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 STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 
 
 
 
 
 Trace Elements, Rare Earths, 
 
 
 and Chemical Composition 
 
 
 of Southern Illinois 
 
 
 Igneous Rocks 
 
 
 J. C. Bradbury 
 
 
 ***** 
 
 
 ******* 
 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 
 URBANA 
 
 
 1962 CIRCULAR 330 
 
LIBRARY. 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 3 3051 00004 0273 
 

 *\ffl 
 
 TRACE ELEMENTS, RARE EARTHS, AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 
 OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS IGNEOUS ROCKS 
 
 J. C. Bradbury 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 This investigation was made in order to answer the 
 many questions that have been raised regarding the rare 
 earth, trace element, and general chemical composition of 
 the igneous intrusive rocks of southern Illinois , to determine 
 the present possible commercial significance of these rocks, 
 and to provide data in connection with development of pos- 
 sible future uses . The intrusive rocks occur as dikes, sills, 
 and explosion breccias . Fifteen of the known deposits were 
 sampled. The trace element content and rare earth content 
 of all samples were determined spectrographically; nine 
 samples were analyzed by wet gravimetric methods. A num- 
 ber of samples were fused to determine whether they would 
 produce unusual kinds of glass. The results of the tests 
 failed to show any unusual major compositional character- 
 istics that would suggest special uses for the rocks. The 
 amounts of trace elements and rare earths found are not 
 believed to be within the present commercial range for ores. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Hardin, Pope, Saline, Gallatin, and Williamson Counties in extreme south- 
 ern Illinois comprise the only part of the state in which igneous rocks crop out or 
 come close to the surface. These rocks occur as intrusive bodies of dark colored 
 igneous rock and explosion breccias (Clegg and Bradbury, 1956) . During the search 
 for uranium on Hicks Dome in Hardin County in 1955 and 1956, a deposit of radio- 
 active, silty clay, possibly associated with one of the masses of explosion breccia 
 (Bradbury et al. , 1955; Bradbury, 1960; Trace, 1960), was found. However, no 
 
 1] 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 330 
 
 N Dike showing strike 
 + Dike, strike uncertain 
 o Sill 
 O Explosion breccia 
 
 • Drill hole penetrating 
 
 igneous rock 
 
 SCALE 
 
 Fig. 1 —Distribution of igneous intrusive rocks in southern Illinois. Some 
 occurrences within city limits of Rosiclare not shown for sake of 
 clarity. (Adapted from Clegg and Bradbury, 1956, plate 1.) 
 
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS IGNEOUS ROCKS 3 
 
 development ensued, presumably because the quantity of the clay was limited. 
 Analyses of three samples of the clay (Bradbury, 19 60) showed an average of 
 3. 3 percent total rare earth oxides . 
 
 At various times there has been speculation regarding the trace element 
 content of the southern Illinois igneous rocks as well as their general chemical 
 composition and the possibility that they might have special uses. The finding of 
 the radioactive clay, with its abnormal content of rare earths, further increased 
 interest in the intrusives. Figure 1 shows the location of all known igneous intru- 
 sive bodies in southern Illinois. Those sampled for analysis are designated by 
 name on the map. 
 
 PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION 
 
 This investigation was undertaken to provide data regarding the foregoing 
 matters in order that the present commercial possibilities of the intrusive rocks 
 might be known and that a representative body of data might be available for judg- 
 ing the suitability of these rocks for possible future uses. To this end all major 
 and most minor outcrops of igneous intrusive rocks in Hardin and Pope Counties, 
 three dikes exposed in coal mines in Saline and Williamson Counties, and similar 
 rock from a diamond-drill core from the Omaha Dome in Gallatin County were sam- 
 pled and analyzed for trace elements and rare earths; major chemical constituents 
 were determined for nine of the samples . 
 
 CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS 
 
 The intrusive rocks occur as flat or nearly flat-lying sills, vertical or near- 
 ly vertical dikes, and plugs. Certain occurrences are referred to simply as "intru- 
 sives" because too little is known or can be seen of their shape to permit more 
 specific identification. The dikes may reach a maximum width of 300 feet but 
 generally are less than one to a few feet wide. The sills are rarely more than one 
 foot thick and more commonly are only a few inches thick. The dikes and sills 
 are mica-peridotites or related rocks that have been altered (table 1) by serpentini- 
 zation, the addition of carbonates (chiefly calcite) , or, less commonly, by silici- 
 fication (Clegg and Bradbury, 19 56) . 
 
 The dimensions of the plugs, which are composed of explosion breccia, 
 are not determinable, but one of them crops out over a 400- by 800 -foot area. 
 Alteration of the breccias has been similar to that of the dikes and sills (table 1) . 
 
 SAMPLES AND RESULTS OF TESTS 
 
 Table 1 lists the deposits sampled, their location, the thickness of the 
 rock represented by each sample, the kind of rock composing the sample, its 
 physical appearance, and the character of alteration. 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 330 
 
 TABLE 1. - SOURCE AND 
 
 Sample 
 
 Name 
 
 Location 
 
 
 County 
 
 Thickness 
 sampled( ft. ) 
 
 Kind of 
 
 no. 
 
 Quarters Sec. T. 
 
 R. 
 
 rock 
 
 1 Downeys Bluff 
 
 sill 
 
 2 Absher dike 
 
 3 Argo dike 
 
 4 Dering #2 dike 
 
 5 Golconda dike 
 
 6 Good Hope dike 
 
 7 Mix dike 
 
 8 Orrs Landing 
 
 dike 
 
 9 Peabody #43 
 
 dike 
 
 NW NW SE 5 13 S 
 
 SE SW SE 34 9S 
 
 NE SW 32 12S 
 
 — SE NE 24 8S 
 
 NW SW NE 25 13S 
 
 — NE NW 5 13S 
 
 — NE NE 18 13S 
 
 NE SW NE 33 12 S 
 
 — SE NE 17 9S 
 
 10 Robinson dike NW SW NW 29 IIS 
 
 SE NW SW 4 8S 
 
 11 
 
 Omaha Dome in 
 trusive 
 
 12 
 
 Hicks Dome pli 
 
 13 
 
 Grants in- 
 trusive 
 
 14 
 
 Soward plug 
 
 15 
 
 Soward plug 
 
 16 
 
 Sparks Hill 
 plug 
 
 lg SE SE NW 30 IIS 
 
 SE NW NW 6 12 S 
 
 NE SW 31 12S 
 
 NE SW 31 12 S 
 
 SW NE NE 13 IIS 
 
 8E 
 
 Hardin 
 
 2 
 
 Lamprophyre? 
 
 4E 
 
 Williamson 
 
 9 
 
 Mica- 
 
 peridotite 
 
 8E 
 
 Hardin 
 
 2 
 
 Lamprophyre? 
 
 6E 
 
 Saline 
 
 15 
 
 Mica- 
 
 peridotite 
 
 6E 
 
 Pope 
 
 — 
 
 Mica- 
 
 peridotite 
 
 8E 
 
 Hardin 
 
 1 
 
 Lamprophyre? 
 
 7E 
 
 Pope 
 
 15 
 
 Mica- 
 
 peridotite 
 
 8E 
 
 Hardin 
 
 1 
 
 Lamprophyre? 
 
 6E 
 
 Saline 
 
 6 
 
 Mica- 
 
 peridotite 
 
 8E 
 
 Hardin 
 
 2 + 
 
 Mica- 
 
 peridotite? 
 
 8E 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 m 
 
 Mica- 
 
 peridotite 
 
 8E 
 
 Hardin 
 
 (*) 
 
 Explosion 
 breccia 
 
 8E 
 
 Hardin 
 
 5 
 
 Explosion 
 breccia 
 
 8E 
 
 Hardin 
 
 (t) 
 
 Explosion 
 breccia 
 
 8E 
 
 Hardin 
 
 (t) 
 
 Explosion 
 breccia 
 
 8E 
 
 Hardin 
 
 (i) 
 
 Explosion 
 breccia 
 
 * Samples from boulders and ledges on the west half of small hill, 
 t Samples taken from a 400 by 800 foot outcrop area. 
 
 * Samples taken from creek bed at intervals for a distance of 300 feet. 
 
IGNEOUS INTRUSIVE ROCKS OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 
 
 CHARACTER OF SAMPLES 
 
 Color 
 
 Texture 
 
 Type of 
 alteration 
 
 Comments 
 
 Dark greenish 
 gray 
 
 Dark greenish 
 
 gray 
 
 Gray 
 
 Dark greenish 
 gray 
 
 Dark greenish 
 gray 
 
 Greenish gray 
 
 Dark greenish 
 gray 
 
 Dark gray 
 
 Dark greenish 
 gray 
 
 Brown 
 
 Dark greenish 
 gray 
 
 Brown 
 
 Greenish gray 
 
 Gray 
 
 Brown 
 
 Dark gray 
 
 Fine grained 
 
 Medium grained 
 
 Fine grained 
 
 Fine grained 
 
 Medium grained 
 
 Fine grained 
 
 Coarse grained 
 
 Fine grained 
 
 Fine grained 
 
 Coarse grained 
 
 Fine grained 
 
 Matrix fine 
 grained 
 
 Matrix fine 
 grained 
 
 Matrix fine 
 grained 
 
 Matrix fine 
 grained 
 
 Matrix fine 
 grained 
 
 Abundant carbonate 
 
 Partial serpentin- 
 ization 
 
 Mostly carbonate 
 Serpentinization 
 Serpentinization 
 Silicification 
 
 Partial serpentin- 
 ization 
 
 Mostly carbonate 
 
 Carbonate; serpent- 
 inization 
 
 In coal strip mine 
 
 At 500-ft. level in 
 Argo mine 
 
 Dike in coal mine 
 
 Sample from boulders 
 
 In Good Hope mine 
 
 In bluff along rail- 
 road; boulders 
 
 Serpentinization 
 Silicification 
 Abundant carbonate 
 
 Dike in Peabody 43 
 coal mine 
 
 Weathered rock in pit 
 
 Sample from diamond 
 drill core 
 
 Unweathered 
 
 Oxidized Weathered 
 
 Abundant carbonate — 
 
6 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 330 
 
 Table 2 gives the results of wet gravimetric chemical analyses for nine 
 samples and indicates the major chemical constituents of these samples; table 3 
 reports on trace element content and table 4 on rare earths. 
 
 DISCUSSION OF DATA 
 
 Major Chemical Constituents 
 
 The nine samples in table 2 show a great diversity of composition. Sample 
 12, Hicks Dome plug, contains the greatest amount of silica, a moderate amount 
 of alumina, and very little of the other compounds listed. The high silica content 
 is related to the fact that the rock is composed chiefly of chert fragments in a fine- 
 grained quartz cement (Bradbury et al., 19 55, p. 7, sample 50 (125); Clegg and 
 Bradbury, 1956, p. 17, table 1, occurrence (l)) . 
 
 Sample 8, Orrs Landing dike, is high in carbonates; also containing impor- 
 tant amounts of carbonates are samples 1, 14, and 16. The carbon dioxide reported 
 in these samples, if calculated to calcium carbonate, yields the figures given 
 below; 
 
 Sample Calculated CaCO„ 
 
 1 41.5% 
 
 8 86.5% 
 
 14 34.6% 
 
 16 41.8% 
 
 Petrographic examination of these four rocks reveals that the mineral calcite (CaC03) 
 has replaced considerable proportions of the original mineral constituents (Clegg 
 and Bradbury, 1956, p. 13-15 and table 1). 
 
 Sample 10, Robinson dike, is unusual in its comparatively high content of 
 alumina, ferric oxide, and phosphorous pentoxide. As the Robinson dike was ex- 
 tremely weathered, it is probable that these three oxides are residual concentra- 
 tions , with the alumina and ferric oxide occurring in the weathering products clay 
 and limonite, respectively, and the phosphorous in apatite, a common accessory 
 mineral in the mica-peridotites and one that is highly resistant to weathering. Also 
 high in total iron (Fe203+FeO) are samples 1, 2, 7, and 11. 
 
 Sample 1, Downeys Bluff sill, and samples 14 and 16, Soward and Sparks 
 Hill breccia plugs, contain higher than average amounts of soda (Na20) . In 
 samples 14 and 16 the soda probably is contained in plagioclase, An^, which has 
 been recognized in thin sections of these rocks. No sodium minerals could be 
 positively identified in thin sections of the Downeys Bluff sill, but an X-ray 
 diffractogram revealed the presence of analcite, a sodium aluminum silicate 
 (NaAlSi 2 6 -H20). 
 
 As no feldspar or feldspathoids have ever been reported from thin section 
 studies of the sill and dike rocks of southern Illinois (Clegg and Bradbury, 1956; 
 Weller et al. , 1952; Currier, 19 20; Johannsen, 1905), the analcite in the Downeys 
 Bluff sill is the first concrete evidence that some of the dike rocks originally con- 
 tained feldspathic minerals. Johannsen (1905) was the first to suggest that the 
 
IGNEOUS INTRUSIVE ROCKS OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 7 
 
 more extensively altered dikes, particularly those that were replaced in large part 
 by carbonate, originally may have contained feldspar and no olivine and should, 
 therefore, be classed as lamprophyres . The Orrs Landing dike (sample 8), which 
 is two-thirds carbonate, may be a lamprophyre that was depleted in soda through 
 extensive replacement of the rock by carbonate. The other dike rocks in table 2, 
 with the exception of the highly weathered Robinson dike, are undoubted mica- 
 peridotites . 
 
 The potash raises no such problems as the soda. Phlogopite, a potassium- 
 magnesium mica, in the sill and dike rocks and potash feldspar in the plug rocks 
 appear to be the sources of the potash. 
 
 Titania (Ti02) is present in concentrations of over 4 percent in three of the 
 nine samples and of over 5 percent in two samples. Examination of thin sections 
 of the rocks revealed that most of the titania is contained in the mineral perovs kite 
 (CaTi03) in fresh peridotite, and in leucoxene (chiefly Ti02, an alteration product 
 of titanium minerals) in altered rock. Grain sizes of the titanium minerals were 
 typically 0.5 mm for perovskite and 0.1 to 0. 2 mm for leucoxene. Although it is 
 conceivable that such relatively low concentrations might be commercial in some 
 deposits, the fine grain size of the titanium minerals in the southern Illinois in- 
 trusives would make their recovery difficult and their profitable production question- 
 able. 
 
 No specific uses for the samples tested are recognized on the basis of the 
 chemical analyses although it is possible that some of the samples might meet the 
 requirements for some special purpose. 
 
 The possibility that some of the samples might be used for making a variety 
 of glass was explored by fusion tests. Three samples of explosion breccia and 
 two samples of mica-peridotite, representing bodies of rock of possible minable 
 size, were powdered and heated to 1500° C in a muffle furnace. After cooling, it 
 was found that two of the explosion breccia samples, Sparks Hill and Soward plugs, 
 had yielded a dark greenish glass, although the Sparks Hill sample showed a thin 
 rind of crystalline material next to the crucible wall. The third explosion breccia 
 sample, Hicks Dome plug, had not fused because of its high silica content, 88 per- 
 cent (table 2) . The two samples of peridotite, Mix and Absher dikes, had fused 
 but on cooling had reverted to the crystalline state. 
 
 These results can be attributed to the chemical compositions of the rocks 
 involved (table 2). The glass-making properties of a silicate mixture depend, to 
 a large extent, on its content of silica (Si02) and alumina (AI2O3) (J. S. Machin, 
 personal communication) . If the sum of Si02 + Al203 falls below about 48 percent, 
 the mixtureis not likely to yield a glass. For example, the Soward plug rock, which 
 had fused entirely to glass, contains 55.6 percent Si02+Al203. The Sparks Hill 
 plug sample, with 49.3 percent Si02 + Al203, just above the prescribed minimum, 
 yielded mostly glass. The Absher and Mix dikes, containing less than 48 percent 
 Si02+Al203, did not yield a glass. 
 
 Trace Elements 
 
 The trace element data in table 3 indicate that none of the elements reported 
 upon occur in amounts exceeding . 2 percent, most of them occurring in smaller or 
 very much smaller amounts. No uses for the intrusive rocks are recognized on the 
 basis of their trace element content. 
 
8 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 330 
 
 Rare Earths 
 
 The rare earth content of all samples tested was less than .2 percent (2000 
 parts per million), with the exception of sample 8 which contained .21 percent 
 (table 4). Samples 9, 10, and 14 contained no rare earths in amounts detectable 
 by the spectrographic procedures used. Samples 5, 11, 12, and 15 contained very- 
 little rare earths. Sample 8, Orrs Landing dike, and sample 13, Grants intrusive, 
 contained the largest amounts of rare earths . 
 
 Igneous rocks such as those described herewith are not common commercial 
 sources of rare earths, and insofar as is known the amounts of rare earths found in 
 the southern Illinois igneous rocks are not sufficiently great to place them in the 
 category of ores at the present time. Because of the infancy of the rare earth 
 industry, the experimental nature of ore processing methods, and the lack of an 
 established market for rare earth metals, industry-wide specifications for ores or 
 concentrates do not exist (Whitman, 1960). However, it would appear from the 
 slight amount of information available on grades of ore presently being mined that 
 a commercial deposit should contain several percent rare earth oxides. For example, 
 a bastnaesite deposit at Mountain Pass, California, has an average grade of 10 per- 
 cent rare earth oxides (Vickery, 1960), and a monazite vein deposit in South Africa 
 contains 35 to 40 percent rare earth oxides (Kremers, 19 58). 
 
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12 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 330 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 Bradbury, J. C. , 1960, Rare earth and trace element content of an unusual clay 
 on Hicks Dome in Hardin County, Illinois: Illinois Geol. Survey Indus. Min. 
 Notes 11, p. 1-5. 
 
 Bradbury, J. C, Ostrom, M. E., and McVicker, L. D., 1955, Preliminary report 
 on uranium in Hardin County, Illinois: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 200, 21 p. 
 
 Clegg, K. E., and Bradbury, J. C, 1956, Igneous intrusive rocks in Illinois and 
 their economic significance: Illinois Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 197, 19 p. 
 
 Currier, L. W., 1920, Igneous rocks, in Weller, Stuart, The geology of Hardin 
 County, Illinois: Illinois Geol. Survey Bull. 41, chap. XI, p. 237-244. 
 
 Johannsen, Albert, 1905, in Bain, H. F., The fluorspar deposits of southern 
 Illinois: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 255, p. 28. 
 
 Kremers, H. E., 1958, Commercial thorium ores: Am. Inst. Min. Met. Petroleum 
 Eng. Preprint no. 5819A18, 14 p. 
 
 Trace, R. D., 1960, Significance of unusual mineral occurrence at Hicks Dome, 
 Hardin County, Illinois: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof . Paper 400-B, p. 63-64. 
 
 Vickery, R. C. , 1960, The abundant rare earths: Industrial Research, v. 2, no. 4, 
 p. 31-34. 
 
 Weller, J. M., Grogan, R. M., and Tippie, F. E., 1952, Geology of the fluorspar 
 deposits of Illinois: Illinois Geol. Survey Bull. 76, p. 71-73. 
 
 Whitman, J. H., 1960, Evaluation and marketing of rare earth deposits, ores and 
 concentrates: Am. Inst. Min. Met. Petroleum Eng. Preprint no. 60H42, 8 p. 
 
 Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 330 
 12 p., 1 fig., 4 tables, 1962 
 
 Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25 
 
CIRCULAR 330 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 URBANA