^> c 7 - -JPo ft nflplg ft ufofert., outhern Yellow Pine INCLUDINQ DEFINITION OF THE U\ New “Density” Rule . . Adopted and Copyrighted by the American Society for Testing Materials Wi “" of names to conform to New Density Rule. wHH ILL.:-;:.;..; 7ARY Uk.; . , v./iPAIGN . .* : ^.oKiS (J/VI VE RS 1T Y OF V. jl -L LIBRARY 1 U^.-w^A-CHAMPa ; 3 N t-uuKSTACKO an3ard Specifications for Southern Yellow Pine Bridge and Trestle Timbers (To be applied to Single Sticks and not to Composite Members) For Use in ] HE use of Southern Yellow Pine for bridge and trestle timbers in railroad work requires high grade pieces of timber both as to strength and lasting power. Rec¬ ognizing these facts., a special set of stand¬ ard specifications has been adopted by the Southern Pine Association. The speci¬ fications as to the quality of the timber are according to the Standard Specifications adopted and copyrighted by the Ameri- - can Society for Testing Materials de¬ fining dense and sound pine.f These - terms replace the botanical designation J hitherto used, that is, longleaf, short- leaf and loblolly pine. The grade “dense” pine refers to the strongest pieces of t Adopted and copyrighted by the American Society for Testing Materials, August, 1915. what has hitherto been known as long- leaf pine. The specifications as to grades are the Standard Specifications for Southern Yel¬ low Pine bridge and trestle timbers adopted and published in the Manual by the American Railway Engineering Association (reprinted by permission of the American Railway Engineering As¬ sociation from the Manual, 1916). The only change which has been made in the reprint of the American Railway Engineering Association rules is that “dense” pine has been substituted for longleaf pine and “sound” pine for short- leaf pine. — 2 — BRANDED TIMBERS Proper service to buyers and users of yellow-pine timber demands correct grading, and the branding or marking of each stick of timber showing its grade. Variation in the individual character of different pieces of timber is responsible for the difference in strength. Struc¬ turally, some are much stronger than others. Owing to the confusion which frequently results in the proper classifying of timbers into longleaf, shortleaf, loblolly, etc., a new rule has been devised and recently adopted by the American Society for Testing Materials, and known among the trade as the “Density Rule”, which classifies all Southern Pine timbers, irrespective of botanical species, into two classes; namely, “Dense Southern Yellow Pine” and “Sound Southern Yellow Pine.” Details and description of these des¬ ignations will be found in the following pages. The Southern Pine Association recom¬ mends that all timbers be branded. All manufacturers and dealers are invited — 3 — to brand their timber in accordance with the grades and classifications contained in this book. Southern Pine Association. New Orleans, Louisiana, U. S. A. January 1, 1917. — 4 — DEFINITION FOR SOUTHERN YEL¬ LOW PINE. (Adopted and Copyrighted by the American Society for Testing Materials, August, 1915.) SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE.— This term includes the species of yellow pine growing in the Southern States from Virginia to Texas, that is, the pines hitherto known as longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris ), shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata ), loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda), Cuban pine (Pinus heterophylla) and pond pine (Pinus serotina). Under this heading two classes of tim¬ ber are designated: (a) dense Southern yellow pine and ( b ) sound Southern yellow pine. It is understood that these two terms are descriptive of quality rather than of botanical species. (a) Dense Southern Yellow Pine shall show on either end an average of at least six annual rings per inch and at least one-third summer wood, or else the greater number of the rings shall show at least one-third summer wood, all as measured over the third, fourth and fifth inches of a radial line from the pith. Wide-ringed material excluded by this — 5 — rule will be acceptable, provided that the amount of summer wood as above meas¬ ured shall be at least one-half. The contrast in color between summer wood and spring wood shall be sharp and the summer wood shall be dark in color, except in pieces having considera¬ bly above the minimum requirement for summer wood. In cases where timbers do not contain the pith, and it is impossible to locate it with any degree of acccuracy, the same inspection shall be made over 3" on an approximate radial line beginning at the edge nearest the pith in timbers over 3" in thickness and on the second inch (on the piece) nearest to the pith in timbers 3" or less in thickness. In dimension material containing the pith but not a 5" radial line, which is less than 2x8" in section or less than 8" in width, that does not show over 16 sq. in. on the cross-section, the inspec¬ tion shall apply to the second inch from the pith. In larger material that does not show a 5" radial line the inspection shall apply to the three inches farthest from the pith. The radial line chosen shall be represen¬ tative. In case of disagreement between — 6 — purchaser and seller the average summer wood and number of rings shall be the average of the two radial lines chosen. (b) Sound Southern Yellow Pine shall include pieces of Southern pine without any ring or summer wood requirement. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE BRIDGE AND TRESTLE TIMBERS * f (To be applied to Single Sticks and not to Composite Members) General Requirements. 1. Except as noted, all timber shall be sound, sawed to standard size, square cornered and straight; close grained and free from defects such as injurious ring shakes and cross grain, unsound or loose knots, knots in groups, decay, or other defects that will mater¬ ially impair its strength. Standard Size. 2. “Rough timbers sawed to standard size” means that they shall not be over 34" scant from the actual size specified. For instance, a 12x12" timber shall measure not less than ll%xll%". * Adopted, Vol. 10, Part 1, 1909, pp. 537, 539-541, 598- 603; Vol. 11, 1910, Part 1, pp. 176, 180, 181, 228-230. Proc. Am. Ry. Eng. Ass. t These specifications are reprinted from the Manual of the American Railway Engineering Association with per¬ mission. The terms “Longleaf” and “Shortleaf” have been changed to read “Dense” and “Sound” respectively. — 9 — Standard Dressing. 3. “Standard Dressing” means that not more than y±" shall be allowed for dressing each surface. For instance, a 12x12" timber, after being dressed on four sides, shall measure not less than uyxiiy". STANDARD HEART GRADE, DENSE PINE. Stringers. 4. Stringers shall show not less than 85 per cent heart on the girth anywhere in the length of the piece; provided, however, that if the maximum amount of sap is shown on either narrow face of the stringer, the average depth of sap shall not exceed one-half inch. Knots greater than V/%" in diameter will not be permitted at any section within 4" of the edge of the piece, but knots shall in no case exceed 4" in their largest diameter. Caps and Sills. 5. Caps and sills shall show not less than 85 per cent heart on each of the four sides, measured across the sides anywhere in the length of the piece, and shall be free from knots over Zy in diameter. —10 — Posts. 6. Posts shall show not less than 75 per cent heart on each of the four sides, measured across the sides anywhere in the length of the piece, and shall be free from knots over " in diameter. Longitudinal Struts and Girts. 7. Longitudinal Struts and Girts shall be square cornered and sound. One side shall show all heart; the other side shall show not less than 85 per cent heart, measured across the side anywhere in the length of the piece, and shall be free from any large knots or other defects that will materially injure their strength. Longitudinal X Braces, Sash and Sway ‘Braces. 8. Longitudinal X Braces, Sash Braces and Sway Braces shall be square cornered and sound; shall show not less than 80 per cent heart on each of the two sides, and shall be free from any large knots or other defects that will materially injure their strength. Ties and Guard Rails. 9. Ties and Guard Rails shall show one side all heart; the other side and two — ll — edges shall show not less than 75 per cent heart, measured across the surface anywhere in the length of the piece; shall be free from any large knots or other de¬ fects that will materially injure their strength; and where surfaced the remain¬ ing rough face shall show all heart. STANDARD GRADE, DENSE AND SOUND YELLOW PINE. Stringers. 10. Stringers shall be square cornered, with the exception of 1" wane on one corner or Y" wane on two corners. Knots shall not exceed in their largest diameter one-fourth of the width of the surface of the stick in which they occur, and shall in no case exceed 4 inches. Ring shakes shall not extend over one- eighth of the length of the piece. Caps and Sills. 11. Caps and Sills shall be square cornered, with the exception of 1" wane on one corner, or Y" wane on two corners. Knots shall not exceed in their largest diameter Y of the width of the surface of the stick in which they occur, and in no case shall exceed 4". Ring shakes shall not extend over one-eighth of the length of the piece. —12 — Posts. 12. Posts shall be square cornered, with the exception of 1" wane on one corner, or wane on two cor¬ ners. Knots shall not exceed, in their largest diameter, one-fourth of the width of the surface of the stick in which they occur, and shall in no case exceed 4". Ring shakes shall not extend over one- eight of the length of the piece. — 13 — This book will be re-issued occasionally to take care of all changes, cancellations and additions. In order that you may be certain of always having the LATEST SPECIFIC A- NOTICE o a u 3 0 >> ■C ) QJ & s 8 CO c a $ o qj a; 58 m CQ C •*«» On if mu ^ - ■ & s % V V 4h fi cn Z o >—H Vi/ E- 1 "3. £ 3 £ V. £ WE WILL PUT THE ABOVE ADDRESS ON OUR MAILING LIST