cheapness, low price. 
 
 villa, -ae, [?], f ., a farm-house, a 
 country house, a villa. 
 
 vincid,vinxi,vinctus,vinch*e,[perh. 
 akin to vinco], 4 . v. a., bind, fetter, 
 putin chains, restrain. 
 vinclum, see vinculum, 
 vinco, vici, victus, vincere, [ ^/vic], 
 
 3. v. a. and n., conquer, defeat, pre- 
 vail, be victorious, prevail over, over- 
 come, surpass, outdo. 
 
 vinculum (vinclum),-!, [fvinco- 
 (stem akin to vincio, perh. primi- 
 tive of it) -f lum (n. of -lus)], N., a 
 chain . — Plur., chains, imprisonment, 
 prison, fetters. — Fig., a bond, a con- 
 nection. 
 
 vindex, -icis, [some forms of vis 
 and dico, perh. wrongly formed like 
 judex], M. and F., a claimant . — 
 Hence, from technical use in law, a 
 protector, a defender, an avenge r s . 
 
 vindiciae, -arum, [vindic + ia], 
 F. plur., a claim (technical in law), 
 an action (of a peculiar sort). 
 
 vindico, -avl, -atus, -are, [vindic-], 
 I. v. a., claim, claim one's rights 
 against, defend (cf. Galliam in lib- 
 ertatem, establish the liberty of, a 
 phrase derived from the formal de- 
 fence of freedom in a Roman court), 
 rescue. — Also, punish, avenge, seek 
 redress for, seek redress. 
 
 vinum, -I, [?, cf. Gr. ohos ~\ , N., 
 wine. 
 
 violo, -avl, -atus, -are, [?], 1. v. a., 
 
 abuse, violate (a sacred object), pro~ 
 fane, injure (a thing held sacred), 
 outrage: si quid violatum est {any 
 profanation done). 
 
 vir, viri, [ ?] , M., a man, a husband, 
 vires, see vis. 
 
 virga, -ae, F., a twig, a rod.— 
 Plur -, flogging, stripes . 
 
 Virgo, -inis, [?], f., a maiden, a 
 maid, a virgin, a girl. — Esp., a 
 vestal virgin (see Vestalis). 
 
 virilis, -e, [viro + ilis], adj., 
 manly, of a man : toga ( the garb 
 of manhood, the pure white toga as- 
 sumed by Romans as a sign of man- 
 hood and citizenship). 
 
 virtus, -tutis, [viro- (reduced) 
 -ftus], F., manliness, valor, prowess, 
 courage . — Also, merit (generally), 
 noble conduct, virtue. — Plur., vir- 
 tues, merits, good qualities. — Also, 
 a sense of virtue, a love of virtue. 
 
 vis, vis (?), [?], F., force, might, 
 power, violence, energy, vigor, se- 
 verity, a quantity, a supply : vim 
 et manus (violent hands). — Also, 
 
. Vocabulary . 
 
 193 
 
 force , effect , validity. — Technically, 
 breach of the peace , violence (for 
 which a special remedy at law was 
 established). — Plur., strength , force, 
 powers , bodily vigor. 
 
 viscus, -eris, also plur. viscera, 
 -um, [?], N., //k? .w/? parts of the 
 body , flesh , the entrails. — Fig., 
 
 the vitals, the bowels, the entrails. 
 
 viso, visi, visus, vlsere, [prob. old 
 desiderative of video], 3.V. a. and n., 
 
 ( desire to see), go to see, visit, see (in 
 reference to a sight or spectacle). 
 
 vita, -ae, [root of vivo -f ta], F., 
 
 life , the course of life. 
 
 vitium, : i, [?], N., a flaw, a 
 blemish , a defect, a fault , a vice. 
 
 vito, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, vita-?], 
 1. v. a., ( escape with life, live 
 
 through ?), escape, avoid, dodge, shun. 
 
 vituperatio, -onis, [vitupera + 
 tio], F., abuse, fault-finding, an ac- 
 cusation, a charge. 
 
 vitupero, -avi, -atus, -are, [f vitu- 
 pero- (vitio + fparus, cf. opipa- 
 rus)], I. v. a., censure, find fault 
 with. 
 
 vivo, vixi, victus, vivere, [V VIG 
 (vigor?), cf. victus], 3. v. n., live , 
 pass one's life. 
 
 vivus, -a, -um, [V VIG (?) + us ]> 
 adj., alive, living. 
 
 vix [poss. -y/vic (in vinco)], 
 adv., with difficulty, hardly, hardly 
 ever. — Also, of time, hardly ( . . . 
 when)', vixdumcoetu dimisso {when 
 . . . scarcely yet, almost before , etc.). 
 
 voco, -avi, -atus, -are, [voc- (stem 
 of vox)], 1. v. a., call by name , call, 
 summon, invite. — With in, summon 
 to, bring (into), attempt to bring 
 (into)-, in integritatem spe (attrib- 
 ute virtue to one in hope). 
 
 Volaterrae, -arum, [?], f. plur., 
 a town of Etruria ( Volterra), 
 
 volgaris (vulg-), -e, [volgo + 
 aris], adj., common, ordinary. 
 volgo, see volgus. 
 volgus (vulgus), -i, [- V / V0LG + 
 us], N., the crowd, the common peo- 
 ple, the mass : in volgus emanare 
 (get abroad, spread abroad). — vol- 
 go, abl. as adv., commonly generally , 
 ordinarily , everywhere. 
 
 volito, -avi, no p.p., -are, [as if 
 volito-, p.p. of volo, cf. agito], 
 1. v. n .,flit about, hover about. 
 
 volnero (vul-), -avi, -atus, -are, 
 [volner-], 1. v. a., wound, inflict a 
 wound. — Also fig., wound, harm, 
 offend. 
 
 volnus (vulnus), -eris, [prob. 
 akin to vello], N., a wound. 
 
 volo, volui, velle, [-^vol], irr. 
 v. a. and n., wish , be willing, want, 
 desire, choose to have, choose, would 
 like , mean, signify. — With perf. 
 part., desire to have, desire to. 
 
 Volturcius (Vult ), -i, [?], M., 
 one of the conspirators with Catiline. 
 
 voltus (vul-), -tus, [ -y/VOL + 
 tus], M., expression(oi countenanc( 
 the countenance, the look, the fa\ 
 the expression of countenance, tk 
 mien. 
 
 volubilis, -e, [prob. volvi- (i 
 stem of volvo) + bilis], adj., whir 
 ing. — Fig., changeable, inconstant. 
 
 voluntarius, -a, -um, [volent + 
 arius], adj., voluntary. — As subst., 
 a volunteer. 
 
 voluntas, -tatis, [volent + tas], 
 
 F., willingness, will, good-will, desire, 
 approval, consent, an inclination, a 
 wish, a purpose, plans, desires, a dis- 
 position. 
 
 voluptas, -tatis, [volup- (akin to 
 volo) + tas], F., sensual pleasure, 
 pleasure, (a sensation of pleasure), 
 enjoyment. 
 
194 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 fVolusenus, -I, [ ?, cf. Volusius], 
 M., a tribune of the soldiers in Caesar’s 
 army in Gaul. In Phil. xiv. 7, the 
 reading is uncertain, and the passage 
 is obscure. 
 
 voluto, -avi, -atus, -are, [voluto-], 
 I. v. a. and n., roll, grovel. 
 
 vosmet [vos-met (akin to me)], 
 intensive of vos, you yourselves , you 
 (emphatic). 
 
 votivus, -a, -urn, [voto + ivus 
 (cf. captivns)], adj., votive : ludi 
 (a festival held in pursuance of some 
 vow). 
 
 votum, -i, [n. p.p. of voveo], 
 N., a vow , a prayer. 
 
 voveo, vovi, votus, vovere, [?], 
 2. v. a. and n., vow , make a vow. 
 
 vox, vocis, [ Vvoc as stem], f., a 
 voice , a word \ art-expression, a shout. 
 — • Collectively, cries, words, talk . 
 vulgaris, see volgaris. 
 vulgo, see volgo. 
 vulgus, see volgus. 
 vulnero, see volnero. 
 vulnus, see volnus. 
 vultus, see voltus. 
 
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