I 
 
 URBANA 
 
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 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL [ SURVEY 
 
 3 3051 00005 6410 
 
STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 
 
 DIVISION OF THE 
 
 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief 
 
 REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS— NO. 28 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 A Preliminary Statistical Summary and 
 Economic Review 
 
 BY 
 
 W. H. VOSKUIL and ALMA R. SWEENY 
 
 
 "S85SSK5S& S 
 
 PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 URBANA, ILLINOIS 
 1933 
 
STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 
 John J. Hallihan, Director 
 
 BOARD OF 
 NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION 
 John J. Hallihan, Chairman 
 
 Edson S. Bastin, Geology 
 William A. Noyes, Chemistry 
 John W. Alvord, Engineering 
 William Trblease, Biology 
 
 Henry C. Cowles, Forestry 
 
 Charles M. Thompson, Representing 
 
 the President of the University of 
 
 Illinois 
 
 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION 
 M. M. Leighton, Chief 
 
 Melling & Gaskins Pbintino Co. 
 Alton, III. 
 
 1933 
 10974— 2M 
 
Contents 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Statistical summary of Illinois mineral industries 5 
 
 Coal 
 
 Review of production 8 
 
 Distribution in 1929-1932 12 
 
 Railway coal consumption 16 
 
 Strip mining in 1932 17 
 
 Number and output of mines by classes 18 
 
 Fuel briquets 20 
 
 Retail prices of domestic coal 21 
 
 Influence of competitive fuels and water power 22 
 
 Fuel oil consumption 22 
 
 Natural gas in the Illinois coal market area 24 
 
 Hydro-electric power 25 
 
 Petroleum 
 
 Petroleum production and development in Illinois in 1931 and 1932, by Alfred 
 
 H. Bell 26 
 
 Factors influencing the market for crude petroleum 31 
 
 Trend of demand for gasoline 32 
 
 Conditions of supply 33 
 
 Significance of the demand and supply factors 34 
 
 Building materials '. 37 
 
 Survey of construction 37 
 
 Present condition of buildings 39 
 
 Conditions that must be met to revive a building industry 40 
 
 Proposals that are being advanced to meet modern conditions 41 
 
 Clay products 43 
 
 Relation of construction activity to demand for clay products 43 
 
 Immediate problems of the structural clay products industry 45 
 
 Future problems of the brick industry 46 
 
 Glass sand 48 
 
 Resources 48 
 
 Relation of output to industrial activity 49 
 
 Glass manufacture in Illinois 51 
 
 Conditions of production 52 
 
 Markets 52 
 
 Lime 53 
 
 Portland cement 57 
 
 Fluorspar 58 
 
 Sand, Gravel and Limestone 62 
 
 (3) 
 
Tables 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Preliminary summary of production and value of Illinois Minerals for 1931 and 
 
 1932 6 
 
 2. Summary of coal production in 1931 and 1932 8 
 
 3. Coal production in United States and Illinois, by months, 1931 and 1932 9 
 
 4. Coal production in Illinois, by counties and by months, 1932 10 
 
 5. Summary of coal available to the Illinois coal market area, 1930, 1931, and 1932 12 
 
 6. Shipments of coal from Indiana and western Kentucky into the Illinois coal 
 
 market area 13 
 
 7. Coal available in the Illinois coal market area, 1931-1932 14 
 
 8. Coal imported into the Illinois coal market area, 1931-1932 15 
 
 9. Coal shipments and railway coal consumption 16 
 
 10. Fuel coal delivered to Class I railroads by consuming regions in 1929 17 
 
 11. Strip mined coal in Illinois, 1919-1932 17 
 
 12. Number and output of mines, by classes, 1924-1931 19 
 
 13. Fuel briquets consumed for domestic fuel in the Illinois coal market area, 
 
 1931-1932 20 
 
 14. Average retail prices of coal in selected cities, 1913, 1929-1932 21 
 
 15. Fuel oil consumption in the Illinois coal market area, 1926-1931 23 
 
 16. Natural gas imported into the Illinois coal market area, 1928-1931 24 
 
 17. Consumption of natural gas in the Illinois coal market area, 1928-1931 25 
 
 18. Production of electricity in the Illinois coal market area, 1920-1932 26 
 
 19. Price of crude oil in Illinois, 1932 27 
 
 20. Production, price and value of crude oil in Illinois, 1930-1932 27 
 
 21. Proration in Illinois oil fields, 1932 27 
 
 22. Wildcat wells drilled in Illinois, 1931-1932 28 
 
 23. Results of drilling in Illinois in 1931 and 1932 30 
 
 24. Total wells drilled in Illinois, 1928-1932 31 
 
 25. Gasoline demand, 1925-1932 33 
 
 26. Summarized statistical position of the petroleum industry, 1927-1931 36 
 
 27. Crude oil and motor fuel, 1929-1931 36 
 
 28. Output of selected Illinois building materials compared with trend of building 
 
 permits, 1920-1932 38 
 
 29. Value of owned homes (except farms) in Illinois 41 
 
 30. Production of clay products by classes, 1932 44 
 
 31. Summary of structural clay products industry, 1932 45 
 
 32. Shipments of common brick, face brick, and hollow building tile, 1932 48 
 
 33. Output of glass sand in United States and Illinois and output in value of glass 
 
 products 50 
 
 34. Glass sand produced and consumed and exported from Illinois 51 
 
 35. Glass production in leading states, 1925, 1927, and 1929 51 
 
 36. Glass products marketed in 1929 52 
 
 37. Glass shipments in 1929 53 
 
 38. Lime produced and consumed in and exported from Illinois and adjacent 
 
 states, 1920-1932 54 
 
 39. Portland cement consumed in Illinois, 1930-1932 57 
 
 40. Portland cement prices in Chicago, 1930-1932 57 
 
 41. Fluorspar shipped from Illinois mines, 1930-1932 58 
 
 42. Uses of fluorspar in 1932 58 
 
 43. Total fluorspar production in Illinois, Kentucky, and other states, 1927-1931 . . 59 
 
 44. Fluorspar imports, production, apparent consumption, and amounts used 
 
 in the production of open-hearth steel 61 
 
 45. Production of sand and gravel and limestone in Illinois by districts, 1930-1932 62 
 
 (4) 
 
ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 By W. H. Voskuil and Alma R. Sweeny 
 
 STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY 
 
 IN 1932 
 
 This preliminary summary of the mineral production in the State 
 of Illinois in 1932 is issued for the information of the State's mineral 
 producers. Figures for 1932 are preliminary and will be revised when 
 complete returns have been received; the figures for 1931 are final 
 (Table 1). 
 
 The Mineral industries, in common with all other agencies of 
 production, are passing through a difficult period of readjustment to 
 rapidly changing economic conditions. The emphasis has shifted from 
 production to distribution and marketing. Competition between 
 mineral producing districts and among mineral products themselves 
 has become so keen that the need for accurate measurement of the 
 market has now become a necessity. Markets must be resurveyed so 
 that producers may govern their production schedule in conformity to 
 market demand. A statistical report of production and imports into 
 a market territory is one of the essential elements in analysis of the 
 market and this report is designed to meet this need. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 This report is made possible through the cooperation of the United 
 States Bureau of Mines, the United States Bureau of the Census, 
 through the active collection and publication of coal statistics by the 
 Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals, and through the 
 cooperation of the mineral producers of the State in complying with 
 requests for information. 
 
 (5) 
 
ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
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8 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 COAL 
 
 Review of Production 
 
 Coal production in Illinois in 1932 fell somewhat below its pro- 
 portional relation to the national production as compared with the 
 year 1931 (Table 3). The record for the two years in the State and 
 nation is as follows: 
 
 Table 2. — Summary of coal production in 1931 and 1932 
 
 Year 
 
 Produ 
 United States 
 
 ction 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Illinois per cent 
 of total 
 
 1931 
 
 1932 
 
 382,089,000 
 305,667,000 
 
 44,303,295 
 31,452,770 
 
 11.5 
 10.3 
 
 The rate of production maintained in the State is remarkable in 
 view of the fact that mining in all of the shaft mines ceased on April 
 first pending the negotiation of a new wage scale and was not resumed 
 until late in September, a period of nearly six months (Table 4). Pro- 
 duction from January to March and from October to December, 1932 — 
 six months of uninterrupted operation — was 25,145,004 tons as compared 
 to 24,653,736 tons for the same months in 1931. In this same period 
 the national coal production was 182,574,000 tons in 1932 as compared 
 to 201,992,000 tons in 1931, a decline of 10 per cent. Thus it would 
 appear that, although the actual output of 1931 was low due to the 
 suspension of mining activities, the actual rate of production indicates 
 that the progressive invasion of eastern coals into the Illinois coal 
 market area has been arrested. 
 
 A further examination of the demand for coal since 1929 shows 
 that the long downward trend ceased in June and July, 1932, and that 
 in the following November and December it actually exceeded the 
 output of the previous year. 
 
 
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10 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 Table 4. — Coal production in Illinois 
 
 County 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 Christian 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Henry 
 
 Jackson 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Macoupin 
 
 Madison 
 
 Marion 
 
 Montgomery. . . 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Perry 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Saline 
 
 247,811 
 
 17,030 
 829,315 
 126,854 
 
 46,319 
 121,903 
 
 17,687 
 359,477 
 111,906 
 
 35,809 
 109,828 
 
 87,084 
 269,276 
 
 280,953 
 315,876 
 278,459 
 
 22,977 
 188,847 
 
 27,351 
 
 172,964 
 
 5,957 
 
 177,562 
 
 270,615 
 
 17,082 
 991,737 
 140,098 
 
 47,958 
 123,490 
 
 18,235 
 455,620 
 103,887 
 
 43,045 
 106,518 
 
 86,551 
 298,338 
 
 260,531 
 332,990 
 261,335 
 
 21,501 
 202,480 
 
 27,827 
 
 191,854 
 
 4,981 
 
 178,237 
 
 516,433 
 
 31,956 
 
 1,342,298 
 
 181,156 
 
 53,228 
 185,118 
 
 22,319 
 549,784 
 164,139 
 
 59,323 
 196.111 
 
 99,152 
 382,331 
 
 40,570 
 408,990 
 502,945 
 367,335 
 
 31,723 
 341,818 
 
 43,354 
 
 294,052 
 
 8,015 
 
 188,923 
 
 50,338 
 
 8,584 
 
 55,898 
 
 16,642 
 
 14,560 
 
 2,640 
 
 197,419 
 
 73,696 
 
 27,798 
 7,519 
 
 37,014 
 
 99,331 
 
 20,785 
 
 19,206 
 
 3,960 
 
 223,574 
 
 68,468 
 
 38,411 
 7,920 
 
 31,818 
 160,249 
 
 Sangamon 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Tazewell 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 Washington .... 
 Williamson. . . . 
 
 Woodford 
 
 Other Counties. 
 
 22,449 
 
 26,117 
 
 3,000 
 
 236,593 
 
 Total 
 
 Strip Mines. . . . 
 Shaft Mines. . . . 
 
 3,851,245 
 
 607,517 
 
 3,243,728 
 
 4,184,910 
 
 645,401 
 3,539,509 
 
 6,011,073 
 
 792,295 
 
 5,218,778 
 
 346,081 
 
 242,228 
 103,853 
 
 512,883 
 
 367,711 
 145,172 
 
 595,025 
 
 458,605 
 136,420 
 
 a Compiled from Monthly Reports, Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals. 
 
COAL 
 
 11 
 
 by counties and months for 1932 s - 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Total 
 
 
 98,532 
 
 15,834 
 
 119,110 
 
 222,441 
 
 283,667 
 
 1,774,443 
 
 
 
 
 15,604 
 
 20,360 
 
 25,927 
 
 127,959 
 
 
 587,852 
 
 946,821 
 
 924,785 
 
 716,234 
 
 795,317 
 
 7,064,359 
 
 111,261 
 
 70,534 
 
 
 73,303 
 
 84,293 
 
 114,501 
 
 1,094,502 
 
 
 
 
 49,806 
 
 49,578 
 
 53,027 
 
 299,916 
 
 
 116,040 
 
 170,788 
 
 191,104 
 
 150,277 
 
 144,065 
 
 1,269,903 
 
 5,273 
 
 13,100 
 
 21,605 
 
 25,681 
 
 22,792 
 
 23,152 
 
 185,283 
 
 15,197 
 
 
 
 
 221,156 
 
 302,823 
 
 1,904,057 
 
 30,400 
 
 30,955 
 
 26,401 
 
 72,913 
 
 147,629 
 
 168,384 
 
 934,030 
 
 
 29,650 
 
 56,717 
 
 60,584 
 
 43,744 
 
 45,066 
 
 373,938 
 
 
 
 
 36,874 
 
 70,808 
 
 93,556 
 
 613,695 
 
 
 
 
 29,084 
 
 83,247 
 
 112,008 
 
 497,126 
 
 238,777 
 
 223,342 
 
 308,576 
 
 348,342 
 
 307,344 
 
 319,755 
 
 3,011,559 
 
 
 
 
 18,755 
 
 21,640 
 
 25,521 
 
 106,486 
 
 
 107,407 
 
 231,361 
 
 347,960 
 
 353,490 
 
 337,001 
 
 2,327,693 
 
 
 
 
 89,816 
 
 214,478 
 
 216,301 
 
 1,677,406 
 
 39,797 
 
 37,105 
 
 12,221 
 
 191,000 
 
 278,890 
 
 330,191 
 
 1,856,209 
 
 
 
 
 28,474 
 
 28,720 
 
 31,740 
 
 165,135 
 
 30,185 
 
 89,997 
 
 165,389 
 
 210,087 
 
 188,094 
 
 183,246 
 
 1,660,026 
 
 
 29,213 
 
 
 53,509 
 
 42,007 
 
 41,186 
 
 264,447 
 
 4,050 
 
 135,697 
 
 226,420 
 
 274,857 
 
 241,959 
 
 294,414 
 
 1,845,867 
 
 
 
 6,953 
 
 10,705 
 
 12,713 
 
 14,271 
 
 63,595 
 
 273,083 
 
 169,867 
 
 210,468 
 
 163,008 
 
 146,072 
 
 170,330 
 
 2,335,136 
 
 748,023 
 
 1,670,200 
 
 2,399,554 
 
 3,335,361 
 
 3,672,966 
 
 4,125,449 
 
 31,452,770 
 
 580,594 
 
 469,027 
 
 462,240 
 
 646,329 
 
 539,321 
 
 612,667 
 
 6,423,935 
 
 167,429 
 
 1,201,173 
 
 1,937,314 
 
 2,689,032 
 
 3,133,645 
 
 3,512,782 
 
 25,028,835 
 
12 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 Distribution in 1929-1932 
 
 The previous report for 1931 1 analyzed in some detail the dis- 
 tribution and consumption of coal in various sections of the Illinois 
 coal market area and presented a table showing the distribution of 
 Illinois coal. In this report a summary of bituminous coal distribution 
 from all sources for 1929 is included (Table 5). 
 
 The detailed distribution figures indicate some of the underlying 
 economic factors which govern coal movements in the Illinois coal 
 market area. These detailed data are available for 1929 only, but 
 the underlying conditions have not changed appreciably. The amount 
 of coal consumed in the Illinois coal market area in 1930, 1931, and 
 1932, together with the quantity supplied by Illinois, can be approxi- 
 mated by a summation of the quantities of coal moved in by rail and 
 water from competing fields on the east and west (Table 5). 
 
 Table 5. — Summary of coal tonnages available to the Illinois 
 
 coal market area, 1930, 1931, and 1932 a 
 
 (In thousands of net tons) 
 
 Source of Coal 
 
 Illinois production 
 
 Production from other states(also consumed in 111. fuel area) 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Missouri 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 Shipments into the area 
 
 By water to Lake Superior docks and "Soo" 
 
 By water to Lake Michigan ports 
 
 By car ferry across Lake Michigan 
 
 By rail to Illinois-Indiana 
 
 By rail to Northwest 
 
 Colorado-South Wyoming shipments eastward 
 
 Total approximate supply 
 
 Production from nearby states 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Western Kentucky 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 1930 
 
 1931 
 
 51,719 
 
 44,303 
 
 3,893 
 2,430 
 3,853 
 1,700 
 
 3,388 
 1,987 
 3,621 
 1,519 
 
 13,723 
 10,056 
 
 1,035 
 22,930 
 
 4,260 
 992 
 
 10,172 
 
 9,214 
 
 684 
 
 17,284 
 
 3,371 
 
 636 
 
 116,591 
 
 96,105 
 
 16,490 
 
 10,915 
 
 1,533 
 
 14,295 
 8,580 
 1,154 
 
 1932 1 ' 
 
 31,453 
 
 3,430 
 1,805 
 3,795 
 1,837 
 
 7,407 
 7,064 
 
 676 
 
 14,571 
 
 3,119 
 
 528 
 
 75,685 
 
 12,400 
 9,360 
 1,050 
 
 "Compiled from Monthly Coal Distribution Reports: 
 bPreliminary figures. 
 
 U. S. Bureau of Mines. 
 
 'Voskuil, W. H., and Eich, Alma, Illinois Mineral Industry in 1931: 
 Inv. No. 25, 1932. 
 
 Illinois State Geol. Survey Rept. 
 
COAL 
 
 13 
 
 In addition to coal shipments from the Appalachian and Rocky 
 Mountain fields and from the mines of states within the boundaries of 
 the Illinois coal market area, a considerable quantity of coal is shipped 
 into this territory from Indiana. The exact quantity has not been 
 definitely ascertained but coal shipments by railroads representing 
 95 per cent of the tonnage in 1932 are shown in Table 6. 
 
 Table 6. — Shipments of coal from Indiana and western Kentucky into the 
 Illinois coal market area in 1932 (in thousands of tons) 
 
 To 
 
 Indiana 
 
 From 
 W. Kentucky 
 
 Total 
 
 Illinois' 1 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Missouri 1 ' 
 
 Nebraska c 
 
 South Dakota! 
 
 North Dakota > 
 
 3,865 
 
 305 
 
 124 
 
 304 
 
 80 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 2,008 
 264 
 146 
 621 
 714 
 39 
 
 62 
 
 5,873 
 569 
 270 
 925 
 794 
 48 
 
 65 
 
 Kansas J 
 
 
 Total 
 
 4,690 
 
 3,854 
 
 8,544 
 
 a Includes Bettendorf, Davenport, and Iowana, Iowa, 
 1) Includes Kansas City, Kansas, 
 o Includes Council Bluffs, Iowa. 
 
 Tables 7 and 8 give detailed information of coal movement and 
 production by months in 1931 and 1932. 
 
14 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 19.'i'2 
 
 
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16 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 Railway Coal Consumption 
 Coal consumption by locomotives of Class I railroads in 1932 was 
 about half of that in 1920 and less than 60 per cent that of 1929. The 
 gradual decline in railroad fuel consumption since 1917 is attributed 
 in part to the introduction of fuel oil. This competitor reached a level 
 of about 14.5 million tons in 1924 but since then has shown no further 
 increases. 2 Progressive decline from 1924 to 1929 is accounted for in 
 part by increasing efficiency in locomotive operation. The sharp de- 
 cline beginning in 1930 and continuing through 1932 is the direct 
 outcome of decreasing freight tonnage of which coal itself is an import- 
 ant item. The extent to which railroads are dependent upon coal 
 traffic is evident from the fact that nearly one-third of revenue freight 
 originating on railroads consists of anthracite, bituminous coal, and 
 coke. Thus in 1930, the total revenue freight tonnage originating on 
 railroads was 1,123,529,915 tons of which 407,937,379, or 36 per cent 
 was coal and coke. Hence a sharp decline in coal tonnage hauled by 
 railroads will result in a decrease in fuel consumption. An examina- 
 tion of Table 9 shows that since 1925 the ratio of coal consumed by 
 locomotives to coal hauled would be between 23 and 25 per cent. A 
 recovery of industrial production with its accompanying effect upon 
 volume of transportation would immediately result in an increase of 
 the railroad fuel market. 
 
 Table 9. — Coal Shipments and railway coal consumption 
 (In thousands of net tons) 
 
 Year 
 
 C oal loaded 
 for shipments a 
 
 Coal used by 
 
 locomotives 
 
 Class I. R. R.'s h 
 
 Per cent of 
 coal shipments 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 1920 
 
 1921 
 
 1922 
 
 1923 
 
 1924 
 
 1925 
 
 1926 
 
 1927 
 
 1928 
 
 1929 
 
 1930 
 
 1931 
 
 1932 
 
 469,851 
 503,089 
 409,149 
 504,873 
 382,064 
 383,677 
 505,859 
 441,566 
 477,173 
 526,286 
 480,223 
 467,348 
 497,934 
 437,399 
 357,278 
 285,000 c 
 
 138,714 
 137,840 
 122,674 
 131,553 
 110,554 
 115,636 
 134,106 
 119,926 
 119,888 
 124,828 
 117,486 
 113,882 
 112,951 
 97,857 
 81,213 
 66,193 
 
 29.4 
 27.4 
 29.8 
 26.1 
 28.9 
 30.1 
 26.5 
 27.1 
 25.1 
 23.7 
 24.4 
 24.4 
 22.5 
 22.4 
 22.7 
 23.0 
 
 a Annual reports of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. 
 
 b Annual Report on Fuel for Locomotives, Interstate Commerce Commission Statement M-230. 
 
 <■ Estimated for 1932. 
 
 -Voskuil, W. H., and Eich, Alma, Op. cit., p. 15. 
 
COAL 
 
 17 
 
 Table 10 shows the total coal delivered to Class I railroads in 1929, 
 and coal delivered by Illinois fields. 
 
 Table 10. — Fuel coal delivered to class I railroads by consuming regions, in 1929 » 
 
 (In net tons) 
 
 Region 
 
 Total coal delivered' 1 
 
 Illinois deliveries 
 
 New England 
 
 Great Lakes 
 
 4,098,802 
 25,093,486 
 33,167,794 
 
 6,414,000 
 20,408,906 
 16,238,843 
 16,307,336 
 
 5,593,408 
 
 
 2,595,492 
 
 Central eastern 
 
 1,820,332 
 
 Pocahontas 
 
 Southern 
 
 Northwestern 
 
 Central Western 
 
 
 3,276,008 
 4,576,962 
 5,615,984 
 
 Southwestern 
 
 2,025,903 
 
 Total 
 
 127,322,665 
 
 19,910,681 
 
 a Distribution of Coal Shipments, M. C. D. 8, U. S. Bureau of Mines, March, 1932, page 8. 
 b Includes small quantities of anthracite. 
 
 Strip Mining in 1932 
 
 The production of coal by strip mining showed a slight gain above 
 that of 1931 (Table 11). The output of coal by stripping in Illinois 
 has increased from 1.6 per cent of the total production in 1923 to 14.6 
 per cent in 1931 and 20.4 per cent in 1932. The rapid increase in per- 
 centage in 1932 was occasioned, not by a substantial increase of tonnage 
 by this method but by a decrease in shaft mining for reasons previously 
 discussed. 
 
 Table 11. — Strip mined coal in Illinois, 1911,-1932 
 
 Year 
 
 Output 
 
 (Tons) 
 
 Per cent 
 
 of total 
 
 production 
 
 Year 
 
 Output 
 (Tons) 
 
 Per cent 
 
 of total 
 
 production 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 327,487 
 455,195 
 437,863 
 519,944 
 512,428 
 400,640 
 589,540 
 563,168 
 677,513 
 
 0.6 
 0.8 
 0.7 
 0.6 
 0.6 
 0.6 
 0.7 
 0.8 
 1.2 
 
 1923 
 
 1924. 
 
 1,256,704 
 2,219,318 
 3,378,747 
 3,443,668 
 2,807,363 
 4,345,762 
 5,374,813 
 6,116,415 
 6,262,501 
 6,423,935 
 
 1.6 
 
 3.2 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 1918 
 
 1919 
 
 1920 
 
 1921 
 
 1922 
 
 1925 
 
 1926 
 
 1927 
 
 1928 
 
 1929 
 
 1930 
 
 1931 
 
 1932'- 
 
 5.0 
 4.9 
 6.0 
 
 7.7 
 
 8.8 
 
 11.3 
 
 14.6 
 
 20.4 
 
 " Monthly Report of Shipping Mines, Illinois State Dept. of Mines and Minerals. 
 I' Preliminary figures. 
 
18 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 Number and Output of Mines by Classes 
 
 Table 12 shows by classes the number of Illinois coal mines in 
 operation, the total output, and the percentage of the total output of 
 each class from 1924 to 1931 (see Illinois Mineral Industry in 1931 for 
 data for years 1919-1923). The year 1931 showed an increase in the 
 number of mines in classes 3, 4, and 5, particularly in the last class; 
 percentage of production increased and actual output for class 5 mines 
 increased also. Part of the increase in class 5 mines is no doubt account- 
 ed for by decreased coal output and a consequent dropping of mines 
 from one class to a lower class. The increase in number of operating 
 mines in a year of decreased production may be related to the trend 
 of hauling coal from mine to market by truck. 
 
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20 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 Fuel Briquets 
 
 Fuel briquets supply only a small part of the fuel used for domestic 
 purposes. It should be noted however, that two-thirds of the fuel 
 briquets used in United States are marketed in the Illinois coal market 
 area (Table 13). 
 
 Table 13. — Fuel briquets consumed for domestic fuel in the Illinois coal market area 
 
 in 1931 and 1932* 
 (In net tons) 
 
 State 
 
 1931 
 
 1932 
 
 Illinois 
 
 7,918 
 
 77,907 
 
 200,583 
 
 23,843 
 
 4,271 
 52,288 
 39,490 
 16,975 
 10,033 
 
 5,474 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 65,872 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 137,292 
 
 Iowa. . . 
 
 18,310 
 
 Missouri 
 
 3,005 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 43,915 
 
 South Dakota. ... 
 
 29,999 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 8,245 
 
 Kansas 
 
 6,262 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 433,308 
 688,258 
 
 318,374 
 
 Total for United States 
 
 485,288 
 
 
 
 a Weekly Coal Report 821, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C, April 8, 1932, p. 3. 
 
COAL 
 
 21 
 
 Retail Prices of Domestic Coal 
 
 Trends in retail prices of domestic fuels in selected cities of the 
 Illinois coal market area are given in Table 14. 
 
 Table 14. — Average retail prices of coal in selected cities, 1913 and 1929 to 1932 ^ 
 
 January . 
 July 
 
 January . 
 July 
 
 January . 
 July 
 
 January 
 July 
 
 January 
 July 
 
 January 
 July 
 
 January . 
 July 
 
 January . 
 July 
 
 Month 
 
 Chicago 
 1913 
 
 Anthracite 
 Stove Chestnut 
 
 $ 8.00 I $ 8.25 
 7.80 8.05 
 
 16.95 
 16.25 
 
 16.80 
 16.55 
 
 16.85 
 16.38 
 
 16.40 
 16.25 
 
 16.73 
 15.30 
 
 1928 
 
 16.46 
 15.95 
 
 1929 
 
 16.45 
 
 16.10 
 
 1930 
 
 16.40 
 15.93 
 
 1931 
 
 16.30 
 16.25 
 
 1932 
 
 16.73 
 15.05 
 
 High Vol. 
 
 8.66 
 7.96 
 
 8.20 
 7.74 
 
 8.53 
 
 7.78 
 
 8.09 
 7.54 
 
 7.92 
 7.53 
 
 Peoria 
 Bituminous coal, prepared sizes 
 1928 1929 1930 
 
 7.10 | 6.90 I 6.75 
 6.52 6.49 6.27 
 
 Springfield 
 Bituminous coal, prepared sizes 
 
 4.44 
 4.44 
 
 4.24 
 4.34 
 
 4.34 
 4.34 
 
 Bituminous 
 Low Vol. 
 
 11.85 
 10.35 
 
 11.85 
 10.35 
 
 12.32 
 10.29 
 
 11.89 
 10.36 
 
 11.41 
 9.22 
 
 1931 
 6.43 
 6.13 
 
 4.34 
 4.37 
 
 Run-of- 
 mine 
 
 $ 4.97 
 4.65 
 
 8.25 
 7.50 
 
 8.25 
 7.50 
 
 8.25 
 7.75 
 
 8.00 
 7.23 
 
 7.48 
 6.95 
 
 1932 
 6.12 
 6.10 
 
 4.34 
 4.39 
 
 (continued on page 22) 
 
22 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 January . 
 July 
 
 January 
 July 
 
 January . 
 July 
 
 January . 
 July 
 
 January . 
 July 
 
 January 
 July 
 
 January 
 July 
 
 January 
 July 
 
 January 
 July 
 
 January . 
 July 
 
 Month 
 
 St. Louis 
 1928 
 
 Anthracite 
 Stove Chestnut 
 
 16.90 
 16.40 
 
 1929 
 
 16.75 
 16.45 
 
 1930 
 
 16.70 
 16.25 
 
 1931 
 
 16.23 
 16.47 
 
 1932 
 
 16.41 
 14.72 
 
 16.45 
 16.15 
 
 16.45 
 16.20 
 
 16.45 
 16.00 
 
 15.98 
 16.47 
 
 16.47 
 14.72 
 
 Minneapolis 
 1928 
 
 18.15 
 17.95 
 
 1929 
 
 18.28 
 18.00 
 
 1930 
 
 18.30 
 17.75 
 
 1931 
 
 16.90 
 17.61 
 
 1932 
 
 18.05 
 16.75 
 
 17.70 
 17.65 
 
 17.90 
 17.60 
 
 17.85 
 17.30 
 
 16.90 
 17.61 
 
 18.05 
 16.50 
 
 High Vol. 
 
 10.96 
 10.94 
 
 10.90 
 10.41 
 
 10.56 
 10.26 
 
 9.85 
 9.91 
 
 9.87 
 9.62 
 
 Bituminous 
 
 7.02 
 5.95 
 
 6.40 
 6.28 
 
 6.75 
 6.00 
 
 6.40 
 5.51 
 
 5.73 
 5.16 
 
 Low Vol. 
 
 13.75 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 13.24 
 
 13.65 
 13.14 
 
 12.63 
 12.34 
 
 12.54 
 11.87 
 
 aMonthly Labor Review, U. S. Department of Labor. 
 
 Influence of Competitive Fuels and Water Power 
 Coal shares the energy market with fuel oil, natural gas, and water 
 power. Of these fuel oil is the most important factor in the Illinois 
 coal market area, natural gas has made rapid increases since 1930, and 
 water power is a minor but not unimportant factor. 
 
 Fuel Oil Consumption 
 The extent to which fuel oil shares the energy market in the states 
 supplied by Illinois coal is shown in Table 15. 
 
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24 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 Natural Gas in the Illinois Coal Market Area 
 
 The importation of natural gas into Illinois began in 1929 when 
 156,000,000 cubic feet were received from northern Louisiana. Since 
 that year three major pipe lines have been laid from outside gas fields 
 to various Illinois cities. The East St. Louis and St. Louis district is 
 supplied by the gas from the Monroe field in northern Louisiana; 
 several cities in central Illinois 3 receive gas by long distance pipe-line 
 from the Hugoton field in southwestern Kansas; Chicago receives gas 
 over a distance of 900 miles from the Amarillo field in the Texas Pan- 
 handle. A fourth gas line from the Amarillo and Hugoton fields 
 supplies cities in eastern Nebraska, western and central Iowa, and 
 southern Minnesota. The increase of gas importation into these states 
 since 1929 is shown in Table 16. 
 
 Table 16. — Natural gas imported into the Illinois coal market area 
 (In thousands of cubic feet.) 
 
 From 
 
 1928 
 
 1929 
 
 1930 
 
 1931 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Illinois 
 
 
 156,000 
 
 
 
 
 6,712,000 
 
 
 
 26,000 
 7,553,000 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Texas 
 
 175,000 
 4,166,000 
 
 Total 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 
 
 9,406,000 
 
 
 
 
 156,000 
 
 Missouri 
 
 14,635,000 
 133,000 
 
 
 
 6,712,000 
 
 20,284,000 
 5,464,000 
 
 
 
 11,920,000 
 
 3,033,000 
 5,406,000 
 5,447,000 
 
 Texas 
 
 9,217,000 
 
 Total 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Texas 
 
 9,406,000 
 
 
 
 
 14,768,000 
 
 Iowa 
 
 
 
 
 25,748,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 
 23,103,000 
 
 1,795,000 
 1,727,000 
 
 Total 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Texas 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,000 
 
 1,098,000 
 
 
 
 
 3,522,000 
 
 2,802,000 
 
 31,000 
 
 1,837,000 
 
 147,000 
 
 Total 
 
 Grand Total 
 
 
 9,406,000 
 
 
 14,924,000 
 
 1,098,000 
 33,666,000 
 
 5,817,000 
 43,362,000 
 
 'Jacksonville, Peoria, Bloomington, Decatur, Urbana, Champaign, Danville. 
 
COAL 
 
 25 
 
 Consumption of gas in the states comprising the Illinois coal 
 market area for the years 1928 to 1931 is shown in Table 17. 
 
 Table 17. — Consumption of natural gas in the Illinois coal market area, 1928-1931 
 
 (In millions of cubic feet) 
 
 
 1928 
 
 1929 
 
 1930 
 
 1931 
 
 Illinois 
 
 3,051 
 
 
 
 
 9,766 
 
 214 
 
 72,761 
 
 3,139 
 
 
 
 
 
 15,078 
 
 1,717 
 
 
 
 75,476 
 
 9,602 
 
 
 
 
 
 26,122 
 
 2,905 
 
 1,098 
 
 75,635 
 
 14,050 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Missouri 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Kansas 
 
 
 3,522 
 
 24,261 
 2,803 
 4,817 
 
 65,609 
 
 Total 
 
 Total without Kansas 
 Approximate coal 
 equivalent 
 (exclusive of 
 Kansas) in tons a 
 
 85,792 
 13,031 
 
 521,240 
 
 95,410 
 19,934 
 
 797,360 
 
 115,362 
 39,727 
 
 1,389,080 
 
 115,062 
 49,453 
 
 1,978,120 
 
 aOne ton of coal is considered as equivalent to 25,000 cubic feet of natural gas. 
 
 The significant changes in natural gas consumption, insofar as 
 they affect the competitive position of coal, are the recent increases 
 in Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and Missouri. Completion of the gas line 
 from the Monroe field in Louisiana to the St. Louis district in 1929 
 resulted in a rapid increase in the use of natural gas for industrial 
 purposes in both Missouri and Illinois while domestic consumption also 
 registered substantial increases. Completion of the long distance lines 
 from the Texas Panhandle to Indianapolis and Chicago in 1931 further 
 increased the consumption of natural gas in Chicago and in cities of 
 central Illinois. The coal market was also seriously affected by the 
 introduction of gas into the principal cities of eastern Nebraska, western 
 Iowa and southern Minnesota. 
 
 The gas supply of South Dakota is obtained from Montana and 
 is used entirely in the western part of the State and, consequently, does 
 not effect the market for Illinois coal. Similarly gas consumption in 
 Kansas and western Missouri results mainly in the displacement of 
 fuel oil and local coal supplies. 
 
 HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER 
 
 Water power is not an important factor in the power supply of 
 the Upper Mississippi Valley States. Practically all water power 
 installations are engaged in the production of public utility electric 
 power although some hydraulic power plants are used in the wood pulp 
 
26 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 industries of Wisconsin. This aggregate power output is so small as 
 to be negligible. In the electric utility industry, the relative import- 
 ance of hydro-electric power is declining. Reduced electric power 
 consumption in the last three years apparently affected hydro-electric 
 plants to a greater extent than fuel burning stations. The relative 
 position of each of the energy producing groups is shown in Table 18 
 
 Table 18. — Production of electricity in Illinois coal market area, 1920-1932* 
 (In thousands of kilowatt hours) 
 
 Year 
 
 Total 
 
 By fuels 
 
 By water 
 
 Per cent by water 
 
 1920 
 
 7,182,420 
 
 5,368,314 
 
 1,814,106 
 
 25.3 
 
 1921 
 
 7,108,313 
 
 5,369,900 
 
 1,738,413 
 
 23.4 
 
 1922 
 
 8,144,956 
 
 6,406,061 
 
 1,738,895 
 
 21.4 
 
 1923 
 
 9,311,784 
 
 7,491,982 
 
 1,819,802 
 
 19.5 
 
 1924 
 
 10,029,389 
 
 7,907,654 
 
 2,121,735 
 
 21.2 
 
 1925 
 
 11,065,384 
 
 8,933,023 
 
 2,132,361 
 
 19.3 
 
 1926 
 
 12,338,116 
 
 9,728,642 
 
 2,609,474 
 
 21.4 
 
 1927 
 
 13,096,212 
 
 10,247,584 
 
 2,848,628 
 
 21.8 
 
 1928 
 
 14,197,809 
 
 11,123,433 
 
 3,074,376 
 
 21.7 
 
 1929 
 
 15,320,316 
 
 12,505,881 
 
 2,814,435 
 
 18.5 
 
 1930 
 
 14,992,163 
 
 12,458,105 
 
 2,534,058 
 
 17.5 
 
 1931 
 
 14,199,152 
 
 11,827,399 
 
 2,371,753 
 
 16.7 
 
 1932 
 
 12,813,766 
 
 10,174,462 
 
 2,639,304 
 
 20.6 
 
 aCompiled from the annual and monthly reports of the U. S. Geological Survey, Division of Power Re- 
 source?. Comprises the states of Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South 
 Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. 
 
 PETROLEUM 
 Production and Development in Illinois in 1931 and 1932 4 
 
 The last detailed discussion of petroleum production and develop- 
 ment in Illinois covered the period 1929 and 1930, 5 and since the detailed 
 data regarding drilling in 1931 were not included in the statistical 
 summary for that year they are included here. 
 
 Production of petroleum in 1932 was 4,661,000 barrels, a decrease 
 of 378,000 barrels from the previous year. This decrease is largely 
 due to artificial curtailment of production during the latter half of 
 1932, for if the production for that period had been the same as for 
 the first half of 1932 when there was no curtailment the total pro- 
 duction for the year would have been 5,212,000 barrels which exceeds 
 the production for 1931 (5,039,000 barrels). 
 
 If the amount and period of curtailment during 1932 had been 
 the same as for 1931, namely 25 per cent for 5 months, the amount 
 produced would have been 4,678,000 barrels, and indicates a decline of 
 7 per cent, on a basis of equal curtailment. This compares with a 
 decline from 1930 to 1931 of 10 per cent on a similar basis. 
 
 'Prepared by Alfred H. Bell, Illinois State Geological Survey. 
 
 5 Bell, A. H. and Benson, E. T., Petroleum developments in Illinois in 1929 and 1930, Illinois State Geol. 
 Survey Press Bulletin Series Illinois Petroleum No. 20, July 11, 1931, pp. 8-16. 
 
PETROLEUM 
 
 Table 19. — Price of crude oil in Illinois during 1932 
 
 27 
 
 Period 
 From To 
 
 Jan. 1 — April 10 . 
 Apr. 11 — Dec. 15 
 Dec. 16 — Dec. 31 
 
 $1,032 
 
 Table 20. — Production, price, and value of crude oil in Illinois in 1930-1932 
 
 
 Production of 
 crude oil 
 Barrels 
 
 Ave. Price 
 for year 
 
 Value 
 
 Year 
 
 Calculated 
 
 Given By 
 Bureau of Mines 
 
 1930 
 
 5,736,000 
 5,023,000 
 4,661,000 
 
 $1,616 
 0.852 
 1.032 
 
 $9,250,000 
 4,280,000 
 4,810,000 
 
 $9,100,000 
 
 1931. . 
 
 4,500,000 
 
 1932. . 
 
 
 
 
 Table 21. — Proration in Illinois fields during 1932 
 
 Percentage of normal 
 Production 
 
 Period 
 
 Production 
 
 actual 
 
 M. bbls. 
 
 Production 
 potential 
 M. bbls. 
 
 100 
 
 90. . 
 
 5]4 months 
 2> x /i months 
 3 months 
 
 2404 
 
 1381 
 
 876 
 
 2404 
 1536 
 
 60 
 
 1460 
 
 
 4661 
 
 5400 
 
 The results of drilling, by counties, in 1931 and 1932 are shown in 
 Table 23. Owing to the low prices of crude oil and the decreased de- 
 mand during these years very little drilling was done in the producing 
 fields and the greater part consisted of scattered wildcat tests. 
 
 Eight of the wells drilled in Crawford County in 1932 were in the 
 area 3 to 4 miles east of Flatrock which was discovered in 1930." Of 
 the 8, 4 were oil producers with initial daily productions of 10 to 30 
 barrels and the remaining 4 were dry holes. 
 
 The scattered wildcat tests in Illinois in 1931 and 1932 are tabulated 
 in Table 22. 
 
 6 Bell and Benson. Op. cit., p. 12 
 
28 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 19.'52 
 
 
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PETROLEUM 
 
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 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
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PETROLEUM 
 
 31 
 
 The Ohio Oil Company Roe well No. 1 in sec. 24 T.5 S., R.3 W., 
 Perry County, which finished near the base of the Chester series, was 
 located on the Pinckneyville anticline which had previously been 
 recommended for testing. 7 
 
 The Wesner et al L. Gross well No. 1, sec. 22, T. 1 S., R. 10 W., 
 and the Webster Oil and Gas Co. A. Harmes well No. 1, sec. 23, T. 
 1 S., R. 10 W., were located near the axis of the Waterloo anticline 
 but there was no indication of local closure. 
 
 The Phillips Petroleum Co. and A. J. Nason test on the Moss 
 farm in sec. 24, T. 4 S., R. 2 E., was located on an anticline revealed 
 by coal borings. 
 
 The Johnson Oil Refining Company's E. H. Smiley well No. 1 in 
 sec. 18, T. 2 N., R. 7 W., was located on a slight anticline or "terrace" 
 in coal No. 6 which had been previously mapped. 8 
 
 None of the rest of the test wells listed were drilled on known 
 favorable structures. 
 
 The decrease in drilling in Illinois during the years following 1929 
 is shown in Table 24. The increase from 1928 to 1929 was due to the 
 discovery late in 1928 of the Dupo field which was largely drilled up 
 in 1929 and 1930. 
 
 Table 24. — Total wells drilled in Illinois, 1928-1932 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Initial production 
 
 Year 
 
 Completions 
 
 Dry 
 
 Gas 
 
 Oil 
 
 Oil (barrels) 
 
 Gas (M. cu. Ft.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 data not 
 
 1928 
 
 145 
 
 58 
 
 8 
 
 79 
 
 1840 
 
 available 
 
 1929 
 
 433 
 
 101 
 
 18 
 
 313 
 
 16030 
 
 4588 
 
 1930 
 
 253 
 
 119 
 
 14 
 
 120 
 
 3134 
 
 8242 
 
 1931 
 
 53 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 116 
 
 300 + 
 
 1932 
 
 52 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 102 
 
 4092 
 
 Total 
 
 936 
 
 345 
 
 50 
 
 540 
 
 21222 
 
 17222 
 
 Factors Influencing the Market for Crude Petroleum 
 
 The crude petroleum industry of Illinois is directly affected by the 
 
 economic condition of the oil industry in the United States, which is, 
 
 in turn, subject to world wide influences. Relative conditions of supply 
 
 and demand since 1927 is shown in Table 26, page 36. Until 1929 
 
 'Bell, A. H., Ball, C. G., and McCabe, L. C, Geology of the Pinkncyvillo and Jamestown areas, I'erry 
 County, Illinois: Illinois State Geol. Survey, Illinois Petroleum No. 19, April 11, 1931, p. 15. 
 
 'Udden, J. A. and Shaw, E. W., Description of the Belleville and Breese quadrangles, 1'. S. G. S. Geologic 
 folio No. 195, the Belleville-Breese folio, 1915. 
 
 Blatchley, R. S., Illinois oil resources, III. State Geol. Survey Bull. IS, 1910, pp. 89 and Hi?. 
 
 Shaw, E. W., The Carlyle oil field and surrounding territory, 111. State Geol. Survey Bull. 20, 1915, p. 01. 
 
32 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 new supply was exceeding demand and stocks of crude and refined 
 products, already large, were increasing. The situation was further 
 aggravated by a decrease in net exports beginning in 1928 and con- 
 tinuing through 1932. Recent legislation taxing the imports of oil and 
 the steady growth of refineries in European nations who draw their 
 oil supplies from Venezuela probably point to a permanent decline in 
 export trade which more than offsets the curtailed imports. 
 
 Although there is lack of unanimity among the members of the 
 industry as to the cause of price reductions of crude oil that occurred 
 late in 1932, many factors are recognized as having contributed to the 
 downward revisions. Among these are the large stocks of gasoline 
 which were 50,000,000 barrels on December 31, 1932. Gasoline prices 
 are far more sensitive to excess stocks than to any other influence. 
 One reason is that the industry receives most of its money from the 
 sale of gasoline. As a result, when a refiner has to obtain additional 
 funds for any purpose, he attempts to dispose of his gasoline at a price 
 generally below the market. Consequently, as long as gasoline stocks 
 are large, any stability in price is virtually out of the question. 
 
 The practice in the industry to maintain its refining activities as 
 near to capacity as possible regardless of the condition of the market 
 for the refined product, is another factor tending to keep the market 
 not only unsettled but also generally at low levels. The legal problem 
 of restricting operations precludes any concerted action along this line. 
 
 The unsettled price structure, moreover, is not affected solely by 
 the current statistical position of the industry. Present prices and the 
 probable future trend must be examined in the light of conditions now 
 existing in the national oil industry. The relation between supply and 
 demand, the arbiter of price in a competitive system, has been subjected 
 to unusual mal-adjustments in the oil industry. The chief factors that 
 may be enumerated are: 
 
 (1) The existence of large known underground reserves and held-in 
 production. 
 
 (2) Efforts of leading oil companies to reduce stocks above ground. 
 
 (3) Increasing percentages of gasoline recovery from crude oil. 
 
 (4) Declining rate of consumption increase. 
 
 (5) Discovery and exploitation of unusually large and cheaply 
 developed pools. 
 
 TREND OF DEMAND FOR GASOLINE 
 
 Gasoline consumption in the United States increased at a rate of 
 from 30 to 35 million barrels annually until 1929. Following that year, 
 there was an abrupt change in the curve of demand with the result 
 
PETROLEUM 
 
 33 
 
 that there were virtually no increases in 1930 and 1931 and a decrease 
 of about 10 per cent in 1932 (Table 25). Relatively the market for 
 refined oil products has not suffered as severely as other important 
 groups of industrial commodities. When the demand for industrial 
 commodities again turns upward the demand for gasoline may be 
 expected to follow the trend and recover the lost markets occuring in 
 1932. Nevertheless, the rate of increase existing before 1929 can 
 hardly be anticipated and a conservative estimate of continued con- 
 sumption at the 1929 level for the immediate future years will be 
 assumed in analyzing the conditions of petroleum supply. 
 
 Table 25. — Gasoline demand, 1925-1932" 
 
 
 Barrels 
 
 Per 
 
 cent increase over 
 previous years 
 
 1925 
 
 233,865,000 
 
 
 
 1926 
 
 264,391,000 
 
 
 18 
 
 1927 
 
 299,818,000 
 
 
 13 
 
 1928 
 
 332,033,000 
 
 
 10 
 
 1929 
 
 375,999,000 
 
 
 13 
 
 1930 
 
 394,800,000 
 
 
 5 
 
 1931 
 
 403,418,000 
 
 
 2 
 
 1932 
 
 377,403,000 
 
 
 -6 
 
 aAmerican Petroleum Institute. 
 
 CONDITIONS OF SUPPLY 
 
 Beyond the bare figures of annual crude oil supply, account must 
 be taken of several far reaching changes which are temporarily dis- 
 turbing the profitable relationship of a balanced demand and supply. 
 The discovery of large reserves of oil in widely separated oil-producing 
 states and in localities hitherto regarded as unfavorable to oil has 
 dispelled the fear, for several years at least, of a crude oil shortage. 
 As a consequence of this change of sentiment, leading oil companies 
 undertook to reduce the large stocks of crude oil held on tank farms 
 of refiners and pipe line companies, now no longer regarded as necessary, 
 and to apply the same policy to stocks of gasoline. The result of this 
 policy was, in effect, to increase the available supply of crude by adding 
 to current production the unneeded and stored-up surplus. Concurrent 
 with the inauguration of this policy was the discovery, within a short 
 period of time of several prolific pools with high initial production in 
 the wells and enormous potential production. 
 
 The existence of these large underground reserves, even though 
 the fields were not completely drilled, created a state of mind which 
 placed them in the same category as stocks above ground with conse- 
 quent demoralization of the price structure. The oil public, temporarily 
 
34 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 19'32 
 
 at least, failed to recognize the fact that the rate at which these potential 
 resources could be brought to the surface is limited by the critical rate 
 of production per well and the number of wells drilled into the pool. 
 
 Meanwhile, the increased recovery of gasoline from crude oil by 
 means of the cracking process tended to increase the available supply 
 of gasoline at a faster rate than the demand for crude petroleum. 
 Under the old "straight-run" methods of refining, with a production 
 of 18 per cent of gasoline from a barrel of crude oil, it would have taken 
 more than twice the amount of crude oil actually refined in 1932 to have 
 produced this output of gasoline. By means of the cracking process, 
 the yield of gasoline has been increased to 42 per cent in 1930 9 and by 
 treatment of all of the gas and fuel oil this percentage could be raised to 
 60 or more. Further development of "cracking" would cut heavily 
 into the annual requirements of crude oil. 
 
 The price structure since 1930 has been further affected by prolific 
 production from flush pools, notably East Texas, Oklahoma City, and 
 Kettleman Hills. The rapid succession of the discovery and exploita- 
 tion of these pools contributed so heavily to the crude oil supply that 
 the price fell to unheard of low levels. This low price of oil, fixed 
 by the low cost of production at the prolific flush pools, jeopardized 
 the profits of all the wells having a settled production, the small stripper 
 wells and the higher-cost pumping wells. This condition was particul- 
 arly aggravated by the fact that several large pools of unusually large 
 volume came into production in quick succession. Noteworthy of 
 mention among these prolific pools are Kettleman Hills, Oklahoma City, 
 East Texas, Yates, and Conroe. 
 
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEMAND AND SUPPLY FACTORS 
 
 The significance of the events of the past few years in oil history 
 lies in the fact that the several separate and unrelated factors in the 
 conditions of supply followed each other so quickly that it was im- 
 possible to effect an adjustment to demand. What, then, may be 
 expected in the future? Although accurate prediction in the ever- 
 changing panorama of oil is impossible, nevertheless certain trends may 
 be indicated. The reduction of crude stocks above ground and of 
 refined products is a temporary contributing factor to the existing 
 threat of over supply, and its influence will be removed when this 
 program is accomplished. Similarly, the constant threat to the market 
 of large proved underground reserves will diminish as these supplies 
 are drawn upon and as the realization dawns upon the oil producers 
 that the critical rate of production limits their rate of availability. 
 The extent of proved underground reserves may be considered abnormal. 
 
 'Hopkins, G. R., Petroleum refinery statistics in 1930: U. S. Bureau of Mines Bull. 367, p. 98, 1932. 
 
PETROLEUM 35 
 
 The rapid succession of discovery of such pools as East Texas and 
 Oklahoma City may not occur again and with their eventual decline, 
 the diminished proven reserves will not be sufficient to menace the 
 price structure. 
 
 Increasing percentages of gasoline recovery from crude oil is 
 probably a trend of a more permanent nature, and the rate of change 
 is not rapid enough to cause serious dislocations, by itself, in the re- 
 lation between supply and demand. 
 
 Attempts to control the supply of new oil has been mainly by 
 proration. While this expedient may have been temporarily bene- 
 ficial, it now threatens to become an aggravating factor in the pro- 
 ducing branch of the industry, and needs a radical revision of method. 
 Proration, as now administered, puts a premium on drilling activities. 
 The allowable output of a producer now depends on the potential 
 production built up. Consequently he continues drilling, although he 
 is allowed to produce in some fields only a small part of the capacity 
 of the completed well. The result is that all producers are operating 
 at a small percentage of capacity. For flush pools this may, neverthe- 
 less, mean profitable operation even at low prices but for the settled 
 production of the smaller wells, this policy is ruinous. 
 
 The statistical position of the oil industry from 1927 to 1931 is 
 shown in Table 26. Domestic demand has exceeded supply in 1930 
 and 1931 with a consequent reduction of stocks in those years. De- 
 clining importance of international trade in petroleum is shown in the 
 dwindling net exports of oil products. 
 
 The serious predicament of the 350,000 small wells of settled 
 production in the country and the necessity for their preservation was 
 recognized by Judge C. B. Ames, President of the American Petroleum 
 Institute, in an analysis published in the quarterly bulletin of the 
 Institute. According to Judge Ames, stability could be brought into 
 the oil industry by the cooperation of only three or four states. He 
 states that: 
 
 "A sound conservation policy must, in the public interest, include 
 these factors: (a) preservation of the 350,000 small wells of settled 
 production; (b) very drastic limitations on new pools which will dis- 
 courage wildcatting under present conditions; and (c) the limitation 
 of existing flush pools to the requirements of the market. These condi- 
 tions require the cooperation of only three or four states. Is it not 
 possible for these states and the industry to so cooperate as to remove 
 distress production to make possible the preservation of old wells by a 
 price which will pay the cost of pumping and to stabilize the industry 
 on a basis of sound conservation?" 10 
 
 111 Reprinted in Oil Weekly, January 30, 15)33, p. (i8. 
 
36 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 Table 26. — Summarized statistical position of the petroleum industry, 1927-1931 H 
 (Thousands of barrels of 42 U. S. gallons) 
 
 Foreign trade balance 
 
 Excess of crude imports. . . . 
 Excess of refined exports . . 
 Net exports of oil products 
 
 
 1927 
 
 1928 
 
 1929 
 
 1930 
 
 1931 
 
 Total new supply 1 ' 
 
 1,014,084 
 943,981 
 
 872,999 
 802,946 
 299,878 
 
 15,844 
 125,191 
 
 58,383 
 13,353 
 
 1,038,166 
 1,015,384 
 
 983,717 
 860,935 
 332,033 
 
 18,966 
 135,483 
 
 79,767 
 11,790 
 
 1,169,633 
 1,102,027 
 
 1,007,376 
 939,770 
 375,999 
 
 26,374 
 135,883 
 
 78,915 
 29,794 
 
 1,058,949 
 1,082,949 
 
 902,450 
 926,450 
 394,800 
 
 23,705 
 132,794 
 
 62,129 
 43,489 
 
 981,252 
 1,025,497 
 
 Total demand'' 
 
 Domestic supply* 1 
 
 856,737 
 
 Domestic demand 
 
 Gasoline consumption 
 
 Exports 
 
 Crude 
 
 Refined products 
 
 Imports 
 
 Crude 
 
 Refined products 
 
 900,982 
 403,418 
 
 25,546 
 98,969 
 
 47,250 
 38,832 
 
 42,539 
 
 50,801 
 
 52,541 
 
 38,424 
 
 21,704 
 
 111,838 
 
 123,693 
 
 106,089 
 
 89,305 
 
 60,137 
 
 69,299 
 
 72,892 
 
 53,548 
 
 50,881 
 
 38,433 
 
 a Data from the annual statistical reports of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. 
 
 !) Source of production of domestic crude, natural gasoline, benzol, and crude and refined imports. 
 
 (Total new supply plus or minus decrease or increase in stocks. 
 
 d Total new supply less exports. 
 
 e Total demand less exports. 
 
 Table 27. — Crude oil and motor fuel, 1929-1931 
 (Thousands of barrels of 42 U. S. gallons) 
 
 1929 
 
 Crude oil 
 
 Domestic production 
 
 Imports 
 
 Exports 
 
 Change in stocks a 
 
 Apparent consumption 
 
 Average daily consumption 
 
 Total refinable stocks on hand, Dec. 31 b 
 
 Motor fuel 
 
 Domestic Production 
 
 Natural Gasoline production 
 Benzol production 
 
 Imports 
 
 Exports 
 
 Change in stocks 
 
 Apparent consumption 
 
 Stocks on hand, December 31 
 
 439,393 
 
 8,834 
 
 62,059 
 
 +10,119 
 
 376,099 
 
 43,261 
 
 1930 
 
 440,728 
 
 16,927 
 
 65,575 
 
 -2,720 
 
 394,800 
 
 40,541 
 
 1931 
 
 1,007,323 
 
 898,011 
 
 851,031 
 
 78,933 
 
 62,129 
 
 47,250 
 
 26,401 
 
 23,705 
 
 25,535 
 
 +35,816 
 
 -19,636 
 
 -40,963 
 
 1,024,045 
 
 956,071 
 
 913,709 
 
 2,805 
 
 2,609 
 
 2,503 
 
 431,518 
 
 411,882 
 
 370,919 
 
 437,735 
 
 13,621 
 
 45,716 
 
 + 1,779 
 
 403,861 
 
 42,320 
 
 ft Lamp, August 1932, p. 2. 
 
 b Annual petroleum statement, No. 94 U. S. Bureau of Mines. 
 
BUILDING MATERIALS 37 
 
 BUILDING MATERIALS 
 Survey of Construction 
 
 A number of non-metallic mineral materials are used largely in 
 building construction and the demand for them fluctuates with the 
 varying activities of the building industry. Among these are clay 
 products, cement, structural sand, structural gravel, glass sand, and 
 lime. The market outlook for these materials is therefore governed 
 more or less by a common set of factors, hence their trend in production 
 and consumption will be considered together. 
 
 Trends in output of building materials and in building permits 
 issued for the years 1920-1932 are given in Table 28. Activity in the 
 building industry, which reached its highest levels in the years 1924- 
 1927, is almost paralleled by activity in each of the building materials 
 here listed. Each of these disposes of a part of its product in markets 
 other than the building industry but the latter is the most important 
 outlet. For example, the peak of cement consumption occurring in 
 1928 is a result partly of extensive road building as well as building 
 construction. Glass sand, also, enters such uses as autombile plate 
 glass, pressed table ware, glass containers, etc. Nevertheless, the 
 large proportion of these materials directly or indirectly entering into 
 the construction of homes, offices, public buildings and industrial 
 structures tends to make them more or less dependent upon the extent 
 of building activity. 
 
 The building record, as disclosed by this table, is distinctive in 
 its relation to other types of industrial activity. While such industries 
 as coal mining, oil production, automobile manufacture, industrial and 
 agricultural machinery output have fluctuated from year to year and 
 all have declined severely since 1929, none has experienced so wide an 
 amplitude of activity as the building industry and those raw material 
 industries closely associated with it in the period from 1920-1932. 
 The rapid expansion of building from 1920 to 1925-26 followed as a 
 consequence of the restricted building program during the war and the 
 rise of the nation out of the depression of 1921. The equally rapid 
 decline after 1926 indicated the ending of the building shortage ac- 
 cumulated during the war and post-war years. The industries which 
 had expanded to meet the unusual building demand now were weighed 
 down with excess capacity, surplus equipment, and a larger personnel 
 than could possibly be employed. The exisiting crisis in which the 
 building and associated industries are the severest sufferers was making 
 itself felt as early as 1927. Sustained production in other lines of 
 industry into late 1929 merely concealed somewhat the substantial 
 decline in building for two prior years. 
 
38 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 
 s 
 O 
 
 K 
 ►J 
 
 < 
 
 E-i 
 
 01 
 
 £ 
 
 3 
 
 OOCOOOOOCOtDiOO(-MCO _ 
 
 ooNTfiTjtTfiaioeosDmcoi-i 
 
 d 
 
 Glass sand pro- 
 duction in tons, 
 Illinois 
 
 iO 00 -^ (M O CM CO CD CO CO <M co 
 
 mootocoooMMoioooo „ 
 -^ctToo i-T cm'ctTo aTco cmoTcd i 
 t-cM^^fcot-cDcDcoio^-tf 
 
 d 
 
 Structural gravel 
 Illinois, tons 
 
 ^hco^d-^ , 05ioiO'— i m m coco 
 
 to^mosmooO'HiNOs^o 
 
 CM CM CO (35 CM tO t-h 00 CM ,-1 C- O a> 
 t-^ CM ^* CM CO CM t-^ >o t-h -^ en CM 
 
 H in H NNW (M NW CO iH H 
 
 d 
 
 Structural sand 
 production in 
 tons, Illinois 
 
 tOffit-t-OrHNCOOSiHOTC- 
 
 c~Tf-"d < a}>— ioo-sj<a5ooooi— iio 
 HiooooioaiH^'oHiooi a; 
 
 iHHMTtllONOOlOJ'HOOOO -' 
 <MOCOmC\l-'*Oi-<CO©COCO 
 
 d 
 
 Cement consump- 
 tion bbls., Illinois 
 
 ooroHooait-ooo)o<Dt-io 
 
 OOCC^t-^H-^OiOttXMrHUJC) 
 t-(Dt-t-00-*50MOOOO)COOO 
 
 t- cd of cm" co -<* ■>* ^~ t~ co o t- io 
 
 Value of clay 
 products, Illinois 
 
 cnc<icot~coo-<d < coiooococo>— < 
 rHootooocoooooooo<ciocom 
 Tj<H(MaimaiooooooHH05 
 
 OOH^<OOHCOOtD(OHNIOt- 
 
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 Hqt-_iNint-_qmqco_mioc» 
 
 cd aT co" -■* co co t- ■* cm c-~ aT o" co 
 
 NHNMCOtOMMCONHH 
 «9- 
 
 Building permits 
 
 value, 354 cities 
 
 in U. S. 
 
 (Thousands) 
 
 .0 
 t-t~(Mt-«5^lCl!J300>COtDrH 
 L— COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCMaS'tf 
 N-*Ot-HCOO)01>00(DHiO 
 
 lOtCOOtDNCOrHHOtDtCNC- 
 
 t-rHOOCOOOlNlDOOit-HrH 
 HrHMCOCCT|<-#COromrH^I 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ::::::::::::: 
 
 
 
 
 
 OHNCOTti'OtOt-OOOiOHN 
 KXMCMIMCMCMCMCvKNCMCOCOCO 
 
 -"-< »i 3 
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 &P.J 
 
 
 a ° £ a 
 
 - -T) t " 
 
 ■O 1 " as 
 
 t- t- CJ M 
 
 O O rt =■> 
 
 qj oj a) tfl 
 PSOS e-s 
 
 A wS-3.2 
 
 a; 0; **- — « - 
 * 3 o S 
 
 c a <v-~ rt 
 ■C-C s 6-s 
 
 2 g m 13 B 
 
 — • 3 n! 
 
 C C • C « 
 
BUILDING MATERIALS 39 
 
 Stagnant conditions in the construction industry were intensified 
 by the general industrial debacle in 1929. Falling commodity prices 
 and real estate values effectively discouraged any building activity. 
 Loss of employment and the general undermining of employment 
 security further depressed the desire or the ability of individuals to 
 build. Drop in industrial activity put a stop to plant and office con- 
 struction. The general lowering of price levels and incomes brought 
 about further mal-adjustments between the cost of construction and 
 ability to pay. 
 
 This rapid survey of the past is of interest only insofar as it may 
 be used to interpret the future. Builders, building tradesmen, and 
 dealers in building raw materials are eager to forecast as far as possible 
 the future trend. Is the building industry a closed chapter or is the 
 present a quiescent period preceding renewed building activity? And 
 if building will be renewed in the future, what will be the trends — in 
 types of buildings, in materials, and in cost of homes. 
 
 Present Condition of Buildings 
 
 The need of renewed building activity cannot be doubted while 
 existing structures are obsolete. Obsolescence is particularly prevalent 
 in domestic housing where change and the adoption of modern improve- 
 ments in building has been slowest. Proof of the existence of obsoles- 
 cence necessitates a statement of essentials of a modern house as con- 
 ceived to be a standard of comfort and desirability and a comparison 
 of this with present day structures. Such a modern house would possess 
 the elements of permanence, both with regard to the materials of con- 
 struction and its protective coating and decorative features; it would 
 be equipped with a modern heating plant and plumbing equipment; 
 it would be thoroughly insulated against a loss of heat. Construction 
 has ceased to be merely the mechanics of laying up walls if they are of 
 stone or bricks or the plastering of walls and the laying of floors of wood. 
 The next decade may not be one of vast construction enterprises, for 
 quite the contrary appears highly probable, but it will be one of develop- 
 ment along lines directed by foresighted planners, who are now solving 
 the problems to overcome weakness brought to light in reports covering 
 the rapid deterioration of ill-chosen materials, or failures due to faulty 
 methods or haste on the part of the workman. The intensive interest 
 displayed by producers of and dealers in coal, fuel oil, and natural gas 
 in demonstrating the heating possibilities of various kinds of heat 
 installations raises this element in house operation to a more scientific 
 level. Insulation in old houses as well as in new construction has 
 demonstrated its practicability and is proving an aid in regulating 
 house temperatures. 
 
40 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 Conditions That Must Be Met To Revive A Building Industry 
 
 The conditions that must be met in order to revive a building 
 industry are intimately related to the present economic difficulties. 
 The construction and associated raw material industries are peculiarly 
 interested in social stability and permanence of employment. As long 
 as unemployment or the possibility of unemployment prevails, it will 
 be difficult to persuade persons to undertake the construction of homes 
 even though the want and desire exists. Moreover, along with reason- 
 able stability of employment is an assurance of the continued value of 
 the investment in a home and the soundness of property values. When 
 these are subject to the uncertainty of drastic deflation, the prospective 
 house owner is hesitant in committing himself to a long time investment. 
 The restoration of economic health by the slow process of readjustment 
 to new economic conditions and the restoration of employment and 
 purchasing power must precede any extensive building developments. 
 
 The second condition that must be met in reviving the building 
 activity of the next decade is an understanding of the wants of the 
 prospective home owner and an adjustment of the building industry to 
 fill these wants. While these have been discussed in an analysis of 
 the elements of a modern house, they may now be briefly summarized 
 as follows: 
 
 (1) A lower cost home than was prevalent in the decade just closed. 
 
 (2) A well-constructed house of well chosen materials designed to 
 give durability. 
 
 (3) A modern heating plant designed to increase convenience of 
 operation and, at the same time, reduce fuel costs. 
 
 (4) Insulation. 
 
 The range of cost of house construction in the past has been so 
 high as to exclude a large group of workers with moderate incomes. 
 The general reduction in income level has increased this number. It is 
 among this large group now occupying obsolete homes that an oppor- 
 tunity to supply modern houses exists and for whom a low cost home 
 embodying the modern features of comfort, durability, and heat econ- 
 omy must be designed. An indication of the size of the market in the 
 lower price range in homes is shown in Table 29. 
 
BUILDING MATERIALS 41 
 
 Table 29. — Value of owned homes (except farms) in Illinois * 
 
 Home valuation 
 
 Under $1000 
 
 $1000—1500 . . . 
 1500—2000 . . . 
 2000—3000 
 3000—5000 . . . 
 5000—7500 
 7500—10,000.. 
 
 10,000—15,000. 
 
 15,000—20,000. 
 
 20,000 and over . 
 
 not specified . . . 
 
 Total 
 
 Median value $5,867 
 
 765,546 
 
 Number 
 
 Per cent 
 
 37,033 
 
 4.8 
 
 36,146 
 
 4.7 
 
 32,568 
 
 4.2 
 
 69,369 
 
 9.0 
 
 141,756 
 
 18.5 
 
 170,542 
 
 22.2 
 
 100,887 
 
 13.1 
 
 94,847 
 
 12.3 
 
 33,963 
 
 4.3 
 
 34,929 
 
 4.4 
 
 13,506 
 
 1.8 
 
 a Population Bulletin, 1930. Families, Illinois, Fifteenth Census of the United States, Table 7, page 9, 
 1932. 
 
 Proposals That Are Being Advanced To Meet Modern Conditions 
 Plans and proposals to meet the new conditions and new demands 
 upon the building industry have not been wanting. Activities in this 
 direction have ranged all the way from government aid in home financing 
 to the design of factory built houses manufactured by mass production 
 methods. 
 
 The various aids and proposals may be summarized as follows: 
 
 (1) Establishment of aids for financing home building. 
 
 (2) Creation of employment through an extensive public works 
 building program. 
 
 (3) Design of new types of homes and of house building materials, 
 such as steel houses — combination steel and glass houses- 
 light weight brick materials, etc. 
 
 (4) Improvement of the comfort features of a house through the 
 installation of automatic heating equipment and the use of 
 heat insulating materials and better interior surfacing materials. 
 
 The record building program following the World War failed to 
 develop a type or system of construction which offers comfort in a low- 
 priced home. Indications now point to a trend back to the single home. 
 The Government program for aid to home builders may do much to 
 make small homes more accessible by reducing the heavy financing 
 costs and by helping to eliminate the dishonest speculative builders. 
 One estimate places recent average financing and promotion costs for 
 home building at 27 per cent, with land and improvements averaging 
 21 per cent, leaving only 52 per cent for the home itself. 
 
42 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 It is generally recognized that first cost and cost of maintenance 
 are far too high in most cases, making home ownership impossible for 
 families having a moderate income. Antiquated and inefficient methods 
 of construction are still the rule. While progress in manufacturing and 
 transportation industries has been rapid and has achieved to a remark- 
 able extent low cost, convenience, and luxury, the dwelling has been an 
 exception to the rule that the advancing years bring increased output 
 of labor per day. Too many houses have been built of poor materials 
 by poor workmanship. Deterioration is so rapid that it is impossible 
 to pay for the house as rapidly as it depreciates in value. 
 
 The solution of the small house building problem from a techno- 
 logical point of view which is also satisfactory from an architectural 
 standpoint depends entirely upon the materials to be used and the 
 method of construction. 
 
 Significant developments of the year have been the progress made 
 in reenforced brick work, use of enamelled steel sheets for outer wall 
 surfaces, light-weight bricks, increasing interest in insulating materials, 
 and the use of steel frames and sheet steel in house construction. 
 
 Recent developments in the field of masonry consists of brick or 
 tile reenforced with steel. Apparently, strength and other properties 
 equal to those obtained in reenforced concrete can be obtained. Re- 
 enforced brick structure is not confined to outer walls but is also suitable 
 for floors and inner partitions. Methods have been worked out for 
 manufacturing reenforced brick panels which are then assembled in the 
 building. Although there is little doubt that reenforced brick work, 
 such as these panels, will have advantages for many engineering struc- 
 tures, their use in small houses is less certain and will depend, very 
 greatly, upon the cost. 
 
 Metals have been used for structural work in place of wood frames 
 and the year 1932 witnessed the extension of steel as a material for outer 
 walls and inside partitions. Experimental houses employing enamelled 
 steel sheets have been erected. The publicity which the steel house 
 has received has been accompanied by statements of the possiblity of 
 factory fabrication of house and radical reductions in cost. There is, 
 however, no adequate evidence to support the belief that substantially 
 lower costs can be effected through the use of this material. Factory 
 fabrication possess advantages only when mass production methods 
 can be employed which in turn implies a well-organized selling organ- 
 ization similar, for example, to automobile agencies. Another diffi- 
 culty that must be overcome is the problem of adapting mass production 
 methods to the desire for individuality and distinctiveness in the home. 
 Above all this is the necessity of overcoming public reluctance in 
 adopting the steel house before a market can be created which will 
 
CLAY PRODUCTS 43 
 
 warrant production on a commercial scale. The merits of a steel 
 house and its ability to meet competitive materials will probably be 
 determined only after a relatively long experimental period has elapsed. 
 
 The manufacturers of clay building materials cannot, however, 
 be contented to remain in the restricted high price home building 
 market. Whether or not the proposed steel house is to develop into 
 a competitor of wood for the low priced field, the clay products house 
 must find ways and means to supply the lower income brackets if it 
 is to have a substantial share of building in the future. This is especi- 
 ally true since the fall of price levels since 1929 and the consequent 
 reduction of incomes by workers. 
 
 No clear cut proposals have as yet come forward to meet this 
 problem. The reinforced brick structure, which has received much 
 study since 1931 and 1932, has opened potential market for brick in 
 certain types of structures. Its value as a means of reducing costs of 
 small house construction has not yet been demonstrated. Brick finds 
 itself on firm ground as a material capable of pleasing architectural 
 appearance and flexibility of house design. It has as yet no competi- 
 tion from radically new materials. It is primarily a question of whether 
 the low income group of workers must be content to continue to dwell 
 in old, obsolete structures erected in the past generation or whether 
 brick and clay block or tile can offer them a comfortable house within 
 their means. 
 
 CLAY PRODUCTS 
 Relation of Construction Activity to Demand for Clay Products 
 
 The value of clay products in 1932 was $4,314,643 as compared 
 with $10,585,136 in 1931. This severe decline is of course directly 
 related to conditions in the building industry. 
 
 The relation of construction to productive activity in other lines 
 is indicated in a report of the National Bureau of Economic Research. 11 
 An analysis of the figures of production shows that products entering 
 into "capital equipment" in 1932 totaled but 36 per cent that of 1927. 
 "Consumption" goods may be divided into "durable", "semi-durable," 
 and "non-durable." "Durable" goods produced in 1932 were 34 per 
 cent of those produced in 1927, "semi-durable" were 75 per cent, and 
 "non-durable" were 89 per cent. These figures illustrate the way in 
 which the country has limited its purchases to commodities supplying 
 the day-to-day needs and also the extreme elasticity in the demand 
 for "durable" commodities. 
 
 "Construction" work may be split into three classes — residences, 
 non-residential buildings, and public works. In 1932, building of 
 residences was only 15 per cent, non-residential building was 25 per 
 
 " National Bureau of Economic Research, Bull. 45. 
 
44 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 cent, and "public works" and utilities building was 52 per cent of the 
 1927 total. The extreme elasticity of demand for this class of product, 
 as illustrated by these figures, has a great bearing upon the matter of 
 employment. It is manifest that the remedy for unemployment — as 
 distinguished from temporary relief — will depend upon the speed with 
 which normal "construction" activities can be resumed. 
 
 Production of principal clay products in Illinois in 1932 is shown 
 in Table 30. 
 
 Table 30. — Production of clay products by classes in 1932 
 
 Area 
 
 Quantity 
 (Thousands) 
 
 Value 
 
 Stocks on hand 
 (Thousands) 
 
 Common Brick 
 
 Chicago area 
 
 (Lake and Cook counties) 
 
 Northern Illinois 
 
 (Bureau, Fulton, LaSalle, Liv- 
 ingston, and Tazewell counties) . . 
 
 Central and western Illinois 
 
 (Henry, Sangamon, and Macon 
 counties) 
 
 East St. Louis district 
 
 (Madison, Macoupin, St. Clair, 
 and Greene counties) 
 
 23,957 
 7,357 
 4,290 
 4,753 
 3,430 
 
 $171,668 
 65,701 
 41,507 
 55,372 
 29,736 
 
 64,535 
 7,856 
 2,778 
 2,799 
 
 Eastern and Southern Illinois 
 
 (Fayette, Iroquois, Saline, and 
 Vermilion counties) 
 
 3,795 
 
 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 43,787 
 
 363,984 
 
 81,763 
 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value 
 
 Stocks 
 December 31 
 
 Other Products (Entire State) 
 
 Face brick, thousands 
 
 Hollow building tile, tons 
 Vitrified brick, thousands 
 
 Paving 
 
 Other 
 
 Drain tile (tons) 
 
 Other clay products' 
 
 Pottery 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 29,442 
 38,095 
 
 27,892 
 
 5,689 
 
 20,270 
 
 P 378,454.00 
 123,172.31 
 
 552,835.30 
 62,868.96 
 95,927.65 
 
 927,378.19 
 1,837,022.65 
 
 4,341,643.06 
 
 51,073 
 50,792 
 
 12,094 
 
 7,993 
 
 123,190 
 
 a Fireclay products, terra cotta, refractory cement, raw clay, silica brick, cement, hollow brick, sewer 
 pipe, wall coping, flue lining, chimney pipe, enameled brick, haydite, etc. 
 
 The present status of the clay products industry, especially that 
 of structural clay products whose output has decreased most, must be 
 examined in the light of statistics of production, shipments, and stocks 
 of material on hand. For this purpose the data on production and 
 
CLAY PRODUCTS 
 
 45 
 
 stocks, gathered by the State Geological Survey, and the monthly 
 shipments from a group of selected plants reporting to the U. S. Depart- 
 ment of Commerce, are compared. 12 Thus in 1932, 52 plants produced 
 43,787,000 common bricks, and stocks on hand as of December 31, 
 1932, were 81,763,000. An average of 34 representative plants shipped 
 a total of 56,452,000 common bricks, and stocks declined from 
 107,533,000 in December, 1931, to 69,778,000 at the end of December, 
 1932 (Table 31). Face brick inventories decreased only slightly, as 
 indicated from the reports of 16 representative plants in December, 
 1931, and of 17 plants in December, 1932. Evidently more than a 
 year's supply of finished materials is on hand at the existing rate of 
 market demand but stocks would not be excessive if moderate building 
 activity were resumed. 
 
 Table 31. — Summary of structural clay products industry in 1932 
 
 Production 
 
 Shipments, 1932 
 
 Stocks, Dec. 31, 1931.. . 
 Stocks, Dec. 31, 1932.. . 
 
 Decrease 
 
 Stocks as reported by all 
 
 producers 
 
 Common Brick 
 (Thousands) 
 
 43,787 
 
 (52 plants) 
 
 56,452 
 
 (34 producers) 
 
 107,533 
 
 69,778 
 
 - 37,755 
 
 81,763 
 
 Face Brick 
 (Thousands) 
 
 29,442 
 
 (24 plants) 
 
 32,633 
 
 (19 producers) 
 
 41,866 
 
 40,028 
 
 - 1,838 
 
 51,073 
 
 Hollow building 
 tile (Tons) 
 
 38,095 
 (28 producers) 
 
 30,999 
 (16 producers) 
 
 73,053 
 
 45,282 
 - 27,771 
 
 50,792 
 
 Immediate Problems of the Structural Clay Products Industries 
 The problems of the brick industry from 1920 to 1926 were those 
 of production. Building activities and the demand for structural clay 
 products were expanding at a rapid rate. The building peak of 1926-27, 
 however, was followed by a period of decline that shifted the problem 
 from one of production to one of distribution and marketing. The 
 immediate problem is the readjustment of production and stocks into 
 closer coordination with actual market demand. 
 
 The figures of shipments and stocks for 1932, together with the 
 general figures for clay products output and building activity from 
 1920 to 1932, may be regarded as a statistical barometer of the market 
 condition and the relation of the producers to the market. Inventories 
 need be still further decreased if production is to be economical. The 
 dollars-and-cents value of keeping inventories close to market demand 
 may be illustrated as follows, using the 1932 figures of the 34 companies 
 reporting on manufacture of common bricks: 
 
 '■Structural Clay Products: Monthly release from Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
4(5 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 If a price of $8.00 per thousand at the yard is assumed, the stock 
 on December 31, 1931 (107,533,000 bricks), was worth 107,533 x $8 or 
 $860,264, the annual interest charge on which, at 6 per cent would be 
 $51,616. A year later when stocks were reduced to 69,778,000 bricks, 
 the value was $558,224, a decrease of $302,040, and the interest charges 
 would be $33,493 or a decrease of $18,123 for the group of producers. 
 
 Control of production for the purpose of maintaining inventories 
 at a moderate level, however, requires a further refinement of statistical 
 reports to cover separately each important marketing district, if a 
 producer is to have an accurate picture of conditions of supply and 
 demand in his particular locality. In Illinois, for example, certain 
 more or less well denned market districts, such as the Chicago area, 
 the St. Louis district, the Peoria market, the Springfield market, and 
 the Danville market ought to have statistics of both shipments and 
 production separately tabulated and reported. 
 
 For such districts as Chicago and St. Louis, where the market is 
 supplied by several brick plants in adjoining states, it would be helpful 
 if total statistics of production and shipments in the local market were 
 collected by a local manufactuers' organization and the data made 
 available to each of the members. 
 
 In the St. Louis district, for example, there were in 1929, 18 clay 
 products plants in St. Louis city and county and 13 in the counties 
 comprising the St. Louis district in Illinois. To get a complete picture 
 of the statistical position of the industry in this local market, total 
 monthly production and inventory statistics of all plants should be 
 available by cooperative agreement among the manufacturers in this 
 area. By no other means can the costly policy of piling up inventories 
 be curtailed and brought under control. 
 
 Future Problems of the Brick Industry 
 Apart from the immediate problem of inventory control, the 
 structural clay products industries are facing certain changing condi- 
 tions in the building industry which must be anticipated and carefully 
 studied so that the proper readjustments can be made within the in- 
 dustry to meet the new outlook and the new needs. 
 
 Although an accurate or detailed forecast cannot be made, never- 
 theless certain trends are discernible and serve as guide posts to the 
 characteristics of building activity in the coming decade. Among the 
 items to be considered are: 
 
 (1) Trends of construction in major classes of buildings, i. e., 
 residential, public, industrial, office, etc. 
 
 (2) Changes in building construction which will require new types 
 of materials. 
 
 
CLAY PRODUCTS 47 
 
 (3) New materials needed to meet the modern demands for comfort 
 and convenience in buildings, especially in residences. 
 
 The next decade will probably witness the greatest activity in the 
 residential building class. The market for other classes of buildings 
 such as office buildings, industrial plants, and public buildings is either 
 saturated or in excess of needs for the present and immediate future. 
 Two factors, however, indicate the need of more active residential con- 
 struction with the return of more prosperous conditions. They are 
 (1) obsolescence of present structures, and (2) the movement of popula- 
 tion away from congested metropolitan areas and the need to provide 
 new residences in suburban areas and in smaller cities. 
 
 The brick industry must also take cognizance of the fact that the 
 trend is toward lower cost residences. With the decline of lumber 
 supply becoming apparent, the opportunity for filling the low-cost 
 house market is open to brick manufacturers if reduction in the cost 
 of financing and constructing a house can be accomplished. No other 
 material has been offered that has conclusively demonstrated the 
 possibility of building a low-cost house although sheet-steel manu- 
 facturers have attempted to do so. Clay products such as light weight 
 bricks, porous brick, nail block, brick panels, and brick veneer have 
 been designed to meet the problem of lower cost but it is still too early 
 to determine their usefulness and acceptability by the public. Clay 
 products manufacturers cannot, however, afford to relax their efforts 
 in finding a means for the practical solution of this problem. 
 
 The use of steel frame work, made either from rolled structural 
 shapes or tubular pieces, welded into a frame, and enclosed with struc- 
 tural clay products seems to be gaining favor as a type of building 
 possessing durability and absence of shrinkage and being proof against 
 fire and against vermin accumulation. Cooperation between brick 
 manufacturers and builders is essential in solving the structural problem 
 in the design of a building of this type. 
 
 Activity in the design and testing of reinforced brick structures 
 in 1931 and 1932 has demonstrated the practicalness and economy of 
 this type of masonry for various kinds of construction. This opens 
 for brick utilization a field which has hitherto been occupied by other 
 materials and every effort should be made to present the merits of this 
 type of construction to the building industry. 
 
 New materials which add to the comfort and cleanliness of a house 
 such as insulating materials, glass or porcelain enamel for interior 
 finishing, tile for flooring, and sound-proofing materials are receiving 
 more critical attention than hitherto and their relation to structural 
 clay products demands further study. The position that brick is to 
 
48 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 occupy in the building activities of the next decade will be affected to a 
 considerable degree by foresight in anticipating the developments of 
 the immediate future. 
 
 Table 32. — Shipments of common brick, face brick, and hollow building tile 
 in Illinois in 1932 
 
 Jan 
 
 Feb 
 
 Mar 
 
 Apr 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 Aug 
 
 Sept 
 
 Oct 
 
 Nov 
 
 Dec 
 
 Total . 
 
 Common Brick 
 
 M 
 
 
 r, 
 
 co 
 
 '-£ 
 
 Co"2 
 
 o 
 
 C c3 
 
 a 
 <s 
 
 s- 
 
 CD CO 
 
 s ° 
 
 .£v« 
 
 +J 
 
 x-^ 
 
 c 
 
 t» c 
 
 d 
 
 i—i 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 C3 
 
 a c 
 
 oj o 
 
 •« s 
 
 Cm 
 o o. 
 
 O oj> 
 
 34 
 
 3,455 
 
 39 
 
 4,214 
 
 37 
 
 3,702 
 
 38 
 
 6,456 
 
 36 
 
 6,688 
 
 33 
 
 5,316 
 
 34 
 
 5,488 
 
 34 
 
 5,639 
 
 32 
 
 4,622 
 
 33 
 
 5,224 
 
 30 
 
 3,454 
 
 32 
 
 2,194 
 
 
 56,452 
 
 106,293 
 104,810 
 101,744 
 95,500 
 93,754 
 86,715 
 86,016 
 83,166 
 79,449 
 77,477 
 73,780 
 69,778 
 
 Face Brick 
 
 M 
 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 CD CO 
 
 £ 3 
 
 ft? 
 
 co 
 
 -C+ 3 
 
 C 
 
 tn c 
 
 CS 
 
 H- 1 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 T3 -u T3 
 
 C C C 
 S3 O aj 
 
 * £ a 
 
 o o^ 
 
 O CBM 
 
 19 
 
 2,043 
 
 22 
 
 2,053 
 
 20 
 
 2,410 
 
 22 
 
 4,406 
 
 19 
 
 3,346 
 
 18 
 
 3,615 
 
 19 
 
 2,978 
 
 19 
 
 3,146 
 
 18 
 
 3,184 
 
 18 
 
 3,163 
 
 15 
 
 1,515 
 
 17 
 
 774 
 
 44,126 
 52,634 
 48,576 
 59,247 
 46,652 
 41,502 
 42,726 
 41,244 
 49,658 
 41,258 
 35,858 
 40,028 
 
 Hollow Tile 
 
 M 
 
 
 C 
 
 CO 
 
 +3 
 
 co "O 
 
 o 
 
 S tf 
 
 a 
 
 CD CO 
 
 £2 
 
 CO 
 
 -(J 
 
 I.S 
 
 43+= 
 
 c 
 
 tn c 
 
 c8 
 
 l-H 
 
 
 
 Pm 
 
 
 id -u -a 
 5 £ c 
 
 ct O ct 
 
 -« £ g 
 
 Cv. O 
 O Ojs 
 
 16 
 
 3,386 
 
 19 
 
 3,069 
 
 17 
 
 2,614 
 
 17 
 
 3,793 
 
 15 
 
 3,488 
 
 15 
 
 2,765 
 
 16 
 
 2,899 
 
 15 
 
 2,978 
 
 15 
 
 2,978 
 
 15 
 
 1,795 
 
 14 
 
 735 
 
 14 
 
 499 
 
 
 32,633 
 
 73,284 
 69,296 
 71,094 
 68,429 
 66,236 
 68,172 
 60,711 
 52,254 
 52,055 
 56,206 
 45,612 
 45,282 
 
 GLASS SAND 
 Resources 
 
 Illinois glass sand is obtainable mainly from the outcrops of St. 
 Peter sandstone in LaSalle, Kendall, Ogle, and Calhoun counties. The 
 value of this sand for glass-making purposes rests upon freedom from 
 impurities, especially iron. Illinois ranks first in the production and 
 value of glass sand which it ships in considerable quantities to glass 
 making centers in other states. Although figures on the movements 
 of glass sand from state to state are not available, some data on com- 
 parative figures of production and consumption of glass sand in Illinois 
 and its two principal competing glass making states — Indiana and 
 Ohio — indicate that a considerable importation of glass sand into the 
 latter states is necessary. On the other hand the excess of production 
 over consumption in Illinois shows its position as a sand supplying 
 state over a wide area. 
 
 
GLASS SAND 49 
 
 Relation of Output to Industrial Activity 
 
 The trend of glass sand production must be related to the output 
 of glass products and future possible demand for glass sand based upon 
 estimated trends in the output of the several types of glass products. 
 Table 33 gives the output of glass sand, in tons, in Illinois and for the 
 United States as a whole, and the value of output of glass products 
 for a period covering 1899 to 1931. Particular attention should be 
 called to the performance of building glass materials. With the ex- 
 ception of the relatively small item of wire glass, all the items under 
 building glass, i. e., plate glass, window glass, and cathedral glass, 
 show their maximum output occuring in the years 1923 and 1925. 
 This corresponds with the period of greatest activity in building as 
 shown in a previous table. On the other hand the production of glass 
 sand in the period from 1927 to 1931 when building activity declined 
 severely was partly sustained by the continued growth until 1931, of 
 pressed glass and glass container products. This is in part a reflection 
 of the increased use of glass in production of commercial food preserv- 
 ing industry and also the increase of home packing since 1929. 
 
 The outlook for glass sand consumption in the immediate future 
 is conditioned largely upon a revival of the building industry and an 
 expansion in automobile output, the largest single plate glass consumer. 
 The extremely low ebb of automobile output in 1931 and 1932 notice- 
 ably affected the output of plate glass. A moderate revival in this 
 industry is anticipated in 1933. While curtailment in glass manufac- 
 ture was most pronounced in the window and plate glass industries, the 
 pressed and blown glass and the glass container industry have also 
 shown losses in 1931. 
 
 The decreased use of glass products in the established branches 
 of the industry has served as a stimulus to research in new products 
 and in new uses for glass. Then new products, while varied in nature, 
 are still in the developmental stage, and have not yet become com- 
 mercially significant. Among those of interest are glass bricks, 13 
 doubled glazed windows, glasses for interior wall finishing, and vitreous 
 enamel steel products. 
 
 The problems that are foremost in the glass sand industry, as in 
 all other industries, is that of markets and distribution. The future 
 probable trend of the glass sand market must be based upon a measure- 
 ment of the market for glass products. This in turn involves a study 
 of the trends of production in those industries which are the principal 
 consumers of glass, i. e., the building industry, automobile manufacture, 
 commercial food preserving industries, and tableware products. 
 
 "Ceramic Industry, November, 1932, p. 242. 
 
50 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
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glass sand 
 
 51 
 
 Glass Manufacture in Illinois 
 
 Although the leading state in glass sand production, Illinois ranks 
 fifth as a manufacturer of glass products. Moreover, the sand deposits 
 of the state are near to the large markets of Chicago, the cities of eastern 
 Wisconsin, and those on the inland waterways to the south. Neverthe- 
 less, the curious anomaly exists of a state exporting a valuable raw 
 material and re-importing it in the form of manufactured commodities 
 made by fuel and labor in other states. 
 
 A few statistics will show you the general picture of the areas of 
 glass production, glass consumption, and glass transportation. 
 
 Table 34. — Glass sand produced and consumed in and exported from Illinois 
 
 (In tons) 
 
 Year 
 
 Production 3 
 
 Consumption 5 
 
 Excess of 
 
 production over 
 
 consumption 
 
 1925 
 
 1927 
 
 1929 
 
 709,029 
 629,268 
 552,539 
 
 143,959 
 
 198,249 
 208,157 
 
 565,070 
 431,019 
 244,382 
 
 a From annual reports of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Resources of the U. S. 
 b Data from the Biennial Census of Manufactures. 
 
 These figures show that from one-half to two-thirds of Illinois 
 glass sand is shipped out of the State for manufacture elsewhere. 
 
 Table 35. — Glass production of leading states 
 (In thousands) 
 
 
 1925 
 
 1927 
 
 1929 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 W. Virginia 
 
 Ohio 
 
 $84,961 
 47,884 
 35,036 
 36,200 
 16,590 
 17,621 
 15,903 
 
 $78,671 
 44,161 
 33,938 
 35,308 
 21,478 
 16,150 
 15,667 
 
 $81,050 
 48,384 
 39,309 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 New York 
 
 34,490 
 22,938 
 17,857 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 16,283 
 
 U. S 
 
 $295,959 
 
 $282,394 
 
 $303,818 
 
 
 
 A comparison of the above tables shows that although Illinois 
 ranks first in production of glass sand, it stands fifth in production of 
 glass. This, in itself, may not be uneconomic, if the conditions of 
 production or the location of consuming centers favors the location of 
 glass factories elsewhere. 
 
52 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 19.32 
 
 CONDITIONS OF PRODUCTION 
 
 The reasons for plant location, in the order of their importance 
 are as follows: availability of fuel, sand, skilled labor, and markets. 
 Considering the first two which are directly related to production, the 
 introduction of natural gas into northern Illinois now puts this district 
 on an equal footing with Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West 
 Virginia insofar as fuel supply is concerned. Moreover, if producer 
 gas or fuel oil is to be used instead of natural gas, conditions are still 
 favorable for glass plant location in north central Illinois. A study of 
 comparative fuel costs shows that $4.50 is equal to fuel oil at $0,028 a 
 gallon and natural gas at $0.19. Coal is available from mines in nearby 
 northern counties and should be available at less than $4.50 and fuel 
 oil is available from the refineries of the Chicago district at Wood River 
 station near Alton, Illinois. Combine favorable fuel supplies with an 
 unusually well situated supply of first class glass sand and it becomes 
 apparent that production conditions are as favorable in northern 
 Illinois as elsewhere. 
 
 MARKETS 
 
 The markets for glass in the order of quantity in 1929 were as 
 shown in Table 36. 
 
 Table 36. — Glass products marketed in 1929 a 
 
 Window glass 402 million sq. ft. 
 
 Plate glass 149 million sq. ft. 
 
 Wire glass 44 million sq. ft. 
 
 Cathedral glass 34 million sq. ft. 
 
 Glass, pressed tableware 23 million dozen 
 
 Glass, food containers 14 million dozen 
 
 a Data from the 15th Census of Manufactures. 
 
 This represents about 75 per cent of the value of all glass products 
 and, moreover, consists of products whose distribution is closely related 
 either to construction or to population distribution. Although exact 
 figures on the shipments of glass and glass products are not available, 
 it is evident that a considerable movement of glass to Chicago and its 
 adjacent markets from eastern glass centers occurs, largely from West 
 Virginia, Indiana, and Ohio, according to the Tariff Commission. Thus 
 in 1929 glass shipments to important centers were as shown in Table 37. 
 
LIME 53 
 
 Table 37. — Glass shipments in 1929 s - 
 
 To 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Detroit 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 Pittsburgh 
 
 Minneapolis & St. Paul. 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Other 
 
 Total 
 
 Pounds 
 
 35,560,000 
 
 25,701,000 
 
 14,199,000 
 
 9,329,000 
 
 8,642,000 
 
 8,397,000 
 
 163,237,000 
 
 62.5 per cent of 
 265,065,000 U. S. total. 
 
 a Report to the President on Cylinder, Crown, and Sheet glass, Report No. 33, Second Series, U. S. Tariff 
 Commission, 1932, p. 10. Shipments shown in the table above were ascertained by the Tariff Commission 
 for concerns producing about 85 per cent of the total output. 
 
 The important cities of Chicago, St. Louis, Milwaukee, and St. 
 Paul-Minneapolis, not to mention the smaller cities of eastern Wisconsin 
 and northern Illinois, constitute a favorable marketing area for a north- 
 ern Illinois glass industry and the opportunity now seems to be open 
 to grasp these markets. 
 
 A factor that is not often considered in the outlet of a raw material 
 such as glass sand is the wide fluctuation in demand that may occur 
 from year to year which cannot be explained entirely upon the fluctua- 
 tions in output of finished products. Such is the case of Illinois glass 
 sand in 1925 and 1929. Excess of production over local consumption, 
 i. e., shipments to points outside of the state, was 565,070 tons in 1925 
 and 244,382 in 1929, or less than half the 1925 figure, whereas value of 
 glass products showed little change. This may be explained by changes 
 in purchases by glass plants from one source of sand to another and it 
 subjects sand quarries remote from glass plants to the constant possi- 
 bility of a wide range of market outlets from year to year. This con- 
 dition would be considerably improved by a closer relationship between 
 glass plant and quarry. 
 
 LIME 
 
 Sales of lime in 1932 were 1,956,000 tons, a drop of 751,614 tons 
 from the previous year, reflecting the low ebb of building activity. 
 
 Table 38 gives a perspective of the industry in Illinois and neighbor- 
 ing states since 1920. This table gives production, by uses, for Illinois, 
 and total production in three adjoining states that are important as 
 lime producers; consumption in Illinois; and exports from Indiana. 
 Missouri, and Wisconsin. 
 
Illinois mineral Industry in 1932 
 
 Table 38. — Lime produced and consumed in 
 
 (Short 
 
 Uses 
 
 1920 
 
 1921 
 
 1922 
 
 1923 
 
 1924 
 
 Building 
 
 35,103 
 
 7,183 
 
 (H) 
 
 15,866 
 20,952 
 
 25,404 
 8,905 
 5,339 
 
 (a) 
 
 16,187 
 
 44,632 
 
 14,706 
 
 5,899 
 
 1,199 
 
 18,989 
 
 49,584 
 13,542 
 
 (a) 
 (a) 
 20,797 
 
 44,587 
 
 Paper mills 
 
 12,217 
 
 Tanneries 
 
 (a) 
 
 Metallurgy 
 
 (a) 
 
 Other chemical 
 
 19,625 
 
 
 
 Total Illinois 
 
 87,903 
 
 144,590 
 134,672 
 209,113 
 
 58,222 
 
 124,078 
 
 90,542 
 
 159,194 
 
 85,425 
 
 189,558 
 113,246 
 203,984 
 
 92,633 
 
 227,549 
 126,296 
 246,326 
 
 89,132 
 
 Used in adjacent states and U. S., 
 total 
 
 Total Wisconsin 
 
 235,030 
 
 Total Indiana 
 
 116,927 
 
 Total Missouri 
 
 243,465 
 
 
 
 Total U. S 
 
 3,570,141 
 
 87,903 
 
 25,078 
 
 172,587 
 
 235,412 
 
 83,285 
 (a) 
 
 154,565 
 77,329 
 
 38,771 
 
 121,645 
 
 32,716 
 
 2,532,153 
 
 58,222 
 
 20,823 
 
 133,302 
 
 170,701 
 
 52,376 
 
 (a) 
 
 103,145 
 
 77,085 
 
 18,566 
 93,711 
 43,187 
 
 3,639,617 
 
 85,425 
 
 28,586 
 
 223,628 
 
 280,467 
 
 61,205 
 
 (a) 
 
 134,858 
 130,262 
 
 12,345 
 
 109,310 
 
 84,931 
 
 4,076,243 
 
 92,633 
 
 33,136 
 
 214,136 
 
 273,633 
 
 73,177 
 
 (a) 
 
 166,543 
 77,057 
 
 21,469 
 
 136,806 
 
 31,390 
 
 4,072,000 
 
 Illinois consumption 
 
 Sales 
 
 Shipments out of State 
 
 Imports into State 
 
 89,132 
 
 31,238 
 
 302,142 
 
 Consumption 
 
 Exports from adjacent states 
 Indiana 
 
 360,036 
 66,263 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Excess of exports over imports in 
 adjacent states 
 
 Indiana 
 
 (a) 
 165,710 
 
 177,527 
 
 6,189 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 139,752 
 127,896 
 
 Total excess 
 
 193,132 
 
 155,464 
 
 206,586 
 
 189,665 
 
 273,837 
 
 aFigures not separately available. 
 
LIME 
 
 55 
 
 and exported from Illinois and adjacent states 
 tons) 
 
 1925 
 
 1926 
 
 1927 
 
 1928 
 
 1929 
 
 1930 
 
 1931 
 
 1932 
 
 50,588 
 
 57,969 
 
 63,550 
 
 65,701 
 
 51,476 
 
 31,535 
 
 18,683 
 
 (a) 
 
 10,689 
 
 9,953 
 
 11,996 
 
 10,884 
 
 9,210 
 
 5,926 
 
 2,737 
 
 (a) 
 
 4,111 
 
 4,835 
 
 7,423 
 
 6,645 
 
 6,887 
 
 6,977 
 
 6,700 
 
 (a) 
 
 9,185 
 
 7,510 
 
 3,617 
 
 4,734 
 
 5,782 
 
 4,126 
 
 5,157 
 
 (a) 
 
 21,444 
 
 22,913 
 
 29,217 
 
 27,559 
 
 56,027 
 
 41,145 
 
 38,041 
 
 (a) 
 
 96,066 
 
 103,180 
 
 115,803 
 
 115,523 
 
 119,382 
 
 89,709 
 
 71,317 
 
 76,000 
 
 244,903 
 
 216,414 
 
 197,667 
 
 163,965 
 
 130,902 
 
 64,989 
 
 42,621 
 
 31,000 
 
 127,878 
 
 126,005 
 
 116,171 
 
 107,209 
 
 116,795 
 
 87,965 
 
 81,925 
 
 64,000 
 
 273,348 
 
 263,467 
 
 267,776 
 
 303,014 
 
 316,579 
 
 265,771 
 
 224,416 
 
 180,000 
 
 4,580,823 
 
 4,560,398 
 
 4,414,932 
 
 4,458,412 
 
 4,269,768 
 
 3,387,880 
 
 2,707,614 
 
 1,905,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 119,382 
 
 89,709 
 
 96,105 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 50,159 
 
 44,051 
 
 43,597 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 254,173 
 
 137,934 
 
 92,780 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 323,396 
 
 183,690 
 
 145,288 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 75,740 
 
 52,604 
 
 49,864 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 233,827 
 
 194,099 
 
 170,771 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 276,198 
 
 27,839 
 
 12,253 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 12,443 
 
 8,253 
 
 5,632 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 219,169 
 
 184,155 
 
 152,623 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,760 
 
 — 35,534 
 
 — 39,327 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 238,372 
 
 156,874 
 
 118,928 
 
 (a) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
56 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 An examination of the production records of each of these states 
 since 1920 shows that Illinois gained about 35 per cent from 1920 to 
 1929, Missouri gained about 50 per cent, and Indiana declined slightly. 
 Wisconsin showed a rapid rise in production until 1925 and an equally 
 rapid decline so that 1929 was below the 1920 level and, in 1931, pro- 
 duction in this state had declined more severely than in its neighbors. 
 During this same period (1920-1929) increase in the United States was 
 20 per cent. A further examination of the table of detailed uses shows 
 that the building industry is the largest single user, but that aggregate 
 consumption by the several chemical industries exceeds all others. 
 Of particular interest is the item "other chemical uses." This includes 
 such items as alcohol manufacture and dehydration, alkali manufacture, 
 bleaching materials, insecticides, oil and fat manufacture, glue, paint, 
 sand-lime brick, sewage and garbage purification, soap, water purifica- 
 tion, fillers, etc. Consumption has consistently increased and this 
 appears to be in keeping with the widening application of chemical 
 processes in industry. 
 
 The dependence of Illinois upon outside states for the major part 
 of its lime requirements is also disclosed by this table. Imports varying 
 from 65 per cent to 85 per cent of total consumption are shown in the 
 years for which data are available. Although details of lime shipments 
 from state to state are not available, it seems probable that the main 
 shipments come from the lime producing plants in the eastern counties 
 of Missouri. This state has a considerable excess of exports over im- 
 ports and the plants are favorably located with reference to the chemical 
 and metallurgical industries of East St. Louis. 
 
 The Chicago market probably draws to a'considerable extent froi 
 the lime plants of eastern Wisconsin and to a lesser extent from Indiana. 
 Convenient transportation facilities and the existence of high-calcium 
 limestone deposits in these states account for this large interstate ship- 
 ment. Lime producers in Illinois are located in Adams, Cass, and Rocl 
 Island counties. 
 
PORTLAND CEMENT 
 
 57 
 
 PORTLAND CEMENT 
 Portland cement production was 5,451,383 barrels in 1932 valued 
 at $3,413,078. This was a decline of 15 per cent in quantity and 36 
 per cent in value from the previous year for which figures are 6,425,909 
 barrels valued at $5,342,446. 
 
 Table 39. — Portland cement consumption in Illinois, 1930-1932 
 (In barrels) 
 
 Month 
 
 1930 
 
 1931 
 
 1932 
 
 Per cent 
 decline 
 
 from 1931 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 182,347 
 
 356,200 
 
 379,453 
 
 694,367 
 
 1,038,904 
 
 1,212,319 
 
 1,495,891 
 
 1,604,378 
 
 1,704,696 
 
 1,586,016 
 
 655,302 
 
 247,845 
 
 195,146 
 
 227,023 
 
 279,530 
 
 717,468 
 
 882,739 
 
 1,069,134 
 
 1,054,935 
 
 1,063,517 
 
 975,734 
 
 856,580 
 
 406,836 
 
 193,244 
 
 103,901 
 108,880 
 118,689 
 335,544 
 703,571 
 815,496 
 923,612 
 867,859 
 779,476 
 694,410 
 272,348 
 99,279 
 
 47 
 52 
 58 
 53 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 20 
 24 
 13 
 18 
 20 
 19 
 33 
 48 
 
 Total 
 
 11,157,718 
 
 7,921,936 
 
 5,823,065 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 Prices continued to decline in the early part of 1932 but recovered 
 in August to the level of late 1931 (Table 40). 
 
 Table 40. — Portland cement prices in Chicago, 1930-1932* 
 (Per barrel) 
 
 Month 
 
 1930 
 
 1931 
 
 1932 
 
 January 
 
 $2.20 
 2.20 
 2.20 
 2.20 
 2.20 
 2.20 
 2.20 
 2.20 
 2.20 
 2.20 
 2.20 
 2.20 
 
 $2.20 
 2.20 
 2.10 
 2.10 
 1.95 
 1.95 
 1.95 
 1.95 
 1.95 
 1.95 
 1.95 
 1.65 
 
 $1.55 
 
 February 
 
 1.55 
 
 March 
 
 1.55 
 
 April 
 
 1.55 
 
 May 
 
 1.35 
 
 June 
 
 1.53 
 
 July 
 
 1.95 
 
 August 
 
 1.95 
 
 September 
 
 1.95 
 
 October 
 
 1.95 
 
 November 
 
 1.95 
 
 December 
 
 1.95 
 
 
 
 » Engineering News-Record, monthly reports. 
 
 The market area for Illinois cement will be enlarged by the opening 
 of the Illinois Waterway. One cement manufacturer has recently 
 constructed a barge terminal at Peru, Illinois, using specially designed 
 
58 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 barges to carry cement in bulk. The river route of water-borne cement 
 is to be extended from Memphis, the present terminal, to Vicksburg, 
 an increase of 350 miles. This new, longer route would permit the 
 company to serve more easily the river cities in the lower Mississippi 
 region as well as to effect a substantial saving by the use of its own 
 equipment. Points that are served along the Peru to Vicksburg route 
 include St. Louis, Cape Girardeau and Memphis. 
 
 FLUORSPAR 
 
 The fluorspar industry continued at a low ebb in 1932 in keeping 
 with industrial stagnation in the metallurgical, ceramic, and chemical 
 industries. Fluorspar shipped from Illinois mines in 1930 to 1932 is 
 shown in Table 41. 
 
 Table 41. — Fluorspar shipped from Illinois mines, 1930-1932 
 
 Year 
 
 Production 
 
 (Tons) 
 
 Value 
 
 Average 
 
 1930 
 
 44,134 
 
 28,072 
 
 9,615 
 
 Kentucky output 
 
 14,975 
 
 $936,473 
 468,386 
 156,279 
 
 225,052 
 
 $18.95 
 
 1931 
 
 1932 
 
 1932 
 
 16.69 
 16.25 
 
 15.28 
 
 The uses of fluorspar in 1932 are shown in Table 42. 
 Table 42. — Uses of fluorspar in 1932 s - 
 
 Use 
 
 Steel 
 
 Foundry 
 
 Glass 
 
 Enamel and vitrolite 
 
 Hydrofluoric acid and derivatives 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Exported 
 
 Total 
 
 Short tons 
 
 18,881 
 
 524 
 
 3,596 
 
 1,261 
 
 738 
 
 226 
 
 25 
 
 25,251 
 
 Value 
 
 Total 
 
 Average 
 
 $228,933 
 
 7,636 
 
 101,765 
 
 36,318 
 
 14,603 
 
 2,691 
 
 553 
 
 $392,499 
 
 $12.13 
 14.57 
 28.30 
 28.60 
 19.79 
 11.91 
 22.12 
 
 $15.54 
 
 a Mineral Market Reports No. 187, U. S. Bureau of Mines, April 7, 1933. 
 
 The mineral fluorspar is unique in that deposits are restricted in 
 number and it is one of the few commercial minerals containing a large 
 percentage of the element fluorine. Significant world production is 
 limited to Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, and the 
 United States. Domestic production is confined largely to Illinois and 
 Kentucky where 95 per cent of the mineral is obtained. The other 
 
FLUORSPAR 59 
 
 producing centers are too far away to be competitors. Fluorspar has 
 a comparatively low melting point, which makes it an extremely useful 
 flux, either in the glass industry, where it lowers the melting point of 
 the glass, or in the open-hearth steel industry where it effects a very 
 appreciable lowering of temperature required for smelting. 
 
 The restricted geographical distribution of the mineral in the 
 United States is shown in the table of production. Since 1905, Illinois 
 has produced 61.5 per cent of the total, Kentucky has produced 30.5 
 per cent of the total and the remainder is distributed among the states 
 of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Ten- 
 nessee, and Washington. The relation among the leading producers 
 during the last five years, 1927-1931, is shown in Table 43. 
 
 Table 43.- 
 
 —Total fluorspar production in Illinois, Kentucky 
 
 , and other stales, 1927-1931 
 
 
 Production 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Illinois 
 
 251,105 
 
 260,712 
 
 36,991 
 
 45.8 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 47.5 
 
 Others 
 
 6.7 
 
 
 
 
 Total . 
 
 548,808 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 Kentucky has gained at the expense of Illinois. The remaining 
 states have also declined relatively. Aside from the restricted dis- 
 tribution of the domestic resources, the United States imports a sub- 
 stantial part of its supplies mainly from Germany, France, Spain, and 
 the Union of South Africa. The extent of importation of foreign ores 
 is shown in Table 44. With the exception of the war years, the ten- 
 dency of percentage of imports has been upward. For the 20-year 
 period from 1911 to 1931, total apparent consumption has been 3,414,227 
 tons of which 685,692 tons or 20 per cent has been imported. 
 
 Of the total annual consumption of fluorspar, from 75 to 80 per 
 cent is used in the manufacture of open hearth steel. Fluctuations in 
 steel production therefore exert the controlling influence in the ups 
 and downs of the fluorspar industry. The inter-relation between these 
 two industries is shown in the Table of open-hearth steel production 
 and fluorspar consumption. (In order to eliminate to some extent the 
 abrupt changes from year to year, a table based on a three-year moving 
 average has been prepared.) An exact correlation between steel pro- 
 duction and fluorspar consumption does not exist, partly because the 
 quantity of fluorspar per ton of steel is not constant from year to year 
 and partly because the percentage of fluorspar used for other purposes 
 also varies. Nevertheless, the trends in the two commodities are 
 noticeably similar. 
 
60 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 The dominant position of steel in the fluorspar market naturally 
 raises the question as to the immediate future of the steel industry. 
 Forecasts for a period of 5 or 10 years are useless because of the com- 
 plexity of factors affecting the demand for steel. In the immediate 
 years of 1933 and 1934, it is pertinent to make the following observations: 
 
 The per capita consumption of steel in the United States in 1930 
 was 734 pounds, in 1931 it was 462, and in 1932 it was 242 pounds. 
 For the eleven year period 1919-1929, which excludes the war years 
 but includes the depression of 1921, average consumption was 
 825 pounds. It is evident, therefore, that steel consumption in 1931 
 had fallen to 56 per cent of the 11-year average and in 1932 to 29 per 
 cent. Prospects for a recovery of this average are based on the assump- 
 tion that 5,000,000 automobiles, now seven years old or more will be 
 replaced when purchasing power recovers, that rails, locomotives, and 
 freight cars now badly depleted will be purchased when freight-car 
 loadings have returned to a profitable level and when a hoped-for rise 
 in agricultural prices results in a market for agricultural machinery. 
 
 The consumption of fluorspar in industries other than open hearth 
 steel is governed more or less by the rate of production of products 
 using fluorspar, e.g., foundry castings, glass ware, and enamel for 
 pottery. An exception may possibly be noted in the case of hydro- 
 fluoric acid which consumes from 5 to 10 per cent of the product. 
 
 The use of fluorspar as a flux in cement manufacture is being tried 
 in France with apparently favorable results. 
 
 "For some time the cement industry, too, has been interested in 
 the use of fluorspar. Only modest experiments have been made in its 
 actual employment, and with the special object of lowering the point 
 of vitrification in rotary kilns. In general, the normal temperature of 
 these kilns is around 1400°C, and the use of 6 per cent of fluorspar 
 would make it possible to lower this temperature to less than 900° — 
 
 a quite considerable difference, with a great economy of fuel 
 
 and a certain lowering of power costs. Also, cements with fluorspar 
 never form rings in rotary kilns, which lengthens the life of refractory 
 linings and saves time by reducing to the minimum the stops required." 14 
 
 Fluorspar may be regarded almost entirely as a process material 
 in industrial operations. The market for the mineral, therefore, is 
 determined, under present conditions, by the output of its associated 
 industries. The unique characteristics of this mineral as one of the 
 few important carriers of the element fluorine suggests possibilities of 
 new uses and enlarged markets. Fluorine and its compounds possess 
 properties which find peculiar uses in industry, and, under proper 
 conditions, these uses can be enlarged. The principal obstacles lie in 
 
 "Adolphe Janin in Le Ciment 37:32, January, 1932. 
 
FLUORSPAR 
 
 61 
 
 the difficulty of preparing fluorine compounds in commercial quantities 
 and in handling the products after they have been prepared. These 
 problems should not be regarded as unsolvable, inasmuch as the possi- 
 bilities of chemical investigation have not been thoroughly explored. 
 The domestic market must also take cognizance of competition 
 from foreign sources. The present markets for Illinois and Kentucky 
 fluorspar lie mainly in the Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes region. 
 In Pittsburgh, Wheeling and other eastern points the market is divided 
 with foreign spar. In Buffalo and the eastern seaboard foreign fluor- 
 spar dominates the market, and will probably continue to do so. Re- 
 placement of foreign spar in the interior steel centers offers possibilities 
 in view of the changing aspects of the transportation system. The 
 fluorspar mines of southern Illinois are now accessible to the steel 
 plants of northern and southern Ohio and the Pittsburgh district by 
 water transportation over the Ohio River and the Illinois Waterway. 
 The possibilities of barge shipments to Ironton, Wheeling and Pitts- 
 burgh over the Ohio River and to Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland via 
 the Illinois Waterway and the Great Lakes should be thoroughly 
 investigated. 
 
 Table 44. 
 
 -Fluorspar imports, production, apparent consumption, and amounts used in the 
 production of open-hearth steel 
 
 
 
 
 Apparent 
 
 Open-Hearth 
 Steel pro- 
 
 Import 
 
 Per- 
 centage 
 
 Date 
 
 Imports 
 
 Production 
 
 Consumption 
 
 duction, 000 
 gross tons 
 
 1911 
 
 32,764 
 
 87,048 
 
 119,812 
 
 15,599 
 
 27.4 
 
 1912 
 
 26,176 
 
 116,545 
 
 142,721 
 
 20,781 
 
 18.3 
 
 1913 
 
 22,682 
 
 115,580 
 
 138,262 
 
 21,600 
 
 16.4 
 
 1914 
 
 10,205 
 
 95,116 
 
 105,321 
 
 17,175 
 
 9.7 
 
 1915 
 
 7,167 
 
 136,941 
 
 144,108 
 
 23,679 
 
 5.0 
 
 1916 
 
 13,323 
 
 155,735 
 
 169,058 
 
 31,415 
 
 7.8 
 
 1917 
 
 13,616 
 
 218,828 
 
 232,444 
 
 34,149 
 
 5.8 
 
 1918 
 
 12,572 
 
 263,817 
 
 276,389 
 
 37,459 
 
 4.5 
 
 1919 
 
 6,943 
 
 138,290 
 
 145,233 
 
 26,949 
 
 4.8 
 
 1920 
 
 24,612 
 
 186,778 
 
 211,390 
 
 32,672 
 
 11.7 
 
 1921 
 
 6,229 
 
 34,960 
 
 41,189 
 
 15,590 
 
 15.1 
 
 1922 
 
 33,108 
 
 141,596 
 
 174,704 
 
 29,309 
 
 19.0 
 
 1923 
 
 42,226 
 
 121,188 
 
 163,414 
 
 35,900 
 
 25.8 
 
 1924 
 
 51,043 
 
 124,979 
 
 176,022 
 
 31,577 
 
 28.0 
 
 1925 
 
 48,700 
 
 113,669 
 
 162,369 
 
 38,034 
 
 30.0 
 
 1926 
 
 75,671 
 
 128,657 
 
 204,328 
 
 40,678 
 
 37.0 
 
 1927... 
 
 71,515 
 
 112,546 
 
 184,061 
 
 38,068 
 
 38.9 
 
 1928... 
 
 47,183 
 
 140,490 
 
 187,673 
 
 44,114 
 
 25.2 
 
 1929... 
 
 54,345 
 
 146,439 
 
 200,784 
 
 48,353 
 
 27.1 
 
 1930 
 
 64,903 
 
 95,849 
 
 160,752 
 
 35,049 
 
 40.4 
 
 1931 
 
 20,709 
 
 53,484 
 
 74,193 
 
 21,800" 
 
 27.9 
 
 1932 
 
 13,236 
 
 25,251 
 
 38,489 
 
 13,000 
 
 34.4 
 
 i Estimate. 
 
62 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
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66 
 
 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1932 
 
 Fig. 1. — Index map of Illinois showing location of districts 
 according to which production of sand and gravel and lime- 
 stone (Table 45) is given. 
 
"WASCHER'S" 
 
 UBRARY BINDERS 
 
 307 S. Goodwin 
 
 Urbana, 111.